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mg

The Annals

OF

Scottish Natural History
A OUARTERLY MAGAZINE

WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED

“The Scottish Naturalist”

EDITED BY

jy. A. HARVIE-BROWN, F-.R.s.E., §:Z.S.

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
AMES) Wi Hips duRCADIES MOAT) MODI Te OReS.3 FOL. S:
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

AND

WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., F.R.S.E.

NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT, ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH

1905

EDINBURGH
DAVID DOUGLAS, CASTLE STREET
LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE

The Annals

of
Scottish Natural History

No. 53] 1905 [JANUARY

ON THE VOLE CAND SHREW OF TEE
ORKNEY ISLANDS:

By Wm. EacLe CLARKE.
With Report by Prof. O. CHARNOCK BRADLEY, M.B., C.M.

IT is a somewhat remarkable fact that since 1848, when
Messrs. Baikie and Heddle published their excellent—for
the date—“ Historia Naturalis Orcadensis,” until the past
year, 1904, no naturalist seems to have paid any attention
to either the Vole or the Shrew inhabiting the Orkney
Islands. The consequence is that the misleading—pardon-
ably misleading, it should be said——-statements of these
authors regarding the specific identity of these Orcadian
mammals have been unfortunately accepted by and repeated
in all the subsequent writings on the subject with which I am
acquainted.

As regards the Vole, in the “ Zoologist” for July 1904
(pp. 241-246), Mr. J. G. Millais astonished British naturalists
by describing the Orcadian Vole as a species new to science
under the name of MWzecrotus orcadensis, and as peculiar to
the Archipelago! To that date the Vole inhabiting the

1 Mr. Millais has informed me, since the above was written, that he has
obtained this Vole in certain parts of Shetland.

53 B

2 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

islands had been regarded as the Short-tailed Vole (AZicrotus
agrestis), a species which is common and widely distributed
over the mainland of Great Britain.

It would not have been so surprising had this Vole
proved to be a racial form of some European species,
but that it should be entirely distinct from any of its con-
geners is certainly a most remarkable fact. Indeed it is
not too much to aver that this little mammal is, from a
scientific standpoint, among the most interesting and im-
portant of existing British Vertebrates.

Microtus orcadensts, though undoubtedly quite a distinct
species, shares certain peculiarities with both the Water
Vole and the Field Vole. Thus, in stoutness of build, in the
comparative prominence of the ears, in the density and
colour of the fur (especially the tint of its under surface),
and, broadly, in its cranial characters, it resembles the Water
Vole. While in the shortness of its tail, and to some
extent in its dental characters, it approaches the Field Vole.
In size it is somewhat intermediate between these species,
large specimens being nearly half as large again (40 per
cent) as the latter, though it is decidedly smaller than the
Water Vole.

In colour it is sandy-brown above (the apical portion of
the hairs being yellowish-brown, the basal slaty-gray) with
long protruding black hairs interspersed ; below it is sandy
rufous. Half-grown examples are duller in colour, being
darker than the adults on both the upper and under surface,
and in this respect they resemble the Water Vole of similar
age.

Mr. Millais’ largest male measured 6.75 ins. (head and
body 5.5, tail 1.25 ins.). The following are the comparative
measurements and weights of the largest specimens of
Microtus orcadensts and M. agrestis in the collections of
the Royal Scottish Museum :-—

ON THE VOLE AND SHREW OF THE ORKNEY ISLANDS 3

M. orcadensts. MW. agrestis.

| Male. Female. | Male. Female.
ins. ins. ins. ins.
Head . : ; ; 1.30 12 7a| 1.18 Ito |
Body . : ; : 3-55 3.11 3.08 B03, |
Tail é 3 5 : 1.34 1.30 1.40 132 «|
Hind Foot . ; : O72 | 0.70 0.75 0.70
Fore Foot . ‘ 5 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.40
ars: . ‘ ° 0.51 0.50 0.50
Weight (in grammes) . 53-50 42.63 | 31.80 32.95

Being anxious to make the acquaintance of this interest-
ing little mammal, and in order to obtain specimens for the
Museum, I decided, on leaving the Flannan Islands, to visit
Orkney for these purposes. I arrived at Stromness on the
evening of the 22nd of September last, and remained until
the morning of the 26th. I soon discovered the haunts of
the Vole, which are much in evidence in suitable localities,
by reason of its deep, channel-like runs. My experience
regarding both the animal and its habits was necessarily
limited, but I found that it was extremely abundant. It
went into my traps as freely at mid-day as it did during the
night or early morning ; indeed I frequently saw it travers-
ing its runs during the daytime, so that it is evidently toa
considerable extent diurnal in its habits.

Its haunts were chiefly on ground clothed with short
heather and coarse grass. Here its runs were conspicuous
and extensive, being well worn and stretching for long dis-
tances ; and being in some cases exposed, in others forming
tunnels under the denser growth of vegetation. The animal
seems to have a predilection for the vicinity of damp
localities, and, frequently, its runs led to such; indeed in
some instances the runs and tunnels were formed in
saturated sphagnum by the sides of pools of water.

The food in the stomachs of those examined consisted
of a green mass of finely triturated vegetable matter.

I append a report on the cranial and dental characters,
most obligingly furnished by my friend Professor O. Charnock
Bradley, who most kindly undertook the investigations at

4 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

my request. I am also deeply indebted to him for the
drawings of the teeth.

An examination of the skull of MWicrotus orcadensis
(Millais), and a comparison of it with the skulls of other
British species of MJuzcrotus and of Evotomys glareolus, the
Bank Vole, disclose many features from which it may be
contended that the Orkney Vole merits a place as a distinct
species among the British mammalia. Measurements of the
skull of this animal have been made according to a method
of craniometry suggested some short time ago! These
measurements, and the indices computed from them, as well
as similar measurements and indices of other species of
Microtus and Evotomys, are given in the following table :—

M. M. M. :
orcadensis. | amphibius. agrestis. glareolus,
|
CRANIUM. |
Length : . C melo 26 19 17
Breadth : : c 14 19 12 II
Cephalic index é Sy eR I WER 6315 | 64°70
Height. (1) Oblique . : Tile5 elo missy; | 9.5
(2) Vertical . | ae 10.5 6 | =6
Oblique altitudinal index 60°52 | 61°53 60°52 55°88
Vertical 96 39 36°84 40°38 31°57 35°29
Bistephanic diameter . Fl 2 | 6.5 4.5 6
Frontal length . é ¢ 9.5 15 9 8
Stephanicindex . . 21°05 42°33 50:00 | 75°00
Fronto-parietal length . : 14 20 13.5 | 12
FACE. |
Length . : 6 6 |) in 15 9 | 8
Breadth : : c 6 7.5 5 | 5
Facial Index . . . | 5464 50°00 55°55 62°50
PALATE.
Length : : . : 14.5 22 12 II
Breadth. a . a B | 4 B 3
Palatine index . 5 - | 20°68 18°18 25°00 27°27
Cranio-facial length . | 27 38.5 25 22
Upper cranio-facial index 127°27 133°33 150°00 150°00
Lower 93 » | 40°74 38°96 36°00 36°36

From the above indices it is seen that the skull of
Microtus orcadensis agrees in no one point with the skulls of
all the other species. In some instances the difference is
not great, and it may possibly be argued that similar differ-

1 «A Method of Craniometry for Mammals,’ ‘‘Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. of
Edinburgh,” vol. xv. 1902.

ON THE VOLE AND SHREW OF THE ORKNEY ISLANDS 5

ences might be met with in the examination of several skulls
from the same species. Undoubtedly variations do occur
among animals of the same species, but they are not so
marked as those shown above. And, further, if there is
variation in one or several points, there is agreement in most
features.

An analysis of the indices may be briefly summarised as
follows :—

The breadth of the cranium (compared with the length)
of JZ. orcadensis is approximately equal to that of JZ.
amplubius, but markedly greater than that of J. agrestzs
and &. glareolus.

The oblique height of the cranium is about the same in
M. orcadensts, amphibius, and agrestis. In E. glareolus it is
decidedly less.

When the vertical height of the cranium of J. orcadensts
is compared with that of the others, it is found to be not
very different from that of 4. glareolus, but less than in
MM. amphibius, and greater than in J/. agresizs.

A very striking feature in the skull of JZ. orcadensts is
the degree of development of the temporal fossa, and, par-
ticularly, the close approach it makes to the middle line
in its more anterior part. This is shown by the stephanic
index, which is much smaller in this animal than in any of
the others.

Another very obvious feature in the cranium is the much
greater sagittal diameter of the interparietal bone. This is
very clearly demonstrated if the bone be measured in two
directions—transverse and sagittal—and an index com-
puted ; the transverse diameter being taken as 100.

| M. | M. M. | me
orcadensts. | amphibius. agrestis. | glareolus.

et See |
INTERPARIETAL BONE. |

Transverse diameter 6 | 9.5 | 7.5 | 7.

Sagittal diameter : ; a5 3 | 3 | 3

Index : : : -| 5833 | 31°57 | 40°00 42°85

| | |

It is clear that the sagittal diameter of the interparietal
bone of MW. orcadensts is more than half the transverse ;
whereas in the others it is less than half.

6 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

The face of JW. orcadensis resembles that of JZ. agrestis
in regard to its width. It is narrower than in &. glareolus,
and broader than in W/. amphibtus.

If the length of the cranium is compared with the length
of the face, it is found to be slightly less in JZ. ovcadensts
than in JZ. amphibius, and decidedly less than in J/, agrestzs
and £&. glareolus.

When the length of the face is compared with the length
of the entire skull, J7. orcadensis has a slight advantage over
M. amphibius, and a decided advantage over J. agrestis and
E. glareolus. Taking the two foregoing statements together,
it is evident that the face is longer in JZ. orcadensis than in
any of the others.

The relative width of the palate is slightly greater in
M. orcadensts than in MZ. amphibius, but distinctly less than
in WZ. agrestis and E. glareolus.

The molar teeth of JZ. orcadensis possess certain features
to which attention must be directed. The number of
enamel-spaces in the first upper molar is 5; and in the
second, 4. In the third molar there are clearly 5 spaces,
but the most posterior is partly divided into two. When
this tooth is compared with the corresponding tooth of
M. agrestis there is found to be a striking similarity. In
M. agrestis there are 6 spaces. Therefore it may be
claimed that in JZ. orcadenszs there are also really 6 spaces,
but the posterior two are not completely separated from each
other. It is conceivable that, if other specimens were
examined, separation might be discovered even greater than
that shown in Fig. 1, A 3.

The spaces in the lower molar teeth are shown in outline
in Fig. 2, A. The first molar has 9 spaces; the three most
anterior being incompletely separated, as is the case in
M. agrestis (cf. Fig. 2, B). The second and third molar
have 5 and 3 spaces respectively.

Summarising, it may be said that the molars of J.
orcadensts resemble those of JZ. agrestzs except that there
are 4 spaces in the second upper molar instead of 5.

In considering all the features of the skull together, it is
clear that, except in regard to the teeth, M7. orcadensis is
more closely allied to M. amphibius than to any other

jai DER sy.

ON THE VOLE AND SHREW OF THE ORKNEY ISLANDS 7

British species. At the same time it departs sufficiently
widely from J/. amphibius to justify the conclusion that it
forms a distinct species.

I. Ua
2.
2a

5. 3.

te B. A. B.

IW do KGS 2.
A= Upper molars (right) of A= Lower molars (left) of
MM. orcadensis. MW. orcadensis.
B= Upper molars (right) of B= Lower molars (left) of
M. agrestis. MM, agrestis.

As regards the Orkney Shrew. It has down to this
date been considered an interesting fact, in the insular dis-
tribution of British mammals, that while the Lesser Shrew
(Sorex minutus) is the species found in the Hebrides and in
Ireland, it was not only absent from the Orkneys, but was
replaced there by the Common Shrew (Sorer araneus). |
make bold, however, to say that I very much doubt if the
Common Shrew has ever been captured in the Orkneys.
At the date of publication of Baikie and Heddle’s “ Historia ”
the Lesser Shrew had not been recognised as an inhabitant
of our islands, so that it is not surprising that these authors
should have regarded the Orcadian Shrew as being the same
species as that which was common to Great Britain.

8 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Under these circumstances I was much interested, and to
some extent surprised, to capture the Lesser Shrew in some
numbers during the three days I was at Stromness. Since
then I have received many others, but not a single example
of the Common Shrew. All the examples were taken in the
runs of the Voles, and were secured either in the daytime or
during the night or early morning. These Orkney Lesser
Shrews seemed to me to be more brilliantly coloured on the
under surface than any other examples I have seen, being
pure silky white, not greyish white, below.

ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM,
EDINBURGH, /Vovember 1904.

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS;
OUTER HEBRIDES:

By Wm. EaGLE CLARKE.

THE Flannan Islands, known also by the name of the Seven
Hunters, form a group of small uninhabited isles lying out
in the Atlantic. They are situated from twenty to twenty-
three miles west of Gallan Head, at the mouth of Loch Roag,
Island of Lewis ; and forty miles N.E. of St. Kilda, with the
exception of which they are among the most western islands
of Great Britain.

They may be said to form two groups: an eastern one
comprising four islands (Eilean Mhor, Eilean Tigh, Soraidh,
and an island which is nameless on the chart); and a
western one lying two miles farther out and composed of three
islands (Rhoderheim, Bronna Cleit, and Eilean Gobba). In
addition there are several smaller islets, making in all some
twenty islands, skerries, and rocks. They are probably the
wildest spots in the British Isles.

The seven main islands are precipitous and rise on
all sides direct from the ocean, and this fact, taken along
with their exposed situation, renders them extremely difficult
to land upon.

The data upon which this contribution is based, consist

* ae,

ANN. ScoT. Nat. HIst. 1905. PLATE L

EILEAN MHOR, FROM THE EAST.

EILEAN MHOR, FROM THE SOUTH.

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 9

almost entirely of observations made on Eilean Mhor, the
largest and most northerly of the eastern group, whereon
stands the lighthouse, completed in 1899. From this station
Mr. Harvie-Brown and I have received schedules recording
the occurrences of birds down to the present date. From
these returns it was evident that an important, though
perhaps subsidiary, stream of migratory birds swept over the
islands in both spring and autumn. In order to supplement
our knowledge relating to these interesting movements I,
along with my friend Mr. T. G. Laidlaw, spent sixteen days
on the island—September 6 to 21—during the past
autumn, residing in the lighthouse by the special permission
of the Commissioners for Northern Lighthouses.

In addition to the information thus acquired, a pioneer
paper on the subject was written by Mr. Harvie-Brown and
published in the “Proceedings of the Glasgow Natural
History Society” (1882, pp. 197-209). This consists of an
account of a visit paid to the islands on June 49,
1881, during which the group was circumnavigated, and a
short time spent on Eilean Tigh, on which a landing was
with some difficulty effected. During this trip Mr. Harvie-
Brown observed thirteen species, all, with the exception of
several Fulmars observed in the neighbourhood of the
islands, the usual summer rock-breeding birds to be observed
in such haunts.

Eilean Mhor is precipitous on all sides. The cliffs on
the north and east are the highest, and attain an elevation of
282 feet; those on the south being the lowest, and mostly
under 200 feet. Thus the top of the island forms an
elevated plateau, sloping towards the south, and having an
area, by survey, of sixteen acres,’ clothed with grass and sea
pink, and with here and there bare patches of peaty turf and
exposed rock. Where not forming precipices, the steep
rocky banks facing the sea have a profuse growth of herbage,
chief among which is a Marguerite. These dangerous slopes
were much resorted to as feeding grounds by the smaller
migratory birds, for, amid the shelter they afforded, they were
comparatively safe from the assiduous attentions of the ever-

1 Mr. Harvie-Brown (of. cz¢.) gives the area of grass as ‘‘some 80 acres,”
but on what authority is not stated.

IO ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

present Peregrine Falcon and from the casual visits of the
Merlin. There is no cover elsewhere, unless some short
narrow runnels connecting a series of diminutive pools on
the exposed plateau can be regarded as such.

The rocks forming the island consist of several varieties
of Lewisian gneiss, traversed by numerous veins of granite,
pegmatite, and hornblende. ‘They show evidence of con-
siderable disturbance, being crumpled, and twisted, and
tossed up and down, in a most remarkable manner.

There are three ancient buildings on the island. The
chief of these resembles a large dog-kennel, and is supposed
to have been built for ecclesiastical purposes, and is called the
“Blessing House” on the Ordinance Map. The other two
are Brochs, each with two square chambers, and surmounted
with a bee-hive-shaped roof.

The islands are resorted to annually, as breeding stations,
by hosts of marine birds, chief among which, in point of
numbers, is the Puffin; and the most interesting, from an
ornithological point of view, the Fork-tailed Petrel and the
Fulmar.

Ornithologically, however, the islands are chiefly remark-
able on account of the streams of birds of passage which
sweep over them in both spring and autumn, when ez route
between their northern summer and their southern winter
homes. These streams are surprising for their magnitude,
both in individuals and species, when the far western situation
of the islands is taken into consideration. The result of
our investigations on these interesting western movements
was most satisfactory and much valuable information was
obtained, but further researches elsewhere will have to be
undertaken ere the results are ripe for publication. The
lantern throws out three slowly revolving beams, each of
140,000 candle power ; but during our stay few birds visited
the light, the weather conditions being almost uniformly
unfavourable for “a night at the lantern.” We were some-
what surprised to find that, so far as we could ascertain,
no birds seemed to visit the island from Lewis and Harris
during our stay. Thus we never saw a single Starling—a
species which is abundant in the Outer Hebrides, and much
given to wandering in the autumn; and only a single

PLATE II.

ANN. Scot. NAT. HIST. 1905.

“MOTLIN

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THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS II

Skylark was observed. Birds were always numerous, but
they were northern immigrants on passage to southern
winter quarters, many of which remained on the island for
some time.

As regards other classes of animals, the fauna is naturally
a limited one. There are no shell-bearing land Mollusca,
owing, perhaps, to the absence of lime in the crystalline
rocks forming the islands; but there are two slugs, namely,
Arion ater and Limax agrestis, both of which are not un-
common.

Foremost among the Insects, by reason of its numbers,
is the Earwig, which swarms everywhere. Beetles of a few
species were more or less abundant, and a collection made
by me has been kindly examined by Prof. Hudson Beare,
whose remarks upon them will be found on pp. 20-22. Flies,
too, were abundant, and a considerable collection was made,
and upon this Mr. Grimshaw will eventually report. My co-
editor, Prof. Trail, will have something to tell about the
Flora of the island in a future number of the “ Annals.”

A pleasant duty remains ere this portion of my notes
closes. I have to thank Mr. Dick Peddie for, among other
kindnesses, the loan of the negatives from which the pictures
have been reproduced. We have to express our grateful
acknowledgments to the lightkeepers for the valuable returns
they have systematically made during the past four years.
To three of them, namely, Mr. Wm. Begg, the principal
keeper, and to Messrs. Ross and Anderson, assistant-keepers,
additional thanks are due from Mr. Laidlaw and myself for
the many attentions shown to us, as well as for valued assist-
ance rendered during our recent visit. Not only did they
help make our visit an extremely pleasant one, but they
added materially to any success that may have been
achieved.

Mr. Begg is much interested in the bird-life of the islands,
and, I am indebted to him for much information on the
subject.

RavEN (Corvus corax).—A pair is resident among the islands,
remaining all the year round, and nesting on one of the outer
group. During our visit this pair was seen daily, but they had
evidently dismissed their young before we arrived. One day

12 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

a strange pair appeared, to the evident concern of the raven
proprietors, who were very unsettled and noisy during the
visit.

Hoopep Crow (Corvus cornix).—A pair seen occasionally at all
seasons, but said not to breed; at any rate their young have
not been observed. ‘These birds were seen throughout our visit

and one of them was shot, but the survivor had a fresh mate
two days later.

Rook (Corvus frugilegus).—An occasional visitor, either singly or in
small numbers, twelve seen on April 10, 1902, being the
highest record. ‘The other records are for January, once ;
March, once; April, twice ; May, once.

Jackpaw (Corvus monedula).—Only once observed, namely on
February 22, 1901.

STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris)—Appears on passage, sometimes in
great flocks, which remain for several days. Not a single
Starling was seen during our sojourn, and these visitors are
evidently migrants to and from the Continent. The earliest
record for its appearance relates to a single bird seen on
September 27, 1904. They appear chiefly in October and
November, along with other northern birds of passage; and
again from mid-February, during March, and sometimes as
late as mid-April. On April 15, 1904, many Starlings, with
Redwings, Wheatears, and Skylarks were at the lantern at
10.30 P.M. It has only twice been noted as visiting the island
during winter, namely in 1903, when two appeared on the 5th
and one on the 18th of December.

CuHaAFFINCH (/ringilla celebs)—Common in the autumn of 1901,
being seen on several occasions during the winter of that year,
but has rarely appeared since. In the year named, great num-
bers arrived on the 30th of October, several large flocks during
November, and flocks again on the 3rd and 23rd of December.
Since that year the bird has only been twice noted, namely,
on the 17th of January, 1902, several; and on the 18th ot
November, 1903, one.

BRAMBLING (fringilla montifringilla)—Observed on one occasion
only, namely, on the 15th of November r1go1, when nine or
ten appeared.

GREENFINCH (Ligurinus chloris)—WHas been known to visit the
island on two occasions only, namely, a large flock on the 30th
October 1901, and another on the 17th December of the
same year. A wing of one of these visitors was sent for
identification.

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 13
YELLOW Buntinc (Lymberiza cttrinella).—Is only once recorded.
On the 17th September 1900 one was observed resting on

the island.

Linnet (Linota cannabina).—Is said to be an occasional visitor.
The only records noted are one on 2nd and four on the goth
July t901, and one on gth October 1902.

TwIteE (Linota flavirostris).—A summer visitor only, arriving in the
spring and departing early in the autumn—it had left before
our arrival on the 6th of September. ‘Two pairs nest annually
on Eilean Mhor.

Snow Buntine (Péectrophenax nivalts).—A winter visitor in large
numbers. The earliest record of its appearance came under
our notice, two being seen on the 14th of September 1904.
A few usually arrive later in the month, but the great flights
do not appear until October, when they are sometimes noted
as in “thousands.” <A considerable number remain the winter.
Late in March great flocks gather on the island previous to
departure, and many are then in summer plumage. It is also
observed in numbers on passage, with other emigrants bound
north in April, and has been observed as late as the 20th of
May.

Lapland BuntinG (Catcarius lapponicus).—As already recorded
(‘“‘ Annals,” 1904, p. 207), we found this species present on our
arrival on the island on the 6th September, and the keepers
told us that the birds were seen by them on the 3rd, and were
thought to be Snow Buntings. It was one of the first birds
seen by us, and was still present on the island at the date of
our departure. From careful computations we set down their
number at from thirty to forty individuals, but there may have
been more, for we were not able to visit the other islands,
some of which were well suited for their requirements. They
sought food on the bare patches of peat, and down the face
of the cliffs; and at night found roosts among the coarse
grass growing on the top of the island and on the steep banks.
When on the wing they were inclined to be noisy, some of
their notes resembling those of a Linnet, others those of the
Snow Bunting, especially its call note fike, tiike. They were
usually seen in small parties, perhaps families, and the examples
obtained were adults of both sexes and young birds of the year.

‘There must have been a considerable and remarkably early
immigration of this bird during the past autumn ; and though
it seems to have escaped notice elsewhere in Scotland, except
the lonely isle of Suleskerry, where I saw several examples on
the 22nd of September, yet it has been recorded for the south,
east, and centre of England,

14 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

SKYLARK (Alauda arvensis).—Is chiefly a bird of passage, but a
few visit the island during the winter, driven by cold from
elsewhere.

Strange to say we only saw a single example, namely, an
immature bird on the 12th of September. The northern
migrants do not arrive until October, the 2nd of that month
being the earliest recorded date of their appearance, and the
passage southwards lasts until the end of November. ‘The
return movement northwards in spring commences about the
middle of February, and is continued during March. It is
only occasionally recorded for April, the latest date being the
r5th, in 1904, when it occurred at the lantern with Starlings,
Redwings, and Wheatears.

SHORT-TOED Lark (Calendrella brachydactyla).—This unlooked-for
visitor from the far south is believed to have appeared on the
evening of the 19th of September. It was detected as a
stranger early the following day, its light colour and small size
attracting attention. Its note on rising on the wing, when
disturbed, resembled that of a Skylark. As before stated
(“ Annals,” 1904, p. 206) it proved to be a female, and is the
first recorded occurrence of this species for Scotland.

Prep WactaliL (Motacilla lugubris)—Mr. Begg assures me that he
has seen this species, but that it is an uncommon visitor.

Wuite WactaiL (MZotacilla alba).—This species is probably
common on migration in both spring and autumn. It was
certainly one of the most abundant species observed by us
from the day of our arrival, 6th September, to our departure
on the 22nd. During this period two distinct arrivals took
place, namely, on the night of the 8th, along with Meadow Pipits
and Wheatears, and again on the 11th, when it appeared along
with the same species at 2.30 A.M., at which hour several
appeared at the lantern. The numbers dwindled after the 13th,
but a few were present down to the 23rd, as is testified to by
specimens received after our departure.

WactalL (dZotacilla sp.),—The only bird that ran the gauntlet of
identification during our visit, was a short-tailed Yellow Wag-
tail This bird appeared on the morning of the z2oth of
September, and for two days baffled all our attempts to solve
its identity. It was shy, wary, and restless in the extreme,
and never allowed us to approach sufficiently near to get a
satisfactory sight of it.

Meapow Pirit (Axthus pratensis).—This is another species which
occurs commonly on double passage. It was abundant during
the whole period covered by our visit; and there were con-

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 15

siderable arrivals on 8th September, with White Wagtails and
Wheatears ; on the roth, from 8.30 to ro P.M.; and again on
the 11th, with Wheatears and White Wagtails.

The earliest arrival chronicled for the autumn is the 27th
of August 1900, when it appeared in considerable numbers,
and the latest for the 8th October 1903, when it was abundant
with other migrants.

The records for spring are few, but on the zoth May 1904
it is said to have been numerous at midnight along with
Wheatears.

Rock Pipit (Aznthus obscurus).—Resident and extremely abundant.
It was marvellously tame, being almost indifferent to one’s
presence, and came freely into the house. Some examples
were much larger than others, and it is probable that all were
not natives of the island.

[The Goldcrest (Regulus cristatus) has never been observed
at the Flannans. It is a well-known bird to all the light-
keepers, and its absence from the long list of migratory passeres
is worthy of remark. ]

LESSER WHITETHROAT (Sylvia curruca).—One was sent to me in
the flesh, which had been captured on the 23rd of September
1904, two days after our departure.

GARDEN WARBLER (Sylvia hortensis).—One was observed searching
for flies on the face of the rocks on the north cliff on the 16th
of September, and remained until the 18th, perhaps longer.

Other Warblers have occurred and have been entered in
the schedules as ‘‘ Whitethroat,” “ Blackcap,” and ‘‘ Willow
Warbler,” perhaps correctly, but it is very desirable that they
should be identified beyond a doubt, before been accepted as
visitors to the islands,

Sonc THRusH (Zurdus musicus).—A visitor on migration in the
spring and autumn, and occasionally in winter.

The earliest date on which the Thrush has been chronicled
for the autumn is on the 4th of October 1904, when a single
example appeared. It is not until towards the end of the
month named that it comes in numbers, along with Redwings,
Blackbirds, Larks, etc.; and the passage lasts until mid-
November, the 19th being the latest record. Some of these
migrants remain on the island for a few days ere they pass on
their way southwards. A few appeared on the island on 13th
December 1903, and there are two similar records for the
first week in February in 1903 and 1904, in one instance along
with Blackbirds and Redwings.

The return movement northwards takes place in March,

16 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

the 8th being the earliest and the 25th the lacest date in
which the passages have been recorded, but it probably occurs
later.

RepwincG (Zurdus tliacus).—The Redwing appears to be much the
commonest member of its genus visiting the island. That
this should be so is not surprising, for the species is a summer
visitor to Iceland, and thus it is not unnatural that its passage
lines should more frequently lie to west than those of the other
species of Zurdus, whose northern summer homes are in
Scandinavia, ete.

A few appear in the earliest days of October, along with
Pipits and Wheatears, and later with Thrushes, Fieldfares,
Larks, Snow Buntings, etc. Sometimes the immigrants, remain
several days resting and feeding on the island. The latest
date for the autumn passage is the 18th November.

During severe winters numbers have been known to seek
the island as a retreat, and in December i1go2 they were
observed too weak to fly.

On the spring passage, it is again the most numerous
Thrush visiting the Flannans. The 7th April is the earliest
date for its appearance, and the passage lasts until the end of
the month, the 29th being the latest record. During this
period it appears in company with Wheatears and Snow
Buntings, or with Larks, Wheatears, and Starlings ; sometimes
in great rushes.

FIELDFARE (Zurdus pilaris)—The Fieldfare is another bird of
double passage, occurring regularly in the autumn between the
dates 3rd October and t19th November, and sometimes
remains a week on the island before moving on. In the
spring, when it is apparently much less frequently observed
than the other members of the genus, it appears late in
April.

As a winter visitor it has occurred on a few occasions, but
does not make a long stay.

BLACKBIRD (Zwrdus meru/a)—Is numerous on double passage: in
the autumn, according to the records, from the 11th October
to the 20th November; and in spring from the rst March to
the r2th April.

It has on several occasions appeared in winter, but does
not appear to remain long on the island.

Repsreast (L7ithacus rubecula).—Single birds have been seen
occasionally, namely on the 15th November 1900; 13th May
19023; 30th March, 19th and 31st October, and 30th Novem-
ber 1903.

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 17

? Brack Repstart (Ruticilla titys)—A bird with a red tail,
entered in the schedules as a “ Redstart,” was observed on the
island on the roth and 28th of November 1903, and was
doubtless this species.

WHEATEAR (Saxicola enanthe)—Was very abundant during the
whole of our visit. There were considerable arrivals on the
night of the 7th of September, along with Pipits and White
Wagtails ; and again along with the same species at 2.30 A.M.
on the 11th, when it was observed at the lantern, and was in
swarms all over the island during the day. There was another
arrival on the 17th, when it appeared at the lantern from 11 P.M.
onwards. All the birds observed were, with one exception, in
the russet plumage of autumn and winter: the exception was
a male, which still displayed traces of summer plumage.
About four pairs of Wheatears nest annually on the island, but
numbers seek it while on migration. The earliest arrivals in
the spring are noted for the 7th of April, and the passage lasts
until the 2oth of May, on which date, in 1904, great numbers
appeared at midnight.

The earliest date in the autumn for the appearance of
immigrants is the 11th of August, and the latest on the 8th
of October.

WREN (Zroglodytes parvulus).—Wrens are seen occasionally during
the autumn and winter months. We hoped to have procured
specimens of this bird, but if it was present during our visits
it eluded all our attempts to detect it, which was possible,
owing to the extent and nature of the steep faces with which
the island is surrounded. However, we do not think it
probable that the bird was there in September 1904.

It has been observed in January (once), February (twice),
March (once), October (four times), and November (four times),
On all these occasions, except 12th November 1904, when
three were seen, single specimens only came under observation.

PieD FLYCATCHER (MMuscicapa atricapilla).—Was first observed
on the 13th of September, when three were seen busily engaged
capturing insects on the face of rocks in a rift in the cliffs on
the north side of the island—as wild a spot as it is possible to
imagine. Here these birds were seen daily until the 2oth, and
perhaps remained beyond that date. All were in the gray
dress of autumn. This species is, I believe, an addition to the
avifauna of the Outer Hebrides.

SwaLLow (Aivundo rustica)—A casual visitor on passage, whose
few visits in spring are chronicled for May and June. In the
autumn it has twice been noted for September. The greatest
number seen was on the 26th May 1903, when twelve appeared.

53 Cc

18 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

MarTIN (Chelidon urbica).—One killed by a Merlin, on the roth
April 1g00, was sent to me for identification.

Swirt (Cypselus apus).—The Swift is regarded as a rare visitor.
Previous to our visit there were three records of its occurrence
—two for June and one for July. On the 16th September I
saw one at 10 A.M., during heavy rain and a strong S.E. breeze.
And on the following day, another was flying under the north
cliff for several hours, seeking shelter from the strong southerly
breeze.

Snowy Ow. (WVyctea scandiaca).—TVhis bird has only once been
observed, namely on the 12th of October 1903, when Mr. Begg
saw one on the island at 6 P.M.

KeEstrEL (Falco tinnunculus).—The only occurrences of this species
known, are a male shot on the 18th of June, and a female on
the 27th of September, 1904.

PEREGRINE (falco peregrinus).—A pair of Peregrines nest annually
on one of the outer islands of the group. During the early days
of our visit we saw the old birds accompained by one of their
offspring, a male, which they tried their best to drive away
from the islands, but all their bullying failed. The old birds
left about the 14th of September, but the young male remained,
and was a scourge to all the small migratory birds resorting to
Eilean Mhor; for it used to dash many times a day over the
exposed plateau in search of prey, making havoc among the
ranks of the travellers.

MERLIN (falco @salon).—Visits the islands on both the spring and
autumn migrations, being observed in March, April, and May ;
and again in September and October.

A pair appeared on the morning of the 11th of September.
They only remained for the day, during which the small
migrants had a bad time of it. We had a captive Fork-tailed
Petrel, which had been taken at the lantern the previous night.
This we released in order to observe its manner of flight, no
Merlin being in sight at the time; but no sooner was the
Petrel well on the wing than one of the Merlins appeared in
hot pursuit, but the Petrel, we believe, reached the sea in
safety.

Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo).—Mr. Begg, who has _ several
years’ experience, has never seen this bird at the Flannans.
He has heard, however, that eggs have been taken on one of
the outer islands. Mr. Harvie-Brown saw several pairs on
Bronna Cleit on the 11th of June 1881. We never saw the
bird.

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 19

SHAG (Phalacrocorax graculus).—Very common all the year round,
and breeding in considerable numbers.
We saw old birds feeding young as big as themselves.
The importunities of these great babies were of a very persistent
nature, and not at all appreciated by the parent birds, which
did their best to shake off their lazy offspring.

GANNET (Sula bassana).—Although observed all the year round,
Mr. Begg informs me that only a few are seen during the
winter months. Soon after the middle of March flocks are
observed constantly passing towards St. Kilda, only forty miles
distant, and distinctly to be seen each clear day.

During our visit it was always common, but only adult
birds were seen.

HERON (Ardea cinerea).—An occasional visitor, and only chronicled
for the months of August and September.

We saw five of these birds—one on toth of September,
two on the rith, and one on 17th and 18th. All of these
were young. They did not stay long, which is not surprising,
for the islands afford no suitable feeding grounds.

GREY GEESE (Anser sp.).—‘“ Grey Geese” are occasional visitors
during the autumn and winter; but the identity of the species
visiting the islands has not been ascertained.

BERNACLE Goosk (Bernicla leucopsts).—About two hundred Bernacles
winter on the islands, arriving early in October and remaining
until late April, and sometimes seen until about mid-May.
Many also visit the islands as birds of passage.

BRENT Goose (Lernicla brenta).—On the 16th of September we
saw a bird of this species flying to the S.E. It was well seen,
and is the only record for the islands.

Witp Duck (Anas boscas).—The only record is for a pair, male
and female, shot by Mr. Begg on the gth of November
1904.

TEAL (Querquedula crecca)—Has been shot on the island, singly or
in pairs, On several occasions in the months of January, April,
July, October, and November.

E1mDER Duck (Somateria mollissima)—Nests commonly on some of
the islands, but is not seen during winter. It returns early,
three being seen on the 13th of February 1904. Old and
young were very numerous throughout our visit. They
usually formed a straggling flock, and fed under the lee of the
islands. Several females accompanied by half-grown young
ones kept apart from the main body.

(Zo be continued.)

20 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

NOTES ON SOME ‘COLEOPTERA FROM
THE FLANNAN ISLANDS:

By Prof. T. Hupson Beare, B.A., B.Sc.

DURING a stay of sixteen days on the Flannans in the
autumn of 1904, from September 6 to 21, for the
purpose of studying bird migration, Mr. W. Eagle Clarke
collected Coleoptera whenever possible, and he has kindly
allowed me the opportunity of going through his small
and interesting collection in order that I might name his
captures.

The Flannans are a group of small uninhabited islands
lying out in the Atlantic, being situated from twenty to
twenty-three miles west of the island of Lewis, and forty
miles north-east of St. Kilda.

As Mr. Eagle Clarke has already described in this
number of the “ Annals” (pp. 8-10), the geographical position
of the islands, and the main physical features of Eilean
Mhor, on which the collection was made, it is unnecessary
to say more on the subject here.

The following is a list of the species in the collection,
with some notes as to their general distribution in Great
Britain :-—

Carabus catenulatus, Scop.—(5 specimens) ; this species is common
all over Scotland, and is especially abundant in hilly districts
under stones ; it is also common in England.

Pterostichus niger, Schal.—(7 specimens) ; this species is common
all over the kingdom, under stones.

Nebria brevicollis, ¥.—(20 specimens); perhaps the most abundant
and widely-distributed species of the Carabidae which occurs
in Great Britain, and found in all sorts of localities.

Calathus cisteloides, Pz.—(6 specimens) ; this species also occurs all
over the kingdom, under stones.

I used, during the time spent in camp on the island of Inch-
keith, when I was serving as a captain in the Forth Division
Submarine Miners, to find these four species very commonly
on that island.

ON SOME COLEOPTERA FROM THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 21

Notiphilus biguttatus, F.—(1 specimen) ; this is again a common
species, the most abundant of its genus, and the most generally
distributed in Great Britain.

Calathus melanocephalus, L.—(6 specimens) ; this species again is
exceedingly common all over the kingdom; it occurs under
stones, and in all sorts of localities. On high mountains it is
replaced by its var. xudigena, Hal., which has a dark, almost
black, thorax instead of the reddish thorax of the type. All
Mr. Eagle Clarke’s specimens, however, have a distinctly red
thorax, though not quite such a bright red as is common in
specimens taken in the south.

Trechus obtusus, Er.—(2 specimens); this species, which is some-
times considered to be only a variety of mcnutus, F., is much
commoner in Scotland than in the southern part of the island,
and appears to be very widely distributed and very common
in the northern part of the country.

The above species all belong to the group commonly known
as ground beetles, occurring principally under stones and
rubbish, and in moss.

Ocypus ater, Gr.—(1 specimen); this big Staphylinid is perhaps
the most interesting of Mr. Eagle Clarke’s captures. In Canon
Fowler’s work on “ British Coleoptera,” vol. ii. p. 257, it is
stated to be rare in Scotland—Forth district only ; but since
that volume was published Mr. J. J. Walker has taken it
at Campbeltown, and he states that it was common in that
locality under stones, on turf walls, etc., (see ‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,”
1896, p. r10). Mr. Walker also collected Coleoptera at
Stornoway during a visit there in 1895, but though the locality
was a very likely one for this species, which is found almost
exclusively on or near the coast in muddy places, Mr. Walker
did not record it among his captures taken at that locality.
It occurs in the Northumberland district, and therefore probably
will be found on the east coast as well as on the west coast of
Scotland.

Philonthus vartus, Gyl\l.—(1 specimen); this is a universally dis-
tributed species, one of the most abundant of the genus in
Great Britain.

Aphodius rufipes, L.—(1 specimen); this dung beetle was caught
on the lantern of the lighthouse by Mr. Eagle Clarke, at
2.30 A.M. on September 11, and it is, therefore, pretty
certain that it must have flown over from the island of Lewis,
or from the mainland; it is one of the commonest species of
its genus.

Choleva grandicollis, Er.—(3 specimens) ; there is a possible doubt
as to the identification of these specimens, as they are some-

22 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

what damaged, and two or three of the species are somewhat
difficult to determine owing to the close resemblance between
them. The species of this genus occur in carcases, rubbish,
etc., and this particular species is very widely spread.

It is impossible to imagine that the ground beetles and
also the Staphylinids could have reached these remote islands
since they were separated from the mainland, and they must
be the survivors of species living on this particular spot when
these islands were separated from the nearest point on the
mainland.

THE UNIVERSITY, EDINBURGH, December 1904.

DIPTERA SCOTICA: IV.—ORKNEY AND
SEE dua:

By Percy H. Grimsuavw, F.E.S.

SOME months ago the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, of Guestling
Rectory, Hastings, was good enough to send me for examina-
tion and determination a number of Diptera collected in the
Orkney and Shetland Islands by Dr. O. Reuter, of Helsing-
fors, Finland, in the summer of 1876. I have thought it
advisable, while publishing the results, to include all the
records I could find bearing upon the Dipterous fauna of
these islands, even although many of those hitherto published
still require confirmation and a few of which may be
erroneous. By this means it is hoped that all the information
bearing upon the subject may be placed in a convenient form
for future investigators, while attention will at the same time
be drawn by critical remarks to those species whose claim for
inclusion in the list rests upon wrong identification or some
other doubtful factor.

So far as I am aware, our knowledge of the flies of
Orkney and Shetland is limited to the following papers and
notes: (1) a paper by W. Armston Vice in the “ Scottish
Naturalist,” vol. ii (1873-74) pp. 274-276, entitled
“Diptera in the North of Scotland” ; (2) a second paper by
the same author in the “Scottish Naturalist,’ New Series,
vol. i. (1883-84) pp. 9-19, entitled “List of Diptera taken

,>”

in the North of Scotland, chiefly in the province ‘ Dee,’” in

DIPTERA SCOTICA : IV.—ORKNEY AND SHETLAND ~ 23

which most of the previous records are repeated ; (3) a note
by ©; W. Dale, in the “Ent. Mo. Mag.” (2) vol. iv. (1893) p:
93, on “Shetland Diptera”; (4) a short note by the Rev.
E. N. Bloomfield, in the same journal (1904, p. 88), on
“Diptera from the Shetlands and Orkneys,” collected by the
Rev. F. D. Morice; and (5) a reference to a species of
= Cecidomyia~ by Prof. J. W. Trailjin the “Scottish
Naturalist,” New Series, vol. iii. (1887-88) pp. 309-328.

In the following list all previous records are, for the sake
of brevity, referred to under the numbers given in the pre-
ceding paragraph, while it is to be understood that all those
without such reference were collected by Dr. Reuter, and for
the identification of which I alone am responsible.

IL.—ORKNEY.

Family CECIDOMYIID.,
1. DASYNEURA URTICA, Lerris.—| Cecidomyia| Orkney, Trail, 5.

Family MYCETOPHILID.
Macrocera viTtata, 4/g.—One, Kirkwall, 5th July.

iS)

Family SIMULIIDA.
3. SIMULIUM NANUM, Zf4,—1 6, Ophir, 17th July.

Family CHIRONOMID&.
4. TANYPUS NEBULOSUS, JZg.—One, Kirkwall, 2oth July.
Family TIPULIDZ:.
5. TIPULA OLERACEA, Z.—1 6, Kirkwall, 14th July.
Family STRATIOMYID&.
6. CHLOROMYIA FORMOSA, Scofp.—1 9, Orkney.
7. MICROCHRYSA CYANEIVENTRIS, Z/7,—1 ¢, Orkney.
Family TABANID.

8. HAEMATOPOTA PLUVIALIS. Z.—1 9, Kirkwall, 15th July; 1
@, Stromness, 21st July.

Family LEPTID:.

g. CHRYSOPILUS AURATUS, Fab.—2 9? 9, Kirkwall, 15th July;
4 466 andi 9, Orkney.

24

IO.

IL.

12.

7.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

ge

24.

2

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Family EMPIDA:.
CyrTOMA spuRIA, //n.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2.
RHAMPHOMVIA VARIABILIS, //7z,—Between Kirkwall and Strom-
ness, August, 1873—Vice, 1 ; Orkney—Vice, 2.

RHAMPHOMYIA FLAVA, //7m.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1873—-Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2.

. EMPIS TESSELLATA, /aé.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,

August 1873—Vice, 1; 1 9, Kirkwall, 14th July; 2 ¢ 6,
Kirkwall, 15th July; ¢ and ¢, Orkney.

EMPIS STERCOREA, Z.—1 6, Kirkwall, 15th July.

. Empis punctata, J7g.—1 9, Ophir, 17th July; 1 9, Orkney.

. HiLaARA cHorica, //7z.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,

August 1873—-Vice, 1 ; Orkney—Vice, 2.

[Hizara, sff.—1 3, and 2 ? 9, Kirkwall, 5th July. ]

HELEODROMIA FONTINALIS, //aZ.—Between Kirkwall and Strom-
ness, August 1873—-Vice, 1 ; Orkney—Vice, 2.

HEMERODROMIA PRECATORIA, /77.—|monostigma| Between
Kirkwall and Stromness, August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—
Wicel ee:

TACHISTA ARROGANS, Z.—One specimen, Orkney.

[TACHYDROMIA, sff.—1 6, and one 9, Kirkwall, 14th
July ; 1 g, Kirkwall, roth July; 1 9, Kirkwall, 2oth July;
IQ, Stromness, 20th July ; 1g, Stromness, 21st July; 146,
Orkney. |

Family DOLICHOPODID.

DOLICHOPUS ATRIPES, JZg.—1 9, Ophir, 17th July.
DOLICHOPUS VITRIPENNIS, JZg.—1 9, Ophir, 17th July; 1 6,
Stromness, 21st July.

DOLICHOPUS PLUMIPES, Scof.—3 $6 6 and 1 @ Kirkwall, 5th
July; t 9, Kirkwall, roth July; 1 ¢, Orkney.

DOLICHOPUS GRISEIPENNIS, Sfann.—Between Kirkwall and
Stromness, August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2; 1 9,
Kirkwall, 15th July; 1 ¢, Ophir, 17th July; 1 6g, Kirk-
wall, 2oth July; 1 ¢, Stromness, 21st July.

DOoLICHOPUS UNGULATUS, Z.—1 @, Orkney; 2 6 6, and 3
@ ¢, Kirkwall, 5th July.

DOLICHOPUS RUPESTRIS, //a/.— Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice 2.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

Bil

BON.

Ww
Os

34-

35:

36.

37:

38.

39:

DIPTERA SEOTRICA: 1V.—ORKNEY “AND SHETLEAND 25

ARGYRA ARGENTINA, JZ¢.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2; 1 g, Kirkwall,
15th July; 1 g, Ophir, 17th July.

SYNTORMON PUMILUS, JZe¢.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1873—Vlice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2.

SYNTORMON PALLIPES, /ab.—|Synarthrus| Between Kirkwall
and Stromness, August 1873,—Vice, 1; two specimens,
Kirkwall, 20th July.

CAMPSICNEMUS CURVIPES, //77.—Between Kirkwall and Strom-
ness, August 1873—-Vice, I.

SYMPYCNUS ANNULIPES, JZg.—Between Kirkwall and Strom-
ness, August 1873—-Vice 1 ; Orkney—Vice 2.

Family LONCHOPTERID/.

LONCHOPTERA PUNCTUM, JA7Zg.—Between Kirkwall and Strom-
ness, August 1873—Vice, 1 ; Orkney—Vice, 2.

Family PIPUNCULID.

PIPUNCULUS CAMPESTRIS, Zév.—1 4, Kirkwall, 5th July.

Family SYRPHID.

CHRYSOGASTER HIRTELLA, Lw.—|viduata| Between Kirkwall
and Stromness, August 1873—Vice, 1; [vdwata] Orkney
—Vice, 2; ¢ and 9, Ophir, 17th July; 9, Orkney.

CHILOSIA ILLUSTRATA, H/arv.—Orkney, 14th September 1894
—Bloomfield, 4.

PLATYCHIRUS MANICATUS, J7g.—Between Kirkwall and Strom-
ness, August 1873—Vice, 1; 1 9, Kirkwall, 14th July;
¢ and 9, Orkney.

PLATYCHIRUS PELTATUS, JZg.—Between Kirkwall and Strom-
ness, August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2; Orkney,
14th September 1894—Bloomfield, 4; 1 $, Ophir, 17th
July.

PLATYCHIRUS ALBIMANUS, /aé.—Between Kirkwall and Strom-
ness, August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2; 1 2,
Stromness, 2oth July.

PLATYCHIRUS CLYPEATUS, J7g.—1 6, Kirkwall, 15th July;
eo, Opin 17th july; 1 9 Orkney.

PLATYCHIRUS ANGUSTATUS, Z#t.—1 ¢, Orkney.

26

40.

Ge

53:

54.

55:

. SYRPHUS BALTEATUS, Deg.

. ASCIA FLORALIS, J/g.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

MELANOSTOMA MELLINUM, Z.—1 @, Ophir, 17th July.

[LEucozona Lucorum, Z.—Orkney — Vice, 2. Mr. Bloomfield
informs me that this record is erroneous. Still there is no
reason why the species should not occur.— P. H. G. |

. SYRPHUS RIBESII, Z.—1 9, Kirkwall, roth July.

. SYRPHUS VITRIPENNIS, J7g.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,

August 1873—Vice, 1 ; Orkney—Vice, 2.

Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1873—Vice, 1 ; Orkney—Vice, 2.

. SPHAZROPHORIA MENTHASTRI, Z. — Between Kirkwall and

Stromness, August 1873—Vice, 1 ; Orkney—Vice, 2.

. ASCIA PODAGRICA, fad.—1 @, Kirkwall, 5th July; 2 ¢4,

Kirkwall, 15th July.

t 9, Kirkwall, 5th July, with an
entirely black abdomen.

. RHINGIA CAMPESTRIS, JZg.—[rvostrata] Between Kirkwall and

Stromness, August 1873 — Vice, 1; Orkney — Vice, 2;
1 6, Kirkwall, 5th July; 1 ¢, Kirkwall, 15th July.

. VOLUCELLA BOMBYLANS, Z.—1 @, Kirkwall, 15th July; 1 92,

Stromness, 2oth July ; 1 ?, Stromness, 21st July.

. VOLUCELLA PELLUCENS, L.—[inflata] Very abundant between

Kirkwall and Stromness, August 1873—Vice, 1.

. ERISTALIS ARBUSTORUM, Z.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,

August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2; 1 9, Strom-
ness, 20th July.

. ERISTALIS NEMORUM, Z£.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,

August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2. [The occur-
rence of this species seems to me to require confirmation—
very probably Vice’s specimens were only avbustorum, L.—
Ps HiGs|

HELOPHILUS PENDULUS, Z.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1872—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2; Orkney, 14th
September 1894—Bloomfield, 4.

SYRITTA PIPIENS, Z.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness, August
1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2.

SERICOMYIA BOREALIS, /77.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1873—Vice, 1; Orkney—Vice, 2; Orkney, 14th
September 1894—Bloomfield, 4.

SERICOMYIA LAPPONA, Z.—Between Kirkwall and Stromness,
August 1873—Vice, 1. [Mr. Bloomfield informs me that
Vice only saw what he took to be this species, and that very
probably the specimen was only dorvea/is.—P. H. G.]

56.

37:

58.

59:

60.
61.

65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70;
mare

DIPTERA SCOTICA: IV.—ORKNEY AND SHETLAND 27

Family TACHINIDA.

MIcropaLpus vuLPINUS, /7x.—|Zachina] Between Kirkwall
and Stromness, August 1873—Vice, 1; [ Zachina] Orkney
—Vice, 2.

ReEsELIA ANTIQUA, /7z.—Among Dr. Reuter’s specimens I
found a single example of this interesting species labelled
* Orkney.” —P. H. G.

DIGONOCHETA SPINIPENNIS, J/¢.—[ Zachina| Between Kirk-
wall and Stromness, August 1873—Vice, I.

CYNOMYIA MORTUORUM, Z.—In September this year Mr. W.
Eagle Clarke captured 2 ? @? at Stennes.

Family MUSCID.
Musca pomestTica, Z.—1 ¢, Kirkwall, 19th July.

MOoRELLIA SIMPLEX, Zw.—1 9, Kirkwall, 1rgth July.

Family ANTHOMYIIDZ.

. PoLIeTES LARDARIA, /ab.—|Anthomyia| Between Kirkwall

and Stromness, August 1873—Vice, I.

. HYETODESIA INCANA, Wied.—1 6, Kirkwall, 15th July; 1 6,

Kirkwall, roth July.

. Myp#a impuncra, “//z.—1 6, Kirkwall, 14th July; 1 9,

Kirkwall, 15th July; zr ¢ and 1 9, Ophir, 17th July.
[All the Orkney specimens have only 3 post-sutural dorso-
central bristles; otherwise there is no difference between
them and typical specimens. As I possess examples of
MM. impuncta with both 3 and 4, all from the same locality,
I cannot safely refer Dr. Reuter’s specimens to any other
species, such as demigrans, Ztt.—P. H. G.]

HypRoT#A DENTIPES, /aé.—1 6, Kirkwall, 15th July.
Drymia HAMATA, F/z.—1 6, Kirkwall, 19th July.
HOMALOMYIA CANICULARIS, Z.—1 9, Kirkwall, 5th July.
HoMALomyYIA, sf.—1 @, Ophir, 17th July.

AZELIA MACQUARTI, St@g.—1 6, Kirkwall, 15th July.
AZELIA CILIPES, Hfa/,—1 g, Ophir, 17th July.

CARICEA TIGRINA, /aé.—1 6, Kirkwall, 14th July; 1 9,
Kirkwall, roth July; 1 ¢, Stromness, 21st July.

28

72.
73:

74.

75:

76

ted

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Family CORDYLURID.

ScaTOPHAGA LUTARIA, 4aé.—1 6, Kirkwall, 20th July.

SCATOPHAGA STERCORARIA, Z.—3 6 6, Kirkwall, 19th July ;
I 9, Stromness, 21st July.

SCATOPHAGA LITOREA, //z.—1 6, Ophir, 17th July; 2 9 9,
Kirkwall, rgth July.

SCATOPHAGA VILLIPES, Z/7.—2 ¢@ 6, Kirkwall, 14th July.
[Although this species has long been doubted as a British
species, yet I have no hesitation in referring the present
examples to it, although they do not quite agree with the
descriptions given by Zetterstedt, Becker, and others. They
cannot be anything else, and I feel sure v7//ipes is a variable
species, at any rate as regards the colour of the legs.—
lst Ga]

Family PHYCODROMIDZ..

ORYGMA LUucTUOSUM, JZg.
July.

Fucomyia, sf.—1 9, Kirkwall, 14th July; 1 g, Kirkwall,
rgth July. [My knowledge of this peculiar genus is not
sufficient to enable me to identify Dr. Reuter’s specimens
with certainty.—P. H. G.]

1 ¢6 and 1 9, Kirkwall, 14th

Family SCIOMYZID.

CEDOPAREA BUCCATA, //m.—1 9, Ophir, 17th July; 1 9,
Kirkwall, 19th July; 2 ¢ ¢,Stromness, 21st July.

. PHHOMYIA FUSCIPENNIS, JZg.—1 6, Kirkwall, 5th July.

. TETANOCERA LA&VIFRONS, Zw.—1 9, Kirkwall, 15th July.
. TETANOCERA FERRUGINEA, /77z.—1 93, Ophir, 17th } July.
. TETANOCERA CORYLETI, Scof.—1 8, Ophir, 17th July.

. ELGIVA ALBISETA, Scop.—1 g, Stromness, 21st July.

Family PSILIDE.

. PSILA? PECTORALIS, JZg.—One specimen, Stromness, 2oth July.

. LOXOCERA ARISTATA, /2.—1 6, Kirkwall, 5th July; 1 6,

Kirkwall, 15th July; 2 3 g,Stromness, 21st July. Vaz.
yerburyt, Aust—1 gand 2 ¢ 6, Kirkwall, 15th July;
I ¢,Stromness, 21st July.

86.

OTe

88.

89.

go.

92.

DK

94.
95-

96.

97-

98.
99.

DIPTERA SCOTICA: IV.—ORKNEY AND SHETLAND 29

Family ORTALIDA.
PTEROPACTRIA FRONDESCENTIZ, Z.—1 ¢ and 1 9, Kirk-
wall, 5th July.
Family TRYPETID.

UROPHORA SOLSTITIALIS, Z.—2 ¢ 6, Orkney.

Family LONCH AID.

PALLOPTERA UMBELLATARUM, /ad.—1 9, Kirkwall, zoth
July.
PALLOPTERA ARCUATA, //n.—1 6, Kirkwall, 15th July.

Family SAPROMYZID.

LAUXANIA ANEA, /7z.—Kirkwall, one, 15th July, and one,
tgth July.
Family OPOMYZID.

. BALIOPTERA COMBINATA, Z.—Kirkwall, one, 5th July, and one,

14th July.
OPOMYZA GERMINATIONIS, Z.—1 @, Orkney.

Family SEPSID.

Nemopopa cyLinprica, /aé.—1 ¢g, Kirkwall, 15th July;
1 @Q,Stromness, 20th July; 1 Q, Stromness, 21st July.

Family EPHYDRID.

HyYDRELLIA GRISEOLA, //7z.—one, Ophir, 17th July.

PARHYDRA, sf.—one specimen near guadripunctata, Mg.,
Orkney.
SCATELLA QUADRATA, A/n.—one, Kirkwall, rgth July.

Family DROSOPHILID.

DROSOPHILA, sf.—one in bad condition, Kirkwall, 15th July.

Family CHLOROPID.
MEROMYZA SALTATRIX, Z.— 2, Orkney.

CuHtLorops ?speciosa, J/g.—one, Kirkwall, 15th July; one,
Stromness, 2oth July.

roo. Oscinis FRIT, Z.—one, Kirkwall, 19th July.

Io,

102.
103.
104.
105.

106.

LO7.

10.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Family AGROMYZIDZ.

AGROMYZA PUSILLA, JZg.—one, Orkney.

Family BORBORID.
BORBORUS EQUINUS, //7.—1 2, Orkney.
SPHAROCERA SUBSULTANS, /aé.—one, Kirkwall, 1gth July.
SPHROCERA, sf.—one, Kirkwall, 14th July.
LIMOSINA FONTINALIS, //z.—one, Stromness, 2oth July.

Limosina, sf.—Kirkwall, one, 14th July, and one, 15th July.

Family PHORIDZ.
one, Kirkwall, roth July; one

TRINEURA sTicrica, J/g.
Kirkwall, 2oth July.

iM SHEDEAND:
Family BIBIONID/.

SCATOPSE PULICARIA, Zzw.—one, Lerwick, 6th July.

DiLopHus FEMORATUS, JZg.—June 1890—Dale, 3. [This re-
quires confirmation.—P.H.G. |

Family CHIRONOMID.

CHIRONOMUS PALLENS, JZg.—June 1890—Dale, 3.

. CHIRONOMUS HISTRIO, /ab.—June 1890—Dale, 3.
. Cricotopus FEstivus, JZg.—| Chironomus| June 1890—Dale,

3. [Not yet proved to be a British species—its occurrence
in Shetland requires confirmation.—P. H.G. ]

ORTHOCLADIUS DOLENS, IZk.—|[Chironomus| June 1890—
Dale, 3.

TANYPUS FERRUGINEICOLLIS, JZg.—June 1890—Dale, 3.
CERATOPOGON FEMORATUS, JZg.—June 1890—Dale, 3.

Family CULICIDA.

CuLex pipiens, Z.—|ci/iaris] June 1890—Dale, 3.

Family PTYCHOPTERID.

PTYCHOPTERA ALBIMANA, /aé.—1 6, Shetland.

Tok

1736

13

14.

ioe
16.

17

18.
19.

20.

21.

22.

22.

30.

DIPTERA SCOTICA: IV.—ORKNEY AND SHETLAND 31

Family LIMNOBIID.

Mo.opHiLus ocHRAcEuS, JZg.—[L7vioptera] June 1890 —
Dalewes:

Mo.opuHitus opscurus, MJZg.—[Mololophilus!] June 1890—
Dales:

RHYPHOLOPHUS LINEATUS, J/g.—[£7rioptera| June 1890—
Dale, 3.

RHYPHOLOPHUS NODULOsUS, Mcg.—[Erioptera] June 1890—
Dales 2:

ERIOPTERA TRIVIALIS, JZg.

June 1890—Dale, 3.
LIMNOPHILA MEIGENII, Verr.—June 18g90—LDale, 3.

PEpIcIA RIvosa, Z.—June 1890—Dale, 3.

FAMILY TIPULIDA:.

TIPULA RUFINA, JZ.

June 18g90—Dale, 3.
TIPULA LONGICORNIS, Schum.—June 1890—Dale, 3.
TIPULA OLERACEA, Z.—June 1890—Dale, 3.

TIPULA FASCIPENNIS, JZg.—[ fuscipennis| June 1890—Dale, 3.

Family RHYPHID#.
Ruypuus punctatus, /ab.—1 6, Lerwick, 6th July.

Ruypuus Fuscatus, /ad.—| fasciatus| June 1890—Dale, 3.
[If this is the species meant by Dale, it requires confirma-
tion. —P.H.G. |

Family EMPIDz.

. CyRTOMA spuRIA, //z.—June 18g0—Dale, 3.

. EMPIS TESSELLATA, /ad.—1 ¢, Shetland.

. EMPIS STERCOREA, Z.—June 18go—HDale, 3.

. CLINOCERA NIGRA, JZg.—1 6, Bressay, roth July.

. HELEODROMIA FONTINALIS, HZa/.—1 ?, Tingwall, 7th July.

. HEMERODROMIA PRECATORIA, //z.—June 1890— Dale, 3

[recorded also (/c.) as H. monostigna|; 2 9 9, Bressay,
roth July.

TACHYDROMIA, sf.—1 9, Tingwall, 7th July.

. RHINGIA CAMPESTRIS, Mz.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Family DOLICHOPODID.

. DoLicHopus NuBILUS, Mg.—1 ¢, Tingwall, 7th July; 1 9,

Bressay, toth July.
DOLICHOPUS DISCIFER, Star.—3 3 6, Tingwall, 7th July.

. DOLICHOPUS PLUMIPES, Scof.—2 g g and 4 9 9, Lerwick, 6th

julysg a6 6 and 4.9 40. Vingwalle 7th July ; 1.2, mo
date.
Do.icHopus FEsTivus, /Za/.—June 1890—Dale, 3.

. SYNTORMON PALLIPES, Fab.—|Porphyrops| June 1890—Dale,

3; two, Lerwick, 6th to 9th July; one, Tingwall, 7th July;
one, Bressay, roth July.

Family SYRPHIDZ.

LIOGASTER METALLINA, /ad,—| Chrysogaster| June 1890—Dale,
3; 2 2 9, Lerwick, 6th July; 1 9, Lerwick, 8th to oth

July.

. CHRYSOGASTER HIRTELLA, Zw.—1 6, Tingwall, 7th July.

CHILOSIA ALBITARSIS, JZg.—| flavimana| June 1890—Dale, 3.

PLATYCHIRUS MANICATUS, AZg.—June 1890—Dale, 3; 1 6,
and 2 9 9, Lerwick, 6th July; 1 ¢, Lerwick, 8th to oth
July ; 1 9, Shetland.

. PLATYCHIRUS PELTATUS, JZg.—June 1890—Dale, 3.
. MELANOSTOMA MELLINUM, Z.—1 6, and 1 9, Tingwall, 7th

July.

. SYRPHUS COROLL&, /ab.—Unst and Lerwick, 27th August to

13th September 1894—Bloomfield, 4.
June 1890—Dale, 3; 2 ¢ 4,
and 3 2 Q, Bressay, roth July.

4. ERISTALIS INTRICARIUS, Z.—June 18g0—Dale, 3.
. ERISTALIS ARBUSTORUM, Z.—June 1890 —Dale, 3; Unst and

Scalloway, 27th August to 13th September 1894—Bloom-
field, 4; 1 ¢, Lerwick, 6th July.

ERISTALIS NEMORUM, Z.—June 18go—Dale, 3. [I should
like to see this record confirmed.—P.H.G. |

. HELOPHILUS PENDULUS, Z.—Unst and Lerwick, 27th August to

13th September 1894—Bloomfield, 4.
SYRITTA PIPIENS, Z.—1 6, Lerwick, 6th July.

SERICOMYIA BOREALIS, //z.—Lerwick, 27th August to 13th
September 1894—Bloomfield, 4; 1 ¢, Shetland.

50.
Ble

DIPTERA SCOTICA: IV.—ORKNEY AND SHETLAND 33

Family TACHINID.

SIPHONA GENICULATA, Deg.—1 9, Lerwick, 6th July.

ONESIA SEPULCHRALIS, Z.—1 6, Lerwick, 6th July; 1 9,
Shetland.

Family MUSCID.

. H#@MATOBIA STIMULANS, JZ¢.—[ Stomoxys| June 1890—Dale, 3.

. MoRELLIA SIMPLEX, Zzw.—One unusually large ?, Lerwick,

6th July.

. EUPHORIA CORNICINA, Fab.—1 9, Lerwick, 6th July; 1 6,

Shetland.
Family ANTHOMYIIDA.,

. HYETODESIA INCANA, Wied.—June 1890—Dale, 3; 2

?
Lerwick, 6th July; 1 9, Tingwall, 7th July; 2 9? 9,
Bressay, roth July.

. HYETODESIA LONGIPES, Z/f/.—June 1890—Dale, 3; 1 9,

Tingwall, 7th July.

. SPILOGASTER DUPLICATA, J7g..—June 1890—Dale, 3; 2¢ ¢,

Lerwick, 6th July.

. SPILOGASTER QUADRUM, /ab.—June 18g0—Dale, 3.

. SPILOGASTER SCRUPULOSA, Z¢t.—| Cenosia| June 1890—Dale,

3. [This should be confirmed.—P.H.G. ]

. LIMNOPHORA TRIANGULA, //n.—| Cenosia] June 1890—Dale, 3.

[LIMNOPHORA OBSCURIPES, Z/t.—[Spilogaster] June 1890—Dale,
3. This is not yet recognised as British, and requires con-
firmation.—P. H.G. |

. HyprRoT#a IRRITANS, //z.—1 9, Lerwick, 6th July; 1 6,

Shetland.

. Hybemyia variata, /7Zn.—June 1890—Dale, 3.

. MycopHaGa FUNGORUM, Deg.—|Mycetophaga!| June 1890—

Dale, 3.

. HoMALOMYIA SCALARIS, /aé.—June 1890—Dale, 3.
. HoMALOMYIA CANICULARIS, Z.—June 18g0—Dale, 3.
. HomatomyiA, sff.—3 2 @, not determined, Tingwall, 7th

July.

. AZELIA MACQUARTI, Staeg.—1 ¢, Lerwick, 6th July.
. Azevia citipes, Ha/l.—1 6, Tingwall, 7th July; 1 4,

Shetland.
53 D

79:

80.

85.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

. CARICEA TIGRINA, Fab.—2 g¢ 6g, and 7 ? #, Lerwick, 6th

July; 2 ¢ 6, Shetland.

. HOPLOGASTER MOLLICULA, /7m.—2 ¢ 6, and 1 9, Bressay,

roth July,
Family CORDYLURID.

. NORELLIA SPINIMANA, //n.—| Cordylura| June 1890—Dale, 3.
. SCATOPHAGA STERCORARIA, Z.— June 1890—Dale, 3; 2 ¢ 6,

and 2 9 9, Lerwick, 6th July; 1 9, Shetland.

. SCATOPHAGA SQUALIDA, JZg.—June 1890—Dale, 3; 2 6 ¢,

Tingwall, 7th July; 1 ¢, Bressay, roth July.

. SCATOPHAGA LITOREA, //7.—-June 1890—Dale, 3; 2 2 9,

Lerwick, 6th July; 1 9, Bressay, roth July.

. SCATOPHAGA VILLIPES, Zf¢.—one undoubted g, Tingwall,

7th July.
Family PHYCODROMID/.

. Fucomyia Fricipa, #/2z.—| Celopa| June 1890—Dale, 3.
. Fucomyia parvua, //al.—T| Calopa| June 1890—Dale, 3.
. Fucomyia, sff.—2 6 6 and 2 9? 9, Lerwick, 6th July, all

undetermined. [See remarks under this species in the
Orkney List. |

Family SCIOMYZID:.

TETANOCERA LAVIFRONS, Zw.—1 6, Shetland.

Family ORTALID.

PTEROP#CTRIA FRONDESCENTIA, Z.—3 ¢ g, 1 92, Bressay,
roth July.

Family SAPROMYZID:.

. LAUXANIA NEA, /77.—Shetland.

Family OPOMYZID.

. BALIOPTERA TRIPUNCTATA, /7Zm.—1 6, Tingwall, 7th July.
. BALIOPTERA COMBINATA, Z.—Two specimens, Tingwall, 7th

July.

. OPOMYZA GERMINATIONIS, Z.—3 4 ¢ and 2 9? 39, Lerwick,

6th July.
Family PIOPHILIDZ.

PIOPHILA CASEI, Z.—1 38, Lerwick, 6th July; 1 9, Tingwall,
7th July.

DIPTERA SCOTICA: IV.—ORKNEY AND SHETLAND 35

Family GEOMYZIDZ.

86. ANTHOMYZA GRACILIS, /7z.—One specimen, Shetland.

Family EPHYDRID.

87. NOTIPHILA CINEREA, /7z.—One specimen, Lerwick, 6th July ;
one, Tingwall, 7th July; three, Bressay, roth July.

88. HYDRELLIA GRISEOLA, //x.—Two, Tingwall, 7th July.

89. HyDRELLIA CHRysosToMA, dZg.—Three, Tingwall, 7th July;
one, Shetland.

g0. HYDRELLIA RANUNCULI, Ha/—Four, Tingwall, 7th July; one,
Shetland.

gi. PARHYDRA, sf. (near guadripunctata, Mg.)—One, Shetland.

g2. ILYTHEA spILoTa, Ha/.—one, Tingwall, 7th July.

Family CHLOROPID.

93. CENTOR CERERIS, -/n.—1 ¢, Shetland.
94. CHLOROPS ? SPECIOSA, JZg.—One, Lerwick, 6th July.

95. Oscinis FRIT, Z.—Three, Tingwall, 7th July.

Family AGROMYZID/.

96. AGROMYZA OBSCURELLA, /7nz.—One, Bressay, roth July.

Family PHYTOMYZID.
97. NAPOMYZA LATERALIS, //z,—One, Lerwick, 6th July; one,
Tingwall, 7th July.
98. CHROMATOMYIA OBSCURELLA, //z.—One, Shetland.

Family BORBORID.
99. BorgBorus NiTIDUS, J7g.—1 ¢ and 3 2 9, Lerwick, 6th July ;
1 g, Tingwall, 7th July; 1 9, Lerwick, 8th to 9th
July.
100. BORBORUS EQUINUS, //mz.—June 1890—Dale, 3; 1 4,

Lerwick, 6th July, also a small ¢ and ? on same pin which
I can only refer to this species.

ror. Limosina, sf.—One, Lerwick, 6th July.

ROYAL ScoTTisH MusEuM, EDINBURGH.

36 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF
CATLONE SS. NO: TV.

By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S.
(Continued from p. 233, Wo. 52.)

GENTIANA BALTICA, JZurbeck.—Reay, Keiss Links, J. Grant.
G. CAMPESTRIS, Z.—Dunnet, ‘Scot. Alp. Club.”

G. AMARELLA, Z.,* AXILLARIS, JZurbeck. —Reay Links, E. S.

Marshall, sf.
MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA, Z.—Near Dunnet, ‘Scot. Alp. Club.”

SYMPHYTUM TUBEROSUM, Z,—High bank of the Wick River, between
three and four miles above the town (Sibster to Ingbister),
very scarce, but apparently a true native, and remote from
houses, E. S. Marshall, sf.

MyosotTis pALustRIS, Z.—Wick River near Wick, Dr. Ward, s/.

M. stricuLosa, JZ, e¢ K.—Junction of the Milton Burn with the
Wick River, very fine specimens, J. Grant, s/.

M. REPENS, JY. Dox.—Burn at Dunnet, W. F. Miller.

M. arvensis, Willd. var. Gracitis, V. Bosch. (sub. intermedia,

Link). — Field, west of Wick, 6th July, 1886, E. 5S.
Marshall, sf.

Lycopsis ARVENSIS, Z.—Dunnet to Brough, “Scot. Alp. Club,”
1889.
7LINARIA PURPUREA, Z.—Nicolson’s Cat., 1904.

DIGITALIS PURPUREA, Z.—Reay Hills, R. Dick; near Sibster and
elsewhere on the Wick River, J. Grant.

MIMULUS LUTEUS, Z.—One at least of the Caithness plants seems
to be referable to M. LANGSDORFFII, Dona.

VERONICA ARVENSIS, Z., var. EXIMIA, Zowns.—Grassy cliff near
Dunnet Sands, E. S. Marshall.

V. ANAGALLIS, Z.—Dunnet, “Scot. Alp. Club.”
V. Buxpaumi, Zex.—The Glebe, Wick, J. Grant.
V. HEDERIFOLIA, Z.—With last.

V. scUTELLATA, Z.—The Wick River and Castleton specimens are
the usual state of the species, except that they are smaller than
southern examples.

BarRTSIA OpontTIiTEs, /Zwds.—Reay, W. F. Miller, sf. The simple
state of the species, but not “¢¢oralts.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF CAITHNESS 37

RHINANTHUS CHRISTA-GALLI, Z., var. ANGUSTIFOLIUS, Koch. (‘S
Le. stenophyllus, Schur.).—Thurso and Wick Rivers, Grant, sf.
On the sea-cliffs at Freswick a small unbranched form occurs,
with the leaves appressed to the stem.

R. Curista-Gatui, Z.—Isle of Stroma, Miss Geldart.

PINGUICULA vuLGARIS, Z.—Dirlot, R. Dick. Dunnet to Brough,
“Scot. Alp. Club,” 1889.

UTRICULARIA VULGARIS, Z.—Mr. Nicolson marks this with doubt
as a Caithness plant. It grows in Shetland !, Orkney, and the
Outer Hebrides. In Scandinavia the distribution is almost
continuous. In Finland and Russian Lapland it is wanting
only from the five northern provinces, z.e. from 67° N. lat. In
Arctic Norway it extends to 70° (unless the plant there is
A. neglecta. It is probably vulgaris, though Norman! marks
it as doubtful, which occurs.)

EUPHRASIA BREVIPILA, Burn. and Gremli.—West of Thurso.

E. curta, #r.—Dounreay, H. E. Fox, 1885.

[E. scorica, Wettst.—Dr. Trail tells me that the record in “ Ann.
Scot. Nat. Hist.” 97, 1899, is in error, but that he believes
the plant occurs in Caithness. |

E, Rosrxoviana, Hayne.—Reay, E. S. Marshall.

PLANTAGO MARITIMA, Z.—Plentifully on roadsides at Watten, six
miles from nearest sea, A. Sutherland, sf.

PRUNELLA VULGARIS, Z.—Reay, W. F. Miller, sf.

LAMIUM INTERMEDIUM, /7.—Castleton, Reay, Dr. Shoolbred.
L. atsum, Z.—Nicolson to H. C. Watson.

ORIGANUM VULGARE, Z.—Brown’s Cat. to H. C. Watson.
STACHYS ARVENSIS, Z.—Castleton in cornfields, Druce, Zc.

AJUGA PYRAMIDALIS, Z.—Berriedale, W. R. Linton, Banks of
Thurso River, May 1863, R. Dick; May 1904, R. Lindsay, sf.

MARRUBIUM VULGARE, Z.—Common Horehound, Caithness, Mr.
A. Sutherland, sf., 1904.
North to Elgin (Gordon) and Dumbarton (Ewing), in
Europe wanting only in N. Sweden, Finland, and N. Russia.

ATRIPLEX BABINGTONII.—Woods, Proudfoot, Shaltigoe, J. Grant, sAs.
var. VIRESCENS, Lange.—Duncansby, Miss Geldart!; Freswick
Links, J. Grant, sf. ; Downreay, F. L. Linton!.

1 «Loc, Nat. Sp. Arct. Nor.” 31, 1864.

38 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

POLYGONUM AVICULARE, Z., var. VULGATUM, Syme.—Tinker’s Cove
near Wick, J. Grant, sf.
var. RURIVAGUM (/ord.).—Salt marsh, Wick River, J. Grant, sf.
var. LITTORALE (Zzvk).—Dunnet Links, Dr. Shoolbred. Salt
marshes, Wick River, J. Grant, sf.

P. Hypropirer, Z.—Marked by Mr. Nicolson with doubt as a
Caithness species. It occurs in the Outer Hebrides (Duncan,
sp.); but is not on record from Sutherland, and is doubtfully
so for Orkney and Shetland. Extends in Sweden up to Vester-
botten, and occurs in S. Norway. In Finland occurs at
Uleaiborg (about 65° N. lat.), where it grows with P. Perst-
carta, L.

HIPpPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES, Z.—Reay. ‘‘ Growing in plenty on the
banks of a stream, right-hand side of road, nearest coast
between Reay and Thurso, perhaps a mile or more from Reay.
Of course it must have originally been planted,” Dr. Shoolbred.
Yes, it was planted, and Dr. Davidson’s report was correct.

SALIX AURITA, Z.—Wick River, Watten, J. Grant, s/.
S. REPENS, Z.—Wick Bay, Watten, J. Grant, s/s.

Myrica Gast, Z.—Killimester and Winless mosses, Mr. D. Doull,
sp. ‘‘Purse-wan is its Caithness name; leaves used to kill
fleas.”

EMPETRUM NIGRUM, Z.—Dunnet to Brough, “Scot. Alp. Club,”
1889.

Quercus Rogur, Z.—Caithness is excepted by Dr. Trail; but
remains of Oaks have been found in Post Glacial deposits
in the county, and on this ground Mr. N. Niven! considers it
to have been an indigenous species. Mr. S. Laing ? remarks :—
“And although the county was doubtless once covered
with a scrubby underwood, I question if trees of sufficient
magnitude to form canoes ever existed in sufficient numbers
near the seashore or navigable rivers to teach the savages
the art of boat-building.” In reply to this it may be asked
how many of the Peat mosses or Lake marls have ever been
worked out? Of course on either side it is negative evidence.
No one can tell what may be found if the county were
drained as Cambridgeshire has been, where trees 7” szfu in
five successive forests have occurred in the Fen.?

POPULUS TREMULA, Z., var. GLABRA.—Dirlot, R. Dick.
JUNIPERUS CommuNIS, Z.—Banks above Wick River, Dr. Shoolbred!.
‘Brit. Assoc, Reports,” 840, 1901.

1
2 « Pre-historic Remains of Caithness,” 54, 1866,
3 «‘ Fenland, Past and Present,” 566-571, 1878.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF CAITHNESS 39

J. nana, Wil/d.—Duncansbay Head, Herb. Lambert in Herb. Kew!.

ORCHIS MASCULA, Z.—Thurso River, R. Dick.

O. ERICETORUM, Linfon.—Isle of Stroma, Miss Geldart ; Wick,
Bilbster, E. S. Marshall.

©. INCARNATA, Z., var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Lab.—Near Wick, E. S.
Marshall, s/.

O. LATIFOLIA, Z., var. BREVIFOLIA, Reichb.—Swampy pasture about
a mile N. of Bilbster Station; just like the plant of S. E.
Ireland. FE. S. Marshall, s/.

HABENARIA CONOPSEA, Lenth.—Scrabster, W. F. Miller.

[H. cHLoRoLEucA, (zd/ey.—In Strath Halladale (W. Sutherland)
near the bridge, and not far from the Reay Burn. Dr. Ward.
Will probably be found on the Caithness side. ]

PARIS QUADRIFOLIA, Z.—Scouthall, J. Grant, sf.

SCILLA VERNA, //uds.—First record as a Caithness plant (Lightfoot’s
‘Flora Scotica,” 181, 1777, under the name of S. bifolia).

Iris PsEupDAcorus, £.—Brough to Dunnet, “Scot. Alp. Club,”
1889; Lysa, J. Grant.

POTAMOGETON ALPINUS, Ga/v.—Loch Yarehouse, J. Grant, sf.

P. nITENS, Weber.—Mill Dam, Thurso, Dr. Shoolbred.

P. crispus, Z.—With the last.

P. PEcTINATUS, Z.—Loch Wester and old quarries, J. Grant.
PD;

FILIFORMIS, /ers.—Yarrows Loch, Dr. Ward, sf.; Wick River,
J. Grant, sf.

Juncus paLticus, W7//d.—Between Ackergill Tower and Water of
Wester, J. Grant.

J. supinus, JZench.—Watten Loch, D. Lillie, sf.
J. ACUTIFLORUS, LArvh.—Watten Loch, D. Lillie, sf.
LuzULA ERECTA, Desv.—Moors near Forss Water, Dr. Ward, sf.

L. spicata, DC.—Accepted by Watson on faith of R. Brown of
Campst Cat., also named by him in ‘‘ Edin. Trans.” As this
occurs with Juncus trifidus, L., in the Outer Hebrides at the
height of 1807 ft. (Duncan, s/s.), and in Shetland at 1400 ft.
(Beeby, sf.), there is no reason against its being a Caithness
plant. Neither Z. spécuta nor /. trifidus is certain for Orkney
yet, but the Ward Hill of Hoy (1564 ft.) has Selene acaults,
Arctostaphylos, Uva-Ursi, A. alpina, Vaccinium uliginosum,
Saxifraga aizoides, SS. oppositifoia, Thalictrum alpinum,
Saussurea alpina, Oxyria rentformis, Draba tncana, etc., as

40

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

species occurring on it, so that there must be something in the
ecological conditions in Orkney that has yet to be studied
before the “reason why” can be learnt as to the absence of
these two.

L. Forster1, DC.—The record of this by R. Dick is a puzzle.

Yet in the “Supplement” to Nyman’s ‘ Consp. Fl. Europ.”
314, 1890, it is given from “Scotia” on the authority of Dr.
Buchanan, our best authority on the Juncacez. I wrote to
him, and in his reply he says, ‘‘The notice is apparently in-
correct, and I have therefore omitted it in the ‘Monograph
Juncaceze’ (Engl. 1890, xii. p. 79).”

In no sense is it a northern plant, but it is given for the
Alps by Dr. Roth.! It does not reach Denmark, and although
reported for Oldenburg (1823) by Nolte, the plant was a form
of LZ. prlosus, Willd.2 It is given for Ayr in the “ Botany
of Ayrshire,” 1882, by Messrs. Borland, Duncan, and
Landsborough.

TypHa LATIFOLIA, Z.—Duran, R. Dick, 1863.

TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMUM, Z.—Near mouth of Wick River, J. Grant.
T. PALUSTRE, Z.—Watten Loch, D. Lillie, sf.; Wick River, J.

Grant.

SCIRPUS PALUSTRIS, Z.—Dunnet to Brough, “Scot. Alp. Club” ;

Stemster Loch, Watten, D. Lillie, sf.

var. MAJOR, Asch. and Graebn. (Heleocharis palustris, var.
6 major, Sonder, “Fl. Hamb. 22, 1851).—Wick River, J.
Grant, sf., ‘2 feet high, spikes 1 inch.”

S. UNIGLUMIS, Zink, var. PUMILA, Zoenn.—Stroma Isle, Miss

Geldart, sf. Extensively creeping, with tufts of stems about
every two inches, 2-3 inches high, spikes subrotund. I have
it like this from W. Cornwall (Scilly Isles, as S. pauciflorus,
1876, W. Curnow) and the Outer Hebrides. Marsson, “ FI.
New. Vor. Pommern,” 512, 1869, mentions that it has been
named S. PAUCIFLORUS, Light. Dr. A. Blytt (in Veget. ved.
Sognefjord, 91, 1869) has a sub-sp. vofundata of which he says,
“1 Habitus meget lig Scrpus paucifiorus.” This may be the
same as the above, as the only distinction he gives is ‘“‘ Axene
neesten kuglerunde.” Ordinary S. uniglumis grows among
Carex kattegatensis, near the variety.

S. PAUCIFLORUS, Lightf/—Stemster Loch, D. Lillie, sf. ; Yarehouse

Loch, J. Grant, sf.; Wick, W. W. Reeves, sf.

S. caspiTosus, Z.—Bilbster Moss, D. Lillie, sf.

1 «¢ Add. Consp. Fl. Europ.” 40, 1886.
2 «© Prahl. Kr. Fl. Schl.-Holst.,” 228, 1890.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF CAITHNESS 41

S. FLUITANS, Z. — Pool between Wick and Castleton, E. S.
Marshall, 5/.

S. sETACcEUS, Z.—River near Wick, Dr. Ward!.

S. TABERNEZMONTANI, Gwel.—The record for this (109) in ‘Ann.
Scot. Nat. Hist.” 33, 1900, Dr. Trail tells me is an error. It
occurs in Skye!, and Outer Hebrides (A. Somerville, s/.), and
will probably prove to be a Caithness species.

ERIOPHORUM VAGINATUM, Z.—Bilbster Moss, D. Lillie, sf.

SCHENUS NIGRICANS, Z.—Banks of the Wick River, J. Grant, sf. ;
near Reay, R. Dick.

[Carex rupestris, All.
error. |

Marked by Mr. Nicolson, probably in

C. pisticHa, /uds.—Wet meadow north of the Wick River, 14
miles from Wick, J. Grant, sf.

C. areNnaRIA, Z.—Near Sinclair Castle, Dr. Ward, 5. ; peaty ditch
at Reay, plants 2 ft. high, Linton, sf.

C. TERETIUSCULA, Good.—R. Brown, Zc. 329. No locality is given
but the record is probably correct as it occurs in W. Sutherland
(Miller, sf.) and Outer Hebrides (Shoolbred !).

C. GOODENOWII x AQUATILIS.2—Wick River, Marshall, sf. “Just
about intermediate, the parents occur here in company.”

C. GOODENOWII, var. JUNCELLA, /y.—Myrelundhorn, Wick, D.
Lillie, sf. ; meadow near Wick River, E. S. Marshall, sf.

C. aQuaTILis x KaTTEGATENSIS (x Grantu, Az. Benn.) — This
plant is probably nearest to C. halophila, F. Nyl. “Sp. FI.
Fenn.” 2, 22, 1844, which Almquist? refers to C. aguatilis x
salina x cuspidata, but that has the spikes paler, larger, and the
lower part attenuated, with longer peduncles, and has the habit
of aguatilis, while x Grantit has that of salina.

C. KATTEGATENSIS, /7.—In July 1897 Mr. Grant and his sister,
Miss Grant, kindly made a collection of specimens (under 22
numbers) from various points on the Wick River, from its first
appearance to its highest point in the river. These showed
how greatly it varies, so much so that I find it impossible to
correlate all these forms with continental examples.

In the paper on the station (noted below *) of this species
I ought to have written a short introductory note, as the paper
was given to me by Mr. Grant some years ago, probably

1 See “Journal of Botany,” 273, 1901.
* In Hielt’s ‘‘ Fl. Fenn.” 285, 1895.
3 See ‘‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.” p. 179-181, 1904.

42 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

between 1880 and 1890, so it must be read with the usual
allowance for time expired. It would be interesting if the
plant could be again traced up the river and any difference
noted.

. PANICEA, Z.—Near Watten Loch, D. Lillie, s/.

@)

C. SADLERI, Zinfon.—Yarehouse, J. Grant, s/., 1885; near Wick,
ieGrant, 52), 1351.

C. CAPILLARIS, Z.—Cliffs near Keiss and Murkle ; cliffs at Scrabster,
J. Grant.

. XANTHOCARPA, Deg/and.—Holborn Head, Dr. Shoolbred.

?)

C. riava, L., var. LEPIDOCARPA (Zausch.).—Near Wick River, three
miles up, E. S. Marshall.

°C. EXTENSA, Good.—“ Caithness, Dr. Davidson, sf.” is a note I
have, but I cannot find the specimen. It occurs in Outer
Hebrides (Duncan, sf.) and W. Sutherland (Miller, s/.).

C. RIPARIA, Curtis.—See “ Annals,” 1904, p. 250.

C. RosTRATA, SZokes.—Grows with C. pulicaris, L., and C. fulva,
Good, at Watten, D. Lillie, sfs.

PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA, Z.—Near Stemster Loch, D. Lillie, sf.

HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS, Guwtel. ex Ludwig.—This was gathered by °
R. Dick in May to June 1834, but remained unrecorded for
twenty years.

AGROSTIS VULGARIS, var, PUMILA (Z.).—Near Wick, Dr. Shoolbred.

A. CANINA, Z., var.—Grassy places near Holborn Head, E. S.
Marshall,

DEYEUXIA NEGLECTA, Kunth (=CALAMAGROSTIS STRICTA, Vutt.—
Smallest Close Reed, Narrow Small-reed, Small Reed-grass).—
Near Lochside, Castleton, August 1902, found associated with
Galium uliginosum, etc., Messrs. Shoolbred and Druce, “ Journal
of Botany,” 406, 1903; and “Ex, Club Report,” 62, 1902
(1903). The D. borealis (a var. of neglecta) found by Mr. G.
C. Druce in Perthshire having become extinct,! Caithness
remains the only Scottish county (on present knowledge) in
which YD. xeglecta is to be found. It formerly occurred in
Forfar in the ‘‘ White Mire Marsh, a mile from Forfar,” where
it was discovered by G. Don in 1807; but the marsh having
been drained, the plant was lost. Another station is given by
Hooker “Bit, El” 22,1830, “near Rescobie,, four mules
from Forfar, T. Drummond”; but I know of no specimens
thence. It is probable that the naming of Caithness specimens

1 «Journal of Botany,” 491, 1897.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF CAITHNESS 43

as “C. stricta, Nutt,” by Prof. H. Balfour was correct (see
“Annals,” 252, 1892), perhaps they are in the Edinburgh
Herbarium? This species occurs throughout Scandinavia
under the type and eight varieties, and one of the puzzles of
Scottish Botany is—why more of the genus do not occur in
Scotland ?

AIRA PRA&COX, Z.—Near Loch Winless, Fox and Hanbury ; Dunnet
Links, J. Grant, sf.

DESCHAMPSIA C&sPITOSA, Beauv.—Wet places on Ackergill Links,
WiiWii Reeves, 57:

D. FLExuosa, Z7in.—Upper Glebe on the Wick River, J. Grant.

[D. discolor, R. et S. (Aira uliginosa, Weihe, A. setacea, Huds).—
Will probably be found in Caithness. It occurs in Shetland
(Beeby, sf.), W. Sutherland (E. F. Linton, sf.), E. Sutherland,
(Top. Bot.”), and E. Ross (Marshall, sf.), and in all three
of (102, 103, 104) the Watsonian Inner Hebrides divisions. I
have this marked as a Caithness species but cannot trace it,

yet I have some idea it was gathered by some one at Loch
Watten ?.]

AVENA PUBESCENS, /7uds.—Near Wick, Dr. Shoolbred !.
A. FaTUA, LZ.—Nicolson’s Cat. 1904.
BROMUS (asfer) RAMOSUS, Huds.—Dirlot, R. Dick.

ELYMUS ARENARIUS, Z.—Coast near Reay and Sandside, H. C.
Watson ; between Dunnet and Castleton, Dr. Shoolbred.

PTERIS AQUILINA, Z.—Dunnet Head, Heddle herb. !

LomariA Spicant, Desv.—Reay Hills, R. Dick; two miles from
Thurso, in sheltered places abundant, R. Dick.

tCRYPTOGRAMME crispa, &. Bv.—R. Brown to H. C. Watson.
Seems a curious form to be an escape or alien, it is not easily
cultivated. It occurs in the Outer Hebrides and in W.
Sutherland.

ASPLENIUM ADIANTUM-NIGRUM, Z.—Dirlot, Reay Hills, R. Dick ;
rocks above Yarehouse Lochs, J. Grant.

ATHYRIUM FIiLrx-Femina, /oth.—Dirlot, Heddle herb. !

LASTREA OREOPTERIS, Pves/.—Morven, R. Dick.

L. Fitix-Mas, Pres/,—Dirlot, R. Dick.

L. pitatata, Pres/., var. DUMETORUM, Moore.—“ Caithness,” Moore.
PHEGOPTERIS Dryopreris, /ée.—Reay Hills, R. Dick.

P. POLYPODIOIDES, #ée.—Morven, Reay Hills, R. Dick.

44 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

P. catcarEa, Lée (Polypodium Robertianum, Hoffm.).—Morven, R.
Dick, Smiles’ ‘‘ Life of Robert Dick,” 297, 1878. In Sweden
it occurs in Dalerne, Oland, Ostrogothia, and Gotland ; in
Norway, in Finland, very rare.

Dr. White says—‘“‘I am inclined to think that the species
may be indigenous in Perthshire, though the opposite opinion
may be reasonably entertained.”! The only other Scottish
reported counties are ‘‘ Aberdeen, N. error?” and S. Aberdeen,
a very doubtful native. Thus the evidence is against its
occurrence in Caithness ; on the other hand, Robert Dick knew
the ferns well, and had both the other species by him in plenty
to contrast it with; thus I am inclined to accept it with the
usual ?.

OsMUNDA REGALIs, Z.—By the burn a mile east of Dunnet Head

Lighthouse, Mr. Dick of Wick, J. Grant. Planted at Reay and
Dorrery by R. Dick.

EQUISETUM ARVENSE, Z.—Thurso River, R. Dick.
E. PRATENSE, Zhrh.—Up the Thurso River, R. Dick; between
Wick and Castleton, E. S. Marshall, s/.

E. timosum, Sm.—Foot of Lysa Hill, J. Grant.

LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM, Z.—Morven, R. Dick.

L. SELaAGo, Z., var. RECURVUM, Desv.—Killimister Moss, D. Doull, sf.
L. aLpinuM, Z.—Ben Dorrery, R. Dick.

SELAGINELLA SELAGINOIDES, Gray.—Dunnet to Brough, ‘Scot.
Alp. Club,” 1889; Loch Wester, Keiss Links, R. Dick.

IsoETES LACUSTRIS, Z.—R. Brown, Zc, 329. Marked with doubt
by Mr, Nicolson in 1904. Occurs in W. Sutherland (Salmon),
Orkney (Somerville, s/.), Shetland (Beeby, s/.). In Sweden
to Getleborgs lan; while Z echinospora occurs up to Lapland,
and both are distributed nearly all over Finland and Russian
Lapland up to 69° 31’ N. lat. (Waino’s “ La fl. Lap. find.,” 89,
1891).

CHARA FRAGILIS, Desv., var. BARBATA, Ganz.—Pulteney Town
Water, J. Grant!.

C. CONTRARIA, Auetz.—Near Wick, J. Grant, sf.
C. uispipa, Z.—Downreay, G. C. Druce, 74, 1902.

C. VULGARIS, Z., var. LONGIBRACTEATA, Awetz.—Ditch at Sibster,
}. (Grant, “Ree. Club,” 251,-188 2-2) (1883).

NITELLA OPACA AGARDH.—Ditch near the Wick River, E. S.
Marshall.
1 «Fl. Perth,” 370, 1898.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF CAITHNESS 45

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE TO NO. 4.

Mr. SUTHERLAND tells me that Messrs. Bain and Tait, of
the Caithness Field Club, have helped him in sending me
specimens, hence I desire to name them here.

ScABIOSA ARVENSIS, 2.—Newton, at the edge of a cornfield, near
Hempriggs Loch. <A. Sutherland, sf. Perhaps introduced.
It occurs in Buchan, Aberdeenshire.! Mr. Watson saw it in
Easterness, East Ross, and West Sutherland, but distrusted
its nativity there, and in ‘‘Cyb. Brit.” 11. 32, 1849, he remarks,
‘“The species has probably been introduced through agri-
culture into the North of Scotland.” But though absent in
Lapland, it occurs in ‘“‘Ostersunds lin”? in Sweden, so that it
does not seem altogether impossible as a native in North
Scotland.

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, Z., var. VILLOSUM, /fartm., “Skand. FI.”
Ist ed. 1820.—Coast near Scrabster, C. S. Marshall, sf. I
am unable to see how this differs from the var. /azatum, Koch,
syn. Ely Germ--et Helv.5 ast ed: 1337

PLANTAGO CorRONOPUS, Z., var. INTEGRATA, G. et G., ‘‘ Fl. France,”
il. 722, 1850.—With viviparous heads, consisting of eighteen
to twenty-five leaves, immersed at the base in long white hairs,
leaves at base long, and very slightly toothed. Heathy pasture
near Reay, 1889, Mr. W. F. Miller!. Mr. Miller has also
gathered it on the Isle of Eigg, 1895!.

CaREX RIPARIA.—Old bog, a former part of the old burn of the
Kirkstones, which has become partially dried up. It also
occurs farther down the burn near the Loch of Winless.
D. Doull, sf.

For the following local names I am indebted to Mr. D.
Doull :—
Nymphea alba, L.—Called “ Paps,” and eaten, with the petals.
Spergula arvensis, L.—Called ‘‘Carsa” or ‘ Carran.”
Lotus corniculatus, L.—‘‘* Crow’s-toes.”
Spirea Ulmaria, L.—Usually called “ Malary tea.”

Chrysanthemum segetum, 1.—Commonly called ‘‘ Golans.”

1 Trail, ‘‘ Fl. Buchan,” li. 1902, ex ‘‘ Northern Flora.”
2 Berlin, ‘‘Skand. Halfons,” xxii. 1876.

40 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Tussilago Farfara.—Commonly called ‘‘ Dour Dockan.”
Prunella vulgaris, L.—Common name “Tea.”
Lamium purpureum, L.—Called ‘‘ Long-tongue.”

Plantago lanceolata, 1..—Used by school-boys for a game called
‘* Sodgers ” (Soldiers).

Rumex Acetosa and R. Acetosella.— Usually called ‘‘ Sourags.”
“ Dogs’ doddles.”

Tris pseudacorus, L.—Common name “ Sags.”

Orchis maculata, L.

Cynosurus cristatus, ..— Kemps.” The stems of this used to be
plaited into small ropes (simmons), and used for tying up or
binding straw baskets called “ keyses.”

Lycopodium Selago, ..—Used to be called ‘ Limmerach.”

Croypon, December 1904.

[Norr.—With reference to the above “Contribution,” a few
remarks may be not out of place.

Scabiosa arvensis, L.—This plant is common in South Kin-
cardineshire ; but in Aberdeenshire I have rarely seen it, and only
under conditions that suggest its being rather a casual than even a
denizen. I found one large example in 1888 ina pasture field in
Orkney, in the parish of Sandwick.

Some of the local names suggest a relationship with local names
given by Dr. Schubeler in the “ Viridarium norvegicum,” but, rather
strangely, most of the latter are names given in districts of Germany.
Such are Poppelken and Puppen for the white water-lily ; /avrn,
Jarre, Tjark for Spergula arvensis (with which the popular name
in Scotland, Vary, is evidently related); M/a/kraut for Spirea
Ulmaria ; Sigge and Ssigge for ris pseudacorus. In Orkney the
usual name for /77s was, and I suppose still is, pronounced Saeg.
The following popular names seem to point to Scandinavian sources
rather than to German :—C*%rysanthemum segetum has the names
Gulort, Gullkrage and Gulleblomma given to it in Sweden, and Gud
Oxote in Denmark, clearly from the same origin as the names
Guile (used in some parts of Scotland), Gu//, Golland, Gow/lan,
Golding, and other variants in our islands, and Golans of
Caithness.

Lummar or Lummer, Swedish names for Lycopodium clavatum,
and Lommer, the Norse name for Z. Se/ago, suggest the source of
Limmerach for the latter plant in Caithness. — James W. H.
TRAIL. |

BABINGTON’S “MANUAL OF BRITISH BOTANY ” 47

NOTES ON THE NEW EDITION OF BABINGTON’S
SMANUALZOLE BRITISH BOTANY.”

By G. CiaripGE Druce, M.A., F.L.S.

THE publication of this long-expected edition of Babington’s
well-known “Manual” must be of great interest to every British
botanist ; and we shall only be expressing the consensus of
opinion when we offer to the editors a hearty congratulation
upon the manner in which they have negotiated a delicate
and difficult task. Doubtless if the editors had been com-
pletely untrammelled an even more interesting work might
have been the result. But as it is we have had carefully
preserved the great merits which characterised the Manual,
and certain particulars which, despite the advances made in
the knowledge of systematic botany, one would have been
sorry to lose, especially the excellent description of so many
species and varieties. The editors have followed on the
same lines in their descriptions of the various additions which
have been made since the publication of the last edition in
1881. These additions are printed in smaller type than the
text of the last edition, so that they are readily recognised.
About fifty new species are enumerated, but a considerable
proportion are introduced species. They include Ranunculus
scoticus, Arabis alpina, Cochlearia alpina (previously known
as a variety), C. grenlandica, Sagina Boydit, Lupinus (now
identified as L. Nootkatensis, Sims), Trifolium agrartum,
Juneus tenuis, Scirpus ferrugineus, Carex chordorrhiza, C.
salina, Calamagrostis strigosa (if indeed that be correctly
identified), Poa palustris, Triticum alpinum (now given
specific rank), and WV2¢ella confervacea. In addition, a large
number of new varieties are given.

Many changes have been made in the nomenclature. It
is pleasing to find that so many of those suggested by the
writer in these pages nearly ten years ago, and which met
with a somewhat violent opposition at the time, have now been
adopted. We find, for instance, Peramzum replacing Goodyera,
Kentranthus for Centranthus, Apinella for Trinia, etc. The
latter genus, with a single species, is now given as Afznella

48 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

glauca, O. Kuntze, but an earlier authority for the name is
Caruel, in Parlatore’s “ F1. Ital.,” vol. viii. (1889), 503. Messrs.
Groves have also wisely retained, as was also suggested in
these pages, the old Linnean names of Vola canzna,
Epilobium alpinum, FE. tetragonum, Valeriana officinalis,
Carex canescems, C. leporina, Agrostis alba, etc., as well as
Sporganium erectum, S. nataus, ete.

At one time Hill’s “British Herbal” was not considered by
many botanists as being valid for the citation of genera,
since it was a work which did not use the reformed nomen-
clature of Linnzus. Now the editors cite freely from it,
and the genera Marzana (Silybum), Pneumaria (Mertensta),
Phyliitis (Scolopendium), Radicula (Nasturtium), and Cam-
marum (Eranthis) areemployed. But if this “ British Herbal”
of 1756 be a valid source for genera, other changes are
rendered necessary, since it appeared before the seventh
edition of Miller’s “ Gardener’s Dictionary” of 1759, whence
several of our genera date, or the eighth edition of 1768,
where the binomial system is first consistently used by Miller.
So that the genera Lzmontum, Glauctum, Feniculum, Meum,
Valerianella, Petasttes, Hypopitys (Babington uses JZonotropa),
Fagopyrum, Alnus, Castanea,and Polygonatum should be cited
of Hill rather than from Miller, Adanson, or other later
writers. Instead of Lzmnanthemum, Gmel., NMymphoides,
Hill, has precedence, and our Fringed Water-Lily becomes
NV. orbiculata, Gilib. The various species of Efpzpactes must
be transferred to Helleborine, Hill, Zc. p. 477, as H. latifolia
(All.) and var. atroviridis (W. R. Linton), H. Media (Fries),
HT. violacea (Boreau), 7. sesszlifolia (Peterm.), HY. atrorubens
(Schultz), A. ovalzs (Bab.), and H. palustris (Schrank). The
genus /7ythrea, which is quoted as of Necker, must also be
replaced by Hill’s genus Cenxtaurium, a name which has
already been adopted in the “Flora of Nieder-Oesterreich,”
by G. Beck. Our plants are Centaurium inapertum, Rafn. (E.
ramostssima, Pers.), and var. tenuzflorum (Link), C. umbellatum,
Gilib. (2. Centaurium, Pers.), and var. capitatum (Koch), C.
latifolium (Sm.), C. Lineariefolium, Beck (C. lettoralis, Fries),
and C. capitatum (Willd.). There is also a hybrid of
C. umbellatum with C. lneartefolium, ie. C. tntermedium
(Wheldon).

BABINGTON’S “ MANUAL OF BRITISH BOTANY ” 49

The Forget-me-not is now called J/. Scorpzordes, Linn.,
by the editors, and it was the var. b of that aggregate species
in “Sp, Pl” 1753. Suaeda is now replaced by Lerchia of
Haller, but it is possible that Haller’s “Comm. Hort. Gott”
was pre-Linnean ; but since Linneus, in the second edition
of “Sp. PL,” quotes Haller’s Lerchea as a synonym, it may
date from that work, and therefore previous to the publica-
tion of Adanson’s genus Dondza, which the writer suggested.

In the “ Manual” the genus is written Lerchza, not Lerchea.

The genus uphrasia, now containing, so far as Britain
is concerned, 13 species, 2 varieties, and 7 hybrids, is
succinctly described, but the Scottish forms of Rhinanthus,
R. monticola, R. borealis, and R. rusticulus, are not referred
to. The Hawkweeds occupy 36 pages, and have been
described by Miss R. F. Thompson, under the direction of
Mr. F. J. Hanbury, an appalling number of g7 species being
enumerated and a large number of varieties. The latter,
however, do not agree with those given in the “London
Catalogue,” since the well-marked and widely-distributed
var. pellucidum of murorum (stlvaticum) is unnoticed, and
FH. cumbriense, which the writer re-found last year in West-
moreland, is also omitted, although it occupies the number
914 of the “ London Catalogue.” HH. sciaphilum is separated
by seven species from 7. vulgatum, surely an unnatural
severence, since most continental authorities treat it as a
variety of HY. vulgatum.

The Brambles as described by Prof. Babington are
given, but an Appendix reprinted from the “ Handbook of
British Rubi,” by the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, is also thought-
fully included. Happy is that botanist who can run downa
Hawkweed or a Bramble from description, even as carefully
drawn up as those included in the “ Manual.” Among the
points most interesting to Scottish botanists may be quoted
that the Rescobie Water Buttercup is now considered to be
a wholly submerged form of R. drouetiz. R. scoticus is given
specific rank, but the editors pertinently suggest that it may
be a variety of R. flammula. Caltha radicans is only given
for Rescobie ; but if that plant is correctly named, it occurs
in several Scottish localities, and the writer has also found it
in Wales at Llanberis. The new species and arrangement

5.5 E

50 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

of the genus Fumaria by Mr. Pugsley is unnoticed ; possibly
the sheets of the work were struck off prior to the appear-
ance of his papers. Nor is the Grassington Polyga/a noticed ;
and the colour of the Teesdale plant is given as blue, but
pink-flowered forms also occur. No reference is made to
the pretty variety of P. oxyptera var. collina, which occurs on
the sandhills of Tain and Golspie.

The treatment of Crataegus is rather archaic, and the
introduction of [C. kyrtossty/a] in brackets, without a descrip-
tion, does not assist to clear the air. The latter is a variety
of C. oxyacantha (L. monogyna) with a deflexed style. There
is no reference to Epzlobium collinum. Haloscias of Fries is
used as generic name for the Scottish Lovage, and JZulgedium
is still retained, although the best botanical authorities agree
in uniting it with Lactuca. Here, doubtless, the editors, had
they possessed a free hand, would have followed ordinary
custom. Gentiana baltica and G. uliginosa are said to be
annual forms of G. Amaredla and G. campestris respectively.
No notice is made of the hybrid G. Pamplini of germanica
and Amarella, although it is included in Wettstein’s “ Mono-
graph.” The name Ovobanche rubra is used, although O. alda
has priority, and good authorities state they are synonymous.
Stsyrinchium californicum is marked as possibly introduced,
but now appearing like a true native. Surely there can be
no doubt that a plant which is a native of Western America
is an Alien in‘its single locality in Wexford, and the authors
of the “ Cybele Hibernica” refuse to give it a place in the
list of native plants in Ireland.

It would probably be safer also to distinguish as an
Alien NMazas graminea. No notice is taken of the Lawers
locality for Carex helvola, and the name C. e/ata, All., is
rightly adopted for the C. stvzcta of British authors. C.
Sadleri is given distinct rank, and is separated by seven
species from C. dznervis, which is its nearest ally, if indeed
it be distinct. The synonym C. rhynchophysa, Praeger and
Bennett, might have been given to the var. /atzfolia, Asch, of
C. rostrata; the same variety occurs in Islay. Agrostis
nigra is kept distinct, and is put between A. canzna and
A. vulgaris, but it would better have been inserted between
A. vulgaris and A. alba. Nor can the writer agree with

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 51

Bromus interruptus being treated as a variety of Aerrafalcus
mollts, nor in the citation of a name which Mr. Daydon
Jackson, Professor Hackel, and Dr. Otto Kuntze consider to be
invalid. The sands of Barry and the Ayrshire Botrychiums
are not included in the general text, the editors naturally
thinking that the records need confirmation.

The reader will see from these scattered notes what an
interesting treat is afforded by the industry of the editors,
who have placed British botanists again under a sense of
deep obligation for their great and valuable addition to
British botany.

OXFORD, Wovember 1904.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.

Scottish Lists of Vermin.—In the “Annals” for July last
(p. 185) Mr. Harvie-Brown gives a list of vermin killed on the
Glengarry estates, Inverness-shire, between 1837 and 1840, with the
remark, ‘I think this list has not appeared before.” As a matter
of fact it was published in 1850 in Knox’s “ Game-Birds and Wild-
Fowl,” p. 117. Not only so, but Knox’s list is fuller, and contains
the following species not mentioned in the “Annals”: Ospreys,
18; Common Buzzards, 285; Bluechawks or Peregrine Falcons, 98 ;
Orange -legged Falcons, 7; Hobbyhawks, 11. The following
variations also occur: Merlins, 78, instead of 79; Hen Harriers,
83, instead of 63. ‘The fact that Peregrines (98) are specifically
mentioned disposes of the suggestion in the “Annals” that
Goshawks (63) must be read Peregrines. By an apparent oversight
the Golden Owls (3), probably Barn Owls, as suggested by Knox,
have been omitted from the list given in the ‘ Annals,” though
mentioned in the comments thereon. It may be recollected that in
the “Annals” for 1875 (p. 193) Mr. Maclaine of Lochbuie com-
municated a list of vermin killed on the estates of Torosay and
Lochbuie, in the Island of Mull, in 1825. I can now give a much
older list of vermin killed in Aberdeenshire (1776-1786), which I
copied some years ago into one of my note-books from the
“London Chronicle” of 18th September 1812. It runs as
follows :—

‘Previous to the year 1776 the destruction of sheep by ravenous
animals was so great in the wilds of Aberdeenshire as to be com-
puted to be equal in value to half the whole rents; and the

52 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

game and poultry suffered in full proportion. At this time a
subscription was entered into, and applied to premiums for removing
the evil. This continued for ten years, when it was found that
during that time, in five parishes only, 634 Foxes, 44 Wild Cats,
57 Polecats, 70 Eagles, 2520 Hawks and Kites, and 1347 Ravens
were killed, besides many which died by poison, or of their wounds,
and sheep have since been in perfect safety at all seasons in those
parts.”

In Sir Herbert Maxwell’s ‘‘ Memoirs of the Months,” first series,
1897, p. 76, a list is given of vermin destroyed by the keeper on
Lord Malmesbury’s estate, Heron Court, near Christchurch, in the
year 1852; but as this does not relate to Scotland I omit the details
here, merely observing that the total for the year amounted to
1327 head, and was made up chiefly of Squirrels (220), Jackdaws
(210), Hedgehogs (250), and Rats (300), the number of Hawks,
Jays, Magpies, and Stoats amounting to less than too each. It is
sad to find that Woodpeckers to the number of 50 are included in
this list, but, as remarked by Sir Herbert Maxwell in commenting
on this fact, there is ground for belief that the character of the
Yaffle has since been cleared of all suspicion.—J. E. HartIne.

[See “ The Vertebrate Fauna of Scotland,” vol. ix. p. 165, where
Knox’s correct List is referred to under A7z¢e. See also,in the same
series, in vol. 11. of “A Vertebrate Fauna of the Moray Basin,”
p. 60. We cannot quote directly Knox’s list as authority for
“ Orange-legged Hobby.”—J. A. H. B.]

On the First Occurrence of the Noctule in Seotland.—So far
the Noctule Bat (/7pzstre//us noctula) is not known to have occurred
in Scotland. ‘The late Mr. E. A. Alston (“ Fauna of Scotland,”
1880, p. 7) did not credit Sir William Jardine’s statement, in the
“New Stat. Account, Dumfries” (p. 175), that it had been seen on
the Annan in Dumfriesshire. After many years spent in working
at our northern fauna I have never heard of a single instance of
the existence of any large species of bat until 15th October of this
year, when Mr. Charles Eversfield of Deane, whose father had
rented the Dalguise shootings and fishings on the Tay in Perthshire,
sent me in the flesh a large female Noctule (144 inches across the
wings) which he had killed two days previously at that place. Mr.
Eversfield has a fair knowledge of our bats, having assisted me to
procure specimens on several occasions, and the unusual size of the
present example attracted his notice whilst salmon-fishing, so he
procured his gun and shot it as it hawked up and down over the
river. Unfortunately the specimen was somewhat decomposed by
the time it reached me, but I am preserving the skeleton for the
Perth Museum.—J. G. Miviais, Horsham.

Bank Vole and Water Shrew in Argyllshire.—I have to
record the occurrence of the Bank Vole (Zvofomys glareolus) in the

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 53

Loch Awe district, where in the past autumn I have taken several
specimens, which I have forwarded to Mr. Harvie-Brown and Mr.
Eagle Clarke. This little rodent is new to the fauna of Argyll,
though it is known to occur in West Ross-shire. I have also
trapped several examples of the Water Shrew (Cvossopus fodiens) in
a run close to a drain running through a shrubbery to a small
Highland burn. Though not new to the fauna of Argyll, this
interesting species has, I believe, only hitherto been recorded from
Morven and the Island of Kerrera, in the southern portion of the
area.—CHARLES H. ALsTon, Letterawe.

Pied Flyeatehers and Ivory Gull in Fife.—The birds most
worthy of note that we have seen this year are—Two Pied Fly-
catchers (Muscicapa atricapilla) in May. One arrived on the 8th at
Gilston, the other on the 12th at Largo; both left on the 14th,
when the wind turned to the west, after blowing several days
strongly from the east. One was an old male in beautiful plumage,
the other also a male, but not in such fine feather. Both were
remarkably tame when they arrived, but got wilder every day.
The other occurrence was an Ivory Gull (Pagophila eburnea) we saw
in Largo Bay on the 14th September about 5 p.m. It flew past
close beneath us as we were sitting on a sand-dune, and we had an
excellent view of its pure white plumage, black eye, and yellow bill.
, Largo.

Kingfisher in Fife.—A specimen of the Kingfisher (4é/cedo
tspida) was shot on 29th October last in a garden at Tayport. The
young man who shot it was fined 2s. 6d. by the Sheriff at Cupar,
and the bird was forfeited and ordered to be delivered to St.
Andrews University Museum. It is much to be regretted that the
bird was killed.—HeENnry H. Brown, Cupar-Fife.

Naturalisation of the Golden Pheasant.—I grew up in the
belief that the Golden Pheasant (Zhaumalea picta) required the
protection of an aviary in the climate of Scotland; but about ten
years ago the Duke of Bedford turned some out in the woods of
Cairnsmore, near Newton-Stewart, where they have become perfectly
acclimatised and have bred freely. From Cairnsmore they have
spread to neighbouring properties, where their presence is not
properly appreciated, partly because of the mistaken idea that they
are pugnacious, and drive the Common Pheasant from their haunts,
and partly because they cannot be considered a sporting bird.
Three years ago, hearing that a friend was destroying these beautiful
birds on his property, I put in a petition for a few. I turned down
two cocks and four or five hens, which have bred each season since,
and form a most desirable addition to the ornis of our district.
Unluckily, as I think (for I detest hybrids), the Golden Pheasant has
an incorrigible tendency to intermarry with the Amherst (Zaumalea

54 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

amherstic). The offspring are very gay birds, and are fertile, proving
the near affinity of the two species; but I prefer the pure race. I
have said that it is a mistake to suppose that the Golden Pheasant
is quarrelsome. My gamekeeper says he has never seen them
fighting with the Common Pheasant ; but the same cannot be said
of the Silver Pheasant (Zuplocomus nycthemerus), which is an un-
desirable denizen of pheasant preserves, It takes as naturally to
British woodlands as the other; it used to be pretty to see them
flying from side to side of the wooded banks of Ayr in the park
at Auchencruive. One drawback there is to the Golden Pheasant :
the male seems to be conscious of being over-dressed, and, except
in the breeding-season, when he suns himself with his harem, keeps
sedulously in the thickets, shunning the presence of man far more
suspiciously than the true pheasant, though with far less reason.—
HERBERT MAXWELL, Monreith, Wigtownshire.

Shoveller, Grey Plover, Greenshank, and Great Northern
Diver in Bute.—Mr. Robert Wilson kindly informed me that, on
8th May 1904, he saw a male Shoveller (Spatula clypeata) on
Greenan Loch; and a Great Northern Diver (Colymbus glacialis)
in full breeding plumage, at Scalpsie Bay. On 6th October I
observed a Grey Plover (Sguatarola helvetica) at St. Ninian’s Bay,
and again on 1oth October I saw, probably, the same bird—among
Golden Plovers in each instance. On roth October I saw a Green-
shank (Zofanus canescens) at Kilchattan Bay. The Shoveller, Grey
Plover, and Greenshank are additions to ‘A List of the Birds of
the Island of Bute” published in the “Annals” for July 1903,
while the date of the occurrence of the Great Northern Diver is of
some interest JOHN ROBERTSON, Thornliebank.

Shoveller in the Firth of Forth.—On 19th November, in a walk
along the south side of the Forth, my friend Mr. Henry D. Simpson
and I saw a Shoveller drake (Spatula clypeata) in company with
a dozen Mallard (Anas doscas) to the west of Morrison’s Haven.
By this date no frost had arrived to drive the bird from inland
waters.—R. B. Wuyte, Edinburgh.

Eiders in the North-West Highlands.—With regard to the notes
on the above subject in the July “Annals,” it may be interesting
to mention that I saw at least six pairs of Eider Ducks (Somateria
mollissima) at the Summer Islands during the summer that is just
past. This is the first time I have seen Eiders in Lochbroom. I am
strongly of opinion that a pair, at least, have nested in one of the
islands called Little Tannara. Next year I will pay more attention
to Eiders if they should again visit Lochbroom.—J. T. HENDERSON,
Ullapool.

Great Snipe in Shetland.—A Great Snipe (Scolopax major)
was shot on Tuesday, 2oth September, in Unst, by Mr. Edmonston

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 55

of Buness. ‘These birds are very rare in Shetland. It was a young
bird, and weighed 74 0z.—“ Shetland Times,” 1st October 1904.
[If this bird has been correctly identified, it is the second
authentic record for Shetland. ‘The weight, however, must not be
regarded as conclusive evidence, especially in this case, for we have
received Common Snipe from Shetland weighing 7? 0z.—Eps. ]

Little Auk in Forfarshire.—A Little Auk (J/ergulus alle) was
brought to me on 16th November, the first which I have seen for some
years. It had been taken in a turnip-field on Seaton, within a mile
of the coast. As it seemed uninjured and fairly vigorous I took it
to the shore and watched it paddle off over the moonlit waters with
hopeful alacrity—TuHomas F. Dewar, Arbroath.

Breeding of the Storm Petrel on the Bass Roeck.—When at -
the Flannan Islands in September last, I was surprised to learn
from Mr. Ross, one of the lightkeepers, that the Storm Petrel
(Procellaria pelagica) had bred on the Bass Rock during the past
summer. I was naturally much interested, and on my return to
Edinburgh I wrote Mr. Laidlaw, the principal lightkeeper at the
Bass Rock, for full particulars on the subject. Mr. Laidlaw most
kindly called upon me and related all the facts connected with the
discovery. These are shortly as follows:—On the roth of June,
one of the keepers found a Petrel and its egg in a shallow burrow
on a bank near the old buildings. ‘The bird was captured, and Mr.
Laidlaw had it in his hands, and examined it, ere it was set at
liberty, and he assured me that it was not a common Storm Petrel,
a bird with which he, both as a seaman and a lightkeeper, was
perfectly familiar, but a ‘‘Forked-tailed Storm Petrel” (Oceano-
aroma leucorrhoa). On this point he was quite emphatic, and
accurately described the differences between the two species. The
egg, he informed me, was taken, and was then in the possession of
a collector at Portobello, near Edinburgh. I expressed a strong
desire to see the egg in order to set the matter of identification
beyond doubt, and Mr. Laidlaw promised to do his utmost to’ this
end, and that he failed in his endeavours was, I am sure, due to no
fault on his part.

But history was soon to be made of the information, for the
Rev. H. N. Bonar recorded in ‘The Field” for 19th November,
(p. 908) the breeding of the Fork-tailed Petrel on the Bass Rock,
based, presumably on similar evidence to that given to me, as
related above. Soon after, however, Mr. Bonar succeeded where I
had failed, for he obtained a sight of the egg, which, from its
dimensions, he tells us is a Storm Petrel’s after all (see “The
Field,” 3rd December 1904, p. 983), so that, in spite of con-
flicting evidence, it is to be hoped the identification may now be
considered as satisfactorily established. That either of these
species should have been detected nesting on or off the East Coast

56 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

of the mainland of Great Britain is an extremely interesting fact ; and
it is much to be hoped, though, perhaps, too much to be expected,
that the interesting little bird will be allowed to establish itself in
its newly sought eastern home.—Wm. EaGLE CLARKE.

The Porbeagle (Zamna cornubica) in the Firth of Forth.—On
1st November 1904 an example of this Shark, which I examined two
days later, was caught in a cod-net about 3 miles north-east of Fisher-
row, and brought into that harbour. It was fully 7 feet long. I
looked to see if there was any trace of a spiracle behind the eye, and
could find none. Ina newspaper paragraph the creature was referred
to as a Blue Shark, which serves to illustrate the vague way in which
our fishermen apply that name.—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh.

Capture of a marked Skate.—A small Skate (Raza éatis) was
caught at the end of September by one of the local fishermen at
Tobermory. It was observed to be strangely marked on both
shoulders nearly opposite the part where the pectoral fins are most
extended. The markings are in the form of two circles, about the
size of a crown-piece, one of which has the figure 2 and the letter n
quite distinctly defined. ‘There are a number of dots inside the
circle. The other circle (on the left shoulder) contains two characters
resembling the Greek letter x (&), also surrounded with a row of dots.
The markings are all white against the dark background of the skin
of the Skate, and there are several indications that the marks were
made with great precision, and at a time when the fish was much
less than it is now. I think it is worth while to draw attention to
this capture, as the fish may have been marked for experimental
purposes.—J. MACNAUGHT CAMPBELL, The Museum, Glasgow.

Cionus tuberculosus, Scof., in Argyllshire.—In the month of
August my friend Mr. J. W. Bowhill obtained several specimens of
this pretty beetle on the shores of Loch Fochan, near Oban. In
Fowler’s “British Coleoptera” the only Scottish record is that
quoted from Murray’s Catalogue, thus: ‘‘ Dollar, Mr. J. T. Syme ;”
to which Fowler adds: ‘Scotland, very rare, Forth district,” and
remarks that “it is possible there may be some mistake as to the
latter record.” Under these circumstances it is well to place on
record the undoubted occurrence of the species in Scotland. Prof.
T. Hudson Beare has seen the specimens, two of which have been
very kindly presented by Mr. Bowhill to the Royal Scottish Museum.
—Percy H. GRIMsHAw.

Alleged Buried Crabs.—The following note appeared in the
“‘ Haddingtonshire Courier” of the 29th November last :—

* A STRANGE Finp.—While engaged in the work of excavation
towards the end of the week, in the plasterers’ yard [at Dunbar] of
Councillor Gillies, the workmen, at a depth of about ten feet, came
upon a bank of sand, embedded in which were two good-sized black-

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 57

backed crabs, alive, and in perfect condition. The yard is a long
distance from the beach—there are two streets between it and the
sea—so that the shell-fish in question must have existed in these
quarters for a long number of years. Prior to the construction of
these streets the sea washed up as far as the yard belonging to Mr.
Gillies. The crabs have been preserved.”

The specimens sent to me by the courtesy of Mr. Philip and
Mr. Bertram, associated as sub-editor and reporter respectively for
the ‘People’s Journal” (Dundee), were quite ordinary forms of the
Common Shore-Crab (Carcinus menas). The dark colour of one of
the specimens is quite common on the beach. As Mr. Bertram
avouches that the “find” was quite genuine, I would suggest (a)
that some schoolboy or fisherman threw the crabs into the vicinity
of the excavation, which, probably, was not made in a day ; or (4)
that there may be some more or less open conduit, sewer, or drain
in the immediate vicinity of the excavation in Councillor Gillies’s
yard, from which the misguided crabs may have found their way
into the sand. It is well known that these shore-crabs travel far,
burrow deeply, and burrow rapidly. While we know of cases of
“animal hypnosis” in the higher crustaceans, we have not the
slightest warrant for believing that (gill-breathing) crabs could
remain “for a hundred years or more” imbedded in sand “separated
by two streets from the sea.” Both the crabs were relatively young,
and neither showed any external signs of age or desiccation. On
the whole, we suspect a practical joker.—J. ARTHUR THOMSON,
Aberdeen.

Orthezia cataphracta, Szaw, in the “Forth” Area.— This
curious insect—one of the Coccids—is common in this district,
especially on the hills, where it usually occurs among moss or under
moss-embedded stones. There is no need to particularise localities,
but I may say that I have found it on the Pentlands and other hills
in all three Lothians; also on the Lomonds, the Ochils, and the
Callander Hills. Specimens from the tops of Carnethy (March
1894 and October 1904) and Scaldlaw (March 1903)—both in
the Pentland range—have been verified as to identification by Mr.
R. Newstead, Chester. Under the name of Orthezta signoreti this
insect was described by the late Dr. Buchanan White from Glen
Tilt (“Scot. Nat.” iv. p. 161), and Mr. Newstead, in his recent
monograph of the Coccide, mentions its occurrence in Ayrshire,
and in the Hebrides, including St. Kilda.—WiLiiam Evans,
Edinburgh.

Rhynehodemus terrestris, a Land Planarian, in the Edinburgh
District.—When looking for beetles and slugs under stones, pieces
of wood, etc., lying in damp places, I have frequently noticed a
small slate-coloured Planarian worm which I recently made out to
be Rhynchodemus terrestris (Mill). Two specimens from the under-

58 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

side of a piece of wood lying on damp earth at Morningside,
Edinburgh, 2nd November 1904, have been submitted to Dr. R.
F. Scharff, Dublin, who has written on the Irish species of the
group, and he confirms my identification. Other localities in which
I have noted this planarian are near Roslin, near Aberdour, and
near Balerno, where it occurred in flood refuse in April 1903. It
is no doubt widely distributed and not scarce in Scotland, but the
only previous Scottish record I have seen is that of Dr. W. T.
Calman from Kirkmichael in Perthshire (Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.”
1902, p. 232).—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh.

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS.

Anthoxanthum Puelii, Zec. and Lam.—var. 3 nana, Townsend,
(‘“‘Journ. Botany,” 1875, p. 4), 4. odoratum, B nanum, Lloyd (Lf.
Loire Infer. p. 293).—In the “Journal of Botany,” Zc. Mr. F.
Townsend calls attention to specimens he possesses of the above
grass from Mr. W. Gardiner, labelled “A. odoratum, L., alp. st., Loc.
Ben Avon ; Hab. Summit ; Co. Aberdeen ; Coll. July, 1844.” Mr.
Townsend remarks: “ Ben Avon is over 4900 feet above sea level.”
Of course this was a slip, as the height of Ben Avon is 3843 feet only.
Mr. Townsend gives several other names under which it has appeared.
Dr. Trail, in ‘Topographical Botany of Scotland,’ “ Ann. Scot. Nat.
Hist.” 1900, p. 37, notices it under the name “92, var. ana.”

Gray (Nat. An. Brit; Plants,” p. 135, 1821), has, under 2
odoratum, a variety “8 alpinum, spike branched; awn longer than
the flowrets, leaves smooth. Perhaps a distinct species.” This
seems to apply to this alpine form of 4. Pue/iz; but I have not
been able to find it noticed in British books. Smith (“ Eng. Flora,”
i. p. 37, 1828) takes no note of it. This form is put under
A. aristatum, Boiss., as A. Lloydit, Jord., by Nyman (‘‘Consp. Fl.
Europ,” p. 790 (iv.) 1882); but Mr. Townsend considered (/.c.) that
it came under uel. I send this note to ask: “Has anyone
gathered this plant since Gardiner’s time ?”

Unfortunately Gray gives no station, and I have not been able to
trace any specimens, or any notice of it since Mr. Townsend’s article
on A. Puelitt,—ARTHUR BENNETT.

Fungus Flora of a Cast-out Hearthrug.—Under this heading
Messrs. C. Crossland and J. Needham in “The Naturalist” (1904,
Pp. 359-363) give an account of the various species found growing
on a worn-out rug, between February 1897 and the spring of 1899,
in a wood near Hebden Bridge. The rug was made of pieces of
cloth fixed into a coarse sacking, and backed with jute sheeting,
its fibres including wool, cotton and jute. The species observed

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 59

extended to four ymenomycetes, eleven Ascomycetes,and two imperfect
forms, of which one proved new to science. Of these, two of the
Lymenomycetes are usually found on the soil, and may have grown up
through the rug. The various species are named, and the order in
which they showed themselves is stated.

Good King Henry.—In “The Naturalist” (1904, pp. 369-375)
is an interesting paper by Mr. Walter Johnson, of which this plant
(Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, L.) is the subject. The name is
discussed, and the author is disposed to regard it as from the
German Guter Heinrich, or the Dutch Goeden Hendrik, which
Grimm regards as derived from association with /feznrich as a
frequent name for elves or kobolds. In Lincolnshire it is called
Marquery or Markery. In Lincolnshire and other English counties
it is used frequently like spinach. Mr. Johnson thinks it must be
looked on as introduced by man into England. It has still less
claim to be accepted as native in Scotland.

On a New Sub-var. of Poa annua, Z., in Wigtown.—In 1881
I found on the sandy shore of Stranraer Bay a perennial form
of foa annua which was so different from the type as to be named
Schlerochloa maritima by the critical botanist. It remained among
some queries in my herbarium till I recently saw it belonged to the
above species. Prof. Hackel recently reports it as a new and
interesting form for which he proposes the name 7. annua, L., var.
supina, Reichb. sub-var. condensata, Hack., differing from the
ordinary variety by the branches bearing spikelets from a little above
the base.—G. C. DRUuCcE.

Hypocrea riccioides in New Galloway.—At a meeting of the
Edinburgh Microscopical and Field Naturalists’ Society on 21st
December last Mr. James M‘Andrew exhibited specimens of a rare
fungus, /Zypocrea riccioides. He found it first in 1878 near New
Galloway on dead stems of the willow, and afterwards in four
different localities within a diameter of eight miles round New
Galloway. Mr. M‘Andrew was the first to find it in Scotland, and
the only person who has as yet found it on this side of the Border.
It was found in England in 1790, and as D. M. C. Cooke, in his
“ Handbook of British Fungi,” gives Halifax as the locality, this may
be the place where it was found in 1790, but no date is given.
The plant is figured and described by Bolton. It was found by
Tode, who figures it under the name of Acrosperma achenoides in his
“Fungi of Mecklingburg.” L’Amy found it near Limoges, and his
specimen is figured by Dr. Montague in ‘Annales des Sciences
Naturelles”” for 1836, who did not, however, identify it with the
plant of Bolton. These are probably the only occasions on which
this rare and interesting species has been found. A short account
of it appears in the “ Scottish Naturalist” of July 1878, p. 304.

60 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural
History which have appeared during the Quarter—October-December 1904.

[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable and
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the
sources of information undermentioned. ]

ZOOLOGY.

WiLp Cat In INVERNESS-SHIRE. T. F. Donald. Zhe Fiedd,
1st October 1904, p. 614.—-Two specimens recently captured in
the west of the county.

WHITE-BEAKED DOLPHIN (LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS), OFF
ABERDEEN. Geo. Sim. Zoologist, October 1904, p. 383.—A
specimen, 4 feet long, caught 16 miles off Buchanness, 23rd July
1904, and another on 18th August, caught by trawl 30-40 miles off
Aberdeen.

QuaiL IN Mutt. Robert Chambers. The Field, 12th
November 1904, p. 864.—One shot on West Ardow on 2zoth
October.

GREY PHALAROPE AT ABERDEEN. Geo. Sim. Zvo/logist,
October 1904, p. 389.—Specimen caught in Aberdeen Harbour,
8th December 1903.

GREAT SNIPE IN CAITHNESS. H. W. B. Scholfield. Zhe Jie/d,
8th October 1904, p. 654.—One killed on 28th September, in the
Stirkoke shooting.

GREAT SNIPE IN DUMFRIESSHIRE. C. Hinton. Zhe Field,
8th October 1904, p. 654.—One shot on 28th September.

List OF British DoLICHOPODIDA, WITH TABLES AND NOTES.
By G. H. Verrall, F.E.S. Zt. Mo. Mag. October 1904, pp. 223-
228; November 1904, pp. 241-245.—In this useful paper many
references are given to Scottish localities.

CALLICERA YERBURYI, N.SP.: A BRITISH SYRPHID NEW TO
SCIENCE. By G. H. Verrall, F.E.S. Zt. Mo. Mag. October
1904, p. 229.—A short description of a beautiful new fly, of which
four females were captured by Col. Yerbury at Nethy Bridge this
year.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA FROM ForT WILLIAM, N.B., AND
NEIGHBOURHOOD. G. A. James Rothney. zt. Mo. Mag.
December 1904, p. 280.—Seventeen species recorded.

CURRENT LITERATURE 61

HyNENOPTERA ACULEATA CAPTURED BY COL. YERBURY, R.A.,
IN SCOTLAND, 1904. By Edward Saunders, F.R.S., etc. at. Mo.
Mag. November 1904, pp. 248-249.—Thirty-six species are here
recorded.

CoLEOPTERA IN SCOTLAND. ‘Theodore Wood. £xt. dAlo. Mag.
November 1904, pp. 260-261.—Notes on specimens taken during
June and July at Kenmore (Loch Tay), Rannoch, and Boat of
Garten.

LOCHM#A SUTURALIS, THOMS., VAR. NIGRITA, WEISE. Wm.
Evans. xt, Mo. Mag. October 1904, p. 238.—Two specimens
of this variety taken near Kirknewton on 3rd May rgot.

NEUROMIA CLATHRATA, KOL., IN WIGTOWNSHIRE. Kenneth J. -
Morton. L£zt. Mo. Mag. December 1904, p. 281.—A _ female
taken by Mr. J. G. Gordon at Corsemalzie in June of last year.
This is an extremely rare species, and the present is the first
Scottish record.

BOTANY.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF BRITISH AND IRISH Boranists. By
James ‘Britten; K.S.G.,, F.L.S:,,and,G.S., Boulger, F.G.S., FILS.
Second Supplement, 1898-1902 (from Milne to Young), Journ. Bot.,
1904, pp. 378-385.—In this useful Index are included the following
names of Scottish Botanists :—Rev. John Hutton Pollexfen (1813-
1899); John Rattray, B.Sc. (1858-1900); Edward J. Ravenscroft
(1816-1890); John Sim (1824-1901); Robert Smith, B.Sc. (1873-
1900); Col. John S. Stirling ( -1900); John Storrie (1843-
tg01); Dr. Charles Stuart (1825-1902); Dr. Peter C. Sutherland,
(1822-1900).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PERTHSHIRE SOCIETY OF NATURAL
ScIENCE, Winter Session 1903-4, includes (pages vii-xiv) a brief
account of plants, etc., found in excursions of the Society in 1903,
—On June 1, to Kirkmichael; June 20, to North Queensferry and
Rosyth ; July 25, Invergowrie to Longforgan; Aug. 5, to Wormit ;
and of the Meeting of the Scottish Cryptogamic Society, Sept. 29,
30, Oct. 1, at Perth, with visits to Kinnoull Hill and Scone
Woods.

THE RIVERSIDE MARSHES BETWEEN ERROL AND INVERGOWRIE.
By William Barclay. Zvans. Perthsh. Soc. N.S., 1894, iv. 1, pp. 58-
62.—An account of the characteristic vegetation of the Tay in its
lower course.

SUGGESTIONS TOWARDS THE PREPARATION OF A RECORD OF
THE FLORA OF SCOTLAND. By James W. H. Trail, M.D., F.R.S.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb., xxii. part iii. pp. 265-277, 1904 (read

12/2/03).

62 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF THE RIVER-BasINS FORTH AND
TWEED IN SCOTLAND. By James W. H. Trail, M.D., F.R.S.
Trans. B. S. Ed., xxii. part iii. pp. 277-308, 1904 (read 12/2/03).
—An abstract of the records of distribution, so far as known to the
author up to end of rgo2, of plants, natives and aliens, through
the counties included in these river-basins.

Notes on Limonium, II. L. Neumani (=L. HUMILE x
VULGARE). By C. E. Salmon. Journ. Bot., 1904, pp. 361-363.—
This article discusses the distribution in Britain of the hybrid (first
detected as British in Aug. 1901, in West Sussex), and notes it
from 73, Kirkcudbright and, ? 74, Wigtown, as shown by specimens
in Edinburgh herbarium.

VERONICA BuXBAUMII AS A BRITISH COLONIST. By Frederic
N. Williams, F.L.S. Journ. Bot., 1904, pp. 253-254.—Points out
that the British plant must bear the above name, and is distinct
from V. filiformis, Smith (= V. Zournefortit, Gmel., = V. persica,
Poir.), and that it was first found in Britain, in Berkshire, in 1825,
but first recorded as British in Johnston’s Flora of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, in 18209.

CowTHORPE Oak. By John Clayton. TZyvans. B. S. Ed, xxii.
part iii. pp. 396-414, plates 1-7, 1904 (read 12/3/03).—Discusses
the dimensions of the largest trees (Oak, Chestnuts, and Yew) in
England, and their probable ages, and concludes that age is usually
much over-estimated.

CAREX DIVISA, HUDSON, AS A SCOTTISH PLANT. By Alex.
Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S. Zvans. B. S. Ed., xxi. part iil. pp. 300-
311, 1904 (read 12/3/03).

On THE GENUS POLYSTICHUM, ROTH. (ASPIDIUM, SWARTZ,
IN PART), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO P. ANGULARE, PRESL.,
AND TO ITS DISTRIBUTION IN SCOTLAND. By Alex. Somerville,
B.se; Esk.s. 27ans. B.S. din. xxi, part il: opp. Bi2=347.
1902.

REVISED NOTE ON LAMINARIA. By Thomas Berwick. Zvyazns,
B.S. Ed. xxii. part iii. pp. 395-396, 1904 (read 9/7/03).—States
methods of demonstrating presence of chlorophyll in the genus.

NorTES ON THE DRAWINGS FOR “‘ ENGLISH Borany.” By F.N.
A. Garry, M.A. Issued as a Supplement to Journ. Lot., pp. 241-
247, from Spartina stricta, Roth., concluded with Chara fragifera,
Durieu, and an index to the genera.

REPORT OF THE 1902 EXCURSION OF THE SCOTTISH ALPINE
Cus TO TyNDRUM. By Alexander Cowan, Esq. TZyvans. B. S. Ed.,
Xxii. part lll. pp. 317-318.

BOOK NOTICES 63

NoTES ON A CENSUS OF THE FLORA OF THE AUSTRALIAN
Aups. By James Stirling, A.LLC.E. Zrans. B. S. Ed., xxii. part iii.
pp. 319-395, 1904 (read 12/2/04).—Introductory remarks are fol-
lowed by an enumeration of the species, with the elevations reached
by them ; and some of those which grow in Scotland are marked with
an asterisk.

BOOK NOTICES.

A FauNA OF THE NorTH-WEST HIGHLANDS AND SKYE. By
J. A. Harvie-Brown and Rev. H. A. Macpherson. Edinburgh:
David Douglas, 1904.

In connection with the appearance of this volume, Mr. Harvie-
Brown is to be congratulated on several grounds. First, there is
the fact that we have in it an important addition to the volumes of
his great scheme for a complete series devoted to the Vertebrate
Fauna of Scotland. Secondly, and we are sure this will give
great satisfaction to British naturalists, the valuable manuscripts
relating to Skye, the result of years of personal experience and
patient labour on the part of the late Rev. H. A. Macpherson, now
see the light, and this, too, in their original state. These are
unedited, and thus retain all their original freshness, which is
especially gratifying, since they include many field notes on the
habits, etc., of the birds in which he was wont to delight. Another
matter for satisfaction is the title bestowed upon the book. We
are glad to see “ North-West Highlands and Skye” substituted for
the singularly inappropriate one of ‘‘ West Ross,” which has hitherto
done duty for the faunal area which comprises the western portions
of the counties of Sutherland and Ross-shire, the north-west portion
of Inverness-shire, and the Isle of Skye.

The book, like the others of the series already published, gives
much information relating to the various species of Vertebrates,
and their distribution within the area. Special attention should be
called to the very thorough manner in which Mr. Harvie-Brown has
worked out the past history of that now, alas, banished Scottish bird,
the Osprey, within the area which once knew it so well, and to which
it was an ornament in the eyes of all interested in Natural History.
This important and valuable contribution occupies twenty-eight
pages, and is illustrated by five full-page plates and by ten minor
pictures in the text.—W. E. C.

NoTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BELL Rock. By J.
M. Campbell, with an Introduction by James Murdoch. Edinburgh:
David Doulgas, 1904.

“These desultory notes,” we are told in the preface, ‘were

64 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

originally undertaken at the instigation of an invalid friend, desirous
of a closer acquaintance with our lonely environments.” As the
production of an assistant lightkeeper the book is certainly a
surprising one. It is not only charmingly written, but it clearly
proves that the author is a careful, close, and enthusiastic observer
of nature. It does not pretend to tell us anything that we do not
know, nor is it always quite accurate, but it is full of varied and
interesting information relating to marine creatures, from sea-
anemones to whales, and on the visits of birds and their observance
of the times of their comings and goings. Mr. Campbell, thanks to
his predilections, had evidently not a dull time during his nine
years’ residence in that lonely tower in the North Sea, for at all
seasons we find him engrossed in the creatures with which Dame
Nature supplied him as subjects worthy of his attention. He
wisely seized the almost unique opportunities afforded him, and he
presents us with the results in this little book, which is without a
dull page—one which we read from cover to cover with pleasure,
and, may we say, not a little admiration for its author. We know
that there are others in the same service who are excellent observers
and writers, and we hope that they may be induced to follow Mr.
Campbell’s example and not ‘hide their lights under a bushel.”

eer ae Deed Gh Ate I
oe One Saige ae

.

ANN. SCOT. NAT. HIST. 1905 PLATE III.

MEGAPTERA, WHITE BENEATH WITH DARK FLIPPERS.

MEGAPTERA, DARK BENEATH WITH WHITE FLIPPERS,

The Annals

of
Scottish Natural History

No. 54] 1905 [ APRIL

NOTES ON WHALING IN SHETLAND, 1904.
By R. C. HALpane.

BiPARE tie

LIVING as I do less than a mile from one station, and an
hour’s walk from two more, I have unusually good opportunities
of getting information about Whales. My thanks are due to
Messrs. Foden, Castberg, and Mathisen for kindly keeping a
register of whales killed. The results of the whaling for
this year at these three stations, as far as I have the returns,
are as follows :—

Norrona Co. 99 whales (Finners 97, JZegaptera 1, B. borealis 1)

Shetland: Cos 1646 4 s( ||; Os), ; * r).

Wiexandra €o..72— 5. . (~ ;, 66, Wecapira 4, i Ti,
and one Sperm Whale).

Of the Finners (4. musculus) | have the following parti-
culars of the average length :—

Norrona 57 bulls aver. 63.1 feet, 38 cows aver. 66.3 feet.

Shetland 36 bs EQ:On nae bc ae
Alexandra 40 = Go24. 5, 26 Bs 61.1

Deducting all whales of under 56 feet as immature, we
have the following average lengths :—

54 B

66 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY
Norrona’ 55 bulls average 63.9 feet, 36 cows average 67.4 feet.
Shetland 33 . S20 oy 25 - 65-0) |
Alexandra 36 By 62-4 ,, 20 Pe GARG aes

To take the largest whales caught by each station—

Norrona—g bulls of 70 feet and over, 5 largest 78, 77, 77, 75, 75 feet.

Norrona—1 4 cows » 5 4, 78; 79s 7 5e onion es

Shetland—largest bull, 68 feet ; 6 cows over 70 feet, 75, 714, 70,
70, 7 feet.

Alexandra—largest bull, 68 feet ; 3 cows over 70 feet—72, 71, 70 feet.

Possibly the measuring of the Norrona whales was not in
quite a straight line, but the measurements of the Shetland
and Alexandra stations are near enough to give a very fair
idea of the sizes of the whales.

The Norwegians say the average length of an adult Finner
whale is 65 feet, and this is probably nearly correct. By
the table given above, the average length of 135 bulls was
62.9 feet, and the average length of 91 cows 66.0 feet, which
sufficiently proves that cows generally grow to a length of 3
feet more than bulls do, although the Norrona station figures
show that some bulls may attain to as great a length, which,
the Norwegians say, is sometimes the case.

The girth of these whales varies greatly. A cow of 70
feet, measured by myself at the Alexandra station, was 33
feet round. At the Shetland station one of the same size
was 25 feet. At the Norrona station a cow of 75 feet was
42 feet. Two cows of 76 and 75 feet were both 30 feet.
A bull of 77 feet was 34 feet. A bull of 65 feet was 30
feet. Two cows of 73 and 72 feet were both 36 feet.

It is interesting to notice the greater number of bulls to
cows. Out of 226 whales, 135 were bulls and 91 cows, or
60 per cent of bulls to 40 per cent of cows. Are there fewer
cows than bulls, or are the cows more difficult to approach ?

I have measurements of four Wegaptera boops, 30, 39, 40,
and 46 feet in length; the last, a bull, was 31 feet in girth,
the flippers 13 feet 10 inches long. The colour of Megaptera
differs greatly in various specimens. In some the thorax is
white, also the flippers, which have a few black blotches.
In others the grooves on the thorax are black and the raised
parts white. In some the thorax and flippers are black and

NOTES ON WHALING IN SHETLAND, 1904 67

white. I am unable, as yet, to offer any solution of these
differences of colour, which may be due to age, or more
probably natural. In three which I photographed the
following variations are shown :—(1) Bull, 46 feet, black,
some white on the bands between the grooves, upper side of
flipper white; (2) bull, 30 feet, white, some black under
chin, upper side of flipper black; (3) cow, 39 feet, black
with white blotches, upper side of flipper white, with one or
two dark marks at the extremity.

MEGAPTERA.
Taken by Telephoto Lens by Dr. Mackay, Dundee.

Every one of the JZegaptera is more or less covered with
barnacles (Coronula), and at the base of the barnacles and in
the grooves of the thorax are quantities of “lice” (Cyamus)
of a large size. The Norwegians say these whales try to rid
themselves of these parasites by rubbing against rocks.

One of my Norwegian friends told me of a Megaptera,
caught off Finmark, 50 feet long, and 16 feet in diameter,
which yielded 125 barrels of oil; this, however, must have
been a most unusual case, the average yield of oil being 30
to 40 barrels.

68 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

FOOD OF WHALES.

Balenoptera musculus—I\n 1903, for about one month
from 12th June, the Finner whales lived mostly upon herrings.
After that they fed upon shrimps and “kril” (7hysanopoda
znermis). For a short time during the change of food they
fell off in condition, but soon got fat again upon crustacee.

This year whaling began, at the Ronas Voe stations, on
April 16th, and at the Collafirth Alexandra station on
2nd June. On 13th June a whale at the Shetland
station was found with herrings inside. On 22nd July, at
the Alexandra station, I found some herrings in a Finner ;
the same day at the Shetland station another whale was
opened with herrings. On 19th August a Finner was got
with some two barrels of herrings inside. The captain of
the steamer that killed it said he saw no kril in the sea when
he was out that time. After that it was the invariable rule
at the Alexandra station to find herrings in the whales.
It has also been remarked to me that the kril-fed whales of
this year (1904) were fatter than the herring-fed whales of
last year (1903).

It is certain that the Finners which last year fed largely
on herrings, fed this year upon shrimps and kril. Last year,.
till well on in July, there was little kril in the Faroe seas,
and it was the same off Shetland. This year kril and
shrimps were plentiful till the middle of August on the
north and east coasts of Shetland. But a curious circum-
stance must be mentioned. One of the Ronas Voe steamers
has been getting its whales up to 100 miles north-west of
Shetland, and these whales are entirely shrimp-fed. The
manager thinks that there is a warm current in which the
shrimps and kril live which attract the whales. Certainly
on the east coast, where late in August there were no
shrimps, the whales lived on herrings instead of shrimps.
I think these observations prove that Finner whales only
eat herrings when kril and shrimps are not to be got. It
is certain that these whales prefer kril as a food to herrings ;
moreover, the herrings which came to the Shetland coasts
this year must have passed through the army of Finners,
forty miles off land, with impunity.

NOTES ON WHALING IN SHETLAND, 1904 69

What I have observed this year in the stomachs of these
whales were kril, shrimps, herrings,' and, in one case, sand-eels.
One Finner had a piece of strong fish-bone, about four inches
long, at the back of the tongue.

HUMP-BACKS (J/egaptera), of which I examined three,
had fed on kril and a few shrimps.

One SPERM WHALE, 56 feet long, was got at the
Alexandra station. I examined the contents of the
stomach, which at first have an offensive smell, but this
passes away, as in ambergris. The stomach contained parts
of a large skate, cuttle-fish beaks, the jaw-bones of an
Angler (Lophius), the head of a shark 28 inches long, and
some pieces of blubber from &. musculus, seemingly
swallowed by the shark before the sperm whale swallowed it.

These remarks may throw some light on the food of
these whales. The Finner revels when he gets among kril.
He swims on his side with his mouth open and swallows
them by the barrel-full; but I am convinced that he only
takes to herrings when he cannot get his favourite kril and
shrimps.

GROWTH OF B. MUSCULUS.

I am more and more convinced that the growth of
Finner whales is very rapid, and the opinions of the
managers of the four whale stations in Shetland agree with
mine. The calf is very large when born. I am told of one
foetus 22 feet long, coloured like the adult, with baleen in
the jaws ; the length of the mother was 75 feet. Others have
found foetuses 20 feet long; so I think we may take the length
of the foetus at 20 feet. Lately a foetus of 16 feet was got,
the baleen of which had not begun to show, and the manager
took this as a sign that it had not completed the period of
gestation. The growth of the calf is very rapid. Sucking
calves of 40 feet have been seen, and the general opinion of
the Norwegians is that one of this size is not over a year old.
The calf is supposed to go one year with the mother before
it is weaned ; at from two to three years the young cow is
mature and ready to breed. I examined a young cow of
51 feet supposed to be under two years old. The slits in

! The Shetland station had six whales with herrings, and Alexandra station
twenty-one.

7O ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

which the teats are would not open, so we thought she was
a heifer not matured. One can generally guess at the age
of a whale by the size of the head; the body grows very
rapidly, but the growth of the head is slower. A whale with
a small head and short jaw-bones show it to be a young
whale, though the body may be full sized. They soon reach
65 feet, the average length of a Finner.
I have the following records of foetuses :—

Cow 76 ft. hada foetus of 4 ft. | Cow 65 ft. hada foetus of 7 in.

” 75 ” ” 6 ” | ” 60 ” ” 8 ft.
” 75 ” ” 7 | ” 62 ” ” EB ”
” 63 ” ” 4 ” | ” 68 ” ” 3)
” 78 ” ” va) | ” 64 ” ” Sy)
” 73 ” ” 30 ” 63 ” ” Io 5,
” 63 ” ” 6 in ” 5° ” 2 ”
” TS ” ” 24 ft ” 65 ” ’ 25 ”
” WE ” ” 53 ” ” 65 ” ” 16 ”

This last had no baleen plates, which when the calf is
ready to be born are about 2 inches long. These records
are worth some notice, as they show considerable difference
in the size of the foetus. The last one had probably to
grow 5 or 6 feet before birth and had to get its baleen.
It would then be a young monster one-third the length of the
mother. The size seems incredible, but at parturition there
are no bones to impede the birth, only elastic flesh and
blubber, which renders the process an easier one than in the
case of limbed mammals. The instance of a cow 50 feet
having a foetus of 2 feet, shows that the cows mature at an
early age. The whalers would gladly spare the cows, but it
is impossible to tell the sex of the living whale.

I sketched a foetus of 10 feet. The lower parts of the body
were pink, with deeper red towards the tail. The back was
of a dark purple colour. I am told that when the calf is
about to be born the colour assumes that of the adult. The
above foetus had the throat grooves, and was very like a full-
grown whale in miniature; it had a breadth at the thorax of
15 inches.

I have before remarked that bulls may grow as long, but
they are not as a rule as fat as cows, especially if the cow is
with calf,—and the larger the foetus the fatter the cow; but

NOTES ON WHALING IN SHETLAND, 1904 71

after suckling the calf for some time, the cow gets thin,—it is
naturally a great strain upon her. 1 have pointed out that
the calf grows very quickly ; inspection of the mammary glands
shows that the cow produces an immense quantity of thick,
yellow milk, like cream, capable of supplying the calf with
abundance of rich nourishing food.

PERIOD OF GESTATION AND AGE.

These are questions at which we can only guess, nothing
definite being known about either. I am inclined to believe
that the period of gestation is not more than a year, perhaps
eleven months, for, as I have already said, it is a very quick-
growing creature. In this 1am supported by whalers who have
had long experience and far better opportunities of studying
whales than I have.

I think the rule is recognised that where an animal
arrives quickly at maturity the age it attains is short. I am
inclined to believe that forty years is about the limit of a
whale’s life. I have noticed some whales have the blubber
hard and yellow, which indicates age, as hard yellow fat in
beef shows a cow to have been old. My friend Mr. Foden
told me he got a blue whale (4. szbbaldiz) at Iceland with
grey hair at the end of the baleen, and evidently very old.
I can only hear of one case where a naturally dead whale
was found at sea, although the skipper of a Shetland smack
said his anchor once brought up some baleen plates; but a
dead wild elephant in Ceylon is just as rare. Whales are
certainly subject to disease. I lately sawa bull Finner with
a tumour on the penis 15 inches in diameter. After all, the
age of Finner whales, and the period of gestation, are sub-
jects upon which we can only speculate, and about which we
will probably never learn anything definite. In other species
of whales these may be different. Old Greenland whalers
here tell me they have seen the calf of Balena mysticetus,
only 12 feet long, accompanying the mother.

BALEEN PLATES.

From two Finners 67 feet long I counted the number of
baleen plates—375 a side. I only counted one side, as |

72 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

suppose the sides correspond. There are also some thick
hair-like bristles at the thorax end of the baleen, about 12
a side.

In a Megaptera of 45 feet long there were 325 plates of
baleen on each side. I have seen a double plate of baleen
from a Finner. It looked as if two had grown together.
Whalers roughly calculate 2 cwt. of clean baleen from a
Finner. But taken freshly from the jaw, I think the baleen
must weigh 4 cwt.

In many parts of the Finner whale there is a consider-
able amount of glue, but the difficulty exists that it will not
settle when treated. In the skin between the epidermis and
the blubber the glue is more easily treated and more plentiful.
Before next year three of the four stations in Shetland will
be supplied with manure works, and the carcases will then be
worked up entirely. At present all the oil made in Shetland
is sold in Glasgow. The market for the baleen is Paris.

Since writing the above I have been given the figures of
the Olna station, Shetland, by the kindness of Mr. Henriksen.
Fishing with four steamers, the Company got a total of 179
whales—174 Finners, 2 Lalenoptera borealis, and 3 Hump-
backs. The measurements of the Finners seem too small in
this case. The figures work out

ror bulls average length 58.1 feet.
73 COWS 3 Rey en

The cows still have the largest average, though the
lengths of the two biggest bulls are given as 62 and 62 feet ;
the lengths of the two biggest cows as 61 and 61 feet. One
uniform way of measuring is much to be desired. The pro-
portion of bulls to cows is interesting, 58 per cent were bulls
to 42 per cent of cows.

The two 8. borealis were 38 and 37 feet. Of the
Megaptera the lengths given are 46,47, and 49 feet, of which
the two last were bulls.

OLLABERRY, SHETLAND.

PLATE IV

NAT. HIST. 1905

Scot

ANN

TICTV ¢d1s

@

JO SNIMJ, AHL

YOUNG OF SIBBALD’S RORQUAL 73

VOUNG OF SIBBAED'S KOROUAL
GAL ANOPTERA “SIBBALDTT)2

By J. A. Harviz-Brown.
PLATE IV.

WHEN in Eide Fjord, Faroe, in June 1894, we had an
opportunity, thanks to Herr Gron, of inspecting the whaling
steamer “ Urd,” and upon the 25th we had the further oppor-
tunity, of which we also fully availed ourselves, of inspecting
the whole station, and of seeing a specimen of a “ Blue fish,”
(Balenoptera stibbaldiz) towed in, hauled up, and flensed, etc.
This specimen was a female, 60 feet long, including whole
side measurements, and was not reckoned a large one. The
great harpoon was buried haft deep in the back on the left
side, and had passed below the back bone, smashed up the
aorta, but, most fortunately, missed doing injury to the womb.
Flensing had proceeded till the “blanket” had been
removed from the entire right side: and now, the huge
carcase, resting on the belly, on being slightly pulled over
by the crane, burst open ; and a river of blood and entrails
ensanguined the sea for a distance of at least forty or fifty
yards. The great jaws had been severed and hauled up
the slip to the guillotine, and the entire symmetry of the
“form” had been destroyed. The great 14 feet broad
flippers had been lopped off by a few rapid slicing cuts of
the “krang-knives,” and already natives from all parts of
the Fjord and district were collecting round the carcase
like vultures, and the lovely-looking brisket junks of beef
were being cut off, each piece about two feet square, and
were being piled up for distribution. One of the hands
was standing on the back cutting down with swinging
strokes of a broad-bladed and heavy axe, into the dark
purplish red beef, along the side of the vertebre ; and
reaching at every stroke down to the “ giant’s ribs,” as we
could clearly Zeav when the iron met the bone.
Now came to view the womb untouched ; and in it, and
1 | do not approve or accept the ate unnecessary and confusing change tn its

mame, vide True’s ** Whalebone Whales of the N. Atlantic,” where he shifts
the synonym “rostratus” to Sibbald’s whale.

74 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

still attached by the umbilical cord were two calves. An
extra haul over from the windlass on to pier, preparatory to
flensing the other side, caused the womb to burst, and two
young, szz// warm, lay out on the ensanguined shore.

“You don’t want these,” I said to the manager, who
stood beside me. (I must explain, there had been great
unwillingness to “part” with even single specimens of the
baleen just before.)

“No! no! no!” he said hesitatingly ; but I had given
my men the hint and they were already lifting up the two
young, preparatory to carrying them to our boat, to remove
them to the yacht, which lay in the offing. They were both
males: length of one, 6 feet; the other, about 4 feet. After-
wards they were sent on to the Museum at Edinburgh (now
the “ Royal Scottish Museum”); one was retained there, and
the other sent on to the University Anatomical Museum.
Prof. Turner and Dr. Traquair afterwards, when examining
them, pronounced them to be the young of Sibbald’s Rorqual.
The mother was not therefore a large Blue Whale, being
60 feet, because the larger ones of this species reach con-
siderably greater measurements, even to 76 or 8o feet.

I fancy some interest ought to attach to such juvenile
examples, 6 and 4 ft. long respectively, and to the fact
of their being ¢wen brothers; but I am not aware that any-
thing respecting them has appeared. I am only assured,
that such a “double event” is vare, according to all
experience of the Fin Whale Fishery employees ; as may also
be gathered from a perusal of Mr. Haldane’s interesting paper.
The general consensus of opinion and observation is that such
is of extreme rarity. Therefore I have considered it desir-
able to give the record here along with the accompanying
reproduction of a photograph taken by Mr. Norrie, on the spot.

Mr. Haldane has drawn attention to the doubtful nature
of our information as regards the slowness or the rapidity
of the growth of the young zz wzero, and consequently, on
the general growth and ages to which whales attain.

The above notes, I think, should help a little at least,
towards some solution, if compared with others of Mr.
Haldane’s remarks—-hearing as he did of one foetus of 22
feet in length, and of another of 16 feet in length.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 75

NOmES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA:

By Rev. Nein MACKENZIE.

Compiled from his Memoranda by Rev. J. B. MACKENZIE, F.S.A. (Scot.).

My father went to St. Kilda in 1829, and during the fourteen
years which he spent there as missionary, was always much
interested in the birds which frequented the island. On his
arrival he found, as he expected, that the inhabitants were both
temporally and spiritually far behind the rest of the country.
Full of energy and enthusiasm, he not only attended zealously
to their spiritual interests, but at once set about to improve
their temporal condition in many ways. This necessitated his
being almost constantly with them, as they would do nothing
out of the old routine when left by themselves. In order
to gain their confidence he went frequently with them on
their fowling expeditions, and did not hesitate to go with
them into what they considered the most dangerous places.
In this way he not only heard all that they could tell, but
made constant observations on hisown account. | remember
when I was a lad, and he was my teacher, that he always
made me do my compositions on bird subjects. This, I think,
it was that led himself to note down from time to time,
during 1840 and 1841, the results of his own observations.
Several of these notes are lost, as they were written at
different times on separate pieces of paper. I have copied
out all I can find. There is nothing about the GREAT AUK
[Alca impennis], but from conversations which I have had
with him I know that he made all possible inquiry. None
of the natives then living had ever seen it, but they had
heard of a bird of that kind, which they vaguely described.
After consideration of all that he could ascertain about it,
his conclusion was that at the time when the island was un-
inhabited it did breed there in some numbers, but that after
the island was inhabited it gradually got exterminated by
the frequent robbing of its eggs. This could very easily be
done, as the places where it could land and breed were very
few, and all on the main island and near the village.

I now come to what I find recorded, and give it as nearly

76 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

as possible in my father’s own words. I leave out a few
repetitions and bring together all that is said about any one
bird.

Of the land birds which are resident, the largest is the
RAVEN [Corvus corax]|, and the most numerous the HOODED
CROW [Corvus cornix| and the STARLING [Sturnus vulgaris].
There are also resident two species of HAWK, a few SNIPE
[Gallingo gallinago|, the Rock PiPIT [Axthus obscurus],
and the WREN | 77voglodytes parvulus|. The TWITE [Lznota
fiavirostris|, the WHEATEAR [Saxicola enanthe], are summer
visitors. The BLACKBIRD [| 7urdus merula], and the THRUSH
[Zurdus musicus| are regular winter visitors. The SWALLOW
[Herundo rustica], the ROOK [Corvus frugilegus|, the PLOVER
and the EAGLE are occasional visitors. A few WOODCOCK
[ Scolopax vusticula] come generally in November but not
regularly. Two or three HERONS [Ardea cinerea] at a time
come about every fourth year and die of starvation. The
Cuckoo [Cuculus canorus| is a still rarer spring visitor, and
the natives say that it comes to bring some news of
importance, such as of a visit from the proprietor or of
his marriage or death. During stormy weather in October
a few WILD GEESE and a SWAN or two visit the island.
Also more regularly a species of small duck and an occa-
sional EIDER DUCK [Somaterza mollissima|. In November,
under the same conditions, a few more GEESE and SWANS
will arrive with a few MALLARD [Azas boscas|, but they
seldom at any time remain longer than a few days. One
day some village boys noticed a SWAN in the broken
water at the head of the bay and would not allow it to land.
As the day was quite calm with a heavy surf it never could
rise high enough to overtop the curling surf. It swam about
for hours in the space between the sand and the breakers,
but at last, quite exhausted, it laid down its head and floated
ashore. It lay so quiet that I thought it could be tamed,
and brought it home, and shut it up for the night in a bed-
room. Fortunately I tied it by the foot to a bed-post, for
next morning when it revived it smashed everything within
reach, and was so furious and aggressive that it had to be
destroyed.

The SANDPIPER [? Ring Plover, 4gzalit7s hiaticula] is the

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 77

only resident wader. In fine weather you hear them day
and night piping along the shore. In stormy weather they
frequent the fields.

The BLACK-BACKED GULL [Larus marinus], here called
“ farspock,” is fairly numerous and arrives about the middle
of spring. They are greedy birds, feeding on carrion as well
as fish, sometimes even attacking lambs. It weighs about
five pounds, is two feet five inches in length, and has a spread
of wing of five feet and a half. It makes a nest lined with
grass on the top of some high rock, or on grassy tufts among
the steep ledges, or among the grass in steep and almost
inaccessible places. About the roth of May it lays three
or four eggs, which it hatches in five weeks. It feeds its
young in the nest for about four weeks, after which it takes
them down to the sea. When they are fully fledged all
take their leave except a very few, which remain all winter.

The HERRING GULL [Larus argentatus| comes about
the same time as the preceding, and resembles it in most of
its habits. It is here called “ faolag,’ and the young of both
are called “scuirag.” Many remain all the year.

The KITTIWAKE [Ressa ¢tridactyla| arrives in great
numbers late in the spring. It is here called “ruideag.” It
is a very much smaller bird than either of the above, weigh-
ing little more than half a pound. It is the only one of the
culls which is at all eatable, but as it is only fair eating and
always rather lean, it is very seldom cooked. Early in May
it makes its nest in very inaccessible places, and if possible
where it has the protection of an overhanging cliff. It lays
four eggs, which the parents hatch by turns for four weeks.
I have often seen the one trying to get the other off the
nest that it might take its place. It is a very harmless and
affectionate bird, and much more social than any of the
other gulls. They come to the island together, fish together,
and make their nests together. I have never seen them
fight or in any way molest each other. In fishing it shoots
like an arrow along the surface of the water. It takes the
whole summer to hatch and rear its young, and as soon as
they are fully fledged they, like the other gulls, almost all
depart. Those few which winter here seem to be generally
young birds.

78 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

There are three species of Petrel which visit the island,
and they have many things in common. They are all able
with outspread wings to run along the surface of the water,
patting very quickly with their feet. They are all extremely
fat, and have in their stomachs a quantity of pure oil which
they can squirt over an assailant. And they all lay but one
egg, which is white and very large for the size of the bird.

The FULMARS [Fulmarus glacialis| are almost resident,
as they only leave about the middle of August and return
early in October. They are only away about five or six
weeks. They are not, however, every day about the rocks.
They only come on shore when the wind is westerly, any
point from S.W. to N.W._ It weighs about eighteen ounces
and is about fifteen inches in length. I have seen a few
specimens which were entirely white. The young when
about fledged are in general much heavier. I have weighed
some which were upwards of two pounds. It begins to lay
early in May, and does not select for its nest the more
inaccessible rocks, but prefers those places where there are
steep grassy slopes with tufts of earth or sorrel. It
frequents every slope of this description, numerously in the
Island of Soay and St. Kilda, and sparingly in the Boreray
group, which are frequented by the Gannet. It lays one egg,
which the parents hatch by turns for about six weeks. If
the nest is robbed they will not lay a second time. When
the chick is hatched both parents take great care of it and
feed it most assiduously for six or seven weeks, so that it is
generally very fat. In a season when the circumstances are
favourable a large number of these young birds are killed.
On an average twelve thousand will be killed as they are
about ready to leave the nest. I estimate that the average
number of young Fulmars hatched will be about twenty
thousand. These represent forty thousand parents. There
are also a large number of birds which either do not find
suitable partners or are confirmed celibates, bringing up
the total to about fifty thousand. These will take with
them about eight thousand young birds when they leave,
which seems to be sufficient to keep up their numbers and
no more. At times a few old birds are caught by means of
the snaring rod, like the Puffin and the Guillemot, but not

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 79

many, as they wish to get as many young birds as _ possible.
For the same reason also very few of the eggs are taken.
There is not very much danger in taking them, as the places
which they frequent are comparatively easy of access. Lives
are occasionally lost in hunting the Fulmar, as one may
accidentally slip, but when it does happen it is generally
from trying to rob some of the few places where a rope
ought to have been used. About the beginning of August
the young Fulmars are about fully fledged and ready for
killing. During the preceding week an unusual excitement
and alertness pervades the village. Every possible prepara-
tion is being made. The women bring the cattle home
from the sheilings, grind sufficient meal to last the killing
time, while the men test the ropes, make good deficiencies,
and provide barrels and salt. Other fowling is really hardly
anything more than amusement, and may almost be prose-
cuted or not as you like, but for ten days at this time it is
quite different. I have often said in these notes that the
men were to-day doing so and so, when all I meant was that
they did something at that but nothing else, but now the
whole village is astir and hard at work. A large and valued
portion of the winter’s food must now be provided or you
have to do without it. The breeding-places have all been care-
fully examined some time before, and an estimate made of
the young birds which they respectively contain. They are
now divided into as many portions as there are groups of
four or five men who are to work together. These portions
are now assigned by lot to each group, and all is ready.
When the day considered most suitable comes all move off
to the rocks, and the men either climb down to the breeding-
places or get lowered by rope if necessary. The birds must
all be caught by hand, and skilfully too, or much of the
valuable oil will be lost. They must be caught suddenly and
in such a way as to prevent their being able to draw their
wings forward or they will squirt the oil. It cannot do this
easily while you hold the lower joints of its wings back
against each other. Caught in the right way its neck is
speedily twisted and broken and the head passed under the
sirdle. When the man has got strung about him as many
as he can conveniently carry, they are passed up to the

80 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

women who are waiting above. At once they are divided
into as many shares as there are men in the group, when
the womenkind and children seize upon their shares and
begin to drain out the oil into receptacles, which are gener-
ally made of the blown-out and dryed stomachs of the
Gannet. This they do by the very simple means of holding
the bird bill downwards and gently pressing, when about a
gill of oil flows out by the bill. This oil is much valued,
some used by themselves for various purposes and the
surplus sold. When all are got home, plucking off the
feathers, disposing of the internal fat, and salting the carcases
for winter use, goes on till far in the night. Early the next
morning the same round begins, and so on from day to day
till all the accessible breeding-places are visited. All this
time there is nothing but birds, fat, and feathers everywhere.
Their clothes are literally soaked in oil, and everywhere
inside and outside their houses nothing but feathers ; often it
looks as if it were snowing.

(Zo be continued.)

THE BIRDS OF Dik FLANNAWN ISLANDS:
OULER HEBRIDES:

By Wm. EAGLE CLARKE.
(Continued from p. 19.)

MERGANSER (AZergus serrator).—The only record relates to the
occurrence of a female on the 2oth of April, 1903.

Rinc Dove (Columba palumbus).—On the 1st of July 1904, one
was observed resting on the island at 3 p.m.; the only record.

TurtLE Dove (Zurtur turtur).—In the first week of September
1900, one appeared on Eilean Mhor and after remaining a week
was shot on the 14th. Its wing, sent to me for identification,
was that of a bird of the year.

Lanp RaiL (Cvex crex).—This species has been detected as a
casual migrant visitor to the island on three occasions, namely,
on the 5th of June 1902; on the 8th of May 1904; and
lastly on the 15th of September 1904, during our visit.

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 81

RinG PLover (Zgialitis hiaticula).—Visits the island occasionally
during the autumn. On the 12th of September, a single bird
in immature plumage appeared, and was followed by another
and similar bird on the 19th. This pair frequented the bare
patches among the sea-pink on the top of the island down to
the date of our departure.

There are several previous records of the visits of this
species, all for August, and three seems to have been the largest
number observed on these occasions.

GOLDEN PLOVER (Charadrius pluvialis)—Occurs on passage, in
both spring and autumn, arriving in small parties which do not
remain long on the island. The first visitors during the
autumn of 1904, were four birds which appeared on the 12th
of September. ‘These were followed by a few others on the
13th and 17th.

The latest recorded date for their autumnal visits is the gth
of November, and the earliest the 28th of August.

The date of the spring movements north ranges from the 8th
of April to the 1st of May.

LapwinG (Vanellus vanellus.)—Occurs regularly on passage in both
spring and autumn, but only in small numbers. ‘There is a
record of its appearance in winter, namely, a single bird on the
5th of January 1903.

We had only one visit of Lapwings during our stay. On
the 13th of September three appeared in the early morning and
remained a few hours on the island.

It occurs also during October and November, the 2oth
being the latest date for its visits in the autumn.

In spring its appearances as a migrant range from the 12th
of March to the 12th of May.

TURNSTONE (S¢repsilas interpres).—Occurs occasionally during the
autumn passage and in winter; but the island with its pre-
cipitious sides affords little attraction for this bird, and they do
not remain long. We observed a single bird on the 7th of
September ; and two appeared on the roth and remained for
several days, during which one of them fell a victim to the
Peregrine Falcon. These birds, like the Ring Plovers, fre-
quented the bare patches amid the sea-pink on the top of the
island.

Woopcock (Scolopax rusticula).—Appears to be observed on the
autumn passage and occasionally during severe weather in
winter. Small numbers occur annually in October and
November, the 16th of the former month being the earliest
date chronicled for their appearance. ‘Three were killed at
the lantern on the 5th of November 1902.

54 Cc

82 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

OYSTERCATCHER (Lfematopus ostralegus).— A common summer
visitor to the islands. Several pairs nest on Eilean Mhor.
These birds arrive in March, the 7th of the month being
the earliest date recorded for their appearance ; and they leave
along with their young in August. We saw only a single
example during our visit, namely on the 14th of September.
Common SNIPE (Gadlinago gallinago).—A frequent visitor, though
usually appearing in small numbers, during the spring and
autumn migratory movements; also an occasional winter
visitor. On the 17th of February, 1904, during snow, great
numbers appeared; and a “rush” is chronicled for the roth
of December of the same year.
The spring passage commences about the middle of March,
and the bird has occurred as late as the 11th May.
A few were observed during our visit, the first of which
appeared on the 14th of September. It also occurs at
intervals in October and November.

GREAT SNIPE (Gallinago major).—Mr. Begg, who is quite familiar
with both the Common and Jack Snipes, tells me that he got
quite close to a bird of this species on the 3rd of October,
1904.

Jack SNIPE (Gallinago gallinula).—The chief migratory movement
witnessed during our visit was a very remarkable one on the
part of this species. The first immigrant was observed by us
on the evening of the 14th of September, and this was followed
on the night of the 16th or early hours of the 17th by a great
rush. The morning of the 17th was characterised by a high
wind from the south-west accompanied by a downpour of
rain. On venturing out soon after 8 a.m., I found the island
swarming with Jack Snipe. They were in astonishing numbers,
and sheltering behind rocks, tufts of grass, in the small pools
and runnels, and even down the face of cliffs on the north side
of the island. In walking across the island I put up a con-
tinuous stream of them, in spite of the fact that the birds
sat like stones and only those arose on the wing which lay in
my course and when I was close upon them. It was a most
remarkable experience and one entirely unexpected both on the
part of the species and the locality. I believe that a record
“bag” could have been made on this sixteen-acre island,
in an hour’s shooting. It was surprising too, to find that
the Jack Snipe migrated in such vast packs. I have no doubt
that they were abundant on the other islands of the group, and
probably especially so on the adjacent and comparatively flat-
topped Eilean Tigh. ‘The birds were present in numbers the
entire day, but nearly all, perhaps all, departed during the
night, and the few (eight) seen on the following day may have

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 83

been fresh arrivals, as may also those observed on the roth
and z2oth.

Each year a small number visit the island at intervals on
the autumn passage, but the earliest date for their appearance
hitherto was on the 1st of October in 1902 ; and in most years
it is not until November, which is the chief month for their
arrival, that they are recorded ; and four appears to have been
the largest number seen in any one day previous to the rush
just described. In 1902 one was seen on the 1st of February
—the only winter record.

Dunn (Zyinga alpina).—The islands afford no suitable feeding
grounds for this bird, but a few visit them during the seasons
of passage.

Two of these migrant visitors came under our notice,
namely, one on the 8th of September and another on the 16th.

Knor (Zringa canutus).—The wing of a knot killed at the lantern
on the night of the 18th November 1902, was sent to me for
identification, and is so far the only evidence we have of this
bird’s occurrence at the Flannans.

PuRPLE SANDPIPER (Z7inga striata).—A few are observed during
the winter months, and their identification established from
wings sent to me. None of these birds had put in an appear-
ance during our visit. The earliest record for their arrival is
for roth October 1904.

REDSHANK (Zotanus calidris)—Two records only: one on 28th of
May 1903, and another in rush of Redwings, Larks, Wheatears,
Starlings, etc., on the 15th of April 1904.

CurLew (Mumenius arquata).—A regular visitor on passage in both
spring and autumn. In spring it appears early in April; and
in autumn from the first week in August to mid-November,
sometimes in fair numbers. <A few small parties came under
our notice on the 11th, 12th, and 13th of September.

WHIMBREL (Mumenius phaopus).—It would seem probable that
before the lighthouse buildings were commenced this bird
was a summer visitor to Eilean Mhor, for during the first summer
the artizans were engaged there a nest was found near to the
ancient building known as the “ Blessing House,” and the eggs
taken for food. Mr. Begg had this information from a man
who was present and who knew the birds well.

The Whimbrel is observed annually on both its passages,
appearing from the very earliest days of May down to the 22nd
of the month, the latest date for which it is recorded in spring.
The return autumn movement is witnessed from the last days
of July until mid-September. We saw only two birds of this
species, namely on the 15th September.

84 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Arctic TERN (Sterna macrura).—A few appear annually off the
islands in June, but do not remain to nest. We did not
see this bird, nor did any other species of Tern come under
our notice.

GREATER BLACK-BACKED GULL (Larus marinus).—About two pairs
are resident on Kilean Mhor and nest there ; and a few are also
to be found on the other islands during the summer months.

During our stay both old and young were seen daily in some
numbers.

LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL (Larus fuscus).—Does not nest on the
main island, but is often seen there during the summer months.
Mr. Harvie-Brown found a colony on Eilean Tigh, in June, 1881.

This species had practically left the islands before our visit,
for only one adult and a few young birds came under notice.

HERRING GULL (Larus argentatus).—About six pairs only breed on
Eilean Mhor, but many resort to the other and more secluded
islands of the group. A party consisting of about a score birds
was present during our sojourn and remain on Eilean Mhor
throughout the winter, being attracted by the refuse thrown out
from the lighthouse.

KITTIWAKE (essa tridactyla)—The commonest Gull during the
nesting season. ‘They arrive in great numbers at their breeding
cliffs late in February, and evidently depart early in the autumn,
for we did not observe a single adult example during our visit,
but a few in first plumage were present.

RICHARDSON’S Skua (Stercorarius crepidatus).—T wo observed on the
28th of August 1903 are the only birds recorded.

RazorBILL (A/ca torda).—Thousands of these birds haunt the cliffs
during the nesting season. ‘They arrive late in February or in
March. We did not see the Razorbill in the vicinity of the
islands: all had departed before our arrival on the 6th of
September.

GUILLEMOT (Uria ¢roi/e).—Vast numbers make their homes in the
cliffs during spring and summer, arriving from the middle to
the end of February. They had quitted their breeding haunts
before our visit, and we only saw old birds accompanied by
their full-grown young at some distance from the islands on the
occasions of our arrival and departure.

Biack GuILLEmMoT (U7via grylle).—This characteristic West-Coast
species thins out in the Hebrides, and we have no evidence,
as yet, that it breeds on any of the Flannan Islands. It is
possible, however, that a few do, and that they have escaped
notice among the vast crowds of rock birds present during the
summer. We observed odd birds, sometimes a pair, close to
the base of the cliffs of Eilean Mhor on several occasions.

THE BIRDS OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 85

PurFin (/ratercula arctica)—The commonest summer yisitor to
Eilean Mhor and probably to the other islands of the group.
On the top main island there are colonies of thousands in
those parts where the turf is suitable for the formation of their
burrows, and in addition vast numbers resort to the holes and
crevices on the face of the cliffs.

The great breeding crowd had left ere we arrived, and the
very few that remained were detained by their unfledged young,
some of which were still half-clad in down. The industry
of this comical bird is marvellous. We sometimes sat near
their burrows, and the constancy with which the old birds
arrived with strings of fish hanging from their bills, was quite
remarkable ; they seemed to be coming in every few minutes,
and the young must surely be very voracious little creatures.

SCLAVONIAN GREBE (fodicipes auritus).—We observed a bird of the
year on the 16th of September, off the east landing place. A
strong southerly breeze prevailed at the time and the bird
found there a convenient harbour, and passed the entire day in
diving and sleeping. It often came quite close to the face of
the rocks from which we were watching it.

STORM PETREL (/rocellaria pelagica)—Very numerous during the
summer, when they fly noisily about the island during the
night-time. They breed on Eilean Mhor, and probably on
the other islands, in abundance. Many chicks, some of them
quite recently hatched, were found during our visit in
September, and we saw young ones in every stage from a few
hours old (tiny balls of pretty lavender grey down) to birds
full-grown and fully feathered, except that they had a bunch of
down still present on the lower part of the abdomen. The old
birds were entirely absent during the daytime, leaving even the
small chicks to take care of themselves, and do not return
until darkness sets in, when they tend to their young and
depart again in the early morning, probably to spend the day
far out at sea in search of food. We opened out a number of
their nesting holes at all hours of the day, but the old birds
were always absent, except in one instance where the young
had only recently emerged from the egg. Occasionally they
visited the lantern. They nest in the remains of the old
buildings, in holes in turf, and under stones among grass.
The nest is a mere mat composed of dry roots, grass, etc. I
received a young one in full down which had been taken on
the 3rd of October; probably the first egg of this pair had
been taken or destroyed.

LEACH’s FORK-TAILED PETREL (Oceanodroma leucorrhoa).—The
Flannan Isles may be regarded as one of the chief breeding
stations of this species in the British Isles—and will probably

86

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

long remain so, thanks to the inaccessibility of these islands.
On Eilean Mhor they are abundant, more so than the Storm
Petrel, and like that species fly noisily over the island during
the long summer nights. They lay earlier than /e/agzca, the
earliest date for their eggs being the 29th of May, but their
nesting habits are very similar. We found their nurseries
under stones among turf; in holes in turf overgrown with
grass, yet showing not the slightest signs of the incomings or
outgoings of the parents ; and among the stones forming the old
buildings. In some of the burrows the mat-like cradles of
roots and fibrous vegetable matter were placed several feet from
the entrance. ‘The chicks are much darker in colour than
those of the Storm Petrel, being sooty black; they were also
as a rule a little more advanced, but youngsters only a few days
old were found during the early days of our visit, as well as
others in every stage up to those almost ready to fly. The old
birds were entirely absent during the daytime, and only occa-
sionally came under notice at night when they visited the lantern.

Futmar (/idmarus glacialis)—A few pairs have bred on the outer

islands for several years, and in 1904 two couples had nests on
Eilean Mhor for the first time.

They are recorded as appearing as early as 17th of February,
and are sometimes seen in considerable numbers in April and
May. We saw this bird on several occasions during our visit.

GREAT SHEARWATER (Puffinus gravis).—On leaving the islands on

the 21st September we saw from the bridge of the “‘ Pole Star ”
a few of these birds at sea a little distance off the Flannans,

CORRECTION. —For ‘ Eilean Mhor’ throughout this paper, ead ‘ Eilean Mor.’

RoyaL SCOTTISH MusEUM, EDINBURGH.

TIPULIDAD IN SHED AND AND
KIRKCUDBRIGHT.

By ROBERT HENDERSON.

THE perusal of Mr. Grimshaw’s list, No. IV. of his very
welcome series of papers on the distribution of Diptera in
Scotland, reminded me of two collections of flies belonging
to the families Ptychopteride, Limnobide, and Tipulide,
which Mr. James). FX. King E.E:S., of thisscity,aveny,
kindly made for me a few years ago.

TIPULIDH IN SHETLAND AND KIRKCUDBRIGHT 87

One of these collections is from the Shetlands, and the
list of the species taken, although it contains no rarities,
forms a considerable supplement to the published records
which Mr. Grimshaw has very conveniently brought together.
The flies were taken in the summer of I9go1, from 2Ist
June to 23rd August, near Cunningsburgh, eleven miles
south of Lerwick, on Mainland; and at Barrafirth on the
north, Baltasound and Haroldswick on the east, and Wood-
wick on the west side of the island of Unst.

The. other collection was made at localities within five
miles of the town of Kirkcudbright, during July and August,
1900, and comprises a number of species which I have not
seen recorded in Scottish lists.

I.—SHETLAND.
Family PTYCHOPTERID~.

PrYCHOPTERA ALBIMANA, /“-— dg 92, Cunningsburgh, 26th June

Family LIMNOBID.

LIMNOBIA FLAVIPES, /:— 9, Barrafirth, 18th July.

DICRANOMYIA MODEsTA, JZg.

g¢ , Cunningsburgh, 21st June.

DicRANOMYIA DIDYMA, JZg.— 6, Cunningsburgh, 21st June ; 5
g &, Cunningsburgh, 28th June; ¢ 9¢, Woodwick, 13th
July.

GONIOMYIA TENELLA, JZg.— 6, Cunningsburgh, 28th June; 1 ¢
and 2 @ ¢, Haroldswick, 4th July.

GONIOMYIA sf.?— @, Cunningsburgh, 21st June; 9, Cunnings-
burgh, 22nd June.

ERIOPTERA THNIONOTA, J/Zg.— 9, Cunningsburgh, 23rd June.

ERIOPTERA FUSCIPENNIS, J7g.— ¢, Cunningsburgh, 26th June.

ERIOPTERA TRIVIALIS, A/g.— ¢ 9, Cunningsburgh, 21st June; ?,
Cunningsburgh, 26th June.

SympLecta stictica, M/¢.—1 $,1 9, and 1 with part of abdomen
broken off, Baltasound, gth August.

LimnopuiLa Meicenu, Verr.— ¢ @, Cunningsburgh, 21st June.

LIMNOPHILA NEMORALIS, JZe.—2 $ ¢, Cunningsburgh, 21st June,
Gee, Cunningsburgh, 25th June; 2 ¢ ¢ and 1 9%
Cunningsburgh, 26th June; 1 ¢ and 8 @ 9, Cunnings-
burgh, 28th June; 9, Baltasound, 9th August.

88 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

‘TRICHOCERA REGELATIONIS, Z.—2 ¢ ¢, Cunningsburgh, 21st June.
AMALOPIS CLARIPENNIS, Very.— ¢, Cunningsburgh, 22nd June.

Family TIPULID.
DOLICHOPEZA SYLVICOLA, Cuvt.— 9, Cunningsburgh, 28th June.
TIPULA RUFINA, JZge.—2 6 64, Cunningsburgh, 21st June; 6 2,
Barrafirth, roth July; 2 ¢ g and 2 9 9, Barrafirth,
16th July; 2 ¢ ¢ and 6 9 9, Barrafirth, 18th July ;
3, Barrafirth, rst August; 3 ¢ ¢ and 1 Q, Baltasound,
oth August.

TIPULA LONGICORNIS, Schum.— 6, Barrafirth, roth July; ¢ @,
Barrafirth, 16th July.

TIpULA scripTa, Mg.—2 46 ¢ and 4 @ 9@, Barrafirth, 5th
August; 6 2 9, Baltasound, 9th August.

3d, Baltasound, gth August; ¢, Barra-

TIPULA LATERALIS JZg.
firth, 23rd August.

TIPULA OLERACEA, Z.—3 ¢ 6 and 1 9, Cunningsburgh, 22nd
June; ¢, Haroldswick, 5th July.

TIPULA PALUDOSA, JZe.—2 9 9, Barrafirth, 18th July; ¢@ 9,
Barrafirth, rst August; 9, Barrafirth, 5th August; 1 6
and 2 @ @Q, Baltasound, 9th August; 2 ¢ ¢ andi Q,
Baltasound, 11th August; 1 ¢ and 3 @ Q, Barrafirth,
23rd August.

II].—KIRKCUDBRIGHT.
Family PTYCHOPTERIDZ.

PTYCHOPTERA PaLuDosA, MWg., 1 6 ; scutellaris, Mg..5 ¢ 6 and
LE a
Family LIMNOBID.

LIMNOBIA NUBECULOSA, J7/e., 1 9 ; trivittata, Schum., 2 9? 9 ;
Dicranomyia chorea, Mg., 6 ¢ gS and 1 9; addyma,
Mg.,2 6 6 and2 9 9; dumetosum, Mg.,7 ¢ 6 and
5 © 39>: coritienszs. Mik. 2 ¢G 6.

RHIPIDIA MACULATA, J7Zg.—21 g g andio @ Q.

EMPEDA NUBILA, Schum.—2 9 9.

ACYPHONA MACULATA, M/Ze.—1 6 andi °.

MoLOPHILUS BIFILATUS, Verr.—5 3 6.

RHYPHOLOPHUS NoDuULOsus, AZcg.—3 ¢ 6 andr Q.

ERIOPTERA TENIONOTA, Mg., 1 9 : ¢rivialis, Mg. 1 @.

SCOTTISH FRESHWATER RHIZOPODS AND HELIOZOA 89

SYMPLECTA STICTICA, J7Zg.—2 9 9.

TRIMICRA PILIPES, /-— ¢, 18th August.

EPHELIA SUBMARMORATA, Verr., 1 9 ; marmorata, Mg., 1 6.

LIMNOPHILA LINEOLELLA, Verr.. 4 ¢ ¢ and 3 9? @ 3; ferruginea,
Mg., 1 3; ochracea, Mg., 1 9; bicolor, Mg., 1 3; sub-
tincta, Ztt., 1 Q ; nemoralis, Mg. 3 o gS and3 9 @.

TRICHOCERA, sf.?—1 ¢ andi 9.

ULA PILosa, Schum.—_2 $ g andi 9.

DIcRANOTA PAvipA, Hal.—z2 $ $ and6 @ 9.

AMALOPIS LITTORALIS, JZe.

I, imperfect.

Family TIPULIDZ:.
PACHYRRHINA HISTRIO, /, 2 ¢ 6; guadrifaria, Mg., 1 ¢ and
4Q @.
TIPULA LONGICORNIS, Schum., 1 @ ; lateralis, Mg., 8 ¢ ¢ and
3 9 9; Diana, Mg, 2 § 6g and 2 9- G4 Lutescens,
Ba 2ancueG ad: 1 O°. palidosa,, Meena) ¢ 76 and a2
OO s achratea, Nissi. 1 6).

12 ARMADALE STREET, GLASGOW.

NOTES ON SOME SCOTTISH FRESHWATER
REMIZOEODS “AND! HELIOZOA.

By -ProtsiGarssWrESIs oviyAve sel. Ss

I. RHIZOPODS FROM THE ORKNEYS AND SHETLANDS.

THESE were collected by my father in 1903 from various
bogs, ponds, and lakes, some of them being from the plankton.
The only species of interest are Heleopera petricola, Leidy, and
Flyalosphenia elegans, Leidy. I append a list of those species
observed, as it will augment our knowledge of the distribution
of these animals in the British Islands.

Amaba verrucosa, Ehrenb.—Orkneys, Shetlands.
Dactylospherium radiosum (Ehrenb.), Blochmann.—Shetlands.
Arcella vulgaris, Ehrenb.—Orkneys (Hoy), Shetlands.

A. discoides, Ehrenb.—Shetlands.

Centropyxts aculeata (Ehrenb.), Stein.—Orkneys, Shetlands.
Diffiugia constricta (Ehrenb.), Leidy.—Shetlands.

90

various lochs, and these I have tabulated separately.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

D. pyriformis, Perty.—Orkneys, Shetlands.
D. gtobulosa, Duj.—Orkneys.

Lecquereusia spiralis (Ehrenb.), Blochmann.—Shetlands.

Nebela collaris (Ehrenb.), Leidy.—Orkneys, Shetlands.
LV. flabellulum, Leidy.—Orkneys, Shetlands.

iV. carinata (Archer), Leidy.—Orkneys (Hoy).
fleleopera petricola, Leidy.—Orkneys.

Quadrula symmetrica (Wallich), Schulze.—Shetlands.
flyalosphenia elegans, Leidy.—Orkneys.

Luglypha alveolata, Duj.—Shetlands.

£, ciliata (Ehrenb.), Leidy.—Shetlands.

Placocysta spinosa (Carter), Leidy.—Orkneys.
Sphenoderia lenta, Schlumberger.—Orkneys (Hoy).

Assulina seminulum, Ehrenb.—Orkneys (Hoy), Shetlands.

Trinema enchelys (Ehrenb.), Leidy.—Orkneys, Shetland

Cyphoderia ampulla (Ehrenb.), Leidy.—Orkneys, Shetlands,

5.

Of the foregoing list some were found in the plankton of

Of

the species found in the plankton few can be regarded as

true plankton-forms.

Only Cyphoderia ampulla and Euglypha

ciliata occurred in such quantity as to be unquestionably
true constituents of the plankton.

RHIZOPODS IN THE PLANKTON OF LOCHS IN THE ORKNEYS AND

SHETLANDS.

|
Orkneys. Shetlands.
|
| .
. Pe 5 un
SPECIES. ov } ee 2
vA 27) ry n
2 k Gt || oe
2 sg | On oO
a Be || eae |) tes
ant pene ee
=) Ss} | 4

Dactylospherium vadiosum (Ehrenb.), Blochmann
Arcella discotdes, Ehrenb. . ‘ ; ; x
Difflugia canstvicta (Ehrenb.), Leidy — . : x
D. pyriformis, Perty . é ; : sil x |

D. globulosa, Duj 3 ‘

Nebela collar’s (Ehrenb.), Leidy :
Quadrula symmetrica (Wall.), Schulze. : x
fyalosphenta elegans, Leidy . 5 :
EUGLYPHA CILIATA (Ehrenb.), Leidy . atl x x
Sphenoderia lenta, Schlumberger. ; : x
Assulina semtnulum, Ehrenb. ;
CYPHODERIA AMPULLA (Ehrenb.), Leidy Pall ex x

|

xX | L. Brindister.

SCOTTISH FRESHWATER RHIZOPODS AND HELIOZOA © o1

II. RHIZOPODS AND HELIOZOA FROM THE SCOTTISH
FRESHWATER PLANKTON.

About twenty species of these animals were met with
during the investigation of the plankton of a number
of lochs in the north-west of Scotland and the Outer
Hebrides. | Rhizopods were not very numerous in the
plankton of any of the lakes, and in some the only
specimens observed were empty shells of testaceous species
which had doubtless been carried down into the lakes by
mountain streams. I have mentioned all those observed in
the collections, although few of these animals can be regarded
as plankton-forms, the only ones found at all frequently in
the living state being Arcella vulgaris, Cyphoderia ampulla,
Trinema enchelys, Euglypha alveolata, and E. ciliata. Of
these five species, very fine specimens of Cyphoderia ampulla
and Euglypha alveolata are by no means uncommon in the
plankton.

Concerning Rhizopods which occur in the plankton,
Cash! remarks that “the open waters of a lake can hardly
be considered their natural home.” This is true of most of
these animals, but there are certain species which undoubtedly
occur constantly in the plankton, thriving well in the surface
waters of lakes. Moreover, Wedela bicornzs, described for the
first time in this paper, is only known to occur in the
plankton.

The table on the following page is a list of the species
observed in the plankton. Those species in small capitals
occurred in quantity and with a sufficient percentage of living
specimens to be considered as true plankton-forms.

Clathrulina elegans occurred in large quantity in Lochs
Luichart and Rosque, Ross.

NEBELA BICORNIS, sp. n.—Shell rather small, from the
front view triangular-pyriform, lateral margins and apex
generally slightly convex, the two upper angles each pro-
duced into an outwardly diverging, obtuse process or horn,
which may be straight or curved and is scarcely attenuated ;
close to the mouth with parallel margins ; mouth very slightly

1 J. Cash in ‘Jour. Linn. Soc. Zool.” xxix. 1904, p. 219.

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B yoo'_y

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LISMOYUIID ‘SNVOATA VNITOMHIVID
Apter] “(3[uvryas) vcoyfoznys sapsMooyjuv2
: Jayory ‘SIGIYIA SAUHdOICIHdVHY

“OZ0I[9H

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Apiary ‘eanynyegoyl "Nv

Apiary ‘(*quoryg) $2702 wjagany

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92

SCOTTISH FRESHWATER RHIZOPODS AND HELIOZOA — 93

and irregularly undulate. Side view of shell narrowly sub-
lanceolate, apex obtusely conical and rarely curved, horns
often bent. Basal view of shell elliptical with produced

%

Nebela bicornts, sp.n. A and B, two shells from the front view ; C and D,
two side views ; E, basal view of shell showing mouth. (x 520.)

~

extremities, mouth subcircular or rotund elliptic. Shell

composed of minute plates, somewhat irregular in shape and

longer than their diameter, with no definite disposition.
Length of shell, inclusive of horns, 96-117 «; breadth

94 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

across horns, 86-101 w; breadth of mouth, 23-25 w; thick-
ness of shell, 29-38 p.

Hab. Plankton of Loch Shiel, Inverness.

This species is readily recognised by the pair of diverging
processes or horns, which are sometimes bent upwards
almost parallel to the length of the shell. The region of the
mouth is also rather peculiar in being almost cylindrical, the
actual edge of the mouth showing a slight undulation. The
structure of the shell is that of a true species of Medela, the
small plates of which it is composed being very irregular
with no definite order of arrangement, but mostly disposed
with their long axes parallel to the length of the shell.

In the presence of the horn-like processes the shell some-
what resembles that of Campascus cornutus, Leidy, but there
is no curvature in the region of the mouth, and its structure
is quite different.

The specimens were all preserved in 4°/ formalin, and
all the individuals examined were more or less encysted, the
body-protoplasm exhibiting the form of a globular mass in
the widest part of the shell. The nucleus stained readily
with hematoxylin or ammonia-carmine. Species of this
genus are, however, all discriminated by the characters of the
shell, and JV. dzcornzs is no exception.

RoyvaL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CIRENCESTER.

MICROSCOPIC =EVRE OPS hr eeneDAg
By James Murray,

DURING a flying visit paid to St. Kilda in the early
summer of 1904, an attempt was made to ascertain what
microscopic life was to be found on the island. As our stay
was very short, only three hours being spent on shore, there
was little time for making natural history collections. As
moss everywhere harbours an abundant population of micro-
organisms, I gathered a quantity of it with a view of getting
some idea of the micro fauna and flora of the island. Very
little moss was, however, to be seen, the soil everywhere

MICROSCOPIC LIFE OF ST. KILDA 95

having a raw appearance, due no doubt to its being con-
tinually cut for fuel. In a little trickle of water issuing from
a small corrie above the village, and known, I believe, as the
“Glen,” I found several species of aquatic and semi-aquatic
mosses growing on the stones. These were—Fovtinalts
antipyretica, Rhacomitrium aciculare, Grimmia apocarpa.

A small box was filled with these, and they were
examined later on the same day, on our return to Loch-
maddy. Twenty species of organisms were observed, includ-
ing Rotifers, Tardigrades, Rhizopods, Nematodes, Peridiniacee,
and Desmids,

LIST OF SPECIES.

Philodina flaviceps (Bryce, M.S.). | Polyarthra platyptera, Ely.

Abundant. | Diaschiza Jlacinulata (O. F.
P. acuticornis, Murray. Few. Miller).
P. macrostyla, Ehr. Several. | Metopidia acuminata, Ehr.
P. rugosa, Bryce. One. | Monostyla sp. ?

P. brevipes, Murray. One, very | Macrobiotus hufelandi, C. Sch.
large. | Echintscus arctomys, Ehr.,
Callidina plicata, Bryce. Few, | variety.

typical. | Luglypha ciliata, Leidy.
C. angusticollis, Murray. One | Thread-worm sp.
empty case. Pentum sp.
C. sp.? Several. Closterium sp.
Anurea cochlearis, Gosse. Peridinium tabulatum, Ehr.

REMARKS.

Philodina flaviceps was the only abundant species. It is
very common at the margins of lakes, all over the Highlands,
where it also occurs in streams and rarely in bogs ; it has not
yet been found outside of Scotland.

Callidina sp. This was one of the pellet-making Calidine,
with a very long neck and a loop formed by the gullet. It
is well known and widely distributed on the mainland, and
has been thought to be C. /eztgedzz, Zelinka, a species about
which there is much doubt.

It was interesting to note the existence of two thoroughly
pelagic species of Rotifers, Anur@a cochlearis and Polyarthra
platyptera, which are abundant in nearly every lake in the
country, although the largest bodies of water they could find

96 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

in St. Kilda were only a few inches deep and less than a
foot in diameter.

Monostyla sp. This was the most interesting animal
found, and may prove to be a new species. It is a small
animal, with flexible lorica, perfectly hyaline, and with a
clear, non-pigmented eye. Its most remarkable feature is
the very large toe, which is broad, tapering to an acute point,
and strongly curved towards the right side, at the same time
slightly spirally twisted, so that as it swims the whole animal
rotates round its long axis in the manner of a J/astigocerca.

Echiniscus arctomys. The form of this extremely variable
species found in St. Kilda had the triangular median plates
rather more distinct than usual.

The thread-worm and the Desmids could not be specific-
ally named.

ALIEN PLANTS NEAK @DINBURGH:
By JAMES FRASER.

IN pursuance of the plan projected in the late autumn of
1902 and begun in 1903 (the results for which year were
published in the “ Annals” for April last), I have now to
record the result of the observations made by Mr James
M‘Andrew and myself during 1904, on the “alien” flora of
the neighbourhood of Edinburgh.

To enable the effect on our Flora caused by the intro-
duction of so many foreign plants to be easily determined at
some future time, the definite localities mentioned in my
first paper are closely adhered to and represented by the
same numbers in the following list.

Thus all plants with the figure 1 attached were found in
the same definite, limited area as those with the same figure
in my first list; and so on up to No. 5. But near locality
No. 1 (which may be called Slateford) are several spots ex-
tending from near Slateford Railway Station to Hailes
Quarry, where a number of new plants have been found.
These are marked IA.

District No 2. (Granton) has this year produced nothing
additional, but near it also several new plants were seen: on

ALIEN PLANTS NEAR EDINBURGH 97

a railway bank (garden outcasts), in nurseries (weeds), and at
Warriston (an old record). These are marked 2A.

District No. 3 (the Esk mouth at Musselburgh) likewise
yielded nothing new; but by the side of the Esk, from its
mouth to the railway bank at Inveresk, several additions were
noticed. These are marked 3A.

No. 4 (Murrayfield) yielded only one that has not
already been recorded.

No. 5 (Leith Docks) has since last year undergone
much alteration, but still remains very productive. Szsym-
brium Trio, L., and S. altisstmum, L., have almost disappeared
owing to the laying of rails; JJelzlotus indica, All., and
Matricaria discotdea, DC., are as abundant as ever ; Avrassica
alba, Boiss., Galium tricorne, Stokes, and Lolzwm temulentum,
L., were very abundant ; and Hordeum marinum, Huds., and
Festuca ligustica, Bert. were surprisingly plentiful.

No. 6. To these five localities a new one is now added.
It consists of Craigmillar Castle and Quarry: in and about
the Castle plants still abound which are supposed to have
been introduced in the time of Queen Mary; and in the
Quarry, partially used as a receptacle for refuse, many garden
outcasts are flourishing.

The relative abundance of each species in each locality
is again expressed, as kindly suggested by Professor Trail,
by the Greek letters placed after the numbers of the localities
thus: @—once found ; GB=twice or thrice, but rare; y=
neither rare nor frequent ; 6= frequent ; e= abundant; and
the + is used to indicate some doubt as to the identity of
the species.

RANUNCULACE.
Adonis estivalis, Z. 5, PB. Nigella damascena, Z. 5, f.
Delphinium orientale, 7. Gay. Ranunculus falcatus, Z. 5, a.
ay be R. sardous, Crantz. 1, 5, 6.
Helleborus fcetidus, Z. 24, a.
PAPAVERACE.
Corydalis claviculata, DC. 14, a; Papaver Lecoqil, Lamotte. 5,
Corstorphine Hill, y. a.

Eschscholtzia californica, Cham. P.somniferum, Z. 5, B.
£, 2.
54 D

98 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CRUCIFERZ.

Alyssum M. Bieb.
ay as
Armoracia rusticana, Gerin. 1,
55 O50:
Barbarea preecox, &. Br. 5, PB.
Boreava orientalis, /awb. and
5 P.

campestre,

SPACH 91,85 ti.
Brassica elongata, ZArh.
iB: Napus; 2. 5,6.

By nigtas Aor. 15.5, 6

B. Tournefortil, Gowan. 1, 6.
Bunias orientalis, Z. 5, 6, a.
Calepina Corvini, Desv. 5, a.

Cheiranthus Cheiri, Z.
6, y.

PINS) Bh

Cochlearia officinalis, Z. variety.
5, a.

Euclidium syriacum, &. Br. ‘5,
i:

Hesperis matronalis, Z. 5, 6, 8;
Comiston, [.

Lepidium perfoliatum, Z. 1, 5, 6.

Lunaria annua, Z. 1A, P.

sip, [o>

Matthiola bicornis, DC.
Mianeana, 7. 572 Waa.

Raphanus Landra, J/or. Gorgie,
é.

Rapistrum glabrum, /Zos¢. 1,

5) ¥:
Sisymbrium orientale, Z. 1, 5, £.

RESEDACE.

Reseda lutea, Z.

15 5500s

R. Odorataeian WAseG:

VIOLACE:.

Viola odorata, Z. 2A, P.

CARVOPHY LEE A

Cerastium dichotomum, Z. 5, f.
Silene Behen, Z.

Silene conoidea, Z.

1, 8,

Taw5s) (oe S. dichotoma, LArh. 5, y.
PORTULACEAS:
Claytonia alsinoides, Szms. 2A, a.
MALVACE.
Malva zgyptiaca, Z. IA, a, fT. Malva rotundifolia, Z. 1, 5, 6.

M. parviflora. Z. 1, 5, B.
M. parviflora, Z. variety.

5, B.

M. sylvestris, Z. variety.
M. verticillata, Z. 1, 6

5, B.

GERANIACE/.

Erodium ciconium, W7//d.
E. moschatum, Z’ eri.

5, Pp.
5, PB.

Geranium lucidum, Z.
Impatiens

6, 6
IA, 2A, 3A, y-

ALIEN PLANTS NEAR EDINBURGH 99

LEGUMINOS.

Astragalus hamosus, Z. 1, P.

Coronilla scorpioides, Koch. 1,
55

Hymenocarpus circinatus, Save.

Taye

O. vicizfolia, Scop. 5, a.

Ononis alopecuroides, Z. 5, /3.

Ornithopus compressus, Z. 1,
Gyras

Phaseolus vulgaris, Z. 5,

Lathyrus amoenus, 4ewz/. 1, 2. Scorpiurus sulcata, Z. 1, y; 5,
Leyanguilatus, 2? 1,°5, 6. :
L. blepharicarpus, Boss. 5, 8. Securigera Coronilla, DC. 5, B.
twomrsutus, LZ. 5, (6. Trifolium formosum, D’Urv. 1,
L. Ochrus, DC: 5, a. 5, a.
Wesativus, 2. 1,5, 0. T. fucatum, Zznd/. 1, PB.
Ieyspheericus,, 7e72, 1, 5, T. incarnatum, Z. Balerno, a.
Lotus edulis, Z. 5, a. T. maritimum, A/uds. 5, P.
Medicago falcata, Z. 2a, 34,5, TT. mutabile, Portenschl. 3a, 4, +
a. i. scabrum; 22 35 a3 75; 6:
M. lupulina, Z. var. Willdenow- T.spumosum, Z. 1, y; 5, /.
lana, Koch. 1, 5, a. TSsupinumy 2. is055) 0:
M. orbicularis, Willd. 1, 5, a. Ad stomentosum, 2; m5.) 3.
M. pentacycla, DC. 5, P. Trigonella aurantiaca, Bodss. 5, a.
Mo platycarpa, 7yauiv. 1,10, j. T..cormiculata, Z, 5, 8:
M. scutellata, AZz/7. ‘5, a. a poly.ceratay / e5..a:
M. truncatula, Gerin. 5, PB. Vicia angustifolia, Roth. variety.
Melilotus arvensis, Wad/rh. 1, 5. |e
cece V. calcarata, Desf. 1, B.
M. messanensis, A4/Z 5, a. V. melanops, S74¢h. 5, a.
M. sulcata, Desf. 1,6; 5,6. V. narbonensis, Z. 1, f.
Onobrychis Crista-galli, Z. 1,5, V. peregrina, Z. 1, pf.
B. V. dasycarpa, Zev. 1, 5, y.
ROSACE.%.
Poterium polygamum, WV. and K. Poterium verrucosum, Lk%rend.
55 iB: 5) a.
P. Sanguisorba, Z. 1, 3a, P. Spireea 6, P.
SAXIFRAGACE.
Tellima grandiflora, R. Br. 3A, B.
CRASSULACEZ:.
Sedum album, Z. Blackford Hill, «.
ONAGRACE.
Epilobium nummularifolium, 4. (énothera biennis, Z. 5, a; 6,

Cunn. Weed in garden, «.

p.

100 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

UMBELLIFER:.

Apium graveolens, Z. 1, IA, 5;

Bupleurum croceum, /emz/. 1,
a.

_ B. protractum, Hoff and Lk., var.
heterophyllum, Zz. 5, y.

B. rotundifolium, Z. 1, 5, P.

Carum Petroselinum, 4. avd FH.
Ue

5) ¥:
Caucalis tenella, De/. 1, f.

Daucus Carota, Z., va7. gummi-
fer, Zam. 5, 8.

D. Carota, Z. variety. IA, a

D. littoralis, S7bth. and Sm. 5,
Os. tie

Heracleum giganteum,
Cramond, 6.

Scandix grandiflora, De Vis. 5,

Lisch.

Smyrnium Olusatrum, Z. 6, 6.

RUBIACE.

Asperula orientalis, Boiss. and Hohen.

55 5, i

VALERIANACE.

Valerianella coronata, DC.

5, B.

DIPSACE:.

Cephalaria syriaca, Schrad. 1,

By ee

Dipsacus Fullonum, Z. 1A, a.
Scabiosa prolifera, Z.

COMPOSIT.

Achillea Santolina, Z. 1, B, 7
Anaphalis margaritacea, 4. and
fT. f. 5, 6, B.
Anthemis altissima, Z. 1, 6.
Artemisia annua, Z. 5, P.
A. biennis, Wid/d. 5, B.
Aster IA, 6, y.
Calendula arvensis, Z. 1, 5, 8
Ceolticmaliss 2.) 7 Isiy 555:
Carbenia benedicta, Adams. 5, [.
Carduus argentatus, Z. 1, 5, f.
B;
B

Carthamus tinctorius, Z. 1,
5, a.
Centaurea depressa, JZ. 4. 5,
Cuibeniea /7eu. 1,003.5, 8.
C. niceénsis, AZ, 5, f, ft.
Chrysanthemum Balsamita, Z.

1A, fp.
Cichorium Endivia, Z, 4, /.

C. divaricatum, Wit/d. 1, a.
Cladanthus arabicus, Coss. 1, B.
Coreopsis tinctoria, Witt. 5, f.
Crepis alpina, 2. 1,78:

Cynara Scolymus, Z. 1, 5, f.

Doronicum Pardalianches, Z.
Redford, «.
Galactites tomentosa, J/wnch.

5, B.
Helianthus tuberosus, Z.
Hieracium
Manuel, «.
H. umbellatum, Z. 5, «.
Lactuca sativa, Z. 1, 5, 8.
Ie WVALOSAy e/a 15. (3.
Matricaria Chamomnilla, Z. 1, 5, f.
Onopordon Acanthium, Z. 5, a;
Fife Coast, a.
Picris hieracioides, Z. 2a, *

IA, Bp.

aurantiacum, JZ.

ALIEN PLANTS NEAR EDINBURGH IOI

Rhagadiolus edulis, Gertz. 1, Scolymus maculatus, Z. 1, 5, a.

Biparo: Senecio egyptius, L. 5, y.
R. Hedypnois, Z. swdsp. R. tubze- _S. sarracenicus, Z. Comiston, y.
formismezicz 1, 0. Silybum Marianum, Gerén. 1, 5,
Sanvitalia procumbens, Zam. 5, [. 18h
CAMPANULACE.

Campanula Rapunculus, Z. Newbattle, y.

PRIMULACE:.

Androsace maxima, Z. 1, f. IL. punctata, Z. 2A, a.
Lysimachia vulgaris, Z. 5, 6, fp.

BORAGINE~€.
Anchusa italica, Re¢z. 1, f. A. sempervirens, Z. 6, 6.
merotiemalis, “5 5, @. A. stylosa, 47. Bieb. 1, B.

CONVOLVULACEA.

Cuscuta planiflora, Zev. 1, a.*

SOLANACE:.

Lycopersicum esculentum, AZ/7, 1A, I, 2, 5, y:

POLEMONIACE.

Polemonium ceruleum, Z. 1A, a.

SCROPHULARINE.
Antirrhinum majus, Z. 1, 14, Mimulus’~ Langsdorfii, Donn.
Ba: Redford, «; Cramond, 6.
Bartsia, Drixago, 2. 1. a. M. moschatus, Vougl. 1, a.
Linaria chalepensis, 7777, 5, 2. Rhinanthus major, Zzrf. 5, f.
L. purpurea, W777. 6, B. Veronica peregrina, Z. 1, P.
LABIATE.

Calamintha Acinos, C/airv. 5, a. Galeopsis Ladanum, Z., var.

C. graveolens, Benth. 1, a. latifolia, 5, 7.

Dracocephalum moldavicum, Z. Lallemantia peltata, /isch. and
ANG: Mey "155, 2:

102 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Lamium Galeobdolon, Cvanfz. Sideritis lanata, Z. 3A, a.

Ack Stachys annua, Z. 5, B.
L. maculatum, Z. Comiston, 6. Wiedemannia orientalis, “isch.
Mentha viridis, Z., vav. crispa. and Mey. 1, fp.
6,08:
PLANTAGINACE.
Plantago arenaria, W. and K. P. ovata, Forsk. 1, a.

1, 6: P. patagonica, Jacg. 2a.*

elusitanica, -/., 1, 0c05.sa- Po Raugeli, QC. 2A,*
CHENOPODIACE-.
Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, C. Vulvaria, Z. 1, y; 5, P.

Zi. “34, (0:5 105.0: Salsola Soda, Z. 14, a; 5, 8
C. polyspermum, Z. 1A, a. Spinacia oleracea, Z. 1, 5, PB.
©) rubrumy 77, 53,6.

POLYGONACE-.
Emex spinosum, Camp. 5, a. Rumex bucephalophorus, Z.
Polygonum cuspidatum, .S. avd ace

Z. 24,63 Redtord, <<. R. obtusifolius, Z., vav. Friesii,

P. lapathifolium, Z. 1, 5, y. Gand G. 5;. 6.
P) maritimum, 2. 1,6: R. scutatus, Z. 6, y.
URTICACE:.
Cannabis sativa, Z. 5, y.
LILIACE.
Convallaria majalis, Z. 2a, f. Muscari racemosum. AZ7//. 2a, B.
JUNCACE.

Luzula albida, DC. var. B, rubella, Benth. Redford, y.

AROIDE.

Arum maculatum, Z. Bilston Glen, y.

GRAMINE.
Agropyron triticeum, /. Gertz. Bromus erectus, Huds. 5, P.
53 B. B. inermis, Leys. Fife Coast, y.
Aira capillaris, Host. 5, y. B. macrostachys, Desf. 1, 5, B.

Apera Soy Plo: B. madritensis, Z. variety. 5, y.

ALIEN PLANTS NEAR EDINBURGH 103

B: scopanius, 2. 1, 5, p.
Elymus sibiricus, Z. 5, a;
Kinghorn, f.

Festuca ciliata, Pers. 5, a.

FB. Myuros, Z. 15-8; 5;-7-
Glyceria procumbens, Dum. 5, a.
Keeleria phleoides, Pers. 5, B.*
Lepturus incurvatus, 7777. 5, [3.
Lolium italicum, 47. vary. muti-

Phleum asperum, Jacg. 5, a.
P. Boehmeri, Wibe/. 1, 5, P.
P. echinatum, /Yost. 1, a.
Peerecum, Doss. 91, 5, 7:

PB. tenue, Scivad, 15 65 55 7-
Poa bulbosa, Z. 5, a.
Schlerochloa dura, Aeauv.

1; B.

Triticum cylindricum, Ces. 1,

5, B:

T. ovatum, asf.

cum. ‘5, £.
5; P.

Panicum Crus-galli, Z. 15)@.

P. sanguinale, Z. 5, a. T. speltoides, (a) Aucheri,

BR: [be Aschers. and Grin. 5, a.*

Phalaris arundinacea, Z., var. T. triaristatum, Gren. and Godr.
picta. Comiston, f. itis ee

I, 5> p.
Tein, Os

T. triunciale, Pasf.
T. vulgare, V2d7.

P. paradoxa, LZ. var. (? preemorsa,
Coss. and Dur.).

NOTES.

Melilotus arvensis, Wallr. (AZ. officinalis, Desr. and also Lam.)
More careful observation shows this to be the prevailing form in
this neighbourhood ; JZ. altissima, Thuill. (MZ. officinalis, Willd.) being
found only at Hailes Quarry and at St. David’s, Fife.

Picris hieraciotdes, \., Plantago patagonica, Jacq., and P.
Rugelii, DC., were not got wild; they were grown from impurities
found in seed of commerce by Messrs. Bell and Bieberstedt, who
very kindly permitted me to examine these and many others in
their seed-trial grounds at Leith.

Keleria phieoides, Pers., and Triticum speltoides (a) Auchert,
Aschers. and Grbn. “Syn.” ii. 711. For the names of these | am
indebted to Professor Hackel, who very kindly added the following
synonyms for the latter :—

Aigilops speltoides, “Tausch in Flora,” 1837, 108; non Jaub.
and Spach.

Tr ticum speltoides, Godr. “ Fl. Massil. Adven.” (1857).

A gilops Auchert, Boiss., “ Diagn.” pl. or ser. 1, v. 74 (1844).

Triticum Auchert, Parl. “Fl. It.” 1. 508 (1848).

Aigilops macrura, Jaub. and Spach. “Ill. Pl. Or.” t.
(1850).

Cuscuta planiflora, Ten. (for the name of which I am indebted
to Professor Bayley Balfour) was found twining round the stems of
Melilotus indica, A\l., Brachypodium distachyum, Beauv., and a
Lathyrus.

316

LEITH, December 1904.

104 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

NEW AND RARE, SCOPTLISH MOSSES:
By Dr. JAMes Srtirton, F.L.S.

PLAGIOTHECIUM KINLAYANUM (S¢rz.)—The following is a
rather more detailed description than that published in 1874 :—

In close yet indeterminate patches of a green or yellowish-green
colour, or straggling over other mosses; stems mostly procumbent,
yellow then reddish, sparingly and irregularly branched, upper
branches often the longest, producing stolons also from the upper
part, having scattered, minute, slender, pointed leaves; leaves
proper laxly disposed around the stem and slightly complanate, very
concave, symmetrical, nearly elliptical, with a longish apiculus at
the extremity, margin recurved from base up to and _ including
apiculus; breadth of reflexed portion near the middle of leaf as
much as ‘035 mm., composed of narrower cells, about ‘o8 by
‘oo8-olr mm.; containing frequently crowds of minute, well-
defined, oval cells, much resembling the minuter stereids; leaves
decurrent, this portion composed of bluntly quadrate, hyaline cells,
035-05 by ‘025-°035 mm., in two to four perpendicular rows ; cells
near base oblong, very large, ‘o8--11 by ‘o18-'024 mm., upwards
more rhomboid, ‘06-085 by ‘o15-7o2 mm.; nerve broad at base
and thickish, single in the lower third, then generally splitting into
two unequal branches which proceed upwards for nearly another
third of the leaf; primordial utricles seen almost constantly in cells
for the upper two-thirds.

Unlike any other /Vagtothecium, especially when seen in a moist
state, inasmuch as the leaves are then hollow and appear scarcely
complanate, yet allied to P/. sy/vaticum in the shrinking of the dried
leaves owing to the very large cells, larger probably than those of
any other member of the genus, and in the presence of stolons,
which, however, are usually emitted from the upper part of the
stems, and not from the axilla of the branches or leaves. As the
longish apiculus to the leaf is dragged back by the uppermost part
of the recurved margin, it, too, is recurved, and not unfrequently
appears quite uncinate.—Barren.

The best way to ascertain the nature of the recurved margin is
to view from behind a thoroughly moistened leaf by means of a
lens, when there is seen, all round and just within the margin, a
groove, or rather furrow. If this leaf is slightly pressed between
two slips of glass and viewed through the microscope, the reflexed
margin is seen all round, including the apex ; if, however, too much
pressure is used, the concave leaf is split in the upper part, and the
reflexed margin is undone and appears plane to a corresponding
extent.—Ben Wyvis, Ross-shire, A. M‘Kinlay, 1867 ; Ben Sleoch,
Loch Maree, Stirton, 1870.

NEW AND RARE SCOTTISH MOSSES 105

In the neighbourhood of Arisaig and for many miles to the east
of it, but more especially on Craig Mohr, from base almost to
summit, Campylopus pyriformis is very abundant and in places fruits
freely. On one or two occasions there was noticed what appeared
as a luxuriant state of this moss, with stems frequently of a reddish
colour. A microscopical examination of the leaves, and more
especially of the nerve, revealed differences of structure of sufficient
distinction to warrant a separation from C. pyriformis.

CAMPYLOPUS PERGRACILIS (7. sf.)—Densely tufted, of a light-
green colour above, paler beneath, half an inch or more in height ;
stems usually reddish, very slender, simple, or here and there
branched ; leaves laxly disposed around the stem, erect in a wet or
dry state, narrowly lanceolate subulate, very concave, almost tubular
above from a somewhat wider base; nerve broad, about three-fifths
near base ; of a loose, spongy texture throughout, as shown in thin
sections ; the two anterior rows of cells never less than ‘007 to ‘008
mm. broad, even near apex, increasing nearly equally downwards to
middle, and there about -or4 mm. diameter; lower down the cells
of anterior row increasing much more rapidly, so that near base cells
of second row as large as ‘018 mm., while those of first row often
seen from ‘026 to ‘032 mm. diameter; cells of third row increase
from ‘003 to ‘oog mm. ; posterior bulging pellucid cells well seen in
upper third or more, ‘007 to ‘o08 mm. diameter, thereafter they soon
disappear, to be succeeded in the lower third by the posterior
pellucid alternating cells, accordingly the thickness of nerve in-
creases downwards from ‘o4 to ‘06 mm.; stereids in small groups
are seen behind and between cells of second row; central basal cells
of pagina, large, oblong, ‘075 to ‘1 by ‘o12 to ‘or5 mm.; outwards
narrower, and near margin ‘oo6 mm. broad, all hyaline, upwards
cells lessen, but rather suddenly merge into chlorophyllose rhomboid
cells, °or5 to ‘022 by ‘006 to 8 mm., becoming shorter upwards, with,
however, a single row of chlorophyllose cells proceeding to apex, or
nearly so; leaf serrate on both sides and back for a considerable
space down from apex. No auricles. Cells of pagina next nerve
at or near base thick, about ‘o35 mm. antero-posteriorly, but lessen
outwardly.—Craig Mohr, Arisaig, 1904.

This might well be called a hybrid between C. fragifis and C.
pyriformis, inasmuch as it has characters peculiar to each. The
structure of the nerve resembles that of C. Hunti (Strn.), and,
notwithstanding the slenderness of the leaves, as well as of the
whole plant, the anterior cells of the nerve are as large as those of
C. Shawti or C. setifolius, the largest species of the genus.

CERATODON VIALIS (#. sf.)—In rather compact tufts, from a
quarter to half an inch in height, dark-green above, sordid below ;
stems simple or branching slightly; leaves short, broadly ovate-
lanceolate, slightly acuminate, incurved when dry, spreading and

106 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

straight when moist, on an average, 1°7 by *54 mm., margin recurved
nearly to apex, and there nearly or quite entire ; nerve strong, about
‘o8 mm. in breadth near base, tapering upwards, soon turning reddish
or even red, vanishing just below apex, rarely slightly excurrent ;
cells of pagina at central base oblong, °o22-°034 by ‘o14-‘o02 mm. ;
shorter outwards, and near margin nearly the same as those above ;
upper cells bluntly quadrate, showing primordial utricle in almost
every instance, large, ‘or 4-‘022 mm. across, a very little smaller near
apex ; pericheetial leaves paler, bluntish below, more acute above,
clasping closely the seta for a considerable distance ; capsule, etc.,
as in C. purpureus, but the cells of the annulus longer—viz., ‘06
mm. long, with small roundish red cells at their bases.

This moss is peculiar in the short leaves and large cells of the
pagina, nearly four times the area of those of the common form. It
bears the same relationship to C. purpureus that Cynodontium laxtrete
(Dixon) bears to C. polycarpum.—Streets in the suburbs of Glasgow,
1863.

BARBULA LIMOSA (xz. sp.)—Stems rather closely aggregated,
forming extensive patches on the bare ground, of a dark-green colour,
short, about an eighth to a quarter of an inch in height, simple, so
far as observed, with tufts of smooth red radicles at the base ; lower
half or thereby pale, nearly bare, having only a few minute scattered
leaves ; upwards the leaves become suddenly compacted into a dense
tuft, denser at apex; leaves incurved when dry, spreading and
recurved when moist; lower leaves of the tuft short, broadly ovate,
upper somewhat longer and narrower, but both roundly obtuse at
apex, with the pagina terminating unequally as in Z S¢crfond; nerve
pale, then yellow, lastly reddish, narrow, about ‘og mm. broad near
base, prominent and smooth behind, tapering upwards and excurrent
in a short mucro, at times ceasing below the apiculus ; margin plane,
often slightly undulating, especially in the upper leaves, slightly
crenulated and papillose from projecting cells ; cells at base hyaline,
exactly as in B. tortuosa, oblong, ‘04-05 by ‘o1-o14 mm. sloping
up to a point on the margin, ending abruptly in the dense, opaque
cells for the rest of the leaf, ‘oo8--or2 mm. diameter, slightly smaller
near apex, densely bigeminately papillose on both aspects of leaf.
This moss is allied to 2B. zzclinazta, but the differences between them
are manifest.—Arisaig, near the sea, 1904.

Utota Scorica (x. sf.)—Tufts present much the appearance of
those of U. phyllantha, but are larger, laxer, light-green above, dark
or brownish-black below ; stems reddish or red, 1 inch or more long,
simple or sparingly branched, arising from a prostrate or creeping
stem, emitting here and there from the lower parts of the branches
slender stolons, sparingly red-radiculose, bearing scattered minute
leaves, shortly nerved or almost nerveless ; leaves proper rather laxly
disposed, long, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, nearly erect and

NEW AND RARE SCOTTISH MOSSES 107

straight when moist, with slightly undulating margins, crisped when
dry, margin narrowly recurved, especially on one side, for nearly the
lower half; nerve usually red below, narrow, ‘045 mm. broad near
base, a little broader near middle, then narrowing upwards, prominent
behind, ceasing considerably below the acuminated, rather slender
apex by as much as ‘25 to °35 mm., leaves of stems bearing
propagula, having the nerve proceeding more nearly to the apex ;
propagula longer than in U. phyllantha, mostly with 6 to 7 septa
instead of 3 to 5 septa, and dimensions reaching ‘14 by ‘036 mm.,
but falling off much more readily ; central basal cells long, narrow,
"022-034 by ‘oo4--006 mm.; outwards shorter and broader, and
near margin oblong, ‘o14-‘018 by ‘oo7 mm.; upwards from oblong
becoming rounded, with clear spaces between, ‘o08-‘o12 diameter ;
no basal marginal row of pellucid cells as in B. phyllantha. The
cells of this species are accordingly larger than those of the other,
and more strongly papillose on both sides, papillz generally bi-
geminate ; base of leat and nerve red.—Near Arisaig, on branches
of trees.

ISOTHECIUM PERSIMILE.—Similar to Js. myurum as regards
ramification, etc., but smaller, while the stolons issue, for much the
greater part, from the tips of the branches, or rather seem a con-
tinuation of them, a few, however, are seen beneath ; both stem and
branch leaves bipartito-imbricated, secund or deflexed, oval or nearly
ellipucal, symmetrical, nerveless, concave especially transversely,
margin plane throughout, slightly serrulate above and convex in
outline, apex bluntish ; cells in centre of leaf, narrowly linear with
blunt extremities, separate and distinct, ‘03-°04 by ‘003-004 mm.,
outwards a little broader in all directions, especially towards margins,
where there is often a marginal row of narrowly oval cells, ‘013-017
by ‘oo5 mm. ; at alar base a largish group of obtusely quadrate, yellow
or reddish, opaque and granular cells, ‘o1--o16 mm. diameter, in
four or five perpendicular rows; branch leaves narrower than, but
nearly of the same shape as, the stem leaves, and alar spaces smaller
with cells not so deeply coloured, often only yellowish.—Ben Sleoch,
Loch Maree, 1870.

There is only one oval capsule with yellow outer teeth, set nearly
straight on a strong, smooth, red seta. I refrain from saying more,
as the seta is detached from the perichetium.

Besides those described several rare or comparatively rare
mosses were secured in the neighbourhood of Arisaig, during July
and August 1904. Gymmnostomum calcareum, Dicranella curvata
(Hedw.), Campylopus Shaw? (Wils.) the last in one patch only ; and
although I searched diligently for several days, as well as at various
times during my stay in the district, I failed to alight upon any more.
The nearest station for this moss to the present one is on the east

108 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL. HISTORY

side of Blavin in Skye, a distance of fourteen to sixteen miles.
Through what means the minute buds, detached from this moss
(the only method of propagation hitherto known), could have been
carried across nine or ten miles of sea is a nice question. ‘This tuft
is the only one yet discovered on the mainland of Scotland.
Campylopus subulatus (Sch.) in two places with stems from a quarter
to half an inch long; C. symplectus (Strn.); C. purpurascens (Strn.).
The last three are easily distinguished in the field, almost at sight,
and they present zzfer a/ta a curious gradation of the size of the cells
near the base of the anterior row in the nerve. In the first, these
cells vary from ‘or to ‘o1r4 mm. diam. ; in the second from ‘o13 to
‘or8 mm. ; in the third from ‘o16 to ‘o27 mm.; C. Aunt (Strn.);
C. fulvoviridis (Strn.). C. atrovirens (De Not.), var. tucurvatus
(Strn.), is not uncommon throughout the West of Scotland. C. drev7-
pilus (B. & S.) is rather rare, but a variety with abundance of red
tomentum in the lower half was found in several localities. This
may be called var. rutilescens. Lastly, a curious state of Bryum
alpinum, with the peculiar colour of, as well as with leaves slightly
incurved at the apex as in Br. Miihlenbeckii, but with areolation
distinctly that of Br. alpinum. Ceratodon conicus, Hyp. Crista-
castrensts, and Flylocomium umbratum were also seen.

GLasGow, 17¢h Movember 1904.

ADDITIONS TO CENSUS, OF “SCOTMSH
HERA TICAS 1004:

By Symers M. Macvicar.

I HAVE examined specimens of the following additions to
the Census since January 1904. They number 368, most
having been found last year, but a considerable number
were collected in previous years. The additional species
for Scotland, which are also additions to the British Isles,
are Nardia Breidleri, Lophozia guttulata, Odontoschisma
Macounti, Kantia sphagnicola, and Scapania paludosa. Mar-
supella Pearsoni and Cephaloztella Jackit are additions to
Scotland. Marsupella sphacelata is an addition to the
Census, as I had not at the time seen a Scottish specimen.

The vice-counties from which the fewest species have
been recorded are, Selkirk, Roxburgh, Berwick, Haddington,
North Aberdeen, Banff, Elgin, and Orkney.

ADDITIONS TO CENSUS OF SCOTTISH HEPATICA, 1904

109

72. DUMFRIES.

Cephalozia connivens
Cephaloziella stellulifera
C. Jacki

Radula complanata |
Madotheca rivularis
Lophozia barbata

: P. Ewing.
Scapania curta

Lophozia alpestris, 7, J/‘Andrew.

lee K. B. Macvicar.

74. WIGTOWN.
(P. Ewing.)

Conocephalum conicum.
Preissia quadrata.
Metzgeria conjugata.
Pellia epiphylla.
Marsupella emarginata.
M. aquatica.

Nardia obovata.
Sphenolobus exsectzeformis.
Lophocolea bidentata,
Chiloscyphus polyanthos.
Cephalozia Lammersiana.
C. leucantha.

75:

Cephaloziella divaricata.
C. stellulifera.
Kantia trichomanis.
K. Sprengelii.
Scapania compacta.
. gracilis.

. purpurascens.

. undulata.

. irrigua.

. curta.

Radula complanata.
Anthoceros leevis.

NNNMNN

AYR.

(All C. Scott, except Prezssza.)

Aneura multifida.
Fossombronia pusilla.
Lophozia incisa.
Myla anomala.

Odontoschisma Sphagni.

Kantia trichomanis.

Lepidozia trichoclados.

Preissia quadrata, /. J/‘Andrew.

76. RENFREW.

Riccia glauca),

: oe ee EEWUINE.
Scapania gracilis ) ie

Saccogyna viticulosa,
W. Campbell.

(C. Scott.)

Metzgeria hamata.

Pellia endivizfolia.
Marsupella aquatica.
Lophozia Mulleri.

L. incisa.

Lophocolea heterophylla.
Cephalozia curvifolia.
Bazzania triangularis.

Ptilidium ciliare.
‘Trichocolea tomentella.
Scapania undulata.
Radula Lindbergii.
Madotheca platyphylla.
M. rivularis.
Anthoceros levis.

110 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

77. LANARK.

Riccia screcup a) Lophocolea heterophylla,

Lophozia inflata ; P. Lwing. W. Evans.

Mylia anomala |
78. PEEBLES.

(W. Evans.)
Pellia endivizefolia Lophozia turbinata
Aplozia crenulata

79. SELKIRK,

Cephaloziella stellulifera, 1. Evans.

81. BERWICK.

Fossombronia pusilla, WV. vans.
b]

82. HADDINGTON.
Preissia quadrata, W. Lvans.

83. EDINBURGH.

Lophozia inflata, var. MSHERES IDE)
Cephalozia pallida - W. Evans.
Trichocolea tomentella |

Cephalozia leucantha, P. Ezwng.

84. LINLITHGOW.

Aplozia crenulata, vay. gracillima, C. Sco¢?.
Scapania gracilis, IV. Evans.

85. FIFE.
Pallavicinia ISO) Trichocolea tomentella, J. 2.
lana, ~WV. Smith Thomson.
Frullania frapilifolia| Lejeunea patens, WV. Young.
(W. Evans.)
Blasia pusilla. Lepidozia trichoclados.
Aplozia pumila, Scapania zequiloba.
Lophozia Mulleri. S. intermedia.
L. incisa. S. undulata.
L. gracilis. S. irrigua.
Anastrepta orcadensis. S. curta.

86. STIRLING.

Lophozia barbata \ py Ryans Aplozia RID
Scapania nemorosa J” nalis

-]. M‘Andrew.
Lophozia gracilis |

ADDITIONS TO CENSUS OF SCOTTISH HEPATIC, 1904 111

(S. AZ. Macvicar.)

Aneura multifida. S. undulata.

Marsupella Funckii. Radula aquilegia.

Aplozia crenulata, vay. gracillima. R. Lindbergii.

A. pumila. Colurolejeunea calyptrifolia.
Sphenolobus exsectus. Cololejeunea microscopica.
Plagiochila punctata. Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia.
Hygrobiella laxifolia. Harpalejeunea ovata.
Cephaloziella divaricata. Frullania microphylla.
Kantia arguta. F. fragilifolia.

Scapania subalpina.

87. WEST PERTH.
(W. Evans.)

Scapania eequiloba. S. irrigua.
S. aspera. S. rosacea,

88 Mip PERTH.

Lophozia longidens
tens Macounii } Bo LES:
Riccia bifurca, confirmed, 7: Barker.
Scapania paludosa, B. Carrington.
Cephalozia Lammersiana, C. Sco/e.
Marsupella Sprucei, S. JZ, Macvicar.

89 East PERTH.

Metzgeria conjugata |

Lophocolea cuspidata ;- C. J/‘Zutosh.
Trichocolea tomentella |

Pellia endivizfolia, R. A. Meldrum.
Gymnomitrium corallioides, Z. JZ. Holmes
Lophozia inflata, var. heterostipa, G. Stadver.
Radula Lindbergii, 7: Barker.

(J. Fergusson.)

Aneura multifida. Cephaloziella divaricata.

Pellia Neesiana. Lepidozia trichoclados.

Gymnomitrium adustum, vay. Anthelia Juratzkana.
olivacea. Scapania nemorosa.

Marsupella Funckii. S. irrigua.

Nardia minor. S. curta.

Cephalozia pleniceps. Lejeunea patens.

112 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

(P. Ewing and WW. Young.)

Nardia obovata. Harpanthus Flotowianus.
Aplozia crenulata, vay. gracillima. Cephalozia connivens.

A. pumila. Cephaloziella Jacki.
Lophozia bicrenata. Odontoschisma Sphagni.
L. socia. Pleuroclada albescens.

Sphenolobus exsectzeformis.

go FORFAR,

Gymnomitrium crenulatum

G. varians

Lophozia alpestris, var. gelida ;P. Lwing and W. Young.
Harpanthus Flotowianus |

Scapania uliginosa /

Fossombronia pusilla, /. /i/fon.

Nardia compressa, /. Whitehead.

Pleuroclada albescens, W. W. Evans.

Madotheca levigata, WV. Gardiner.

(J. Aimer.)

Riccia Lescuriana. Plagiochila spinulosa.
Reboulia hemispheerica. Cephalozia connivens.
Lunularia cruciata. C. lunuleefolia.
Lophocolea heterophylla. Scapania intermedia.
(J. Fergusson.)
Aneura pinguis. Sphenolobus exsectzeformis.
Pallavicinia Blyttii. Cephalozia pleniceps.
Fossombronia Wondraczekii. C. reclusa.
Gymnomitrium concinnatum. Lepidozia trichoclados.
Marsupella ustulata. Anthelia Juratzkana.
M. Funckii. Diplophyllum taxifolium.
Nardia minor. Scapania paludosa.,
Aplozia autumnalis. 5. umbrosa.
A. spheerocarpa. Lejeunea patens.

Lophozia inflata vay. heterostipa. Anthoceros punctatus.

92. SOUTH ABERDEEN.
Lophozia guttulata we
Sphenolobus exsectzeformis J Ge Stabler-
Marsupella sphacelata, /. Vhitehead.
Lophozia Wenzel, W. West.
Scapania paludosa, A. Cvoadl.
Marsupella Sprucei
Lophozia inflata, var. eine
Pleuroclada albescens
Anthelia Juratzkana |

f. Ewing and W. Young.

ADDITIONS TO CENSUS OF SCOTTISH HEPATIC, 1904

93. NortH ABERDEEN,

Metzgeria furcata
Cephalozia bicuspidata
Radula complanata le TST:

Frullania Tamarisci
Metzgeria pubescens |
Plagiochila asplenioides -/. A/‘Andrew.
Madotheca rivularis |
95. ELGIN.

Lophozia gracilis, Wiss K. B. Macvicar.

g6. East INVERNESS.
(Miss K. B. Macvicar.)

Aneura palmata. C. curvifolia.

Fossombronia Dumortieri. Odontoschisma Sphagni.

Cephalozia lunulzefolia. Kantia sphagnicola.

C. leucantha. Scapania umbrosa.
(Linge Cocks.)

Metzgeria pubescens. Nardia compressa.

Pallavicinia Blyttil. Aplozia spheerocarpa.

Gymnomitrium varians. Plagiochila spinulosa.

Marsupella erythrorhiza. Scapania nimbosa.

M. aquatica.
97. WesT INVERNESS.
Aplozia cordifolia, /. Whitehead.

(S. M. Macvicar.)

Marsupella erythrorhiza. Sphenolobus Kunzeanus.
Nardia Breidleri. Cephaloziella stellulifera.
Lophozia inflata vay. heterostipa. Anthelia Juratzkana.

98. ARGYLL.
(S. Mf. Macvicar.)

Aneura palmata. L. bicrenata.
Marsupella ustulata. Cephalozia connivens.
M. Sprucei. Scapania uliginosa.

Lophozia inflata var. heterostipa. S. umbrosa.

(Ewing and Macvicar.)

Sphenolobus politus. Anthelia Juratzkana.
Eremonotus myriocarpus.
Marsupella Pearsoni, C. Scott.

54 E

114 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

99. DUMBARTON.

Lophozia inflata |
L. barbata

Cephalozia lanaterolie
C. curvifolia 1
Cololejeunea calcareaJ C. Scott.

Lunularia cruciata, A/7ss Macvicar.

Marsupella aquatica

W. Campbell,

Sphenolobus exsectus }.S. JZ, Macvicar.

Scapania umbrosa |

100. CLYDE ISLES.

Scapania compacta, P. Lwwing.

(W. Campbell.)

Aneura multifida.
Metzgeria hamata.
Nardia obovata.

Mylia Taylori.
Pleurozia purpurea.

(S. A. Macvicar.)

Reboulia hemispheerica.
Preissia quadrata.

Aneura pinguis.

A. latifrons.

Pellia endivizefolia.
Gymnomitrium concinnatum.
G. crenulatum.

Marsupella Funckii.

M. emarginata.

Aplozia crenulata, var. gracillima.

A. pumila.

Lophozia incisa.

L. Lyoni.

Plagiochila punctata.
Mylia anomala.
Lophocolea cuspidata.
L. spicata.
Harpanthus scutatus.
Cephalozia connivens.
C. Francisci.

Hygrobiella laxifolia.
Odontoschisma Sphagni.
Adelanthus decipiens.
Bazzania trilobata.
Lepidozia pinnata.

L. Pearsoni.

L. trichoclados.

L. setacea.

Blepharostoma trichophyllum.
Ptilidium ciliare

Scapania umbrosa.

Radula aquilegia.

R. complanata.

R. Lindbergii.
Cololejeunea microscopica.
Harpalejeunea ovata.
Frullania fragilifolia.
Cephalozia leucantha.
Scapania aspera.

S. curta.

IOI. CANTYRE.
(P. Ewing.)

Marsupella Funckii.
Cephalozia curvifolia.
Lepidozia Pearsoni.

Herberta adunca.
Pleurozia purpurea.

ADDITIONS TO CENSUS OF SCOTTISH HEPATIC, 1904 115

102.

Scapania compacta | P
S. curta pee

Ewing.

SoutH EBUDES.

Cephaloziella divaricata,
Miss Evans.

104. NORTH EBUDES.
(Miss K. B. Macvicar.)

Nardia compressa.
N. minor.

Lophozia inflata.
Scapania subalpina.

105. WeEsT Ross.
(Miss K. B. Macvicar )

Nardia minor.
Lophocolea heterophylla.

Anthoceros punctatus.

106. East Ross.

Metzgeria conjugata.
Marsupella aquatica.
Cephalozia curvifolia.

( TB arker. )

Trichocolea tomentella.
Scapania paludosa.

(ZZ, J; Cocks:)

Pallavicinia Blyttii.

Gymnomitrium concinnatum.

Lophozia lycopodioides.

Anastrophyllum Donianum.

Anastrepta orcadensis.

Diplophyllum taxifolium.
Harpanthus Flotowianus.
Pleuroclada albescens.
Scapania ornithopodioides.

107. East SUTHERLAND.

Conocephalum conicum.

Preissia quadrata.

Aneura multifida.

Metzgeria furcata.

Aplozia crenulata.
var. gracillima.

A. sphzerocarpa.

A. riparia.

Lophozia turbinata.

L. Lyoni.

Lophocolea bidentata.

(D. Lillie.)

L. cuspidata.
Chiloscyphus polyanthos.
Cephaloziella stellulifera.
Ptilidium ciliare.
Scapania compacta.

S. subalpina.

S. gracilis.

S. irrigua.

Radula complanata.
Frullania fragilifolia.

F. dilatata.

108. West SUTHERLAND.

Lophozia gracilis, D. Lzd/e.

Diplophyllum ovatum, D. Zzllze.

116 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

109g. CAITHNESS.

(D. Lillie.)

Gymnomitrium crenulatum. Chandonanthus setiformis.

Lophozia incisa. Anthelia Jurakzkana.

L. bicrenata. Ptilidium ciliare.

L. alpestris. Diplophyllum ovatum.
var. gelida. Scapania compacta.

110. OUTER HEBRIDES.

Lophozia alpestris, var. gelida )
Cephaloziella divaricata J
Preissia quadrata

TaphorialRlocril 9

W. West.
wine.

112. SHETLAND.

Gymnomitrium concinnatum, WW. A. Beeby.
Odontoschisma denudatum, IV. lVeszt.

INVERMOIDART, Febsuary, 1905.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.

Common Shrew in Islay.—Last year I sent some young friends
of mine who were spending their holidays in Islay a few traps to
catch small mammals with, and in September they sent me a Shrew
from the island. On examination it proved to be referable to Sovex
araneus and not to S. minutus, which until quite recently was
supposed to be alone present in the Hebrides. ‘There is a record
of the Common Shrew from Mull in the “Annals” for 1904, p.
186.—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh.

Lesser or Pygmy Shrew in Argyll.—In your issue for January
last I reported the occurrence of the Water Shrew in this area. I
have now to record the Lesser or Pygmy Shrew (Sorex m7nutus),
several specimens of which I have caught and identified. As we
have also the Common Shrew, all the three species of Soricidz are
represented here.—Cuas. H. Auston, Letterawe, Loch Awe.

The Affinities of the Orkney Vole.—In a communication to the
‘*Annals and Magazine of Natural History” for March (pp. 323-
324), Dr. Forsyth Major expresses his views on the affinities of the
Orkney Vole (AZ@icrotus orcadensis). ‘These opinions, backed as they
are by eminent special knowledge, are of exceptional value and
interest and may be regarded as finally settling an important

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 117

question. Dr. Forsyth Major tells us that in its external characters,
as well as in the character of its teeth, it is a member of the same
subgenus as the Field Vole (JZ. agres¢zs), and that the peculiarities
of the skull by no means contradict this statement. It is to JZ.
arvalis and its allies, one of the Field Voles of Continental Europe
and Northern Asia, which the Orkney Vole approaches most in the
characters of the skull. The teeth of the Orkney species being,
moreover, indistinguishable from those of the AZ. arvvals group, place
should be assigned to it within the latter, of which it is a large-sized
and otherwise remarkable form, well deserving of a specific name of
its Own.

Dr. Forsyth Major concludes his communication with the
following important remarks, ‘one form (possibly more) of a
vole with teeth of the JZ arvalis type is represented by jaws in
some of our caves and river deposits. Not having as yet come
upon fairly complete skulls, I do not venture to assert that the
species JZ. arvatis was represented in Great Britain during
Pleistocene times; but the JZ arvalis group certainly was. This
last circumstance will in due time presumably help to explain satis-
factorily the present existence of a member of the JZ. avvadlis group
in the Orkney and Shetland ! Islands.”

Notes from North Shetland.—Srocxk DovE—Colwmba enas.—
One at Halligarth on June 22nd, 23rd, 24th, and 25th. I saw the
bird many times each day—lying in wait for it so as to be sure of
its identity. One has to be very careful about the identity of birds
described as ‘‘Stock-pigeon” or ‘“Stock-doo” by Shetlanders, the
word “stock” is used by many natives to describe large or common
species.

Linnet.—Zinota connabina.—One at Halligarth. This bird is
very rare in Shetland. I think Mr. Harvie-Brown was the first to
identify it a few years ago.

GREAT NORTHERN DIvER.—Colymbus glacialis—This species
has been very numerous since autumn. In fresh specimens (of
which unfortunately I have had opportunities of examining a great
many) the bill, usually described as “horn colour” has not been so.
Towards the end of the upper mandible certainly this colour prevails,
but as regards the rest it has always in my experience been of a
more or less bluish-white, changing rapidly to reddish-purple and
then to dull horn colour. The inside of the tarsi and toes, and also

1 Although Mr, Millais includes the ‘‘ Shetlands ” in the habitat of this species
in his great work on British Mammals (vol. i. p. 8), he has not been able to
obtain positive proof of its existence in the islands, and desires the statement
made in the last number of the ‘‘ Annals” (p. 1) to be modified. He says that
he is almost certain that it existed there until recently, and that he does not
yet despair that he will obtain Shetland examples, but that we are mistaken in
our supposition that he had secured specimens.—EDs.

118 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

the middle portion of the webs, are also bluish-white, very much the
same as in the case of the Long-tailed Duck ; this white colour soon
changes to brownish-black.

WHOOPER SWAN.— Cygnus musicus.—Heard passing overhead, on
8th November, at 8 p.m.

Woopcock.—Scolopax rusticula.—A few seen during the snowy
weather in December.

Snowy Ow1.—JVyctea scandiaca.—One at Balliasta on 29th
November.

GREAT SNIPE.—Galiinago major.—In the “ Annals” for 1902,
p- 34, a Great Snipe is recorded for these islands, and the specimen
regarded as the first actual occurrence of this species for Shetland.
May I draw attention to the fact that my father undoubtedly
secured several examples, as must be manifest to all who consult
his “Birds of Shetland,” (pp. 200-201).—T. EDMONDSTON SaxBy,
Halligarth, Baltasound, Shetland.

Brambling in the Isle of Mull.—tThe visits of the Brambling
(Fringilla montifringilla) to the West Coast are sufficiently rare, so
that it may be well to record an incursion of this species. On
the 22nd of November, in Aros woods, I observed a single bird
beneath a beech tree and accompanied by chaffinches (/7ingzlla
celebs), and also on following day near the same spot. Others were
seen by the gardener to Mr. Allan of Aros, who knew the bird,
having seen them at the time of a large invasion about ten years ago,
when several were caught.—D. Macpona tp, ‘Tobermory.

Movements of Wood-pigeons into Easter Ross.—December 13,
1904, was the fifth day on which the ground had been covered
with snow, and there was a strong gale blowing from the N.W. off
the land. Thinking that we might see some bird-life in the
Cromarty Firth in the calm water close to land, I, along with a
friend, went down to the shore below Tarbet woods, Kildary, to
where the Balnagowan river joins the sea. As soon as we got
within sight of the Firth we observed a small party of Wood-pigeons
(Columba palumbus) flying low over the Firth from the direction of
Cromarty. The light was beginning to go, but for quite half an
hour—till dark—they kept arriving in lots ranging from about one
to thirty. Some came from Cromarty direction, some from the
direction of the Northern Sutor, and others from points between,
flying in the teeth of the gale. There must have been many
thousands of them, all flying from the S.E. My first thought was
that this was a partial migration of pigeons, perhaps from Moray-
shire. On mentioning this to my friend Mr. J. A. Forsyth, he
suggested that as the slope of the N. Sutor, which faced the sun,
had been the first bit of ground to thaw, the birds from Balnagowan
and Tarbet woods, where there are always large numbers, had

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 119

flocked thither to feed. The wind, of course, would account for
the difference in the directions from which they came. This is
very likely the true explanation, though, if it is, I had no idea that
so many birds spent the winter in the woods named. We have
immense flocks here in the autumn, which feed on the standing
grain, stubble, and the turnip drills. On the approach of winter,
however, the majority of them seem to disappear. I questioned
the Tarbet keeper afterwards, but he had not noticed the birds.
We shot a few of them, and they proved to be fine big birds and
bright in the plumage.—EwWeENn KENNEDY, Delny.

Albino Redshank and Rock Pipit in Barra, Outer Hebrides.—
On the 23rd of October last I saw an albinistic Redshank (Zofanius
calidris) here. This was afterwards obtained, and a short description
of its plumage may be worth recording :—Primaries white towards
the tips and shading into cinnamon brown at their bases ; secondaries
white ; primary coverts cinnamon; a few of the secondary coverts
brown, the rest white ; head and upper neck pale cinnamon brown,
marked with lighter brown and white ; back and under surface
white, very faintly marked with pale brown; tail and its coverts
white, barred with light brown.

An albino Rock Pipit (Anthus obscurus) was shot on the rst of
September.—Wm. L. MacGIiivray, Barra.

Black Tern and other Birds in “Forth.”—On the 7th of
September last a young Black Tern (ydrochelidon nigra), 9, which
I examined shortly afterwards, was shot by a keeper at Gladhouse
Reservoir, adjoining the Moorfoot Hills, Midlothian. It was alone,
and was “catching flies like a swallow.” Another, in very poor con-
dition, was shot by W. Renton at Gullane Point, on the coast of
East Lothian, on the 26th of November.

On the 2zoth of January this year, a Little Gull (Zarus minutos)
was shot near Dunbar Harbour and taken to Mr. D. Bruce, who
kindly informed me of the occurrence, so that I had an opportunity
of seeing the bird—an immature female—in the taxadermist’s hands.
When at North Berwick in December, I was told that one had been
seen off that town.

A few Little Auks (AZergulus alle) also made their appearance in
the Firth of Forth this winter. One was caught at Dunbar on the
27th of November, and another, which was entangled in a herring
net on the fishing grounds at the mouth of the Firth, was taken to
Mr. Bruce on the 22nd of February. On the 14th of January I had
the pleasure of watching one for some time myself to the east of the
Forth Bridge. The North Berwick fishermen reported them as being
in small numbers—single birds or at most two or three together—
between there and the Isle of May during November, December, and
January.—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh.

120 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Green Sandpiper in Renfrewshire.—On the 11th of December
1904 I observed a Green Sandpiper (Zofanus ochropus) on the
banks of an old clay hole pond at Hangingshaw, just within the south-
eastern boundary of the City of Glasgow. It was hard frost at the
time and the bird remained there all day, but was gone by the next
morning, when the frost had also disappeared. In flight the white
rump and upper tail coverts contrasted strongly with the dark-
coloured back. This species has occurred before in Renfrewshire,
one having been shot and another seen in its company at Pollok on
the Cart on the roth of November 1868. (Gray, “ Birds of the West
of Scotland,” p. 293).—Rosert and H. W. Witson, Glasgow.

Sturgeon in the Shetland Seas.—Some little time ago a strange
fish was found on the shore at the Island of ‘Trondra, near
Scalloway. Unfortunately it was cut up by the finder and cast upon
a refuse heap; but the Fishery Officer heard about it and rescued
some of its scales and sent them to Dr. Scott, of the Fishery Board,
who identified them as those ofa Sturgeon (Acifenser sturio). The
only previous reference relating to the occurrence of this fish in the
Shetland Seas is contained in Edmondston’s ‘‘ View of the Zetland
Islands” (ii. p. 305), wherein it is stated: ‘Tradition says that this
fish has been seen in Zetland, but I question much the accuracy of
the assertion.” Thus this appears to be the first authentic record
of the occurrence of this singular fish in Shetland waters.—JOHN S.
TuLLocu, Lerwick.

Spiders from the Flannan Isles.— Mr. Eagle Clarke has handed
me, for identification, two spiders he captured on the Flannan Isles,
Outer Hebrides, in September last. They are: Z7ochosa terricola,
Thor. (an ad. 9), and Drassus troglodytes, C.L.K. (a ¢). The
former species is common and very widely distributed in Scotland ;
among the northern localities from which it has been recorded are
Aviemore, Sutherland, and Orkney. The Drassid is apparently less
common, and has not previously been recorded from further north
than Aberdeen, Aviemore, and Oban. In view of the outlying
position of the Flannans, these records are of much interest.—
Witu1aM Evans, Edinburgh.

Spiders from ‘‘ Upper Forth.”—During the last five years I
have taken the following spiders in the upper portion of the Forth
area. ‘They are all additions to the ‘‘ Upper Forth” list given in a
paper by Prof. Carpenter and myself in the “Annals” for 1897 ;
and some of them are also additions to my Perthshire list in “ Trans-
actions Perthshire Soc. Nat. Sc.,” 1900. Specimens have been sub-
mitted to Rev. O. P. Cambridge for authentication.

Hahnia nava (Bl.).—Aberfoyle, July 1g00, ad. °.

Asagena phalerata (Panz.).—Adults, especially males, common
on a sunny bank at Balquhidder, August 1902.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 121

Tmeticus montigena (L.K.).—On the 25th of September 1902 I
met with several ad. gs and 9s of this mountain species under
stones at an elevation of 3500 ft. on Am Binnein, well on the
“Forth” side of the watershed. A @ was also found on 13th
September on the summit of Ben Voirlich in the “ Tay ” area.

Erigone promiscua (Cb.).—Callander, April 1900, ¢.

Walckenaera nudipalpis (Westr.).—Callander, April 1900, 9.

Tetragnatha solandrit, Scop.—One on a gate about two miles
east of Callander, April 1900.

Xysticus erraticus (B\.).—Balquhidder, August 1902, ¢.

Trochosa cinerea (¥.).—In August 1902 this, the largest of our
“Wolf” spiders, was common on shingle at the head of Loch
Doine, Balquhidder.

Epiblemum cingulatum (Panz.).—Near Callander, April 1900, ¢.

The specimen recorded in the above-mentioned lists as
Diplocephalus (Plestocrerus) alpinus (Cb.) is, it now appears, not
that form, but D. /atifrons (Cb.).—WiLi1aM Evans, Edinburgh.

Japanese Lareh v. Hares and Rabbits.—The culture of the
Japanese Larch ( Larix leptolepis) has now become sufficiently advanced
to show beyond doubt that it is twice, or thrice, quicker in growth
than the European variety, or rather “true native,” as nurserymen
and foresters are so particularly fond of terming the home produce.
Whether the matured timber will not be correspondingly softer
remains to be seen, and whether the far-eastern tree will emerge
successfully from a life encounter with the vagaries and vicissitudes
of our variable climate the future will show. That it is not to be
exempt from the tortures of the Larch disease, as was fondly hoped,
has been proven by Dr. A. Henry of Kew, who has detected this
attack in both Perthshire and Dumfriesshire. I have also seen the
disease from the latter county, but I have a strong belief that the
disease attack on the Japanese trees will never be so virulent as it
has been on the natives. My present purpose, however, is to point
out a remarkable preference shown by hares and rabbits for the
Japanese Larch, both in nurseries and in the plantations. We are
all wofully familiar with the ravages of that “unholy beast,” the
rabbit, when he manages to get admission, either by the carelessness
of those in charge of the woods, or the confiding indifference of the
game interests, to the enclosures where young trees have been
recently planted. Hares also do much damage, but their nibbling
is usually of a discriminating kind, taking a top here and there
when they find a shoot that suits their taste. But if they get
admittance to newly-planted Japanese Larch they go for all and
sundry, eagerly taking every plant and eating it down to the ground.
Lately I have seen plantations where the hares had picked out
every Jap. and left the native severely alone. Rabbits show the
same preference, but not in so marked a degree. To our own

122 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

senses the Japanese Larch shows a very much stronger odour, and
this is especially the case when one passes a nursery break of this
tree on a hot, steamy, summer day. This preference, of hares
especially, for the tree is a point of some little natural history
interest, although, in view of the efforts nurserymen have been
making to induce planters to grow the species extensively, it is
hardly one that a member of the craft ought to unduly emphasize !
—ROBERT SERVICE.

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS.

Potamogeton faleatus, /7yer, in Seotland.—This plant was
described and figured by Mr. A. Fryer in the “ Journal of Botany,”
t. 286, p. 65, 1889. I have a specimen from Ardblair Loch, E.
Perth (Co. 89) August 1881, collected by the late Mr. A. Sturrock.
This matches specimens gathered by Mr. Fryer at Stocking Fen,
Ramsey, Huntingdonshire. Various opinions were given on_ this
plant by Mr. Fryer’s correspondents in Britain, by Dr. Morong in
N. America, and by Dr. Fischer in Europe. It comes nearest to P.
nitens, Weber; but fruits freely, and in its early spring and autumnal
states differs from that.

Ascherson and Graebner (‘‘Synop. der Mitteleurop. Flora,” 1.
326, 1897), put falcatus under P. gramineus, L., var. P. heterophyllus,
Schreb. x zz¢fens, Weber, citing “PP. graminea x perfoliata, A. x
graminea (2.e. a double hybrid), (P. zznominatus, Tiselius, herb.) ”
for their plant, with a reference to Almquist.

Now Dr. Tiselius’s plant may be a hybrid between “eterophyllus
and a large form of P. nzfens (like var. Zatifolius, 'Tis., non Fieber).
In this Mr. Fryer agrees so far as it refers to two specimens in my
herbarium, but the third one he unhesitatingly refers to P. corzaceus,
Nolte. But to associate Mr. Fryer’s plant with this seems to me
difficult, if not impossible. I see no actual similarity in a large
series of fadcatus to this zxnominatus of ‘Tiselius; who still further
complicates the case by writing on his labels “ Ad P. xzgrescentem,
Fries, accedens.” In this I cannot agree, as Lestadius’ original
specimens, described by Fries, are a form of P. alpinus Balb. (P.
rufescens, Schrad.): of this I possess an example.

Another difficulty suggests itself; if P. wztens, Web., is ‘“ab-
solutely sterile” how does it cross with other species? Perhaps
occasionally (though rarely), on hybrids usually sterile, mature fruits
are found.

Ascherson and Graebner may have been misled by the plate of
P. falcatus, which, though admirably representing the form figured,
hardly gives a good idea of the plant as a series of specimens
represents it.

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 123

Scotch botanists should look for this fa/catws. It may be said to
resemble zzfens and heterophyllus in habit, but with the barren
branches more like some small form of ad/fznus.— ARTHUR
BENNETT.

Pyrus Aria, £r;i.—Does this occur anywhere in Scotland under
conditions that would give reason to regard it as indigenous. It is
common by roads and in pleasure grounds, where it has evidently
been planted ; and it is also not uncommon in woods in the lowlands,
but, so far as I have seen it, only where it might readily have sprung
from seeds carried by birds from planted trees. It may be
mentioned that in N.E. Scotland it is usually called “‘ Mulberry,” the
name ‘“‘ White Beam” never being used. It frequently grows along
with the Rowan or Mountain Ash (?. Aucuparia) ; and an evident
hybrid (P. pennatifida, Ehrh.) occasionally accompanies the parent
species. What extremes of height of girth and of stem at say five feet
from the soil, have been observed in Scotland?—James W. H.
TRAIL.

Bladderworts (Utricularia) in Seotland.—Although Bladder-
worts can scarcely be called common plants in Scotland they are
plentiful in a good many pools and swamps, and probably are more
frequent than might be supposed from their recorded distribution.
They are readily overlooked, owing to their growing under water,
often concealed among larger plants or by floating alge. They
appear to flower very irregularly, years passing without a trace of
flowers ; but occasionally numerous plants flower simultaneously.
Though U. vulgaris and U. minor are met with in fair amount in
several places near Aberdeen, and are seen by me every summer
rather frequently, and UW. zutermedia is occasionally observed also,
though much more local, I cannot recall finding flowers in more
than three, or possibly four, out of over thirty years’ observation of
these plants in N.E. Scotland. Do they flower more frequently in
other parts of the country. The Bladderworts require careful
scrutiny, as the species are hard to identify in absence of flowers,
and their distribution in Scotland is in great need of careful re-
vision with adequate material—JAmeEs W. H. TRAIL.

Corrections.—Unfortunately, to our great regret, Mr. Druce’s
“Notes on the New Edition of Babington’s ‘Manual of British
Botany’ ” had to be printed from an uncorrected proof, and there are
several errors in the spelling of scientific names; but for the most
part these are too evident to cause risk of misunderstanding. A
few, however, would convey a false meaning, and the following cor-
rections must therefore be specially noted :—

Page 48, line 29, insert = between “ H. zolacea (Boreau)” and
“ H. sessilifolia (Peterm)” ; and on Ze 30 insert = between
© Hf, atrorubens (Schultz)” and “HZ. ovals (Bab.).”

124 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Page 50, dine 9, for ‘“‘kyrtosstyla” read “kyrtostyla” ; and “ine 11,
for “ Z. monogyna” read ‘‘ C. monogyna” ; line 17, transpose
““baltica” and “ uliginosa.”

Page 51, “ine 1, for ‘‘ Aerrafalcus” read ‘‘ Serrafalcus.”

Correction.— Kindly correct a mistake in my ‘Contributions
toward a Flora of Caithness,” in which, under Deyewxza neglecta, on
page 42, line 29, I have written ‘‘Shoolbred ” instead of ‘‘ Rev. H.
J. Riddelsdell.”—Ar. BENNETT.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural
History which have appeared during the Quarter—January-March 1905.

[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable and
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the
sources of information undermentioned. ]

ZOOLOGY.

WiLp Cats IN Ross-sHirE. A. J. M‘Connochie. Zhe Field,
14th January 1905, p. 73.—Records the capture of a specimen in
Strath Cuileinach, weighing 14 lbs. and measuring 49 inches in
extreme length.

THe LitrLeE SHREW IN ABERDEENSHIRE. George Sim.
Zoologist. January 1905, p. 31.—Example found by Miss D.
Hamilton at Skene House in October 1904.

THE AFFINITIES OF THE ORKNEY VOLE (MICROTUS ORCADENSIS,
Mittais). C. J. Forsyth Major. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Fist.
March 1905, pp. 323-324.—Refers this interesting new British
mammal to the same sub-genus of Microtus as the Common Field-
Vole (AZ. agrestis).

THE Paciric E1IpER IN ORKNEY. Hy.S. Zhe Field, 4th February
1905, p. 190.—Records a specimen shot at Graemsay, on 14th
December, by George Sutherland, and sent to a Scarborough dealer.
The bird had been identified by Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe and
exhibited at the British Ornithologists’ Club.

Another note on this occurrence is given by H. W. Robinson,
pe wida, coin Hebruary 1905, Pp: 27 7:

INSECTS ON THE Fire Coast. J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc.
Ent. Record, January 1905, pp. 23-25.—An interesting note,
referring to a large number of species of Lepidoptera taken during
the month of August 1904.

CURRENT LITERATURE 125

PLATYPTILIA PALLIDACTYLA AT DuMrrRiges. W. G. Clutten.
Ent. Record, March 1905, p. 73.—-Corrects an identification, the
species being formerly recorded as P. ochrodactyla.

COLEOPTERA IN THE PEEBLES DISTRICT IN 1904. James E.
Black, F.E.S. xt. Record, March 1905, p. 7o0—Records the
capture of 20 species in the vicinity of Peebles, including Salpingus
ater, Sinodendron cylindricum, etc.

COLEOPTERA AT RannocH. ‘T. Hudson Beare. Lut. Mo. Mag.
January 1905, pp. 18-19.—Records 18 species taken in June and
July 1904.

COLEOPTERA TAKEN IN THE FLANNAN ISLANDS BY MR. W.
EaGLe CiLarKe. T. Hudson Beare. zt. Mo. Mag. January
1905, pp. 19-20.—Substantially the same information as that con-
tained in the present volume of the Aznadls (pp. 20-22).

List OF BRITISH DOLICHOPODIDA WITH TABLES AND NOTES
(continued). G. H. Verrall. nt. Mo. Mag. February-March
1905, pp. 50-57.—Numerous Scottish records are given in this
valuable paper.

Two ADDITIONAL BRITISH SPECIES OF THE DIPTEROUS GENUS
ERIGONE, Rop.-Desv. Ernest E. Austen. zt. AJo. Mag. March
1905, pp. 57-60.—Erigone truncata, Z¢¢. noted as taken by Col.
Yerbury at Aviemore and Glenmore in Inverness-shire, and at
Golspie, Sutherlandshire.

BOTANY.

Tue Late GEorRGE BREBNER. By D. H. Scott, F.R.S. Journ.
Bot., 1905, pp. 60-61.—A brief obituary, with references to his work
as an accurate and able histologist and artist in the investigation of
stems of vascular plants, recent and fossil, and of Algae. A native
of Aberdeen, Mr. Brebner died in his fiftieth year, in Bristol, where
he was lecturer on Botany in University College.

Tue FiLora oF BucHaANn. By James W. H. Trail, A.M., M.D.,
F.R.S. Zrans. Buchan Field Club, 1904, 56 pp.—Briefly notes
features of Buchan, enumerates the vascular plants, with indications
of habitats and frequency in Buchan ; analyses the flora by habitats,
and by relations to man’s influence ; discusses probable origins of
flora, and indicates recent additions to local lists.

Notes oN Limonium. By C. E. Salmon, F.R.S. Journ. Bot.,
1905, Ppp. 5-14, 54-59.—-A discussion of the forms of the genus
(= Statice of most British floras), with localities. For Scotland Z.
vulgare, Mill., f. pyramidale, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Wigton and
? Shetland ; Z. Aumzle, Mill., f. xavwm, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and
Wigton.

126 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

NOTES ON SOME ADDITIONS TO THE BOTANY OF AYRSHIRE. By
A. Gilchrist. Aznals of Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers Society,
WOON A PP 13 142%

THE GREATEST TREES OF THE KILMARNOCK DISTRICT, WITH
THEIR Associations. By D. Landsborough. Annals G. K. R.
Soc., 1901-4, pp. 20-36.

ADDITIONS TO THE LisT OF AYRSHIRE FERNS. By A. Laing.
Annals KG. Re S0t., 1901-4, p: 43:

BOOK NOTICES.

THE CAMBRIDGE NaTuRAL Hisrory. Vol. VII. HEmicHor-
paTa. By S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S.; Ascipians and Am-
PHIOxUS, by W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.R.S.; FisHrs, by T. W.
Bridge; s¢.D:, HRS); and GA sBoulenger, ERs. (london:
Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1904.)

This volume fills an important want in modern natural history
literature. Many years have elapsed since a comprehensive treatise
on Fishes has been issued by the British press, and many, great, and
far-reaching have been the discoveries made relating to this great
and varied Class of Vertebrates in the interval. Of the present
volume no less than 589 pages are devoted to the consideration of
Fishes, wherein their systematic position, external characters,
skeleton, internal organisation, muscular and nervous systems,
classification, and finally their systematic treatment under Subclasses,
Orders, Suborders, Families, and Subfamilies, both fossil and recent,
are dealt with. Under these numerous sections a vast amount of
information is afforded ; and Professor Bridge is to be congratulated
on having secured the co-operation and assistance of such eminent
specialists as Mr. Boulenger and Dr. Traquair.

The treatment of the other groups covered by the volume leaves
little or nothing to be desired. Professor Herdman is well known
as the leading authority on the Ascidians, and his treatment of
their anatomy, life-history, and classification is thorough and
masterly.

Dr. Harmer’s contribution deals with a smaller group, but it is
nevertheless an important one, for his section comprises, among
other marine forms, the famous Balanoglossus, whose position in the
animal kingdom as an ancestor of vertebrates has made that worm-
like creature famous in the annals of natural history.

The volume is the most bulky of the series yet issued, for it runs
to no less than 760 pages; and its illustrations are excellent, chiefly
original, and 440 in number.

BOOK NOTICES ey]

PRACTICAL HINTS FOR THE FIELD LEPIDOPTERIST. By J. W.
Tutt, F.E.S. Part iil. Price 6s. net (interleaved). (London, Elliot
Stock; Berlin: R. Friedlander and Sohn.)

This is presumably the concluding part of an exceedingly useful
publication by an author whose energy and zeal for his subject seem
almost inexhaustible. The major portion of the work, which runs
to 166 pages without the blank interleaves (and which therefore
should surely have been issued in a cloth cover!), is devoted to
additional hints arranged month by month, with separate paragraphs
for the main groups of butterflies and moths. The enormous
number of suggestions, so valuable in themselves, are rendered in
this part infinitely more useful and accessible by the addition of an
index, which, by the way, covers also the two previous portions. A
special feature, however, of the present instalment is the series
of chapters of a more general nature, devoted to subjects which are
of the deepest interest to the collector, and about which little of any
practical use has as yet been written. After an introductory chapter
entitled ‘‘ Collectors, Collecting, Collections,” we are treated to a
capital account of the Eggs and Egg-laying habits of these popular
insects, in which the most useful advice is given as to how to obtain
eggs in confinement, how to manipulate and preserve them through
the winter, how to send them through the post, and numerous other
points. Then follows a still more valuable chapter on the preser-
vation, photographing, and description of the eggs, also a chapter on
larvee and one on pupz, in both of which we find information often
required by the student but seldom given in the multitude of works
on Lepidoptera which have appeared in recent years. Like other
contributions to entomological science by Mr. Tutt, the present work
is characterised by its thoroughness, accuracy, and extreme lucidity.
In short, we can safely say that we have seldom seen so much in-
formation of real practical use got together into such a small space,
and this fact, coupled with the happy idea of interleaving the work,
should inspire and encourage the novice and experienced collector
alike to the making of original observations. Every entomologist
should possess these “ Hints,” and although the price at first sight
would seem somewhat large, yet we can assure the lover of moth or
butterfly that he will get full value for his money. Our readers’
attention should also be directed to the beautiful photographic
plates (of which there are seven) accompanying the text of the
introductory chapters. og Hen G.

AN ACCOUNT OF THE BritisH Hieracta. By W. R. Linton,
Vicar of Shirley, Derby. London: West, Newman and Co., 1905.
Mr. Linton has been well known for several years as one of the
few that venture on the critical study of the genus Hieracium; and
he has turned his knowledge, wide and precise—gained in their
habitats and from herbaria and books, to the help of British

128 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

botanists in the issue of this most useful volume. The monograph
is intended to give adequate descriptions of the forms named with-
out such descriptions in the ‘London Catalogue, ed. ix., or dis-
covered since in Britain, thus filling gaps left by Mr. F. N. Williams
in his treatment of the genus, in ‘‘Prodromus Flore Britannice.”
Mr. Linton discusses the origin of the abundance of forms on record,
and states reasons for the view that few if any are due (as permanent
forms) to hybridity. In his garden over a hundred different forms
have been cultivated many years and have reproduced themselves
freely ; yet no hybrids have shown themselves. The true causes of
the numerous forms he regards as the inherent tendency to variation,
and climatic influences, such as altitude, soil, humidity, exposure, or
shade—influences peculiarly active in mountain regions. Hawk-
weeds, he considers to be ‘exceedingly plastic and mobile,” and
“highly susceptible to the influences of environment.” The char-
acters derived from branching of inflorescences and from recepta-
cular alveoli are discussed. A synopsis of the genus occupies pages
1 to 8; while 86 pages are assigned to descriptions of the several
species and varieties, with notes on features of special interest, and
brief indications of the distribution of each form in Britain.

Only those that must be regarded as not owing their place in
Britain to man’s aid are noticed, yet the number recognised as
species amounts to 124, and the varieties and subforms of some of
these are numerous. Several forms are described here for the first
time, some of these being named by the author, others by the Rev.
Augustin Ley. The monograph will be found indispensable by
every student of the genus Hieracium.

The Annals

of
Scottish Natural History

No. 55] 1905 [JULY

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE LOG-BOOK
OF GHEE BEN, NEVIS, OBSERVATORY.

Communicated by R. T. Omonp, Esq.

[WE are indebted to Mr. Omond for the following extracts
relating to Natural History culled from the Log-Book of the
Ben Nevis Observatory from 1872 down to the date of the
closing of the Station.

These items, dealing as they do with the various animals
inhabiting or visiting the highest point in the British Islands
(4406 feet), have an interest peculiarly their own. As the
information relating to the various species is necessarily
scattered throughout the records, the following short
summary has been prepared, dealing with the different
species of Vertebrates mentioned. A few other species are
known to have occurred, and these have been added in
order to make the contribution as complete as_ possible.
These additional species are given within square brackets,
along with the reference to literature in which they are
recorded. |

MAMMALS.

[PicMy SHREW (Sorex minutus). —Shrews were frequently caught
and brought in by the Observatory cat (‘‘ Scot. Mountaineering
Journ.” vii. 173).. A specimen captured on the 25th August

55 B

130 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

1896, and sent to Eagle Clarke, belonged to this species, as no
doubt did the others. |

Fox (Canis vulpes).—Not an unfrequent visitor to the summit and
its neighbourhood.

Stoat (Mustela erminea).—A resident species, and evidently not
uncommon.

WEASEL (Mustela nivalis).—Some, perhaps all, of the records in the
Log relating to this animal refer to the last-named species.
It is said, however, to occur at the very summit (‘‘Scot.
Mountaineering Journ.” vil. p. 172). We should like confirma-
tion of the occurrence of this species at or near the summit.

Brown Rar (dZus decumanus)—Has been observed on _ three
occasions—on the 18th of May 1892, on the 26th April 1901,
and on the roth January 1904.

Common Mouse (J/us musculus)—No doubt a number of the
references to this species in the Log really refer to the Field
Vole. In the “ Mountaineering Journal” (4c. p. 172) this
little mammal is said to have been captured in the Observatory
where it has probably been introduced.

FIELD VoLE (M@icrotus agrestis)—A common resident. It has been
captured on several occasions in the Observatory buildings,
and had probably established itself there. Specimens have
been sent to the Royal Scottish Museum for identification.

Mountain Hare (Lepus variabilis). — Has been seen on the
summit on several occasions. It is abundant at lower levels.

Rep DEER (Cervus edaphus).—One was seen near Buchan’s Well
(3500 feet) on 11th March 1902. Some of the eastern
slopes of the mountain lie within the Corryhoillie deer-forest.

BIRDS.

RAVEN (Corvus corax).—Frequently seen at all seasons.

Sparrow (Passer domesticus)—A Sparrow was observed on the
roof of the office of the Observatory on 12th September 1898.

““REDPOLL” [? Twite].—One is logged as having been seen on
15th September 1894.

Snow Buntinc (Plectrophenax nivalis). — The most frequently
observed of the higher animals. It is resident, and observed
all the year round. Several pairs nest in the vicinity of the
summit. Their nests, however, have not been found; but the
young birds have been seen on several occasions.

Reppreast (L7ithacus rubecula).—One seen at the Observatory on
the 21st of April 1893.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FROM BEN NEVIS OBSERVATORY 131

[Mrapow Pipir (Axchus pratensis).—In the “Scot. Mountaineering
Journ.” (4¢. p. 173) this species is said to be abundant, but it
is not stated whether it occurs at or near the summit of the
mountain. |

Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus).—Has been heard on several occasions
in May and June. On the 23rd May 1898 one was found
dead on the snow at over 4200 feet.

“ Hawks.”—There are several entries of the visits of ‘‘ hawks,” and
a Sparrow-hawk (Accipiter nisus) is recorded for 11th August
1899. In the majority of cases, perhaps all, these visitors
were most probably Merlins (4a @salon). Colonel Fielden,
who ascended the Ben on the 27th of August 1896,
found the remains of three male Snow Buntings recently
killed, most likely the work of a Merlin (“ Trans. Norfolk and
Norwich Nat. Soc.” vi. p. 245).

GoLDEN EacLe (Aguila chrysaétus).—Is alluded to occasionally in
the Log. Mr. Raeburn remarks (“Scot. Mountaineering
Journ.” vii. p. 172) that a pair is usually to be seen on the
north-east precipices.

PrarMIGAN (Lagopus mutus).—Is occasionally seen on the summit,
and is abundant rooo feet below. Grouse (Z. scoticus) have
been seen at over 3500 feet, z.e. above Buchan’s Well.

INSECTS.

There are a number of entries in the Log relating, in general
terms, to the occurrence of Insects. Mr. W. S. Bruce, when
stationed at the Observatory, made several collections, and these
were submitted to experts to report upon, and the results published
in our pages. These dealt with the Coleoptera (see ‘‘ Annals,”
1896, pp. 28-37; and 1898, pp. 30-31) and Hymenoptera and
Hemiptera (0f. cit. 1896, pp. 165-168; and 1898, pp. 80-81).

BOTANY.

[Short accounts of the plant life appeared in the “Trans. Norfolk
and Norwich Nat. Soc.” (vi. pp. 245-247) by Colonel W. H.
Fielden, C.B., and in the “Scot. Mountaineering Journ.” (vii. pp.
171-2) by Mr. Terras.—Ebs. |

The hours are according to Greenwich time, midnight being the
24th hour.

1892.

February 13.—Two Snow Buntings seen at the cliff at 8 hours,
the first this winter.

132 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

February 26.—A Snow Bunting seen at the door of the Observatory.
March 23.—A Mouse! was seen in Snow porch at 23 hours.
March 26.—A Snow Bunting seen in Snow porch to-day.

March 27.—A Mouse seen in the Snow porch.
Foggy or overcast all day. The coldest day yet observed
at Ben Nevis Observatory. Mean temperature 8°.1. Slight
showers of snow.

May 18.—A large Rat seen on roof at 1 hour.

1893.

January 10.—A Stoat was trapped inside the Observatory to-day.
It was pure white—all but two inches of the tail, which were

black.
february 6.—A Snow Bunting seen this morning near the
Observatory.

february 21.—Shortly after 12 hours six Snow Buntings were seen
at M‘Lean’s Steep, a few hundred yards to the westward of
the Observatory.

March 20.—At 11 hours a Snow Bunting seen near the doorway.
March 22.—A Snow Bunting seen again this morning at 11 hours.

April 21.—A Redbreast seen on office roof at 5 hours.
Sky almost cloudless. Light S. and S.E. winds. Tempera-
ture 37° to 47°, and air dry.
July 26.—A Ptarmigan was seen on summit to-day.
September 4.—Two or three Butterflies? were seen on the summit
to-day.
No fog, and air very dry. Sky covered with high cirrus in
forenoon, but clear after 15 hours. Haze gradually thickening
all afternoon.

LVovember 9.—A Mouse was seen in lobby of telegraph room.

1894.

January 6.—A Snow Bunting seen at porch to-day.

March 19.—Mouse seen and caught, as it was quite tame, but was
let off again.

March 24.—Snow Bunting seen at 15 hours, and a Mouse in Snow
porch at midnight.

1 Some of the references to Mice undoubtedly refer to the Field Vole
(Microtus agrestis).

2 Mr. Bruce has seen the Tortoise-shell Butterfly (Vanessa urtice) at the
summit.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FROM BEN NEVIS OBSERVATORY 133

June 2.—Two Ravens seen at 6 hours.
June 7.—A Mouse seen in doorway at 11 hours.

September 7.—A covey of five Grouse seen above Buchan’s Well
(3500 feet) this afternoon.

September 15.—A Redpoll was seen on a ledge of rock near the
north cliff this afternoon.

November 4.—At 5 hours a Mouse seen in front of the house.

December 5.—About 16 hours 30 minutes a Stoat seen at scullery
window, yellowish white in colour with black tip to tail.

1895.

March 12.—A Mouse was caught alive in the kitchen to-day.

April 15.—A Snow Bunting was seen at 5 hours, the first noticed
on the summit this year. Throughout the day it was seen
several times, and four were seen at 13 hours. A Raven was
seen at that hour also.

June 13.—Footprints of a Hare seen round the Observatory, and
traced for 300 or 400 yards southward.

June 17.—A very white plumaged Snow Bunting seen.

July 27.—A Common Field Vole (AZcrotus agrestis) was seen to-day
in the vicinity of the Observatory.

July 28.—The Vole was again seen to-day; also five Buntings
together, some of which appeared to be young birds.

July 29.—In the early morning as many as ten or twelve Snow
Buntings, some of which were fledglings, were seen close to the
building.

August 13.—A Common Field Vole was again seen.

August 23.—A Raven was heard at 18 hours, and many Buntings
were seen at 5 hours.

September 13.—Two Ravens were seen at the west end of summit
at 6 hours, and one at 7 hours.

September 20.—A Raven was hovering over the summit and Observa-
tory at 7 hours, and a Ptarmigan was started near the east end
of summit.

October 16.—A Raven was seen at 1o hours.

Summit clear most of the day, air very clear but almost
saturated.

October 23.—Two Ravens seen at 13 hours.

November 2.—Eight Snow Buntings seen at 7 hours, and a Raven
at g hours.

134 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

December 10.—At noon two Ravens were hovering over the summit.

December 20.—While ascending the hill to-day, Mr. W. S. Bruce
saw tracks of a Fox (or Foxes) from the Lake (1700 feet) to
the Plateau of Storms (4000 feet); also tracks of a Weasel at
2500 feet; of a Hare at 2500 feet ; of a Ptarmigan (?) at 2000
feet. He picked up Insects in the snow at 2200 feet (also on
the 18th December at 2500 and 2200 feet ; those at 2200 were
probably Co//embola). At the Plateau of Storms he emerged
from the thick haze which extended to the foot of the hill; at
the top of this haze was a layer of fog which was breaking up
at that time. There was noted what appeared to be the track
of a Fox on the roof and at window of the Observatory which
must have been there all night.

December 31.—At 12 hours 30 minutes the cat caught a Common
Field Vole (A@icrotus agrestis). At 16 hours the fresh tracks
of a Fox were seen in the Plateau of Storms (4000 feet).

1896.

January 4.—Some Flies were observed frozen on the snow to-day.
January 22.—At 15 hours a Raven was seen near the Observatory.

February 8.—Living Flies were seen on the snow to-day, and some
were captured.

february 15.—A Snow Bunting was seen on the roof of the Hotel
at g hours, and two flew round the Observatory at 16 hours,
going over the cliff past the Cairn; another flew past the
Observatory at 16 hours 20 minutes. Flies at 4ooo and
Spiders at 3400 and 4300 feet were observed.
In the afternoon the summit was clear, but fog filled the
valleys to 3000 feet ; later the sky became overcast, and these
clouds settled down as fog on the summit.

February 17.—Snow Buntings and a Raven seen at 3500 feet.

February 18.—A Snow Bunting seen at 16 hours.
There is so little snow on the hill-sides that a horse with a
load of fresh provisions was taken up to the Observatory to-day.

February 20.—Tracks of two Foxes seen at about 4000 feet.

February 21.—Two Snow Buntings and a Raven seen to-day, and
marks supposed to be of an Eagle on the snow near the summit.

February 22.—Snow Bunting seen at kitchen window.

March 11.—Snow Bunting seen at kitchen window at 6 hours, and
during the day many dead Flies on the surface of the snow.

March 14.—Raven seen in afternoon.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FROM BEN NEVIS OBSERVATORY 135

March 30.—Snow Buntings seen about the summit yesterday and
to-day.

April 2.—Snow Buntings seen about the summit to-day.

April 9.—Flies seen on surface of snow, and tracks of a Fox at
about 4000 feet.

April 14.—Snow Buntings seen about summit to-day, and several
Flies on surface of snow.

April 23.—Snow Bunting and a Raven seen ; also several Flies on
the snow.

May 1.—A Raven seen at 11 hours.

May 31.—Snow Buntings were either seen or heard on every day
of the month, and Flies, etc., were almost daily seen on the
surface of the snow.

June 12.—Two large birds, probably Eagles, were seen crossing
Ben Nevis in a south-easterly direction about 14 hours.

July 28.—Eagle seen over the Aonach Beg at 6 hours 15 minutes.
July 31.—Four Ravens seen flying about the summit at 20 hours.
September 4.—A Raven seen near the cliff at 17 hours.

November 15.—Three Snow Buntings seen at M‘Lean’s Steep
(4200 feet) at ro hours 45 minutes; none had been observed
for about a month previously.

November 16.—A Snow Bunting was heard on the roof of the
Observatory at 9 hours, and again at 13 hours.

1897.

January 4.—Ravens were seen at 10 hours and 16 hours, and the
tracks of a Fox were traced from M/‘Lean’s Steep past the
Observatory to the east end of the hill.

January 14.—Tracks of a Weasel (Stoat ?) seen near the Hotel.

January 18.—A great number of Fox tracks were seen on the
Cairn Dearg (3900 feet), and two Ravens were seen there.

March 29.—A Raven seen at 16 hours.

April 1o0.—A Raven seen at 13 hours.

May 18.—Snow Buntings seen in forenoon.

May 20.—Buntings seen at noon, and a Raven at 17 hours.
May 21.—A Raven seen at 1o hours.

May 22.—Snow Bunting seen at 13 hours.

May 23.—Snow Bunting seen at g hours.

May 24.—Snow Bunting seen at 8 hours, and a Butterfly at 11
hours.

136 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

June 4.—The call of the Cuckoo was heard on the south side of
the hill.

June 27.—A Raven seen near the Observatory at 12 hours 4o

minutes.

October 3.—Two Snow Buntings seen near the Observatory door
at 6 hours.

October 14.—Weasel tracks seen near the summit cairn this morning,
and a Raven flying about the east end of the hill.

October 24.—Three Ptarmigan seen at M‘Lean’s Steep (4200 feet)
at 15 hours 20 minutes.

October 25.—Raven and Snow Bunting seen this afternoon.

LVovember 3.—Three Ravens were seen flying about the summit in

the afternoon.
1898.

February 4.—Raven seen at 17 hours; the only bird seen near the
summit for some time. No Snow Buntings have as yet been
noticed this year.

March 7.—The tracks of a Weasel were seen about the windows
this morning.

March 9.—Shortly after 19 hours a Mouse (or Vole) was seen
running across the kitchen floor and into a bedroom, where it
was caught and put into atin box. It was found dead about
two hours afterwards.

April 14.—A Raven seen near the cliff in forenoon, and a Snow
Bunting near the Observatory in afternoon. Numerous Flies
seen on the surface of the snow between the Observatory and

M‘Lean’s Steep.

April 18.—Two Snow Buntings seen in early morning.

April 24.—A Snow Bunting and a Raven seen to-day.

May 16.—Two Snow Buntings were seen at 14 hours, and a Raven
at 16 hours.

May 23.—A Cuckoo was found lying dead on the snow near the
top of M‘Lean’s Steep (4200 feet) at 21 hours.

June 13.—Raven seen at 17 hours.

June 26.—Snow Bunting seen on summit cairn shortly after 16
hours.

July 14.—Spider seen in kitchen at 15 hours.

July 19.—Raven heard at edge of cliff at 20 hours.

July 20.—Snow Bunting heard singing at various times during last
three days.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FROM BEN NEVIS OBSERVATORY 137

July 25.—A young Snow Bunting which the cat brought in
yesterday, alive but injured, died this afternoon.

August 16.—A Sheep seen on summit at 7 hours.

September 8.—Three Snow Buntings seen.

September 12.—A Sparrow seen on office roof.

October 16.—Nine Snow Buntings seen near the hotel at ro hours.
October 17.—Two Buntings seen at 15 hours.

October 28.—Four Ravens seen flying about the summit at 12
hours.

October 29.—Seven Buntings seen at 7 hours.

November 8.—A number of Snow Buntings were seen near the
cliff edge at 16 hours.

November 11.—A number of Snow Buntings were flying about the
summit all day.

November 19.—Snow Buntings seen in forenoon—three or four at a
time.

1899.

January 10.—Raven seen at g hours.
March 30.—Snow Bunting seen at 18 hours.
April 7.—Snow Bunting seen at 16 hours.
April 16.—Snow Bunting seen at to hours.

April 20.—Snow Bunting heard singing at 1o hours, and five
Ravens seen flying about the cliff at 17 hours.

April 22.—Snow Bunting seen at 5 hours, and a raven at noon.
April 28.—Snow Bunting seen at 13 hours.

May 4.—Snow Buntings seen at 17 hours.

May 8.—Cuckoo heard from Buchan’s Well (3500 feet) to-day.

May 9.—A number of dead Flies were seen on the hard frozen
snow surface between the Observatory and M‘Lean’s Steep
between 4 hours and 5 hours.

The cat caught a Mouse (or Vole) in the kitchen.
Apparently there are several of them, as they have been heard
in the building all spring.

May 11.—The cat caught another Vole to-day.

May 12.—Snow Bunting seen at 14 hours.

May 15.—Fox tracks seen in snow at 3 hours.

May 19.—Raven seen flying about the summit at 13 hours.

May 23.—Snow Buntings seen at 8 hours.

138 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

May 24.—Two Snow Buntings seen at the Observatory doorway at
13 hours.

May 27.—Cuckoo heard faintly at 4 hours.

July 27.—The cat caught a Mouse (? Vole) in the scullery this
evening.

July 30.—The cat caught a Mouse in the coal cellar this afternoon.

August 11.—Sparrow-hawk (? Merlin) seen on summit at ro
hours.

August 25.—Two Ravens and two Hawks on and about summit at
5 hours.

September 1.—A number of Snow Buntings were seen about the
summit throughout the day.

September 29.—A flock of Snow Buntings seen at 18 hours.
October 5.—A Raven seen at 15 hours.

October 19.—A Raven seen flying over summit at 15 hours.
November 8.—A Raven seen at 8 hours.

November 9.—Snow Buntings seen at 15 hours.

LVovember 20.—Snow Buntings seen at 17 hours.

December 2.—TVhree Ravens seen at 12 hours.

1900.

January 18.—Two fine Ravens seen at cliff edge to-day.
January 31.—A Raven seen near cliff to-day.

February 1.—Raven seen on summit at 16 hours.
february 5.—TVhree Ravens seen on summit at 14 hours.

February 21.—At 8 hours three Snow Buntings and two Ravens
seen near the Observatory.

March 3.—Between 16 hours and 17 hours two Ravens and a
Snow Bunting were seen.

March 8.—Two Ravens seen at 11 hours.

March 28.—Three Ravens and a Snow Bunting seen in the
afternoon.

May 18.—Snow Bunting seen at 1o hours.

May 22.—A Raven seen near cliff at rr hours.

November 3.—To-day a white Ptarmigan was seen on summit.
November 4.—A few Snow Buntings seen at 8 hours.
November 18.—A Raven seen at north-east cliff.

November 23.—A Raven seen near cliff.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FROM BEN NEVIS OBSERVATORY 139

1901.

January 5.—Raven seen near cliff at 15 hours.

January 14.—Three Ravens seen at the north cliff.

March 20.—Raven and Hawk seen to-day.

March 25.—Eagle seen flying over summit during the afternoon.
April 12.—A Snow Bunting was seen near the cliff to-day.

April 21.—A Raven seen near the Observatory to-day.

April 24.—A Raven seen on the summit in the afternoon.

April 26.—To-day the cat caught a young Rat in the Observatory.

April 27.—To-day a number of Snow Buntings were seen near the
Observatory.

April 28.—A Raven seen at 11 hours.

April 29.—A Raven and a number of Snow Buntings were seen
flying past the Observatory this afternoon.

May 2.—A Raven and a number of Snow Buntings seen to-day.

May 8.—A number of Snow Buntings were seen near the Observa-
tory. The cat caught a Mouse to-day.

May 17.—A Snow Bunting was seen close to the Observatory during
the afternoon.

October 3.—At 16 hours 45 minutes a large Weasel [? Stoat] was
seen going from the Observatory to the Ordnance Cairn.

October 15.—Tracks of a Weasel were seen on the fresh snow this
morning. The snow is about 6 inches deep.

October 29.—At 16 hours a number of Snow Buntings were seen
flying about the Observatory.

November 3.—A great number of Snow Buntings were flying about
the Observatory all day.

LVovember 14.—Shortly after 1 hour a Mouse was caught in the
passage leading to telegraph room.

December 24.—This morning the cat caught a Mouse.

1902.

March t.—At 11 hours two Ravens were seen at the north cliff.
March 9.—A Snow Bunting seen on summit at 11 hours.
March 10.—Two Ravens seen on summit at rr hours.

March 11.—This evening a Deer was seen to the south of Buchan’s
Well (3500 feet), and a Wild Goat on the Cairn Dearg
(3900 feet).

March 27.—A Raven seen at 16 hours.

140 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

March 30.—Six Snow Buntings and a Raven seen this afternoon.

April 12.—After 17 hours several Snow Buntings were seen flying
about the cliffs.

April 18.—A Fly seen on the snow on summit, and a Raven at the
Plateau of Storms (4000 feet).

June 6.—Snow Buntings are now seen daily on the summit.

July 18.—To-day a Vole was caught at the Hotel door while eating
corn along with the horses.

July 20.—In the forenoon two Sheep were seen on the summit near
the Hotel. This is the second time this season that Sheep
have been seen on the top.

September 27.—After 6 hours a Hawk was seen flying over the
summit, and in the evening about a dozen Ravens were flying
about the north cliff.

September 28.—About 6 hours a Ptarmigan was seen flying past the
Observatory.

October 10.—Snow Bunting seen about the summit to-day.

October 11.—Snow Bunting seen at noon.
October 12.—Snow Bunting seen at 11 hours.
October 14.—Snow Bunting seen at 17 hours.

October 18.—Raven seen near cliff at 11 hours. Snow Buntings
heard at 11 hours, and seen at 17 hours.

October 20.—Snow Bunting seen at 9 hours.
October 21.—Snow Bunting seen at 17 hours.
October 27.—Snow Bunting seen at 7 hours.

LVovember 2.—Tracks of Weasel seen near the Observatory tower
to-day.
LVovember 13.—Two Ravens heard on the cliff.

November 17.—A white Weasel (stoat?) seen near thermometer
screen at 16 hours.
November 21.—A white Weasel seen at 14 hours.

November 23.—Tracks of Weasel seen on the snow.
November 24.—Snow Bunting seen at 8 hours.
December 2.—Tracks of Weasel seen on snow.
December 7.—A Raven seen at 13 hours.

December 8,—Snow Buntings seen during the day.

1903.

February 15.—Some Snow Buntings were seen in the afternoon,
and a Raven in one of the gorges of the cliff at 17 hours.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FROM BEN NEVIS OBSERVATORY 141

April 16.—A Snow Bunting seen near the cliff in afternoon.

April 21.—Two Snow Buntings seen on Observatory roof in
afternoon.

April 24.—Snow Bunting seen on tower at 17 hours.
April 25.—Snow Bunting seen near cliff in afternoon.
December 18.—¥ox and Weasel tracks seen on snow this morning.

December 26.—A Raven seen at 16 hours.

1904,

January 23.—Two Ravens seen at M‘Lean’s Steep.
february 5.—Two Snow Buntings seen at 13 hours.
March 5.— A pair of Ravens seen at 11 hours 30 minutes.
March 9.—A Raven seen in evening.

March 20.—Snow Bunting seen at 8 hours.

May 27.—Raven seen at 11 hours near the cliff.

June 19.—Rat seen in early morning, and again at night, feeding
(on spilt corn ?) in front of the kitchen window.

June 23.—A large Hare seen on summit at midnight.
June 26.—Heard call of Ptarmigan and croaks of Raven at 4 hours.
August 10.—Two Weasels seen near the stable in forenoon.

Nothing more noted till the close of the record on rst
October 1904.

NOGES ON GEE BIRDS TOE Si KIEDA.

By Rev. NEL MACKENZIE.
Compiled from his Memoranda by Rev. J. B. MACKENZzIE, F.S.A. (Scot.).
(Continued from p. 80.)

The SHEARWATER [Puffinus anglorum], which is here
called “serabaire” from the way it pats the water, arrives
towards the end of February. About the end of March, or
at times a little earlier, it begins to visit its breeding places.
It makes its nest in holes either under boulders or in holes
like those of a rabbit. It is not, however, till May that it
lays its solitary egg, which it hatches in six or seven weeks.
If the first egg is taken away many of them will lay a second

142 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

time, and if that egg is removed several will lay a third time,
in each case after an interval of fifteen or sixteen days. The
young bird, which is called “ fathach,” is fed in the nest till
it is fledged. It, like the young Fulmar, is also very fat and
is much relished as food. The old birds when fat, which
they often are, are also considered good eating. As they
never leave their holes by day, but always by night, it is
difficult to estimate their numbers, but I believe that they
are about as numerous as the Fulmar. When going away
from the nest, and when returning, it utters a peculiar cry,
and the same sound is frequently heard from the holes during
the day, and is the only sign that the birds are breeding in
your vicinity. When alighting on its return from the sea it
strikes the ground with considerable force, which seems to
stun it fora few seconds. It cannot alight easily on account
of the shape of its wings. These wings are fairly large and
powerful, so that it can fly and manceuvre with great ease,
but at the same time they are of the diving pattern. A truly
aerial bird has wings which, when expanded, are nearly
straight from point to point and have great sustaining power ;
but a diving bird’s wings are, when expanded, crescent-shaped
and have little sustaining power. As the wings of the Shear-
water are fairly large, but still of the diving pattern, they
appear less expanded and more crescent-shaped than those
of any other bird. Hence it is very frequently called
“cromag,” or the crescent-shaped, and from this peculiarity
you can identify the bird a long way off. This shape of
wing, while not adapted for hovering, yet enables the bird to
fly very fast. As the wings are used most frequently for
flying under water, there no sustaining power is required—
only progress forward, and for this a diver’s wings are
admirably adapted. I always heard the people say that the
divers progressed by flying under water, but I was unable
satisfactorily to verify the fact till last year (1840). It is
very seldom that the conditions are favourable for seeing
distantly what goes on under water, but on this occasion
everything was in my favour. I was standing on a high
projecting cliff where the bottom was white sand, the sun
was shining brightly, and the sea was smooth as glass and
wonderfully transparent. There were below me a large

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 143

number of Guillemots and Razorbills, with a few Cormorants,
who were quite unaware of my presence. Some lay on the
rocks near the sea, basking in the sunbeams, while the rest
fished. When they wished to descend they drew their wings
and feathers close to their bodies; but as soon as they got
under water they expanded their wings, but not so widely as
in flying, and flew about with them in that position with great
rapidity and in all directions. They used their wings for
progression as a swimmer would his arms, and seemed to use
their tails for guidance. Their feet were also in motion, and
they caught their prey in their bills. The Cormorants
were further away, and I could not see them so distinctly,
but so far as I could see they moved under water in the same
way. It is because of their way of alighting that the Shear-
waters are most easily and frequently caught. The fowler,
with his trained dog, waits near a place where he knows that
there are several nests. During this momentary halt the dog
pounces upon them and brings them to its master. In this
way a clever dog may catch sixty or seventy in a night.
The wings of the Shearwater, although of a different type
from those of the other petrels, are yet so large that it can
fly about and pick up its food from the surface like them.
At the same time it can, and frequently does, settle on the
water like the Guillemots, and pursue its prey under water
as they do.

The STORMY PETRELS [Procellaria pelagica| arrive in
detachments. At first a few, then more and more, till the
whole body is collected. At first coming they for some time
only hover about the rocks, but gradually they take to resting
upon them by day, and in a little by night also, probably
to satisfy themselves that there is no enemy about. They
never, however, settle quietly or take full possession till about
the middle of March. It is not till then that they are caught
in any numbers. It is here called “aisleag,” the little ferry-
man, from its habit of flying back and forward from point to
point. It lays its egg, which is large, in a hole like that of
the Shearwater, but, unlike it, goes to and fro by day. It
has also the same habit of uttering its peculiar chirping cry
in the hole all day. It hatches for about six weeks, feeds
its young in the nest for about the same time, and leaves in

144 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

September. There are two species of them, the larger having
its tail forked like that of the swallow [LEACH’s FORK-
TAILED PETREL (Oceanodroma leucorrhoa)|. Otherwise they
are similar in appearance and habits. The smaller variety is
more numerous, and frequents all the islands of the group,
while the other frequents only Boreray and the northern part
of St. Kilda proper.

The GANNET [Sza bassana| is here called “ suileire,” the
sharp-eyed. A few birds will sometimes come as early as
the 13th of January, and from that time more and more
gradually arrive. By the end of February only about a
third of the birds will have come, and it is not till the end
of March that they are caught in any numbers, and then
only if the weather is suitable. When they arrive they are
fat and very good eating. Indeed, all the birds which visit
us are only good eating when they are fat, and as a rule the
fatter they are the more palatable. Gradually, as the breed-
ing season goes on, they get leaner, till by the time they
leave us in October and November they are very lean indeed.
They begin to lay about the 1oth of May, and it is very
probable that they all return to their old nests. The nest
is made of grass and small sticks, which are renewed from
time to time as hatching goes on. These materials decay-
ing annually form a small mound which gets yearly larger.
It lays one egg, which the parents hatch by turns for
about six weeks, and then feed the chick for at least
as long. When the young bird is first hatched it is quite
naked, but soon a fine down begins to grow, which gradually
gets very long. When it is about a month old it is called
“ouga,” and looks like a young white lamb. If the first
ege is taken away it will lay a second, and if it is again
robbed it will lay a third time. All of them will not lay
again. You may get ona ledge the first time say twenty
eggs, the second time fifteen, and the third time about
twelve ; of course more than that number may lay again
and select some other place for the new nest, but I do not
think this at all probable. The same rule of numbers
applies to all those birds which lay one egg, and if robbed
lay again at all. After the young are hatched the parents
from time to time line the nest with fresh grass. For this

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 145

work they always choose a windy day, and work on that
side of the island towards which the wind is blowing. You
will see patches quite white with them when so employed.
Frequently when so engaged they seem to get tired and
fall asleep. At such times, if any of the natives happen to
be on the islands which they frequent, they can catch
numbers of them in full daylight. When men are left on
Boreray for some days to get a supply of feathers, if they
want the boat sent to them before the time arranged for,
they dig over a certain green patch as the signal. On one
occasion the boat was despatched in response to such a signal,
but to their mutual surprise found that they were not ex-
pected. It turned out that the gannets had selected this
spot for their grass-cutting and had bared it completely.
Before the young birds leave the nest they have moulted
this early down, and are covered with dark speckled feathers
which at a distance appear black. When it returns in
spring it is distinctly speckled, and is then called by the
same name as the young shearwater—“fathach.” A little
before it is ready to leave the nest it is very fat, but by
the time it is fully fledged it is leaner.

These birds never breed on Soay or on any part of St.
Kilda proper, but only on the islands of the Boreray group—
Boreray, Stacklia, and Stack-an-armin. Martin says that
in his time twenty-three thousand “gugas” were killed
annually, but probably this is only a very vague estimate.
Nothing like that number are killed now. Never since I
came to the island have they killed in any year more than
two thousand “sugas,” and about the same number of old
birds. About eighty of the old birds will yield a stone of
feathers (24 lbs.). Last year (1840) they only secured a
little more than twenty stones. It takes on an average
eighty “gugas” when salted to fill a barrel. In general
they are very fat, but some years they are quite lean and
comparatively worthless. This also is true of all the birds
which frequent the island ; some years they are much leaner
than others. From the information which I got from the
natives, I do not believe that they ever in any one year
killed more than five thousand “gugas,” and from two to
three thousand old birds. There is no reason why they

55 (&

146 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

might not, if they liked, kill in a year five thousand “gugas”’
and four thousand old birds. As their bills are very sharp
and they take a firm hold, it is not safe to seize them in-
cautiously, or you may get your hand badly cut. It is only
on dark, damp nights that it is easy to catch many of them.
The natives of course select such times for their capture,
and in the twilight ascend the rocks very quietly so as to
cause as little alarm as possible. Before going to rest the
different flocks leave several birds as sentinels, which are
very vigilant. While on duty and there is no cause for
alarm, they cry “ grog-grog” incessantly. As these sentinels
must be secured, the fowler crawls up to them very slowly
and cautiously. If the sentinel is in the least alarmed he
changes his notes at once, and the fowler must remain
perfectly still till he again begins his “ grog-grog,” when he
may resume his cautious advance. If they are successful
in capturing the sentinels before they have taken alarm and
uttered their third or danger call, they may secure large
numbers, but if not instantly the whole flock is on the wing
and will not again settle quietly that night. If, however,
successful, they have only to cautiously advance and secure
one by one the resting birds. They must be seized firmly
by the neck and pressed to the ground while you twist the
neck, lest they alarm the rest. Sometimes the birds wake up,
and hearing a little sound but no cry of danger from the
sentinels, are not alarmed, but come slowly up with their
necks stretched out to investigate. These the fowler seizes
as quietly as possible one by one, till sometimes he is able
to kill every one in that flock. This finished they crawl on
to another ledge, and then to another, till they have gone
over all in the vicinity, or have secured as many as the boat
can conveniently carry. As soon as it is day the birds
which have been caught are all thrown down into the sea
and secured by the boat below. They are now off for home,
and on arrival the birds caught are divided equally among
all the families in the island. As no rope can be ordinarily
used, this fowling is rather dangerous work. They may slip
in the dark, or if the wind suddenly rises they may be blown
off the ledges.

The GUILLEMOT [ Uva trozle] is here called “lamhaidh,”

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 147

a handful. It comes early in February, and for a while at
first acts very strangely. For three days in succession it
will come regularly at daybreak to the rocks where it intends
to breed. For the next three days none will .return, but
remain at sea. This it will generally do regularly, but there
are occasions on which it will depart from this curious habit.
About the middle of May it lays a single large egg on the
bare rock. Their eggs are very pear-shaped, which keeps
them from rolling off the sloping ledges. Even as it is,
if these birds are disturbed and forced to rise from the nest
many of the eggs will roll over. However, only on such
rare occasions is the egg ever left in danger. Ordinarily,
before the one bird rises the other bird has got secure
possession of the egg. They hatch for five weeks, and then
feed the chick on the rock for two or three weeks. After
this they take it down to the sea. As the chick is not
nearly fledged, and the nest is in the more inaccessible
ledges often far from the sea, it is not apparently an easy
matter to get it down, and must cost the parents many an
anxious thought. If the ledge overlooks the sea there is no
difficulty : the parent bird simply entices it to the edge of
the rock and then pushes it over. But this is not often the
case. Generally the ledge is so high up and so situated
that it cannot be got down in this simple way. The parent
bird in these circumstances takes a great deal of trouble to
entice the chick on to her back ; but if this fails she seems to
get impatient, seizes it in her bill and puts it there. Imme-
diately she flies seaward, and by the time that she has got
melleover the Sea, cither she drops it) or 1tfalls off. It 1s
very rarely indeed that she does not get it down safely.
For the next ten days the parents spend a good deal of
time teaching it to swim, dive, and forage for itself. When
its education is finished they all go away, and if they have
been allowed to hatch their first laid eggs this will be about
the first of August. These birds are caught in either of two
ways. Early in the season, when it has been ascertained
that it is their day on shore, two men will go to a likely
place, and as soon as the birds have left the rocks in the
twilight one of the men will lower the other by a rope to
the ledges which they have observed to be most thickly

148 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

peopled. There he has to wait all night while the birds are
away feeding. Just before the earliest dawn he hides him-
self as close to the edge of the rock as possible, and holds
up something white, as a handkerchief, on the rock beside
him. The first comer seems to think that this is a still
earlier arrival, and settles down beside it. It is at once
pounced upon, killed, and held up in a sitting attitude in
order to induce the next comers to settle down beside it.
They return in little flocks of from half a dozen to a dozen,
and out of each the fowler may catch two or three, or if
lucky even more. He goes on in this way till it gets so
light that no more will settle. Sometimes he may not be
very successful, but in general he can catch from sixty to
seventy. The danger here is that in his anxiety to seize a
bird he may overbalance. In general, however, all goes
well, and he is hauled up safely. The other way of capturing
them is with the snaring-rod when they are hatching, and
this way, as they breed in the more inaccessible rocks, is
more dangerous than the other. If these rocks have to be
reached from above it often requires the joint efforts of four
or five men before one can be lowered down step by step to
the required position. If at all possible there must be a
second man stationed not far from him, so that he may be
able to reach the end of the rod, take out the bird, and reset
the snare. He has also to point out where the birds are,
where the best footholds are situated, and make himself
generally useful. Several who have come down so far
together may be in the same way engaged on other ledges.
When they have killed all the birds within reach those
secured are gradually passed to the top, the fowlers follow,
and the spoil is divided. That a rope may break is not a
very common source of danger : much more common is a tuft
of grass slipping from the rock under the foot, or a stone
loosened either by the foot or the rope falling upon those
below. Once when I was with them I had to dress a wound
in a man’s head from which the brain was _ protruding,
caused by a stone falling upon him when fowling on Soay.
He fortunately recovered. These birds are of no great
value. They are not much esteemed as food, and _ their
feathers neither bulk much nor are very valuable. It is the

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 149

same with all the birds of this class as regards their feathers.
The feathers on the under part are close and short, and
those on the upper part thin and deficient in curl. One
Gannet will yield as much as ten of these and of better
quality. They are very social birds, always flying, fishing,
and sitting on the rocks in small companies. They are
extremely numerous, and frequent all the islands of the
group wherever there are suitable breeding places. I have
seen seventeen basketfuls of eggs taken at one time from
Stachbiorrach, and at another time the same season fourteen.
These baskets hold each about four hundred of these eggs.
Stachbiorrach is one of the smaller islets, and as probably
not half of the eggs were robbed, and there are a large
number always which are not breeding, the number
frequenting this islet alone cannot have been under fifty
thousand. Using this estimate and others of a different
kind as a basis for calculating, the total number frequenting
all the islands of the group cannot be fewer than a million.
As no wood of any kind grows on the island these so-called
baskets are made entirely of straw. They resemble large
flat-bottomed beehives, but they are not constructed in the
same way. No string or fibre is used. The straw is twisted
into ropes and woven into shape. They are used for a
variety of purposes, and are wonderfully strong and-durable.
Sacks for storing grain and feathers are also made in this
way. For them the straw is twisted into much thinner
ropes, and they are put together so that they are quite
flexible. The making of straw ropes for these purposes
and for binding down the thatch on their houses occupies
much of the time of the men during the winter evenings.
These eggs are very good eating when fresh. After they
are incubated for a few days most of the egg appears when
boiled to be changed into a rich thick cream, and in this
condition they are also relished. Sometimes eggs, not only
of this species but of some others which have not been
hatched, are found late in the season. Some of these when
cooked look like a piece of sponge cake, have a high gamey
flavour, and are esteemed a great delicacy. Others are as
bad as the most vivid imagination can depict.

The RAZORBILL [Alca torda] begins to arrive about the

150 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

25th of March, and towards the middle of May lays its
solitary egg either in cracks and crevices of the rocks, or in
cairns under flat stones. It sits for five weeks, and very soon
after gets its young down to the sea. It is not so social as
the Guillemot, often breeding in solitude, but more frequently,
when the space admits, in colonies. The egg when fresh is
considered very good eating, but the bird even when in
condition only fairly so. It leaves for the season early in
August. I have heard it said that this bird and also the
Guillemot glues its egg to the rock, but I have carefully
examined hundreds of them, but never could detect anything
of the kind.

The PUFFIN [/ratercula arctica| begins to arrive on the
5th of April. If the weather is dull and damp it will arrive
a few days earlier than if the weather is dry. Hence he is
here called “ buigire,” the damp fellow. But although he does
not come to the island till then, he is to be met with on the
sea not far away in March. At first they visit the shore in
small flocks, but if the weather is suitable they will all come
on shore in a few days. If the weather becomes dry they
will not remain on shore in such large numbers. Also, if the
weather is dull and damp and they are on shore, should it
come on rain, large numbers will go off to sea again just as
if it had cleared up dry. Except of course such as are
incubating, they always frequent in by far the largest numbers
that side of the island on which the wind is blowing. Pro-
bably this is because their powers of flight being limited, they
find it very difficult to rise with the wind or ina calm. At
such times they bump several times against the ground before
they get fairly under way, and if you are active you can
catch several by hand. Soon after their arrival they begin
to visit their breeding grounds, and in a few days start clear-
ing out the old holes or digging new ones. A large number
burrow under boulders, or find suitable holes among the
stones of the many cairns. The others dig holes in the soil
like those of a rabbit. Where the soil is suitable these holes
are often very deep, but where the soil is shallower I have
often broken into them when walking. The parents sit on
their solitary egg by turns for about six weeks. When first
hatched the chick, like those of the Gannet and Fulmar,

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 151

is bare and helpless, but it soon grows a crop of down.
Both parents feed it very frequently, visiting it very often
daily. Each time they bring with them three or four small
fish each held in the bill by the head. The young are
generally very fat, but some seasons when food seems to be
scarcer not so much so. _ It is much relished by the natives.
As soon as it is quite fledged, which, if the nest has not been
robbed, will be about the end of July, they leave the island.
It is by far the most numerous of all the birds which
frequent these islands. There is not a suitable spot any-
where which does not swarm with them. Everywhere you
see them in thousands, while at the same time the air is full
of them coming and going. I estimate that there cannot
be fewer of them than three millions. When they arrive
they are in fair condition, but, contrary to what is true of
most other birds, they get fatter and fatter during the time
of incubating. Afterwards, however, they fall off in condition.
Naturally one would suppose that this was due to their
parental duties. But this cannot be the only reason, for the
large number of birds of the species which do not breed
exhibit the same tendency, and what is still more strange
is, that these idle birds do not improve in condition during
the summer season to the same extent as the breeding birds
do. Selfishness does not pay. The number of birds and
egos of this species taken during a season is incredible.
Men and women, boys, girls, and dogs pursue them in-
cessantly. The dogs show which holes are occupied, when
they are in general very easily got at. A very large number
are caught in a snare which is only used for catching puffins.
It consists of about a fathom of stout cord to which hair
nooses, about nine inches long, are fastened at intervals of
three or four inches. This is stretched out on any boulder
or ledge which the birds are at the time frequenting, and
fastened at the ends. The nooses along the sides are then
carefully opened out to a diameter of about an inch and a
half. The birds which had been disturbed are soon back
again, and being restless little fellows it is not long before
some of them have got their feet entangled in the nooses.
Three or four are generally caught thus before the snare
has to be reset. Sometimes very many more are caught, for

152 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

the Puffin is a very pugnacious little fellow, and when he
finds himself caught attacks his neighbour. In this way a
general fight is started, during which many are caught. On
a suitable day a person with four or five of these snares,
which are as many as he can attend to, may kill several
hundreds. Many of these birds are also caught with the
same rod which is used for snaring some of the other
species. This rod is generally of cane, and about fifteen
feet long, to the point of which a noose of horse hair,
stiffened with strips of quill, is securely attached. In use
this rod is slowly and quietly advanced towards the bird till
the noose can be slipped over its head, when it is suddenly
jerked tight, and the bird instantly jerked away so as not to
frighten the others. An expert fowler can do this so quietly
that he will capture several out of a number sitting together
before the rest are alarmed and take to flight. The only two
birds which can be caught thus at any time are the Puffin
and the Razorbill. The others can only be taken in this
way when they are hatching (ze. incubating). The time when
the Fulmar and the Guillemot can be approached is when
the egg is nearly hatched. The Guillemot will often
remain on the nearly hatched egg till the fowler is quite
near, especially if they are breeding in a rather inaccessible
spot where they are but seldom disturbed. At other times
and places they are warier and not so easily approached. I
have often seen two which had been putting their heads
together caught in the noose at the same time, and at other
times when the noose was being brought into position I have
seen a bird take it in its bill and put it aside. The easiest
time for snaring the Gannet is during the first week after
the young are hatched. At this time they are so tamed by
their parental affection that they can almost be taken by
hand. Comparatively few, however, of either of the above
species are captured in this way, and those which are taken
are not much worth. There would be no real hardship to
any one if this taking of them off the nest were prohibited
altogether. The natives, who are naturally kind-hearted, are
now becoming so enlightened that I am almost sure they
would make no objection. The Puffin is the bird which is
most easily and most generally caught in this way, and as

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 153

it breeds in holes the breeding birds generally escape.
Hundreds of them are caught in this way for every one of
any other species. There is more variety in their plumage
than in that of any other species. Many of them are speckled
and some almost white, and the natives account for it by
saying that they are those which escape when half plucked.

The BLACK GUILLEMOT [ Ura grylle| is of no value and
not very numerous. In their habits these birds resemble
the Cormorants. They lay one or two eggs in cracks of
the rock just beyond the reach of the waves. Most of them
leave as soon as the young are fledged.

Of the CORMORANTS [Phalacrocorax| there are two
species. They are not very numerous, and they are of no
value. They lay three or four eggs. The nest is not
generally far from the sea, and is made of withered grass in
dark, lonely caves and deep cracks of the rocks. On a
stormy day they all go to the lee side of the island, flying
very high as they change sides.

The OYSTER-CATCHER [Hematopus ostralegus] arrives in
February. At first they go about in small flocks, but as
the season advances pair. They lay three eggs, and as
soon as the young are fully fledged depart. A few remain
all winter, sometimes only one or two. They are at no time
numerous.

KENMORE, PERTHSHIRE.

LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE EDINBURGH (OR
BORDEN): DISTRICK = shUR TEER RECORDS,

By Wivuiam Evans, F.R.S.E.

In April 1897 a long series of records of Lepidoptera taken
by me in this District was published in this Magazine (vol.
vi. pp. 89-110). Since then I have added largely to my
data, but the great majority of the additional material
concerns species already recorded in the paper referred to.
A considerable number of additional species, including six
believed to be new to the Scottish list, have, however, been
met with; and it is the purpose of the present communica-

154 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

tion to place these on record. Further localities for some
of the others are at same time given. During 1904, Mr.
W. Renton, formerly of Hawick, was living at Luffness Mill,
and made some interesting captures which he very kindly
placed at my service.

Among the more noteworthy occurrences of the period
was the outburst—doubtless an immigration—of Humming-
bird Hawk-moths (MJacroglossa stellatarum) in June 1899,
particulars of which have already been recorded by me in
the “Annals” (1899, p. 184, and 1900 p. 54). In Igo
an immigration of Sphznx convolvuli evidently took place,
and in September I obtained two fine larvz on the railway
embankment, west of Dunbar (see “ Annals,” 1901, p. 239,
and 1902, p. 56). Four larve of the Death’s-head
(Acherontia atropos), which was also much in evidence about
that time, were obtained the same autumn (“ Ent. Mo. Mag.
1901, p. 298). In my former paper allusion was made to
the scarcity nowadays of the Meadow-brown Butterfly
(Satyrus janira) in the immediate vicinity of Edinburgh. I
may therefore mention that, in August 1899, I caught one
near Kirknewton, another in Arniston in August 1902, and
in the same month several were seen at Hailes Quarry near
Slateford. In the present series of records, the occurrence of
the Irish Avgyrztzs tarquintella at Gullane is of special interest.

Specimens of most of the species (including all my
“ Micros”) now recorded were kindly verified or named for
me by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett.

The arrangement and nomenclature are, as before, in
accordance with South’s 1884 list. Species believed to be
additions to the Scottish list are indicated by an asterisk.

RHOPALOCERA.
Argynnis selene.—Clackmannan Forest, half a dozen, 13th July rgot.
Vanessa atalanta.—Hybernated examples common in June rgoo.
Thecla rubt.—Clackmannan Forest, a good many, 21st May rgor.

SPHINGES.

Sphinx convolvult.—One found alive at shop door, Morningside,
Edinburgh, 3rd September 1904. See reference above to
rgor records.

LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE EDINBURGH DISTRICT 155

Macroglossa fuciformis, South’s list (¢z¢yws, L.).—Mr. Woodcock has
shown me a specimen of the Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth,
which he found at rest outside of a window at Linkfield
Cottage, Musselburgh, 26th July 1goo.

Trochilium crabroniforme.—Seven moths and several larve taken
on willows at Luffness and Aberlady, July 1898; larvee from
which moths reared, common in willows, near Kirknewton,
April 1899, and Newpark 1go1 (see my note in “ Ent. Rec.,”
1903, p. 23). Have also seen old borings in dead or aged
willows at Braid Burn, Dreghorn, etc., and feel sure the insect
has long been not uncommon in the district, but overlooked.

BOMBYCES.

Cossus ligntperda.—In March last, W. Renton showed me borings
in old willows at Luffness from which he obtained Cossus larva
in 1904, and he kindly gave me a moth he had reared.

Bombyx quercus, v. calluncee.—Larva, Cowie Moss, near Bannockburn,
18th June 1904; pupa, Kelphope, Lammermoors, October
1902.

Drepana lacertinaria, and D. falcataria.—Larve of both were
obtained at Aberfoyle in September 1897.

Notodonta dicteoides.—Larve off birch, Aberfoyle, September 1897.
NV. dromedarius—One moth, Dalmahoy Hill Moss, 6th July,
1903; larva, Oakley, Fife, August 1898; larve, common,
Aberfoyle, September 1897. M. ztczac.—Eight larve off
willows, Heriot, 29th July, 1897.

Phalera bucephala.—Larve off alder, Aberfoyle, September 1897.

Cymatophora or.—Larve off poplar, Luffness, 1904 (Renton).

NoctTué.

Acronycta leporina.—Larve. off birch, Aberfoyle, September 1897.

A. tridens.—Larva, Luffness, 1904 (Renton).

A. menyanthidis.—Larva off willow, Aberfoyle, September 1897.
A, rumicis.—Larve not uncommon on Rumex acetosa, Strathyre
and Balquhidder, August and September 1902.

Apamea fibrosa, Hb. (= deucostigma, Staud. cat.).—One, among bog-
myrtle, Aberfoyle, 13th September 1897. This is the speci-
men referred to in Barrett’s ‘‘ Lepid. Brit. Isles” (iv. 59), as
taken by me “in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh.”

Caradrina morpheus.—Luffness, 1904 (Renton).

Agrotis obelisca.a—Aberdour, one, 1st September 1900; Kinneil,
one, August Igol.

156 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Noctua dahlit,—One, in firwood, Strathyre, September 1902.

Panolis pintperda.—The Forest, Clackmannan, larvee off fir, July
IgoT.

Teniocampa gracilis—Aberfoyle, one taken, others seen, rst June

1897 (“Annals,” 1897, p. 258), several, end of April 1gor.
T. pulverulenta.—Larve, Aberfoyle, May 1896.

Xanthia flavago.—Many reared in tg02 from larve on willow
catkins, Drumshoreland and Penicuik.

Cirrhedia xerampelina.—One on ash, Luffness Park, September
1904 (Renton).

Dianthecia carpophaga.—Larve, Elie, July 1go1.

flecatera serena.—Several on tree-trunks, Luffness Park, in 1904
(Renton).

Aplecta prasina.—One, Balquhidder, August 1902.
Gonoptera libatrix.—Larve on willow, Balquhidder, August 1902.
Plusta festuce.—Several, Morningside, July 1899; Aberlady, 1904.

GEOMETR#.

Epione apiciaria. — One at light, Kingshouse, Strathyre, 5th
September 1902. .

Ennomos alniaria, L. (ttlaria, D.L.).— $, at light, Kingshouse,
Strathyre, 21st September 1go2.

Guophos obscuraria.—One, Aberdour, August 1900; Pettycur, a
good many, July rgot.

Dasydia obfuscaria.—Hillside, near Balquhidder, one, 21st August
1902.

Venusia cambrica, — One, Luffness Woods, July 1904 (from W.
Renton).

Acdaha fumata.—Clackmannan Forest, common, 13th July 1gor.

Panagra petraria.—Clackmannan Forest, several, May 1900.

Antsopteryx escularia.—Pass of Leny, two, 17th April 1goo.

Larentia flavicinctata. — Common on rocks, Balquhidder hills,
August 1902. JL. olvata. — Several in ravine on hillside,
Balquhidder, August 1902.

Eupithecia subfulvata.—One, Luffness, 15th July 1898; several,
1904. £. helveticaria.—Several larve off juniper, Kelphope,
Lammermoors, 11th October 1902.

Lobophora carpinata.—Callander, common, April 1900.

Thera juniperata, v. scotica.—Common on juniper bushes, Kelp-
hope, Lammermoor Hills, 11th October, 1902; also same

LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE EDINBURGH DISTRICT 157

day, a few on junipers, Long Yester, Haddingtonshire. The
day was cold but bright, and the moths took occasional weak
flights when the sun was at its highest.

Cidaria miata.—Menstrie Glen, 15th October 1901.

Carsia paludata, v. imbutata.—Several, Aberfoyle, July 1900;
common at Lochs Dow and Lurg, Cleish Hills, 11th August
Igoo.

Anaitis plagiata.— Balquhidder, common, August 1902.

Chestas spartiata.—Larve off broom, Balgeddie, near Loch Leven,
June 1904.

Tanagra atrata.—Kirknewton and Newpark, common, July 1900;
Arniston, several, August 1902; Castle Campbell, Dollar, a
few, July 19or.

PYRALIDES.

Spilodes sticticalis.—Luffness Links, half a dozen, 27th july rgor
(see my note in “ Annals,” 1903, p. 53).

Hydrocampa nympheata,— Pond near Drumshoreland, common,
4th July 1901 ; larve, common on pond at Bridge of Allan,
June rgo1. WZ. stagnata.—Inverkeithing, July 1898 ; Cullalo,
common, June 1900.

PTEROPHORI.

Platyptila ochrodactyla——St. David’s, Fife. common, July 1902.
Var. dertrami.—Otterston, one, July 1895; Kirknewton, July
1899.

CRAMBI.

Crambus margaritellus. — Aberfoyle, abundant, July 1900; Dow

Loch, Cleish Hills, common, August 1goo.

Phycis fusca.—Forest Mill, Clackmannan, common, July rgot, and
on railway bank near there, July 1903.

TORTRICES.

Peronea rufana.—Aberfoyle, common, May 1897 ; one, September.

Penthina betuletana. — Balquhidder, one, August 1902. te
marginana.—Aberfoyle, 30th July 1goo.

Sericoris littoralis (littorana)—Isle of May, several, 22nd July
1897. S. vivulana.—Aberfoyle, common, July 1900. S.
micana.—Meadow at Heriot station, abundant, July 1897

Sciaphila chrysantheana.—Falkland, one, August 1895.
Capua favillaceana (ochraceana, D.L.).—Aberfoyle, 2nd June 1897.

158 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Grapholitha nigromaculana.—Gullane Links and North Queensferry
common, July 1897.

Pedisca bilunana.—Ravelrig Toll Moss, one on birch, 7th July
1903; Malleny, Balerno, several, roth August 1904.

Coccyx argyrana.—Roslin glen, one on tree-trunk, 6th June 1goo.

Stigmonota internana.—Blackford Hill, common, 24th June 1897.

Dicrorampha consortana.— North Queensferry, one, 28th June,
1900.

Pyrodes rheediella.— Locally common in June; Heriot, 1898 ;
Aberlady, 1899; Edinburgh, 1goo (K. J. Morton); Dirleton,
1900; Gullane, 1901.

Tortricodes hyemana.—Between Dalhousie and Whitehill, common,
roth March 1898; Roslin Glen, common, March 1go00.

TINE.

Lemnatophila phryganella.—Gifford, 24s, 26th October t1go1 ;
Morton, near Edinburgh, g, 5th November rgot.

Tinea pallescentella.—In house, Morningside, July 1go1.

Lampronia quadripunctella. — Pettycur, one, June 1895; Castle
Campbell, July 1902.

Incurvaria pectinea—Near Thornton, common, 24th May t1goo;
Newpark, May 1901.

Micropteryx purpurella.—Castle Campbell Glen, a few, April 1897 ;
Hawthornden, common, 16th April 1898. AZ. semipurpurella.
Castle Campbell, one, April 1897... JZ unimaculella. —
Callander, May 1894; Castle Campbell, common, April 1897 ;
Culross, one, April 1901.

Nemophora swammerdamella.—Aberfoyle, a few, 3rd June 1897;
Clackmannan Forest, common, 21st May 1901. M. schwarzz-
ella.—Aberfoyle, a good many, June 1897; Clackmannan
Forest, common, May 1901; Polton, one, June 1gor.

Adela viridella—Clackmannan Forest, fairly common, 21st May
tg0t; Polton Woods, ¢, 29th May 1902. A. fibulella.—
Larch grove, Balerno, June 1897; Markinch, common, June
rtgo1; near Loch Fitty, common, roth June 1905.

Swammerdamia spiniella.—Newbattle, one off sloe, 2oth July rgor.
Prays curtisellus, v. rustica,—W inton, East Lothian, one, July 1895.
Cerostoma costella.— Aberfoyle, several, 11th September 1897.

*Depressaria propinquella.—Lufiness sandhills, common, September
1896. D. angelicella.—Reared from larve off Angelica sylvestris,
near Gorebridge, July 1897. D. flavella, Hb. (=Uiturella,

LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE EDINBURGH DISTRICT 159

D.L. zon Hb.).—This is the D. “turella of my former list.
D. alstremeriana.—\Liberton, several, 31st March, 1903;
Bo’ness, April 1900 (R. Godfrey).

Gelechia (Lryotropha) desertella.—\Luffness Links, one, August
1896; Isle of May and North Queensferry, July 1897. G.
confints—One, Morningside, May rgoo.

Lita (Gelechia) obsoletella (considered by some only a variety of
atriplicella).—Bass Rock, common among A?érviplex, 19th June
1go1. JL. ethiops.—Fir wood near Midcalder, 5th May 1900
(‘‘Ent. Mo. Mag.” 1900, p. 159). L. marmorea.—lisle of
May, July 1897.

Teleia proximellan—Aberfoyle, June 1897; Bridge-of-Allan, June,
and Thornton, July rgo1, off birch ; Cowie Moss, July 1903.
T. seqguax.—North Queensferry, June 1900. TZ: dodeceHla.—
Forest Mill, July 1901.

*Argyritis targuiniella (probably not specifically distinct from
putella) —Common on bare rocky spots, Gullane Hill,
Haddingtonshire, 5th and 21st July 1898. Determined by
Mr. Barrett. Seems to be recorded only from E. Coast of
Ireland.

* Nannodia hermannella.—Musselburgh, one off herbage by side of
wall, rrth July 1903. A little gem.

Monochroa tenebrella —Pettycur, Fife, one, June 1897.

Pleurota bicostella.—Cowie (Bannockburn), Moss and Brucefield
Moss, July 1903.

Dasycera sulphurella.—Blackford Hill, June 1899; Gullane, June
OOF CG.

Pancalia leuwenhoekella.—One, Alva, 3rd May 1897 ; Largo Links,
a good many, 26th May rgoo.

Glyphipteryx thrasonella.—North Berwick and North Queensferry,
July 1897; Aberfoyle, July 1900; etc.

Argyresthia conjugella.—\arch Grove, Balerno, one, June 1897.
*A. semifuscaa—Near Kirknewton, a good many off rowan,
May 1895.

Cedestis gysselinella.—Clackmannan Forest, common on Scotch fir,
13th July rgo0r ; Cowie Moss, 4th July 1903.

Gracilaria tringipennella——Blairadam, common in meadow, June
1901. G. auroguttella.— North Queensferry, several, July
1897.

Ornix scoticella—Larch Grove, Balerno, common on rowan, June
1897.

160 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

*Coleophora solitariela.—Pupa cases common on stones, etc.
among Sc/ene maritima on the Bass Rock, June 1899 and
1go1; moths emerged in July. *C. meniacella, Sta. (muehligi-
ella of Meyrick’s Handbook ?)—Reared from cases off wooden
fence, Morningside, October 1900 and 1g02. Determined by
Mr. Barrett.

Laverna muscella.—On grassy bank, Aberdour, a good many, 16th
August 1900. JL. dacteella.—North Queensferry, June 1900.

Chrysoclysta schrankella.—Luftness Links, a few, on iris, July 1808.

Elachista kilmunella.—¥ala Moor, common, 17th July, 1897.
E. zonariella.— Heriot, one, July 1897. £. luticomella.—
Polton, June, rgor.

Lithocolletis ulmifoliella.—Aberfoyle, May 1897 ; Corstorphine Hill,
May 1901. LL. alnifoliella.—Dollar, 1st May 1897 ; Dalmahoy,
common, May 1898. JZ. messanie//a.—Blackford Road, Edin-
burgh, 1900 (K. J. Morton); near Alloa, May 1rgoo1.

Lyonetia clerckella.— Bridge-of- Allan, May 1900; Culross, April
1901; Balerno, May 1905.

Cemtostoma scitella—Morningside, several, June 1898.

Opostega crepusculella.—Marlpit, Davidson’s Mains, a few, August
1898.

Nepticula myrtillella.—Bavelaw Wood, on bilberry, 29th May, 1900.

THE TARDIGRADA ©F THE FORTH VALLEY:
By James Murray.

THIS short list of Tardigrada, found in the valley of the
Forth, is entirely drawn up from material collected by Mr.
Wm. Evans, and sent to me for examination. The localities
where the collections were made are all in the lower part of
the Forth valley, and at no great distance from Edinburgh.
About a dozen forms were observed. The number of
species cannot be definitely stated, as several of the forms
seen were not in condition to be determined with certainty.
It is also uncertain how many of the species of Tardigrada
which have been described can really claim to be good
species. Owing to the insufficiency of the earlier descrip-
tions, and our ignorance of the life-histories of all but a few
species, it is likely to prove that the same animal, at different

THE TARDIGRADA OF THE FORTH VALLEY 161

stages of growth, has been described several times over
under different names. The study of the Tardigrada has
been greatly neglected till quite recently. The only modern
systematic works of any extent being Plate’s monographic
study (4), 1889, and Richter’s numerous papers. There
can be no doubt that with further work the list of Tardigrada
of the Forth valley could be greatly extended. They are
to be found, it may be mentioned, chiefly among damp
moss, and on such water plants as Elodea canadensts.

Figures in brackets in the text refer to the short biblio-
graphical list at the end.

bkIST OF SPECIES:
Genus ECHINISCUS.

Besides the five species included in the list, several others were
seen, but as they were immature they could not be named,

Echiniscus arctomys, Ehr. (8).—Nether Habbie’s Howe, Pentland
Hills, March 1905, one example.

EF. mutabilis, Murray (7).—Cobbinshaw Moor, April 1905, type,
two eggs.

£. wendti, Richters (6).—Nether Habbie’s Howe, Pentland Hills,
March 1905, several.

£. granulatus, Doy. (2)—In moss (Leucodon) off tree, Rosebery,
Midlothian, February 1905; the one example found differs
from the type of the species in lacking the little spine at the
junction of the tail-piece with the lumbar plate, but being
otherwise typical I see no reason for separating it.

E.. spitzbergensis, Scourfield (5).—In moss, Howgate, near Penicuik,
30th March 1905. This example agrees with Scourfield’s
description and figure in the number and arrangement of the
plates and spines. The second pair of dorsal spines are,
however, much longer. The texture of the plates offers a
peculiarity, also found in all the Loch Morar examples; the
pattern appears to consist of large rings with open (perforate)
centres, instead of the coarse granules seen by Scourfield. I
believe these apparent rings arise by some change of the
granules. Living examples have not yet been seen in Scotland.

Genus MACROBIOTUS.

Only one species of the genus could be named. Cast skins of
one or two other species, containing eggs, were found, but without
seeing the teeth and pharynx they could not be identified.

55 D

162 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Macrobiotus hufelandi, C. Sch. (1).—Frequent, Duddingston Loch
(March 1905), Lochgelly, Midcalder, Roslin.

Genus MILNESIUM.

The only known species of the genus (since JZ. alpigenum, Ehr.,
has been shown by Richters to be identical with J/. tardigradum)
occurred in one collection only.

Milnesium tardigradum, Doy. (2).—Boltonmoor, East Lothian,
April 1905, abundant.

Genus DIPHASCON.

This genus is well represented in the Forth collections. I only
know of three species of the genus previously described. Three
species occurred in Mr. Evans’ collections, and two of these were
new, the third being the type species, D. chzlense.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIPHASCON.

(A) Pharynx nearly round, gullet slender.
(a) Skin smooth, rods in pharynx 4 or 5 in each row.
D. chilense (4).
(6) Skin papillose, embossed, rods in pharynx 3.
D. bullatum, n.sp.
(B) Pharynx narrow, gullet wide or slender.
(c) Gullet slender, pharyngeal thickenings 4. D. scoticum, n.sp.
(zd) Gullet wide, pharyngeal thickenings 3. D. sp7tzbergense (6).
(e) Gullet very wide and short, pharyngeal thickenings 2.
D. angustatum (7).

Diphascon chilense, Plate (4).—Near Aberdour, Fife, March 1905,
one example.

D. scoticum, n.sp. Figures ta to 1c Specific characters.—Large,
hyaline. ‘Teeth curved, widely divergent, with bearers. Gullet
long, slender, flexible portion about as long as the pharynx.
Pharynx narrow, twice as long as broad, slightly narrower in
front ; thickenings four in each row, the first two elongate rods
of equal size, the third a similar but longer rod, the fourth a
small nut. Claws, a long and a short in each pair; the long
claw of one pair much longer than that of the other. Like
D. angustatum in the narrow pharynx, it differs in having twice
as many thickenings in each row and in the long slender gullet.
The general form is also different, lacking the decided anterior
narrowing of D. angustatum. Size, up to zy inch=378p.
Otterston, near Aberdour, Fife, March 1905 (W. Evans);
and in moss, Boltonmoor, East Lothian, April. Since found
in several localities outside of the Forth Valley.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

. Diphascon scoticum, dorsal view.
. The same, teeth, gullet, and

pharynx.
The same, claws.

. Difhascon bullatum, lateral

view.

. The same, dorsal view.

2c. The same, teeth, gullet, and
pharynx.

2d. The same, claws.

2e. The same, optical section about
third legs.

2f. The same, optical section about
first legs.

163

164 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

D. bullatum, n.sp. Figures 2a to 2f. Specific characters.—Short,
broad. Body in section somewhat trilobate, two narrow lateral
flanges separated from the median dorsal mass, the dorsal
portion bearing at each apparent segment of the body a pair of
rounded low prominences; on the anterior part of the body
the processes of each pair touch, behind they are widely
separated. Skin all minutely papillose, papillae larger on the
dorsal bosses. Teeth curved, divergent, with bearers; gullet
long, slender, the flexible portion longer than the pharynx.
Pharynx shortly elliptical, nearly as broad as long; three
thickenings in each row, two equal narrow rods and one small
nut (at posterior end). Claws, one of each pair longer than
the other, and that of one pair much longer. Resembling
D. chilense in the nearly round pharynx and slender gullet, it
differs in having fewer thickenings in each row, in the papillose
skin, and the two rows of bosses on the back. The legs are
short, and the last pair unusually divergent. In moss, south
shore of Loch Leven, 8th April 1905 (W. Evans), two
examples. Size , inch.

WORKS REFERRED TO.

(1) ScHuLTzE, C. A. S., ‘Macrobiotus hufelandi,’ ‘‘Isis” of Oken, 1834,
p. 708.

(2) DovERE, ‘Sur les Tardigrades,’ ‘‘Ann. Sc. Nat.” sér. 2, t. 17, 1840,
p-. 282.

(8) EHRENBERG, ‘‘ Mikrogeologie, 1854,” Atlas, Pl. 35 B.

(4) PuLare, L. H., ‘ Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden,’ ‘‘ Zool. Jahrb.” Bd. III.
Morph. Abt., 1889, p. 537.

(5) SCouRFIELD, D. A., ‘ Non-marine Fauna of Spitzbergen,’ ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.
London,” 1897, p. 791.

(6) RicuTers, F., ‘‘ Fauna Arctica,” Bd. III., 1904, pp. 499 and 506.

(7) Murray, J., ‘Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs,’ ‘‘Trans. Roy. Soc.
Edin.,” vol. xli., 1905, p. 677.

CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER
HEBRIDES. No. 32

By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S.

THE following records, notes, etc., are such as have accumu-
lated since 1895. Dr. Shoolbred’s excellent papers on the
Flora appeared in the “Journal of Botany,” 1895, pp.

237-249, and 1899, pp. 478-481.

1 Nos i <Ann. Scot... Nat. Elist.;. 1892) (pps 56-04). Now 2 Wa wSo5.
pp. 240-247.

CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 165

His collections show that much yet remains to be done
in the islands; and it would seem by Mr. W. S. Duncan’s
researches that the alpine element (noted as so poor by
Babington in 1844) is richer than has been supposed.

THALICTRUM ALPINUM, Z.—‘“‘ Can be gathered in South Harris with
one foot on heaps of seaweed on the shore.” W. S. Duncan.

RANUNCULUS HEDERACEUS, Z.—Stornoway and near Loch Boisdale
in South Uist. Duncan.

R. FLAMMULA, Z., forma MINIMA, A. Benn.—Dry moorland by the
coast, on the west side of North Uist. Dr. Shoolbred, sf.

SUBULARIA AQuaTICA, Z.— South Harris, M‘Gillivray. Two stations
in North Harris (Duncan, sf.). On record for Shetland
(Beeby, sf.) and Caithness (Henderson), but not for the Orkneys.

VIOLA ERICETORUM, Schrader, forma.—Scarp, 1896, W. S. Duncan, sf.
“TY don’t think this is evzcetorum ; I think rather evicetorum x
Riviniana ; but for absolute certainty it would be necessary to
know whether sterile or not.” Mr. Beeby 27 Zitz.

V. Lures, Huds.—Sandhills, Kirkibost Island, 1898, Shoolbred,
sp.; looks like Symez, Baker. Found in Sutherland
(Grant, sf.) and Caithness (Grant, sf.), but not in Orkney or
Shetland.

V. Curtisu, Horster.—Scarp, Hushinish ; North Harris, Duncan, sf.
The Lancashire V. Curtis? was named V. sabulosa, Bor.,’ by
M. Lloyd, of Nantes, France. Lange in “Danske FI.”
p- 654, 1887, refers Boreau’s plant to V. tricolor, var. arenaria,
Sonder, “Fl. Hamb.” p. 137, 1851; and Nyman puts Curtisi?
as a variety of V. /utea, Huds. Of course Forster’s name
precedes all these.

Among these Hebridean Violas there are three distinct
forms, one from Scarp with large flowers like /z/ea, the inter-
mediate (Benbecula), and the North Uist, the last with the
growth of Anglesea specimens, but larger flowers, and also
larger than the Devon Curfisiz, In its mode of growth the
Scarp plant is as diffuse as the Devon plant, but the flowers
are three times the size. The North Uist and Barra specimens
grow in compact masses, and the flowers are larger than in the
Devon plant. In boreal plants the flowers are often large, at
the expense of the foliage. So far as leaves go, they are of all
sizes, breadth, etc., between the narrowest (Lythan Sandhills),
through the next (Braunton Burrows), to the wide leaves of
Irish specimens. All these forms are wholly yellow-flowered.

1 “Notes et obs. quel. pl. de France,’ 3; ‘‘ Bull. soc. indust. d’Angers,”
1846-53.

166 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

I have seen no Hebridean specimens of the plants called var.
Mackati, though it grows together with the type in Lancashire,
and occurs in Scotland in East Sutherland (J. Grant, s.),
West Sutherland (Hanbury, s/.), also in the Isle of Eigg ! and
Moidart! ‘Taking the series of Curtesit forms from Caithness
to Devon it seems difficult (if not impossible?) to make any
separation of forms. The larger set of forms when placed
together are no more different than the smaller ones placed
together ; each and all can be sorted by the eye, but when
characters are sought they fail.

FUMARIA OFFICINALIS, Z.—TIsle of Barra, 1888. A. Somerville, sf.

F, CAPREOLATA, L. (sensu stricto)—Potato field, Scarp. W. S.
Duncan, s/.

F. conrusa, /ord.—Scarp, W. S. Duncan, sf.; South Uist, A.
Somerville, s#. Sandy meadows near Ballelock, North Uist,
Dr. Shoolbred, sf. The above Fumarias are named according
to Mr. Pugsley’s paper, but not by him.

CRAMBE MARITIMA, Z.—Head of Loch Maddy, North Uist, on
sand, June 1848. D.C. Burlingham.

“Plants, Sea-Kale, Viola lutea, Glaux maritima, Arenaria
peploides, Scurvy-grass.” The above is an extract from the
note-book of Mr. D. C. Burlingham, quoted by Dr. C. B.
Plowright in an obituary notice of him in “Trans. Norf. and
Norwich Nat. Society,” vol. vil. p. 414, 1902. Mr. Burlingham
was a good botanist and ornithologist. He was at Tarbert,
Obbe, Balallan, Loch Erisort, etc. By the kindness of Dr.
Plowright I have ascertained that there is no specimen in his
herbarium. In Scotland the records take it to Islay, one of
the South Hebrides islands, and to Forfarshire on the east coast.
In Sweden it occurs in Skane to Upland, in South Norway
(about 59° N. lat.). It used to occur in ‘ Nylandia” in Finland,
and in Aboensis in the south of that country. That it is a
species gradually becoming rarer on our coasts, seems certain
by the records, etc., of the last fifty years.

SILENE ACAULIS, Z.—Abundant on the western part of the North
Harris range of mountains, W. S. Duncan. Ceartaval at 1800
feet, Duncan, sf. Shetland at sea-coast, Watson, 400-800 feet,
Tate. Orkney, 150 feet, Syme. West Sutherland, 600-800
feet, Marshall. Perth, 1200 feet, B. White. North England,
1200-1800 feet, Baker. ‘On the mountain on the Isle of
Rume called Ascheval, where I found it growing about 1500
to 1700 feet high, July 21, 1764,” Rev. J. Walker,! sf.
Isle of Mull, south side of the entrance of Loch-na-Keal, at

1 Author of ‘‘ Essays on Natural History,” 1812. See ‘*Biog. Index of
Brit. and Irish Botanists,” 175, 1893.

CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 167

about 20 feet above the sea, on the cliffs of Gribon, “ where
in storms the spray may reach it,” Mrs. Crichton to Mr. A.
Somerville. In Arctic Norway it grows at various altitudes
from 1000 to 4050 feet, and blooms from the 8th of June to
12th of September, extending up to 71° 11’ N. lat.

ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA, Z., var. MACROCARPA, Lloyd.—‘‘ F 1. Loire-
Inf.” 1844=A. Lioydit, Jordan. Sandy meadow, Balelone,
North Uist, Dr. Shoolbred !

Drosera ANGLICA, Huds.—Near Loch Arynuish and Lainvagha in
Lewis, Gorrie. Queried for Shetland in ‘Top. Bot.,” 1883,
but found by Mr. Beeby (s/.) in 1889.

GERANIUM RoBEeRTIANUM, Z.—Among large stones, foot of cliffs,
2 miles east of Awhuinnsuidh, W. S. Duncan. Shetland,
Beeby, 1890; thus on record for all the counties of Scotland.

RaDIOLA LINOIDES, Roth.—Eye Peninsula, Lewis, Gibson, sf.

Sandhills, Kirki-

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, Z., var. MARITIMA, JZarss.
bost Island, North Uist, Dr. Shoolbred.

Vicia syLvatica, Z., forma SUBROTUNDATA, miht.—Rocky coast of
Scarp, off Harris, in the north of the island, where it grows
in some quantity, festooning the steep cliffs in places, W. S.
Duncan, sf.

Contrasted with specimens from Obbe, North Harris (W. S.
Duncan, sf.), the Scarp plant looks very different, with its
small subrotund leaflets, giving the plant more the look of
some forms of / sepium, Z. From the mainland examples
the specimens differ in the less portion of the peduncle occupied
by the flowers (4 only as against $ usually), the calyces are
much more strongly veined, and the teeth longer and more
attenuate.

In Caithness examples I find the majority of the flowers
with well-defined holes at the base of the calyces, but I have
been unable to find any cause. Mr. Scott-Elliot gives two
humble bees, Bombus muscorum and B. hortorum,! as visiting
this species, but does not mention how they act with regard
to the flowers.

V. Cracca, Z., var. ARGENTEA, Meyer, in “Hann. Mag.” xxil.,
LOZ epeL 7 t= Ve cucana.e. null. Els Panis 1799, p. 307.—
Kirkibost Island, North Uist, Dr. Shoolbred, s/.

LATHYRUS PRATENSIS, Z.—Obbe, Duncan, sf.

RuBUS SAXATILIs, Z.—Scarp, North, South Harris, W. S. Duncan.

ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS, Z., var. 6, ALPESTRIS, Pohl. “Tent. Fl.
Bohem.” p. 152, 1810= A. alfestris, Schmidt, “ Fl. Bohem.”
I cent. 3, p. 88, 1794.—Obbe in Harris, W. S. Duncan, sf.

1 «* Flora of Dumfriesshire,” p. 50, 1896.

168 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

The only form I have as yet seen from the Outer Hebrides.
Dr. Shoolbred records A. vulgaris, L., from North and South
Harris, but I have not seen specimens.

A. atpina, Z.—On Ceartaval at 1800 feet, Duncan, sf. “‘ High-
lands at 450 feet,” Watson, ‘Comp. Cyb. Brit.” p. 166, 1870 ;
“200 feet in Westerness,” Macvicar, “Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edin.” p. 179, 1899. Not recorded for Orkney—a curious
absentee.

A. ARVENSIS, Z.—Fields in Scarp, W. S. Duncan.

SAXIFRAGA OPPOSITIFOLIA, Z.—Harris mountains in the east, middle,
and west. North gully just behind stream, Ulladale, at 600
feet. On Husival More (1603 feet), but a short way above
the base with Oxyria rentformis. 7 7oo feet in Westerness,
Macvicar.

This saxifrage remains 151 days in flower in Norway.!

S. STELLARIS, Z.—At 400 feet in Glen Ulladale, W. S. Duncan.
700 feet in Westerness, Macvicar. 450 feet in Wales, Watson,
“Comp. Cyb. Brit.” p. 180, 1870. Less than 600 feet in W.
York, Lees, “Fl. W. York.” p. 788, 13838:

CHRYSOSPLENIUM OPPOSITIFOLIUM, Z.—W. Tarbert, Harris, W. S.
Duncan, sf. Not recorded from Shetland.

CaucaLis ANTHRISCUS, Auds.—Harris, W. S. Duncan. In E.
Sutherland, but not in W. Sutherland, Orkney, or Shetland.

VALERIANA OFFICINALIS, Z.— North and South Harris, W. S.
Duncan,

CARDUUS HETEROPHYLLUS, Z.—Obbe, Duncan, sf. This is the
ordinary form of the species, with undivided finely dentate
leaves. The form with the leaves much cut into segments?
seems rare in Britain. There isa sp. in the “ Brit. Mus. Herb.”
(Forster’s herb) from the Isle of Mull; and I have it from
Inverness (W. A. Nicholson, sf.), and a very extreme form (or
a hybrid with lanceolatus?) from Forfar (E. S. Marshall, s/.).
In this the anthodes (5) are agglomerated at the apex of the
stem, which is leafy up to the lowest anthode, and the leaves
are all cut into narrow segments to within two lines of the
midrib. Dr. Williams (‘ Prod. Fl. Brit.” 2, p. 50, 1901) says
“ascends to 500 metres,” but it certainly grows up to 2500 feet
in Perthshire.?

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, Z.—Some of the Hebridean specimens of
this seem as much referable to the var. /avata, Koch, as to
alpestris. Koch refers the A. Sezdlert, Presl., to alpestris

1 Norman, ‘‘ Norges Ark. Fl.” ii. p. 300, 1895.
2 Var. lactniosum, Norrl. (sub. Cirsium), ‘‘ Herb. Mus. Fenn.” 103, 1889.
3 <¢ Flora Perth.” p. 190, 1898.

CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 169

‘“secund spec. Opizianum”; assuming this to be correct the
Hebridean specimens will hardly agree in some parts, while in
others they do, as in the involucres. Hartmann, “Skand Fl,”
ist ed. p. 319, 1820, has a var. vi//osum; in his 11th ed. he
gives Koch’s /avata, with no mention of his former variety ;
but I cannot see how they differ. If they are the same,
Hartmann’s name was given 17 years before Koch’s. Com-
paring these specimens with Shetland (var. a/pestris) and
Caithness specimens, I believe the Hebridean plant to be
var. vid/osum, Hartmann, and not var. a/festris.

SENECIO JAcoBaa, Z., var. DISCOIDEUS (Koch).—Scarp, near houses,
W. S. Duncan, s/.

SAUSSUREA ALPINA, JC.—Plentiful at 400 feet in Glen Ulladale,
Harris, W. S. Duncan, sf.; West Sutherland at 800 feet (Miller) ;
Caithness about 50 feet (cliffs) (Horn); Shetland, 800-1500
feet (Tate).

LEONTODON AUTUMNALIs, Z., var. SORDIDA, Bab. (Oporinia autum-
nalis, Don, var. sordidus, Bab., “Man. Brit. Bot.” 2nd ed.
p. 189, 1847).—A large gross form of the plant, for which I
can find no earlier continental name. One of Opiz’s Seznam
names (1852) may apply to it, but it is a name only, Scarp.

LAPSANA COMMUNIS, Z.—Scarp, W. S. Duncan.

HIERACIUM RIVALE, /. /. Hanb.—Cliffs, South Ben Lee, North
Uist, Dr. Shoolbred.

H. sinuans, /. /. Hanb.—Barra, Somerville, “ Monog. Brit. Hierac.’
pts 7 56; 1600.

H. FARRENSE, & J. Hanb.—Rocks in Scarp, 1891, W. S. Duncan,
sp.

H. auratum, /7.—Shore banks, mouth of harbour, Scarp, W. 5.
Duncan, sf.

H. ricipuM, Hartm., var.—Ben Eaval, North Uist.

)

H. RETICULATUM, Lindeb.—River Creed, Stornoway, Col. Rimington.
H. piripum, A7¢—North Uist, Dr. Shoolbred.
‘© H. rricum abnormal,” “7. Hanbury in litt.—Scarp !

Losetia DortTMANNA, Z.—Loch Arynuish, Gorrie.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Uva-ursI, .Spveng.—Obbe, Duncan, sf. This, with
East Sutherland (Grant, sf.), completes the northern distribution
in Scotland.

VACCINIUM ViTIS-ID#A, Z.— Plateau upwards of r1o000 feet
(Strome, Ulladale, at 1398 ft.), near Ullaval, North Harris,
W. S. Duncan, sf.

170 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA, Z.—Scarp, W. S. Duncan.

V. SCUTELLATA, Z.—Obbe, Harris, W. S. Duncan.

DIGITALIS PURPUREA, Z.—Tarbert, Harris, W.S. Duncan. Wanting
only in Shetland to complete its comital distribution in Scot-
land.

MELAMPYRUM PRATENSE, Z., var. PURPUREUM, C. /. Hartmann,
“Svensk och Norsk. Excursions Flora,” rst ed., 1846.—On
Ullaval, above rooo feet, plentiful, W. S. Duncan, spf A
small, pretty form of the species, recorded in Sweden from
Skane to Gottland. As found on Ullaval it is 2 to 3 inches
high when in full flower, of a deep purple, with the seed-leaves
still attached.

SAMOLUS VALERANDI, Z.—Obbe, Harris, W. S. Duncan, sf.

MyosoTis REPENS, Yonx.—By small lakelet on south side of Glen of
Obbe, S. Harris, W. S. Duncan, sé.

7 MENTHA VIRIDIS, Z.—Garden escape, Scarp, W. S. Duncan, sf.

STACHYS PALUSTRIS, Z.—In several fields in Scarp it is so plentiful
as to greatly injure the crop, Duncan 77 /7?z.

AJUGA PYRAMIDALIS, Z.—QOn Ronaval (1502 feet), South Harris,
W. Macgillivray, in “Sys. Arr. Brit. Pl.” p. 243, 1840.

LAMIUM HyBRIDUM, V7//.—Frequent in fields in Scarp, Duncan.

UTRICULARIA MINOR, Z.—North of West Loch Tarbert, Harris,
Duncan, sf.

ATRIPLEX PATULA, Z., var. SERRATA, Symie.
way, W. J. Gibson, sf.

OxyRIA DIGYNA, /777/,—Glen Ulladale, at 400 feet, W. S. Duncan.

Arnisch, near Storno-

POLYGONUM HYDROPIPER, Z.—Obbe, Harris, W. S. Duncan. Want-
ing in Orkney and Shetland.

P. Rau, 4ab.—North Harris, W. S. Duncan, sf., Hushinish. Occurs
in Mid (Macvicar, sf.) and South Ebudes (A. Somerville, s/.),
and said to be common in Shetland (Edmonston’s “ Flora”),
but I know of no confirmation of this. Rare in Sweden and
South and North Norway; in Finland occurs at Hanjo, and
in eight localities in the “Isthmus karelicus,” with Cazz/e and
Salsola. European authors spell the name Aayz, Rajit, and
Ratt; the last is what Babington has in ‘Eng. Bot. Supp.”
t. 2805 (Aug. 1, 1837), and in the 1st ed. of his ‘“ Manual,”
p. 259, 1843. Hooker referred this to P. Roberti, Loisel,
but according to Dr. Meisner this is made up of specimens of
P. aviculare, ., P. littorale, Link., and P. Rait, Bab. Grenier
and Godron (“Fl. Fr.” iii. p. 82, 1885) refer it to P. “torale,
Link., var. B latifolium, G. et G., and say, “ Bab. Prim. FI.
Sarn. 87, et exsicc! Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2805.”

CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 171

RuMEXx optusIFOLius, Z.—Garra-na-hina, Lewis, Gorrie.

SALIX HERBACEA, Z.—On Ceartaval at 800 feet. On all the hills
of North and South Harris; also in Scarp from 750 feet to
tori feet, the highest point in the island, W. S. Duncan, sf. ;
680 to 710 feet on Fair Isle, Shetland, E. Straker, sp. ;
600 feet, St. Kilda, Barrington, sf.; Shetland, 938 to 1470
feet, Tate ; Donegal, Ireland, at 870 feet, Hart. The altitudes
of the Fair Isle and St. Kilda specimens are the lowest recorded
in Great Britain.

LisTERA ovata, &. Br.—Bare pastures in Scarp, North Harris,
Duncan.

ORCHIS ERICETORUM, Zinton.—Isle of Barra, 1888, A. Somerville,
Sp.

HABENARIA ViRIDIS, &. Brv.—Kirkibost Island, North Uist, Dr.
Shoolbred! On Ceartaval to 1600 feet, W. S. Duncan, sf.

RUPPIA ROSTELLATA, Aoch.—North Harris, Duncan.

Juncus triFipus, Z.—Ullaval, at 1500 feet; Ceartaval, on the
top at 1807 feet plentifully ; North Harris, W. S. Duncan, sf.

Luzu.a spicata, DC.—With the last on Ceartaval, W. 5. Duncan,
Sp.

PoTaMOGETON crRispus, Z.—Small loch on Baleshare Is., Shoolbred,
sp. Shetland, an error? Not an Arctic species ; rare in Finland
and South Norway. Reported for Iceland by Lindsay and
Gliemann, but I have seen no specimens; and Groenlund
(“Islands Flora,” 1888) and Stefansson (“Flora Islands,”
1go1) do not give it.

ScIRPUS MULTICAULIS, S7.—N. Harris, opposite Scarp, W. S.
Duncan, Sf.

S. LACUSTRIS, Z.—Obbe, Duncan.
S. RuFus, Schrad.—Obbe, Duncan.
CAREX ARENARIA, Z.—Scarp, W. S. Duncan.

C. paucirLora, Light.—North of West Loch Tarbert; Obbe,
Harris; heathy ground near Castle of Auchinasuidh, North
Harris, at 150 feet, W. S. Duncan, s/.; in West Sutherland, at
300-400 feet, C. S. Marshall, sf. ; Tyne Province, England, at
450 feet, J. Thomson, sf. ; Ireland, at 1000 feet, Lett, sf.

I have no note of the height it occurs at on Morven,
Caithness (Hanbury, sf.). It is reported from Orkney (New
List in “Scot. Nat.” 1883, p. 73), but not from Shetland.

C. TERETIUSCULA, Good.—Balranald Marshes, Dr. Shoolbred, sf.
In West Sutherland and Caithness, but not on record for
Orkney or Shetland.

172 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

C. PALLESCENS, Z.—Obbe, Harris, Duncan.

C. spicuLosa, /”., var. HEBRIDENSIS, Av. Benn.—This grows with
Schenus nigricans, Molinia, Rhynchospora alba, Heath, etc.
Messrs. Groves remark,! ‘‘It seems to lack the asperous
prolongation of the midrib to the glume characteristic of that
species.” This is the reason why I called it a variety, and to
this Dr. Almquist agreed. Being probably a hybrid, and
with the same derivation as sficulosa, it seemed better to do
that than to give it a name as a species.

C. timosa, ZL. (seg.).—North of West Loch Tarbert, W. S. Duncan ;
Caithness, but not on record for Orkney or Shetland.

C. ricIDA, Good.—With Salix herbacea at 800 feet and upwards in
Scarp, W. S. Duncan, sf.; at 1650 feet in Cheviot and
Durham, Tate and Baker; 1440 feet in Sutherland, Watson ;
800-1400 feet in Shetland, Tate ; 1000 feet in Donegal, Ireland,
Hart, s%. So far as I know these are the lowest altitudes at
which C. rig¢da has occurred in the British Isles.

[C. parapoxa, JV7//d.—Should occur in Scotland. It extends in
Sweden north to Ostersunds Lan, but is not on record for
Swedish Lapland. In North and South Norway, and in
Finland, up to 66° North Lat. ]

C. FLacca, Schreb., var. ACUMINATA (= C. acuminata, Willd., Sp. iv.
p. 300, 1805; C. glauca, Murr., var. serrulata, ‘‘ Biv. stirp.
rar.” iv. p. 9, 1806; C. glauca, Murray, “ Prod. fl. goet.,” has no
existence, ¢este Mr. C. B. Clarke).— North Harris, W. S.
Duncan, sf.

PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS, Z7iz.—South coast of Scarp, W. S.
Duncan.

y+AVENA FATUA, Z.—About potato and corn fields in Scarp, W. S.
Duncan.

DESCHAMPSIA FLEXUOSA, Z777., var. MONTANA, /fook, fi/.—Oreval
and Ullaval, North Harris, W. S. Duncan, sf.

[D. piscoLor, Roem. and Sck.—Should occur in the Outer Hebrides.
It occurs in West Sutherland (Linton, sf.) and in Shetland
(Beeby, s/.).]

CATABROSA AQUATICA, Beauv., var. LITTORALIS, Parn.—lIs this the
same as var. 8B uniflora, Gray, “Nat. An. Brit. Pl.” p. 133,
1820, and ‘var. 6 subtilis, Took, “Brit. FL? p, 36, “né3d
Scarp, W. S. Duncan, sf.

FESTUCA RUBRA, Z., GENUINA, sub-var, ARENARIA, /Zacke/.—Ullaval,
North Harris, W. S. Duncan, sé. # vubra, L.—The only
heights given by Watson for this species in “Comp. Cyb.

1 Babington’s ‘‘ Man. Brit. Bot.” 9th ed. p. 462, 1904.

CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 173

Brit.” pe 4o0,nare = liyney to -2i50 yards; Elumber, to: 200
yards. The following may be quoted: 1500 feet, West York-
shire, Lees; 2600 feet, Outer Hebrides, Babington; 3500
feet, Mid Perth, Macvicar; ‘‘ All levels,” F. B. White, “ FI.
Perthe ae @odst: only, ) Baker) ine ““ILake Flora” Ireland,
County Down to 1600 feet, Stewart and Praeger.

AGROPYRUM ACUTUM, &. e¢ S.—Scarp, W. S. Duncan, sf., éeste
Hackel. The distribution in the North of Scotland of A. acutum
and A. pungens is very uncertain. Some specimens seem to
differ from both, and yet not to agree with 4. 7unceum.

PHEGOPTERIS DRyopreRis, /ée.—Obbe, North Harris ; Scarp, 1899,
one very luxuriant clump, W. S. Duncan, sf.; not in Orkney,
whence P. polypodioides, Fée, is recorded.

CRYPTOGRAMMA crRIsPa, 2. £7.—Middle of the North Harris range,
W. S. Duncan.

OsMUNDA REGALIS, Z.—Loch Arynuish and Larvagha, Gorrie. “In
good plenty in Shetland,” Beeby, 20/8/1gor.

OPHIOGLOSSUM VULGATUM, Z.—Scarp, W. S. Duncan; var. foly-
phyllum, Braun. Scarp, W. S. Duncan, sf. ; also on St. Kilda,
Barrington !

LycopopIUM ALPINUM, Z.—In North Harris, but rather scarce,
W. S. Duncan.

(A remarkable absentee from the Outer Hebrides is JZ.
clavatum, L. It surely must occur; but I can find no record
of it. It occurs in Sutherland, Caithness, Orkney, and
Shetland. )

EQUISETUM SYLVATICUM, Z.—Pretty frequent in the North of Scarp,
W. 5. Duncan, sf.

IsOETES ECHINOSPORA, Duv.—Loch a little south of Tarbert, W. S.
Duncan, sf. ; Scarp, 1897, Duncan, sf. ; in West Ross (Ewing,
sp.) and West Sutherland (C. S. Marshall, sf.).

[Z. dacustris, L., occurs in Shetland (Beeby), but is not on
record for Orkney. |

NITELLA CONFERVACEA, A. Braun (N. GRACILIS, var. CONFERVACEA,
Breb.)—To this the Messrs. Groves! now refer the V. Vordsted-
tiana, H.and G. Groves, = JV. batrachosperma, A. Br. (name only).
They also give it for the Lakes in Ireland. It is a very rare
species, and one of the smallest and most delicate of the
order.

The following species are remarkable as absentees
from the Outer Hebrides, the numbers placed after the

1 In Babington’s ‘‘ Man. Br. Bot.” 9th ed. p. 539, 1904.

174 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

names are the census of counties in which they are on
record.

Arabis Thaliana, Z.—103. Veronica hederefolia, Z.—101.
Stellaria Holostea, Z.—111. . Chameedrys, Z.—111.
» graminea, Z.—111. Mentha arvensis, 7.—111.
Fragaria vesca, Z.—111. Mercurialis perennis, Z.—109.
Geum rivale, Z.—100. Betula alba, Z.—110.
Conopodium denudatum, Roch. Festuca pratensis, Z.—97.
—IIit. Lycopodium clavatum, Z.—99.

Asperula odorata, Z.—110.

CROYDON, DECEMBER 1904.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECHIONS TO THE TOPO@-
GRAPHICAL BODANY OF SCOTLAND:

By James W. Hi TRA, A.M.) MoD: FoORSS.

IN this journal, during the years 1898, 1899, and 1900, I
endeavoured to give in the briefest possible form an abstract
of the distribution, so far as then known, of all plants grow-
ing in Scotland not evidently in cultivation. Their distribu-
tion was indicated by the methods used by Mr. H. C. Watson
in his “ Topographical Botany of British Plants,” the counties,
or parts of counties (“ vice-counties”), being numbered from
72 to 112 inclusive. These divisions, though not natural,
are so familiar otherwise, and have been so generally made use
of in past records, that they offered considerable advantages
in the attempt to sum up what was known. [I also sought
to ascertain as far as I could, and to indicate, the claims of
the several plants to be regarded as “native” or existing in
Scotland apart from human agency. Rubus and Heracium
formed the subjects of separate papers in this journal, and
Salix was unfortunately omitted by mischance.

In dealing with so great a multitude of figures it was
inevitable that errors should occur, both of omission and of
commission ; and in estimating the claims of doubtful species
to be accepted as “native” one is naturally impressed by the
conditions familiar to oneself, and may misjudge the evidence

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 175

for or against afforded by other localities. Of the existence
of such errors, of commission as well as of omission, careful
revision has made me only too fully aware, and I very much
regret their occurrence, and have felt that they ought to be
pointed out and corrected. But since 1900 much fresh
information has been gained and made known regarding the
distribution of the flora of Scotland in this journal, in the
“Journal of Botany,’ and in the publications of various
Societies. I have also to thank several friends for letters
containing valuable notes, and personal observations have
added considerably to my knowledge of the plants of north-
eastern Scotland.

As the following pages will show, these additions and
corrections affect by far the greater number of the species
already mentioned, and they will also include mention of a
large number of additional species detected in Scotland
within recent years, even though all but a few of these addi-
tions must be regarded as mere “casuals,” unable to retain
their place for more than a brief time. So long as they are
clearly recognised and indicated as casuals, it is well to note
their presence, even if but to note the fact that they have
failed to acquire a footing when brought into the country in
some way. Many species now well established in Scotland
(e.g. Mimulus Langsdorfiz, now so abundant in ditches and
by streams) must have passed through the “casual” stage in,
perhaps, a not very remote past ; and it is desirable to record
when they were first observed, and how they gained their
place against adverse conditions.

For convenience of reference the names have been re-
tained as given in the former paper, except where evidently
erroneous determinations.

The term a/zez is used to denote a plant that owes its
presence in Scotland to human agency, whether intentionally
introduced for use or ornament, or unintentionally, as weeds
mixed with cultivated plants, or by the operations of industry
or commerce. <A/zens include (1) plants of cultivation, most
of which die out soon, unless intentionally protected and
favoured by man; (2) colonzsts, or weeds of ground under
regular cultivation, which die out when such cultivation
ceases, though difficult to extirpate while it is continued ;

176 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

(3) dentzens, or plants capable of surviving and of forming a
permanent part of the flora beyond the limits of cultivation,
and after it has ceased; (4) casuals, or plants unable to
propagate themselves or to retain their place for more than
a brief period.

These four conditions of permanence are not easily
separable, a species frequently belonging to different grades
in different districts, or being wzazzve in certain districts and
clearly an adzex in others. It is often almost impossible to
determine with certainty whether a species is za¢zve or merely
a denizen. Where there is a reasonable certainty that the
species is alex in Scotland its name is printed in italics ;
but where there is room for doubt the name is printed in
ordinary type, and the mark f, or cas., follows each vice-
county in which it appears to be alien.

The presence and distribution of the aliens, and the
sources from which they have been brought, throw curious
lights on the commerce and social conditions of Scotland in
the past and present.

It seems desirable to repeat here the equivalence of
numbers and areas used in the former articles, accepting
H. ©. Watson's areas :—

West Low.Lanps.—72, Dumfries; 73, Kirkcudbright; 74, Wig-
town; 75, Ayr; 76) Renfrew; 77, anak.

East LowLanps.—78, Peebles; 79, Selkirk; 80, Roxburgh; 81,
Berwick ; 82, Haddington ; 83, Midlothian or Edinburgh; 84,
Linlithgow.

East HiGHLanps.—85, Fife and Kinross; 86, Stirling; 87,
West Perth and Clackmannan (as far as in Forth basin); 88,
Mid Perth (from West Perth to rivers Tay and Garry); 89,
East Perth (east of rivers Tay and Garry); 90, Forfar; 91,
Kincardine ; 92, South Aberdeen; and 93, North Aberdeen,
separated by watershed passing east and west through Inver-
urie; 94, Banffshire; 95, Elgin; 96, East Ness (including
Nairn and Inverness-shire, draining to North Sea).

West HiGHLANDS.—97, West Ness (including Inverness-shire drain-
ing to Atlantic, and Argyll north of Linnhe); 98, Argyll
(between Loch Linnhe and Crinan Canal); 99, Dumbarton ;
noo, Clydew isles (in, Hirth of (Clyde); srox, “Cantire, 5 1602,
South Ebudes (Isla, Jura, and adjacent islands); 103, Mid
Ebudes (Mull, Coll, and adjacent islands) ; 104, North Ebudes
(Skye, Rum, and adjacent islands).

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 177

NortH HIGHLANDS.—105, West Ross (Ross and Cromarty draining
to Atlantic); 106, East Ross (Ross and Cromarty draining to
North Sea); 107, East Sutherland (draining to east); 108,
West Sutherland (rest of county, draining to north and west) ;
109, Caithness.

NortuH Is_tes.—110, Hebrides (west of the Minch) and St. Kilda ;
TiL, Orkneys, 112, ohetland.

(Zo be continued.)

BUNGE GATHERED IN THE PARISH OF
FORDOUN, KINCARDINESHIRE.

By JoHn Mason.

SOME of the leathery or corky species of fungi that grow on
dead wood are perennial ; but all those stalked forms which
we call mushrooms and toadstools are annuals. They are
propagated by minute seeds termed spores, and begin to
appear in August or, in favourable seasons, earlier ; their
number greatly increases in September and October ; they
are much less numerous in November, and by the end of
that month most of them are usually killed off by frost.
Fungi grow in a great variety of situations: some species
are to be looked for in old pastures, others on animal
excrements, but it is in woods that they most abound. The
species included in the following list all belong to the
Basidiomycetes, except the last five, which are Ascomycetes.
The total number of British species belonging to these two
creat orders is said to be upwards of three thousand two
hundred and fifty.

BASIDIOMYCETES.
AGARICINE®.

Amanita aspersa, Fr.—Occasionally seen. Cap warty.

A. muscaria, Fr.—This tall, handsome fungus, the “splendid chief
of the agaricoid tribe,” is very poisonous.

A. rubescens, Fr—Among grass. ‘Turns red when bruised.

A. strobiliformis, Vitt.—Under trees. Cap very warty.

Amanitopsis vaginata, Roze.—A tall and elegant toadstool.

a\e) E

178 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Armillaria mellea, Vahl.—On decaying wood. Gregarious.
A. constricta, Fr.—On the ground. Smells of new meal.
Tricholoma personatum, ¥r.—Among fallen leaves.

T. virgatum, Fr.—Among short grass under trees.

Collybia confluens, Pers.—In woods. Several in a tuft.

C. radicata, Relhan.—On the ground in woods.

C. velutipes, Fr.—On dead trees and roots. ‘Tufted.

Laccaria laccata, Scop.—Gills pink, purple, or violet.

Ciitocybe candicans, Pers—Among decaying leaves.

C. maxima, Gartn. and Mey.—Large species; cap eight inches
broad. I have seen specimens with radially split caps, and
slightly decurrent gills which would indicate C. gigantea, Sow.,
rather than C. maxima.

C. nebularis, Batsch.— Among grass under spruce trees.

C. pithyophila, ¥r.—In woods among fallen leaves.

Mycena corticola, Fr.—A parasite on living trees.

M. filopes, Bull.—Among dead leaves. Cap bell-shaped.

M. vitilts, ¥r.—Among grass. Cap bell-shaped.

MM. pelliculosa, ¥Fr.—Among grass. Cap and stem viscous.

M. leucogala, Cooke.—Stem filled with milky juice.

Pleurotus petaloides, Bull.—On decaying wood.

P. porrigens, Pers.—On dead trees. Gregarious.

P. serotinus, Schr.—On dead wood. Gregarious.

flygrophorus psittacinus, Schaef.—In pastures. Greenish.

ff. virgineus, Wulf.—In pastures. Wholly white.

Cantharellus aurantiacus, Fr.—Among grass in woods.

C. cibarius, Fr.—In grassy places. Abundant.

C. cinereus, Fr.—In a wood.

C. Houghtoni, Phil—tIn a wood. Not common.

C. tnfundibuliformis, Fr.—On the ground in a wood.

Lactarius blennius, Fr.—Among grass in woods.

L. piperatus, ¥r.—Borders of woods. Taste very peppery.

L. plumbeus, Bull— Among grass in a pine wood.

L. torminosus, Schaef. In a pine wood.

L. zonarius, Fr.—In open spaces in woods.

Russula citrina, Gillet.—Very common in the woods.

Le. emetica, ¥r.—On the ground. Common in the woods.

LR. nigricans, Fr.—In the woods. ‘Turns black when old.

LR. rubra, ¥r.—In a fir wood. Local.

Marasmius oreades, Fr.—In grass. The Fairy Ring fungus.

Panus stypticus, Fr—On rotting trunks of trees.

Pluteus cervinus, Schaef.—Probably var. exzmius, the gills being half
an inch wide, and the stem seven inches high.

Pholota aurivella, Bat.—On a heap of sawdust. Tufted.

P. marginata, Batsch.—On the bark of dead trees.

P. squarrosa, Mull.—Near decaying wood. Cap scaly.

FUNGI GATHERED IN THE PARISH OF FORDOUN 179

Gomphidius glutinosus, Schaef.—Under fir trees.

Flebeloma longicaudum, Pers.—In a fir wood.

FHlammula flavida, Schaef.—On a heap of old sawdust.

F. hybrida, ¥r.—On fir sawdust and dead roots.

F. ochrochlora, ¥r.—On sawdust. Densely tufted.

F.. spumosa, Fr.—On or near dead roots. Very viscous.

Paxillus tnvolutus, Fr.—Margin of cap always incurved.

Agaricus (Psalliota) campestris, L.—In old pastures only. I once
met with a form which had all the characters of A. campestris
except that it was growing in a wood, and that its tapering
stem, slightly enlarged at top and bottom, was seven inches
high. It seemed to be var. sz/vecola, Vitt.

A. arvensis, Schaef.—In a grass field. I have seen fifty of these
large mushrooms growing together in a half-circle.

Stropharia eruginosa, Curt.—In woods. Green, glutinous.

S. semiglobata, Bat.—On dung in pastures. Hemispherical.

S. stercoraria, Fr.—On dry dung in pastures.

Lypholoma fasciculare, Huds.—On fir-stumps and sawdust.

Paneolus campanulatus, L.—Near a manure heap.

P. sub-balteatus, Berk. and Br.—On a manure heap.

Psathyrella atomata, Fr.—On the ground among grass.

Coprinus comatus, Fr.—Attains a height of one foot.

C. micaceus, Fr.—On decaying tree-roots. Tufted.

C. niveus, Pers.— On horse-dung in pastures.

C. stercorarius, Fr.—On a manure heap.

POLYPORE.

Polystictus versicolor, ¥r.—On dead wood ; fan-shaped, velvety, with
concentric zones of various colours ; sometimes several plants
combine to form a beautiful rosette three or four inches broad.

Fomes igniarius, Fr.—On dead roots. Perennial.

F., annosus, Fr.—On dead roots. Perennial.

Polyporus acanthotdes, ¥r.—On rotten trunks and roots.

P. betulinus, ¥r.—On fallen birch-trees only.

P. chioneus, ¥r.—On decaying stumps. Pure white.

P. brumatlis, Fr.—On dead branches in winter.

P. fragilis, ¥r.—Turns brown where touched with the finger.

P. squamosus, Fr.—On beech roots ; a large, scaly species.

Boletus estivalis, ¥r.—In a wood. Only one plant found.

LB. chrysenteron, Fr.—In woods, and pastures near woods.

&., edulis, Bull.—Borders of woods. Edible.

LB. elegans, Schum.—Sometimes seen—scarce.

B. flavus, With.—Under trees ; a pretty yellow species.

B. luridus, Schaef.—Turns blue when cut or bruised.

B. piperatus, Bull.—Borders of woods. Taste peppery.

B. pachypus Fr—Turns blue when cut or bruised.

180 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

LB. subtomentosus, L.—At the edge of a pine wood.
Merulius lacrymans, Fr.—On dead trees, also on timber.

HYDNE.

Hydnum repandum, 1..—Plentiful in several woods.
fT. bicolor, Alb. and Schw.—On dead bark. Very thin.

CLAVARIEZ.

Sparassis crispa, ¥r.—Under pines in a wood. Rare.

Clavaria coralloides, L.—White, prettily branched.

C. cristata, Holm.—Shaped like a miniature stag’s horn.

C. fragilis, Holm.—Among grass. White, brittle, tufted.

C. vermicularis, Scop.—Among grass in white tufts.
PHALLOIDEA.

Phallus impudicus, L.—On the ground. Common.

NIDULARIEZ.
Cyathus vernicosus, DC.—On the ground in a garden.
Nidularia pistformis, Tul.—On a dead fir-branch.
LYCOPERDE2.

Lycoperdon echinatum, Pers.—On the ground in a wood.

L. perlatum, Pers.—Common in thickets of fir-trees.

L. bovista, L. (Bovista gigantea, Batsch.)—Among grass. I have
seen five or six of these huge puff-balls in a group, the largest
of which had a girth of thirty-three inches. Rare.

SCLERODERME.

Scleroderma vulgare, Fr. Local. Not seen every season.
S. dovista, Fr.—Among grass, but not common.

ASCOMYCETES.
PEZIZEA.

Peziza aurantia, Fr.—On the ground among trees.
P. vesiculosa, Bull.—On manure heaps.
P. repanda, Wahl.—On an old cinder heap.

HELVELLEA.
Leotia lubrica, Pers.—Among grass near beeches.
XYLARIEZ,

Xylaria hypoxylon, L.—Common on decaying roots.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 181

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.

Greenland Seal taken in Sutherlandshire.—Some time back
I received a sealskin from a Sutherlandshire crofter, who had been
out with me as ghillie in years gone by. It turned out to be the
skin of a Harp Seal or Greenland Seal (Phoca grenilandica). On
learning recently of the rarity of its occurrence on British coasts, I
have made inquiry as to the circumstances attending its capture.
On the last day of December 1903, three lobster fishermen belong-
ing to Loch Nedd in Assynt, when returning from their fishing, saw
a large seal floating on the water, asleep, in the narrows in the inner
part of the loch. They approached very cautiously, and were able
to get near enough to stun it by a blow on the head with a “ foot-
spar” (? boat-stretcher). Though the seal struggled for some time,
they managed to secure it. They say they obtained 4o bottles
of oil from the blubber. The skin measures from the nose to the
beginning of the hind flippers a little over six feet in length. It is
just under five feet in width.— Joun P. Way, Rossall, Fleetwood.

[This rare visitor to the British coasts was somewhat abundant
on the east coast of Scotland in the spring of t904. See ‘ Annals,”
1904, p. 184.—Eps. |

Remarkable Visitation of Migratory Birds to Shetland.—
We have had a great rush of migratory birds, equal in numbers to
that of the r5th of April 1898, but scarcely in variety. On the
evening of the r2th of April, the wind shifted round from the N. to
S.E., and by morning was blowing a strong gale, which lasted until
the 17th. I did not observe any strangers the first day, but after
that they came in great numbers. I have had many birds described
to me by other people, which I believe to be rare, but I refrain
from naming them. The most interesting occurrence was that of a
Hoopoe ( Ufupa efops), an adult male, found dead. The following
is a list of the other species which as immigrants and birds of
passage also came under my notice:—Ring Doves (Columba
palumbus), two; Rooks (Corvus frugilegus), large flocks ; Jackdaw
(C. monedula), one; Redwings (Zurdus tlacus), many ; Fieldfares
(Z. pilaris), many; Blackbirds (Z: meriula), a few; Chaffinches
(Fringilla celebs), a few; Redbreasts (Z:rithacus rubecula), immense
numbers; Hedge Accentors (Accentor modularis), immense numbers ;
Pied Flycatchers (AZuscicapa atricapilla), a few; Pied Wagtail
(Motacilla lugubris), one; White Wagtails (AZ alba), numerous ;
Siskins (Chrysomttris spinus), a few ; Goldcrests (Regulus cristatus),
many, several found dead; Meadow Pipits (Azthus pratensis), great
numbers ; Wheatears (Saxzcola wenanthe), a great many.— THOMAS
HENDERSON, Jun., Dunrossness, Shetland.

[This great movement also came under the notice of Mr. John

182 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

G. Tullock of Lerwick, who reports Redbreasts, Chaffinches,
Greenfinches (Ligurinus chloris), Willow Warblers (Phylloscopus
trochilus), and Rooks as being numerous, some of them especially
so during the period named.—Ebs. |

Bird-Notes from Shetland.—During the five months January
to May inclusive, the weather has on the whole been unsettled, wet,
and stormy. During January the prevailing wind was S.W.,
February W., March S.E. to S.W. (about equal), April N.E., May
W.-S.W. Mean barometric pressure = 29°775 inches at sea-level.
Rain has fallen on 134 days, the total amount of rainfall being
17°68 inches, as compared with 22°19 inches during the same period
last year.

The following is a list of the rarer migratory birds which have
visited us up to date :—

CARRION Crow (Corvus corone).—Five seen along with two Hooded
Crows at Haroldswick at 2 P.M. on 25th February. These are
the first I have seen in Shetland.

Rook (C. frugilegus).—Arrived on 4th March, last seen on roth
April.

Jackpaw (C. monedula).—One seen at 11 A.M, on 3rd February,
another (or perhaps the same one) at the same place on Ist
April.

BLACKBIRD (Zurdus meruda).—Commenced building on 16th April.
Four nests with eggs up to date. Young first hatched on
22nd May.

MoorueEN (Gadllinula chloropus).—One on 28th April.

Snowy Ow (WVyctea scandiaca).—One in grey plumage at Balta-
sound on 4th April.

BuLLFINcH (Pyrrhila europea).—First seen on 19th March at 2.10
p.M. Others in my garden from 16th April to 26th; they
seemed somewhat larger and duller coloured than our usual
English Bullfinch.

LANDRAIL (Cvex pratensis).—First heard on 16th May, seen,
“flushed” by my dog, on 17th May.

GREAT SKua (Stercorarius catarrhactes).—Atrrived on 11th April,
first eggs seen on 24th May, at least thirty-four nests with eggs
on 1st June. One new colony started.

WHITE-TAILED EAGLE (/alvactus albicilla)—One seen at Balta-
sound at 6 P.M. on Ist June.

Between the 16th and 18th of April, there was a fair rush of
the following migrants, viz. :—Chaffinches, great numbers; Bull-
finches, a few; Goldcrests, a few; Pied Flycatchers, a few; Red-
breasts, fair number; Willow Wrens, a few; Redwings, good-sized
flocks (numbers increased on 25th April).

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 183

A few Bramblings and large numbers of Fieldfares arrived on
25th April. I have seen no Redstarts this year.—T. EDMONDSTON
Saxpy, Baltasound, Shetland.

Pied Flyeateher nesting in Midlothian.—A welcome addition
to the instances of a rare species nesting in Midlothian is recorded
this month from a locality near Edinburgh, known to the Editor, but
which need not be here specified. A Pied Flycatcher (AZuscecapa
atricapilla) was first noticed on the 1st May, and a few days later
was seen carrying material for nesting. The nest was found to be in
an oak tree about 12 feet from the ground. As there is every
chance of the brood being reared safely, there is reason to hope that
this nest may be the forerunner of a colony of these interesting
and beautiful birds in the district—Cuas. CaMPpBELL, Cramond
Bridge.

[Mr Wm. Evans informs us that on the 7th June 1885 he found
a pair of Pied Flycatchers building in a hole in an old ash at
Arniston, Midlothian; and that in 1890, a ¢, which he saw in
the bird-stuffer’s hands, was shot on the 13th June at Dalhousie
Castle, a few miles farther down the Esk arenas Dalkeith.—Ebs. |

immature male
Greenland Falcon (/alo candicans) was shot on a farm near Spean
Bridge in March last. It was killed while in the act of attacking
some domestic fowls.—CrciL H. BissHopp, Oban.

Former abundance of Eagles in Shetland.—The annexed copy
of a certificate is interesting, since it affords evidence that in the first
half of the nineteenth century there must have been quite a
number of Eagles in the Islands. Doubtless the “head money ”
was the cause of their decrease and practical extinction.

Copy CERTIFICATE
LERWICK, 24th April 1835.
These certify that the bearer, William Bain, has produced 7

eagles’ heads to me, and is entitled to the premium for destroying
same, which the collector of cess is hereby authorised to pay.

(Signed) WiLL. Mouart,
Commr. Supply.
—Jouwn S. Tuttocn, Lerwick.

Occurrence of the Pacific Eider Duek in Orkney.—An adult
drake Eider, of the species or race found in North-western America
and North-eastern Asia, was shot out of a flock (presumably consist-
ing of common Eiders) at Graemsay, Orkney, about the middle of
December last, by a wild-fowler named George Sutherland. It was
seen in the flesh by Mr. Charles Oldham, and after being mounted
was exhibited at the January meeting of the British Ornithologists’

184 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Club. ‘This species is not only an addition to the British avifauna,
but has not previously been detected in European waters. The
male of the Pacific Eider (Somaterta v-nigrum) differs from that of
the Common species (.S. so//isséma) in possessing in its adult stage
a large V-shaped mark on the throat, but the females are very
similar in plumage. This specimen was first recorded (‘ Nature,”
vol. 71, p. 201) as having been obtained at Scarborough in York-
shire, the town to which it was consigned from Orkney. It was
finally sent to Oldham, in Lancashire, and has been presented to the
Public Museum there.

Deal-fish or Vaagmaer on the Banff Coast.-—There was landed
at Whitehills, Banff, a specimen of the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer
(Trachypterus arcticus), a fish not often met with in these waters.
It was found by Mr. Watson, foreman of the salmon-fishing station,
entangled in a net, on the 23rd of March." This specimen measured
3 feet 6 inches long, which is about the usual length, though
occasionally it grows much longer. It was of a bright silvery colour,
and the slimy pigment with which the fish is covered came off when
it was handled. The dorsal region was provided with an almost
continuous delicate fin. A very distinct median lateral line was
furnished with sharp spines projecting forward. <A similar fish was
washed ashore to the west of Whitehills just over a year ago, but
owing to having lain on the beach for some time it was in a too
decayed state for preservation. There is an Irish record of a fish
of this kind measuring nearly 8 feet long, and one was got at
Montrose in 1872, which was 6 feet in length. I am preserving the
specimen, and am in communication with Professor D’Arcy W.
Thompson regarding the acquisition of the specimen for the
University College Museum, Dundee.—Joun Lemmon, Banff.

Sturgeon in the Shetland Seas.—I note that Mr. John S.
Tulloch, of Lerwick, publishes (‘‘ Annals,” 1905, p. 120) the first
authentic record of this fish, for the Shetland Seas. I remember in
1884 (July or August) a Sturgeon being brought ashore at Balta-
sound ; it was identified by a Captain Burns, who was here at the time
superintending some diving operations in connection with the repair-
ing of a steamer which had struck on some rocks. _ I was only a boy
at the time and thought little of the matter—T. EDMONDSTON
Saxpy, Baltasound, Shetland.

Rare Scottish Beetles.—I am indebted to Mr. P. H. Grimshaw,
of the Royal Scottish Museum, for the identification of the following
rare beetles taken by me :—(1) Hallomenus humeralis, Panz—several
specimens in fungus (C/avarvia) at Balmacaan, Drumnadrochit,
Inverness-shire, 14th August 1904; (2) Lxomias aranetformis,
Schr.—two specimens, under stone, Dumcarrow Craig, Fifeshire,
rith April rg90r; and (3) Zfpure@a deleta, Er.—an abnormal

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 185

specimen found in fungus in Bonnytoun Den, Fifeshire, 9th July
1902.—JAMEs Haic JounsTon, Edinburgh.

[Fowler, in his “Coleoptera of the British Islands,” says of the
first-named species : ‘‘Scotland, rare, in Zramedes pint, etc., Tay and
Dee districts ;” and of Zxomias araneiformis : “ceases entirely in the
north, and is not recorded from the Northumberland and Durham
district, nor has Dr. Sharp ever come across a Scotch example,
although it must be admitted that Murray records it as ‘ occasional
in Scotland.’ In the Lennon collection in the Royal Scottish
Museum there are 19 examples, all from Mid-Solway,” and it has
been recorded from “Clyde” and “Forth” by Messrs. Fergusson
and Evans (see “ Annals,” 1900, p. 100). The Zpur@a was a very
interesting example, which completely puzzled me. TI sent it to
Dr. Sharp, who kindly identified it for us. Instead of the usual
yellow spots on the elytra there are two conspicuous yellowish
raised ‘“‘bosses” which give the beetle a very remarkable appear-
ance. Mr. Johnston has presented the specimen to the Museum.—
PH. Gl]

Grammoptera ruficornis, /, in the Forth Distriet.—In June
of the present year I was fortunate enough to capture a specimen of
this Longicorn Beetle on hawthorn blossom in Colinton Dell. On
referring to Fowler’s work on the ‘‘ Coleoptera of the British Islands,”
vol. iv. p. 243, I found, curiously enough, the following statement :—
“recorded by Dr. Sharp as very rare in Scotland in the Tweed and
Forth districts, ‘Colinton near Edinburgh and Peasedean,’ Murray’s
‘Cat.’” I also saw the original reference, which is given in Murray’s
“Catalogue of Scottish Coleoptera,” p. 85 (1853). It is perhaps
worth while to record the fact that the beetle is still to be found in
the locality whence it was recorded over fifty years ago. Mr. P. H.
Grimshaw, of the Royal Scottish Museum, has seen the specimen
and confirmed my identification ANDREW PaTERSON, Edinburgh.

[Has also been taken at Polton by Mr. W. Evans—“ Annals,”
1903, p. 96.—EDs. |

Microdon latifrons, Zw., and other Diptera at Nethy Bridge.
—It may interest the few to know that a specimen of J/icrodon
latifrons, Lw., was taken here on the 16th June. This appears to be
the fourth specimen which has occurred within the British Isles ; and
as the specimen taken at Nethy Bridge in 1900 was wrongly identi-
fied by me as MW. devivs, and placed by Verrall under that species,
it appears advisable to draw attention to the fact. Among other
noteworthy captures made here the following may be recorded :—
Hypoderma diana, Brauer (an extension of its beat into the Aber-
nethy Forest), Cyzorrhina fallax, L. (in numbers), ARhaphium longt-
corne, F\n., Anticheta analis, Mg. (Sciomyza vittata of Verrall’s List),
etc. At Nairn, during the early part of this month, the number of

186 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

the genus Porphyrops occurring in the bed of the river Nairn was
remarkable—this was true both in individuals and species—
P. rivalis, Lw. (only recorded from a single ¢ taken at Aviemore
last year), P. patula, Radd., P. riparia, Mg., P. crassipes, Mg., and
another species—possibly P. gravifes, Walk.—occurring in great
numbers. |

Tabanus luridus, Fln., appears to be the common Horsefly
of the spring and early summer, and was met with on the sand-hills
near Nairn in great numbers; by good luck 4 d’s were obtained
sitting on a sandy road.—J. W. YERBuRyY, London.

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS.

Trees of Seotland.—I shall be glad of observations and
measurements of trees in Scotland, also of notes on the highest
latitude and altitude on mountains reached by them, and _ their
habit (trees or shrubs) at these limits, more especially as regards the
following :—

Pyrus Aucuparia, Rowan or Mountain Ash.

Alnus glutinosa, Alder.

Fraxinus excelsior, Common Ash.

Ulmus montana, Scotch or Wych Elm.

Betula pubescens, Common Birch ) Do these occur, in the wild

BL. verrucosa, White Birch J state, over separate areas
or mixed? Do they show any separation of different habits
(pendulous and upright)? and are the habits constant for
the two species ?

Quercus sessiliflora, Sessile-fruited Oak ) Have these distinct

Q. pedunculata, Common Oak § areas of distribu-
tion? Oak is found in Orkney in peat-mosses. How far
north does it now occur in the wild state ?

Salix alba, White Willow.

S. fragilis, Crack Willow.

Populus alba, White Poplar.

P. tremula, Aspen. Does this ever occur as a large tree, Ze.
exceeding 60 ft. high by 4 ft. in girth?

Pinus sylvestris.

—AUGUSTINE HENRY, 13 Westpark Gardens, Kew.

Pyrus Aria in Scotland.—I gather from Prof. Trail’s note in
the current number of the ‘“‘ Annals” (page 123) that he would not

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 187

admit the White Beams found in Braemar to be indigenous. ‘They

are few in number there and inconsiderable in size, but they occur

from the neighbourhood of the village upwards to the Linn of Dee.
How came they therePp—Hucu Boyp Watt.

The Plants of the Flannan Islands.— Mr. W. Eagle Clarke very
kindly sent me the plants collected by him during his visit to the
Flannan Islands in 1904. They may be taken as representing
almost the entire number of flowering plants on the main island,
as he observed in addition only two inconspicuous grasses, not in
characteristic condition. .The isolated situation is no doubt the
cause of the flora being so very limited in the number of species.
Some are represented in the collection by a single specimen, while
of others there are several. Almost all are luxuriant in their
growth, and some are remarkably large and fleshy, indicating a
richly manured and saline soil. There are no otherwise peculiar
varieties. The entire list of species brought by Mr. Clarke is as
follows :—

Ranunculus acris, ., apparently rectus, Bor., but the specimen,
preserved in formalin, does not allow of certainty.

Cochlearia officinalis, L., two examples, the leaves large and

fleshy.
Silene maritima, With., leaves exceptionally broad and fleshy.
SteHlaria media, 1. Y luxuriant plants, with large leaves

Cerastium triviale, Link. § and few flowers.

Sagina procumbens, L., rather fleshy. On the stems were a few
clusters of Puccinia Arenarie, Schum.

Matricaria tnodora, 1., one flowering branch of JZatricarza,
despite its fleshy growth, appeared to belong to JZ. znodora
rather than to AZ, maritima.

Glaux maritima, L.

Armeria maritima, L., small and narrow-leaved.

Plantago maritima, 1, one plant with broad, fleshy leaves,
almost glabrous.

P. Coronopus, \., one plant, with hairy, large, bipinnately-cut,
three-nerved leaves, the ultimate lobes being broad and
acute or acuminate.

Atriplex Babingtonit, Woods.

Holcus lanatus, ., like the other species rather thicker and
more fleshy than usual.—JamEes W. H. TRAIL.

188 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural
History which have appeared during the Quarter—April-June 1905.

[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable and
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the
sources of information undermentioned. ]

ZOOLOGY.

WiLtp Cats IN ARGYLLSHIRE. “A. H.” The Field, 20th
May, 1905, p. 854.—Refers to a female caught in a trap in the
vicinity of Laga, Ardnamurchan. ‘The lair was afterwards discovered
and four kittens captured.

GULLS ON THE Bass Rock. Zhe Meld, 6th May 1905, p.
762.—A summary of a paper by Mr. W. Evans, in the Proc. Royal
Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. xvi. part 2.

Paciric ErpER (SOMATERIA V-NIGRUM) IN ORKNEY. Fred
Stubbs. Zoologist, April 1905, p. 142.—Further notes on the bird
recorded in the Zo0/ogist, 1905, p. 74.

Paciric EIDER IN ORKNEY.—H. W. Robinson. Zoologist,
April 1905, p. 143.—-Details of the capture of the specimen above
alluded to, and notes on other specimens seen.

GYROPHZNA PULCHELLA, HEER, IN SCOTLAND, Arthur J.
Chitty. nt. Mo. Mag., April 1905, p. 92.—Reported as abundant
at Kincorth.

List oF BriTISH DOLICHOPODIDA, WITH TABLES AND NOTES
(continued). G. H. Verrall, F.G.S. Lunt. Mo. Mag., April 1905,
pp. 81-83, and May 1905, pp. 108-112.—Numerous Scottish
localities are mentioned in this useful paper.

LIMAX TENELLUS (MULL.) IN “ForTH” AREA, W. Evans.
Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. xvi. No. 1, p. 22.

FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF SPIDERS FROM THE EDIN-
BURGH DistTricr (THIRD SUPPLEMENT). Prof. G. H. Carpenter and
W. Evans. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. xvi. No. 2, p. 27.

THE BLACKBACKS OF THE Bass. W. Evans. roc. Roy. Phys.
Soc. Edin., xvi. NO. 2, p. 42.
BOTANY.

SUPPLEMENT TO “ToPpOGRAPHICAL Borany,” ed. 2. By Arthur
Bennett, F.L.S.—Issued as a separately paged supplement to /, Boz.

CURRENT LITERATURE 189

from March 1905 onwards, 16 pages each month. Under each
species it enumerates the additions to vice-county records since
1883, and will of course be indispensable to all students of British
plant-distribution.

SILENE DUBIA, HERBICH, IN BRITAIN. By C. E. Salmon, F.L.S.
(J. Bot. 1905, pp. 127-128).—Calls attention to this as the true
name of a form included in British floras under S. zufans.

GERMAN SIDE-LIGHTS ON SOME BritTisH Rusi. By Rev. E. S.
Marshall, M.A., F.L.S. (7. Bot, 1905, pp. 73-78).—A review of
Dr. W. O. Focke’s monograph of Rubi in Ascherson and Graebner’s
Synopsis der mittel-europaeischen Flora, with special reference to
British forms.

List oF “INTRODUCED” OR “ ALIEN” PLANTS GATHERED BY
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EDIN-
BURGH DURING 1903 AND 1904. By James Fraser and James
M‘Andrew (77. Ed. F. WV. and M. Soc., 1904).

SoME FORFARSHIRE PLants. By Rev. E. S. Marshall, M.A.,
F.L.S., and W. A. Shoolbred, F.L.S. (7, Bot, 1905, pp. 114-116).—
Contains a few new county records of obscure forms and hybrids.

THE FLora oF BUCHAN—ITS DISTRIBUTION, ORIGIN, AND
RELATIONS TO Man. By James W. H. Trail, A.M., M.D., F.R.S.
(Tr. Buchan Field Club, 1904-5, pp. 2-56).—Analyses the flora,
and gives additions to previous lists.

LEGENDARY PLANtT-LoreE. By A. M‘D. Reid, M.A. (77. Buchan
Field Club, 1904-5, pp. 106-128).—Does not contain any local
matter.

NoTES ON THE RARER WOODLAND PLANTS OF SCOTLAND.
By D. S. Fish (77. £d. & NV. and M. Soc., 1904).

Notes ON MossEs FROM WEST KILBRIDE, AYRSHIRE. By
D. A. Boyd (77. Ed. F: N. and M. Soc., 1904, pp. 94-97).—Tortula
ruraliformis and Brachythectum albicans are noticed.

New AND RarE BritisH HeEpatic&. By Symers M. Macvicar
(J. Bot, 1905, pp. 117-120).—Enumerates, with critical notes and
localities, nine species or varieties, all of which have recently been
detected in Scotland.

Hepatics oF CaiTHNeEss. By Rev. D. Lillie, B.D. (/. Bot,
1905, pp. 124-127).—A list, with localities, of all species collected
in the county by the author.

LirE-HisTORY OF GLAOCAPSA CREPIDINUM. By G. T. West
(Tr. Ed. F. N. and M. Soc., 1904, pp. 130-133).

190 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

BOOK NOTICES.

Tue GEESE OF EUROPE AND ASIA: BEING THE DESCRIPTION
OF MOST OF THESE INHABITING THE OLD WorLD. By Sergius
Alphéraky. With 24 coloured plates by F. W. Frohawk, and a
frontispiece by Dr. P. P. Sushkin. (London: Rowland Ward,
Ltd., 1905.)

There are few groups of old-world birds about whose habits
and stages of plumage so little is known as the Geese. That this
should be so is in a great measure, perhaps entirely, due to the fact
that they are by nature wary beyond all others, and seek resorts far
removed from the haunts of man. On these accounts they are not
only extremely difficult to observe, but satisfactory material for the
study of their plumages accompanied by reliable data as to the age of
the specimens is well-nigh impossible to procure. It is this question
of age, and the peculiarities of dress associated therewith, that has
hitherto rendered our knowledge of particular phases in the plumage
of the Geese more or less imperfect.

The book under notice does not pretend to entirely supply
these desiderata ; for its author, with admirable candour, tells us that
he cannot consider his work otherwise than as preparatory to further
investigation. It must be regarded, however, as an important and
welcome contribution to ornithological literature: one that con-
siderably advances our knowledge through the investigations of its
author, and forms a most excellent basis for future research. It
affords much information not to be found elsewhere on the various
phases of plumage of the species treated, from the chick to the
adult, on their habits, nesting, migrations, and geographical dis-
tribution. Practically all the literature relating to the subject has
been laid under contribution, and much has been culled from
Russian sources which are tapped for the first time so far as the
British reader is concerned.

The British aspect of the subject has received much attention ;
and it is interesting to know that the great majority of the Bean
Geese visiting our Islands belong to the Yellow-billed species—the
Anser arvensis of Brehm—and thus a new species is added to the
British avifauna, though the author suggests that it may be the bird
to which Strickland gave the name of Anser paludosus. The
remarks, however, on all the British species, and especially those on
the Grey Geese, are well worthy of attention.

In all, 21 species and subspecies are treated of in the most
thorough manner in this handsome volume; and of these no less than
twelve have a place in the British fauna. All are figured in a
series of twenty-four excellent coloured plates, of which three are
most usefully devoted to life-sized figures of the bills of each

ea es

a

BOOK NOTICES I9I

species or subspecies. Throughout the text, too, figures are freely
given of the bills of the allied forms in order to show their
peculiarities, and as an aid to their identity.

The work contains two Supplements: one on the Eggs of Geese
by G. F. Gobel, and another giving an account of S. A. Buturlin’s
ornithological experiences in Kolguev.

Enough has been said to indicate that the book is replete with
varied and valuable information relating to a singularly attractive
group of birds. It contributes much to our previous knowledge
regarding their histories from all standpoints ; and is indispensable
to all who are interested in the subject.

WiLtp Brrps at Home. Sixty photographs from life by
Charles Kirk, of British Birds and their Nests. Glasgow: Gowans
and Co., Ltd.; London: Brimley, Johnson and Ince, Ltd.

This is a neat little book containing sixty pictures, all of which
are of great excellence and interest and beautifully reproduced ;
indeed, we have seen few, if any, better in either respect. The
price is 6d., or in cloth 1s., and we are not surprised to learn that it
has had a phenomenal sale, several editions having been exhausted
during the few weeks it has been before the public.

We hope that. this well-merited success will induce Mr. Kirk
and the publishers to give us a further series of these delightful
peeps into the life of Wild Birds at Home. A number of the
scenes in the present series are laid at Ailsa Craig.

THE Lire AND WorK OF GEORGE Don. By G. Claridge
Druce; MeA7; ELS:

In this Memoir of 238 pages, recently issued as No. xu. of
“Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh,” Mr. Druce
has conferred a benefit on lovers of the flora of Scotland, and has
brought within easy compass the material from which to gain a
truer appreciation of the great additions made by G. Don to what
was previously known of that flora, and at how great personal labour
and sacrifices he carried on his investigations. The subject is one
that has been investigated by Mr. Druce for a number of years, and
he has previously criticised the attitude to Don’s discoveries taken
up by Prof. Walker-Arnott, and has also given a short account of
Don in his Presidential Address in 1902 to the Pharmaceutical
Conference in Dundee, on the progress of botanical investigation
in Scotland. In this new work we have a Memoir of his life
and surroundings as far as it is possible to build one up from the
rather fragmentary materials in existence. ‘Then follow several
appendices :—

A. Don's “ Reputed Discoveries” analysed, with the result that
eight are shown to have been rediscovered in Scotland, under
conditions that render Don’s accuracy at least very probable ; nine

192 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

were evident casuals; three have become extinct owing to cultiva-
tion or drainage; thirteen were misnamed, usually by Sir J. E.
Smith, and ten remain open to “ grave suspicion of error.”

B. Dons Admitted Discoveries. —These include numerous
additions to the British flora, others to the Scottish, and very many
to the county records.

C. George Don’s Herbarium Britannicum gives a verbatim copy
of the labels on the several specimens (225 species in all, of which
52 are cryptogams) issued for sale.

D. George Don’s Private Herbarium also gives verbatim the
labels on the plants, chiefly Graminacee, with a few Cyperacee and
Juncacee. Among the specimens are several both rare and interest-
ing. The names given by Don are corrected where inaccurate.

E. Observations on some of the Indigenous Grasses of Britain,
which seem deserving of Culture for Pasture or Hay, reprinted from
“Trans. Highland Soc. of Scotland,” vil., 1807.

F. Account of the Native Plants in the County of Forfar and the
Animals to be found there, reprinted from Headrick’s “General View
of the Agriculture of the County of Angus or Forfarshire,” 1813. In
this are enumerated the species known to him, including cryptogams
as well as flowering plants, the rarer and more lately discovered
forms being specially picked out, and the more interesting forms of
certain localities enumerated together. A considerable number of
casuals and some evident errors appear in these lists.

G. Letters from G. Don to N. J. Winch, and from George Don,
Jr tovDr, Neill:

From these various sources, supplemented by footnotes con-
tributed by Professor Balfour, one can form a conception of the
man, of his devotion to the investigation of the Scottish flora, of the
difficulties that beset his way and that would have appeared insur-
mountable to one of less resolute spirit, of the share that his
personal peculiarities had in adding to his difficulties, of the
limitations under which he worked, and of the causes, certain or
very probable, that vitiated the accuracy of some of his records,
both those published by himself and those in J. E. Smith’s
“Flora,” and that were held to justify an estimate of his work too often
very unfair to him; and one can realise how great were the actual
results of his labours, and how much more admirable in face of the
difficulties to be overcome. There is surely little, if anything, more
to be said on Don’s life and work, and Mr. Druce deserves hearty
thanks for what he has done so fully and well.

— —

ANN. ScoT. NAT HIST. 1905 PLATE V.

THE LATE REV. JAMES KEM Lap:

The Annals

of
Scottish Natural History

No: 56] LOOSs [ OCTOBER

REN PANES. KEITH, ELD:

ON Friday, 11th August 1905, after a short illness, the
Rev. Dr. Keith died at his residence in Forres in the
eishtieth year of his) age. ‘Born im Keith on -23rd
December 1825, he attended the parish school there ; and,
like many another lad, he went direct from the parish school
to the University in Old Aberdeen, King’s College (then
distinct from, and a rival of, the University of Marischal
College in Aberdeen), and graduated M.A. in 1845 after
a successful curriculum. He thereafter spent some months
as a tutor, and in 1846 became schoolmaster of Knockando
in Elginshire. This post he held while studying for the
ministry in the Church of Scotland ; the system, then allowed,
of partial sessions permitting him to put in the necessary
attendances at King’s College, but extending his course to
six years. In 1852 he was appointed to the parish church
of Grantown, but remained there only until the following
spring, when, at the request of the members of the church
of Forres, he received a presentation to the parish of Forres.
There he spent over half a century, esteemed and honoured
by all, and held in warm affection by those who had the
privilege of his friendship. He took a very great interest
in all that concerned the welfare of Forres and its inhabitants,

56 B

194 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

keeping himself free of all narrowness, and ready to assist
in every work. He was for many years Chairman of the
School Board, and also was Chairman of the Managers of
the Leanchoil Hospital; nor did he spare himself where he
could render service to any public cause. His death is
felt as a great loss to the community.

Not robust in youth, his studious life told on his health,
which for a time was not satisfactory. Fortunately his
medical adviser, Dr. Innes of Forres, was interested in
natural history, and sent him, as the prescription best suited
to his needs, a botanical case and a flora, with the advice to
use both regularly. He did so and soon acquired a love of
natural history, and especially of plants, that grew ever
stronger and that enabled him to make valuable contribu-
tions to the study of the flora of the Province of Moray.
The early volumes of the “ Scottish Naturalist” contain very
excellent lists by him of the ‘ Mosses found in the Vicinity of
Forres’ and of the ‘Fungi of Morayshire, and short botanical
notes. He aided others with his knowledge and with speci-
mens most willingly, and was recognised as one of the most
accurate mycologists in Scotland. The “ Mycologia Scotica”
and “ British Hymenomycetes” of the Rev. John Stevenson,
LL.D., and the “British Uredinez and Ustilaginee ” of Dr.
Plowright bear testimony to the worth of Dr. Keith's
researches, as do also the well-known papers by Mr.
Berkeley in the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History.”
He discovered a number of additions to the British lists of
fungi, of which some were new to science, and of which
Polyporus Keithit, B. and Br. and Peseza Kezthiz, Phil., com-
memorate him.

He took a keen interest in the Forres museum, and con-
tributed both personal services and specimens to it. Despite
his age he took part enthusiastically of late years in the
work and excursions of a Field Club in Forres of which
he was president.

In 1882 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
the University of Aberdeen, in recognition of his merit as a
naturalist and of his public services. In 1899 Dr. Keith was
relieved from the active duties of his ministry, an assistant
and successor being appointed to the charge; but he con-

NOTES ON THE ORKNEY VOLE 195

tinued to reside in Forres, where he was much esteemed.
He was predeceased by Mrs. Keith, who died in 1898.

He will live in the memory of his friends as one loved
and honoured for his unselfish and upright character, his
kindness of heart, and his ability. The accompanying
photograph was taken about two years ago.

NOLES ON hE VORKNEY VOLE.
By Ropert Goprrey, M.A.

DURING a recent visit to Orkney Mr. H. Drummond
Simpson and [I spent a considerable part of our time in
hunting for micro-mammalia. On the day of our arrival at
Stromness, August 8, we visited the Black Craig and found
the vegetation on the upper slopes of the hill tunnelled in
every direction by the runs of the Orkney Vole (Wicrotus
orcadensts, Millais.) The upper portion of the Black Craig is
a typical hill-pasture, covered with a dense growth of wiry
sedges, interspersed with ling, bell-heather, and crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum), and dotted profusely with grass of
Parnassus, cotton-grass, ragwort, scabious, and other plants.
Through this dense vegetation the runs extend to the very
crest of the hill, running in main thoroughfares up the hill-
side, or across its brow for hundreds of yards, and sending off
side-paths to traverse in intricate fashion the various mounds
adjoining the main routes. In the better-clad portions of the
hillside the runs were often completely hidden beneath the
thick crowberry growth, but usually they were quite apparent
to the eye. Periodically the run would disappear in the soil,
passing through an obtruding turf, or making a deliberate
descent for some inches into the ground to provide a more
secure shelter for the creatures. The runs measure from
two inches to two and a quarter inches in diameter, a trifle
broader than the transverse measurement across the vole’s
face from whisker-tip to whisker-tip. _ We disturbed our first
Vole on the summit of the Craig from an underground
passage at which we had begun to dig, and forcing it to leave

196 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

its run we caught it as it tried to escape over the rough
vegetation. We set our traps in the runs, and easily
obtained specimens; some of the Voles were probably
trapped in the course of their ordinary wanderings, but others
undoubtedly came to the cheese which we were using as bait.

The thickly-populated haunts on the Black Craig are in
the drier parts of the hillside, but in a valley behind Strom-
ness, locally known as the Looms, we found the Voles
common in soft, marshy ground where peat-cutting has long
been in progress; here also the Voles inhabited the drier
mounds, but their runs were distinctly shown on the wet
ditches as well as on the dry ground.

In South Ronaldsay, as on the mainland, the main haunts
of the Orkney Vole are on the hillsides and along the borders
of the ditches. We did not, however, see such runs as we
had met with around Stromness, but we learned that the Vole
was common on the island and well-known as the “ Cuttick ”
to the inhabitants. Miss Annie Allan of Burwick Farm
brought us one that had been captured by the herd-boy with
the aid of a dog on August 16; and we ourselves trapped
one in Burwick Churchyard, where the prevailing plant was
the tall docken, and where the height of the wild vegetation
hindered us from seeing anything in the nature of runs at all.
In Burwick Churchyard the Vole was the companion of the
Lesser Shrew and of a very dark form of W/us musculus.

We were very anxious to obtain a nest of the Orkney
Vole, and were at length put on the right scent by Mr.
George Ellison, Liverpool, who had seen a dog unearth one
in a littke mound. Mr. Ellison and I spent the evening of
August 23 in the Looms behind Stromness, and succeeded
in discovering the nests. These are placed in the centre of a
small mound overgrown with vegetation, and have several
approaches which prevent the animals being caught unawares.
We dug up and traced out the various routes, and carefully
measured the same; Mr. Ellison then drew out to scale the
plan of the Vole’s fortress which is here reproduced. In the
one mound there were two nests, separated by a distance of
six inches. The larger was oval-shaped, composed entirely
of fine hay in a dense mass, and measured eight inches in
length by five in breadth towards one end, and three in

NOTES ON THE ORKNEY VOLE 197

breadth towards the other. From the size and the condition
of the nest it was evident that it had seen some service—
though whether as a cradle for the young, or as a shelter for
the adults could not be determined—but it was empty when
laid bare by us. The other nest was rounder in outline,
measuring five inches across ; it contained some new material
but was also empty. Each nest formed a thick lining in a

x
| Cul-de-sac ie? an :
; - !

PLAN OF NESTS OF ORKNEY VOLE.

(The dotted line represents the base of the mound. )

carefully prepared hollow excavated by the Voles in the peaty
soil, and was of the nature of a flattened ball inside which
the old Vole and her young might securely lie. At one of
the four entrances some peat freshly dug out led us to the

discovery of the nest.
Probably the breeding-season extends over several

months: the first females captured by us, August 8 and 9,
contained embryos the size of peas.

198 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

We caught a female on August 8, which had assumed
an inky black pelage, by losing the dark brown tips of the
long hairs, on the hinder back and between the ears.

CUMBERLAND STREET, EDINBURGH.

ON THE HOUSE, MICE.OF THE OUTER
HEBRIDES.

By Wm. EAGLE CLARKE.

My friend Mr. James Waterston in forwarding a House
Mouse which he had captured at Lochmaddy, North Uist, in
June last, called my attention to the light colour of the under
surface of the specimen. Since then I have been able to
institute a comparison between this specimen and a number
of examples of the St. Kilda House Mouse, A/us muralts,
Barrett-Hamilton’ (also sent to me by Mr. Waterston),
and it seems to me that the North Uist Mouse belongs to
that species or race. It is practically identical in colour and
size, but is slightly paler in the tint of the under surface
than in the St. Kilda specimens, which are about a score
in number, while in size it equals the largest of them, its
total length being 7.3 ins. (134 mm.), of which the head and
body measure 3.9 ins. (99 mm.).

Mr. Waterston has since informed me that he found this
large, brown-coated, buff-bellied Mouse quite common in
houses at Lochmaddy, where its peculiarities were well-
known to the inhabitants, and where too the typical form
of House Mouse (A/us musculus, Linnzeus) also commonly
occurs. He did not, however, see any hybrid specimens
between the two forms, though it seems likely that such
crosses might occur.

The presence of MWus muralis in one of the large islands
of the main Outer Hebridean chain, like North Uist, would
not only rob that species of the extreme insular peculiarity
which has hitherto been assigned to it, but it suggests that

1 See ‘“‘ Annals,” 1899, pp. 129-140.

NOTES ON THE MICE AND BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 199

it, or a very closely allied form, may, on full investigation,
be found to be a more or less prevalent race of House
Mouse throughout the group generally. The only other
House Mice I have seen from the Outer Hebrides came from
Breasclet on the west side of the Island of Lewis, and they
were ordinary examples of J/us musculus.

The object of these preliminary remarks is to call atten-
tion to these hitherto overlooked but interesting facts relating
to the Hebridean House Mice, in the hope that they may be
the means of stimulating necessary investigations, including
the collecting of specimens between Barra Head to the Butt
of Lewis. I shall be glad to examine and report upon
specimens submitted to me from any of the Hebridean
Islands.

NODES ON fk MICE AND BIRDS OF
SE ChE DAG

By James WatTeERSTON, M.A.

THE following notes were made during a stay in St. Kilda
from the 11th of June to the roth of July.

MUS HIRTENSIS.—On the evening of the 17th a search
was made for runs of this Field Mouse, but with little success,
though in the morning a well defined track had been seen
among some luxuriant grass on the N.E. slope of Connacher.
As a rule the only indication of the presence of mice was a
slightly worn spot opposite a hole, either in a dyke or under
a stone. On Dun there was noted a clear path running
round a boulder and ending in a burrow beneath it.
FHlirtensts seems to spend most of its time in the neighbour-
hood of cleits,’ pens, dykes, etc. On Hirta it is very shy
in its habits, and though I spent several nights in the open
it was never detected far from refuge, z.e. never on the bare
hillside. Had it been present in such situations it would
certainly have been noted, for in June there was virtually no
night. During the day it was never seen except once on

1 Small oval stone buildings scattered over the hills, and used for storing
corn, hay, and peat.

200 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Dun—its habits, therefore, are nocturnal. It began to move
about at dusk, 10.30 to I1 o'clock, and from that time to
midnight most of my captures were made. The species feeds
largely, if not exclusively, on grass and various seeds—the
stomachs in the case of a score or so examined being filled
with a greenish pulp. Of baits meal and biscuit were taken
freely, whereas cheese, in my limited experience, was a
complete failure.

With regard to trapping it was found that the most
productive spots were cleits, especially when filled with hay.
Traps laid in the open never brought a single mouse. The
bait was frequently attacked by Forficula, Oniscus,and Arion
ater, the last springing many traps. More serious were the
depredations of the gulls, who sometimes took away mice,
sometimes both mice and traps.

The species is distributed fairly commonly round Village
Bay and in the glen. On Dun it is abundant, and the men
who sometimes sleep in a semi-underground house there say
that at night the mice run over their bodies in numbers.
They are agreed that no mice occur on Boreray, while as to
Soay no evidence was forthcoming.

Two nests were discovered, neither of them typical.
The first was discovered on the lower slope of Oisaval while
a boulder was being examined for spiders. It had no external
opening nor any indication of the presence of a mouse.
Between the lower surface of the boulder and the hillside
there was a V-shaped gap, one corner of which was filled by
a large tuft of carex. Its leaves did not quite reach the
stone surface, but grass had been blended with them to fill
the space. This outer layer surrounded a central mass of
similar material bitten into short lengths and very soft.
When all the nest was removed a small burrow appeared
leading into the hill. Dimensions about 10 ins. by 4 ins.

The second was in Dun, and situated in a turfy bank
about 2 feet in. The main burrow led to a Fork-tailed
Petrel sitting on her egg, and just before it reached this a
branch broke off to the left, to another, probably disused,
petrel nest. The whole flask-shaped ending and part of the
burrow itself were filled with chopped grass finer than in the
previous example. This mouse nest was separated by the

NOTES ON THE MICE AND BIRDS OF ST. KILDA 201

thinnest partition from a sitting Puffin. The men told
me that mice and petrels frequently inhabit the same
holes.

Several 9s were dissected, and the average number of
embryos or foetus was six. One uterus contained only two—
in the same cornu. No early stages seen.

Dhesorce outnumber the 9 92) Im my experience ‘this
iSeaSe2eae

Both sexes appear subject to disease, and the liver
especially was frequently in an unhealthy state. It was to
be seen spotted by colonies of cocczdza. But its most interest-
ing parasite was a Cestode. This appears at first as a small
transparent yellowish cyst near the surface of the liver. It
gradually works its way in till the whole lobe is affected.
Sometimes only the Spigelian lobe escapes.

The people say this mouse on Dun is subject to variation
in colour. I saw no piebald mice, but Finlay M‘Quien
brought me a young specimen from the top of Connacher
which had some white markings.

The largest example taken was exactly 9 inches—
body, 5 ; tail, 4. In general, the following features of Azrtensis
impress one :—Its size ; the length and tenderness of the tail,
which sometimes breaks if the animal be lifted by it; the
great development of the pes; the vole-like texture of
the fur.

MUS MURALIS.—To this species less attention was given.
It swarms in all the houses and occurs in cleits within the
cultivated area. By supplying boys with traps I procured
as many as I wanted. It varies greatly in size and coloration
of the belly, which is sometimes smoky and again a lovely
creamy yellow. It is omnivorous and very prolific. Young,
6-9, in one case IO fcetus were observed, but one seemed
unlikely to develop fully.

I append a few remarks on the more noteworthy birds
seen during the month. Of the regular breeders in the group
all were observed except the Peregrine and the Storm
Pettel:

CoMMON SWALLow (//irundo rustica),—On the 14th June one was
hawking flies in front of the village.

202 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

House Martin (Chelidon urbica).—One noted on the evening of
17th June, and another a week later.

Wuite WacrtaliL (MVotacilla alba).—On the 24th June one was seen
at the bottom of the glen among stones in the burn channel.

SNIPE (Gallinago celestis)—Heard drumming on upper slopes of
Mullach Mor on r4th June.

DuNLIN (Zyinga alpina).—Heard near Ruaval on 13th June.

WHIMBREL (LVumenius phaopus).—Seen singly and in pairs, also
heard often during week ending 17th June in various places
from the glen to Village Bay. Latterly I took daily note of
this species in the marsh and on the foreshore near it. One
collector told me he had taken and sold the eggs. About five
or six pairs were resident this summer. Reported as common
on migration.

Lapwinc (Vanellus vulgar’s).—On 19th June I saw one at Ruaval,
fighting with a Hooded Crow. It disappeared over Dun.
Shortly afterwards another was seen on ridge farther N.E.

HERON (Ardea cinerea).—Noted in flight from Dun. Going in S.E.
direction to Uist on 27th June.

GREAT SHEARWATER (/ufinus gravis).—On the 5th July one was
floating dead behind Dun; on the 8th another in same locality,
rather more decomposed than the first. Mr. Godfrey measured
this example and found its length to be 20 ins.

ComMoN GuLL (Larus canus) and CorMOoRANT (Phalacrocorax
carbo).—Were never seen.

Meavow Pipir (Anthus pratensis, L.).—I do not think this bird dreeds
on St. Kilda. On Mullach Mor some suspicious-looking Pipits
were observed on the 8th July, but after procuring one Mr.
Godfrey had no hesitation in determining it as a Rock Pipit
(A. obscurus). It was somewhat lighter on the breast.

On a ledge of the cliff on N.E., I one day found two casts
containing mouse fur and the elytra of beetles (Cavadus, sp.).
They reminded me strongly of the Kestrel (7. t’nnunculus), to
which they were probably due unless some of the gulls in Hirta
have taken to a coleopterous diet. Considering the abundance
of other food this is unlikely.

EDINBURGH.

REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY FOR 1904 203

REPORMZON SCO TRISH: ORNITHOLOGY
FOR 1904.’

By JOHN PATERSON.

IN contrast to the weather of the preceding year, which
presented some striking features, that of 1904 followed
tradition—March dry and cold, April the wettest month of
the year, “winter lingering in the lap of May,” and so on.

In 1903 spring migration began early, but got a
memorable set back from the long-continued inclemency of
April. The writer must always recollect that month as the
first of its kind in which he had ever failed to hear the
welcome cadence which constitutes the song of the Willow
Wren, and no doubt, in some such way, the spring of 1903
will have impressed itself on the minds of other Scottish
ornithologists. The year 1904 has no such unenviable
distinction. Its ornithological features, as far as they are
revealed, chiefly by the communication, most obligingly sent
in by the light-keepers, and by correspondents to this Journal
and to the writer, are here set down in specific order.

Turpbus Musicus (Song-Thrush).—The principal spring movements
occurred between 22nd February and zoth March. On the
8th of March 200 were observed at Burntisland, the wind being
easterly, and the weather dull. These birds dispersed during
the day. The principal autumn movements were between 12th
October and 1st November.

T. mLt1acus (Redwing).—Last seen on the mainland in several
localities between 1st and 3rd April, a great rush is reported
at the Flannans on r2th and 15th. First appearances on the
mainland in autumn are reported from Kirkliston, 8th, and
Beith, 13th October. During the whole of that month and
until 8th November, reports from lighthouses generally speak
of its abundance.

1 This Report has been written on new lines. We cordially endorse Mr.
Paterson’s hope that in future the information communicated may not be confined
to records of occurrences only. There are other features, such as extension of
range, weather influences, habits, etc., which might with advantage be incor-
porated. We hope it will be possible in future Reports to give the names of
those who have contributed information, and we desire to place on record our
appreciation of Mr. Laidlaw’s valuable services in the preparation of the Reports
for 1898 to 1903 inclusive.—EDs,

204 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

T. pILaris (Fieldfare).—Generally reported from mainland localities
in second half of April, and a large flock was still at Kirkmuir-
hill, Lanark, on 3rd May, but the lighthouse returns throw no
light on its departure in spring. In autumn first observed on
the mainland at Portobello, 7th October, and Higham, Fife,
13th October, and at lighthouses generally from 22nd October
(Flannans) till 11th December (Corsewall), when immense
flocks with Starlings were observed along shore. At the East
Neuk of Fife, on 5th November, several flocks came in from
N.E. against a strong westerly wind “pretty well dead beat.”

T. MERULA (Blackbird).—The lighthouse observations on this species
are chiefly from West Coast stations from 22nd and 23rd
February, on which dates great numbers passed Corsewall, till
12th April at Skerryvore and the Flannans. It was nesting at
Lerwick on 21st April, and from Beith Mr. Matthew Barr
sends an account of one which laid four eggs in a hole of a
wall on the bare stone and lime, the nest intended for their
reception having been torn out by some malicious boys.
At Blackwood, Lanark, on 26th October, many were collecting
in the hedges, ‘“‘after this date far fewer to be seen.” The
principal autumn movements reported begin at Corsewall, 15th
October, Monach and Noup Head, 16th October, and continue
intermittently till 2oth November (Skerryvore), and roth
December (Flannans),

T. TORQUATUS (Ring Ouzel).—Reported in spring from Corsewall,
Skerryvore, and Lagg (Arran) on rzth April, and Blackwood,
Lanark, on 17th.

SAXICOLA CENANTHE (\Wheatear).—Appeared as usual at Lendalfoot
(Ayr) on 22nd March, is reported from Millport, Bute, on 31st,
and Sule Skerry, rst April. The only autumn records after
September are from Fairlie, Ayr—two on rst, and Largo, Fife
—one on roth October.

PRATINCOLA RUBETRA (Whinchat).—Appeared Halmyre (Peebles),
rgth, Lamlash (Arran), 26th April, and Thornliebank (Renfrew),
1st May. Mr. Barr, Beith, mentions a clutch of six eggs of
this species seen this season, all speckled at the ¢/77 end.

RUTICILLA PH@ENICURUS (Redstart).—On 30th March one was seen
in a garden at Lerwick. Next reports are Corsewall, 12th;
Unst, 19th; East Linton, 21st; Halmyre, 22nd; Carmichael,
(Lanark), 24th April. In the middle of May I found it pretty
common on the skirts of the deer forest at Inveraray, and in the
woods up the Aray.

ERITHACUS RUBECULA (Redbreast).—Reported from Corsewall on
29th March; Lerwick, 3rd and 1oth April; and on 28th

REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY FOR 1904 205

September, and 20th November (2) at Corsewall; and 24th
November, Lerwick. One appeared at Beith in the autumn
with a few white feathers in the head, and nearly a white ring
round the neck.

SYLVIA CINEREA (Whitethroat).—Quite exceptional is the appear-
ance of this species in Lerwick on 15th April. Even the
occurrence at Thornliebank, Renfrew, on 30th, was out of the
common, because the next seven reports from as many localities
refer to the second week in May. This bird, Mr. Barr of
Beith says, is, he believes the earliest to begin nest-building on
its arrival. “I have noticed for many years now, that when
first I hear his welcome song, if I take the trouble to search,
I am always sure to find his nest.”

SYLVIA CURRUCA (Lesser Whitethroat).—One shot at the Flannans,
23rd September, sent for identification.

S. ATRICAPILLA (Blackcap).—It is desirable that we should have
more information regarding the appearance of this and the next
species insummer. Hitherto the reports have been meagre, and
there is no improvement this year. At Thurso, on 31st October,
an adult ¢ was killed by a cat, while from Barra three are
reported on 5th(@ ), r1th( ¢), and 17th November respectively.

S. HORTENSIS (Garden-Warbler).—At Inveraray, on toth May, two
which I saw were insong. Kirkliston, 20th, and Thornliebank,
22nd, are the next reports. At the last-named locality, on
30th May, Mr. John Robertson found a nest containing five
eggs, two days incubated. At Flannans on 18th September.

REGULUS CRISTATUS (Goldcrest).—Spring reports are from Skerry-
vore, 24th March, “several”; Corsewall, rath, Barra, 15th
April; and Unst, 15th to 23rd April. In autumn, 28th
September, Corsewall ; 16th October, Pentland Skerries ; and
2oth, Bell Rock. Mr. Barr, who had the opportunity of watch-
ing the lining of a nest of this species this summer, says the
male carried no material, but piped his best to accompany his
mate with every beakful of building material brought by her.

PHYLLOscopus RUFUS (Chiffchaff).—Reported in spring from Lam-
lash, 16th April.

P. TROCHILUS (Willow-Wren).—The earliest reports of the appearance
of the Willow-Wren are from the south-west :—Corsewall, 12th,
Blackwood (Lanark) and Beith (Ayr), 14th April. On the
15th it is reported from other four localities, and from two to
four days later reports speak of its abundance, even in Unst,
where were many on the 1tgth. From its great numbers and
wide distribution this is a good species for judging the course
of the spring migration by, and its normal appearance, as in this

206 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

year, indicates normal conditions. Autumn reports are few,
the latest being Largo, 26th September, one bird only observed.

P. SIBILATRIX (Wood-Wren).—Appeared Lamlash (Arran), 29th
April; Gifford, 4th May.

ACROCEPHALUS PHRAGMITIS (Sedge-Warbler).—An early date is given
from Halmyre (Peebles), viz. 24th April; the next being from
Ayr and Beith, 7th and 8th May respectively ; Auchinblae,
Forfar, roth ; Duddingston and Kirkliston, rrth.

LocusTELLA N&viA (Grasshopper-Warbler).—Only reported from
Beith, the date 15th May, which is late.

CincLus aQuaticus (Dipper).—Messrs. K. and R. M. Buchanan
write :—‘“ Found a Dipper’s nest on 17th April, and removed
therefrom a clutch of absolutely fresh eggs. Seven days later
revisited the locality, and remarked that the same or another
pair had commenced to build in a situation distant not many
feet from the one previously occupied. On 22nd May were
again in that district, and found nest completed and five eggs
laid, and that the birds, probably owing to dampness, had
deserted it and built another nest, using the abandoned structure
as a foundation. ‘The upper nest contained five eggs, upon
which one of the birds was closely brooding.”

MOoraciILLA LUGUBRIS (Pied Wagtail)—The lighthouse returns in
nearly all cases only record single birds. At inland localities
which it leaves for the winter it reappeared at Carmichael, 5th
February; Kinnelhead, 2oth March; and “migrating Pied
Wagtails” were “noticeable” at Duddingston, 17th April.
Again at Edinburgh, 27th July, large numbers appeared. In
August, at Fairlie, Mr. Robert Wilson got an albino of this or
the next species.

M. Avpa (White Wagtail).—There are no East Coast records what-
ever. The spring passage is reported from seven “ Clyde”
localities, beginning at Dalbeth, Lanark, 12th April, one ¢ ;
reaching its maximum, 3oth, at Irvine, on the coast of Ayr,
where two dozen were seen; and the last appearance is at
Inveraray, 15th May. It isreported from Barra on 15th April.
The only autumn reports are from the Flannans, where Messrs.
Clarke and Laidlaw found it abundant from 6th to 22nd
September, and it was still there the day after their departure.

M. rat (Yellow Wagtail).—Arrived 16th April, Beith ; roth, Govan
(3); and at Bishop Loch, Lanark, on 21st, a dozen ¢ and 9.

ANTHUS TRIVIALIS (Tree-Pipit).—Reported from Halmyre (Peebles)
and Kirkliston on roth; Gartcosh (Lanark), 21st; and Beith,
23rd April.

REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY FOR 1904 207

A. PRATENSIS (Meadow-Pipit.—A number seen at Pentland Skerries
2oth March, reappeared, Carmichael (Lanark), 30th March,
and was numerous at the Flannans, zoth May. Reported from
lighthouses all round the coasts in autumn between 18th
August (Sule Skerry), and 28th October (Bell Rock). At
Beith, Mr. Barn found a nest with szx eggs.

A. opscurws (Rock-Pipit).—An albino was secured at Barra on 1st
September.

LANIUS EXCUBITOR (Great Grey Shrike).—One (¢) shot in May,
near Rumbling Bridge. (“A.S.N.H.,” 1904, p. 244).

AMPELIS GARRULUS (Waxwing).—At Nethy, Inverness-shire, in
January, a flock of forty or fifty, which gradually disappeared,
though four were still to be seen in the first week of May.
(“ A.S.N.H.,” 1904, p. 188).

MUSCICAPA ATRICAPILLA (Pied Flycatcher).—Pentland Skerries, 6th,
7th May; Colinsburgh, 8th ; North Berwick, 8th, 9th, a good
many; Tentsmuir, 9th; Largo, 12th. At Flannans, 13th Septem-
ber; Pentland Skerries, 14th; Barra, 17th ; and Flannans 2oth.

M. crisora (Spotted Flycatcher).—Halmyre, 4th May ; Burntisland,
gth; Lamlash, 15th, in pairs; Dundrennan 5th June, in passage;
Strathyre, 31st May, three eggs slightly incubated. Latest
autumn date, Duddingston, 16th September. Mr. Barr, Beith,
writes that the earlier nests found by him in 1904 contained
from four to five eggs, but in July he saw six nests each with
three eggs.

Hrirunpo Rustica (Swallow).—On the Clyde at Carmichael on
13th April, 200 Swallows and Sand Martins, at Noup Head
(1), and at Beith, same date, and on 14th at Cloverhill and
Cramond. At Kirkliston and Hunterston (Ayr) on 15th
October, and Dunbar, 5th November.

H. urpica (House - Martin).—Dundrennan (Solway), 18th (1);
Burntisland, 21st (several); Kirkmuirhill (Lanark), 28th;
Halmyre, 29th April, “very late this year.” Most records
refer to first week in May. Last seen Kirkliston, 4th October.

CoTILE RIPARIA (Sand-Martin).—First spring record, Whiting Bay,
Arran, 29th March; next East Linton, 4th April; and from
eight mainland localities between 13th and 3oth April ; Lerwick,
r7th May (2), 25th (2). See under Swallow above.

CoccOTHRAUSTES VULGARIS (Hawfinch).—One at Tyninghame,
February ; one at Skerryvore, 28th April; one Unst, 3rd May ;
one Peterhead, zoth July.: (“A.S.N.H.” 1904, pp. 126,
157, 187, 244.)

CARDUELIS SPINuS (Siskin).—Unst, Shetland, rgth April, one or two.

208 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

FRINGILLA CELEBS (Chaffinch).—Increased numbers on 17th March
at Unst. Pentland Skerries 21st October, flock ; Barra, 30th
October ; Flannans, roth November (50).

F, MONTIFRINGILLA (Brambling).—A great many in Unst from 16th
April till 27th May, also reported from Whalsay (Shetland),
roth. First autumn appearance, 27th October, Carmichael
(Lanark). Several in Aros Woods, Mull, 22nd November.

LINOTA LINARIA (Mealy Redpoll).—One ‘‘limed” in November, at
Beith (Ayr).

PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS (Snow-Bunting).—Very few notices of
this species on the mainland have been received. ‘The last
spring mainland observation is 3rd April, at Girvan, where I saw
a dozen on the shore north of the town. ‘The earliest mainland
autumn occurrences are from Fife, 11th October, Largo (1) ;
5th November, East Neuk (5); and the only “large flock” is
recorded in the same schedules, St. Andrews, 19th January.
At the Flannans the chief movements were in winter from
29th September till 13th December. At North Ronaldshay
“Jarge flocks” occurred on 22nd February and 29th October,
while at Sule Skerry the largest numbers seen were on 31st
March (40), and 11th November (80).

CaLcaRius LApponicus (Lapland-Bunting).—As already recorded
(CA:SN-H.” 1904, p. 207). Messrs) (Clarke and) Vaidlaw
found a flock on the Flannans during their stay from 6th till
21st September, and several were seen on Sule Skerry on the
22nd.

STURNUS VULGARIS (Starling).—In January Starlings are recorded
as being in considerable numbers at Inverbroom, having
remained all winter for the first time. The only Lighthouse
notice of importance in spring is a great rush at the Flannans
on 15th April, wind S.E., light-breeze, hazy, and rain. There
are many reports in winter from the Bell Rock north about by
Sule Skerry to the Flannans, Monach, and Corsewall, but only
at the last named are the numbers other than trifling. On
r1th December at Corsewall there were immense flocks along
the shore.

GARRULUS GLANDARIUS (Jay).—About fifteen shot in the Luss
district of Loch Lomond between May 1903 and May 1904.

CoRVUS MONEDULA (Jackdaw).—From Beith a partial albino is
reported, having the head and body light slate-colour, the
flights and tail feathers white tinged with cinnamon.

C. FRUGILEGUS (Rook).—In Unst a small flock on 14th February.
Numbers greatly increased there 23rd March, and on 2oth
April enormous numbers over whole island; last seen roth

REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY FOR 1904 209

May. (‘“A.S.N.H.,” 1904, p. 156). Several at Lerwick
30th and 31st March, and immense flocks at Corsewall on
3rd and 12th November. At Beith a pair persisted in
occupying a chimney-pot on a dwelling-house. After the
material for the nest had been removed several times, one
of the pair was destroyed, which tragedy ended the ex-
periment.

ALAUDA ARVENSIS (Skylark).—From all stations round the coasts
small parties are reported throughout February and March,
but the only great rush (with other species), and the ov/y April
report, is from the Flannans on 15th. ‘There are no reports
from May till August. From September till the end of the
year reports are not so numerous as in the first months, and
the only large number is at Noup Head on 7th October.

A. BRACHYDACTYLA (Short-toed Lark).—One (¢) captured on the
Flannans, 20th September (‘‘ A.S.N.H.,” 1904, p. 206).

CypsELUS apus (Swift).—Earliest records are on 5th May from
Lamlash, Cameron Bridge (Fife), and Inverleith; Dunure
(Ayr), 7th, and Beith, 8th. In autumn at Duddingston, 13th
September in numbers; Auchtertool and Noup Head, 16th;
Flannans, 16th and 17th; and Kirkliston, 18th, forming an
unusual series of mid-September observations on this species.

IyNX TORQUILLA (Wryneck).—One found dead, 9th May, at Dunbar,
COCACS: NCE; 1904, ps 244).

CAPRIMULGUs EUROPUS (Nightjar).
thereafter when quiet.

DENDROCOPUS MAJOR (Great Spotted Woodpecker).—One at
Auchinblae (Kincardine), 16th June.

Lamlash, 4th May, and nightly

ALCEDO ISsPIDA (Kingfisher).—Two occurrences are reported from
far north, (1) Inverbroom, 19th September ; (2) Brawl Castle
(¢@), 19th October, picked up dead at river side. On the
Clyde near Glasgow, on r2th April, twenty minutes after sun-
set, I heard one singing, a regular warble with the call note
appearing time and again in the measure.

CucuLus caNnorus (Cuckoo).—The earliest dates are from
“Clyde,” viz. Lamlash, 25th; Beattock, 26th; Beith, 28th
April; Auchinblae (Kincardine), 29th ; Cloverhill (Tweed) and
Fossaway (Forth), 30th, are the next reports, but the majority
of the observations of first occurrences are between 2nd and
4th May.

AsIO ACCIPITRINUS (Short-eared Owl).—Four observed at Teasses
(Fife), roth March. They had been there all winter in con-
sequence of a plague of field voles. They did not breed.

c6 (€
») ’

210 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Circus cyANEus (Hen-Harrier).—Near Stromness, 2nd February,
(3); Stenness, 26th February ( @ ).

BuTEO Lacopus (Rough-legged Buzzard).—Dunbeath (Caithness),
1st January (¢); Braemore (Caithness), rst April (9);
Auchinblae (Kincardine), roth April (2), 15th August (2),
29th October (2).

FaLco suBBUTEO (Hobby).—One (¢) shot at Kelso, 29th June
(CoArS INGE” 9ps.2415):

F, TINNUNCULUS (Kestrel).—One at the Flannans, 29th September.

PHALACROCORAX CARBO (Cormorant).—Mr. H. W. Robinson, who
was paying close attention to the change of plumage in spring
in this species near Stromness, says it was the 27th of February
before he saw one in full breeding plumage.

P. GRacULUS (Shag)—Mr. Robinson, writing of his observations on
this species near Stromness, says that on 25th January, ‘“‘some
had a fairly large crest, on 4th February several almost fully
crested, and on 22nd February shot one with a fully developed
crest on the forehead, and another smaller crest on the back of
the head.” 5

ARDEA CINEREA (Common Heron).—One at Noup Head on
5th September, “seldom seen here,” and four on 23rd flying
N.E. At the Flannans five on 12th, one on 17th September,
and one on 12th October.!

ANSER CINEREUS (Grey-Lag Goose).—At Dundrennan (Solway) on
15th February, 50 flying W. to E.

A. SEGETUM (Bean-Goose).—Flock at Burntisland on 1st February,
out of which two shot were of this species.

BERNICLA LEuCopsIs (Barnacle-Goose).—Arrived Barra, 4th October,
Flannans on 6th (5), 12th (24).

B. BRENTA (Brent Goose).—On 2nd January at Fairlie, Ayr, roo.
On 16th September, one, Flannans. On 17th October at
Sule Skerry, 18.

Cycnus (sf.?) (Swans).—Near Stromness, 29th February and
rst March, Whoopers (C. susicus), small parties passing ;
16th and 18th June at Tentsmuir, flock ; roth April, Whalsay,
Shetland (19); 23rd April Sandsting, Shetland (11); 8th
November, North Shetland, heard passing (“ A.S.N.H.” 1905,

Pp: 1a):

1 A nest at Kirkconnel which contained four eggs precipitated to the ground
with the top of the tree, which was blown off by a gust of wind—an exception
to the rule that birds usually select safe trees for nesting. General hatching took
place at Rosneath Heronry on 9th April.

REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY FOR 1904 211

ANAS STREPERA (Gadwall).—One (6) early in the year near
Stromness, shot out of flock of Wigeon. Another 22nd March
at Novar (7A°S.N:Hi” 1904, p. 189).

SPATULA CLYPEATA (Shoveler).—One at Lendalfoot, Ayrshire, on
24th October the first ever obtained there. One in Bute, 8th
May, an addition to Mr. Robertson’s Bute list (“A.S.N.H.”
1905, Pp. 54):

FULIGULA FERINA (Pochard).—First small flock at Duddingston
18th September.

F. cristata (Tufted Duck).—First small flock at Duddingston on
5th September.

HARELDA GLACIALIS (Long-tailed Duck).—Near Stromness, numer-
ous both on the sea and inland lochs, but only in flocks on the
former. Started pairing 4th February. Arrived Barra, 23rd
October.

SOMATERIA, v. NIGRUM (Pacific Eider Duck).—Shot at Graemsay,
Orkney, 14th December (“ A.S.N.H.,” 1905, p. 183).

S. MotuissimA (Common Eider Duck).—At Sule Skerry, 2nd Feb-
ruary, twelve seen, ‘“‘seem pairing.” “Last seen” at the Bell
Rock on roth April. At Loch Broom six pairs, the jist seen
there (“ A.S.N.H.,” 1905, p. 54). Appeared in force for the
jirst time in the spring of 1904 at Scourie Bay, and three males
and two females on 11th May are the jrs¢ recorded occur-
rences of the species for Loch Inver (‘‘ A.S.N.H.,” 1904, p.
189). At Noup Head on 3rd July they returned (11). On
30th September at the Bell Rock, fifteen were observed, on 6th
October, forty-two, and by 27th October, about a hundred.

CEDEMIA NIGRA (Common Scoter)—At Largo Bay on 26th
December, thousands, being the first appearance in numbers.

CE. Fusca (Velvet Scoter)—Some at Largo Bay in the great flocks
of the common species in December.

C. enas (Stock Dove).—One at Halligarth, North Shetland, 22nd
forzigth june (“A-S:N. EL” 905, p. 217):

Lacopus MuTuS (Ptarmigan).—Two young, perfectly white, found
near Roy Bridge (“The Field,” 2oth July, 1904, p. 230).
CoTURNIX COMMUNIS (Quail).—At West Ardow, Mull, 29th October

(“The Field,” 1904, p. 864).

CREX PRATENSIS (Corn-Crake).—One shot, 18th January, on Tiree,
where they are “often got in winter.” At Dippen, Arran, Mr.
Robert Lindsay flushed one on the moor on 12th April. Hal-
myre, 27th; Largo, 28th; Cramond, Thornliebank, and Beith,
on 29th April. The writer saw one alive which was caught by
a policeman on night duty, on 22nd November, near Glasgow.

212 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CHARADRIUS PLUVIALIS (Golden Plover).—Small parties at the
Flannans between 4th and 19th October.

SQUATAROLA HELVETICA (Grey Plover).—At Dundrennan (Solway), a
small flock on 14th April. One in Bute, 6th and roth October
(PAC SHNSHE 2 9055p: 54):

VANELLUS VULGARIS (Lapwing).—Appeared at Carmichael (Lanark),
5th February, and arrived on breeding grounds, Auchinblae
(Kincardine), on 23rd February. On 12th March a flock at
the Flannans, and on 13th large numbers at Corsewall. On
24th April, on Mearns Moor, near Glasgow, seventeen nests,
one with five eggs (Robert Wilson).

STREPSILAS INTERPRES (Turnstone).—Left Sule Skerry, where they
had passed the winter on 29th April. Forty were seen on 8th
May in Bute. Seven at Sule Skerry on 1st June seemed on
passage. On 28th July appeared at Skerryvore, Bell Rock, on
17th August, and Fairlie (Ayr) on 27th.

H&MATOPUS OSTRALEGUS (Oyster-Catcher).—At Skerryvore on
roth March a large flock passed north. They came from the
south, passing over the tower at full speed. Weather clear, but
very dark. Wind S.W., light breeze.

PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS (Grey Phalarope).—One @ found dead at
Lendalfoot (Ayr) on gth October.

SCOLOPAX RUSTICULA (Woodcock).—Much larger numbers of wood-
cock than usual nested this year in central Scotland (‘‘ A.S.N.H.,”
1904, p. 191), also in Dumfries (Z¢. pp. 246-7).

GALLINAGO MAJOR (Great Snipe).—Four are reported—from Unst
2oth September (“A.S.N.H.,” 1905, p. 55); the Flannans, 3rd
October (Zc. p. 82); Stirkoke (Caithness), 8th October; and one
from Dumfriesshire on same date (both from ‘ The Field,” 1904,
p- 654).

G. C&LESTIS (Common Snipe).—A great rush at the Flannans on
17th February, and a rush on roth December at same place.
At Tiree quite abundant, especially early in the season. At
Sule Skerry on 29th August about a dozen “arrive for winter.”

G. GALLINULA (Jack Snipe).—A remarkable visitation at the Flannans
onthe 17th September (“A.S.N-H.,” 1905, p: 82):

TRINGA SUBARQUATA (Curlew-Sandpiper).—A dead female was picked
up at Lendalfoot (Ayr) on 30th September.

T. srriata (Purple Sandpiper)—Several at Skerryvore, 4th August,
and three at the Bell Rock on 15th September. One got at
Loch Lomond in January is an addition to the fauna of the loch.

T. canurus (Knot).—Two at Fairlie (Ayr), 16th August, and a
dozen in same locality on 3rd September.

REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY FOR 1904 213

MACHETES PUGNAX (Ruff).—One (¢ juv.) at Barrock, Caithness,
11th October.

TOTANUS HYPOLEUCUS (Common Sandpiper).—At Beith, 14th; Both-
well, Halmyre, and Ballo Reservoir (Fife), 16th ; Glencorse, on
the Pentlands, and Duddingston, 17th April, are the earliest
reports; while the latest is at Cobbinshaw Reservoir, 21st
September.

T. ocHRropus (Green Sandpiper).—One at Polmadie (Glasgow) on
nithy December (“OAS.N-H.,” 1905, ps 120):

T. CALIDRIS (Redshank).—Arrived at Auchinblae (Kincardine) on
26th February, ‘snow on ground”; at Cloverhill (Tweed),
17th March; Kirkmuirhill (Lanark), 24th March. A white
one is reported from Barra, 23rd October.

T. CANESCENS (Greenshank).—One at Fairlie (Ayr), 17th September,
and one in Bute, roth October (“‘A.S.N.H.,” 1905, p. 54).

Limosa LAPPONICA (Bar-tailed Godwit)—A pair at Loch Arienas
(Morven) on 11th June; four at Fairlie (Ayr), 3rd September.

NuMENIUS ARQUATA (Common Curlew).—At Corsewall numbers
seen on 6th and 17th March. Returned to breeding grounds,
18th, Auchinblae (Kincardine). Small numbers in July and
August seen on three days at the Flannans. Sule Skerry,
18th December, eight arrived for winter.

N. pH&opus (Whimbrel).—At the Flannans on 5th May (1), 7th
May (3), 22nd May (17); Bute on roth and 23rd May; at
Inch Fad (Loch Lomond), 30th July.

HyYDROCHELIDON NIGRA (Black Tern).—One at Gladhouse Reservoir
(Moorfoots), 7th September, and another at Gullane, 26th
November (“A.S.N.H.,” 1905, p. 119).

STERNA FLUVIATILIS (Common Tern).—The earliest and latest dates
relating to this species are from Largo, viz. 14th April (3), and
27th September (a few). All other reports of arrival refer to
the period 8th to 25th May.

Larus minutus (Little Gull).—One at Uyeasound, 3rd May
COATS: NH? 19045 "p> 157).

L. RIpIBUNDUS (Black-headed Gull).—Two new colonies are reported
as being established between Arbroath and Montrose.

L. GLaucus (Glaucous Gull).—One at Sule Skerry, 2oth January ;
one young (30th January), and two adults (1st and 5th
February), near Stromness.

L. LEUCOPTERUs (Iceland Gull).—One (jzz.), 17th May, Tobermory
(CAS: NCEL, 904% p 247):

214 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

RIssA TRIDACTYLA (Kittiwake).—TFirst seen on cliffs at Noup Head
on 27th February, and at the Flannans two days later. An
immature one on 27th April at Cambuslang, Lanark, is only
the second known occurrence for the county. Last seen at
Noup Head, 3rd September; a large flock appeared at the
Bell Rock on 24th November.

PAGOPHILA EBURNEA (Ivory Gull).—One at Largo Bay, 14th
September («Avs N.EL” 1905, p. 153):

STERCORARIUS POMATORHINUS (Pomatorhine Skua).— One at
Hunterston (Ayr), 17th February (“A.S.N.H.,” 1904, p. 192).

S. CREPIDATUS (Richardson’s Skua).—One at Fairlie (Ayr), 13th
August.

S. parasiticus (Buffon’s Skua).—A pair shot near New Pitsligo,
Aberdeen, 23rd May (“Zoologist,” July 1904, p. 266).

ALCA TORDA (Razorbill).—Arrived at the Flannans on 23rd March ;
Noup Head, 24th. All away from Noup Head by 8th August.

URIA TROILE (Guillemot).—Landed at the Flannans for the first
time for season on 26th February. All away from Noup Head
by 8th August.

MERGULUS ALLE (Little Auk).—Near Stromness, 29th January, a
pair; Dunbar, 27th November, one (“A.S.N.H.,” 1905, p.
119); Arbroath, 16th November, one.

FRATERCULA ARCTICA (Puffin).—At Sule Skerry, 16th ; Noup Head
and the Flannans, 17th April. All away from Noup Head on
roth August.

CoLYMBUS GLACIALIS (Great Northern Diver).—Bute, 8th May
(“A.S.N.H.,” 1905, p. 54); Loch Aline, Sound of Mull,
11th June, a pair.

PODICIPES GRISEIGENA (Red-necked Grebe).—Largo, 23rd December,
one.

PROCELLARIA PELAGICA (Storm Petrel).—Breeding on the Bass Rock
(GAAES"N- Ee TOO5,mp: 155):

OcEANODROMA LEUCORRHOA (Leach’s Fork-tailed Petrel).— Arrived
at Sule Skerry about 1oth June. Notes on nesting at the
Flannans (“A.S.N.H.,” 1905, p. 85).

PUuFFINUS GRAVIS (Great Shearwater).—One picked up dead on the
shore at Lendalfoot (Ayr) on 3rd October. New to “Clyde.”

FULMARUS GLACIALIS (Fulmar).—All away from Noup Head on 8th
August. Returned to cliffs on 25th November.

ANIMALS FOUND IN THE UPPER ELF LOCH 215

All who have sent schedules or other communications to
enable this report to be prepared are most heartily thanked
for their kind co-operation. It is particularly requested that,
in future, correspondents should supply information relating
to ornithology in all its aspects, in order that the annual
report may be put on a broader basis than heretofore, and
consequently be made more generally interesting.

1150 CATHCART STREET, GLASGOW.

ADDIEIONS TO SCOT AND TINDSAY:sS ist
OF ANIMALS FOUND IN THE UPPER ELE

EO@CH.
By Wiuu1aM Evans, F.R.S.E.

Messrs. Scott and Lindsay’s excellent paper on the
‘Upper Elf Loch,’ Braid Hills,—published in the Transac-
tions of the Edinburgh Naturalists’ Field Club for 1897-98
(vol. iii. pp. 276-287, and 369-384),—having created an
interest in the fauna of that pond, it is well that the list
should be made as full as possible. With this view, I am
induced to record the following 47 species taken by myself,
and not given in the paper referred to. When necessary,
specimens have been submitted to experts, whose kind
assistance will be individually acknowledged in other papers
upon which I am engaged.

Furcularia forficula (Ehr.).— This rotifer was detected by Mr. James
Murray in material I sent him in June last.

Polycelis nigra (Ehr.).—A somewhat pale form of this common fresh-
water Planarian is abundant in the pond, and is probably the
“‘flat-worm ” referred to by Scott and Lindsay.

Stylaria lacustris (L.).—Common, especially so in May and June
1905.

Lumbriculus variegatus (Mill.).—Taken in some numbers in October
1904, and again this spring. This and the Stylarvva are the
only Oligocheets I have found in the pond.

Glossiphonia stagnalis (L.).—A few examples of this small leech were
obtained this spring.

216 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

flerpobdella octoculata (.).—Also a couple of this species.

Asellus aguaticus (L.).—During April and May, 1905, this crustacean
was so plentiful in the loch that at least half a dozen occurred
in every haul of a small hand-net. ‘This is especially interest-
ing, seeing that Scott and Lindsay drew attention to its apparent
absence in 1896-98.

Piona fuscata (Herm.).—The most abundant water-mite in the pond ;
males, though less numerous than females, were common this
spring.

Lydryphantes ruber (De Geer.).—Another Hydrachnid, of which a
single specimen was captured in May.

LNotaspis lacustris, Mich.—An interesting Oribatid mite, of which I
have recently secured about a dozen examples from this pond.

Diplocephalus permixtus (Cb.).—One male. Though, of course, not
aquatic, this spider and the next are partial to marshes.

Gongylidium dentatum (Wid.).—Taken on two occasions, in March
and May.

The additional Insects identified are :—

COLLEMBOLA.

Sminthurus aquaticus, Bourl.— Abundant on water plants and on
the surface of the water during summer and autumn. I expect
this is the Podura aguatica of Scott and Lindsay’s list. The
true Podura aquatica, L., is rare in this district, and I have
looked for it in vain on the upper Elf Loch.

Lsotoma palustris (Miill.).—Is also very common on this pond.

HEMIPTERA.

Gerris aspera, Fieb.—A few examples captured in May and June last.
G. lacustris, L.—Have taken this also.

Corixa distincta, Fieb.—Common.

C. fallenit, Fieb,—One specimen identified.

C. mesta, Fieb.—A few secured this spring.

C. semtstriata, Fieb.—Not scarce.

C. preusta, Fieb.—Plentiful during April and May last.

NEUROPTERA.

Lnallagma cyathigerum, Charp.—lI have seen this little dragon-fly
at the pond, but not recently.

Rhithrogena semicolorata, Curt.—This May-fly is common this year.

ANIMALS FOUND IN THE UPPER ELF LOCH 217

Lcdyurus venosus, F.— 4s of this species also obtained.

Leuctra klapalekt, Kempny.—Several taken in October 1904.
Phryganea obsoleta, M‘L..—Have taken several specimens.
Limnophilus vittatus, F—Common on water plants in October last.
Sericostoma personatum, Sp.—A few in June, 1905.

Leptocerus aterrimus, Stph.—Two, June.

Polycentropus flavomaculatus, Pict.—One, July.

COLEOPTERA.
ffydroporus palustris, V..—'Taken on several occasions; quite
common in May last.
Agabus bipustulatus, L.—One, September 1895.

Llybius ater, De Geer.—Three, May and June 1905. A rather un-
common beetle in this district.

Colymbetes fuscus, L.—Have taken single examples on two occasions.

Acilius sulcatus, L.—@ captured in June.

fTydrobius fuscipes, L.—One, November 1896; common in May
1905.

flelophorus aquaticus, L.—Taken a number of years ago.

HZ, enetpennis, Thoms.—Common in May last.

fT. brevipalpis, Bedel.—Two in May.

Stenus pubescens, Steph.—Taken on several occasions. Though not
strictly a “water” beetle, this species is almost invariably found
on water plants.

Donacia versicolorea, Brahm.—A single example was obtained on
13th October 1904, and others occurred this year.

DIPTERA.

Chironomus plumosus, L.—Taken this summer: the imago of one of
the ‘ blood-worms” so plentiful in the pond.

C. riparius, Mg., and C. virescens, Mg.—Common in end of June.

Orthocladius dolens, W\k.— Numbers flying over the water in
beginning of May last.

Tanypus vartus, ¥.—Hatched from pupz got in the pond; taken
also on the wing in May.

Lristalis tntricarius, L.—One flying over the pond on 11th June.
The larvee live in the liquid mud.

218 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

I may add that I remember when a pair of water-hens
(Gallinula chloropus) frequented this tarn, and have seen their
nest there. Messrs. Scott and Lindsay speak of the minnow
being there. It must, surely, have been artificially intro-
duced. It has never come under my notice, and I have
known the pond for many years.

EDINBURGH, /uly 1905.

ON DHE TDIPTERATOE, THE FLUANNAN
ISLANDS:

By Percy H. GrimsHaw, F.E.S.

THE following is a list of the Diptera collected by Mr. W.
Eagle Clarke during his sixteen days’ sojourn on the
Flannan Islands in the month of September 1904. About
340 specimens were captured, and these represent something
like 40 distinct species. It is, to say the least, surprising to
find such a variety of Diptera on this small storm-swept and
remote group of islands, and some of the species, such as
the unidentified Perzcoma, Blepharoptera modesta, Limosina
crasstmana, and a fine unknown Sflogaster with large and
conspicuous spots on the abdomen, are of much _ interest.
Our knowledge of the insect life of all the outlying islands
round our coasts is extremely limited, and a collection such
as that made by Mr. Eagle Clarke, and very kindly submitted
to me for examination, must always be of great value to the
student of distribution. All the specimens have been pre-
sented by Mr. Eagle Clarke to the Royal Scottish Museum.

1-2. Sczara spp.—Three females, representing two distinct species
which I have not been able to identify. They both belong
to Section II. of the Monograph by Winnertz.

Scatopse notata, 1.—Two females.

4. Chironomide.—Thirty-four specimens. I have hitherto paid so
little attention to this Family that I must reserve the
publication of my records until the identifications are less
doubtful than they are at present.

Pericoma sp.—One specimen.

6. Zipula ? confusa, V. d. Wlp.—Four males and two females of

what I take to be this species.

Oo

on

Ets

D4.

Tage
16 (5

17k

18.

19.

ON THE DIPTERA OF THE FLANNAN ISLANDS 219

Tipula paludosa, Mg.—Two females. A common and univer-
sally distributed species.

Sympycnus annulipes, Mg.—Two specimens. The only represen-
tative of the Brachycera obtained by Mr. Clarke.

Syrphus corolle, ¥.—Two males.

. Syrphus luniger, Mg.—Two females. Both species of Sy7phus

are of general occurrence.

Cynomyia mortuorum, L.—Seven males and three females.
Evidently an abundant species on the islands.

. Musca domestica, L.—The Common House-Fly. One male

and four females.

Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg.—Yhe Common Blow-Fly or
Blue-Bottle. Fourteen males and ten females.

Luphoria cornicina, ¥.—Twelve males and eleven females. A
very common and universally distributed species of ‘‘ Green-
Bottle.”

Spilogaster duplicata, Mg.—Two females.

Spilogaster sp.—A female specimen belonging to this genus is
probably the most interesting Fly in the collection. It isa
large one, with conspicuous spots on the abdomen, and
quite unlike anything known to me. It is unfortunate that
only one example was obtained, as it may represent a very
rare or even a new species.

Hydrotea irritans, ¥\in.—A single female of this well-named
Anthomyiid. Probably common on the islands.

Anthomyia sulciventris, Ztt.—Six males and eighteen females.
The latter sex was previously unknown to me, but after a
careful examination and comparison with the male I have
no hesitation in assigning these eighteen well-preserved
females to this species. They will be useful eventually for
description.

Phorbia florilega, Ztt.—Nine males and twenty-one females,
belonging, I believe, to this species. Phorbia, however, is a
difficult genus, and requires much material and long and
careful study before the species can be identified with
certainty. I have not previously met with this species.

. Phorbia sp.—A_ single female. Quite distinct from the

preceding, but without the accompanying male I cannot
identify it.

. Homalomyia canicularis, L.— One female. Elsewhere an

abundant species, especially in dwellings, and presumably so
on the Flannan Islands.

Dis

26.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Scatophaga stercoraria, ..—Twenty-six males and twenty-seven
females. It would be difficult to say where this common
brightly-coloured “‘ dung-fly ” does ot occur !

Scatophaga litorea, Fln.— Twenty-five males and nineteen
females. An abundant species round our coasts.

Scatophaga squalida, Mg.—A single male. This species is
often found at the summits of high mountains.

Celopa (? or Fucomyia) spp. Twelve males and six females
belonging to this curious genus. As I do not yet properly
understand the species, I cannot here refer to the present
specimens with any degree of preciseness.

Blepharoptera modesta, Mg.—Five specimens, identified by the
use of Loew’s Monograph, agree well with the description of
this species. I had not previously seen examples, and its
occurrence on the Flannan Islands is of much interest.

Scatella sibilans, Hal.—F ive specimens. ) Both common
Scatella stagnalis, Hal.—Five specimens. § species.

. Drosophila graminum, F\n,— Twenty-three specimens. A

common and widely distributed species.

. Agromyza sp.—A single specimen, which I am unable to

determine.
Ceratomysza denticornis, Panz.—One specimen.

Chromatomyia affinis, Mg.—One specimen.

. Borborus geniculatus, Mcq.—Two specimens of this easily

recognised species.

. Limosina crassimana, Hal.—A single male of this very distinct

species.
Ornithomyia avicularia, L.—One specimen.

RoyaL ScoTtisH MusrkuM, EDINBURGH.

SEIDEN SOE =Si- Kile DAY

By THE Rev. O. PICKARD-CamBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., etc.

A SMALL collection of arachnids lately received through the
kindness of Mr. James Waterston of Edinburgh, by whom
they were collected in the island of St. Kilda early in the
present summer, is of some special interest, not altogether
from what it contains, but perhaps more from what it does
not contain. One would have thought that a spot so

SPIDERS OF ST. KILDA 221

isolated and so far north as the island of St. Kilda would,
during several weeks’ collecting, have furnished more specially
northern forms, and probably some new to science, even out
of the few met with; but out of twenty-five species of
Araneidea there is not one which is not recorded at various
points quite to the south coast of England, while of the
four species of Phalangidea one only is a northern form, and
so to a certain extent peculiar. In the subjoined list I have
noted the points of interest that have occurred to me in
respect to the species recorded. There does not appear, from
the notes Mr. Waterston kindly sends me, on locality and
habitats, any noteworthy variation in the known and
recorded habits of the species met with. The fewness of
the arachnidous forms met with by Mr. Waterston may be
perhaps accounted for chiefly by the limited time he had
to devote specially to this group.

ARACHNIDA.
ARANEIDEA

CLUBIONA HOLOSERICEA, Ve Geer.— Adults of both sexes as well as
immature examples. One would judge from the number of
specimens that the species is an abundant one in St. Kilda, as
it also is in most damp and swampy situations throughout
England. The examples are also quite as large as those found
in more southern localities.

PROSTHESIMA PETIVERH, Scop.—An adult, and an immature female.
The species is abundant in the southern parts of England.
Mr. Waterston remarks on the voracity of this spider.

TEGENARIA DERHAMU, Scofp.—Adults of both sexes of this common
and widely distributed house-spider.

AMAUROBIUS FENESTRALIS, S¢voem.—Immature examples of this
species, which is abundant in the north of England, but gets
scarce southwards.

PHYLLONETHIS LEPIDA, Walck.—A single adult female of this very
small species, which had lost all but one leg. The occurrences
of this little spider are few and far between in Great Britain,
the only records known to me hitherto are from Cumberland,
Middlesex, and in marshy spots in Dorsetshire, where it is a
fairly common species.

Rosertus (Pedanostethus) Livipus, 4/.—Both sexes adult of this
widely dispersed and abundant spider.

222 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

LEPTYPHANTES BLACKWALLII, Az/cz.—An adult male and several
females. These examples are rather remarkable, the male
especially, for their dark rich colouring and markings com-
pared with those met with in the south of England. It is an
abundant spider and found in most British localities.

LEPTYPHANTES PALLIDUS, Camdr.—Two adult females of this some-
what local but widely spread species.

BATHYPHANTES VARIEGATUS, 4/—Adult and immature females.
In the north of England this very distinct little species is
abundant, but it is comparatively rare in the south.

BATHYPHANTES CONCOLOR, Wzder.—Adults of both sexes. It
appears to be a common and universally dispersed British
spider.

CENTROMERUS (Zmeticus) CONCINNUS, Zhor.—A single example of
the female. Further researches will perhaps result in the
relegation of this species into a variety only of C. (Zmeticus)
bicolor, Bl. Kulezynski considers it to be only a variety.
At present the form “concinnus” seems to be tolerably con-
stant, and recognisable without difficulty. I have given it
here as a Centromerus, a genus formed by Dahl with C. dzcolor,
Bl., as its type, and including others of the heterogeneous
eroup known hitherto under Zmeficus, Menge. ‘This group,
though I have myself up to now kept it in its entirety, un-
doubtedly needs careful subdivision.

Tmeticus Hutruwairu, Cambr.—Adult females. This would appear
to be a rather common spider in St. Kilda (as it also is in
some parts of England), but the male seems generally to escape
capture somehow. ‘The adult male would probably be met
with early in spring, and later in autumn.

Tiso vacans, A/.—A single adult male. Not a rare spider in
Scotland and England, but perhaps rarer in the south than in
the north.

ERIGONE PROMISCUA, Cambr.—Adults of both sexes. The female
has only recently been recorded (from St. Leonards-on-sea,
Sussex) ; but the males have occurred throughout England and
Scotland, and also in North Wales, though more numerously
in the north than in the south.

DicyMBIuM NiGRUM, 4/7—A single adult male. A common and
widely dispersed spider.

SAVIGNIA FRONTATA, 4/.—An adult male and two females. An
abundant spider in England, Wales, and Scotland.

WALCKENAERA NUDIPALPIS, Westy.—Two adult females. Some-
what local and rare, but widely dispersed in Scotland and
England.

SPIDERS OF ST. KILDA 223

Ero tHoracica, W7d.—Females with their curious and pretty little
pear-shaped egg-cocoons. Widely dispersed and not rare.

META MERIAN&, Scof.—Immature females, of this common and
widely dispersed species.

NESTICUS CELLULANUS, Clerck.—An immature female of this widely
dispersed semi-domestic spider; found generally in cellars,
damp caves, and among rocks in dark places.

XysTICUS CRISTATUS, CZ/ervck.—Immature females. Common and
universally distributed.

Xysticus KocHtl, Zior.—An immature male only. Although not
adult I do not feel any doubt about this specimen. The
species is rarer northwards, but tolerably abundant in the
south of England.

PIRATA PIRATICUS, C/ervck.— Adult and immature females.
Apparently an abundant spider in St. Kilda, as it also is in
many parts to the south of England.

TROCHOSA TERRICOLA, Zhor.—Immature examples only of this
common and widely dispersed spider.

LycosA PULLATA, Clervck.—Male and females, adult. Common and
universally distributed throughout Great Britain.

PHALANGIDEA.

OLIGOLOPHUS ALPINUS, /Zerbs¢-—Examples of what I believe to be
this species were contained in the St. Kilda collection. It
has also occurred in other parts of Scotland (Balmoral and
Isle of Arran, as well as near Glasgow). Mr. Waterston speaks
of it as “‘the most abundant arachnid seen.”

OLIGOLOPHUS MoRIO, “aby.—A single immature example, which I
feel sure is of this species, was the only one contained in the
collection.

OLIGOLOPHUS PALPINALIS, //erds¢t—An immature example only,
but I feel very little doubt of its being of this species. Since
the publication of my monograph,! I have received it from
several localities (besides Dorsetshire), both in England and
Scotland. It appears to be a rare though widely dispersed
species.

NEMASTOMA LUGUBRE, O. /. Miiller.—Several examples. It seems
to be almost universally distributed in England and Scotland.

BLOXWORTH RECTORY, WAREHAM.

1 «Monograph of Brit. Phalangidea,” 1890, ‘ Proc. Dorset Field Club,’
xl. p. 190.

224 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE TOPRO-
GRAPHICAL BOTANY “OF SCOTEAND:

By James W. H. Trai, A.M., M.D., F.R.S.
(Continued from p. 177.)

RANUNCULACE&.

Clematis Vitalba, L., 75, 97, 98, 102.
Thalictrum alpinum, Z., ror, 107.
T. minus, Z., 105.
a. maritimum, Syme, 74, 84, 96, 102.
6. montanum, Wadll/r., 87, 104, 108.
c. flexuosum (Leichd.), delete 109.
T. flavum, Z., 75 f, Loo.
Anemone nemorosa, Z., except in 109, 110, 111, 112.
Adonis autumnatlis, L., Perthshire.
A. estivalis, L., casual, 83.
Ranunculus fluitans, Zam., 72.
R. trichophyllus, Chazx, 73, 74, 84, 90, 93.
R. Drouettii, Godr., 72, 93, 96, 98, 99, 100. Delete 103.
R. heterophyllus, WVeé., 74, 86, 109.
R. peltatus, Schranck, 76, 79, 86.
b. truncatus (ern), 72, 73, 74, Perthshire.
c. floribundus (Baé.), 72, 73, 74, 76, 86.
d. penicillatus (fern), 72, 73, 74, 77, 80, 86.
. Baudotii, Godr., 74, 88, 39, 93, 95, 99, 109.
c. marinus, #7, I10.
. hederaceus, Z., 105.
. Flammula, Z., the variety radicans, /Vo/¢e, is common and wide-
spread.
"eptans, -2., oc.
. scoticus, Marshall (= R. petiolaris, Marshall), 86, 107.
Pltimeua, 7.073 (0), 74, 00,..104 40):
. auricomus, Z., 74, 84, 106 (?).
acris, Z. Of the forms of this variable species the following
have been detected in Scotland :—
subsp. Boreeanus ( Jord.), 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 105.
var. tomophyllus (/ord.), 91, 92, 93, 97, 108, 109g, 112.
var. rectus, Bor., 91, 92, 93, 94, 112.
subvar. pumilus, Wah, 94, 96, 112.
var. Nathorstii, A. Berl, 88, 92 (?), 97, 98.
subsp. Steveni, Andrz., 74, 88-90, 92, 93, 98, 108, 109,
Tee TANIA
subsp. Friesianus (Jord.), 112.
var. vulgatus, Jord., 88, 92, 93, 112.

Bide ww

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 225

R. bulbosus, Z., except 98, 103, 104, 105, 112.
Re Sardous,, C7an7z,.73) Or.
Re arvensis, /eyie7o0.. Melee 75.
R. falcatus, L.; R. muricatus, L.; and R. parviflorus, L.; all casuals
in 83.
Caltha palustris, Z., var. Guerangerii (or.), 72 (?), 110.
var. minor, Syme, 72, 86, 88, 91, 94, 96, 98, 100, 105.
Delete 95.
C. radicans, Forster, 88, 92, 93, 96, 97, 108.
var. zetlandica, Beeby, 96.
Trollius europzeus, Z., 102.
Flelleborus viridis, L., 72, 82, 102.
F1, fetidus, L., 89 outcast.
Delphinium Azjacis, L.; D. nudicaule, Torr. and Gray ; D. orientale,
J. Gay; casuals in 83.
Nigella damascena, L., casual in 83.
Eranthis hyemalis, Salisb., 83, Perthshire.
Aquilegia vulgaris, Z., 74, 76, 98, 99.
Aconitum Napellus, L., 72, 73, 92.

BERBERIDACE.

Berberis vulgaris, Z., except 95, 94, 9S, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108.
Epimedium alpinum, L., reported by Sonntag from 83, 85, 86, 87.

NYMPHACE.

Nympheea lutea, Z., 72, 84.

N. pumila, Hoffm., 92.

Castalia speciosa, Sa/sb., var. minor, DC., 96, 97, 98, 100, 104,
108.

PAPAVERACE.

iBapaver, Kheeas, 2. 72,73. 74, 101.

var. strigosum (oenn.), Perthshire.
P. dubium, Z., 104.

var. Lecoquii (Lamotte), 72, 83.
P. Avzemoney/2;, 74; 70; 99, 103.
P. pavoninum, M. & F., casual in 92.
Meconopsis cambrica, Vig., 73, 74, 76, 77, 84, 96.
Glaucium flavum, Cvanfz, too, 112.
G. corniculatum, Curt., casual in 83.
Remeria violacea, Medic., casual in 83.
Escholtsia californica, Cham., casual in 83.
Flypecoum grandifiorum, Benth., casual in 83.
Chelidonium majus, L.., probably in most counties from Inverness

and Lanark southwards, 100, 106.

56 D

226 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

FUMARIACE&.
LVeckeria solida, 72.
Wii, SCOP. 72,53, 0, 89, 93:
Fumaria pallidiflora, Jord., 72, 74, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94, 95, 108,
LO, kL.
F, purpurascens, Pugs/ey, 111.
EF. Bore, Jord., 72, 80, 31, 83, 84, 93,104, 95, 97, 1°7-
Econtusa, Jord... 73,7103, LOA, Tire eZee 103.
F. Vaillantii, Zozse/, 84.
F. parviflora, Zam. For 89 (?) read go (?).

Some of the records for /umaria, in the capreolate group of
species, are probably erroneous owing to incorrect determination of
the forms. The species of Fumaria can scarcely be regarded as
more than colonists in Scotland.

CRUCIFER.

Chetranthus Chetrt, L., 72, 73, 74, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 93.

Nasturtium officinale, 2. B7., var. siifolium (Aezchd.), has been found
in 89, and var. microphyllum (fezchd.) in 88, 89, 92.

N. sylvestre, 2. Br., 76, 80, 92 (?) (extinct), 98.

N. amphibium, 2. 47%, 92 casual.

Barbarea arcuata, Rezchb., 89 casual, 109.

B. intermedia, Bor, 72 (?), 73, 80, 83.

B. precox, R. Br., 73, 83, 89 casual.

Arabis albida, Stev., escape, 83.

A. petreea, Zam., 95, 96, delete 106 (?).

var. hispida, DC., 94, 108.
var. ambigua, DC., 88, 98.

A. ciliata, R. Br., reported, but with doubt as to the species, from
O;.99,, 103, 110.

A. hirsuta, Scop., except 78, 93, 96, 99, 111, 112.

A. Turrita, L., reported, by Sonntag, from 84, 86.

Cardamine amara, Z., except 78, 82, 84, 97, 101-104, 105 (??),
106 (2), 107-112.

C. flexuosa, With., 73, 82, 93, 107.

Draba muralis, L., 76, 80, 86, 98, usually a mere casual, established
in Glen Farg, and as a field weed near Edinburgh.

DD; incana, 7,736.

D. rupesttis, &. Br., 105, 108, 111 (2).

Erophila vulgaris, DC., 101, 107.

E. precox, DC., 109.

E. inflata, “Zook. f,, 108.

Cochlearia alpina, H. C. Wats., 86, 106 (?), 111, 112.

C. micacea, Z. S. Marshall, 90, 97-

©; danica, 7,101,105, 100.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 227

C. greenlandica, Z., 91, 93, 97, 103, 107, IIT.

C. anglica, Z., 72, 77 (°), 83 (2), 85 (?), 86 (), 96, 99, 106, IIO.

C. Armoracia, \.., casual or escape only, 80, 83, 85, 92.

FHlesperis matronalis, L., frequent, but littlke more than outcast or
casual; reported from 72, 73, 74, 76, 83; Perthshire, 92,93, 105.

Sisymbrium Thalianum, 7. Gay, 101, 105, 107.

S. officinale, Scof., var. leiocarpum, DC., 84, 91, 95, 105.

S. Sophia, Z., 92 casual, 96, 1077, deleve 84.

S. altissimum, L. (= S. pannonicum, Jacq.), frequent casual, 83, 86,
88, 92, 94.

S. fugax, Vag., S. Iris, L., S. Loeseliz, L., all casuals in 33.

Erysimum cheiranthoides, L., 83, 86, 92, 96, 97-

L. repandum, L., casual in 83.

E.. ortentale, R. Br., casual in 86.

Camelina sativa, Crantz, 72, 75, 83, 85, 86.

var. fetida, Fr., casual in 86.

Subularia aquatica, Z., 72, 75, 76.

Brassica monensis, H/wds., 88+, 90 (?), 100, 101, 104 (?); Sonntag
reports it from “several places” by the Forth in 84 and 86,
but confirmation is much required.

B. sinapioides, Roth., casual in 84, 86, 87, 92.

B. adpressa, Boiss., casual in 87.

B. Erucastrum, L..; B. Tournefortii, Gouan; £B. adissecta, Boiss. ;
and B. elongata, Khrh.; casuals in 83.

B. juncea, Goss, casual in 83, 92, 94.

B alba. Boiss, 72,75; 00, 93, 107, 10d.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC., 72+, 831, 85, 88+; D. muralis, DC,
75, 83 casual, doubtful natives of Scotland.

Coronopus didymus, S7., 86+, 877.

C. Ruellii, 4/7, 86, rogt, introduced by man into many, if not into
all, of its habitats in Scotland.

C. pinnatifidus, Dulac, casual in 83.

Lepidium ruderale, \.., casual or escape, 75, 91. Noted as “‘ prob-
ably imported ” even by Lightfoot.

L. virginicum, L., casual in 83, 92, 94.

L. campestre, 2. Br., 92 casual, 93 (probably +), 95+; delete g6T.

LET D702 Men 53.154, °o0) (2):

L. tncisum, Roth., and L. perfoliatum, V.., casuals in 83.

Thlaspi arvense, Z., 99 ; a colonist only.

Lsatis tinctoria, L., casual in 83 and 85.

Neslea paniculata, Desv., casual in 83, 86, 90, 92.

Crambe maritima, Z., 92 (specimen gathered on beach at Aberdeen
In 1837, ? casual), 110.

Cakile maritima, Z., £04,105, 107.

Raphanus Landra, Mor., casual in 83.

R. sativus, L., casual in 83 and 92.

228 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

The following species, belonging to genera not already noticed
in the original list or above, have been found growing as escapes, or
more often on waste ground near towns, especially near docks and
railway stations, and on rubbish heaps. For convenience of reference
they are arranged alphabetically :—

Alyssum calyeinum, L., 82, 83, 85 ; A. campestre, Bieb., 83, 94; A.
incanum, 1.., 83, 88, 89, 93; A. maritimum, L.., 85, 92.

Bareava orientalis, Jaub. and Spach., 83.

Bunias orientalis, 1... 83, 85, 92, 93.

Calepina Corvini, Desv., 83.

Conringia orientalis, Dum., 83.

Enarthocarpus lyratus, DC., 83.

Eruca sativa, Mill., 83, 92.

Erucaria aleppica, Gaertn., 83.

Luclidium syriacum, R.Br., 83.

Lunaria annua, \.., 82, 83, 92; L. rediviva, L., 88.

Malcolmia africana, R.Br., 83, 94; 4. maritima, R.Br., 83,
92-94.

Matthiola bicornis, DC., 83; M. incana, R.Br, 83; MZ. insti,
ROBE, o2:

Myagrum perfoliatum, L., 83.

Rapistrum glabrum, Host, 83; R. orientale, DC., 83, 90; &.
perenne, All., 83; A. rugosum, All., 83, 92, 94.

RESEDACE.

Reseda lutea, Z., was regarded as “apparently native” in Fife
by Dr. Boswell Syme, and in East Perth by Dr. White; but
elsewhere in Scotland it is usually little more than a casual,
and has no claim to be considered even apparently native. It
has been recorded from 75, 77, 81-87, 89, 90, 92, 95, 96,
106, usually on rubbish.

R. Luteola, Z., 74, 93 casual.

R. alba, L., casual, 92 ; &. odorata, L., 83.

CISTACE.

Helianthemum Chamecistus, J/7//, Lismore being included in
Argyll, not in West Ness, the record should be for 98, vot for
97.
VIOLACE.

Viola odorata, Z., 74, probably not native in Scotland.
V. silvestris, ezchd., 84, 88, 109, 112.
V. ericetorum, Schrader, 72, 93, 95, 97, 105, 107, 110.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 229

V. tricolor, Z.—Of the numerous forms of this species distinguished
in France by Jordan two have been recorded from Scotland,
viz. var. Sagoti, from go and g2 ; and vary. lepida, from 89 and
96. Both belong to the so-called swdspecies saxatilis (Schmidt).
No doubt other forms will also be discovered here.

V. arvensis, M/urr., from every district, usually as a weed of cultivation.

V. curtisii, Forster, 74, 91, 93, 104, 105, 107.

var. Pesneaui, Rowy and Foucaud, 74, 91, 92, 93-
V; lutea Aids. 905s 105, 107.
var, amoena (Syme), 74; Perthshire, 95, 96, 97, 104, 106,
109, 111. The sudvar. insignis, Ld. Baker, with larger
flowers, is represented by specimens gathered in 1794
by Robert Brown on Ben Lawers, now in British
Museum herb.
Viola cornuta, 1.., appears likely to establish itself by streams and

roads, 72, 83, 87, 92, 93, 94-
POLYGALACE.

Polygala vulgaris, Z., aggregate, except 79.

P, vulgaris, seg7., 75, 91, 93, 94, 98, 104.

P. oxyptera, Reichb., 75, 76, 92, 93) 94, 95, 96, 98, 108, IIT.
var. collina, Rezchb., 106.

P. serpyllacea, Wethe, 75, 76, 80, 82.

CARYOPHYLLACE.

Dianthus barbatus, L., occasionally by streams and on rubbish, out-
cast or escape, ¢.g. in 82, 92.

D. cesius, Sm., escape or casual, 83.

D. deltoides, Z. I found this, in September 1904, with flowers almost
white but not otherwise different from type, near Bervie in 91.

Saponaria Vaccaria, L., rather a common casual, $3, 93.

S. officinalis, L., rather frequent, 84 and 85 (Sonntag), 87.

Silene Cucubalus, W7bel, except 97, 98, 103, 108, 110, 112; not
native in 10g and 111.

S. maritima, With., except 78, 79, SO, SO.

S. conica, Z., 91, casual; native in 95, zeste G. C. Druce.

S. dichotoma, Ehrh., not uncommon in grass fields, also on rubbish,
83, 91, 96.

S. anglica, Z., 94 casual, by Spey.

var. guinguevulnera (1..), casual on rubbish, e.g. in 92.

S. gallica, 1.., casual, 83.

S. Zeta, A.Br., casual on rubbish, 92.

Si) acaulis, --. 106.

[.S. ztalica, Pers., a specimen in Kew Herbarium from Kincardine-
shire (Gardiner), has been referred to this, but there seems
uncertainty about the name. |

230 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

S. noctiflora, Z., 75, 76+, 817, 831, 871, 9°, 921, doubtful if native
in Scotland.

S. Armeria, L., casual, 83 ; S. conotdea, L., casual, 83 ; S. Muscipula,
iL, casual, 32.

Lychnis alba, AZ7/7/., 80, 84, 100, 107, ITT.

L. Viscaria, Z., delete 86, the record resting on a locality (Dunmyat)
im 37:

L. Githago, Scop., not native in Scotland, but a weed of cultivation
in all except 78, 79, 97, 98, 104, 107, 108.

The following Szlenee have also been found as casuals in Scot-
land :—Gypsophila muralis, L., 83; G. paniculata, L., 83;
G. porrigens, Boiss., 83.

Cerastium tetrandrum, Curtis, 72, 93, 103, 104.

C. semidecandrum, Z., 108, 109 ; 97 needs confirmation.

C. glomeratum, 7hu7l/., var. apetalum, Dum., 88, 93, 98, 105, 106,
probably not uncommon.

C. triviale, Zzvk., var. alpinum, Mert. and Koch., 72 (?), 88, 98, 105,

TOS, Tho. Yeleze Qo, 112.
var. fontanum, Zz7k., has been recorded from 97.

. alpinum, Z., var. pubescens, Syme, 96, 97.

. arcticum, Zange, 87 (?), 90, 92, 96, 99.

MALVeNSe ele Oa.

. trigynum, V7//., 106 (?).

C. dichotomum, L., casual, 83.

Stellaria aquatica, Scop., 77 (2), 804, 864, 90 (?) [111 error ?].

S. nemorum, Cy, 74, 85.

S. media, Cyv, var. Boreeana (Jord.), 96, 106, 107.

var. major, Koch., 72, 95, 96, 105, 108, 110.

S. umbrosa, Of7z., 109.

S. palustris, ZArZ., 74.

S. uliginosa, AZu7r., 84.

Arenaria verna, Z., 94.

A. sulcata, Schlecht, 107.

A. tenuifolia, Z., in “op. Bot.” ed. 2, recorded for 83 and 85 with
grave doubt. Sonntag gives it for 84, 85, 86, but his evidence
lacks weight.

A. serpyllifolia, Z., 104.

var. leptoclados (Guss.), 72, Perthshire, 92, 94, 96.
var. Lloydii (/ord.), 110.

A. peploides, Z., 83, 89; var. diffusa, 105, 109.

A. sedoides, Schultz, 106, 107.

Sagina maritima, Don, 97, 107.

var. alpina (Syme), 94, 96.

var. debilis ( Jord.), 108.
S. apetala, 2.175, 70; 94, 91; 95,100; 10m.
©. clliata, 77249 35.95, 90.

QiGiQe

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 231

S. procumbens, Z., var. spinosa, S. Gibs., 72, 107.
S. Linnei, Pres/., 94.
S. subulata, Pres/., 105, 106; Dumfries (72) needs confirmation.
S. nodosa, Fenzl, 107.
Spergula vulgaris, Boenn., 93, far less frequent weed than sa/iva.
S. sativa, Boenn., probably in all districts, except perhaps 112,
though not recorded from some. Too abundant generally.
Buda rubra, Duz., 107, 109.
B. marina, Dum., 84, 97, 195, 107, IIo.
var. genuina, 95, 105, 107, 108, IIo, ITT.
var. media, /7., 74, 106.
var. neglecta (Kindb.), 75, 93, 94, 96, 100, 103, 106, 107.)
B. media, Dum., 92, 96, 109.
B. rupestris, 105 ; 93 requires confirmation.
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.), casual 80, 86.

PORTULACE.

Claytonia perfoliata, Don, 83, Perthshire, 92, 96.
C. sibirica, L., 73, near Glasgow, 83, Perthshire, 91, 93.
Montia fontana, Z., 84.

ELATINACE.

Elatine hexandra, DC., 112.

HyYPERICACE.

Hypericum Androsemum, Z., de/efe (?) after 106.

H. perforatum, Z., add 102. 112 requires further evidence. The
varieties angustifolium, Gawd. and lineolatum (/ord.) have
been recorded from 72.

. dubium, Zeers., 84, 101, 103. Var. maculatum, Bad., has been

recorded from 72, 73, 88.

. quadratum, SZokes, 84.

. humifusum, Z. except 78, 84, 96, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112.

. pulchrum, Z., var. procumbens, Rostrup, 105.

. hirsutum, Z., 74, 84.

. montanum, Z., deleze 98.

elodes, Z., tor, 104. Sonntag gives it for 83 and 86, but his

records require confirmation.

bof bof bof bot ect of

MALVACE.
Althea hirsuta, \. ;
Hibiscus Trionum, 1. § Casuals in) 85:
Lavatera arborea, Z., casual in 94.
Malva moschata, Z., 91f, 931, 1051, 108T.

232 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Mi ‘sylvestris, -Z., 105}, 1077:

M. rotundifolia, Z., 73 cas., 88+ (instead of 89+), 107.

M. egyptia, L., M. niceensis, All., and M. verticillata, L., all casuals
in 83.

M. parviflora, L., casual, in 83 and gz.

LINACEA,

Radiola linoides, Roth., 110. Sonntag records it for 82 and 83.

Linum usitatisstmum, L., has been noted in 72-75, 77, 82, 83, 85,
94, 105; but it is nowhere native, and as a relic of cultivation
or a casual it may probably be met with in almost every
county.

Citrus Aurantium, L.., comes up abundantly as a seedling on
rubbish near towns occasionally, ¢.g., in 83 and g2; but of
course does not survive winter. I have also met with other
species of Cz¢vus once or twice.

GERANIACEA.

Geranium sanguineum, Z. Dixon has recorded this for 105
(Gairloch) ; but it requires confirmation.

G. pheaum, L., escape, planted, or outcast, in 72-75, 83, 84 and
85 (Sonntag), 87-92.

G. sylvaticum, Z., 74.

G; pratense, 72,845 111].

G. pyrenaicum, Burm. f., 837, 91T-

G. pusillum, Z., 103 (not 102). This has been recorded from the
counties around Aberdeen ; but I have never been able to find
it there, nor have I seen an example found in these counties ;
hence I believe the record to be erroneous.

G. columbinum, Z., 72. Delete 81. 82 (‘ Dunbar,” Sonntag) re-
quires confirmation.

Erodium cicontum, Willd. and £. madlachoides, Willd., both casuals
in 83.

E. moschatum, 1 Herit., casual in 82, 83.

Oxalts corniculata, L., garden weed in 93.

Impatiens Noli-tangere, L., 73+ (not 747).

Tropeolum mazus, L., 83, etc.,and 7° minis, L., 93, casuals on rubbish.

CELASTRACEZ.

Euonymus europeeus, Z., 75, 777, 957. Probably introduced in all
but a few localities in Scotland. £. /aéfolius, L., has been
introduced into woods, e.g. in 83.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 233

SAPINDACE.

Acer. campestre, Z., 867, 877. Delete 102.

sculus Hippocastanum, L. The Horse Chestnut, though so fre-
quent in Scotland, rarely seems to be self-sown, and the trees
seem almost always to have been planted where they grow.

LEGUMINOS&.

Lupinus nootkatensis, Sims. This is the lupine so abundant along the
Tay, the Dee, and the Beauly, formerly supposed to be Z.
perennis, but correctly identified in 1g00 (‘“‘Ann. Scot. Nat.
Hlista.1Q00, pp: 127, 128):

Genista tinctoria, Z. Sonntag records this from 78 and 84, and A.
Davidson from 105, but all require confirmation.

G. anglica, Z., 78 (Sonntag).

Ulex Gallii, Planch., 75, 90, 1007. Sonntag recorded this for 78,
86, 87, but his records require confirmation.

Cytisus scoparius, Zéwk, 1107.

C. Laburnum, L.A very frequent plant by roads and by edges of
plantations, some being selfsown. C. alpinum, though less
frequent, is not uncommon in similar places.

Ononis spinosa, Z., has been recorded by Sonntag for 87 (Dollar),
but needs confirmation.

O. alopecuroides, V.., casual in 83.

Trigonella cerulea, Ser., a rather frequent casual, $3, 94, 95.

T. polycerata, Led., casual, in 83, 92.

T. aurantiaca, Boiss, T: corniculata, L., T: Fenum-grecum, L., T.
hamosa, L., and 7: monspeliaca, L. ; all casuals in 83.

Medicago sativa, L.., casual, or almost a denizen, in 83, 85 (Sonntag),
86, 94, 95.

M., falcata, L., casual or semi-naturalised, 83, 86.

MM. denticulata, Willd., casual usually, 75, 76, 83, 86.

M. arabica, Huds., casual usually, 99.

M, apiculata, Willd., MW. Echinus, DC., M. elegans, Willd., AZ.
minima, Desv., M. orbicularts, Willd., AZ. pentacycla, DC., AZ.
platycarpa, Trauty., M. scutellata, Mill., WZ. truncatula, Willd.,
M. tuberculata, Willd. These ten have been found as casuals
in} 83.

M. marginata, Willd., casual in 92.

M. tornata, Willd., casual in 85.

Melilotus officinalis, Lam., usually little more than a casual, but
almost a denizen in some places, 74, 94, 106, 109.

M. alba, Desr., rarely more than a casual, 76, 95, 99. Delete
84 and 97.

M., arvensis, Wallr., casual, 76, 83, 85, 86.

M. indica, All., casual, 72, 83, 86.

234 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

M. elegans, Salzm., and AZ. messanensis, All., casuals in 92.

M., sulcata, Desf., casual in 83.

Trifolium incarnatum, L., casual, 82 and 84 (Sonntag), 83, 91, 93.

Manvense,o., con, ci (2).

asthiatum, 2.972, cor, tr,

T. scabrum, Z., 91 (confirmed),

T. glomeratum, \.., casual, 92.

T. fragiferum, Z., casual in g2.

T: subterraneum, L., casual in 75.

T’ agrarium, L., in grass-fields, frequent, 86.

TL. clypeatum, L. TZ! formosum, D’Urv., TZ: fucatum, Lindl., TZ:
lappaceum, .., ZT. maritimum, Huds., 7: mutable, Portensch.,
ZT. resupinatum, ., T: spumosum, V., T. supinum, Savi., T.
tomentosum, 1. All these ten have been found as casuals in 83.

Anthyllis Vulneraria, Z., var. coccinea, L., 88 (?), 108.

var. maritima, Schweigg., 103, 10.

Lotus tenuis, Waddst. and A7t., delete (?) after 80.

L. uliginosus, Schkuhr, 95, 97. The var. hirsutus is less common
than the glabrous plant.

T.caduls, (., casual in 33,

Astragalus danicus, Re/z., 77, 106.

A. beticus, L., and A. hamosus, L., casuals in 83.

flymenocarpus circinatus, Savi., casual in 83.

Oxytropis uralensis, DC., 87 (?), Delete 75.

Ornithopus perpusillus, Z., 106 (?).

O. compressus, L., casual in 83.

Securigera Coronilla, DC., casual in 83.

Coronilla varia, L., casual in 84 and 93

C. scorpioides, Koch., casual in 83 and 94.

Hippocrepis comosa, Z., 917 (?).

Onobrychis Crista-gallt, 1.., casual in 83.

Scorpiurus subvillosus, V.., casual in 92.

S. sulcatus, L., casual in 83.

Pisum arvense, L., and P. sativum, L.; frequent casuals, e.g. in 83,
91, 92, 94, 95-

Phaseolus vulgaris, L., occasional casual, e.g. in 83.

Lens esculenta, Moench., casual in 83.

Vicia gemella, Cranzz, 86 cas., 93 cas., 967, 106 (?).

V. gracilis, Loisel, casual in 73, 83.

V. sylvatica, Z., 98.

V. lutea, Z., 94 cas., recorded by Sonntag for 84 and 86, but
require confirmation.

V. angustifolia, Z., 104.

V. lathyroides, Z., 107.

The following species of Vicia have occurred as below on
rubbish, among tares, etc., as casuals :—

ADDITIONAL RECORDS TO “‘ TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY” 235

V. bithynica, L., 83, 85; V. calcarata, Desf., 83; V. dasycarpa,
Ten., 83, 93; Y% Ervilia, Willd., 83; V. hybrida, L., 83;
V. melanops, Sibth., 83, 93; V. monanthos, Desf., 83; V.
narbonensis, L., 83; V. pannonica, Crantz, 83, 93; V.
peregrina, L., 83; V. Pseudocracca, Bertol., 83; V. tenuifolia,
Roth., 83; V. villosa, L., 83.
Faba vulgaris, Moench. A frequent casual on rubbish or from
cultivation.
Lathyrus Aphaca, \.. Casual or semi-naturalised here and there,
76, 93.
L. sylvestris, Z., 88 extinct.
The following species have been found as below, but are only
casuals :—Z. amaenus, Frenzl., 83; L. angulatus, L., 83; L.
blepharicarpus, Boiss., 83; L. Clymenum, L., 83; L. grandt-
florus, Sibth. and Sm., 83; L. Airsutus, L., 83 ; L. inconspicuus,
1) 02,04, 95; 2. Ochrus; 12, 83,924 2. cdoraius, V., 83;
o2; L. sativus, L., 83; 2. sphaericus, Retz, 33:
Ceratonia Siligua, 1., seedlings have been found about Leith
Docks in 83.
ROSACE,

Prunus insititia, AZzds., 102, 104, 1057 (?), 106F.

P. domestica, .. This has been recorded for 72, 73, 75, 83, 85-89,
105, and probably occurs in all of these and in other counties,
but only where originally introduced.

P. avium, Z., 84, 93, 101, 105, 106; this is so generally scattered
by birds that it is practically impossible to determine where it
has been directly introduced by man.

PaCerasus, 10: delete 88;

Fe Padus, 2.03:

Spirea salicifolia, .., almost naturalised in many places, but usually
where originally introduced, 96, 1057.

Spiraea Ulmaria, Z., var. denudata Boenn. ‘This is widespread (92,
93, 94, 95, 105), but is not constant, the leaves varying on
the same plant from the ordinary type to well-marked denwdata.

S. Filipendula, Z., 95.

ADDITIONAL RECORDS TO “TOPOGRAPHICAL
BOMANY * 2nd Ed, 1333.

By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.LS.

In the Journal of Botany, as a Supplement, the whole of the
records since 1883, and many before, of which I had not any
previous knowledge, are now appearing to the end of 1903.

236 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

The present record carries on those of Scotland for
1904, and in addition some omitted before, others only

since communicated, etc.

The numbers and sequence of the counties are the same

as in “Top. Botany,” the names not always so.

72. DUMFRIES.
Ranunculus penicillatus, “‘ Flora Dumfries.”
Papaver Rheeas, A/‘Andrew, in litt. ex Trail.
73. KIRKCUDBRIGHT.
Ranunculus penicillatus, ‘ Fl. Dumf.”
Carex rigida, “1800 ft.,” C. Waterfall, sp.
74. WIGTON.

Ranunculus trichophyllus, Drwce, iz “tt. ex ‘Trail.

Re heterophyllus ) ‘Trans. Dumf., etc., Soc.,” No.
o peltatus Spa
3 auricomus, J/‘Andrew, sp. ex Trail.

eee yeas l M‘ Andrew, tn litt, ex Trail.
Berberis vulgaris |
76. RENFREW.

Ranunculus floribundus, Somerville, in Mitt. ex Trail.
Draba muralis, “J. Bot.,” 1902, p. 54.

77. LANARK.
Galium sylvestre, J/‘Vaé, Herb. Mus. Brit.

84. LINLITHGOwW.

Ranunculus bulbosus, Somerville, sp., ex Trail.

Neigle uted ; Somerville, in litt. ex Trail.
Fumaria pallidiflora

86. STIRLING.

Nuphar intermedium, S#7/7ng and Azds/on.
Saussurea alpina, /. Dalton, 1809, York. herb.
Mentha alopecuroides, Azdston!.

88 Mip PERTH.
Hieracium diaphanun, Fr., Drwce.

Rhinanthus stenophyllus) ,. gg ac »
Tinvans Chamienins i Druce, “ A.S:N-As” 1904; p.-lr9:

Juncus tenuis, W. Barclay, sp.

10,

ADDITIONAL RECORDS TO “‘ TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY ”

89 East PERTH.

Juncus tenuis, A7ss Armitage, sp.

Rhinanthus stenophyllus, Druce, ‘ A.S.N.H.,” 1904, p. 115.

go. FORFAR.

Cochlearia micacea, Z. S. Marshall, sp.
Betula intermedia, AZarshal/.

gt. KINCARDINE.
Ranunculus sardous
Cochlearia groenlandica + Z7raz/.
Rhinanthus major j

92. ABERDEEN, SOUTH.

Ranunculus sardous, casual |
: ~ Trail.
Galium erectum

93. ABERDEEN, NortTu.

Ranunculus sardous, casual, ‘“‘J. Bot, 1884,” p. 238.

94. BANFF.

Polygala oxyptera
Rubus fissus

Hieracium Sommerfeltii
Euphrasia brevipila

Rumex conglomeratus |
2 \ Moyle Rogers, lc.

Carex aquatilis j
95. Excin.
Fumaria pallidiflora, Z7az7.
Polygala oxyptera
Alchemilla vulgaris, 6 alpestris, Pohl. |
Rubus fissus ‘Moyle Rogers, luc.
» corylifolius |
Epilobium tetragonum, seg.

Orchis incarnata, Moyle Rogers, L.c.

96. EASTERNESS.

Rumex sanguineus )}

Euphrasia stricta aloes Rogers, “J. Bot.” 1904, p. 16.

237

ee Kogers, in“ |p Bot. 1903; p; 1G-

238 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

97. WESTERNESS.

Ranunculus scoticus, AZacvicar, sp.
Caltha “ radicans ”
Erysimum cheiranthoides +
Viola canina
Rubus pyramidalis pase:
Drosera obovata
Armeria maritima, va7. pubescens
Rhinanthus Crista-galli, vav. monticola*

var. borealis

Druce, in “ AS.N.H.,” 1904,

Euphrasia stricta

Mentha piperita {

M eae ? FUER LEC
Thymus Chameedrys

Lamium amplexicaule

Poa pratensis, vav. subccerulea, S72.

98. ARGYLL.

Ranunculus auricomus, /. JZ7‘Rae!.
Cochlearia micacea, “‘ J. Bot.,” 1894, p. 289.
Viola Curtisii, Druce, “Sc. Nat.,” 18809, p. 106.

Vicia sylvatica ;
Viburnum Opulus Ly M‘Rae!.

99. DUMBARTON.

Nuphar intermedium, /Va/z.
Cochlearia anglica, Somervdlle.

102. EBUDES, S.

Ranunculus trichophyllus, Druce, 7m “tt. ex Trail.
Saxifraga tridactylites, Dr. Gzlmour, sp.

105. Ross, W
Barbarea vulgaris, Druce) ,,
: we Transslids Bot, SOG..u
Cochlearia groenlandica ) E206: 1804, p- 13m:
Luzula arcuata, ‘‘at 3830 ft.,” 4. A. Evans.
Carex riparia.

107. SUTHERLAND, E.

Ranunculus scoticus, Drwce, in “tt. ex Trail.

108. SUTHERLAND, W.

Thalictrum montanum, JZarshal/.

Barbarea vulgaris, “J. Bot.,” 1886, p. 344.
Viola canina, “Se. Nat.,” 1880, p. 110.
Rhinanthus major, C. £. Sa/mon.

PLANTS OF ROXBURGH, HADDINGTON, AND BERWICK 239

109. CAITHNESS.

Barbarea vulgaris, “J. Bot.,” 1885, p. 338.
Scabiosa arvensis, 4. Sutherland, sp.
Carex riparia, D. Doull, sp.

TII. ORKNEY.

”

Fumaria purpurascens, Pugsley, “J. Bot.,” 1904, p. 186.

112. SHETLAND.

1900; Pp: 20:

”

Rhinanthus major, Beedy, “Scot. Nat.,

PEANTS OF ROXBURGH, HADDINGTON, AND
BERWICK.

By G. Craripecr DRUCE, MEAL Eos:

I SPENT a day or two by the Tweed at Melrose and in the
neighbourhood of Hawick, where I noticed the following
plants. Those marked * appear to be new county records.

Ranunculus peltatus, /7zes.—In the Tweed, and as a mud form on
the temporarily exposed shore. No personal authority in
“Top: Bot,”

R. Lingua, Z.—In a marsh near Minto.
Cochlearia Armoracia, Z.—By the Tweed at Melrose.

Nasturtium palustre, 47. (Radicula Nasturtium).— Melrose. No
personal authority in ‘‘ Top. Bot.”

*N, sylvestre, Br. (R. sylvestris).—By the Tweed at Melrose.

*Polygala serpyllacea, MVezhe.—Melrose.

*Lychnis alba, J/2//,—Near Melrose, a weed of cultivation.

*Spergula sativa, Goexn.—Melrose.

Acer Pseudo-platanus, Z.—By the Tweed, probably planted.

*Rubus Selmeri, Zz7deb.—Melrose.

*R. dasyphyllus, Aoge~s.—Melrose.

*Rosa glauca, Vill, R. rubiginosa, Z., R. coriifolia, Fries., *R.
dumetorum, Zwi/7,—All by the Tweed, Melrose, with R.
lutetiana, Lam.

Alchemilla vulgaris, Z., var. a/pestv7s (Schmidt).—By the Tweed at
Melrose, and also var. f/icau/is (Buser).

240 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Valeriana sambucifolia, A/7kan.—By the Tweed at Melrose, and a
small form near Hawick.

Galium boreale, Z.—Tweedside, no personal authority.

*Sonchus asper, //z//—Near Melrose.

* Arctium minus, er7h.— Melrose.

* A. intermedium, Zange.—Near Melrose.

*Carduus crispus, Z.—Melrose Abbey.

* Matricaria inodora, 2.—Tweedside.

Senecio viscosus, Z.—By the Tweed at Melrose. *Volvulus
sepium, /wzger.—Near Melrose, doubtfully native. *Thymus
Chamaedrys, /7zes.—Near Melrose.

Atriplex patula, Z.—Melrose.
Rumex domesticus, /Zar¢m.—Melrose, by the Tweed.
*Ulmus montana, S/okes.—By the Tweed at Melrose.

*Quercus sessiliflora, Sa/isb. (Q. foemina, JZ7//er).—Melrose, etc.
ING@ARS

Salix purpurea, Z.—By the Tweed.

Orchis maculata, Z., var. *evzceforum (Linton). Melrose.

* Aorostis alba, Z.—Melrose.

*Festuca rubra, Z.—Melrose.

*Arrhenatherum bulbosum, /ves/.—Melrose.

Poa nemoralis, Z., var. coarctata, Gaud.

Papaver somniferum, Z., occurred as an alien by the Tweed, where
Ribes Grossularia and R. rubrum also were seen.

P. Rheeas, Z., var. Pryorit, Druce, in which the stem is clothed with
dark crimson hairs, occurred near Melrose. Echium vulgare,
Z., Cheiranthus Cheiri, Z., and Prunus avium, Z., grew vu’the
Abbey walls. Lamium album, Z. was seen in several places.
Potentilla palustris, Scop., and var. *vi//osa, grew in a marsh
near Minto.

In Haddingtonshire I noticed *Quercus sessiliflora, Sa/isb., and
Lychnis alba, J72//.

In Berwickshire, in the neighbourhood of Duns, I noticed the
following plants, which are mostly without personal authority
in “Top. Bot.” A few marked with an asterisk are apparently
new records. Lychnis alba, JZ//., and the hybrid *L. dioica,
Lx. alba, AZ. ; Polygala serpyllacea, Wethe. ; *Cardamine
flexuosa, With. ; *Spergula sativa, Boenn. ; ‘Trifolium hybridum,
LZ. ; Potentilla palustris, Scop., var. *vz//osa ; *Rosa glauca, Vi. ;
Potentilla silvestris (P. erecta, L.), forma; *R. coriifolia,
Fries.; “Rubus Selmeri, Zindeb.; R. Rogersii, Alchemilla
vulgaris, Z., var. adpestris, and var. filicaulis; *Epilobium

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 241

obscurum, Schreb.; Sedum villosum, Z., very luxuriant ;
Ribes Grossularia, Z.; A‘gopodium Podagraria, Z.; Montia
fontana, Z. *var. major; Myrrhis Odorata, Scop.: Galium
uliginosum, JZ. ; Valeriana sambucifolia, J/zkan ; Crepis
paludosa, Afoench.; Arctium minus, Lernh. ; Carduus hetero-
phyllus, Z.; *Lamium intermedium, /7zes; L. album, Z. ;
Clinopodium vulgare (Calamintha vulgaris, L.); *Gale-
opsis bifida, Boexn; *Thymus Chameedrys, /7zes; *Mimu-
lus Langsdorfii, Doz; Veronica Anagallis, Z., with slightly
glandular pedicels and graceful habit; V. scutellata, Z. ;
Myosotis palustris, Ae/z. ; M. repens, Don ; Salix pentandra, Z. ;
S. repens, Z.; *Betula verrucosa, “Arh. ; Orchis maculata, Z.,
var. ericetorum (Léon); Carex disticha, Huds. ; C. flava, Z. ;
*Arrhenatherum bulbosum, /ves/.; Glyceria plicata, Fries ;
Briza media, Z.; Festuca rubra, Z.; Agropyron caninum,
Beauv. ; Agrostis alba, Z., var. *gigantea, AZeyer.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.

The Mole (Za/éa europea) in Bute.—In a recent paper on the
‘Land Mammals of the Clyde Faunal Area’ (‘‘ Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Glasgow,” N.S. vol. vii.) Mr. Boyd Watt quotes Pennant’s
statement (1777) that the Mole occurs ‘‘among the isles only in
Bute—a praise to its soil,” and remarks, “I do not know that it
occurs there now or in any of the other Clyde islands.” It may
therefore be worth recording that, on 11th January 1895, I caught
a mole between Barone Hill and Loch Dhu in Bute, as incidentally
mentioned in a paper on birds I observed in the island—*“ Annals ”
for 1895, p. ~ 43-—WuLi1aM Evans, Edinburgh.

Notes on the Orkney Vole.—During May last I spent a few
days at Stromness catching Orkney Voles (AZ. orcadensis, Millais),
and thanks to hints from Mr. Eagle Clarke had no difficulty in
discovering their haunts. They seem to be very fond of the roots
of the Heath Rush (/wncus sguarrosus) and make holes under the
tufts of rushes to get at them. Although I dug out several burrows,
I only succeeded in finding two nests, which were composed of a
mass of dried grass and small roots. Both were placed in an en-
larged part of the hole, not at the end, and only about a foot from
the entrance. In neither of these nests were there any young, but
perhaps it was rather early, as none of the females obtained were
nursing, though several were pregnant with from two to six foetus.
The moults in JZ. orcadensis are rather interesting, and appear to be
carried out in two ways. The spring moult takes place about the
end of May, and many of the specimens which I caught were in the
act of casting their coat. In some specimens the old hair is cast in

56 E

242 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

the ordinary way, as the new comes in, but in others the “pale
yellowish brown” tips of the hair on the back and flanks are first
cast, leaving the ‘“‘slaty grey” under portion, and at the same time
the long black hairs on the back drop out. When this has been
completed over nearly the whole of the back the new hair may be
seen coming in below the old, which drops out as the new increases
in length. Occasionally all the tips are not moulted at the same time,
and patches of old hair, with tips still adhering, are left here and
there amongst the shortened tipless grey fur, giving the animal a
very shaggy and unkempt appearance. ‘The hair on the head and
cheeks is moulted in the ordinary way, and so probably is that on
the belly, but in none of my specimens is there any indication of a
moult taking place on that part of the body. That some kind of
moult on the belly does take place is certain, as the winter fur is
considerably longer than that of summer. The Autumn moult
takes place in August and September, and specimens collected by
Mr. Robert Godfrey in August 1905, and Mr. Eagle Clarke in
September 1904, show that it is carried out in the same two ways
alluded to. Some young specimens obtained by Mr. Eagle Clarke
at the same time and not half grown were just casting their first
coat, which is duller and more of a House Mouse colour than that
of adults and without the rufous on the belly. The change to adult
pelage seems to take place first on the belly, and in two specimens
the coat on the upper side of the body has not been changed at all,
while that on the belly is quite as rufous as in any adult.—None of
my specimens show any signs of melanism, and perhaps it was a
Vole in a half-moulted state, as described above, which Mr. Muillais
saw near Loch Stennis and not a real melanic example.—NoORMAN
B. Kinnear, Edinburgh.

Common Field Vole in Islay.—With this I send for identifica-
tion a small mammal which I take to be the Common Field Vole.
It was found on zoth July in a sea cave in the Mull of Oe by a
party of tourists led by Ronald M‘Arthur, and was new to all of
them. They thought it had been killed by being trodden on by one
of their party, as the mouth was bleeding. I do not find any
information as regards Islay in Harvie-Brown’s “ Fauna of Argyll and
Inner Hebrides,” though he has a paragraph (p. 40) relating to
Arvicola agrestis in Jura.—T. F. Gitmour, Port Ellen, Islay.

[Dr. Gilmour is correct in his surmise. The animal sent is
a typical specimen of JZicrotus agrestis, the Common Field Vole.
We believe that it has not hitherto been recorded for Islay.—Eps. ]

A White Porpoise (?) in Clyde Waters.—It may be of interest
to naturalists to know that on the morning of June rath, while
crossing in the Caledonian Railway steamer from Kirn to Gourock,
and about a quarter of a mile from Kirn pier, we passed a pure
white cetacean which was lazily swimming up the frith in the

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 243

direction of the Holy Loch. It was first observed by a friend who
accompanied me, and we had a splendid view of the animal as it
rose and dipped again in the sea, its pure white skin glistening
brightly in the morning sun. It seemed to be about g or ro feet
long, and may have been a porpoise or a dolphin ; in any case it had
the dorsal fin characteristic of these animals. On the Monday
previous we saw a similar creature opposite Crarae in Loch Fyne,
while sailing up the loch in the Lord of the Ssles. It was some
distance off, but from the hurried and imperfect look we had of it I
took it to be a White-beaked Dolphin, which is not an unfrequent
species off the Kintyre coast. It may, however, be the same animal
as the one seen off Kirn. I am informed that a white porpoise was
seen in Loch Long last summer, 1904, and may be the same
animal.—J. MACNAUGHT CAMPBELL, Glasgow.

Bird Notes from Dumfriesshire, ete.

THE RING OuSEL (Zurdus torquatus).—Does not appear to be
nearly so common a nesting species as in former years. Five
years ago we could find several nests every spring ; now, it is
very difficult to find one.

TREE CREEPER (Certhia familiaris).—A pair of these birds built
their nest in a half-boarded-up window in an outhouse, which
was in daily use. Such sites have been recorded before, but
near the outhouse there were plenty of trees with convenient
semi-detached bark, under which one would have expected this
little bird to nest, rather than in so restless a spot.

RAVEN (Corvus corax).—A pair of these birds hatched their young
at their annual nesting place. Luckily poisoned meat failed to
kill the old birds ; but the young ones were stoned to death by
the shepherds, as last year the pair of old birds did tremendous
damage to the lambs. The shepherds in this case must not be
altogether blamed, their losses from this cause having been very
great.

PIED FLYCATCHER (JZuscicapa atricapilla).—I am glad to be able to
report finding a nest containing five eggs in a hollow birch tree,
close to a river, on rst June this year. This bird has been known
to visit us for a long time, but this is the first nest I have seen.

CuRLEW (Wumenius arquata).—I1 found an abnormally large egg of
this bird with two other normal varieties in one nest. The egg
measured 3.1 x 2.25 inches.

QuaIL (Coturnix communis).—I am told that this bird still nests in
fair numbers in Forfarshire, but have had no means of verifying
this statement by personal investigation.

Tawny Owt (Syrnium aluco).—Nest in mouth of old rabbit’s burrow.
—HuGH S. GLapsTong, Thornhill.

Black Redstart and other Birds at the Flannan Islands.— An
adult female Black Redstart (Aw7ici//a titys) was obtained on Eilean

244 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Mor on the 27th of June and forwarded to me in the flesh—a
second instance of the erratic occurrence of birds at this island, the
first being an autumnal visit from the Short-toed Lark. There is no
accounting for the vagaries of birds during the time of their passage
movements, nor can we explain why a Central and Southern
European bird like the Black Redstart should be found in one of the
remotest isles of Northern Britain during the breeding season.

A Spotted Flycatcher (A/uscicapa grisola) was killed on the morn-
ing of June 14th, and sent for identification. This species has not
been detected before as a migratory visitor to the islands.

A Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis) was obtained on the
night of June 16th, and was also sent. ‘This is another addition to
the feathered visitors known to occur on this remote islet.

A fine brown and white variety of the Shag (Phalacrocorax
graculus) with white feet was obtained on the 27th of July, and has
been added to the collection of mounted birds in the Royal Scottish
Museum.

I have to thank Mr. William Begg and Mr. Robert Anderson
for the excellent notes on migratory birds occurring at this singularly
interesting station for observations —Ww. EAGLE CLARKE.

Piebald Water-ouzel in Argyll.—A pied Water-ouzel was
observed by one of my family in September last near the mouth of
a small stream on Loch Feochan. ‘The entire head, neck, and
breast were pure white. I do not remember any record of albino
or pied varieties of the Dipper, so the occurrence appears to be
worth noting.—Cuas. H. Atston, Letterawe, Loch Awe.

[Wryneck Nesting in Renfrewshire,—In June 1904 a nest was
found in a plantation near Darnley Rifle Range. ‘The nest was
situated in a hole in a decayed fir tree. The seven white eggs were
laid on the crumbled wood, there being no nest material. The
finders did not know what the eggs were and brought them to me
for identification. After careful examination I pronounced them to
be the eggs of the Wryneck (Lyzx forguilla). For confirmation I
sent the eggs to Mr. Harvie-Brown, who wrote me as follows:
‘Thanks for the sight of the Wryneck’s eggs, which I most certainly
consider to be quite correctly identified.” It is interesting to know
that this rare visitor has nested in Renfrewshire.—T. THORNTON
MackeEITH, Caldwell, Renfrewshire. |

[The Wryneck occurs annually in Scotland, mainly on the East
Coast, during the spring and autumn, when on its way to and from
its summer haunts in N.W. Europe. It has been said to breed in
Scotland before, but on evidence which cannot be regarded as satis-
factory, and this to some extent applies to the present record.—Ebs. |

The Wryneck in Shetland.—On the evening of 2nd September
last a Wryneck in an exhausted condition was captured near Sum-
burgh House, Shetland. It was put in a large conservatory for the

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 245

night, but was found dead in the morning. On examination bruises
were found from which it appeared the bird had met with some
accident. It was a young male bird, and in fairly good condition.
The Wryneck, on migration, was reported from Shetland on 1st
September last year— THOMAS BERWICK CLARKE,

Greenland Faleons in Seotland and Ireland.—I am duly
interested in the account of Greenland Falcons in Ireland by
Mr. Williams (“Irish Nat.” October 1905, p. 201).

Undoubtedly the principal line of their migration flight is down
along—zv.e. N. to S.—from #utt of Lewis to Ireland. ut they
seem to strike the Outer Hebridean coast more frequently about the
centre of the group, and pass southwards, and turn up at Barra and
Mingulay more frequently (so far as our records show) than north
of the Sound of Harris.

On the other hand, Snowy Owls appear more frequently in
Shetland and Orkney and in the extreme north of Lewis or the Outer
Hebrides than they do south of the Sound of Harris,

I possess two magnificent specimens of the Greenland Falcon—
one presented to me years ago by Mrs. MacGillivray of Barra (Outer
Hebrides), and one of a later date presented to me in the flesh by
Mr. Finlayson, obtained in Mingulay (Outer Hebrides). These
have been beautifully cased by Mr. Kirke, our talented taxidermist,
of Glasgow. ‘They have been duly recorded by me already.

Whereas the visitations of the Greenland Falcon appear to be
only at intervals of years to the west coast of Ireland (of. cit. p. 202),
I delieve they are much offener visitants to the Outer Hebrides.

Possibly in “course of time” their visits may become more
frequent and regular to Ireland.

Nevertheless, I do not say that we can give records of as many
individuals as have occurred in Ireland (/oc. cé¢. p. 203, and quoting
Mr. Ussher, “ Birds of Ireland”). Their occurrences in Ireland,
however, seem to possess more of the character of a rush (like
Pallas Sand Grouse) than of any approach to a steady or regular
influx.—J. A. HARvIE-BRown.

Dotterel in Forth Area.—On the evening of 24th April a
Dotterel (Ludromias morinellus) in immature plumage struck a wire
at Pinkie, and was picked up by Master Jack Lyall, who presented
the specimen to the Royal Scottish Museum. On 13th May
another male Dotterel was found dead beside a barbed wire fence
near Denny, Stirlingshire. This species has not been recorded for
Stirlingshire since the days of the old statistical account.—J. A.
HarviE-Brown and W. EaGLe CLARKE.

Woodeoek Nesting in Shetland.—In May last Mr. Tomlinson
of Musselburgh and I saw a Woodcock (Scolopax rustica) near
Collafirth, which was evidently brooding, but we failed to find either
the nest or young. On the 3rd of August I went to Uyea with my

246 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

brother and his son, and found two half-grown Woodcocks on the
ground and flushed them, but they only flew a few yards, and I
flushed one of them again. ‘This is the first known record, I
believe, of the Woodcock found nesting in Shetland.—R. C.
Ha.pang, Ollaberry, Shetland.

[It is right to remember that Saxby records seeing the eggs of
Woodcock on Hermaness, N. Unst, on 23rd May (year ?), and this
is quoted in Buckley and Evans’ “ Fauna of Shetland,” p. 163.—
lp Ao isles

Snipe migrating in a Flock at Tiree.—On the z2oth October
1904, I noticed at about 2 p.m. a flock of birds coming from the
north straight towards me. I thought at first that they were Golden
Plover, but upon their coming nearer I saw that they were flying
straight, but in a zig-zagging fashion, tacking up against the wind.
They passed over my head, low down, and about thirty yards off.
They were Snipe (Gad/inago celestis), and there would be about one
hundred of them. I thought they were going to alight on the
island, but they held on in the direction of Dhuheartach.—PETER
ANDERSON, Tiree.

{Mr. M‘Elfrish recorded (“ Annals” 1902, p. 121) a similar flight
in Benbecula. ‘Though not often observed, yet it is probable that
when on migration Snipe of both species move in flocks. I have
seen migrating flights of the Common Snipe in Faroe, and of Jack
Snipe at the Flannan Isles.—W. E. C.]

New Breeding Station of the Fulmar Petrel in Shetland.—
While staying at Scousburgh, last May, I was interested in seeing
several Fulmar Petrels (/w/marus glactalts) flying about the cliffs a
little to the north of Fitful Head. Mr. Thomas Henderson, jun.,
informs me that the first time he knew of or observed them was in
1900, and then only a pair or two. Since then they have increased
every year, and now he thinks there are about thirty pairs nesting.
The breeding colony is on two high peaks jutting out into the sea
about quarter of a mile apart. In the ‘Vertebrate Fauna of
Shetland,” Messrs Evans and Buckley mention six different breeding
colonies of the Fulmar Petrel, the farthest south being at the Noup
of Ness, near Lerwick, which was discovered by Mr. R. Godfrey
(] Ann. scot. Nat. Hist.” 1090, p. 53): On the west vsidewthe
nearest breeding station to Fitful is at Foula, the oldest established
colony in Shetland.—Normawn B. Kinnear, Edinburgh.

The Opah in Shetland.—A fine specimen of the Opah (Lamfprts
Zwna) was washed ashore at Sumburgh, Shetland, on 6th September.
The fish was in good condition, but it appeared on examination to
have met with some accident, there being an extensive bruise with
large quantity of coagulated blood in the flesh on the right side.
It had possibly been struck by a steamer or other vessel. The fish
when brought to Sumburgh House had not been long dead—the

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 247

fins and tail, etc., having retained their bright vermilion colour,
which gradually faded in two or three days. It weighed 123 lbs.,
and was about 3 feet 9 inches from head to tail, and about 3 feet
from back to belly, being nearly circular in shape. It is some years
since a specimen of this fine fish has been seen in the South of
Shetland.—Tuomas BERWICK CLARKE.

Planorbis fontanus (Zzg#//.) in S.W. Perthshire.—On rst July
1905, | found a few living examples of this water snail at the foot
of Loch Ard in South Perthshire (V.C. 87): they were on the
undersides of leaves of the white water-lily. The few recorded
Scottish localities for this species are, with two exceptions (Elgin
and E. Ross), south of the Forth and Clyde.—Wi1LL1Am Evans,
Edinburgh.

Chelifer latraillii, Zeach, in Fife.—In the ‘‘ Annals” for 1go1,
p. 23, I drew attention to a record of the occurrence of this
chernetid in fissures in the rocks near North Berwick, where it was
taken in September 1882 by Mr. H. Crowther. I can now record
it from Elie, Fife, having found two examples—one carrying eggs—
in cracks in the soft rocks near the harbour there, on 6th July this
year.—WiIL11AM Evans, Edinburgh.

On the Occurrence of two Platypezids in S. Seotland.—On
the 23rd July 1904, I took a male of Ofetia nigra, Mg., in a marshy
Spotnean, “the: Well; St. (Boswellsis) Where sare tew, records for
this fly in Britain. Of Scottish localities Mr. Verrall mentions
specifically Muchalls, near Aberdeen. Mr. Grimshaw has recorded
it from the Almond valley in his Perthshire list. On the roth
August this year I captured a male of Cal/imyia amena, Mg., in
some short undergrowth in a wood near Glencorse. ‘The records
hitherto are chiefly from South England, but it has also been taken
at Rannoch (Verrall). Both species were captured by sweeping.—
James WaTERSTON, Edinburgh.

Catabomba selenitica, 47g., in the Forth distriet.—On 2nd
August, in a fir-wood to the south of Midcalder, I found a male of
this species newly emerged from the pupa. It has been identified
by Mr. James Waterston.—RospertT Goprrey, Edinburgh.

[We believe that this is only the second Scottish record for
this handsome Syrphid fly. Since receiving the above note, how-
ever, we have seen an example of each sex taken by Mr. Grimshaw
at Rannoch during the first week of August.—Ebs. ]

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS.

Ranuneulus reptans, Z., in Mid Perth.—This plant, which has
hitherto been supposed to be confined in Scotland to the shores of
Loch Leven in Kinross, and of the Loch of Strathbeg in Aberdeen-

248 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

shire, I had the pleasure of finding in small quantity in Mid Perth
in July last. It grew on the sandy shore of Loch Tummel. The
tiny flowers, wiry stems, arching from node to node, were quite char-
acteristic. &. Hammula also being present.—G, CLARIDGE DRUCE.

Caltha radicans, /vrs¢., in Mid Perth.—When making a fruit-
less search for Schewchzeria at Methven in July I found this rooting
Caltha growing in a marshy spot near the Loch of Methven. Sub-
sequently I found it near the head of Loch Tummel, and there
growing in the most typical condition I have yet met with, the
radical leaves being of the shape figured in ‘“‘Eng, Botany.” The
dry season was especially favourable for examining the marshes. In
average seasons the plant might have been easily overlooked. I saw
it also in Glen Dole, Forfar. At Llanberis, in Carnarvonshire,
where I discovered it some years ago, I saw it this year in the
original locality. Some plants had extended to a brook-side, the
level of the water being considerably below the bank, and it was a
little curious to see the plant bending over the stream, putting out
rootlets at its nodes above the water which it was unable to reach.
—G,. CLARIDGE DRUCE.

Rudbeckia laciniata, Z., in Perth.—This plant is recorded
from the banks of the Tay in the “ Flora of Perthshire.” It is now
so completely naturalised as to demand a place in our British lists.
Some hundred of clumps may be seen on the western banks of the
‘Tay, making a brave show. With it are associated almost acres
of Mimulus Langsdorfii, two species of As/er not in flower, large
quantities of Adum carinatum, L., and a few tufts of Astrantia
major, in addition to rich riparian vegetation—G. CLARIDGE
DRUCE.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural
History which have appeared during the Quarter—July-September 1905.

[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable and
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the
sources of information undermentioned. ]

ZOOLOGY.

Late Nest or YELLow Buntinc. T. Thornton Mackeith.
Zoologist, September 1905, p. 347-—Nest containing one egg found
in Renfrewshire on 27th August.

On THE NESTING OF THE Rock-DoveE (?) IN A RaABBIT’s
Hote at Nevay PARK, FORFARSHIRE. W. C. M‘Intosh.
Zoologist, July 1905, p. 268.—A pair of young found in a rabbit’s
hole in April 1905, and another pair seen on 24th June near

BOOK NOTICES 249

another hole. Reply by J. A. Harvie-Brown. Zoologis/, August
EQO5, Pp» 3 bs:

THE GREAT CRESTED GREBE (PODICIPES CRISTATUS) IN
ScorLanp. T. Thornton Mackeith. Zoo/ogist, August 1905, Pp.
314.—Three pairs seen on the Lake of Menteith (Perthshire), two
nests being found, containing two and three eggs respectively.

Notes OF COLEOPTERA CAPTURED DURING A TOUR THROUGH
SUTHERLANDSHIRE, AND AT AVIEMORE, INVERNESS-SHIRE, IN THE
MONTH OF JUNE, 1905. C. T. Cruttwell. Lt. Mo. Mag.,
September 1905, pp. 209-210.— Fifty-five species recorded.

DIPTERA IN ScoTLANpD. A. E. J. Carter. Zt. Mo. Mag,
July 1905, pp. 163-164.—Records of numerous species collected
at Aberfoyle, Musselburgh, and Aberlady.

List oF British DoLICHOPODIDA, WITH TABLES AND NOTES
(continued). G. H. Verrall, F.E.S. £xt. Mo. Mag., July 1905,
pp. 167-172, and August 1905, pp. 188-196.—Numerous Scottish
localities are given in this important paper.

Notes ON TacHINIDA, No. 1. Colbran J. Wainwright, F.E.S.
Ent. Mo. Mag., September 1905, pp. 199-207. a cron Scottish
records included.

BOOK NOTICES.

Wasps SOCIAL AND SOLITARY. By George W. and Elizabeth
G. Peckham. London: Archibald Constable and Co., Ltd., 1905.

In this well-printed and nicely illustrated volume we find an
admirably written account of several North American species of
Hymenoptera, and as these possess very close relatives in Britain
and the west of Europe, the particulars of their life-history and
habits possess much interest. ‘The book is fascinating in style,
like the well-known insect-studies of M. Fabre, and the performances
of these remarkable creatures are narrated in so honest a manner
that the reader is convinced of the truth of statements which are, to
say the least, most astonishing. We are told, for example, of a
solitary wasp which filled up her nest by putting her head down
into it and biting away the loose earth from the sides, jamming it
down with her head, bringing more and more earth from the
outside and finally picking up a small pebble in her mandibles and
using it as a hammer, pounding the dirt down until the surface was
“as hard and firm as the surrounding surface.” But the whole
book is full of intensely interesting details, and as the low price
(six shillings net) is within the reach of all, it ought certainly to
have a large and ready sale in this country. The only suggestion
we have to make is that the word ‘ American” might with
advantage be inserted in the title in order to prepare the reader for
the fact that most of the observations were made in Wisconsin.

PINE BY.

Aculeate Hymenoptera from Fort
William (Curr. Lit.), 60; captured
in Scotland (Curr. Lit.), 61

Alien Plants of Edinburgh, during 1903
and 1904 (Curr. Lit.), 189

Alpine Plants near Edinburgh, 96

ALSTON, CHARLES H., Bank Vole and
Water Shrew in Argyllshire, 52;
Lesser Shrew in Argyll, 116;
Piebald Water-Ouzel in Argyll,
244

ANDERSON, PETER, Snipe migrating
in a flock at Tiree, 246

Anthoxanthum pueliz, 58

Auk, Little, in Forfarshire, 55; in
Forth, 119

““Manual of British
Notes on new edition

Babington’s

Botany,”

of, 47

Noctule,

Scotland, 52

BAXTER, EVELYN V., and RINTOUL,
Leonora J., Pied flycatchers and
Ivory Gull in Fife, 53

BEARE, Prof. T. Hupson, B.A., B.Sc.,
Notes on Coleoptera from the
Flannan Islands, 20

Beetles, Rare Scottish, 184

Ben Nevis Observatory,
notes from, 129

BENNETT, ARTHUR, F.L.S., Contri-
butions toward a Flora of Caith-
ness, 36; Anthoxanthum pueltz,
58; Potamogeton falcatus in Scot-
land, 122 ; Contribution to a Flora
of the Outer Hebrides, No. 3,
164; Additional Records to Topo-
graphical Botany, 235

Bird-Notes from Dumfriesshire, 243

Bird-Notes from Shetland, 182

Birds, Migratory, remarkable visitation
to Shetland, 181

Birds of the Flannan Islands, $, $0

Birds of St. Kilda, Notes on, 75,
141

Bat, First occurrence in

Zoological

Birds of St. Kilda,
Mice and, 199
BissHopp, Cecit H., Greenland Fal-
con in Inverness-shire, 183

Bladderworts in Scotland, 123

Book Notices :—A Fauna of the North-
west Highlands and Skye, by J.
A. Harvie-Brown and Rev. H.
A. Macpherson, 63; Notes on the
Natural History of the Bell Rock,
by J. M. Campbell, 63 ; Cambridge
Natural History, Vol. vii., 126;
Pratical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist, by J. W. Tutt, 127 ;
An Account of British Hieracia,

Notes on the

by We. Re Linton, 1275.9 Ghe
Geese of Europe and Asia, by
Sergius Alphéraky, 190; Wild

Beasts at Home, by Charles Kirk,
t91; Life and Work of George
Don, by G. Claridge Druce, 191 ;
Wasps Social and Solitary, by
George W. and Elizabeth G.
Peckham, 249

Botany, Topographical, of Forth and
Tweed (Curr. Lit.), 62

BRADLEY, Prof. O. CHARNOCK, M.B.,
C.M., Report on the Orkney
Vole, I

Brambling in the Isle of Mull, 118

BREBNER, The late GEORGE (Curr.
Lit.), 125

Bunting, Yellow, Late nest of (Curr.
Lit.), 248

Callicera Yerburyz, to science
(Curr. Lit.), 60

Caltha radicans in Mid Perth, 248

CAMPBELL, CHARLES, Pied Flycatcher
nesting in Midlothian, 183

CAMPBELL, J. MACNAUGHT, F.Z.S.,
Capture of a Marked Skate, 56;
A White Porpoise (?) in Clyde
Waters, 242

Carex divésa as a Scottish Plant (Curr.
Tits); 162

new

INDEX 251

Cat,- Wild, in Inverness-shire (Curr.
Lit.), 60; in Ross-shire (Curr.
Lit.), 124; in Argyllshire (Curr.
Lit.), 188

Catabomba selenttica in Forth District,

247

Chelifer latratllii in Fife, 247

Cionus tuberculosus in Argyllshire,
6

Cee THoMAS BERWICK, Opah in
Shetland, 246; Wryneck in Shet-
land, 244

CLARKE, W. EaGLk, On the Vole and
Shrew of the Orkney Islands, 1;
The Birds of the Flannan Islands,
8, 80; Breeding of the Storm
Petrel on the Bass Rock, 55; On
the House Mice of the Outer
Hebrides, 198; Black Redstart
and other Birds at the Flannan
Isles, 243 ; Dotterelin Forth Area,
245

Coleoptera from the Flannan Islands,
20; in Scotland (Curr. Lit.), 61;
in Peebles District in 1904 (Curr.
Lit.), 125; at Rannoch (Curr. Lit.),
125 ; captured in Sutherland (Curr.
Lit.), 249

Crabs, Alleged Buried, 56

Deal-fish on Banff Coast, 184

Dewar, THomas F., M.D., Little
Auk in Forfarshire, 55

Diptera of Orkney and Shetland, 22;
of the Flannan Islands, 218; in
Scotland (Curr. Lit.), 249

Diver, Great Northern, in Bute, 54

Dolichopodide, British (Curr. Lit. ), 60,
125, 188, 249

Dolphin, White-Beaked, off Aberdeen
(Curr. Lit.), 60

Dotterel in Forth Area, 245

Dove, Rock-, Supposed nesting of, in a
Rabbit’s hole (Curr. Lit.), 248

Druce, G. CLaripGE, M.A., F.L.S.,
Notes on the new edition of
Babington’s ‘‘ Manual of British
Botany,” 47; on a new sub-var.
of Poa annua in Wigtown, 59;
Plants of Roxburgh, Haddington,
and Berwick, 239; anzznculus
reptans in Mid Perth, 247 ; Caltha
vadicams in Mid Perth, 248 ; Rud-
beckia laciniata in Perth, 248

EacuLes, Former abundance of in
Shetland, 183

Eider, Pacific, in Orkney, 183

Eiders in the North-West Highlands,

54
Elf Loch, Upper, Edinburgh, Additions
to List of Animals found in, 215

Erigone, new British species (Curr.

Git), ails
EVANS, Wm., F.R.S.E., The Por-
beagle in Firth of Forth, 56;

Orthezta cataphracta in the Forth
Area, 57; Rhynchodemus terrestris
in the Edinburgh District, 57 ;
Common Shrew in Islay, 116;
Black Tern and other Birds in
Forth, 119; Spiders from the
Flannan Isles and Upper Forth,
120; Lepidoptera from the Edin-
burgh (or Forth) District, Further
Records, 153; Additions to Scott
and Lindsay’s List of Animals
found in the Upper Elf Loch, 215 ;
Mole in Bute, 241; Planorbis
fontants in S.W. Perthshire, 247 ;
Chelifer latraillt in Fife, 247

FaAtcon, Greenland, in _ Inverness-
shire, 183; in Scotland and
Treland, 245

Ferns, Additions to Ayrshire (Curr.
eit.) 120

Flannan Islands, The Birds of, 8, 80;
Coleoptera of, 20; Spider from,
120; Plants) off 1875) Black
Redstart and other Birds at, 243 ;
Diptera of, 218

Flora of Ayrshire, Some additions to
(Curr. Lit.), 126, 189

Flora of Buchan (Curr. Lit.), 125, 189

Flora of Caithness, Contributions to,

36

3}

Flora of Outer Hebrides, Contributions
to, No. 3, 164

Flora of Scotland, Suggestions for a
Record of (Curr. Lit.), 61

Flycatchers, Pied, in Fife, 53; nesting
in Midlothian, 183

FRASER, JAMES, Alpine Plants near
Edinburgh, 96

Fulmar Petrel, New breeding station in
Shetland, 246

Fungus Flora of a cast-out Hearthrug,
58

Fungi of Fordoun, Kincardineshire, 177

Gi_mour, Dr. T. F., Common Field
Vole in Islay, 242

GLADSTONE, HuGH S., M.A., F.Z.S.,
Bird Notes from Dumfriesshire,
243

Gleocapsa crepidinum, Life-history of
(Curr. Lit.), 189

GODFREY, Rospert, M.A., Notes on
the Orkney Vole, 195 ; Catabomba
selenttica in Forth District, 247

Good King Henry, 59

Grammoptera ruficornts in the Forth
District, 185

252

Grebe, Great Crested, in Scotland (Curr.
Lit.), 249

Greenshank in Bute, 54

GRIMSHAW, Percy H., F.E.S., Dip-
tera of Orkney and Shetland, 22;
Cionus tuberciulosus in Argyllshire,
56; onthe Diptera of the Flannan
Islands, 218

Gull, Ivory, in Fife, 53

Gull, Little, in Forth, 119

Gulls on the Bass Rock (Curr. Lit.), 188

Gyrophena pulchella in Scotland (Curr.
Lit.), 188

HALDANE, R. C., Notes on Whaling
in Shetland, 1904, 65; Woodcock
nesting in Shetland, 245

JEURTBOES fo Wo, IEGIUES 5 MELAS bn
Scottish Lists of Vermin, 51

HARVIE-Brown, J. A., F.R.S.E.,
F.Z.S., Young of Sibbald’s Rorqual,
73; Dotterel in Forth area, 245;
Greenland Falcons in Scotland
and Ireland, 245

Heliozoa, Notes on Scottish
water, 89

HENDERSON, J. T., Eiders
North-West Highlands, 54

HENDERSON, ROBERT, Tipulide of
Shetland and Kirkcudbright, 86

HENDERSON, THOMAS, Jun., Remark-
able visitation of Migratory Birds
to Shetland, 181

HENRY, AUGUSTINE, Trees of Scot-
land, 186

Hepaticee, Additions
Scottish, 1904, 108

Hepaticee, New and Rare British (Curr.
Lit.), 189

Hepatics of Caithness (Curr. Lit.), 189

Hypocrea ricctotdes in New Galloway,

3)

Fresh-

in the

of

to Census

Index of British and Irish Botanists
(Gum, Lit:); 61
Insects on Fife Coast (Curr. Lit.), 124

JOHNSTON, JAMEs HaliG, Rare Scottish
Beetles, 184

KEITH, Rev. James, LL.D.,
Memoriam notice, 193

KENNEDY, EWEN, Movements of Wood
Pigeons in Easter Ross, 118

Kingfisher in Fife, 53

KINNEAR, NorMAN B., M.B.O.U.,
Notes on the Orkney Vole, 241 ;
New breeding station of Fulmar
Petrel in Shetland, 246

Laminaria, Revised note on (Curr.
Lit.), 62

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Larch, Japanese, and Hares and
Rabbits, 121

LEMON, JOHN, Deal-fish or Vaagmaer
on the Banff Coast, 184

Lepidoptera from the Edinburgh Dis-
trict, 153

Limax tenellus in Forth area (Curr.
Lit.), 188

Limonium, Notes on (Curr. Lit.), 125

Limonium Neumanz, Notes on (Curr.
Lit.), 62

Lochmea suturalts, var. nigrita (Curr.
Lit.), 61

MacponaLp, D., Brambling in the
Isle of Mull, 118

M‘GILLIVRAY, Wm. L., Albino Red-
shank and Rock Pipit in Barra, 119

MACKEITH, T. THORNTON, Wryneck
nesting in Renfrewshire, 244

MACKENZIE, Rev. NEIL, Notes on the
Birds of St. Kilda, 75, 141

Macvicar SyMeErs, M., Additions to
Census of Scottish Hepaticze, 1904,
108

Mason, JOHN, Fungi gathered in the
Parish of Fordoun, Kincardine-
shire, 177

MAXWELL, Sir HERBERT, Bart., M.P.,
F.R.S., Naturalisation of the Gol-
den Pheasant, 53

Mice, House, of the Outer Hebrides, 198

Miceand Birds of St. Kilda, Notes on, 199

Microdon latifrons and other Diptera
at Nethy Bridge, 185

Microscopic Life of St. Kilda, 94

MGReNISS No (CS5 Ia7a Sey Ibrse Cece
rence of the Noctule in Scotland, 52

Mole in Bute, 241

Mosses, New and Rare Scottish, 104

Mosses from Ayrshire (Curr. Lit.), 189

Murray, JAMES, Microscopic Life of
St. Kilda, 94; Tardigrada from
the Forth Valley, 160

Neuronia clathrata in Wigtownshire
(Comat) sox

OmanD, R. T., Zoological Notes from
the Log-book of Ben Nevis
Observatory, 129

Opah in Shetland, 246

Ornithological Notes from Shetland,

117
Ornithology, Report on Scottish, for

1904, 203

Orthezia cataphracta in the Forth
area, 57

PATERSON, ANDREW, Gvrammoptera

ruficornis in the Forth District,
185

INDEX 253

PATERSON, JOHN, Report on Scottish
ornithology, 1904, 203

Petrel, Fulmar, New breeding station
in Scotland, 246

Petrel, Storm, Breeding on the Bass
Rock, 55

Phalarope, Grey, at Aberdeen (Curr.
Lit.), 60

Pheasant, Golden, Naturalisation of, 53

PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, Rev. O., M.A.,
F.R.S., etc., Spiders of St. Kilda,
220

Pipit, Albino Rock, in Barra, 119

Planorbis fontanus in S.W. Perthshire,

247

Plant-Lore, Legendary (Curr. Lit.),
189

Plants, Alpine, near Edinburgh, 96

Plants, Forfarshire (Curr. Lit.), 189;
Rarer Woodland of Scotland (Curr.
Lit.), 189

Plants of the Flannan Islands, 187

Plants of Roxburgh, Haddington, and
Berwick, 239

Platypezids, On the occurrence of two
in S. Scotland, 247

Platyptilia pallidactyla at
(Gurr Teits)s 125

Plover, Grey, in Bute, 54

Poa annua, New sub-var. in Wigtown,

Dumfries

59
Polystichum, On the genus, with special
reference to P. angulare in Scotland
(Gurraleits) 162
Porbeagle in the Firth of Forth, 56
Porpoise, White, in Clyde Waters, 242
Potamogeton falcatus in Scotland, 122
Pyrus arta, 123
Pyrus aria in Scotland, 186

Quail in Mull (Curr. Lit.), 60

Ranunculus reptans in Mid Perth, 247

Redshank, Albino, in Barra, 119

Redstart, Black, and other Birds at
Flannan Isles, 243

Rhizopods, Notes on Scottish Fresh-
water, 89

Rhynchodemus terrestris in the Edin-
burgh District, 57

RINTOUL, LEONORA J., and EVELYN
V. Baxter, Pied Flycatcher and
Ivory Gull in Fife, 53

ROBERTSON, JOHN, Shoveller, Grey
Plover, Greenshank, and Northern
Diver in Bute, 54

Rubi, British, German Side-lights on
(Curr. Lit.), 189

Rudbeckia laciniata in Perth, 248

Sandpiper,
120

Green, in Renfrewshire,

SaxBy, Dr. T. EpMonpston, Notes
from North Shetland, 117; Bird
Notes from Shetland, 182;
Sturgeon in Shetland Seas, 184

Scottish Alpine Club at Tyndrum
(Curr, Lit.); 62

Seal, Greenland, in Sutherlandshire,
181

SERVICE, ROBERT, M.B.O.U., Japanese
Larch v. Hares and Rabbits, 121

Shoveller in Bute, 54

Shoveller in the Firth of Forth, 54

Shrew, Common, in Islay, 116

Shrew, Lesser, in Aberdeenshire (Curr.
Lit.), 124; in Argyll, 116

Shrew, Water, in Argyllshire, 52

Shrew of the Orkney Islands, 1

Sibbald’s Rorqual, Young of, 73

Silene dubtva in Britain (Curr. Lit.),
189

Skate, marked, capture of, 56

Snipe migrating in a flock at Tiree,
246

Snipe, Great, in Caithness (Curr. Lit. ),
60; in Dumfriesshire (Curr. Lit.),
60; in Shetland, 54

Spiders from Edinburgh District (Curr.
Lit.), 188

Spiders from the Flannan Isles, 120;
from Upper Forth, 120

St. Kilda, Birds of, 75, 141

St. Kilda, Field Notes on the Mice
and Birds of, 199

St. Kilda, Microscopic Life of, 94

St. Kilda, Spiders of, 220

STIRTON, Dr. JAMES, F.L.S., New and
Kare Scottish Mosses, 104

Sturgeon in Shetland Seas, 120, 184

Tachinidz, Notes on (Curr. Lit.), 249
Tardigrada of the Forth Valley, 160
Tern, Black, in ‘‘ Forth,” 119
THOMSON, Prof. J. ARTHUR, M.A.,
F.R.S.E., Alleged Buried Crabs,

Tipulide of Shetlandand Kirkcudbright,

Topographical Botany, Additional
Records, 235
Topographical Botany of Scotland,

Additions and Corrections to the,
174, 224

Topographical Botany, Supplement to
(Curr. Lit.), 188

TRAIL, Prof. W. H., Pyrus aria, 123 ;
Bladderworts in Scotland, 123;
Additions and Corrections to the
Topographical Botany of Scotland,
174, 224; Plants of the Flannan
Islands, 187

Trees, Greatest, in Kilmarnock District
(Currit) F126"

254

Trees of Scotland, 186

TULLOCH, JOHN S., Sturgeon in Shet-
land Seas, 120; Former abundance
of Eagles in Shetland, 183

Vaagmaer on Banff Coast, 184

Vermin, Scottish Lists of, 51

Veronica Buxbaumi as British Colonist
(Curr. Lit.), 62

Vole, Bank, in Argyllshire, 52

Vole, Common Field, in Islay, 242

Vole, Orkney, Affinities of, 116

Vole, Orkney, Notes on the, 195, 241

Vole of the Orkney Islands, I

Water Ouzel, Piebald, in Argyll, 244

WATERSTON, JAMES, M.A., Notes on
the Mice and Birds of St. Kilda,
199 ; occurrence of two Platypezids
in S. Scotland, 247

Watt, Hucu Boyp, Pyrus aria in
Scotland, 186

END OF
I,

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Way, Rev. JOHN P., M.A., Greenland
Seal taken in Sutherland, 181
Waste Iwo (64 S55 IME, IB bss,

Notes on some Scottish Freshwater
Rhizopods and Heliozoa, 89
Whaling in Shetland, 1904, 65
Wuirtes, R. B., Shoveller in the Firth
of Forth, 54
WILsoN, ROBERT, and H. W., Green
Sandpiper in Renfrewshire, 120
Wood Pigeons, Movements of, in
Easter Ross, 118
Woodcock nesting in Shetland, 245
Wryneck in Shetland, 244
Wryneck nesting in Renfrewshire, 244

YERBURY, Colonel J. W., AMcrodon
latifrons and other Diptera at
Nethy Bridge, 185

Zoological Notes from Ben Nevis

Observatory, 129

VOL. XIV.

Printed by R. & R. CLrark, Limited, Edinburgh.

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