se eR ee Uf ax Sie. =” ~ dened ee eS, 2 eee eae ~ ies BAS my pte atti aseurtetnlin od adaceded apeaitinreatacad ene be edeee ential e H oA PIA ee SOIT BOER IL Ath (DEF Sie: SYS BONEN ALT BO ABET OI Bee: up BP TRgR Een Br. > oie ’ + tah econ shove +e ao ~ - ; WAG 16 8y BOS BERET ELIAS Ce seaaelnne’ nar oiBtie ip Rae wenDsatuse Vea nebetessteAe Pot ievabibeiotnbiwiatel ro-eie/atehareyerelyeteleent=sutegilemeseenese, evel: wassrege aipsntuisieyho 36 foreretu tetas 20-05 oo a tats semesne api rar viet Hot.sebnieteserigpeas tages Sedan narsededacats Messed eter okies de heel Tere Oe ee sdelsbisteotserassoettpenpiaezeve ge aoe; ribres «4 op -aame nee DEE Pw set ce ook opens ee ore ewes patois P00 1088 905 She geese ah b4 87 ah mars ne wpe been canteen ever paseerner> peop btcsongeeronrcase en pagmepeeye see i ye sane ; Die sraitadapinndegesetoene ry ye bes ann . , o o - mt - sew vot rane! bebia | 216 pers ; 9 Be Dt MOR OE ca : igatet bghdinditte? ighte Adieaindia. 1. teacoiee cote iitedh er ie : one 4 weprbeetntenes — pre Pier ae - Pope roca eet reg e merycererre yeti ire, 1 adeeb ee taniaiahesh one egies tte nee sien erie « o\eheseseoanereiini benaet pubsowie orn bieenon iron . ° re “ eameerrereaseat) cana Saha, aah L Ro eheenidie ahs: Poeesht opppinte pre 4 partngenstond ~ um ; ate ( + ne : oad eratangre - : ‘ : * ersies os qe e S . — * , ~r Pee dnsedctin dae ” ° % o= 5% akan ww Beery er 2 a +5 r J abun. mee? = . * rr ts oe a vs ene pane & i se " “. eens ~ *: +) ; . - “6 * * ores Te cae " By he fie ee PoOe ree’ . ‘ > : ” oe p ‘A ve 1254 sop aoaese a as en 4 rate ura sien a : fete een eerie y oe ‘ iat ; aT rs watt be ee yevangier " rane Se 3 ro awe Sngscyotetacst Pretebode abs sinek Goeeonod cetest sjentomaraatgenatne copes pee a ? seb oy MepeereanrerPrebertrehe Teri temas esetngtrrerr riety ier oreclelphing ace ot anes oom woees -- agar eronttelneet wel tare canpeerer ates Pebsvs sete pera lt ss enn swlnehntlneterepsese near espera an as peatane serve ten Tt is nGoees teneheaar a enereeT ourehele "eroT: She ese I i er wt ER st gp ag ct RG eR RN Ne ee a RE ea a ee ett lai aa Rea Ri Me iapnreey® oe weyers oe) (2s AAO LRMNL Rape” LOD Er so Bhee psaNs jenerace das aredoee {FOE >t, O90 pat ne vereguvedanenst 7 O55 SIP POAOHOIY Op 90 «hens ¥n CeNEL@ HEE: Ate ePaevanynryer eben Tetra Te ol. Shasta erehetodepins neath ete nat tetedit ~ “ - Se eee cbs BUNS DEA | + otenond 0 - Mt eretegaaee ow apicahesesioetapeeree reat ne siyeyet theca ome Mh eb osempun ee $9 se pete rerrse ss Mmpt od roteed apna and merge aches remagree orth s ca reouseuneetanesepesensceparvertpeses -orauranabetee trae erent Si Pe artteenecietrtensyenorees ore nincacetegcenannt Sies seme rat oot eninennemen te ever as pager or ese ceneterraring + letingsensier itt aay RES Re: . ; * pass eats ee aren oe ST ea ttneccre tsar rgtes'a che omens ane ore caaenenere eens ee 5c16b 5 161 re cate pee tes: $< or x > Bthe} The Annals OF Scottish Natural History AT OU ART ERIE SVAN GAZ, UNS WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED “Che Scottish Naturalist” EDITED BY Jp AS HARVIE-BROWN, F:R:S.E., F-Z:S. MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION (cE SS. VWen Li RAIL. MeA. MD. F.R:S:, ELS: PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN AND WILETAM EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., F.R.S.E. KEEPER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT, THE ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH Oo I EDINBURGH DAVID DOWGLAS, CASTE SL RE Ba: LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE The Annals of Scottish Natural History No. 77] 1911 [ JANUARY BIRD «NODES PROM TEE ISLE. OF MAY =AUTUMN roto. By Evetyn V. Baxrer and LEONORA JEFFREY RINTOUL. WE again visited the Isle of May this autumn and worked there from the 2nd September till the 18th October. During this time we were able to record 99 species, three of which were new to Forth, and after we left two other Forth novelties were sent off to us. With its usual sweet reasonableness the wind, after having been in the east almost all summer, veered round and blew off the west for all but the last few days of our visit. Occasionally there were easterly airs below, but the upper currents were still off the west; the weather throughout was very fine and mild. These conditions militated against rushes of migrants, and it was not till the last few days of our stay, when an honest east wind set in, that any great numbers of birds appeared. It being impossible, in the space at our disposal, to enter into detailed accounts of the movements of each species, we pro- pose to deal briefly with some of our more outstanding records. Among the Turdinz, Missel Thrushes ( 7dus vesccvorus) appeared more plentifully than in other seasons, though never in any great numbers, and there were Song Thrushes (Turdus philomelos*) on the island almost every day. 1 The nomenclature adopted is mainly that of Dr. Hartert’s ‘*‘ Die Vogel der paldarktischen Fauna.” Woh B ro oo ey, Wer i) Wey: | 2 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Rushes of this species occurred on rith, 16th, 25th, and 30th September, and Ist, 7th, and roth October, and a very pronounced one on the 11th; we procured Thrushes out of each rush, but they all proved to be of the British racial form 7. phzlomelos clarket. It may be worth recording here, that among the Song Thrushes procured in the autumn of 1909 on the Isle of May, there were several belonging to the foreign race 7. philomelos philomelos. The first Redwing (Turdus musicus) appeared on 27th September, on 7th October a good many arrived, from the 12th to the 15th there were numbers present, and on 16th October (S.E. wind, very light, hazy) a great rush occurred. The birds came in from the north during the whole day, most plentifully in the morning, and in addition to those that alighted on the island, we saw and heard countless numbers passing overhead. A Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) was seen on 25th September, an unusually early date ; we saw no more till 11th October, after which they occurred daily. From 14th to 17th October, with an easterly wind, great rushes of Blackbirds (7urdus merula) took place, the dome of the lighthouse being thronged with them in the early mornings, and the island covered with them ; almost all were young males with black bills. No Thrushes arrived during these Blackbird rushes. Ring Ouzels (7urdus torquatus) occurred in small numbers between 25th September and 17th October. One of the features of this season was the number of Greater Wheatears (Saxicola enanthe leucorhoa); they occurred almost daily from 6th September till 12th October, and we noted that they very often arrived during the day, usually about 4 pm. These birds were very fond of hiding under stones, and would often crouch down in the rubble underneath some big block, and refuse to move till we were within about two feet of them. Once a Greater Wheatear perched on one of the chimneys of the lighthouse. Sarzcola ewnanthe enanthe was not at all plentiful on the island this season. A good many Whinchats (Pratincola rubetra) were present on 11th September, and we saw a few on other dates between the 2nd and 26th; four Stonechats (Pradténcola torquata) were also seen. Redstarts (Phenicurus phenicurus) were remarkably scarce, and we only saw one Red-spotted Bluethroat BIRD NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF MAY—AUTUMN I9gIo 3 (Luscinia svecica): it appeared on 10th September and was as wild asa hawk. On the other hand, Redbreasts (Avzthacus rubecula) were more plentiful than usual throughout our stay, and occurred in numbers during the last fortnight of October after we had left the island. Four procured and submitted to Dr. Hartert were pronounced by him to be of the British race Erithacus rubecula melophelus. Most of the Warblers were uncommonly scarce ; we sawa few Whitethroats (Syluza communis) between 6th and 20th September, only one Lesser Whitethroat (Sy/vza curruca) on 13th September, a male Blackcap (Sy/vza atricapella) on 2nd October, and a female on the 17th, and Willow-warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus) between 4th and 26th September ; there were a good many on the 6th and 15th, otherwise only one or two. The only new Warbler that occurred was the Siberian Chiff-chaff (Phylloscopus collybita tristis), a single bird appearing on 16th October (S.E. wind, very light, hazy). We managed to procure it, and it constitutes the first record for Forth, the only others known to occur in Britain being at Sule Skerry, Fair Isle, and Kirkwall. In contra- distinction to last year we were not able to record a single Yellow-browed Warbler, while Chiff-chaffs and Garden- warblers were also conspicuous by their absence. There were more Goldcrests (Regulus regulus) on the May this season than we have ever seen there before; the largest arrival took place on 14th October, when the island was swarming with these attractive little birds. We procured eight on various dates between 1oth September and 17th October, and all proved to be the continental Regulus regulus vegulus except one, a British example, Regulus regulus anglorum, secured on 15th September. Hedge Accentors (Prunella modularis), too, were unusually plentiful, a geod many being present on 7th and goth October. Those sent to Dr. Hartert proved to be the British race, Prunella modularis occidentalis, excepting one procured on 6th October, which Dr. Hartert pronounces to be a “ puzzling specimen, too pale for occedentalis, probably P. m. modularis.’ A con- tinental specimen of the Great Titmouse (Parus major major) arrived 15th October ; it is an addition to the list of birds seen by us onthe May. As usual, White Wagtails (JZo¢aczlla 4 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY alba alba) and Tree-pipits (Authus trivialis trivialis) passed in small numbers, but Pied and Spotted Flycatchers (IZuscicapa atricapilla and striata) were very uncommon, the former only appearing on 4th and 24th September. We saw more Swallows (Chelidon rustica) than in any previous season, hun- dreds passing on 6th and 16th September and smaller numbers being often seen; in almost every case these birds left the island before mid-day. Siskins (Acanthzs spinus) were first seen on 14th October ; a month later this species was still present on the island. Many Mealy Redpolls (Acanthis inaria linaria) occurred ; on 14th October two came in, and another on the 16th. During the fortnight after we left there was an immigration of this species and several were sent to us, all procured being finaria linaria. Holboll’s Redpoll (A. “naria holbell’) was procured, and sent, on 23rd October. Chaffinches (Fringilla celebs celebs) in small numbers might be seen most days after 3rd October, and Bramblings (Fringzlla montifringilla) were fairly plentiful ; one or two arrived on 25th September, and from 2nd October till we left they occurred in varying numbers ; on the 11th they were arriving in flocks all day. We are indebted to Mr. Ross and Mr. Baigrie for having procured and sent off to us _ several Northern Bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula) ; on 22nd October we received a beautiful male, and the wings and tail of another, which from the description sent with it was evidently a female; on the 26th we received two more, a male and a female, and on 2nd November yet another male. This is the first time that the Northern Bullfinch has been recorded in Forth. The only Scarlet Grosbeak (Carpodacus erythina) seen appeared on 7th September. We procured it, though, it was much wilder than we have found this species on other occasions ; it was in the green type of plumage. Buntings were fairly well represented this year and were dreadfully wild. Two Yellow-hammers (Emberiza citrinella), one being a male in splendid plumage, appeared on 11th October, and this species (uncommon on the May) was seen again on 15th and 17th October. Twice we saw Ortolan Buntings (Emberiza hortulana), but they were so very wild that we never managed to get within reach of them ; this BIRD NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF MAY—AUTUMN IgIo 5 species is not new to the island, having been procured there by Mr. Agnew in May 1885. Reed Buntings (Emberiza scheniclus) appeared on 16th and 17th October, and a Lapland Bunting (Calcarius lapponica) on 4th October (W. wind, strong). We secured this bird, which proved to be a young female, and is the first authenticated record for Forth. We saw one on the island in 1907, but as we failed to pro- cure it the record was not confirmed. Great numbers of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) appeared along with the Black- bird rush from 14th to 17th October ; and on the latter date we saw two Jackdaws (Colwus monedula) ; one was the usual type of bird seen here, but the other had a broad white collar, it may have been the east European form Coleus monedula collaris, but unfortunately we were not able to secure it. Skylarks (Alauda arvensis) passed fairly constantly, but there was no big rush, and a Wood-lark (Lullula arborea) appeared on 16th October, and next day we secured it. It is new to the fauna of Forth. We had no difficulty in distinguishing it from a Skylark by the noticeably shorter tail, and also by the note, which it uttered constantly and so attracted our attention. A Swift (Cypselus apus) on 3rd September was an addition to the list of birds seen by us on the island. On Ist October, a very hot day, we were just going into the lighthouse to lunch when a Hoopoe (Ufupa epops) flew over our heads ; needless to say we immediately gave chase. In Saunders’s “ Manual” this bird is referred to as “tame and confiding,’ but our Hoopoe was most uncommonly well able to take care of itself. It never let us get within a hundred yards of it, but with our glasses we were able to see it very well as it strutted about on the grass probing the ground with its bill, its crest half-erected and the bold black and white banding on the wings showing most distinctly. When flying it was constantly chivied by the Pipits and other small birds. Next morning it was seen about six o'clock, after which it no doubt proceeded towards its winter quarters, and, we hope, reached them safely. There is one previous record of a Hoopoe for the island, a female having been procured there on 30th April 1898. Several Short-eared Owls (Aszo flammeus) were seen, both during our stay and after we left, while Peregrines 6 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY (Falco peregrinus), Kestrels (falco tinnunculus), and Merlins (falco w@salon) were observed, doubtless preying on the smaller migrants. There is nothing new or strange to record among the Anatidz, but a Stock-dove (Columba c@nas), seen on 18th September, is an addition to our island list, as is a Bar-tailed Godwit (Lzmosa lapponica), seen on 24th September. On the whole, Waders were scarce, with the exception of Turnstones (Avenaria interpres) and Curlew (Numenzus arquata), of which we saw a good many. Several Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) appeared in September, an immature Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus) on 13th October, and an adult bird next day. Towards the end of our stay we saw enormous flocks of Kittiwakes (A7zssa tridactyla). A Great Skua (Megalestris skua) appeared on 3rd October, and towards the end of our visit there were vast numbers of Razorbills (Adca torda) and Guillemots (Uvza trozéle) in the sea close to the island; they, as well as the Kittiwakes, were no doubt feeding on the shoals of small silvery fish with which the sea swarmed, many being cast up in the harbour. A little Grebe (Podzctpes fluviatilis) was seen on 16th and 17th October, and a Storm Petrel (Z%alassecdroma pelagica) was killed at the lantern late in the month, while on the morning of 16th October we watched a Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) for some time flying about close to the island. We must again express our indebtedness to the Com- missioners of Northern Lights for their kindness in giving us permission to live and work on the Isle of May. Our time there was full of interest and pleasure, and we greatly appreciate the privilege which has been accorded us. It is impossible adequately to thank our friends on the May for all their kindness to us, but we wish to express our gratitude as well as we can to Mr. and Mrs. Ross, Mr. and Mrs. Baigrie, Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, for all they did for us while we were on the island, and for birds sent since we left, and for this last we have also to thank Mr. and Mrs. Macleod. We hereby tender our warmest thanks to Dr. Hartert, who most kindly examined our skins and determined some of the racial forms for us, and to Mr. Eagle Clarke for all his help and kindness. HERONRIES IN DEE, ETC. 7 HERONRIES! IN DEE Ege. By A. LanpDsporouGH THOMSON, Mr. Boyd WaATT’s interesting supplementary list of Scottish Heronries in the April issue of the “ Annals” (1910, pp. 68- 70) has drawn my attention to his original list (“ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 1908, pp. 218-223), and I have noticed some omissions from the “ Dee” section which the second list has not made good. As a result of further inquiries I have discovered several other omissions; but I am not surprised that Mr. Watt’s information was incomplete, for many of the facts, although they relate to my own district, are quite new to myself, and some of them were only ascertained with difficulty, although I am well placed for making inquiries as regards the area. And I am, moreover, by no means satisfied that the following amended list is exhaustive, more especially as regards the north-eastern portion of “ Dee”: QUEEN’s H1LL, ABoyNE.—According to my friend Mr. A. M. Wilson, M.A., there were 14 nests in 1907, and I believe there were about the same number in 1908. ‘The heronry is doubtless still flourishing. It is one of the most important omissions from Mr. Watt’s lists. BLACKHALL, BAaNCHORY.—In Mr. Watt’s first list. EDINGLASSIE, STRATHDON.—Also in Mr. Watt’s list. My friend Mr. Ian G. Innes tells me that there were between 6 and g nests in 1908. Monymusk.—This is apparently a new heronry. Captain Arthur Grant writes that it was first known of in 1908, comprised 4 nests in 1909, and 5 nests this year. The nests are in larches. LEITHHALL, KENNETHMONT.—An old-established heronry not men- tioned in either of Mr. Watt’s lists. There are at present about a dozen nests. According to Mr. Leith Hay, the birds shifted to their present wood about ten years ago. Curiously enough it was the season defore the old wood was destroyed by a wind storm. KEITHHALL, INVERURIE.—There are at present about 14 nests divided between two places. A third spot close at hand was tenanted by a few pairs up till about nine years ago. ‘The nests are in silver firs. 8 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY PItTMEDDEN.—A small heronry not mentioned in Mr. Watt’s lists. It was formerly larger, but has apparently not prospered since as Mr. Alexander Reid tells me, a wind storm several years ago blew down many of the trees. Happo House.—In Mr. Watt’s first list. Pirrour.—Mentioned in the supplementary list as having been tenanted by a few pairs about ten years ago. Jam glad to say that the colony still exists: this season there were 14 nests, but apparently only between 8 and ro pairs of birds. The strength of the colony is believed to have remained very much the same for several years. The present nests are all in high beech trees, but formerly there were some “‘in shrubs on the island.” *PARKHILL.—In Mr. Watt’s original list, but now, I regret to say, extinct. It is the only heronry which the late Mr. George Sim mentioned in his ‘“‘ Vertebrate Fauna of ‘ Dee’” (1903), and that only to say that it was on the verge of extinction at the hands of local egg-collectors. *ScoLTIE Hitt, BANCHoRY, and *GicHtT.—Are former sites, men- tioned as such in Mr. Watt’s first list. *Near HuntLy.—Traditional site referred to in the supplementary list. The following three traditional sites are not given in either list. *BaLMUIR, DUNECHT.—A few pairs nested in old spruce trees there for a few years until the trees were blown down “‘in the gale of 1860.” *LociE ELPHINSTONE.—According to the present keeper, there was a heronry at this place many years ago. *Casr_e Fraser.—A former heronry in Scots pines there has been extinct for at least thirty years, although a pair is occasionally known to nest in the district. We have thus in “Dee” at present 9 tenanted heronries and a heron population of about 80 breeding pairs. I owe much of the above information to the generous help of Miss D. Hamilton of Skene and Mr. Wm. Seton Meston, Inverurie. I must also express indebtedness to all the informants mentioned and to the gamekeepers of several of the estates. While collecting the above data it has struck me that the Heron would lend itself most admirably to a statistical study which might possibly prove of great interest. I therefore venture to suggest to Mr. Boyd Watt and others interested HERONRIES IN DEE, ETC. 9 in our heron population, that a census of Scottish heronries might well be extended into a census of the birds them- selves. A census made at an early date might, I believe, be profitably taken and published for comparison with similar censuses to be taken later at intervals of several years. An annual census would probably prove neither practicable nor repaying, but a census taken for two or three years in succession, followed by a long gap, would give very reliable average figures. The suggested work might be made practicable by dividing it, according to faunal areas or other divisions, among any who were interested in the scheme. These might begin by making sure that their lists of heronries were exhaustive, by collecting further details as to the past histories of the colonies, and by arranging with local observers who would be willing to report the desired figures in the season or seasons fixed for the census. I beg to leave this suggestion in the hands of those interested, but expressing my readiness to assist in any such scheme. OLD ABERDEEN, [Mr. Thomson’s recommendation regarding a census of Heronries and Herons is of interest and may well be of value. If gone into—say by Mr. Boyd Watt, or other gentlemen having intimate personal acquaintance with the whole of Scotland—such might prove most useful. We may suggest a good starting-point for future comparison, e.g. the “Vertebrate Fauna of Scotland,” eleven vols. (Douglas and Foulis), where the Heronries of such areas as have been treated of, between 1888 and 1906, are pretty accurately and, we believe, fully detailed. We have no desire to blow our own whistle too shrilly, but as Mr. Thomson makes no allusion to these volumes it appears that he must be unacquainted with them. There is also an older article upon “The Heronries of Great Britain” by Mr. J. E. Harting, which appeared in the “ Zoologist” when Mr. Harting was editor of that old and well-known journal, and which should be consulted. With regard to heronries in Dee, that mentioned under Blackhall, Banchory, originally “migrated” suddenly from Scoltie Hill, Banchory, after the occasion of the cutting 10 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY down of the pine trees on the latter estate. The two estates adjoined at the time we speak of, and the Scoltie Hill heronry was placed close up to the march which separates the two properties. This would be about the years 1863 to 1865, when the writer of this note and a friend took eggs there. It would be, I think, about three years later, say 1866 to 1869, when the wood was cut, and the birds decamped across the march and took up their new abode in Blackhall. I remember hearing of the “traditionary site” near Huntly, and others. There is one quite flourishing heronry about five miles up the river Deveron, above Turriff, placed in very dense- growing spruce fir trees, on the Netherdale property. lee | RE Slee le) ele Sele le lel I ae SS lB aS 12 18 18 le lB ld [als |e] Ss 8 SIS IAI Tole lle ls Ele |S 1018 |r le ia le 2 /e |o. eva Bo Se aa ie B22 |als |S | lo 1a.) os @|&\o}* |a jog | 2 loa ° x rah EE v o |” |e |& "IZ6. Ie alo 9/8 |e Alo |5 ist free | evel, Wires fap ; = ee ee Ty" Le “Wels | |2|5 |e]e |? B18 | eae Ea | Aor Pan Vey ae ja a 8 | no |e re 5 |: : p 3 : ae ‘satoads jo aueN ® an x : 3 5 =a : wn . Q ° . ie o| (2 o C2 . ion p ab 2. 2 5 S 5 172) =) G p i ra ‘NOILAGINLSIG] GHAUOOAY ONIMOHS AAV], : SAITANODVUC HSILLOIOS SCOTTISH DRAGONFLIES 25 It will be seen that I recognise the claims of nineteen species to be included in the Scottish fauna. The least satisfactory is “schua grand’s. The announcement in Mr. Lucas’s recent paper that it had been taken at Ellangowan, Dumfries, by Mr. B. M‘Gowan was, unfortunately, an error, owing, it appears, to Mr. M‘Gowan having inadvertently written grandis for juncea in a letter to Mr. Lucas. Mr. M‘Gowan assures me he has never seen grands in Scotland. There is no need to go over the Table in detail ; it speaks for itself, and shows at a glance how many counties each species has been recorded from, and how many species have been recorded from each county. In the former enumeration, “ischna juncea heads the list, appearing in 35 of the 41 counties, the next in order being Exallagma cyathigerum, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, and Sympetrum scoticum, with 32, 31, and 30 respectively to their credit. The most productive counties, taken as a whole, are Inverness with 15 of the 19 species, and Perth with 13 or 14, both yielding the two boreal species, Somatochlora arctica and Atschna cerulea. Six species are recorded from the Outer Hebrides, four from Orkney, but only one so far—the common &. cyathzgerum— from Shetland. The poorest section of the mainland of Scotland, as regards Odonata, is that which lies to the south- east of the “Highland line”; in the south-west corner, adjoining the Solway, there is an improvement. Dragonflies are naturally more at home in a natural country well supplied with suitable aquatic habitats, such as one finds in the High- lands and along the West Coast. In conclusion, I would point to the blanks in the Table, and solicit the help of readers of the “Annals” in an endeavour to fill them up, as far as possible, in the coming summer. NODE “ON VARIATION IN THE ELEY isi AURELIA AGRI A By D.C. MSINTosH, MGA BSc.) Re sok: WHILE variation has for some time been recognised as a fact of fundamental importance in evolution, it is only within 26 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY recent years that it has come to be looked upon as a “measurable” quantity. Scientists, no longer content with vague statements as to certain variations being occasionally or frequently met with in a species, now demand a definite assertion as to the extent of the variation in a particular character as well as the exact percentage of cases in which it occurs. Although it may very readily be admitted that at present it is not possible either to explain the causes or to interpret fully the facts of variation, it is believed that a record of the extent of variation in certain organs of an individual is an aid to biological study. The field to be examined is inexhaustible, for it is the world of organised life. What is required in the meantime is an ample collection of data bearing on variation ; interpretation would not then be long delayed. The following is a very brief account of some variations observed in the common jelly-fish, Aurelia aurita (Linn.). This animal is familiar to all visitors to the sea-side during the summer and autumn months, owing to the frequency with which it is found stranded on the shore. In the quiet bays round our coasts, shoals of this jelly-fish are often seen swimming near the surface of the water or drifting gently with the tide. There is nothing fish-like either in the saucer-shaped appearance of a jelly-fish or in the character- istic pulsating movements by means of which it propels itself through the water. In the months of August and September 1908, Mr. R. Elmhirst of the Millport Marine Station collected for me 281 specimens of Aurelia aurita, partly from Loch Ridden and partly from Kilchattan Bay, in the Firth of Clyde. They were placed as soon as captured in a 5 per cent formalin solution, and so successfully were they pre- served that, though not examined for many months, only a few specimens were so damaged that they had to be rejected. As the time of year of capture indicates, these examples were all well-grown mature adults. They were examined for the purpose of comparing such variation as they showed in certain organs with the variation I had already found * in 1D. C. M‘Intosh, ‘ Variation in Aurelia aurita,’ ‘* Proc. Roy. Phy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1910,” vol. xviii. pp. 125-143. VARIATION IN THE JELLY-FISH AURELIA AURITA 27 1000 small adults (just past the ephyra stage) taken from the Clyde some years previously. (1) On the number of Branched Radial Canals and Tentaculocysts. A normal example of Aurelia aurita has eight branched canals stretching from the central stomach to the ring canal round the margin of the umbrella. Four of these, the perradial canals, lie between the gonads, and the other four, the interradial canals, are placed opposite to the gonads. At the outer end of each of the branched canals there is a single tentaculocyst or sense-organ. As there is perfect correlation between the number of branched radial canals and the number of tentaculocysts, except in the case of twin-tentaculocysts, in the following table the figures which stand for the number of canals represent at the same time the number of tentaculocysts. Number of Branched radial Number of Branched radial specimens. canals. specimens. canals. 2 with 6 8 with 2 I ” 7 ; TS 238 - 8 (normal) 3 as 14 |e) 9 9 i) ” 15 13 e ime) I A 16 4 bP] Il Examination of these figures shows 43 or 15.3 per cent of these 281 specimens of Aurelia aurita had either more or less than the normal eight branched canals and eight tentaculocysts. This percentage, while less than what Browne! found among Awvelias from near Plymouth, is quite in accordance with the percentage of abnormal forms I had previously observed among small adults from the Clyde (Zc. p. 131). It will be noted that the range of variation is from 6 to 16 tentaculocysts and branched radial canals, and that where departure from the normal occurs the numbers tend to be higher. What is especially worthy of remark, is that there is not, as might be expected, a regularly decreas- 1 E, T. Browne, ‘ Variation in Azrelia aurita,’ ‘‘ Biometrika,” vol. i. pp. 90-108. 28 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY ing series of abnormal forms. We find, instead, two regularly decreasing series, one for individuals with 10, 12, 14, 16, and another for individuals with 9, I1, 13, 15 branched radial canals and tentaculocysts. The table given also shows that there are 25 individuals with 284 branched radial canals and tentaculocysts in the former series, against 15 individuals with 147 branched radial canals and ten- taculocysts in the latter. Looking at these facts in another way we observe that the abnormal examples have an average of 10.5 branched radial canals. Though the details of the branched canal system are not given here, they show that it is in the “perradial” system (ze. between the gonads) that the increase in the number of canals is greatest. Occasionally. there are found individuals with twin- tentaculocysts, covered by a small marginal hood, at the end of a single canal. In this collection there were found two examples with this abnormality, and in both cases the twin- tentaculocysts were situated perradially. In one of the individuals this “twinning ” was the only abnormality noted ; in the other there were five gonads, ten branched canals, and eleven tentaculocysts. (2) Ox the number of Gonads and Oral Lobes. A normal A. aurita has four symmetrically situated genital sacs each with a horse-shoe-shaped gonad, and four oral lobes. The gonads, becoming highly coloured as they ripen, are very characteristic and conspicuous organs. In all the examples I have examined there is perfect correlation between the number of gonads and the number of oral lobes. The following is a summary of the observations made : 2 specimens had 3 gonads and 3 oral lobes. 269 bP] bP) 4 > ” 4 9 bP] 4 ” bb} 5 ” 9 5 bP) ” 3 39 ” 6 ” 99 6 bP) bP) 2 be) ” 7 bp] bie 7 bb) be) I 8 8 From this it is seen that the range of variation for gonads and for oral lobes is from 3 to 8. The solitary individual with 8 gonads measured only 7 centimetres in VARIATION IN THE JELLY-FISH AURELIA AURITA 29 diameter. It had 16 tentaculocysts, 8 perradial and 8 inter- radial canals. It will be observed that 12 individuals or 4.3 per cent had an abnormal number of gonads, and that where departure from the normal occurs the numbers tend to be higher. This percentage is high when compared with percentages which I have previously noted (dc. p. 133), and by way of explanation it is suggested (1) that too few individuals are considered in this case, and (2) that there is great difficulty in collecting nearly three hundred individuals as they drift past a small boat without selecting, it may be unconsciously, the very specimens whose gonads are seen to be abnormal in number. Other details were noted, but since in connection with them there is more likelihood that errror may arise from insufficiency of specimens and unconscious selection in collecting, it is not proposed to discuss them. The main purpose I have is rather to direct the attention of readers of the “ Annals” to an aspect of biology in which some of them, having peculiar facilities, might be able to supply useful statistics. ZOOLOGICAL LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE PYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCo@j- LAND. BEING AN ACCOUNT OF COLLECTIONS MADE BY SIR JOHN Murray, K.C.B., ON S.Y. “ MEDUSA.” By James Ritcuig, M.A., B.Sc., The Royal Scottish Museum. (Continued from p. 225, No. 76, October 1910.) CALYPTOBEAST EA Family HALECID:. 15. HALECIUM BEANII, Johnston. CiypE SEA ArEA.—Dunoon Basin (M.)—20-40 fms.; E. side, 5-10 fms.,r. BARRIER PLATEAU—Sanda to Achinhoan, 22 fms., 30 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY r.; Sound of Sanda, 22 fms., on Zhucaria lonchitis ; between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. MULL oF CANTYRE, 50 fms. 16. HALECIUM HALECINUM (Linn.). CLYDE SEA AREA.—LocH GoiL (M.)—head to Stuckbeg, r.; E. side from below Pier, 30-35 fms., r. Dunoon Basin (M.)— E. side, 42 fms., r. LocH STRIVEN, (M.)—W. side, 20-35 fms., r. ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound, 10-15 fms.; off Pladda, 30-35 fms., r.(M.). BARRIER PLATEAU—Sanda to Achinhoan, 19-22 fms., m.c. (M.); between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. Sanna Is., 35 fms., on Zhutaria lonchitis. MULL oF CANTYRE, 49 fms. FIRTH OF LoRNE, 70-80 fms. (M.). 17. HALECIUM LABROSUM, Alder. MULL OF CANTYRE, 49-50 fms. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-110 fms. 18. HALECIUM MURICATUM (Ell. and Sol.). CLYDE SEA AREA (M.).—UppEerR LocH FyNneE—Minard Narrows, 15-20 fms., rr. BARRIER PLATEAU—Sanda to Achinhoan, 19-22 fms., r. MULL oF CANTYRE, 50 fms. FIRTH OF LORNE, 70-80 fms. 19. HALECIUM TENELLUM, Hincks. In two cases a gonangium was observed to arise from wethin instead of from de/ow a hydrotheca. The perisarc of many of the specimens was much wrinkled. MULL OF CaNnTyRE, 50 fms., on Haleccum muricatum. FIRTH OF LORNE, four records at depths between 30-110 fms., on LfTalecium labrosum and Diphasia pinaster. Family CAMPANULARID. 20. CLYTIA JOHNSTONI (Alder). CLYDE SEA AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms., with rounded teeth, on Halecium beanit and seaweed. SanpDA Is., 35 fms., on Zhutaria lonchitis. FIRTH OF LORNE, 50-110 fms., not c. on Schizotricha frutescens ; 70-80 fms., great variation in depth of cups. THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND 31 Locu Ertive, 70 fms., on Hydrallmania falcata. Locu Buy, 9-15 fms., on Sertularella gayt. 21. THAUMANTIAS INCONSPICUA, Forbes. (CAMPANULARIA RARIDENTATA, Alder.) The specimens from all the localities, except the last mentioned, differed from Hincks’s examples in having their stems wholly ornamented with rings which varied in definiteness in different specimens. CLYDE SEA AREA.—SOUND OF SANDA, 22 fms., r.r., on Zhuzaria lonchitss. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-110 fms., on Spider-crab ; 50-70 fms. Locu Buy, 9-15 fms., on Sertularella gay. BETWEEN CANNA AND RuM, on Dzphasia pinaster. 22. OBELIA DICHOTOMA (Linn.). CiypE SEA ArEA—off Cumbrae Is., 15 fms. (M.). 23. OBELIA GENICULATA (Linn.). CLYDE SEA AREA.—LocH Lone, low water (M.). Locu STRIVEN, low water (M.). ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound, 10-15 fms., on Zhecocarpus myriophyllum. 24. OBELIA LONGISSIMA (Pallas). CLYDE SEA AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-50 fms. 25. GONOTHYRA GRACILIS (Sars). FirTH OF LORNE, 60-80 fms., 4 rings below hydrotheca, instead of) 2. 26. GONOTHYRAA HYALINA, Hincks. Nutting observed on clumps of G. Ayalina and G. dovent, obtained near Plymouth, specimens which showed complete intergradation between what he regarded as almost typical forms of the two species ; and he has recorded his opinion that “there is a strong probability that these two so-called species are but varieties of one form, which should bear the name of G. /ovenz, Allman.”! I have kept the two forms separate, however, awaiting further evidence of their specific identity. 1 Nutting, ‘‘ Nat. Hist. Bull.” S.U.I., vol. iv., 1896, p. 3. Reprinted from ‘Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass.” vol. iv., 1896, pp. 146-154. 32 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY CiypE Sra AREA.—DUNOON BasIN (M.), 20-40 fms. ; W. side, 15 fms. FIRTH OF LORNE, two records from between 30 and 110 fms., on Zubularia indivisa. 27. GONOTHYRAA LOVENI, Allman. CLypE SEA AREA.—GARELOCH (M.)—near Narrows, 14 fims., c. ; E. side above Narrows, 14 fms., on Laminaria. 28. CAMPANULARIA ANGULATA, Hincks. CLYDE SEA AREA (M.).—Locu Goit—head to Stuckbeg, r.; E. side from below Pier, 30-35 fms., r. Dunoon Basin—centre, 20 fms., r. LocH STRIVEN—W. side, 15-20 fms., r. : 29. CAMPANULARIA FLEXuOSA, Hincks. CLYDE SEA AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—Sound of Sanda, 22 fms. ; between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms., -r. FIRTH OF LORNE, 50 fms. ; 60-70 fms. on Dzphasia alata. 30. CAMPANULARIA HINCKSII, Alder. CLYDE SEA AREA.—ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound, 10-15 fms., on Lafoéa dumosa. BARRIER PLATEAU—Sound of Sanda, 22 fms., on Zhuzaria lonchitis ; between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms., on Hydrallmania falcata. Sanna Is., 35 fms., on Zhuzaria lonchitis. MULL oF CANTYRE, 64 fms. SouND OF JURA, 17-25 fms., on Campanularia verticillata. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-50 fms., on Axntennularia ramosa; 30-110 fms., on Aglaophenia tubulifera; 70-80 fms., on Thuzaria cupressina. 31. .CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA (Linn.). CLypDE SEA AREA.—UPPER LocH Fyne (M.). ARRAN Basin (M.) —Kilbrennan Sound, 28 fms. ; Farland Pt., Cumbrae, 20 fms., c.c. BARRIER PLaTEAU—off Achinhoan Head, 22 fms. (M.) ; Sound of Sanda, 22 fms. SOUND OF JURA, 17-25 fms. 32. CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS (Linn.). CiypE SrA ArEA.—LocH Gort (M.)—head to Stuckbeg, m.c. ; E. side from below Pier, 30-35 fms., m.c. BARRIER PLATEAU, between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms., r. BETWEEN CANNA AND RvM, 60-100 fms. (M.). THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND 33 33. HEBELLA POCILLUM (Hincks) (= Lafoéa pocillum of Hincks’s “ History ”). CLYDE SEA AREA.—GARELOCH, 20 fms., on Adzetinaria abietina (M.). 34. HEBELLA pyGM#a (Hincks) (= Lafoéa pygmea of Hincks’s “ History’). CLYDE SEA AREA.—GARELOCH—head to Stroul, on TZhucaria argentea (M.). Family LAFOEID. 35. Laroia pumosa (Fleming). CLyDE SEA AREA.—LocH GoiL (M.)—head to Stuckbeg; E. side from below Pier, 30-35 fms. ; above Barrier, 25 fms. ; across Barrier, 7-12 fms., m.r. Dunoon Basin (M.), 20-40 fms. ; Eesidey 16-20 fms:, m.c. ; centre, 10-So;/imis.. men WocE STRIVEN (M.), centre from head of loch, 15-20 fms., r.; W. side, 20-30 fms., on Zudularia tndivisa, ry. KYLES OF BUTE— off Vighnabruaich, Upper Locuw Fyne (M.)—Minnard Narrows, 12-20 fms., r.; E. side, 15-20 fms., r. ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound, 1o-15 fms. ; below Isle of Ross, 12-14 fms., stones, r.; Otterard to Carradale, 18-20 fms., r. ; centre; soli Saddell, 47 fms., r.; off Pladda, 30-35 fms. 11; Farland Point, Cumbrae, 20 fms., c. BARRIER PLATEAU— between Achinhoan Head and Davarr Is., 17-20 fms., sand, on Antennularia ramosa (M.); between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms., r., on Halecoum beantt. SANDA ISLAND, 35 fms., c., on Zhuzarta lonchitis. MULL oF CaANnTyRE, 49 fms., on Plumularia pinnata and Halecitum labrosum. FIRTH OF LORNE—the creeping form was found at 50-110 fms., not c., on Schizotricha frutescens; 70-80 fms., on Halectum muricatum and Diphasia pinaster. The form robusta, at 30- tro fms., on Spider-crab and Ceraphronine . = Aor 207 Owing to their minute, if not microscopic, size, it is not very easy to make a collection of Oxyura. They may be caught in the ordinary way by the use of the sweeping net and beating umbrella, by examining the refuse at the bottom 88 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY of haystalks, shifting moss, etc, and by examining windows in country houses.’ The latter is profitable for Oxyura, Chalcidide, and other minute Hymenoptera. They may be picked up by a moistened finger or by a camel-hair brush. When my friendly correspondent Mr. John Hewitt, B.A,, was Curator of the Sarawak Museum, Borneo, I asked him why he did not send me any micro-Hymenoptera. His reply was that the sweeping net could not be used owing to the nature of the ground, and more particularly, owing to the presence of spiny plants which tore the net. Mr. Hewitt then took to examining the windows, and in that way made a most interesting collection of Cynipede, Oxyura, and Chalcidide, all the species being undescribed, and many of them belonging to new genera. SCOTTISH TARDIGRADAY AUREVIEW (OF OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE. By James Murray, F.R.S.E. AES IN 1907 (8), when summarising the knowledge of Scottish Tardigrada, in connection with the work of the Lake Survey, I gave a list of 41 admitted species. With extended knowledge it is now found necessary to delete several species from the list,—several have changed their names,—and a number of new records are to be added. In consequence of these changes it seems desirable to take another review of the Scottish species. The observations leading to these changes were made 1 A hymenopterous insect which is to be found in windows is the Chalcid, Cerocephala cornigera, West. (formiciformis, West.). As I have said, it is to be found in windows, also in barns and in old dwelling-houses, particularly in those of which the wood-work is well holed by Azodzum, the ‘‘ Death-watch beetle,” on which it is a parasite. Ihave found it at Strath Glass, Rannoch, and Clydes- dale, in barns ; also in Derbyshire in an old house in which 47062 was common, crawling on paper. In size it varies from I to 3 mm., the latter being the length given by Thomson in his ‘‘ Hymen Scand.” iv. 213. The smaller specimens may be entirely black. I have found it in December. * Figures in brackets, in heavy type, refer to the Bibliographical List at the end. SCOTTISH TARDIGRADA 89 long ago, but I was unable to decide on the values of certain forms, which increased acquaintance with Tardigrada in general enables me now to do. There are 50 species recorded in this paper, being an increase of g since 1907. As 2 species have been deleted, there have been really rr names added. Two of these are new species, 1 has been already recorded as a variety, and 8 are new Scottish records. The identifica- tion of 5 of the species is still open to doubt, owing to incomplete information on certain points. List OF ALL ADMITTED SCOTTISH SPECIES. [An asterisk * indicates additions to the list of 1907 (8).| Lichiniscus sutllus, Ebr. “MM. areolatus, Murray. £2. islandicus, Richters. M. dispar, Murray. *F. kerguelensis, Richters. M. ambiguus, Murray. * Ht Shhh hhhht * . wendt:, Richters. . viridis, Murray. . veticulatus, Murray. . gladiator, Murray. spttsbergensis, Scourfield. . Spinulotdes, sp.n. . guadrispinosus, Richters. . othonna, Richters. . tympanista, sp.n. . granulatus, Doy. . Glumt, Richters. . muscicola, Plate?. M. oberhausert, Doy. M. hastatus, Murray. *M. arcticus, Murray. “MM. schaudinnt, Richters. *“M. lacustris, Duj?. M. setlandicus, Murray. “M. tetradactylus, Greeff ?. M. angustt, Murray. M. macronyx, Duj. M. dubius, Murray. M. annulatus, Murray. MM. tuberculatius, Plate. Milnestum tardigradum, Woy. M. sattlert, Richters. Macrobiotus hufelandit, Sch. M. papillifer, Murray. MM. orcadensts, Murray. M. ornatus, Richters. MM. echinogenitus, Richters. Diphascon chilenense, Plate. MM. corontfer, Richters. D. bullatum. Murray. MM. crenulatus, Richters. D. oculatum, Murray. M. harmswortht, Murray. D. alpinum, Murray. *M. montanus, Murray ?. D. scoticum, Murray. M1. intermedius, Plate. D. spitsbergense, Richters ?. M. pullart, Murray. D. angustatum, Murray. REJECTED SPECIES. The following species, recorded in previous papers, are now rejected, for the reasons given :— 90 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY £. arctomys, Ehr. (4), was recorded in error, in consequence of Prof. Richters identifying as avcfomys an animal which has vy. and vi. separate (Z. mutabilis, = E. suzllus). £. mutabilis, Murray (6), is now considered by Prof. Richters as a variety of Z. suzlus, Ehr. M. islandicus, Richters (14).—This erroneous record is due to carelessness. Had sufficient attention been given to the char- acters of the claws the mistake would not have been made. The animal thus recorded had claws of the Difhascon type, and may have been JZ. /acustris or M. arcticus,—the true tslandicus has claws sufficiently like those of AZ. hufelandit. ARCTIC SPECIES IN SCOTLAND. An important feature in the Scottish Tardigrade-fauna is the strong Arctic element. Three-fifths of the Scottish species (30 species) occur also in the Arctic. It is still more important that 7 of the species are only known in Scotland and the Arctic (in one instance also in the intervening Faroes). An affinity, geographical rather than climatic, is suggested by the fact that 4 of the Arctic species are not found south of the Orkneys and Shetlands. A climatic relation is, on the other hand, suggested by the greater frequency of many of the Arctic species on mountain tops in Scotland. ARCTIC SPECIES.—£. suzllus, tslandicus, wendtt, spitsbergensts, spinuloides, othonne, blumt, muscicola; Milnestum:; Macrobtiotus hufelandit, echinogenitus, corontfer, crenulatus, harmsworthi, inter- medius, areolatus, dispar, ambiguus, schaudinni, arcticus, setlandicus, angusti, annulatus, macronyx, tuberculatus, ornatus; D. chilenense, alpinum, scoticum, spitzbergense, angustatum. CONFINED To ARCTIC AND SCOTLAND (AND ? FaRoEs).—£. eslandicus, spinuloides; M. crenulatus, setlandicus, schaudinnt, D. spitzbergense, D. angustatum. ComMon TO ARCTIC AND SHETLAND (not yet known elsewhere in Scotland).—£. ¢slandicus ; M. coronifer, crenulatus, harmswortht. ScoTTisH ALPINE SPECIES. Almost any of the Scottish species may occur on mountain tops, but there are a number which have only been found in such situations, and others which are much commoner there than elsewhere. These peculiarly alpine species are £. zs/andicus, wendtt, kerguelensis, gladiator (var. exarmatus, only on mountains), othonne; M. corontfer, crenulatus, harmsworthi, setlandicis, areolatus, montanus, orcadensis, D. alpinum. It will be observed that the majority of these (9 species) are SCOTTISH TARDIGRADA gl also in the Arctic list. Four of the same species (2. wendt, E. oihonne, M. coronifer, M. areolatus), with many other Arctic species, have recently been found by Heinis in the Alps. NOTES ON THE SPECIES. Echintscus sutllus, Ehr. (4).—Hitherto recorded generally as &. mutabilis, Murray (6), occasionally as £. arctomys, Ehr. (4). The records as £. arctomys originated simply in an error in quoting a reference to a figure in Ehrenberg’s ‘‘ Mikro- geologie ” (5), whereby Prof. Richters came to regard avctomys as a species having v. and vi. separate. This is admittedly not so, and there are no British records of the true a7cfomys. Richters now recognises £. sawe//us as having vy. and vi. separate, and if this is admitted Z. muwufadi/is must be united with it, as the differences are very slight. I follow Prof. Richters’ authority in this identification, although doubtful of the advisability of trying to establish saz//us, since its recogni- tion depends solely on the figure, which is a side view, and can therefore tell us nothing as to which plates are paired. E.. kerguelensis, Richters (15)——Loch Morar; summit of Ben Lawers; Kerguelen, and Australia (10). Very near Z£. arctomys and E. wendtr,—distinguished from arctomys by the “fringe,” the inner barbs, and the weaker granulation; from qwendtt by the shorter seta a, and the smaller barbs. E. wendti (11).—Summit of Ben Lawers. Recently found (1910) on the summit of Snowdon. It is interesting to find this Arctic species occurring on mountain tops in Britain. £. viridis, Murray (10).—Discovered in Loch Morar, and after- wards found in Loch Ness. Only dead skins were found, and the species was not described, as I did not know what value to put on the colour, till it turned up alive in Hawaii in 1909. The green colour is confined to the plates, and the proximal part of the 4th legs, as far as the fringe. Internally the animal is of the usual Echiniscus red. Seta a is very short, and the claws are very large (25)). £. blumi Richters (11).—Broughton, in the County of Peebles, among tree moss, abundant, 1906. Larve from Broughton measured rroy, and had all the processes as in the adult, and proportionately as long. A larva from Maxwelltown, Kirkcudbrightshire, was similar in every respect except that it lacked seta 4, and was considerably larger (150,.). Echiniscus spinuloides, spn. (Plate I., Figs. 1a to 1c.) Synonym: E. spitsbergensis, Scour., var. spinulotdes, Murray (9). 92 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Specific characters. —Large and broad, red. Plates g—2 pairs, 2 median, v. and vi. fused; pattern of large hexagonal marks, which do not appear to stand above the general surface, and enclose each an obscure round dot. Lateral processes 5—a, a short seta, 4, c, and d very long sete, e, a spicule, over 4, ¢, and d sublateral spicules. Dorsal processes—over ¢ a very long seta, over d@ a large curved process with very broad base, tapering to a fine hair. Fringe of few large triangular processes, separated at their bases. Inner claws with barbs far from their bases. Blunt palp at base of 4th leg. Length up to 300p, exclusive of the 4th legs, breadth 180p, seta a 50, 0 and ¢ about 200p, @ up to 250; seta over ¢ 175p, over d 125p; Claws 32. Eggs up to 5 in the skin, about gop by 7o0p. Originally described in 1907 (9) as a variety of Z. spits- bergensts, Scourfield (18), Iam now satisfied that the differences are too great to allow the two forms to be united. ‘They differ in the following points :—the longer lateral setee of 2. spzmu- loides ; the longer dorsal seta over c and the replacing of the triangular process over @ by a long seta; the sublateral spicules at 4, c, and e; the separated spines of the fringe, and the higher position of the barb on the inner claw. £. spitsbergensts has only one sublateral spicule, over d; the spines of the fringe are close together at their bases; the barb is nearer the base of the claw. The sublatere, spicules at 4, c, and d are readily overlooked, but that at e is, from its position, more conspicuous, and I consider this one of the more important characters of £. spinuloides. Very few species have these spicules. £. ovhonn@ alone has them at 4, ¢, d, and e, along with the longer lateral processes. E. spinulosus, Doy (1), has only spicules. £. pudcher, Murray (10), has them at 4, ¢, and @, and Z£. novaezeelandieé sometimes has them in the same positions. Z. ¢ympanista, described in this paper, has the spicules over 4, ¢ d, and e. Habitat.—Scotland, Loch Earn, etc.; Franz Josef Land ; Novaya Zemlya. Echiniscus tympanista, spn. (Plate I., Fig. 4.) Specific characters.—Size moderate, colour red. Plates 9 —2 pairs, 2 median, v. and vi. fused, vi. trefoliate. Lateral processes 5—a, a normal seta, 4, 4 4d, and e, subequal thick processes ending in knobs, sublateral spicules over 4, ¢, ¢, and e. Dorsal processes—over cand d@ short spines. Dots small, uni- form, and closely set, of two kinds, the majority pellucid, a few regularly scattered, dark, and looking like perforations. Fringe on 4th legs, and barbs on inner claws. SCOTTISH TARDIGRADA 93 Length 240p. Lateral processes nearly equal, from 35 to 45p in length; dorsal spine over ¢, 30, over d, 20p. Related to £. othonne, Richters (11), which has the same number of lateral processes, and the same sublateral spicules, it differs in the following points. £. ozkonne has the lateral processes of very long seta and moderate spines or sete, alter- nating,—c and e are very long, and the process over ¢ is a hair of moderate length. £. ¢ympanista has the lateral processes 4, c, @, and e, and the dorsal process over ¢, all similar, short thick processes ending in knobs, like drumsticks, hence the name. Flabitat.—Loch Morar. Macrobiotus orcadensis, Murray (8).—Hitherto only known in one M. M. M. lM. M. spot, the top of Ward Hill in Hoy, its range has been extended by its recent discovery (1910) on the summit of Snowdon. coronifer, Richters (11).—-The record of the egg of this species for Ben Lawers (7) being made in error, the only British record of the animal is that for Shetland (Ronas Hill). montanus, Murray {10).—The identification being made from the egg only, there is a certain doubt about it. Ben Lawers, 1906. ‘The species was described from New Zealand specimens in r9to, but the egg was known long before, both in Scotland and Novaya Zemlya. areolatus, Murray (9) (10).—This was described as an arctic variety of JZ. echinogenitus, Richters (11), in 1907, and was recorded for Scotland as var. aveo/atus in the same year. It was first recognised as of specific rank in rgro, and described in a paper on Canadian ‘Tardigrada (10). India, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Ascension, Comoro, etc. oberhduseri, Doy (1).—The record for Scottish lochs, 1905 (6), is doubtful, that of 1907 (8) is wrong. ‘The animal figured in the latter paper is almost certainly a form of JZ, avcézcus. The true oberhduser? occurs at Fort Augustus. arcticus, Murray (9).—After experience of this species in the Antarctic, I believe that the animal figured in 1907 (8) as JZ. oberhiusert is simply JZ. arctecus with its thinner-shelled summer eggs (10). Loch Ness. schaudinnt, Richters (16) (Plate I. Figs. 3a, 3¢).—Elf Loch, near Edinburgh (W. Evans), Nov. 1905 ; near Glasgow ; Wig- tonshire ; Loch Morar. ‘This Arctic species was not described for some years after the drawings were made, on which these Scottish records are based. Spitsbergen. lacustris, Duj.? (3).—Loch Ness, 1906. I consider that JZ. 94 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Jacustris should not be accepted as a valid species, because Dujardin, in 1838, figures the animal which he afterwards called MZ. dacustris with two different types of claws (the dispar and diphascon types), which are not known to occur together onany animal. Prof. Richters, however, accepts it, and ascribes to it only dphascon claws (16). Very similar to AZ. lacustris (Richters) are Richters’ own two species, JZ. murrayi (15), and M. brecknert (17). After reading the descriptions and studying the figures, I find it difficult to grasp any important distinctions between these three species, except in size. Richters makes lacustris 500p, murrayt 6o0op, and brecknert 240p. But Dujardin in naming his animal /acustris (1851) gives the sizes as between 220 and 250p, just about the size of drecknert. The larger measurement is near enough that of murrayt. All have claws of the same (a7fhascon) type, and two rods in the pharynx, which may perhaps differ somewhat in their relative proportions. The Scottish examples here recorded as JAZ lacustris measured about 300p. Most of the JMacrobioti, which lay smooth eggs, are deficient in good distinctive marks apart from the claws and pharynx. M. macronyx, Duj. (3).—Most of the Scottish records under this name doubtless refer to JZ. dispar, or some related species, as also I believe most other records. The only authentic Scottish marconyx (if we accept the continental identification of it as an animal laying smooth eggs in the skin) is one collected by Mr. Evans near Edinburgh in 1905. Unfortunately the pharynx has not been seen, but there is no other species asserted to have azspar claws and smooth eggs. The Edinburgh skin measured 550, and contained 15 eggs of about 60, in long diameter. Macrobiotus, sp. (Plate I., Figs. 2a-2c)—An egg figured in “Scot. Alp. Tard.” (7), has since been found in Shetland with the well-grown young. ‘The claws and pharynx are like those of M. crenulatus, Richters (18). Richters, unfortunately, gives no figure of the pharynx of crenzz/atus, but says it is sufficiently like that of Awfelandit. Scottish examples with the claws of crenulatus have the pharynx shorter and rounder than that of hufelandit, and the gullet narrower. The young squeezed from the egg here figured has such a gullet and pharynx, and the crescent in front of the claws of the fourth leg is already slightly wrinkled. The processes of the egg are like those of hufelandii, but abbreviated, so that the small apical disc is almost sessile on the hemispherical basal portion, which has a 0 : : ban al) 7 SCOTTISH TARDIGRADA 95 circlet of dots as in Aufelandiz. The larger rod in the pharynx is constricted in the middle, its component parts being equal (unequal in Aufelandiz). The end of the gullet in the pharynx has a very prominent rim. Probably this is the hitherto unknown egg of crenz/atus. LITERATURE. DoveErE, ‘ Mémoire sur les Tardigrades,’ ‘‘ Ann. Sci. nat.” sér. 2, t. 14, Zool., p. 269, 1840. DUJARDIN; ‘Sur le Tardigrade,’ *‘Ann. Sci. mat.” sér. 2, t. 10, Zool, Dp. 175) Loss: DUJARDIN, ‘Sur les Tardigrades,’ ‘‘ Ann. Sci. mat.” sér. 3, t. 15, Zool., Da TOO; USS EHRENBERG, ‘ Diagnoses novarum formarum,’ ‘‘ Verh. K. Ak. Berl.,’ Pa5s0nS53. EHRENBERG, ‘‘ Mikrogeologie,” Plate 35 B, 1854. Murray, ‘ Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs,’ ‘‘ Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.,” xli. p. 677, 1905. MuRRAY, ‘Scottish Alpine Tardigrada,’ ‘‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.” p. 25, 1906. MurRRAY, ‘Scottish Tardigrada,’ collected by the Lake Survey, ‘‘ Trans. Roy, soc: Edins,7 xlv.5 1907, Murray, ‘Arctic Tardigrada,’ collected by Wm. S. Bruce,’ ‘‘ Trans. Roy. Soc, Bdink xlvs, 1907. Murray, ‘ Tardigrada,’ ‘‘ Brit. Antarct. Exped.,” 1907-9, Sci. Rep., i., 1910, RIcHTERS, ‘Nordische Tardigraden,’ ‘Zool. Anzeig.,” xxvil. p. 168, 1903. RIcHTrers, ‘Antarktische Moosfauna,’ ‘‘ Verk. deutsch. Zool. Ges.,”’ p. 236, 7904. RICHTERS, ‘ Arktische Tardigraden,’ ‘‘ Fauna Arctica,” ill, p. 15, 1904. RICHTERS, ‘Islandische Tardigraden,’ ‘‘ Zool. Anzeig.,’’ xxvill. p. 373, 1904. RICHTERS, ‘ Fauna der Moosrasen des Gaussbergs,’ ‘‘ Deutsch. Siidpol. Exped.,” 1901-3, I. Zool., p. 261, 1907. RICHTERS, ‘ Tardigraden Studien,’ *‘ Ber. Senckbg. Natf. Ges, Frankfurt,” p. 28, 1909. RIcHTeErRs, ‘Tardigraden aus den Karpathen,’ ‘‘ Zool. Anzeig.,” xxxvi, Be 75 LQrO: ScouRFIELD, ‘Non-Marine Fauna of Spitsbergen,’ ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,” 1897. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. ta. Echiniscus spinuloides, sp.n. Fig. 2c. The same, three processes otf 16. The same, claw. the egg. Ic. The same, part of surface » 3a. WM. schaudinnz, teeth and pattern. pharynx. 2a. Macrobtotus crenulatus ? teeth », 30. The same, claws. and pharynx. pam 3éa thersamesneros 26. The same, claws, showing » 4. Lchiniscus tympanista, sp.n. crescent. 96 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY SCOTTISH PLANTS, CHIRP LY. BPROME Sic: PEEBLES; SELEKIRKVAND KIRKCUDBERIGEH, G. CLaARipceE DrRuce, M.A:; F.L:S: THE following notes have accrued chiefly from my three visits in I910 to Scotland, the first undertaken to see the Holy Grass growing in its most southern station, the second to gather Avadzs alpina in Skye, whence it was gathered in a fruiting condition by Mr. H. C. Hart, the author of the “Flora of Donegal,” in 1887. We spent four days in Skye, and were rewarded on the last, a most beautiful day, not only so far as the weather was concerned, but in most romantic surroundings, my godson, Mr. T. H. Leach, being the first to actually gather this great rarity in beautiful flower, and in a situation which is probably a different one from that where Mr. Hart gathered his examples, as it is ata slightly lower altitude than the lowest height mentioned by him. It is rather curious that it should not also have been found on the stony cliffs of Sutherland or W. Ross. We then stayed at Fort William in order to make notes on the elevations to which plants ascend ; but the highest mountain is by no means the best for this purpose, as the chaos of rocks near the summit have very little vegetation; and in this inclement year, with its great quantity of snow, few results were obtained. The most interesting plant observed after leaving Skye was Cherophyllum aureum, “one of Don’s reputed discoveries,’ growing in immense quantities at Callander, and bearing evidence to the acumen of Poe, who, in one of his romantic stories, tells how a letter of vital importance to the owner, which was being searched for by the most sleuth-hound kind of detectives, was put in a conspicuous position on the mantlepiece, and thus evaded the minute search in the most unlikely places made by those in quest. The name aureum given to the plant perhaps has helped in concealing it, since the flowers are pure white, in somewhat larger and more convex umbels than those of sylvestre ; but the fruits have a yellowish-green colour, while the leaves too have a greenish-yellow tint. My third visit, in September, was to Forfar and Arbroath. “ SCOTTISH PLANTS 97 Among the plants mentioned in the following pages is Utricularia ochroleuca, R. Hartm., which was gathered by me in Loch Mallachie in 1887, and recorded by me as U. intermedia, in “Journ. Bot.” 1888, p. 22. Recently Professor Hugo Gliick of Heidelberg, the author of the important work on aquatic species—-Lzologzsche und morpho- logische Untersuchungen uber Wasser- und Sumpfgewachse, has been staying with me, and he identified this flowerless example confidently with the above species, for he contends that Neuman’s suggestion that ochroleuca is a hybrid of U. minor and U. intermedia is groundless, since he has gathered ochroleuca abundantly in Bavaria in areas from which zzéermedia is absent. He directed me to a character which enables one to distinguish ochroleuca from zntermedia in the flowerless condition, namely the presence of a few utricles on the so-called barren branches, while in zz¢ermedia there are none. I have added a few notes from Skye, which are contained in Professor Lawson’s MS. It was his list of plants (published in “Journ. Bot.” vii.) which Watson quotes in “Top. Bot.” They were made by himself and the Rev. H. G. Fox. An asterisk denotes a supposed addition to “ Top. Bot.,” a dagger that the plant is not native. I have to thank Major Wolley-Dod and the Rev. A. Ley for naming the Roses; Professor E. Hackel, the Pfarrer Kiikenthal, Dr. Ostenfeld, Wm. Gregory, and the Rev. E. 5S. Marshall, for kind assistance. Ranuncu.us scoricus, Marshal/l—Sligachan, Skye. Prof. Gltick does not think it worthy of specific rank. I have similar but less fleshy plants from marshy meadows in Oxford and Bucks. R. Sreveni, Andrz.—*St. Mary’s Isle, Kirkcudbright, 73. R. suLzosus, Z.—*Near the Hotel, Sligachan, very rare. N.C.R. 104. CasTALia ALBA, Wood.—Sligachan, 104; Lawson MS. Fumaria Bastarpb1, Boreau (confusa, Jord.).—*At Galashiels, with Miss Ida Hayward, 79. CAPNOIDES CLAVICULATA, Drice.—Kyle Akin,*Skye, 104; Lawson MS. 78 D 98 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY PAPAVER RHAS, Z.—*On rubbish at Innerleithen, Peebles, 78 ; but I failed to see it in corn crops in the county. *Near Galashiels, 79. CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI, Z.—Well naturalised on the walls of Dundrennan Abbey, 73, Kirkcudbright, 73. ARABIS ALPINA, Z.—At 2150-2300 feet on one of the Cuchullins ; but probably not in the locality where Mr. Hart originally discovered it. . It was in beautiful flower in June. A. PETRAEA, Zam.—Very frequent on Sgur Alastair, etc., Skye, chiefly as the glabrous form. BRASSICA ALBA, Boiss.—Uig, 104; Lawson MS. LepipIum Smita, Hook, var. LEIOCARPUM (Zv%e//.).—* Near Thornielee,;on the Peebles side of the river, 78. It is more correctly Z. heterophyllum, Benth., var. /evocarpum (Thell.). L. CAMPESTRE, £7.—Galashiels, with Miss Ida Hayward, probably adventitious, Selkirk, 79. DRaBA INCANA, Z.—Quiraing, Storr, 104; Lawson MS. RESEDA LUTEOLA, Z.—Near Innerleithen, Peebles, 78. HELIANTHEMUM CHAMACISTUS, JZ2//., forma or var. PARVIFLORUM.— With flowers about half the size of the normal plant which grew near it at Elibank, Selkirk. I have the same form from Wychwood, Oxon, and am told it maintains its character in cultivation. VIOLA RIVINIANA.—Ascends to 3300 feet on Stuich-an-Lochan, 88. V. CANINA x RIVINIANA.—*Sgur Alastair, Skye, a puzzling inter- mediate, somewhat nearer V. canina, teste Mrs. Gregory. I saw no ew-canina there, 104. V. SEGETALIS, Jord.—* Selkirk, 79 ; Melrose, 1905, 80. V. aRVENSIS, Murr., forma SUBLILACINA, Watts.—*Coldisham, 81 ; * Melrose, 80. V. Lepipa, Jord.—Dalnaspidal, 96 ; Glen Spean, 97 ; *Dundonnell W. Ross, 1888, 105. V. Lioypu, /ord.—Forfar, 90; Braemar, 92; Thurso, 109. POLYGALA OXYPTERA, eichb.—*On a grassy bank, Traquair, Peebles, 78. Near Lawers in some quantity, 88. *Near Sligachan, Skye, 104. I think a distinct species, it has quite a different habit from vadgarts. P. SERPYLLACEA, Weihe.—Sligachan, etc., 104. Ascends to 3300 feet in Mid Perth, var. winmcotdes, Chodat. To this variety perhaps may be. referred plants gathered in Glen A’an, Banff, 94, in 1891 ; hitherto only known from Cornwall, but the Scottish specimens have the leaves more widely separated, and the inflorescence not so condensed. SCOTTISH PLANTS 99 SILENE MARITIMA, /V7zth.—Rather frequent on the Cuchullins, 104. On Corrie Ardran, Mid Perth. S. acauLis, Z.—At about 1000 feet by the Allt Dearg Mor, Skye, to4. Descends to 600 feet in Sutherland. Quiraing, Storr ; Lawson MS. LycuHnis pioica, Z.—Ascends to 3400 feet on Stuich-an-Lochan, 88, CERASTIUM TETRANDRUM, Cur¢.—Cliffs near Port Mary, abundant, Kirkcudbright. C. vutcatum, Z., *var. HIRSUTUM (/7ies).—Sligachan, 104. var. ALPINUM, Koch, ascends to 3300 feet on Corrie Ardran, 88. C. NIGRESCENS, Ldmonston (arcticum, Lange, p.p.). Ascends to over 3500 feet on Ben Nevis. Cuchullins, 104 (recorded in error as C. alpinum from the Cuchullins mountains, by Prof. Lawson in = hop. Bote): C. ALPINUM, Z.—This should be deleted from 104, ‘‘Top. Bot.,” see above. ARENARIA TRINERVIA, Z.—* Plora Craig, Peebles, 78. A. SEDOIDES, Druce.— Ben Lawers at 3600 feet. Abundant on the mountain range between Quiraing and Storr, 104; Lawson MS. (Zo be continued.) ete ING VeieAN TS: By JAMES FRASER. THE following Alien Plants were gathered by Mr. M‘Andrew and myself mainly during 1910 (those found in any previous year being only now determined), and this list brings the number seen by us, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Edin- burgh, up to about 970. The locality “Murieston” is the Edinburgh Distress Committee’s Labour Colony at Newpark, West Lothian— farms on which much of the city refuse is utilised. A star in front of a name indicates a new British record. CRUCIFERA. Brassica monensis, Ads. One plant at Leith in 1907, and one at Slateford in 1910. On the East Coast of Scotland this plant is merely casual. 100 ANNALS, OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY *Cochlearia glastifolia, Z. Several fine plants near Musselburgh. *Erysimum canescens, /to¢i. Several near Musselburgh, by Mr. M‘Andrew. CARYOPHYLLACE.. Gypsophila viscosa, AZurr. Several at Portobello and at Murieston. Spergularia marginata, A7z¢fe/, One or two at Murieston, which is nearly ten miles from sea. GERANIACE. Erodium Botrys, Zervfol. Several at Galafoot and Melrose in 1908. Geranium Endressi, Gay. 106 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Kippen-nut, he remarks: “Called in Scotland ‘ Knapperts,’ from knap or knob, and urt, wort, the heath-pea, Vzcca Orobus.’ But has Orobus these enlarged tubers or knobs? Bentham says, “ root somewhat creeping,” the allied European V. cassubica, L., has long creeping stolons. Not any of my numerous specimens of Orobus has roots attached. It is also called “wood bitter vetch,” but certainly is not confined to woods ; in Cornwall it grows in “Moors in rough furzy ground”? and in Ireland on “basaltic rocks”? (Stewart, sp.)in Antrim. In Bishop Nicolson’s M.S., 1690,’ he calls it “nostrotibus, Horse-pease,” the plant is still existent at Blencairn where he recorded it. The first record for the species in Great Britain is “ Orobus sylvaticus nostras. At Bigglesly (Gainbledy) in the way to Pereth (Penrith) in Cumberland.” Ray, “ Cat. Pl. Ang.” (1670),’339, Clarke, “First Rec. Brit. P1.” (1900), p. AD PYROELA SEGUNDA MIEULNIN, (SSP. PL. 575. 35.3005) By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S, Rameschia secundifiora, Opiz., “Seznam.,” 1852. i. secunda, Garcke, “Fl, INO and MM. Deutsel (ns 5.6), 24 Pa Pa Actinocyclus secundus, Klotzsch. “ Monatsb. Akad. Berlin ” (185,7),.14: Alsoganum (section of Pyrola), Gray, “Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl (1821), 403. P. secunda tenertor, “ Ger. em.” (1633), 408. P. tenerior, Parkinson, “ Theat. Bot.” (1640), 509. P. folio mucronato serrato, Ray, “ Syn.” (1690), 176. The first certain record for Great Britain was—“In shady birch woods among the moss . . . near Little Loch Broom in’ Ross-shire,” Lightfoot, “El, Scot, 1,210.17 77: 1 Davey, ‘Fl. Cornwall” (1909), 132. 2 Stewart and Corry, ‘‘ Fl. N.E. of Ireland” (1888), 39. 3 Hodgson, ‘‘ Fl. Cumberland” (1898), 89. PYROLA SECUNDA, LINN. 107 Ray, 4c., is supposed to have recorded it from Yorkshire, at Haslewood; but Dr. Lees!’ considers that his record applied to P. mznor, L., which (at present anyhow) alone occurs there. The records of distribution of this species have been con- siderably extended of late years, and in a direction not looked for. Mr. Bentham in his “ Flora” of 1858 remarks: “Generally more northern or more alpine, being rarely found in central or southern Europe out of the higher mountain-ranges.” And Watson” places it in his “ High- land type”; but later’ he refers it to his “ Scottish type.” Up to the year 1878 its most southern station in England was Cautley Crags on Howgill Fells, near Sedburgh, in N.-W. Yorkshire; but in June, 1876, it was found by the Rev. A. Ley (s#.), on limestone, in woods on the Wynd- cliff, Monmouth, growing with P. mznor, Convallarta majalss, Polygonatum officinale, Sedum rupestre, Pyrus Aria, and P. rotundifolia, Cornus sanguinea, etc. In 1892 Dr. Trow (sf.) gathered it on Craig-y-Llyn, above Llyn Faur, Glamorgan ; and it was found in another place above Llyn Fach, in 1905, by Messrs. Salter and Trow. In April and July, 1906, it was found by Mr. H. H. Knight (s.) on Fan Nedd, about 1750 ft. alt. in Brecon. In Glamorgan it occurred at about 1600 ft. alt. These three stations bring the species some 200 miles south of the Yorkshire one, the Glamorgan and Monmouth stations being nearly on the same parallel. There is a station at High-Cup-Nick,* near Appleby, in Westmoreland, not recorded for that county either in “ Top. Bot.” or its Supplement. In Yorkshire it occurs at 2000-2200 ft. alt. (Lees, /c.) ; in Scotland, from “sea level in Moray,” Dr. G. Gordon, up to 2000 ft. in Atholl, Perth.” Its most northern station in Scotland is “ Beinn-a-Bhragie, 1256 ft. alt, in V.C. 107, E, Sutherland (J. Grant, sf.), about 57° 43’ N. lat. In 1 «FR, M.W. Yorkshire” (1888), 322. 2ne8\Cyb: Brita) 19 (1S49)5 LON. 3 « Comp. Cyb. Brit.” (1870), 244. 4 Baker, ‘‘ Fl. N. Yorkshire,” ed. 2 (1892), 337. SEH Perth.-a'(1s98),) 210: 108 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Arctic Norway’ up to 70° 50’. Norman describes a var. dispersifiora, seemingly only differing in the raceme being “dispersed, not secund.” It there flowers from July 29 to September 8.” Moneses unifiora, A. Gray, has its northern limit in Scotland about one mile north of P. secunda, where it grows and flowers freely, in company with Lznn@a borealis (Dr. Joass, sf.). In Ireland, P. secunda is rare; there is a specimen in the Belfast Museum, labelled “ Derry, Mr. Brown.” Robert Brown lived in Derry about 1801. It was found by Dr. Moore in Derry about 1836, but remained unrecorded till found by Mr. Fetley on June 26, 1901.2 Mr. L. Praeger found it in Co. Fermanagh in 1904, on “ Upper carbonifer- ous limestone, capped by Yoredale sandstone, at an alt. of 1135 ft.; here it occurred in abundance with P. mznor, P. media, Sesleria, Asplenium viride, etc., growing not only among the stunted heather and in the Seslerza patches on the cliff, but even covering bare slopes of orange sand formed by the disintegration of the rock, and on a mossy boss under a low sandstone scarp.”* In the “Flora of Dumfries” (1896), 114, Mr. Scott-Elliot describes its localities: “On dry whinstone rocks, with very little soil, in sun, but partly wind-sheltered, in narrow corries, under the influence of the humid atmosphere from the burns.” In the fourth volume of the “ Cyb. Brit.,” 175-233, under “Zones of altitude,” secunda is given from 3, 4, 5; 3 no doubt applying to the Moray ° coast station. To show the boreal-alpine tendency contrast the follow- ing, found in Wales :— Dryas octopetala—Carnarvon to Orkney. Potentilla alpestris—-Montgomery to W. Sutherland. Carex pauciflora—Carnarvon to Orkney. Lycopodium annotinum—Carnarvon to Orkney. Epilobium alsinifolium——Carnarvon to Shetland. 1 ««Index Supp. Soc. S. Arct. Norway ” (1864), 26. 2 Norman, ‘‘ Norges Arct. Fl.” (1895), 441. 3 ** Trish Naturalist? (1901), 171. 4 «Trish Naturalist,” xiii. (1904), 236. 5 «Coll. Fl. Moray” (1839), 15. ! PYROLA SECUNDA, LINN. 109 and these, not found in Wales :— Cornus suecica—Yorkshire to Shetland. Arbutus Uva-ursi—Derby to Shetland !. Kobresia caricina—N.W. York. to Argyll and Perth. Carex capillaris—-M.W. York. to Shetland. Tofieldia palustris—N.W. York. to Caithness. Salix Lapponum—wWestmoreland to Orkney ?. All these are given the same zones as P. secunda. Of course, there may be later examples, but these suffice. Cornus suectca was found last year on “moorland, near Darwin, in South Lancashire.’ Mr. Travis zz Z7z¢. To show the tendency of P. secunda in Europe, take France, for instance. It occurs in “La region des sapins dans les Vosges, le- Jura, l’Auvergne, les Alps, et les Pyrénées.” ” The distribution in England now is :— Comsas heat Aan Os. OS; Tow: In Scotland—72!, 73, 80, 83?, 85, 88!, 89, 9o!, Oip!5 O21 2563, O4, toro! 102 ! 104, 105, 106; 107 |". Ireland—aAntrim, Londonderry, Fermanagh. It has also been reported for Sussex, in error for P. media. 64. York, etror for 65: 67. Northumberland. Not really an error, as Yevering Bell Hill is really in Northumberland, though quoted as Cheviotland. 75. PSY. 76. Renfrew. 77. Lanark, near Busby. Dr. Ross, not confirmed. in) the = NBs rGuide” (1337), 530, VYeverine (Belles placed to 81, Berwick. Of the others— 80. Roxburgh, J. Knapp, 1837. 83? Slateford, August, R. P(arnell). This may be in Ayr, or it may be Edzell (Aigle or Eagle) in Forfar? 85. Kinross (Fife), Herbert Walker-Arnott, 1837. I owe these three records to Mr. M‘Taggert Cowan, from the Edinburgh Herbarium. 1 «J ancashire Naturalist,” August 1910, 161-164. *"Gren. et (Godr., «oFl. Pr, 77. (1550)s 1430: IIo ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Elsewhere P. secunda is recorded from the major part of Europe. Asia—Corea, Davuria, Siberia. N. America—Canada to the River Mackenzie, Greenland. United States—Nebraska, along the Rocky Mountains, to Mexico and California. ZOOLOGICAL NOTES. An Old-time Vermin List.—I am indebted to Mr. W. J. Herries Maxwell of Munches for his permission to publish the following ‘‘ List of Vermin destroyed and Premiums paid for the same, on the Duchess Countess of Sutherland’s Estates in the County of Sutherland, from March 1831 to March 1834.” This list was sent to Sir William Jardine, the celebrated naturalist, by Mr. John Baigrie in a letter dated “ Scowrie, 15th September 1834,” and with other correspondence is now in the possession of Mr. Maxwell, Sir William’s grandson. I have not been able to ascertain exactly who Mr. Baigrie was, but from the opening sentence of the letter referred to we may take it that he was employed on the Sutherland estates. ‘This letter begins :—“I regret very much that I have been prevented from sending you sooner the list of the vermin, which has been occasioned by my having been much engaged since the Duchess came to the country.” ! The list, which, as far as I know, has not been previously published, itself calls for very little remark, being but a plain statement of painful facts. The ‘‘548 King’s Fishers ” enumerated as having been destroyed at 6d., or at a total cost of £13:14s., were probably Dippers (Cinclus cinclus brittantcus). List OF VERMIN DESTROYED AND PREMIUMS PAID FOR THE SAME, on the Duchess Countess of Sutherland’s Estates in the County of Sutherland, from March 1831 to March 1834. Sy fs; ed. 71 Old Bitch Foxes : : at 42 0 LAOM 2 iC 49 Young ni . : 3 : a) ZOO ACen AG 73 Old Dog Foxes 5 : ; sf DRO Gay oe a 46 Young ,, 2 ; : : eel Wace, +) gor Wild Cats, Martins, and Polecats A206 112 12-16 418 Weasels . . , : : tO 20 15, © 1 [Mr. John Baigrie was local Factor on the Estates of the Duke of Sutherland in Assynt and Edderachyllis prior to that post being occupied by the late Mr. Evander M‘Iver.—J.A.H.-B.] ZOOLOGICAL NOTES III G LL sya: ZO2"Otters: . : : : at 50 OG Sao 171 Full Grown Eagles 5 : el O Lie telaeO 53 Young Eagles and sie Bags ELOlO Zi sO meO 936 Ravens . A ez O32) 2 e 1055 Hawks . ; erat tO 215 6 1739 Carrion-Crows and Mag epies . Ono 437 9. 6 548 King’s Fishers . ; ie ONO sue atl! Ke) 4878 Io oO —HucGu S. GiapsTongE, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. Whaling in Shetland 1910.—Whaling in Shetland was very late in beginning this year. At the fee Company’s station, with the exception of a Bottle-nose Whale, no whale was got before the 14th of May. For the rest of the year the whales were remark- able for the fatness of the blubber; excluding the Bottle-nose 99 whales were killed against ror in rg09, but over 700 more barrels of oil were got. The result worked out :— B. musculus, Finners, Bulls, 33 Average length 57.4 feet. bP) ) Cows, 37> PP) >] 60.0 99 B. borealis (Seihval) Bulls, 13 ie _ 44.0 ,, 9 ” Cows, 10, >B] 99 47-3 bP) Megaptera, Humpbacks, Bulls, 2, ¥ ™ BOSDs bP) 9 Cows, 2, 99 ” 45-5 bP) B. biscayensts, Nordcapers, Bull, 1 - i 51 iP be) bP) Cow, I 9 >] 5t 99 This is the first year that the Alexandra station has got a Nordcaper, but I was told the Olna station had got two also. These whales are valuable on account of the length and value of the baleen. It is also worthy of notice that four Humpbacks were got; these whales give a large quantity of oil for their size. The two stations at Ronas Voe were not very successful, but the Olna station did well. I did not see much of the station as I was un- well most of the summer, and cannot tell if there was much of interest to be recorded.—R. C. Ha.paneg, Ollaberry, Shetland. White-beaked Dolphins in the Upper Estuary of the Forth.—At Blackness on the Linlithgowshire side of the Estuary of the Forth, I examined on 7th February last (1911) two adult White-beaked Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) which had been stranded on the mudflats immediately to the east of the castle on the 3rd and 4th of the month respectively. After being on view on the beach in front of the village for a couple of days, they had been removed by the sanitary inspector’s orders to a point about half a mile farther west to be buried, and I arrived just in time to see the last of them. As it was I had only a few moments in the case of one of them to make a general note of its appearance and I12 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY take its length, 8 feet 3 inches, by a hasty application of the foot rule. Of the other, that stranded on the 3rd, I was able to make a more thorough examination, and I took the following measure- ments :—Length in a straight line from tip of beak to fork of tail 8 feet 8 inches, depth in front of dorsal fin rather more than 2 feet, height of dorsal fin 1 foot 1 inch, length along the anterior margin of same 2 feet, length of anterior margin of flipper 1 foot 7 inches, length of beak beyond facial groove 24 inches, from tip of beak to eye 1o% inches, mandible projecting perceptibly beyond beak, width across tail approximately 2 feet 4 inches, the points having been cut off. |General scheme of coloration dark slaty black above, white beneath and over the beak. ‘The distribution of these colours and their modifications was almost exactly as described by Sir William Turner in his account of the adult female taken off Stonehaven in July 1888 (“ Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc.,” x. 14). I especially noticed the greyish white ridge behind the dorsal fin. Unfortunately many of the teeth had been removed, so that I cannot state their original number, but I estimated it at about 48 in each jaw. This was a female, and so also, I believe, was the other, which was very similar to it in every respect. Several of these cetaceans were stated to have been frequenting the estuary about the time these two were stranded. This is but the second occasion on which the white-beaked dolphin has been recorded from the Firth of Forth. The first record is that by Mr. Bruce Campbell (‘‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 1907, p. 65) of a male captured off Cramond in March 1907.—WILLIAM EVANS, Edinburgh. Albino Weasel near Loch Awe.—Colone! E. S. Evans, C.B., writes me that he shot an Albino Weasel (Mustela vulgaris) on ‘“‘ 3rd December 1901, close to the junction of the Oban and Ford cross roads.” ‘This specimen, which was a genuine Albino having ‘brilliant pink eyes,” was unfortunately lost owing to the stuffer to whom it was sent being away from home.—RICHARD ELMHIRST, Marine Station, Millport. A Friendly Stoat.—A Stoat (/wstela erminea) in its winter dress, save only a brown patch on the nape, has been a constant and welcome visitor here since the end of last November. Ex- tremely tame and confiding it came daily for a time in mid-winter to the food put out for the birds within a few feet of the windows, never attempting to molest the birds, which paid but little attention to it beyond fluttering a few yards away. On one occasion it was seen climbing nimbly in a hazel-bush, some to or 12 feet from the ground; and still frequents the immediate vicinity of the house. Formerly there were always rats about, but since the advent of the Stoat not one has been seen; some moles, too, that were trouble- some have also disappeared. With a plague of rats throughout the ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 113 country there seems to be a lesson here as to the folly of undue interference with the balance of Nature. — CHas. H. AtsrTon, Letterawe, Loch Awe. White Common Hare in Dumfriesshire.—Mr. Cecil Laurie informs me that on 27th December 1910 he shot a white brown- hare in Beuchan Wood. He is certain that it was Z. europaeus and not Z. “imidus (the Mountain Hare), on account of its size and also its legs and pads, which were brown. He is, moreover, well acquainted with both species of hares; but it is unfortunate that the skin was not kept. I have in my collection a white hare which was found dead near Byreholm, on zoth December 1903. This specimen is completely white, with only a suspicion of a brown hair here and there. On 20th November 1907 a hare with a white face and white forefeet was shot at Carron Water. All the above-mentioned places are within a radius of five miles of Thornhill, Dumfriesshire—HucuH S. GLapstTonr, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. Winter Visitors to Wigtownshire.—On 25th November 1910, nineteen Whoopers alighted on the White Loch of Myrton, a sheet of water some 60 or 70 acres in extent within the park at Monreith. I watched them through the glass for a long time at a distance of not more than 250 yards. ‘They were all in adult plumage except three cygnets. ‘They were joined in the night by two other adults and two cygnets, and took their departure about 9 a.m. The loch has been treated as a sanctuary for wild fowl for more than seventy years. The Mute Swans on the loch did not pay the slightest attention to the strangers. On 7th January 1g11, when Viscount Dalrymple, M.P., Captain Aymer Maxwell, and the Hon. Gerald Legge were shooting wild fowl on Cults Loch near Castle Kennedy, they flushed a Bittern several times. It is agreeable to record that, although the bird might easily have been shot, none of the three sportsmen dreamt of firing at it. O sz sic plures/ The bird was flushed three times to put its identity beyond doubt.—HERBERT MaxweE tt, Monreith. The Northern Bullfineh, Holboll’s Redpoll, ete., in the Lothians. —With reference to the records from Fair Isle and the Isle of May in the January “ Annals,” I have a Northern Bullfinch which was caught on 29th October 1g1o at the nursery gardens, Archerfield, East Lothian, by Mr. Logan, forester, from whom I subsequently obtained it. Having heard that an unusually fine bullfinch had been got at Archerfield I went to see the bird, and was pleased to find it to be a typical Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linn.) ; a large brightly- coloured male with a wing measurement of fully 94 mm., and a bill of about 11 mm. along the ridge. On 31st October, a bullfinch, probably also of this race, rested for some time at Barnsness light- house, near Dunbar, as I was informed by Mr. Budge, the light- 78 E 114 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY keeper ; and Mr. Dewar, bird-dealer, Edinburgh, tells me he saw at the bird-show in Berwick-on-Tweed in the end of November a Russian” bullfinch which had been recently caught in that neighbourhood. ‘This is not the first occasion, however, on which this large race has occurred on the coast of East Lothian. One which I have a note of and used often to see, was captured at Ferneyness on the coast near Longniddry, about the end of October 1884 by a mason named James Chirnside, who was very proud of it and kept it alive for several years. Chirnside’s “big bully” was well-known in the neighbourhood. Among the many Mealy Redpolls that visited the Lothians in the latter part of October and beginning of November there were numbers of those large birds to which the trinomial A. ¢. holboelli has been given. One which I obtained at Skateraw, near Dunbar, on 29th October is, Dr. Hartert considers, correctly referred to this form, and I have seen others from Tranent, Prestonpans, Leith, etc. It is doubtful, however, if o/boe/i merits even subspecific rank ; but, in whatever light it may be regarded, it is clear the Mealy Redpoll from near Edinburgh, figured by Selby in 1825, was this large form. Besides the Waxwings already reported in the ‘‘ Annals” one was killed near Gilmerton, Midlothian, in December, and another, which I saw in the flesh on the 8th of that month, was shot near Kirriemuir, Forfarshire. On 11th November a Great Grey Shrike, was shot at Tyne Estuary, near Dunbar. Little Auks were fairly plentiful in the Firth of Forth throughout the winter. ‘The first I have a note of was a disabled one which I very nearly captured on the beach at Skateraw on 17th October. Altogether I handled about a dozen examples that were shot or cast on the beach, mostly near North Berwick, during December and January, though one was from as far up the Firth as Cramond. On 14th January I found a dead Fulmar at North Berwick, the third got there since autumn. Not far off Elie on 8th September, I saw from the steamer what I am sure was a Sooty Shearwater, and about a week later the Kellys, North Berwick, who know the bird well, told me they saw one, quite close to their boat, near Fidra on 9th September.—WIL1LIAM Evans, Edinburgh. Mealy Redpoll and Siskin in Mull.—-On 21st October last I identified for the first time in Mull the Mealy Redpoll (Acanthis linaria) feeding along with Twites on the seeds of Centaurea nigra. On 2nd and 3rd November, fully twenty Siskins (C%rysomitris spinus) were seen feeding also on the seeds of above. Only once before have I noticed the latter species here.—D. MAcDONALD, Tobermory. Supposed Cirl Bunting in Sutherland: a Mistake in Identi- fication.—Having recently had occasion to look into the Scottish ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 115 records of the Cirl Bunting (Zmdlerzza cirlus), 1 have, through the kindness of the Rev. Dr. Joass of Golspie, seen the supposed example reported in the “ Annals” for 1909, p. 205, and find it to be an ordinary male Yellow-hammer (£. cé¢rinel/a). There is no doubt about it, as Mr. Eagle Clarke and others to whom I have shown it can testify. Dr. Joass tells me that the bird was killed by a cat at the Manse, Golspie, on gth January 1905, and sent to Thurso to be stuffed. He also informs me it is the “ Cirl Bunting ” referred to by Miss Lennie in the “Scottish Geographical Magazine ” for March rg11, p. 140, as having been got at Golspie last summer. —WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh. Notes on a Nest of the Snow Bunting.—As a most interesting case illustrating the nesting habits of the Snow Bunting (/Vectrophenax nivalts) has recently been placed in the Royal Scottish Museum Edinburgh, it may be as well to put on record the history of the particular nest in question. Some years ago my brother, Mr. W. T. Blackwood, located several pairs of Snow Buntings on various “‘screes” in the Cairngorms, but, prior to last year, both he and I failed to find a nest, though we made repeated attempts to do so. However on 18th June 1tgro, when searching a scree in Aberdeen- shire he noticed a hen Bunting carrying nesting material, and he then had little difficulty in locating the nest, or rather, its founda- tions, for the bird had only commenced building. Two days later the nest, completed and lined with ptarmigan feathers, contained one egg and four more were eventually laid. I was taken to the place on 24th June and received a few photographs of the hen and of the nest. Some of these were used as an aid in the setting up of the case, and I cannot praise too highly the manner in which this has been done. Everything looks so natural that it would serve no purpose if I gave a detailed account of the situation, etc., of the nest. One glance at the case conveys a much more realistic impression of the appearance of a Snow Bunting’s nest than mere words can do.—G. G. BLackwoop, Edinburgh. Siberian Chiff Chaff and Holboll’s Redpoll in Shetland.— Between the 21st and 31st of October last, there was a considerable arrival of migratory birds, consisting of Blackcaps, Bramblings, Goldcrests, Thrushes, Siskins, Northern Bullfinches, Chiff Chaffs and Redpolls. On the 28th Mr. Andrew Leslie, Jun., of Seafield, near Lerwick, shot two Holboll’s Redpolls and a Chiff Chaff among the shrubs. I submitted these birds to Mr. Eagle Clarke for his opinion and he informs me that my suspicions as to their identifica- tion are correct, and that I am right in believing that the Siberian Chiff Chaff is new to the known avifauna of the mainland of Shetland. During the latter half of January 1911, a number of Redpolls and Greenfinches were seen here.—JOHN S. TULLOCH, Lerwick. 116 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY The Greater Wheatear in Clyde.—Whilst taking a walk near Carmunnock on roth May of last year, on the look out for migratory birds, I noticed a number of Wheatears which looked larger than the usual variety, and obtained one for the purpose of identification. This I sent to the Royal Scottish Museum, where upon examination it turned out to be 5S. Zeucorrhoa, a male, with a wing measurement of ror mm. This is, I believe, the first record for the occurrence of this large northern race in the Clyde valley. It is noticeable that Wheatears, though plentiful in the locality on the spring migration are singularly scarce on the journey south in the fall of the year.—Harry Duncan, Glasgow. [Supposed Occurrence of the Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella nevia) in ‘‘Dee.”—On the evening of zoth May 1910, while making our way homeward beside the river Dee, a few miles from Aberdeen, we were surprised by hearing a loud “reeling” bird-song, proceeding from a conifer plantation with much undergrowth among the young trees. We listened to the song for a few minutes (it was about 9 p.M.), and although neither of us had previous acquaintance with the Grasshopper Warbler, we at once recognised the well- known song from descriptions, and we record the occurrence for what it is worth.—L. N. G. Ramsay, A. G. Davipson, Aberdeen. | Continental form of Willow Warbler and Gt. Spotted Wood- pecker on the Isle of May.—-In May 1909 a Willow Warbler was sent off to us which had struck the lantern on the Isle of May and so killed itself. It proves to belong to the Eastern race, Phylloscopus trochilus eversmanni, which, according to Dr. Hartert breeds in Northern Russia and Siberia. The Great Spotted Woodpecker recorded by us in the ‘‘ Annals of Scottish Natural History,” 1910, p. 5, as occurring on the Isle of May on the 16th of September 1909, is of the continental form, Dendrocopus major major. We are indebted to Dr. C. B. Ticehurst for determining these racial forms for us.— LEONORA JEFFREY RINTOUL and EveLyn V. Baxter. Great Spotted Woodpecker in Solway Area.—Mr. Archd. Goldie-Scot writes me that last spring he saw a Great Spotted Wood- pecker near Craigmuie in Balmaclellan parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. In Dumfriesshire, besides those already recorded as nesting in 1910 (‘‘ Birds of Dumfriesshire,” p. 160) I heard of one being seen near Carnsalloch (Kirkmahoe) in November 1910, and I myself saw one in Auchangibbet wood (Tynron) on 20th December 1910, not 100 yards from its nesting site of the preceding spring.—HucGuH S. GLADSTONE, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. Short-eared Owls at Tiree.—During the early part of February 1911, when the sportsmen were here shooting Snipe and Wild-fowl, many Short-eared Owls (Aséo accipitrinus) were seen. These, I ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 117 believe, were on their way north, and I have not observed any other migrants, as yet, to date (27th February)—PrTER ANDERSON, diree: Hobby and other Birds of Prey in Moray.—A Hobby (/% subbuteo) was killed by one of the keepers at Innes, Elgin, in the end of June last year. It was thought to be a Merlin, but was stuffed, and it was only by chance that I happened to see it, and recognised it. On enquiry I find it was shot about 6 in the evening when flying close to the ground across the pheasant rearing field. There were two keepers present at the time, and they think it was just going to lift a bird. It has a wing almost exactly 1o inches, and consequently I would put it down asa male. The keeper, however, writes it had a bare spot on the breast, and he considered that it had been sitting on eggs at the time. Innes is very well wooded and it is quite possible it was breeding there. I was away in Norway at the time, or would have seen it in the flesh, and probably would have been able to find out if there were more about. I think a good many birds of prey pass over the south side of the Moray Frith. One spring about five years ago, there was an Osprey at Lochnabo. I did not see it, but was told it stayed for a day or two. I have repeatedly seen Peregrines ; indeed, I saw one almost secure a Partridge about a month ago. I also saw in 1906, about the end of October what I have no doubt was a Goshawk. It was feeding on a Water-hen, and rose within half a score of yards from me. It left its bird behind, but returned later and took it away. As this was only a couple of fields from the house, the bird could no doubt easily have been either trapped or poisoned, and perhaps if it had killed either a Partridge or a Pheasant it might have been sacrificed. As it was it was not interfered with. This year we have had a great many Merlins about, and of course with the large woods of Gordon Castle, and Lochnabo so near, there are many Sparrow-hawks. In 1907 or 1908, although the keepers thought all nests on the place had been destroyed, in the fortnight beginning the 11th August they killed 33 round places the young Pheasants were turned down with- in three weeks, and not without the loss of a good many birds.— J. Davipson, Innes, Elgin. Wigeon Breeding at Loch Leven: a Correction.—lIn our foot- note to the communication which appeared in the “ Annals” for January we inadvertently quoted as our authority, for the earliest breeding of this species at Loch Leven, Mr. Millais’s ‘‘ Wildfowler in Scotland”; it should have been the same author’s ‘ Surface- Feeding Ducks,” published in 1902.—Ebs. Wigeon Breeding in Roxburghshire.—The Wigeon (Mareca penelope), undoubtedly, now breeds regularly in Roxburghshire, but 118 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY I cannot remember having seen an authentic record of the finding of a nest. It may therefore be useful to report that on 7th May, 1gto, I put a duck wigeon off her nest within the bounds of the county. The nest, which was in long heather, was about two hundred yards from a small loch situated in the higher moorlands of the county. ‘There were eight eggs and a fair quantity of down in the nest, and incubation was probably just commencing. In the course of the day I saw three or four drake wigeon, so there were almost certainly several more nests in the vicinity.—G. G. BLACKwoop, Edinburgh. Capture of Marked Wigeon.—In June 1909, I marked five Wigeon (Mareca penelope) at Gordonbush, East Sutherlandshire, one of these was got in Holland on 3rd September 1909, and a second has turned up about the middle of January tg11, on the ‘Trent near Retford. It is very remarkable that out of five birds marked two should have been reported.—Francis G. Gunnis, London, S.W. Whimbrels nesting in Sutherland.—The following is not a Record but a Negative :—At a sale at Stevens (21st Feb. 1911) the eggs sold were from a dealer, and bought and paid for—cash— by an unknown purchaser. //em: ‘‘ Whimbrels, c/3 fine green type, Sutherlandshire,” or words to that effect. All I can say about nesting of this species in Sutherlandshire I have said before, but desire to repeat, “I have never been able to authenticate any such extension to the southward of the species” ; and I have utterly failed to secure a single authentication of similar statements, during forty- five years’ personal knowledge of the avi-fauna of that county or area. I think the negative is worth repetition.—J. A. Harvir- BROWN. Opah or King-fish in Mull Waters.—I am indebted to Mr. Bryce Allan Yr. of Aros for drawing my attention to the occurrence, on 8th June rgro, of a specimen of Lampris luna in Mull. Some whelk gatherers found one stranded in shallow water at Ardnacross, midway between Salen and Tobermory. It proved to be a female with spawn in a pretty forward state of develop- ment. Unfortunately the beautiful fish was mutilated before I could take the weight and accurate measurements.—D. MAcboNnaLp, Tobermory. Labia minor in Haddingtonshire.—On 16th June rgro, when passing the farm steading of “‘ Deuchrie” at the foot of the Lammer- muirs, Haddingtonshire, I caught a specimen of this small Earwig flying in the sunshine. ‘The few previous “ Forth” records are from Edinburgh and Fife. It may also be of interest to add that in August 1909, I found the common Earwig (/orficula auricularta) in abundance in Gannets’ nests on the Bass Rock. It is also plentiful on the Isle of May.—Witu1Am Evans, Edinburgh. ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 119 Acherontia atropos in Caithness.—A Death’s-head moth was captured in a bee-hive at Watten, Caithness, on or about the roth of September last by Mr. Francis Doull, postmaster there, who kindly sent it to me through the Rev. David Lillie —Witriiam Evans, Edinburgh. BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS. Rhinanthus Perrieri (pp. 56-7).—This namie does not ‘‘ express a character common to all, or nearly all, the species of a genus.” Even if it did, I would remind Mr. Druce that those words of the Vienna ‘ Actes” occur in a Recommendation, not in a Rule; they are a guide for the future, rather than a restriction on the past. Dr, J. von Sterneck’s contention in his ‘* Monograph of Alectorolophus,” p. 109, 1s that #. Ferrzerz, Chabert, cannot be distinguished from R. minor, var. rusticulus, Chabert ; the supposed difference being “inapplicable for scientific purposes,” and indeed non-existent in the original specimens of 2. Perriert seen by him. As he states on p. 108, &. Perriert and R. minor, var. rusticulus, are synonymous ; the specific must therefore supersede the varietal name. I agree that Sterneck was not “free to choose” ; he ought to have written Alectorolophus Perriert, instead of A. rusticulus.—EDWARD 5S. MARSHALL, Cerastium nigrescens, “dmonston (pp. 40-2).—Mr. Druce has given us an excellent sketch of the plant’s history; but I do not think that he has proved the above name to be valid. Edmonston first described it as C. /atefolium, L., and subsequently as C. dat- Jolium, var. nigrescens ; rejecting in the text the name C. wzgrescens, under which it had been mentioned in the preface to his ‘Shetland Flora.” In my opinion this remains a xomen nudum, and must be discarded on technical grounds, though his opinion of its distinct- ness from C. datifolium, L., of the Alps was correct. Even if, as is alleged by Ostenfeld, Lange included a Greenland form of C. a/fznum, under his C. avcticum, that name should I think, be retained in a restricted sense for our British species, which Lange endorsed as true as C. arcticum; the later C. Ldmonstonit, Murbeck and Ostenfeld, appears to be superfluous. Mr. Druce’s account of the supposed hybrids is most interesting ; and I have little doubt that his conclusions are correct. Syme’s un- localised C. alpinum, var. pubescens, 1s too briefly described for satis- factory identification ; I suspect that it was C. alpinum x arcticum, though it may have included one or more other hybrids. —Epwarp S. MARSHALL. Corallorhiza innata.— Mr. A. Macgregor’s query respecting this species as a Moray plant seems not easy toanswer. In Watson’s ‘‘Out- lines,” 1832, p. 279, no mention is made of Moray ; Ross is given. 120 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY In the ‘‘ New Botanists’ Guide,” 1837, p. 498, Mr. Watson says of the ‘‘ Rev. G. Gordon’s ‘Cat. of Plants found in Moray,’ a tract of country including the present county (Elgin) along with that of Nairn, and likewise parts of Ross, Inverness, and Banffshire.” It is not given for Elgin here. In the “‘ Comp. Cybele Brit., 1869, p. 323, Moray is still unnamed. In the rst ed. of “Top. Botany,” 1874, p- 374, no Elgin or Moray is named ; neither are they in the 2nd ed., 1883, p. 387. ‘The only locality at all near Moray seems to be “ Contin, 8 miles from Dingwall,” and Coull on the Conan river. In the ‘‘ Supplement to the Compendium,” 1872, p. 85, Wilson gives it for the sub-province 31, z.e. ‘‘ Banff, Elgin, Nairn, East Inverness.” Whether the records ‘‘ Mr, Lawson” or ‘‘ Miller” of “Top. Botany ” were of stations under Moray I do not know. I have seen speci- mens only from Co. 68, 81, 85, 87, 90, and 92.—ARTHUR BENNETT. Vicia sylvatiea, Z., var. condensata, Druce.!—In the “ Annals ” for 1910, p. 40, Mr. Druce records this from shingle north of Drum- more, V.C. 74. The late Mr. A. Somerville sent me a series of specimens from the shore-rubble north of Johnshaven, Kincardine (9g. 8. 1905), which are even more condensed (especially in the non-flowering shoots) than Mr. Druce’s original examples. In these Kincardine specimens the leaves are oblong, rotund, closely compacted and the edges revolute, and looking much like a small contracted form of V. sepium, L. Many of the leaflets are nearly as broad as long, while in typical examples they are nearly three times as long.— ARTHUR BENNETT. Poa palustris, Zz77. in Seotland.—Another locality has recently been added, by Mr. James M‘Andrew, to the two already known for this plant in Scotland, by his discovery near Kenmure Castle, New Galloway, of a grass which both Dr. Stapf and Professor Hackel agree in placing under this name. I have lately seen several sheets of a grass gathered by Dr. Knapp and labelled by him “ /oa nemoralts, a variety found by me at Linn na Grach, Perthshire, 1835,” which, it seems to me, might well be placed under /oa palustris, Linn. I am anxious to find out the whereabouts of “Winn. na Grach,’ “Linn ma ‘Gray,’ or) “iimn: ma’ ‘Grae -4a(as Knapp variously writes it) in order that fresh specimens of Knapp’s plant may be got and submitted to present-day experts for identifica- tion. Can any reader of the “ Annals ” throw light on the position of that locality >—JAMrES FRASER. Poa palustris, Z., near Aberdeen.—In October, 1g1o, I found this grass growing sparingly by a farm road at Ruthrieston, just beyond the city’s limits on the west side of Aberdeen. I am not aware of its having been observed in this neighbourhood before. There can be little, if any, doubt that the seeds had been thrown by 1 << Naturalist ” (1884), p. 85, and ‘* Ex Club Report for 1883 (1884), p. 85. BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 121 the roadside, though the habitat did not seem a likely one for it even asa casual. In 1909, I found P. Chazxiz in a neglected field of grass at Old Aberdeen, like P. palustris no doubt an alien.— James W. H. TRAIL. A remarkable form of Carex aquatilis, /V’ah/—Mr. George West has lately sent mea series of very nice specimens of Carex from Scotland, acquired mostly while exploring the series of lakes he has been engaged in.! Among these is a most extraordinary form of C. aguatilis, He describes it as forming dense tufts here and there in Inchnacardoch Bay, Loch Ness, and “ immediately behind the large tussocks on ground that is very wet but firm. It grows in a spreading mass, carpeting the ground with a tangle of rhizomes and roots, so dense that it is scarcely possible to get the fingers through them in order to extract a specimen. As the water is approached, and the ground becomes mere mud, this carpeting habit gives way, and the rhizomes of many plants combine together and take a vertical direction instead ofa horizontal. ‘They forsake the diageo- tropic habit, assume negative geotropism and become cespitose. The combined rhizomes form a sort of trunk, which is very hard and heavy, something like a tree-fern trunk. ‘They are thus able to elevate their leaves and inflorescences above the surface of the sur- rounding water” (Notes on the specimens sent me by Mr. West). One of these tussocks extracted by Mr. West weighed 70 lbs. when wet. That aguatlis grows in considerable masses, Mr. West shows in his papers, but anything like the above I have vainly sought for. Of the described forms in books so far as the inflorescence goes, these specimens come nearest the var. zrescens, Anderson, Cyp. Scandinavice (1849), p. 46. In another note Mr. West remarks, ‘‘ These grow in large ceespitose clumps forming a dense head of foliage; with the rhizome the whole clump will be 3 feet high or more. ‘They stand out of the water, and when isolated look like miniature palms. When sufficiently abundant to be close together they form numerous little islands with mud or water between.” Has any Scottish botanist observed anything like this with aguatilis? It is aguatil’s assuming the habit of C. Hudsonii, Ar. Benn. (C. stricta, Good.).—ARTHUR BENNETT, Croydon. Notes on Callitriche.—Among the many good aquatic plants gathered by Mr. G. West in his examination of the Scottish Lakes, was a fine series of Cal/ttriche autumnats, LL. The normal form was represented by many gatherings, but in others from Loch Gelly and Loch Kilconquhar, Fife (20. 9. og), the 1 «Comp, Study of Dominant Flora of Aquatic Habit, etc.,’ with 53 plates. ‘* Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed.” (1905), p. 967. ‘Further Contributions to above, etc.,’ with 62 plates. ‘* Proc, Roy. Soc. Ed.” (1910), pp. 63-182. 122 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY leaves are shorter and much the shape of those of C. ¢runcata, Guss., the internodes shorter, and the fruit much larger, in these respects answering to the var. /wzultfera, Norman.! The only fruits on other specimens approaching these are from the Loch of Watlee, Unst, Shetland ; Beeby, /eg. A specimen from ‘‘ Town-foot, Dumfries, 1887, Zeg. J. Fingland,” named as awtumnalis has much the habit of C. frvuncata, Gussone ; but there is no fruit unfortunately. Z7wcafa is not a northern species. In England it occurs north to Notts. In the herbarium at University College, Nottingham, are specimens gathered by Mr. Fisher in 1892. In Europe ¢vuncaza is not on record north of Belgium. In some extraordinary specimens of C. zu/ermedia, Hoffm., (Zamu- fata, Kitz) from Ednam Bay, Loch Tay, 1905, from J. M‘Andrew, the leaves are 14 to 2 inches long, with the apex separated into a complete claw-like end twice the width of the leaf, C. polymorpha, Lonnroth, ‘‘ Obser. crit. pl. suec. illustrantes” (1854), p. 19. I have seen no Scottish specimens of this other than Mr. Beeby’s Shetland ones, but it should occur. In England it occurs in Surrey ; Cambridge, Fyer, s.; and Mr. Beeby saw it in a globe in Seven Dials, London, bought some, and sent me specimens. ‘The dealer said the specimens came from Epping Forest, Essex. C. obtusangula, Le Gall., ‘‘ Fl. Morbihan” (1852) p. 202. This may occur in Southern, Scotland, in Ayr, Dumfries, or Kirkcudbright, although in England its most northern stations are S. E. Yorkshire (Co. 61), and Cheshire (Co. 58). In this the fruit is longer than broad, there are no wings, and the four edges of the fruit are rounded, not angled. There is a sub-sp. of this, C. a/pina, Nyman= C. transst/vanica Schur. (omen), that occurs in Transylvania, which may be more likely to occur in Scotland. C. obtusangula is not recorded north of Belgium in Europe.— ARTHUR BENNETT, Croydon. CURRENT LITERATURE. The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural History which have appeared during the Quarter—January-March 1911. [The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable, and will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the sources of information under mentioned. ] ZOOLOGY. LARGE SEAL KILLED IN BEAULY RIVER. A. R., Zhe Field, Jan. 14, 1911, p. 84. Records the killing of a Seal 6 ft. 6 in. in length 9 2 «Ind. Suppl. Loc. Nat. Species ” (1864), p. 16. CURRENT LITERATURE 123 and 55 in. in girth. This example afterwards proved to be an adult male Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica)—(see Zhe Field, Feb. 18, 1911, p. 329, where a photograph of the animal is reproduced). RARE SEALS IN SCOTLAND. J G. Millais, Zhe Fie/d, Feb. 18, IQII, p. 329. Records the capture of a female grey Seal 8 ft. in length and 4 ft. 8 in. in circumference, near Herda Head, Shetland. THE Birps oF East RENFREWSHIRE. John Robertson, Z%e Glasgow Naturalist, Feb. 1911, pp. 41-59. FLAMINGO (PHC:NICOPTERUS ROSEUS) IN CLYDE ESTUARY. John Paterson, Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, Feb. 1911, p. 71. Bird reported to have been killed off Port-Glasgow. LANDRAIL IN SCOTLAND IN Marcu. A. R., Zhe Field, March II, 1911, p. 490. Bird seen on 3rd March at Bogroy, near Inverness. LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF ROSS-SHIRE, WITH SOME NEW County Recorps. J. W. Vaughan, /ourn. of Conchology, Jan. 1911, pp. 147-148. A list of 19 species given, 11 of which are new to the county. LIMAX TENELLUS, MULL., IN PERTH East. Chas. Oldham, Journ. of Conchology, Jan. 1911, p. 148. Found on Oct. 6, 1910, in abundance at Pitlochry. VITREA RADIATULA (ALDER) IN DUMBARTONSHIRE. J. R. le B. Tomlin, /Journ. of Conchology, Jan. 1911, p. 148. Specimen collected by the late Dr. Boog Watson at Cardross. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF UNIO SINUATUS, LAM., IN THE BRITISH IsLes. J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S., Journ. of Conchology, Jan. 1911, pp. 142-143. Specimen from river Clouden in South-west Dumfries- shire, taken in 1865, was discovered by the author in an old collection and found to be the true szzwatus of Lamarck. Specimens previously recorded under this name should in future be known as elongata, Lam., and referred to the genus Margaritana. Two SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA NEW TO SCIENCE. Norman H. lieys MERCIS: E.E.S., 2, A707 dag, Jan. rout, pp» 1]-r2. Thinobius bicolor, sp.n. described from three specimens taken at Dalwhinnie, Inverness-shire, on May 1, Igto. HELOPHORUS TUBERCULATUS, GYLL., NEAR COATBRIDGE, N.B. George A. Brown, Lut. Mo. Mag., March 1911, p. 68. Two specimens taken last July. BLEDIUS PALLIPES AND ITS ALLIES IN Britain. D. Sharp. M.A., F.R.S., Zt. dfo. Mag., Feb. 1911, pp. 31-34. Several Scottish records are given in this paper. FURTHER RECORDS OF BLEDIUS ANN#&, ETC. Norman H. Joy, Ent. Mo. Mag., March 1911, p. 65. 3B. anne taken at Pitlochry, Sept. 1909; and B. pallipes on the banks of the river Tummel. 124 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY MYCETOPHAGUS QUADRIGUTTATUS, MULL., INSCOTLAND. George A. Brown, £x¢t. Mo. Mag., March 1911, p. 68. Found in a stable at Coatbridge. Several other species of Coleoptera, whose names are given, were taken with it. A List or DieTERA COLLECTED IN PERTHSHIRE. A. E. J. Carter, Zrans. and Proc. Perthshire Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. v. part 1. (1909-10), pp. 51-54. A list of 79 species, of which 21 are new to the county. DIPTERA IN PERTHSHIRE. A. E. J. Carter, Hut. Alo. Mag., March 1911, pp. 69-70. A long list of species taken at Blairgowrie, Kirkmichel, etc. Notre on HALESUS GUTTATIPENNIS, M‘L. Kk. J. Morton, Zz. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1911, p. 19. A number seen near Ormiston, East Lothian, Nov. 4, 1910. Chetopteryx villosa, Leuctra klapaleki, and Elipsocus abietis are also recorded from the same locality. HALESUS GUTTATIPENNIS IN SCOTLAND IN OcroBEeR. William Evans, Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. 1911, p. 43. Specimen taken at East Linton on 15th October, 1910. NOTES ON SOME ECTOPARASITES IN THE MUSEUM, PERTH. James Waterston, B D., B.Sc., Zrans. and Proc. Perthshire Soc. Nat. Se., vol. v. part ii. (1909-10), pp. 48-50. Ten species are dealt ain and all the records are Scottish. NOTES FROM THE GATTY MARINE LABoraTORY, S1. (ates No. SOX “Profs Malntosh MLL Dok. os Hoe. and Mag. Nat. fiist., Feb. 1911, pp. 145-173; pls. v.-vu. In Section43, on ‘“The British Cirratulide,” several Scottish species are recorded and described. BOTANY. Davip DouGLas, SCONE, BOTANIST AND PIONEER OF ARBORI- CULTURE. By R. Dow (Zrams. P.S.N.S., 1910, Vv. 55-65, Pls. 6-7). PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES TO PERTHSHIRE SOCIETY OF NATURAL Science. By W. Barclay. In Nov. 1909 (Proc. P.S.WV.S., 1909, lxi-Ixix). The excursions of the Society in 1909 are described (to Glen Tarken, Killiecrankie, Ben Chonzie, etc.), with mention of rarer plants. In March 1910 (Ac. Ixxiii-lxxvii), on Our Alpine Flora a discussion of the conditions that may explain its distribution. THe PRESENT PosiITION oF BOTANICAL SURVEY IN BRITAIN. By Wm. G. Smith, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Zrans. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1909, xxiv. 53°59). THe Fora or Bucuan. By J. W. H. Trail (Zhe Book of Buchan, 1910, pp. 44-47). A statement of work requiring to be done in Buchan. PERTHSHIRE RosgEs. By William Barclay (Z7vaus. P.SW.S., 1910, v. 66-74). A list of all Perthshire forms known to him. CURRENT LITERATURE 125 FUNGI FROM PERTHSHIRE. Exhibited (Proc. P.S.WV.S., 1909, lixe)s CH#ROPHYLLUM AUREUM, L., FROM BANK OF TEITH, CALLANDER, in 1907. Exhibited by James Fraser (Proc. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1910, Sex) NOTES ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF UTRICULARIA. By Arthur Bennett (Zvans. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1910, Xxiv. 59-63). Tue Genus Carex IN Britain. By Arthur Bennett (Z7rans. Bot. Soc. Ed., xxiv. 77-84). Critical remarks on many of the species and varieties. CAREX AQUATILIS, WAHLB., AND ITS SCOTTISH Forms. By Arthur Bennett (Z7ans. Bot. Soc. Ed., xxiv. 86-90). A very full account. SOME FURTHER MosskEs AND HEPATICS FROM THE ISLE OF May. By William Evans, F.R.S.E. (Zvans. Bot. Soc. Ed., xxiv. 91-93). Adds 17 Mosses and 2 Hepatics. Tue DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND. By Symers M. Macvicar (Zvans. Bot. Soc. Ed., xxv. 1-336). ScoTrisH Peat-mosses. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION AND CLIMATE OF NoRTH- WESTERN Europe. By G. Samuelson (4ud/. Geol. Lnstit. of Upsala, IQIo, X. 197-260, © map). New Licuens. By A. Lorrain Smith (Journ. Bot, 1911, 41-44). Descriptions of several species and varieties new to science, of which one, named Arthopyrenta Crombiei, sp.n., was found by J. M. Crombie on bark by the Garry at Blair Atholl, Perthshire (V.C. 89). Four SPECIES OF GEASTER COLLECTED IN East LOTHIAN IN OctoBER 1909. Exhibited by Wm. Evans (Proc. Bot. Soc. Ed., 1900, XxXill.). Two New Species oF Mycerozoa. By G. Lister (Journ. Bot., 1911, 61-62). Licea castanea, n.sp., on bark of Pyrus Aucuparia and moss on the bark, Lesmoir, Aberdeenshire (V.C. 93), found by Rey. W. Cran—described. BOOK NOTICES. Tue Works oF ARISTOTLE, translated into English. Vol. IV. Historia Animalium. By D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910.) Professor D’Arcy Thompson’s translation of Aristotle’s History of Animals will be welcomed by all who know his valuable “ Glossary of Greek Bird Names,” published in 1895. Naturalists and classical scholars alike are in debt to the Professor for his ‘‘ Glossary”: the present work will prove of special value to those who are interested 126 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY in tracing the steps by which the attitude of mankind towards nature has been transformed from one of childlike wonder, expressing itself largely in myth and fable, to one of mature admiration and pro- gressive comprehension, expressing itself in accurate description, scientific classification and reasoned theory. Apart from the element of myth—which has not yet wholly vanished from the “ popular science” of our own day—the special interest of Aristotle’s work lies in such broad and illuminating general statements as that the habits of animals are all related to the securing of progeny and the securing of food, or that ‘‘there is enmity between such creations as dwell in the same localities or subsist on the same food”: in such vivid descriptions as that of the Wryneck, which ‘‘is somewhat bigger than the Chaffinch, and is mottled in appearance . . . is peculiar in the arrangement of its toes, and resembles the snake in the structure of its tongue . . . can protrude its tongue to the extent of four finger-breadths and then draw it back again. . . and can twist its head backwards while keeping all the rest of its body still like the serpent” . . .; and in the anatomical details to be found, most notably, in the accounts of Cetaceans and Cephalopods. The Professor has been very successful in giving a clear rendering of Aristotle’s Greek, and his notes both on text and matter are of great value in elucidating obscure and often corrupt passages ; the table of contents and the index will be found very useful. It is doubtful whether anyone else living could have performed precisely the service for English-reading men of science which Professor Thompson has so efficiently rendered in the work under review.—H. J. A MONOGRAPH OF THE BriTIsH NUDIBRANCHIATE MOLLUSCA. Part VIII. (Supplementary). Figures by the late Joshua Alder and the late Albany Hancock, and others. Text by Sir Charles Eliot, M.A., D.C.L., etc. Folio, pp. 198, with 8 coloured plates. Ray Society, Ig1o. This is an important work, and supplies a real want long felt by all interested in that section of our marine fauna to which it relates. Alder and Hancock, it appears, contemplated the publication of a supplement to their celebrated Monograph, but did not live to carry out their purpose. ‘They left, however, a number of drawings and some notes, the former of which have formed the basis of the present Part. The text is entirely from the pen of Sir Charles Eliot, who is a recognised authority on the Nudibranchiata. Besides the systematic portion, which includes descriptions of species added to the fauna of the British Isles since the issue of Part VII. (1855), and a fresh Synopsis of families, genera, and species, there are valuable chapters on Variation and Distribution, Nomenclature, Bionomics, Embryology and Larval Stages, Anatomy, Classification, and Affinities and Relationships. In the matter of nomenclature, Sir Charles Eliot is not one of those extremists who BOOK NOTICES 127 insist on applying the priority rule in every case, regardless of prospective inconvenience and confusion. ‘‘I confess,” he writes, ‘“‘that I sympathise with those zoologists who wish to be as conservative as possible in applying the rule of priority. It is a mere means for conveniently deciding disputed cases, not a moral law which must be enforced whether convenient or not. . . . I cannot see that anything is gained, whereas much is obviously lost, by dis- carding a well-known name in favour of an obscure and forgotten one, when there is practically no competition between them.” Neither is he a “splitter,” being inclined, rather, to consider that the creation of genera and species is at times carried too far. An extensive Bibliography for the period since 1855 follows the Synopsis. From the long list of citations we miss, however, the following Scottish faunal works in which Nudibranchiates are included ; Leslie and Herdman’s ‘‘ Invertebrate Fauna of the Firth of Forth,” 1881, and the British Association ‘‘ Handbook of the Fauna, Flora, and Geology of the Clyde Area,” 1901.—W. E. REPORT ON THE IMMIGRATION OF SUMMER RESIDENTS IN THE SPRING OF 1909; ALSO ON MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS DURING THE AUTUMN OF 1908. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. Vol. xxv. 6s. net. This is the fifth annual report of the Committee of the British Ornithological Club on this subject which has been noticed in our pages. It is based upon the same lines as those previously dealt with, and hence does not call for more than a few words. We must remark, however, that it is a much more bulky volume than any of its forerunners, and extends to no less than 347 pages. It bears evidence of having been carefully prepared, and should certainly be studied by all interested in bird-migration as observed in the British Isles. Tue British WarRBLERS. By H. Eliot Howard. _ Illustrated by Henrick Gronvold. Part V. London: R. H. Porter. 21s. net. This, the initial instalment of Volume II. of this very beautiful book, like its predecessors, commands most favourable notice. In it the high standard of the text for originality and interest, and of the plates for their beauty is fully maintained. The text consists chiefly of an exhaustive account of the habits of the Reed Warbler, to which no less than sixty-one pages are devoted. There are five coloured portraits, an equal number of photogravure plates depicting habits, and six maps illustrating seasonal distribution.—G. G.-M. THE DIsTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND. By Symers M. Maevicar. (Transactions of Edinburgh Botanical Society, 1910. vol. xxv. 336 pp.) Though issued as a volume of ‘“ Transactions,” this is really an independent work, and is one of the most important that has appeared for some time on any branch of the flora of Scotland. Its value is much increased by its being in every part based 128 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY on personal knowledge, all except a few of the gatherings on which the results are based having been examined by the author. The labour involved in this must have been very great, as the entries under the vice-counties are often numerous. A short history of the progress in the study of the Hepaticze in Scotland is followed by consideration of the effects of rainfall and climate on their distribution, and on the expression of this in the numerous ‘Atlantic species” in our flora, while a few prefer the eastern side of the country. The preferences for certain habitats (rocks, trees, peat-mosses, etc.) are discussed, and the altitudes attained are stated, lists being furnished of those that pass 4000 ft., and of those that reach heights between 4000 and 3000 ft. and between 3000 and 2000 ft., about half our species passing 2000 ft. A comparison of the Hepatic flora of Scotland with those of other countries is of much interest. It is followed by a sketch of the flora of the Watsonian Provinces of Scotland, a definition of the sub-provinces and vice-counties, and an indication of the collections and other sources of information used by the author. The greater part of the work (pp. 51-330) is devoted to a detailed account of the distribution of the species, with mention under each species of the localities in which it has been found and the name of the dis- coverer in each locality from which Mr. Macvicar has seen specimens. Often the altitudes attained are noted under the several localities. For each species there is a short statement of the general type of its distribution, its preferences as to habitats, soils, altitudes, and any other features of cecological importance. An index to the species and synonyms completes an excellent piece of work, for which the author well deserves the thanks of all who are interested in the flora of Scotland. THE LivERWoRTs BRITISH AND ForEIGN. By Sir Edward Fry, G.C.B., and Agnes Fry. (London: Witherby & Co., 326 High Helborn, WG, 1911.) This little book will be found an excellent introduction to the study of a most interesting group of plants, in which important questions are raised on the relations between the lower and higher forms of plant life. Selected examples afford occasion to discuss the leading types of structure met with among Liverworts and the provision for securing a due supply of water. The outlines of classification and of distribution over the earth’s surface are briefly but clearly given; and the book closes with a short notice of the most helpful works on the Liverworts. Incidental references to the flowering plants lead to statements that may be revised in a future edition, such as the comparison of the antheridia of Liverworts with the stamens of flowering plants (p. 6). But such matters do not affect the value of the work, which is excellently fitted to serve its end. The Annals of Scottish Natural History No. 79] 1911 [JULY IN MEMORIAM: ROBERT SERVICE. By the death of Robert Service, the “ Annals of Scottish Natural History” loses one of its most valued contributors. It will always be regretted that he did not live long enough to publish a Fauna of the Solway Area, a district with which he was so intimately acquainted. His published notes on the subject testify to his knowledge, not only of its Ornithology, but of its Zoology generally, gained by personal observations in the field. He was rightly regarded as the local authority on Natural History and Botanical matters, and as such was the friend and correspondent of authorities like Professor Alfred Newton, William Lennon, Rev. H. A. Macpherson, Howard Saunders, Major Barrett Hamilton, Professor G. F. Scott-Elliot, W. Eagle-Clarke, J. A. Harvie- Brown, W. Evans, and many others. His generosity in giving specimens to those who would appreciate them was wide- spread, and the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, contains many of his donations ; of which, perhaps, the Whiskered Tern, shot near Dumfries in 1894, is the most prized. Robert Service was born on 23rd May 1854, at Netherplace near Mauchline, Ayrshire. His father, four years after his birth, set up as a nurseryman at Greenbrae, near Dumfries, and Robert received his education at the Old Free Kirk School, Maxwelltown. After completing his education there, he joined his father in the business which he 79 . B 130 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY was to follow all his days. From his childhood his inclinations led him to study Nature, and any moments that he could spare from his work were devoted to this pursuit. His note-book was ever ready to jot down any observations he might be able to record during the day, and when night came he was often to be found studying the stars at the Maxwelltown Observatory. He did much to reorganise the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society when in 1876 it had fallen into abeyance; and at this period he was appointed Secretary. In 1879 he married a daughter of Mrs. Glendinning of Glasgow Street, Maxwell- town, and three years later he was called upon to makea decision which must have indeed been difficult. Joseph Thomson, the African traveller, had been commissioned to undertake an exploration of Eastern Africa for the Royal Geographical Society, and invited him to act as Naturalist to the expedition ; his sense of duty overcame his desire, and Robert Service stayed at home. His knowledge of Natural History was utilised in 1892 when he gave evidence before the Commission appointed to investigate the Plague of Field Voles in Scotland, and also in 1895 when he appeared as a witness before the Solway Fisheries Commission. On 23rd February 1901 his astro- nomical studies were all but rewarded by the discovery of a new star, which, however, had been observed by Dr. Anderson of Edinburgh a few hours earlier. At his father’s death in October, his business became even more engrossing, though in 1903 he was persuaded to undertake the honorary duties of Secretary and Curator to the Dumfries and Maxwelltown Observatory Museum, and held these posts for seven years. He took a keen interest in politics, being a staunch Conservative ; and more than once he served on the Town and Parish Councils. He was in constant request at Horticultural Shows, and he judged the roses at the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society’s Exhibition only the summer before his death. Overwork was undoubtedly the cause of the attack of paralysis which eventually proved fatal to him on 8th May 1911. Three days later he was laid to his rest in Troqueer Kirkyard, being survived by his wife, two sons, and three daughters. IN MEMORIAM: ROBERT SERVICE 131 I have already had to perform the melancholy task of writing my friend’s obituary for “British Birds” magazine, and I have there referred to the example which Robert Service has left us “of generosity, of a stern sense of duty, of an untiring energy, of patient and loving study of the beauties of Nature.” Besides being a constant contributor to the Transactions of many Societies, Robert Service’s papers often appeared in the “Scottish Naturalist,” the “Annals of Scottish Natural History,” and the “ Zoologist.” To give a complete list of his papers is here impracticable; but the following are perhaps some of the most valuable :—. 1885. Disappearance of the Chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus, L.) from the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. (Read 28th April 1885.) ‘* Proceedings and ‘Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow,” N.S. vol. 1. (1883-1886), pp. 117-122. 1887. On the Former Existence of Ptarmigan in South-West Scotland. “ Zoologist,” 1887, pp. 81-89. if Wild White Cattle in South-Western Scotland. Op. ctt. 1887, pp. 448-457. 1891. The Old Fur Market of Dumfries. “Scottish Naturalist,” vol. xl. 1891, pp. 97-102. 1892. Freshwater Fishes of the Solway Area. “ Annals of Scottish Natural History,” 1892, pp. 18-25. 1893. Distribution of the Alpine Hare in South-West Scotland. * Zoologist,” 1893, pp. 265-266. 1894. Occurrence of Whiskered Tern in Solway. “Annals of Scottish Natural History,” 1894, pp. 179-181. * Chareas graminis in Southern Scotland. ‘‘ Entomologist,” XXVll. pp. 278-282. 1895. The Starling in Solway. ‘Annals of Scottish Natural History,” 1895, pp. 92-96. 1896. Mammals of Solway. Of. cit. 1896, pp. 201-210. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Mid-Solway, in the “ Flora of Dumfriesshire” by G. F. Scott-Elliot, 1896, pp. xiv- XX. tgo1. The Vertebrates of Solway: A century’s changes. (Printed » for private circulation.) 12mo. 23 pp. [A reprint (with introduction added) of his paper read on 16th Nov. 132 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 1900, published in the “ Transactions of the Dumfries- shire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society,” 1906. N.S. vol. xvii. pp. 15-31.] 1902. The Adder in Solway. “Annals of Scottish Natural History,” 1902, pp. 153-162. 3 The Vertebrate Zoology of Kirkcudbrightshire [revised] in Maxwell’s “Guide Book to the Stewartry of Kirkcud- bright,” 7th edition, 1902, pp. 193-215. 1903. Colour Variations in Solway Mammals. “ Annals of Scottish Natural History,” 1903, pp. 65-69. re Bird Migration in Solway. Of. cit. 1903, Pp. 193-204. 1905. The Sylviide of Solway. (Read 23rd Feb. rg04.) ‘‘ Transac- tions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow,” 1905. N.S. vol. vil. pp. 137-147. is The Rarer Birds of the Solway Area, 1905. 8vo. pp. I-15. (A reprint of his paper read before the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 2oth April 1905.) See also ‘‘ Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society,” 1906, pp. 423-435. 1906. The Waders of Solway. (Read 28th Nov. 1905.) ‘ Trans- actions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow,” 1905-1906. N.S. vol. vill. pp. 46-60. - Diurnal and Nocturnal Raptorial Birds of the Solway Area. (Read 18th Dec. 1903.) ‘Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Anti- quarian Society,” 1906. N.S. vol. xvil. pp. 327-339. 1911. Notes on the British Starling. (Read 28th Jan. rgro.) Op. cit. 1911. N.S. vol. xxi. pp. 100-103. Eto. G. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE NIGHTINGALE (LUSCINIA MEGARHYNCHOS MEGARHYN- CHOS) ON THE ISLE OF MAY. 4N GAD DI- TION TO THE AVILEFAUNA OF SCOTLAND: By EveLyn V. BAXTER, H.M.B.O.U., and LEONORA JEFFREY RinTOUL, H.M.B.O.U. On the morning of the 9th May 1911 from one o’clock till daybreak there was a rush of Warblers and other birds to the lantern on the Isle of May, and on going round the NIGHTINGALE ON THE ISLE OF MAY 133 island later in the day we found that many migrants had arrived. While beating one of the patches of rhubarb a bird was flushed ; we succeeded in securing it with some difficulty, and to our delight saw that we had got a Nightingale. On comparing it with the description in Dr. Hartert’s invaluable book on Palzarctic birds we decided that it was the Southern Nightingale (Luscinza megarhynchos megarhynchos = Daulas luscinta of Saunders and other authors), which, though it breeds in many parts of England, has not hitherto been proved to occur in Scotland. This identification was confirmed by Mr. Eagle Clarke to whom we submitted the specimen, which we have presented to the Royal Scottish Museum. We were interested to find that the weather conditions in which the Nightingale arrived, were exactly those in which Gatke noted the arrival of this species on Heligoland. He writes: “Solitary examples of the Nightingale arrive in Heligoland from about the middle of April to the middle of May, with light southerly or south-easterly winds, especially if these are accompanied in the early hours by a fine light rain.” Our bird appeared in precisely similar weather ; it was in good plumage and proved to be a male in breeding condition and quite fat. About 4 A.M. on the 9th we heard a bird singing which at the time we said sounded like a Nightingale, and as many of the other migrants sang when on the island it is probable that the song really was that of this bird. REPORT LON SCOl LISH ORNITHOLOGY INy 1ofo: Compiled by LEonora JEFFREY RinTOoUL, H.M.B.O.U., and EVELYN V. Baxter, H.M.B:O.U. It is very gratifying to be able to record a considerable increase in the number of observers, who have been kind enough to send schedules and notes for the Report this year. Much credit is due to all those who have, so ungrudgingly, given time and trouble to supply information, and we thank them most heartily and hope they will all 134 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY continue to render their valuable assistance. We have, of course, included our own notes from the Isle of May and elsewhere. Our thanks are due—in the northern group of localities to William Crowe, North Unst; Dr. Edmonston Saxby, Baltasound; James F. Combe, Whalsay Skerries ; John S. Tulloch, Lerwick; George W. Russell, Lerwick ; Rev. J. Waterston, Ollaberry ; Her Grace the Duchess of Bedford, Fair Isle, etc.; William Eagle Clarke, Fair Isle ; William Wards, North Ronaldshay ; Thomas Budge, South Ronaldshay ; M. Spence, Deerness ; The Lightkeepers, Sule Skerry ; John Bain, Pentland Skerries; Lewis Dunbar, Thurso; and William A. Tulloch, Cape Wrath. In the Eastern group—to W. Mackenzie, Dalmore; Thomas Allan, Tarbetness ; Annie C. Jackson, E. Ross ; J. Davidson, Elgin ; A. Landsborough Thomson, Aberdeen; L. N. G. Ramsay, Aberdeen ; Arthur G. Davidson, Aberdeen ; R. M. Anderson, Girdleness and Flannans ; D. Macdonald and J. Macpherson, Mentroseness; Hon. G. Graham Murray, Perthshire; M. Sanderson, Bell Rock; William Berry, Tayfield; J. H. Gaskell, E. Fife; Charles Cook, Windygates; Andrew Harley, Kirkcaldy ; Norman Johnston, Sinclairton; J. A. Harvie-Brown, Dunipace ; William Evans, Edinburgh ; Hugh Mackay, Edinburgh; Dr. Thomas Dewar, Edinburgh ; Reginald Page, Edinburgh; G. G. Blackwood, Edinburgh ; John Campbell, and Messrs. M‘Lellan, Braid, and Stevenson, Bass Rock +S. Ev Brock, Kirkliston:= \Wilhiamig ii eittle: West Calder- Rev. Hi N. Bonar. Saltoun; he © Ritchie, Tranent ; and John Dishon, Barnsness. In the Western group—to Robert Clyne, Butt of Lewis; T. E. Arthur, Tiumpanhead and North Ronaldshay ; Thomas S. Campbell and J. D. Macgilvray, Flannans; Malcolm Macdonald, Barrahead ; Lady Fowler, W. Ross, D. Macdonald, Yober- mory ; Peter Anderson, Tiree; John Muir, Skerryvore ; C. H. Alston, Loch Awe; B. S. Macmichael, Craignish ; George Stout, Glasgow; H. Duncan, Glasgow and Mull ; James Bartholomew, Beattock ; and John Craig, Beith. In the Southern group—to Hugh S. Gladstone, Capenoch ; J. Murray, Dumfriesshire; J. G. Gordon, Wigtownshire ; James M‘Culloch, Little Ross Lighthouse, and Barrahead ; John Macleod, Little Ross Lighthouse ; John B. Henderson, REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN Igto 135 Mull of Galloway; and also to George H. Smith, S.S. “ Goldseeker.” We have to thank Mr. John Paterson for reprints of papers from the “ Glasgow Naturalist.” The following references will be used throughout this Neport iy — Fann. Scot Nat! Hist.” 2 =“ Glascow Naturalist.” 3 =“ British Birds” (magazine). SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES NEW. TO SCOTLAND. The year I910 was an eventful one for Scottish Ornithology as, thanks mainly to the splendid work done on Fair Isle and St. Kilda, no fewer than eleven species and sub-species have been added to the list of Scottish birds. The first Scottish specimen of the Rock-thrush (Monticola saxatilis) is recorded from the Pentland Skerries (Orkney), where a beautiful adult male was captured on 17th May, another bird of this species being seen there the same day (1.1910.148). This is the second authenticated instance of the occurrence of this bird in Britain. A very interesting visitor from the East recorded this year in Scotland is Blyth’s Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus dumetorum) which occurred on Fair Isle in September. It is the first time this bird has been found in Britain, or, in fact, in Western Europe (1.1911.70). The lonely islet of St. Kilda was visited in the autumn of t910 by a Marsh Warbler (Acrocephalus palustrts). This bird breeds in southern England (though very locally) as well as in many parts of the Continent, but this is the first time it has been recorded in Scotland (1.1911.52). The Pentland Skerries are again to the fore in the case of Temminck’s Grasshopper or the Lanceolated Warbler (Locustella lanceolata). This Eastern Warbler was procured on 26th October, and is the first recorded for Scotland and second for Britain (1.1911.71). Another bird new to Britain falls to be recorded this year, viz. the American Pipit (Anthus spinoletta pensilvantca), which occurred on St, Kilda in autumn (1911.52), 4 Dhe only previous authenticated instances of the occurrence of this Pipit in Europe are two procured by Gatke on 136 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Heligoland. According to Dr. Hartert it breeds in sub- arctic North America, from Greenland to Alaska, wintering in the Gulf States, Mexico, and Central America. Two Redpolls were added to the Scottish list this year; they came to our shores with. the great rush of Mealy Redpolls which took place this autumn. Thus the Hoary Redpoll (Acanthis hornemannit exilipes) was procured on Fair Isle (1.1911.53), while Holbdll’s Redpoll (Acanthzes linarta holboella) occurred in some numbers in Scotland. Specimens of the last-named race were procured in October at the Isle of May, Tranent, near Lerwick, near Skateraw, at Musselburgh, Leith Docks, Bo’ness, the Braid Hills, at Fair Isle. Neither the Hoary nor Holbdll’s Redpoll had been recorded for Scotland till 1910, though a specimen of the latter bird was procured near Edinburgh, and figured by Selby in 1825 as a Mealy Redpoll (Evans, “Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc.” xviii. 203). Both breed in the north of the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Another American bird was added to the Scottish list this year, namely the Yellowshank (Totanus flavipes), a specimen of which was procured on Fair Isle (1.1911.53). This species is widely distributed in America and has rarely occurred in Eng- land, and this is the first time it has been recorded for Scotland. During 1910 three continental forms of birds of which we have British sub-species, have been recorded in Scotland for the first time. A Redbreast sent from the Isle of May on 22nd October proved to be Erithacus rubecula rubecula : this was a later arrival than those pronounced by Dr. Hartert to be &. ~. melophilus. Seven Goldcrests procured on the Isle of May between roth September and 17th October were the continental Regulus regulus regulus (1.1911.3). A continental Great Tit (Parus major major) was procured on the Isle of May on 15th October (1.1911.3), and another was secured on Fair Isle on 17th November (1.1911.53). A Great Tit that appeared on North Unst (Shetland) on 25th October probably also belonged to this race. For the sake of completeness we will mention here the first Scottish records of the continental Song- Thrush (Zurdus philomelos philomelos) and the REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1910 137 northern Willow Warbler (PAyloscopus trochilus eversmanntz), both from the Isle of May in 1909 (1.1911.2 and 116). BIRDS NEW TO FAUNAL AREAS, AND UNCOMMON VISITORS. A goodly number of uncommon visitors are recorded in 1910. The first Greater Wheatear (Saricola ewnanthe leucorhoa) recorded for “Clyde” was procured near Garmunnock: om Toth May (i.1901-116), and’ the first record of this bird for Argyll and the Inner Hebrides comes from Tiree on 8th October (1.1911.52). The Black Red- start (Phanicurus ochruros gibraltariensis) occurred on two separate days in spring on Fair Isle while one is reported as having been seen at Scarnish, Tiree, on the 4th November. It has not been recorded before from this faunal area. At Fair Isle the Red-spotted Blue-throat (Luscznza svecica) appeared in some numbers in spring, both males and females being recorded. On the 14th May one occurred near Carmyle in the Clyde Valley, this being the second Scottish mainland record for spring and the first record for “ Clyde” (1.1910.182). Only one is noted in autumn, on the Isle of May on 1oth September (1.1911.2). The White-spotted Blue-throat (Luscinta svecica cyanecula) visited Fair Isle ; this is the second record of this bird for Scotland, the first having been procured on Fair Isle in 1909. The only Warblers to come under this heading are an Icterine Warbler (H7zppolats icterina) got near Lerwick on 15th May, and the Siberian Chiff-chaff (PAylloscopus collybita tristts). The first record of this bird for “ Forth” comes from the Isle of May on 16th October (1.1911.3), several are recorded from Fair Isle in autumn, one was shot at Seafield near Lerwick on the 28th of October (1.1911.115), and other Chiff-chaffs seen there about the same date were probably ¢rzst7s. Not a single Barred nor Yellow-browed Warbler is recorded this year, a very different state of matters from what obtained in 1909. It may possibly be accounted for by the great difference in the weather conditions during September and early October in the years under notice. 138 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY The Blue-headed Wagtail (otaczlla flava flava) and the Grey-headed Wagtail (WVotactlla flava borealis) appeared at Fair Isle. Only one Golden Oriole (Ovzolus oriolus ortolus) is reported this year, a fine adult male _ being found dead, but quite fresh, in an old wooded quarry near Dhuloch House, Inverkeithing (W. Fife), on the 16th May (1.1910.182). There are several records of Waxwings (Bombycilla garrulus garrulus) in 1910; a male was observed at Edrom (Berwickshire) on the 12th November (“ Field,” 19th Nov.). A Waxwing was captured at Tranent (Haddington- shire) on 25th November (1.1911.54), while another was seen at the same place on 17th December. A male was found dead at Kinloch Lodge (Sutherland) on the 7th December, and during this month one was killed near Gilmerton (Mid-Lothian) (1.1911.114) and another shot near Kirriemuir (Forfarshire) (1.191 1.114). One of the features of the year was a great immigration of the Northern Bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula pyrrhula). On 22nd October a beautiful male and the wings and tail of a female were sent from the Isle of May (1.1911.4); these are the first recorded for “ Forth.” On the 23rd three males were seen in a garden at Leog, Lerwick (3.iv.211), two males and a female at Helensdale, near Lerwick (3.iv.211), and another at Hayfield in the same vicinity. On the 24th and 25th single birds are recorded on Fair Isle, and next day a male and female were sent from the Isle of May (1.1911.4). On the 27th two were seen on Fair Isle, others on the 29th, on which day Mr. Evans records a fine male caught at Archerfield (E. Lothian) (1.1911.113). A Bullfinch which rested some time at Barnsness Lighthouse on 31st October probably belonged to the Northern race (1.1911.113). On the 2nd of November a number were seen on Fair Isle and another male was received from the Isle of May (1.1911.4). On 7th November one is recorded from Baltasound (N. Unst) and on the roth one from Fair Isle. No more come under notice till the 20th when one was shot at Lerwick, and on the 21st a female was procured at the Burn of Grenisla, near that place, while a “ Russian” Bullfinch was caught near Berwick-on-Tweed in the end of the month (1.1911.114). Late in autumn a male and female were procured near Ceres REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN IgIo 139 (Fife), this being the first record for “ Tay,” and others of this race were caught near Kirkcaldy. On 18th December two males were seen at Lerwick. The only record of the Scarlet Grosbeak (Carpodacus erythina) comes from the Isle of May, a young male in green plumage being procured there on the 7th September (1.1911.4). The second record of the Two-barred Crossbill (Loxza leucoptera bifasciata) for the Outer Hebrides comes from the Flannans, one having been procured there on the 14th of August. There are several spring records of the Ortolan Bunting (Emberiza hortulana) on Fair Isle; one was seen there in autumn, while one was seen on the Isle of May on 20th September, and three on 16th October (1.1911.4). A young female Lapland Bunting (Calcarius lapponica) was secured there on 5th October ; it had been seen on the island the previous day and is the first authenticated record of this species for the Forth area (1.1911.5). Two were seen at Baltasound (N. Unst) on 30th October. A Wood-lark (Lullula arborea) arrived on the Isle of May on 16th October, and is an addition to the Forth fauna (1.1911.5). Single birds are twice reported late in autumn on Fair Isle, and from the same station comes the only record of a Shore-lark (Evremophila alpestris). At 0.17 mim. Gonangium, length of body 2 0.28-0.38 mm. Gonangium, greatest diameter . r 0.17 mm. CLypE SrA AREA.—KyLes oF ButrE—off Tighnabruaich, on Thutaria tenera.— BARRIER PLATEAU—Sound of Sanda, 22 fms., on Campanularia verticillata; between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms., on Zhuzaria lonchitis, Diphasia attentuata, and A/ydrallmania falcata. MuLL OF CANTYRE, 50 fms., on Hfalectum muricatum; 64 fms., on Antennularia ramosa and Abietinaria filicula. SOUND OF JURA, 17-25 fms., on Campanularia verticillata. Sounp oF MULL, 68 fms., off Duart Castle; 70 fms., on Adzetinaria abietina. FirTH OF LORNE, 10-30 fms., c. on Diphasia pinaster ; 30-110 fms., on’ Aglaophenia tubulifera ; 70-80 fms., on Diphasza pinaster and Zhuiaria cupressina; 60-70 fms., on Ludendrium capillare and Diphasta alata. 40. OPERCULARELLA LACERTA (Johnston). CLYDE SEA AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—Sound of Sanda, 22 fms., on Campanularia verticillata. LocH ETIve, 70 fms., r. on Aydrallmania falcata. 41. CAMPANULINA REPENS, Allman. FirTH OF LORNE, 60-70 fms. (M.). 42. CUSPIDELLA GRANDIS, Hincks. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-110 fms., on Aglaophenia tubulifera. 43. CUSPIDELLA HUMILIS, Hincks. FirTH OF LORNE, 30-110 fms., on Aglaophenia tubulifera; 50-70 fms., a solitary hydrotheca on Bougainvillia ramosa (?). 1 From north of Cape Wrath, 125 metres. 160 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Family SERTULARIDZ. PARASCYPHUS, evi. 20U. As I have found it necessary to found a new genus for the following species, I give here a short diagnosis of the genus. Trophosome.—Trophosome Campanularian in aspect, consisting of a hydrocaulus, divided into a series of internodes, each bearing a hydrotheca. Hydrothecz subcylindrical, pedunculate, having an emarginate rim furnished with an operculum consisting of a few definite valves ; the cavity of the hydrotheca separated from that of the peduncle by an imperfect diaphragm. Hydranth bilaterally symmetrical, of Sertularian type, with blind-sac, retractor and _pro- tractor muscles, and a wide hypostome surrounded by a whorl of filiform tentacles. Gonosome.— Unknown. The discovery of the Sertularian nature of the hydranth places this genus in the family Sertularide. The following is the only species known :— 44. PARASCYPHUS SIMPLEX (Lamouroux). Laomedea simplex, Lamouroux, ‘ Hist. polyp. corral. Zoophytes,” TO16, p. 200. Campanularia tridentata, Bale, “Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria” (n.s.), vol. vi, 1894, p. 98, pl. iil. fig. 3. Sertularella tridentata, Hartlaub, “‘Abh. Ver. Hamburg,” vol. Vie, LOCO, p-.416, 118. 25. Thyroscyphus tridentatus, Hartlaub, ‘Zool. Jahrb. Syst.” vol. xiv., 1901, p. 360, pl. xxi. fig. 14, pl. xxii. fig. 23. dem, Ritchie, “Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh,” vol. xlvii., 1909, p. 75, fig. 1, a, 6. Thyroscyphus simplex, Billard, ““C. R. Acad. des Sc.” vol. cxlviii, 1907, p. 1065. dem, Billard, “Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool.” (n.s.), vel. ix., 1909, p. 312. The following short description of the specimen before me will serve to indicate the characters of this species, which has not hitherto been recorded from the North Atlantic :— Trophosome.—The two stems are short (the longest 8 mm. high) and unbranched, springing from a stolon which itself appears to be the continuation of a stem. The stem is divided into regular internodes, between which are slanting nodes, often, however, very indistinct. On each internode is borne a hydrotheca which alternates with its predecessor and successor, and lies in the same plane with them. A hydrotheca rests upon a short process at the distal end of an internode, and is marked off from this process by a distinct boundary line. Occasionally one or more joints appear to be inserted between the hydrotheca and the stem-process ; but these, as I have already shown (1909, p. 75, fig. 1, 4), are not normal but THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND 161 accidental, due to the destruction and subsequent regeneration of the hydrotheca. The stem itself shows evidence of truncation and regeneration. Near the base of the adcauline wall of the hydrotheca and on its inner surface is a knob of chitin repre- senting, in optical section, the diaphragm which separates the hydrotheca- cavity from that of the stem, and _ which is bilaterally symmetrical, being well developed on the adcauline wall and gradually diminishing as it traverses the sides of the hydrotheca until on the abcauline wall it has disappeared. The hydrothecz are subcylindrical, much deeper than broad, and bilaterally symmetrical along the plane in which stem and hydrothece lie. They have an almost straight abcauline and a strongly convex adcau- line profile, and _ the Ge Ste nee Mace fm Fig. 1. PARASCYPHUS SIMPLEX, X 40. Fragment of stem with hydrothecee of Pava- scyphus simplex, from between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig. 4.5, blind-sac of hy- dranth; d@, diaphragm; fa, hydrotheca ; Ath, hhydranth; f, perisarc of old stem ; pr.m, protractor muscle of hydranth ; 77, retractor muscle of hydranth; veg.f, thin regenerated perisarc of new stem. margin is divided into three deep bays separated by three large, equal, pointed teeth, of which one is adcauline and the other two latero-abcauline. ‘There is a three-valved operculum. The hydranth is of Sertularian type, with dome-shaped hypostome, a large blind-sac, and with a protractor muscle attached to the abcauline wall close to the margin, and a retractor muscle attached to a slight projection in the adcauline wall, a short distance above the diaphragm. It has 14-16 tentacles. The gonosome is unknown. Dimensions :— Colony, height Stolon, diameter 8 mm. 0.24-0.25 mm. Hydrocaulus, diameter , 3 TOSES-Onl Ou, Distance between hydrothecze .. 5) OSAS5-O1020 55 Hydrotheca, length ; . | OF4I5-0, 509 2, ‘5 maximum breadth . 4 O.LO-On1Om s, 72) 162 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Those measurements show that the Scottish specimen differs from the type specimen, measurements of which are given by Billard (1909), and from the Gough Island specimen, which I have described, in having hydrothecz smaller in all dimensions than theirs. Locality.—CLYDE SEA AREA—BARRIER PLATEAU—between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. The valuable investigations of Dr. A. Billard have shown that the species described by Bale as Campanularia tridentata is identical with Zaomedea simplex of Lamouroux, the locality of which is indeterminable. The only records of which I am aware are: Port Phillip in the south of Australia (Bale, 1894); French Pass, north of South Island, New Zealand (Hartlaub, 1901) ; Gough Island, midway between Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn (recorded by me in 1907 from the collections made by the Scottish Antarctic Expedition), and the present record, which adds the species to the fauna of the North Atlantic. 45. DipHasia ALATA, Hincks. FirTH OF LORNE, 20 fms. ; 60-70 fms., many colonies growing on two bivalve shells. 46. DIPHASIA ATTENUATA, Hincks. CiypE SEA AREA.—Dunoon Basin—E. side, 8-42 fms., r. (M.). ARRAN Bastn—kKilbrennan Sound, Otterard to Carradale, 18-20 fms., r. (M.). BARRIER PLATEAU—between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. MULL OF CANTYRE. FIRTH OF LORNE, 70-80 fms. (M.). BETWEEN CANNA AND Ruy, on Déphasia pinaster. 47. DIPHASIA FALLAX (Johnston). CLYDE SEA AREA.—ARRAN Basin—centre, off Saddell, 47 fms., r. FirTH OF Lorne, 50 fms. (M.); 60-70 fms., on Diphasia pinaster. 48. DIPHASIA PINASTER (Ell. and Sol.). CLypE SEA AREA.—ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound (M.). FirtH or Lorne, six records at depths from ro-110 fms, ; at one locality, specimens were growing on the back of a masked crab. BETWEEN CANNA AND Row, 60-110 fms. (M.). THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND 163 49. DIPHASIA ROSACEA (Linn.). CiypE Sea AREA (M.).—Dunoon Bastn—z20-40 fms.; E. side, 8-30 fms. ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound. BETWEEN CANNA AND Rum, 60-100 fms, (M.). ABIETINARIA, Kirchenpauer. The genus 4die//naria includes a group of species distinguished from those belonging to Sertuwlaria, Sertularella, and Thutarta, by the fact that the operculum is attached to that wall of the hydro- theca which is nearest the internode (adcauline), and is single-valved ; and from Diphasia, because the hydrothecz are not strictly opposite, are flask-shaped, and taper to a small aperture. 50. ABIETINARIA ABIETINA (Linn.) (= Sertularia abietina of Hincks’s ‘‘ History ”). CLYDE SEA AREA (M.).—GARELOCH, 20 fms.; DuNoon Basin— E. side, 8-20 fms.; centre, 20 fms., r.r.; W. side, 6-8 fms., r. Upper LocH FyneE—Minard Narrows, 12-20 fms., r. ARRAN Bastn—Kilbrennan Sound, in line with Davarr Is. and Brown Hd., Arran, 27-30 fms. ; Otterard to Carradale, 15-20 fms., r. ; off Saddell, 47 fms., r.; off Pladda, 30-35 fms.,r. BARRIER PLATEAU—Sanda to Achinhoan, 19 fms., r.; between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, abundant and fine. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-35 fms., c.; 60-70 fms. SOUND OF MULL, 70 fms. Locu Carron, 60 fms. (K.). 51. ABIETINARIA FILICULA (Ell. and Sol.) (= Sertularia filicula of Hincks’s ‘ History ”). CLYDE SEA AREA (M.).—GARELOCH—head to Stroul; across Narrows, 5-21 fms. LocH GorL—across Barrier, 9-20 fms. Upper Locu Fyne-—Minard Narrows, 11-25 fms., r. MULL OF CANTYRE, 64 fms. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-50 fms. (M.). Locu ETIVE, 70 fms, 52. THUIARIA ARGENTEA (Linn.) (= Sertularia argentea of Hincks’s “‘ History ”). CLYDE SEA AREA.—GARELOCH (M.)—head to Stroul, m.c. ; across Narrows, 3-14 fms., c., plentiful at Narrows ; E. side, 5-9 fms., r. Dunoon Basin (M.)—E. side, 5-16 fms., r. ; centre, 10-20 fms., m.c.; W. side, 6-8 fms., r. UPPER Locu FYNE (M.). ARRAN Basin (M.)—Otterard to Carradale, 18-20 fms., m.c. 164 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY BARRIER PLATEAU—Sanda to Achinhoan, 19-22 fms., m.c. (M.) ; between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. MULL OF CANTYRE, 50 fms. SOUND OF MULL, 70 fms. 53. THUIARIA CUPRESSINA (Linn.) (= Sertularia cupressina of Hincks’s “ History’). CLYDE SEA AREA (M.).—GaARELOcH—across Barrier. Locu Goi. —across Barrier. FIRTH OF LORNE, 70-80 fms. Locu Buy 9-15 fms. Locu Carron, 60 fms. (M.). (Zo be continued.) SCOTTISH, PLANTS, CHIE REY. OM Siti: PEEBLES, SELKIRK, AND KIRKCUDBRIGH®. G. ‘Craripce Druce;, M.A:; FLS: (Continued from p. 99.) SAGINA SAGINOIDES, Dalla Torre, 3400 feet on Ben Lawers, 88. S. susuLata, Pres/—Dunvegan, Lawson MS.; on shingle at Sligachan, Skye, 104. : S. Noposa, Fenz/.—Loch Sligachan, Broadford, 104, Lawson MS. SPERGULA SATIVA, 4oenn.—Portree, 104. MonTiA FONTANA, LZ. (MZ. lamprosperma, Chamisso).—The pre- vailing form in Scotland, for which the restricted JZ. verna Neck., should be queried. St. Mary’s Isle, growing in the short turf near the mansion, as well as in gravel paths and ditches, 73; St. Mary’s Loch, etc., Selkirk, 79; thus completing the comital distribution for the aggregate species. Lawers, Crianlarich, etc., Perth M., 88; near Tyndrum, Argyll, 98; Fortwilliam, Westerness, 97; Loch Alsh, etc., W. Ross, 105 ; Glen Brittle, in stony debris on the road-side, Sligachan, etc., 104. On Loch-na-gar it ascends to 3400 feet. Var. BOREO-RIVULARIS at Crianlarich, Loch Alsh, etc. Even when Montia fontana is reduced to } in. in size, the seeds remain true to the character, as do those of JZ. vera, even although the plant is 5 to 6 inches in length and growing nearly submerged as I saw it this year in Jersey. SCOTTISH PLANTS 165 HYPERICUM AcuTUM, J/oench.—* Near Walkerburn, Peebles, 78. H. PULCHRUM, Z.—Ascends to 2300 feet on Stuich-an-Lochan, 88. GERANIUM SYLVATICUM, Z.—Ascends to 3300 feet on Stuich-an- Lochan, 88. var. PARVIFLORUM, 4/y¢t.— Kirkcudbright, 73; Lawers, 88. ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA, Z.—Broughton, Innerleithen, etc., Peebles, 78. MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS, Zam. (altissima, Thuill.).—*In a cornfield near Walkerburn, Peebles, 78. Lotus CORNICULATUS, Z.—A form with slightly ciliate leaves, and very large golden flowers occurred on shingle at Sligachan, 104. It ascends to 3000 feet on Stuich-an-Lochan, 88. ASTRAGALUS GLYCYPHYLLUs, Z.—Rather frequent on the cliffs near Port Mary, Kirkcudbright, 73. Vicia Cracca, Z.—A very narrow and rather rigid-leaved form on shingle by Loch Tay, 88. V. tuTEA, Z.—*forma Livipa, with pale brown or fawn-coloured flowers, on the cliffs near Port Mary, Kirkcudbright, certainly native, 73. V. syLvatica, £.—Watersteen, Skye, 104, Lawson MS. LATHYRUS SYLVESTRIS, Z.—St. Mary’s Isle, 73. Prunus Papbus, Z.—Kyle Akin, 104, Lawson MS. RuBUS SAXATILIS, Z.—Descends to 50 feet near Sligachan, 104, and ascends to 3300 feet on Stuich-an-Lochan, 88. GEUM RIVALE, Z.—Ascends to 3200 feet on Ben Lawers, to 3000 feet on Aonach Mhor. *var. PALLIDUM, C. A. AZeyer.—Plentiful in East Lothian, S. Anderson, who sent me specimens to name. G. INTERMEDIUM, “Arh.—Near Traquair, Peebles, 78. ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS, var. GLABRA, DC.—St. Mary’s Isle, 73; St. Mary’s Loch, 79 ; Sligachan, etc. ; the prevailing form in Skye, both as a large-leaved lowland plant, and a small-leaved alpine form. So far these are keeping distinct in culture. var. MINOR, /Zuds. (A. filicaults, Buser, f. vestita, Lind.).— Kirkcudbright, 73. A. ALPINA, Z.—Descends to sea level on river shingle in Skye, and grows at 50 feet by stream-sides. A form with leaflets slightly connate at base, and with broader and somewhat darker leaf- segments, occurred by Loch Sligachan. 166 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Rosa EGLANTERIA, Z.—Peebles, 78; Ettrick, 79. var. APRICORUM (fzp.).—Dunragit, Sandhead, Wigton, 74 ; Duns, Berwick, 81. var. COMOSA (/7.).—Duns, Berwick, 81. var, ECHINOCARPA (/¢7f.).—M. Perth, 88. var. ROTUNDIFOLIA (/aw.).—Duns, Berwick, 81. R. OBTUSIFOLIA, Desv.—Yair Bridge, Selkirk, ¢este A. Ley, 79. a . BorrERI, Woods.—Selkirk, 79. R. CANINA, Z., var. SPHERICA (Gren.).—Peebles, 78 ; Selkirk, 79. var. SEPARABILIS, Déség.—Thornielee, Peebles, 78. R. DUMETORUM, Zhuzl/.— var. SPHAROCARPA (Puget).— Teste Ley, Galashiels, 79. var, PLATYPHYLLA (/aw.).—Galashiels, Selkirk, 79, deste W. Dod. var. SEMIGLABRA (&zp.).—Peebles, 78, deste W. Dod. var. TRICHONEURA (&7/p.).—Selkirk, 79, este W. Dod. var. URBICA (Zem.).—Yair Bridge, Selkirk, 79. R. HIBERNICA, Zemp/.—Spey side, Easterness 1883, 96, “ probably a form of this hybrid,” W. Dod. var. GLABRA, Laker.—Banffshire, 94. R. omissa, Déség.—Dunragit, Wigton, 74; Galashiels, Selkirk, 79. var. RESINOSOIDES, C7vé/.—Drummore, Wigton, 74; Yair Bridge, Galashiels, Ettrick Bridge, Selkirk, 79, Peebles, 78; Crieff, M. Perth, 88; Ballater, S. Aberdeen, 92. R. Mouiissima, W2//d. var. SUBERECTA (lW/oods),—Peebles, 78; Ettrick Bridge, 79; Selkirk, 79 ; Gala, Roxburgh, 80; Dunragit, Wigton, /es/e Ley, 74; Forfar, 90; Lawers, 88; Spean, 97; Findhorn, 95; Armadale, Skye, 104 ; Jamestown, East Ross, 106 ; Applecross, West Ross, 105; with s.v. GLABRATA (Scheufz), which also occurs at Lawers, 88, and Beauly, 96. var. SYLVESTRIS (Zinza/ey).—Ettrick, Selkirk, 79. var. SCABRIUSCULA (Woods).—FPeebles, 78; Castleton, Caithness, 109. var. UNCINATA (Lees).—Duns, Berwick, 81. var. PSEUDO-RUBIGINOSA (Ze.).—Selkirk, 79. var. GLOBULOSA (owy).—Beauly, 96. var. SHERARDI (Davis).—Lawers, 88. R. vittosa, Z.—(R. mollis, Sm.), a glandular form, Melrose, C. E. Palmer, 80; and Dunkeld, George Don in Herb. Palmer, teste W. Dod. var. SUBMOLLIS (Zey).—Drummore, Wigton, 74; Thornie- lee, Peebles. 7:5; var, RECONDITA (/uget).—Peebles, 78. SCOTTISH PLANTS 167 var. GRENIERII, (Déség.).—Duns, Berwick, 81; este W. Dod. var. C/ERULEA (/Voods).—Port Logan, Wigton, 74 ; Peebles, 78; Galashiels, 79 ; Killiecrankie, 89 ; Dunphail, 95. R. GLauca, Vill. var. REUTERI (Godet).—Drummore, Wigton, 74; Gala- shiels, 79. var. COMPLICATA (Gvex.).—Drummore, Wigton, feste W. Dod, Peebles, 78. var. SUBSCRISTATA (Laker).—Peebles, 78; Duns, Berwick, 813 Sellark, vo. var. SUBCANINA (C#ris¢).—Drummore, Wigton, 74 ; Apple- cross, West Ross, 105. R. POMIFERA, Z.—Dunkeld, George Don in Herb. Palmer,* 89: Ballater by the Dee, Aberdeen S.,* 92. R. casia, Sm. (PR. cordifolia, Fries).—Galashiels, 79 ; Dryburgh, 80 ; Peebles, 78. var. Watsoni (Saker).—Yair Bridge, Selkirk, 79; deste W.-Dod: var. PRUINOSA (Baker).—Galashiels, 79. R. spINosIssIMA, .S.—Dunvegan Head, Sligachan, Kyle Akin, Coruisk, 104, Lawson MS. +Rosa ARVENSIS, /Zuds.—*Near Ashiestiel, Selkirk, but possibly planted, 79. 7Pyrus aria, “Arh.—Ashiestiel, probably planted, Selkirk, 79. P. AUCUPARIA, HArh.—Ascends to 3200 feet on Ben Lawers, 88. P. Matus, Z.—By the Ettrick, Selkirk, 79. *CRATAGUS OxyYacanTHA, Z., var. QUERCIFOLIA, nov. var.—Leaves with rounder leaf-segments, paler green, sparingly hairy, above and below, leaf-veins recurved, fruit calyx densely hairy, style I, straight. Locally common about Kirkcudbright. The young leafy branches strongly suggest those of the oak. +SAXIFRAGA UMBROSA, Z.—Naturalised on the railway side near Kirkcudbright, and near Tyndrum, 88. SAXIFRAGA STELLARIS, Z., “var. FONTANA, Druce.—Ben Wyvis, 106, Mrs. Davy. S. CERNUA, Z.—Mr. H. Sanderson of Galashiels has succeeded in hybridising this with SS. gvanulata. The hybrid is a tall plant bearing flowers and bulbils. S. AIZOIDES, Z., S. NIVALIS, Z., and S. OPPOSITIFOLIA, L. and Storr, Skye, 104, Lawson MS. PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS, Z.—Between Storr and Steinscholl, 1o4, Lawson MS. At Quirang 168 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY RIBES RUBRUM, var. SPICATUM (/od.).—Uig, abundant on rocks about Dunvegan Head, Skye, 104, Lawson MS. +SEDUM ALBUM, Z.—Railway bank near Thornielee, 78. *S. ACRE, Z.—Selkirk, 79. S. vILLosuM, Z.—at 800 feet by the Ettrick, growing by the road- side, Selkirk, 79. *+S. LypiuM, Bo¢ss.—This plant of Asia Minor is naturalised by the river at Clovenfords, Selkirk. It grows in the garden in the village. The first British record. DROSERA LONGIFOLIA, Z.—Steinscholl, Skye, 104, Lawson MS. EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Z.—Dunvegan, Steinscholl, Skye, 104, Lawson MS. E. ALPINUM, Z.—Common on the north mountains of Skye. E. ALSINIFOLIUM, V2/7,—Quiraing, Storr, 104, Lawson MS. Circ#A ALPINA, Z.—Quiraing, close to the sea at Steinscholl, 104, Lawson MS. LicusTicuM scoticumM, Z£.—Steinscholl, Waterstein, 104, Lawson MS. *CH#ROPHYLLUM AUREUM, Z.—This very interesting discovery was made in 1909, by Mr. Fraser, who found it by the Teith at Callander, 87. It clearly shows how much remains to be done at the Scottish Flora since few places have been more visited by botanists than Callander, and yet within a hundred yards of the chief hotel the plant occurs in great plenty, and extends for nearly a mile up the river, and in adjacent pastures in the greatest profusion. I had not time to investigate the river side below the town. Its very abundance has doubtless led to its being mistaken for C. sy/vestre, from which, however, its spotted and unfurrowed stem easily distinguishes it. Its perennial growth and acute leaf-segments readily separate it from C. temulum. It has much the appearance of a native species ; but I could not find that it extended up the Leny. It is difficult to explain its occurrence here. At any rate it is com- pletely naturalised; and it was extremely pleasing to see another of the plants which rested upon Don’s uncorroborated evidence in such natural surroundings. By the Teith I saw young plants of an American As~er, probably aggregate /Vovr- belgwt, L.; while the Cherophyllum is a plant of central and eastern Europe, including France and the Pyrenees, and is said to be naturalised only in South Norway. Don found it (“ Fasc. Brit. Pl.” 207, 1806), by the sides of cornfields between Montrose and Arbroath, and a few plants near Corstorphine, within four miles of Edinburgh ; since which time it has not been recorded for Britain. It is figured in “ E.B.” 2103. SCOTTISH PLANTS 169 HEDERA HELIx, Z.—The plant of Glen Brittle and Sligachan, 104, has the upper leaves narrower than in the English form. TCORNUS STOLONIFERA, JMichx.—Semi-wild by the Tweed near Peebles, and by the Yarrow, 79. 7C. SANGUINEA, Z.—By the Yarrow, doubtfully native, Selkirk, 79. SAMBUCUS RACEMOsUS, Z.—Completely naturalised and seeding freely in the woods about Elibank, and very ornamental when the scarlet berries are ripe, Selkirk, 79. GALIUM BOREALE, Z.—On shingle by the sea-loch-side, Sligachan, 104. G, PALUSTRE, Z.—var. WITHERINGI (Sm.), Selkirk, 79. VALERIANA DIOICA, Z.—Peebles, 78. 7V. pyRENAICA, Z.—Abundant in St. Mary’s Isle, Kirkcudbright, 73: VALERIANELLA OLITORIA, /o/Z—Common and certainly native on the cliffs near Port Mary, Kirkcudbright, 73. GNAPHALIUM SUPINUM, Z.—On the Falloch side of Creuch Ardran, 88 ; personal voucher. ANTHEMIS NOBILIS, Z.—Steinscholl, 104, Lawson MS. TANACETUM VULGARE, Z.—*Near a house, Innerleithen, 78. ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, Z.—* Innerleithen, thus completing its comital census, 78. 7+ DORONICUM PLANTAGINEUM, Z.—*In great quantity, St. Mary’s Isle; 73. ARCTIUM MINUS, Bernh.—* Selkirk, 79. *A NEMOROSUM, Ze7.—Near Lunan, Forfar, 90, with Mr. and Mrs. Costorphine. CENTAUREA Cyanus, Z.—Galashiels, Selkirk, 79. +OnoporpdoN AcanrHiuM, Z.—Waste ground, Galashiels, Selkirk, 97, with Miss Hayward. CARLINA VULGARIS, Z.—Waterstein, 104, Lawson MS. CARDUUS ACANTHOIDES, Z.—Dryburgh, 8o. SAUSSUREA ALPINA, C.—Sparingly, Quiraing, abundant on Cuchullins, 104, Lawson MS. CREPIS CAPILLARIS, JWallr., *var. runcinata (Bisch.)—Lawers, plentiful, and consistently of this form, in a cornfield, 88. LEONTODON HIsPIDUS, Z.—*Tyndrum, 88. L. AUTUMNALIS, £.—Ascends to 3200 feet on Ben Lawers, 88. 170 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY TARAXACUM SPECTABILE, Dahdst.—* Kirkudbright, with var. MACULI- GERUM (Dahlst.): St. Mary’s Loch, 79; Crianlarich, 88; Fort William, 97; Near Tyndrum, 98; Sligachan, 104. T. paLuposuM, Schlecht.—* Kirkcudbright, 73. HIeRACIUM PILOSELLA, Z.—ascends to 2800 feet on Ben Lawers. var. NIGRESCENS, /7.—*Sligachan, 104. . VULGATUM, /7zes.—Symington, Lanark, 77. . ACROLEUCUM, S/enstr.—*Symington, Lanark, 77. . STICTOPHYLLUM, Dah/st,—*Symington, Lanark, 77. . PRENANTHOIDES, V’7//.—Ettrick Bridge End, Selkirk, 79. . Exim1uM, Lackh.—Ben More, Sutherland W., Mrs. Davy. CERVICINA HEDERACEA, Druce.—* Near Newton Stewart, Kirkcud- bright, 73. oom to OXYCOCCOS QUADRIPETALA, Gi/7b.—Near Loch Brittle, Dr. Webster in Lawson’s MS., Skye, 104. ARCOSTAPHYLLOS Uva-urRsI, Sprveng.—Near sea level at Sligachan, 104. Lawson noticed it at Storr and Dunvegan, and abundantly on the limestone at Broadford and Kyle Akin, Rev. Mr. Mathieson. PYROLA SECUNDA, Z.—Sligachan, 104, Lawson MS. PRIMULA VULGARIS, Huds.—* Near Traquair, Peebles, 78, thus com- pleting its comital census. SAMOLUS VALERANDI, Z.—Loch Scavaig, 104, Lawson MS. +ANCHUSA SEMPERVIRENS, Z.—Established in several localities about Selkirk, 79. SYMPHYTUM PEREGRINUM, ZLedeb.—Galashiels, 79. 7+LINARIA CYMBALARIA, J7Z7/7.—On a wall, Sligachan, 104. +MIMULUs GuTTAaTUS, DC.—Tyndrum, 88; Sligachan, 104. It was noticed at Dunvegan and Broadford by Lawson. VERONICA HEDERIFOLIA, Z.—* Innerleithen, 78 ; *Sligachan, 104. V. Montana, Z.—St. Mary’s Isle, 73 ; Dunvegan, 104, Lawson MS. V. OFFICINALIS, Z., *var. HIRSUTA, Williams—(Very doubtfully V. hirsuta, Hobkirk) from Carrick, Ayr. It is much smaller than typical officina/’s and more hairy ; but its chief difference is in the capsule being unnotched at the top, and in the much smaller and narrower leaves. The capsule, too, is said to be seedless. It kept true in cultivation. At Elibank I found on a dry bank a small form of V. officinalis with more hairy leaves and an entire capsule, with seeds, which would come under Dr. Williams’s description as SCOTTISH PLANTS 171 given in the Prodromus, pars vi., p. 297; but I doubt its being Hopkirk’s plant. I should propose to call it var. /rzscata, had it not been for Mr. Beeby’s statement (“‘Scot. Nat.” 1889, p. 36) that in the very same plants the withered flower-stalk of the previous year bore deeply notched capsules, indicating that the serration is due to some merely temporary cause. EUPHRASIA BREVIPILA, Burnat.—Ettrick, Selkirk, 79. E. NemMorosa, 47. Mar¢t.—Drumore, Wigton, 74. E. curTA, /rzes.—Ettrick, 79. * RHINANTHUS STENOPHYLLUS, Schuv.—Sligachan, 104. UTRICULARIA MAJOR, Schméd.—* Cluny Loch, 89 ; *Loch Mallachie, 96; Selkirk, 79, named for me by Professor Glick. *U. OCHROLEUCA, Hartm.—Loch Mallachie, 1882, 96; Scourie, 107, also named for me by Dr. Gliick. N. Uist, 110, 1894; and Loch of Spiggie, Shetland, 112, in Herb. Brit. Mus. U. minor, “Z.—Brackish pools, Steinscholl, Sligachan, 104, Lawson MS. OROBANCHE RUBRA, .S#.—Waterstein, Skye, 104, Lawson MS MENTHA ALOPECUROIDES, ////.—Tyndrum, 88. M. piperiTa, Z.—*Sligachan, in some plenty, 104. Tuymus ovatus, A/ler.—Mull of Galloway, 74; Peebles, $8; Selkirk, 79; Glen Brittle, etc., Skye, 104. T. pr&cox, Host,—*Sligachan, 104; varying with flowers of a deep violet colour, and, of course, with the two forms of flowers. NEPETA HEDERACEA, Zyvev.—A large-flowered hairy form on the cliffs at Port Mary, 73. GALEopsIs LADANUM, Z.—Steinscholl, 104, Lawson MS. MARRUBIUM VULGARE, Z.—* Galashiels, on waste ground, with Miss Hayward, 79. STACHYS OFFICINALIS, Zyev.—Steinscholl, 104, Lawson MS; both records queried in “Top. Bot.” S. AMBIGUA, S7.—Tyndrum, 88. ‘TEUcRIUM Scoroponia, /.—Peebles, 78. PLANTAGO MARITIMA, Z., var. MARITIMA (sezsz Williams, doubtful if of Linn.).—*Sgur Alastair, Skye, 104. P. coronopus, Z.—Waterstein, 104, Lawson MS. ATRIPLEX PATULA, £.—Kirkcudbright, 73. PoLyconumM Bistorta, Z.—St. Mary’s Isle, 73. P. vivipARUM, Z.—Storr, Cuchullins, 104, Lawson MS. P. LAPATHIFOLIUM, Z.—*Sligachan, 104. 172 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Oxyria bicyna, /7/7//.—At sea-level, Sligachan, 104. Urtica pioica, Z.—At 2900 feet on Stuich-an-Lochan, 88. +Uxmus GLaBerR, JZ//.—Callander, 87 ; probably planted. +Facus sytvatica, Z.—Selkirk, 79. BETULA ALBA, Z.—Sligachan, 104. +Poputus major, AZ//. (P. canescens, Sm.).—Selkirk, but doubtless planted, 79. +P. EU-NIGRA, Z.—Selkirk, +P. pELToIDES, Aarsh.—Kirkcudbright, 73 ; Selkirk, 79 ; Peebles, 78; Melrose, Roxburgh, 80; Callander, 87 ; planted of course. 7SALIX FRAGILIS, Z.—Sligachan, doubtless planted, 104. JUNIPERUS siBIRICA, Burgs.—Near sea-level, Sligachan, 104. LISTERA CORDATA, 47.—Kyle Akin, 104, Lawson MS. OrcuHis MACULATA, Z.—Type, Selkirk, Kirkcudbright, and on Ben Lawers, also a form with nearly undivided labellum, with broader and blunter leaves. var. PRECOX, Webster (O. ericetorum, Linton).—St. Mary’s Loch, 79; Lawers, 88; Sligachan, 104; and also with pure white flowers; intermediate forms between fre@cox and type occur. O. MACULATA x HABENARIA GYMNADENIA.—One specimen as found at Lawers, growing with both parents. The spur was shorter than in Gymunadenia; but the lateral petals were broader and were, with the labellum, covered with darker markings. The leaves were narrow and the outline of the spike less cylindric than in Gymnadenia, the flowers were also fainter in odour. *O. LATIFOLIA x MACULATA, var. PRACOX.—Sconser, Skye, with both parents, a rich-coloured and handsome plant, the flowers larger and distinctly suggesting the influence of macu/ata, and vegetatively much more luxuriant. O. macuLata, Z., var. KeELtiy1, Druce-—To this must be referred, I think, the Inchnadamph plant gathered by the Rev. E. S. Marshall. This year I have had the opportunity of seeing it in the fresh state from N. Sutherland. ‘This, too, is the opinion of Mrs. Davy, who made a most beautiful painting of the Irish form. The Scottish plant, like the Irish, is occasionally tinged with pink. Doubtless it is the limestone analogue to the plant of the peat named var. precox by Webster ; the type maculata being essentially the plant of argillaceous soils. O. mMascuLa, Z.—St. Mary’s Isle, 73. HABENARIA ALBIDA, &7.—Sconser, Skye, 104; lacking personal authority in ‘‘’Top. Bot.” SCOTTISH PLANTS 173 H. GyMNADENIA, Druce (77. Conopsea, Benth.).—Plants with pure white flowers were noticed at Sconser, 104 ; and at Lawers, 88. H. viripis, 47.—Quiraing, between Steinscholl and Storr, 104, Lawson MS. H. VIRESCENS, Druce.—Near Sconser, abundant, with /Z. dzfola, Br. (at Steinscholl, Lawson MS.). ©.25-0.28 mm. ©.14-0,15 mm: Hydrotheca, greatest diameter. 0.14-0.17 mm. 0,12-0.18 mm. Hydrotheca, diameter at mouth 0.08-0o.10 mm. 0.06 mm. Gonangium, length . : = ©:81-f. 33, mm. Gonangium, greatest diameter . 0.31-0.44 mm. Localities —CLYDE SEA AREA.—KyLES oF BuTe—off Burnt Islands ; off Tighnabruaich (specimens in Rothesay Museum and in my collection). MULL OF CANTYRE, 50 fms., growing on Halecium muricatum ; small fragment. Although this species is not to be found in British lists, speci- mens in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, have been recorded 220 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY by Marktanner-Turneretscher as from a Scottish locality, ‘‘ Great Cumbray.”! Broch, too, has found specimens at the depth of 68 metres, in latitude 56° 50° N., long. 1° 36’ W., sufficiently near the coast of Kincardineshire to be regarded as British.” Thuiaria tenera is a boreal species confined apparently to the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Arctic Oceans. 56. THUIARIA THUJA (Linn.). CLYDE SEA AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—Loch Ryan (M.). 57. SERTULARIA PUMILA (Linn.). CLYDE SEA AREA (M.).—GaARELocH—shore ; head to Stroul, 10-15 fms., m.c.; E. side above Narrows, 14 fms. LocH GoIL— shore, low water, c. Dunoon Basin, 20-40 fms.; E. and W. sides, shore. LocH StTRIvEN—shore, m.c. UPPER LOCH FYNE —shore,c. ARRAN Bastn—Kilbrennan Sound, Kildalloig Bay; Davarr Is., 15 fms., sand, m.r. 58. SERTULARELLA FUSIFORMIS (Hincks). CLYDE SEA AREA (M.).—Upper Locu FYNE ARRAN Bastn—off Pladda, 30-35 fms., r.r. BE. side, 15 tms., 1.0: 59. SERTULARELLA GAy1 (Lamouroux). CLYDE Ska AREA.—DuNoon Basin—E. side, 16-20 fms., r.r. (M.). ARRAN Basin (M.)—Kilbrennan Sound; off Davarr Is., 20 fms., r.r.; Otterard to Carradale, 18-20 fms., r.; centre, off Saddell, 47 fms., r. BARRIER PLATEAU—between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. MULL OF CANTYRE, 49 fms. FIRTH OF LORNE, 50-70 fms. Locu Buy, 9-15 fms. 60. SERTULARELLA POLYZONIAS (Linn.). CiypE SEA ArEA.—Dunoon Bastn—centre, 10-15 fms. (M.). ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound, Kildalloig Bay, Davarr Is., 15 fms., m.r. (M.). BARRIER PLATEAU—Sound of Sanda, 22 fms., on Zhuzaria lonchitis. MULL oF CANTYRE, 49 fms., on Zhecocarpus myrtophyllum. FIRTH OF LORNE, 56 fms., on Ludendrium ramosum. 1 G, Marktanner-Turneretscher, ‘ Die Hydroiden des k.k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums’ in ‘‘ Ann, naturh. Hofmus. Wien,” vol. v., 1890, p. 231. 2 Hj. Broch, ‘‘Nordsee Hydroiden von dem norwegischen Fischerei- dampfer ‘Michael Sars’ in den Jahren 1903-1904 gesammelt,” Bergens Mus. Aarbog, 1905, No. 6, p. 20. THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND 221 61, SERTULARELLA RUGOSA (Linn.). CLypE SEA AREA.—UpPEeR LocH FynE—Muinard Narrows, 12-20 fms., r. (M.), ARRAN Basin—off Pladda, 30-35 fms., r. (M.). BARRIER PLATEAU—between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. 62, SERTULARELLA TAMARISCA (Linn.) (= Diphasta tamarisca of Hincks’s “‘ History ”). CiypE Sea Area (M.).—BarRIER PLATEAu—between Achinhoan Head and Davarr Is., 17-20 fms., sand, on Zhuzarta lonchitis (M.); Sound of Sanda, 22 fms., on Zhutaria lonchitis. FirtH oF Lorne, 30-50 fms., on Antennularia antennina ; 70-80 fms., c. on Diphasia pinaster and Tubularia tndvvisa. 63. SERTULARELLA TENELLA (Alder). CLypE Sea AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—between Achinhoan Head and Davarr Is., 17-20 fms., sand, on Zhutaria lonchitis (M.) ; Sound of Sanda, 22 fms., r. on Zhutaria lonchitts. FirtH oF LorNE, 30-50 fms., on Antennularia antennina; 70-80 fms., c. on Diphasia pinaster and Tubularta tndivisa. 64. HyDRALLMANIA FALCATA (Linp.). CiypE Sea AREA (M.).—GaRELOcH—E. side above Narrows, to-15 fms.; centre, above Narrows, mud, 20-30 fms. ; Shandon to Narrows, 15 fms., mud and hard ground ; above buoy, at Narrows, 15-12 fms., m.r.; Narrows, 3-5 fms., c. Dunoon Basin, 20-40 fms.; E. side, 5-42 fms., r. ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound, in line with Davarr Is. and Brown Head, Arran, 27-30 fms., r.; Otterard to Carradale, 18 fms., r.; centre, off Saddell, 47 fms., r. BARRIER PLarEAu—Sanda to Achinhoan, 22 fms., r. (M.); between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. MULL OF CANTYRE, 50 fms. LocuH ETIVE, 70 fms. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-50 fms., 70-80 fms. Locu Carron—above Stromeferry, 50-60 fms., mud. Family PLUMULARID:. 65. ANTENNULARIA ANTENNINA (Linn.). CiypE Sea Area (M.).—Dunoon Basin, 20-40 fms.; E. and W. sides, ro-20 fms. ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound, below Isle of Ross, 12-14 fms., r.r.; Cumbrae Is., off Tan Buoy, 7fms.; 3 miles N. of Pladda Light, 17-20 fms., c., also 27-30 fms. (M.). FirtH or LorNnE—three records between 30 and 110 fms. 222 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 66. ANTENNULARIA RAMOSA, Lamarck. CLYDE SEA AREA.—Dunoon Basin (M.), 20-40 fms.; E. side, 8-42 fms., r.; céntre, 18-20 fms., r.; W. side, 8 fms., r. ; Skelmorlie Bell Buoy, 7-15 fms. ARRAN Basin (M.)— Kilbrennan Sound; Otterard to Carradale, 18-20 fms., r. BARRIER PLaTEAU—3 miles N. of Pladda Light, 17-20 fms., m.c. (M.); between Achinhoan Head and Davarr Is., 17-20 fms. (M.); Sanda to Achinhoan, 19-22 fms., c. (M.); between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. MULL oF CaNnTyRE, 49 fms. ; 64 fms. FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-50 fms. 67. PLUMULARIA CATHARINA, Johnston. CLypE SEA AREA.—DvuNoon Basin, 20-40 fms. (M.); off Cloch Lighthouse, 16-30 fms. (M.). ARRAN Basin — Kilbrennan Sound (M.); off Pladda, 30-35 fms., r. (M.). BARRIER PLaTEAu—between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms., r. on Antennularia ramosa and Halecium beanit; Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. MULL oF CAntTYRE, 49 fms., on Hlalecium halecinum ; 64 fms. Firtu OF LorNE, 10-30 fms., on Difhasia pinaster; 30-50 fms., Cc. on Antennularia ramosa and Diphasia pinaster ; 60-80 fms., on Diphasia pinaster ; 30-110 fms., on Aglacphenia tubultfera ; so-110 fms., on Schizotricha frutescens. 68. PLUMULARIA PINNATA (Linn.). CLypE SEA AREA.—Locu Gort (M.), 10-15 fms., r.; outside Barrier, 10-12 fms., r. Dunoon Bastn (M.)—E. side, 16-20 fms., r.r.; centre, 10-15 fms. BARRIER PLATEAU—Sanda to Achinhoan, 22 fms., r. (M.); between Sanda Is. and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. MULL OF CANTYRE, 49 fms. 69. PLUMULARIA SETACEA (Ellis). Ciypr Sea AREA.—GARELOCcH—across Barrier, 5-21 fms. (M.). FirtH oF Lorne, 30-50 fms., on Anfennularia ramosa. 70. PLUMULARIA SIMILIS, Hincks. CLypDE Sra AREA.—Dvunoon Basin, 20-40 fms. (M.). POLYPLUMARIA, G. O. Sars. As a description of this genus may not be available to local collectors, I give the following definition :— ee THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND) 223 Trophosome.—Colony with compound stems and branches, the latter being arranged in pinnate fashion. Hydroclades (ultimate hydrotheca-bearing branchlets) often bearing on the lowest internode a simple or branched secondary hydroclade more slender than themselves. Each hydrotheca is accompanied by a single pair of definitely placed lateral sarcothecze which are not fixed immovably to it. Margin of hydrotheca smooth. Gonosome.—Gonangia sac-shaped, springing from branches or from hydrocladia, at the origin of the latter. The only British species is— 71. POLYPLUMARIA FLABELLATA, G, O. Sars. (=P. pumila, Allman). Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of ro cms., composed of fascicled stems, and fascicled branches which arise from the stem in opposite pairs, and themselves bear opposite branches. All of these lie in one plane and are furnished with alternate hydro- clades arranged in no definite number on the internodes of an anterior cladate tube. The hydroclades are only from 1 to 3 mm. long, are set on a long process furnished with sarcothece, and are divided into internodes, on each of which, except sometimes the basal, a hydrotheca is borne. ‘The proximal hydrothecate internode of a hydroclade gives rise to a simple or branched hydroclade, the first internode of which bears only a series of nematophores. The hydrothecz are cylindrical, widening slightly towards the mouth, unattached to the internode, except at the rounded base. ‘They are accompanied by three definitely placed trumpet-shaped sarcothece, one proximal, placed medianly a little below the hydrotheca, and two flanking the hydrotheca near its margin. In addition there are generally present one, two, or three smaller sarcothece, lying in the median line of the internode above the hydrotheca. Gonosome.—The gonangia, which were not observed on the Scottish specimens, arise on the branches near the base of a primary hydroclade. ‘They are ovate, with obliquely truncated summit, a short neck surrounded by a whorl of nematophores, and a short peduncle. Localities. — CLYDE SEA AREA.— BARRIER PLATEAU — fragment of a colony from between Sanda Island and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms, FIRTH OF LORNE, 50-110 fms. Ballater. OE a niet FRESHWATER RHIZOPODA AND HELIOZOA OF SCOTLAND 229 | o& Colintraive. TABLE I.—Continuned. eines z iS) | mB ele | sale List oF SPECIES. & es ‘sg | 3 3 3 S S ws! a A ey csi | ip || | tse a alae ©) 1@) 2) oO A 1s 2 | |e Nebela carinata (Archer), Leidy| x marginata, Penard x militaris, Pevard ys || es || 28 Wes tubulata, Browz . x dentistoma, Pexzard .| X x x x x vitreea, Penard . Quadrula symmetrica ( Wallich), Schulze . : x Heleopera petricola, Leidy 5 || SS || Bi) 28 | 2S i ee rosea, Penard x x | Xx EUGLYPHINA. Pamphagus granulatus, Pezard Euglypha alveolata, Dujardin | x | x x ciliata (Lhvrend.), Leidy . x | x x strigosa (iirenb.). Leidy . ; 5 lle |) BS So) ox compressa, Carter .| X | X filifera, Pexard : 2 || Sx cristata, Lezdy | laevis, Perty . Si} aes 4! Ss ules Placocysta spinosa, Lezdy > || & x jurassica, Pexard .| xX Assulina seminulum, Zezdy .| x x muscorum, Greeff. .! x | x | x Cyphoderia oe (Ehrend.), Leidy 5 : x x Sphenoderia lenta (Ehrend.), Leidy 5 A | Be Sphenoderia fissirostris, Penard| x se il ee i) macrolepis, Leddy) x dentata, Penard x x x Trinema enchelys (Zhvevd.), Leidy c ail. 36-1] Seri Sei Se) Trinema lineare, Penard : x ‘complanatum, Penard| X an |< Corythion dubium, Zaranée .| x | x | x | x | x pulchellum, Pevzard | x x AMPHISTOMINA. Ditrema flava, Archer . 5 lh Se x || 32 Amphitrema stenostoma, Niisslin . : : 5 || x || Se Amphitrema Wrightianum, Archer. 5 9 pull aes x oe SS | ~t Aberfoyle. Between Aberfoyle and Trossachs. oo «© Trossachs Pass. | Ben Ledi. H S) xX XX XK XK XK x X | Glen Shee. x x xX th Cairnwell. Ballater. xX X XK X 230 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY TABLE II.—Drier Moss GATHERINGS. List OF SPECIES. AMCBINA. Ameeba verrucosa, Lhrend, limax, Dwjardin . Diplophrys timida, Peard ARCELLINA. Arcella discoides, Ehrenb. arenaria, Greeff. Centropyxis aculeata (Zhrend.), ‘Stein Centropyxis levigata, Penard : DIFFLUGINA. Difflugia oblonga, Zhrenb. fallax, Penard lucida, Pexard globulus, Zhvend. : constricta (Zh7e70.), Letty. arcula, Lezdy 5 | — Near Port Patrick. x x Pontigulasia spiralis, Rhumbler . Cryptodifflugia oviformis, Pesard Phryganella hemispheerica, Pexard NEBELINA. Nebela collaris (Zh7en.), Lezdy tincta (Lezdy), Awerintz militaris, Zevzard . ‘ lageniformis, Pezard bigibbosa, Penard . dentistoma, Peard Quadrulasymmetrica( Waddich), S Schulze Quadrula irregularis, Avcher Heleopera sylvatica, Pexard petricola, Lezdy EUGLYPHINA. Euglypha alveolata, Dujardin. . ciliata (Zhrvenb.), Lezdy strigosa (Lhvenb.), Lerdy . laevis, Perty : : Assulina seminulum, Lezdy muscorum, Greeff Cyphoderia ampulla (Zhrené.), Leiay Sphenoderia lenta, Zezdy . j dentata, Penard . : Trinema enchelys (Ehrend.), Leidy . Trinema lineare, Pexard . : : complanatum, Pexard Corythion dubium, Zaranék pulchellum, Pevard . = vo me 25 wo | 3 ra a cf oe Bs ; : Bl oe ES) a a} 24 > ery ||) eis! io] 2 aia o a = Baa lins 3s | @ | a i nn “4 v =| a a Sees 4 i || 22 a Sy Ss N) io) és) ic io) Oo | a 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 4 x | | | x x x | x x x | x | x x x Xx x x x x x x x x Xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Xx x x x x x x x x x Xx x x x x x | co Aboyne. Pod Patera’ bpp cemeas | 5S Kincardine O'Neil. FRESHWATER RHIZOPODA AND HELIOZOA OF SCOTLAND 231 In addition to the above, two new species were obtained, viz. Lebela scotica from Ben Ledi, a form apparently related to JV. dentistoma, and Euglypha bryophila from moss gatherings 1, 4, and Io, a “cristate ” form quite distinct from Z. crzstata. These species are fully described and figured in a paper read before the Linnean Society on 4th May last.! Gatherings of this type are not very suitable for the examination of Heliozoa, but the following species occurred in the sphagnum material :— Actinophrys sol., Ehrenb., in 1, 3, and 4. Actinospherium Ezchhorni (Ehrenb.), Stein, in 1. Raphidiophrys pallida, Schulze, in 7 and 12. Acanthocystis pertyana, Archer, in 1, 7, 8, and to. fledriocystis reticulata, Penard, in 1. (The numbers refer to the columns in Table I.) From the foregoing tables the following general observations can be made :— 1. The following genera and species appear to be restricted to sphagnum. Genera: Hyalosphenia. Euglypha compressa. Placocysta. Nebela tubulosa. Ditrema. flabellulum. Amphitrema. | carinata. Species: Sphenoderia fisstrostris. | marginata. 2. The following species seem to be restricted to the drier mosses :— Ameba verrucosa ; | Pontigulasia spiralis ; Diplophrys timida ; Nebela lagentformts ; Difflugia lucida ; bigtbbosa ; arcula ; LTeleopera sylvatica ; while Sphenoderia dentata appears much more abundantly in them. 3. The special abundance of “ Filose” forms as compared with the results of previous workers (West records 7 species, Murray 8, Evans and Penard 19). 4. The wide distribution of some species frequently regarded as rather rare, e.g. Placocysta spinosa, and Sphenoderia fissirostrts. 5. The record of some species apparently for the first time for this country —e.g. Vebela longicollis, N. tubulata, N. bigibbosa, Sphenoderta macrolepis, etc. 1 «Observations on some new and little known British Rhizopods,’ in the orthcoming part of the ‘* Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.,” vol. xxxii, No. 212 (1911). 232 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY LITERATURE. CasH, J., ‘ British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa,’ vols. i. and ii., ‘* Ray Soc.,” 1905 and 1909. Evans, W., ‘List of Non-Marine Sarcodina from the Forth Area,’ in ‘ Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin.,” xvii., 1909. Murray, J., ‘Rhizopods and Heliozoa of Loch Ness,’ in *‘ P. R. Soc. Edin.,” XxXV., 1905. Murray, J., ‘Rhizopods and Heliozoa of the Forth Area,’ in ‘‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 1907. PENARD, E., ‘Sur les Sarcodinés du Loch Ness,’ in ‘‘ P. R. Soc. Edin.,” xxv., 1905. WEstT, G. S., ‘ Notes on some Scottish Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa,’ in ; P , OAM SO COL NatamiliStpalOOSs MAN’S INFLUENCE ON THE INDIGENOUS FLORA OF ABERDEEN. By JAMES W.-H. Tram, A.M. MED; ERs. (Continued from p. 180.) The following is a brief analysis of the species that there is reason to believe occurred within the municipal area of Aberdeen, but that have not been observed there for several years, and may be regarded as extinct, with mention of the causes of their disappearance so far as known :— Cochlearia danica, ..—Formerly on the estuary of the Dee, while that existed, but not common. Viola palustris, L.—Disappeared when its habitats (marshy places on moors, in woods, etc.) were drained and cultivated, except a very few survivors on wet shingles by the Dee. Sagina nodosa, Fenzl.—Formerly on Stocket Moor, by the estuary of the Dee, and on the Links, but now apparently extinct, unless a very few plants may survive on wet spots on the low part of Old Aberdeen Links. I have not seen it there for some years. flypericum perforatum, ..—Formerly in the Den of Rubislaw. f1, quadrangulum, L.—In various places in Rubislaw and Gilcomston; probably destroyed there by drainage of habitats. FT. humifusum, 1..—¥ormerly in natural pastures. Linum catharticum, L.—In natural pastures; become extinct through agriculture. Genista anglica, L.—On moors (e.g. Stocket Moor in 1833), with which it disappeared. MAN’S INFLUENCE ON INDIGENOUS FLORA OF ABERDEEN 233 Ononts repens, L.—On the Old Aberdeen Links before 1840; not common. It has not been seen there for many years. Astragalus danicus, Retz.—On a slope of the Broadhill, in the Links; but destroyed by the use of the ground for amusements. In 1902 a small patch was observed on the outer sand-dunes, about 4 mile away ; but the formation of a carriage drive on the dunes has destroyed it. Vicia hirsuta, Gray.—Noticed by Skene “in arvis,” and by Dickie in broken ground at Rubislaw, where it may have been native. (Prunus spinosa, L..—Had probably grown in thickets by the streams, as it still does at no great distance, but had disappeared with the thickets.) Potentilla procumbens, Sibth.—Still common on moors in the vicinity ; disappeared with the moors. P. palustris, Scop.—Plentiful in the marshy soils, seemingly became extinct in Aberdeen when Ferryhill Moss was drained, before 1850. Saxifraga granulata, L..—Formerly on the Broadhill and Links, but long extinct; possibly gathered for its interest, botanical or otherwise. (Parnassia palustris, ..—Probably grew in the marshes in the parish, as it does in neighbouring ones, though there is no actual evidence of its having done so; and it would not survive drainage of its habitats.) Sedum villosum, L.—Recorded from Rubislaw Den (in 1802) by Knight, and from Stocket Moor (in 1833) by Dickie, this has long been extinct locally. Drosera rotundifolia, .—Common formerly on the wet moors and peat mosses in the parish, but has been extinct at least since Stocket Moor was cultivated, about 188o. fiippurts vulgaris, L.—In peat mosses; it became locally extinct when Ferryhill Moss was drained. feplis Portula, .—The latest record in Aberdeen dates from sixty or seventy years ago, the localities in which it grew having been drained. Epilobium palustre, L.—Though still common in marshes in the vicinity, this has not been noticed in Aberdeen since the local marshes were dried. flydrocotyle vulgaris, ..—This was formerly plentiful ; but it appears to have become extinct in Aberdeen since 1903, when its last habitat here was rendered unsuitable by being covered with town-refuse, to form a football ground on Old Aberdeen Links. 234 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Apium inundatum, Reichenb. f.—The same remarks apply to this as to Peplis Portutla. Galium uliginosum, L.—Recorded from several localities within our area before 1840; but this, no doubt, perished locally when the marshes were drained. Valerianella olitoria, Poll—Recorded from a limited part of the dunes near Old Aberdeen, and from a field near Woodside, this was probably indigenous here; but it has apparently not been found during the last seventy years. Aster Trifolium, L.—Found on the estuary of the Dee before 1840 by Dickie, though probably scarce; and it seems to have become extinct there long before the estuary was altered. It is plentiful by the S. Esk near Montrose, and occurs in smaller quantity by the estuary of the N. Esk; but it does not now grow near Aberdeen, Lilago germanica, L.—Recorded as a rare plant on waste ground and tops of walls “in arenosis siccis” (Skene), and about Stocket and Rubislaw (Knight and others), this species seems not to have been found within Aberdeen area for a long time. Antennaria dioica, 'R. Br.—Disappeared almost wholly with the reclaiming of the drier moorlands. Taraxacum officinale, Weber, var. palustre (DC.).—Once common in the marshes, but locally extirpated (or nearly so) by drainage. Menyanthes trifoliata, \.—No doubt formerly common here, and recorded from one or two of the marshes in the early part of last century, this species has perished through drainage and cultivation of its habitats. Mertensia maritima, S. F. Gray.—In very small quantity in the sand at Donmouth in 1835. ‘There is no later record for Aberdeen. It was not uncommon among shingle at the Bay of Nigg, where it was noted by Beattie; but it became extinct there before 1880, owing to the shingle being removed and used to form concrete blocks for building the South Pier at the mouth of the Dee. Veronica scutellata, LL.—Formerly common in wet moors and in swamps, this seems not to have survived here when its haunts were drained. Bartsia Odontites, Huds.—Found in damp natural pastures and by roads in damp spots, this species has not been observed in Aberdeen for about thirty years, so far as I can learn. Pedicularis palustris, L.—TYhough, no doubt, once plentiful on all wet moors and in peat mosses in Aberdeen, this appears to have ceased to exist locally when the surface was drained. MAN’S INFLUENCE ON INDIGENOUS FLORA OF ABERDEEN 235 Utricularia vulgaris, L. \ Both species are recorded as found in U. minor, L. ee peat moss at Ferryhill, and may have existed earlier in other mosses or swamps also within the parish. They must have become extinct locally when these ceased to exist, that is, before 1850. Pinguicula vulgaris, L.—Formerly common on wet places on moors, the butterwort seems to have disappeared from Aberdeen with the cultivation of Stocket Moor about 1880, though it may linger on moist banks in out-of-the-way spots. Calamintha Clinopodium, Spenn.—Formerly this grew here and there on rough banks of the Dee and on islands in the estuary. It was not common, and seems not to have been observed in Aberdeen since 1863. The banks have been so altered since then as to make it unlikely that it will re-establish itself on them. Salicornia herbacea, .—Near the mouth of the Don early last century, but apparently in small amount, and became extinct there before 1830. It is common in the estuaries of the S. Esk and N. Esk to the south, and of the Ythan to the north. Polygonum Hydropiper, L.—Abundant in the earlier part of last century around certain pools and mill dams in the west part of Aberdeen, this species appears to have been extirpated locally when these pools were filled up. P. minus, Wuds., was recorded by Knight from Gilcomston Dam. There is no other note of its occurrence within Aberdeen ; but it is fairly common by the Loch of Loirston, two or three miles south of Aberdeen. (Myrica Gale, 1.—May well have grown on the wet moors in Aberdeen, as it still does in most of the adjoining parishes ; but the only record of its occurrence here is in a list so full of evident errors as to lack authority.) Corylus Avellana, L.—No doubt this grew in the thickets by streams, but it has disappeared with these, until there exists, so far as I can ascertain, only one example of it in the parish plantation in the district of Rubislaw. Empetrum nigrum, L.—Though no doubt plentiful formerly on the moors, this seems now to have become almost, if not quite, extinct within Aberdeen, since the moors were broken up for cultivation. Orchis latifolia, L.—Common on the wet moors and in the marshes, this became extinct in Aberdeen when its habitats were drained and cultivated. 236 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Habenaria Conopsea, Benth, H. difolia, R. Br.—As they still grow on moors in the adjoining parishes so these occurred in Aberdeen in suitable habitats ; but they seem to have become extinct here when Stocket Moor was cultivated. H. viridis, R. Br.—In short dry pasture on dunes near the Don, never common, and not observed since I saw one there in 1902. It is common on Balgownie Links just across the Don. Tris Pseudacorus, 1..—In the early part of last century this was plentiful by the Canal (from near Aberdeen Harbour to Inverurie), and also in sluggish streams by the Links. The Canal was dried and used for a railway before 1860, and altera- tions in the streams led to the disappearance of the Iris. Narthecium Ossifragum, \..—This has shared the fate of other species formerly plentiful on wet moors and in swamps in Aberdeen, having become extinct locally when Stocket Moor was cultivated. Alisma Plantago-aquatica, \.—Abundant early last century in Gilcomston Dam, this, for some unknown reason, had almost disappeared from there before 1900, when the pond was filled up. It seems to be extinct locally. Potamogeton heterophyllus, Schreb.—This formerly grew in the Canal, but disappeared from Aberdeen when the Canal was dried. P. crispus, L..—Formerly in the Canal and in Gilcomston Dam. It was plentiful in the ponds of Rubislaw Bleach-works, but in 1908 it perished when the ponds were emptied, in consequence of the works being moved elsewhere. Ruppia rostellata, Koch.—Discovered in pools by the estuary of the Dee in 1849. The estuary was practically done away with by the changes made in the channel before 1870. Ruppia has been extinct locally for years. Scirpus fluitans, L.—‘In a pool near Hilton, abundantly ” (Harvey, before 1830) ; but apparently extinct locally long ago. S. rufus, Schrad.—Formerly on the Old Aberdeen Links, but not observed there since 1870; possibly choked by sand. Eriophorum angustifolium, Roth. | Both must have been common Carex dioica, L. {in wet places on the moors in Aberdeen ; but neither is now known to exist there. C. incurva, Lightf.—On Old Aberdeen Links, first noted by Beattie in a letter to Smith in 1800. It grew in one or two localities, not plentifully ; but appears to have been last observed there about 1870. C. vulpina, 1..—Recorded by Skene “in the Old Town Links ” before 1770. It has long ceased to grow there, though not uncommon on the north shore of the Don. MAN’S INFLUENCE ON INDIGENOUS FLORA OF ABERDEEN 237 C. canescens, L.—The same remarks apply to this as to C. diorca. C. helodes, Link (C. devigata, Sm.).—Described by Smith in 1804, with reference to examples from ‘“ Marshes near Aberdeen, Prof. J. Beattie, Junr.,” and recorded from Rubislaw (Harvey, 1826); but long extinct within Aberdeen. (C. distans, L.—Is plentiful on the coast of Kincardineshire, and must have grown by the estuary of the Dee, though there is no actual record of its occurrence there.) C. fulva, Host—Seems to have become extinct locally about 1880, on the cultivation of Stocket Moor. Phieum arenarium, V..—‘ Formerly on Old Aberdeen Links” (Dickie). (Deschampsia setacea, Hackel.—Grows in so many places on wet moors in the vicinity of Aberdeen that it must have occurred within the parish in similar habitats. As these had been drained and cultivated before the species was distinguished in Britain from D. flexuosa, the absence of any record is no evidence that it did not grow in Aberdeen formerly). Avena pubescens, Huds.—Recorded from a locality near Old Aberdeen (destroyed by the opening of a sand-pit a good many years ago), and from near Seaton House, this has not been observed within the parish for some time. It is very common beside the Don, so may reappear on the bank within Aberdeen. Phragmites communis, Trin. — Probably common at one time within Aberdeen in swamps, but extinct locally for over half a century. Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv.—Abundant for a time as late as 1885 in sluggish streams and pools beside and on the Links; but extirpated locally by the filling up of the pools and covering over of the streams. Lastrea montana, T. Moore (Z. Oreofteris, Presl.)—Found near Ruthrieston by J. Roy in 1864. This is very rare near Aberdeen, though widespread and often common in the uplands. Phegopteris polypodioides, Fée.— ‘Above Stocket roadside” (Beattie). This is the only record for Aberdeen; and the fern is rare in the vicinity. Osmunda regalis, L.—Knight records that it “ grew till 1797 in the Marsh, Broadhill.” There is no other note of its occurrence within Aberdeen; and the marsh in question was drained long ago, and has for many years been the site of a cloth factory. At no time common in N.E. Scotland, this fern is now almost extinct in the counties near Aberdeen. 238 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Of the Lycopodia or club mosses, no species has been recorded from the parish of Aberdeen; but the following have been found on the moors on several of the adjoining parishes, and almost certainly had grown on the moors of Aberdeen also, though probably in small amounts, and had perished when these were cultivated :— ‘ ; Lycopodium Selago, L. L. alpinum, L. L. clavatum, L. Selaginella selaginoides, (Link.). In addition to the above list, which includes only such in- digenous species as there is reason to believe have become virtually extinct, mostly during the last century, within the limits of Aberdeen, a number more are likely to follow in a few years. The scanty remnants of moor still existing on the western edge of the parish form the last local refuge of the heaths (Z7zca cinerea, Le. Tetralix,and Calluna vulgaris) Pyrola minor, Pedicularis sylvatica, Listera cordata, Goodyera repens, and Carex echinata ; but these will almost certainly disappear in some years before the advancing streets. Near the Don, to the west of the dunes or sandhills, is a low part of the Links, liable to be overflowed by brackish water at the times of exceptionally high tides, and broken by small pools containing slightly brackish water. On this ground, in the pools and by a stream that flows through it, unfortunately carrying a good deal of sewage, grow plants some of which are not found elsewhere in this part of Scotland, while others are now very rare elsewhere near Aberdeen, since the alterations on the estuary of the Dee extirpated them from that habitat. The changes that are in progress, by direction of the Town Council, with the aim of shutting out the tidal water from the Links, of covering up the stream, and of drying the soil to render it suitable for golf and other games, will lead to the almost certain extirpation from the Links of several species, already greatly reduced by changes effected on the Links since 1900. Among these plants are :— Ranunculus sceleratus, L.—A few years-ago was common on the Links, but already is almost extinct there. It formerly grew in other localities also near Aberdeen. Sagina maritima, Don.—F¥ormerly common by the Dee, but almost extirpated there, this species is likely to become as rare on the Links. Spergularia media, Presl., \ Both were common formerly S. salina, Presl., var. neglecta (Kindb.). { in the estuary of the Dee, but both have practically become extinct there, except that a few plants of S. media grow on the coast east of Torry. Both will disappear also from the Links when the water is shut out. MAN’S INFLUENCE ON INDIGENOUS FLORA OF ABERDEEN 239 Glaux maritima, L..—In turf near the Don. Triglochin palustre, L.—¥ormerly in moorland swamps, and by the estuary of the Dee ; now limited to the low ground on the Old Aberdeen Links. T. maritimum, L.—Almost extinct near the~Dee, but still plentiful on the Links near the Don. Potamogeton pectinatus, L.—In the pools on the Links, but not known elsewhere near Aberdeen. Eleocharis uniglumis, Schultes.—Still plentiful on the low part of the Links, though already on a much restricted area. Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf.—This must have occurred in suitable wet and nearly bare places on most moors, and by the estuary of the Dee; but it now appears to be limited in Aberdeen to the low part of the Links, and will probably die out when the tide is shut out. SS. maritimus, .—By the stream and in the shallow pools, on the Links, in patches, still fairly plentiful. Glyceria maritima, Wahlb.—Plentiful among short vegetation on the low part of the Links. Even more marked in the influence on the flora of the parish than the disappearance of species, of which some had always been locally rare, is the diminution in numbers of many species that had formally been conspicuous and widespread, so that some of these are now restricted to the rocky or stony banks of the rivers, others to Rubislaw Den, or to the débris of quarries or to water collected in the pits of these quarries, or to occasional spots too barren for cultivation or left unoccupied for any other reason. Some of the species also may not improbably disappear from within the limits of Aberdeen. To enumerate those species that were plentiful at a former period, but are now rare in Aberdeen, would be tedious. They were largely dwellers on wet or peaty soils, and have been unable to survive drainage and cultivation of the soil. Hence they find their refuge on the rough banks of streams, or on the slopes on the coast, especially if moist, or on débris of quarries and similar materials, or in such places as railway cuttings. Some of the plants of natural pastures are also apt to suffer, such as Pimpinella Saxifraga, Conopodium denudatum, Stellaria Holostea, and numerous others, which appear unable to thrive properly in ground brought under cultivation. Against the extirpation or diminution of many species of indigenous Flowering Plants due to man’s influence may be placed the great increase shown by others, which can adapt themselves to the new conditions, and become 240 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY troublesome weeds of both arable land and pasture or hayfields, e.g. thistles, dandelion, and their allies, ribwort and broad-leaved plantains, docks and sorrels, tall oat-grass, couch-grasses, etc. But consideration of these results of man’s actions and of the flora which he has been the means, often unintentionally, of intro- ducing, and in part of establishing, around Aberdeen, must be deferred. TREE-DISEASES DUE TO PUNGI”[ ADDITIONAT SCOTTISH, RECORDS IN 7oO1r]d=11. By CuHarLes O. Farquuarson, M.A., B.Sc. IN making a collection of tree-diseases due to cryptogamic parasites the following new occurrences were noted. They are mainly from the district round Aberdeen. i. Yew Leaf Scorch—This disease occurs at Durris on several old park trees in the grounds of Durris House, where it seems to be working a considerable amount of damage. The parasite is Spherulina Taxi (Massee). The dead leaves showed an abundance of sunken perithecia, which proved to belong to two fungi. One of these was Anthostomella Rehm (Thiim.), a saprophyte. A specimen of this was sent to Kew for confirmation, and on this the conidial stage of the Sphzrulina was detected. Mr. Massee, regarding this disease, makes the following note (“ Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees,” 1910): “As a rule when this parasite once attacks a tree it spreads very rapidly, so that within a short period all the leaves have fallen ; many of the younger shoots are also killed and fall to the ground. If the disease attacks a tree for two or three years in succession, it is usually killed outright.” As yet it has not been recorded from many localities, and none of these are in Scotland. ii. Douglas-Fir Dzsease-—Several diseases of Douglas Fir are found commonly in Aberdeenshire, viz. Sclerotinza Fuckeliana (De Bary), (= Botrytis Douglasiz, Tubeuf.), and Phoma pithya, Sacc.; but neither of these can as yet be said to be a serious pest. The Phoma is generally on the leader shoot of young plants, and it is difficult to say whether frost TREE DISEASES DUE TO FUNGI 241 may not be the original cause of death. In one locality, however (Drumtochty), it was observed lower down the stems of plants about six years old, where the pycnidia were developed abundantly on sunken patches of reddish colour, as if the part had been scorched. In Drumtochty another disease also was observed which appeared to be doing some damage. It occurred on trees of about fifteen to twenty years old. The lower part of the stem, from the ground upwards for about two to three feet in some cases, was covered by a dense brownish mycelium, which dis- appeared later in the season, and was succeeded in late autumn (of last year) by abundant pale yellowish white apothecia, which later became pale brown. No record of such a disease could be found ; and a specimen was sent to Kew for identification. The fungus proved to be Sclero- derris livida, Massee, which has hitherto been recorded only as a saprophyte. iii. An outbreak, of a severe character, of rust on young Alders (A. glutinosa) was observed last summer and autumn in a nursery at Aberdeen. The fungus proved to be Melampsora betulina, Pers. One-year-old plants only were attacked ; and in no case was the rust observed on older plants, though these were present in the nursery quite near the attacked beds. The previous year the same beds had been planted with young birch, which suffered so severely from the fungus that they were thrown out. It is note- worthy that though in this nursery, and in the large mixed wood adjoining, species of Melampsora occur on several trees, Birch, Willows, Aspen and other Poplars, and Alder, C@oma-forms are practically unknown. In this connection it is also interesting to note the entire absence of Pine- blister (Peridermium) though Coleosporium Senectonzs is one of the commonest rusts round Aberdeen, even inside the nurseries. iv. Near Murtle Hydropathic, in the grounds of a private house, an interesting occurrence of Zaphrina aurea, Pers., was observed. This fungus is extremely prevalent on Populus nigra in the district. It was also found on another tree which Professor Trail found to be Populus balsamifera. The effects of the parasite were identical with those on So E 242 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY P. nigra, from which it had undoubtedly spread. Saccardo mentions its occurrence on several poplars, including P. alba and P. candicans, both of which are common park-trees near Aberdeen, but none of these are attacked. The follow- ing diseases were also observed, but were not doing serious damage. Mfc tN (os) An Oidium on Cytsus laburnum, no ascigerous stage occurred. . Lrysiphe Martit (Lév.), on Robinia pseudacacia in a nursery near Aberdeen. In the same nursery the Peas were severely attacked by this fungus. . Hypoderma strobicola (= Hypoderma brachysporum, Rostr.) on Pinus Strobus in a nursery. In this case the trees (about six years old) had been killed, but other factors were also present which might have been accountable for their death. The discomycetous fungus fezzza sub- tilissima, Cke., was present, and had caused drying and rupture of the bark. Of the two it seemed to be the more serious agency and the primary cause of death. DISTRIBUTION OF GCOODVERA RELENS. By ARTHUR BENNETT. Goodyera repens, R. Brown, in Aiton’s “ Hort. Kew.” ed. 2; Vv. (1813), 163: Satyrium repens, L., “Sp. Pl.,” ed.-1, il. (1753), 945. Peramium repens, Salisb., in “ Trans. Hort. Soc.,” (1812), DO. “ Creeping Lady’s Tresses.” “Creeping Satyrium,’ Huds. “Fl. Angl.,.” ed. 3 (1798), 387. Sowerbyis ne. Bot, t 250,.ed. 3. tana 7s, First record in Britain is—‘“We found it in an old shady hanging birch wood, about two miles from the head of Little Loch Broom, Ross-shire” Lighti, “Fly Scot. (1777), 520. “Old birch wood called Ca-bue, or Yellow ight Bet DeSmithyy ssh nels weds 2 anole rlves a. DISTRIBUTION OF GOODYERA REPENS 243 This shows a similar coming south to Pyrola secunda, L., but with far more difficulty as to the status of the plant where found. Cumberland; Co; 70: “In a Fir plantation near the Eden at Armathwaite, between Penrith and Carlisle” F, A: Weesyine = Kep. Bot. Record Club,” for 1879-80 (1880), pp. 59 and 72. Works: Co. 61. Reported from Houghton Hall Woods, near Market Weighton, as Spzranthes autummnalts,’ but afterwards cor- rected by Mr. Slater to Goodyera.” W. W. Reeves, sp., in no way different from Kincardineshire specimens. Norfolk W., Co. 28. 1. Decoy Wood, Westwick,’ “one large patch,” July 8, 1885, by Miss Southwell. A week after the wood was care- fully searched, but no more could be found. 2. Neighbourhood of Holt, where it was found in abun- dance by Miss A. M. Barnard, 1890. This locality is about twelve miles “as the crow flies” from Westwick, where it is now (1890) exterminated. 3. Cawston Woods, Mr. W. A. Nicholson, sp., 25, 7, 1910. “About twenty specimens, with six flowering stems, among Erica cinerea, and rather near to several Scotch Firs, at the edge of a clearing.” In the 1890 “Transactions of the Society,” the late Mr. Geldart expresses the opinion that it cannot be a wild (ze. indigenous) species to W. Norfolk. I also expressed this opinion,‘ and Mr. Burrell remarks,’ “ this judgment was a sound one, judged by the information avail- able at the time, but more recent developments may modify it.” Mr. Burrell’s remarks are too long to quote in full; but the species has been found among heather and firs over an area of some thirty square miles, He wrote to three nurserymen in Dumfries, Elgin, and Kilmarnock, who are directly concerned in the culture of Scotch Firs, and they all agree that they are raised from seeds, which are kept more or less free from weeds, and Goodyera 1 « Naturalist,” 1888, p. 279. * « Naturalist,” 1888, p. 312. 3 «Trans. Norf. and Nor. N. Soc.,” 1885, 255, and 1890, 329. 4 «Journ. of Botany,” xl. 393. 5 « Trans. Norf. and Nor. Soc.,” 1910, p. 44. 244 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY has never occurred in their nurseries. Mr. Burrell’ then goes into the question of its being indigenous very fully, and says in several cases it has been brought to him as Spiranthes. Woods are its usual habitat, but it does occur in the open in Orkney and Banff. (Barclay sp.).” Dr. Nordstedt of Lund writes :—“ I have seen Goodyera abundant on the west coast of Norway in open ground where the air is very moist, and I think that Goodyera can grow in open ground (open moors, but not wet) in Orkney, as the air is probably damp enough there.” He goes on to say that Goodyera is a saprophyte, as O. Drude says in “ Die Biologie von Monotropa u. Neottia, 1873-3 and Blytt in “Norges: Bloray? ip: 357. says; — Im the Alps, where it sometimes grows higher than (the) Pines.” In Scotland itus now on. record for, Com75!= So. si $2,704,155, 66 £097, LOS tO 1OS, mite! In Eneland it has occurred in Co: 27)) 61! 67, 7o: It extends from sea-level at Kinloss*® to 1000 feet,’ and on the mainland of Scotland north to 58° 27’ near Tongue in Sutherland (Marshall and Shoolbred), and 57° 57’, at Little Ferry Wood, near Golspie in E. Sutherland. (Grant, sp.) In continental Europe it extends north to Russian, Finnish, and Swedish Lapland, at Elvenaes to 69° 50’ N. Lat. (f. Fries, 1864). , In Denmark it has been “found recently in Bornholm (it is not given in Bergsted’s “ Born- holms Flora,” 1883), and in Sjelland. It is recorded from Holland, south to North Alps in Italy and Dalmatia, Siberia, China, Himalayas, Canada (Atlantic to Pacific Coast), north to Fort Franklin, Pease River, and Alaska, south to Massachusetts and Colorado. In America it is called “ Northern Rattlesnake Plantain.” It is said to disappear from woods after cutting down of the trees, and also after destruction of the trees by storms.” 1 «Trans. Norf. and Nor. Soc.,” 1910, pp. 43-46. J UG aboins Sieelm INo labiste 7? uGfels, Bisfsh 3 ** Coll. Fl. Moray,” 1839, p. 26. 4 «« Bot. Guide to Aberdeen, etc.,”’ 1860, p. 160. 5) <*Prans. Perth. Soc. iN. SC:,4 1693-6, 11-8200: ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 245 ZOOLOGICAL NOTES. On the Occurrence of Erithacus rubecula rubecula on South- West Coast of Scotland.—On 2nd November 1910 a ¢ robin was sent to me from Mull of Galloway Lighthouse by Mr. Henderson the Lightkeeper. I thought the bird was Lrzthacus rubecula rube- cula and my opinion was confirmed by Mr. H. F. Witherby, who kindly examined it for me.—ANNIE C. JACKSON, Swordale. Crossbills at Lerwiek.—The Crossbills are again paying us a visit The first that I heard of them was at Seafield, near Lerwick, on 11th inst., but my friend Geo. W. Russell tells me he heard of them before that date. I saw none until last Sunday (23rd), when I saw a young bird in the garden in the afternoon. On Monday morning I started a cock and three hens which were feeding on an apple tree in the garden. The same afternoon in the garden, I saw a cock and four hens, I watched them at close quarters feeding on the apple trees and honeysuckle. Later in the afternoon I saw some hens feeding on the red currant bushes. On Tuesday I saw no birds. With the exception of the first bird, all were adults.—JouN S, TULLOCH, Lerwick. Willow-wren’s Nest in an old Song-thrush’s Nest.—On 18th June last I discovered a Willow-wren’s nest situated 3} feet from the ground in a little dead spruce tree, surrounded by thickly-planted young Scots firs. On taking this nest to pieces after the young birds had fledged I found that it had been built in an old Song-thrush’s nest, the decayed-wood lining of which wasstill intact. The foundations of the warbler’s nest were of ordinary dimensions and material, but the dome was unusually flimsy and incomplete, and the customary feather-lining was almost absent, only two or three feathers being noted.—S. E. Brock, Kirkliston. Local Variation in Song of Tree-pipit (4 zthus trivialis). When in the Rothiemurchus district of Inverness-shire in early June this year I was much struck with the character of the song of the Tree- pipits of the locality, which song was very markedly distinct from what one is accustomed to hear in the Lothians. While the whole passage was readily distinguishable, the variation was greatest in the opening notes, which bore considerable resemblance to the analogous ones of the Chaffinch. All the Tree-pipits heard in the district sang approximately the same strain. Local variation of bird song and note is much more marked (or recognisable) in some species than in others, the Chaffinch being an outstanding example. The song of the latter in West Lothian, for instance, is quite easily separated from that of the birds of South Perthshire, and even of Peeblesshire. When in Hampshire a few years ago I detected local ‘‘accent” in 246 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY several birds, amongst which the Wren and Chaffinch were prominent. The subject is rather a neglected one, although of considerable interest. Mr. H. Eliot Howard makes some interesting remarks on it in his “ British Warblers” (part iv. p. 16).—S. E. Brock, Kirkliston. Dendrocopus major major in East Ross.—In October 1909 a 2 Greater Spotted Woodpecker was shot near Dingwall and came into my possession. ‘The other day I had the opportunity of sub- mitting the skin to Mr. H. F. Witherby, who compared it with his series and pronounced it to be Dendvocopus major major. The bill of the bird compares exactly with those of Greater Spotted Wood- pecker from Norway in its obtuseness and stoutness. Further, the first (bastard) primary is longer than the longest primary covert, whereas in Dendrocopus m. anglicus the reverse is the case (cp. C. B. Ticehurst, ‘‘ British Birds,” iv. 337). My thanks are due to Mr. Witherby for his identification of the bird.—ANNIE C. JACKSON, Swordale. Green Sandpiper in the Island of Lewis.—On 3rd August my brother shot a Green Sandpiper beside Loch Ossigary near Rodel, South Harris. It is a ¢, autumn plumage, second year, as I am informed by Mr. Bisshopp of Oban, to whom I sent the bird in the flesh. I fancy this is the first recorded specimen from the Lews.— A. T. A. R1iTcHI£, Obbe. The Breeding Range of the Fulmar Petrel (/i/marus glacialis) in the British Isles.—This has been greatly extended of late years. When in Hoy (Orkney) in July 1911 I found the species breeding plentifully there. As far as could be ascertained the birds first appeared at the north end of the island five or six years ago; a few Fulmars came at first, but they have greatly increased until in the present year I estimated that there must be hundreds of pairs nesting between the Kame and the Old Man of Hoy. On the west coast, farther south, they were first noted three years ago; since then they have increased enormously. At the south end of the island a few birds were noticed in 1g1o, but none bred there. This year three pairs are nesting. The fishermen assert that the Fulmar is master of all the Gulls, driving them away from any food which both desire. This fact is probably not unconnected with the great increase of the Fulmar.—Eric B. DuNLop. Inerease of Mute Swans in Tiree.—There have been a great many Mute Swans on Loch Vasapol allsummer. They began to come in June; and towards the end of July I counted 75 one day and that number remained for a considerable time. I counted them again yesterday (5th September 1911) and there were only 51, so they are beginning to leave. They are feeding on a weed that grows in great profusion there. I don’t know the name of the weed, but it has a small white flower, and it grows in as much as ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 247 12 feet of water. The Swans seem to be very fond of it, as they pull up an immense quantity of it and it then comes ashore. The Swans are all on Loch Vasapol, and do not seem to frequent the other lochs. The weed does not grow in any of the other lochs.” —P. ANDERSON. [From an examination of specimens submitted it appears that the weed is Potamogeton pectinatus, L.—EDS. | King-fish at Shetland.—At the beginning of July I saw on the shore at Maywick, near Scalloway, Shetland, a King-fish or Opah (Lampris luna.) It was seen alive in the bay before stranding. In length it measured rather over 3 feet.—ERic B. DUNLOP. Alepidosaurus ferox off St. Kilda.—An example of this fish was captured about the 7th or 8th July in about 200 fathoms some 50 miles south-west of St. Kilda. It measured 6 feet 5 inches in length.— JOHN Sawers, Glasgow. Lapwings and Blaeck-headed Gulls.—The habit mentioned by Mr. Ussher (“Birds of Ireland,” p. 322), and referred to before in our pages by S. E. Brock, Kirkliston (dc. ct. p. 117, 1909), of the persecution of the Lapwings by the Black-headed Gulls, is growing apace. Not only when the ground is hardened by frost, or alone in the winter months, but also when the grass-lands are dried up by drought and the Lapwings first flock in the months of July and August, are the poor persecuted birds attended by famishing and hungry Black-headed Gulls. A fleet of say 50 Lapwings alighting in our meadow or alluvial haughland here, are constantly attended by about from 4 to 6 Black-headed Gulls; and whenever a Lapwing catches a worm or grub, the nearest sentinel Gull makes a dash for the prize. This is of constant occurrence. See also earlier records of same in winter by Mr. Laidlaw, of. cz¢. 1908, p. 141 5 also by W. Evans and W. E. Clarke, op. cz. 1908, p. 255.— J. A. HarviE-BRown. Bass in ‘“‘Seoteh Waters.”—A small Bass—now preserved in Dunipace House—was captured in my presence by a friend, on a small ‘‘ Jock Scott ” Salmon fly, at the tide-run of the Sea-pool of the River Aylort in Moidart, and was given to me. It was a gamer fish than any sea-trout of similar size I ever met with; indeed appeared oftener to be some 3 feet above the water than in it, after being hooked. It weighed 1 1b., and was as bright as a new shilling all over back and side alike, like a gleaming bar of silver. I mention it here, as a record of a somewhat rare Scottish fish—or otherwise one seldom seen. Bass, however, are not so rare as supposed, and are known to occur, and are fished for and caught, in the Kyles of Durness and Tongue by Anglers frequenting these quarters. —J. A. Harvir-Brown. 248 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Gannet at Lighthouse, Butt of Lewis.— Robert Clyne (“A.S.N.H.,” 1911, p. 69) remarks on the passing of Gannets, at the Butt of Lewis. He understands the passing S.W. in spring of continuous flocks when they are probably resorting to their usual breeding haunts, but why the majority should pass daily in a S.W. direction during the summer puzzles him. There really is no mystery about it whatever, and every fisherman knows about it whether he be East or West Coast. As many people are unaware, it is the East Coast people who follow the herring, zof the West Coast inhabitants, and it is greatly by the well-known and understood motions of the Gannets that these fishermen are enabled to know of the arrival of herrings on west and east sides of the country. Some Gannets also range after mackerel when that other abundant species swarms on our shores in latter half of July, August, etc. Even in October off the Isle of May, when mackerel have become scarce and have returned to deeper water and grown to a larger size, even then Gannets may be seen plunging—not for herring, but for mackerel.—J. A. HARVIE-BROWN. Wood Sandpiper (Zo/anus glareola) in Fifeshire.—I have been asked to record in the “Annals” the occurrence of a Wood Sandpiper, at the Morton Lochs, near Tentsmuir, Fifeshire, on tst August last. These lochs—artificial fishing lochs—surrounded in normal seasons by a good deal of marshy ground, are situated within half a mile of the Tay estuary, and are very attractive to waders and to wild fowl of all sorts. On the day in question, the bird, a female, and I believe a bird of this year, rose from a shallow pool near these lochs, calling loudly as it rose. The note was entirely new to me; but as the bird, though out of range from me, flew somewhat in the direction of my friend, Mr. Hog of Newliston, who was shooting with me that day, I called out to him to secure it if possible, and this, by a remarkably long shot, he was able to do. ‘The bird has been presented to the Royal Scottish Museum. Authentic records of the occurrence of the Wood Sandpiper in Scotland are few. It has been met with rather more often in England, and has even been known to breed there (see Yarrell, iii. 464-5); but on this side of the border, since the three or four occurrences recorded by Gray in the “ Birds of the West of Scot- land,” which mostly date from the early fifties of last century, the bird does not appear to have been obtained at all, until 1st Sept. 1902, when one was shot in the Orkneys (“ Zool.” vi. 391). The reputed breeding of the bird near Elgin in 1853, as recorded in the “Ibis” for 1865, and generally since, is sufficiently dealt with in Mr. Evans’s article in this Journal last year (“ Annals,” xix. p. 74). Other records of the bird in such books as I happen to have beside me here, including Harvie-Brown’s ‘“ Moray Basin and Tay,” seem ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 249 equally attended by doubt. The Wood Sandpiper then can still only be described as a casual visitant, of rare occurrence, and chiefly on autumn migration. It is quite possible nevertheless—at least in my opinion—that such visits may be more frequent than the fewness of the records would allow one to suppose. On the wing the bird is exceedingly like the Green Sandpiper, and the Green Sandpiper, though by no means a very familiar bird to many of us, is yet of not infrequent occurrence on our shores. Having myself, as I believe, seen both birds in the same week, I can say that it would be exceedingly hard for any ordinary person to distinguish the one from the other in life. The only method of identification which suggests itself to me, for anyone who is not personally familiar with both ochropus and glareola, is the size of the white patch on the lower back. This appeared to me, as the bird rose, to be smaller than the patch on a Green Sandpiper or on a young Greenshank—as in fact it is. There isn’t, I think, any other bird with which a Wood Sandpiper 1s likely to be.confused.—WILLIAM Berry, Newport, Fife. Seaup Duek (7. mari/a) in August.—On the same day—rst August, at the Morton Lochs, near Tentsmuir, Fifeshire—I shot a male Scaup Duck, in dull, summer plumage. I have no explanation to offer for the presence of an adult and apparently healthy bird of this species at this season. Possibly some former injury or wound may have prevented it from making its usual summer migration northwards. Being in a phase of plumage unusual in British specimens, it was presented to the Royal Scottish Museum.— WILLIAM BERRY, Newport, Fife. Lesser Rorqual (Lalenoptera acuto-rostrata) in the Firth of Forth.—On the evening of 21st June last a Lesser Rorqual was stranded on the beach adjoining Musselburgh Links, where I subse- quently had an opportunity of examining it. It was a female about 241 feet in length, and had been pursued by two boats for a couple of hours before it ran ashore. During September several ‘‘ bottle- nosed ” whales have been reported on both sides of the Firth. One which I examined near Port Seton was a female //yferoodon rostratus about 161 feet in length; it came ashore on 23rd September.— WitiiaM Evans. Edinburgh. BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS. Utricularia ochroleuea, 2. /Zar/m., and Eriophorum panicu- latum in the valley of the Dee, in South Aberdeenshire (92), Druce.—During the first three weeks of August 1911 I resided in the district of Dinnet, and was able to explore much of it botanically. 250 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY The very dry season was prejudicial in many localities, but allowed freer access to swamps than can usually be had. Among the plants found by me were two not previously known to occur in South Aberdeen (V.C. 92). Utricularia ochroleuca was found in numerous small, shallow, swampy pools on moors over an area of several square miles, often in abundance, and was by far the most common bladderwort in the district, though zz¢ermedia, minor, and vulgaris ali occur here and there in the district. Now inclining to zztermedia and now to minor in structure and appearance, ochroleuca gives very strongly the impression of being a hybrid between these two species. Easily and rapidly multiplied by its apical buds, it does not require to produce seeds ; and it appears to be replacing both zz¢ermedia and minor around Dinnet. Both had been known from that district for a good many years ; and ochroleuca had been probably overlooked as minor, which it often greatly resembles. All the species of Utricularia are very uncertain in their times of flowering in the north-east of Scotland, several years frequently passing without a flower being observed, and occasionally many flowers showing themselves at the same time. Lvriophorum paniculatum, Druce (£. latifolium, Hoppe), was found by me in fair quantity on a swampy slope about half a mile south of the Bridge of Dinnet. It had not previously been recorded from any county between Forfar (Glen Dole) and East Inverness.— James W. H. TRAIL. Seandinavian Roses.—Under this heading a short paper, by Carl Traaen, in the “Journal of Botany” (pp. 298-300), calls attention to papers of much interest to Scottish botanists, by Dr. S. Almquist, issued during the years 1907, 1910, and 1911. As these papers state conclusions with regard to the classification of the roses differ- ing from those of other systematists, but which are expressed in Swedish, there is reason to welcome the brief statement of their purport in the “ Journal of Botany,” as regards the forms included by Dr. Almquist under A. canna and R#. glauca (including coritfolia). The best character to distinguish these two, regarded by him as true species, he finds in the styles, which in canzna are prolonged a little above the opening of the disk and are more or less separated, while in gZauca they are short and densely coherent. He unites glauca and coriifolia under the name Afseliana, Fr., including in this varieties that differ in colour and in surface, the hairy being derived from glabrous types. He thus divides 2. Afzeliana into two glaucous groups, g/awca, Vill. (glabrous), and glauciformis, Almquist (hairy), and two green groups, vévens, Wg. glabrous), and wventiéformis, Almquist (hairy). He does not regard the direction of the sepals of the fruits as diagnostic ; but he divides these four groups into parallel series, or sub-species, by the nature BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 251 of the leaves, form of leaflets, shape and direction of teeth and of prickles, and forms of fruits. The degrees of serration and presence or absence of hairs on sepals and peduncles he uses only as distinguishing sub-varieties denoted by prefixes as follows: without prefix denotes that the leaflets are simply serrate, or nearly so; fe7- denotes that they are biserrate; Avae- that they are biserrate with very glandular margins ; 0/- that there are glands on the margins of the sepals; swé- that the sepals have dorsal glands, while the serration is simple ; szfer- differs from szé- only in biserrate margins ; hirtelli- indicates a transition from a glabrous to a hairy series ; tersi- denotes that hairs are on the nerves only; /zrdz- that they occur over the surfaces. Only experience can show the value of such a scheme ; but if it stands that test it should be a boon to students of the roses of the British Islands. The Summer of 1911.—The most noteworthy features of the summer have been, in north-east Scotland at least, the very small rainfall and exceptionally high temperature. In the valley of the Dee the want of rain has led to the drying up of swamps and of not a few streams, while the amount of water has been largely reduced in all. The margins of the Dee yielded a very poor contingent of plants, reduced still more by the attacks of multitudes of rabbits, whose usual food was much reduced or almost destroyed by the drought. Many swamps, hardly accessible in most years, could be crossed almost dry shod. The effects have been severe on numerous species of wild plants; and the yield of cultivated plants has been much reduced in most places. The older people state that so dry a season is not remembered since 1868. Even early in September the discoloration and fading of the leaves denotes the early oncoming of winter.—JAmeEs W. H. TRAIL. Montia verna, /Vecker.—This more southern form of Montia lacks a precise record for Scotland ; but Iam now able to supply it. When exploring the vicinity of Dunkeld, East Perth, with the members of the Phytogeographical Excursion I noticed this plant in some quantity near Butterstone Loch. In the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh I also saw a specimen labelled JAZ. fontana, from the shore between Queensferry and Burntisland, Fife, collected by A. C. Maingay in 1857. ‘The true M. fontana, L. (WM. lamprosperma, Cham.), is in the same herbarium, from Loch Skene in Dumfries, Maxwelton in Kirkcudbright, King’s Park, Edinburgh, Pentlands, Lindores and Inverkeithing Bay in Fife, Arran, Isle of Bute, Glenfarg, Loch Brandy in Forfar, Durris in Kincardine, Blair-Atholl in E. Perth, and St. Kilda, A. H. Gibson, 1859. Most of these belong to the variety doreo-rivularts. —G, CLARIDGE DRUCE. 252 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Castalia candida (/Pres/. under Vymphea) in Seotland.—The above plant, which is accorded specific rank in Nyman’s Conspectus, etc., was pointed out by Dr. Ostenfeld of Copenhagen in a loch near Dunkeld, E. Perth, to the Members of the International Phyto- geographical Excursion through the British Isles, which has been such a feature of this year’s field work in Britain. The chief distinctive characters which separate cavd7da from alba are the pollen grains, which in candida are covered with prominent protuberances, while on the grains of a/va these are obscure, and that in candida the ovary is bare of staminate petals in the uppermost part, whereas in adba the ovary is clothed to the top. Doubtless, if attention is given to the matter, the plant will be found in other localities. It is found in Sweden, North Germany, etce.—G. CLARIDGE DRUCE. Hierochloe odorata, /Vah/.—Only a few days ago I came across a post card from the late Mr. A. Somerville, dated June 14, 1904, in which he quotes a letter from Mr. J. Smith Nicoll of Arbroath. He wrote: “I met a Dundee botanist the other evening, and was showing him the Sedge Collection you kindly sent us. He was able to give me some authentic information regarding Calla Glen, about which you inquired of me recently on behalf of Mr. Bennett. It is at the head of Glen Isla near Canlochan in the extreme west of Forfarshire.e He has found Don’s Hierochloe in the Glen himself.” Somehow I had missed this notice, and now give it with the hope that some one will give the name of the finder, and see specimens.—A. BENNETT. Genea verrucosa, /’7¢7,—In Hazelhead Wood near Aberdeen this fungus of the group Zuderacee is found growing a little under the surface of the ground about the roots of Scotch Fir. Some examples were a little over 1 cm. in diameter.—C. O. FARQUHARSON. Sagina glabra, Xoc/, in Seotland.—When climbing Ben Lawers in August last with the members of the International Phyto- geographical Excursion, I saw a Sagina with largish flowers which was new to me; as I was examining it Professor Balfour came up and asked what it was, and at first I could only suggest a large- flowered pentamerous S. procumbens, an idea which was negatived almost as soon as uttered. Later on and higher up the hill more specimens were found, and Dr. Ostenfeld suggested that it was a hybrid of .S. sagénotdes with S. procumbens, but Dr. Graebner and myself were unable to accept this, since the plant was commoner than either of its parents. And although this is not a convincing proof, yet the fact that it has large petals seemed to me a convincing proof of its not bearing that origin. I believe, however, it may be identified with the continental Sagina glabra, Koch, which, however, from its range being apparently BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 253 limited to the Alps of Central Europe, is an unexpected extension of its distribution. I may add that I was never on Ben Lawers so late in the year, and this season again is much earlier. The bright sunlight, too, which caused its flowers to open and thus made the plant more conspicuous was a fortunate factor. Further details of the plant and its distribution will follow if, as I hope, it is correctly identified.—G. CLARIDGE DRUCE. Stellaria palustris, 7e/z. [‘‘ Fl. Scand. Prod.”], ed. 2 (1795), ps 106. S. glauca, With., “ Arr. Brit. Pl.,” ed. 3, vol. i. (4796), p. 420. Scottish botanists should look out for this. Stellaria Dillentana, Moench, “En. Pl. Hass.,” 1777, t. 6, p. 214. S. glauca, With., var. wrens, Meyer, “Ch. Hann.,” 1836, De 19S. S. palustris, Retz, var. viridis, Fries., Mant. iii. 1842, p. 191. Richter gives the synonym S. /accida, Peterm., “Fl. Lips.,” 1834, p. 324. Found by Dr. Williams in a meadow near Walton- on-Thames Bridge (but on the Surrey side) in Middlesex. The plant differs from fa/ustris in being green (not glaucous), its cymes 1-2 flowered, and its late period of flowering, August to October ; it is in full flower when faZustrzs is well over. I have it from Surrey near Moulsy Hurst (H. C. Watson, 1847), and A. Bennett, Sept. 1869; Flegg Burgh Fen, E. Norfolk, August 1880, A. Bennett; and I believe a specimen from Newton Stewart, Wigtown, 7, 1897, J. M‘Andrew, belongs to S. Di/leniana ; but it is too poor to decide on. In Scotland, Perth and Stirling appear to be its northern limits ; but in Finnish Lapland it occurs up to 67° 25’ N. Lat.,! in Russian Lapland to 68° 50’ (Saelen); in Sweden north to Vestermanlands Jan; the var. mzcropetafa, Krok, in Smaland, and Upland, Neuman, (“Sverges Fl.,” 1901, p. 535,), merely notices it as “f. Dr//entana, (Moench).” Dr. Williams” considers that if this is placed as a species, then the species should bear the name S. Ded/entana, and palustris should become the variety. If placed under padustrzs it becomes S. palus- tris, Retz, var. Dillentana, Blytt, ‘‘Norges Flora,” 1876, p. 104g. But perhaps this is a case where a sub-species may be adopted, and S. palustris, sub-species Dzllentana (Moench) used.—A. BENNETT. Stratiotes aloides in Haddingtonshire.—As this plant is rare in Scotland and does not appear to have been recorded from Haddingtonshire, I may state that I found it in some abundance in a pool in a wood between Haddington and Morham on 16th August 1909.—W. Epcar Evans, Edinburgh. 1 Wainio, ‘‘ Lap. Fl. Lap. Finland ” (1891), p. 61. 2 “Tourn. of Botany ” (1910), p. 223. 254 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY CURRENT LITERATURE. The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural History which have appeared during the Quarter—July-September 1911. [The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable, and will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the sources of information undermentioned. ] ZOOLOGY. THE POSSIBILITIES OF BIRD-MARKING, WITH SPECIAL REFER- ENCE TO THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY BIRD MIGRATION INQUIRY. A. Landsborough Thomson, M.A., M.B.O.U., Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. xviii. No. iii. pp. 204-218 (July 1911). KITE IN SCOTLAND AND OTHER NOTES. D. P. O. Cleave, Zoologist, August 1911, p. 317.—A Kite seen on 18th June about 15 miles from Campbeltown. The Osprey, Hen-harrier, and other birds are also recorded in this note. NoTES ON THE RECENT IMMIGRATION OF MEALY REDPOLLS (ACANTHIS LINARIA). William Evans, F.R.S.E., M.B.O.U., Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. xviii. No. ii. pp. 196-203 (July 1911). GREEN SANDPIPER IN SouTH Harris. A. T. A. Ritchie, Zhe Field, 26th Aug. 1911, p. 528.—Example shot on 3rd Aug., on a marsh beside Loch Ossigary, near Rodel. VANESSA CARDUI IN N. MAVINE, SHETLAND. James Waterston, Ent. Mo. Mag., Sept. 1911, p. 217.—Specimen seen on 25th July at Ollaberry. STERRHA SACRARIA IN SCOTLAND. L. G. Esson, Lxtomologist, Sept. 1911, p. 299.— Female captured on 18th August, at Aberdeen. A New BritisH Hatiptus. F. Balfour Browne, F.Z.S., Zz. Mo. Mag., July 1911, p. 153.—The new species is named zomax and is reported to occur in Scotland. A REVISION OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF LIODES, LATREILLE (AnIsoTOMA, Brit. Cat.). Norman H. Joy, M.R.C.S., F.E.S., Zz. Mo. Mag., July and Aug. 1911, pp. 166-179.—L. stenocoryphe, sp. nov., described from specimens taken at Forres; L. picea also recorded from the same locality. CURRENT LITERATURE 255 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE BritisH List OF Muscip ACALYPTRAT (CONTINUED). James E. Collin, F.E.S., Lent. Mo. Mag., July 1911, pp. 149-153, and Aug. 1911, pp. 182-187. —Numerous Scottish records are given in this valuable paper. HYBOS CULICIFORMIS, Fap., INSCOTLAND. A. E. J. Carter, Zz. Mo. Mag., July 1911, p. 161.—KRecords the species from various localities in Perthshire, Midlothian, and Haddington. NoTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1910, W. J. Lucas, Entomologist, August 1911, pp. 257-258.—AEschna juncea recorded from Caldwell and Kilmalcolm. BOTANY. Viota Curtissi. C. E. Salmon (Journ. Bot., 1911, p. 276), records this from “ Dunphail, 1850, hb. J. A. Power.” VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION IN SAGINA NODOSA. By W. G. Travis (Journ. Bot., 1911, pp. 270-273). Observations made on the Lancashire coast, on its multiplication by axillary buds or bulbils. VICIA SYLVATICA, L., var. CONDENSATA. By G. Claridge Druce (Journ. Bot., 1911, pp. 234-235). Found on shingle in Wigtown, on cliffs in Forfar, etc. Seeds sown in garden soil reproduced the variety. DrEsIpDE Mosses. By Edward Richards (Journ. Bot, 1911, pp. 232-233). Several new county records from the basin of the Dee, from Pannanich near Ballater upwards. BOOK NOTICES. THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF THE BritisH ISLEs. By C. Tate Regan, M.A., Zoological Department, British Museum. London: Methven and Co., 1911. 6s. net. A popular work on any group of British animals by a writer who is a recognised authority is always acceptable, and Mr. Tate Regan’s book will be welcomed by both naturalists and anglers. The former will appreciate it for the up-to-date information which they will not find collected together elsewhere, for much has been added to our knowledge of British Freshwater Fishes during recent years. The angler will find the book a safe guide, which he sadly needs, regarding the true value of the various forms, especially of the Trout and Charr. ‘The Salmonidz, which have long been a 256 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY puzzling group, have received much attention from Mr, Regan, and we accept the results of his investigations and opinions regarding them with confidence. The chapters devoted to them form a most important and interesting and authoritative contribution. The accounts of the rest of the species, and the results of recent researches into their life-histories, are excellent, and the author is to be congratulated on the interesting manner in which he has treated his subject. There are also valuable chapters devoted to Classifica- tion and Taxonomy, while one on the Origin and Geographical Distribution of the various species, with special reference to the racial forms peculiar to our islands, forms a fitting conclusion to an admirable book. The volume is adequately illustrated by no less than 37 excellent plates and numerous test figures drawn by the author, all of which are most helpful adjuncts to the letter- press. Witp Birps at Home (Fifth Series). Sixty photos from life by Arthur Brook, of “ British Birds and their Nests.” With notes by George Girdwood. London and Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1911. Price 6d. : This little book is composed of a remarkably fine series of photographs depicting the life and habits of various British birds. To each portrait is affixed the name of the bird in English, French, German, and Latin, whilst an Appendix affords notes in which the characteristic ways and habits of the different birds are briefly but clearly described. ‘This is the fifth series of the “ Wild Birds at Home,” a series which deserves to be popular as a unique collection of bird photographs ex mznzature. G. E. G.-M. A MoNoGRAPH OF THE BRITISH ANNELIDS. Vol. II. Part I].— Polychaeta: Syllide to Ariciide. Pp. 233-524; Plates li-lvi. coloured, and Ixxi.-Ixxxvii. uncoloured. By Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh, M.D., F.R.S., etc. Ray Society, 1910. In the July 1908 number of the “Annals” we took notice of Part I. of the second volume of Prof. M‘Intosh’s monumental work. We have now to chronicle the issue of Part II. of that volume. About 70 species, belonging to the Families Syllide, Nereide, Eunicide, Goniadide, Glyceride, and Ariciidee, are therein described and illustrated. Of the beautiful coloured plates, on which some- thing like one-half of the species are figured, it is impossible to speak too highly. An Index to the species, etc., described in Vol. I. is inserted at the end of the part.—W. E. ” Np EX Acherontia atropos in Caithness, 119 Addresses, Presidential, to Perthshire Society of Natural Science (Curr. Lit.), 124 Alepidosaurus ferox off St. Kilda, 247 Algz, Freshwater, of Clyde Area. Some recent additions to the (Curr. Lit.), 192 ALSTON, CHAS. H., A Friendly Stoat, 112; Wigeon nesting on Loch Awe, 183 ANDERSON, PETER, Short-eared Owls at Tiree, 116; Increase of Mute Swans in Tiree, 246 Armeria alpina, Willd., in Britain (Curr. Lit.), 60 Atheta (Homalota) picipennis, Mannh., A new British Beetle (Curr. Lit.), 59 BALFOUR-BROWNE, FRANK, M.A. (Oxon:); Fe Rao.H., FeZ.S., The Aquatic Coleoptera of the North Ebudes, 149, 210 Bass in‘* Scotch Waters,” 247 BAXTER, EVELYN V., H.M.B.O.U., and RIntouL, LEONORA JEFFREY, H.M.B.O.U., Bird Notes from the Isle of May, Autumn I9I10, I; Lesser Shrew in Perthshire, 51; Blue Shark in the Firth of Forth, 56; Continental form of Willow- warbler and Great Spotted Wood- pecker on the Isle of May, 116; On the Occurrence of the Nightin- gale (Luscinia megarhynchos mega- rhynchos) on the Isle of May: an Addition to the Avi-fauna of Scotland, 132; Report on Scottish Ornithology in 1910, 133, 194 Beeches in the Clyde Drainage Area, On the (Curr. Lit.), 191 BENNETT, ARTHUR, F.L.S., Contri- bution to a Flora of Caithness, No. V. (cont.), 443; Vecta orobus, DC., 104; Pyrola secunda, Linn., 80 106; Corallorhiza ctnnata, 119; Vicia sylvatica, L., var. condensata, Druce, 120; A remarkable form of Carex aquatilis, \Wahl., 121 3 Notes on Cadllitriche, 121 ; Notes on the genus Fotamogeton of the ‘* London Catalogue,” Edition 10, 180; Pyrola uniflora, L., in the Outer Hebrides, 185; Vaderiana dioica, L., in the Outér Hebrides, 186; Distribution of Goodyera repens, 242; Hverochloe odorata, Wahl., 252; Stellarta palustris, Retz., 253 Berry, WILLIAM, Wood-Sandpiper (Zotanws glareola) in Fifeshire, 248; Scaup-Duck (/ wardla), in August, 249 Bird-life, Autumn and Winter, of the Fairlie Shore (Curr. Lit.), 188 Bird-marking, Possibilities of (Curr. Lit. ), 254 Bird Notes trom the Isle of May, 1 Bird Notes from Tiree, 52 Bird Notes, Lauderdale, 53 Birds, Notes on, Glas. Nat. III., No. 1, (Curr. Lit.), 58 Birds, Notes on the, frequenting Elder Park, Govan (Curr. Lit.), 188 Birds, Observations on the Rock- breeding, of Butt of Lewis, 65 Birds observed on Fair Isle during 1910, 53 Birds of East Renfrewshire, The (Curr. leit) 122 Birds of St. Kilda, 51 Birds, Return of Summer, to the Clyde Area in 1911 (Curr. Lit.), 188 BLACKWooD, G. G., Notes on a Nest of the Snow-bunting, 115 ; Wigeon breeding in Roxburghshire, 117 Bledius anne, etc., Further records of (Cum, Wits) 123 Lledius pallipes and its allies in Britain (Curr; Lit))) 123 Bonar, Rev. H. N., F.Z.S., Nesting F 258 of Pied Flycatcher in East Lothian, 182 Book Notices:—A History of British Manimals by Gerald E. H. Barrett- Hamilton, B.A., M.R.L.A., F.Z.S., 61; The Eggs of the Birds of Europe, including all the species inhabiting the Western Palzearctic Area, by H. E. Dresser, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc., 62; The Birds of Dumfriesshire. A Contribution to the Fauna of the Solway Area, by H. S. Gladstone, M.A., F.Z.S., PeReSSE EB OLUs 625) ihre British Bird Book: an Account of all the Birds, Nests, and Eggs found in the British Isles, edited by F. B. Kirkman, B.A. (Oxon), 63; The Home-life of the Spoon- bill, the Stork and some Herons. Photographed and described by Bentley Beetham, F.Z.S., 64; The Works of Aristotle, translated into English, Vol. IV., Historia Animalium, by D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, 125; A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca, Part VIII. (Supple- mentary) Figures by the late Joshua Alder, and the late Albany Hancock and others. Text by Sir Charles Eliot, M.A., D.C.L., etc., 126; Report on the Immigration of Summer Residents in the Spring of 1909; also on migratory move- ments during the autumn of 1908, 127; The British Warblers by H. Eliot Howard, Part V., 127; The Distribution of Hepaticze in Scot- land, by Symers M. Macvicar, 127; The Liverworts British and Foreign by Sir Edward Fry, G. C. B. and Agnes Fry, 128; Photo- graphy for Bird Lovers, A Practical Guide, by Bentley Beetham, F. Z.S., 192; The Freshwater Fishes of the British Isles, by C. Tate Regan, 255; Wild Birds at Home (Fifth Series), 60 photos by Arthur Brook, 256; a Monograph of British Annelids, Vol. Il. Part II., by W. C. M‘Intosh, 256 Botanical Survey, The Present Position of, in Britain (Curr. Lit.), 124 Bramblings and Waxwings in Berwick- shire (Curr. Lit.), 58 “ British Conchology,” (Curr. Lit.), 188 Brock, S. E., Willow-wren’s Nest in old Song -thrush’s Nest, 245; Local Variation in Song of Tree- Pipit (Azthus trivialts), 245 Additions to ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY Brown, JAMES MEIKLE, B.Sc., F.L.S., A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa_ of Scotland, 226 Bullfinches, Mealy Redpolls, and Cross- bills in Scotland, 54 Bullfinch, Northern, Holboell’s Redpoll, etc., in the Lothians, 113 Bunting, Snow, Notes on a Nest of the, 115 Bunting, Supposed Cirl, in Sutherland, 114 Callitriche, Notes on, 121 CAMERON, P., On the Scottish Species of Oxyura (Proctotrypide), Part VI., 85 Capercaillie, Extension of,in Moray, 184 Carex aquatilis, A remarkable form of, 121 Carex aguatilis, Wahlb., and _ its Scottish Forms (Curr. Lit.), 125 Carex, The Genus, in Britain (Curr, ILytis) 5) WAS CarTER, A. E. J., On some New and Rare Scottish Diptera, 83 Cassida nobilis, L., in Dumbartonshire (Curr. Lit.), 189 Castalia candida in Scotland, 252 Cerastia, The Alpine, of Britain, 38 Cerastium nigrescens, Edmonston, 119 Cherophyllum aureum, L., from Bank of Teith, Callander (Curr. Lit.), 125 Cherophyllum aureum, L., in Britain (Curr. Lit.), 191 Chermes panzert (C. L. Koch), in Forth, 185 Chiff-chaff, Siberian, and Holboell’s Redpoll in Shetland, 115 Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, Schill., the Fungus of Black Scab Potato Disease, Occurrence in Ayrshire (Curr. Lit.), 192 CLARKE, WILLIAM EAGLE, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., etc., The Birds of St. Kilda, 51; Birds observed on Fair Isle during the year I910, 53; Bullfinches, Mealy Redpolls, and Crossbills in Scotland, 54; Blyth’s Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus dunie- torum) at Fair Isle: an Addition to the British Avifauna, 70; On the Occurrence of Temminck’s Grasshopper Warbler in Orkney, 71 CLYNE, ROBERT, Observations on the Rock-breeding Birds of the Butt of Lewis, 65 Cochlearia micaceain Peeblesshire (Curr. Lit.), 60 Coleoptera, The Aquatic, of the North Ebudes, 149, 210 INDEX 259 Coleoptera, Two Species of, New to Science (Curr. Lit.), 123 Colloderma, A new Genus of Mycetozoa (Curr. Lit.), 60 Corallorhiza tnnata, 119 Crossbills at Lerwick, 245 Crossbills, Bullfinches, and Mealy Red- polls in Scotland, 54 Cryptamorpha desjardinsi, Guér., in Glasgow (Curr. Lit.), 59 Cryptogamic Society of Scotland and British Mycological Society at Drumnadrochit, With the (Curr. Tits) TOD Davipson, A. G., AND RAMSAY, L. N. G., Supposed Occurrence of the Grasshopper Warbler in ** Dee,” 116 Davinpson, J., Hobby and other Birds of Prey in Moray, 117 Dendrocopus major major in Kast Ross, 246 Diptera, A List of, collected in Perth- shire (Curr. Lit.), 124 Diptera in Perthshire (Curr. Lit.), 124 Diptera, Northern Records of, 185 Diptera, On some New and Scottish, 83 Diptera, The, of Clyde (Curr. Lit.), 189 Diptera, Two, New to Britain (Curr. Lit.), 59 Dolphins, White-beaked, in the Upper Estuary of the Forth, 111 Don, George, Memorial to, at Forfar, 186 Douglas, David, Scone, Botanist and Pioneer of Arboriculture (Curr. Lit.), 124 Dove, Turtle- (Zurtur communis), Black Tern (ydrochelidon nigra), and Scaup (/wligula marila) in Renfrewshire (Curr. Lit.), 188 Dove, Turtle-, On the Isle of May, 184 Dragonflies, Scottish, Some Further Records, 14 Druce, G. CLARIDGE, M.A., F.L.S., The Alpine Cerastza of Britain, 38; Rhinanthus Ferrier?, 56; Scottish Plants chiefly from Skye, Peebles, Selkirk, and Kirkcud- bright, 96 and 164 ; Scottish Hier- acia, 103 3; A/ontza verna, Necker, 251; Castalia candida in Scotland, 252; Sagina glabra, Koch, in Scotland, 252 Duncan, Harry, The Greater Wheat- ear in Clyde, 116 DuNLop, Eric B., The Breeding Range of the Fulmar Petrel (/7/marzs elacialis) in the British Isles, 246 ; King-fish at Shetland, 247 Rare Ectoparasites, Notes on some in the Museum, Perth (Curr. Lit.), 124 Epirors, Wigeon Breeding at Loch Leven: a Correction, 117 ELMHIRST, RICHARD, F.L.S., On some Ambicoloured Flat-fish from the Clyde, 77; Albino Weasel near Loch Awe, 112 Lpilobium Wybrids, Notes on (Curr. Tits) Lon Lpipeda nigricans, a Correction (Curr. Lit.), 189 Lriophorum paniculatum in Valley of Dee, South Aberdeenshire, 249 Errithacus rubecula rubecula, Occur- rence on South-West Coast of Scotland, 245 Erophila virescens, Jord., in Scotland (Curr Lit) O83 EVANS, WILLIAM, F.R.S.E., Scottish Dragonflies, Some further Records and Table of Distribution, 14; Oligocheta from the Isle of May, 56; White-beaked Dolphins in the Upper Estuary of the Forth, 111; The Northern Bullfinch, Holboell’s Redpoll, etc., in the Lothians, 113; Supposed Cirl Bunting in Sutherland, a Mistake in Identifica- tion, 114 ; Labza minor in Had- dingtonshire, 118; C \ \ i RATURATA\ eS EDINBURGH DAVID DOUGLAS, CASTLE STREET LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE Price 2s.6d. 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