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ANNALS OF THE RoyvaL BoTANic GARDENS PHRADENTYA. 2 EDITED BY T. PETCH, B.A., B.Sc. VOLUME VII. Colombo ; H. ROSS COTTLE, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON. London : DULAU & CO., 34-36, MARGARET ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE, W. [All rights of Reproduction and Translation reserved. | ‘fi Sun Re “s ..ANNALS OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, PERADENTYA. VOL. Vit Dates of Publication of Parts. Part I., pp. 1-78 ae August 1, 1919. Part Il., pp. 79-166 .. May 24, 1920. Part III., pp. 167-278 .. November 19, 1921. Part IV., pp. 279-332 .. ‘July 4, 1922. CONTENTS. Original Papers and Notes: Petcn, T.—Additions to Ceylon Fungi IT, Alocasia indica Schott aie —— The Bird Chilli Ceylon Syrup of Squills —— Desmodium tortuosum —— Gasteromycete zeylanice —— Hypocreacee zeylanice —— Interim notes on Entomogenous Fungi —— A new variety of Exacum zeylanicum Roxb. — Oxalis in Ceylon — Recent Revisions of Ceylon Botany —— Revisions of Ceylon Fungi (Part VI.) -—— Saccolabium longifolium and Saccolabiurn Wightianum —— Studies in Entomogenous “Fungi ; aT: —The Genera Hypocrella and Aschersonia —— Vernacular Names for Plants .. —— The Water ppl ee —— Weeds 1924 wy JUN LIBRARY NEW YORK 30 TANIC AL GARDEN SUBJECT INDEX, { Index to Studies in Entomogenous Fungi ; II.—The Genera Hypocrella and Aschersonia will be found on pp. 276-278.] PAGE Abutilon glaucum 139 Abutilon graveolens 139 Abutilon hirtum 139 Abutilon muticum os 139 Acanthospermum humile 330 Acremonium roseum 317 Alavanga pillu 330 Alocasia indica 53 Alocasia macrorrhiza ra he 54 Amazonia peregrina Be fi 2 6309 Ammania rotala ; = Bh: 139 Angelina Beccariana ... a ae 27 Angelina Leprieurii i as ate 27 Apium Ammi 328 Arum ceilanicum ne Bie bas 54 Arum macrorrhizon S: 3% a 54 Arum peregrinum Ae aie af 54 Aschersonia basicystis .. fae 4G We LOL Aschersonia brunnea_... oh sips, 3 20 Aschersonia intermedia .. Se «ip O20 Ascochyta Cyphomandre nfs Se ee He Ascochyta Lobeliz aa ye py ep eee Aseroe arachnoidea ae ae i 59 Aseroe rubra ate ote Bh 59 Asteridium Pleurostyliz. . Me nt 13 Asterina crustosa rie i ae 12 Asterina micropeltis Ae oe fe 35 Asterina nubecula he ee Me 13 Asterina pelliculosa ae a eS 12 Asterina Pleurostylie .. die F¢s 13 Asterina spherotheca .. ate se 12 Asterostomella Aberiz .. ae a 314 Aulographum intricatum dé fs 27 Balansia Bambusz a He $4 97 Balansiella pulvinula .. Ze sé 87 Balladyna Butleri ae ee is) (288 Bergia capensis és ee i>) F389 Bergia verticillata we ss 139 b Bertia tessellata Bertia turbinata Bird Chilli Blastospora Hedyotis Boletus sylvestris Boletus xylophilus Botryospheria inflata Bovista aspera Bovista cervina Bovistella aspera Bovistella citrina - Bovistella conspurcata Bovistella scabra Bresadolella nigra Broomella niphidium Cesalpinia Gleniei Calonectria oodes Calonectria rigidiuscula . d ’ Calonectria Volutella Calostoma Berkeleyi Calothyrium nubecula Calothyrium reticulatum Calvatia Gardneri Calvatia Gautieroides Cantharellus decurrens Capparis brevispina Capparis divaricata Capparis stylosa Capparis zeylanica Capsicum minimum Cardamine subumbhell Bre Cardamine trichocarpa Cassia mimosoides var. Wallichiana Cassia Leschenaultiana .. Catacauma aspideum Catacauma, gracillimum Catacauma infectorium .. Catacauma microcentum Catacauma repens Ceratostomella incerta Cercospora cordobensis .. Cercospora cruenta Cercospora Henningsii Cercospora Hibisci Cercospora Musze Cercospora rosicola Cercospora Woodfordie .. Cerebella Andropogonis .. Cerebella Cynodontis Cerebella Sorghi : Cladosporium congestum Cladosporium scopzforme Clathrella delicata Clathrus crispatus Claudopus repens Clautriavia irpicina, Clavaria rosolana Clavaria violacea Clavaria xylarioides Clitocybe sordida Clypeolum zeylanicum Cocconia, placenta Colletotrichum Erythrines Colletotrichum glceosporoides Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum Colletotrichum paucisetum Colocasia indica 5c Cordia Aubletii Cordia Myxa Cordia obliqua Ae Corticium hypochroum .. Corticium vagans Crinum latifolium Crotalaria rubiginosa Crotalaria Wightiana Crotalaria Saltiana Crotalaria striata ; Cryptomyces Pongamiz.. Curcuma domestica Curcuma longa Cyathus limbatus Cyathus Poeppigii Cyathus stercoreus Cyathus striatus Cyathus triplex Cyclea Burmanni Cynometra ramiflora var, - heterophylla Cynometra ramiflora var. mimosoides Cyphella flagellata Cyphella grisea Cystopus Portulace Cytospora palmicola Cytosporella discoidea Dedalea flavida Deedalea tenuis Dendrocyphella Dendrocyphella setosa Desi-ala ( mi) Desmodium Cephalotes var. congestum .. Desmodium congestum .. Desmodium tortuosum Desmodium triquetrum subsp. genuina .. Desmotascus Cocoes Dictyophora, phalloidea .. Didymostilbe Coffeze Dimerosporiella Amomi . . Dioclea Fergusonii Dioclea javanica Dioclea reflexa Diya-beraliya Diya-kehel Diya-manel ae Dolichandrone Rheedii .. Dolichandrone spathacea Dothidasteroma maculosum Dothidasteroma Shag Dothidea aspidea Dothidea Barringtonie .. Dothidea calamigena Dothidea Calophylli Dothidea demersa Dothidea dolichogena Dothidea edax Dothidea Elettariz Dothidea exsculpta Dothidea filicina Dothidea filicina var. nervisequia Dothidea graminis Dothidea grammodes Dothidea incarcerata Dothidea microcenta Dothidea orbis Dothidea perisporioides .. Dothidea phaselina Dothidea repens Dothidea repens var. aspidea Dothidea repens var. catervaria Dothidea rhytismoides .. Dothidea stenospora Dothidea Tetrantherez Dothidea Thwaitesii Dothidella Calophylli Dothidella Elettariz Dothidella nervisequia Dothidella Osbeckize BHichhornia crassipes Ela-pila PAGE Elsinoe Canavaliz 3 ah = ee 10 Empusa Aulicze re Ae eu 297 Empusa papillata a Se an LOG Endogone fulva a ae - 8 Epichloe cinerea an as +a 88 Epichloe pulvinulus are ec He 87 Epidochium Xylariz var. microspora. . -. 3822 Krigeron, linifolius me ae as 49 Erigeron sumatrense a: -. 330 Eurotium orientale ne ee rie 298 EKurotium repens es RC carp Oe Eutypa conjuncta es ye 320 ASOD Eutypa phaselina as we a 20 Fimbristylis miliacea .. “ sald ae O Flemingia semi-alata =... fc SGT Fomes atro-albus ob a a.) ee Fomes imitator RAS a ee ie). Fomes pachyphloeus fe oe Get EP, Fomes Yucatanensis fe oe 2 eee SD Fusarium colorans Si Mi, Mo 112 Fusarium Theobrome .. ae es 112 Gasteromycetz zeylanicze re a‘ 57 Geaster Archeri ie o ane 65 Geaster Bryantii 2s ip a 65 Geaster coronatus e: fe Pe 66 Geaster minimus as <: a 66 Geaster mirabilis re ve we 66 Geaster plicatus ty ate Pie 65 Geaster saccatus Sic re aig 67 Geaster triplex a Te “9 65 Geaster velutinus rid cid B¢ 67 Glceosporium cocophilum ae aot Oke Gloeosporium eryptum we ak oe 314 Gleeosporium Holstii Glceosporium Impatientis “0 oe rao Gloeosporium Litsez ae Gloeosporium phomoides 315 Gloniella atramentaria 31 Gloniella Drynarize 29 Gloniella orbicularis 31 Gloniopsis orbicularis 31 Glonium orbiculare 31 Habarala 55 Helicostilbe simplex 321 Helminthosporium ampullaceum 319 Helminthosporium extensum 319 Helminthosporium turcicum oe Hemileia Canthii Cc Hendersonia Heveze Hendersonia obesa Hendersonia rosicola Heterosporium Wikstroemize Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Homostegia Symploci Husseia insignis . Hydnangium carneum var, purpureum .. Hydnum fragile Hydnum nigrescens Hydnum polymorphum .. Hydnum versicolor Hygrophorus diversicolor Hygrophorus mutabilis . Hygrophorus similis Hymenogaster zeylanicus Hypocrea albofulva Hypocrea artocreas Hypocrea Bambusz Hypocrea brunnea . Hypocrea catoptron Hypocrea chlorostoma Hypocrea citrina Hypocrea corticioides Hypocrea deplanata Hypocrea discella Hypocrea discoidea Hypocrea extensa Hypocrea fusigera Hypocrea gigantea Hypocrea jecorina Hypocrea mellea : Hypocrea multiformis .. Hypocrea palmicola Hypocrea pezizoides Hypocrea rufa Hypocrea saccharina Hypocrea straminea Hypocreacee zeylanice .. Hypodermella Symploci. . Hypomyces chromaticus Hypomyces chrysostomus Hypomyees pallidus Hypomyces pzonius ae Hypomyees stilbiger Hypoxylon umbrinellum Hysterium atramentarium Hysterium Drynarie Hysterium Fourcroye Hysterium maculare ( a ) Hysterostomella filicina Hysterostomella spurcaria Indigofera constricta .. Tpomeza campanulata var. illustris Ipomea glaberrima Ipomea, grandiflora Ithyphallus tenuis Jansia proxima Katu-nerenchi Ketta Kordyana Commelinz Kudu matta Kurunegala daisy Lanopila bicolor Lasiosphera Fenzlii Lembosia intricata Lembosia Pavettz Lembosia tenella Lentomita ovalis Lenzites japonica . Leptospheria Molleriana Lisea Parlatorie Lizonia orbis Lophodermium Fourcroye: Lophodermium maculare Lycogalopsis zeylanica Lycoperdon atropurpureum Lycoperdon cepeforme .. Lycoperdon echinatum var. echinellum .. Lycoperdon echinellum .. Lycoperdon echinulatum Lycoperdon fucatum Lycoperdon gemmatum .. Lycoperdon phlebophorum Lycoperdon piriforme Lycoperdon purpurascens Lycoperdon pusillum Lycoperdon rubecula Lycoperdon rugosum ‘Lycoperdon Wrightii Lycoperdopsis arcyrioides Macrophoma Mantegazziana Macrosporium Macalpineanum Marchalia constellata Marchalia filicina Marchalia maculosa Marchalia Pterygot2 Marchalia spurcaria Massarina biconica Ss Megalonectria pseudotrichia Melampsora Helioscopize Melanconiella stellata Melilotus indica Melilotus parviflora Meliola mollis Meliola Pleurostylize Meliola zigzag Melogramma Lobeliz Metarrhizium Anisopliz. . Metaspheria plegmariz .. Mezoneuron hymenocarpum Micronectria Eugeniz Micropeltella confluens Micropeltella Thwaitesii . . Micropeltis applanata Micropeltis asterophora .. Micropeltis gomphispora Micropeltis granulata Mitremyces Berkeleyi Mitremyces insignis Mitremyces Junghuhnii .. Monacrosporium ovatum Monorhiza nervisequia Monorhizina filicina Mucuna gigantea Mutinus bambusinus Mutinus Fleischeri Mutinus proximus Mycena longiseta Nectria albofulta Nectria aurantiicola Nectria bactridioides Nectria Bambusz Nectria bicolor Nectria bomba Nectria byssicola Nectria cancri Nectria cinnabarina Nectria coccinea Nectria confluens Nectria confusa Nectria dealbata Nectria discoidea Nectria diversispora Nectria dorcas Nectria epispheria xii) Nectria fenestrata Nectria flavolanata Nectria flocculenta Nectria fuliginosa Nectria hematococea Nectria leucotricha Nectria lucida Nectria luteopilosa Nectria monilifera Nectria myriadea Nectria ostiolorum Nectria Peziza Nectria pityrodes Nectria pulcherrima Nectria rigidiuscula Nectria Rickii Nectria sanguinea Nectria squamuligera Nectria stenospora Nectria striatospora Nectria subquaternata .. Nectria suffulta Nectria sulcispora Nectria tabacina Nectria trichospora Nectria villigera Nectria Volutella Nectriella Bambusze Nectriel!a gigaspora Neoskofitzia monilifera .. Nidula emodensis Nidula reticulata Nothopegia Beddomei Nothopegia Colebrookiana Oidium spp. Oligostroma Strychni Omphalia straminea Ophiodothella edax Ophiodothis edax Ophionectria trichospora Otthia orbis : Ovularia Veronicze Oxalis brasiliensis Oxalis cernua at Oxalis corniculata ae Oxalis corymbosa Oxalis Deppei Oxalis latifolia Oxalis violacea PAGE 104, 122 101 103 112 110 113 126 103 101 120 128 Parodiella perisporioides . . Parmulina exsculpta Paurocotylis fragilis Paurocotylis fulva Peroneutypa. variabilis Peronospora parasitica Pheeochora calamigena Pheeodiscula Cudraniz Pheeodothis Isachnes Phzeoglossum Pheoglossum zeylanicum Pheopeltis : Pheeopeltis gomphispora Pharus Gardneri Phaseolus sublobatus var, “typica. Phaseolus trinervius Phlebophora hyalina Pholiota badia 3 Phoma aterrima te Phoma, Barringtonize Phoma, Durionis Phoma Justicize Phoma Lobelize Phomopsis Cocoes Phomopsis Lobeliz Phomopsis Phaseoli Phragmidium zeylanicum Phyllachora aspidea : Phyllachora Barringtonize Phyllachora calamigena Phyllachora catervaria Phyllachora dolichogena Phyllachora exsculpta Phyllachora graminis : Phyllachora Guatterie . Phyllachora Hugonize Phyllachora incarcerata Phyllachora infectoria Phyllachora Ixore , Phyllachora Pongamiz .. Phyllachora stenospora .. Phyllachora Tetrantherse Phyllachora Thwaitesii .. Phyllachora Tragise 50 Phyllachora Vanderystii Phyllachora Winkleri ‘ Phyllosticta disciformis .. Phyllosticta Mayile Phyllosticta Physaleos .. Phyllosticta, Usteri a ( xiv ) C= xv Physalospora Asbolz Physalospora Cyperi .. Phytophthora Colocasize Phytophthora Meadii Phytophthora Nicotianz Phytophthora Phaseoli .. Physospora globifera Physospora spiralis Pilobolus pullus Pisomyxa Amomi Pisonia alba Pistillaria actiniceps Plantago pumila Pluteus flavomarginatus Podaxon pistillaris Polyporus abruptus Polyporus Clemensiz Polyporus colossus Polyporus dichrous : Polyporus fumoso-olivaceus Polyporus inornatus Polyporus intactilis Polyporus interruptus Polyporus Mangiferz Polyporus molliculus Polyporus niphodes Polyporus non-gravis Polyporus resinaceus Polyporus russoceps Polyporus stereinus Polyporus vaporarius Polyporus velutinosus Polyporus vulgaris Polystictus cinerascens .. Polystictus tenuiculus Pongamia glabra var. xerocarps, Poria albocitrina we Poria aquosa ie Poria endoxantha ae Poria rubescens o6 Poria sulphurea - Porothelium reticulatum Protubera Maracuja Pseudonectria Bambusze Pseudonectria tabacina .. Puccinia Arenariz Puccinia Duthize Puccinia Tsachnes Puccinia Nakanishikii Puccinia Romagnoliana .. PAGE 299 297 297 296 329 291 329 282 109 124 292 293 293 ( xvi Puccinia Uralensis BS Pyrenocheta nipponica .. Pythium Debaryanum Rata-ala ° Rehmiodothis Osbeckize Bhinotrichum globuliferum Rhizopogon flavum Rhizopus nigricans 5 Rhytisma constellatum .. Rhytisma filicinum Rhytisma maculosum Rhytisma placenta Rhytisma Pongamize Rhytisma Pterygotz Rhytisma spurearium Rivea ornata var. typica Rosellinia albocincta Rosellinia Beccariana Rotala verticillaris Russula fusco-grisea 45 Saccolabium longifolium Saccolabium Wightianum Scirrhia Calophylli Scleroderma columnare . Scleroderma endoxanthum Scleroderma pseudostipitatum Senebiera didyma Septogloeum Dumasiz Septonema exaltatum Septonema hormiscioides Septoria graminum Sesbania aculeata var. sericea Sesbania egyptiaca Sesbania sericea Seynesia Ipomee Simblum periphragmoides Sirobasidium Brefeldianum Sordaria byssiseda Sordaria citrina Sordaria communis Sordaria fimiseda Sordaria pilosa Spherella citricola Spherella Erythrine Spherella Gastonis Spherella lobelize Spherella Mappize Spharella plegmariz ‘Spharella Senecionis ( =:eval Spheerella spinicola Spheria Guatterize Spheria Tetrantherz Spherobolus rubidus Spherobolus stellatus Spheerostilbe flammea Spherostilbe gracilipes Spherostilbe repens Spherostilbe variabilis Stilbum Durionis Stilbum luteocinctum Strychnos Benthami Strychnos cinnamomifolia Strychnos coriacea Strychnos lenticellata Strychnos micrantha Strychnos Nux-vomica .. Strychnos potatorum Strychnos tetragona Strychnos trichocalyx Syrup of Squills Tephrosia Hookeriana, Thyridaria Pteridis Torrubiella barda Torrubiella brunnea Torrubiella Lecanii Torrubiella luteorostrata Torrubiella rubra Torrubiella tenuis Torrubiella tomentosa Torrubiella sublintea Trabutia granulata Trametes Meyeni Trametes Muelleri Trametes nubila Trametes picta Trametes roseola Trametes straminea Trichocladium olivaceum Trichospheria sparsibarba Trichothecium parasiticum Trichothyrium asterophorum Tridax procumbens Trogia bicolor a Trogia infundibuliformis Trvblidiella Beccariana .. Tryblidiella Leprieurii Tubercularia Cansjere Tubercularia nigro-maculans 150, 154, 147, 147, 153, 146, 144, 156, 152, (| xviii ) PAGE Tuberculina viridis nie eS: supe Tylostoma exasperatum ar re 63 Tylostoma Mussooriense ae ¥. 63 Uredo Anthistiriz oF ox -s, , 296 Uredo Argyrize ae oe sa 9 Oe: Uredo Arundinariz = 3% iy 13 2B Uredo Boehmerize 55 5 rae tee 4 !)5) Uredo caricicola : a Layee si Uredo Cassiz- bicapsularis ie erp (OS Uredo Cudranize ate a oe Ob Uredo Dendrocalami_.... Se Ser AY Uredo Hyperici-japonici. . bs ty ney). Uredo Ischeemi-ciliaris .. a eh 2p Uredo Lophatheri ~ a 23+, 296 Uredo Marisci se ae S97 Ra pee Uredo Meliosmse ss a .. 294 Uredo Panici-villosi : te Seb 2Oo Uredo Phyllanthi- reticulati 3 ey ne! )5) Uredo Tephrosiz : = ote Ok. Uromyces Anotidis + $e ie pO Ustilaginoidea virens.. a Parisi | Ventilago lanceolata ome #3 a eaamae (() Vermicularia Capsici.. 3 sara eae Vermicularia Dematium. . 3 pt me) |. Vernacular names 54 50 i peeee 6 4!) Verticillium niveum > oe Baia 4) bi | Vigna lutea aie cee ee OG Wada ie 3 oe oee Water hyacinth oe = see oO Weeds x6 An Siiey ay43) Yabara ate xa se 330 Zingiber Zerumbet 3.9 5 Bs 160 Zukalia Rubi ae ite £39299 Zukaliopsis Hevez 3A 55 - ') 299 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CEYLON. ANNALS OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, PERADENIYA. EDITED BY Fo PH TECHiae DA. B86: VOLUME VII., PART I., JULY, 1919. CONTENTS. PAG! PETCH, T.— Revisions of Cevlon Fungi (Part VI.) ata I PETCH, T.—A New Variety of Exacum zeylanicum Roxb. Age 45 PETCH, T.—Oxalis in Ceylon .. af 4 47 PETCH, T.—Alocasia indica Schott En ys 53 PETCH, T.—Gasteromycete zeylanicz Sy a 57 ~_>— Culoutiw : H. C. COTTLE, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON. Loudon : DULAU & CO., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. [All rights of Reproduction and Translation reserved. | Price Five Rupees. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CEYLON. THE ANNALS, THE subscription rate is, for regular residents in Ceylon, Rs. 2°50 per annum, post free, payable in advance to the DrREcTOR OF AGRICULTURE, Peradeniya; for residents in other countries, Rs. 6 per annum, post free, payable in advance to the above, or eight shillings, payable to Messrs. Dutav & Co., 37, Soho Square, London, W. The ‘‘ Annals”? appear at irregular intervals, as matter is- ready for publication. Individual numbers or papers may be purchased from the Director oF AGRICULTURE, Pera- deniya, or from Messrs. Dunau & Co., at prices exceeding the subscription rate, THE BULLETINS, - BuLuetTiIns of the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, which contain articles on planting, agricultural, and horticulturai topics, are published from time to time. These take the place of the Circulars formerly published. The subscription is Re. 1 per annum, post free, in Ceylon, and Rs. 2°50 per annum, ~ post free, abroad. NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. All contributions should be addressed to the BoTANIsT anpD Mycotoaist, Peradeniya, Ceylon. They should be typed on one side of the paper only; figures should be ready for reproduction, and planned:so as to fill a plate properly. Each contributor is entitled to receive gratis fifty separate _ copies of his Paper. JUL 13 1920 Revisions of Ceylon Fungi. (PART VI.) "RAR BY UTANICA T, PETCH, B.A., B.So. HE present instalment of the Revisions of the Ceylon Fungi includes several emendations and corrections which have been made by other mycologists, more especially in the Dothideales, with further notes on these where necessary. The duplicates of Thwaites’s mycological specimens were mounted, probably in his time, on herbarium sheets, and constituted the sum total of the mycological herbarium at Peradeniya until 1905. The collection, however, was by no means complete, very many numbers being missing. In the course of overhauling an accumulation of unnamed specimens in the phanerogamic herbarium during recent years, a large number of Thwaites’s specimens of fungi were found in packets, as originally placed by him, having apparently remained untouched ever since. It may be possible, from these, to supply further details concerning species the type materia] of which is scanty. Further discoveries have shown that the statement made, or implied, in the first part of these Revisions, that named specimens were returned to Thwaites by Berkeley and Broome, isincorrect. Some years ago the heirs of the late W. Ferguson presented to the Royal Botanic Gardens a number of letters written by Thwaites to Ferguson, and in one of these Thwaites states, concerning his mycological collection: “‘ The last lot goes to Berkeley by this mail, and I am putting away my own collections as fast as I can in good order for reference.” Evidently Thwaites divided his specimens and kept part of each, and he followed the same course in the case of the lichens sent to Leighton, &c. The specimens at Peradeniya, there- fore, are not strictly co-types, as they were not examined by the describers of the species. In actual fact they are in the Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniys, Vol. VII., Part 1., July, 1919. 6(4)19 (1) 2 PETCH : majority of cases identical with the species under the same number at Kew; but where Berkeley and Broome divided a Thwaites’s number into two or more species, these are, as a rule, mounted on the same sheet at-Peradeniya. A curious result follows, in the case of the Agaricacee. These were obviously described from the paintings sent, the originals of which are at Peradeniya and copies at Kew, spore details being added from the specimens. But it is quite clear, from peculiarities in form, &c., that in many cases the speci- mens from which the paintings were made were retained at Peradeniya. Which, then, are the type specimens ? There is yet a further ambiguity with regard to the type specimens of the Ceylon fungi. It is, I believe, generally understood that Broome furnished the microscopical details. In that case the specimens in the Broome herbarium in the British Museum would appear to have a better claim to be considered types than those in Berkeley’s, at least as regards those species whose identification depends on such details. But this, again, depends on when the division of the specimens was made. 215.—Trogia infundibuliformis B. & Br. Thwaites 685 was divided into two species, T'rogia infundi- buliformis B. & Br., and Trogia bicolor B. & Br. Trogia infundibuliformis was described as ‘‘ Fuscus ; pileo infundi- buliformi subtiliter striato, margine acute crenato ; stipite brevi, basi piloso, e strato orbiculari oriundo ; venis decurren- tibus, interstitiis levibus (No. 685 in part). On dead wood and sticks. Pileus 1-1°5 inch across; edge jagged; stem 0:5-1 inch high, 1-1°5 line thick.” T'rogia bicolor was “‘ Pileo ex infundibuliformi flabellato umbrino ; stipite concolori e basi polita oriundo; hymenio pallido, venis decurrentibus (No. 685 in part). On dead wood. Pileus half an inch, or rather more, across, not striate ; stem one-third of an inch high, three-quarters of a line thick, striate, springing from an orbicular polished disc, which is slightly fimbriated ; veins decurrent here and there, distinctly bifid.” The type specimen of Trogia infundibuliformis in Herb. Kew is marked by Thwaites, ‘‘ cut through vertically, and half retained by me.’ That would appear -to indicate CEYLON FUNGI. 3 Thwaites had only cne specimen. But in Herb. Peradeniya there is, in addition to the other half of the Kew specimen, another complete example, as well as two specimens of Trogia bicolor, all on the same sheet. It would appear that Thwaites made two gatherings, the first consisting of one example only, which he divided, while the second furnished the specimens which were named T'rogia bicolor. But he considered them the same species, and placed them on the same sheet in the Peradeniya herbarium. Of the specimens in Herb. Peradeniya, the half and one other are dark brown, horny, and slightly translucent, with a texture resembling that of Sterewm elegans; they are minutely striate. The other two specimens are smaller, less widely expanded, light brown, and not notably horny ; the pileus is striate, when examined with a lens. It would seem probable that these are only younger specimens of T'rogia infundibuliformis. Trogia infundibuliformis, from fresh specimens, is entirely pale purple, or pale purple-brown, up to4cm. high. The pileus is deeply infundibuliform, about 3 cm. diameter, with the margin lobed and decurved, thin, rigid, and somewhat horny, minutely radially striate, with short broken striz, becoming radially sulcate when dry. The gills are distant, sometimes forked, up to 1 mm. broad, decurrent, with an obtuse-edge. The stalk is about 1°5 cm. high, and 2 mm. diameter in the middle ; towards the base it expands, the base being 4 mm. in diameter, and surrounded by a white fibrillose ring, 1:5mm.broad. The exterior of the stalk is pruinose, and its wall is horny, like the pileus; the interior is white, stuffed, becoming hollow. The wall of the stalk is a continuation of the pileus, and the hollow is filled with loose, white tissue, which ascends for a short distance over the base of the funnel ; the upper surface of the pileus is not continued across the top of the stalk. There is consequently no true stalk. _216.—Hydnum polymorphum B. & Br. Thwaites 178 was a Hydnum. Berkeley and Broome divided the specimen into two parts, one of which they named Hydnum (Apus) polymorphum B. & Br., and the other Hydnum (Resupinati) versicolor B. & Br. The specimen was 4 PETCH: » accompanied by a painting, which they assigned to the latter species. Recent specimens, however, show that the painting does not represent a resupinate species, but a full view of the under surface of a pileus. Hydnum polymorphum was described as ‘‘ Cuneiforme, e mycelio communi effuso oriundum, postice radiato-rugosum umbrinum, antice farinaceum luteum marginatum ; aculeis acutis quandoque furcatis farinosis velsubgelatinosis. At first spongy, 14-2 inches long, sometimes conchiform, sometimes forming mere thick protuberances covered on one side with prickles; hymenium yellowish, thin, rufous; mycelium resembling that of Geaster mirabilis.” Hydnum versicolor was “‘ Recens nitide flavum, margine elevato albo, mycelio albo lacunoso affixum ; aculeis alongatis subacutis siccis olivaceis. Five inches across; substance spongy, white.” The types of both species are in Herb. Kew. That of H. versicolor bears a note by Thwaites: ‘‘ The whole plant when fresh of a beautiful bright yellow colour, except the growing edges, which are white.” The specimens are sections of the pilei, exactly the same as the duplicates under H. polymorphum. The type of the latter bears a note by H. J. Banker: ‘‘ These specimens are identical with Hydnum versicolor, and bear the same number.” This determination is correct. The fungus grows in large, imbricated plates, united behind into an irregular tuberculated mass, which may be 1 or 2 inches thick. The individual pilei are orbicular, up to 6 inches long and 8 inches broad. The upper surface is pale yellow or pale tan, minutely tomentose, the extreme upper layers being softly coriaceous, like kid leather. When old, it becomes grayish-brown. Internally the pileus is white and spongy, but strongly radially fibrillose when broken ; the subhymenial layer turns purple-red when cut. The total thickness is up to 1} inches. The margin is obtuse and white. The hymenium is yellow to orange-yellow, becoming brown when old, with terete, blunt, close-set aculei up to 1‘2 em. long. There is nothing on the fresh specimens, or on the Pera- deniya herbarium specimen, to support the comparison with Geaster mirabilis. CEYLON FUNGI. 5 217.—Polyporus russoceps B. & Br. In Bull. Soc. Myc. France, XXX., p. 36, Patouillard has called attention to the fact that the pores of Polyporus rus- soceps bear cystidia, which are covered with short spines. He notes that solitary cystidia are rare, and irregularly distributed over the hymenium, but that the walls of the tubes bear minute tufts of cystidia, 30-60 y. in diameter. The upper surface of the pileus is covered by a loose villous layer, in which larger, more spiny cystidia occur, but there are none on the edges of the dissepiments. In the type specimens the tubes are somewhat lax, and often radially elongated, and, in drying under pressure, they have separated from one another here and there. The specimens give the impression that the hymenium is soft when fresh. Ina specimen recently collected the pore surface is rigid and the pores regular, while the edges of the pores are densely covered with cystidia, and the walls of the tubes bear the same cystidia for a short distance from the mouth. 218.—Poria interrupta B. & Br. In Fungi of Ceylon, No. 508, Berkeley and Broome described Polyporus interruptus B. & Br., from Thwaites 652 in part ; in No. 497, they enumerated Polyporus vaporarius Fr. (Thwaites 367, 369), and in No. 498, Polyporus vulgaris Fr. (Thwaites 367, 369 in part). In “A Preliminary List of Ceylon Polypori,’’ Ann. Perad., VI., pp. 87-144, the writer stated that Polyporus interruptus and the specimens assigned to Polyporus vulgaris were the same species, while the specimen assigned to Polyporus vaporarius were re-named Poria aquosa. A further study of these species has convinced me that it is not possible to keep Poria aquosa distinct from Polyporus interruptus. The form named P. interruptus is that which grows on decaying branches at some height, 20 feet or more, above the ground. At that height it forms small cushions with a tomentose margin, and when these cushions coalesce, the continuous sheet is interrupted by bands or areas on which the pores are not yet developed. When this form is collected on fallen branches it is usually dry, and the dissepiments are 6 PETCH : thin and rigid. It was the latter feature which influenced the separation of Poria aquosa, but further specimens have shown that the dissepiments of Polyporus interruptus are thick and soft when moist, like those of Poria aquosa. The form named Poria aquosa grows on rotting trunks, usually on a vertical surface. The patches are white, extend- ing over several feet, with a thin, tomentose margin. The pores are at first soft and watery, with thick dissepiments, but they become thin and rigid on drying. When dry the pores are angular, small, and up to 2 mm. long. Frequently the patches are interrupted by small horizontal pilei. The basal layer is a thin weft of hyphe. This species has recently been found to cause a root disease of tea, and consequently a larger series of specimens has come under examination. On the stems of the tea bush the fructi- fication is similar to that observed on decaying tree trunks, but there is a greater tendency to produce pilei, sometimes in imbricated masses. On exposed lateral roots pilei are produced along the whole length, at first discontinuous, but subsequently fusing into a continuous border up to a centimetre wide. The mycelium runs freely through the soil, and produces the Poria fructi- fication in hollows, and the pilei in imbricated masses on sloping surfaces ; it also binds together dead leaves and twigs, developing pilei along the sides of the latter, and a very elegant Poria form on the under side of the leaves. This Poria form on the dead leaves may be 8 or 4 centimetres in diameter, a very thin layer of sub-hexagonal pores surrounded bya broad, radiating, byssoid margin. When a tea bush is attacked by this fungus, the surrounding area, for a radius of about 2 feet, may be covered in wet weather by the varied fructifications. The pilei are small, orbicular, usually about 1 cm. X 5mm., and 2 mm. thick. The upper surface is white when dry, but appears grayish behind when moist, and is minutely tomentose. As this species produces pilei, it must be known as Poly- porus interruptus B. & Br., not Porta interrupta. In Fungi of Ceylon No. 507, Berkeley and Broome described a species as Polyporus niphodes, from 'Thwaites 652. They stated that it resembled Hymenogramme, and superficially CEYLON FUNGI. i it certainly: does, as the pore surface seems to consist of parallel lines with anastomoses here and there. There are several pieces of the fungus in Herb. Kew and Herb. Peradeniya. In the type in Herb. Kew the specimen is on fragments of coconut stem; it forms a thick, chalky layer, a millimetre or a millimetre and a half in thickness, which has cracked into more or less rectangular fragments, and falls away from the substratum ; the surface is closely covered with minute ridges, about 0°2 mm. apart, which anastomose freely. One piece in Herb. Peradeniya is exactly the same as that in Herb. Kew, but another is somewhat different, and serves to explain the whole. The latter piece is also on coconut wood, but the wood is covered with a sandy layer up to 2°5 millimetres thick ; and the fungus forms over this a very delicate basal layer, which bears short, angular pores. There is no doubt that this last piece is a Poria, and that it is part of the same fungus on the same substratum as the other pieces. It happened to grow on a horizontal surface, but the other pieces grew on, vertical surfaces, and hence their pores in an old, weathered state appear as lines. The explanation of the peculiar characters of the specimen— its chalky nature, separability from the substratum, fragility, &¢c.—appears to be that it grew on coconut timber which had been used in the construction of some building, and therefore was covered with lime and mortar. The main mass of the specimens is lime or mortar ; the fungus is only a thin super- ficial layer. The fungus is clearly Polyporus interruptus, as it was evidently regarded by Thwaites, for he included it with the specimens 652, to which Berkeley and Broome gave tbat name. In the Fungi of Ceylon, Polyporus niphodes is enumerated immediately before Polyporus interruptus. According to the rules of priority, therefore, the former name should be employed for this species. But seeing that the description of Polyporus niphodes is based on a specimen which consists of a mass of lime covered with weathered effete pores, and is practically unrecognizable, it would seem more sensible to retain the name Polyporus interruptus. 8 PETOCH: 219.—Endogone fulva (B. & Br.) Pat. In Fungi of Ceylon, Nos. 1181 and 1182, Berkeley and Broome described two new species of Paurocotylis as P. fulva and P. fragilis respectively. Their descriptions are as follows:— * Paurocotylis fulva B. & Br. Depresso-subglobosa, extus lateritiofulva, intus flava ; sporis magnis obovatis (No. 963). On the ground, Peradeniya, Jan., 1869. About half an inch across, attacked by a short, rooting, spongy mass ; spores ‘003 long. “ Paurocotylis fragilis B. & Br. Pallide griseo-flava, fragilis sima ; sporis globosis (No. 964). On the ground, Peradeniya. About a quarter of an inch across ; so fragile that it crumbles into atoms ; spores ‘002 in diameter.” In Bull. Soc. Myc. France, XIX., p. 339, Patouillard recorded the results of his examination of Paurocotylis pila Berk. and Paurocotylis fulva B. & Br. He found that these two species were generically distinct. Of the latter, he stated: ‘Cette espece n’est en rien comparable & la précédente. Ses recep- tacles globuleux, fauves, de la grosseur d’un pois, tendre, dépourvus de cavité centrale, farcis de sporanges jaunes, ovoides ou presque ronds, ayant de 75 & 90 vu. de diam., portés sur ses filaments larges et rameux et & contenu granuleux, la rattachent indiscutablement au genre Endogone.”’ The specimens of Paurocotylis fulva in Herb. Peradeniya (Thwaites 963) are sections of an example which was at least 15mm. broad and 9mm.high. A specimen recently collected is irregularly depressed-ellipsoidal, 4 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, and 2cm. high. It was found on the surface of the ground by the side of a rotting log. When fresh it is white, with a few yellow-brown patches, becoming yellow-brown, and here and there red-brown, when dry. It has no sterile base, or internal cavities, the section showing a uniform, somewhat granular mass, pale brown in colour. The exterior is minutely tomen- tose, but there is no definite cortex, the outer layer being a browned zone of hyphe and sporangia, rather more compact than the interior, to a depth of about 0°5 mm., soft and tender when fresh. The whole of the interior consists of a mass of hyphe and sporangia or asci. The hyphe are stout, 8-20 uv. diameter, branching at a wide angle, hyaline becoming CEYLON FUNGI. 9 yellow-brown, with granular contents, and filled with large brown granules when old, not septate, exparded at the axils. The sporangia, or asci, are oval, hyaline or pale yellowish, becoming pale yellow-brown, thick-walled, with granular contents, terminal, 90-120 x 64-80 uy. Thwaites’s specimen agrees completely with this. It appears to be undoubtedly Endogone. The specimen of Endogone fragilis in Herb. Peradeniya (Thwaites 964) isa fragment only. The denser outer layer, if ever present, has been broken off, and it is now a small crumbling mass, about 4 mm. in diameter. Its asci are chiefly subglobose, 50-64 « 48-55, with some oval, 50-80 v. long, and its hypheare only upto1l0yu.diameter. Itis certainly Endogone, and probably only a young state of Endogone fulva 220..—Broomella niphidium (B. & Br.) Cooke. This species, re-described in Ann. Perad., VI., p. 345, was transferred to Broomella by Cooke in Grevillea, XII., p. 105. This had been overlooked, probably because, by a printer’s error, the name is there given as Broomella nephidium. 221,—Rhytisma maculosum B. & Br. This was described by Berkeley and Broome from Thwaites 426, on leaves of Sterculia (Pterygota) alata, and Thwaites 497, on leaves of Cansjera Rheedit. Both collections are represented in Herb. Kew and Herb. Peradeniya. A few lines later they described Rhytisma Pterygote, on leaves of Pterygota alata, Peradeniya, April, 1866. Both these were transferred to Marchalia by Saccardo. The Kew specimens of these two species have been examined by von Héhnel, who found that Thwaites 426 was identical with the specimen gathered in April, 1866 (Mitt. IX., pp. 48, 49; X., p. 37). He established on it a new genus, Dothidas- teroma, with the single species Dothidasteroma Pterygote, subsequently changed, when the identity of the two species was discovered, to Dothidasteroma maculosum. Von Hohnel’s genus is accepted by Theissen and Sydow in their revision of the Dothideales, Ann. Myc., XIII. (1915). The host plant is Sterculia Thwaitesii Mast. 6(4)19 (2) 10 PETCH: The synonymy of the species is as follows :— Dothidasteroma maculosum (B. & Br.) v. H., Fragm., X., No. 498; Rhytisma maculosum B. & Br., Jour. Linn. Soc., XIV., p. 130; Rhytisma Pterygote B. & Br., ibid., p. 131; Dothidasteroma Pterygote (B. & Br.) v. H., Fragm., IX., No. 443; Marchalia maculosa (B. & Br.) Sacc., Syll. Fung., VIIL., p. 737 ; Marchalia Pterygote (B. & Br.) Sacc., ibid. The specimen on Cansjera Rheedii is not Dothidasteroma. According to von Hohnel, it bears a Meliola, closely allied to Meliola amphitricha (Fr.), and two species of Asterina, one with smooth spores and the other with spinulose spores. The latter has been described by him as Asterina echinospora, Fragm., X., No. 508. 222.—Rhytisma filicinum B. & Br. Berkeley and Broome described this from a specimen on Alsophila gigantea (= Alsophila glabra Hk.), Thwaites 453, collected in May, 1856. It was included under Marchalia by Saccardo. After examination of the type in Herb. Kew, von Hohnel transferred it to Hysterostomella, as H. filicina (Fragm.., No. 447). Theissen and Sydow (loc. cit., p. 220) have instituted for it a new genus Monorhizina. It now stands as— Monorhizina filicina (B. & Br.) Theiss. & Syd. ; Rhytisma filicinum B. & Br., Jour. Linn. Soc., XIV., p. 130; Marchalia filicina (B. & Br.) Sace., Syll. Fung., VIII., p. 738 ; Hysterosto- mella filicina (B. & Br.) v. H., Fragm., [X., No. 447. 223.—Rhytisma Pongamie B. & Br. Described by Berkeley and Broome from Thwaites 492, on Pongamia glabra, and included in Saccardo under Cryptomyces. It was re-described as Phyllachora in Ann. Perad., V., p. 291, and now stands as— Phyllachora Pongamie (B. & Br.) Petch ; Rhytisma Ponga- mie B. & Br., Jour. Linn. Soc., XIV., p. 130; Cryptomyces Pongamiz (B. & Br.) Sacc., Syll. Fung., VIII., p. 708. 224.—Rhytisma placenta B. & Br. This was described by Berkeley and Broome from Thwaites 409, on leaves of Symplocos spicata, and Thwaites 420, on Pavelta indica. They stated that it was possible that the two CEYLON FUNGI. 1] might be distinct species, the spores in the specimen on Symplocos being 30 v, long, and those of the specimen on Paveita 15y long. In Saccardo it was listed under Cocconia, with a variety, microspora, on Pavetta; recent revisions have not altered that classification. Von Hohnel, after examination of the type in Herb. Kew, stated that the spores were the same in both specimens (Fragm., No. 495), and that consequently the fungus occurs on plants which are not closely allied. Theissen and Sydow did not see the specimen on Pavetta. In Herb. Kew the specimen labelled ‘‘ on Pavetta indica ”’ is not on Pavetta, but on Symplo- cos ; thus, not only the fungi, as determined by von H6hnel, but also the leaves, are identical. It may be noted that Thwaites 420 on Pavetta indica was included by Berkeley and Broome under Asterina pelliculosa (Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1140), and has been described by Theissen as Lembosia Pavette Theiss. (Ann. Myc., XI., p. 429). The spores of Cocconia placenta are 32-40 x 14-16 u, and those of Lembosia Pavette are 18-21 x 6-8 y. It would appear probable, therefore, that Berkeley and Broome’s specimen of “‘ Cocconia placenta” with spores half the normal size was Lembosia Pavette. 225.—Rhytisma spurearium B. & Br. Described from Thwaites 422, on leaves of Artocarpus integrifolia. On the same leaves also. occurred Rhytisma constellatum B. & Br., which was described immediately after the former. Both were included in Saccardo under Marchalia, the second being the type species of the genus. Von Héhnel found that the two species were identical, and transferred it to Hysterostomella, as Hysterostomella spurcaria (B. & Br.) v. H., Fragm., [X., No. 448. Theissen and Sydow (loc. cit., p- 251) amend the genus Marchalia and retain it for this species, but they adopt the name Marchalia constellata, as the latter name was placed first in the genus Marchalia in Saccardo. It would appear to be more correct to keep the name Marchalia spurcaria (B. & Br.) Sace. Marchalia spurcaria (B. & Br.) Sace., Syll. Fung., VIIL., p. 737 ; Rhytisma spurcarium B. & Br., Jour. Linn. Soc., XIV., p. 131; Rhytisma constellatum B. & Br., Jour. Linn. Soc.. 12 PETCH: XIV., p. 131; Marchalia constellata (B. & Br.) Sace., Syll. Fung., VIII., p. 737; Hysterostomella spurcaria (B. & Br.) v. H., Fragm., IX., No. 448. : 226.—Lembosia tenella Lév. According to Theissen (Ann. Mye., XI., p. 426), the Ceylon specimens on Eugenia in Herb. Kew under this name are Asterina crustosa Berk. & Cooke. Cooke recorded the latter species for Ceylon, on leaves of Zugenia, in Grevillea, XXI., p. 76. 227.—Micropeltis asterophora B. & Br. The type of this species, which was described from Thwaites 427, on Panicum, has been examined by von Hohnel, who finds that it is a Trichothyrium (Fragm., 1X., No. 424; XIV., p.9). Itnowstands as Trichothyrium asterophorum (B. & Br.) v. H. 228.—Asterina pelliculosa Berk. This was recorded for Ceylon by Berkeley and Broome, on Pavetta indica, Jasminum Sambac, Acrotrema, Rottbellia nigricans (error for nigrescens), and Mallea Rothit, Thwaites’s numbers 421, 490, and 498 being cited. According to von Hohnel (Fragm., X., No. 515) the type specimen is probably an unripe Microthyrium and the Ceylon specimens are different. The specimen on Pavetta is Thwaites 420, and, fide Theissen, is Lembosia Pavette Theiss. (Ann. Myc., XI., p. 429); this is the specimen referred to by Berkeley and Broome under Cocconia placenta. In Ann. Myc.,X., pp. 186 and 200, Theissen states that Thwaites 421, on Ficus, in Herb. Kew under Asterina pelliculosa, is Asterina crustosa Berk. & Cooke ; and that the specimens on Mallea Rothii and Melia parviflora, also under Asterina pelliculosa, are Asterina spherotheca K. & R. The latter is Thwaites 498 ; Mallea Rothii and Melia parviflora are synonyms of Cipadessa fruticosa. Thwaites 490 on Rottbellia nigrescens, in Herb. Peradeniya, belongs to the Dothideales. Its stromata are chiefly hypo- phyllous, irregularly elongated oval, up to 3 mm. long and 0°6 mm. broad. They are subcuticular, lying between the cuticle and the epidermal cells, multilocular, with globose or oval loculi, containing few asci. The upper black layer is CEYLON FUNGI. 13 composed of polygonal cells, sometimes radially arranged towards the margin, and the margin is sometimes lobed. The asci are ovate, eight-spored, 38-40 x 21 u. The spores are hyaline, oblongo-fusoid, one-septate, slightly cunstricted at the septum, ends rounded, minutely verrucose, 15-17 x 6-7y, the upper cell usually the broader. This species apparently belongs to the Munkiellize, near Isomunkia, but it has no paraphyses. The specimens on Acrotrema and Jasminum Sambac have not been found. 229.—Asterina nubecula B. & Br. - This name was published by Berkeley without description in Hooker’s London Journal of Botany, VI. (1854), p. 211, but the species was not described until the publication of the Fungi of Ceylon. The type has been examined by Theissen, and re-described under the name of Calothyrium nubecula (B. & Br.) Theiss. (Ann. Myc., X., p. 192). 230.—Asterina Pleurostylie B. & Br. The type of this species, Thw. 470, has been re-examined by von Hohnel, who finds that it isa Meliola, Meliola Pleurostylie (B. & Br.) v. H. (Fragm., X., No. 522). It was made the type of a new genus, Asteridvwm, by Saccardo in Syll. Fung., IX., p. 435. In Herb. Kew there are two Ceylon specimens in the cover of Asterina Pleurostyliz. One, on Pleurostylia, is the Meliola ; the other, on Pavetta, is Lembosia Pavettze Theiss. 231.—Dothidea demersa Corda. Under this name Berkeley and Broome placed Thwaites 464 on Ixora parvifolia, and Thwaites 520 on Croton Thwaitesianum Mull. = Croton Klotzschianus Thw. Ixora parvifolia should be Izxora parviflora Vahl. According to Theissen and Sydow, no type of Dothidea demersa Cda. exists. The specimen on Ixora parviflora has been named by them Phyllachora Ixore Theiss. & Syd., but they give the locality as East Indies, collected by Hobson, though they cite the number 464, which is Thwaites’s (Ann. Myc., XIII., p. 553). The specimen on Croton in Herb. Kew is sterile, according to Theissen and 14 PETCH: Sydow ; though Berkeley and Broome’s spore measurement, 10 yp, was evidently taken from it, as they state that the specimen on Ixora parvifolia, No. 464, differed in the shortly fusiform, granulated sporidia, 12°5-15 y. long. The corre- sponding specimen in Herb. Peradeniya is chiefly immature, but contains a few ripe asci, 75 x 10 y, with elliptic, hyaline spores, 8-12 x 5-7 u. The spores are rounded at the ends, not acute, as stated by Berkeley and Broome. This species on Croton appears to agree with Phyllachora Tragiz (B. & C.) Sace. It is to be noted that the Croton species was also included by Berkeley and Broome under Dothidea rhytismoides Corda in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1153. The Thwaites’s numbers, host names, and herbarium specimens of the Ceylon Dothideales have been confused in a most bewildering fashion. 232.—Dothidea rhytismoides Corda. Under this name Berkeley and Broome cited Thwaites 520, and 423 in part, stating that the host plant was Hugonia Mystax (Jour. Linn. Soc., XTV., p. 134). In the Supplement (loc. cit., XV., p. 86) they again recorded D. rhytismoides Cda., citing Thwaites 1141. The latter specimen was subsequently transferred to Phyllachora by Cooke, in Grevillea, XIII., p. 63, as Phyllachora infectoria, on leaves of Ficus infectoria. Thwaites 520 was on Croton Klotzschianus Thw. It had already been attributed to Dothidea demersa Cda. in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1152 (see above). Thwaites 423 is on Ficus parasitica, and is Dothidea microcenta B. & Br. The specimen on Hugonia Mystax is Thwaites 521, a number which Berkeley and Broome did not cite. Probably 520 is an error for 521. This latter specimen has been named Phyllachora Hugoniz by Theissen and Sydow (Ann. Myc., XIII., p. 512). Thwaites 1141, named Phyllachora infectoria by Cooke, has been trans- ferred by Theissen and Sydow to their new genus Catacauma, as Catacauma infectorium (Cooke) Theiss. & Syd. ; part of the leaf which constitutes Cooke’s type specimen is included in Herb. Kew under Phyllachora rhytismoides. Dothidea rhytismoides must consequently be deleted from the Ceylon list. CEYLON FUNGI. 15 233.—Dothidea microcenta B. & Br. ‘ For this species Berkeley and Broome cited Thwaites 423 in part, “‘ on leaves apparently of Artocarpus.”” The co-type in Herb. Peradeniya is labelled “on Ficus parasitica” by Thwaites. Cooke (Grevillea, XIII., p. 67) regarded this species as identical with D. rhytismoides, and, probably for that reason, Dothidea microcenta and D. rhytismoides in Herb. Kew are both in the cover of the latter. Dothidea microcenta was Thwaites 423, and D. rhytismoides 423, 521, and 499. The duplicates of 423 are labelled ‘“‘ on leaves of Ficus spp.” 521 is labelled Hugonia Mystax ; it has been referred to above. 499, on leaves of Urostigma tomentosum (= Fitus tomentosa), was regarded by Berkeley and Broome as a variety of Dothidea aspidea, but while the mounted specimens are in the cover of D. aspidea, the packet of duplicates is included under D. rhytismoides. Theissen and Sydow state (Ann. Myc., XIII., p. 384) that the type of Dothidea microcenta ('Thwaites 423) contains two species, one hypophyllous and the other epiphyllous, on separate leaves and probably different gatherings. They take the hypophyllous species as the type, which they name Catacauma microcentum (B. & Br.) Theiss. & Syd., and state that the epiphyllous species is hardly different from D. aspidea Berk. But this epiphyllous form was referred to D. aspidea by Berkeley and Broome ; evidently this is another instance of their somewhat frequent omission to separate the specimens of their different species. In both species the host plant of Thwaites 423 is Ficus parasitica. 234,—Dothidea aspidea Berk. This was originally described by Berkeley in Decades of Fungi, No. 497, as Dothidea repens (Corda) var. aspidia, ‘ Pustulis latiusculis sparsis piceis ascis elongatis sursum attenuatis ; sporidiis hyalinis subellipticis. On leaves of Ficus repens, Ceylon.” In Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1157, Berkeley and Broome described Dothidea aspidea B, & Br. ‘* Blevata, nitida, late conica, apice plerumque plana, basi margine fusco-luteo cincta ; sporidiis ellipticis ; spermogoniis acicularibus (No. 423 in part, 499). On Ficus repens, &c., 16 PETCH: Peradeniya, Dec., 1867: sporidia 20 uw long, spermogonia 12°5yulong.” They also included Thwaites 499, on Urostigma tomentosum, as a variety or a closely allied species, but made no reference to any previous publication. The species, ea the Fungi of Ceylon, was included in Saccardo under Phyllachora. In the cover of Phyllachora aspidea at Kew are three col- lections. The earliest is marked ‘‘ Spheria aspidea on, Ficus repens, Ceylon, Oct. 12, 1850” (not 1860 as cited by Theissen and Sydow) ; this is the type. Another collection is Thwaites 423, marked ‘‘ Dothidea aspidea Berk. cincta B. & Br. var., on Ficus, Peradeniya, Dec., 1867.’ The third is Thwaites 499, marked with the same name as 423, on Urostigma tomen- tosum, Feb., 1868. What Berkeley or Thwaites meant by Ficus repens is not clear. Thwaites did not include Ficus repens in his Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylanie. The “ Ficus repens” of the Botanic Gardens is Ficus pumila L., but the host plant in the type of Dothidea aspidea is certainly not that species. The leaf is identical with that of Thwaites 423, and appears to be Ficus parasitica. Theissen and Sydow state that the epiphyllous species in Thwaites 423 is scarcely different from the type, which they name Catacauma aspideum (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd. It is on the same host plant as the type, and is the same species. Thwaites 499 is regarded by them as a variety of Catacawma repens (Corda). 235.—Dothidea exsculpta Berk. This species was described by Berkeley in Decades 499a, Hooker’s Journal of Botany, VI. (1854), p. 231, from Ceylon specimens on Agyneia multilocularis which were said to be sterile. It was again recorded by Berkeley and Broome from Thwaites 593 on Aporosa Lindleyana. In Saccardo it was listed as Phyllachora. Cooke re-described it as Phyllachora exsculpta Berk., in Grevillea, XIII., p. 64, without reference to the host plant. Theissen and Sydow (Ann. Myc., XII., p. 193) state that in Herb. Kew there are Ceylon specimens on Aporosa Lindleyana, Aporosa acuminata, Agyneia multilocularis, and a Phyllanthoid plant. They have re-described it as Parmulina exsculpta (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd. CEYLON FUNGI. 17 236.—Dothidea repens Berk. The record of this species in the Fungi of Ceylon is “‘ Dothi- dea repens B. in Hook. Jour., 1854, p. 231. On leaves of Ficus religiosa, Sept. 10, 1850.” But on referring to the place cited it is found that the record there is Dothidea repens (Corda) var. catervaria, on leaves of Ficus oppositifolia (= Ficus hispida L. f.). In Herb. Kew, sub Phyllachora repens, there is a specimen on Ficus religiosa, labelled by Berkeley ‘‘ Spheria repens Corda, G. H. K. T., Ceylon, Sept. 10, 1850.” There is no specimen marked var. catervaria, but in the cover of Phyllachora cater- varia there is one marked “‘ Spheria catervaria Berk., on Ficus oppositifolia, Ceylon, Oct. 12, 1850.” Theissen and Sydow refer the specimen on Ficus religiosa to Catacauma repens (Corda) Theiss. & Syd., and accept that on Ficus hispida as Phyllachora catervaria (Berk.) Sacc. 237.—Dothidea graminis Fr. Berkeley and Broome recorded this from Thwaites 468, 489, 733, and 734 in part, on Spodiopogon, Ichnanthus pallens, and Panicum fluitans. 468 is Spodiopogon obliquivalvis (= Ische- mum ciliare). ‘The specimens on Panicum fluitans in Herb. Peradeniya are marked 509 and 733. 489 is Ichnanthus pallens. The citation of 734 is probably an error. Theissen and Sydow state that Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuck., as represented in herbaria, is a collective species, and the different forms under this name require further investi- eation: 38.—Dothidea stenospora B. & Br. This was described from Thwaites 465 on Panicum trigonum. It was said to have narrow, subfusiform acute spores, 15 u long. It was transferred to Phyllachora in Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 602. In the cover of Phyllachora stenospora in Herb. Kew are Thwaites 465 on Panicum trigonum, Thwaites 489 on Ichnan- thus pallens, and Thwaites 468 on Spodiopogon (see above). The first of these is labelled stenospora ; the second is labelled Sph. graminis, but the drawing of it is marked stenospora ; the third is not named. The duplicates of 468 are in the cover of Phyllachora graminis. 6(4) 19 (3) 18 PETCH: Theissen and Sydow examined only a small part of the type specimen from Herb. Kew on Panicum trigonum, and found that it bore a conidial fungus with hyaline, acute spores, 15-18 x 2y. On the part of the type examined by me the same conidial form was present, together with asci. The stromata are oval, up to 0°6 x 0:4 mm. visible on both sides of the leaf. The loculi contain hyaline, continuous conidia, which are fusoid, straight, or curved towards the ends, some- times strongly attenuated towards one end, 18-26 x 2-2°5 uy. The asci occur in the same loculi, and are 65-75 x 6 y, eight- spored, spores uni- or bi-seriate. The spores are hyaline, continuous, with a central gutta, narrow-oval, ends acute, 13-14 x 3:5-4u. This is evidently a Phyllachora, and will stand as Phyllachora stenospora (B. & Br.) Sacc. 239.—Dothidea Osbeckie B. & Br. This was enumerated in Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 633, as Dothidella. Theissen and Sydow (Ann. Myc., XII. p. 192) have re-described it as Rehmiodothis Osbeckie (B. & Br.) Theiss. & Syd. 240.—Dothidea Elettariz B. & Br. In Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 633, this was listed as Dothidella. Theissen and Sydow (Ann. Myc., XIII., p. 408) have re-described it as Placostroma Elettariz (B. & Br.) Theiss. & Syd. It occurs on Amomum floribundum Tr. = Elettaria floribunda Thw. 241.—Dothidea incarcerata Berk. This was described by Berkeley in Hooker’s Journal of Botany, VI. (1854), p. 232. It occurred on leaves of Uvaria, Guatteria, and other Anonacee. Berkeley stated that speci- mens had been distributed under the name of Sph. Guatieriz, in the belief that they were distinct from those on Uvaria, but further examination had forced him to unite them. Cooke, on finding the specimen marked Spheria Guatteriz in Berkeley’s herbarium, published a description of it under the name of Phyllachora Guatteriz Berk. The specimens in Herb. Kew, in the cover of Phyllachora incarcerata (Berk.) Sacc., include one, October 12, 1850, labelled by Berkeley ‘‘ Dothidea incarcerata Berk. (Spheria CEYLON FUNGI. 19 Guatterie Berk.)”’; another labelled ‘‘ Dothidea incarcerata, Berk. Spheria (conferte) Annonacee Berk. in Annonaceam, Ceylon’; and a third, labelled “‘ Dothidea incarcerata Berk. Ceylon, 1850. G. H. K. T. In Uvariam.” The cover of Phyllachora Guatterie Cooke contains a specimen marked by Berkeley “‘ Spheria Guatteriw Berk. Ceylon.” The species, fide Theissen and Sydow, stands as Phyllachora incarcerata (Berk.) Sace. 242.—Dothidea Tetranthere B. & Br. In Hooker’s Journal of Botany, VI. (1854), p. 232, Berkeley, after describing Dothidea repens var. aspidia, stated that a form occurred in Ceylon on Tetranthera tomentosa which he would willingly unite with the former ; he had distributed it under the name of Spheria Tetranthere. In the Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1162, Berkeley and Broome described Dothidea Tetranthere B. & Br., on Tetranthera Roxburghti and T. tomentosa, citing Thwaites 442. This number was collected in December, 1867, and is on 7. Roz- burghit ; the specimen on 7’. tomentosa was collected October 12,1850. In Herb. Peradeniya the co-type is marked 442 and 528, all the’ leaves being 7’. Roxburghii. Tetranthera Rox- burghit Nees = Litsea chinensis Lam., and T. tomentosa Roxb. = Litsea tomentosa Heyne. The species was transferred to Phyllachora in Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 595, and Theissen and Sydow agree with that determination. It consequently stands as Phyllachora Tetranthere (B. & Br.) Sacc. 243.—Dothidea Thwaitesii Berk. This was described by Berkeley in Decades of Fungi, No. 500, on leaves of aCyperad. In the Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1163, the record was repeated, but the host plant was given as Ficus oppositifolia. The species on Ficus oppositifolia, described in Decades No. 497, was Dothidea repens var. catervaria, which was not included in the Fungi of Ceylon. It is evident that, by an error in compilation or printing, two lines have been omitted on page 135, Jour. Linn. Soc., XIV., viz., that giving the correct host of Dothidea Thwaitesit, and that con- taining the name Dothidea catervaria, 20 PETCH: . The species was included in Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 598, as Phyllachora Thwaitesii (Berk.) Sacc., a determination which Theissen and Sydow confirm. 244.—Dothidea perisporioides B. & C. Thwaites 444, 456, and 494 were referred to this species by Berkeley and Broome, the host plant being given as Desmodium triflorum. They also recorded for Ceylon, Dothidea grammodes Kze., on Crotalaria verrucosa and on Indigofera flaccida (= I. subulata Poir.). But the three Thwaites’s numbers, cited as Dothidea perisporioides, refer to the three different hosts, one of whichis recorded under D. perisporioides, and the other two under D. grammodes. The fungi on the three plants in Herb. Peradeniya are all Parodiella perisporioides (B. & C.) Speg. 245.—Dothidea edax B. & Br. This was included in Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 563, as Ophiodothis. It has been transferred by von Hohnel (Fragm., XII., p. 57) to Ophiodothella, as Ophiodothella edaxz (B. & Br.) v. H. It occurred on Tephrosia suberosa Benth. 246.—Dothidea phaselina Mont. ° Berkeley and Broome recorded this species from Ceylon on bamboo. The original name was Spheria phaselina Mont., Syll. Crypt., No. 855. It was included in Saccardo, Syll. Fung.> I., p. 179, as HLutypa phaselina (Mont.) Sacc., and has been figured by Berlese in Icones Fungorum, III., tab. 59, fig. 2. The Ceylon specimen appears to be correctly identified. Berlese suggested that the type is on the petiole of a palm, but the Ceylon specimen is on bamboo. 247.—Dothidea Calophylli B. & Br. This was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1171, from Thwaites 590, as “‘ Hysteriiformis, emergens, ostiolis latitantibus ; ascis clavatis ; paraphysibus linearibus ; sporidiis sigmoideis angustis, uniseptatis. On leaves of Calophyllum Walkerit. Nuwara Eliya, 7,000 feet, April, 1868. Asci :0035 long by ‘0005 ; sporida -0015--002 long by 00025.” The measurements are, as usual, in inches. CEYLON FUNGI. 21 Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 635, placed this species in Scirrhia, and was followed by Cooke in Grevillea, XIII., p. 72. Theissen and Sydow (Ann. Myc., XIII., p. 417) have examined the type specimen in Herb. Kew, and state that it cannot be determined with certainty as the specimens are scanty and effete. They describe the stromata as elongated, dull black, 1:5-2°5 mm. long, 0°5 mm. broad, pulvinately projecting, irregularly linear, running in the direction of the lateral nerves of the leaf, immersed in the mesophyll, constantly accompanied by an alga colony embedded beneath the cuticle, which at first covers the stroma, but afterwards splits. Asci were not seen. They state that the paraphyses (as described by Berkeley and Broome) and the position of the stroma in the mesophyll exclude the species from the genus Scirrhia, and suggest that it should be included in the lichens, though the loculi are dothideoid. There is an abundance of specimens in the co-type in Herb. Peradeniya, and some contain mature asci. The stromata - are chiefly hypophyllous, but may appear on the upper surface also, exactly over those on the lower. They are usually elongated, pulvinate, up to 2:5 mm. long, and 0:5 mm. broad, erumpent, rupturing the epidermis longitudinally with a single split (Berkeley and Broome’s “‘ Hysteriiformis ’’) ; but they may be irregularly oval, and in that case the epidermis may be broken in several places, in either straight or curved lines or pierced with minute circular holes. The stromata are formed in the mesophyll, and are composed of more or less parallel, dark brown hyphe, except round the loculi, where the structure is parenchymatous, and the tissue lining the loculus is hyaline. When a stroma is present on both surfaces, the two are united internally by a loose web of brown hyphe passing between the central mesophyll cells. The growth of the stroma ruptures the over-lying epidermis, the upturned edges of which border and partly cover the fungus. There is no epidermal clypeus. The loculi are usually distant, oval or circular in cross section and oval in longitudinal section, up to 170 y deep, and 100». diameter ; they are generally arranged in two rows, either closely approximated, or separating in the centre, according to the shape of the stroma; they have separate 22 PETCH: ostiola, which are furnished with periphyses. The asci arise from the base of the loculus ; they are clavate, very shortly pedieellate, thick-walled, the apex up to 12 y thick, cight- spored, with the spores four-seriate, 75-90 x 16u. The spores are hyaline, narrow-fusoid, slightly curved, one-septate, not constricted, 43-56 x 3-4 y. From the holes in some of the leaves, it would appear that the stromata ultimately fall out. I have not been able to find the paraphyses recorded by Berkeley and Broome. Nor is it possible to confirm Theissen and Sydow’s statement that the stroma is covered by an alga layer, embedded beneath the cuticle. Some alga cells are present on the exposed part of the stroma, but they do not appear to extend beneath the cuticle, and they are not present on the young stroma, which, indeed, develops in the mesophyll below the epidermis. In the case of a coriaceous leaf like that of Calophyllum Walkeri, grown in a very moist climate, it 1s not exceptional to find alge in cracks in the leaf or distributed over its surface. Indeed, it may be regarded as the rule rather than the exception. This species would appear to agree with Dothidella, and will stand as Dothidella Calophylli ee) 248.—Dothidea dolichogena B. & Br. This was included in Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 601, as Phyllachora dolichogena (B. & Br.) Sacc. Theissenand Sydow confirm this. The specimen was said to be on leaves of Dolichos, but it may be noted that Thwaites queried that identification of the host on the co-type in Herb. Peradeniya. 249.—Dothidea calamigena B. & Br. Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 606, placed this species in Phyllachora. Theissen and Sydow have re-described it, from the type specimen, as Phzochora calamigena (B. & Br.) Theiss. & Syd. It occurred on Calamus rudentum Moon = Calamus zeylanicus Becc. 250.—Dothidea filicina Mont. In Decades of Fungi, No. 499 (Hooker’s Journal of Botany, VI. (1854), p. 232), Berkeley described a Ceylon specimen as Dothidea filicina Mont. MSS., var. nervisequia, on the under- side of fern leaves. In the Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1170, the record appears as ‘‘ Dothidea filicina Mont. Onleaves of ferns, CEYLON FUNGI. 23 1851." In Saccardo, Syll. Fung., II., p. 632, it is listed as Dothidella nervisequia (Berk.) Sacc. Theissen and Sydow have transferred it to Monorhiza, as Monorhiza nervisequia (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd. 251.—Dothidea Barringtoniz B. & Br. The type specimen of this, on Barringtonia speciosa, was said to be immature by Berkeley and Broome. Cooke, in Grevillea, XIII., p. 41, stated that the specimen bore small ostiolata perithecia without fruit, which were probably those ofa Phoma. Subsequently, in Grevillea, XVII., p. 79, Cooke and Massee described Phoma Barringtoniz Cke. & Mass., on living leaves of Barringtonia speciosa, Kew, in a list of new British Fungi. Their description was ‘‘ Epiphyllous, on large, irregular, glaucous spots. Perithecia convex, papillate, sub- gregarious, black, covered with the thin shining cuticle. Sporules fusoid-elliptic, with a nucleus at each end, continuous, hyaline, 13-15 x 4-5 yp.” Berkeley and Broome’s description of Dothidea Barringtoniz is “ Cellulis radiantibus, in maculis latis orbicularibus dispositis, minutis, apice niveis. On leaves of Barringtonia speciosa. Botanic Garden, Peradeniya, Oct., 1864. Unfortunately there is no fruit : but the production is too remarkable to pass it by altogether. It has at first sight the appearance of an Asteroma.”’ By “ cellulis,’” Berkeley and Broome meant pycnidiis. The type of Phoma Barringtonie Cke. & Mass. in Herb. Kew is identical with Dothidea Barringtoniz B. & Br., and it would appear that it is part of the latter specimen, not a British fungus collected at Kew. The fungus forms large spots up to 7 cm. diameter, isha semicircular, and extending from the margin of the leaf ; they are gray, obscurely zoned with pale brown, with an olive margin. The pycnidia are epiphyllous, scattered, subepider- mal, prominent, forming minute black points, usually arranged more or less in concentric lines. Each point is tipped with white, owing to the rupture of the epidermis over the ostiolum. The pycnidia are globose, about 150 v. diameter, with a well- defined circular ostiolum, 10 diameter. The sporidia are narrow-oval, with obtuse ends, greenish hyaline, continuous, 12-16 x 5-7 u. 24 PETCH : The synonymy is— Phoma Barringtonie (B. & Br.) Cke. & Mass. ; Dothidea Barringtoniz B. & Br. ; Phyllachora Barringtonie (B. & Br.) Sace. 252.—Meliola mollis B. & Br. This species was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1178, as having minute conidia 3°75 v long, and one-septate ascospores, 20 x 10 yp. They gave figures of the spores. In Saccardo, Syll. Fung., L., p. 53, it was placed in Dimerosporium. The type specimen has been examined by von Hoéhnel, who finds (Fragm., X., No. 524) that it is a mixture, containing the following species :— (1) A Didymosporiwm (?) with two-celled, violet, narrow- cylindric spores, 24 x 8-10 y. These spores were taken to be the ascospores of the Meliola by Berkeley and Broome. (2) A dothidaceous species (? Rousseauella) with cylindrical asci, containing elliptic spores, 20 x 10 u. This is the ascus figured by Berkeley and Broome. (3) A Meliola, with three-septate spores, 56-64 x 12-13 u. Von Héhnel adopts the name, Meliola mollis (B. & Br.) v. H. for the Meliola. It is on Syzygium Jambolanum DC. = Eugenia Jambolana Lam. 253.—Pisomyxa Amomi B. & Br. This species has been re-described by von Hohnel (Fragm.., VIII., No. 367), who has instituted for it a new genus, Dimer- osporiella. This generic name, however, is ante-dated by Dimerosporiella Speg., Fungi Aliquot Paulistani, 1908, p. 11, vide Ann, Myc., VII., p. 557. 254.—Metaspheria plegmarize (Ces.) Sace. This species was collected in Ceylon by Beccari and described by Cesati as Spherella plegymariz. In Saccardo, Il., 183, it was transferred to Metaspheria. Cesati’s description is “‘ Perithecia foliicola, sparsa, epi- et hypophylla, epidermide tecta, depresso-globosa, contextu vesiculoso. Sporidia fusoidea, curvula, obtusa, hyalina, trisep- tata, 10-11 x 2°5. Ad folia Lycopodii Plegmarie.” The CEYLON FUNGI, 25 description has been copied into Saccardo as it stands, but Cesati’s unit of spore measurement was 2 uv, and consequently the dimensions of the spores should be 20-22 x 5 u. This species has been re-discovered on leaves of Lycopodium phlegmaria at Hakgala. The perithecia are chiefly epiphyllous, immersed, black, depressed globose, 0:3 mm. diameter, with slightly projecting ostiola. By transmitted light the perithecial wall is rather pale brown, except at the ostiolum, which is black. The asci are narrow-clavate, almost sessile, without paraphyses, eight-spored, about 90 x 8 yu. The spores are narrow-oval or fusoid, straight, ends acute, hyaline, three- septate, not constricted at the septa, 16-24 x 4-6 u. 255.—Clypeolum zeylanicum Cke. & Mass. This species was described by Cooke and Massee in Grevillea, XVII., p. 43, from Ceylon specimens, as “‘ Peritheciis sparsis, superficialibus, dimidiato-scutatis, atris, nitidis (1 mm. diam.), macula nulla vel macula brunnea indeterminata, insidentibus. Ascis clavatis. Sporidiis ellipticis, uniseptatis, hyalinis, 11 x 3u. In Grevillea, XVIII., p. 35, they stated that it occurred also on leaves from Brazil (Glaziou 18070, 18084, 18078). The Ceylon specimen in Herb. Kew bears a label marked Ceylon in Berkeley’s handwriting, and the locality ‘‘ Pada- cumbra ”’in pencil. There is no date or name of the host plant. The perithecia are situated on the upper side of the leaf in blackish patches up to 5 mm. diameter. These patches are superficial films, formed by rays, which start from a central point, branching and expanding as they run outwards, and ultimately coalescing into a more or less continuous patch. The arrangement resembles that of Cephaleuros. The rays are pale brown, blackening at the margins. The perithecia are embedded in the film; they are black, up to 0°5 mm. diameter, smooth, peltate, broadly conical, superficial, with a thick, opaque, carbonaceous wall, in which the structure is not evident. The asci are narrow-clavate, 30 x 4 y. The spores are hyaline, fusoid, one-septate, 12-14 x 3 uv. The structure of the film does not agree with that of the Trichopeltacee. It would appear that Clypeolum zeylanicum should be classed as a lichen. 6(4)19 (4) 26 PETCH: 256.—Botryospheria inflata Cke. & Mass. Thwaites 542 was left undescribed by Berkeley and Broome, and was subsequently named Botryosphexria inflata by Cooke and Massee in Grevillea, XVII., p.42. Their description is * Peritheciis cortice interiore nidulantibus, demum rimoso- erumpentibus, papillatis, glabris, atris, contextu coriaceo ; rimis arcte conniventibus, graphideis, flexuosis ; ascis clavatis, octosporis. Sporidiis biserialibus, ellipticis, utrinque obtusis, medio inflatis, continuis, hyalinis, 33-35 x 10 yu.” The specimens are somewhat peculiar, in that the pieces of bark are covered by a thin, compact, grayish-white film. This is a layer of fungus hyphe, and, judging from some specimens of a scale insect embedded in it, may be an immature Septo- basidium. It is not connected with the Botryospheria, but may account for Cooke and Massee’s “‘ rimis graphideis.’’ The stromata are immersea in the cortex, circular or oval in plan, up to 0:8 mm. diameter, only slightly erumpent, raising and cracking the outer cortical layers, usually in narrow, linear cracks. The stromata are black, with slightly projecting ostiola, parenchymatous. The perithecial cavities are scattered or crowded, up to 0°3 mm. diameter. The asci are clavate, thick-walled at first, with biseriate spores, the sporiferous part measuring about 30 x 16 y. Numerous paraphyses are present. The spores are narrow-oval to lanceolate, ends obtuse, hyaline, 20-30 x 6-8 y. They appear to be somewhat immature, and are not more inflated in the middle than spores of this type so often are. In a recent collection, on Cedrela toona, the spores are 18-25 x 6-8 up. . 257.—Physalospora asbolee Cooke. Part of Thwaites 307 was marked Spheria asbole by Ber- keley, but he did not publish the name, probably because the specimen is in such bad condition that a definite determination is impossible. Cooke discovered it in Berkeley’s herbarium, and published a description as Physalospora asbole B. & Br. in herb. (Grevillea, XX., p. 82). He gave the spore as 18-20 x 10u. Twas unable to obtain anything determinable from CEYLON FUNGI. , 27 the perithecia ; they are effete, and in some cases are filled with brown hyphe, suggestive of Diplodia. Another part of Thwaites 307, in Herb. Kew, was also named by Berkeley, without publication. As, however, the specific name is indecipherable, Cooke did not “‘ re-describe ”’ it. 258.—Tryblidiella Leprieurii (Mont.) Sacc. This was recorded for Ceylon by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1148, as Angelina Lepriewrtt Mont., from Thwaites 6, 362, and 1066. They gave the spores as 30-37°5 «x 12°5 vu, and stated that they varied in size. In ‘‘Mycetum in itinere Borneensi lectorum,” Cesati described Angelina Beccariana Ces., collected in Ceylon by Beccari. The spores were said to be 12-15 x 5-6, but as Cesati’s unit is 2 u., this measurement is 24-30 x 10-12 y. Thwaites 362 in Herb. Peradeniya has spores 20-30 x 8-9 uv. Cesati’s specimen of T'ryblidiella Beccariana (Ces.) Sacc., in Herb. Kew, has spores 30-34 x 9-12 yu. Recent collections of Tryblidiella include gatherings with spores 32-34 x 9-11 yp, 24-30 x 8-10 u, and 20-24 x 6-8. These appear to be all the same species, and it is not possible to separate 7’. Beccariana on spore dimensions. The asci of the small-spored form measured 160 x 9 y.; in other forms they reach 260 x 12 vy. The disc is usually reddish-brown to olive, but in one gathering it was greenish- yellow. 259.—Aulographum intricatum B. & Br. Thwaites 1226, on Pandanus, was described by Berkeley and Broome as “‘ Ailographum intricatum B. & Br. Lirellis intricatis reticulatis, in maculis orbicularibus serius con- fluentibus dispositis.”’ It has apparently escaped revision. The leaf bears blackish cloudy patches, formed by some- what distant, closely adherent, repent hyphe. The perithecia are borne on these patches, and are rather crowded, super- ficial, linear, straight or slightly flexuose, sometimes forked towards one end, up to 1:5 mm. long, 0:2 mm. broad, sub- triangular in section, with the apex subacute and the sides vertically ridged. 28 PETCH: The specimen is almost entirely effete ; the few ripe spores observed are brown, broadly oval or subcymbiform, with rounded ends, one-septate, constricted at the septum, 30-32 xX 12-14 up. This species is evidently Lembosia, and will stand as Lem- bosia intricata (B. & Br.). 260.—Lophodermium Fourcroye (B. & Br.) Massee. This species was described by Berkeley and Broome as Hysteriwm Fourcroyex, ‘‘ Lirellis brevibus depressis rufis fissura angusta ; sporidiis fusiformibus multinucleatis (Nos. 361, 507 in part). On leaves of Fourcroya. Irregularly scattered, giving the leaves a dingy appearance ; sporidia 0003 long. The same thing occurs on palm leaves, with the sporidia °004 long.” In Saccardo, II., p. 769, it was listed as Gloniella. Massee re-described it as Lophodermium, in Grevillea, XXII., p. 34, and stated “an examination of the type specimen shows the spores to be linear, multiguttulate, and almost as long as the ascus, and are thus represented in two sketches made by Broome and attached to the specimens. The measurements given to these.spore drawings are: Specimen on Fourcroya, 0:003 in. long, on palm 0:004 in. long. Unfortunately in the diagnosis of this species, in giving the measurements of the spores of the form growing on Fourcroya, the decimal point is put in the wrong place, thus -0003 instead of 0:003.” The individual perithecia are black, oval, immersed, slightly elevated, covered by the epidermis, dehiscing longitudinally, about 0:5 mm. long and 0:3 mm. broad. They are crowded, and often confluent, usually in irregular lines, but sometimes stellately. The perithecial wall is parenchymatous, fused above with the epidermis. The paraphyses are linear, slightly thickened at the apex, and sometimes flexuose above. The asci are cylindric, attenuated below, with a short pedicel, 98-112 x 5-6. The spores are linear, almost as long as the ascus, 1-1°5 pv, diameter, contents granular, arranged in a parallel bundle. Massee’s measurement of the spores is 60-65 x 1°5 uy. CEYLON FUNGI. 29 The Thwaites’s numbers cited in the ‘‘ Fungi of Ceylon ”’ are 361 and 507. The co-type in Herb. Peradeniya is 361 only, on Fourcroya. In Herb. Kew the numbers are 361 and 307, the former said to be on Fourcroya and the latter on palms. But the figure of 307 in Herb. Kew is labelled Hyst. Fourcroye, and that of 361 merely Hysterium. All the specimens appear to be on Fourcroya. 261.—Lophodermium maculare (Fr.) de Not. Thwaites 434, on leaves of Symplocos, was attributed by Berkeley and Broome to Hysterium maculare Fr. = Lopho- dermium maculare (Fr.) de Not. The leaves in the Ceylon specimen bear circular spots, up to one centimetre in diameter, gray, with a purple-brown margin. The perithecia are hypophyllous, scattered, black, oval, with somewhat pointed ends, immersed, very slightly elevated, about 1 mm. long, and 0°4 mm. broad, covered by the epidermis, dehiscing longitudinally. In section the cavity is somewhat rectangular. The wall of the perithecium is parenchymatous, about 40 p, thick at the base, confluent with the epidermis above. The numerous paraphyses are linear, with slightly thickened tips, and the asci are clavate, four- spored, 68-80 x 14-16 u. The spores are hyaline, con- tinuous, narrow-oval, thick-walled, 26-32 x 6-8 u. This species is evidently not Lophodermiwm maculare, but a Hypodermella. It may stand as Hypodermella Symploct. Hypodermella Symploci n. sp.—Maculis rotundatis, ad 1 cm. diam., griseis, margine purpureo-brunneo. Peritheciis hypophyllis, sparsis, immersis, parum elevatis, nigris, ovalibus, utrinque acutiusculis, ad 1 mm. long., 0°4 mm, lat. ; pariete parenchymato, basi 40, crass., supra epidermide confluenti. Paraphysibus numerosis, linearibus, apice subincrassatis. Ascis clavatis, quadri-sporis, 68-80 x 14-16 yu. Sporis hyalinis, continuis, angusto-ovalibus, pariete crasso, 26-382 x 6-8 u.. 262.—Gloniella Drynariz (B. & Br.) Massee. Berkeley and Broome described this species as Hystervwm Drynariz, ‘Lirellis immersis flexuosis, labiis candidis ; 30 PETCH : sporidiis triseptatis ellipticis, apicibus acutiusculis ; conidiis minimis (No. 611). On fronds of Drynaria quercifolia. Very lichenoid in appearance, covering the whole of the under-side of the frond. Accompanied by multitudes of pallid minute perithecia filled with oblong spores *0002 long.” Massee, Grevillea, XXII., p. 16, re-described it under the name of Gloniella Drynariez B. & Br. He stated that there was no evidence of any genetic affinity between the minute perithecia and the Hysteriwm, and described the latter as ‘* Gregarious, covering the entire under-surface of the frond ; perithecia immersed, causing no discolouration, the slightly raised and ruptured cuticle resembling white lips,” &c. The fungus occurs on the scale leaves of the fern. These leaves are persistent, and remain attached to the rhizome, brown and dry, for a long time. In this condition they frequently become covered with lichens on the outer (under) surface, and this has occurred in the case of the specimens in Thwaites 611. The whole of the under-surface is covered with a thin lichen crust, greenish-gray, bearing minute cups ; this crust contains alga cells and numerous crystalloid bodies. The epidermis of the host plant is not visible, and the white lips are merely the edges of the lichen covering. No discolouration is evident in the lichen, but the whole of the leaf is brown throughout. The fungus, however, does not appear to be part of the lichen. The perithecia are entirely embedded in the tissue of the host plant, and al) the cells of the latter are permeated with hyaline mycelium. Their presence is indicated by the cracking of the epidermis, and consequently of the lichen, in straight, curved, or branched lines, 1-2 mm. long. In section the perithecia are broadly concave, up to 0°5 mm. diameter, or deeply concave, about three-quarters of a circle, 0-2-0°4 mm. diameter. The perithecial wall is red-brown, about 0:2 mm. thick. The asci are cylindric, eight-spored, the spores obliquely uniseriate or sometimes transverse, 72-96 x 10-12 y. - The paraphyses are linear, branched, and fusing above. The spores are oval, with rounded ends, three- septate, not, or slightly, constricted at the septa, 10-12 x 5-7 uy. Massee’s spore measurement was 14-16 X 6. CEYLON FUNGI. 3 263.—Gloniella atramentaria (B. & Br.) Sacc. This species was described by Berkeley and Broome as Hysterium atramentarium, “ minutum, ellipticum, e crusta nigra oriundum ; sporidiis clavatis trinucleatis (No. 300). On wood. Lirelle scarcely visible to the naked eye ; asci short, linear ; sporidia hyaline, -0003.’’ In Saccardo, IT., 767, it was included under Gloniella. Massee re-described it in Grevillea, XXII., p. 34. The perithecia are oblong-oval, about 0°4 mm. long, 0-15 mm. broad, immersed, then erumpent, prominent, pulvinate, rounded or acutely ridged above, dehiscing longi- tudinally. Berkeley and Broome’s “ Crusta nigra ” appears to be merely the blackened wood. The paraphyses are numerous, linear, longer than the asci. The asci are eight- spored, cylindric, 40-45 x 3-4 up, with obliquely uniseriate spores. In the part of the type specimen examined by me only immature spores in the ascus were observed ; these were narrow oval or fusoid, one-septate, 4-6 x 2 yu. Massee gave the spores as hyaline, three-septate at maturity, 7-8 x 4 u. 264.—Gloniopsis orbicularis (B. & Br.) Massee. This species was described by Berkeley and Broome as Glonium orbiculare, “ Lirellis circinantibus in maculam orbicularem congestis; sporidiis oblongis quadriseptatis (No.. 671). On Bamboo. Nearly } inch across ; lirellx circinating round a central naked black spot, superficial, easily chipping off ; sporidia -0005 long, but scarcely mature.” In Saccardo, II., 769, it was included under Gloniella. Massee (Grevillea, XXII., p. 33) re-described it as Gloniopsis. The stromata are black, superficial, circular, about 6 mm. diameter, flat, thin, readily separable from the host. They bear concentric, or spirally arranged, ridges, in which the perithecia are situated, the centre of the stroma being usually even and barren. The stroma is about 0°3 mm. thick in the centre, brownish-white internally, with a thin, black, car- bonaceous outer layer. The context is parenchymatous, the hyphz being more or less parallel to the substratum in the barren parts, but erect and parallel in the ridges. There is no 32 PETCH: true perithecium ; the cavities are small, circular in section, and about 70 yu. diameter, splitting along the apex. Numerous paraphyses are present. Berkeley and Broome gave the spore as 12°5 uv, long, four- septate, but scarcely mature. The co-type in Herb. Pera- deniya is in the same condition, and the spores observed in it are greenish-hyaline, narrow-oval to subfusoid, 12-14 x 3-4 v, three-septate. Massee found, in the type in Herb. Kew, spores “‘ three-, then five-septate and with a few vertical septa, 12-15 x 6-7 yu.” : The tissue of the host plant appears quite sound, and does not contain any mycelium. Some of its cells are filled with starch. 265.—Micropeltis granulata B. & Br. This was described in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1139, as “‘ Minuta granulata, ascis linearibus ; sporidiis levibus late ellipticis. On leaves of Caesalpinia sepiaria. Matale, March, 1868. Rather spread out at the base, coarsely granulated, growing on the green parts of half-dead leaves ; sporidia :0005 by *0003.”’ The leaves bear minute scattered black patches, about 0:25 mm. diameter, which are circular, broadly conical, and coarsely granular with scattered warts. Sections show that the black area is a clypeus formed beneath the cuticle ; it is opaque and carbonaceous, except in the centre, where the cellular structure is evident ; it is about 34 y, thick at the edges, thinning to about 10 y, or less in the centre ; there is no true ostiolum. The single loculus is formed beneath the clypeus, which in some cases extends beyond it, but in others does not wholly cover it. It is formed beneath the cuticular clypeus, and presses downwards the epidermal cells and the mesophyll. Its wall is hyaline and thin. There is no stroma in the usual sense, and no blackened zone; excepting the clypeus. The loculus is flattened, laterally oval, about 220 u. diameter, and 90 wy high in the middle. The asci are cylindric, or cylindrico- clavate, eight-spored, with obliquely uniseriate spores, 80-96 x 12-14 yu, furnished with linear paraphyses. The spores are oval, hyaline, continuous, minutely verrucose, 13-18 x 7-10 yu CEYLON FUNGI, 33 This species is evidently not Micropeltis. It appears to be a reduced, Trabutia, and may stand provisionally as T'rabutia granulata (B. & Br.). 266.—Micropeltis gomphispora B. & Br. This was described by Berkeley and Broome, in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1137, as ‘“‘ Minutissima, hemispherica, margine vix applanato ; sporidiis biseriatis cuneiformibus ; endochro- mate utrinque contracto. On leaves of Pavetta indica. Extremely minute ; sporidia obtuse at either end, separated into two portions by a hyaline line, -0003 to -0006 long ; perithecia minutely granulated, -001 in diameter, or less.” In Saccardo, II., p. 665, it was listed as Microthyrium. The leaf in the type is Pavetta, but it appears to be Pavetta angustifolia, rather than P. indica. The perithecia are superficial, epiphyllous, scattered, about 0-1 mm. diameter, black, shining, minutely rugose, circular, flattened pulvinate. There is no free mycelium. The upper layer or cover is black- brown, composed, of small irregular cells, not radially arranged, with a central circular ostiolum. The asci are ovate, 35-40 x 16 uv, eight-spored, spores biseriate, with short linear para- physes. The spores are oblongo-fusoid, or ovate, with obtusely rounded ends, blackish-brown, with a pale septum about one-third the length of the spore from the upper, broader end, not constricted at the septum, 8-10 x 4-5 u. The spore wall is hyaline over the septum ; when viewed in profile, the dark wall of the spore is interrupted by a short hyaline length over the septum. This species belongs to the Hemispheriacex, Section Dictyo- peltinex. It differs from all the recorded genera in its dark spores, and, would appear to require the institution of a new genus, which may be known as Phzxopeltis. Phezopeltis, gen. nov., Dictyopeltiner.—Cover netted, not radial ; ostiolate ; spores black-brown, one-septate ; paraphyses present. Berkeley and Broome’s species will then stand as Phzo- peltis.gomphispora (B. & Br.). 6(4)19 (5) 34 PETCH: 267.—Micropeltis applanata Mont. This was recorded from Ceylon in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1138, on leaves of Agyneia multilocularis. Berkeley and Broome added the note ‘‘ Sporidia fusiform, multiseptate, -0002 long ; in M. marginata -0003 long.” It is not clear whether they meant that the first of these measurements had been obtained from the Ceylon specimen, or whether they were merely giving general information. The fructifications, in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1138, are black, epiphyllous, superficial, scattered, circular, about 0°5 mm. diameter, scutate, minutely granular. The upper layer is netted in structure and blue-green, with a narrow hyaline margin. There is no free mycelium. The ostiolum is central and circular. Beneath the upper layer there is a dense layer of crystalloid bodies. The asci are obclavate, thick-walled, about 48 x 14y, without paraphyses. Most of them are-not quite mature, but a few show fusoid-cylindric spores, with rounded ends, hyaline, rather thick-walled, two-septate, 16 X 4u. Von Héhnel has re-described Micropeltis applanata Mont. from the type specimen (Fragmente, X., No. 479). He gives the diameter as 900 y, the asci 100-110 x 20 y, furnished with paraphyses, and the spores 32 x 10 y, four to five septate. The Ceylon species evidently belongs to Theissen’s Dictyo- peltineze (Myce. Centralb., III., p. 285). It differs from Micro- peltis in the absence of paraphyses and in the two-septate spores. Sydow (Ann. Mye., XI., p. 404) has instituted the genus Micropeltella for species of Micropeltis without para- physes, but this is limited by Theissen (loc. cit.) to those with spores three or more septate. It would appear reasonable to extend it to include species with two-septate spores. The species may then be known as Micropeltella Thwaitesic. 268.—Dothidea orbis Berk. This species, though described in the Fungi of Ceylon by Berkeley and Broome, was attributed to Berkeley only. There is only one leaf in the type. It was said to be on Litsea, CEYLON FUNGI. 35 but Theissen and Sydow, who have re-examined the type specimen, query that determination. The original description is “ Parva, orbicularis ; sporidiis oblongis angustis unisep- tatis. Sporidia -0006 long.” Theissen and Sydow have placed it in Otthia, as Otthia orbis (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd. (Ann. Myc., XITI., p. 179), stating that the spores are brown, 18-22 x 4p. Fresh specimens, identical with the type, have been collected on Litsea zeylanica. The fungus grows on the under-side of the leaf, the perithecia being at first scattered, then clustered in groups of about twelve, forming small discoid patches. The individual perithecia are about 0°1 mm. diameter, conoid, black, minutely rugose, ostiolate. They are seated on a thin film of agglutinated hyphe, by which they are attached to the leaf. The cluster of perithecia and the basal stroma are superficial. The wall of the perithecium is thick, not car- bonaceous, and when fresh is reddish internally. The asci are clavate, very shortly pedicellate, thick-walled at first, eight-spored, spores biseriate, 40-60 x 7-8 u. There are no pataphyses. The spores are fusoid or subcymbiform, ends obtuse, one-septate. Spores in the ascus, from fresh speci- mens, were greenish hyaline, 10-15 x 2°5-3 y.; extruded spores from the same collection were hyaline, 14-18 x 4-5 u. In the part of the type examined the spores were hyaline, 14-18 x 4-5 y, but a single brown spore, 16 X 4 yu, was observed. The species appears to be Lizonia, not Otthia, and will stand as Lizonia orbis (Berk.). 269.—Asterina micropeltis B. & Br. Berkeley and Broome described this species, in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1141, as “* Peritheciis punctiformibus solitariis, mycelio brevi ramoso cinctis. On leaves of Jambosa hemis- pherica.” Jambosa hemispherica is Eugenia hemispherica Wight. The fungus occurs on the upper surface of the leaf, forming minute, superficial, scattered, black points, up to 0°5 mm. diameter. These are at first flattened convex, and when 36 PETCH : mounted show a netted structure, which merges at the margin into a thin sheet of hyaline hyphe running over the leaf. The hyphe are about 4 y, diameter, sometimes constricted at the septa, andedo not bear hyphopodia. Older examples are elevated in the centre, and show a developing perithecium about 0°3 mm. diameter, with a parenchymatous wall, surrounded by a dense weft of hyphe, which merges into the hyaline hyphe as before. The ostiolum is about 30 y. diameter. Unfortunately all the specimens in the type appear to be immature. 270.—Phoma Lobeliz B. & Br. This species was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 802, from Thwaites 301, on Lobelia nicotiane- folia. Their description is ‘‘ Pustulis epidermide alba tectis, demum emersis ; sporis ellipticis. Spores 3°75. yu long.” The fungus grew on the dead flowering stalks of the Lobelia. The pycnidia are lenticular, immersed in the cortex ; they are Oval in plan, up to 0-5 mm. long and 0°3 mm. diameter, and 0°15 to 0:2 mm. high. They remain covered by the whitened epidermis, as a rule. The ostiolum is broadly conical, or subcylindric, short, and protrudes through the epidermis. The wall of the pyenidium is stout, black, and parenchymatous. The spores are oblong with rounded ends, 5-9 x 1:5-2 y, and show a blue band across the middle on staining with Cottcn Blue ; with these are flexuose or uncinate spores, tapering towards the ends, 14-24 x 1 yu. In modern classification this is a Phomopsis, and will stand as Phomopsis Lobeliz (B. & Br.). The co-type in Herb. Peradeniya contains principally an entirely different fungus. This forms stromata between the wood and the cortex, usually superficial on the wood, but sometimes slightly immersed in it, becoming free when the outer tissues weather off. They are small, black, irregularly pulvinate, scattered, either circular, 0°5 mm. diameter, or oval, 0°6 x 0°4 mm., often ridged, with broadly conical, obtuse ostiola, which penetrate the epidermis but scarcely project. Internally they are dark brown and parenchy- matous, and contain’ a few, distant, globose perithecial CEYLON FUNGI. 37 cavities, up to 0°25 mm. diameter. The asci are cylindrico- clavate, eight-spored, 66-80 «x 10 u. The spores are fusoid, ‘thin-walled, fuscous, straight, five-septate, slightly con- stricted at the septa, 26-32 « 4 y. This isa Melogramma, which may stand as Melogramma Lobeliz. 271.— Cladosporium congestum Berk. In Hooker’s Journal of Botany, Vol. VI. (1854), p. 208, Berkeley described two species of Cladosporium, viz., Clado- sporium scopeforme from India and Cladosporium congestum from Ceylon. Cladosporium scopxforme occurred on the under-side of the leaves of Myristica Churra. It was described, as “ Ceespitulis parvis orbicularibus ; floccis erectis simplicibus nodosis ; sporis clavatis elongatis curvis subhyalinis, Erumpent ; spots small, orbicular, sometimes scutelleform, consisting of a tuft of erect, simple flocci, which are more or less waved, and repeatedly, though not sharply, geniculate above. Spores clavate, elongated, attenuated below, nearly colourless, 0-001 to 0:002 of an inch long. A very pretty and distinct species, with the habit of a minute Circinotrichum. If the spores were septate it would come very near to Corda’s genus Helicoryne.” The host plant is probably Myristica gibbosa Hk. f. & Th., which was collected near Churra. Cladosporium congestum occurred on the under-side of leaves of Litsea. It was described as ‘‘ Cespitulis parvis orbiculari bus, floccis erectis simplicibus, sporis brevioribus clavatis curvis subhyalinis. Spores not exceeding 0:°001 inch. Thread even, not nodulose. Closely allied, but distinct.” In the Fungi of Ceylon (Jour. Linn. Soc., XIV., p. 99) Berkeley and Broome recorded for Ceylon both C. scopxeforme and C’. congestum. ‘The former was said to grow on leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and to have spores 0°002-0°0025 inch long. The latter was on leaves of Litsea, and had -“floccis tenuibus flexuosis ; sporis oblongis curvulis trinu- cleatis,” with the “‘ habit of the former.” Reference to the Ceylon specimens in Herb. Kew shows that there is only one specimen of C. congestum ; it is marked . ‘on Litzea, Ceylon,’ and has no date or collection number. 38 PETCH: Under C. scopeforme in Herb. Kew are a Ceylon specimen without date or collection number; another, Thwaites 424 ; and a third, Thwaites 485. Most of these unnumbered Ceylon specimens were sent by Thwaites in 1854, so that it is probable that Berkeley had the undated Ceylon specimen of C. scopeforme at the time he published the description of that species. : The Ceylon specimens of C. scopeforme and C. congestum are identical. I regret that, being under the erroneous impression that the Ceylon specimen was the type, I did not examine the Indian specimen of C. scopeforme on Myristica, but if Berkeley’s description is correct, that species cannot be the same as C’. congestum, for the latter is not erumpent, and its conidiophores are not nodulose. It is possible, however, that Berkeley’s ‘‘ nodosis ’’ means geniculate. In Fungi of Ceylon, No. 1177, Berkeley and Broome enumerated Meliola zigzag B. & C., citing Thwaites’s numbers 424 and 485. ‘These, it will be noted, are the numbers now included in Herb. Kew under C. scopeforme. In the cover of Meliola zigzag in Herb. Kew there is part of Thwaites 424 only. Meliola zigzag, or, as the name was published, Meliola zigzac, was described by Berkeley in ‘‘ Cuban Fungi,’’ No. 882 (Jour. Linn. Soc., X. (1869), p. 392), as “* Floccis repentibus confervoideis, articulis utrinque emarginatis obliquis ; peri- theciis setis acutis tenuibus curvulis cinctis ; sporidiis magnis, conidiis helminthosporoideis triseptatis utrinque appendi- culatis. Sporidia 0°002 inch long; conidia 0°0016. The flocci are very peculiar.” Meliola zigzag was re-described by Gaillard (Le Genre Meliola, p. 81) from part of the type specimen, Cuba 882. He described the mycelium as possessing hyphopodia and sete, and gave the dimensions of the perithecia and spores. After the description, Gaillard added the following observation : ‘Nous avons fait cette description d’apres un spécimen des Fungi Cubenses, n. 882; Vappareil conidifére etait impar- faitement développé, et se rédusait au mycelium. Berkeley indique dans sa description ; Conidiis helminthosporoideis, 40 u long., triseptatis, utrinque appendiculatis. Les ‘ floccis repentibus confervoideis, articulis utrinque emarginatis CEYLON FUNGI. 39 obliquis’ ne sont certainement autre chose que les soies conidiféres, qui ont cette form dans un certain nombre d’espéces.”” On looking up the Ceylon specimen of Meliola zigzag in Herb. Kew, it is at once seen that the greater part of the fungus on the leaves is Cladosporium congestum. There is, in addition, a fungus which forms very thin, cloudy, black patches. The latter patches consist of repent, interlacing hyphe, 3-4 py. diameter, sometimes united into, strands ; the hyphe are fairly regular, are destitute of hyphopodia, and bear a few scattered, erect, simple, conidiophores, up to 70 pv. high. These cloudy patches are much larger than the Clado- sporium patches, and can Scarcely be an immature state of the latter. The leaves also bear black, compact patches, up to 1 mm. in diameter, consisting of a basal layer of interwoven, thin; black hyphe ; in this layer occur immature perithecia, crowded together and ultimately completely covering it. These appear to be immature Dothidea orbis (Berk.). Whether either of these is what Berkeley and Broome attributed to Meliola zigzag is uncertain, but there is apparently nothing which approaches Gaillard’s description of the Cuban fungus. The description of Meliola zigzag was published in 1869, at a time when Berkeley already had in his possession the bulk of the Thwaites’s collection of Ceylon fungi. In view of Gaillard’s note, it would seem possible that the description of Meliola zigzag includes details from_the Ceylon specimens of Cladosporium congestum. Cladosporium congestum forms lax, blackish-brown tufts of hyphe, up to 1 mm. diameter, or larger by confluence. The whole tuft is superficial, and separates from the leaf like the mycelium of a Meliola. The hyphe are blackish-brown, sub-erect, regular, about 4 vy. diameter, septate, flexuose above, up to 1 mm.long. At the base of the tufts are compact, nodular masses of mycelium, from which some of the erect hyphezarise. Perithecia were notfound. The smaller conidia are blackish-brown, cylindric, often curved, two to three septate, 24-33 x 4-6 u.; the larger are clavate, curved or sigmoid or straight, strongly attenuated, and almost hyaline below, four to six septate, 44-60 x 6-8 u. , 40 PETCH: 272.—Rhinotrichum globiferum B. & Br. This species was described from Thwaites 61 as ‘“‘ Aureum : floccis ramosis, parce articulatis ; sporis sparsis globosis.”’ The fungus, in the coetype in Herb. Peradeniya, forms effused, thin, lax, velvety, rufous-brown patches. The hyphe are irregularly intertwined, flexuose, yellow-brown, and vary from 7 to 12 uy. in diameter. The distance between the septa is usually from 40 to 60 u., and the segments may be either strongly inflated or even. The conidia are’ borne laterally on short persistent pedicels along the terminal segments, the last segment being sometimes inflated into an ovoid head, about 16 x 14 u, or on similar pedicels on short, elongated, ovoid, lateral branches ; they are globose, yellow- brown, smooth, internally granular, 13-16 y, diameter. This is a Physospora, and will stand as Physospora globifera (B: & Br.). The hyphe and spores are paler, and have thinner walls, than those of the Ceylon species attributed to Physospora spiralis Penz. & Sace., and the terminal segments are shorter and differ in shape. The conidia of the latter species, in Ceylon specimens, are always minutely warted. CEYLON FUNGI. NAME INDEX. Angelina Beccariana Ces. Angelina Leprieurtt Mont. Asteridium Pleurostylie (B. & Br.) Sace. Asterina crustosa Berk. & Cooke Asterina micropeltis B. & Br. .. Asterina nubecula B. & Br. Asterina pelliculosa Berk. Asterina Pleurostyliiez B. & Br. Asterina spherotheca Karst. & Roum. Aulographum intricatum B. & Br. Botryospheria inflata Cke. & Mass. -Broomella niphidium (B. & Br.) Cooke Calothyrium nubecula (B. & Br.) Theiss. Catacauma aspideum (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd. Catacauma infectorium (Cooke) Theiss & Syd. .. Catacauma microcentum (B. & Br.) Theiss. & Syd. Catacauma repens (Corda) Theiss. & Syd. Cladosporium congesium Berk. Cladosporium scopxforme Berk. Clypeolum zeylanicum Cke. & Mass. Cocconia placenta (B. & Br.) Sace. Cryptomyces Pongamiz (B. & Br.) Sacc. Dimerosporiella Amomi (B. & Br.) v. H. Dothidasteroma maculosum (B. & Br.) v. H. Dothidasteroma Pterygote (B. & Br.) v. H. Dothidea aspidea Berk. ¥ Dothidea Barringtome B. & Br. Dothidea calamigena B. & Br. .. Dothidea Calophylli B. & Br. .. Dothidea demersa Corda Dothidea dolichogena B. & Br. Dothidea edax B. & Br. Dothidea Elettarie B. & Br. Dothidea exsculpta Berk. Dothidea filicina Mont. Dothidea filicina Mont. var. nervisequia Berk. .. Dothidea graminis Fr. 6(4)19 41 Page 42 PETCH: Dothidea grammodes Kze. Dothidea incarcerata Berk. Dothidea microcenta B. & Br. . Dothidea orbis Berk. Dotiidea perisporioides B. & c. Dothidea phaselina Mont. Dothidea repens Berk. Dothidea repens (Corda) var. aspidea Bark. Dothidea repens (Corda) var. catervaria Berk. .. Dothidea rhytismoides Corda Dothidea stcnospora B. & Br. .. Dothidea Tetranthere B. & Br. Dothidea Thwaitesii Berk. 3 Dothidella Calophylli (B. & Br.) Petch Dothidella Elettariz (B. & Br.) Sace. Dothidella nervisequia (Berk.) Sacc. Dothidella Osbeckie (B. & Br.) Sacc. Endogone fulva (B. & Br.) Pat. Eutypa phaselina (Mont.) Sace. Gloniella atramentaria (B. & Br.) Sace. Gloniella Dryniuriz (B. & Br.) Massee Gloniella orbicularis (B. & Br.) Sace. Gloniopsis orbicularis (B. & Br.) Massee Gionium orbiculare B. & Br. Hydnum polymorphum B. & Br. Hydnum versicolor B. & Br. Hypodermella Symploci Petch Hysterium atramentarium B. & Br. Hysterium Drynanie B. & Br. Hysterium Fourcroye B. & Br. Hysterium maculare Fr. Hysterostomella filicina (B. & Br. \ievsee Hysterostomella spurcaria (B. & Br.) v. H. Lembosia intricata (B. & Br.) Petch Lembosia Pavettze Theiss. Lembosia tenella Lév. Lizonia orbis (Berk.) Petch Lophodermium Fourcroye (B. & Br.) Massee CEYLON FUNGI. Lophodermium maculare (Fr.) de Not. Marchalia constellata (B. & Br.) Sacc. Marchalia filicina (B. & Br.) Sace. Marchalia maculosa (B. & Br.) Sacc. Marchalia Pterygotz (B. & Br.) Sace. Marchalia spurcaria (B. & Br.) Sacc. Meliola mollis B. & Br. - Meliola Pleurostyliz (B. & Br.) v. H. Meliola zigag B. & C. : Melogramma Lobeliz Petch ' Metaspheria plegmarize (Ces.) Sace. Micropeltella Thwaitesii Petch Micropeltis applanata Mont. Micropeltis asterophora B. & Br. Micropeltis gomphispora B. & Br. Micropeltis granulata B. & Br. Monorhiza nervisequia (Berk.) Theiss. & Sad Monorhizina filicina (B. & Br.) Theiss. & Syd.. Ophiodothella edax (B. & Br.) v. H. ‘ Ophiodothis edax (B. & Br.) Sace. Oithia orbis (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd. Parodiella perisporioides (B. & C.) Speg. Parmulina exsculpta (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd. Paurocotylis fragilis B. & Br. . Paurocotylis fulva B. & Br. Phzochora calamigena (B. & Br.) Theiss. & Sy ‘c Phezopellis, gen. nov. Phezopeltis gomphispora (B. & Br. ) Petch Phoma Barringtoniz Cke. & Mass. Phoma Lobeliz B. & Br. Phomopsis Lobeliz (B. & Br.) Petch Phyllachora aspidea (B. & Br.) Sacc. Phyllachore Barringtoniz (B. & Br.) Sace. Phyllachora calamigen2z (B. & Br.) Sace. Phyllachora catervaria (Berk.) Sace. Phyllachora dolichogena (B. & Br.) Sacc. Phyllachora exsculpta (Berk.) Sace. Phyllachora graminis (Pers ) Fuck Page 36 22 16 Ad PETCH : CEYLON FUNGI. Phyllachora Guatteriz (Berk.) Cooke Phyllachora Hugoniz Theiss. & Syd. Phyllachora incarcerata (Berk.) Sace. Phyllachora infectoria Cooke Phyllachora Ixore Theiss. & Syd. Phyllachora Pongamiz (B. & Br.) Petch Phyllachora stenospora (B. & Br.) Sacc. Phyllachora’Tetranthere (B. & Br.) Sacc. Phyllachora Thwaitesii (Berk.) Sacc. Phyllachora Tragiz (B. & C.) Sace. Physalospora asbole Cooke .. Physospora globifera (B. & Br.) Petch Physospora spiralis Penz. & Sace. Pisomyxa Amomi B. & Br. Polyporus interruptus B. & Br. Polyporus niphodes B. & Br. Polyporus russoceps B. & Br. . Polyporus vaporarius Fr. Polyporus vulgaris Fr. Poria aquosa Petch Rehmiodothis Osbeckize (B. & Br. ) Theiss. & sya Rhinotrichum globiferum B. & Br. Rhytisma constellatum B. & Br. Ehytisma filicinum B. & Br. Rhytisma maculosum B. & Br... Rhytisma placenta B. & Br. Rhytisma Pongamize B. & Br. .. Rhytisma Pterygote B. & Br. .. Rhytisma spurcarium B. & Br.. Scirrhia Calophylli (B. & Br.) Sace, Spherella plegmariz Ces. Spheria Guatterie Berk. Spheria Tetranthere Berk. Trabutia granulata (B. & Br.) Petch Trichothyrium asterophorum (B. & Br.) v. H. Trogia bicolor B. & Br. Bi: Trogia infundibuliformis B. & Br. Tryblidiélla Beccariana (Ces.) Sacc. Tryblidiella Leprieurit (Mont.) Sacc. Page _A New Variety of Exacum zeylanicum Roxb. BY T. PETCH, B.A., B.Sc. N the course of a botanical excursion to Kunadiyapara- witta at Christmas, 1917, Mr. F. Lewis collected a white Exacum, which differed from Hxacum Walkeri Arn. in that the flowers were pure white, without the green “ eye ”’ which characterizes that species. Further examination of the specimen shows that it closely approaches Haacum zeylanicum in most details, and it may, at least provisionally, be regarded as a variety of the latter. The leaves are up to 6°5 cm. long, narrow-lanceolate, and usually strongly attenuated towards the tip. In some specimens the leaves, are crowded, the consecutive pairs of leaves being 1:5-2°5 cm. apart, but in others they are distant, and up to 5cm. apart. The arrangement of the leaves in the former specimens approaches that of specimens of HL. zeylanicum collected by Trimen on Pidurutalagala at 7,400 feet. The flowers are few, and the inflorescence lax. The largest available inflorescence bears only eight flowers, and the branches of the inflorescence usually terminate in single flowers. The petals are white, oval, obtuse or subacute, not differing in shape from those of Hxacum zeylanicum. The only structural difference which separates this form from Hxacum zeylanicum is the shape of the anther. In E. zeylanicum the anthers are, normally, long and attenuated upwards, frequently attaining a length of 6 mm. ; and they are furnished with terminal pores. In the white form under notice they are comparatively short and stumpy, about 4 mm. long, not noticeably attenuated, and the apex of the anther is curved towards the inner face, so that the pores are sub- terminal or almost lateral. In their short stumpy form Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Vol. VII., Part I., July, 1919. 46 PETCH: EXACUM ZEYLANICUM. these anthers resemble those of Hxacum zeylanicum var. pallidum, but the tips of the anthers in the latter are not curved. In Exacum Walkeri the anthers are short and stumpy, but, in the dried herbarium specimens, they exhibit a feature which at once separates them from H. zeylanicum. On drying, the furrow on the outer face assumes a V-shape at the apex, and immediately above this is a minute tubercle formed of clavate cells, up to 80 x 30 u, with free, rounded ends. White forms of Lxacum zeylanicum have not been previously recorded. Trimen, in Flora of Ceylon, TII., 182, under E. macranthum, wrote: ‘“‘ A remarkable white variety was gathered (by Miss Baker) in 1882, with pure white flowers, having the corolla segments jagged at the margins.” The specimen is not now in Herb. Peradeniya. It is proposed to call the present form var. Lewisit, characterized by its white flowers and incurved anthers. Explanation of Plate. Fie. 1.—Anther of Zxacum zeylanicum var. Lewisir, outer face. Fie. 2.—Anther of Lxacum zeylanicum var. Lewisii, inner face. Fie. 3.—Anther of Zxacum zeylanicum var. Lewisii, latera view. Fic. 4.—Anther of Exacum Walkeri, outer face. Fia. 5.—Anther of Zxacum Walkeri, inner face. Fic. 6.—Anther of Zxacum Walkeri, lateral view. Fie. 7.—Anther of Exacum zeylanicum, outer face. Fic. 8.—Anther of LZxacum zeylanicum, inner face. Fic. 9.—Anther of Zxacum zeylanicum, lateral view. All figures drawn from herbarium specimens and enlarged seven diameters. Plate I. Ann. Perad., VII. ee 7 ae Rekake wy —, ANTHERS OF EXACUM. Oxalis in Ceylon. BY T.. PETCH, °B:A. > Bisse. “Fins many of our up-country tea districts the weed par excellence on tea estates is Oxalis, or Manickwatte weed, usually, when a scientific name is required, known as Oxalis violacea. The name Manickwatte weed is derived from Manick- watte estate, where, in 1890, the tea fields formerly in coffee were said to resemble clover fields if left for any length of time unweeded, owing to the growth of this plant. (Pera-- deniya MSS.) As in the case of many other common weeds, its origin in Ceylon is by no means clear, and the evidence on the point is largely negative. The following account summarizes what is available. To begin with, it may be pointed out that, in addition to the native yellow-flowered Oxalis corniculata, the Hin-embul- embiliya of the Sinhalese, there are two species of Oxalis occurring as introduced weeds in Ceylon. This fact was known to Trimen, but it has been most unaccountably overlooked by later botanists. In Trimen’s “‘ Hortus Zeylanicus,’”’ published in 1888, he listed the two, one as Ovalis latifolia H.B.K., and the other, with a query, as Oxalis violacea L. The query mark was probably misplaced by the printer, for on the herbarium specimens named by Trimen it is attached to the one assigned to O. latifolia. It has previously been recorded that the latter, which is the common Manickwatte weed, is Ozalis corymbosa DC. (Ann. Perad., V., 541), and this identification has now been confirmed by Kew. The other, less common species, which is the Oxalis violacea of Trimen’s “ Hortus Zeylanicus,”’ has been identified by Kew as Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. As far as is known, O. violacea is not found in Ceylon. Oxalis violacea was recorded as growing in Ceylon by Moon in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Indigenous and Exotic Plants growing in Ceylon,” published in 1824. *It was one of the plants which had not been recorded by any one previously, and, as with very many of the plants recorded for the first time by Moon, Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Vol. VII., Part I., July, 1919. 48 PETCH: it was a garden plant. This is evident from the locality cited by Moon, viz., North America, and from a note “from Bourbon,” in Moon’s handwriting, in his copy of Willdenow in the Peradeniya library. Moon gave a native name for it, Rata-embul-embiliya (in modern spelling), but this is an obvious coinage from the native name of the yellow-flowered Oxalis. Unfortunately we cannot get any further from Moon’s record, for the reason that there is no herbarium specimen extant. The Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, who has kindly had inquiries made, informs me that there is no specimen of Oxalis collected by Moon, either in the Kew herbarium or in that of the British Museum (Natural History). Consequently we do not know whether Moon had Ozalis violacea, or O. corymbosa, or O. latifolia. But as it was intro- duced from Bourbon, it was probably O. corymbosa. Presumably Moon’s plant was then growing in the Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya. Both the species now common are rather up-country weeds, O. latifolia more so than O. corymbosa. But both occur, and have occurred for the last thirty years, as weeds in the Peradeniya Gardens. There Oxalis latifolia is small, spreads very slowly, and is apparently not found outside the Gardens, but O. corymbosa is more vigorous, and may be found along the road-sides and on tea estates in the neighbourhood. But the latter is not yet a serious weed at this elevation. The diminution in its colonizing ability as O. corymbosa approaches its lower limit is very clearly evident on estates which extend from about 1,500 feet to 3,500 feet elevation. On the upper fields Oxalis corymbosa may be rampant, while on the lower fields only a few scattered plants are to be found, though the individual plants seem vigorous enough. ; Neither of these species of Oxalis was collected by Gardner or Thwaites (1844-1880). The first specimens placed in the Garden herbarium, which is supposed to contain all the foreign plants, cultivated or weeds, which grow in the Gardens, are dated 1887 and marked “‘ weed.” They include both species. It may, I think, be deduced frgm this, and the evidence which follows, that Moon’s species, whether O. violacea or not, did not long survive its introduction, and is not the source of the weeds of the present day. OXALIS IN CEYLON. 49 For nearly sixty years after the publication of Moon’s book we have only negative evidence. Gardner, in 1848, published a paper, entitled ‘“‘Some General Remarks on the Flora of Ceylon,’ in which he enumerated the common introduced weeds, but he did not mention Oxalis. Thwaites did not refer to Oxalis corymbosa, or any similarly-coloured species, in his “ Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylanie,” published 1864, though he gave a list of the commoner foreign weeds in the preface. Six years later Thwaites enumerated the common plants at Hakgala in a letter to W. Ferguson, who was then about to visit the Gardens there on a collecting trip; in it he states that the introduced Hrigeron linifolius is worse than Ageratum at Hakgala (December 9, 1870). Evidently Oxalis was not a weed there then. The first record of Oxalis as a weed is contained in a letter from W. Ferguson, dated October 31, 1882, to Dr. Trimen, who was just starting on a visit to Lindula. Ferguson wrote : “T saw Mr. Sinclair this morning, and he will be with you at Peradeniya to-morrow morning, and drive you from Nawala- pitiya, which will be much nicer in every way than going in the coach. I have asked him to point out the rose-flowered Oxalis which has escaped and spread for some miles along the road-side beyond wheré the horses are changed in Kotmale. You will see it on your left-hand side going up.” Apparently this was new to Ferguson, though he had botanized over the Island for about thirty years. We have no specimen from Kotmale in 1882, and consequently cannot say positively which species this was. But as the Kotmale weed is now O. corymbosa, it was most probably that species. Both O. latifolia and O. corymbosa were collected as weeds in the Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, in 1887, but neither has ever given serious trouble there. At Hakgala Oxalis did not become worthy of note until 1892; in the Annual Report for that year it is stated that “‘ the imported weed Oxalis violacea has become a real pest.” Both species now occur at Hakgala, but Oxalis latifolia is, or was up to 1914, certainly the more abundant. The date of introduction of Oxalis latifolia at Hakgala is not known. It was grown there at first under the name of 6(4)19 (7) 50 PETOH: Oxalis Deppei, and was advertised for sale under that name as a vegetable in 1879 (Morris, Catalogue of ...... Trees, &c., suitable for distribution). In 1908 it was re-introduced under the name of Ovxalis brasiliensis. On the evidence available it would appear that Ovzalis latifolia was introduced by the Botanic Gardens, prior to 1879, and it is not yet a serious weed, except at Hakgala. The common pest of tea estates is Oxalis corymbosa, anc this began to spread, about 1882, from a centre in Kotmale. The following are the more obvious points of difference between the two species. In O. latifolia the sides of the leaflets are straight, or nearly so, so that the leaflets are triangular, while in O. corymbosa the sides of the leaflets are rounded. When young the leaflets of O. latifolia are frequently © marked with purple streaks, but in large full-grown specimens they are, if anything, paler than those of O. corymbosa. In stunted specimens of O. latifolia the leaves may be violet underneath. The leaf-stalk of O. latifolia is glabrous, that of O. corymbosa hairy. The inflorescence of O. corymbosa is branched, that of O. latifolia simple. In the flower the coloured area of the petal in O. latifolia is sharply differentiated from the lower greenish part, but in O. corymbosa there is a gradual transition from the greenish base to the purple-rose colour above, and the petals are strongly veined. In all the Ceylon specimens examined the styles of O. corymbosa are intermediate in length between the two sets of stamens, and are bent outwards above at an angle of about 30°; in O. latifolia the styles are shorter than, or almost as long as, the lower set of stamens, and are bent outwards almost at. right angles. Oxalis corymbosa produces bulbils at the apex of the “carrot.” Ouxalis latifolia, as a rule, produces short white runners underground, each of which bears a bulbil at its extremity ; but when the plant is growing on the surface of the soil, these runners are more or less suppressed or shortened, and the bulbils then have the appearance of being developed in the same way as those of O. corymbosa. Seeds have not been found in either species in Ceylon. OXALIS IN CEYLON. 51 In the Journal of Botany, LVI., p. 122, M. J. Godfrey, reviewing Sommier and Galto’s Flora Melitensis Nova, makes the following comment: ‘‘ Another interesting plant is Oxalis cernua, a trimorphic species from the Cape of Good Hope, of which only the short-styled form grows in Malta. It was first mentioned by Giacinto in 1806 in a list of plants in the Malta BotanicalGardens. Tosuchan extent hasit spread that the fields are yellow with it, as fields at home sometimes are with charlock, and it is found everywhere, on the walls, by the road-sides, and in such abundance that it far exceeds all the other flowers together. The extraordinary thing is that all this immense profusion of flowers results in no production of capsules, the other forms capable of fertilizing the ovary being absent. The authors of the Flora, one of whom has lived in Malta all his life, state that they have never seen it in fruit. ‘It appears, however, that recently it has been found at Naples and Palermo with mature seeds, and it has been suggested that possibly, after its long isolation, it has acquired the faculty of being fertilized by pollen of the same form. This has not occurred at Malta, where it has been much longer established, and it would seem more probable that one of the other forms may have been cultivated in gardens at Naples and Palermo, or that it may have been fertilized from some other garden species. A form with double flowers is very abundant in Malta and Lampedusa, which furnishes confirma- tion of Darwin’s theory that sterility is the exciting cause of double flowers. It is curious that such an immense amount of energy should be wasted in the production of useless flowers. One would have thought they would tend to disappear when the method of propagation became purely vegetative, 7.e., by the bulbils on the roots.” Though double flowers have not been observed on either Oxalis latifolia or O. corymbosa in Ceylon, they present in other respects an exact parallel to O. cernwz in Malta. Neither has ever been found to bear capsules, but both flower freely, and O. corymbosa has spread all over the up-country districts, while O. latifolia promises to be equally abundant at the highest elevations. x . #46) Alocasia indica Schott. BY T. PETCH, B.A., B.Sc. Alocasia indica was recorded as a cultivated plant in Ceylon in Flora of Ceylon, IV., p. 360, in a note which states: “ A. indica Schott, Rata-ala, Desi-ala, 8., is much cultivated ; it is closely allied to A. cucullata, but has deeply sagittately cordate leaves, 2-3 feet long, narrower spathe, longer spadix, with the appendage longer than the inflorescence.” It was not recorded for Ceylon in Flora British India. The fourth volume of the Flora of Ceylon was completed after Trimen’s death by Sir J. D. Hooker. There is conse- quently some doubt as to the authorship of the note quoted. Some of the notes in Vol. IV. are followed by Trimen’s name, others by the initials J. D. H.; but that one is unsigned. Trimen included Alocasia indica Schott, Rata-ala, in his ‘Hortus Zeylanicus,” published 1888. Thwaites, in his “ Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylanie,”’ stated that Colocasia indica was cultivated in native gardens as a vegetable. As Thwaites throughout uses Colocasia instead of Alocasia, he doubtless meant_Alocasia indica Schott. In seeking cenfirmation of the statement that Alocasia indica is cultivated in Ceylon, it is found that there is no herbarium specimen from Ceylon either at Kew, the British Museum, or Peradeniya. The only recorded specimen is one collected by Thunberg in Ceylon in 1777-8, and now in his herbarium in Herb. Upsala. According to the evidence, that specimen was determined by Schott. Schott’s original description of Alocasia indica, in Oest. Bot. Wochenbl., 1854, p. 410, does not cite the Upsala or any other specimens. Engler, in De Candolle, Mon. Phan., I1., 1879, gives Ceylon as a locality for Alocasia indica, and cites ‘“‘ Thunberg in Herb. Upsal.” A list of the plants in Thunberg’s herbarium, with details of the data on the herbarium sheets, has been published by Professor H. O. Juel, under the name “ Plante Thunbergiane.”’ Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Vol. VII., Part I., July, 1919. 54. PETOH : From that book it appears that Thunberg collected three species of ‘‘ Arum ”’ in Ceylon, viz., Arum peregrinum L., Arum macrorhizon Thunb., and Arum ceilanicum. Arum peregrinum L. is Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott. The sheet in Herb. Thunberg bears two specimens, but only the locality Ceylon, though Thunberg enumerated this species in Florula Javanica. According to Schott (in Herb. Thunberg), the specimen is an undetermined Homalomena. If so, it is not a Ceylon specimen, no species of Homalomena being known in Ceylon. Arum macrorhizon Thunb., according to the herbarium speci- mens, is a mixture, the Java plant of Florula Javanica, 1825, being different from that of Florula Ceilanica, 1825. The latter is marked Ceilan by Thunberg, but according to Schott’s note on the sheet it is Leucocasia gigantea Schott [=Colocasia gigantea Hook.—Colocasia indica of Engl., Araceae, 494 (non Kunth), according to the synonyms in Flora British India]. Here, again, assuming the identification to be correct, this cannot be a Ceylon specimen. With regard to the third species, which is the one particularly in question, this was named Arwm ceilanicum by Thunberg on the herbarium sheet, but the name was not published. According to Juel, the data on the sheet are “‘ Arum ceilanicum Ceil.”’ “‘ Colocasia indica Schott” ; that is, Thunberg wrote ‘“* Arum ceilanicum ”’ on the front of the sheet, and the locality ‘**Ceilan ’”’ on the back, while Schott subsequently added the identification “‘ Colocasia indica Schott.” Through the friendly offices of the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Professor Juel has kindly furnished a photograph of this herbarium sheet. It bears the name Arum ceilanicum, as written by Thunberg, in the lower right-hand corner, and, in the middle of the sheet at the bottom, a ticket inscribed ‘‘ Colocasia indica Schott. Scrips. et determin. Schott.’”? The two parts of this inscription appear to be in different handwritings. At the right-hand corner of the sheet is a small slip of paper, stuck on perpendicular to the base, with the inscription, “¢ Habaralle (mal).” Juel states that Thunberg first mounted his plants on sheets 210 x 330 mm., and subsequently removed them to ALOCASTIA INDICA. 55 sheets 240 x 370mm. “ In many cases he tore off the lower edge of the old sheet, on which remarks (as, for example, on native medicinal uses) were inscribed, and affixed it to the new sheet.” The slip referred to above would appear to be one of these, for Habarala is the Sinhalese name, not Malay, of Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott. It may be noted that Thun- berg frequently cites Malay names as Sinhalese, and vice versd. The herbarium sheet bears two inflorescences, one minus the spathe, anda leaf. The leaf is unfortunately folded over, and the attachment of the petiole is not evident on the photograph. Of the two inflorescences, the appendage of one is very much shorter than the male portion of the spadix, while that of the other is slightly longer than the male part of the spadix, but less than the total length of the male and female parts combined. The whole spadix is nearly as long as the spathe. The relative lengths of the parts of the spadix do not agree with the figure of Arum indicum in Wight, Icones, 794, nor with the usual description that the appendage is longer than the inflorescence ; on the other hand, they correspond well with specimens of Alocasia macrorrhiza in the Peradeniya herbarium. As far as can be determined from the photograph, the specimens are Alocasia macrorrhiza, and the Sinhalese name Habarala is correctly applied. It may be noted that Alocasia macrorrhiza is one of the common cultivated species in Ceylon, and that it is not otherwise represented in Thunberg’s collection. The Sinhalese name, Rata-ala, merely means “‘ foreign yam.”’ At the present day Rata-ala and Desi-ala are applied, as far as can be ascertained, to a species of Xanthosoma ; and Mr. H. L. van Buuren, who is engaged upon an investigation of the Ceylon species of Alocasia, &c., has not been able to find Alocasia indica. We have, therefore, no evidence that this species is grown in Ceylon. Gasteromycetze zeylanice. BY T. PETCH, B.A., B.Sc. HE following list comprises the Gasteromycete known _ to occur in Ceylon, and includes species recently collected, in addition to those recorded by Berkeley and Broome. Papers on the Phalloids have previously been published in the Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Pera- deniya, Vol. IV., pp. 139-184, and V., pp. 1-21; and a further description of Lysurus Gardnert, under the new name of Pharus Gardnert, will shortly appear in the Transactions of the British Mycological Society. I am indebted to Mr. C. G. Lloyd for the determination of very many of the species, and for liberal assistance in private correspondence, as well as in his valuable publications. PHALLACE. Mutinus. ’ Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) Fischer. Peradeniya, May, 1912; a single specimen ; abundant, October 29—November 23, 1914. Mutinus Fleischeri Penz. Hakgala, August, 1908. Jansia. Jansia proxima (B. & Br.). A figure of this species was sent to Berkeley and Broome, and was marked by them Phallus proximus, but they did not publish it. Massee published a description, under the name Mutinus proximus, in Gre- villea, XIX., p. 94. Peradeniya, January, 1869 (Thwaites); November- December, 1906. Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Vol. VII., Part I., July, 1919, 6(4)19 (8) 58 PETCH : Tthyphallus. Ithyphallus tenuis Fischer. According to Fischer (Neue Untersuchungen, 1893) there are specimens of this species from Ceylon in Herb. Kew and Herb. British Museum, marked Phallus pallidus Berk. It is common in the jungle at Hakgala on decaying logs in hundreds at a time. Dictyophora. Dictyophora phalloidea Desv. Recorded for Ceylon as Phallus demonum Rumph. by Berkeley in Hooker’s Lond. Jour. of Botany, VI. (1847), and as Dictyophora demonum Lév. by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 698. Common in the low-country (wet zone) up to an elevation of 1,600 feet. A small form with a bright orange-yellow cap occurs at Peradeniya. Clautriavia. Clautriavia irpicina Pat. Common, with the same distribution as Dictyophora phalloidea. Abundant at Henaratgoda. Clathrus. Clathrus crispatus Thw. Recorded for Ceylqn by Berkeley as Clathrus cancellatus L. in Hooker’s Lond. Jour. of Botany, VI. (1847), and by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 700. In shady forests, 1844 (Gardner). Hantane, August, 1859 (Thwaites). Hakgala, April, 1907; May, 1913; January, 1914. Ythanside, April, 1909; July, 1913. Not found below 4,000 feet. Clathrella. Clathrella delicata (B. & Br.) Fischer. Described as Clathrus delicatus by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 699. Peradeniya, November, 1868 (Thwaites); August, October, 1906, GASTEROMYCETA ZEYLANICA. 59 Simblum. Simblum periphragmoides Klotzsch. Recorded for Ceylon as Simblum gracile Berk. by Berkeley in Hooker’s Lond. Jour. of Botany, V., p. 534, and VI. (1847), p. 512; and by Berkeley and Broome, undér the same name, in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 702. Peradeniya, August, 1844 (Gardner) ; 1854 (Thwaites). Fairly frequent at Peradeniya. Pharus. Pharus gen. nov. Receptaculum stalked; stalk dividing above into arms, which normally unite at the apex ; glebiferous layer borne solely on the arms, and consisting of numerous plicate processes and plates, perpendicular to the arm, closely packed together, and presenting a granular outer surface, similar to that of Clautriavia. Pharus Gardneri (Berk.). Lysurus Gardneri Berk., Hooker’s Lond. Jour. Bot., V., p. 535, and VI. (1847), p. 512. Lysurus (Desmaturus) Gardneri Schlect., Linnea, 31 (1861- 62), p. 180. Colus Gardneri (Berk.) Ed. Fischer, Vers. e Syst. Uebers., p. 77 (1886), and Sacc., Sylloge, VII., p. 21. Lysurus Gardneri Berk., in Lloyd, Synopsis of the known Phalloids. Not Lysurus Gardnert Berk., in Cleland and Cheel, Notes on Australian Fungi, No. 2, Jour. Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S. W., XLIX., p. 204; LI., p. 364. Peradeniya, 1835 (Watson); (Gardner); July, 1868 (Thwaites) ; June, 1906; July, 1907; May, 1909; July, 1909 ; November, ‘1914 ; May, 1918. Aseroe. Aseroe rubra La Bill. Recorded as Aseroe zeylanica Berk. by Berkeley in Hooker’s Lond. Jour. of Botany, V., p. 535, and VI. (1847), p. 512; and under the same name by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No.701. ‘‘On the ground, 4,000-5,000 feet, Gardner, Thwaites.”’ Dunsinane, Pundaluoya, August, 1907. Hakgala, Septem- ber, 1908; August, 1909, &. Bandarawela, December, 1907. Ythanside, June,1911. Fairly common above 4,000 feet, both in the jungle and on estates among tea. Aseroe arachnoidea Fischer. Peradeniya, June, 1905. 60 PETCH : Protubera. Protubera maracuja Moller. Hakgala (5,600 feet), September, 1908 ; May, 1910. Nuwara Eliya (6,200 feet), September, 1908, abundant. Not yet found at lower elevations. NIDULARIACER. Nidularia. Nidularia reticulata n. sp. In Fungi of Ceylon, No. 729, Berkeley and Broome recorded for Ceylon, Nidwlaria Durizana Tul., from Thwaites 1022, which, according to the herbarium specimen, was collected at Peradeniya. Part of the Peradeniya herbarium specimen was submitted in 1906 to Lloyd, who states that it is certainly not Nidu- laria Durizana, butan unnamed species, differing from all others in the spiny branching fibrils of the peridiole walls (Letter 19). It is described here as Nidularia reticulata. The peridia are now pale brown, pulvinate, up to 4 mm. diameter, with a membranous wall. The peridiola are discoid, circular, flat, pale brown, up to 0:75 mm. diameter. By transmitted light they show a central circular brown opaque area, 0°4 mm. diameter, surrounded by a broad semi-transparent outer zone. The actual peridiole is only about 0°4 mm. diameter, while its outer coat is 0°75 mm. diameter. The peridiole is easily shelled out from its outer coat. This outer coat consists of a thin weft of spinous yellow hyphz, those of the ground layer being slender, while over or among them are stout, thick-walled spinous hyphe, up to 12, diameter, which form a network, par- ticularly towards the rim, where they unite into a strong, rigid, marginal ring. Berkeley and Broome gave the dimensions of the spores as 7°5 X 5y. The Peradeniya herbarium specimens appear to be immature. The peridioles of this species, as noted by Lloyd, have some resemblance to those of Nidula emodensis. They differ in having a membranous peripheral zone (which, however, may not occur in mature examples), and in the more regular netted arrangement of the coarse hyphe. GASTEROMYCETA ZEYLANIOR. 61 Nidula. Nidula emodensis (Berk.) Lloyd. Recorded for Ceylon by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 728, as Cyathus emodensis Berk., from Thwaites 1223, collected on Horton Plains. It was collected again (No. 2147) in October, 1906, at Pattipola. The two localities are within four miles of one another. The peridia are urceolate, white, 6 mm. high, 5 mm. diameter below, expanding near the mouth to 6 mm. diameter, externally strigose, with long rigid hairs, which are sometimes fasciculate. The peridiola are 1°5-2 mm. diameter, circular, flattened, dark brown. The outer coat is easily peeled off ; it consists of stout red-brown hyphe, up to 14 y, diameter, thick-walled or almost solid, branching dichotomously, with short, spiny, lateral branches over- running an interwoven felted layer of thinner yellow- brown hyphe of the same character, bound together by a gelatinous substance. When the outer coat is removed the peridiole is rather pale reddish-brown. The inner peridiole wall is dark red-brown, shading to hyaline internally. The spores are thick-walled, greenish-hyaline, oval, or generally slightly pyriform, 6-8 x 4-5y, with a few globose 5 yu, diameter. Cyathus. Cyathus Poeppigii Tul. No. 2143, Gangaruwa, July, 1906, " spores up to 40 x 25y,; det. Lloyd. No. 2657, Kotagala, September, 1908. No. 2134, Peradeniya, December, 1906, spores 20-30 x 16-24y.. No. 2375, Gatembe, April, 1907, spores 24-32 x 16-20 u.. No. 2143 was referred to C. Montagnei by Massee. This species, judging from the available collections, is not as common in Ceylon as the next. Cyathus limbatus Tul. Thwaites’s specimen, No. 185, recorded by Berkeley and Broome as C. Montagnei, is this species ; its spores are 16-22 x 8-10u. No. 2145, Peradeniya, June, 1905, spores 18-24 x 12- 16 uv: referred to C. Montagneti by Massee. No. 2476, Dunsinane, August, 1907, spores 18-22 8-9 yp. No. 3380, 62 PETCH: Peradeniya, January, 1912, spores 14-16 x 8-12 uy. No. 3965, Hakgala, April, 1914, spores 16-22 x 8 wu, occa- sionally 20 x 16 v. No. 4342, Haputale, spores 17-24 x 9-10 y, some globose 10 y. No. 5129, Henaratgoda, August, 1916, spores 15 X 8 wu. No. 5494, Deviturai, August, 1917, spores 14-18 x 8-10 pv, some globose 10-12 v. diameter. No. 2666, Peradeniya, October, 1908, spores 13-20 x 8y. No. 2883, Peradeniya, July, 1909, spores in one peridiole 15-19 x 8-12 uv, in another up to 21 x 14- 15 yu. No. 3038, Peradeniya, 1909, spores 15-24 x 8-12 u. No. 3853, Peradeniya, December, 1913, spores 12-17 x 6-8 wu. The spores are oval, usually with almost parallel sides. Cyathus striatus Hudson. No. 2324, on elephant dung, Hakgala, March, 1907 ; det. Lloyd. No. 5557, on elephant dung, Hakgala, December, 1917. Lloyd, Letter 17, writes of this form : “ Differs from the European plant in having larger, narrower, more scabrous cups, and much smaller spores —7 x 12. The spores of the type form are 8-10 x 18-20, hence for those who base new species largely on spore measurements it is a marked species. I can see nothing in it, however, but a form of striatus.” The two collections are identical, and it has not been found elsewhere or on a different substratum. The cups are up to 18 mm. high, usually conico-cylindric, about 2mm. diameter at the base and 7 mm. diameter at the mouth. The spores vary from 12 x 7to 5 x 4 uy. Cyathus stercoreus Schw. No. 2136, on deer dung, Pattipola, October, 1906; det. Lloyd. Cyathus triplex Lloyd. No. 2144, Peradeniya, October, 1906 ; det. Lloyd. No. 2135, Middlemarch, October, 1906, spores 16-20 x 9-10 u.; det. Lloyd. No. 2146, Peradeniya, June, 1906, spores 20-25 x 10 u. No. 3854, Peradeniya, Novem- ber, 1913, spores usually 15-16 x 10-12 yp, but one 24 x 10 wu. No. 4363, Peradeniya, December, 1914. No. 5556, Warriapolla, January, 1918, spores 16-24 « 10-12 uy. GASTEROMYCETA ZEYLANICA. 63 At first shaggy or strigose with pale brown fascicles of hairs, becoming glabrous or nearly so, especially towards the top. In 2146 the old specimens are adpressed silky, the young specimens strigose ; Massee referred this gathering to C. vernicosus. It is frequently found on decaying Mango stones. Spherobolus. Spherobolus stellatus Tode. Hakgala, fairly frequent. Pattipola. Spherobolus rubidus B. & Br. On elephant’s dung, Nuwara Eliya, Thwaites 312; Hakgala, April, 1907. Re-described, Aun,’ Perad., EV., p: 63: LYCOPERDACE. Podaxon. Podaxon pistillaris Fr. In “Monograph of the Genus Podaxis ” (Jour. of Botany, 1890, p. 76) Massee recorded for Ceylon Podaxis axata, citing a specimen said to have been sent by Gardner. It was not enumerated by Berkeley in the published list of Gardner’s fungi, nor by Berkeley and Broome in the Fungi of Ceylon. There is a specimen of P. pistillaris in the Peradeniya herbarium, from Mannar, collected by Trimen in February, 1890, and it has been recently collected at Trincomalee (No. 3230, September, 1910). It is reported to be common in the dry sandy districts after or during the rains of the north-east monsoon. Tylostoma. Tylostoma Mussooriense P. Henn. Thwaites 1008 was a Tylostoma, which Berkeley and Broome listed in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 711, as Tulostoma exasperatum. The speci- mens in Herb. Peradeniya have strongly verrucose spores, 4-5 y, diameter, and a circular, barely projecting mouth. They appear to be 7. Mussooriense, not T. exasperatum. This species has not been collected again in Ceylon. 64 PETCH: Mitremyces. Mitremyces insignis (Berk.). This species was described by Berkeley in Decades of Fungi, No. 185, as Husseia insignis. In the Fungi of Ceylon, No. 705, Berkeley and Broome enumerated three gatherings, viz., the type collection from Adam’s Peak (Gardner) ; a second by Thwaites, Central Province, December, 1868 ; anda third by Thwaites, South of the Island, July, 1868. In the Introduction to the Fungi of Ceylon, Berkeley and Broome quote Thwaites to the effect that he had always found Husseia on the sandy margins of forest streams. Husseia is now considered to be identical with Mitremyces. Massee adopted the name Calostoma for Mitremyces. There are two specimens in Herb. Peradeniya, marked “'S. of the Island,” collected by Thwaites. It has not been collected recently. Mitremyces Berkeleyi (Mass.). In Fungi of Ceylon, No. 704, Berkeley and Broome enumerated a Mitremyces, collected by Thwaites, as M. lutescens. The gathering consisted of two specimens only, one of which is in Herb. Kew and the other in Herb. Peradeniya. Massee (Ann. Bot., II., p. 39) re-described the Kew specimen as Calostoma Berkeleyi, and stated that the spores were smaller than those of 1. Junghuhni and less coarsely warted, and that the structure and colour of the exoperidium were different. Lloyd (Myco. Notes, No. 20, p. 241) writes that the specimen is M. Junghuhni as far as external characters go, but that he did not succeed in finding spores. Massee gave the spores of M. Junghuhni as globose, coarsely tuberculose, pale ochre, 14-18 y, diameter, and those of his Calostoma Berkeleyi as globose, minutely verruculose, very pale ochre, 7-9 y diameter. In the Peradeniya specimen the spores are hyaline, globose, 7-10 yp, diameter, reticulated with narrow deep bands, which form a wide- meshed net, and appear at the profile of the spore as a hyaline border interrupted by yellow lines. The spores resemble those of Trichia affinis, but with narrower bands. GASTERROMYCET.® ZEYLANICA. 65 Geaster. Geaster plicatus Berk. No. 4471, Peradeniya, December, 1914, No. 4593, Hakgala, May, 1913. This species was collected by Thwaites, No. 1007, and was recorded by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No, 706, as G. Bryantii. The figure which accompanied the gathering was labelled by Berkeley Geaster Bryantii, with the alternative name Geaster Thwaitesti B. & Br. A description under the latter name, by Massee, appeared in Saccardo, VII., p. 471. -The figure is peculiar in showing a stout pedicel, 7 mm. diameter. Geaster Bryantii Berk. A single specimen, No. 5573, collected at Horagama, in 1908, appears to be referable to this species. It has the general appearance of G. plicatus, but the exoperidium is more divided and more deflexed. The pedicel is stout, and the base of the endoperidium concave, so that the pedicel is socketed in the base. It lacks the radial grooves of @. plicatus. The wall of the endoperidium, at the margin of the concave disc, is vertical, scarcely grooved. Geaster Archeri Berk. No. 2517, Peradeniya, October, 1907 : det. Lloyd. No. 2621, Peradeniya, July, 1908. No. 3323, Peradeniya, December 1911. Lloyd (Letter 19) states: “These specimens present a new character in Geaster Archeri. The endoperidium is scurfy, ‘ asperate ’; indeed, if it had a pedicel it would be Geaster asper.”’ Geaster triplex Jungh. No. 2618, Peradeniya, August, 1908. No. 2654, Hakgala (jungle), September, 1908. No. 2655, Kotagala, September, 1908. No. 2957, Peradeniya, June, 1909. No. 3908, Hakgala, January, 1914. No. 3992, Pera- deniya, December, 1913. No. 5572, Hakgala, December, 1917. The following note on a Ceylon gathering made in 1906 was published by Lloyd in Mycological Notes, No. 26, p. 389 :— “Among some Geasters recently received from the Botanical Garden, Peradeniya, Ceylon, were some small specimens of Geaster triplex with a scaly exoperidium 6(4)19 (9) 66 PETCH: (Fig. 166). We have seen many specimens of Geaster triplex, for it is a frequent plantain many countries, but we never previously saw specimens with a scaly exoperidium. If this form is constant in ‘Ceylon it is entitled to a name (Geaster squamosus) as a form, and it is fully as distinct as Geaster vittatus based on longitudinal fissures in the exoperidium of the same species. While the character of a scaly exoperidium is absolutely new in the Geaster family, to call it a ‘ new species ’ would appear to me to be untrue. Any one who is familiar with Geaster triplex would consider it as a mere form.” The above form has not been noted since. The gathering consisted of two specimens only, as figured in Lloyd’s photograph. Geaster mirabilis Mont. No. 2142, Peradeniya, July, 1906 ; det. Lloyd. No. 2130, Peradeniya, November, 1906. No. 2619, Peradeniya, August, 1908. This species was correctly recorded for Ceylon by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 709, from Thwaites 184. There is also an undated collection from Ceylon in Herb. Kew in the cover of G. papyraceus. Common ; growing in large patches over heaps of leaves, twigs, &c. Geaster minimus Schw. No. 4594, Hakgala, October, 1914. These specimens grew from a thick felt of mycelium on the top of a rock. G. minimus Schw. was recorded for Ceylon by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 708. The specimens in Herb. Kew and Herb. Peradeniya are Thwaites 1009, and are small specimens of G. velutinus. Geaster coronatus Schaeff. No. 2323, Hakgala, April, 1907 ; det. Lloyd. Lloyd, in referring this gathering, states : “A most curious form, that could well be made a new species, and certainly entitled to a name as a form of coronatus. The inner peridium has at its base a ring somewhat like the ring on Geaster Bryantii, which never occurs on the European plant.” GASTEROMYCETA ZEYLANICA. 67 Geaster velutinus Morgan. No. 2931, Peradeniya, September, 1909. No. 3388, Peradeniya, January, 1912. No. 3972, Hakgala, April, 1914. No. 5572, Hakgala, December, 1917; in this gathering some specimens do not exceed 1-5cm. in diameter when expanded, and unexpanded specimens are distinctly flask-shaped. Bovista velutina B. & Br., described in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 715, from Thwaites 195, is unexpanded Geaster velutinus in Herb. Peradeniya; and the specimens recorded by Berkeley and Broome as G. minimus Sch., from Thwaites 1009, are the same species. Lloyd (Myco. Notes, 17, p. 182) refers to the type of Bovista velutina at Kew as an unopened, Geaster. Geaster saccatus Fries. No. 2141, Peradeniya, July, 1906 ; det. Lloyd. No. 2620, Peradeniya, July, 1908. No. 2622, Peradeniya, August, 1908. Warriapolla, January, 1918. This species was correctly recorded by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 707, from Thwaites 184. The specimens are, in part, G. saccatus in Herb. Peradeniya, but the collection included G@. mirabilis, and, apparently, G. velutinus also. Lanopila. Lanopila bicolor (Lév.). This was recorded by Berkeley and Broome as Bovista bicolor in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 713, from Thwaites 727. There are specimens of this gathering in Herb. Kew and Herb. Peradeniya, and Lloyd (Myco. Notes, 18, p. 190) states that specimens from Ceylon are to be found in European museums. It has not been collected recently, and is apparently rare at Peradeniya. Lasiosphera. Lasiosphera Fenzlii Reichardt. The specimen recorded as Bovista lilacina by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 712, from Thwaites 1010, is Lasiosphera Fenzlii in Herb. Peradeniya. The Peradeniya specimen is a section of a subturbinate example, 8 em. high, with a sterile base 3°5 cm. _ high. Itis not fully mature, and the spore mass is paler than in the ripe form, but it has the usual capillitium and spores, the former nearly hyaline and the latter yellow-brown. 68 PETCH: This species is apparently not common at Peradeniya. It was collected about 1903 by Mr. H. F. Macmillan and sent to Lloyd (Puff Ball Letter 1, p. 1). It was again collected at Peradeniya in October, 1907 (No. 2518), and at Hambantota (dry zone) in April, 1908 (No. 2542). No. 2518 is subglobose, has a slight sterile base, and violet-purple gleba ; No. 2542 is turbinate, with a well-developed sterile base, and being immature, the gleba is pale purplish-brown. The fungus is at first white and even. As it approaches maturity it shrinks slightly, and the peridium contracts in a series of close-set depressions, each about 1 em. in diameter. The white outer layer disappears from the ridges and exposes the chocolate-coloured inner layer, so that the peridium becomes tessellated. This feature is clearly marked in both the recent specimens, but a larger series may show that it is not universal. Calvatia. Calvatia Gardneri (Berk.). Collected by Gardner (No. 9, May, 1844) and first assigned by Berkeley to Lycoperdon saccatum {Decades of Fungi, inter 184 et 186). Collected by Thwaites, 739 cum icone, and described as Lycoperdon Gardneri in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 716. Lloyd, Puff Ball Letter 2, p. 2, acknowledges specimens from Peradeniya as Calvatia Gardnert. Common at Peradeniya and attains a large size. The largest specimen measured was 17 cm. high, 22 cm. across the longer diameter, and 14 cm. along the shorter. I have been given the Tamil name Vannan Pothei Kalan, « Dhoby fungus,” for this species, and my informant suggested that it owed its name to a supposed resemblance to dirty soap suds. Calvatia Gautieroides B. & Br. Described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 718, as Lycoperdon, from Thwaites 1006 cum icone ; the specimens were said to grow on burnt earth, and were collected in the Central Province. Two recent collections have been made, No. 3241, Pera- deniya, October, 1910, and No. 5804, October, 1918. The specimens grew from white, cord-like mycelium overrunning GASTEROMYCET ZEYLANICZ. 69 dead twigs. They are ovoid or turbinate, often laterally compressed, up to 5 cm. broad, 3 cm. high, with a short, obconic stalk ; usually irregularly lobed, sometimes umbili- cate round the stalk, white or pale yellow, becoming ochraceous, minutely scurfy or granular ; wall thin, sterile base well developed. Capillitium threads yellow-brown, somewhat rigid, 3 u. diameter, fairly regular. Spores oval, 3-5 X 2°5-4 u, or globose, 3 uy. diameter, pale yellow-brown, echinulate, pale olive in mass. When mature, the wall is fragile and breaks away in small fragments. Bovista. Of the three species of Bovista recorded by Berkeley and Broome in the Fungi of Ceylon, one, Bovista bicolor Lév., is now known as Lanopila bicolor; and another, Bovista lilacina, is Lasiosphera Fenzlii ; the third, Bovista cervina, is apparently an undescribed species. Bovista cervina Berk. was described from specimens brought by Darwin from South America. A few years later Berkeley enumerated the same species from Ceylon among a collection sent by Gardner (Gardner No. 17). Massee (Revision of the Genus Bovista, Journal of Botany, 1888, p. 184) stated that Bovista cervina occurred in Patagonia, Chili, Ceylon, and New Zealand, and was identical with Bovista aspera Lév., “as proved by examination of the type specimen in Herb. Mus. Paris.” He described the capillitium as flaccid, unbranched, pale, and the spores globose, smooth, very pale brown, minutely pedicellate, 5-6 y, diameter, but his figures of the spores show pedicels one and a half times the length of the spore. In Mycological Notes, No. 25, p. 324, Lloyd writes con- cerning Catastoma subterraneum: “It was brought from Patagonia by Darwin, and called by Berkeley Bovista cervina.” This fixes Berkeley’s type specimen, but the Ceylon species is not a Catastoma. The specimens of Gardner No. 17 in Herb. Kew are globose, not more than 3 cm. diameter,with white cord-like mycelium. The cortex persists in the form of minute, scattered, flat, adpressed, fibrillose patches. The capillitium is pale 70 PETCH : brownish-yellow, septate, branched, varying from 3 to 10 u in diameter. The spores are pale brownish-yellow, or yellow, globose, minutely warted, 3:5 to 4 yp, diameter, and not pedicellate. In 1907 a gathering was made at Peradeniya of a species which was supposed to be Bovistella citrina. Lloyd, in acknowledging specimens of this gathering in letter No. 19, wrote : “ Lycoperdon cervinum, in the sense of Berkeley’s Ceylon determination, not of his South American, which is not a Lycoperdon.” The gathering (No. 2515) had un- fortunately proved to be a mixture, and the only specimens of Bovista cervina had been sent, the remainder of the gathering in Herb. Peradeniya being all Bovistella citrina. The incident may serve to illustrate the similarity im general appearance between the two species. In a recent collection, No. 5803 in Herb. Peradeniya, which is immature, the specimens are globose, or depressed globose, up to 4 cm. diameter, fawn-coloured, or brownish- fawn, above, passing into brownish-yellow at the sides. The cortex is about 0°5 mm. thick, fleshy and yellow internally, and covered with a layer of interwoven, ad- pressed fibrils, which sometimes splits into small, polygonal, flat warts or scales. A stout, rooting mycelial cord runs from the centre of the rounded base. When wet it may easily be passed over as Bovistella citrina, as happened in the gathering No. 2515. I leave this species under Berkeley’s name, as that is otherwise unoccupied. Bovistella. Bovistella aspera Lév. On bare ground in flower beds and on patana (grass land), Hakgala, common. No. 2322 (in part), April, 1907 ; No. 2377, April, 1907 (det. Lloyd) ; No. 2644, September, 1908; Nos. 4155, 4156, September, 1914; No. 4572, May, 1912 ; No. 5568, December, 1917. Bovistella scabra Lloyd. With the preceding, but less common. No. 2322 (in part), April, 1907 (det. Lloyd) ; No. 5569, December, 1917; No. 5571, April, 1917, all from Hakgala. This appears to run into the preceding species in Ceylon. GASTEROMYCETA ZEYLANICA. 7g Bovistella citrina (B. & Br.) Lloyd. Described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 724, as Lycoperdon citrinwm, from Thwaites 738 cum icone. Recently collected No. 2414, Peradeniya, June, 1907; No. 2515, Peradeniya, October, 1907 ; No. 2645, Hakgala, September, 1908. Up to 4 cm. diameter, globose, or depressed globose, sometimes lacunose below, lemon-yellow, pale towards the base, with a delicate cortex of minute white spines ; usually arising from stout cord-like mycelium. Old specimens dark red-brown when moist, drying to dark shining olive, covered with minute, deep red-brown, or almost black, warts. No sterile base. Mass of spores and capillitium olive. Capillittum threads yellow-brown, stout, thick- walled, 3-10 v. diameter, branching usually at a wide angle, with occasional septa above the forks. Spores globose, 3-4 u. diameter, pale olive, very minutely echinulate, with hyaline pedicels up to 16 y, long. When growing, this species appears entirely lemon-yellow, but a close examination reveals a very delicate cortex of minute white spines or warts. On some specimens this cortex may disappear at maturity ; in others it persists and dries in the form of minute warts. The yellow wall is 0°5 mm. thick on the immature specimens, but it becomes thin and papery when mature. Bovistella conspureata (B. & Br.). Described as Lycoperdon conspurcatum by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 723, from Thwaites 193 bis. The type in Herb. Kew is marked by Thwaites, ‘‘ mixed with 193, I believe, in a previous gathering.” There are only two specimens. No. 193 was L. purpurascens ; there is no mixture in the specimens of 193 in Herb. Peradeniya. Berkeley and Broome’s description is “‘ globose, peridium minutely verrucose, here and there cracked, base small, shortly rooting ; capillitium and spores olivaceous ; spores pedicellate, 3°75 » diameter, 12°5 vy. long (including the pedicel). Scarcely an inch across. Externally resembling L. australe, but with differently coloured spores, which are stipitate.”’ TS PETCH: The cortex is cracked into red-brown polygonal areas, some of which are powdery with minute warts. The capillitium consists of rigid, branched, yellow-brown threads 3-5 uv. diameter. The spores are globose, yellow-brown, smooth, 3 y, diameter, with slender pedicels, 4-10 y. long. This species has not been collected again. Its cortex characters can be matched exactly in some of the Ceylon specimens of Lycoperdon piriforme, but though the latter has pedicels mixed with the spores, I have not found any specimen in which the pedicel remains attached to the spore. Lycoperdon. Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch. Thwaites’s specimens, No. 192, referred by Berkeley and Broome to Lycoperdon atropur- pureum Vitt., var., in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 717, are Lyco- perdon gemmatum. ‘The specimens in Herb. Peradeniya are labelled ‘‘ Peradeniya.” It is rare at Peradeniya, but common at Hakgala and Nuwara Eliya (5,600-6,200 feet). No. 2139, Hakgala, September, 1906; det. Lloyd. No. 2371. Namunakuli, April, 1907. No. 2411, Peradeniya, June, 1907. No. 2653, Nuwara Eliya, September, 1908. No. 4571, Hakgala, May, 1912. No. 5570, Hakgala, December, 1917. Lycoperdon piriforme Scheff. On rotting stumps, Hakgala. No. 2651, September, 1908. No. 4157, April, 1914. Nos. 5575, 5576, December, 1917. Ceylon specimens are more globose than the European form, and examples with well- developed stalks are rare. Lycoperdon rubecula B. & Br. Described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 720, from Thwaites 31] cum icone, collected at Peradeniya. Recent collections are Nos. 2412, 2413, 2415, Peradeniya, June, 1907, det. Lloyd; No. 2455, Peradeniya, June, 1907; No. 2516, Peradeniya, October, 1907; Nos. 2646, 2647, Hakgala, September, 1908 ; No. 2138, Pattipola, October, 1906. Generally clustered, turbinate, or pyriform, or globose, up to 4 cm. high, 3 cm. diameter, usually stalked, white or yellowish, covered with minute spines, sometimes clustered and converging, which become red-brown at the tip. Sterile GASTEROMYCETA ZEYLANICA, 73 base of large cells usually well developed, limited above by a stout diaphragm. Cortex subpersistent. Capillitium of coarse, rough, hyaline threads up to 12 p, diameter. Spores globose or subpyriform, apiculate, very minutely warted, 3-4 y. diameter. On the ground, sometimes among ~ grass. The specimens from Hakgala are more globose, and the sterile base is much reduced. The cortex in these specimens shows a tendency to fall off in flakes, and the red-brown colouration is not confined to the tips of the spines, but . extends over the upper two-thirds of the peridium. Lycoperdon Wrightii Berk. No. 2650, Hakgala, September, ‘1908. These specimens grew on a dead tree trunk. Also on a jak tree, Peradeniya, No. 4417, January, 1915; No. 5577, May, 1916. This identification is uncertain. The specimens have the cortex of L. Wrightii, but the capillitium characters do not quite agree, and they invariably grow on tree trunks up to a height of 4 feet or so from the ground. In No. 2650 the specimens are globose, about 1 cm. diameter. In one the capillitium is thick, hyaline, and septate, but in an old weathered specimen the capillitium which remains, though septate and somewhat flaccid, is fusco-olivaceous, 4-7 vy, diameter. The specimens from Peradeniya are from a living jak tree, on which it has appeared periodically for the last three years, but never more than one or two ata time. They are narrow-oval, or clavate, sessile, up to 8 mm. high, and 5mm. diameter. There is no sterile base, and the capillitium is very scanty. In the available ripe specimens the capillitium appears to have been damaged by insects, and consists of short fragments, pale olive, unbranched, septate, regular, 4 u diameter. The material at present available is scanty, and more is required before any definite decision is possible. Lycoperdon purpurascens Berk. Thwaites 193, referred to Lycoperdon pusillum Bull., in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 725, is L. purpurascens in Herb. Peradeniya. Recent collections 6(4)19 (10) 74 PETCH: are No. 2140, Pattipola, October, 1906 (det. Lloyd) ; No. 2140a, Hakgala, September, 1908; No. 2485, Pera- deniya, August, 1907; No. 2983, Peradeniya, July, 1909; No. 5574, Warriapolla, January, 1918. This species grows on rotten wood, which is permeated by rather fine cords of white mycelium. Bluish-purple when fresh, becoming paler towards the base, sometimes almost black above, covered with minute scattered black warts or short spines, especially in the upper part; when dry often marked with close-set pits and appearing reticulated. Globose, sessile, up to 2 cm. diameter, usually clustered. Mass of capillitium and spores pale purple-brown ; capil- litium hyaline, irregular, scanty; spores globose, with scattered warts, 3-4 » diameter. No sterile base. Lycoperdon phlebophorum B. & Br. Described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 719, from Thwaites 194 in part. It was said to be “‘ extus venoso-reticulatum.” Berkeley and Broome stated that the spores were not yet perfect. The type in Herb. Kew consists of two specimens, only one of which has a reticulated wall. They appear to be young specimens of ZL. Gautieroides, and this opinion is shared by Lloyd (in litt.). Massee stated (Mon. Genus Lycoperdon) that there were minute mealy warts between the reticulations, and that the spores were broadly ellipti- cal, 5 x 3-4 y, both of which points would fit in with JL. Gautieroides. Lycoperdon cepeeforme Bull. No. 2321, Peradeniya, April, 1907, on bare soil in flower beds ; det. Lloyd. ‘“ Very close to the European plant, but differs in its larger mouth and general aspect and habits. The essential points (cortex, capillitium, and spores) are the same ”’ (Lloyd). Lycoperdon echinatum P. var. echinellum B. & Br. Berkeley and Broome described this variety in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 721, citing Thwaites 194. In Fungi of Ceylon, No. 722, they described Lycoperdon echinulatum B. & Br., without any Thwaites’s number. Massee (Mon. Genus Lycoperdon) did not refer to Berkeley and Broome’s variety under L. GASTEROMYCETA) ZEYLANICA., 15 echinatum Pers. (p. 704), but on page 711 he listed L. echinu- latum B. & Br., Fungi of Ceylon, No. 722, and wrote at the end of the description “‘ (= L. echinellum B. & Br. m Herb. Berk.).” I was unable to find Berkeley’s specimen of L. echinula- tum B. & Br. in Herb. Kew. Nor does there appear to be any specimen “‘ £. echinellum” in Herb. Berk. Berkeley’s labels are ‘‘ Lyc. echinatum var. echinellum,’ and the specimens are consequently Fungi of Ceylon, No. 721. The type of L. echinulatum is apparently missing from Herb. Kew. Massee’s description of ZL. echinulatum is chiefly a translation of Berkeley and Broome’s. I take the specimens, Thwaites 194, in Herb. Kew and Herb. Peradeniya to be Berkeley and Broome’s var. echinellum. It is not related to L. echinatum, and may stand as a species, L. echinellum B. & Br. The specimens in Thwaites 194 are turbinate, almost sessile, or with long stalks, from 1°5 cm. high, and the same diameter, to 3 cm. high, 1:2 cm. diameter above. In a recent collection, No. 2137, Peradeniya, October, 1906, they are more regular, ovoid or turbinate, shortly stalked, up to 3 x 2 cm., and 2°5 cm. high, red-brown, with a cortex of rather long and acute red-brown spines, often econnivent in conical groups. The cortex is deciduous, separating in large patches, and leaving the surface tomen- tose. In young specimens the gleba is yellow, but becomes yellowish-olive when old. The sterile base is small, and woolly rather than cellular, limited by a distinct diaphragm. The capillitium threads are yellow-brown, regular, some- times closely flexuose, firm-walled, septate, 3-4 py, diameter. The spores are globose, yellow-brown, minutely spinulose, 3-4 vy. diameter. The recent collection grew on a rubbish heap, arising from white cords of mycelium. It would appear that Massee examined Thwaites 194 for his description of LZ. echinulatum, as he describes the sterilo base as dense and indistinctly cellular. Lycoperdon fucatum Lév. was recorded for Ceylon by Berkeley in his enumeration of the species collected by Gardner, and Lycoperdon rugosum B. & C. was given for Ceylon in Cuban Fungi, No. 504, but neither of these records was included 6(4)19 (11) 76 PETCH : by Berkeley and Broome in their Fungi of Ceylon. The specimens have not been critically examined. Massee, in his Monograph of the Genus Lycoperdon, cites Ceylon for both these species, but as his localities were in the majority of cases evidently taken from the herbarium sheets without examination of the specimens, his statements cannot be relied on. ; Lycoperdopsis. Lycoperdopsis arcyrioides P. Henn. No. 2374, Peradeniya, November, 1907. SCLERODERMACEA. Scleroderma. Seleroderma columnare B. & Br. Described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 726, from Thwaites 674, cum icone. A fairly frequent species at Peradeniya, among grass under trees. Total height up to 4 cm. Head globose or laterally oval, usually about 2°5 cm. diameter, sometimes up to 4 cm., purple-brown or reddish-brown, even, appearing glabrous when moist, but minutely tomentose when dry, outer layer cracking into minute areole. Stalk up to 1°5 cm. high, 9 mm. diameter, white or yellowish, slightly tomentose, usually regular and terete, expanding gradually or abruptly into the head. In section the stalk showsa cartilaginous layer immediately beneath the epidermis, which layer is continued over the apex of the stalk, usually convexly, and separates the gleba from the stalk tissues. The central stalk tissue is white and pith-like. When cut, the central portion of the stalk turns purple and the outer layer yellow. Gleba mass purple-brown. Spores brown, globose, 8-12 y. diameter, with close-set spines, 2-3 long. The stalk arises from a copious mass ofmycelium. The head splits up irregularly when ripe. Scleroderma endoxanthum n. sp. Epigeal, sessile. IJrregu- larly depresso-globose, vertically sulcate, up to 10 cm. diameter, blackish-olive, even, the surface broken into minute areole. Basal mycelium scanty, sulphur-yellow. Cortex up to 3 mm. thick, bright orange-yellow throughout ; GASTEROMYCETZ ZEYLANICZ. 11 gleba purple-black. Spores purple-brown, spherical, 6-8 y diameter, furnished with long acute spines, and reticulated with narrow, often broken, bands. Dehiscence not observed. No. 5237, Peradeniya, May, 1917. Henning’s Sclerotium vulgare var. novoguineense would appear, from the description, to be close to this. Scleroderma pseudostipitatum n. sp. Epigeal. LEllipsoid, or globose, up to 5 cm. diameter, pale ochraceous, sometimes purplish when young, even, at first smooth, glabrous, the outer layer subsequently splitting into minute innate scales. Usually stalked, the stalk up to 3 cm. high, irregular, lacu- nose, often compressed, sometimes an irregular mass of the same diameter as the head, arismg from white masses of mycelium, occasionally wanting. Cortex internally white, becoming reddish when cut. Mass of spores olivaceous. Spores brown, globose, 8-10 y. diameter, verrucose with coarse warts, which are sometimes united in lines forming a broken reticulation. Hakgala, abundant. In one gathering, No. 2958, September, 1908, the spores in some specimens have the warts produced into long spines, united by a regular reticulation; these spores measure 12-15 ».. In other respects the specimens do not differ from the type. When mature, dehiscence occurs at the apex, the fungus becoming a deep, stalked cup, filled with a powdery mass of spores. HYMENOGASTRACE. Lycogalopsis. Lycogalopsis zeylanica n. sp. Sessile, globose or ellipsoid, 7-10 mm. diameter, usually clustered, often angled by mutual pressure, on or partly embedded in a white, tomen- tose, compact basallayer. At first white, with a thin, white, pruinose or tomentose outer coat, which sometimes splits into areole and usually disappears, leaving the peridium buff, or pale ochraceous, or grayish-white, glabrous, shining. Peridium thin, testaceous, splitting irregularly. Capillitium profuse, of diverging, pale ochraceous, or almost white, threads, extending from the base to the peridium ; threads 78 PETCH: GASTEROMYCETA ZEYLANICZ. 4-6. diameter, rough, often united into strands. Spores globose, 3-4 v. diameter, or oval, 4 x 3 uv, pale ochraceous in mass, hyaline, coarsely warted or spinulose. Peradeniya, August, 1906 ; November, 1906 ; November, 1917. Hydnangium. Hydnangium carneum Wallr. var. purpureum. Hakgala, December, 1917. 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Saccolabium longifolium and Saccolabium Wightianum. Lt g BY | 6 tT: PETCH, BA. B.Sc: PVPANICAL UARDEN PA Mone the species of Saccolabiwm recorded for Ceylon are S. longifolium Hk. f. and S. Wightianum Hk. f. Saccolabium longifolium was said by Hooker (Flora Ceylon, IV., 198) to have a flower entirely yellow, barred with red on both surfaces, except the lip, which has a few red dots at the apex. Its leaves are lorate, 15-30 cm. long, and 3°75 em. broad, and its panicle is 15-20 cm. long, with a long, stout peduncle. Its record for Ceylon rests on C. P. 3492; and Hooker quoted a note by Trimen to the effect that the Ceylon plant in the Peradeniya Gardens exactly resembled Lindley’s figure, which was taken from a Chinese specimen that flowered in England. The colours given by Hooker appear to We taken from the Ceylon painting. Saccolabium longifoliwm Hk. f. is Acampe multiflora Lind., Fol. Orchid. 1, and Acampe longifolia Lind., loc. cit. Lindley stated that the former, which is the Chinese species, had a yellow lip, and the spur inappendiculate ; while the latter, from Burma, had a white lip, and a hairy plate within the spur ; but Hooker (loc. cit.) stated that in all the specimens he had examined (including Lindley’s) there was a hairy plate within the sac descending from the mouth on the opposite side from the column. King and Pantling, in ‘‘ Orchids of the Sikkim- Himalaya,” plate 292, figure S. longifolium with a white lip. Saccolabium Wightianum Hk. f., according to Hooker in Fl. Ceylon, has its sepals and petals pale yellow, sparingly barred or spotted with red, and a white lip with a few transverse red stripes. Its leaves are ligulate, 10-15 cm. long and 3 em. broad, and the panicle only 2°5-5 cm. long. According to Wight (Icones, t. 1670) the flowers are 2 ge dashed with Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Vol. VII., Part II., May, 1920. 6 (4) 20 _ (2) 80 e PETOCH : dark crimson or purplish spots, and the lip nearly white, with a red line at the base of the lamina. In FI. Brit. India the sac is said to be papillose within, but that detail is omitted in Fl. Ceylon. No mention is made of any plate within the sac. Hooker suggested that Saccolabium Wightianum was possibly not distinct from S. longifoliwm. The distinguishing characters given in the key to the genus Saccolabium in Flora Ceylon are ‘‘ 8. longifolium, lip yellow,” and “ 8S. Wightianum, lip white.”’ Saccolabium Wightianum. Saccolabium Wightianum was C. P. 2342. The figure shows leaves 16°5-18 cm. long, of uniform breadth (2 cm.), the apex deeply cut into two unequal lobes, and flowers with a white lip. It is said to be rare in Fl. Ceylon, and is recorded only from Jafina and Hantane. There are only two sheets in Herb. Peradeniya, and some of the leaves on one are only 11 cm. in length, with tips barely incised. This species is not uncommon at Peradeniya (which lies just below the Hantane range). On the fresh plants the leaves are equal, 11-18 cm. long and 1°5-2°5 cm. broad. The tips are usually deeply incised, but the lobes vary in length, and are equal or unequal on the same plant. The flower is about 1 cm. in diameter. The sepals and petals are yellow, or greenish- yellow, barred and spotted with red. On the sepals the red colouration is usually in dots, arranged more or less in trans- verse lines ; the petals are more definitely barred. The lip at first is white, with purple transverse bars and sometimes a few dots, in varying numbers. In’some cases the lip bears five bars, either complete from side to side, or extending only halfway across, together with two or three scattered dots ;in others the purple colour may be confined to a single dot near the tip. But as the flower ages the lip becomes yellow, and the bars and spots red. At the same time the sepals and petals become more erect, and the transverse barring on them appears more prominent. The lip, under a magnification of eight diameters, appears minutely tuberculate. At its base there is a small group of larger tubercles, and, following this in the mouth of the sac, a triangular, erect, hairy tooth, which — 7 ne SACCOLABIUM LONGIFOLIUM, &c. 81 is continued down the sac as a yellow, hairy, slightly elevated ridge.- The edge of the lip is irregularly incised or fimbriate. The side lobes of the lip are strongly hairy on their inner surface, and are usually barred with purple on the inner surface, but not on the outer. The apex of the spur is yellow from the first.. The inflorescence is crowded on a stout peduncle about 2 cm. long. It has a strong odour of vanilla. Wight’s figure of S. Wightianwm (Icones, t. 1670) appears to show a tomentose lip, which, as noted by Lindley, bears two transverse subulate processes near the base. - It is probable that these are errors of reproduction, the apparent processes being the transverse purple bars, and the tomentose appear- ance an attempt to represent the tubercular surface of the ips 5 -* For some time I have had Saccolabiwm Wightianwm under observation at Peradeniya. In three successive years it has flowered in May-June, not in September, as given in Flora Ceylon. The inflorescence lasts for a long time, one of six or nine flowers persisting for four weeks. The lips begin to turn yellow from the third to the fifth day, but I have never seen an inflorescence which had the lips of all the flowers yellow at the same time. Asa rule, the lower flowers have decayed, before the lip of the uppermost has changed colour. For example, two inflorescences, one of nine and the other of six flowers, began to flower on May 27, 1917. On June 4 there were four flowers with white lips in the former and one in the latter, the remaining five in each case being yellow. On June 16 there was still one white-lipped flower in each inflorescence, but the outer flowers had begun to decay. On the same date, May 27, _an inflorescence of ten flowers had seven with yellow lips and three with white lips ; the last flower changed colour on June 9, but there were then only three flowers left, the remainder having decayed. Saccolabium longifolium. The figure of Saccolabium longifoliwm, C. P. 3492, in Herb. Peradeniya, shows leaves 16-17 em. long, 3°5 em. broad, somewhat narrowed towards the tip. The tip is deeply incised, but the lobes are practically equal. On the herbarium specimen 82 PETOH : the leaves are 20-26 cm. long, and 2°8-3°3 cm. broad, with the tips barely incised. The peduncle is much longer than that of S. Wightianum, and the flowers more scattered ; the whole inflorescence on the herbarium specimen is 20 em. long, with scattered branches from the base upwards, but the one figured is only 15 cm. long, unbranched, with flowers only near the apex. In the inflorescence figured only two lips are evident, and these are yellow ; a flower drawn separately has also a yellow lip with four minute red dots at the tip. The herbarium specimens of S. longifolium were collected by Thwaites in 1865 at Kitulgala. I have recently received living plants of the same species from that locality and from Bibile, collected by Mr. H. F. Tomalin, Conservator of Forests. The first point which strikes one on seeing living examples of these two species is the marked difference in habit. Sacco- labium Wightianum forms a tangled mass, its stems hanging down and curving upwards at the extremity; while S. longifolium produces erect stems up to 30 cm. high. The second point of difference is the length of the inflores- cence. In S. Wightianum the inflorescence is short, not more than 5 cm. high, and forms a compact head of flowers ; while in 8. longifolium it is wp to 25 cm. high, with scattered branches. The length of the leaf is variable, and on some plants of S. longifolium the leaves do not exceed 15 cm. in length. They are, howéver, as a rule, broader than in S. Wightianum, and the breadth diminishes slightly towards the tip. But the leaf characters are scarcely sufficient to separate the two species. The flower of S. longifoliwm is usually larger than that of S. Wightianum, and may attain a diameter of 18 mm. It is more clearly yellow, not greenish-yellow, but the differences in colour between the two species are slight. The barring and spotting of the sepals, petals, and lip are the same in both, and in both species the lip is at first. white and subsequently becomes yellow. The side lobes of the lip are hairy on the inner surface, and there is a small vertical hairy plate or tooth in the mouth of the sac, which is smaller than the correspond- ing plate in S. Wightianwm. The base of the spur is yellow from the first. SACCOLABIUM LONGIFOLIUM, &C. 83 The only marked difference in colour is on the area surround- ing the disc. In S. longifolium the disc is bordered by a broad, vivid purple-red zone, and the horns at either corner of the column are red. In S. Wightianwm there is a narrow red zone at the base of the column, but the edge of the disc is yellow, and the horns at the top of the column are also yellow. The outstanding difference between the two flowers lies in the upper surface of the lip. In S. Wightianum this is tuber- culate, but in S. longifoliwm it is tomentose. The distinguishing differences between the two species, as known in Ceylon, are, therefore, the relative lengths of the inflorescence and the structure of the lip. S. longifolium has an odour resembling that of the Lily of the Valley. Hypocreacez Zeylanice. BY cr. PETCH, Boxe B6. N the Fungi of Ceylon Berkeley and Broome enumerated 54 species of Hypocreacex. Cesati added 5 species from Beccari’s collection, and Cooke described several] Ceylon species which he found in Berkeley’s herbarium. Some of Berkeley and Broome’s species of Nectria have been re- described by von Hohnel, who has added new species which were overlooked or misnamed by them, but in general the Ceylon specimens of this family have not been critically re- examined. The present contribution deals more especially with the old Thwaites’s specimens, no special collecting in this group having been done. The total number of recorded species is consequently comparatively small, and further collecting may be expected to add to it considerably. Saccardo’s subdivisions of the genus Nectria have been adopted, in the absence of any more satisfactory scheme of classification. The division of the genus into stromatic and non-stromatic forms would appear to be inapplicable in the case of tropical species. Nectria bicolor, for example, has typically a well-developed stroma, but in some gatherings the perithecia are scattered, without any stroma; and Nectria flavolanata may be stromatic or not in the same gathering. It may be noted that conidial stromata, of the type of that of Nectria cinnabarina, seem to be rare in Ceylon ; in the cases in which the conidial stage is known it is muce- dinous, an effused weft of hyphe and conidiophores. This, again, precludes the adoption of a classification based on the character referred to above, if the term “‘ stroma ”’ is extended to cover any basal weft of hyphe, for such a stroma may be present or not according to the substratum on which the Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Vol. VII., Part II., May, 1920, 86 PETOH : fungus is growing. Nectria hematococea, for example, has no stroma when growing on wood or bark, asa rule ; but when it grows on a cacao pod, it frequently first covers the latter with a layer of mycelium and conidiophores, and the perithecia which subsequently develop would, under the terms postulated, be regarded as stromatic. Saccardo’s subdivisions are, however, unsatisfactory, in that they are not mutually exclusive. A Nectria which, according to the structure of its perithecial wall, is Lepzdo- nectria, may be seated on a byssoid subiculum, and con- sequently be Hyphonectria. Cooke appears to have had this idea in mind in his classification of the genus Nectria in Grevillea, XII., and his subsequent employment of a double generic name, ¢.g., Dialonectria (Nectriella) gigaspora (Grevillea, XVII., p. 42). The genus Ophionectria Sacc. (=Tubeufia Penz. & Sace.) has been divided by Seaver into Ophionectria, containing those species lacking a stroma, and a new genus, Scoleconectria, containing those species provided with a stroma. Two species of Ophionectria are known to occur in Ceylon, O. trichospora B. & Br., and Ophionectria coccicola Ell. & Ev. The former is the type species of the genus Ophionectria, while the latter is included by Seaver in Scoleconectria. The stroma of Ophionectria coccicola is a thin byssoid layer, slightly elevated where it grows over a scale insect, but frequently quite plane. Ophionectria trichospora, however, has also a thin byssoid stroma, though, as it is not parasitic on scale insects, the stroma is nowhere elevated. Seaver’s generic distinction consequently fails. Throughout the Hypocreacee Thwaites’s specimens were mixed up in a most unaccountable manner. A conceivable solution is that it was the work of a native collector, who put together everything he gathered in a given locality. Thwaites apparently effected a partial separation, but the numbers were still mixtures when they reached Berkeley and Broome, and, in many instances, the type specimens are mixtures still. Therefore, it is necessary to exercise more than ordinary caution in examining these type specimens, for any one of them may contain as many as five species, HYPOCREACEA ZEYLANICZ. 87 It has proved very difficult to discriminate between Berkeley and Broome’s Ceylon species of Hypocrea, even with the assistance of fresh specimens. Indeed, this genus has given more trouble than any other of the Ceylon fungi whose revision has hitherto been attempted. The colour of the part- spores provides an excellent primary character, but very many of the specimens are so immature that no spores are present, and where hyaline spores are present in the ascus, it is not possible to be certain that that is their final colour, as the development of colour is usually of late occurrence. Com- parison with fresh specimens is rendered difficult by the changes which these species undergo when drying or in the herbarium. Colour, of course, usually fades, or changes to a uniform red-brown, while one character which can be relied upon when the specimens are fresh, viz., whether the stroma is opaque or subtranslucent, has no definite parallel in the dried specimens. Some subtranslucent species dry to a horny consistency when immature, but become opaque and fleshy, or even friable, if dried in the mature stage, and the texture of the stroma appears quite different in the two stages. The characters which appear to be the most reliable are (1) the manner of attachment of the stroma, whether over the whole base or only centrally ; (2) the position of the perithecia, whether at the same or different depths, and the position of the perithecial layer in the stroma ; and (3) the shape of the perithecia, which, though not, as a rule, constant, varies in a definite direction, viz., from globose to laterally oval, or from globose to vertically oval. The genera Cordyceps and Torrubiella have been omitted from the present list. Epichloe pulvinulus B. & Br. This species was described by Berkeley‘and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 981. It was transferred to Hypocrella in Saccardo, Syll. Fungorum, II., p. 581. In Ann. Perad., VI., p. 172, it was re-described as Balansiella pulvinula (B. & Br.) Petch. 6(1)20 : (13) 88 PETCH : Epichloe cinerea B. & Br. This was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 982. In Ann. Mye., IX., p. 394, a fungus from India was described under the same name by Sydow and Butler. It would, however, appear doubtful whether the Indian species is the same as the Ceylon one ; on the available specimens the Ceylon fungus would be referred to Dothichloe, but until fresh specimens are available, the question is best left undecided (see Ann. Perad., VI., p. 178). Hypocrea artocreas B. & Br. This species was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 983, as ‘“‘ Hemispherica, late affixa, subtus tomentosa albida, supra plana jecorina rugosiuscula, primum pulverulenta. Apparently on petioles of some palms. Sporidia not mature.’ Thwaites’s number was 110, but in Herb. Peradeniya he mounted his specimens on the same sheet with 42, Hypocrea palmicola, and 558, Hypocrea rufa. There are, however, apparently four species on this sheet, and it would seem probable that the specimens submitted to Berkeley and Broome were mixed, for they apply the term ‘“hemispherica ’”’ to both Hypocrea palmicola and Hypocrea artocreas, though it scarcely fits either. The specimens on decayed palm tissue, which are apparently Hypocrea artocreas, are discoid, with vertical sides and usually a flat upper surface, circular, up to 1:5 mm. diameter and 0°3 mm. thick, attached over the whole base, subtranslucent, reddish-brown, pruinose, with a narrow tomentose hypothallus. The perithecia are laterally oval, about 220 y, diameter and 170 uy high, with a yellowish wall. The spores are immature. Nothing matching this has been collected recently. - Hypocrea discella B. & Br. This was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 984, as ‘“ Pallide rufa, orbicularis, applanata, supra rugosa punctata : sporidiis minoribus. On dead wood. Asci linear ; sporidia 2°5 uy long.” The Thwaites’s number =" HYPOCREACE® ZEYLANICA. 89 cited is “5 in part.” This is one of the cases in which Thwaites, or probably his collector, put together several species, which he subsequently separated. The other parts of No. 5 are Hypocrea catoptron, 5 in part ; Hypocrea albofulva, 5 in part ; Hypocrea citrina, 1094 (5 in part); and Hypocrea multiformis, 1094, 1095, both of which numbers are “5 in part.”’ Consequently it is to be expected that mixtures of these species will occur in all the types. In addition to the type specimen of Hypocrea discella in Herb. Kew, No. 1095 in the cover of Hypocrea multiformis is Hypocrec discella and Hypocrea catoptron, and 1095 at Peradeniya contains the same two species. Hypocrea discella from the herbarium specimens is flattened pulvinate, more or less circular or oval, with a lobed margin, up to I mm. diameter, thin, upper surface slightly convex. A few specimens are red-brown, uniformly coloured, with a rounded margin, and up to 0°4 mm. thick, but the majority are thinner, with a somewhat flattened margin, red-brown or sordid yellow-brown in the centre, yellow to yellow-brown at the margin. The surface is minutely tomentose and irregular, with minute, pulvinate, perithecial elevations. The ostiola are black and slightly projecting. The internal tissue is yellowish-white, rather loose and friable, and the perithecia separate readily when mounted. The perithecia are broadly flask-shaped, up to 0°2 mm. diameter and 0°2 mm. high, crowded, situated at slightly different depths, and the wall appears black in section, but is yellow by transmitted light. The sporiferous part of the ascus measures 56 x 3 y. The part spores are globose, 2°5-3 yu, diameter, or oval, 3-4 x 2-5-3 p, greenish-yellow, warted. Hypocrea deplanata B. & Br. This species was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 985, as ‘“‘ Cremoricolor, adnata, margine brevi albo byssoidea : ostiolis impressis letioribus. Sporidia 16, globose, forming a necklace.” The type specimen is now brown, with darker ostiola, and the ostiola are slightly elevated. 90 PETOR : When fresh this species is pale yellow or straw-coloured with yellow, translucent ostiola, and usually a broad, white, byssoid hypothallus. It is circular, orbicular, or irregularly lobed, up to 3 mm. diameter (exclusive of the hypothallus), thin, 0°2-0°3 mm. thick, pruinose becoming glabrous, with slightly elevated ostiola. The perithecia are subglobose or laterally oval, up to 0°2 mm. diameter and 0°15 mm. high, situated in a brownish-yellow layer, which occupies two-thirds the thickness of the stroma. The tissue beneath the peri- thecial layer is pale yellowish. The perithecial wall is pale yellow-brown, or almost hyaline. The asci are 52-58 x 3 u. The part spores are globose, 3 y. diameter, or oval, 4-5 x 3 u, spinulose ; in the type they are not fully mature, and apparently all are hyaline ; in a recent collection some of the asci contain a few mature spores, which are blackish yellow-green. Hypocrea corticioides B. & Br. This was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 986, from Thwaites 645, as ‘‘ Effusa, olivacea, margine brevi byssoidea ; peritheciis nunc immersis, nunc liberis collapsis; sporidiis ellipticis obtusis apiculatis uniseptatis. Sporidia 5-6°25 pv long.” In the type specimen the stromata are effused and flat, circular, up to 5 mm. diameter. Some of them are elevated in the centre, but that is because they are growing over swellings in the bark of the host. The surface is tomentose and the context rather loose. The colour is now somewhat olivaceous, but it would appear probable that the fungus is white when fresh. The perithecia are immersed, and the stroma is studded with red-brown ostiola, which do not project ; but part of the loose stroma may weather away, and the perithecia become superficial. The perithecia are about 0:2 mm. diameter. The asci are cylindric, eight-spored, 50 x 4 yu. The spores are oblong-oval, obtuse, one-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, becoming pale greenish olivaceous, 5-6 x 3-3°5u. It is possible that they may separate into part-spores later. HYPOCREACE® ZEYLANICZ. 91 Hypocrea saccharina B. & C. This was described by Berkeley in Jour. Linn. Soc., X., p. 376. In Fungi of Ceylon, No. 987, Berkeley and Broome described a var. agaricicola, “‘ peritheciis magis prominulis : junior pallida. On stems of decayed Agarics. Sporidia immature.” The specimens are quite immature, and identifi- cation is impossible. No specimens have been collected recently on decayed Agarics. Hypocrea pezizoides B. & Br. This was described by Berkeley and Broome in Fungi of Ceylon, No. 988, from Thwaites 308, as ‘‘ Orbicularis, undulata, aurantiaca, centre affixa, subtus pallida, carne alba ; sporidiis globosis. At first looking like a Midotis, or the apothecia of some lichen, more or less margined, then expanded, 4-3? inch across: sporidia 3°75-6°25 wu diameter.” This species is not uncommon on dead mango branches. The stromata are roughly circular in plan, sometimes irregular- ly lobed, feebly convex, undulating, up to 2 cm. diameter. They are sessile, but affixed only over a small area in the centre of the base. In small specimens the base is closely applied to the bark of the host plant, but in the larger it may be widely separated, except at the edge and the central point of attachment. The colour is orange-red above, yellowish below, and white internally. The upper surface is slightly white pruinose, and the ostiola are not evident. The stroma is 1-1'5 mm. thick. In large specimens there is often a distinct flat margin, about 0°5 mm. wide, but the stroma is. convex from the beginning, not at first closed, or with an incurved margin, as might be inferred from Berkeley and Broome’s description. The perithecial cavities are globose, 180-240 yu. diameter, crowded in a single layer. The asci are cylindric, eight-, then sixteen-spored, 100-130 eeaO Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa i 50 The Rajavaliya (English and Sinhalese), each QO 75 | Extracts from the Pujawaliya (English)... LeOl Do. do. (Sinhalese) 0 75 | Nitinighanduwa (Sinhalese) ee ie Kawsilumina (Sinhalese) .. 1 60 | Rajaratnakaraya (Sinhalese) 0 50- Nikaya sauesanee (English) 0 50. 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THE ANNALS, THE subscription rate is, for regular residents in Ceylon, Rs. 2°50 per annum, post free, payable in advance to the Director OF AGRICULTURE, Peradeniya ; for residents in other countries, Rs. 6 per annum, post free, payable in advance to the above, or eight shillings, payable to Messrs. Dutau & Co., 34-36, Margaret st., Cavendish Square, London, W. The ‘“ Annals ” appear at irregular intervals, as matter is ready for publication. Individual numbers or papers may be purchased from the Director or AGRICULTURE, PERA- deniya, or from Messrs. DuLav & Co., at prices exceeding the subscription rate. THE BULLETINS. BULLETINS cf the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, which contain articles on planting, agricultural, and horticultural topics, are published from time to time. These take the place of the Circulars formerly published. The subscription is Re. | per annum, post free, in Ceylon, and Rs. 2°50 per annum, post free, abroad. NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. All contributions should be addressed to the BoTanistT AND Mycotoaist, Peradeniya, Ceylon. They should be typed on one side of the paper only; figures should be ready for reproduction, and planned so as to fill a plate properly. Each contributor is entitled to receive gratis fifty separate copies of his Paper. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN STUDIES IN ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI: IIl._THE GENERA HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. BY YT. PETCH, B.A:; Bise: CONTENTS. Introductory. Aschersonia. Hypocrella. The relation of Hypocrella to Aschersonia. Structure. The Perithecia. The Pyenidia. Association, with Insects. Distribution. Classification. Systematic Account. List of Species. Key to the known Species. Lecaniicole. Aleyrodiicole. Species non, vise. Species dubiz. Species excludende. Bibliography. INTRODUCTORY. Sl Bess genera Hypocrella and Aschersonia include species of fungi which occur superficially on the leaves and stems of living plants. Hypocrella is ascigerous and belongs Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Vol. VII., Part III., October, 1921, 6(9)21 (23) 163 PETCH : to the Hypocreacex, while Aschersonia is pycnidial and belongs to the Nectrioidacee. It was originally supposed that the species of these genera were parasitic on the plants on which they occurred, but about twenty years ago it was discovered that certain species of Aschersonia were not parasitic on the plants, but on insects infesting the plants. Further investi- gations have shown that this is true, not only of all species of Aschersonia, but also of all species of Hypocrella, a genus whose members bear a striking resemblance to those of Aschersonia. Moreover, the opinion has become general that Aschersonia is merely the pycnidial stage of Hypocrella, and the accumulated evidence on this point is now so strong that the correctness of this view cannot be doubted. These entomogenous fungi are parasitic, as far as has been determined, only on insects belonging to the Lecaniide and the Aleyrodide. The species exhibit at least one point of difference which is correlated with the division of insects on which they are parasitic, and they may accordingly be con- veniently divided into two groups, the Lecanticole and the Aleyrodiicole respectively. The foundation of the present account of these genera was based on a collection of entomogenous fungi which had been amassed by Mr. E. E. Gieen, formerly Government Ento- mologist of Ceylon, and the well-known authority on Coccide. It has since been extended by the examination of numerous gatherings made in Ceylon during the last fifteen years ; of the type specimens in the principal European Herbaria ; and of collections which have been generously lent by mycologists in the tropics and by specialists who have contributed to the investigation of the tropical fungus flora. My thanks are due to the Directors and officers in charge of the herbaria of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ; the British Museum (Natural History); Berlin; and Paris, for the opportunities afforded me of examining the species of these genera in those collections ; to Professors von Héhnel, Ito, Méller, Patouiliard, Penzig, Raciborski, Saccardo, Spegazzini, H. Sydow, Theissen, and A. Zimmermann for the loan of types; and to Dr. E. J. Butler, Mr. F. W. South, Mr. H. 8. Fawcett, and Dr. E. D. Merrill for general material. Professor Thaxter has liberally HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONTIA. 169 placed at my disposal an extensive collection of West Indian species, which has furnished several stages hitherto unrecorded. ASCHERSONIA. The genus Aschersonia was established by Montagne in 1848 (Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Bot., X., p. 122) for the reception of two phyllogenous fungi from the tropics. His generic description is as follows :— ** Stroma carnosum, e cellulis tubulis flexuosis intricatis contextum, lete coloratum, primitus velo fugaci byssino concolori tectum, Perithecia membranacea, tenuissima, erecta, fibroso-cellulosa, in basidia abeuntia porisque late apertis (tandem rimose confluentibus) pertusa. Basidia filiformia sporas suffulcientia fusiformes hyalinas triseptatas seu sporulas quaternas foventes.—Fungi phyllogeni, tropici, Hypocreis affines.” He added that the genus represented, in the Hypocreacex, the tribe which in the Sphxriacee is distinguished by the absence of asci, that is, in which the spores are borne on basidia, and stated that it was near the Phyllostigma of Persoon, which approached it in structure. It differed from the latter in its elongated, fusoid, quadrilocular spores. The two species were Aschersonia taitensis and Aschersonia guianensis, of which the following are the descriptions :— ** Aschersonia taitensis Montag. MSS. ; stromate hemis- pherico, truncato, obtuso, luteo, peritheciis subquindenis erectis minutis, poris per rimulas extus conjunctis. Hab. in pagina superiori foliorum Cyrtandre cujusdam taitensis lecta. Coll. Mus. Par. Parasit. No. 25. “ Descr. Sparsa. epiphylla. Stroma hemisphericum, basi byssino membranacea expansum, luteum, etate provectiori vaccinum, intus concolor, 1 ad 2 mm. diametro metiens, semillimimetrum altum. Perithecia stromati prorsus immersa, ovoidea, in collum brevissimum attenuata, erecta, 4 millim. longa, apice poro sensim ampliante pertusa. Basidia filiformia, tenuissima, 20 ad 25 millimillim. longa, primitus sporas sustinentia. Sporz tandem innumere, mucilaginis ope 170 PETCH : erumpentes, minutissime, fusiformes, utroque fine acutissime, 15 millimillim. long, vix 2 millimillim. in medio crassa, hyalinz, sporulas quaternas intervallis manifestis sejunctas includentes. “ Aschersonia guianensis Montag. MSS. Stromate convexo orbiculari luteo, peritheciis erectis periphericis tandem discoideo-apertis, margine orifici exstante, sporis aff Hab. in folio ignoto in Guyana a cl. Leprieur lecta. Epiphylla.”’ He added that he had not been able to find the spores of the second species, but assigned it to Aschersonia from its struc- ture and general appearance. Seven figures were given of Aschersonia taitensis. The pyenidia are shown as flask- shaped in section, distinct below, but united by furrows above. The stromata are discoid. The pycnospores in the figure are three-septate, and the illustration of the hymenium does not show any paraphyses. None of the figures shows a hypothal- lus, but in the vertical section the stroma is slightly expanded towards the base. The characterization of the genus was erroneous on two points. There is apparently nothing in the specimens to justify the statement “‘ primitus velo fugaci byssino concolori tectum,” though from the description of A. taitensis one would expect the presence of a hypothallus; and the spores are not triseptate, but quadriguttulate, as, indeed, Montagne’s original drawing shows. In Sylloge Generum Specierumque Cryptogamarum (1856) Montagne republished his description of the genus with slight verbal alterations. In Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum, III., p. 619, the description reads: “‘ Stroma carnosum, hemis- phericum, turbinatum, v. pulvinatum, lete coloratum, primitus velo fugaci byssino concolori tectum. Perithecia (seu loculi) stromate subimmersa membranacea, tenuissima, erecta, fibroso cellulosa porisque late apertis (tandem rimose confluentibus) pertusa. Basidia filiformia. Sporule fust- formes hyaline, continue, subinde 3-4 guttulate spurieque septate.—Fungi phyllogeni, tropici, Hypocreis affines et paralleli, sed ascis carentes.”’ HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA., 171 Nine species were listed by Saccardo in Sylloge Fungorum, III., p. 619 (1884), eight of which had been described as Aschersonia, whiie the other was a transference from another genus. A. guianensis was omitted. By the year 1900 the number of species had increased to twenty-six, but. it is rather remarkable that Montagne’s erroneous description still held the field. Lindau, for example, in Engler-Prantl, Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien (1900), gives merely a transla- tion of Saccardo’s description, stating that the stroma is at first covered by a fugacious veil, and adding that the spores have inconspicuous septa. During the current century the description of new species has proceeded at a more rapid rate, and the total recorded up to the end of 1919 is sixty. HYPOCRELLA. Species co-generic with those which are now included in the genus Hypocrella were assigned by the earlier mycologists to Hypocrea. Saccardo in 1878 (Michelia, I., p. 322) split off the genus Hypocrella and placed in it Hypocrea discoidea B. & Br., Hypocrea Bambuse B. &. Br., Hypocrea atramentosa B. & C., and Hypocrea semiamplexa Berk. The new genus was briefly characterized as ‘‘ Stroma et perithecia Hypocreacee. Asc octospori (?), sporidia filiformia.” In Sylloge Fungorum, IL., p. 579, a fuller description was given :— ‘* Hypocrella Sace., Michelia, I., p. 322. Stroma carnulo- sum pulvinatum v. disciforme, v. subeffusum, leticolor v. fuscescens : perithecia stromate immersa v. semiimmersa. Asci cylindracei octospori, sporidia filiformia ascum subz- quantia, subinde in articulos dilabentia. Genus EH pichlot affine, stromate haud armillari diversum.” Ten species were included in the genus in Sylloge Fungorum, II. (1883). By the year 1900 this had been increased to about thirty, and at the present time (1919) the number of species recorded is seventy (including Fleischeria and Moelleriella). Lindau, in Engler—Prantl, Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, gave practically the same generic description as Saccardo. 172 PETCH : Tur RELATION OF HyPocrEeLLA TO ASCHERSONTA. The suggestion that Aschersonia is the pycnidial stage of Hypocrella was apparently first made by Massee in an account of “ Hypocrella oxyspora’’ in the Journal of Botany (1896), p. 151. His statement may be quoted verbatim :— “ The early breaking up of the spores into their component cells, and the subsequent disappearance of the asci, leaving the broken-up spores free in the perithecia, led Berkeley into the mistake of placing the present species in the genus Ascher- sonia. In fact, I am almost certain that I have seen conidia on the surface of young stromata resembling the cells of the broken-up ascospores in form in the present species. On the other hand, an examination of a portion of Montagne’s type of Aschersonia taitensis Mont., the species on which the genus Aschersonia was founded, certainly has (sic) the young stromata covered with a dense stratum of fusiform spores ; the primordia of perithecia were also very evident in the substance of the stroma, hence in all probability the genus Aschersonia will prove to be nothing more than the conidial form of Hypocrella ; but in the event of this being proved, the name Aschersonia should be adopted for the genus, as having priority over Hypocrella.”’ I have not been able to trace any further observations by Massee on this point, but in his Text Book of Plant Diseases (1899) he wrote : “‘ Ihave shown that species of Aschersonia, which hitherto were only known to produce a conidial form of reproduction on living leaves, produce an ascigerous form of fruit, following the conidial stage, on fallen dead leaves.”’ Though the association of Aschersonia with Hypocrella is undoubtedly correct, the observations which Massee cited in support of his theory are not accurate. ‘‘ Hypocrella oxyspora”’ is an Aschersonia, as Berkeley described it, and its ascigerous stage was unknown until it was recently collected in Ceylon ; the conidia are not produced on the surface of the stroma, but in pyenidia. In Aschersonia taitensis the conidia do not cover the surface of the stroma, and the supposed primordia of the perithecia are the pycnidia in which they are produced, as was HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. 173 described and figured by Montagne. And, further, no case is known in which the ascigerous stage is produced, following the pycnidial stage, on dead fallen leaves. The first definite proof of Massee’s theory was provided by Moller, who found both stages in the same stroma in the case of Hypocrella cavernosa. He also observed the occurrence of a pycnidial fungus, whose stromata were similar to those of Hypocrella phyllogena, and described it as the pyenidial stage of the latter, stating that such pycnidial fungi had been called Aschersonia. He was not able to find the pycnidia and perithecia in the same stroma of the latter species, but he records that Lindau had done so in specimens sent by him. In criticising the generic description of Hypocrella, Moller expressed the opinion that it required amendment by the inclusion of the pycnidial stage. Zimmermann described both stages in Hypocrella Raci- borskii, and Thaxter has found both in Hypocrella turbinata. In the examination of the material described in the present paper, I have found both stages in the same stroma in Hypo- crella discoidea, H. Reineckiana, H. olivacea, H. Mollii, H. Sloanee, H. ceramichroa, H. palme, H. viridans, H. palmicola, H. epiphylla, and H. Andropogonis. In the absence of any evidence from pure cultures, the discovery of both stages in the same stroma constitutes perhaps the only valid proof. But once the connection of Aschersonia with Hypocrella has been established, it may be legitimate to consider as stages of the same species an Ascher- sonia and a Hypocrella which occur together and possess identical stromata. The type specimen of Aschersonia duplex, for instance, includes exactly similar stromata which contain perithecia, and there can scarcely be any doubt that they are the same species. Again, Hypocrella javanica is commonly found in association with Aschersonia Coffee, and the stromata of the two are alike in colour, hardness, &c. In Hypocrella Raciborskit the ascigerous stroma is generally developed at the margin of the pycnidial stroma. The same happens in Hypocrella Sloanex, though in both species purely ascigerous stromata also occur. But in the majority of cases in which both stages are known it is not correct to state that 174 PETCH : the stroma is at first pycnidial and afterwards ascigerous. When both stages are produced in the same stroma, they occur, asarule, at the same time; the stroma is both pyenidial and perithecial. The pycnidia may be developed at the base and the perithecia higher up, and in that sense the pycnidia are the earlier ; but that arrangement is not universal. There is, however, in the majority of cases, no ground for the assump- tion that, as in so many other fungi, a pyenidial stage is completed before the perithecia appear. Vestiges of effete pycnidia are not usually found in the perithecial stromata, though they may occur, and in some species, e.gs, Hypocrella turbinata, may be a conspicuous feature. At present it is not possible to state what factors govern the production of either stage. In one collection all the stromata will be pycnidial, in another all will be ascigerous, The combination of both stages in the same stroma is of rarer occurrence, as would be deduced from the numerous descrip- tions which refer to one stage only. This rarity, however, may be more apparent than real, for in many cases it is not possible to determine by mere inspection in what stage a given stroma is. In the Lecaniicolous species the perithecia and pycnidia are scattered practically at random, and unless the whole stroma is sectioned, it is more or less chance whether one finds both the stages if they happen to be present. No evidence has been found in support of the statement that the Hypocrella stage is developed after the leaves have fallen to the ground. Under such circumstances the stromata decay. It is not uncommon to find stromata in process of decay on living leaves. STRUCTURE. Throughout the genera Hypocrella and Aschersonia the structure of the stroma is remarkably uniform. It is composed of thick-walled hyphe, of piactically uniform diameter, but intertwined without any definite direction, so that in section one sees some hyphe in cross section as circular annuli, and others in longitudinal or oblique section in short, straight, or curved, or contorted lengths. The hyphz vary in different species from 4 to 8 y. indiameter; von Hohnelrecordsa diameter HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. 175 of 14 uw in Fleischeria sclerotioides (Hypocrella olivacea). The lumen is reduced to one-third or one-quarter of the diameter of the hypha, and the septa are inconspicuous. The thickened walls frequently exhibit lamination. Towards the periphery of the stroma the ends of the hyphe may, especially in the Lecaniicolous species, form a distinct epidermal layer, either pseudoparenchymatous, or of short parallel“ cells.” In some, more especially the Aleyrodiicolous species, the ends of the hyphe form a minutely tomentose layer. In the centre of the stroma, at the base, in the position originally occupied by the host insect, the hyphe, probably those which at first permeated the body of the host, are usually thinner ; in many examples of Lecaniicolous species, this region is defined by a red sub- hemispherical zone, or is sometimes entirely red. As far as has been observed, the hyphe of the stroma do not penetrate into the leaf on which it occurs. A slight pressure is sufficient to detach the stroma from the plant, a fact which accounts for the loss of specimens of the fungus in many herbarium examples. When detached, it is seen that the base of the stroma in many Lecaniicolous species is not uniform ; the outer portion is usually smooth and glabrous, indicating that in that region the constituent hyphz were merely adpressed to the surface of the leaf ; the central portion which marks the position of the host insect is often powdery or rough, and bordered by the red zone previously referred to. This is not a constant feature, but some modification of it can usually be traced. Owing to the looser texture of the central area, a small part may remain adherent to the leaf when the stroma is detached. Thus, both on the stroma and the plant, traces of the previous attachment may persist, and these constitute what I have previously referred to as the character- istic Hypocrella “‘ scar.” It will be recognized that the structure of the stroma resembles that of a sclerotium. The hyphe are irregularly intertwined, have thickened walls, and are fused together into a compact mass. This is, perhaps, to be correlated with the habit of these fungi. They are parasitic on scale insects, not on the plant on which they occur. They are not able, therefore, to obtain water from the plant, as are fungi which 6(9)21 (24) 176 PETCH : are actually parasitic on the latter, but must depend for their supply on the rain or dew which falls on the leaf. They must, therefore, be adapted to withstand periods of drought. In general the stroma is solid, though in some of the Aley- rodiicolx the hyphe are somewhat loosely interwoven, and a section shows numerous interspaces. Species which have been described as ‘‘ eroso-excavatis’’ prove, on examination, to have been hollowed out by insects (? beetles). In most of the available specimens of Aschersonia Tamurai, however, a small hollow space occurs in the centre of the base, without any evident sign of insect injury. As a rule, the stromata of the Lecaniicolous species are harder than those which are parasitic on Aleyrodide. This is due to the more compact arrangement of the hyphe, and, in part, to a greater thickening of the walls of the hyphe in the former. This feature, however, cannot be employed as a generic character, as in the genus Fleischeria proposed by Penzig and Saccardo, since, apart from the difficulty of establishing standards of hardness, it would necessitate the separation in different genera of species which are undoubtedly co-generic. All grades of hardness exist, among the Lecanii- colous species, from Hypocrella Schizostachyi, the hardest species known, to Hypocrella convexa, which is no harder than many of the Aleyrodiicole, and it is not possible to define the degree of hardness which would qualify a species for inclusion in the genus Fleischeria. In some cases the lumina of the hyphe are filled with yellow globules, e.g., in some collections of Hypocrella Reinec- kiana. This, again, is not a constant feature of any species, and there are indications that it varies according to the age of the stroma. The stroma is not gelatinous, 7.e., it does not absorb moisture and swell up when wetted. The contents of the hyphe stain with cotton blue, but the walls do not. In many species an extremely thin layer of hyphe borders the base of the stroma, sometimes extending from it for one or two millimetres, closely applied to the surface of the leaf. It may be tomentose, its hyphal structure being clearly evident under a slight magnification, or the hyphae may be fused into a membranous transparent film. It appears an HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. by outgrowth from the basal portion of the stroma, but a series of developing specimens seems to indicate that it is part of the initial development of the fungus, the central portion becoming thicker later. This structure has received the name of “ hypothallus.” It does not underlie the whole stroma, but forms merely a border at its lowest edge; an apparent exception to this rule has been found in Hypocrella bispora, in some examples of which a thin, white, tomentose layer underlies the stroma and projects beyond it, but it appears doubtful whether this is really a part of the Hypocrella stroma, Unfortunately the hypothallus is not a constant feature of any species, and cannot be employed to separate them. It is usually present in Aschersonia placenta, but it may be present or not in specimens on the same leaf. In general the presence of a hypothallus is usual in the species parasitic on Aleyrodidx, but rare in those parasitic on Lecaniide. Among the characters of the genus Aschersonia, Montagne included the presence, in the early stages, of a universal veil or covering which disappeared with age, and in this he has been followed by quite recent writers. But no such structure exists. One is inclined to suppose that Montagne assumed this character from the presence of a hypothallus, but no hypothallus is present, as far as I was able to discover, on the type specimens of either of his species. Nor are the specimens mouldy, as is the case with the type of Hypocrella epiphylla, in which the surrounding circular patch of mould has been described as a hypothallus. The term “ hypothallus”’ appears to have been employed in a very loose manner by the describers of species of Ascher- sonia and Hypocrella. It should denote a thin film or layer of hyphe surrounding the base of the stroma, which appears quite distinct in character from the tissue of the stroma. On the other hand, many scutate or flattened stromata thin out regularly towards the margin, but the tissue of the stroma is evidently of the same character right up to the edge. In these latter cases, it is not correct to designate the thin edge a hypothallus. 178 PETCH : The stromata are, in general, white, or brightly coloured in various shades of yellow, red, or brown. Hypocrella bispora is rather an exception, the specimens available being purple-brown or purple-black. In many species the colour is not constant, ¢e.g., H. mollii may be either white or pale yellow, H. discoidea orange-red or yellow, &c. The colouration often extends from the exterior to a depth of about 0°25 mm., forming a distinct peripheral zone ; this is well marked in ascigerous examples of H. olivacea and H. palmicola, and in the Aschersonia stage of H. javanica. As a rule, the colour is soluble in alcohol, and hence specimens preserved in alcohol are usually bleached. Sections of the stromata treated with caustic potash change colour or give a coloured extract. Notes on these changes are given in the descriptions of the species. Hypocrella olivacea usually yields a yellow-brown extract, and Hypocrella javanica and Hypocrella ceramichroa a purple extract or colouration. But in other species this effect may vary with the condition of the stroma, as it does in many tropical species of Hypoxylon. In H. Reineckiana some specimens do not change colour, others may yield a yellow-brown extract from the perithecia, while others turn purple in patches. These changes are most evident in the Lecaniicolous species. In the case of the species parasitic on Aleyrodidx, the colour changes with potash are usually slight, though the presence of a minute fragment of the insect may induce a totally different result ; a black Aleyrodes, which is commonly attacked by these fungi in Ceylon, yields a vivid colour with potash. Apparently most species, but especially those parasitic on Lecaniide, turn black when old, independently of the growth of Meliola, &c., over them. And in this connection age is to be taken in its literal sense, not as indicating that the stroma has ripened its spores. Blackened stromata may be quite immature, the development of such having probably been arrested by adverse weather conditions. Many of the pale-coloured Aleyrodiicolous species turn green, especially round or in the ostiola ; the cause of this has not been ascer- tained. In some specimens of Hypocrella Mollit, collected in Ceylon, the ostiola are green on one half of the stroma, and HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. 179 the normal yellow-brown on the other. Aschersonia viridans owes its name to this colour change. The situation of the fungus, whether epiphyllous or hypo- phyllous, depends upon the position of the host insect, and is not of specific value. If a given species of insect were always confined to one position, and a given species of Hypocrella were parasitic only on one species of insect, then the infor- mation might in some instances serve to differentiate between species ; but neither of these conditions is true. THE PERITHECIA. The perithecia are immersed in the tissue of the stroma. Even in cases where they appear to be more or less superficial, as in Hypocrella Raciborskit, there is a region of stromatic tissue surrounding the perithecium proper. In general, the perithecia are flask-shaped, and vary, between species, only in size and the relative lengths of the neck and body. The wall of the perithecium is distinctly differentiated from the ground tissue of the stroma. It is, as a rule, from 20 to 30 p» thick, and is composed of more or less parallel hyphe, densely compacted, running lengthwise of the peri- thecium. These hyphe are narrower than those in the body of the stroma, and their walls are less thickened. The wall of the neck is usually thicker than that of the body of the perithecium and towards the apex it increases still more in thickness, so that the apex is expanded obconically. The upper face of the neck, which constitutes the ostiolum, is either flat or slightly conical, its edge in either case being level with the general surface of the stroma. The term “ ostiola projecting,” employed in descriptions of these fungi, must be understood to mean that the ostiolum is situated in a slightly elevated projection of the stroma, the elevation of the actual perithecial tissue being almost too slight to be noticed macroscopically. The wall of the perithecium contrasts strongly with the tissue of the stroma. It differs, as a rule, from the wall of the pycnidium, and hence there is little difficulty in deciding from sections whether a given specimen is Hypocrella or Aschersonia, even when the perithecia are quite immature. The ostiolum 180 PETCH : appears translucent when viewed under a slight magnification, and sometimes serves to indicate the character ofthe stroma without cutting sections, but it requires considerable practice, in many cases, to distinguish it from the translucent mass of spores which fills the orifice of a pycnidium. The asci are at first long and cylindric, with a short tapering pedicel. The apex is thickened, and forms a distinct cap. In general, the ascus contains eight filiform spores, almost as long as the ascus, wound in a long spiral, but in some cases only two or four spores are produced. The spores become septate, and then divide into short cylindrical lengths, which in many cases subsequently increase considerably in breadth, and become bagrel-shaped or oval. During these changes the breadth of the ascus notably increases. When the part- spores are first formed, they retain their original position, and the ascus, though broader, is still cylindric ; but ulti- mately the arrangement of the part-spores becomes quite irregular, and the ascus is then more or less clavate. It is not uncommon to find individual asci which present either the first and second, or the second and third, stages of develop- ment of the spores, with a corresponding difference of diameter in their upper and lower parts. Presumably the part-spores are liberated by the complete deliquescence of the asci; L have not been able to discover any sign of dehiscence. Paraphyses have not been observed in the perithecia of Hypocrella. The part-spores are, in general, rod-like with rounded ends, or narrow-oval, or barrel-shaped. Owing to the changes in shape which they may undergo subsequent to their first formation, it is difficult to be sure that one has, in any given case, the final form before him. One of the most remarkable features of the genus is the scarcity of the mature Hypocrella stage. In the majority of the species described the asci have been immature, and the same is true of most of the collections made in Ceylon during the last fifteen years. The differences between the available ascospores of different species are very slight. Hypocrella phyllogena constitutes an exception in some of its forms, but the distinction is not constant. In some collections of this species the part-spore HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. 181 is inflated in the middle, as figured by Montagne. Other collections, however, have merely oval part-spores, and it is possible that the former shape is only a transient phase. Alternatively, it may possibly be related to the difference in the winding of the ascospores which occurs in this species. Moller collected specimens of Hypocrella phyllogena in Brazil and sent them to Bresadola, who described them as the type of a new genus, Moelleria (1896), which was subse- quently modified to Moelleriella, owing to the previous existence of a genus of Diatomacee bearing the former name. The new genus was distinguished by having its asci polysporous originally, whereas in Hypocrella the asci at first contain two to eight long filiform spores. That decision was strongly combated by Moller, who maintained that Bresadola’s Moellerielia sulphurea was a true Hypocrella,, having eight- spored asci, and was, in fact, identical with Hypocrella ochracea Mass. and Hypocrella Edwalliana P. Henn. In 1897 Saccardo and Lindau contributed to Hedwigia (Vol. XXXVI.) a paper entitled “ Hlenchus Fungorum Novorum,” in which they stated of Moelleria that it was “Genus judicio cl. Méller omnino dubium et delendum,” and pointed out that in any case the name must be changed. In the same volume (p. 223) Hennings, in describing Hypo- crella Edwalliana, whose eight ascospores divided into part- spores in the ascus, wrote that Moller had informed him that the same condition obtained in Moelleria sulphurea Bres., and therefore the latter genus was identical with Hypocrella. These statements evoked a lengthy and vigorous rejoinder from Bresadola, in which he upheld his previous description. Moreover, he had examined a specimen of Hypocrella Edwal- liana furnished by Hennings, and declared that in that, too, the asci were polysporous. ‘‘ Etiam in ascis junioribus sporas filiformes non vidi, sed tantum elementa sporarum que insuper neque ad lineam disposita, sed prorsus inordinate in asco jacebant.” Further, he had sent specimens of Hypocrella Edwalliana to Saccardo, who agreed that the asci appeared to be ab origine polysporous. 182 PETCH : [have examined the type specimens of Moelleriella sulphurea and Hypocrella Edwalliana in Herb. Berlin, and have no doubt that they are, as stated by Moller, the same species. In many cases the asci do appear polysporous from the beginning, but that is not really the case. This species differs from the majority of the species of Hypocrella in having its filiform spores wound in a very flat spiral, so that many turns occur in the length oftbe ascus. This is not a constant feature, even in specimens of the same collection. It would seem that this arrangement of the spores, crossing one another at frequent intervals, has produced the appearance of irregularity and led to the interpretation that the asci are polysporous. THe PyYcniIpia. The pycnidia exhibit greater variation than the perithecia. In the Lecaniicole they are usually flask-shaped, or oval, or tubular. In small forms of Aschersonia cubensis they are globose, while in larger stromata of that species, and in Hypocrella cavernosa, they may be ovoid and flattened parallel to the surface. In Hypocrella Reineckiana and Hypocrella cavernosa the tubular pycnidia may penetrate almost to the centre of the stroma, and in both these species, as well as in Aschersonia turbinata, they may be branched. The pyenidia of the Lecaniicole differ from the perithecia in not possessing a well-differentiated wall. The hyphe of the stroma become more or less parallel and converge towards the pycnidium, and from this palisade layer the basidia arise. In the discoid species of the Aleyrodiicolz, the pyenidia have a wall of parallel hyphe resembling that of the perithecium, but very thin. The immature stromata of Hypocrella Reineckiana frequently acquire a glaucous “‘ bloom,” which rubs off when the fungus is handled. This, as previously stated by Parkin, is due to the production of a superficial layer of conidia. The basidia of this external layer are scattered, not crowded as in the normal pycnidia, and the conidia are rather smaller than the usual pycnospores. This occurrence of conidia on the exterior HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. 183 suggests that the pycnidia were originally merely depressions in the surface of the stroma; indeed, many of the shorter tubular pycnidia give the impression that they are formed by the development of the basidia on a small area, and the subsequent lag of the growth of that area behind that of the surrounding tissue of the stroma ; and the mere flask-shaped or elongated-oval pycnidia could be derived from the tubular form by the constriction of the orifice. But in other cases, e.g., in Hypocrella olivacea, the oval pycnidium is formed within the tissve of the stroma. The small forms of Ascher- sonia cubensis show very interesting variations in this respect ; in fully-developed forms the apex of the stroma is umbilicate, and the globose pycnidium, which lies within the body of the stroma, opens at its highest point into the funnel-shaped depression. In some immature examples, however, there is no pycnidium in the body of the stroma, but a superficial layer, apparently of developing basidia, at the base of the depression. In the Aleyrodiicole the pycnidia may be elongated-oval or almost flask-shaped, as in Hypocrella Molliit ; or definitely globose or flattened-globose, with a distinct conical neck, as in the discoid species, Hypocrella discoidea, Aschersonia flavo- citrina, &c.; or widely and irregularly open, as in Aschersonia placenta, A. Aleyrodis, A. hypocreoidea, &c. The first two types are formed within the tissue of the stroma ; and the pycnidium of the discoid species opens by a distinct pore in the centre of a thin scarious area. But the pycnidium of the third type may originate either superficially or internally. This latter type of pycnidium is an irregular cavity, circular or oval in plan, usually with a convoluted base. In the case of very thin stromata, such as generally occur in Aschersonia hypocreoidea, it is undoubtedly formed superficially, t.e., by the development of basidia on the surface of the stroma. In other species, e.g., Aschersonia placenta and Aschersonia Aleyrodis, the stromata may vary from mere films to a thick- ness of 1°5 millimetres, and though the basidia are produced superficially in the former, it is doubtful whether the same is true of the thicker stromata. Webber has described 6(9)21 . (25) 184 PETCH : the formation of the stroma in Aschersonia Aleyrodis as follows :— “The fungus does not spread over the leaf to any extent, but grows upward in a mass, gradually spreading over the larval scale. It is not uncommon to find the perithecia (7.e., pycnidia), with their bright coral-red masses of sporules formed in a circle round the edge of the larva while it is yet visible. As the Aschersonia develops, the hyphe spread over the larva, forming a dense, compact stroma, which ultimately entirely envelops the larva. The stroma in this stage is thin and dise-like, the fructification being usually borne in a circle near the edge. The hymenium at this time is spread out on the surface of the stroma, or but slightly sunken, the sporules projecting in a conical coral-red or rufous mass. As the fungus develops, the stroma becomes thickened and hemis- pherical, and the hymenium gradually becomes immersed.” The interpretation is doubtless correct if we accept the view that the thin and thick stromata represent stages of develop- ment, 7.e., that the thicker stromata were produced by the continued growth of thinner stromata which were already bearing conidia. But that is not necessarily the case. In all probability the thick and thin stromata on a given leaf are all the product of the same infection, and consequently all of the same age, their different thicknesses being due to a difference in vigour of growth. The occurrence of stromata in which the pycnospores are immature, and the pyenidia nearly closed, would appear to show that the pycnidia in the thicker examples are produced within the stroma and subse- quently open widely. In pulvinate forms of Aschersonia placenta the pyenidia are often oval with a narrow orifice. That the cavity of the pyenidium originates as an invagination of the surface of the stroma is not excluded. The pycnidia are lined with short, densely crowded basidia. ‘As far as my observations go, the basidia are simple, but Miyabe and Sawada have shown that branched basidia may oceur in Aschersonia Coffee, A. Tamurai, and A. marginata. The pycnospores are produced singly at the apex of the basidium, and as the pycnidia are, when mature, completely filled with spores, while in some cases a dense mass of extruded HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONTIA. 185 spores also covers the stroma, it would appear that a conti- nuous production of spores takes place from each basidium. When mature, the spores are extruded in coloured masses. In the Lecaniicolz and the discoid species of the Aleyrodiicole the spore masses from the individual pyenidia remain distinct, as a rule; but in those species of the Aleyrodiicole which have irregular and widely-open pyenidia, e.g., Aschersonia placenta, the spore masses fuse into a continuous coverivg over the centre of the stroma. The pyenospores adhere strongly to one another and fill the pyenidium with a trans- lucent mass, which is not easily removed. Prolonged soaking in water often fails to loosen the spores sufficiently to permit their evacuation from the pycnidia in a section of the stroma, and it is necessary to employ caustic potash to liberate them before the bymenial layer can be examined. Webber has figured an instance in which the pycnospores were extruded in erect columnar masses in the case of Aschersonia Aleyrodis, and IJ have observed the same in Aschersonia placenta kept in a glass dish in the laboratory, but, probably because of the greater humidity of the atmosphere, this phenomenon does not, apparently, occur in the open in Ceylon; the nearest approach to it is the columnar mass of spores, which sometimes crowns Aschersonia oxyspora. A comparison of the detached spores within a pycnidium with those in the extruded spore- masses leads to the conclusion that the spores increase in breadth after they have become detached. The shape of the pycnospores shows very little variation. In general they are fusoid or narrow-oval, with pointed ends. When immature the broadest part is generally situated towards one end, but they become more regularly oval subse- quently. Ina fewcasesthey show distinctive characters, ¢.7., in Aschersonia basicystis (Hypocrella phyllogena), Aschersonia turbinata, and Aschersonia oxystoma. The pyenospores of A. basicystis are usually furnished with fine points, up to 4 long, though others, merely narrow-oval, may occur in the same pycnidium. Aschersonia turbinata has broadly oval spores, with abrupt short points which appear solid. The sporesof A. oxystoma appear to resemble those of A. turbinata, but the effect is produced by the concentration of the contents into an oval 186 PETCH : mass, leaving the tapering ends apparently empty. Vacuola- tion is common both in pycnospores and ascospores (part- spores), but it is not a constant feature in any species. The species of Aschersonia parasitic on Aleyrodide differ from those parasitic on Lecaniide in having long filamentous paraphyses arising with the basidia from the hymenial layer. This difference has been found to exist in all cases in which the host insect has been determined. The paraphyses are not septate, but in many cases they exhibit light and dark lengths, due apparently to a discontinuous variation in their contents. This was recorded by Webber for Aschersonia Aleyrodis, and I have noted the same thing in Aschersonia placenta, A. hypocreoidea, and A. Goldiana, but in no case is it constant. The length of the paraphyses is variable, but ‘the range in each species provides a character by which the species can be separated. ; ASSOCIATION WITH INSECTs. Webber, in 1894, as the result of his investigations into the fungi and insects on Citrus, was the first to demonstrate that species of the genus Aschersonia were parasitic on insects. He showed that Aschersonia Aleyrodis was parasitic on Aley- rodes citrti R. & H., A. turbinata on Ceroplastes- floridensis - Comstock, and, judging from his description, A. cubensis on Lecanium hesperidum L. Several years elapsed before Webber’s discovery had any influence on the writings of systematic mycologists. Hen- nings, when describing five species of Aschersonia from Java in 1902, noted their association with scale insects, apparently with some astonishment, and wrote that it was a remarkable phenomenon that these fungi generally occurred with various species of Lecanium, to which they bore so great a resemblance in form and colouration that he considered this was to be regarded as an instance of mimicry (Hedwigia, XLI., pp. 145, 146). Webber had suggested that all species of the genus Ascher- sonia were entomogenous, and that view was supported by Parkin in his paper published in 1906. Parkin recorded eight collections of Aschersonia parasitic on species of Aleyrodes HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONTA, 187 and seven on species of Lecanium. From the specimens left by him these included Aschersonia placenta, A. confluens, A. hypocreoides, A. samoensis, A. Coffee, and A. marginata. Since 1904 species of Aschersonia have generally been described as occurring on scale insects. Hennings described Aschersonia parasitica on a coccid on Andropogon in 1904, Patouillard described Aschersonia pisiformis on a Coccus on Cocos nucifera in 1906, while Koorders in 1907 enumerated Aschersonia Eugeniz, Aschersonia Henningsii, and Aschersonia lecanioides as parasitic on scale insects. The position at the present day is that stated by Thaxter: ‘“‘ There can be no question in the mind of any one who has had an opportunity to examine them in a fresh condition that they are strictly entomogenous, like the species of the genus Hypocrella, which have a similar habitat on various species of scale insects.” The recognition of the entomogenous nature of Hypocrella is of later date. The first species described as parasitic on a scale insect was Hypocrella Raciborskii by Zimmermann in 1901. Parkin in 1904 was of opinion that the genus Hypocrella was one which might eventually be shown to be of common occurrence on scale insects. He recorded two collections parasitic on Lecanium, now known to be Hypocrella ceramichroa and H. Remeckiana, respectively, and a third gathering on Chionaspis vitis, which is not now available ; this last deter- mination was, perhaps, erroneous, as no species has since been found on Chionaspis. ‘ Raciborski, in 1906, stated that he had usually found Hypocrella parasitic on scale insects, and recorded that habit for Hypocrella Amomi, H. convexa, and Barya salaccensis (H. Raciborskii). But Koorders, in 1907, described Hypo- crella Grewiz, H. Mollii, and H. Engleriana without reference to any host, except the plants on which they occurred. In 1909 von Hoéhnel added three species, Hypocrella cretacea, H. bispora, and Fleischeria sclerotioides, to the list of those known to be parasitic on scale insects. In many gatherings the development of the fungus on the scale insect is quite obvious, as the stroma does not completely cover the scale, but forms a ring round and over the outer edge of it. This occurs, as far as has been observed, only 188 PETCH : in the Aleyrodiicole. It is of frequent occurrence in Hypo- crella discoidea, Aschersonia placenta, and Aschersonia Zenkeri, and has been foundin immature examples of Hypocrella Mollit. The type specimen of Aschersonia parasitica, and Diels’ specimen of Aschersonia duplex, exhibit the same formation. In this group, moreover, it is not uncommon to find traces of the insect in the base of the fully-developed stroma. In the Lecaniicolous species this annular development of a sporiferous stroma apparently does not occur. But, on the other hand, the stromata frequently develop eccentrically on the scale, so that a portion of the latter is left exposed. This group also differs from the former in that, as a rule, no trace of the scale insect is discoverable within the fully-developed stroma. It is, however, sometimes possible to find in one gathering a series of stages of development, in the more immature of which the scale is still evident, as is the case with Parkin’s specimens of Hypocrella ceramichroa. It is necessary to exercise great caution in determining on what insect an Aschersonia or a Hypocrella is parasitic. It dées not follow that, because a certain szale insect is found on a leaf in company with an entomogenous fungus, the fungus is parasitic on that particular insect. Several scale insects may be found together on a single leaf, and if a Leca- nium and an Aleyrodes oceur on the same leaf, a Lecanicolous Aschersonia may obliterate all the former, leaving only the Aleyrodes. Consequently, the existence of numerous scale insects in company with an Aschersonia is rather an indication that the fungus is not parasitic on that insect. The only certain method of identification is to find the early stages of development of the stroma before the insect has been com- pletely covered by it. In Japan and Formosa it has been recorded that Aschersonia marginata, a Lecaniicolous species, and Aschersonia hypo- creoidea, an Aleyrodiicolous species, have occurred on Parla- toria zizyphi. These-are the only records of any Aschersonia on Parlatoria, and, in view of experience in other countries, they would seem doubtful. The growth of Aschersonia and Hypocrella on insects having been established, there yet remains the possibility, which has @ HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONTA. 189 been propounded on several occasions, that these fungi are not parasitic on the living insect, but merely develop as saprophytes on their remains after death. On this point, Webber’s observations appear to be conclusive: “‘ Apparently mealy wing Achersonia (A. Aleyrodis) attacks the mealy wing only in the larval and pupal stages. The infection probably takes place most abundantly while the larve are young. The mature larve and pupe are, however, frequently attacked. At Myers, Fla., June 6, 1895, the writer found Aschersonia very abundant in the early stages of development. Most of the larve were just approaching maturity. It was at that time almost impossible to find good mature specimens of the Aschersonia, pustules which developed on the preceding brood of larvee, which matured in March, having become old and weather-worn. The first indication of the effect of the fungus on the larve of the mealy wing, as observed by the writer, is the appearance of slightly opaque yellowish spots usually near the edge of the larva. In the early stages of infection the larva becomes noticeably swollen, and appears to secrete a greater abundance of honeydew than normally. It is probable, however, that owing to the weakened condition of the larva the honeydew is not expelled with sufficient force, so that as it is slowly discharged it collects about the insect, and this would make it appear that there is an excessive amount Ae ‘“‘ As the Aschersonia develops, the interior organs of the larva appear to contract away from the margin, leaving a narrow circle, which becomes filled with hyphe. This circle becomes opaque and whitish, presenting a very characteristic appearance. Shortly after this the hyphe burst out around the edge of the larva forming a dense marginal fringe. This may form all around the larva at about the same time, or develop at one portion of the margin sooner than at the others. The body of the larva at this time is plainly visible, but it is opaque and yellowish throughout. Death usually ensues, the writer believes, before the hyphe burst out.” According to Fawcett, the two methods advised by Webber for introducing Aschersonia Aleyrodis into orange groves infested with Aleyrodes citri met with fair success. These 190 PETCH : were (1) pinning fungus-bearing leaves into trees infested with Aleyrodes citrt in such a way as to cause the fungus spores to come in contact with larve not yet infected, and (2) planting small trees with fungus-infected larve in a grove, so that the fungus-bearing leaves came in contact with the leaves on which it was desired to start the fungus. Successful introductions of the Aschersonia have been obtained by Berger by spraying the spores on the trees infested with the insect. There is, however, an element of doubt in experiments of this kind, which prevents their citation as successful examples of artificial infection. Possibly a better instance isthe successful infection of Aleyrodes vaporarium by Aschersonia Goldiana (misdetermined as Aschersonia flavocitrina), accomplished by Stene in the greenhouse at the Rhode Island College of Agri- culture, as in that case the possibility of natural infection was remote. The experiment last cited illustrates a point which is self- evident to any one who has collected any considerable quantity of these fungi in the field, viz., that their parasitism, as far as the available evidence goes to prove, is not specialized. This has been noted chiefly in connection with the commoner Lecaniicolous species, of which a large quantity of material is available. In the case of Ceylon and Eastern collections the host insect has been determined in a number of instances and it is clear from the recordsthat Hypocrella Reineckiana, for example, can attack a wide range of species of Lecanium. In America Aschersonia Aleyrodis, according to Morrill and Back, has been found to attack Aleyrodes citri, A. nubifera Berger, A. inconspicua Quaintance, A. floridensis Quaintance, A. howardi Quaintance, and A. abutilonea Hald. Aschersonia Goldiana is recorded by the same authors as parasitic on A. citri and A. nubifera only. Conversely, any given species of Lecanium or Aleyrodes may be attacked by a number of species of Aschersonia or Hypocrella. This is indicated by the occurrence of two or more species of these fungi on the same leaf. Hypocrella olivacea frequently occurs with Hypocrella javanica and Hypocrella Reineckiana on Lecanium olex in Ceylon. Hypo- crella discoidea is often accompanied by Hypocrella Mollii, HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONTA. 191 or, more rarely, by Aschersonia placenta. Aschersonia badia usually occurs with Hypocrella Mollii. In all these cases there is little doubt that the fungi are parasitic on the same species of insect. There may, of course, exist cases in which a particular species of fungus is confined to one species of insect, but no evidence in support is as yet available. DISTRIBUTION. The material of these genera in herbaria is, as a rule, remarkably scanty. One would imagine that in many cases the fungus has been accidentally gathered on phanerogamic specimens collected for distribution, and discovered subse- quently in the herbarium. Types frequently consist of a single leaf bearing only two or three examples of the fungus, and in many cases the fungi on the leaf belong to more than one species. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that in the case of the commoner species the list of synonyms is some- what lengthy, since the material from which the species was described is often insufficient to give any idea of its range of variation. The examination of the herbarium collections would lead to the conclusion that species of these genera are rare. But it is not difficult, according to Ceylon experience, to collecti large numbers of a species, provided one devotes the time to it. Of course, cases do occur when a single specimen is found, and a thorough search fails to reveal more, but, in general, the systematic examination of a bush or tree on which a specimen has been found will result in the discovery of dozens, or even hundreds. It has to be remembered, however, that the fungus is parasitic on a scale insect, not on the plant, and its parasitism is not specialized. Consequently, a collection from one plant, even if all on the same scale insect, may include several species of Aschersonia or Hypocrella. These genera are essentially tropical, no species being known from temperate climates. Several species are found in Florida, but the majority occur within the tropics. With two exceptions, one of which is doubtful, the species of the Western Hemisphere are distinct from those of the 6(9)21 (26) 192 PETOCH : Eastern. Closely allied species occur in the two regions respectively, e.g., H. palme and H. olivacea, H. epiphylla and H. Reineckiana, Aschersonia Aleyrodis and A. placenta, but they are sufficiently different to be maintained as distinct species. H. palmicola, however, has been found in Trinidad and in Madagascar, and the doubtful exception to the rule, Hypocrella caulium, is recorded from Brazil and Africa. The stromata of the Brazilian and African collections of the latter species differ considerably in shape, but the variation is not much greater than that which is known to occur in Hypocrella olivacea ; unfortunately, in none of the collections yet made are the stromata mature. CLASSIFICATION. The generic descriptions of Hypocrella and Aschersonia may be revised- as follows :— Hypocrella—Stroma superficial, easily detached, fleshy, sclerotioid, composed of intricate thick-walled hyphe ; brightly coloured, blackening when old; subglobose, hemi- spherical, or pulvinate. Perithecia usually flask-shaped, immersed, wall distinct from the tissue of the stroma ; asci cylindric, capped, two to eight-spored; no paraphyses ; spores filiform, almost as long as the ascus, separating into short part-spores within the ascus; part-spores hyaline, continuous, rod-like, or becoming oval. Pyecnidial stage, Aschersonia, in the same or a similar stroma. Parasitic on Lecaniide and Aleyrodide. Aschersonia —Stroma asin Hypocrella. Pycnidia immersed, tubular, flask-shaped, oval, or globose, or widely-open con- voluted cavities: basidia simple or branched ; paraphyses long and filiform, or wanting ; pycnospores hyaline, continuous, fusoid or narrow-oval. Parasitic on Lecaniide and Aleyrodide. In general the genus Aschersonia has not presented any difficulties to mycological systematists. One or two species have been attributed to Hypocrea, but Montagne’s description has been sufficient to prevent many errors in generic determina- tion. It may be noted that of Montagne’s two species one is Aleyrodiicolous and has paraphyses, while the other is apparently Lecaniicolous, Montagne’s description does not HYPOCRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. 193 mention paraphyses, and by universal consent the genus has been held to include species with paraphyses and species without them. In the genus Hypocrella conditions are different, and a number of species have been included in the genus, either by their original describers or by transference, which are plainly notco-generic with Hypocrelladiscoidea. Thecharacter relied upon appears to have been merely the presence of perithecia with filiform ascospores immersed in a stroma. In some cases discomycetes have been referred to Hypocrella, but the most frequent error has been the inclusion of species of Balansia. The genus Balansia Speg., and a few allied genera, comprise a group of species biologically well defined if not easily distinguishable by systematic characters. Most of the species are parasitic on grasses, and form a black stroma, which may be pulvinate, or elongated, or may give rise to stalked stromata with pulvinate or rounded heads. The perithecia are embed- ded inthestroma, are usually thin-walled, and densely crowded ina distinct peripherallayer. Theasciarecylindric and capped, resembling those of Hypocrella, but with a slightly longer pedicel, and the ascospores are filiform and almost as long as the ascus. Mller states that the spores of Balansia ambiens and Balansia diadema are septate, and divide when placed in a nutrient solution ; that the spores of B. regularis are also septate, but do not divide in the ascus; and that Balansia redundans has septate spores. He also states that the spores of Ophiodothis Henningsiana (=Dothichloe) and Ophiodothis rhaphidospora (=Linearisiroma) have septate spores, which do not divide within the ascus. I have not been able to observe septa in the spores of the available specimens of Balansia brevis (B. & Br.) v. H6hnel, B. Panici (Massee), B. axillaris (Cooke) and B. Bambuse (B. & Br.). In many cases the stroma of Balansia seems superficial, ¢.7., in Balansia brevis and B. Panici, where it appears to be seated longitudinally along a leaf, or in B. Bambusex, in which it is situated at the apex of a short shoot. Examination of the stroma shows that in the first two cases the stroma completely encloses a lateral shoot, and adheres on one side to the leaf, 194 PETOH: from the axil of which the shoot arose. In Balansia Bambuse the stroma encloses the inner leaves of the shoot, and produces an external perithecial portion at the apex. Jn all cases the tissue of the stroma is composite, being formed partly of fungus tissue and partly of the almost unmodified tissues of the host plant. Ophiodothis Atkinson, according to Atkinson and von Hohnel, is identical with Balansia Speg. Moller included the species with stalked perithecial heads in Balansia, and the pulvinate forms in Ophiodothis. Dothichloe Atkinson differs only slightly from Balansia, practically only in the thickness of the stroma, and is scarcely worthy of retention. Similarly, . Balansiopsis v. Hohnel and Linearistroma v. Hohnel are scarcely distinct from Balansia. If these are retained, it would appear that MOller’s distinction between Ophiodothis and Balansia should hold. Ophiodothella v. HOhnel, originally proposed by Hennings as a subgenus of Ophiodothis, appears to belong not to this group, but to the Dothidacee. The genera referred to above agree in having a composite stroma, and, with the genus Claviceps, they constitute the Clavicipitee. They differ from Hypocrella in the structure and colour of the stroma, and in having filamentous septate spores which do not divide into part-spores in the ascus. It appears to be generally accepted that the gents Hphelis includes the conidial stages of Balansia, though Mdller stated that the conidial stage of Balansia redundans had no resem- blance to E'phelis. Moller obtained a Cephalosporiwm form on the germination of the ascospores of the latter species, but it does not necessarily follow that that is the form which occurs in nature, or that it is the only conidial form of the species. Immature stromata, which probably belong to this group, are common on the inflorescences of grasses in Ceylon ; they usually consist of white or grayish mycelium, which binds together the individual spikelets into a continuous mass. Dussiella Pat. has been attributed in part to Hypocrella, The genus was founded by Patouillard in 1890 on three collections from widely-separated localities. The first of these, from North America, had been named Hypocrea tuberiformis by Berkeley and Ravenel. With this Patouillard joined a specimen from Caracas in Herb. Berlin, and another HYPOCRELLA AND ASOHERSONIA. 195 from Martinique. Berkeley’s specimen was sterile, the Caracas specimen ascigerous, and the Martinique specimen conidii- ferous. In section the ascigerous stroma is seen to consist of super- posed concentric zones, and its constituent hyphzarethickened, refringent, and gelatinous. The perithecia are confined to a zone about 1 mm. thick at one end of the stroma, and their ostiola resemble the pores of a Polyporus. This ascigerous area is surrounded by the remains of a filamentous mycelium. The perithecia are narrow and deep, and contain cylindrical asci and abundant paraphyses. The ascospores are filiform and (?) septate. The conidial stroma, like the sterile and ascigerous forms, is surrounded by a white mycelium. In section it is found to consist of a white basal part, a cortical zone, and an inter- mediate softer tissue. The intermediate tissue is composed of numerous tubes which run from the base to the cortex. These tubes are lined with clavate basidia, which bear brown, spherical, verrucose spores, 3 uy. diameter. Patouillard refers to this as a Ceriomyces form of the ascomycete. . ‘The details given above are quoted from Patouillard’s paper (Bull. Soc. Myc. France, VI.,p. 106). In 1891 Atkinson published a paper in which he dissented from Patouillard’s determination, and described Berkeley and Ravenel’s species as Hypocrella tuberiformis (Berk. & Rav.) Atk., nec Dussiella Pat. Atkinson described the stroma as stratose, at first clothed with hyphez, which bear hyaline conidia, 7-10 x 3°5-4. The perithecia are sessile or with the base immersed, and the ascospores are filiform, multiseptate, finally separating into part-spores. Rick has recorded further details concerning Dussiella. He states that the fungus appears to be merely epiphytic. At first it is white and covered with a conidial layer, but becomes red-brown later. He describes the stroma as white internally, and does not mention any zonation. With regard to the ascospores, he states that they remain undivided even after their extrusion from the ascus. Paraphyses were present in the perithecia. According to Rick, the conidial stage of Dussiéila belongs to the Stilbacee. 196 PETCH : The discrepancies between the accounts furnished by Rick and Patouillard suggest that these authors were dealing with different fungi. It is, moreover, quite possible that the three collections described by Patouillard were not related. Evidently Dussiella requires further investigation on the spot before the various accounts can be harmonized. But in any case it does not appear that any of the fungi described under this name can be referred to Hypocrella. The stratose stroma, and the conidial stages described by the three writers quoted, are unlike anything in the latter genus. The genus Moelleriella has already been referred to, and in the opinion of the writer the type specimen, Moelleriella sulphurea, is Hypocrella phyllogena. Rick has described another species of Moelleriella under the name of M. nutans, which grew on living stems of Arundinaria. He states that it possesses three different kinds of asci. The first contains filamentous septate spores, which are extruded in their un- divided condition ; this form is rare. The second contains spores which divide into oblong-oval part-spores in the ascus, though they may be extruded in a continuous chain ; this is the most usualform. In the third type the “‘sporenanlage ”’ is filamentous, but divides into part-spores before the formation of a spore wall, and the separate joints develop as independent spores ; when ripe the part-spores are oval, or cylindric with truncate or pointed ends. Rick considers that his new species establishes the validity of Bresadola’s genus. But, except for the statements concern- ing the extrusion of the spores, his description is exactly what would be written by any one who regarded the differences in the asci of Hypocrella phyllogena as final stages instead of stages of development. Asci, whose contents could. be imagined to answer in every respect to Rick’s descriptions, may be found in any collection of Hypocrella phyllogena (Moelleriella sulphurea). I have examined the specimen of Moelleriella nutans in Herb. Berlin (Rick, Fungi