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ANNALS

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

OWE OU MES XV ALT.

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOG:OUM Ey XV EPL.

PRINTED FOR THE
TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM
BY ADLARD & Son & WeEst NEwmaANn, LTD., Lonpon.
1921.

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

The Right Hon. Joey Xavier Merriman, P.C., M.L.A.
Str Tuomas Murr, Kt., C.M.G., L.L.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E.
The Hon. Jonn WituiamM Jaccer, M.L.A., F.RStat.S.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN
MUSEUM.

Louis ALBert Périncuey, DS&c., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Director.

Kepret Harcourt Barnarp, M.A., F.L.S, Assistant Director and Assistant in
Charge of Fish & Marine Invertebrate Collections.

Artuur Lewis Haut, B.A., Keeper of the Geological and Mineralogical Collections.

Ricuarp Witti1aAM Eruenpert Tucker, M.A., Assistant in Charge of Arthropoda
(Insects excluded).

Star GARABEDIAN, B.A., Assistant in Charge of Botanical Collections.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

C P. ALEXANDER. PAGE
The Crane-flies of South Africa in the South African Museum (Diptera,
Tipulidae)" Part 2.5) 2. 181
A New Genus and Species of Tppderiine (Petindenomne cane
in the South African Museum (Diptera)... ... . » . w . 281
C. AURIVILLIUS. |
Descriptions of some South African Heterocera (Lepidoptera) . . . . 235
M. Bezazt.
On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera) as ig aks in
thessouthsAtricans Musewmis ys cee See LoS ane 1
F, Ris.
The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa .. . ... . . . . «= 245

T. R. R. Stepsine.
South African Crustacea (Part Il of §8. A. Crustacea for the Marine
Investipationssane south Atmca) a: eacce. son ep ee 458

INDEX OF NEW GENERIC AND SUBGENERIC

INTRODUCED IN THIS VOLUME.

Acrodisca n.sg. (Exoprosopa, Bombyliidae) Bezzi
Cymatopacha n.g. (Lasiocampidae) Aurivillius
Gnumyia n.g. (Bombyliidae) Bezzi.

Gonarthrus n.g. (Bombyliidae) Bezzi .

Goniotipula n.g. (Tipulidae) Alexander .

Idiotipula n.g. *(Tipulidae) Alexander.
Limnophilomyia n.sg. (Limnophila, Tipulidae) neewnder
Maxillothrix n.g. (Xanthidae) Stebbing . ;
Metapenta n.sg. (Exoprosopa, Bombyliidae) Bez
Notiothemis n.g. (Libellulidae) Ris

Oestranthrax n.g. (Bombyliidae) Bezzi .
Oniromyia n.g. (Bombylhidae) Bezzi .

Pantostomus n.g. (Bombyliidae) Bezzi

Paraphlebs n.g. (Notodontidae) Aurivillius.
Parathosea n.g. (Limacodidae) Aurivillius .
Peringueyomyina n.g. (Tanyderidae) Alexander .
Poecilarctia n.g. (Arctiidae) Aurivillius .
Pseudempis n.g. (Bombyliidae) Bezzi .

Pteraulax n.g. (Bombylidae) Bezzi

Pterobates n.sg. (Exoprosopa, Bombyliidae) Ben
Sosiomyia n.g. (Bombyliidae) Bezzi

Synthesia n.g. (Bombyliidae) Bezzi :
Trichiurana n.g. (Lasiocampidae) Aurivillius .
Trichotrimicra n.sg. (Trimicra, Tipulidae) Alexander .

DATE OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS.

Part 1, February 21th, 1921.
Part 2, March 21th, 1921.
Part 3, September 16th, 1921.
Part 4, December 6th, 1921.

ot

NAMES

139
238
etn
88 & 477
213
220
208
456

. 1389 & 477

388

130" 477,

“il
474
240
242
232
235

94
17;

. 149 & 478

67
130
236
95,

oo 0

Lis® OF PLATES:

PLATE
Bombylius mutilatus n.sp.
| Bombylius capensis Lin.
Bombylius megaspilus n.sp.
Bombylius punctatellus n.sp.
Bombylius pentaspilus n.sp.
Bombylius peringueyi n.sp.
Bombylius hirticeps n.sp.
Systoechus scrabrirostris n.sp.
Anastoechus rubricosus Wied.
Eurycarenus sessilis n.sp.
Dischistus plumipalpis n.sp.
Sosiomya comata n.sp.
Oniromya pachycerata Big.
Corsomyza pennipes Wied.
Callynthrophora magnifrons n sp.
Megapalpus nitidus Macq.
Gonarthrus cygnus Big.
Pseudempis heteroptera Wied.
Peringueyimya capensis Big.
Pteraulax flexicornis n.sp.
Petrorossia vinula n.sp.
Spongostylum muticum n.sp.
Thyridanthrax calochromatus n.sp.
Thyridanthrax ternarius Bez.
Litorrhynchus maurus Thunb.
Exoprosopa pentala Macq.
Exoprosopa offuscata n.sp.
Exoprosopa neurospila n.sp.
Exoprosopa nemesis Fabr.
Exoprosopa capensis Wied.
Exoprosopa dilata n.sp.
| Hyperalonia coleoptrata n.sp.
Dicranomyia gardineri Edw.
Rhipidia miosema (Speiser).
III. < Dicranomyia confusa n.8p.
Geranomyia (Monophana) subimmaculata n.sp.
Limnophila spectabilis n.sp.

Th:

ee eee

PLATE

TET.

TV

VI.

VII.

VIII.

ON SSO

~=

ete See SES ee

List of Plates. IX

Limnophila natalensis n.sp.
Limnophila nox n.sp.

Eriocera capensis n.sp.
Eriocera humilis n.sp.
Erioptera claripennis n.sp.
Gonomyia sulphurelliodes n.sp.
Molophilus eriopteroides n.sp.
Gonomyia flaveola n.sp.
Gonomyia mimetica n.sp.
Dolichopeza (Trichodolichopeza) aurantiaca n.sy.
Idiotipula confluens n.g. et sp.
Habromastix africana n.sp.
Tipula cinereilinea n.sp.
Tipula rubronigra n.sp.
Tipula frater n.sp.
Habromastix jonesi n.sp.
Platylimnobia pumila n.sp.
Gonomyia mimetica n.sp.
Idiotipula confluens n.g. et sp.
Habromastix africana n.sp.
Tipula frater n.sp.

Tipula jocosa Alex.

Hemianax ephippiger Burm.
Metachemis valida Selys.
Libellula fulva Mill.
Calopteryx virgo Linn.
Ischnura elegans Vanderl.
Libellago caligata Selys.
Thaon iridipennis Burm.
Lestes plagiatus Burm.
Chlorolestes conspicua Selys.
Chlorolestes peringueyl n.sp.
Chlorolestes fasciata Burm.
Chlorolestes tessellata Burm.
Chlorolestes longicauda Burm.
Allocnemis leucosticta Selys.
Chlorocnemis marshalli n.sp.
Disparoneura mutata Selys.
Metacnemis valida Selys.
Pseudagrion natalense n.sp.
Podogomphus praetorius Selys.
Mesogomphus cognatus Rambur.
Crenigomphus hartmanni Forster.
Onychogomphus supinus Selys.
Ceratogomphus pictus Selys.
Cynacantha manderica Grunb.
Aeschna subpupillata MacL.

List of Plates.

PLATE

VIL $ Anaciaeschna triangulifera Mach.

' ( Macromia picta Selys.
Podogomphus praetorius Selys.
Mesogomphus hageni Selys.
Mesogomphus elpidius n.sp.
Mesogomphus cognatus Rambur.
Crenigomphus hartmanni Forster.
Onychogomphus supinus Selys.
Ceratogomphus pictus Selys.
Macromia picta Selys.
Macromia thetis n.sp.

IX.

| Macromia clymene n.sp.
Orthetrum stemmale capense Calv.
Palpopleura lucia Drury.
Palpopleara jucunda Rambur.
Hemistigma albipuncta Rambur.
Hemistigma albipuncta Rambur.
Acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides Rambur.
Crocothemis sanguinolenta Burm.
Sympetrum fonscolombei Selys.
Trithemis distanti Kirby.
Rhyothemis mariposa Ris.
Rhyothemis semihyalina Des).
Urothemis edwardsi Selys.
Lestes virens Charp.
\ Platyenemis pennipes Pallas.
Gomphus pulchellus Selys.
Anax imperator Leach.
Orthetrum cancellatum Linn.

‘ Sympetrum striolatum Charp.

XIII. Eurynome elegans n.sp.

XIV. Maxillothrix actaeiformis n.g. et sp.

XV. Kucrate affinis Hasw.

XVI. Pachygrapsus polyodous n.sp.

XVII. Ebalia glomus n.sp.

. y A. Nursia postulans n.sp.
ena B. Nursia scandens Stebb.
XIX. Eudromia hendersoni n.sp.

XX. Penaeus longicornis (Olivier).

Bale <

210, <

Achaeopsis .
Acisoma
Acrodisca .
Actaea .
Adelidea
Aeschna.
Agriocnemis
Allocnemis.
Anaciaeschna .
Anastoechus
Anax
Antheua.
Anthrax.
Apolysis.
Arbelodes .
Argia
Atarba .

Beralade.
Blastus .
Bombycopsis .
Bombylius .
Brachythemis.
Bradinopyga .

Callynthrophora .

Ceratogomphus
Ceriagrion. .
Chalcostephia .
Chlorocnemis .
Chlorolestes
Chondrostega .
Conosia .
Corsomyza .
Crenigomphus.
Crocidium .
Crocothemis
Cymatopacha .

INDEX OF GENERA.

PAGE

‘121,

410
238

Defilippia .
Dicranomyia .
Diplacodes .
Dischistus .
Disparoneura .
Dolichopeza

Ebalia
Elephantomyia
Enallagma .
Eriocera
Erioptera .
Eucrate .
Eudromia .
Eurycarenus .
Eurynome .
Exoprosopa

Galene
Geranomyia
Geron
Glocia
Gnumyia
Gonarthrus
Goniotipula
Gonomyia .
Gynacantha

Habromastix .
Helothemis
Hemianax .
Hemistigma
Henica . .
Hyperalonia
Hyperusia .

PAGE

Oo 66

’

“138, 169, 476

a he at
84, 167, 473

XII

Ictinus .
Idiotipula .
Ischnura

Lestes

Libellago
Limnobia .
Limnophila
Limnophilomyia .
Litorrhynchus
Lomatia
Longurio

Macromia .
Marmarophlegma
Maxillothrix .
Megapalpus
Mesogomphus .
Metacnemis
Metapenta .
Molophilus .

Nephrotoma
Nomalonia .
Notiothemis
Nursia .

Oestranthrax .
Olpogastra .
Oniromyia .
Onychogomphus .
Orimargula
Orthetrum .

Pachygrapsus .
Pachypasa .
Palpopleura
Pantala .
Pantostomus .
Paraphlebs.
Parathosea .
Penaeus.

Index of Genera.

PAGE

130,

439
220
333

268
261
187
203
208
475
TG
214

375
239
456

85

343 |

296
139
193

22h
106
388
461

ike
430

71
352
187
391

458
238
401
431
474
240
242
463

Peringueyimyia .

Peringueyomyina
Petrorossia .
Phaon
Philonomon
Phthiria.
Platylambrus .
Platylimnobia
Podogomphus.
Podoneura .
Poecilarctia
Porpax .
Pseudagrion
Pseudempis
Pseudomacromla .
Pteraulax .
Pterobates .

Rhipidia
Rhyothemis

Sosiomyia .
Spongostylum .
Sympetrum
Synthesia .
Systoechus .
Systropus .

Tethriamanta .
Thyridanthrax
Tipula .
Tomomyaa .
Toxophora .
Trameaee ss
Trentepohlia .
Trichiurana
Trichotrimicra
Trimicra
Trithemis .

Urothemis .

Villa.

T.
FEIS2. egy re)

105,

435

126

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

(Vor. XVIII)

1.—On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera) as represented
in the South African Musewm.—By Prof. M. Brzzi.

(With Plates I and IT.)

Since the publication of H. Loew’s general treatment of the family
Bombylidae in his classical work of 1860 on the South African
Dipterous Fauna,* no other paper has appeared dealing especially
with this group of flies, which seems, however, to be plentifully
represented in that country.

In the old publications of Linnaeus, Fabricius, Thunberg and
Olivier, as also in the earliest papers of Wiedemann on the insects of
the Cape (1818-1819), and even in the general works of Wiedemann,
Macquart and Walker, there are numerous species described, most of
which had not been recorded subsequently. In addition, after 1860
many other new forms have been added by Adams, Bigot, Hermann,
Karsch, Loew, Ricardo, Romani, Schiner, Walker, Westwood, etc.
But all these descriptions are scattered, often hardly accessible, and
by no means arranged systematically ; therefore a general survey of
the subject seems to be not devoid of importance.

It was then with the greatest pleasure that I received through the
kindness of Dr. L. Péringuey the very rich collection of South African
Bombyliidae in the South African Museum. At the same time I had
already before me extensive collections of Ethiopian Bombyliidae from

* “Die Dipteren-Fauna Siidafrikas,”’ ‘ Abhand. Naturw. Ver. fiir Sachs und
Thuring in Halle,’ Berlin, 1860.
1

2 Annals of the South African Museum.

the British Museum, and others from the Hungarian Museum at
Budapest. To these collections I have added the species received from
the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, and those sent me by Dr. Brauns
of Willowmore (Cape). This large amount of material enables me to
give here a general review of the group. and to describe many new
genera and species.

The collection contains a number of species determined by Bigot,
who had prepared a paper on the Diptera sent him from the Cape by
Dr. Péringuey.* Most of these species have never been published; but
many of them were evidently classified from Macquart’s types in
Bigot’s collection. For instance there is a type of Lasioprosopa bigoti,
Macquart, 1855, described from Oceania, which is none other than
Corsomyra nigripes, as already stated by Schiner, who had received
the species from Macquart himself; this important synonymy has not
been as yet recorded in the catalogues.

The Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa, as compared with that of
the remainder of the Ethiopian region, shows some peculiar characters,
which make it at once recognisable.

Firstly there is a large number of purely endemic genera, such as
Adelidea, Crocidium, Nomalonia, Péringueyimyia, and some new ones—
Sosiomyia, Oniromyia, Pseudempis and Pteraulaz. But the main
characteristic 1s the presence of the genera Corsomyra and Callyn-
throphora, which, with their now known 10 species, are exclusively
South African; they represent certainly an endemic line of develop-
ment which is no doubt adapted to some special characters of endemic
flowers, to which they are adapted for pollination, as shown by their
extraordinary facial brush. Very characteristic among the important

genera is the great number of the species of Bombylins—a genus which
is most sparingly represented in Central Africa; eminently peculiar
are some groups of species, like that of the allies of Bombylius
micans, and that of B. lateralis and bivittatus. ‘The related genera
Systoechus, Anastoechus and Dischistus comprise also characteristic
species, chiefly those of the two first-named genera, which are very
close to those of the group of Bombylins micans. Lomatia has a good
series of peculiar forms, very often remarkable for their great size.
In the genera Anthrax and Spongostylwm peculiar specific forms are
scarce, and so are likewise those included in the genera Thyridanthraa,
Villa and Litorrhynchus. Against this a great number of characteristic
species is to be found in Hzoprosopa, some subgenera of which, like
Metapeuta and Acrodisca, and also groups, like those of heros,
seniculus, capensis, etc., are exclusively or pre-eminently South

* Quoted by Bigot himself in ‘ Ann. Soc. Ent. France,’ 4, xi, 1892, p. 871.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 3

African. Poor in representatives is the genus Hyperalonia, which
for a long time was believed to be absent from the Cape Fauna.

The classification of the family will be dealt with by me in my forth-
coming general work on the Bombyliidae of the Ethiopian region in
the British Museum; the classification has recently made great
progress through the valuable contribution of my friend Th. Becker,
‘Genera Bombyliidarum,’ 1918, in which he recognised no less than
fifteen subfamilies.

I give here a synoptic table of the groups and of the genera
represented in the collection of the South African Museum.

1 (54). Hind border of the eyes not indented, or very rarely with a deep
sinuosity only (Eurycarenus); eyes without a bisecting line.

2 (47). Occiput flat, not bilobate above and without a central cavity ;
occipital fringe typically placed at the border of the eyes.

3 (46). Prothorax less developed and not especially setose.

4 (45). Metasternum not specially developed ; hind legs not specially strong ;
eyes of the females separated; body rather broad and more or less
pilose.

5 (22). Tibiae with 3 rows of long spicules; proboscis long; palpi single-
jointed; metapleurae usually hairy ; body bristly.

6 (21). Abdomen broad, of oval or rotund shape; antennae approximate
together at base (Bombyliinae).

7 (16). First posterior cell closed at end; metapleurae usually hairy.

8 (15). Hind border of the eyes absolutely entire; first posterior cell closed
by the third longitudinal vein ending at costa; wings with a well-
developed basal comb.

9 (12). First basal cell longer than the second.

10 (11). Three submarginal cells present . : : Triplasius, Loew.
11 (10). Two submarginal cells present. : . Bombylius, Loew.
12 (9). First basal cell not longer than the second.

13 (14). Face prominent and moderately pilose; discoidal cell as in the

preceding genus. . Systoechus, Loew.
14 (13). Face rounded and more denuely wireaet iigeoidal cell very obtuse at
end. : . Anastoechus, O.S8.

15 (8). Hind border of ihe eyes fay a Hee sonnei first posterior cell
closed by the fourth longitudinal vein ending at costa; basal comb
small or wanting . : : ¢ . Eurycarenus, Loew.

16 (7). First posterior cell open; wings with no distinct basal comb;
metapleurae usually bare.

17 (18). Only two submarginal cells present . . Dischistus, Loew.
18 (17). Three submarginal cells present. f
19 (20). Third antennal joint quite bare above. 2 Adelidea, Macq.

20 (19). Third antennal joint beset with long hairs above
Sosiomyia, gen. nov.
21 (6). Abdomen narrow and cylindrical; antennae separated at base
(Cythereinae) : : 5 : Oniromyia, gen. nov

27

28

29

Annals of the South African Museum.

‘Tibiae bare or only pilose, destitute of spicules disposed in rows; but
if the spicules are sometimes distinct, then the palpi are 2-jointed ;
body not bristly.

Cubital fork very broad; if it is rather narrow, then the body is
short and broad (Uriinae).

Body very pilose; squamulae with a long fringe; plumula usually
distinct ; face provided with a more or less distinct circular brush.
Proboscis lone; third antennal joint dilated at end; facial brush
well developed.

First antennal joint more or less elongate, but always of a cylindrical
shape; antennae placed near the upper border of the facial brush

Corsomyra, Wied.
First antennal joint short and swollen; antennae placed near the
middle of the facial brush : - Callynthrophora, Schin.
Proboscis shorter than the mouth-opening; third antennal joint
linear ; facial brush less distinct ; antennae placed near the upper
border of the facial convexity ; é . Gnumyia, gen. nov.
Body almost bare; squamulae with a short fringe or nearly bare;
face destitute of circular brush.
Antennae inserted near the mouth, with a thick third joint.
Hyperusia, Bezzi.

Antennae set far from the mouth, with a slender third joint; palpi
long and thin : : . Megapalpus, Macq.
Cubital fork narrow ; if i is father broad, then the body is narrow
and elongate (Phthiriinae).

Ambient vein complete.

Four posterior cells present ; palpi 2-jointed.

Cubital fork broad ; anal cell open; tibiae with three rows of distinct
spicules : ; . Gonarthrus, Bezzi.
Cubital fork narrow ; anal cell oesnil: tibiae without or with less
distinct spicules.

Face hairy ;.third antennal joint longer than the first; eyes of the

male united : ; Orociatun: Loew.
Face bare; third WAiomel ‘one Shorkor than the first; eyes of the
male separate 5 : : F Apatonar a, Wied.
Three posterior cells only; palpi isinele: jointed; first antennal joint
longer than the third : : . Pseudoxmictus, Big.

Ambient vein incomplete, endan at apex of the anal vein.

Four posterior cells present; discoidal cell complete ; face bare ; third

antennal joint with a lateral stype apically ; palpi single-jointed.
Phthiria, Meig.

Three posterior cells only.

Discoidal cell closed; third antennal joint acute at end, with a ter-

minal style; palpi single-jointed . 5 : . Geron, Meig.
Discoidal cell open; third antennal joint obtuse at end, with a lateral
style; palpi 2-jointed 3 é Apolysis, Loew.

Metaster num exceedingly dovelaped: tana legs very strong and long ;
eyes coalescing in both sexes or nearly so; body bare and narrow ;
wings and abdomen pedunculate (Systropinae) . Systropus, Wied.

68 (69).

69 (68).

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 5

Prothorax much developed and beset with strong bristles (To«o-
phorinae) . ¢ - Toxophora, Meig.
Occiput prominent pilobate aes with a central cavity, and with
the fringe placed at the border of this cavity (Cylleniinae).

Ocelli well developed ; metapleurae bare.

Second longitudinal vein not recurrent; first posterior cell open ;
three submarginal cells present.

A marginal cell only , : : : Nomalonia, Rond.
Three marginal cells ; < ; : Henica, Macq.
Second longitudinal vein recurrent; first posterior cell closed; two
submarginal cells. 5 2 : . Péringueyimyia, Big.
Ocelli not distinct ; metapleurae hairy. ; Tomonyra, Wied.

Hind border of the eyes indented-; eyes with a more or less distinct
bisecting line ; occiput always prominent and bilobate above.
Origin of the second longitudinal vein beginning before the middle
cross-vein, and usually at acute angles with it (Lomatiinae).
Origin of the second longitudinal vein acute and distant from the
middle cross-vein. :
Middle cross-vein placed much beyond the middle of the discoidal
cell; eyes of the male separate ; two submarginal cells.
Lomatia, Meig.
Middle cross-vein a little before the middle of the discoidal cell;
eyes of male united; three submarginal cells . Pterwulax, gen. nov.
Second longitudinal vein originating at an obtuse angle and rather
near to the middle cross-vein : . Petrorossia, Bezzi.
Origin of the second longitudinal vein mee opposite to the middle
cross-vein, or nearly so (but a little before it in the gen. Synthesia).
Third antennal joint with a pencil of hairs at end; squamulae with
hairy fringe; metapleurae bare (dAnthracinae).
Third antennal joint broader than the second, and with a produced
margin; wings with a broad black pattern, and often dimidiate.
Anthrax, Scop.
Third antennal joint globular, inserted into the cup-shaped second
joint and not broader; wings only with infuscated spots at cross-
veins and bifurcations : c . Spongostylum, Macq.
Third antennal joint without foemina pencil of hairs; squamulae
with scaly fringe ; metapleurae hairy (Exoprosopinae).
Two submarginal cells only, or very rarely three; ocelli placed at
vertex or nearly so; claws usually not toothed.
Front tibiae beset with distinct spicules; proboscis short, retracted,
with fleshy terminal flaps; third posterior cell long.
Face rounded, not prominent, never very convex ; second longitudinal
vein originating quite opposite to the middle cross-vein ; third anten-
nal joint globular, quickly attenuated into a long, thin filiform style.
Mouth-openinge developed as usual, like the proboscis; facial plate

short ; thoracical macrochaetae well developed . Villa, Lioy.
Mouth-openinge very small, with the proboscis rudimentary ; facial

plate very long and broad ; no thoracical macrochaetae.
Oestranthrax, Bezzi.

=P)

70

76

(67).

(73).

Annals of the South African Museum.

Face bluntly convex, rather prominent; second longitudinal vein
originating before the middle cross-vein; third antennal joint
gradually tapering into a not thin point ; pulvilli well developed.
Synthesia, gen. nov.
Front tibiae smooth ; proboscis projecting ; face conically prominent
or at least bluntly convex; third antennal joint cone-shaped; third
posterior cell often short . ; ; . Thyridanthrae, OS.
Three or four submarginal cells ; ocellar tubercle far remote from the
vertex ; claws usually with a distinct basal tooth.
Three submareinal cells only; claws with a long and acute basal
tooth.
Face rounded; proboscis longer than the oral cavity, usually very
projecting ; fore tibiae beset with spicules Litorrhynchus, Macq.
Face mainly conical; proboscis shorter and less projecting; fore
tibiae usually smooth : Exoprosopa, Macq.
Four submarginal cells; claws with a short and obtuse tooth.
Hyperalonia, Rond.

Famity BOMBYLIIDAHR.

Supramity BOMBYLIINAE.

BOMBYTLIUS, Linné.

Syst. Natur., ed. x, p. 228, 1758.

This genus is very abundantly represented in the South African
Fauna.
1855 and 1860 (with the exclusion of the American species added
subsequently), is evidently the same as Bombylius, bemg based only
on the variable character of the three submarginal cells; at any rate
the type-species 7. bivittatus (which is wanting in the South African
Museum collection) must be considered as congeneric with B. lateralis.

The genus T'riplasins, as it was understood by its author in

The very numerous South African species in the collection may be

divided in the following traditional groups of higher value :

]

(6).

(5).

(4).

Hind femora spinose at base; antennae approximate at base and
with the first joimt not thickened; wings with a more or less
developed basal comb, often of very large size.

Eyes of the male united; no strong bristles on head or on fore part
of thorax; third antennal joint usually short, and not much attenuated
at end; pulvilli more or less but always well developed; wings with
small basal comb and with the discal cell usually more or less
acute outwardly.

Hairs of prevalent black colour, at least on abdomen; there
are usually silvery spots of squamose hairs on head, thorax and
abdomen. : q : : : . ater Group.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). rf

4 (3). Hairs mostly of yellowish or greyish colour, the black hairs on
abdomen very scarce and limited to the sides or apex; no distinct
silvery spots, or very rarely small ones on the frons alone.

minor Group.

5 (2). Eyes of the male separated, head and fore part of thorax provided
with strong bristles; third antennal joint long and very attenuate ;
pulvilli very small, almost wanting; wings with a broad basal
comb and with the discoidal cell very obtuse outwardly, almost
truncate . : : : - : micans Group.

6 (1). Hind femora not spinose at base, with long hairs only; antennae
rather distant at base, with the first joint distinctly thickened ;
wings with no distinct basal comb : . . senex Group.

(A) Group oF B. ater.

In this group are included the species which have united eyes in the
male and a narrow frons in the female, no strong bristles on the fore
part of the thorax, and hind femora with strong bristles underneath
near the base. They may be at once distinguished by the prevalent
black colour of the dense furry pubescence under which are very
distinct spots of silvery scales.

This group, however, is a very artificial one, and the following
species may be divided at least in three natural series: (1) that of
B. lateralis—that is to say, the gen. Triplasius; (2) that of B. analis
(No. 2); and (3) that of B. ornatus (No. 3 to No.7). The known
South African species may be distinguished as follows :

1 (4). Thorax on each side with a broad and complete whitish stripe ; frons
of female with numerous, long and partly bristly hairs; wings with
the basal comb long but formed by very thin bristles; they are
blackish on the fore half, and hyaline with black spots on the posterior
half; second longitudinal vein rather strongly looped at end.

2 (3). Three submarginal cells usually present ; the dark spots on the hind

half of wings more numerous and confluent. bivitattus, Loew.
8 (2). Only two submarginal cells present ; hind half of wings with only four
round and isolated dark spots : é ; lateralis, Fabr.

4 (1). Thorax void of whitish lateral stripes; wings without isolated dark
spots; second longitudinal vein less looped at end.

5 (10). The black patch at the base of the wings extending to the discal
cross-vein; alula very long and narrow, black.

6 (7). Wings with the basal half equally black, the apical half hyaline ;
first posterior cell broad and briefly stalked ; squamae provided with
a silvery fringe; thorax with yellowish hairs in front.

argentatus, Fabr.

7 (6). Wings with the basal black patch limited to the fore part, the anal
and axillary cells being in part hyaline; first posterior cell narrow,
and long-stalked; squamae with a black fringe; thorax with entirely
black hairs in front.

19 (20).

20 (19).
21 (22).

D2e( 21").

Annals of the South African Museum.

From the basal black part of wing springs an arched brown band,
which is prolonged to the hind border along the sixth longitudinal
vein . ; : s delicatus, Wied.
Wings destitute of anh a patient 5 5 mutilatus, sp. n.
The black pattern at the base of the wings very narrow, not
extending over the basal cross-vein.
Species of greater size (10-14 mm.), with rather short pubescence,
chiefly in the female, which has, besides, the thorax densely clothed
with white hairs; discal cross-vein never placed before the middle of
the discoidal cell.
Second longitudinal vein straight; discal cross-vein placed on or
after the middle of the discoidal cell; basal comb strong.
Body stout and broad, 12-14 mm. in length; wings with the black
basal pattern more spread and extended over the alula; discal cross-
vein after middle.
Abdomen black-haired, with a tuft of white hairs at end.
analis, Fabr.

Abdomen with a row of fulvous spots along the middle line.

fulvonotatus, Wied.
Body slender and narrower, about 10 mm. in length; wings almost
hyaline at base, darkened along the fore border to the end of the
costal cell; discal cross-vein on middle . : acroleucus, sp. Nn.
Second longitudinal vein wavy; discal cross-vein on middle; basal
comb small; hind femora less spinose; wings at base yellowish, with
hyaline or whitish alula . : : kilimandjaricus, Speis.
Species of smaller size, not reaching 10 mm. in length ; pubescence
longer, even in the female, the latter never densely white pilose
on thorax; discal cross-vein always before the middle; wings with
a very small basal comb.
Abdomen with a conspicuous tuft of bright fulvous hairs on the
central part of the sides . : F furiosus, Walk.
Abdomen destitute of such tufts on the Res
Thorax and abdomen destitute of golden-coloured pubescence ; face
with the silvery hairs prevalent; second posterior cell usually broad
at base and sessile . : ornatus, Wied.
Thorax and abdomen with freee Polder fomontten below the black
hairs, more abundant in the female; face with the black hairs
prevalent ; second posterior cell very narrow at base and sometimes
stalked : : : ; ; ‘ rufiventris, Macq.

BoMBYLIUS LATERALIS, Fabricius.

Svst. Antl., 129, 3, 1805.

An isolated species, very like bivittatus, but on account of the
bristles of the head and thorax making a passage to the group of

MUCANS ;

the eyes of the male are coalesced for a short distance, and

the head has the shape of the species of the B. micans group.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 9

A male from Howick, Natal; another male from Rondebosch
(Cape), September, 1883, determined as lateralis by Bigot, and a
female from the same locality. Of B. (Triplasius) bivittatus, Loew,
I have received a male from Grahamstown (Cape).

BomByLius BOMBIFORMIS, Bezz. (ined).

Easily distinguished from the allies of B. analis on account of
the broad, transverse band of orange hairs across the middle of the
abdomen. Originally described from Rhodesia in my work on the
Ethiopian Bombylidae of the British Museum, there is a ¢ specimen
likewise from Rhodesia (Pemba), 1918 (Father Casset).

BomBytius HAEMORRHOIDALIS, Sp. Nov.

Almost the same as B. analis, Fabr., but distinguished in being
of greater size, in having a bright fulvous (not white) terminal tuft
on the abdomen, and in the discoidal cell of the wings being acute
outwardly. Type ¢, from Mashonaland, Salisbury, 1894 (G. A. K.
Marshall). © Salisbury (March 20, 1914), R. Jack.

d. Length of the body, 17 mm.; of the wing, 18 mm.; of wing-
spread, 45 mm. Head, its appendages and its furry pile exactly as
in analis; thorax, scutellum, squamulae and halteres likewise. The
hairs at end of the abdomen have the same length and extension, but
they are above and below of a bright fulvous colour, with golden
sheen ; in analis they are always of a pure white colour, or there are
only some fulvous hairs at base of the tuft on the ventral side alone.
Legs and wings as in analis; but the discoidal cell is acute at its
distal end, touching in a point only the second posterior cell, which
is thus almost stalked at base; in the very numerous specimens of
analis which I have seen there is always a rather long cross-vein
between the above-named cells. Besides, the distinct yellowish tint
of the wings of analis is wanting in the present species.

BoMBYLIUS ACROLEUCUS, sp. nov., 2.

Near B. kilimandjaricus, and I formerly considered it to be the
female of that species; but the second longitudinal vein being
straight it belongs to the group of analis, and is to be considered
as a connecting link between this group and that of ornatus, on
account of the elongated body and of the position of the discal
cross-vein,

10 | Annals of the South African Museum.

Type 2, a single specimen from Van Wyk’s Vlei (Cape).

Length of body, 9°5 mm.; expanse of wings, 25mm. Head black,
clothed with dense but short white hairs, with some bristly black
hairs near the ocelli; occipital hairs short; antennae black, shaped
as in analis; palpi black; proboscis black, 6 mm. long; shape and
width of the frons as in analis. Thorax black, clothed with dense
and short white hairs, but having on the back three distinct
longitudinal stripes of dark hairs; macrochaetae strong and long,
black, but the longest end in a white point; mesopleural bristles
well developed, white ; pleurae and breast with hairs altogether white.
Scutellum black, with black hairs and with long black bristles on hind
border. Squamae brown, white-fringed; halteres black. Abdomen
black and black-haired at base and on middle, with short white hairs
on the sides, and at end with long hairs, black at base and white
at end; venter with long greyish hairs. Legs entirely black and
black-spinose ; pulvilli yellowish; hind femora beneath with a
complete row of 15-16 strong spines. Wings hyaline, narrowly
blackened at the extreme base and distinctly yellowish-brown to the
end of the costal cell at the fore border; alula grey, white-fringed
behind; basal comb of middle size, black, with white hairs above.
Wing-veins yellowish, but darkened outwardly ; second longitudinal
perfectly straight ; first posterior cell broad and obtuse at end; discal
cross-vein on the middle of the discoidal cell, which is rather obtuse
outwardly, its external cross-vein being almost as long as the discal
cross-vein; upper branch of the third vein very little retreating
at base.

BoMBYLIUS MUTILATUS, sp. nov., g and @.

Very like B. delicatus, but at once distinguished by the want of the
arcuate brown band, which along the sixth longitudinal vein unites the
brown of the base with the hind border of the wing.

Type ¢ and type 2, and other specimens of both sexes, from
Dunbrody, Uitenhage (Cape), December 19th and March Ist, 1912;
Parys, Orange Free State; January, 1889; M’Fongosi, Zululand,
March, 1911 (W. E. Jones).

Length of the body 4-6 mm. Head black and clothed with
long black hairs; eyes of male coalescing for a long distance ;
frons of female broad, shining, with a dullish band above the
base of the antennae; ocellar tubercle opaque black; both sexes
have a small silvery spot outside the base of antenna, a cross-band
of silvery hairs on the lower part of the face interrupted towards the
middle, and a small round silvery spot in the middle of the occipital

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). ll

border, near the eves; the face is dull velvety black, with long and
numerous black hairs; the beard is also black behind; proboscis a
little shorter than the body. Antennae rather long and closely set at
base ; first joint with long black hairs; second joint globular ; third
joint a little longer than the first, not attenuate at end, with parallel
sides, ending with a very minute style which is curved upwards. In
the female there is a tuft of dark yellowish hairs on the upper part
of the occiput, wanting in the male. Thorax entirely clothed with
black hairs, even on the pleurae; there are silvery spots on the
humeri, before the base of wings and in front of the scutellum ; there
is also the beginning of two longitudinal silvery stripes on the fore
part of the thorax. Squamae and halteres black. Abdomen entirely
black-haired, even on the venter; there is a row of silvery spots on
each side, the spots on the fourth segment being broader than the
others, and a median row of smaller silvery spots; there are no
bristles on the hind borders of the segment, or only very thin and
hair-like ones. Legs entirely black; hind femora with 4-6 strong
bristles below; claws of male not much longer than those of the
female. Wings with the discal cross-vein placed much before the
middle of the discoidal cell; first posterior cell unusually narrow, blunt
at end and long-stalked ; second posterior cell with broad base ;
marginal cell with broad end ; third posterior cell longer than broad ;
alula narrow and long, black. The pattern of the wings is as in
delicatus, but with the difference above mentioned.

BomByYLius KILIMANDJARICUS, Speiser (1910).

A male from Hex River, December 30th, named by Bigot i. ltt.
B. nitidipunctatus; another male from M’Fongosi, Zululand, March,
1911 (W. E. Jones); a female from Kimberley (Cape), November,
1913 (J. H. Power).

IT am convinced that the present species is the b. elegans of
Wiedemann on account of the fact that this author compares the
species with B. ambustus, which is indeed very like ; but as Loew has
placed decisively B. elegans in the group of micans, I prefer to use
the name under which Dr. Speiser has recently redescribed the species.

The hitherto undescribed female is very like analis, but is easily
distinet in being smaller and in having the discal cross-vein placed
on or very little after the middle of the discoidal cell; besides, the
wings are not so intensively black at base, but only brownish; the
hind antennal joint is shorter and less attenuate at end.

12 Annals of the South African Museum.

Bompyuius Frurtosus, Walker (1860).

A very distinct species on account of the bright orange tufts ou the
sides of the abdomen.

Originally described from Port Natal; there are some males from
M’Fongosi, Zululand, December, 1911 (W. E. Jones), from Barberton,
Transvaal (H. Edwards), and from Durban, Natal, April (J. H.
Bowker).

BomBytius ornatus, Wiedemann (1828).

Easily distinguished by its smaller size and hyaline wings, which
have the base only narrowly black.

Plettenberg Bay (Cape), June; Potchefstroom, Transvaal (T.
Ayres); Dunbrody (Cape) (J. A. O’Neil); Estcourt, Natal
(Haviland).

BoMBYLIUS RUFIVENTRIS, Macquart (1846).

.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but distinguished by the
prevalent black hairs on the face, and by the reddish tomentum of
thorax and abdomen.

Some specimens of both sexes from M’Fongosi, Zululand, December,
1911 (W. E. Jones); Durban, Natal (T. D. Butler) ; Lourenco Marques
(Mozambique) (T. B. Paulus). Originally described from Port
Natal.

Length of the body 5-7 mm. Previously mistaken by me for
ornatus. On the face the black hairs are so prevalent that the cross-
band of silvery hairs is much less distinct than in ornatus. Thorax
and scutellum of male with only a less distinct scaly tomentum of
golden colour, while in the female this tomentum is so dense that
these parts appear to be entirely golden reddish; in addition in the
female the hairs on the pleurae are yellow, not black. The scaly
tomentum of the abdomen is well developed in the male, while in the
female it is as dense as that of the thorax. On the wings the discoidal
cell is very acute outwards, and therefore the base of the second
posterior cell is pointed and often this cell is briefly stalked, while in
ornatus the same cell is always sessile and usually broad at base.

The female of the present species is very like a small Usia in
appearance,

(B) Group or B. MINorR.

I have placed here a great number of species of medium and often
of very small size, which were completely unknown to Loew at the

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 15:

time he wrote his work on the Diptera of South Africa; only in 1863:
did he deseribe some species belonging to this group.

They are characterised by the united eyes of the male, spinose hind
femora, small basal comb and absence of bristles in front of the thorax ;
the hairs of the body are mostly or entirely yellow, and there are no
silvery spots on the body ; only very rarely are these spots present on
the head alone.

Of the following species, only the first is different in many
respects from the others, and, together with the two other species
mentioned for comparison, forms a group allied to the Mediterranean
B. nubilus. All the remaining species are very homogeneous, and
constitute a peculiar group very characteristic of the South African
fauna.

They may be tabulated as follows :

1 (6). Occipital hairs short; upper branch of the third longitudinal vein
straight at base and in its whole length parallel with the costa or
rarely very little retreating, the second marginal cell therefore as
broad at base* as at apex; antennae at base black-haired ; proboscis
entirely black; scutellum entirely black; legs always with black
spines; discal cross-vein before the middle of the discoidal cell; wings
infuscated at base and with a black comb.

2 (38). First posterior cell not acute at end; upper branch of the third
longitudinal vein a little retreating at base, and usually provided
there with a short stump; antennae and palpi entire black.

neithocris, Jaenn.

3 (2). First posterior cell rather acute at end; upper branch at base not

retreating and not appendiculated.

4 (5). Face of the male clothed with black hairs; abdomen at end with a
broad tuft of white hairs ; antennae and palpi red, the third antennal
joint bright red. F . erythrocerus, Bezzi.

5 (4). Face of the male with dense Fellow haere abdomen at end not
broadly white-haired ; antennae and palpi black. mollis, sp. nov.

6 (1). Occipital hairs long and dense, but without longer black bristles ;
upper branch of third longitudinal vein much retreating at base,
and therefore the second submarginal cell is twice as broad at base as
at end; antennae with pale hairs at base, and usually with red basal
joints; proboscis often red—at least in part; scutellum usually red
legs with yellow spines; wings not infuscated at base, or only rarely
pale yellowish, and with a yellow comb.

(12). Proboscis entirely red with a black end, or at least red on upper
side; third antennal joint usually reddish; discal cross-vein placed
much before the middle of the discoidal cell.

8 (11). Seutellum red; frons of female very broad; hairs of body of a

moderate leneth; wings broadly reddish yellow at base; species of
large size.

-I

* The base is that on the third vein, the end is that at the costa.

10 (9).

im (8);

12 (7).

14 (18).

16 (17).

il

“I

18 (15).

19 (20).

20 (19).
21 Gay

22 (21).
23 (24).

(16).

Annals of the South African Museum.

First posterior cell broad and less attenuate outwardly; discoidal
cell large; proboscis long; third antennal joint reddish ; large size.
eurhinatus, sp. nov.

First posterior cell narrow and acute outwardly ; discoidal cell very
small; proboscis very short; third antennal joint black; smaller
size . : : : brachyrrhynchus, sp. nov.
Scutellum aneyiah black, like tis thorax; frons of female much
narrower; hairs of body longer; wings entirely hyaline ; proboscis
short; species of smaller size. : globulus, sp. NOV.
Proboscis entirely black, or only red on the under side ; third antennal
joint usually black; discal cross-vein placed on or a httle after the
middle of the discoidal cell.
Antennae entirely black, but with whitish hairs on the base; palpi
black; proboscis entirely black; femora broadly black at base, but
with yellow spines; abdomen with rows of black hairs at the hind
borders of the segments; great size : : impurus, Loew.
Antennae with red base or entirely red; palpi red; proboscis often
red below ; femora entirely yellow; abdomen without rows of black
hairs; usually smaller.
First posterior cell long and exceedingly attenuate outwardly,
very acute, with a short stalk; second antennal joint red like the
first.
Abdomen broadly red on the sides and on the hind borders of the
segments; hairs of body yellow; frons of female of usual width;
third antennal joint short; first posterior cell with a short but
distinct stalk; proboscis red below é P mundus, Loew.
Abdomen entirely greyish black, or only with a narrowly red hind
border to the segments; hairs of body grey ; frons of female distinctly
broader; third antennal joint longer; first posterior cell very briefly
stalled, almost sessile; proboscis entirely black.

sessilis, Sp. Nov.
First posterior cell of usual shape, blunt outwardly, with a long
stalk; second antennal joint usually black like the third.
Antennae entirely red; proboscis entirely black; scutellum without
black border; abdomen entirely black with dense and equal yellowish
hairs . . xanthocerus, sp. nov.
Antennae with the gue joint black, ae usually with the second
also black.
Scutellum with a broad black hind border; abdomen and proboscis
entirely black : , : . marginellus, sp. nov.
Scutellum without black bor der.
Very small species; proboscis black, or only dark red below; abdomen
with yellow sides, end and hind border of segments red; hairs of
body usually whitish : : : paterculus, Walk.
Species of large size; proboscis sell below, abdomen entirely black.
Head and end of abdomen with yellowish hairs; face dark; small
size . : : 5 : : Jucatus, sp. Nov.
Head and end of abdomen with white hairs; face yellow; large
size . . E : : : : ruficeps, Macq.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 15

BomBYLIUS MOLLIS, sp. nov., ¢.

Very distinct from all the other species of the present group on
account of the short hairs of the occiput and of the peculiar shape of
the second submarginal cell.

Type ¢, a specimen from Salisbury (South Rhodesia), June, 1915 ;
another badly preserved male specimen from Barberton, Transvaal
(H. Edwards).

The present species is closely allied to the East African neithocris
Jaenn. (appendiculatus, Bezzi) and erythrocerus, Bezzi (rufoantenuatus,
Beck). Length of body, 10 mm.; of proboscis, 6 mm. Eyes con-
tiguous for a distance a little longer than the vertical triangle. Head
black ; vertical and frontal triangles black-baired, this last with some
shorter yellow hairs on the sides. Face with dense yellow hairs, only
beneath with a few black ones ; occiput with short yellow hairs; the
dense hairs of the underside of the head are more pale-coloured. The
two basal joimts of the antennae are wholly black and black-haired,
the third is elongate and black, probosis entirely black ; palpi black,
thin. Thorax and scutellum deep black, clothed with equal and
entirely yellowish hairs, without any black hairs even on the pleurae ;
there are no distinct bristles. Squamae brown, halteres with whitish
knob. -Abdomen entirely deep black, without bristles, clothed with
equal yellowish hairs like those on the thorax, but on the sides of the
2nd, srd and 4th segments there are tufts of black hairs. Legs
yellow with black coxae, trochanters and tarsi; but the praetarsi are
yellow ; spines of the hind femora black.

Wings greyish, distinctly but very faintly infuscated at base to the
second basal cell and to the discal cross-vein ; comb very small, black ;
alula brownish, with whitish fringe behind; veins entirely black ;
marginal cell rather broad in the last part ; first posterior cell very
acute outwardly and briefly stalked; discal cross-vein a little before
the middle of the discoidal cell; the cross-vein dividing the discoidal
cell from the second posterior cell is very short, and therefore the
discoidal cell is rather acute outwardly.

BomBytius pissunerus, Bezzi.

Near B. mollis, but very distinct from it and from all the other
species here recorded on account of the separated eyes of the male.

The species seems to be widely spread throughout the whole
Ethiopian region, from Abyssinia to Natal; there is a male specimen
from Salisbury, April 24th, 1917.

16 Annals of the South African Museum.

BoMBYLIUS EURHINATUS, sp. nov., ?.

Easily distinguished by the long and red proboscis, by the red
antennae, scutellum and legs, and by the wings being brownish along
the fore border near the base.

Type @ and another specimen from Namaqualand, O’Okiep (Cape),
the smaller one labelled by Bigot with the MS. name which I have
retained for the species; another 2 from Namaqualand, Springbok
(Cape), November, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot). Length of body 8-12 mm. ;
of proboscis, 6-10 mm. Entirely clothed with fulvous hairs of
moderate length, the bristles of body and legs being also entirely
yellow. Head yellowish, with black, grey-dusted occiput ; frons very
broad. Face produced; antennae entirely yellow, approximate at base,
with the third joint narrow, long, gradually attenuate, with a very
short terminal style; hairs of the occiput dense and rather long, of a
pale yellowish colour, those of frons, face and base of antennae short
and more yellowish. Palpi yellow; proboscis about as long as the
body, red above and below, with a black tip. Thorax entirely dull
black, clothed with dense fulvous hairs, and provided with yellow
bristles before and behind the base of wings; pleurae without any
black hair. Scutellum red, narrowly black at base, clothed with hairs
like those of the thorax and with a row of yellow bristles at the hind
border. Squamae and halteres yellowish. Abdomen entirely black,
clothed with fulvous hairs with rows of thin, yellow bristles at the
hind border of the segments ; venter black, with only the hind border
of segments yellow. Legs entirely yellow, whitish-dusted, with yellow
bristles, those of the hind femora well developed and numerous.
Wings with the basal infuscation extending to the second basal cell
and to the end of the first longitudinal vein; marginal cell broad at
end ; second submarginal cell at base twice as broad ; first posterior
cell broad and not attenuate outwardly; discal cross-vein situated
much before the middle of the discoidal cell; this cell is broadly
obtuse outwardly and much longer than the second posterior cell,
which has a broad base. Alula with a very short fringe, like that of
the hind border of wings ; basal comb rather long and yellow. Veins
and costa yellow, the first vein red but black at end ; ambient vein
black.

BoMBYLIUS BRACHYRRHYNCHUS, Sp. hov., @.

Allied to the preceding, but distinct by its smaller size, by the very
short proboscis, by the shape of the first posterior cell, and by the
colour of the antennae. The species is also allied with imvwndus and

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 17

sessilis, being, however, distinct owing to the basal infuscation of the
wings, the red upper side of the proboscis, and from the first by the
much broader frons of the female.

Type Q and another specimen of the same sex from Bushmanland,
Jackal’s Water (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of the body 7-7°5 mm.; of the proboscis 3 mm.

Head as in the preceding ; third antennal joint black, and distinctly
shorter ; proboscis strong, red above, but black at end and below, the
base excepted, which is dark red; the proboscis is besides much
shorter, being hardly longer than the thorax. Thorax and scutellum
as in the preceding. Abdomen black, narrowly red on the sides and
with the venter altogether red; towards the end there are very long
and white bristly hairs, which are entirely wanting in ewrhinatus.
Legs as in the preceding. Wings with the basal infuscation more
blackish than reddish and limited to the second basal cell ; first pos-
terior cell very narrow, long and acute, but less than in mundus ;
discoidal cell very small, as long as the second posterior cell.

BoMBYLIUS GLOBULUS, sp. nov., 9.

A very small species of globular shape, distinct by the long hairs of
body, by the red antennae, proboscis and legs, by the black scutellum
(an aberrant character in the present group), by the very narrow frons
of the female and by the entirely hyaline wings.

Type 2, and another specimen of the same sex from Namaqualand,
O’Okiep (Cape), September, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of the body 5 mm.; of the proboscis 15-2 mm. Body
entirely black, and entirely clothed with long yellowish hairs, without
any black hair. Frons very narrow, about half as broad as in the two
preceding species ; antennae entirely pale yellow, provided at base with
long hairs, with the third joint rather thick and pointed, ending with
a style longer than that of the two preceding species ; proboscis short
and strong, red, with a black tip. Thorax clothed with long, pale
yellowish and shiny sericeous hairs, which are almost whitish on the
lower part of the pleurae; there are no distinct bristles. Scutellum
entirely black, haired like the thorax. Abdomen entirely black, but
red on the venter; it is hairy like the thorax; the bristles at the hind
border of the segments are thin and hardly distinguishable between
the hairs. Legs entirely yellowish, and with yellowish bristles, those
on the femora well developed. Wings quite hyaline, with yellow veins
which are darkened at end ; basal comb very small; marginal cell also
very broad, the upper branch of the cubital fork being very strongly

5)

-

18 Annals of the South African Museum.

curved at base; discal cross-vein situated much before the middle of
the discoidal cell; first posterior cell rather broad, not pointed, and
very long stalked; discoidal cell rather small, but longer than the
second posterior cell, which is broader than long.

Bompytivus rmpurvus, Loew (1863).

A single male specimen from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water (Cape),
October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

A well-marked species characterised by the numerous black bristles
at the hind border of the abdominal segments, by the entirely black
antennae, by the black base of the femora and by the red scutellum.
The palpiare dark brownish ; the proboscis is entirely black and rather
long, measuring 8 mm., with a length of body of 14 mm. _ Bristles of
legs entirely yellow, those on the hind femora numerous and well
developed. Abdomen entirely black. The long bristles of the thorax
are of a dark yellowish colour. Wings with a rather long and yellow
basal comb; veins yellow, black outwardly ; marginal cell broad at
base; second submarginal twice as broad at base as at end; first
posterior cell broad and short, obtuse, long-stalked. Discal cross-vein
after the middle of the discoidal cell; this last cell broad, obtuse at
end, much longer than the second posterior cell, which is broader than
long ; alula very briefly fringed. Halteres with whitish knob.

BomBy.iius Munpbvs, Loew (1863).

I refer to this species, of which Loew has described the female only
from Bloemfontein, some specimens which agree very well with
his description. Length 8-10 mm., but the proboscis is only
4-5 mm. long, and therefore not corpori subaequalis as stated in the
description.

Some specimens of both sexes from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water
(Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot); a female from O’Okiep,
October, 1885, labelled by Bigot B. picticornis, MS. I think that the
B. flavus of Macquart may prove to be the same species. I have
assumed as principal character of the present species the acute form
of the first posterior cell, the sides of which are stalked; marginal
cell broad at end; upper branch of the cubital fork not much bent at
base, but the second submarginal cell always twice as broad at base as
at end; discal cross-vein after the middle of the discoidal cell, which is
very broad, but longer than the second posterior cell; this cell very
broad at base. Basal comb yellow, short. The proboscis is entirely
black above, but red below. Eyes of male contiguous for a short

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 19

space, but there is a very thin white stripe between them ; frons of
female comparatively narrow. The hairs of the occiput are dense and
shorter than in the allied species. Squamae yellowish, white-fringed ;
halteres white. All the bristles of thorax and abdomen are concealed
between the hairs and concolorous with them. Hind femora with
numerous yellow spines. Claws of the female not longer than those
of the male.

BomBYLIUS SESSILIS, Sp. nov., Q.

Very nearly allied to the preceding, but distinct by the entirely
black proboscis, by the much broader frons of the female and by the
more pointed first posterior cell.

Type 2, a single specimen from Bushmanland, Henkries (Cape),
October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of the body 8 mm., of the proboscis 4 mm. Hairs of body
rather short, those on frons and face yellowish, on occiput and thorax
pale greyish, on the sides almost whitish ; there are no black hairs or
black bristles. Palpi yellow; proboscis stout, black above and below.
Thorax entirely greyish black; scutellum red, with a black base.
Squamae and halteres whitish. Abdomen black, the hind border of
the segments and the venter reddish. Legs entirely yellow, with the
two last tarsal joints black; hind femora with 7-8 strong, yellow
spines; claws of female short. Wings entirely hyaline; the veins
are disposed as in the preceding species, but the first posterior cell is
so pointed and so prolonged to the hind border that it is almost
without a stalk.

BoMBYLIUS XANTHOCERUS, sp. noy., ¢.

Very closely alhed to mundus, but distinct on account of the
entirely red antennae, entirely black proboscis, longer occipital hairs,
entirely black abdomen and the obtuse and long-stalked first posterior
cell.

Type g, a single specimen from Bushmanland, Een Riet (Cape),
October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Head as in mundus, but the hairs of the occipital border are about
twice as long; third antennal joint red like the others, with a hardly
distinct terminal style; palpi yellow; proboscis black above and below.
Hairs of thorax and abdomen rather long and dense, entirely yellow,
like the less distinct bristles, and a little paler on the pleurae.
Scutellum red, narrowly black at base. Abdomen entirely black, even
on the venter, with the genitalia red. Halteres with a white knob.
Legs entirely yellow, the last joints of the tarsi black; hind femora

20 Annals of the South African Musewm.

with 7-8 strong and yellow bristles. Wings wholly hyaline ; the veins
as in mundus, but the discal cross-vein placed exactly on the centre
of the discoidal cell, and the first posterior cell obtuse at end, with a
long stalk.

BoMBYLIUS MARGINELLUS, sp. nov., Q.

Like the preceding, but distinct owing to the black third antennal
joint and by the scutellum marginated with black.

Type 2, a single specimen from Matjesfontein (Cape), September,
1896 (W. F. Purcell).

Length of body 8 mm.; of proboscis 4mm. Head as in mundus,
with entirely yellow hairs, those on the hind border of the occiput
very long; first antennal joint dark yellowish and with yellow hairs,
second blackish, third black, long, with a very short and thin style.
Palpi dark brown ; proboscis entirely black ; frons as broad as in the
female of mundus. Thorax and abdomen with wholly pale yellowish
hairs ; the bristles are hidden between the hairs. Seutellum red, with
a black base and a broad black border. Halteres with a white knob.
Abdomen entirely black, even on the venter. Legs yellow, with the
two last tarsal joints black; claws short ; hind femora with 6—7 very
long and strong yellow bristles. Wings hyaline, a little dark yellowish
at base and along the costal cells; basal comb yellow; veins as in
mundus, but the first posterior cell short, obtuse, with a long stalk ;
the discal cross-vein is placed a little after the middle of the discoidal
cell, and the fourth longitudinal vein is strongly curved below
after that cross-vein ; the discoidal cell therefore is less obtuse at the
end than in the other species.

BomBytius parercutus, Walker (1852).

Distinct owing to its smaller size, dark pubescence, and yellow hind
borders of the abdominal segments.

A single female example from Bushmanland (Cape), Jackal’s Water,
October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Head as in mundus; second antennal joint black like the third ;
proboscis dark red below, 3 mm. long, while the length of body is
75 mm.; occipital hairs long. Scutellum red, with black base.
Abdomen black, sides, venter and narrow hind borders of segments
red. Legs as in the preceding, the hind femora with five long, yellow
bristles. Wings as in mundus, entirely hyaline, with the first posterior
cell short and long stalked.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 21

BomsBy.ius ruFiceps, Macquart (1840).
Dipt. Exot. ii, 1840, pl. vii, fig. 5.

A species distinguishable by its greater size (length of body 12 mm.,
of proboscis 5 mm.), red underside of proboscis and entirely black
abdomen.

A single male specimen from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water (Cape),
October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Face yellow ; second and third antennal joint black; palpi yellow ;
occipital hairs long and shining white. Hairs of body dense and
entirely yellowish. Scutellum red, with black base. Abdomen entirely
black, even on the venter; its apical half clothed with whitish hairs.
Legs yellow, the two apical joints of the tarsi black ; hind femora with
numerous yellow bristles. Wings distinctly yellowish at base and fore
border ; veins as in mundus, but first posterior cell short and long-
stalked. Discoidal cell broad and very obtuse outwardly.

It is interesting to note that in the same place and time are found
together numerous species of the present very homogeneous group, viz.
brachyrrhynchus, impurus, mundus, sessilis, xanthocerus, paterculus,
and ruficeps. In the European Fauna a similar fact is often to be
observed in the species of the allied group minor.

(C) Group or B. micans.

This group has been well characterised by Loew in his work on the
South African Fauna, together with the statement that it is the most
abundant in species at the Cape and that the distinction of the species
is a very difficult one. But Loew has known only species with a brown
fore border on the wings, like micans; there is, however, a long series
of species with entirely hyaline wings, and another with spotted wings.
These last species have nothing to do with the group medius, as those
with a dark fore border have nothing to do with the group major.

The principal features of the group are as follows: Eyes of male
separated ; head with strong bristles on frons, and usually on the
genae also; antennae with the first joint not thickened, and the third
very long and thin; thorax with very strong bristles in front, on the
shoulders ; hind femora provided below with very long and strong
bristles, even near the base ; pulvilli very short, much shorter than the
claws ; wings with a very large basal comb, formed by strong bristles ;
discoidal cell very obtuse at end, the vein dividing it from the second
posterior cell being rather long ; discal cross-vein usually placed after
the middle, and often on the last third of the discoidal cell ; upper
branch of the cubital fork much retreating at base.

1

~)

0

fap)

~I

9

10

13

14

16

1G

Annals of the South African Museum.

The numerous species in the collection, with the addition of others
before me, may be distinguished with the aid of the following table:

(24).

(11).

(6).

(5).

(4).

(3).
(10).

(9).
(8).
(7).

(2).

2 (21).
(20).
(19).

(18).

(17).

(16).

Seutellum black ; bristles on the genae always present; wings with
an extended pattern consisting of a brown fore-border or of some
broad dark spots.
Wings with a dark fore border, provided with more or less distinct
darker spots, but without any distinct broad brown spot on the hind
half ; bristles of the genae entirely yellow, or rarely with a few black
ones intermingled; bristles of abdomen entirely yellow; thorax
usually with three distinct longitudinal stripes (micans group).
Wings with a red or yellow basal comb; femora entirely yellow.
All the bristles of the body are of a bright purple-red colour, even
those of the basal comb ; wings with a reddish fore border.
purpureus, sp. Nov.
All the bristles yellow, even those of the comb; fore border of wings
brownish-yellow as usually , . nvicans, Kahr.
Wings with a black comb ; femora black imande the base.
Spines of the legs of a yellow colour; bristles of the genae entirely
yellow ; thoracical stripes of the female distinct; infuscation of the
cross-veins into the dark fore border of wings not spot-lke.
Second and third posterior cells short, distinctly broader than long ;

species of greater size : : : hypoleucus, Wied.
The above-named cells are ioe longer than broad or as long as
broad ; smaller size 5; 5 . hirtus, Loew.

spines of the legs entirely aru. genae with a few black bristles
between the yellow ones; thorax of female not distinctly striped ;
infuscations into the dark fore border broader and spot-like.
servillei, Macq.
Wings with broad, isolated dark spots on the hind half, the dark fore
border being more or less developed or wanting, basal comb always
black, genae with wholly black bristles, or rarely with a few yellow
ones intermingled, abdominal bristles black cr yellow (capensis
group).
Legs with black spines ; peristomial comb usually black ; abdominal
bristles usually black and distinctly longer than the hairs.
Marginal cell entirely filled with brown, with or without hyaline spots
at end.
Marginal cell with two broad hyaline spots at end; abdomen with the
usual strong black bristles.
Along the hind border of the wings there are brown spots on the last
segments of the longitudinal veins; anal cell with a brown spot at
apex.
Brown spots at end of the veins on the hind border very small and
isolated; anal cell with a small dot at apex, species of greater size.
capensis, Loew.
Brown spots of the hind border very broad and united with those on
the discoidal cell; anal cell at end with a very broad spot ; species of
middle size . : 5 j : . megaspilus, sp. nov.

26 (27).
27 (26).
28 (25).
29 (34).
30 (31).
31 (30).

32 (33).

33 (32).

34. (29).

!

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 23

5). No spots along the hind border and at end of the anal cell; smaller

size . c brauwnst, sp. Nov.
Marginal cell eieerery bedwa miknodt Reais spot at end; no spots
on the hind border, nor at end of small cell; abdominal bristles
dark yellow; species of very small size . . punctatellus, sp. nov.
Marginal cell broadly hyaline atend =. . punetifer, sp. nov.
Spines of the legs dark yellow ; abdominal bristles yellow, and hardly
longer than the hairs; peristomial comb yellow, or rarely black in
part.

Marginal cell filled with brown to the end; the cross-vein between
the discoidal and the second posterior cell is not marginated with

brown : . pentaspilus, sp. nov.
Marginal cell satires hyaline: ne Sore aiiedl cross-vein is mar-
ginated with brown : : obesus, Sp. nov.

Seutellum red; bristles of the genae atten wanting; basal comb of
the wings usually yellow or white; wings entirely hyaline, mainly
without any dark pattern, or with alight yellowish tint near the base
and along the fore border, or with very small and less distinct fuscous
spots on the cross-veins.

Genae with some strong yellow bristles, which form the usual
peristomial comb of all the preceding species; body mainly yellow-
haired.

Scutellum entirely red behind; discoidal cell without a prominent
angle below : . spinibarbus, sp. nov.
Seutellum with a black hind perder: eseoidal cell with a prominent
angle inwards, and there provided with a stump. angulosus, sp. nov.
Genae without distinct bristles, but if they are rarely distinct, the
body is mostly white-haired.

Frons of female of the usual moderate breadth; wings usually not

punctate.
Seutellum with a broad black hind border; wings rather infuscated
and punctate, with a black basal comb . . nigripecten, sp. Nov.

Scutellum without black hind border; wings with a yellow or white
basal comb.
Discal cross-vein before the middle of the discoidal cell; wings
lightly infuscated at base ; thorax of male with brown hairs.
peringueyt, Sp. NOv.
Discal cross-vein on the middle; wings entirely hyaline, even at
base; thorax of male white-haired : : argentifer, Walk.
Frons of female twice as broad as usual; wings hyaline, punctate,
with the discal cross-vein before the middle of the discoidal cell.
molitor, Wied.

BoMBYLIUS PURPUREUS, sp. nov., ¢, @.

Closely allied to micans, but distinct by the bright purple colour
of the macrochaetae of the comb and of the thoracical stripes, and
also by the more reddish fore border of the wings.

Type g from Klipfontein, Namaqualand (Cape), August, 1890

24 Annals of the South African Museum.

(R. M. Lightfoot), and type 2 from Namaqualand, August, 1873
(R. Trimen).

Length of body 12-13 mm., of proboscis 4-45 mm. Body yellow-
haired, but here and there with purple-coloured macrochaetae. Frons
of male broad, that of female twice as broad, but only of usual width ;
the hairs are yellow, white below, with only a few black hairs on the
underside of the first antenna] joint; on the upper part of occiput
and on the sides of frons and face there are bristles of a bright red
colour, chiefly in the female; the peristomial comb is well developed,
and of a purple red colour. Antennae black, the third joint narrowly
yellowish at base, elongate and very thin, with a short style; the
first joint is not thickened, and is provided with long and numerous
yellow and red hairs, with a few black ones at the underside.
Proboscis black, rather short; palpi black; the hairs of the occipital
border are short, but above near the vertex they are very dense and
long. Thorax clothed with pale yellowish shining hairs, which on
the lower part of the pleurae are whitish. The three longitudinal
stripes of red hairs on the back are well developed in both sexes ;
there are long and strong bristles of a purple colour in front, in the
notopleural region and on the breast; the metapleural tuft is formed
by yellow hairs and red bristles. Scutellum entirely black like the
thorax, clothed with yellow hairs and provided with strong bristles
of purple colour at the hind border. Halteres yellow with a red
stalk ; squamae dark, with a reddish fringe. Abdomen black, clothed
with long and shining yellow hairs, which are depressed to form a
tuft in the female; on the sides there are tufts of black hairs, which,
however, are almost wholly hidden between the yellow hairs; the
bristles are long and strong, much longer than the hairs, chiefly those
on the last segments; in the male they are more yellow, in the female
more purple and coloured like those of the thorax. Venter black,
with short reddish-yellow hairs. Legs entirely yellow, whitish-dusted,
with yellow spines, those of the hind femora very long and strong,
numerous, 8-10 on the lower row; claws long, black, with reddish
base; pulvilli very short in both sexes. Wings hyaline; the fore
border to the basal cells and to the last fifth part of the marginal
cell is of a reddish-brown colour; basal comb strong, with purple
bristles, yellow hairs above and a very conspicuous tuft of whitish
hair also above near the base. The veins are red at base and brown
-at end; marginal cell with broad end; upper branch of cubital fork

very retreating, the second submarginal cell being, therefore, three
times as broad at base as at end; first posterior cell about of equal
width throughout with parallel sides; broad, obtuse at end and

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 25.

long-stalked ; discoidal cell very broad at end, the vein between it
and the second posterior cell being of unusual length, with the sides
about parallel ; discal cross-vein perpendicular, placed after the middle
of the discoidal cell; anal cell broadly open; alula opaque, brownish-
yellow, with a short yellowish fringe.

Bomsytius micans, Fabricius (1798).

This species may be at once distinguished from all the others here
recorded on account of its yellow alar comb and of the yellow femora.
A single couple from Darling (Cape), 1905 (. Peringuey).

It answers very well to Loew’s description, but all the hairs and
bristles of the head are without any exception yellow or whitish. The
tuft of yellow bristles on the genae, or peristomial comb, is well
developed.

BomBytivs HyPpoLeucus, Wiedemann (1821).

A species easily distinguished by the greater size and the short
and broad second and third posterior cells.

There are numerous specimens of both sexes, answering to Loew’s
description: Namaqualand, O’Okiep (Cape), September—October, 1890
(R. M. Lightfoot) ; Stellenbosch, 1887, and Darling (Cape), 1905
(L. Péringuey); Bushmanland, Henkries (Cape), October, 1911
(R. M. Lightfoot) ; Giftsberg, Van Rhynsdorp (Cape), September, 1911.
One of these specimens was labelled by Bigot, “ B. stylicornis,
Macq.,” wrongly, as this last species is undoubtedly a Systoechus,
and is perhaps the same as S. mivtus, as shown by fig. 2, pl. vu,
of Macquart.

Bompytivs urrtus, Loew (1860).

Closely allied to the preceding, but distinct by its smaller size and
by the different shape of the posterior cells of the wings.

Some specimens of both sexes from Darling (Cape), 1905 (L.
Péringuey) ; Matjesfontein (Cape), September, 1896 (W. F. Purcell) ;
Namaqualand, O’Okiep (Cape), September, 1893 (R. M. Lightfoot).

BomByY ius sERVILLEI, Macquart (1840).

Very distinct from all the foregoing species owing to the black
spines of the legs; in this character, and in the almost spotted wings
and in the partly black bristles of the peristomial comb the present
species is a connecting link with the following capensis group.

Two female specimens from Fraserburg (Cape), April_June, 1885,
determined by Bigot as servillei and answering very well to the original
description.

26 Annals of the South African Museum.

Bomeytius CaPENsis, Linné (1767).

I refer to this species, which has never been recorded again from the
time of the earlier authors, a single female specimen from Namaqua-
land, O’Okiep (Cape), September, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot). It is
12 mm. long, with 30 mm. of wing expanse. It is wholly clothed with
long, sericeous, whitish hairs, with long black bristles between them ;
the abdomen shows tufts of black hairs on the sides and at ends. The
bristles of frons, face and genae are black, but on the occiput there are
some yellow bristles. Proboscis black, 6 mm. long. Bristles in front
of thorax numerous and strong, black, with a few yellow ones inwards.
Femora black; tibiae yellow, with black spines. The wings are
blackened at the base and along the marginal cell, which shows at end
two broad hyaline spots, one after the other ; there are broad, rounded
fuscous spots at the end of the second basal cell, on the discal cross-
vein and at the base of the second submarginal cell; other smaller
spots are seen at the base of the third posterior cell and at the end of
the discoidal and of the first posterior cell; much smaller and less
distinct spots are on the ends of the veins along the hind border.
Discoidal cell very long and obtuse; the discal cross-vein is situated
after its middle ; upper branch of the third vein very bent.

BoMBYLIUS MEGASPILUS, sp. nov., ¢,9.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but smaller, and distinct
owing to the very broad black spots at hind border of the wings.

Type male from Giftsberg, Van Rhynsdorp (Cape), September, 1911 ;
type female from Touw’s River, Cape (W. F. Purcell).

Length of body 9-10 mm.; of proboscis 4-5 mm. Head black.
Frons of the female three times as broad as that of the male; the
hairs are white, but the bristles are black and very long, chiefly in the
female; hairs and bristles of the occipital border long, at least near
the vertex. Antennae black, the first joint with numerous and long
black hairs; third joint very thin, entirely lear. Proboscis black ;
palpi black ; peristomial comb strong. Thorax and scutellum entirely
black ; the thorax with greyish hairs and three less distinct longitudinal
stripes of yellowish hairs; pleurae with white and yellowish hairs,
bristles of the sides long and black, but those on the hind border of

the scutellum are dark yellowish. Squamae dark; metapleural tuft

black and some white hairs below the squamae ; halteres blackish-
brown, with a whitish spot on the knob. Abdomen black, clothed
with long hairs, which are in part silky-white, but are mostly black ;
after the middle of the abdomen the hairs are directed behind, forming

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 27

a tuft; the bristles are longer than the hairs, black, but those of the
hind half are mainly yellow. Venter white-dusted and white-haired in
the middle, the sides with long and dense yellow bristly hairs, which
are strikingly noticeable between the black pubescence. Legs with
strong, black spines, those of the hind femora numbering 5-7, and
very long ; femora black, white-scaled ; tibiae yellow; tarsi black with
yellowish base.® Claws of the male very long, black; claws of the
female more than one-half shorter than those of the male; pulvilli
dark, linear. Wings with the upper branch of the cubital fork
thoroughly curved near the base ; first posterior cell short, narrow and
rather obtuse at end; discoidal cell broad and obtuse; second and
third posterior cells short and broad ; discal cross-vein placed after the
middle of the discoidal cell. Veins black. Base and marginal cell
blackened, but the latter with two hyaline spots at end; black spots
placed as in capensis and likewise broad, but those at the base of the
second and third posterior cells much broader, and united with the
spots on the ends of the veins in the shape of a single angular spot ;
at the end of the anal cell there is a very broad spot, which is united
with the one at the end of the second basal cell.

BomBy.Lius BRAUNSI, Sp. Nov.

Allied to the preceding, but distinct by its smaller size, and in
wanting the brown spots at the hind border of wings.

This species was found near Willowmore (Cape) by Dr. Brauns, and
will be described by me in a forthcoming paper on the African
Bombylidae of the Hungarian Museum.

BoMBYLIUS PUNCTATELLUS, sp. nov., ¢.

Allied to the three preceding species, but distinct, being the smallest
of all, and having the marginal cell completely filled with brown to
the end, without any hyaline spot.

Type ¢, an example from the Cape without special locality.

Length of body 6 mm.; wing expanse 13 mm. Head black ; the
eyes are more widely separated than in the other males; hairs long
and whitish, those on the occiput rather long ; bristles long and black,
but those of the peristomial comb yellowish. Proboscis black, 2°5 mm.
long ; third antennal joint linear, with a rather long terminal style.
Thorax and scutellum entirely black, with long yellowish hairs and
very long, dark yellow bristles. Abdomen black, with dark yellow
hairs on sides and at end with partly black hairs; bristles longer
than the hairs and yellow. Legs yellow, black-spinose ; femora dark,

28 Annals of the South African Museum.

white-scaled; tarsi blackish at end; hind femora with some long
spines underneath ; claws black, very long. Wings with black and
long basal comb ; upper branch of the cubital fork retreating at base ;
first posterior and discoidal cell very short, discal cross-vein set after
the middle of the discoidal cell; anal cell closed at end. Wing
pattern as in capensis, but no hyaline spots at end of the marginal
celland no brown spots along the hind border. There is a second
male specimen in which the hairs of body are shiny white instead of
yellowish, and the peristomial bristles are black ; the bristles in the
fore part of the thorax are black; the anal cell is broadly open.

BoMBYLIUS PUNCTIFER, Sp. nov., Q.

Distinct from the other species with punctate wings and with black
spinose legs, owing to the marginal cell being hyaline at end; it is
perhaps referred by Macquart to the varieties of his B. servillet.

Type 2, and an additional specimen of same sex from Namaqua-
land, O’Okiep (Cape), September, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of body 10-11 mm. Head black; the eyes are moderately
separated fora female; hairs white, the bristles long and all black,
except a few yellowish ones at vertex. Third antennal joint linear,
with a very short style; proboscis black, 3°5 mm. long. Thorax and
scutellum black, clothed with whitish, sericeous hairs; thoracical
bristles yellow, only a black tuft before the root of the wings and a
few in front; scutellum marginated with yellow bristles. Squamae
dark, fringed with long, silvery hairs; halteres blackish. Abdomen
black, clothed with hairs like those of the thorax, with only a few
black hairs towards the end underneath; bristles black and longer
than the hairs, which are tuft-like at end. Legs yellow, with black,
white-scaled femora and black-ended tarsi: the spines are black, and
very strong and long, chiefly those on the hind tibiae; hind femora
with 5—6 spines underneath ; claws short, black. Wings with a long-
stalked first posterior cell and very obtuse and short discoidal. cell ;
discal cross-vein a little after the middle of the discoidal cell. Basal
comb strong, black ; costal vein white-scaled to the end of the first
vein. The wings are very little infuscated towards the base and
along the fore border ; the marginal cell is entirely hyaline after the
end of the first vein; the greater brown spots are on the discal cross-
vein and on the base of the upper branch of the cubital fork; the
medium-sized spots are on the cross-veins closing outwardly the second
basal and the discoidal cells ; the smallest ones are on the base of the
third posterior cell and at the end of the first posterior cell; these two

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 29

last spots are sometimes very faintly distinct, but there are no other
spots besides the six above described.

BoMBYLIUS PENTASPILUS, sp. nov., ¢.

Distinct from the other species on account of the yellow peristomial
comb and of the yellow spines on the legs. Wings blackened along
the fore border.

Type ¢, from Dunbrody, Uitenhage (Cape), May, 1900 (J. A.
O'Neil). Length of body 11-13 mm. Head black, with whitish
hairs, those of the hind border long; bristles black, but those of the
peristomial comb yellow, with a few black ones intermingled ; antennae
black, with the third joint linear; proboscis black, 4-5 mm. long.
Thorax and scutellum black, with dense whitish sericeous hairs ;
bristles yellow, but black on the notopleural line and before the root
of the wings; those on the hind border of the scutellum are yellow.
Squamaé dark brown, white-fringed; halteres blackish. Abdomen
clothed with hairs like those of the thorax and with yellow bristles ;
there are black hairs below at end and on the sides; the pubescence
at the apex is tuft-like. Legs black, with yellow spines, even those of
the hind femora; claws black, long. Wings with black basal comb
and with white-scaled costa; first posterior cell with a long stalk ;
discoidal cell broad at end, the discal cross-vein set a little after its
middle. Wings with the base and the fore border broadly infuscate
to the end of the marginal cell, which has no hyaline spots at apex ;
the three greater brown spots at the end of basal cell and at the base
of the second submarginal cell are in contact with the dark fore border,
and they are therefore much less striking; the two smaller spots are
at the end of the first and at the base of the third posterior cells.

BomByYLivus OBESUS, sp. nov., d, 2.

Of this species of greater size I have two specimens in my own
collection, collected by Dr. Brauns at Willowmore (Cape) in August,
1906. It is distinguished from the preceding by the hyaline marginal
cell and by the infuscated cross-vein at end of the discoidal cell. A
female specimen from Isipingo (Natal) in the collection has a black
peristomial comb. Head black; frons of male broader than usual,
and that of the female twice as broad; hairs long, greyish or white ;
bristles black, but those on the occiput yellowish, chiefly in the
female; bristles of the peristomial comb yellow above and black
beneath. Antennae black, with long black hairs at base; third joint
linear, styliform; proboscis black, 55-6 mm. long. Thorax and

30 Annals of the South African Museum.

scutellum black, clothed with long and dense yellowish-grey hairs,
which, seen from the front, are shining white; on the back there are
three less distinct, dark, longitudinal stripes, more developed in the
female; all the bristles are yellow, but along the notopleural line
there are a few black ones. Squamae brown, white fringed, with
yellow bristles. Abdomen clothed with hairs like those of the thorax ;
on the sides and behind there are some small tufts of black hairs, not
visible from above; all the bristles are yellow, and only a little longer
than the hairs; venter with long yellowish hairs. Legs white scaled,
the tarsi and femora black, the tibiae dark yellowish ; all the spines
are long and yellow, even the 8-9 of the underside of the hind femora ;
claws black, those of the male twice as broad as those of the female.
Wings with black basal comb, but under the base there are some
yellow bristles, and inwards there is a tuft of long white hairs; costa
white scaled; first posterior and discoidal cell rather short, the last
broadly obtuse outwardly ; discal cross-vein placed on the last third of
the discoidal cell. The wings are almost entirely greyish hyaline, the
costal cell and the base being only lightly yellowish-grey ; the brown
spots are small and less darkened, the greatest of all being, as usual,
placed at the end of the second basal; first basal end at the base of
the second submarginal cells; the others are at the end of the first
and at the base of the third posterior cells; the cross-vein at end of
the discoidal cell is, besides, marginated with fuscous.

BoMBYLIUS SPINIBARBUS, sp. nov., ¢.

An entirely yellow-haired, very distinct species with red scutellum
and yellow alar comb, forming a connecting link between the pre-
ceding and the following group, it being provided with a well-
developed peristomial comb.

Type ¢, and an additional example of the same sex from Stellen-
bosch (Cape), November, 1887 (L. Péringuey).

Length of body 10-12 mm. Head black; frons moderately broad ;
all the hairs are yellow; those on the occipital border are short and
those of the lower side are white ; all the bristles are yellow, those on
the first joint of the antennae are long, and those of the peristomial
comb are whitish. Antennae black, with the third joint linear, but
rather thick at base; proboscis black, 4-5 mm. long. Thorax black,
densely clothed with rather short, entirely yellow hairs, which are
white and shining in certain lights; the bristles are yellow, but less
developed than in the foregoing species, only those before the root of
the wings being strong. Scutellum entirely red above, with only the

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 31

base black, clothed with hairs like those of the thorax and without
distinct bristles along the hind border; squamae brown, yellow-
fringed ; halteres with a white knob. Abdomen black, but sometimes
red at the hind border and sides of the second segment; the hairs are
like those of the thorax, but longer and tuft-like towards the end ; the
bristles at the hind borders of the segments are yellow and longer
than the hairs, but very thin; venter with reddish hairs. Legs
entirely yellow and with yellow spines; hind femora with 5-6 long
vellow spines at the underside ; claws reddish yellow, with black tip.
Wings with yellow veins and with yellow basal comb ; upper branch of
the cubital fork much retreating at the base ; first posterior cell acute
at end and with a rather short stalk; second posterior cell very short,
much broader than long; discoidal cell short and broadly obtuse at
end, the discal cross-vein placed a little after its middle. The wings
are greyish hyaline, but with a faint infuscation extended to the fourth
longitudinal vein and to the cross-vein; there are traces of three less
distinct dark spots on the ends of the second and of the first basal
cells and on the base of the second submarginal cell.

BomByYLIUS ANGULOSUS, sp. nov., gd, Q.

Very near the preceding, but distinct by its greater size, black
marginated scutellum, more spotted wings and by the peculiar
venation.

Type g and type 9 ,a couple from Van Wyk’s Vlei, Carnarvon (Cape),
September (E. G. Alston), a badly preserved female specimen from
Modder River (J. H. Power). Length of the body 13-14 mm. Head
as in the preceding, with yellow hairs and bristles; frons of the female
very broad, more than twice as broad as the eye, and bearing very
strong and long bristles; peristomial comb long and strong, yellow.
Antennae black, with the third joint less thickened at base ; proboscis
black, 5-6 mm. long. In the female the hairs of the face, chiefly
those on the sides, are white, and the hind occipital border is white-
scaled. Thorax as in the preceding, but the hairs on the breast are
white, and in the female there are traces on the back of three dark
longitudinal stripes. Scutellum red, with a black base and with a
broad black hind border, or almost entirely black with a median red
spot in the female. Abdomen as in the preceding. Legs entirely
yellow and with yellow spines as in the preceding. Wings with yellow
basal comb and with dark yellow veins; the discoidal cell is broader,
and has beneath an angle prominent inwards and provided with the
stamp of a vein; the basal infuscation is likewise less distinct ; there
are, however, more distinct but small brown clouds at the ends of the

32 Annals of the South African Museum.

first and second basal cells, at the base of the second submarginal cell,
and at the bases of the second, third and fourth posterior cells ; the
second posterior cell is more elongate, about as broad as long.

BoMBYLIUS NIGRIPECTEN, sp. nov., ¢.

A species of medium size, distinct from the two following ones,
which are likewise destitute of peristomial comb, by the wings having
a black basal comb and being rather spotted.

Type g, a single specimen from Bushmanland, Henkries (Cape),
(R. M. Lightfoot). Length of body 9°5 mm.

Head black, entirely clothed with long white hairs, only the vertex
and the narrowest part of the frons with fuscous hairs; hairs of the
occipital border very long and erect ; frons rather narrow. Antennae
entirely black, with white hairs at base, the third joint linear, not
thickened at base, a little longer than the first ; proboscis black, 4mm.
long. Thorax entirely clothed, even on the pleurae, with rather long
white hairs, which on the back have a sericeous sheen ; the bristles in
front and near the base of the wings are well developed and of a
yellowish colour. Scutellum with a deep black hind border, clothed,
like the thorax, with yellowish bristles at the hind border. Squamae
dirty brownish with fuscous border and long and dense grey fringe ;
halteres yellowish, with whitish knob. Abdomen black, only the three
last segments being narrowly red on the sides; it is denuded, but its
hairs seem to be longer but coloured like those of thorax, with some
tufts of dark hairs on the sides; on the hind border of each segment,
excepting the first, there is a complete row of very strong and long
bristles, which, at least on the last four segments, are dark with yellowish
base; the venter is clothed with white hairs and has strong bristles like
those of the upper side; the genitalia are red in part. Legs with black
femora and yellow tibiae and tarsi; the femora are clothed with silvery
scales and have a yellow tip, which is broader on the four anterior
ones; hind femora with a row of 7-8 very strong yellow bristles ;
underneath the hairs of the legs are all white and the spicules of the
tibiae yellowish; claws black. Wings greyish hyaline, with black
veins, but the first and the auxiliary vein are yellow; the anterior basal
half show a distinct but faint infuscation ; on the origin of the second
longitudinal vein, on the discal cross-vein, on the anal cross-vein
and on the base of the cubital fork there are rather distinct fuscous
spots, and two other less distinct spots are set on the two basal angles
of the third posterior cell. Upper branch of the cubital fork much
retreating at base; first posterior cell rather narrow, acute at end and
long-stalked; discal cross-vein set a little after the middle of the

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 33

discoidal cell, which is broad and short; second posterior cell longer
than broad; third posterior cell in the shape of a trapeze. Basal
comb well developed, consisting eutirely of black bristles, with only a
few white scaly hairs above.

BoMBYLIUS PERINGUEYI, sp. nov., gd, Q.

An elegant species, very distinct owing to the brown hairs of the
thorax contrasting strikingly with the white ones of the middle of the
abdomen; the wings are not spotted, but distinctly infuscated towards.
the base and along the costal cell.

Type ¢ and type Q from Klipfontein, Namaqualand (Cape), 1885
(L. Péringuey), the first specimen labelled by Bigot “ Systoechus
péringueyi, nov.”; an additional female specimen from Spektakel,
Namaqualand (Cape), October, 1890. I take pleasure in preserving
for this beautiful species Bigot’s MS. name in honour of the Director
of the South African Museum, whose high merits in entomology are
so greatly appreciated.

By the bristles of face and thorax the present species approaches.
those of the preceding group.

Length of body 11-12mm. Head with wholly white hairs, but with
brown hairs on the vertex and on the upper part of the frons; occipital
hairs moderately long, but sometimes partly infuscated and with some
bristles intermingled ; on the genae there are some more or less distinct
bristles of white or yellowish colour, more developed in the female
than in the male. Antennae elongate, black, but the second joint
sometimes brownish; the third linear, a little longer than the first ;
proboscis black, thick, 4-5 mm. long. Frons of the male rather
broad, and that of the female nearly twice as broad, with distinct
bristles on the sides. Thorax clothed with rather long and dense
brownish hairs, which, seen in a certain light, are shiny white ;
pleurae white-haired; there are very numerous yellowish bristles
on the fore part, on the sides and behind. Squamae brown, with
yellowish or greyish fringe; halteres yellowish, with whitish knob.
Scutellum red with black base, clothed, like the back, with yellowish
and thin bristles behind. Abdomen with dense, erect white hairs,
but at end with a fine tuft of brownish ones, coloured like those
of the thorax; on the sides of the first segment there are broad tufts
of brownish hairs, with similarly coloured bristles; the last two
segments in the male and the last three in the female bear rows of
strong and long bristles of a blackish colour with yellow base; the
hairs at the end of abdomen are tuft-like; venter with dense white
hairs, in the male almost without distinct bristles, in the female with

3

34 Annals of the South African Museum.

_strong bristles at apex and with a very dense tuft of black bristles in
the middle before the apex; male genitalia of a pale reddish colour,
Legs yellow, with the femora more or less broadly black at base; they
are provided with silvery scales and have yellow spines, those of the
hind femora very numerous and strong; claws black, with yellow
base. Wings hyaline, yellowish at base and along the costal cell and
base of the subcostal cell; diseal cross-vein and end of second basal
cell sometimes narrowly marginated with fuscous; basal comb large,
yellowish, white-scaled and white-haired above ; veins yellow, infuscated
at end; disposed like the preceding species, but the discal cross-vein
placed distinctly before the middle, nearly at the first third of the ¢
discoidal cell.

One female has the hairs on the back of thorax white, not brownish.

BoMBYLIUS ARGENTIFER, Walker (1840).

A couple of specimens from Spektakel, Namaqualand, and Clan-
william (Cape) determined as argentifer by Bigot. They answer very
well to the description of this species from the Cape. It is closely
allied to the preceding, but distinct by the much less developed bristles,
entirely white hairs of the thorax, wholly hyaline, vitreous wings with
the discal cross-vein placed on the middle of the discoidal cell; in the
female the wings show a trace of the coloration of the preceding near
the base and on the cross-veims. The venter of the female is destitute
of black tuft; and the female only has at the end of the abdomen
some scarce brownish hairs, which do not form the distinct tuft of the
preceding. Hind femora below with the usual strong spines.

BomBytius mMoLitoR, Wiedemann (1830).

A couple of specimens from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water, and
Henkries (Cape) (R. M. Lightfoot), This species also has never been
recorded since its original description, and is closely allied to the
preceding one, being distinguished by the very broad frons of the
female, by the strong bristles of the abdomen and by the punctate
wings. Bristles of genae and of peristome entirely wanting ; frons
of the male as narrow as in the preceding, that of the female with
bristles on the sides; third antennal joint linear, but very much
narrowed in its last half. Hairs of body white or grey; bristles of
thorax, scutellum and abdomen very numerous and long, yellowish,
but those on the abdomen of the female black with yellow base, well
developed even on venter. Legs clothed with dense silvery scales, the
femora black, those of the hind pair with strong spines below even

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 35

near the base. Wings with the neuration as in the two preceding
species, but the discal cross-vein before the middle of the discoidal
cell, and the upper branch of the cubital fork usually provided with a
short stump near the base. The six fuscous spots on the cross-veins
and bifurcations are much less developed, but always distinct.

The present species is somewhat aberrant owing to the unusually
broad frons of the female, which thus approaches that of the following
group ; but the antennae are not widely separated at the base.

(D) Group or B. sENEX.

To the present group I refer the species which are like the South
European B. senex; they have a rather elongate, ovate body, the eyes
of the male are separated, the frons of the female is very broad and
long-haired, but with the bristles much less distinct than in the micans
group. The antennae are rather distant at the base, with the first
joint distinctly thickened—much more thickened than in any other
group of the genus Bombylius. 'The mouth-opening is very broad,
and around it there is a very prominent and large praelabrum, which
is differently coloured from the face and the peristome; the face,
besides, is very short. Hind femora without bristles at base, under-
neath provided with long hairs alone; in senex there are some bristles
near the end, which are wholly wanting in the North African separatus,
Beek, as in the new South African species here described. Wings
rather narrow, with the discal cross-vein placed on the last third of
the discoidal cell; basal comb very indistinct, almost wanting; there
is usually a rather long, recurrent stump at the base of the upper
branch of the cubital fork.

BoMBYLIUS HIRTICEPS, sp. nov., @.

Closely allied to separatus, Beek, from Tunis, but distinguished by
the darker hairs of the face, by the absence of the stump at the base
of the cubital fork, and by the shorter claws. |

Type 9, and another specimen of the same sex from Fraserburg
(Cape), June, 1885 (E. G. Alston).

Length of body 85-10 mm. Head black, grey-dusted; frons very
broad, about three times as broad as the eye, very long-haired, but
without distinct bristles ; the hairs on frons, face and genae are mostly
black, but towards the middle line there are numerous yellow hairs.
Antennae black, of the usual length of the preceding group, but of a
peculiar structure; the first joint is distinctly thickened, grey-dusted,
clothed with long black hairs; the second joint is ovoid; the third is
long and thin, a little longer than the first linear, but at the extreme

36 Annals of the South African Museum.

base it shows an annular swelling which has the shape of a supple-
mentary joint of a lighter brownish colour; in addition the antennae
are distinctly separated at base—a feature never so developed in the
true Bombylius, chiefly in those of the group micans. Mouth-opening
very broad, the praelabrum being very large and prominent and of a
rather shining, black colour; proboscis short and thick, 8 mm. long ;
occipital hairs very long, those near the eye black, the other yellowish.

Thorax black, clothed with rather long, yellowish-grey hairs, which,

seen from the front, are shining white; there are on the sides and on
the hind part numerous but thin, black bristly hairs longer than the
usual pubescence ; there are besides two rows of such hairs along the

dorsocentral lines ; on the pleurae these black hairs are more numerous,

and sometimes the pleurae are entirely black-haired. Scutellum
entirely black, clothed like the thorax, and with similar black bristles
on the hind border and even on the disc. Squamae brownish, with a
long yellow fringe ; halteres with a blackish knob. Abdomen altogether
of an opaque velvety black colour, like the thorax and scutellum, and
clothed with similar hairs; there are rows of black, bristly hairs on
the hind borders of the segments and tufts of black hairs at the apex
and on the sides underneath, the venter being much darker-haired than
the upper side. Legs reddish yellow, but the femora more or less
black near the base, and sometimes almost entirely black; tarsi also
blackened at end on the upper side; the femora are destitute of silvery
scales, but are clothed with very long black hairs; those of the hind
pair are absolutely without spines underneath; all the spines of the
tibiae and tarsi are black ; those of the four anterior tibiae are longer
than usual; claws very short, black, with reddish base; pulvilli yellow,
about as long as the claws. Wings greyish-hyaline, rather narrow
and cuneiform, hardly faintly infuseated at the extreme base and along
the fore border; veins yellow, blackened at end; basal comb very
little developed, almost wanting; upper branch of the cubital fork
much retreating at base without recurrent veinlet; first posterior cell
broad, acute at end and moderately stalked ; discal cross-vein on the
last third of the discoidal cell, which is rather narrow and rather
attenuated outwardly, the cross-vein dividing it from the second
posterior cell being short ; second and third posterior cells almost of
equal size.

SYSTOECHUS, Loew.
Neue Beitr. iii, p. 34, 1855.

This genus seems to be well represented in the South African fauna.
The species are rather difficult to separate, as already stated by Loew ;

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 37

but at the Cape there are some striking forms very distinct from the

others.
1 (12)
2 (9).
3” (6).
4 (5)
5 (4).
6 (3).
7 (8).
8 (7)
9 (2)
10 (11).
11 (10)
dz, (4)
13 (14)
14 (13)
(16).

16 (15)

Those in the collection can be distinguished as follows :

Abdomen destitute of black bristles at the hind border of the

segments—at least on the middle line.

Legs mainly yellow, the femora sometimes with dark base.

Species of very great size (13-16 mm.), without black bristles on the

abdomen or with yellow ones; femora almost bare beneath, those of

the front pair with many spines underneath.

Proboscis conspicuously scabrose beneath; eyes of male broadly

separated ; thorax striped on back and pleurae ; pulvilli very small.
scabrirostiis, sp. NOV.

Proboscis smooth beneath; eyes of male very approximate; thorax

not striped ; pulvilli well developed : . ventricosus, Sp. DOV.

Species of smaller size, not above 11 mm. in length; abdomen with

some black bristles ; femora much hairy beneath, those of the front

pair not spinose or only with 1-2 spines below.

Seutellum red, at least in the middle; frontal triangle of the male

small and with a distinct furrow; mystax yellow; wings hyaline,

with yellow veins . : simplex, Loew.

. Seutellum altogether yiner frontal fanate of the male broad and

swollen, almost without furrow ; face fringed with rigid black hairs ;
wings strongly infuscated, with black veins. tumidifrons, sp. NOv.
Legs black, the femora entirely black, or only those of the hind pair
with pale end.
Species of greater size, measuring not less than 9 mm. in length ;
scutellum red, at least in the middle; lees stout and spinose.

albidus, Loew.
Species of smaller size, not above 7 mm. in length; scutellum entirely
black; legs thin and less spinose . 5 : nigripes, Loew.
Abdomen with complete rows of very strong and distinct black
bristles at hind border of the segments.
Eyes of the male separated; front legs usually black-spotted on
femora and tibiae; species of larger size, measuring 7-14 mm., but
usually 10-12 mm. . mixtus, Wied.
Eyes of the male Biions conti oode, front lene with yellow tibiae
and femora; smaller size, not more than 10 mm. in length.
Thorax with yellow hairs, which are rather long, and without bristles
in front ; : ctenopterus, Mik.
Thorax clothed w ith ort paler Tae. Ww tick show silvery sheen and
on the pleura are of a whitish colour, and provided with brownish
bristles in front. : é . spinithoraxr, sp. nov.

SYSTOECHUS SCABRIROSTRIS, sp. nov., ¢, Q.

A gigantic species, very distinct from any other by the pattern of
the thorax, by the shape of the Jabium and by the shortness of pulvilh,
making a passage to the genus Anastoechus.

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type ¢ and type 9, a single pair of specimens from Namaqualand,.
Springbok and O’Okiep (Cape), September and October, 1890 (R. M.
Lightfoot).

Length of body 15-16 mm., of wing expanse 36-38 mm. Head of
much broader shape than usual, black on the occiput, but yellowish
on the face and genae, clothed with greyish-dusty; frons a little
hollowed at vertex, the ocelli being placed on a very prominent tubercle ;
its breadth at the narrowest point is in the male as broad as the ocellar
tubercle, the frontal triangle in the same sex being broad and provided
with a deep, longitudinal middle furrow ; in the female the frons is very
broad, with the middle furrow distinct basally only and with a deep
transverse furrow before the ocelli, homologous with the less developed
one which is to be observed at the same point in the male. Face broad
and much projecting, mouth-opening rather short and broad; gena
broader than usual; proboscis rather long, straight, 11-12 mm. long,
entirely black ; the labium is conspicuously scabrose beneath, owing
to the fact that it is clothed almost on the whole length with very
numerous but short spinules, which in the female are distinct even at
the base of the labella. Palpi long and slender, black, with very short
black hairs. Antennae wholly black, rather distant at base; first joint
with short but strong yellowish hairs; second joint globular; third
joint longer than the first two taken together, with an ovate base, but
with the linear terminal part longer than the basal and ending in a
minute style. All the hairs at the head are rather short and light
coloured; those on the very swollen and broad occiput are white if
viewed from the side, and very dense ; the hairs on the ocellar tubercle
and on the vertex are brownish, yellowish, on the frons, scarce and
rigid towards the middle, denser and soft on the sides ; the face is
almost bare in the middle and has on the sides rather short, pale,
yellowish hairs. Around the mouth-borders there is a fringe of short,
but dense, yellowish hairs, leaving the lower part of the genae bare ;
peristome almost bare; beard on chin, much less developed, white.
Eyes bare, with the upper areolets not at all enlarged in the male.
Thorax entirely black, broad and stout, rather flattened above ; clothed
with dense and short hairs of equal size, which are only a little longer
on the sides and on the pleura; the hairs on the back are of a brownish-
yellow colour, but if viewed from the front show a white sheen
chiefly in the male ; in certain hghts there are to be seen four longitu-
dinal white stripes, two on the middle and two on the notopleural line,
one on each side, all placed at equal distance, not extending over the
middle, and more distinct in thefemale than in the male. Onthe pleurae,
between the reddish-brown hairs, there are two vertical bands of white

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 39

hairs, a less distinct one in front and a much broader one on the meso-
pleura, extending to the breast ; metapleural tuft very dense and of a
reddish brown colour; the notopleural and supraocellar bristles are
yellow and long, chiefly the latter ones. Scutellum broad, reddish
brown, black at base, and, on the hind border, clothed like the thorax
and with strong yellow bristles on the hind border. Squamae
yellowish brown, with a dense and long white fringe; halteres with
brown knob and whitish end. Abdomen broad, obtuse, rather shining
black, narrowly red on the sides in the male, in which sex it is void
of bristles, clothed with rather short, dense and soft, equal hairs, which,
viewed from behind, are of a light yellowish colour, and viewed from
the front are whitish with a silvery sheen; in the female the hairs are
of a darker colour, and at the hind border of the segments there are
short but strong brownish bristles disposed in many rows, but inter-
rupted in the middle. The venter in the male is yellow towards the
middle, while in the female it is entirely black, clothed in both from
the base to the middle with silky hairs, and from the middle to the
end with dark hairs. Male genitalia proportionally small, hidden, of
adark colour ; anal tuft of the female reddish. Legs rather stout but
long, wholly of a reddish yellow colour, the hairs only being blackened
at end ; they have pale yellowish, little-developed scales, and numerous
black spines, but they are almost absolutely bare, even the front
femora being destitute of hairs underneath at base; the spicules are
well developed and numerous, but short in the front tibiae. All the
femora are spinose beneath, even those of the front pair being pro-
vided with many short spines, disposed in two rows; spines of the
hind femora very numerous underneath, 13-14 in number, extending
from the base to the end, but those of the minor row are very short, the
row of the upper side being 2-3 apical spines. Claws long and thin,
black with reddish base; pulvilli whitish, very small, as long as half
the claws. Wings long and narrow (length of a wing 16 mm., breadth
of a wing 5 mm.) ; basal comb very strong and black, whitish yellow,
pilose at base, with reddish sheen on the bristles in the male; they
are greyish yellow, faintly infuscated at base and along the fore border
to the end of the first vein, the brown yellowish tint running obliquely
across the cross-veins to the middle of the anal cell, but without being
well defined. Alula infuscated, with a short yellowish fringe. The
veins are red, infuscated at end; the second longitudinal vein is
strongly sinuous ; the first posterior cell is long and narrow, narrower
than the discoidal cel!, which is rather obtuse at end, but not in such
& manner as in Anastoechus ; second and third posterior cells of equal
length, but the former much broader at end.

40 Annals of the South African Museum.

SysToOECHUS VENTRICOSUS, Sp. Nov., Pe

This species is much like the larger specimens of miztus, Wied., but
is at once distinguished by the more narrowly approximated eyes of
the male, by the entirely yellow legs and abdominal bristles and by
the non-infuscated base of the wings.

Type ¢, a single specimen from Stellenbosch (Cape) (L. Périn-
guey), 1888.

Length of the body 13 mm., of the wing 13 mm. Head black,
dusted with grey, of the usual shape, viz. much smaller than in
scabrirostris. The occiput is clothed with dense and short fulvous hairs,
which become paler below, changing to a quite white beard; the frons
is very narrow, its breadth at the narrowest point being half as much
as the distance between the two basal ocelli; it is clothed im the
~ middle with erect black hairs like those of the ocellar tubercle, and on
the sides with shorter and yellow ones. The frontal triangle is half as
broad as in the preceding species, with a less distinct median furrow ;
the face is entirely clothed with dense hairs, which are black on the
middle and on the sides and yellow along the mouth-borders, forming
a dense fringe which is produced to the extreme end of the genae.
Peristome short and moderately broad; the bare eyes have the upper
areolets a little larger than the lower ones. Antennae entirely black,
the first joint with long and rigid black hairs above and below; third
joint longer than the two first joints taken together, almost linear,
broadening very little towards the base. Proboscis entirely black,
65 mm. long, with the labium smooth below; palpi hidden. Thorax
clothed with short, equal and dense fulvous hairs, without any black
hairs or bristles, and with strong sericeous sheen if viewed from the
front; before the root of the wings others are bright fulvous tufts,
which on the pteropleura and on sternopleura are paler but on the
breast are still fulvous; metapleural tuft fulvous. Scutellum entirely
red, with only a very narrow black base, clothed like the thorax and
with yellow bristles at the hind border. Squamae yellowish, with
dense fulvous fringe; halteres with whitish knob. Abdomen broad
and ovate, black, but narrowly red on the sides, clothed with dense
equal fulvous hairs like those of the thorax; hind border of the
segments with fulvous bristles which are concealed among the fur;
venter with dense fulvous hairs and with a stripe of white hairs on
each side; genitalia of greater size, their lamellae fulvous, with dark
base. Legs entirely yellow, the coxae and the extreme base of femora
and almost the whole of the tarsi blackish ; they are clothed with pale
scales and have a few pale hairs on the base of the femora below; the

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 41

spines are black, but those of the four anterior tibiae are partly
yellow. Front and middle femora with rather numerous but short
spines below; hind femora with 9-10 strong spines on the complete
inferior row, the other rows being reduced to a few spines on the
apical half. Claws black, with red base; pulvilli whitish, about as
long as the claws. Wings hyaline, narrowly yellowish at the extreme
base, in the first basal and in the costal cells; alula almost hyaline,
with a short yellow fringe; basal comb of large size, black, yellow
tomentose near the base. Veins red, a little darkened at end; venation
as in the preceding, with the oval cell broadly open.

SysTOECHUS SIMPLEX, Loew, 1860.

A species closely allied to the preceding one, but at once distinguished
by the smaller size, the whitish, not fulvous, pubescence, the unarmed
front femora, and by having a few but distinct black bristles on the
sides of the last abdominal segments.

Some specimens of both sexes from Stellenbosch and Hex River,
(Cape) (L. Péringuey), December, 1884.

The undescribed female is very like the male; the frons is very
broad, with some bristly dark hairs on each side; palpi short, clavate,
yellow, with black end; femora entirely yellow to the extreme base.
Upper areolets of the eyes of the male a little enlarged; frontal
triangle small and with a less developed middle furrow ; third antennal
joint linear; labium smooth below. Spicules of the 4 anterior tibiae
well developed, partly yellow; front femora without spines, middle
femora with 3-4 long spines; pulvilli as long as the claws.

SYSTOECHUS TUMIDIFRONS, sp. nov., ¢.

Readily distinguished by the broad and tumid frontal triangle, the
black scutellum, the face fringed with rigid black hairs, the yellow
legs and the strongly infuscated base of the wings.

Type ¢, a single specimen from Barberton, Transvaal, April,
1911 (H. Edwards).

Length of hody 10 mm.; length of a wing 9 mm. Head black,
dusted with grey dark yellow at the mouth borders and on the chin;
occiput less developed than in all the preceding species, almost
hollowed instead of being inflated, clothed with dense, rather long,
pale yellowish hairs; chin and lower part of occiput with a long,
conspicuous, quite white beard. Frons at the narrowest point as broad
as the ocellar tubercle, and afterwards expanded in a very broad and
inflated frontal triangle, the middle furrow of which is distinct but not

A2 Annals of the South African Museum.

deep ; it is clothed, like the vertical triangle, with long, erect, rather
strong, black hairs, and only near the sides with some very short
yellow ones. Face short but much produced, with rigid black hairs
forming a long moustache-like fringe, very much developed and
produced horizontally, and extended to the extreme end of the genae,
only on the sides, near the eyes, are a few short yellow hairs ; upper
areolets of the eyes hardly enlarged. Antennae entirely black ; first
joint with dark yellowish hairs, which are longer below than above;
third joint as long as the two first joints taken together, gradually
tapering in a moderately thin point ; proboscis entirely black, straight
and thin, 6 mm. long, with the labium smooth below; palpi short,
club-shaped, black with paler base. Thorax clothed with rather long
‘pale yellowish hairs, which viewed from the front show a whitish tinge ;
on the pleurae they are a little longer but scarce, and white with a
sericeous sheen ; on the notopleural line there is a distinct stripe of
darker, sometimes blackish, hairs ; bristles whitish yellow ; metapleural
tuft rich and white. Scutellum entirely black, clothed with long hairs
like those of the thorax, with no distinct bristles on the hind border,
or at least they are concealed within the hairs. Squamae whitish
yellow, with white fringe; halteres with white knob. Abdomen
entirely black, clothed like the thorax but the hairs are whiter, with a
silvery sheen; there are rather numerous and distinct black bristles
on the sides of the last segments; venter with whitish hairs and black
erect bristles along the middle; genitalia red, of medium size. Legs
yellow, with tarsi and coxae black; base of the 4 anterior femora and
end of the hind tibiae more or less broadly infuscate ; they bear white
scales, few white hairs on the base of femora, and black spines. Spicules
of the 4 anterior tibiae well developed; front femora with 1-2 short
spines, middle femora with 3—4 long spines, hind femora with 7-8 very
long spines, the other rows being less developed; coxae with long and
dense white hairs; claws thin, black, with narrowly red base; pulvilli
whitish, long. Wings with the usual venation, but with black veins ;
they are strongly infuscated from the end of the first longitudinal
vein to the end of the second basal cell and to the base of the alula,
which has a yellowish fringe; basal comb of great size, black, pale
tomentose basally ; discoidal cell obtuse at end, its terminal vein as
long or even a little longer than the discal cross-vein.

SysToncHus ALBIpDuS, Loew (1860).

Very near the two preceding species, but distinguished by the black
femora and by the more numerous abdominal black bristles. A single

4‘

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 43

male specimen from Smithfield (Orange Free State), 1910 (D. R.
Kannemeyer). The scutellum is red, black at the base and at the
hind border; spicules of the anterior tibiae well developed, but the
front femora are unarmed; all the spines of the legs are black.

SysTOECHUS NIGRIPES, Loew (1863).

Very closely allied to the preceding species, but half as small, and
with broadly separated eyes in the male and also with an entirely black
scutellum.

A male specimen from Klerksdorp, Transvaal, December, 1890, and
another from Kimberley (Cape), March, 1912 (J. H. Power).

Eyes of the male separated for a distance equal to the breadth of
the ocellar triangle; antennae entirely black, with the third joint
rather short, linear, not narrower at end than at base ; proboscis and
palpi black. Squamae whitish ; halteres white. Hairs on the whole
body pale yellowish, but if viewed from the front they are almost
white ; abdomen with only a few less distinct or even not distinct
black bristles at the end of the sides. Legs entirely black, with only
the knees a little yellowish, while in albidus the tibiae are more or less
but always broadly yellow; the 4 anterior tibiae are thin and with
less developed spicules; front femora unarmed, middle femora with
1-2, hind femora with 5-6 spines below. Basal infuscation of the
wings rather broad, but of a more yellowish fringe ; basal comb long,
black, but with thin and more sparse bristles ; discoidal cell shorter
than usual, and therefore the second and third posterior cells longer
than in all the preceding species.

Note.—The present species is closely allied to the European S.
leucophaeus, Meig., being chiefly distinguished by the more broadly
separated eyes of the male.

SysTOECHUS mIxtTus, Wiedemann (1821).

A well-known and common South-African species, easily dis-
tinguished by the complete rows of black bristles on the abdomen and
by the partly black spotted front legs, the front femora being also
unarmed below.

A female specimen from Salisbury (8S. Rhodesia), June, 1913; another
from Bushmanland, Henkries (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot) ;
another from Marico (Transvaal), April, 1911 (A. T. Cooke) ; and one
from Natal, Maritzburg, labelled by Bigot as B. aurantiacus, Macq.,

Ad Annals of the South African Museum.

which of course cannot be so, because Macquart’s species is a true
Bombylius and not a Systoechus. I have also seen the present species
from Grahamstown (Cape).

SySTOECHUS CTENOPTERUS, Mikane (1796).

This Palearctic species, which seems to be widely spread over the
Ethiopian region, is closely allied to mizxtus, but distinguished by the
smaller size, the eyes of the male, which are very much more approxi-
mated, and by the entirely yellow front legs of the female, the middle
femora being also less spinose beneath. A single female specimen
from Stellenbosch (Cape) (L. Péringuey).

SYSTOECHUS SPINITHORAX, sp. nov., @.

Nearly allied to the preceding species, but distinguished by the
silvery sheen of the hairs of the thorax and of the base of the
abdomen, and differing from any other on account of the strong
bristles on the fore border of the thorax.

Type ¢, a single specimen from Klipfontein (Namaqualand)
(Cape), November, 1885 (L. Péringuey).

Length of the body 9°5 mm.; spread of the wings 23 mm. Head
black, a little dark yellowish along the mouth borders ; occiput less
developed, clothed with soft and dense greyish hairs, which viewed
from the front are whitish, becoming quite white below lke those of
the chin ; ocellar tubercle with black hairs; frons very narrow, the
eyes almost touching, being separated by a very narrow streak not
broader than the width of the fore ocellus; frontal triangle small ;
with less distinct middle furrow, with long and erect black hairs on
middle and with short and dense, depressed white hairs on the sides ;
facies rather long and prominent, clothed with short and dense whitish
hairs, and longer and erect black ones, the moustache not extending to
the extreme end of the genae, the last portion of which is therefore
bare, as in scabrirostris; peristome narrow. Eyes with the upper
areolets more distinctly enlarged than usually; antennae entirely
black, with the first jomt with long black hairs; third joint a little
longer than the two first taken together, with the basal half broadened
and narrowly ovate and the apical half linear; proboscis entirely
black, 7 mm. long, with the Jabium smooth below; palpi short and
hidden. Thorax black, clothed on the dorsum with very short greyish
hairs, which, viewed from the front, show a silvery sheen; pleurae and
breast white haired ; notopleural line with darker hairs ; notopleural
an postular bristles brownish; metapleural tuft white, a little

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 45

yellowish below. Scute]lum red, black at base, clothed, like the thorax,
with strong brownish bristles on the hind border. Squamae whitish
yellow, with yellowish fringe, which show a white sheen; halteres with
white knob. Abdomen short, rotund, black; the hairs disposed on
separate rows and of a greyish lacteous colour, those on the base, sides
and end with strong silvery sheen ; there are complete rows of strong
black bristles on the hind border of the segments; venter with white
hairs and black bristles in the middle; genitalia hidden. Legs entirely
yellow, with black coxae and last tarsal joints infuscate ; they have
white scales, white hairs on the femora and black spines ; the spicules
of the four anterior tibiae are slender, but well developed; front
femora without any, middle femora with one, hind femora with 6-7
spines below. Claws black, with a red base; pulvilli whitish, long.
Wings hyaline, a little darkened at the extreme base and along the
first basal and the costal cells ; alula almost hyaline, yellow fringed ;
basal comb of larger size, black, yellow-pollinose near the base; veins
red, a little darkened at end ; venation of the usual type, the discoidal
cell rather pointed at end, its apical cross-vein being only half as long
as the discal cross-vein.

SysTorcHus FULIGINEUS, Loew (1865).

Very distinct from all the other species having strong black bristles
on the abdomen, on account of the very dark, almost blackish
furriness of the body.

A female specimen from Namaqualand, Spektakel, October, 1890
(R. M. Lightfoot), measuring less than 9 mm. in length. I refer it to
the male of greater size (13 mm.) described by Loew in a few words
from Bloemfontein, chiefly on account of the dark furriness of the
body; from S. austeni, Bezzi, from Rhodesia it is distinguished by
the non-ciliated third antennal joint and by the infuscated wings.
Occiput with yellowish hairs, frons and face with more infuscated
ones. Antennae entirely black, with the first joint more than twice
as long as the second, and a little shorter than the third, which is of
elongate conical shape and quite bare. Proboscis entirely black. The
dullish black thorax and the shining reddish scutellum are clothed
with fuscous hairs and with black bristles. Squamulae yellowish-
brown with a whitish fringe; halteres with a white knob. Abdomen
black, rather shiny, with fuscous hairs and with very numerous and
strong black bristles at hind border of the segments ; venter with pale
yellowish hairs at base; anal tuft dirty whitish. Legs stout, entirely
blackish-brown, but with yellowish scales on the femora; all the spines

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

and spicules are black ; hind femora with a complete row of 8-10 spines
below. Wings with a fuscous basal comb and with dark yellowish
veins ; they are yellowish-infuscated at base and along the fore border,
and greyish-hyaline on the rest. Discoidal cell obtuse at end; second
longitudinal vein undulated ; third posterior cell much narrower than
the second ; anal cell broadly open.

A very small female specimen (only 4 mm. in length) from
Namaqualand, O’Okiep, 1885 (L. Péringuey), has the frons with
parallel sides and about as broad as the eye; the thorax is black on
the back, with 4 longitudinal greyish stripes, 2 of which are on the
dorso-central lines and 2 on the sides; the abdomen with rather
distinct pale yellowish bristles at hind border of the segments.

ANASTOECHUS, Osten-Sacken (1877).

This genus is well represented in the South African fauna—a fact
entirely unknown hitherto, and even not suspected before. The
species can be easily distinguished from those of the preceding genus,
not only on account of the characters given in the table, but also by
the following ones: The face is white-haired; the underside of body
is white-haired ; the spines of the legs are always strong and always
yellow or white; there are often strong bristles on the face and the
basal joints of the antennae are usually of a red colour; the abdominal
fur is long and usually tuft-like, and between it there are usually
strong and long bristles at the hind border of the segments; the
basal comb of the wings is very often yellow or white.

The species in the collection can be distinguished as follows :

1 (12). Body without a silvery pubescence above and always with distinct
bristles on the abdomen; scutellum red, at least on the disc.

2 (8) Genae with a distinct comb of strong, ‘yellowish bristles; wings
variegated, with the marginal cell completely filled with brown to
the end, and with a yellow basal comb; antennae with red base.

rubricosus, Wied.

3 (2). No distinct peristomial comb ; wings with the marginal cell hyaline

—at least in its terminal half.

4 (7). First joint of the antennae very short, not longer than twice the length
of the second; face of the male without bristles; hairs of thorax
very short ; femora mainly yellow; wings of the male dimidiate.

5 (6). First antennal joint red ; eyes of the male rather separated; wings
with the basal comb black and yellow. . varipecten, sp. nov.
6 (5). First antennal joint black; eyes of the male more widely separated ;
wings with the basal comb entirely yellow . - cert, Loew.
7 (4). First joint of the antennae rather long, three times the length of the

second ; hairs of thorax long; femora mainly black.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). AT

8 (11). Wings infuscate or dimidiate, with a black basal comb of usual size ;
face even in the male with distinct bristles; antennae entirely black.
9 (10). Head and thorax with numerous black bristles ; eyes of the male
broadly separated, with small areolets ; ee black ; wings infuseated

basally ‘ . erinaceus, sp. Nov.
10 (9). Head and thorax with mallee pianos eyes of the male very approxi-
mate and with enlarged areolets above ; wings of the male dimidiate.
macrophthalmus, Bezzi.
11 (8). Wings hyaline, with a small and whitish basal comb; face of the
male without bristles, and eyes in the same sex rather separated ;

antennae of the male entirely black, with yellow base in the female.
imNOCUUS, SP. NOV.
12 (1). Body wholly clothed with a long, silvery pubescence and without
distinct bristles even on the abdomen ; scutellum entirely black ;

wings hyaline, with a very small and silvery basal comb.

lewcosoma, sp. NOv.

ANASTOECHUS RUBRICOSUS, Wiedemann (1821).

A very characteristic species, distinct from any other on account of
its strong peristomial comb and of the very peculiar wing pattern.

Some specimens of both sexes from Namaqualand, Springbok,
November, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot); O’Okiep, October, 1885 (L.
-Péringuey); Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water, Namaqualand (Cape),
October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot). One specimen was already recognised
by Bigot as belonging to the present species.

This species was not recorded since Wiedemann’s description. It is
very variable in size, measuring in length 9-13 mm., but one female
is only6mm. The second antennal joint is red like the first; the
attenuated part of the third joint is very long and thin. The frons
is without black hairs—in opposition to Wiedemann’s statement (Stirne
schwarz behaart); the bristles on the face are of the same colour as
the fur, but they are always distinguishable, and those of the genae
are very distinct, numerous and free. Eyes of the male broadly
separated, their distance being about twice as broad as the base of the
ocellar triangle; areolets of equal size. Proboscis rather short, black,
but the labium is usually red at the extreme base below ; palpi yellow.
Thorax with long hairs and with no black ones; those on pleurae and
breast are whitish; scutellum red; all the bristles are of the same
colour as the fur. Abdominal fur very long and tuft-like; the
numerous bristles are longer than the hairs, disposed in complete
rows, and are pale at base and dark brown at end. Venter yellow,
with pale pubescence and short yellow bristles along the middle; anal
tuft of the female very conspicuous, yellow; male genitalia hidden
within the dense apical tuft. Legs with only the apical part of the

48 Annals of the South African Museum.

last tarsal joint black; they have whitish scales on the femora and
entirely yellow spines, which are well developed even on the anterior
tibiae; front femora with 2-3, middle and hind femora with very
numerous spines below; claws red with black end; pulvilli yellowish,
much shorter than the claws. Wings with a peculiar pattern of a
light yellowish-brown tint ; the marginal cell is completely filled to the
end; the discoidal cell is almost entirely hyaline; the infuscation of
the base and fore border shows three points separated by hyaline
spaces, one at the end of the marginal cell, the second at the base of
the cubital fork and the end of the first posterior cell, the third at the
end of the second basal cell, passing a little over the discal cross-
vein. There is a distinct pale yellowish, longitudinal streak on the
whole of the first basal cell, more or less broadened towards the base
and below. Discoidal cell with parallel sides, as broad at end as the
base of the second posterior cell; its apical cross-vein is longer than
the discal cross-vein. Basal comb formed with entirely pale yellow
bristles; alula yellowish, with long yellow fringe; veins of a red
colour, infuscated at end. In the present species the first posterior cell
is much narrower than the discoidal cell.

ANASTOECHUS VARIPECTEN, Sp. Nov., d. @-

This species, probably only a variety of the following one, is dis-
tinguished by the characters given in the table.

Type 3g from Spektakel, and type 2 from O’Okiep, Namaqua-
land (Cape), October, 1886 (L. Péringuey), this last specimen being
determined by Bigot as Systoechus mixtus, Wied.

Length of body 13 mm.; of wing expanse 32 mm. Head yellow on
the face, black on the vertex, but the ocellar tubercle in the male is of
a dark red colour; eyes of the male with the upper areolets only a
little enlarged, separated for a distance as broad as the ocellar tubercle ;
frons of the female very broad, broader than the eye, provided on each
side with very numerous and strong brownish bristles directed forwards
and outwards, a dense tuft of short bristles of darker colour being
placed on the ocellar tubercle ; occiput clothed with short hairs, which
are yellowish only in the upper part and pure white on the sides and
below. In the male the frontal triangle, the face and the cheeks are
clothed by short but dense white hairs without any bristle, only the
ocellar tubercle being clothed with yellow hairs. In the female the
frons has a short yellow pubescence, which is white on the face and
on the cheeks, but in the middle of the face there is a spot of yellow
hairs in which some bristles of the same colour are noticeable, while
two or three distinct bristles are present also in the middle of the

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 49

sides. ‘The genae are clothed with white hairs, and are absolutely
destitute of bristles in both sexes. Antennae with the first joint
very short, only twice as long as the second; pale red in the male and
clothed with white hairs, dark red with yellow hairs in the female ;
the second joint is globular and black ; the third is black, about twice
as long as the two first joints taken together, only a little dilated at
base and gradually tapering in a long styliform end. Proboscis
black, short, 65 mm. long, with the basal ring reddish yellow and
with the extreme base of the labium dark red below; palpi reddish-
yellow, very thin, with short whitish hairs and with a few longer ones
at end; peristome yellow. Thorax black, clothed with short equal
hairs of a tawny colour, darker in the female; on the pleurae and
breast the hairs are short and quite white; in the male the bristles
are pale yellowish and only notopleural and post-alar; they are darker
in the female, and in addition there is a strong tuft below the noto-
pleural line, and other tufts in front behind the head and on the hind
border of mesopleura. Scutellum red, with soft hairs like those of
thorax, and with strong, pale, or dark yellowish bristles at the hind
border. Squamae dirty yellowish, with a white fringe; halteres
yellowish. Abdomen black, with the hind border of the segments
and the venter red ; it is clothed with dense and equal pale yellowish
hairs, which from a front view show whitish sheens, and are denser in
the male than in the female, but in both are distinctly tuft-like at
end; there are complete rows of bristles at the hind borders of the
segments, thinner and pale yellowish in the male, stronger and darker
in the female; venter with scarce white hairs and almost destitute of
bristles. Male genitalia yellow, anal tuft of the female luteous, but
in both they are hidden within the fur. Legs entirely pale yellow,
even at the end of the tarsi;!the femora are bare and clothed with
white scales; all the spines are yellow, the front femora with 1, the
middle with 3-4, the hind with 7-9 spines below. Claws yellow, with
black end; pulvilli yellowish, one third as long as the claws. Wings
with the basal comb formed by yellow and black bristles; they are
hyaline, but with a basal infuscation of a pale yellowish-brown tint,
more extended in the male than in the female, but in both not sur-
passing the end of the first vein; in the male the border of this
infuscation goes obliquely from the above-named point to the end of
the fourth posterior cell, the second basal, anal and axillary cells being
in greater part hyaline; in the female the infuscation is almost
limited to the fourth vein; alula hyaline, with pale fringe. Veins
rufous, a little infuscated at end. Discoidal cell broadly truncate,

but its sides less parallel than in the preceding species, and its apical
4.

50 Annals of the South African Museniu.

cross-vein a little longer than the discal cross-vein ; first posterior
cell as broad as the discoidal one.

ANASTOECHUS CERVINUS, Loew (1860).

Easily distinguishable by the yellow basal comb of the wings and
by the entirely black antennae, the first joint of which is short. A
male and a female from the Cape, without precise locality. To Loew’s
original description may be added: face and genae destitute of
bristles; antennae with the first joint only twice as long as the
second ; eyes of the male with the upper areolets a little enlarged,
separated for a distance which is only as broad as the fore ocellus (a
fact which seems to be contrary to Loew’s statement) ; proboscis
entirely black, with yellow basal ring; palpi yellow; hairs of frons
entirely white. Scutellum red. Abdomen black, with red sides and
red hind border of the segments ; its bristles are not longer and not
darker than the fur. Front femora with one, the others with more
spines below; pulvilli very short. Wings with the two basal cells,
the anal and the axillary cells almost entirely hyaline ; neuration as.
in the preceding species.

The female, hitherto undescribed, has a broad frons, which is broader
than the eye, and bears on the sides and on the ocella numerous but
not very strong tubercles and dark yellow bristles; face without
bristles, rather bare above the upper mouth-edge, and there shining
yellow; proboscis with a black basal ring. Abdomen and venter
entirely black, with the hind border of the segments narrowly yellowish;
bristles strong and long, but of a pale yellowish colour lke the fur.
Hind femora below more reddish yellow, with whitish scales. Wings
almost entirely hyaline, the fuscous pattern of the male being only
indicated by a hardly distinct greyish tint.

ANASTOECHUS ERINACEUS, sp. nov., ¢, Q.

A very peculiar and bristly, dark species of medium size, very
distinct from any other on account of the numerous black bristles of
the frons and thorax.

Type ¢ and type 92 a single couple from Namaqualand,
Springbok (Cape), November, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot) ; an additional
male specimen from O’Okiep (Cape) (LL. Péringuey).

Length of body 8-9 mm.; of wing expanse 19-24 mm. Head
entirely black, d usty-grey, but rather shiny around the vertex ; occiput
rather developed, clothed with long greyish hairs and with long dark

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 5]

brown or black bristles, more numerous in the female; these hairs
become shorter and whiter below, and besides the eye-borders show a
broad band of silvery scales. Eyes of the male of smaller size, with
equally small areolets, and more separated than in the other species,
their distance at the narrowest point being three times as broad as the
breadth of the ocellar triangle; frontal triangle very broad and not
triangular, clothed with very long and erect, bristly, black hairs, and
with short, silvery, scaly hairs on the front half, continued on the
cheeks ; face clothed with long white hairs, and with numerous, lone
and strong curved bristles of a white colour, some of which near the
middle are black. In the female the frons is exceedingly broad, 2}
times as broad as the eye; on the first half it is clothed with short
white hairs, on the basal half it is bare and rather shining, and there
and also on the sides it bears very numerous erect black bristles; face
with white hairs and scaly silvery ones near the eye-borders, with
numerous and strong white bristles and 2-5 black ones near the
middle and on the sides above. On the genae there are no distinct
bristles in either sex ; the genae and the lower part of the cheeks are
provided with long white hairs. Antennae entirely black, with the
first joint long, almost 4 times as long as the globular second joint,
with long black hairs and some black ones intermingled ; third joint
not longer than the two first joints taken together, slender, linear, less
broadened at the base. Proboscis entirely black, 4°5-5 mm. long, the
basal ring, like the peristome, with a yellow border; palpi very thin,
black, almost bare, with a few dark hairs near the end. Thorax black,
a little shining, with a faint dark-grey dust, clothed with long
greyish hairs, which, viewed from the front, are shining white, and on
the pleura and breast with quite white hairs. There are very numerous
black bristles forming a complete row on the fore border, another row
on the sides from the humeri to the postalar cell, a rich tuft below the
notapleural line and a row at the hind border of the mesopleurae.
Seutellum dark red, with black base and black hind border, clothed like
the thorax, and with long black bristles on the dise and on the hind
border. Squamae dirty white, with a narrow dark border and with a
white fringe; halteres yellowish ; metapleural tuft white. Abdomen
entirely black, with a very long pubescence coloured like that of the
thorax, and strongly tuft-shaped; on the hind borders of the segments
there are complete rows of very numerous and long black bristles.
Venter black, with white hairs and numerous black bristles ; chiefly
towards the end of the abdomen the bristles are exceedingly numerous,
long, and intricate. Legs pale yellow, with the last joint of the tarsi
black ; the femora are black with yellow end, but are closely covered

52 Annals of the South African Museum.

with dense white scales and have white hairs below near the base; all
the spines are well developed and yellow, there are none on the front
femora, 3-4 on the middle femora, 6-7 on the hind femora; claws
black, with red base; pulvilli very short. Wings greyish hyaline,
with a suffused fuscous fringe along the fore border and near the
base, more extended in the male than in the female and ending in the
marginal cell at the end of the first vein. Basal comb black, with white
tomentum near the base; alula almost hyaline, with pale fringe;
discoidal cell with parallel sides, as broad as the middle of the first
posterior cell, its terminal vein being longer than the discal cross-vein ;
second posterior cell as long as the discoidal cell, which is somewhat
short.

ANASTOECHUS MACROPHTHALMUsS, Bezzi.

Nearly allied to the preceding species, but distinguished by the
closely approximated eyes of the male, and by the bristles of the head
and thorax being yellow instead of black.

A single rather old and discoloured male specimen from Hex River
(Cape), December, 1884 (LL. Péringuey). Type is described by me from
Willowmore (Cape) in the Museum at Budapest.

ANASTOECHUS INNOCUUS, sp. nov. ¢, Q.

A smallish oblong, less bristly species, making a passage to the
following on account of the small and entirely white basal comb of
the wings.

Type ¢ and type Q,a single couple of specimens from Van Wyk’s
Vlei (Cape) (E. G. Alston). ;

Male.—Length of body 8-85 mm.; of wing expanse 7-5-8 mm.
Head black, but entirely clothed with dense hairs, which on the occiput
are rather long, pale yellowish above and whitish below ; lower border
of the eyes with silvery scaly hairs; ocellar tubercle with yellowish
hairs. Eyes of the male more broadly separated than in the preceding
species, the frons at the narrowest point being as broad as the ocellar
triangle ; the upper areolets are a little broader than the lower ones.
Frontal triangle at the base and on the middle with scarce, erect, dark
hairs, and in front around the base of antennae with long yellowish
hairs, mingling with those of the same colour which cover entirely the
face concealing the mouth opening and of a white colour below ;
between this dense pubescence there are no bristles at all. Antennae
entirely black, the first joint three times as long as the second, with
dense pale yellowish hairs; third joint linear, narrower than the

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 53

second at the base, with the terminal part less attenuated. Proboscis
entirely black, 4 mm. long, its basal ring with yellow border like the
peristome; palpi blackish. Thorax black, faintly shining, clothed with
dense and equal, rather long hairs which are light yellowish and
shining silvery on the back and whitish on the pleura and below ; there
are no bristles in front, and the notopleural and. postalar bristles are
thin and yellowish. Scutellum dark red on the disc, black at the base
and on the borders, clothed, like the thorax, with indistinct bristles at
the hind border. Squamae dirty white, with yellowish border and
with whitish fringe; halteres yellow, with whitish knob. Abdomen
elongate, black, rather shining; the narrow lateral border (not the
hind border of the segments) and the venter are red; it is clothed
with dense and long soft hairs, which are coloured like those of the
thorax, but are paler on the sides and at end, becoming white on the
venter. The bristles at the hind border of the segments are well
developed only on the last segments, and are thin and of a darker
brownish-yellow colour; the fur is not tuft-like; on the venter there
are no distinct bristles. Legs pale yellow ; the femora are black, with
only the tip yellow, more broadly so on the 2 anterior pairs, but
they are clothed with white scales and with white hairs below near the
base ; all the bristles are thin and of a whitish colour; front femora
without any, middle femora with 2, hind femora with 4-5 spines
below; claws black, with a red base; pulvilli almost wanting. Wings
entirely hyaline, the extreme base and the costal and first basal cells
with a less distinct greyish tinge; basal comb small, with entirely
white bristles; alula hyaline, white fringed; veins reddish-yellow,
darkened at end; discoidal cell less obtuse, with the terminal vein
only a little longer or as long as the discal cross-vein ; first posterior
cell narrower than the discoidal cell, which is a little longer than the
second posterior cell.

Female.—Length of body 55 mm.; of the wing expanse 14 min.
Doubtfully the same species, but taken at the same place and time
with the male, and half the size of it. Frons exceedingly broad, three
times as broad as the eye, with numerous bristles on the sides, which
are of a dark yellowish-brown colour ; on the face there are no distinct
bristles, but only a few bristly hairs of the same colour as the
surrounding pubescence ; the antennae are of the same shape as in the
male, but the first joint is pale yellow. Thorax as in the male, but
with numerous yellowish bristles below the notopleural line. Abdomen
with more numerous, stronger and longer dark bristles, which, however,
are set only at the end; in the middle the rows are incomplete. Legs
and wings exactly as in the male.

54 Annals of the South African Museum.

ANASTOECHUS LEUCOSOMA, sp. nov., 2.

An elegant species of small size, distinct from any other owing to
the body being clothed entirely with long silvery hairs, without
distinct bristles even-on the abdomen, and by the vitreous wings, which
have a silvery basal comb.

Type female, Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water, Getober, 1911 (R. M.
Lightfoot) ; O’Okiep (Cape), November—December ; a specimen from
Matjesfontein (Cape) is much larger, measuring 8°5 mm. in length.
The present species was named by Bigot Systoechus leucosoma in MLS. ;
I have retained the very appropriate specific name.

Length of body 5°5-6°5 mm.; of wing expanse 13-16 mm. Head
black, but densely clothed with silvery scales at the hind border of the
eyes and on the sides of frons and face; on the vertex only there is a
broad transverse black band clothed with erect black hairs enclosing
the ocelli and extending from one eye to the other, like those of the
ocellar tubercle ; all the other hairs are silvery, long and dense, chiefly
on the upper part of the occiput and on the face ; there are no distinct
bristles ; the frons is twice as broad as the eye. Antennae entirely
black ; the first joint long and clothed with long, white hairs; the
third joint lnear, restricted to a long and thin petiole at the base, not
broader in the middle than the second joint, and less attenuated at
end. Proboscis as long as the body, 6-6°5 mm. long, thin, entirely
black ; palpi black, thin, with same Jong white hairsattheend. Thorax
short and rather arched above ; entirely clothed with long silvery hairs,
those of the disc being only slightly dark if viewed from the side or
from above; there are no distinct bristles, the notopleural and postalar
ones being concealed within the fur, from which they cannot be distin-
guished. Scutellum entirely black, clothed like the thorax, and
likewise destitute of bristles. Squamae white, with pale yellowish
border and with argenteous fringe; halteres yellowish. Abdomen
entirely black, with long hairs like those of thorax; the bristles at
the hind border of the segments are thin and of the same colour as
the fur, from which they are not distinguishable; venter black,
yellowish at end, with shorter white hairs; the genitalia are destitute
of the usual tuft of hairs, but have two approximate lamellae with a
longitudinal fissure between them. Legs short and strong, with well-
developed spines of a white (not yellow, as in the other species) colour ;
they are clothed with broad silvery scales, which are developed chiefly
on the femora, but are abundant even on the tibiae. The femora are
black, those of the two anterior pairs with the apical half pale yellow
and those of the hind pair with the end yellow ; the anterior and middle

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 55

femora have also white hairs below near the base, but are destitute of
spines; the hind femora have 3-4 long spines below ; tibiae and tarsi
pale yellow, but those of the bind pair are distinctly darker. Claws
black, with narrowly yellow base; pulvilli nearly wanting. Wings
entirely vitreous, only a little whitish at the extreme base and along
the fore border ; basal comb very small and silvery ; alula with a white
fringe ; veins pale yellow, darkened at end. Discoidal cell short and
obtuse at end, its apical vein being longer than the discal cross-vein :
it is as long as the second posterior cell and much broader than the
narrow and elongate first posterior cell, the veins of which are almost
entirely parallel.

EURYCARENUS, Loew (1860).

The species of this characteristic and rather aberrant genus seem
to be more abundant in mid-Africa. The present collection contains
only a few specimens of the typical species, and in addition there is a
couple of specimens of a new form from Mozambique.

EURYCARENUS LATICEPS, Loew (1852).
Dipteren-Fauna Sudafrikas, p. 187, pl. ii, fig. 7.

A very distinct species on account of its generic characters.
A male from Morokweng (Bechuanaland) (J. M. Bain); a female
from M’Fongosi, Zululand, December, 1914 (W. E. Jones).

EURYCARENUS SESSILIS, sp. nov., ¢, ?.

Nearly allied to the preceding, but distinct from it and from any
other species owing to the silvery abdominal bands and the very
briefly stalked, almost sessile first posterior cell.

Type ¢ and type @, a single couple of specimens from Inhambane,
Mozambique; an additional male example from Bechuanaland
(G. Alston).

Length of body 8:5-9 mm. ; of a wing 8-85 mm. Head black, with
whitish-grey dust; occiput flat, with silvery tomentum on the sides _
beyond the lateral sinuosity of the eyes, and with white shiny hairs
above ; ocellar tubercle black-haired. Eyes of the male with the upper
areolets broader, united on a line as long as the length of the ocellar
tubercle ; frontal triangle broad, with rather dense, erect black hairs,
and a few whitish-dusted in front; frons of the female broad, one-
third as broad as the head, yellowish-dusted, whitish near the eye
borders, with sparse black hairs near the antennae, and with 4 strong,
black, orbital bristles on each side, the apical one bent forwards, the

56 Annals of the South African Musewm.

other backwards. Face broad, with a white tomentum on the sides
and below, and with white hairs and a few black ones in the centre of
the sides; genae with white hairs underneath; antennae entirely
black, the basal joint with black hairs, the third joint long, narrow
and pointed as in laticeps, but the upper ciliae seem to be caducous.

Proboscis entirely black, 3°5-4 mm. long; palpi not visible and
seemingly less developed than is usual. Thorax and scutellum entirely
black, with yellow pubescence, pale yellowish hairs and strong black
bristles, which are numerous before the root of the wings and at the
hind border of the scutellum ; pleurae and breast with white hairs;
metapleural tuft well developed. Squamae pale yellowish, with a dark
border showing short black bristly hairs anda white fringe of moderate
leneth. Halteres with blackish stalk and whitish knob. Abdomen
entirely black; it is clothed with long white pubescence and has some
black hairs at the base of the segments on the sides ; very character-
istic are the narrow bands of silvery tomentum on the hind border of
the segments from the 2nd to the 6th; on the hind border of the
segments there are besides complete rows of very strong and numerous
black bristles; there is no trace of the white longitudinal stripe of
laticeps ; venter black and black haired, with a broad white transverse
band in the middle; male genitalia black and black haired. Legs
entirely black, with dark yellowish tibiae and basal joints of tarsi ;
in the female only they are white-scaled on the femora and the tibiae,
but those of the hind pair have black scales on the apical half of the
femora and the tibiae ; the coxae and the 4 anterior femora are white-
pilose near the base ; all the spines are black, those of the tibiae well
developed even on the front pair; middle femora with 4-5, hind
femora with 10-12 spines below ; claws black, with narrowly yellow
base; pulvilli dark, as long as the claws. Wings greyish-hyaline,
pale yellowish at base, with the black basal spot less developed ; they
have the typical venation of laticeps, with this exception, that in both
sexes the first posterior cell has a very short stalk, being extended
almost to the hind border, as in the genus Sisyrophanus. Alula
hyaline, whitish fringed ; praealar hook strong, of a deep black colour ;
basal comb small, black, yellow tomentose ; veins dark, yellow at base,
especially the auxiliary and the sixth; base of the first and of sixth
vein with a broad yellow pubescence.

DISCHISTUS, Loew (1855).
The present genus is rich in species provided with important char-
acters. Itean be divided in groups, like those of the genus Bombylius.
Of these groups, only two are characteristic of the South African

Ou the Bombyliid Kaunu of South Africa (Diptera). 57

Fauna, viz. the groups of mystax and of seriatus ; and only these two.
are indeed represented in the collections of the South African Museum.
Some species previously included in the genus will be removed to the
new genus Gonarthrus. All the species here enumerated have the eves
of the male separated or only approximate ; they can be distinguished
as follows :

1 (4).
2 (3):
3 (2)
eo @)e
5 (6).
6 (5).
aie (8).
8) (7)
9 (14)
10 (13)
11 (12).
PA e 55 G

Species of great size and of broad, stout body ; metapleurae bare ;
antennae widely separated at the base, with the first joint thickened ;.
hind femora without bristles below, only with rigid black hairs;
tibiae with black spicules; wines short, with the discal cross-vein
placed much after the middle of the discoidal cell; upper branch of
the cubital fork less retreating ; alula small and not fringed (group.
mystax).

Proboscis short, not longer than the thorax; palpi concealed ; femora
black, with only the end yellow and with numerous rigid black hairs

below. ‘ : ; : capito, Loew.
Proboscis as one as the body ; pate long and feathered ; femora
yellow, without black hairs below, or only with a very few thin ones on
the hind pair. . : : : plumipalpis, sp. nov.

Species of small size and of more elongate body ; metapleurae haired ;
antennae approximate at base, with non-thickened first joint ; hind
femora with yellow bristles below; tibiae with yellow spicules ; discal
cross-vein set much before the middle or rarely in the middle of the
discoidal cell; upper branch of the cubital fork much retreating,
alula broad and fringed (group seriatus).
Wines very short, with the discal cross-vein placed on the middle of
the diseoidal cell, which is short and broad, triangular; the two basal
joints of the antennae, scutellum and lees entirely of a yellowish-
red colour; pulvilli lone : : rubicundus, sp. Nov.
Wines of usual length, with the eliseail cross-vein set much before the
middle of the discoidal cell which is variable in shape; base of the
antennae, scutellum and legs never completely yellow at the same
time ; pulvilli usually much shorter than the claws.
Antennae, scutellum and legs entirely black; discoidal ceil as long as
broad; body clothed with silvery long hairs and below these with
yellow tomentun : . niveus, Macq.
Lees mainly yellow, at least on hare Mpinee eeniaal cell elongated,
often very much longer than broad.
Proboscis entirely black ; frons in the known females narrow.
Seutellum black; proboscis short; wings small, entirely hyaline ;.
discoidal cell rather short, not twice as long as broad; femora not
black striped.
Femora entirely yellow, without distinct spines below; wings with
rather distinct basal comb ’ . ovatus, sp. NOV.
Femora black, with distinct bristles ‘Balen on the hind pair; wings
with no distinct basal comb . : 3 . seriatus, Wied.

58 Annals of the South African Musenmn.

13 (10). Scutellum red; proboscis long; wings very broad and long, and
broadly irecpatatls discoidal cell almost three times as long as
broad ; basal comb developed ; femora with black stripes below.

vittipes, sp. Nov.

14 (9). Proboseis red above, at least near the base; frons of the known
females very broad.

15 (16). Seutellum red; body grey, with pale or white fur; basal comb of the
wine's rather developed . : ; variegatus, Macq,

16 (15). Entire body and scutellum of a deep black colour with dark reddish

fur; basal comb smaller : 2 : tripunctatus, Macq. -

Discuistus caprro, Loew (1860).

A species of great size (for the present genus), very near mystar,
but at once distinguished from it and from the others by the characters
given in the table.

Originally described from Caffraria. There is in the collection a
male specimen from Grahamstown, May, 1885 (Billinghurst), measuring
12 mm. of length with 25 mm. of wing-spread; it was named by
Bigot Dischistus heterocerus, Macq.; but Macquart in its description
says that the third antennal joint is spindle-shaped and that the legs
are yellow—characters which apply better to mystax, with which
therefore it must be placed as a synonym.

The male was unknown to Loew and is hitherto undescribed ; it is
very like the female. ‘The eyes have equally small areolets, and are
set close to each other on the frons but separated for a distance which
is as broad as the ocellar tubercle; the genitalia are black, with reddish
borders to the lamellae; the black bristles of the abdomen form
complete rows and are very numerous. All the femora are provided
on the underside with long and numerous, rigid, black hairs, with
some yellow ones intermingled chiefly near the base and on the middle
pair. The pulvilli are only a little shorter than the claws. Wings
with the discoidal cell long, the two middle segments of its lower vein
being of equal length; basal comb not distinct; alula very small and
destitute of fringe.

DiscHIstTus PLUMIPALPIS, Sp. NOov., Be

Closely allied to mystaw and capito, but at once distinguished by the
long proboscis, the feathered palpi and the much more approximate
eyes of the male.

Type ¢, a single specimen from Grahamstown (Cape), 1883.

Length of the body 10°5 mm.; spread of the wings 22 mm. Head
black, grey-dusted; occiput flat, concave in the middle, with rather

»

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 59

long yellowish hairs at the upper border, which become shorter and
paler below, but along the whole ocular border, in front of these hairs,
there is a fringe of thin but distinct black ones. Ocellar tubercle
black, with a tuft of long black hairs; eyes with the upper areolets
distinct but little broader than the others; they are greatly prolonged
above, approaching each other to a distance which is only a little
broader than the breadth of the fore ocellus. The frontal triangle
is very short and very broad, with short yellowish hairs on the
middle and with dark ones on the sides; cheeks clothed with
long, reddish hairs forming a rich moustache, but marginated
near the eyes with black hairs; below this moustache are to be
seen the rather broad, shining black and bare mouth borders.
Beard very dense, becoming longer behind, of a dirty whitish colour.
Antennae entirely black, rather separated at the base; first joint long,
grey-dusted and distinctly thickened, clothed with very long and dense
hairs which are pale yellowish above and reddish below, with some
black hairs intermingled; second joint globular; third as long as the
first, but much thinner (almost spindle-shaped as in mystaz), but less
narrowed at the base, its terminal half being very thin, with a short
capillar style at the end. Proboscis entirely black, very long and
thin, with smal] terminal labella, 11 mm. long;
long as the antennae, black, feathered with long and dense, rigid
hans which are black above and at apex, whitish below, and also at
the base. Thorax and scutellum entirely of a deep black colour,
clothed with dense, equal yellowish hairs of moderate length; on the
pleurae the hairs are paler and those of the breast are whitish, but the
metapleura is bare, concealed below the squamae and the mesopleural
tufts; there are distinct, but thin, bristly, black hairs at the posterior
end of the thorax and on the hind border of the scutellum. Squamae
dirty-whitish, with dark brown border and very long and dense whitish
fringe; halteres with a white knob. Abdomen entirely deep black,

palpi very long, as

clothed with hairs like those of the thorax, whitish-shiny from a front
view; the black bristles at the hind border of the segments are very
numerous, forming complete rows, but they are very thin; venter with
greyish hairs and without bristles; genitalia black. Legs entirely
pale yellow, but the tarsi broadly black at the end and the femora
narrowly darkened at the base; they are pale-dusted, and the femora
have very long white hairs below, but only a few thin black hairs and
no spines; the spicules of the tibiae are very long and numerous ;
claws red with black end ; pulvilli dirty-whitish, a little shorter than
the claws. Wings very short, entirely hyaline; only at the extreme
base and in the costal cells have they a faint yellowish tinge; veins

60 Annals of the South African Musewin.

yellow, darkened at end; no distinct basal comb; linear alula very
narrow, not fringed, venation typical of the group.

DiscHIstus RUBICUNDUS, Sp. NOV., 3 5

A species of middle size, with elongate body and short wings, very
distinct owing to the colour of the antennae and legs, and by the
typical venation. The present species in coloration, shape and
disposition of the abdominal fur strongly recalls Bombylius
mundus, Loew, and some other species of the same group, which
were taken in the same locality and at the same time; even the
specimens of D. rubicundus, Wied., from the same locality, have a very
similar facies.

Type, ¢; a single specimen from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water
(Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of the body 9mm.; of a wing 65 mm.; spread 17 mm.
only. Head black, with dense grey dust; occiput much developed,
swollen, clothed with short and dense pale yellowish hairs, which
below are very short and become tomentose near the borders of the
eyes; no black hairs behind; ocellar tubercle less prominent with pale
hairs; frons as broad as the ocellar tubercle, moderately broadened.
forward, with dense yellow hairs. Face and cheeks with entirely yellow
hairs forming a scarce and short moustache, the lower hairs being
rigid and paler; beard scarce and short, whitish. Eyes dark red,
with irregular black spots and with equally small areolets. Antennae
approximate at the base, rather strong; first joint of a pale reddish
colour, with sparse hairs, which are very short and whitish above, very
long and yellowish below, forming a tuft; second joint of the same
colour as the first, and twice as long; third joint deep black, as thick
as the first, truncate, very little attenuated at the extreme end, of even
shape throughout; terminal style very thin. Mouth-opening broad ;
proboscis short and strong, 2°5 mm. long, black above, dark red below
near the base, glabrous at end; palpi yellow, thin, pale-haired.
Thorax black, densely clothed with very short pale yellowish hairs ; it
seems that on the back there are 4 longitudinal stripes of more yellow
pubescence, more distinct on the posterior half; pleurae grey-dusted,
with short hairs and with some bare parts, but the metapleura with a
fine, whitish tuft; the bristles are long, yellow; below the notopleural
line, on the upper part of the pleurae, there is a dense tuft of short,
yellowish, bristly hairs. Scutellum red, black at base, grey-dusted,
clothed like the thorax with strong but short pale bristles on the hind
border. Squamuae dirty pale-yellowish, with whitish fringe; halteres

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 61

yellow, with white knobs. Abdomen ovate, red, the two first segments
and the middle of the third black; it is clothed with dense, whitish,
depressed pubescence; at the hind border of each segment there is a
broad band of erect, pale yellowish hairs, but there are no distinct
bristles ; the long abdominal fur appears thereby to be disposed on
5 parallel rows alternating with tomentose bands; venter red, with
short whitish hairs; genitalia red. Legs entirely reddish-yellow, even
on the coxae and at the end of the tarsi; they have whitish scales and
very scarce pale hairs on the femora; middle femora with 4, hind
femora with 6 yellow spines underneath ; spicules of the tibiae yellow,
those of the front pair very minute; claws red, with black end;
pulvilli narrow, dirty-whitish, shorter than the claws. Wings short,
with a faint yellowish tinge on the basal half; veins yellow; basal
comb very small, pale yellowish; alula broad, rounded, hyaline with
pale fringe. Upper branch of the cubital fork arched in the middle
and much retreating at base; discal cross-vein on the middle of the
short and broad discoidal cell, which is of triangular shape, with the
two lower veins of nearly equal length ; first posterior cell narrowed at
end, but the second posterior cell not triangular; apical cross-vein of
the discoidal cell much longer than the discal cross-vein.

A very small female specimen (only 4 mm. in length) from Nama-
qualand, O’Okiep, 1885 (lL. Péringuey), has the frons with parallel
sides and about as broad as the eye; the thorax is black on the back,
with 4 longitudinal greyish stripes, 2 of which are on the dorso-central
lines and 2 on the sides; abdomen with rather distinct pale yellowish
bristles at hind border of the segments.

Discuistus Niveus, Macquart (1840).

A small species, very distinct on account of its entirely black legs
and its white fur.

Macquart described the male from the Cape, but without mentioning
the colour of the legs; from his short description it scems to be a
species of Gonartherus, but the position of the discal cross-vein
differs. I refer to this species a female specimen from Bushmanland,
Jackal’s Water (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of body 6 mm.; of a wing 55 mm. H 2ad, thorax, seutellum
and abdomen black, grey-dusted and clothed with a short golden
tomentum, which is silvery only on the face and at the hind borders
of the eyes. All the hairs are long, but rather sparse, of a silvery
white colour ; on the pleurae there is no golden tomentum, only white
scaly hairs and no distinct bristles between the hairs. Frons much

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

broader than the eye. Antennae entirely black, the third joint one
and a-half times as long as the two first taken together, linear, obtuse,
thinner than the rather thin, short and white-haired first joint.
Proboscis entirely black, 5°5 mm. long. MHalteres whitish. Legs
white-scaled, with white spines and white spicules; claws black ;
pulvilli absent. Wings entirely hyaline, vitreous, with pale yellow
veins, no distinct comb, but the costa is white-scaled at the base;
alula broad, rounded and fringed with white. Upper branch of the
third vein very much retreating at the base ; discal cross-vein placed
much before the middle of the discoidal cell, which is as broad as
long, triangular; first posterior cell not narrowed at end; anal cell
sometimes narrowed at end.

DISCHISTUS OVATUS, Sp. Nov., ¢.

A dark species with long ovate body, recalling that of Bombylius
kilimandjaricus and differing from the other species of the present
group in having the hind femora not spinose below.

Type ¢, a single, not well-preserved specimen from the Cape,
without special locality.

Length of body 11 mm.; of wing 10 mm. Head dark-tawny,
erey-dusted, black on the occiput; this last little developed, clothed
with short and dense black hairs above which become very short and
brownish below and merge into the less developed beard of a paler
colour; ocellar tubercle black-haired. Eyes with equally small
areolets, less approximated, the frons at the narrowest point being
as broad as the vertical triangle; it is less broadened forwards, and
bears sparse and short, erect black hairs; face gently rounded, clothed
like the cheeks with sparse black hairs, with some shorter yellowish
ones intermingled. Antennae entirely black, but the first joint
pale-dusted, three times as long as the second, clothed on the two
sides with long black hairs ; third jomt as long as the two first joints
taken together, not broader at the base than the second, gradually
tapering to a short point. Proboscis entirely black, rather thick,
4 mm. long. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen deep black, clothed
with rather short dark brownish hairs, which, viewed from the front,
are shining-pale; there are no black hairs intermingled ; the bristles
at the postalar cells and at the hind border of the scutellum, like
those of the hind border of the abdominal segments, are black and
well developed. Pleurae below and breast with greyish hairs;
metapleurae with whitish and black hairs intermingled. Squamae
tawny, with short whitish fringe; halteres yellowish-brown. Venter
black, reddish-yellow at base, grey-haired; genitalia dark red. Legs

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 63

with the coxae entirely yellow, pale-scaled, scarcely white-haired on
the femora, which are unarmed, and having even on the hind pair
only a few rigid hairs; spicules of the tibiae less developed, yellow,
claws yellow, with black point; pulvilli not distinct. Wings vitreous,
hyaline, faintly yellowish at base and along the costal cell; basal
hook strongly reddish ; basal comb distinct, black, vellowish tomentose ;
alula broad, yellow-fringed. Veins black, but the entire first vein
and the base of the others are yellow; upper branch of the cubital
‘fork retreating; first posterior cell narrowed at end; discoidal cell
short and broad, truncate at end, its terminal vein being longer than
the discal cross-vein, which is placed before the middle ; the two lower
veins of the discoidal cell are of almost equal length.

DiscHistus sERIATUS, Wiedemann (1821).

Closely allied to the preceding species, from which it is distinguished
by the smaller size, the darker legs and the well-developed spines at
the underside of the hind femora.

A very small male specimen, measuring only 5 mm. in length, from
Van Wyk’s Vlei, Carnarvon (Cape) (E. G. Alston), 1895. Wiedemann
has described the female from the Cape; the eyes of the male have
equally small areolets and are approximate to a distance equal to the
distance of the posterior ocelli. Proboscis short; genitalia dark red ;
abdomen mainly black-haired; pulvilli very short. Wings entirely
hyaline; first posterior cell not narrowed at end and very long;
discoidal cell obtuse at end, twice as long as broad.

DIscHISTUS VITTIPES, sp. nov., ¢.

A species of proportionally large size, having strongly spinose legs
and broadly infuscated, very long wings, which have in addition a
rather large basal comb.

Type ¢, a single specimen from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water
(Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of the body 10°5 mm.; of the wing 12 mm. Head reddish,
srey-dusted, black on the occiput, which is developed and convex,
clothed with pale yellowish hairs above, with whitish and shorter
ones on sides and below, without any black hairs; beard scarce,
white. Frons broad; eyes with equal areolets, less approximate,
separated for a distance twice as broad as the ocellar triangle; ocellar
tubercle with some dark hairs; frons little broadened forwards, with
sparse dark hairs in the middle and other whitish and longer hairs
on the sides. Face very broad and long, gently curved, clothed like
the very narrow cheeks with scarce and long white hairs; genae

64 Annals of the South African Museum.

broad, red before and black beneath. Antennae dark reddish, but
infuseate above at the base and on the basal half of the third joint ;
first jomt three times as long as the second, with sparse and short
whitish hairs; third joint narrow, linear, a little longer than the first
two taken together. Proboscis entirely black, 7-5 mm. long; palpi
reddish-yellow, thin, almost bare. Thorax black, with red humeral
calli; it is entirely clothed with dirty-greyish hairs having a white
sheen if looked at from a front view; bristles long and entirely
yellow; pleurae grey-dusted, the sternopleura with a broad red band
above; they are whitish-pilose below and on the breast; sternopleura
with a dense tuft of long pale hairs. Scutellum red, narrowly black
at the base, clothed hke the thorax with long whitish bristles at the
hind border. Squamae yellowish, with white fringe; halteres vellow,
with white knob. Abdomen short oval, black, rather shining, broadly
red on the sides; it is clothed like the thorax and has whitish bristles
at the hind border of the segments; genitalia reddish above, black
below; venter red, each segment broadly black at the base, with
sparse greyish hairs. Legs yellow, with the tarsi blackened at end ;
the femora have a well-marked black stripe below from the base to
the end, and are provided with whitish hairs and strong yellow spines,
3-4 on the middle, 5—6 on the hind pair; spicules of the tibiae much
developed, yellow; claws black, with a red base; pulvilli very short.
Wings very long and broad; basal comb pale-yellowish, larger than
usual; alula broad, hyaline, pale-fringed. The wings have only the
apical third greyish-hyaline ; the rest has a yellowish-brown infuscation
which forms broad dark borders along the veins, the centre of the
cells being paler. Veins black, the first entirely and the others
yellow at the base; upper branch of the cubital fork retreating at
base; first posterior cell narrowed at end; discal cross-vein set much
before the middle of the discoidal cell, which is very long, being three
times as long as broad, obtuse at the end and with parallel sides,
the second of the lower veins being three times as long as the -first ;
anal cell narrowed at end.

DiscHIsTUS VARIEGATUS, Macquart (1840).

A species very distinct owing to the red proboscis, but closely allied
to the preceding one; itis perhapsits female. Macquart has described
the female from the Cape, and lkewise there are in the collection
females from Namaqualand, Springbok (Cape), October, 1890, and
from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M.

Lightfoot). The present species show a very striking affinity with

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 65

Bombylius brachyrrhynchus, sp. nov., taken at the same time and in
the same locality, and which has also a red proboscis.

The ground-colour of the head is reddish, but it is concealed below
the white dust, which is very dense on the rather developed and
prominent occiput ; the soft hairs of the upper part of the occiput, the
bristly hairs of the ocellar tubercle, and those, likewise bristly, of two
tufts, set one on each side of the frons, are yellowish; the other hairs
of the head are white or even silvery. Fronsas broad as one-third of
the head. Antennae reddish, more or less infuscated above ; the basal
joint with short yellowish hairs above and long white hairs below.
Proboscis entirely red above and below, with a black tip; palpi pale-
yellow, almost bare; proboscis 4 mm. long. Thorax black, clothed
with yellowish and white hairs; pleurae reddish, white-dusted, with
white and yellowish hairs; metapleurae with a tuft of white and
yellow hairs. Scutellum red, hairy like the thorax, and with yellowish
marginal bristles. Squamae brownish-yellow, white-haired ; halteres
yellow, with a whitish knob. Abdomen as in the preceding species.
Legs as in the preceding and even more spinose, but the femora are
not striped and only a little darkened below near the base; pulvilh
well developed. The wings are very like those of the preceding species,
but there is no broad infuseation in the middle; they are only yellowish
near the base and along the fore border right to the basal and
discal cross-veins, which are sometimes narrowly marginated with
fuscous.

DiscHistus TRIPUNCTATUS, Macquart (1840).

Distinguished by the red proboscis and red antennae, by the deep
black body with dark fulvous pubescence and by the tripunctate
wings.

The female was described as a Bombylius from an unknown country
by Macquart. There is in the collection a male specimen from Nama-
qualand, Springbok (Cape), October, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot). Not-
withstanding the differences the present species also may prove to be
the male of the preceding, as it*was caught in the same locality and
at the same time.

Length of the body 7 mm.; of a wing 7 mm. Head black, but
densely clothed with a dark dust and by a short fulvous pubescence
which is destitute of black hairs; occiput less developed ; beard scarce
and pale-coloured. Antennae approximate at the base, rather short,
of a dark reddish colour ; the first joint is more than 3 times as long
as the second, and provided with tawny hairs; third joint a little more
darkened above, linear, gradually attenuated, obtuse, not longer and

5

66 Annals of the South African Museum.

never thicker than the first, ending in a thin style. Proboscis short,
2 mm. long, red above with black tip, entirely black below or narrowly
red only at the base. Thorax and scutellum of a deep black colour,
clothed by an equal, rather short, dark fulvous pubescence, with long
dark reddish bristles on the postalar calli and on the hind border ;
pleurae with more reddish hairs, reddish-dusted, almost bare below
and on breast; metapleural tuft dense, of reddish colour. Squamae
brownish, with short yellow fringe; halteres yellow. Abdomen ovate,
deep black, but with dark-red sides and red genitalia; it is rather
shining and has a bluish tinge on the middle of the tergites ; it is
clothed like the thorax with dark-reddish bristles at the hind border of
the segments; venter red, with short hairs, pale at the base and
reddish at tip. Legs pale yellow, with long fulvous hairs on the
femora, well-developed fulvous spicules on the tibiae and 5 long
fulvous spines on the under-side of the hind femora; claws red with
black tip; pulvilli dirty-whitish, a little shorter than the claws.
Wings hyaline, with a small but distinct fulvous basal comb; they
are yellowish-fuscous near the base and along the costal cell; the 3
fuscous spots are as described by Macquart. Veins dark yellow, paler
near the base; alula of great size, yellowish brown, witha pale fringe ;
upper branch of the cubital fork much retreating at the base ; discal
cross-vein set much before the middle of the discoidal cell. First
posterior cell a little narrowed at end; discoidal cell long, with parallel
sides, almost rectangular, its apical vein being almost twice as long as
the discal cross-vein ; anal cell broad in the middle and narrowed at
end.

Discuistus coracinus, Loew (1863).

An entirely deep black species of smaller size, at once distinguish-
able from all the other species here recorded on account of its entirely
black hairs.

A male specimen from Pretoria, November 20th, LOMG Ge A. Ee
Bedford). This and the following species belongs to the group of
D. minimus, a group which was believed to be very scarcely represented
in the South African fauna. The present species was originally
described from Bloemfontein. ''o the short diagnosis may be added ;
Byes touching on a line longer than the frontal triangle; occiput not
prominent, with rather long black hairs at the border; antennae
entirely black, with the first jomt a little inflated and black-haired,
and with the third joint more than twice as long as the first, quite
linear, with a short style at end. Proboscis entirely black, 1:5 mm.

—_—

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 67

long. Thorax without distinct bristles ; hind border of the scutellum
with thin and long bristly hairs; squamulae black, and black-haired.
Abdomen with long bristly hairs at hind border of the segments.
Coxae black and black-haired; hind femora with 2 spines below on
the apical half ; all the spines and the spicules of the legs are black.
Wings with no distinct basal comb; 2nd longitudinal vein straight
and gently curved at end ; upper branch of the 3rd longitudinal vein
long and oblique, a little S-shaped, not retreating ; small cross-vein
considerably before the middle of the discoidal cell; third posterior
cell of a regular trapezoidal shape; discoidal cell rather broad.

DiscHIstus PECTORALIS, Loew (1863).

A middle-size species of an entirely deep black colour, but clothed
with a yellowish furriness which is black only on the breast. A male
specimen from Pretoria, December 12th, 1916 (G. A. H. Bedford).
Originally described from Bloemfontein, it is closely allied to the pre-
ceding species, being distinct by the greater size, the yellowish fur-like
pile of body, the broadly yellow ends of femora and the yellowish base
of wings. I have not succeeded in finding characters of distinction
between the present species and the West African D. senegalensis,
Macq.

Proboscis entirely black, 3 mm. long; palpi black ; occiput a little
prominent, with yellowish hairs, those of the hind border being
darkened. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen without distinct bristles ;
mesopleurae with some black hairs; squamulae dirty whitish, with
whitish fringe ; halteres whitish. Hind femora with a complete row
of 4-5 long spines below; spicules of the tibiae long and black.
Venation as in the preceding species, but the upper branch of the
eubital fork is shorter and more straight, and nearly parallel with
the hind border of the wing.

SOSIOMYTA, gen. nov.

This new genus has a striking resemblance to Adelidea anomala,
from which its type-species is at once distinguished by the conspicuous
bristles of the third antennal joint and by the black femora. I
believed at first that the present insect might prove to be Adelidea
fuscipennis of Macquart because this last species is different from
Sobarus anomalus as pointed out by Loew. But Macquart says
nothing of the bristles of the third antennal joint, which are, moreover,
more developed than in the genus Acreotrichus of the same author ;

68 Annals of the South African Museum.

the figure also lacks these bristles ; and besides, in the description of
A, fuscipennis we read “ pedibus flavis,” and “petite nervure transversale
située aux deux tiers”: two characters which applied to A. anomalus,
but not to the present species. It is therefore certain that Macquart
had not Sosiomyia before him when describing Adelidea.

Thave no hesitation therefore in describing the new genus, the name
of which (from Sosias and myia) is an allusion to its deceptive
resemblance to Adelidea anomala; and it is very curious that the
present collection has no representatives of the last species, which
does not seem to be rare in South Africa.

Body short and broad, rotund. Head narrower than the thorax. Occi-
put rather developed, swollen, provided in the female with bristly hairs.
Ocelli disposed in an equilateral triangle, on a little prominent tubercle.
Eyes with equally small areolets in both sexes, approximate in the male,
very distant in the female; the frons in the maleat the narrowest point is
as broad as the distance between the two basal ocelli; in the female it
is one and a half times as broad as the eye, with parallel sides and
with numerous bristles. Face broad in both sexes, rounded, less
prominent, without bristles, genae rather narrow, without bristles.
Antennae approximate at the base, and of a very peculiar and
characteristic shape ; first joint a little, yet distinctly thickened, twice
and a half as long as the second, with long hairs directed forwards ;
second joint globular ; third as long as the first two together, broad
at base in the male, gradually tapering to a point but deeply excavate
below near the middle; in the female the basal two thirds are very
broad and ovate, much broader than the second joint, the apical third
is abruptly attenuated, linear in both sexes, truncate, with a thin and
short style above, and having below near the end a tuft of 7-10 rather
long hairs; near the base it is provided above with 4-6 very long and
strong bristles, directed forwards and nearly reaching the end of the
joint. Mouth-opening broad and short; proboscis short, not longer
than the thorax, strong, with broad and long, lanceolate terminal
labella; palpi concealed. Thorax with very numerous long bristles
on fore border (more developed in the female) and on the sides ; some
shorter bristles are present even on the back; pleurae less pilose;
metapleura bare. Scutellum with numerous and long marginal
bristles disposed in three irregular rows on the hind border ; abdomen
short and broad, with the bristles at the hind border of the segments
forming complete rows. Legs stout, with the femora spinose beneath ;
tibiae with much developed and strong spicules; claws curved ;
pulvilli as long as the claws. Wings long and rather narrow.
Praealar hook short and acute; basal comb very small, but distinct ;

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 69

alula rounded, of moderate size, but destitute of fringe. Second
longitudinal vein gently curved at end, the marginal cell being broad
at end ; three submarginal cells present ; upper branch of the cubital
fork much retreating at base, the cross-vein dividing the first sub-
marginal cell being situated near its base and distinctly longer than
the part of the third between it and the origin of the fork ; first
posterior cell not narrowed, as broad at end as in the middle; discal
cross-vein after the middle of the discoidal cell, but not so much as in
Adelidea. Discoidal cell triangular at base, truncate at end and there
with parallel sides, its terminal vein being as long as the discal cross-
vein ; the two lower veins of the discoidal cell are of equal length, but
form a deep angle in the middle at their junction; second posterior
cell narrow and long, rectangular, the third being much broader. Anal
cell narrowed at end; axillary lobe well developed, but very little
prominent ; ambient vein complete. The wings are besides strongly
pilose at the base from the first to the sixth vein, which is not the
case in Adelidea.
Type: the following new species.

SOSIOMYIA CARNATA, sp. nov., ¢, 2.

A strange fly, very like Adelidea anomala, but distinguished,
besides the generic characters, by the darker general coloration, by the
legs having black femora and partly black spicules on the tibiae, and
by the different pattern of the wings.

Type ¢ and type @, a single pair from the Cape, without precise
locality.

Length of the body 65-7 mm.; of a wing 8 mm.; spread 20 mm.
Head entirely black, even on the mouth borders, grey-dusted, with
some golden tomentum on the upper border of the occiput and on the
frons ; hairs of the occiput of middle length, golden yellow above,
white and shorter on the sides and below; beard long, but not dense,
white ; hairs of the ocellar tubercle black. Frons in the male with a
few black hairs over the golden tomentum in the narrowed basal half ;
densely clothed in the apical half with pale yellowish hairs which are
directed forwards and outwards. The numerous bristles of the frons of
the female are golden-coloured and only near the antennae are
yellowish hairs. Face and cheeks in both sexes whitish-dusted and
with long white hairs, which only on the upper part are pale yellowish.
Antennae entirely black, grey-dusted ; the hairs of the first joint are
partly yellowish and partly golden; those of the third are also pale-

70 Annals of the South African Museum.

yellowish, but the strong bristles of the base are black in the male and
dark-golden in the female. Proboscis entirely black, 3 mm. long.
Thorax and scutellum black, densely bluish-grey dusted ; they have a
scarce but well-developed golden tomentum on the back, and are
clothed with erect, rather long and scattered dark hairs, with some
shorter pale ones and very numerous and very long golden-red
bristles. The pleurae are densely pale grey-dusted, and have scarce
white hairs below and on the middle, being bare on the metapleura
and on the surrounding parts; the mesopleural bristles near the root
of the wings are golden like those of the back. Squamae brownish
black, grey-dusted with yellow fringe. Halteres yellow, with paler
knob. Abdomen black, dusted-pollinose, pubescent like the thorax
and provided with golden-red bristles; on the sides are numerous
yellow hairs intermingled with the dark ones. Male genitalia small ;
concealed, black, yellow-haired. Venter entirely black, grey-dusted,
without the yellow hind borders of A. anomala, clothed with white
hairs. Coxae and femora black, the former with long white hairs, the
latter whitish pubescent, with some white hairs below at the base and
with yellow tips; their spines are strong and long, yellow, 2-3 on the
middle, 5-6 on the hind pair. 'Tibiae and tarsi pale yellow, only the
last tarsal joint being black or darkened, with long and stout spicules,
even those of the front pair, the spicules being in great part black,
but those of the inner side are yellow. Claws yellow, with black tip ;
pulvilli dirty-whitish. Wings greyish-hyaline, with the base and the
fore half imfuscated; the fuscous spots are more numerous; and more
distinct than in anomala. There is a broad quadrate spot on the discal
cross-vein, extending above almost to the second vein and preceded by
a hyaline space of equal size; two united spots at the base of the
cubital fork and of the cross-vein deliminating the upper submarginal
cell; a spot on the vein at the end of the discoidal cell; another at
the extreme basal angle of the third posterior cell and a third at the
base of the fourth posterior cell; there is besides a rounded spot
before the end of the anal cell, of which there is no trace in anomala.
The second basal cell has a rounded whitish spot above before the base
of the discoidal cell, which is not distinct in anomala. The alula is
dark brownish, like the squamae and the extreme base of the wings ;
the small basal comb is black, but densely golden yellow-tomentose
and white pubescent at base, this last pubescence extending to the base
of the sixth vein. The veins are dark yellow, but the first and the
costa to the end of the upper branch of the cubital fork are pale
yellow; the costa is golden-tomentose.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 71

SupramMity CYTHEREINAE.

ONIROMYIA, gen. nov.

An aberrant genus, apparently allied to Amictus on account of the
narrow and short wings with similar venation, but distinct by the
different antennae, absent ocelli, absent abdominal macrochaetae and
haired metapleurae. Owing to the shape of the occiput the genus
must be placed in the Cythereinae, notwithstanding the approximate
antennae; the form of these organs agrees with that of Perin-
gueymyia, from which it is differentiated by the narrow elongate body
with conical abdomen and by the very different venation.

Head of female (the male being still unknown) a little broader than
the thorax; frons broad, broader than one third of the head, with
parallel sides and long hairs; occiput flat, not bilobed above, briefly
pilose, without ocular fringe ; no ocelli and no ocellar tubercle; there
is instead a depression in the form of a shallow furrow. Eyes bare,
with entire hind border. Face very short, not prominent, bare, but
concealed below the long hairs of the base of the antennae; genae and
chin rather broad, haired. Antennae inserted near the mouth border,
but at the level of the middle of the eyes, approximate at the base ;
first joint thickened, with a prominent tubercle below, bare above,
densely clothed with a tuft of exceedingly long and soft hairs under-
neath ; second joint small, short, globular; third joint small, once and
a half as long as the two basal joints taken together, ovate at base,
narrow and styliform for more than the terminal half, this narrowed
part bemg provided with rather long hairs chiefly on the under side
and ending with a thin but rather long style. Proboscis horizontal,
longer than the head and thorax together ; mouth-opening small, sub-
quadrate ; palpi rather short, with long hairs at end. Thorax short,
subquadrate, with not very strong praesutural and supra-alar bristles ;
metapleural tuft long and dense, fan-shaped. Scutellum with bristly
hairs only at the hind border ; squamae less developed, briefly hairy
on the border ; mesophragma on the sides with a membranous tubercle
as in Systropus. Abdomen very long, conical, acute at end, destitute
of macrochaetae at the hind border of the segments ; female genitalia
with a yellow bladder above, and destitute seemingly of a terminal
circlet of spines. Legs stout and short; the hind femora only with a
few spines below at apex; all the tibiae with numerous and long
spicules and with numerous spurs at end; pulvilli well developed.

72 - Annals of the South African Museum.

Wings very short and narrow, stalked at base, destitute of alula; first
longitudinal vein straight, less looped at the end and not retreating ;
only two submarginal cells. Upper branch of the cubital fork straight,
not at all retreating, running parallel with the border; discal cross-
vein situated in the last third of the discoidal cell; four posterior
cells, the 1st of which is closed and briefly stalked, the 2nd and 4th
are broadened, the 5rd narrowed at end. Discoidal cell very narrow,
with almost parallel sides, its terminal cross-vein being straight and
only a little longer than the discal cross-vein ; anal cell open but
narrowed at end ; ambient vein complete. The supernumerary vein in
the anal cell placed in the concave fold just below the sixth vein, long
and very distinct, extending almost to the end of the anal cell.

Type: EHurycarenus pachyceratus, Bigot, a species upon which, before
seeing the co-types, | have made many wrong speculations ; whence
the name, from oneiros—dream.

ONIROMYIA PACHYCERATA, Bigot, 9.

A peculiar species with thickly pilose head and thorax, at once
distinguished from any other by its generic characters. Bigot has
described it from the Cape in a recognisable manner, much better than
usually with him, and has pointed out that it must be the type of a
new genus. In the collection there is a female specimen from Nama-
qualand, O’Okiep, October, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot). Length of the
body 95-10 mm. ; of a wing 68-7 mm. To Bigot’s description may
be added: Occiput grey-dusted, but the vertex and the frons are
shining black ; the tuft of white hairs at the under side of the first
antennal joint is very long, and is fused with the tuft of the sides of
the frons and of the base of the cheeks, forming a sort of moustache ;
proboscis black, 5 mm. long; palpi black, with pale yellowish hairs,
all the thoracic macrochaetae are yellow; metapleural tuft pale
yellowish; squamae dirty-yellowish, with sparse white hairs. Abdomen
at end with long and rigid black hairs. Venter black, grey-dusted,
densely clothed with white scaly tomentum with some long white hairs
at base. The ground-colour of tlie tibiae and of the praetarsi of the
4 anterior legs is yellow; all the spines and spurs are yellow, but
on the hind tibiae, partly black; hind femora with 3-4 short yellow
spines below at the end on the outer side; claws pale yellowish red,
with black tip; pulvilli dirty whitish. Wing-veins dark brown, pale
reddish at base; costa very thin at base, with scarce pale yellowish
scales.

“ot —_——

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 79

Supramity USIINAE.

CORSOMYZA, Wiedemann (1820).

Of this peculiar genus, very characteristic of the South African
Fauna, there are in the collection numerous specimens, representing
all the known species, with the addition of some new ones. The
special feature of the genus resides in the facial circular brush, which
consists of a dense pubescence of short hairs clothing the anterior part
of the frons and the whole face, which is surrounded by more rigid
and often differently coloured hairs. From this dense brush are
projecting on the upper side the antennae (the basal joints of which
are often clothed by a tuft of hairs of different colour), and below the
proboscis and the long palpi. A similar conformation of the face is
to be found only in the North American genus Pantarbes, Osten
Sacken, which, however, has a closed first posterior cell, and in the
Australian genus Lasioprosopa, Macquart. But this last genus, as
already stated by Schiner in the Novara work, is synonymous with
Corsomyza, its type species, Lasioprosopa bigotii, being Corsomyza
nigripes, as confirmed by a specimen in the collection labelled under
this name by Bigot.

The species in the collection are much alike in habitus and in the
colouring of the body fur; they probably mimic Hymenoptera, having
a very great resemblance to certain species of Osmia. They can be
distinguished as follows :

1 (14). Third antennal joint wholly black; anal cell closed and usually pro-
vided with a short stalk.

(3). First antennal joint elongate, as long as the half of the third, which
is broad; base of the antennae pale-haired ; face yellow, with the
circular brush not marginated with black ; tibiae and tarsi red.

LN)

simplex, Wied.

3 (2) First antennal joint short, always shorter than the half of the third.

Hind tibiae densely feathered with very long black hairs ; face yellow,

the circular brush not marginated with black hairs; antennae

with the first joint pale-haired and the third joint broad.
pennipes, Wied.

5 (4) Hind tibiae not densely feathered, sometimes only thinly ciliated.

6 (13) Facial brush formed by whitish or pale yellowish hairs.

7 (8) First antennal joint clothed on the upper side with black hairs, which
form a striking black tuft within the brush ; this last is surrounded
with dense black hairs. Tibiae and tarsi black ; third antennal joint
narrow, but a little dilated at end P : nigripes, Wied.

8 (7). First antennal joint with yellowish or whitish hairs; third antennal
joint filiform and much dilated at end.

a

74 Annals of the South African Museum.

9 (12). Abdomen as broad as or only a little narrower than the thorax, not,
or less distinctly, conical; halteres with a white knob.

10 (11). Tibia and tarsi red; chin with a dense tuft of black hairs ; femora

dark-pilose ; species of greater size : : hirtipes, Maeq.

11 (10). Tibiae and tarsi black ; chin destitute of black hairs; femora white-
pilose below; eye-division in the male less distinct than usually.

clavicornis, Wied.

12 (9). Abdomen conical, only half as broad as the thorax; halteres with

dark knob; tibiae and tarsi dark reddish-brown ; sometimes there are

three submarginal cells in the wing ‘ é anceps, Bezzi.

13 (6). Facial brush formed entirely by black hairs, with a yellow tuft on the

base of the antennae; tibiae and tarsi black; third antennal joint

thin at base and broadly clavate atend . : bicolor, sp. nov.
14 (1). Third antennal joint rufous; anal cell narrowly open at the wing
border, tibiae and tarsi yellow : : . ruficornis, sp. nov.

CorsoMyZA SIMPLEX, Wiedemann (1820).

A species of proportionately large size, distinct from any other by
the elongation of the first antennal joint. Described and figured from
the Cape by Wiedemann, and not recorded subsequently; but I am
ecnvinced that Macquart’s C. fuscipennis from the Cape is the female
of this same species, chiefly on account of the form of the antennae ;
the infuseation of the wings is in the male more yellow than fuscous.
There is in the collection a male specimen from Cape Town, 1888
(W. F. Purcell), and another example from Namaqualand, 1889
(R. M. Lightfoot).

The pubescence of the body is of a pale fulvous colour, but shows
white gleams when seen from the front. Occiput shining black, with
a faint grey dust and with scarce and short pale yellowish hairs; the
erest of white hairs on the vertex has a black tuft on each side; frons
without dust, broad, almost twice as broad as the distance between the
basal ocelli. The face and the cheeks are entirely of a pale yellow
colour; the whitish circular brush is surrounded below by dark, but
not black, hairs. Very characteristic are the antennae, as shown in
Wiedemann’s figure. The first joint has only whitish hairs. Beard
white. Proboscis entirely black, 5 mm. long; palpi very long, as long
as one third of the proboscis, with scarce and thin hairs.

The hairs of the pleurae are partly white and partly black; on the
mesopleura there is a white vertical stripe, with a black one on each
side; breast black-haired. Femora with dense black hairs below; the
four anterior tibiae nearly bare; the hind tibiae with dark ciliae, but
not properly feathered; last tarsal joint black; claws red with black
point; pulvilli yellowish. The yellowish infuscation of the wings is

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 75

more intensive in the second basal cell, but not as strikingly as shown
in Wiedemann’s figure. The veins are intensely rufous, as in the other
species of the genus.

CoRsoMYZA PENNIPES, Wiedemann (1820).

Nearly allied to the preceding species, but distinct from it owing to
the short first antennal joint and by the white- and yellow-haired pleura,
and distinct from any other on account of the densely and long-
feathered hind tibiae. Wiedemann has described the female from the
Cape; there is in the collection a male from the Cape, without precise
locality. C. pennipes of Macquart, “ Suites 4 Buffon,” is doubtful,
because the author says that the femora (and not the tibiae) have long
hairs.

Head exactly as in the preceding species; the first antennal joint is
less than one-third of the third, and of a similar shape, which is very
different from that of the species following. Eyes more broadly
separated ; the middle frontal furrow is even more distinct. Proboscis
black, shorter, only 3°5 mm. long; palpi black, long, with much
longer and dense, almost leathery hairs. Pleurae destitute of black
hairs; on the upper border of the metapleurae there is a rich tuft of
bright fulvous hairs, the other hairs being whitish; breast with pale
hairs. Coxae with yellowish or whitish hairs; the feathering of the
hind tibiae is formed by dense and numerous, very proximate black
hairs, which on the upper side are longer and equally extended to the
end, while on the under side they are shorter and growing shorter
before the apex, which is bare; even the hind tarsi are feathered; no
other species has such a conspicuous feathering of the hind legs.

Wings as in C. simplex, but clearer and with a very faint yellowish
tinge at the base and along the fore border. The venation is identical.

CorsoMyzA NiGRIPES, Wiedemann (1820).

Allied to the two preceding species, but distinguished by the wholly
black legs, by the black-haired first antennal joint, and by the facial
brush being surrounded by black hairs.

Described from the Cape and subsequently recorded by Loew,
Schiner, Ricardo and Becker; there are in the collection two males
from Cape Town, one of which, caught in 1874, is labelled by Bigot
“ Lasioprosopa bigotii Macq.” ! ‘The colour of the fur of the body in the
present species varies from bright fulvous to pale yellowish and shining
white. To Loew’s good description may be added: Frontal furrow
narrow but deep. ‘The shape of the third antennal joint in the present

76 Annals of the South African Museum.

species is intermediate between the non-clavate form of simplex and
pennipes and the very clavate form of the following species ; it is well
figured by Becker. Strongly characteristic of the species is the tuft
of black hairs on the under side of the base of the antennae, which is
very strikingly within the brush. The beard is blackish, while in the
two preceding species it is white. Proboscis black, short, only
2-5-3 mm. long; palpi black, thin, with short black pile. The face is
distinetly yellow on the under side below. Scutellum black. Claws
red, with black point; pulvilli yellowish; hind tibiae with long and

thin ciliae outwards, which are not continued on the praetarsus.

CoRSOMYZA HIRTIPES, Macquart (1840).

Closely allied to nigripes and of equal size, but at once distinguished
by the form of the third antennal joint, by lacking the black hairs at
the base of the antennae and by the colour of the legs.

Macquart has described the female (?) from the Cape; in the
collection there are two males and one female from Namaqualand,
Port Nolloth (Cape), August, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Both sexes are coloured alike, the pubescence being of a paler colour
than in most specimens of nigripes; the length is 8-9 mm., but one
male measures only 6°55 mm. Occiput black, whitish-tomentose on
the sides at the border of the eyes, with short and scarce pale hairs ;
at the vertex there is the usual transverse crest of erect hairs, which
are of a pale yellowish colour, only in the male with some black hairs
on the sides near the eyes. Frons shining black, with erect black
hairs; only near the antennae is a circlet of pale yellowish hairs ; it
is in the male as broad as twice the distance between the basal
ocelli, and in the female it is more than twice as broad as in the male.
Face entirely yellow in both sexes, black only in the hind part of the
genae and on the chin; the brush is shaped as in nigripes, and is
likewise surrounded with black hairs, which are less developed in the
female, but beneath, at the base of the proboscis, there is a broad tuft
of black hairs, triangular in shape, with the vertex directed forwards
and the base merged in the black beard.

Antennae black, with the first joint short, densely clothed with long
pale-yellowish hairs radiating all round, with some black hairs inter-
mingled beneath, but not forming a distinct black tuft within the
brush; third joint very long and thin, filiform, with the last fourth
part abruptly dilated in an ovate club, which is truncate at end.
Proboscis black, short, not more than 5 mm. in length; palpi thin and
long, black, with scarce and short black hairs. ‘Thorax and scutellum

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 77

entirely black ; the hairs on the pleurae are whitish or pale yellowish,
but in the male those of the lower part and of the breast are blackish.
Halteres with white knob; squamae pale-yellowish, white fringed, like
the plumula. Abdomen shining black, clothed with equal hairs,
which are denser in the male, of a pale yellowish colour and shining
white if looked at from the front; venter black, with short and scarce
pale hairs. Femora black, with yellow tip, clothed below with dense
and long hairs, partly whitish and partly dark, these last being some-
times predominant ; tibiae and tarsi red, the hind tibiae being ciliated
outwards, more densely in the male than in the female ; last tarsal joint
black ; claws black with reddish base; pulvilli yellowish. Wings as in
nigripes, but with a distinct milky-white tinge.

CorsOMYZA CLAVICORNIS, Wiedemann (1819).

Closely allied to hirtipes, but distinguished by the usually much
smaller size and by the entirely black face and black legs. Described
from a male from the Cape, and subsequently recorded from the same
locality by Walker. There are in the collection a male from Dunbrody,
Uitenhage (Cape), December, measuring 6 mm. of length, a female
from Namaqualand, Port Nolloth (Cape), August, 1890, 6°5 mm. long
(R. M. Lightfoot), and a doubtful female from the same locality,
only 4 mm. long.

Head exactly as in nigripes, but the black outline of the facial
brush is less developed and the first antennal joint has no black tuft
beneath ; beard pale yellowish; eyes with the division of the broader
areolets less marked than in all the preceding species. Third antennal
joint very characteristic, thin and filiform basally, much broadened
apically on the last third or more, and with the broadened part
incised beneath. Proboscis black, proportionally long, measuring
about 3 mm.; palpi black, long, with a sparse black pile. Thorax,
seutellum and abdomen as in nigripes, but the pleurae and breast
with entirely whitish hairs. Halteres yellow, with a white knob;
squamae and plumula with a white fringe. Legs entirely black, the
femora with long and numerous white hairs below, which only on the
front pair are more fuscous ; hind tibiae shortly and scarcely ciliated
outwards ; claws black, pulvilli dirty-yellowish.

The female is very like the male, the frons being almost twice as
broad. The broadened end of the third antennal joint is thinner and
more regular ; the fur of the body is coarser.

In a female specimen from Hottentots Holland Mountains,
Caledon, C.C., 1916 (KX. H, Barnard), the upper branch of the cubital

78 Annals of the South African Museum.

fork shows in both the wings, at the angular basal bend, a short
stump of vein, which must be considered as the beginning of the
cross-vein which divides the first submarginal cell into 2 cells, as is
sometimes the case with C. anceps, Bezzi.

CoRSOMYZA ANCEPS, Bezzi.

A smallish species, with bright fulvous pubescence and with clavate
antennae, distinct by its narrow and conical abdomen, by the dark
halteres, and by the reddish-brown tibiae and tarsi. I have described
the male in my work on the Bombyhidae of the British Museum.
That specimen bears on the wing 3 submarginal cells, making therefore
the separation of the genus Callynthrophora on this character alone
very doubtful. There is in the collection a very small female from
Namaqualand, Port Nolloth (Cape), August, measuring only 4mm.
in length; it agrees with the male, with the following exceptions :
The frons is more than twice as broad; the face is dark brownish,
with a fulvous brush, which is not marginated with black, but is
entirely black below on the genae and on the chin. Wings exactly as
in the male, but without any trace of the 5 submarginal cells.

CoRSOMYZA BICOLOR, sp. nov., 3.

A small species allied to the preceding one, but distinct from it and
from any other on account of the wholly black facial brush, in the
centre of which the radiating hairs of the base of the antennae form a
striking yellow tuft.

Type ¢, a single specimen from O’Okiep, November, 1886
(L. Péringuey). The possibility is not excluded that the female
described above as belonging to anceps may be that of the present
species, notwithstanding the great difference in the colour of the facial
brush.

Length of body 75mm. ; of a wing 6mm.; of wing expanse 14mm.
Head entirely shining black ; occiput with a faint grey tomentum at
the sides on the eye borders and with scarce and short yellow hairs above
inthe middle; hairs of the vertical crest yellow in the middle and black
on the sides; frons twice as broad as the distance between the basal
ocelli, with a middle longitudinal depression and a basal transverse
furrow ; the frons is anteriorly broader than in the other species, the
antennae being inserted lower down, thus approaching to the condition
found in Callynthrophora ; it is clothed with long, pale-yellow, erect
hairs with some black ones forming a transverse band before the
ocellar triangle; ocellar tuft pale yellow. Eyes with the upper

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). a

areolets only a little broader and not really distinctly separated from
the others. Face with the brush formed by long and less dense
black hairs, with a few yellow ones scattered in the middle; the
genae and the chin are likewise clothed with black hairs. Antennae
entirely black; the first joint short, provided with long and radiating
bright yellow hairs; third jomt with the basal half thin and filiform,
the apical half broadened to form an ovate spatula acute at tip, instead
of being obtuse as in clavicornis. Proboscis entirely black, 2°5 mm.
long; palpi elongate, black, with rare black hairs. Hind part of
thorax and scutellum black, clothed with long but not dense, bright
fulvous hairs; only below the root of the wings there is a small tuft
of fulvous hairs directed backwards. Halteres yellowish with whitish
knob ; squamae small, dirty yellowish, with whitish fringe, the plumule
with yellow fringe. Abdomen black, densely clothed with bright
fulvous equal hairs, even on the belly. ‘The contrast of colour between
the upper and lateral parts of the thorax and head is very striking.
Legs black, the tibiae sometimes with dark yellowish brown ground-
colour; coxae and underside of femora with long, rather rigid, black
hairs ; hind tibiae shortly ciliated outwards; claws black, pulvilli
dark. Wings exactly as in hirtipes.

CoRSOMYZA RUFICORNIS, sp. nov., ¢.

A small, rather aberrant species, easily distinguished from any
other on account of its red third antennal joint.

Type 4, a single damaged specimen from the Victoria Falls
(S. Rhodesia), July, 1911 (L. Péringuey).

Length of the body 6 mm.; of a wing 5°5 mm. Head black;
occiput grey-dusted with scarce and short whitish hairs above in the
middle. The usual vertical crest seems to be reduced to the ocellar
tuft which is entirely formed by whitish hairs; eyes with the upper
areolets broader, the smaller ones being confined to the lower third,
and being separated by a sharply defined line ; frons a little broader
than the ocellar triangle, clothed with long black hairs, turning to
whitish before the antennae; facial brush formed by long whitish
hairs surrounded by not well-defined dark ones; beard whitish.
First antennal joint short, black, with whitish hairs ; third joint red,
with the basal half thin and filiform, and the apical half a little
broadened to form a dark spatula bilobate at end. Proboscis broken
off in the type example. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen black,
clothed with long but not dense whitish hairs; pleurae, breast and
belly likewise whitish haired. Halteres pale yellowish, their knob
blackish above; squamae yery small, with rare and pale hairs.

80 Annals of the South African Museum.

Femora black, with yellow tip, and provided below, like the coxae,
with numerous white hairs; tibiae and tarsi entirely yellow to the end,
the hind tibiae with a few white hairs; claws yellow, with black tip ;
pulvilli yellowish. Wings whitish hyaline, with yellow veins, distinctly
more elongated than usually; the venation is typical, but the anal
cell is narrowly open at the hind border.

CALLYNTHROPHORA, Schiner (1867).

I refer to this genus a new species, which is different from the
typical ones in having only 2 submarginal cells. But I think that
the essential character of the genus, as believed by its author, is not
to be found in the number of the submarginal cells, which may be
3 even in a true Corsomyza like C. anceps; we have here a case
analogous to that of Triplasius vittatus and Bombylius lateralis, which
are evidently congeneric notwithstanding the difference in the number
of submarginal cells. From Schiner’s description it is evident that
the principal distinction is to be found in the shape of the head and
antennae. ‘The frons is in both sexes much broader than in Corsomyza.
Besides the antennae being inserted in a much lower position, the
frons appears to be much longer than the face, and is inflated above
the antennae, being consequently much broader. From this fact is
derived the other—that is, the antennae are inserted exactly in the
centre of the facial circular brush, and not on its upper border as in
Corsomyza. The frons declines gradually to the face, because a part
of this last is becoming part of the first, as a result of the lower :
insertion of the antennae ; therefore in the female the facial brush is
not so well formed as in the male. The first joint of the antennae is
shorter than in Corsomyza, and distinctly swollen, being nearly of a
spheroidal shape ; the third joint is strongly clavate. All the other
characters, as well as the general facies, are as in Corsomyza. I have
not seen the typical species, but only the following new one :

CALLYNTHROPHORA MARGINIFRONS, Sp. Nov., ¢, 9.

A small species, distinguished from the typical one by the yellow
colour of the face and of the fore-part of the frons and of the basal
joints of the antennae, and the presence of only two submarginal cells
in the wings.

Type ¢ and type @, a single couple of specimens from Nama-
qualand, Port Nolloth (Cape), August (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of the body 6-65 mm.; of a wing 5-55 mm. Body
perfectly conical, the head being broader than the thorax and the

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 81

abdomen being much narrower than the thorax. Head shining black,
but the anterior half or even most of the frons and the whole face are
of a pale yellow colour. Occiput with a faint pale dust on sides at
the borders, and with short and scarce pale hairs; vertical crest
formed by whitish hairs only. Ocellar tubercle very prominent,
whitish-haired. Frons of the male a little broader than the ocellar
tubercle, but becoming much broader in front, being inflated and
measuring in front of the antennae more than four-sixths of the breadth
of the head; the middle furrow is narrow but well developed, reaching
the base of the antennae ; the hairs are black on the part not clothed by
the facial brush and whitish on the rest ; the eyes have the areolets of
the upper half a little broader but not sharply separated from the
lower ones. Frons of the female gently rounded, inflated, three times
as broad at the vertex as that of the male, measuring ? of the
breadth of the head; the division of the black from the yellow
part is formed by a straight line placed nearly at half the distance
between the vertex and the base of the antennae; the middle furrow
is not distinct; it is clothed with black hairs on the black part and
with whitish ones on the yellow part, but as the frons merges gradually
into the face and into the cheeks, there is no distinct brush, the face
being entirely yellow and very short. The face is clothed with entirely
whitish hairs, like the cheeks and their sides, which are exceedingly
broad and partly black haired. In the male the face is also yellow,
but has a very well-developed circular brush, which is formed by white
hairs and surrounded by black ones. Antennae with the first joint
short and inflated, almost spheroidal, of a dark, reddish yellow colour,
with long and scarce, rigid black hairs; second joint very small,
perfectly globular, reddish yellow, black above ; third joint entirely
black, thin and filiform for more than the basal half, and subsequently
dilated to an ovate spatule, which is narrowed at end. Mouth-opening
proportionally small and narrow ; proboscis very short, its end usually
not projecting beyond the end of the antennae, and measuring only
1-1-5 mm. in length; palpi long, white-haired. Thorax, scutellum
and abdomen black; in the male they are less shining, and entirely
clothed with rather long but not dense, equal, pale yellowish hairs ;
in the female they are much more shining, with a very short, and on
the abdomen very sparse, pale yellowish pubescence. Pleurae almost
bare, with hairs on the mesopleura only, which are whitish in the
female and partly black in the male. MHalteres with a pale yellowish
or whitish knob, which bears a black spot on the upper side in the
male. Squamae whitish hyaline, with a yellow border and a very
short pale fringe which is nearly wanting in the female. Legs
6

82 Annals of the South African Museum.

entirely black, in the male with dark hairs on the coxae and on the
under side of the femora, with whitish ones in the female; hind tibiae
scarcely ciliated on the outer side; claws black, with yellow base;
pulvilli yellowish. Wings whitish hyaline, with yellow veins, and
with the typical venation of Corsomyza, but the anal cell closed
at the hind border itself or rarely very briefly stalked; the axillary
lobe is also distinctly broader. There is no trace of the cross-vein
forming the third submarginal cell in Callynthrophora capensis.

GNUMYIA, gen. nov.

I have to create here this new genus for a form which unites the
characters of Corsomyza with those of Callynthrophora ; the antennae
and their position are more like those of the former, while the shape
of head approximates more to that of the latter; there are, moreover,
3 submarginal cells on the wings; but it differs from both the genera
‘in the linear third antennal joint, and from all the other genera of
Usiinae in having a short proboscis, which is more like that of a
Muscid than that of a Bombyliid; the facial brush (in the female)
is indicated only by some denser lateral hairs. Head very broad and
inflated, distinctly broader than the thorax. Occiput a little concave,
not bilobate above; vertex rounded, distinctly lower than the eyes ;
there is no distinct occipital fringe. Ocelli disposed in equilateral
triangle on a broad, rounded protuberance. Frons convex, very
broadened forwardly and passing gradually to the very broad and
convex cheeks and to the convex face; the breadth of the frons at the
level of the antennae is three times as broad as that at the vertex, and
that of middle of face is more than four times such. The face is
separated from the cheeks by a deep furrow, which becomes deeper
below and is directed towards the eyes; there the furrow makes a
bend and is directed towards the mouth, separating thus the very
broad but short cheeks. The face is densely pubescent, but the hairs
are not disposed to form a distinct brush. Eyes bare, proportionally
narrow, much narrower than high; in profile they are not broader
than the prominence of the face and of the cheeks before them.
Antennae inserted much above, near the level of the upper border of
the eyes; they are broadly separated at base, the distance between
them being as broad as that between the 2 basal ocelli; first joint
rather swollen, but of an elongate cylindrical shape; second joint
globular and setose ; third joint very elongate, equal throughout its
whole length, almost linear, more than twice as long as the two first
joints together; it ends in a short, acute point, without a distinct
style. The mouth-opening is proportionally small; the proboscis is

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 83

shorter than the mouth, rather incrassate, and ends with fleshy flaps ;
the palpi are very thin and are a little longer than the proboscis.
Thorax and scutellum with long pubescence, but without distinct
bristles ; metapleurae bare; no distinct plumula; squamulae with a
long but not dense, hairy fringe. Abdomen with long pubescence,
and with distinct bristly hairs at the hind border of the segments.
Legs simple; hind tibiae with long fringe outwardly. Wings of
normal shape. First longitudinal vein very long ; second vein straight,
eubital fork broad, with the upper branch retreating at base and
united with the second longitudinal vein by a cross-vein. Thus three
submarginal cells are present : first posterior cell broadly open, broader
at end than on middle or at base, about of the same breadth at end as
the 2nd or the 8rd posterior cell; discoidal cell about twice as broad
as long, obtuse outwardly, the middle cross-vein placed a little beyond
its middle; anal cell closed and shortly stalked. Auxiliary lobe
broad; alula short and rounded; ambient vein complete; costa
densely but shortly pilose at base.
Type: the following new species.

GNUMYIA BREVIROSTRIS, Sp. Nov.

A black and black-haired species of middle size, with a dark-yellowish
head and pale vellowish wings.

Type 9 a single specimen from Hex River, January 10th, 1882
(L. Péringuey).

2. Length of the body 8 mm.; of the wing 7 mm.; of the wing-
spread 16 mm. Head rather shining; the whole occiput is black and
bare, being provided with a rather long, black pubescence only below;
the vertex is occupied by the broad and flat ocellar protuberance,
which is entirely black and clothed with long, black, erect hairs.
Frons yellowish, but on each side it shows an elongate black spot,
which is in contact with the eyes inwardly and is rounded outwardly ;
besides there is a lanceolate small black spot in the middle, with the
base in contact with the ocellar spot near the front ocellus ; the frons is
very shortly pubescent in the middle, and has on the sides black hairs
which are denser near the cheeks. Face and cheeks entirely yellow,
quite unspotted ; they are equally clothed with black hairs, which are
shorter on the face and denser and longer near the eyes; the cheeks
are yellow anteriorly, but they are merging posteriorly into the black
lower part of the occiput. Antennae with the first joimt yellow like
the frons; 2nd joint more brownish; 3rd joint entirely black; basal
hairs of the antennae black. Palpi and proboscis dirty blackish,

84 Annals of the South African Museum.

with short and pale pubescence. Thorax and scutellum shining black,
but the humeri more narrowly so, the postalar cell broadly and the
posterior border of sternopleura with part of the pteropleurae,
reddish brown; they are entirely clothed with black, long hairs; the
hairs below the notopleural line at the upper border of meso- and
pteropleura are longer, denser, and tuft-like. Squamulae dirty
whitish, with a dark border anda pale fringe; halteres dark yellowish,
with white knob. Abdomen entirely shiny black, even on the venter ;
its long hairs are entirely black, like the long and thin bristles. Legs
entirely black and black-haired, but the tibiae somewhat reddish-
brown and the knees narrowly yellowish. Wings with all the veins pale
yellowish and with the membrane whitish-hyaline, with a faint
yellowish tinge, chiefly at base and along the fore border; at hind
border they are more iridescent.

HYPERUSIA, Bezzi.

This genus was founded by me for a robust species of propor-
tionally greater size, from Natal, in the British Museum. The species
here described as new is much smaller than the type-species, but agrees
with it in the low position of the antennae and in the venation,
although the anal cell is open.

HYPERUSIA MINOR, Sp. Nov.

A small, but robust, black species, resembling the female of the
European Usia versicolor, and very distinct on account of its yellow
antennae.

Type g; a single specimen from Zululand (M’Fongosi), April,
1916 (W. E. Jones).

¢. Length of the body 4 mm.; of the wing 35 mm. Head
entirely shiny black, clothed at vertex, on frons and at sides of face with
rather abundant greyish or pale hairs. The frons is not at all promi-
nent; it is flat, or even concave on the fore half, and is very broad,
broadening even more forwards, being at level of antennae nearly as
broad as long. The face is very short, and is distinctly reddish-
yellow on sides of the middle; the mouth border is prominent, and
there is a furrow between the face and the cheeks and jaws. The
antennae are inserted very near the mouth border, the mouth-
opening being much produced above; but in profile they are always
placed near the middle of the eyes; the two basal joints are short and
black, but the first is about twice as long as the very short second
joint, and is clothed on the under side with rather long, whitish hairs ;

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 85

the third joint is twice as long as the two first joints together, elongate,
oval, obtuse at end and without style; it is yellowish, butis blackened
on the apical third. Proboscis very stout, broad at base, quadrate in
section, straight and directed forwards, 15 mm. long; it is entirely
shining black. Palpi about as long as 3 of the proboscis, thin, acute,
black, with rather long greyish hairs, and with scattered golden-
yellow, scaly hairs below them ; the pleurae are almost bare, but with
a tuft of long and dense whitish hair on upper part of the meso-
pleurae. Scutellum like the thorax, and destitute of bristles at hind
border; squamulae whitish, with a scanty whitish fringe; halteres
with whitish knob and yellowish stalk. Abdomen elongate, attenuated
behind ; it is shiny black, with scattered golden dust like the thorax,
but almost devoid of hairs; only on the sides are some greyish ones ;
spines of the ovipositor reddish; venter black, but not shining, and
without golden dust. Legs rather short, with coxae and femora
black, tibiae and tarsi yellow; last tarsal joint blackish; they have
no bristles, but only a scarce, pale pubescence ; hind tibiae on outer
side with a long but scanty fringe of hairs. Wings proportionately
short, whitish-hyaline, immaculate, with entire pale yellowish veins.
Their venation isas in Cersomyria ; 2nd vein gently curved and broadly
S-shaped; upper branch of cubital fork not retreating at base ;
middle cross-vein placed on the last third of the discoidal cell. First
posterior cell broadened at end, but distinctly more narrow than the
2nd; the 8rd posterior cell is the narrowest of all, and the 4th is the
broadest of all; anal cell rather broadly open. Ambient vein com-
plete; axillary lobe broad, but the alula very short. Costa bare at
base.

MEGAPALPUS, Macquart (1834).

I am attempting here to revive this genus, which was united by
Schiner to Corsomyza (‘ Novara. Dipt.,’ pp. 114 and 139). The likeness
to this last genus is very great: the general shape of the body and
head is the same; the structure of antennae is very like; the elonga-
tion of palpi also, and even the shape and pubescence of the legs.
The wings have the same shape and neuration ; only the anal cell is
typically broadly open, or sometimes exceptionally closed at the wing
border itself. The differences are to be found in the much greater
nakedness of the body; in the absolute want of the circular facial
brush; in the narrow genae; in the prominent hem at the mouth
border and in the longer proboscis. In the male the eyes have equally
small areolets and are much more broadly separated, the frons being

86 Annals of the South African Museum.

only a little narrower than that of the female. Halteres and wing
veins black.

Notwithstanding Schiner’s contrary opinion, Phthiria capensis,
Wied., belongs to this genus, and may be considered the type of the
gen. Megapalpus, as stated by Macquart himself in the “ Suites a
Buffon”; the new gen. Dasypalpus founded by the same author in 1840
is based on the difference in the hairiness of the palpi—a difference
which does really not exist.

Mecapautpus nitipus, Macquart (1840).

A small black species, distinct from all the species of Corsomyza
aforementioned on account of the sparse hairiness of the body, and
of the black halteres and black veins of the wings.

This species strongly recalls the female of the Mediterranean Usia
versicolor, Fabr ; but has a very different head, antennae and wings.

A couple of specimens from Namaqualand, Port Nolloth (Cape),
August, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of the body 35-4 mm.; of a wing 3-35 mm. Head
broader than the thorax, entirely shining black; occiput flat, with
very short and scarce black hairs; frons almost equally broad in both
sexes, flattened, with parallel sides, and having a less distinct median
longitudinal furrow, equally clothed with rather long erect black hairs.
Ocellar tubercle less prominent; ocelli well developed. Face short,
with a prominent hem at the mouth border, clothed like the narrow
genae with black hairs; beard white. Antennae entirely black, rather
separated at the base; they are as described by Macquart, and seem
to be carried in a pecular way, the third joint being erect and
produced almost at right angles to the first joint; this last joint is
clothed with black hairs, which are longer below and in the female are
partly of pale colour. Proboscis entirely black, almost as long as the
body, measuring 3-4 mm. in length; palpi black, very long, with
short but distinct black hairs (Macquart says that the palpi are yellow
and bare). Thorax, scutellum and abdomen entirely black, rather
shining, with distinct bluish glance in the male; they are clothed
with scattered, erect, black hairs, rather long in the male and shorter
in the female ; only on the notopleural line and on the hind border of
mesopleura are tufts of short, yellowish hairs; on the sides of the
thorax and on the hind border of the scutellum are rather distinct and
longer bristly hairs. First jomt of abdomen with white pubescence
in both sexes, the sides of the other segments with pale short pubescence
in the female. Halteres with yellowish stalk and black knob. Squamae

On the Bombyliid Fawna of South Africa (Diptera). 87

white, without distinct fringe. Genitalia of the male shiny bluish
black, retracted ; those of the female with two broad lamellae. Legs
entirely black, the femora with rare, pale and dark hairs below ; hind
tibiae with 4-5 long ciliae outwardly in the basal half; middle tibiae
with two ciliae; claws minute, black with yellow base; pulvilli dirty
yellowish. Wings hyaline, with black veins; venation as in Corsomyza,
but the anal cell in the male is closed at the border, in the female it is
narrowly open.

ME&GAPALPUS FULVICEPS, Sp. nov.

A very strange and robust insect, which was named by Bigot
“ Amictus fulviceps,’ and which may be provisionally placed in the
present genus.

Type Q,a specimen from the Cape, Van Rhynsdorp (R. M. Light-
foot), Namaqualand, Port Nolloth.

Q. Length of the body 9 mm.; breadth of the body 5 mm.;
length of the wing, 85 mm.; wing spread 22 mm. Head very
developed, and distinctly broader than the thorax. Occiput concave
above, shiny black, but with a broad yellow spot extending from the
neck to the upper corner of the eyes; it is clothed with short white
hairs, which become longer and denser on the sides and below,
merging into the dense white beard of the chin. Frons twice as broad
as the eye, shiny black, but with a yellow curved band on the fore part
above the antennae, in contact with the yellow face ; from the ocellar
tubercle two abbreviate black stripes start hindwards, reaching the
yellow occipital patch. The frons has only scarce and short fuscous
hairs, which are more whitish and longer on the vertical edge ; above
the root of the antennae there is in the middle of frons a circular
depression. Eyes rather narrow in profile. Antennae inserted at the
level of the upper corner of the eyes, very long (measuring 4°5 mm. in
length) and horizontally porrect; they are entirely black. The first
joint is cylindrical, only a little shorter than the third, with very
scarce and short pale hairs; second joint very short and lenticular ;
third joint compressed, of an elongate oval shape, broader in the
middle than at the end, obtuse at end. Face very broad and entirely
yellow, shining, with only a small black, transverse spot near the root
of the antennae; the mantle border is prominent in the shape of a
conical protuberance separated from the broad cheeks and jaws by a
deep furrow ; the entire face is bare, with only a very short and thin,
pale pubescence. Palpi long and thin, black, shortly pubescent ;
proboscis 5 mm. long, horizontal, stout, entirely black, bearing near

88 Annals of the South African Museum.

the base into the oral cavity long white hairs. Thorax very stout,
broad and short, quadrate, shining black, finely punctate ; on the back
it is clothed with a very short white pubescence, which on the sides is
longer and forms a narrow white border. The pleurae are clothed with
longer white hairs, which form very rich tufts on the notopleural line
and on the mesopleurae ; metapleurae bare. Scutellum like the thorax
and likewise clothed with a short and obtuse, white pubescence ;
mesophragma concealed. Squamulae white, with a narrow yellowish
border and a short white fringe; halteres white. Abdomen broader
than the thorax, broader than long, shining black, finely punctate,
clothed with short, whitish pubescence, which is denser on the 2 last
segments ; first and second segment on the sides with rather long
white hairs; venter shining black. Legs short and stout; coxae
black, with whitish pubescence; femora shining black, reddish-yellow
above and at end; middle femora with a row of long black hairs on
front side ; tibiae and tarsi reddish, with yellowish spicules, but partly
black on the middle pair; last tarsal joimt deep black ; claws black,
with red base; pulvilli dirty yellowish. Wings broad and _ short,
suffused with a faint yellowish tint, more intensive at base and at fore
border, and fainter at the apex, which is hyaline; veins entirely reddish.
Costal cell long and dilated outwardly ; middle cross-vein placed near
the tip of the discoidal cell; Ist, 2nd and Srd posterior cell of about
the same breadth at end, the vein between the Ist and the 2nd rather
wavy; anal cell closed and shortly stalked. The venation is typical as
in Corsomyza.

SupramMity PHTHIRIINAE.

GONARTHRUS, Bezzi.

This new genus was recently founded by me for my Dischistus
cylindricus ; I include here two species described by Bigot and two
new ones. The present genus is very distinct owing to its narrow and
elongate, cylindrical body, devoid of strong bristles; the moustache is
dense and soft; the occipital hairs are long and form a very dense
crown. The eyes of the male are coalesced for a considerable distance
and have the upper areolets enlarged; the frons of the female is
rather narrow. The antennae are long, with the third joint linear and
provided with a very thin terminal style; the proboscis is rather
short, and sometimes exceedingly short and thick; the palps are long,
two-jointed, with the apical joint produced outwardly and thus at

On the Bombyliid Fauua of South Africa (Diptera). 89

right angles with the basal one; the metapleura is bare; the legs
have bristly hind femora, bristly tibiae and long pulvilli ; the wings
are short, destitute of a basal hook, comb, andalula. The first vem is
straight and the marginal cell not dilated at end; discal cross-vein
placed on the last third of the discoidal cell; first posterior cell
broadly open.

In the collection are three species, to which I can add another from
my own collection ; they may be distinguished as follows :

1 (6). Proboscis very short and thick, shorter than the thorax, with broad
terminal labella.

2 (5). Body clothed with moderately long hairs, which are of a yellow
colour; halteres of male white; tibiae black.

3 (4). Species of larger size, at least 10 mm. long; pubescence of a paler
yellow colour ; ocellar tuft in both sexes and first antennal joint in the
male with black hairs above ; female with black hairs on the vertex.

leucophys, Bigot.

4 (3) Species of smaller size, not over 8mm. in length; pubescence of bright
yellow colour; ocellar tuft and first antennal joint in both sexes
yellow-haired ; female without black hairs on vertex.

xanthinus, sp. Nov.

5 (2). Body clothed with exceedingly long and white hairs ; halteres of the
male with black knob; tibiae sometimes yellow . cyenus, Bigot.

6 (1). Proboscis thin, longer than thorax and head, with narrow terminal
labella ; basal joint of antennae black-haired above.

chioneus, sp. nov.

GONARTHRUS LEUCOPHYS, Bigot (1892).

A species distinguished by the short and thick proboscis, the black
hairs on the ocellar tubercle and on the base of the antennae in the
male, the yellow pubescence and the straight, not retreating base of
the upper branch of the cubital fork.

Originally described from the Cape ; there is a male from Barberton,
Transvaal, April, 1911 (H. Edwards).

In the present species the third antennal joint is very narrow and
acute, being much narrower than the first. The hind femora have
more numerous spines, 5-4 in number; the middle femora have
2 spines.

GONARTHRUS XANTHINUS, sp. nov., ¢, Q.

Very near the preceding, but at once distinguished by the smaller
size, the yellow ocellar tuft, the wholly yellow-haired base of the
antennae and the bright yellow colour of the pubescence of the body.

90 Annals of the South African Museum.

A male specimen from Kimberley (Cape) March 14th, 1912 (J. H.
Power), and a female from Potchefstroom (Transvaal) (T. Ayres).

Length of body 7-8 mm. ; of wing 6-7 mm. Occipital border with
very long yellow hairs which form a complete crown; ocellar tuft
yellow in both sexes, but in the male a little darker. Face very short,
with entirely yellow hairs, continued over the very narrow cheeks ;
beard short, yellow; eyes of male intimately connected; frons of the
female less broad than the eye, clothed with dense golden yellow
tomentum and with erect yellow hairs ; the hairs of the cheeks in the
female are white. Antennae entirely black, the first joint with yellow
hairs, those of the upper side very short, those of the under side very
long; third joint longer than the first two joints taken together,
linear, obtuse at end, not narrower than the second at base, with a
very minute style. Proboscis black, 2 mm. long; palpi black, pale-
haired. Thorax and scutellum wholly deep black, clothed with equal,
dense and rather long yellow hairs, those on the back being pale
shining if viewed from the front; the hairs on the pleurae are less
pale; metapleura bare, but concealed below the mesopleural and
squamal tufts; there are no distinct bristles. Squamae dirty-whitish,
with long yellow fringe; halteres yellow, with a white knob. Abdomen
of conical shape, entirely black, clothed with hairs like those of the
thorax, which on the venter are shorter and rarer; male without,
female with distinct and long, black, bristly hairs at the hind borders
of the segments ; male genitalia black, yellow-haired ; female genitalia
with broad black lamellae, the upper one rather shining and golden-
fringed at apex. Legs black, with yellowish scales, whitish hairs and
black spines on femora; middle femora with 1, hind femora with 2-3
spines on the apical half. Wings entirely hyaline, narrowly yellowish
near the base; veins yellow, darkened at end; upper branch of the
third vein a little retreating at base.

GONARTHRUS cycnus, Bigot (1892).

Allied to the preceding, but distinguished by the very long, white
pubescence of the entire body and by the black knob of the halteres
in the male sex.

The present species was briefly, but recognisably, described from
the Cape. There are in the Museum Collection numerous specimens of
both sexes from Stellenbosch (Cape) (L. Péringuey), Potchefstroom
(Transvaal) (T. Ayres), Namaqualand, O’Okiep (Cape), October,
1890 (R. M. Lightfoot). One of these examples was labelled by
Bigot as Bombylius niveus, Macquart—an impossible thing, however,

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 91

because in Macquart’s species the discal cross-vein is situated near the
base of the discoidal cell.

The length varies between 7 and 11 mm., but usually it is 8-9 mm.
The third antennal joint is very broad in the male, and less distinctly
so in the female; the hairs of the first antennal joint are very dense
and long underneath ; the ocellar tuft is black in the male and dark
yellow in the female; the frons of the female is very narrow, even
narrower than the eye, and on each side of the’ vertex there is some-
times a tuft of long yellowish hairs, but no black hairs at all. The
proboscis is black, very short and exceedingly thick, with broad
terminal labella. Thorax, scutellum, and abdomen entirely deep
black, clothed with very long and shining whitish hairs, without
bristles, even on the hind borders of the abdominal segments of the
female; in this sex there is a short and dense tomentum of more
yellowish colour under the long pubescence. The knob of the halteres
is entirely yellow in the female, and is white with a black band above
in the male. Venter with short and scarce hairs, but concealed under
the very long and dense hairs of the lower sides of the tergites. Legs
with dense white scales, long white hairs and black bristles ; middle
femora with 1-2, hind femora in the male with 2-3, and with 5-7
spines in the female; they are black, but the tibiae and the tarsi at
base are often of a yellowish ground-colour below the scales. Wings
very short, entirely vitreous and iridescent, with a tuft of silvery
hairs near the base on the outer side; veins black, yellowish toward
the base; upper branch of the cubital fork a little retreating at
the base.

GONARTHRUS CHIONEUS, Sp. nov., ¢.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but distinct owing to the
long and thin proboscis and to the basal joint of the antennae being
black-haired above.

Two males in the writer’s collection, from Willowmore (Cape),
February, 1907 (Dr. Brauns).

Length of body 75-95 mm.; of a wing 5°5-7°5 mm. Occipital
crown formed by very long, white hairs, which appear to be fairly
yellowish near the base; ocellar tuft black, rather short; frontal
triangle very small and deep. Antennae black, with the first joint
rather black, and provided with short black hairs above and with long
ones partly yellowish, partly white below; third joint longer than the
two first together, linear, obtuse, as broad at the base as the second
joint, with a minute terminal style. Face very short, almost bare,
concealed below the long antennal hairs ; the mystax is confined to the

92 Annals of the South African Museum.

small cheeks, which are clothed by dense hairs, dark yellowish above
and white below, the latter being the more developed; beard white.
Proboscis entirely black, thin, with small terminal labella, 83-4°5 mm.
long; palpi black, long, the apical joint with short white hairs. Eyes
intimately connected. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen deep black,
the last a little shining, chiefly at the base of the segments ; they are
entirely clothed with dense, soft, equal, rather long white hairs which
from a front view have a silky sheen, without any dark bristles, even
on the abdomen; the hairs of the end of the abdomen are narrowly
yellowish at the base; venter with long hairs, but it is concealed under
the long hairs of the sides of the tergites. Genitalia black. Squamae
white, with yellow border and long white fringe; pleurae densely
clothed with grey-dust. The black band of the knob of the halteres
is limited to the upper side. Legs entirely black, white-scaled, with
the femora white-haired and black-spinose; middle femora with 2,
hind femora with 4-6 spines; claws black, with a reddish base ;
pulvilli dirty yellow. Wings hyaline, iridescent, a little whitish on
the basal half and along the fore border, with yellow veins; base of
the costa with a short tuft of silvery hairs; upper branch of the
cubital fork a little retreating at base.

GoNARTHRUS CYLINDRICUS, Bezzi (1906).

Easily distinguished from chioneus, Bezzi, on account of the black
abdominal bristles and of the white knob of the halteres.

Of this widely spread species there is a female specimen from South
Rhodesia, Gwelo, April, 1917 (Miss Skaife).

CROCIDIUM, Loew (1860).

This genus is not represented in the collection, but I have received
a specimen of the typical species from Willowmore (Cape), and have
seen a new species with unspotted wings from the same locality. Its
nearest ally is Gonarthrus, which, however, differs in the venation
being that of a Dischistus with a broad cubital fork and an open anal
cell.

To Loew’s description of the genus may be added: Occiput flat, not
inflated, briefly haired along the border. Ocelli disposed in an equi-
lateral triangle. Eyes of the male united for a long distance, with the
upper areolets enlarged and sharply separated from the smaller ones.
Antennae inserted at the centre between the eyes, approximate at the
base, with the third joint twice as long as the first. Face of the male
with long moustache. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen without distinct

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 93

bristles. Legs without spines on femora, but with minute spicules on
tibiae; pulvilli long. Squamae briefly fringed. Wings with a broad
and prominent axillary lobe; alula of median size, rounded.

CROCIDIUM POECILOPTERUM, Loew (1860).
Dipt.-Faun. Sudafrikas, p. 195, pl. 11, f. 8.

A curious fly intermediate between Dischistus and Phthiria, and at
once recognisable on account of the peculiar wing pattern.

A male specimen in my collection, from the Cape, Willowmore,
January 15th, 1907 (Dr. Brauns). Another male from Ceres (Cape),
Matroosberg, 3500 ft. (R. M. Lightfoot), distinguished on account of
its peculiarly spotted wings.

The male, hitherto not described, is very like the female. The eyes
are united in a line as long as the frontal triangle; their enlarged
upper facets occupy two thirds of the eye and are of a reddish brown
colour, while the lower small facetted part is lighter; the line of
division between them is a very conspicuous one. The facial hairs are
longer than the 2 basal antennal joints. Frontal triangle white-dusted,
as broad as the ocellar one. Pubescence of body and legs distinctly
longer than in the female. Genitalia spheroidal, bilobate, greatly
developed, grey-tomentose and white-haired.

CROCIDIUM NIGRIFACIES, sp. Nov.

Closely allied to immaculatus, Bezzi, on account of its unspotted
wings, but at once distinguishable by the completely shiny black, more
convex face, and by the black tibiae.

Type ¢, a single specimen from Bulawayo, September, 1911 (H. C.
Pead).

6. Length of the body 55 mm.; of the wing 5°5 mm.; of the
proboscis 2.5 mm. Head black, but clothed with dense grey dust on
frontal triangle and on cheeks, only the rounded and prominent lower
part of face being shining black. Occipital border with greyish hairs ;
cheeks and lower part of occiput with long and soft white hairs.
Ocellar tubercle prominent, with erect whitish hairs ; eyes rounded, of
great size, touching for a space a little longer than the ocellar triangle.
Antennae entirely black ; first joint about three times as long as the
very short second joint; third joint as long as the two first joints
together, narrow, elongate-oval, with a distinct terminal style. Pro-
boscis black, gently curved downwards; palpi long and thin, acute,
pilose at the under side. Thorax entirely black, opaque, but clothed

94 Annals of the South African Museum.

with dense grey dust; on the back are 4 blackish, longitudinal, dull
stripes, 2 of which on the middle more narrow, approximate and
abbreviate behind, and 2 broader and abbreviate in front, one on each
side. The hairs on back and pleurae are long, soft, whitish. Scutellum
like the back, with no distinct bristles. Squamulae whitish-pellucid,
with white marginal hairs; halteres yellowish, with the knob infuscated
above. Abdomen like the thorax and likewise clothed with long whitish
hairs, devoid of bristles; genitalia black, grey dusted. Legs quite
black, the knees only being narrowly yellow; fore femora with long
white hairs; hind tibiae with short, but distinct black spicules. Wings
whitish hyaline, quite unspotted, only the subcostal cell and the stigma
being dark yellowish ; veins yellowish on the basal half, black on the
rest; cubital fork narrow and elongate, with the upper branch gently
curved at base and originating at an acute angle; middle cross-vein
placed beyond the middle of the obtuse discoidal cell, with a faint
greyish shading in the middle; first posterior cell broadly open, only a
little narrower than the 2nd following ones, which are of equal width
at end ; anal cell closed and shortly stalked.

PSEUDEMPYIS, gen. nov.

Allied to Apatomyza ; and in the same way that this last genus
recalls a Therevid, thus the present one strongly resembles an Hmpis,
hence the name. It is founded on Amictus heteropterus of Wiedemann,
a species which is very different from Thlipsomyza heteroptera of
Macquart, which is now placed in Amictus; on this last species
Rondani in 1863 has founded its genus Thlypsogaster, which has
nothing to do with Amictus heteropterus, Wied., or as mistaken by
Williston in Psyche, 1899.

The characters of the new genus areas follows: Head rounded, small,
narrower than the thorax ; occiput developed, inflated, without fringe
at the eye’s border. Ocelli of greater size, placed on a rounded
prominent tubercle and disposed in an equilateral triangle. Eyes
bare, not indented behind, comparatively small, with equally small
areolets in both sexes; in the male they are separated, but the frons
between them is narrower than the ocellar tubercle; in the female the
frons is broadening, measuring at vertex one-fifth, and before the
antennae one-third, of the breadth of head. Face short, perpendicular,
not prominent, bare. Antennae inserted above the middle of the eyes,
and horizontally porrect; first joint long, rather thickened, haired ;
third joint much smaller, linear, as long as or a little shorter than the
first two joints together, acute at end, with a thick terminal style.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 95

Mouth opening rather small, horizontal or nearly so; proboscis twice
as long as the head; palpi very long and thin, pointed, briefly pilose.
Thorax and scutellum without bristles, with only a few thin bristly
hairs; pleurae almost bare; no metapleural tuft. Squamae small,
with short and thin marginal hairs. Abdomen elonyate, conical, with
bristles at the hind border of the segments; male genitalia exserted,
appendiculate below; female genitalia very peculiar. Legs long,
almost bare, without spines or spicules; tarsi distinctly thickened ;
pulvilli and claws well developed. Wings long and broad; second
longitudinal vein straight ; cubital fork long and narrow; discal cross-
vein placed after the middle of the discoidal cell; only three posterior
cells present, the first being broadened at end, anal cell closed and
provided with a rather long stalk. Ambient vein complete; axillary
lobe broad ; alula small, rounded, ciliated. The stumps of veins on
the outer border of the discoidal cell, figured by both Wiedemann and
Macquart, are the rudiment of the vein dividing the second from the
third posterior cell—a vein which in the present species is wanting, the
two cells being fused into one.

The new genus Pseudempis is based on the same type-species on
which Bigot has founded his undescribed genus Pseudoamictus. I
think that the Amictus heteropterus of Wiedemann is very different
from that interpreted by Macquart and accepted by me; this last one
has only 3, while the former has 4 posterior cells. Bigot’s species
is evidently the same as that of Macquart.

Type: Pseudempis heteroptera.

PsEUDEMPIS HETEROPTERA, Wiedemann (1821).

An elongate species, with wholly infuscated wings, strongly recalling
the European Empis tessellata.

Originally described from the Cape, there is in the collection a
single couple—the male from Cape Town (LL. Péringuey) and the
female from Namaqualand, O’Okiep (Cape), September, 1890 (R. M.
Lightfoot).

Length of body 10-10°5 mm.; of a wing 115-12 mm.; of the
wing expanse 24-26 mm. ‘To Wiedemann’s description may be
added: The hairs of the first antennal joint are of a very dark-
yellowish colour, or even blackish, chiefly in the male; the moustache
is reduced to a tuft of hairs on each side, placed on the lower part of
the cheeks, yellow in the male and white in the female like the
beard and the hairs of the lower part of the occiput. The antennae
are black, but the first joint is grey-dusted ; proboscis black, 3 mm.

96 Annals of the South African Museum.

long; palpi black, with yellowish hairs. The thoracic pattern is very
striking; the hairs and the pubescence are in the male yellower and
longer, in the female whiter; but on the sides, on the posterior half
and on the scutellum there are some scattered blackish hairs. Squamae
dirty yellowish, with pale hairs; halteres yellow, with the knob black-
spotted below. Tomentum of the abdomen golden-yellow in the
male and yellowish-grey in the female; the venter is grey, with paler
hind borders of the segments. Male genitalia yellowish-red, the
inferior appendices bearing in the inner part a strong black hook;
female genitalia yellowish, the last abdominal segment being open and
bearing below a horn-like process ; the ovipositor is tubular, with the
basal joint much greater. Legs with the coxae blackish-grey, with
yellow end; in the female the front femora are in the greater part
black with yellow end, and yellow on the inner side; the femora are
whitish tomentose, and have very scarce and short whitish hairs
below; the greater part of the tarsi is black, chiefly in the female,
in which they are much thickened; claws black; pulvilli dark.
Wings with black veins.

PHTHIRIA, Meig.

Illiger’s Mag. f. Ins., ii, p. 44, 1803.

This genus is represented in South Africa by some characteristic
species, three of which are represented in the collection.
The species may be distinguished as follows :

1 (2). Body black and yellow; legs entirely reddish . laeta, sp. nov.
2 (1). Body and legs entirely black.
3 (4). Third antennal joint rather short and less gibbous, pubescence of

the body short; wings greyish hyaline . : pubescens, Bezz.
4 (3). Third antennal joint longer and very gibbous above; pubescence
long; wings whitish hyaline ; : : lanigera, sp. nov.

PHTHIRIA LAETA, Sp. Nov.

A yellow and black species near Phthiria nitens, Bezzi, from
Abyssinia, but distinguished by the quite opaque abdomen, and by
the different thoracic and abdominal patterns.

Type 9 from the Transvaal, Florida, December, 1918 (R. W. E.
Tucker).

Q. Length of body 5 mm.; of proboscis 2°5 mm.; of wing 5 mm.
Head reddish, quite opaque; occiput broadly black in the middle;

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). o7

frons with a longitudinal, black, median stripe, which is angularly
dilated in front of the ocelli and forms a transverse band above the
root of the antennae.

Antennae quite black, with the third long joint, about linear,
ciliated above, with very short terminal style at its upper angle;
peristome and chin yellowish, with long and soft white hairs. Palpsand
proboscis quite black. Thorax blackish and opaque on the back,
with a fine dark grey tomentum and with whitish hairs ; the humeri, a
narrow stripe above the notopleural line, a broader stripe above the
root of the wings and the postalar calluses yellow. The pleurae are
yellow and opaque, with black spots on the mesopleura and on the
breast; the hairs are long and whitish. Scutellum yellow, with a very
narrow basal black stripe, and with a broader black apical border,
which is, however, not visible from above. Post-scutellum and meso-
phraem black; halteres and squamulae whitish.

Abdomen rather swollen and convex, quite opaque, clothed with
whitish hairs; each segment is of a deep black colour, with a propor-
tionally broad, equal and complete yellow stripe at the hind border ;
the second segment has the black part twice as broad as that of the
following segments ; venter with the black and yellow parts of about
the same width, and with whitish hairs. Legs reddish, with pale
yellow coxae, infuscated tibiae, and blackish tarsi; anterior femora
with a black longitudinal stripe on the outer side; trochanters
blackish; hairs whitish. Wings greyish hyaline, with yellowish
stigmae; veins black, with yellowish base; discal cross-vein placed
at about the middle of the discoidal cell; cubital fork about three
times as long as broad at end; anal cell briefly stalked.

PHTHIREA LANIGERA, Sp. NOV.

A small, entirely dull black species with whitish wings, entirely
clothed with very long, soft and dense whitish hairs.

Type ¢, from Cape Town (K. H. Barnard); ¢ (rubbed) from
Hottentots Holland Mtns., 4000 ft., Cape.

g. Length of the body 45 mm.; of the wing 45 mm. Occiput,
frons and face clothed everywhere with long, whitish hairs. Hyes
touching for a length a little longer than the black, prominent ocellar
triangle which bears only scarce and darkish hairs. The frons above
the antennae is not trianzular but transverse, very broad laterally,
merging gradually into the cheeks; it is very prominent in profile like
the cheeks ; genae very narrow, linear. Antennae entirely black ; first
joint twice as long as the second, with white hairs, while the latter is
clothed above with short, dark hairs; third joint more elongate than in

7

98 Annals of the South African Museum.

the allied species, being 13 times as long as the two first joints together ;
it is very gibbose at its upper border and shows there 2-3 bristly hairs ;
at the end it is almost bifurcated, having above a thick and pro-
portionally long style, and below a point with a tuft of hairs.
Proboscis thin, black, gently curved downwards, 2°2 mm. long; palpi
very thin and long, black, with scattered short hairs below. Thorax
and scutellum deep black, dull, everywhere clothed with long, soft,
white hairs, without distinct bristles; the pleurae are hairy only on
meso- and pteropleurae. Squamulae quite white, with scarce and short
marginal hairs of the same colour; halteres pale yellowish. Abdomen
of conical shape, coloured and clothed like the thorax; venter more
grey dusted ; genitalia with the lamellae reddish at the hind border.
Legs entirely black, with yellowish knees; the 4 front tibiae are
clothed with a dense, scaly, greyish dust; all the femora with long
whitish hairs; only the middle tibiae with some very short spicules at
the hind side. Wings whitish hyaline, with yellowish stigma; veins
black, with yellowish base. Second longitudinal vein straight ; cubital
fork proportionally short and widely open at end; middle cross-vein
placed near the last third of the discoidal cell, which is of greater size
and broadly obtuse at end ; first posterioy cell broadly open, broader
than the 8rd, but less broad than the 2nd; terminal stalk of anal cell
rather long.

The female is like the male; the broad frons is black, convex and
somewhat shiny above the antennae.

PHTHIRIA PUBESCENS, Bezzi.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but distinct by the shorter
and yellowish pubescence, by the shorter and less gibbose third
antennal joint which has a much shorter and thin terminal style;
besides, the wings are not whitish. The cubital fork is much longer ;
the middle cross-vein is placed near the middle of the discoidal cell,
and the 3rd posterior cell is more narrowed at end.

Described by me from Willowmore, Cape Colony, in my paper on
the Bombylidae of the Museum of Budapest, there is a denuded
female specimen from the Transvaal, Junction Crocodile and Marico
Rivers, February, 1918 (R. Tucker).

GERON, Meigen.

Even this genus seems to be very numerous in South Africa, being
represented in the collection by no less than 5 species. It is interesting

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 99

to note that besides the widely spread G. hybridus, all the other species
belong to the group in which the cubital fork is long and narrow ;
this group seems therefore to be characteristic of the South African
fauna. The species may be distinguished as follows :

1 (2). Wings proportionally short, with the cubital fork short and broad,
the second submarginal cell being at end about as broad as its own
length : ; ; hybridus, Meig.

2 (1). Wings more elongate, with the cartel fork long and narrow, the
second marginal cell being at least twice as long as broad at end.

3 (8). Antennae entirely black; coxae black; halteres with black knob, at
least above in the male; abdomen quite black.

4 (7). First antennal joint distinctly thickened and clothed with dense and
long hairs; cheeks clothed with very lone and dense hairs.

5 (6). Wings hyaline, eyes of male touching in a long line, the frontal

triangle being small, triangular, grey dusted. barbatus, Bezzi.
6 (5). Wings strongly infuscated ; eyes touching for a short line, the frontal
triangle being broad and deep black : : luetuosus, sp. NOV.
7 (4). First antennal joint very thin and scarcely haired; cheeks not
barbate é : : : leptocer us, Sp. Nov.
8 (3). Basal joints of nenbas, coxae and abdomen yellow ; knob of halteres
entirely yellowish . i : : é dichromus, Big.

GERON HyBRIDUS, Meigen (1804).

This Mediterranean species is not rare in South Africa; S. Rhodesia,
Salisbury, May, 1917 (R. W. E. Tucker); Cape Colony, O’Okiep
(L. Pérmguey), Transvaal, Barberton, December, 1916 (H. Edwards).

GERON BARBATUS, Bezzi.

Very distinct by the barbate jowls and by the hyaline wings.
Described from the Cape in my work on the Bombyliidae of the

_ British Museum; there are specimens from Cape Colony, O’Okiep

and Knysna, October, 1916 (L. Pcéringuey).

GERON LUCTUOSUS, sp. nov.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but at once distinguished on
account of its strongly infuscated wings.

Type g and type 2 from Basutoland, Maseru (Mrs. Dieterlen).

6, 2. Length of the body 5-6 mm.; of the wing 5-6 mm. ; of the
wing spread 12-14 mm. Head black, with a dark grey dust; occipital
border above and vertex with long, erect, black hairs. Eyes of male
touching for a line as long as the-ocellar triangle, while in barbatus
this line is twice as long and more; they are narrowed above, the
head in profile presenting the characteristic outline of the genus;
eyes of female broadly separate. Frons grey dusted, broadening

100 Annals of the South African Museum.

forwards, being near the antennae more than twice as broad as at
vertex. Face clothed with a dense grey dust and distinctly whitish
below, like the mouth borders; it is bare in the middle, but at sides
below are long and dense black hairs which are directed forwards and
in contact with the whitish hairs of the genae, thus forming the
characteristic beard; lower part of the occiput likewise white-haired.
Antennae entirely black, but in the case of the types the 3rd joint is
wanting ; Ist joint long, distinctly thickened, and clothed with very
long and dense black hairs which are more dense, more rigid and
directed forwardly on the underside; 2nd joint short and globular;
in the female the first joint is less thickened and less hairy than in
the male. Proboscis black, 15-18 mm. long; palpi very thin and
long, one-jointed, almost bare. Thorax and scutellum entirely deep
black, opaque; in the middle of the back there is in front a grey
longitudinal stripe, much broader than that of barbatus ; the back is
clothed with long

3D?

pale yellowish ones, and under the hairs there is a short, golden-

erect, black hairs, but in front aud on sides with

yellowish scattered dust ; pleurae with the pale hairs more numerous,
but devoid of golden dust; no distinct bristles. Squamulae whitish,
with black border and with long white hairs ; halteres yellowish, with
the knob black above in the male, but entirely whitish in the female.
Abdomen of elongate conical shape, coloured and clothed like the
back of mesonotum, but with more pale hairs at base and on sides;
the golden dust is, moreover, very abundant in the male ; venter grey,
pale-haired; male genitalia with shiny black lamellae. Legs with
black coxae, femora and tarsi; tibiae and base of praetarsi dark
reddish; femora with yellowish scales and pale hairs; spicules of
tibiae very small. “Wings with the veins entirely black to the base;
they are strongly infuscated. chiefly at base and at fore border, and
moreover along the veins. Cubital fork 23 times as long as broad at
end; middle cross-vein placed near the middle of the upper border of
the discoidal cell; apical cross-vein of the discoidal cell very sinuous
and very oblique; apical stalk of the anal cell rather short. The
greyish prae-discoidal spot is very striking, passing into the blackish 2nd
basal cell. The base of the upper branch of the 3rd longitudinal vein is
nearly above the upper end of the apical cross-vein of the discoidal
cell, while in barbatus it is beyond, and in hybridus very much beyond.

GERON LEPTOCERUS, Sp. nov.

Nearly allied to the two preceding species, but distinct by the less
barbate genae and by the very different antennae.

a

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Afriea (Diptera). 101

Type ¢, a single specimen from Transvaal, Barberton, December,
1916 (H. Edwards); a damaged male specimen from Basutoland,
Likhoele (Dieterlen) seems also to belong here, but has the knob of
halteres entirely whitish above.

$. Lengthof body 6 mm.; of wing6 mm.; of wing spread 13 mm.
Head black ; eyes in profile much narrowed above and touching for a
very long line, even longer than in barbatus; the hairs of occipital
border and of vertex are scarce, short, darkish; ocellar tubercle black
and very small; frontal triangle very small and grey-dusted. Face
very narrow, a little prominent, clothed with dense, whitish tomentum,
quite bare even on the sides; the genae with scarce, white hairs which
are directed forwards; lower part of the occiput with long white
hairs. Antennae entirely black; first joint long and thin, not broader
than the third, with scarce, short, darkish hairs ; second joint globular,
third joint linear, gradually tapering into a long point ; it is twice as
long as the first. Proboscis black, 1-5 mm. long; palpi black. Thorax
and scutellum dull black, the former more gibbose than in the two
preceding species; the hairs are whitish, and the short dust below
them is whitish, not golden; no distinct bristles. Squamulae whitish,
with yellowish border and with white marginal hairs; halteres
yellowish, with the knob black above. Abdomen black, narrowly
yellowish at base of venter, and clothed like the thorax ; genitalia
entirely reddish. Legs in the greatest part reddish, only the four front
femora being more or less blackened ; the coxae are reddish on the
apical half; hairs and dust whitish. Wings greyish-hyaline, iridescent,
with pale yellowish stigma; veins dark, with yellowish base. Cubital
fork twice as long as broad, obtuse at base, with the upper branch
rounded at base, and originating much beyond the upper end of the
apical cross-vein of the discoidal cell; middle cross-vein beyond the
middle of the rather elongate discoidal cell, the terminal vein of which
is S-shaped but not much oblique. Stalk of anal cell moderately
lone.

GERON DICHROMUS, Bigot (1892).

Very distinct from all the other known South African species of the
genus on account of its prevalent yellowish colour.

Described with a query from South Africa, I think that a single
male specimen from Aus, 8S. West Protectorate, 1916 (Dr. Knobel),
may be referred to it, even if it has the wings quite hyaline. I give
a description of this specimen.

¢. Length of body 6 mm.; of wing 6 mm. ; of proboscis, 2°5 mm.
Head black ; occiput with scarce and very short dark hairs above like

102 Annals of the South African Museum.

the vertex; eyes of typical form, but not much uarrowed above,
touching for a space longer than the ocellar tubercle ; frontal triangle
much narrower, longer than broad, of a dark grey colour; face narrow,
not prominent, quite bare, even the genae being furnished with very
scarce, whitish hairs like those of the lower part of head. Antennae
long and thin; first joint thin, very scarcely pilose, entirely reddish-
yellow; second joint globular, reddish-yellow; third joint elongate,
linear, gradually tapering to a point, entirely black. Proboscis
black. Thorax and scutellum entirely black, but as it seems, they are
entirely clothed with dark grey dust and with whitish hairs.
Squamulae and halteres dirty whitish, the latter with an entirely
yellowish knob. Abdomen with the sides and the venter entirely
reddish, but the middle of the back black, grey-dusted, with the hind
border of the segments reddish ; it seems to be dusted and hairy like
the back of mesonotum; end of abdomen and genitalia entirely
reddish. Legs and coxae entirely yellowish, only the last 4 tarsal
joints being black ; they are clothed with whitish scales on femora, and
with scarce whitish hairs. Wings quite hyaline, iridescent, with a
pale yellowish stigma; the veins are yellowish at base, dark in middle
and at end, and show no trace of fuscous margination. Cubital fork
2; times as long as broad at end, obtuse at base, its upper branch
originating at a right angle a little beyond the upper end of the apical
cross-vein of the discoidal cell, and rounded at base; middle cross-
vein placed beyond the middle of the discoidal cell; discoidal cell
long and narrow, its terminal vein deeply S-shaped but not much
oblique ; apical stalk of the anal cell short.

APOLYSIS, Loew (1860).
A very distinct genus, well described and figured by Loew in his
great work.
APpoLysis HuMILIS, Loew (1860).

A very small fly, at once distinguished by its generic characters.
Originally described from Caffraria and the Cape. There are in the
collection some specimens from Cape Town (L. Péringuey).

SUBFAMILY SYSTROPINAKH.
SYSTROPUS, Wiedemann.

9

This important genus is represented by 3 species, one of which is
described here as new. There are rather numerous South African
species described ; but some confusion has arisen between them, chiefly

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 103

about the interpretation of the S. macilentus of Wiedemann. This
species is indeed figured by its author as having only 2 marginal cells,
while the type at Berlin is said to have 3 of these cells; it seems that
Macquart, Loew and Schiner have all comprised different species
under the same name. I give here the following table of the known
South African species, to clear up the position of the new species, and
considering all the species as different, according to the characters
given by the authors :
1 (10). Three submarginal cells present.
2 (9). The ecross-vein forming the third submarginal cell unites the upper
branch of the cubital fork with the second longitudinal vein.
3 (4). Eyes of the female narrowly cai Oa wings broadly yellow at
base and at fore border . : : marshalli, Bezzi.
4 (3). Eyes of the female touching as usual; wings not yellow.
Front coxae yellow, and moreover there is a yellow stripe above them
on the prothorax ; first posterior cell distinctly narrowed at end.
6 (7). Abdominal stalk black above; wings rather infuscated.

or
-_-~
Ee)
—

leptogaster, Loew.
Abdominal stalk entirely reddish-brown ; wings more clear.

~]
—
[ory
wm

clavatus, Karsch.
8 (5). Front coxae red; no yellow prothoracical stripe ; first posterior cell
not at all narrowed at end - . sanguineus, sp. nov.
9 (2). The above-named cross-vein is placed pence the cubital fork, uniting
its stalk with the second longitudinal vein.
macilentus, Schin. (nec Wied.).
10 (1). Two submarginal cells only present.
11 (14). Eyes narrowly separated, or only approaching above near the ocelli.

12 (18). Wings wholly infuscated . : . macilentus, Wied.
13 (12). Wings with a sharply defined dark fore poedee ; crudelis, Westw.

14 (11). Eyes touching for a long line.
15 (16). No yellow spot above the front coxae.

miobrochus, Speis., macilentus, Macq. (nec Wied.).
16 (15). A yellow spot above the front coxae : ; : snowi, Ad.

SYSTROPUS LEPTOGASTER, Loew (1860).

A typical male specimen from Durban, April, 1913 (W. Haygarth).

SYSTROPUS SANGUINEUS, Sp. nov.

A middle-sized species of Ammophilus facies, distinguished by the
prevailing red colour of body and legs.

Type ¢ from Stellenbosch, November, 1887 (. Péringuey), and
an additional specimen of same sex from O’Okiep. I think that the
present species may be the macilentus-type of Berlin, which is
described by Karsch and by Speiser, in spite of Wiedemann’s figure,

as having 3 submarginal cells.

104, Annals of the South African Museum.

S. Length of the body 14-15 mm.; of the wing 68-7 mm.; of
the wing spread 15°5-17 mm. Occiput bare, dull black, with a faint,
dark grey dust near the border ; the very small, less prominent, bare
ocellar tubercle is red. Eyes united for a space about as long as the
frontal triangle ; the latter narrow and very acute above, bare, red,
with a tuft of short dark hairs in the middle; mouth sides silvery,
shining, red on terminal and pale yellowish on basal half and on fore
border of chin, which is black with scattered darkish hairs like the
lower part of the occiput. Antennae with the first joint as long as
the two following joints together, red, with short blackish hairs ;
second joint black, one-fourth as long as the first, third joint black, three
times as long as the second, narrowly oval and flattened. Proboscis
black. Thorax deeply punctulate on the back and therefore rather
dull; it is black in centre, red on sides and in front of the scutellum ;
the black of centre runs in front as a narrow point to the junction of
head. Pleurae red, with a broad black patch on mesopleurae, con-
tinued as a stripe in front below the humeri; themetasternum is broadly
black behind, and is clothed with silvery, shiny pubescence ; the back
of mesonotum has a short, pale yellowish pubescence, like the meso-
pleurae. Squamulae brown, with scarce dark hairs at border ; halteres
with dark yellowish stalk, and with the knob pale yellowish below,
black above. Scutellum entirely black, hke the mesophragma ; lateral
callosities yellow. Abdomen with a long cylindrical stalk formed by
the hind half of the first segment, and by the whole of the second, of
the third and of the fourth segment, the terminal club being thus
formed by three segments only; first segment with the broad basal
half black, punctulate and pubescent like the back of mesonotum, but
with a red transverse stripe at the extreme base; the rest of the first
segment as well as the whole of the abdominal stalk to the end of the
fourth segment are entirely red above and below ; the fifth, sixth and
seventh segments are black, rather shiny, but the fifth is broadly red on
the sides below in front. Genitalia red above, black below, with the
prominent, spine-like lamellae black. Legs and coxae entirely red, but
the front coxae are bristly black on the front side; the 4 terminal
joints of the tarsi are blackened ; hind legs with the tibiae black on
the thickened terminal part, and with the tarsi entirely black ; spines
of hind tibiae 2:5:2. Wings greyish-hyaline with two distinct
yellowish longitudinal stripes, one along the upper part of the first
basal, the base of the marginal and almost the whole of the first sub-
marginal cell except at its end; the second along the base of the
second basal and the upper part of the anal cell; subcostal cell and
stigma dark yellowish. Upper branch of the cubital fork originatin

o
co)

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 105

at a right angle, afterwards bent at right anele and there with the
eross-vein uniting it to the second longitudinal vein; the rest is
strongly S-shaped. Middle cross-vein on the middle of the discoidal
cell; first posterior cell as broad at end as at base; second posterior
cell in the shape of a regular rhomb ; discoidal cell small and acute,
its terminal cross-vein being S-shaped and oblique ; stalk of the anal
cell long.

SysTropus snowr, Adams (1905).

A male example from Zululand, M’Fongosi, May, 1916 (W. E.
Jones).

An example seen and named by Adams from Salisbury (June, 1911),
S. Rhodesia, is in the collection.

SuBrFAMILyY TOXOPHORINAE.

TOXOPHORA, Meig.

Ilhg. Mag. f. Insect., u, p. 270, 1803.
The species may be distinguished as follows :

1. (2) Wings devoid of a distinct fuscous pattern, only with a faint yellowish
tint on the fore half : : : : é maculata.

2. (1) Wines more or less infuscated, sometimes with the fore half black,
and usually with dark spotted cross-Veins.

3. (6) Wings faintly infuscated, with very striking dark spotted cross-
veins.

4. (5) Cross-veins broadly infuscated in the shape of rounded spots of
greater size . : : ‘ punctipennis, Bezz.

5. (4) Cross-vein not somuch spotted . ; : diploptera, Speis.

6. (3) Wings with the fore half blackish, the cross-veins being thus included
in the general suffusion . : : caeruleiventris, Karsch.

ToxOPHORA MACULATA, Rossi (1790).

A male from Van Wyk’s Vlei, Cape Colony, 1875, is the first authentic
specimen which J have seen from Africa of this Mediterranean species.
had been already recorded from the Cape by Loew.

ToxOPHORA PUNCTIPENNIS, Bezzi.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but distinct by the absence
of white scales on the outer side of the antennae, and chiefly by the
three rounded, blackish spots on the cross-veins.

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

Described by me from Natal in my work on the Bombyliidae of the
British Museum. There is a specimen from M’Fongosi, Zululand,
May, 1916 (W. E. Jones).

ToOxOPHORA DIPLOPTERA, Speiser (1910).

A species very like 7. maculata, from which it is distinguished by
the bluish-scaled body, and by the infuscated and dark spotted
wings.

Originally described from Usambara, but widely distributed in
South Africa. I believe that Loew mistook the present species for
maculata. Damaraland, Grootfonteim, December, 1918 (R. M. Light-
foot) ; Bulawayo, 8. Rhodesia, September 5rd, 1913; M’Fongosi, Zulu-
land (W. E. Jones). The female only has white scales, while in the
male those on the middle abdominai stripe are yellow, as also those at
the end of the side stripes.

TOXOPHORA CAERULEIVENTRIS, Karsch (1887).

A beautiful species, at once distinguished by the blue and white
striped abdomen, and by the blackish fore border of the wings.

Originally described from Delagoa Bay, there is a male from Bula-
wayo, 8. Rhodesia, February 11th, 1912. The spines of the legs in the
male are typical, but the middle femora have no spines.

Susramity CYLLENIINAE.

NOMALONIA, Rondani (1868).

The present genus was founded by Rondani on Cyllenia afra Mac-
quart, non Wiedemann; and it is very fortunate that the collection
contains the two insects of Macquart, which are very different from
that of Wiedemann ; we are therefore able to clear up the great con-
fusion in Dr. Kertész’s Catalogue, pp. 69, 70.

The genus is evidently connected with Cyllenia, with which it
agrees apparently in the venation, having, however, a long praefurca;
but it is distinguished by the broad body, which is devoid of long
bristles on the abdomen, by the bare face, the very different shape of
the antennae, and the long proboscis. In these characters it agrees
with Henica, from which it is separated here only as a tribute to the
memory of Rondani.

The principal features of the genus are: Three well-developed
ocelli disposed in an equilateral triangle. Frons of the male narrowed
at the vertex, but very broad on the fore part; that of the female

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 107

broad. Face short, bare; genae with a very deep furrow, as in
Cyllenia; occiput less developed than in this genus, but likewise
furrowed above. Antennae inserted at the level of the centre of eyes,
approximate at base; first joint globular, bare, as long as the second ;
third joint very elongated and bare at end. Proboscis twice as long
as the head; palpi well developed. Thorax and scutellum with
bristles on the sides and at the hind border; metapleurae bare,
squamae rudimentary. Abdomen broad, destitute of long bristles ;
male genitalia much developed and prominent. Legs with spinose
femora and spinose tibiae; pulvilli rudimentary, while in Cyllenia
they are well developed. Wings with rudimentary alula; first longi-
tudinal vein scaled at the base like the costa; second vein curved at
end, but not recurrent; a single marginal and 3 submarginal cells ;
discal cross-vein placed on the last fourth of the discoidal cell; 4.
posterior cells all open, but the first being at the end and half as.
broad as the second ; discoidal cell obtuse outwardly, its terminal vein
being straight and a little longer than the distal cross-vein ; anal cell
open, but narrowed at the end; ambient vein entire. The second
longitudinal vein springs from the third at a right angle and has
often the stump of a vein; the praefurca is very long.

Nomatonra arra, Macquart (1840).

A robust species of proportionally great size, easily recognisable
by the fenestrate wings with a single marginal cell.

Macquart has described the male from the Cape, believing wrongly
that he had before him Henica longirostris = Cyllenia afra, Wied.
There is in the collection a pair from Namaqualand, Springbok
(Cape) November, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot). To Macquart’s description
must be added: Leneth of body 11-13 mm.; of a wing 11-12 mm. ;
of the wing spread 26-30 mm. Occiput red, with a broad yellow
border near the eyes, which becomes broader below; this border is
marginated with a black stripe on the upper end, and more broadly
in the female; it is closed with dense but short white hairs, the eyes’
border, however, being bare; it is deeply excavated above in the

middle, forming a deep furrow, from which springs the ocellar tubercle.
Ocellar tubercle ovate, greatly developed and very prominent, black on
the fore-half and reddish behind, black-haired in front. Hyes purplish-
black, proportionately small, with equal areolets in both sexes. In the
male the frons at the narrowest point is about as broad as the distance
between the 2 basal ocelli; in the female it is about 1 of the head-
breadth; the frons becomes afterwards very broad, being equally

108 Annals of the South African Museum.

broad in both sexes and measuring about 4 of the head; ata level
with the antennae; it is very convex, and densely clothed with white
or whitish thick hairs, with some black ones in the basal half, more
numerous in the female; the colour of the frons is a pale yellow like
that of the face and of the cheeks, with a faint white dust. The face
and the cheeks are bare and rather shining; a deep furrow divides
the prominent mouth-border from the reddish gene, which are clothed
beneath with short vellowish hairs, like the chin. Antennae inserted
in a depression between the arched frons and the prominent face; first
joint short, globose, bare, pale yellow; second joint shorter and
smaller, reddish; third reddish, with the styliform terminal part
black, in the female entirely black, three times as long as the first two
together, linear, gradually tapering to a styliform point. Proboscis
35 mm. long, entirely biack; acute; palpi thick, straight, black, not
prominent but long, clothed with yellowish hairs. The praesutural,
supra-alar and postalar bristles are long and numerous; there is
besides a very dense tuft of short bristles on the upper border of the
mesopleura, just below the notopleural line ; scutellum with 6-8 pairs
of strong marginal bristles; all the above-named bristles are black
in colour. Pleurae entirely reddish, grey-dusted, with scarce scaly
tomentum on mesopleura and sternopleura, yellowish or whitish in
colour like that of the back. The small squamae are whitish, with
short, whitish fringe. Abdomen broadly conical in the male, obtuse
and more flattened in the female; its ground-colour is red, but each
segment has a broad basal black band.in the middle ; in well-preserved
specimens the whole abdomen is clothed by dense, scaly tomentum,
which is white on the venter, sides and end, and much darker-yellowish
above and at the base; on the sides and at the end there are short
black bristles. The male genitalia are very jong and prominent, red,
black and pale-pubescent, and surrounded at the base with black
bristles ; female genitalia with dense and long anal tuft of golden-
yellow hairs. Legs reddish, irregularly darkened and blackened, pale
tomentose; they have numerous and strong black bristles on all the
coxae; the femora underneath bear two rows of bristles, shorter and
less numerous on the front pairs: tibiae with many rows of long
spines, like the underside of the tarsi at the base. The three last
joints of the front and middle tarsi with a peculiar structure; in the
male they are of a semilunar form, and are provided below with a
dense and soft fringe without bristles, with the exception of a single
strong bristle at the base of the third segment. Claws strong and
short, black, with dark-reddish base. The wings are greyish-hyaline,
more or less infuscated towards the middle, but not at the end as in

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 109

longirostris, and hyaline around the transverse veins; the veins are
pale yellow, darkened at end; the scaly hairs on the base of the costa
and first vein are yellowish; there is sometimes the recurrent stump-
of a vein in the basal angle of the second longitudinal vein.

HENICA, Macquart (1834).

The characters of this genus and the differences from Cyllenia have
been pointed out by Loew under the name of Lagochilus ; Loew has
also noticed the length of the praefurea, or, as he says, the shortness of
the first submarginal cell. This character shows an affinity between
Hemcea and Nomalonia and the true Exoprosopinae, and it is important
to note that Wiedemann first described the species as belonging to
Anthrax. Both genera have a rather isolated position in the Cylleniinae.

Henica LoneirosTRis, Wiedemann (1878).

A well-known, common South African species, very distinct owing
to the peculiar venation.

A couple of specimens from the Cape, Hex River, November, 1882,
labelled by Bigot “ Cyllenia pluricellata, Macq.” ; another female speci-
men from Stellenbosch (Cape), L. Péringuey.

The four anterior tarsi of the male have the same structure as
described above for Nomalonia afra.

PERINGUEYIMYLIA, Bigot (1886).

A genus briefly described by Bigot, and with affinity to Amictus,
from which it differs chiefly in the recurrent, strongly looped end of the
second longitudinal vein, and in the long, strongly curved and
appendiculate upper branch of the cubital fork. The structural
features of the genus are as follows: Body broad and stout; abdo-
men depressed. Head with the occiput much inflated above; the
middle longitudinal furrow of the vertex is present, but it is much less
pronounced than in Cyllenia; ocular border bare. Ocellar tubercle
less prominent, with three well-developed ocelli, disposed in an equi-
lateral triangle. Eyes bare, with non-indented hind border and with
the upper areolets distinctly enlarged in the male; they are closely
approximate together for a long distance, but not touching in the male
and not broadly separate in the female. Vertical triangle of male
small—many times smaller than in Henica or in Nomalonia. Face
short, not prominent, with a fine moustache of dense hairs on the sides

110 Annals of the South African Museum.

and on the mouth-edge; cheeks and chin narrow; mouth-opening
long: Antennae short, inserted over the centre of the eyes, approxi-
mate at the base; first joint thickened, provided with a tuft of very
long and dense hairs below ; second short and globular; third joint
much smaller and a little longer than the first, with the basal half
ovate and the apical -half styliform. Proboscis short and thick, not
longer than the head, with broad terminal labella; palpi thin and
rather long. Thorax villose, with long but not rigid praesutural,
supra-alar and postalar macrochaetae ; scutellum with bristles at the
hind border ; metapleurae and hypopleurae bare and shining. Squamae
short, but well developed and frmged. Abdomen villose, but without
bristles at the hind border of the segments. Male genitalia of
great size and complicated, but not prominent. Legs stout, with
spinose femora and tibiae; pulvilli well developed, long. Wings
long, with no distinct alula; second longitudinal vein much looped
at the end and retreating, reaching the costa nearly in contact
with the first vein, the marginal cell being therefore very broadened
at end but almost closed; praefurca very short; upper branch of
cubital fork very retreating at base, and there angulate and provided
with a recurrent stump; distal cross-vein placed in the last third
of the discoidal cell, which is long, and with the vein dividing it from
the third posterior cell very long and S-shaped. First posterior cell
closed at border, anal cell open but narrowed at end; axillary lobe
proportionally short; ambient vei complete. There are 2 sub-
marginal and 4 posterior cells present.

PERINGUEYIMYIA CAPENSIS, Bigot (1886).

A rather hairy species, reminding one of Nomalonia afra, and at
once distinguished by the black punctate wings.

Originally described from the Cape, there are 1 male from Nama-
qualand, Springbok, November, 1890 (R. M. Lighfoot), a male
from Garies (Cape), November 28th, 1885 (L. Péringuey), labelled
by Bigot (type); and another female from Bushmanland, Jackal’s
Water, October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of body 9-12°5 mm.; of wing expanse 20-26 mm. Head
entirely black; occiput rather shining, grey-dusted near the eye-
borders, with short pale yellowish hairs; ocellar tubercle black and
black-haired ; frontal triangle of male bare, densely grey-dusted. The
hnear frons between the eyes is not broader than thefront ocellus. Frons
of female at the vertex not more than 1, and at the base of antennae +
of the head, shining black, black-haired near the ocelli, white-haired on

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 111

the remainder, more densely near the antennae. Hairs of moustache
white or pale yellowish. Antennae entirely black; the short hairs on
their upper side are black, very long and dense; the hairs of the under
side are white ; proboscis and palpi black. Thorax and pleurae entirely
black ; the back is clothed with a rather long and dense, pale yellowish
or dirty whitish pubescence, and with a little longer, numerous black
hairs. The bristles are black ; some have yellowish tips; the pleurae are
shining, with tufts of whitish hairs only on the propleurae and the
hind border of the mesopleurae. Scutellum red, with a narrow black
base, and bearing a pale yellowish pubescence, longer black hairs, and
yellowish bristles along the hind border. Squamae dirty yellowish,
with golden or whitish yellow fringe; halteres with a dark stalk and
whitish knob. Abdomen black, with the hind border of each segment,
the first excepted, with a narrow but complete reddish-yellow band,
which is broader in the male; venter black, grey-dusted, with long
whitish hairs. The pale yellowish or whitish pubescence of the upper
side is rather long and dense, chiefly on the sides of the first segment ;
in the female the pubescence on segments 1-5 is quite white, and
forms short bands on the ventral side of the hind border of the tergites.

Male genitalia red, the end of the abdomen in this sex is black
pilose below; the ovipositor of the female appears provided with a
circlet of long spines, like that of some Hvoprosopinae. Legs black,
grey-scaled ; tibiae and basal joints of tarsi reddish yellow; the coxae
are densely pilose, the hairs being white above and black below;
all the femora are black spinose underneath, like the tibiae; claws
black, with a reddish base; pulvilli dirty-yellowish. Wings wholly
hyaline, vitreous ; veins yellow, darkened outwardly ; costa with black
hairs at the base, but the first vein is entirely bare. The dark spots
are on the short praefurea, on the discal cross-vein and on the
angulate base of the upper branch of the cubital fork; three smaller
and less distinct spots are situated on the base of the fourth posterior
cell, on the inner base of the third posterior cell, and on the base of
the second posterior cell; sometimes there is also a less distinct spot
at the closed end of the first posterior cell.

SUBFAMILY LOMATIINAE.
LOMATTA, Meigen (1822).

The rather numerous South African species of this genus can be
divided into three groups, based on the shape of. the third antennal
joint and on other characters. These groups are different from those
proposed by Loew; they are distinguished as follows:

112

1 (2).

2° (4).

3 (14).
4 (9).
5 (6).
6 (5).
(8).
WO)
9 (4).
10 (11).
11 (10).

12 (13).
13 (12).

14. Oye

16 (15).

Annals of the South African Museum.

Wings narrow and long, with the upper branch of the cubital fork
angulate at the base and there provided with a recurrent veinlet;
discoidal cells three times as long as the second posterior cell and
very acute outwardly; third antennal joint in the shape of a very
long, acute cone, linear; praesutural macrochaetae black ; hind femora
with many spines below. (First group) . acutangula, Loew.
Upper branch of cubital fork not appendiculated and discoidal cell not
more than twice as long as the second posterior cell; third antennal —
joint not linear.
Third antennal joint broad at base and afterwards forming a very thin
and long styliform point ; wings with a more or less extended pattern,
with a distinet basal comb and with a rather long discoidal cell;
praesutural bristles yellow; hind femora with many spines below.
(Second group.)
Species of great size, with the wing pattern extended to the hind
border, and with clear stripes on the fuscous middle area; anal cell
with narrow end.
Legs entirely yellow; wings infuscated, with a whitish end, and a
whitish, longitudinal middle stripe ; longitudinalis, Loew.
Legs entirely black, or with dark-yellowish tibiae or base of tarsi.
Wings with the fore basal half infuseated and the hind half clear
with broad fuscous borders of the veins; body pubescence pale
yellowish ; tibiae with yellow ground-colour —. liturata, Loew.
Wings yellow and brown on the dise, with a broad brown, praeapical
band and a brown hind border ; pubescence bright yellow or golden ;
tibiae black . : . pictipennis, Wied.
Wing pattern limited to AG fore poraee not extending in the middle
over the fourth longitudinal vein; if the hind border is infuscated,
there are no clear stripes in the middle; anal cell less narrowed at
end; species of medium size.
First basal cell infuscated at the base only and first submarginal cell
entirely hyaline in the male; antennal tuft with black hairs on the
inside ; : 3 simplex, Wied.
First basal cell entirely dagkened as far as the discal cross-vein in
both sexes and first submarginal cell darkened at base.
First posterior cell not narrowed at end; wings with the hind half
rather infuseated . é : . imfuscata, sp. nov.
First posterior cell much narrowed at end wings with the hind half
quite hyaline 4 : . conocephala, Macq.
Third antennal joint in the Silane of a short cone; wings entirely
hyaline, without basal comb; thorax with black reosrsteenel bristles
and provided with a distinct collar of black bristly hairs in front;
hind femora with a few bristles below; smaller species, of a deep
black colour, with silvery hairs on abdomen. (Third group.)
Tibiae yellow; pubescence on pleurae and abdomen of a yellowish
colour 3 : : : latiuscula, Loew.
Tibiae black; pleurae and abdomen w ith white pubescence.

tenera, Loew.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 113

LomatIA acuraneuLa, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 203, pl. ii, fig. 10.

A species very distinct from any other on account of its slender
body and of the very long and narrow wings, which have besides a
peculiar venation.

Originally described from Caffraria, and subsequently recorded
from Pretoria (‘T'ransvaal), there are in the collection some specimens
from M’Fongosi, Zululand, February and December (W. KE. Jones).

In the present species the middle femora have 2 strong spines in the
middle of the fore side, and the hind femora 3-4 spines below. The
hitherto undescribed male is very like the female; the eyes are
more approximate but always more distinct than in the allied species ;
the ocellar tubercle is curiously shaped, with a prominent border
behind.

LOMATIA LONGITUDINALIS, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 204, pl. ui, fig. 11.

A gigantic species, very different from any other by having wholly
yellow legs. Originally described from Caffraria, there is a male
specimen from Berg River (Cape).

Middle femora with 4, hind femora with 8-9 spines.

Lomatia LituraATA, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 205, pl. 11, fig. 18.

A species distinguished by the yellowish tibiae and by the peculiar,
often less pronounced coloration of the wings. Described from the
Cape, and recorded with a doubt from Barberton (Transvaal), there are
a couple of specimens from Potchefstroom (Transvaal) (T’. Ayres).

Middle femora with 5-6, hind femora with 7-8 spines.

LOMATIA PICTIPENNIS, Wiedemann (1828).

Loew’s Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, pl. ii, fig. 12.

A well-known species, easily recognisable by the black legs and the
very variegated yellow and brown wings.

Common in South Africa; M’Fongosi, Zululand, December, 1911
(W. HE. Jones) ; I have received it also from Grahamstown, March,
1909 (Miss Dale).

Middle femora with 3, hind femora with 5-6 spines.

8

114 Annals of the South African Museum.

LoMATIA SIMPLEx, Wiedemann (1819).

A smaller species, very distinct from the others of the present
group owing to the reduced wing pattern of the male, the first basal
cell being darkened at the base only.

This species seems to be common in South Africa; there are many
specimens of both sexes from Barberton, Transvaal, December, 1911
(H. Edwards); a large-male specimen from Hex River (Cape) is
labelled by Bigot as Anthraw albifrons, n. sp.; it has a wholly yellow
antennal tuft. The present species is variable in the coloration of the
hairs on the face and frons, which in the male are often white, not
yellow ; in the female the hairs of the under side of the first antennal
joint: have usually no black hairs on the inner border, while in the
male they dhave such as in pulchriceps. Middle femora with 2-3, hind
femora with 3-4 spines.

In the female the wings are more infuscated ; the first basal cell is
fuscous to the end, and the second basal cell, and often even the
discoidal cell, are also infuscated.

LOMATIA INFUSCATA, NOV. sp., 2.

A rather large species, distinct from the others by the wholly
infusecated wings, which are destitute of clear stripes, but show a
distinct fuscous pattern, of the type of that of pulchriceps.

Type 9, a single specimen from Pinetown, Natal, June, 1883
(G. H. Bowker).

Length of body 10°5 mm.; of a wing, 10 mm. Occiput shining
black, with faint grey dust; scarce golden tomentum and _ short
yellowish hairs along the borders of the middle depression. The longi-
tudinal furrow behind the vertex is narrow but deep ; ocellar tubercle
brown, with a prominent hind border, black haired; frons shining
black and black pilose, with a transverse band of golden hairs above
the base of the antennae. Face and cheeks black, with golden hairs ;
chin black, almost bare. Antennae entirely black ; first joimt black
and briefly hairy on the upper side, with a long tuft of rigid golden
hairs underneath and with black ones intermingled on the inner side;
third joint at the base as broad as the second, gradually tapering in a
long styliform point, which is of a reddish colour at end. Proboscis
and palpi black. Thorax and scutellum deep black, densely clothed
with golden yellow hairs; the bristles are yellow or dark yellowish,
but the 2 praesutural ones on the right side are quite black (in 2
specimens of the British Museum these bristles are, however, entirely
yellow, which may be the rule) ; pleurae black, densely grey-dusted,

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 115

with golden yellow hairs on propleura, mesopleura and sternopleura.
Squamae black, with golden fringe ; halteres dark yellow, with paler
knob, Abdomen entirely black, a little shining, broader than the
thorax, with faint bands of golden tomentum at the hind border of
the segments, and with golden-yellow hairs dense and long on the
sides and long black hairs intermingled after the middle; venter
black, grey-dusted and yellow-haired ; genitalia with a dense and long
tuft of metallic shining hairs. Legs entirely black, with dense
yellowish scaly tomentum on femora and outer side of tibiae; all the
spines are black; middle femora with 4, hind femora with 2-3 spines ;
claws short, black; pulvilli blackish. Wings long, shining, iridescent,
rather infuscated over the entire surface (but it is possible that in the
yet unknown male they are clear at the hind border, because in the
present genus the females have the wings always darker than the
males) ; the usual pattern, fillmg out the fore border and the first
basal cell to the discal cross-vein, is distinct and very dark; venation
typical. First posterior cell not narrowed at end; discoidal cell more
than twice as long as the second posterior cell; third posterior cell
very narrow and long; anal cell narrowed at end, more than in the
applied species. Base of wing blackish ; basal comb less developed.

Lomatia conocePpHALa, Macquart.
Dipt. Exot., ii, p. 62, pl. xx, fig. 1 (1840).

Easily distinguishable from the allied species by the much narrowed
end of the first posterior cell and by the infuscated lower end of the
second basal cell.

Macquart has described in an unrecognisable manner the female from
the Cape as Anthrax conocephala; but as the figure represents without
doubt the wings of a Lomatia of the present group with a narrowed
end of first posterior cell, I think that this name should be retained
for the present species. There is a male from Smithfield, Orange
Free State, September, 1910 (Dr. D. Kannemayer).

Occiput black, briefly black-haired above and grey-haired on sides ;
frons black, with the basal half black-haired, the apical half with long,
pale-yellowish, sericeous shining hairs divided along the middle line
and directed outwards. Antennae black, the hairs of the lower side of
the first joint being entirely yellowish like those on face and cheeks.
Hairs of thorax pale-yellowish on back and whitish on sides; bristles
yellow. Scutellum black, haired as the thorax. Squamae dirty-
whitish, with brown border and dense white fringe ; halteres yellowish,
with whitish knob, Abdomen entirely black, hairy like the thorax,

116 Annals of the South African Museum.

with black hairs intermingled at end; the hairs are dense and long
on the sides, and have a white sericeous sheen; venter grey-dusted
and pale yellowish tomentose, with scarce but long pale hairs. Legs
entirely black, yellowish or whitish scaled, with pale hairs on coxae
and under side of femora, and with black spines; middle femora with
4-5, hind femora with 5-6 spines; claws black, pulvilli blackish.
Wings hyaline, with a long, black basal comb and black veins ; costal
cell, marginal cell to the end of the first vein, first submarginal cell at
base and first basal cell to the distal cross-vein infuscated ; base of
wing infuscated above and yellowish below; second basal cell in-
fuscated at base, at the fore-border and on the vein dividing it from
the fourth posterior cell; first posterior cell much narrowed at end,
nearly as narrow as the anal cell; discoidal cell twice as long as the
second basal cell.

LomatiaA PULCHRICEPS, Loew (1860).

Closely allied to conocephala, Macq., but distinguished by the black
and stout prae-alar bristles, and by the white tufts below the antennae.

A specimen from Salisbury, Arcturus, 1916 (Dr. Melle), and another
from M’Fongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones).

Lomatia LatiuscuLa, Loew (1860).

A smallish, deep-black coloured species, very like a little Thyrid-
anthrax with hyaline wings, easily distinguishable from the allied
species by its yellow tibiae.

Described from the Cape. I have received a specimen from
Grahamstown (Cape), February, 1903 (Miss Dale and Miss M. Soly).

In this species the bristles of the collar in front of the thorax are
thin and yellow, but the praealar bristles are strong and black.
Middle femora with 1, hind femora with 1-2 spines; the spicules of
the 4 hind tibiae are very long and strong, but less numerous than
usually.

LomatTia TENERA, Loew (1860).

Nearly allied to the preceding, but at once distinguished by the
black collar in front of the thorax and by the entirely black legs.
Originally described from Caffraria, there is a single male specimen
from Bulawayo (South Rhodesia), December 11th, 1911. The femora
are as in the preceding species; the tibiae have numerous but thin
spicules,

~

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 117

PTERAULAX, gen. nov.

The present new genus is very near Cononedys and Aphoebantus ;
with them it forms a small group distinct in having no prominent face,
separated antennae, united eyes of male, a folded wing membrane,
short praefurea, and the second vein originating at an acute angle.
In general shape, however, this group agrees perfectly with that of
Plesiocera-Stomylomyia and with that of Petrorossia-Chionamoeba ; and
therefore I place all these 3 small groups of Becker with Lomatia in a
single group of Lomatiinae.

The structural features of the new genus are as follows: Head
nearly spherical, broader than the thorax. Occiput convex and
prominent, with a very deep post-vertical furrow, bilobate above; it
is excavated in the middle and destitute of fringe at the border. Eyes
bare, of great size, with a very developed indentation in the middle of
the hind border and with a well-developed bisection line; in the male
they have the upper inner areolets much broader and are united for
a rather long line ; in the female they are broadly separated and have
equally small areolets. Ocellar tubercle prominent but small, ovate,
with three equidistant ocelli. Face broad, long, not prominent, pilose ;
genae very narrow; chin broad and flat, destitute of long beard.
Antennae short, inserted a little above the middle of the eyes; they
are broadly separated at the base, but the first joint shows a pro-
tuberance on the inner side by means of which the antennae are
approximate; the hairs of the under side are not tuft-shaped as in
Lomatia. The second joint is short and globose; the third joint is as
long as the 2 first joints together, broadened and rounded at base, and
narrowed to form a point half as long as the first, which bears at the
end a well-developed, bi-articulate style. Mouth-opening of small
size, oval; proboscis very short, shorter than the head, thick, with
broad terminal labella; palpi short and strong, less pilose, bi-articulate,
the apical joint ovate, about half as long as the first. Thorax convex,
with strong and long praesutural and supraalar bristles, and also
with 2 pairs of bristles in front of the scutellum ; metapleurae bare ;
squamae rather developed, with short fringe; scutellum developed,
with some bristles at hind border. Abdomen of conical shape, in the
male very narrow and obtuse, in the female more depressed, broader
and acute at end. Male genitalia of great size, rounded, closed ;
female genitalia with dense tuft of hairs. Hind border of the
abdominal segments with more or less developed rows of bristles, nore
developed in the female. Legs strong; hind femora much spinose
beneath ; spicules of tibiae long and thin; many long spurs at the

118 Annals of the South African Museum.

end of the tibia. Claws long; pulvilli well developed. Wings short
and narrow, without basal comb, and with the membrane strongly
folded (whence the name Pteraulax). Base narrow, the alula less
developed, but distinct and rounded; praefurca short. Second and
third vein at an acute angle; second vein looped at end, but not
retreating; cubital fork broad, retreating at the base of the upper
branch and united with an appendage to the second vein. Therefore
there are 3 submarginal cells, the base of the upper branch of the
cubital fork in the shape of a short cross-vein between the appendix
and the rest, which are on the same line. First posterior cell closed
before the border, acute at end, and provided with a rather long stalk ;
discoidal cell obtuse at end, less than twice as long as the second
posterior cell, the discal cross-vein placed a little before its middle ;
2nd, 8rd and 4th posterior cells of equal breadth at end; anal cell
long, with parallel sides, narrowed at end but open. Ambient vein
complete ; axillary lobe well developed.

In the allied Cononedys stenura, Loew, there are no pulvilli ; but in
C. erythraspis they are present, and Prof. Hermann has proposed for it
a new genus, Conogaster—a name which cannot be maintained, because
it is preoccupied in the Diptera by Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1892.

T'ype: The following new species.

PTERAULAX FLEXICORNIS, sp. nov., ¢,?.

An Aphoebantus-like species of middle size, very distinct owing to
its singular venation and by the shining black hind part of the
scutellum.

Type ¢ and type 2; a single couple of specimens from Bush-
manland, Hen Riet (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot). I
have seen in the Museum of Budapest a second species from Willow-
more, in which the scutellum is not shining black behind and the
abdomen is more setose.

Length of the body 10 mm.; of a wing 7 mm. Entirely black,
grey-dusted, and white and yellowish tomentum. Occiput dark grey-
dusted above and paler grey below, with short greyish pubescence
and white scales on the sides near the eye’s indentation. Ocellar
tubercle black, grey or brownish-haired. Frons of the male grey-
dusted and entirely clothed with whitish hairs, like the face; frons of
female shining black, with brownish hairs, with whitish ones like
those of the face in front only. Antennae black ; first joint with
whitish hairs. Proboscis black; palpi yellow. Thorax black ; on the
back it is dark grey-dusted, with three distinct but narrow longitudinal]

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). HN)

stripes of paler dust, one along the middle line, the others along the
dorsocentral lines. The hairs in front and on the sides are pale
yellowish or whitish; in the female there are besides numerous short
bristles on the notopleural line. Pleurae with pale grey dust, and with
white scales on the lower part of the mesopleura and on the sterno-
pleura; the mesopleural hairs are greyish. Scutellum grey-dusted
at base and with yellow tomentum, shining black at the hind border
and on the sides; the bristles of the hind border are yellow or
yellowish. Squamae dirty whitish, with pale yellow border and white
fringe; halteres yellow, with darker knob. Abdomen black, grey-
dusted ; the segments have whitish scales at the base on the sides and
on the hind border, and yellow scales in the middle; first segment
with long, dense, whitish hairs, the other segments with scarce, grey
or pale yellowish hairs, more developed in the male. The ventral side
of the tergites has a narrow yellow border; venter grey-dusted, white-
sealed, with greyish hairs. Male genitalia grey, with the lower border
of the lamellae reddish; terminal tuft of the female genitalia of
golden yellow colour. Coxae and femora black, grey-dusted, white-
scaled, whitish haired ; the 4 anterior femora only narrowly yellow at
end; middle femora with 3-4 vellow spines on the middle of the
anterior side; hind femora with 6-7 whitish or yellow spines below,
which in the male are very long, forming near the base a tuft of
4—5 longer ones placed in many rows. All the tibiae are pale yellowish,
with numerous and long yellowish or whitish spicules and spurs, even
on the front pair. Tarsi pale yellowish, darkened at end, with whitish
or yellowish spines at end of the two first joints; claws pale yellowish
with black tips; pulvilli whitish yellow, longer in the male than in
the female. Wings hyaline, vitreous, iridescent; veins black, the
first and the extreme base of the others being yellow; alula pale
yellowish, with a short white fringe. In the present species the
recurrent veinlet dividing the first from the second submarginal cell is
about twice or even a little more as long as the basal part of the
upper branch of the cubital fork—looking, therefore, as not being the
continuation of the second longitudinal vein.

PETROROSSIA, Bezzi (1908).
This genus is well represented in the Ethiopian Fauna, and there
are also some species in South Africa; those in the collection can be
distinguished as follows:

1 (4). Thorax, scutellum and abdomen with yellowish or greyish tomentum
abdomen black, but with reddish yellow sides; legs pale yellow.

120 Annals of the South African Museum.

2 (3). Wings hyaline, with a less defined basal infuscation; second longi-
tudinal vein with the u ual less deep loop at end hesperus, Rossi.

3 (2). Wings entirely blackish-brown, with hyaline spots in the centre of
the cells ; second longitudinal vein exceedingly looped at end.

vinula, sp. nov.
4 (1). Thorax, scutellum and abdomen with bright orange tomentum

abdomen of an orange yellow colour, with a black middle stripe ;
legs orange-colour . : . ¢ ; fulvipes, Loew.

PETROROSSIA HESPERUS, Rossi (1790).

‘There is a female of large size of this Mediterranean species from
Hex River (Cape) (Dr. L. Péringuey), January 3rd, 1883, but without
a head, and it cannot be ascertained if the example belongs to the var.
tropicalis or not. The wings have the basal half infuscated, and there
is a short appendix at the base of the upper branch of the cubital fork.

PETROROSSIA VINULA, sp. nov., ¢, ?.

Closely allied to the preceding, but at once distinguished on account
of its peculiar wing pattern and venation.

Type g and type ?, a single pair from Hex River (Cape),
December, 1889 (Dr. L. Péringuey), labelled by Bigot as ‘‘ Lygira
vinula ’’—a name which has never been published. Bigot has evidently
placed the species in the genus Ligyru on account of the strong terminal
loop of the second longitudinal vein; but in this genus the form of
this loop is a very different one, the end of the second vein being
strongly recurrent ; there are, moreover, 4 submarginal cells, and the
position of the discal cross-vein is as in Lomatia.

Length of body 65-8 mm.; of a wing 75-9 mm.; of the wing
spread 165-20 mm. Head black, grey-dusted; occiput well developed,
deeply bilobate above, with a short pale yellowish pubescence ;
ocellar tubercle small, rounded, with blackish pubescence; frons
with long, blackish, erect hairs and short yellowish pubescence on fore
half; face grey-dusted, with yellowish pubescence. Antennae entirely
black, short; first joint black-haired in the male, with some yellowish
hairs below in the female; third joint with the basal part broad and
discoidal, the styliform part long and ending in a pencil of sparse
hairs. Proboscis short, black. Thorax and scutellum entirely black,
a little shining, with pale yellowish pubescence, yellow tomentum and
yellowish bristles; pleurae with pale grey dust, with whitish hairs on
propleura, mesopleura and sternopleura. Squamae dirty whitish,
with a pale fringe ; halteres yellow. Abdomen black, rather shining,
with vellow tomentum and pale yellow hairs; on the sides near the

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 12]

base there is a narrow reddish-yellow stripe ; venter reddish, whitish-
haired; male genitalia of great size, bilobate, black above, red below,
with yellow hairs. Legs entirely pale yellow, white-scaled; femora
and tarsi more or less darkened at end; hairs of coxae and of the
under side of femora white ; the thin spines of the hind femora and
the short spicules of the tibiae are black; claws black, pulvilli whitish.
Wings very long, with pedunculate base ; the costa is not ciliated at
base and the alula is very rudimentary ; they are entirely and equally
infuseated, the axillary lobe only being hyaline witha dark end. The
hyaline stripes are placed on the end of the first and of the second
submarginal cells, this last beimg in contact with the whole wing
border between the ends of the two branches of the cubital fork, in
the middle of the 2nd, 5rd and 4th posterior cells, and one broader
than the others, of ovate shape, in the Jast half of the discoidal cell ;
in addition there is the usual whitish spot on the upper exterior angle
of the second basal cell. The veins are black ; the second longitudinal
is suddenly and deeply looped before the end, and its origin is
equidistant from the base of the third vein and the discal cross-vein ;
upper branch of cubital fork gently rounded at base and destitute of
stump. First posterior cell long, not, or little narrowed at end; discal
cross-vein placed on the first third of the discoidal cell; this last cell
is long, very dilated in its last half, and therefore much constricted
before the middle; third posterior cell very elongate and very narrowed
in its last half; anal cell narrowed at end ; ambient vein complete.

PETROROSSIA FULVIPES, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Sud-Afrikas, p. 210, pl. 11, fig. 14.

A well-known Ethiopian species, easily distinguished by its elegant
coloration. M’Fongosi, Zululand; Natal, Stella-Bush; but the
species is common and widely distributed over the entire region ; it
is hardly distinct from the Oriental P. fulvula, Wied.

| Supramiry ANTHRACINAE.

ANTHRAX, Scopoli (1768).

This name is used here, not in the usual sense of the authors (for
these species, see Villa and Thyridanthrax), for the species of Argyra-
moeba which have a broad third antennal joint, an extended black
pattern on the wings and a silvery abdominal apex in the male. The
rather numerous species may be tabulated as follows :

122 Annals of the South African Museum.

1 (2). Squamae dark brown; second longitudinal vein deeply looped at
end; upper branch of the cubital fork with a second stump in the
middle; wings with many confluent dark spots, 4-5 of which are
placed at apex s : pithecius, Fabr.

(1). Squamz white or aa a aecena ioneen dine veins less looped at
end; upper branch without appendix in the middle, or only as an
exception ; apex of wings hyaline, without dark spots.

3 (6). Basal black pattern of the wings extended over the discal cross-vein,

filing out a great part of the marginal cell and the base of the
first submarginal and of the first posterior cell; plumula with a
black fringe ; discal cross-vein placed before the middle of the dis-
coidal cell.

4 (5). Wings with the brown pattern well defined and with 4 isolated

dark spots, 3 of which placed on the lower vein of the discoidal

cell; a hyaline spot in the dark base of the first posterior cell.
hessi1, Wied.

Wings with a diffused pattern and with only 3 dark spots, 2 of

which are on the discoidal cell; no distinct hyaline spot in the dark

base of the first posterior cell. F 5 diffusus, Wied.

6 (3). Basal black pattern not extended over the discal cross-vein; discal
cross-vein usually placed on or after the middle of the discoidal cell.

7 (10). Two distinct isolated dark spots in the hyaline part of the wings.

8 (9). Species of great size, measuring 14-15 mm. in length; recurrent
veinlet at the base of the upper branch of the cubital fork long;
plumula white : : : E aygulus, Fabr.

9 (8). Species of smaller size, measuring only 6-7 7mm.; recurrent veinlet at
the base of upper branch short and often rudimentary; plumula
black : : pusillus, Wied.

10 (7). No distinct dark ieolated spots in he yale part of the wings.

11 (12). The black basal pattern of the wings is limited by an oblique line
extending from the end of the auxiliary vein to the end of the anal
cell, the extreme apex of which is hyaline ; hemimelas, Speis.

12 (11). The black basal pattern reaches only the middle of the anal cell, and
has a tooth-like projection on the discal cross-vein. _fuscipennis, Ric.

bo

1) |
—
fs
—

ANTHRAX pITHECIUS, Fabricius (1805).

A well-known and common African species, easily distinguished by
the pecular wing pattern.

Many specimens of both sexes, varying in size from 8°5 to 12 mm.
M’Fongosi, Zululand, October, 1911 (W. E. Jones) ; Dunbrody (Cape)
(O’Neil); Potchefstroom, Transvaal (T. Ayres); Bulawayo, 8.
Rhodesia (G. Arnold), September, 1918; Salisbury (S. Rhodesia),
January, 1914 (J. A. O'Neil). A specimen from Hex River, December,
1882, was determined by Bigot as Haoprosopa reticulata Macq. (sic!).
I have received the species also from Grahamstown (Cape).

=

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 123

ANTHRAX HEssiI, Wiedemann (1818).

An elegant species, very distinct owing to the well-defined and
characteristic wing pattern.

It is known only from South Africa. Giftsberg, Van Rhynsdorp
(Cape), September, 1911; O’Okiep (Cape), September, 1890.

A female specimen from Hex River (Cape), December, 1884, deter-
mined by Bigot as Anthrax punctipennis, Wied., seems to belong to
this species, but is aberrant in having the first submarginal and the
first posterior cells almost hyaline to the base, and therefore the
hyaline spot after the discal cross-vein is wanting.

ANTHRAX DIFFUSUS, Wiedemann (1824).

Closely allied to the preceding, but at once distinguished by the less
defined and more extended wing pattern, the isolated dark spots being
therefore much less marked. Known from South Africa and recorded
by me from Nyassa. <A single male specimen from Bushmanland,
Jackal’s Water (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot); an old
specimen of great size (37 mm. of wing expanse), without a head,
with wholly infuscated wings.

It is notable that of A. diffusus I have seen males only, and of
hessii females only; they are perhaps the two sexes of a single
species.

ANTHRAX AyYGuULUS, Fabricius (1805).

A species of great size with dimidiate wings and two dark spots
in the vitreous part.

Widely spread over the entire Ethiopian region, and seemingly also
over the whole Oriental region. A single female specimen from
Dunbrody (Cape), March 20th, 1912; the species was not yet recorded
from South Africa.

ANTHRAX TRIMACULATUS, V. der Wulp (1868).

Kasily distinguished from the allied species by the presence of three
isolated brown spots in the hyaline part of the wings.

A female specimen from East London, Cape Colony, July, 1914
(k. M. Lightfoot).

ANTHRAX PUSILLUS, Wiedemann (1821).

Very like A. aygulus, but only half its size.
Widely spread in Africa, but less known; very like the Oriental
distiqma, Wied., but smaller. A single male specimen from Hex

124 Annals of the South African Museum.

River (Cape), January 10th, 1887, labelled by Bigot as Anthrax pusilla,
Wied. An additional example from Kimberley (Cape), 1918 (J. H.
Power).

ANTHRAX HEMIMELAS, Speiser (1910).

A black species of small size, very distinct on account of its perfectly
dimidiate wings.

Described at the same time by Speiser from Kilimandjaro and by
me as A. homogeneus from Nyassa, it is interesting to record it from
South Africa. A single female from M’Fongosi, Zululand, December,

1911 (W. E. Jones).

ANTHRAX FUSCIPENNIS, Ricardo (1903).

Distinct owing to the reduced black pattern of the wings, which
have a tooth-like projection on the fore border, the apical half of anal
and axillary cell being hyaline.

A single female specimen from Bushmanland, Henkries (Cape),
October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

This species seems to be widely spread over all the Ethiopian region,
but was not recorded from South Africa. It seems that muscarius,
Klug (nee Pallas), from Egypt, fuscipennis, Ric., from Sokotra, dentatus,
Beek, from Egypt and camptocladius, Bezzi, from Nyassa are all the
same species, the latter one representing a colour variety with entirely
black first basal cell, and therefore without a tooth-like projection on
the fore border.

SPONGOSTYLUM, Macquart (1840).

Under this name I include the species which Becker has placed in
his restricted genus Aryynamoeba ; they are distinguished from the
preceding genus chiefly in the shape of antennae and in the wing-

pattern. All the following species have only 2 submarginal cells and
they may be distinguished as follows :

1 (2). Origin of the second longitudinal vein placed a little before the
discal cross-vein ; base of the second vein and of the upper branch of
the cubital fork destitute of stumps, or if present they are very
short . ; ; : i : , muticum, sp. Nov.

2 (1). Ovigin of second vein just opposite to the discal cross-vein ; base of
second vein and of upper branch always provided with long stumps.

3 (4). No brown spot at the base of the cubital fork or a very indistinet
one, abdomen with narrow or less distinct yellow hind border on
segments, and on sides, with usually tufts of black hairs, or with very
few scales . , : : : incisuerale, Macq.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 125

4 (3). A broad brown spot at the base of the cubital fork ; abdomen with
yellow hind borders and with tufts of black, scaly hairs on sides.
punctipenne, Wied.

SPONGOSTYLUM MUTICUM, SPP MOV:» Gish © «

Closely allied to the following species, but distinguished by the
characters of the venation and by the somewhat different wing
pattern.

Type ¢ and type ? from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water (Cape),
October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot); a ¢ from Een Riet (Cape),
October, 1911; a 2 from Namaqualand, August, 1873 (R. Trimen).

Length of body 8-10 mm.; of wing 9-11 mm.; of the wing spread
21-26 mm. A description is not necessary, because this species is
almost similar to ineiswrale, of which it may be perhaps only a
variation. But in the wings there are important differences :—(a) in
venation: The origin of the second vein takes place at a considerable
distance before the discal cross-vein, this distance being, however,
shorter than the length of the discal cross-vein; this cross-vein is
placed nearer to the middle of the discoidal cell. The basal angle of
the second vein is rounded and without recurrent veinlet, or exception-
ally only with a very short stump; the upper branch of the cubital
fork is likewise rounded at base, and very rarely provided with a
rudimentary stump. (b) In pattern: The brown spots on the cross-
veins are broadened to form short bands, recalling the pattern of S.
trifasciatum, Wiedemann. ‘The costal cell is dark in its whole length ;
the base of the wing is brown right to the humeral cross-vein, ending
in an oblique line extended from this cross-vein to the axillary incision ;
the abbreviated band below the origin of the third vein extends to the
sixth, fillme out the end of the second basal cell ; sometimes the
2 basal cells and the base of the marginal cell are entirely filled with
brown, thus reproducing the Anthrax wing pattern.

One @ specimen from Jackal’s Water has the wings wholly
hyaline, pale yellowish toward the base, and without any distinct dark
pattern, except the grey praediscoidal spot; the discal cross-vein is
placed much before the middle of the discoidal cell, as in incisurale,
but the curvature of the base of the second vein and of the cubital
fork are as in the type. I give a name to this interesting variation,
namely var. elutwm, var. nov.

SPONGOSTYLUM INCISURALE, Macquart (1840).

A common and variable species, distinguished by having only 2 or 3
dark spots on the wings.

126 Annals of the South African Museum.

Numerous specimens of both sexes, varying in length between 7
and 12 mm. Namaqualand, Spektakel and Springbok (Cape), October
and November, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot). Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water,
and Matjesfontein (Cape), same collector; Hex River (Cape), Decem-
ber, 1884 (L. Péringuey); M’Fongosi, Zululand, December, 1914
(W. E. Jones); O’'Okiep (Cape), November, 1885 (L. Péringuey) ;
Inhambane, Mozambique (K. H. Barnard).

SPONGOSTYLUM PUNCTIPENNE, Wiedemann (1821).

A robust species, easily recognisable by having 4 or 5 dark spots on
the wings and by the broad tufts of black scales on the sides of the
abdomen.

A single male specimen from Hex River (Cape), December, 1884
(L. Péringuey), rightly determined as Argyramoeba punctipennis by
Bigot.

SuspramMILty EXOPROSOPINAE.
VILLA, Lioy (1864).

This genus is rather abundant in South Africa. The species can be
easily recognised from those of the following genus, chiefly on account
of the spinulose front tibiae. Those in the collection can be distin-
guished as follows :

1 (12). Wings without broad dark markings, even if a little darkened at
base or along the fore border.

2 (11). Wings entirely hyaline, even at the fore border, sometimes with
blackish or yellowish extreme base; species of medium or of small
size.

3 (8). Abdomen without tufts of black scales on the sides of the middle seg-
ments; face without black hairs; wings with pale yellowish base and
with mainly yellow veins.

4 (7). Abdomen without distinct black tufts at the sides near the end
base of wings in the male with broad patagia-like, silvery organs.

5 (6). Legs with fulvous femora ; abdomen clothed with short hairs, even on
the sides. ; ; : : 5 flavipes, Loew:

6 (5). Legs with black femora; abdomen long-haired, chiefly on the sides.

albescens, Loew.

(4). Abdomen with small tufts of black hairs at the sides of the 5th and

6th segments ; wings of male destitute of silvery patagia ; legs black,
densely clothed with yellow scales : . seafasciata, Wied.

8 (3). Abdomen with dense tufts of long black scales at the sides of the
middle segments; face with more or less abundant black hairs ;
femora broadly yellow at the base; wings with blackish base and
black veins, and in the male with silvery basal patagia,

ba |

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 127

9 (10). Abdomen with white, non-shining scales and provided at the end with

alternating white and black tufts : ‘ vitripennis, Lw.
10 (9). Abdomen with transverse bands of glittering silvery scales, and at the

end entirely clothed with such scales 3 : argentina, sp. n.
11 (2). Wings darkened at the base and along the costal cell; legs yellow ;

species of great size é : . lasia, Wied.

12 (1). Wings witha well-defined dark mattern: phich fills up entirely the
two basal cells; face white-haired ; legs yellow Jleucochila, nom. nov.

VILLA FLAVIPES, Loew (1860).

A species of middle size with entirely hyaline wings, distinguished
by the briefly haired abdomen and by the yellow femora. Female
originally described from Caffraria, and not recorded subsequently.
There is a male from Klipfontein, Namaqualand (Cape) (L. Périn-
guey). The hitherto undescribed male is like the female, but the
frons at the vertex is only as broad as the ocellar tubercle; the eyes
have the upper areolets a little enlarged; the wings have a broad
silvery patagium and the basal comb is clothed with silvery scales.

VILLA ALBESCENS, Loew (1860).

Closely allied to the preceding, but at once distinguished by the
black femora and by the long-haired abdomen.

Originally described from South Africa, but widely spread over the
Ethiopian region. A male from Hex River (Cape), another male from
Klipfontein, Namaqualand (Cape) (L. Péringuey).

VILLA SExFAsciatTa, Wiedemann (1821).

Allied to the preceding, but distinct owing to the small tufts of
black hairs at the end of the abdomen and by the black legs, which,
however, are densely clothed with yellow scales.

Described from South Africa and redescribed as flavescens by Loew ;
it is also widely spread. In the collection there is a female from Hex

River (Cape), December, 1884 (L. Péringuey).

VILLA VITRIPENNIS, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 217, pl. u, fig. 18.

Distinguished from all the preceding species by the large tufts of
black scales on the middle segments of the abdomen, and by the
vitreous wings, which have a blackish base and black veins. Described

128 Annals of the South African Museum.

from South Africa, but widely spread. A male specimen from Barber-
ton, Transvaal, December, 1911 (H. Edwards); a female from Hex
River (Cape), January, 1883 (L. Péringuey) ; Ot}ivarongo (Damara-
land), January, 1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

VILLA ARGENTINA, Sp. nov., @.

A very peculiar, small species, distinguished by the glittering
silvery bands on the abdomen and at its apex.

Type ¢, a single specimen from Hex River, December, 1884 (I.
Pdéringuey).

Length of body 85 mm.; of wing 75 mm, Head black; occiput
tolerably shining, with abundant white scales near the middle of the
eyes, with short dark hairs above and with greyish central fringe ;
post-vertical furrow narrow and deep, the ovate, prominent ocellar
tubercle being placed just in front of it. Eyes dark brown, with the
upper areolets a little enlarged, the indentation less developed, but
the bisecting line very long; frons a little shining, about as broad at
vertex as the ocellar pubes. clothed with erect black hairs, and
with scarce greyish cells near the eyes and on the frontal sides. Face
rounded, not prominent, densely clothed with short black hairs and
with abundant greyish scales. Antennae entirely black ; the two first
joints very short, of equal length, the first with black hairs; third
joint with the basal discoidal part not longer but broader than the
second joint, and the styliform part very thin, long, filiform, about as
long as one and a half times the remainder, ending in a minute
bristle. Mouth-opening narrow; genae linear; proboscis black, short,
thick. Thorax and scutellum entirely phick, faintly shining, finely
punctulate; they have very minute, scattered, yellow scales and rather
long whitish hairs in front and on the sides, these last whiter and
forming a not well-indicated stripe; all the bristles are of a pale
yellowish colour, those of the scutellum being darker. Pleurae grey-
dusted, with whitish hairs, even on the metapleura; squamae dirty
yellowish, with a brown border and glittering silvery fringe; halteres
dark yellowish, with paler knob. Abdomen like the thorax, but narrowly
red on the sides of the two first segments; the long hairs on the
middle of the tergites are scattered, whitish near the base and blackish
at end ; the hairs of the sides are long, whitish on the Ist and 2nd,
black and scaly on the 3rd, quite snow-white on the 4th, black and
scaly on the 5th and 6th segments; the 7th segment is entirely
clothed with long, silvery, glittering scales directed outwardly. On the
base of the 2nd segment there is a narrow, less distinct band of

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 129

white scales; the 3rd and 4th segments have at the base a narrow
band of long, glittering or bright scales interrupted in the middle.
Venter black, with white scales and scattered white hairs; genitalia
rather large, pendulous, set on the left side, reddish and brown, pale-
and dark-haired. Legs black, the femora broadly reddish at the base, the
4 anterior tibiae dark reddish; the scales are white, the hairs whitish,
the spines black; front tibiae with distinct apicules; middle femora
with 2 rather long, hind femora with 2 very short spines; hind tibiae
with a sparse fringe of dark scales outwardly; claws black. Wings
as in vitripennis, with a silvery patagium, but with entirely black basal
comb; terminal loop of the second longitudinal vein much less
indicated than usually, almost indistinct, and in consequence the
upper branch of the cubital fork is less curved in the middle;
discoidal cell more narrow; second posterior cell narrow and long,
half as broad as the third. Alula long, pale yellowish grey, with a
brown border and a broad greyish fringe; axillary lobe very short
and broad.

Vinua “Asia, Wiedemann (1824).

A short-haired species of great size, with the wings infuscated at
the base and along the costal cells.

Described from the Cape and recorded from South Africa by
Fargeau, Serville and Walker. I am referring with doubt to the
-present species a couple of gigantic specimens from Bushmanland,
Jackal’s Water (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot), measuring
155-17 mm. in length of body and only 12-13 mm. in length of
wing, while Wiedemann gives only 5 lines. Frons of male as broad
as the ocellar tubercle, that of the female twice as broad. Clothing
of thorax entirely yellow, paler on the pleurae, bristles yellow. On the
abdomen there are 5 transverse bands of yellowish scaly tomentum—
at least in the male. Legs reddish with yellowish scales; femora and
tibiae blackened at end, the tarsi likewise. Wings with typical
venation, no silvery patagia in the male; basal comb very large with
yellow scales ; first posterior cell narrowed at end.

VILLA LEUCOCHILA, nom. nov. (for V. LeEucostoma, Wied.).
Loew’s Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, Pl. ii, fig. 19.

Very distinct owing to the broad, brown markings of the wings,
which fill the whole of the two basal cells.
Described in 1821 by Wiedemann from the Cape under the name of
leucostoma. I change this name, because it is pre-occupied by Meigen,
sy)

130 Annals of the South African Museum.

1820. The species seems to be an exclusively South African one.
There is in the collection a single male specimen from Kalk Bay (Cape):
(R. M. Lightfoot).

OESTRANTHRAX, Bezzi (1912).

This very interesting genus was described by me in my paper om
the African Bombylidae of the British Museum for the type Anthrax
obesus, Loew. ‘The main characters of the genus are to be found in
the broad and long facial plate, in the reduced mouth parts and in the:
absence of thoracical macrochaetae.

OESTRANTHRAX OBESUS, Loew, 1863.

A specimen from Cape Town, 1880. The species was described
from South Africa, and some allied forms occur in other parts of the:
Ethiopian region.

SYNTHESTA, gen. nov.

I have to make a new genus for a species which shows a very strange
combination of characters, connecting the Lomatimae with the
Exoprosopinae; it is aberrant like Chiasmella, but is closely allied
to the preceding genus Oestranthrax as well as to the genus Hemi-
penthes. It may be defined as an Exoprosopine with 2 submarginal
cells, with spinulose front tibiae, with bluntly convex face, with no-
developed macrochaetae, and with the second longitudinal vem
originating before the middle cross-vein. In this last character the
new genus Synthesia is drawing near to the Lomatiinae, while in the
general conformation it is receding from them. It may be characterised
as follows :

Body of oval shape, briefly pilose, not bristly at all. Head a little
narrower than the thorax; occiput bilobate above, with a deep-
central cavity, and depressed between the eyes; central fringe
complete, dense and short. Eyes separated in both the sexes, but the
frons of the female always about twice as broad as that of the male ;
they are broadly indented at the hind border, but the bisecting line is
less distinct. Ocellar tubercle rather prominent, elongate, with 3.
equidistant ocelli. Frons quickly broadening in front beyond the
middle; face bluntly convex, but very prominent; in a front view the
face is narrowed beneath, and thus its broader line is to be found just
below the root of antennae. Antennae set very widely apart from
each other at base and inserted above the middle of the eyes; the
2 basal joints are very short; the third joint is elongate conical,

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 131

gradually tapering into a long joint, with a very short and thin apical
style. Mouth-opening narrow and elongate; proboscis not at all
projecting, shorter than the oral cavity, with not broad terminal
labella ; palpi long and thin, not much shorter than the proboscis and
pilose. Thorax broad, not much convex above, without bristles, but
at fore border and on sides above with dense tufts of bristly hairs ;
metapleurae hairy, while the surrounding parts are bare. Scutellum
broad and semicircular, without distinct bristles at hind border.
Squamulae with short, scaly fringe. Abdomen of oval shape, as
broad as the thorax at base, acute behind in the male, obtuse in the
female ; male genitalia small, directed to the left side; spines of the
ovipositor long, thin, curved. Legs with the front pair distinctly
abbreviated ; front tibiae with distinct spicules inside ; front tarsi not
specially pubescent ; middle femora with 2 spines on the fore side on
the apical half; hind femora with 3-4 short spines below on the
apical half; 4 posterior tibiae with numerous and long spicules ;
pulvilli about as long as the claws, which are simple and curved.
Wings rather broad and long, distinctly broader in the female ;
membrane smooth and very iridescent; they have no developed
pattern, being only yellowish-fuscous on the basal half. Basal hook
very stout and curved; basal comb very short; 2nd longitudinal
vein originating at right angle and before the middle cross-vein at a
distance which is about as long as the cross-vein itself, deeply looped
at end; 3rd vein placed on the same straight line with the praefurca,
its upper branch strongly S-shaped and not retreating at base ;
2 submarginal cells only present. Discoidal cell rather short, acute
at base and obtuse at end ; its terminal cross-vein short and only a
little oblique outwardly ; in the female it is broader than in the male ;
the middle cross-vein is placed near its middle, or a little before it.
First posterior cell of about the same breadth throughout its whole
length; second posterior cell rectangular, about as broad at end as
the third, which is acute and prolonged basally ; fourth posterior cell
broader than all the others, its contact at base with the discoidal
cell being longer than the inferior apical cross-vein of the second
basal cell ; anal cell broadly open at end. Axillary lobe broad; alula
well developed and fringed with scales ; ambient vein complete.
Type: The following new species.

SYNTHESIA FUCOIDES, sp. Nov.

A yellowish pilose fly of a humble-bee appearance, not very different
from some species of Villa, but at once distinguished from them on
account of its well developed pulvilli.

132 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type ¢ and type °, a single couple of not well-preserved specimens
from Namaqualand, Springbok, November, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot).

3&6, 2. Length of the body 85-10 mm.; of the wing 8-9 mm.
Head yellowish black at vertex and on the occiput; it is densely
clothed with a short, yellowish, equal pubescence ; on the sides of the
occiput, near the eyes, the pubescence is more scaly and more yellow,
and on frons and face it is more erect and of a more golden colour,
chiefly on the lower part of the face. Antennae with the 2 basal
joints red and the third black with a red base. Proboscis dark
reddish above and black with yellowish hairs. Thorax black on the
back, reddish on the humeral, calli, on the postalar calli and on the
pleurae ; it is densely clothed with a short, yellowish pubescence,
which on the pleurae is longer and more erect, forming dense tufts on
the propleurae, on the notopleural line, on the mesopleurae, and on the
upper part of metapleurae. Scutellum reddish with a black base,
clothed like the back of thorax. Halteres and squamulae whitish.
Abdomen reddish, the segments from the Ist to the 4th with a broad,
black, transverse basal band that does not reach the sides and
decreases in size from the basal to the 4th segment ; it is clothed with
dense pale yellowish hairs which are longer and paler at the sides
near the base; genitalia reddish yellow ; spinés of the ovipositor red ;
venter wholly reddish, with a narrow whitish hind border of the
segments and with a short yellow pubescence. Legs entirely of a
pale reddish-yellow colour from the coxae to the end of the tarsi, and
clothed with a pale yellowish, scaly pubescence ; spines and spicules
black ; pulvilli yellowish ; claws red, with black tips. Wings hyaline,
with the basal fore half infuscated to the end of the subcostal cell and
to the base of the first submarginal, of the first posterior and of the
discoidal cells ; this infuscation is darker towards the middle, but is
not sharply defined at the hind border. Veins reddish, with fuscous
ends ; ambient vein black ; basal hook vellow; basal comb with black
bristles, but clothed with a yellowish tomentum ; axillary lobe hyaline;
alula yellowish.

THYRIDANTHRAX, Osten Sacken (1886).

This genus is taken here in a wider sense for the reception of those
species of Anthrax (auctorum) which have smooth front tibiae, rather
long proboscis, conical and prominent third antennal joint and often a
conical face. The wings have usually an extended pattern, but they
may also be completely hyaline. 'The species are as follows :

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 153

1 (8). Apical cross-vein of the discoidal cell straight; head, antennae and
palpi entirely black ; discal cross-vein placed near the base of the
discoidal cell, wings never fenestrate.

2 (5). Wings entirely hyaline, only narrowly yellowish or blackish at the
base and in the subcostal cell.

3 (4). Wings with pale yellowish base; the attenuated part of the third

antennal joint rather thick : : . lewcoproctus, Loew.
4 (8). Wings with blackish base and blackish subcostal cell; styliform part
of the third antennal joint very thin ; 5 . linea, Loew.

5 (2). Wings with a rather extended brown or blackish pattern, filling out
the base of the second basal cell and the base of the anal cell.
6 (7). First posterior cell distinctly narrowed at end; discal cross-vein
placed near the middle of the discoidal cell; third posterior cell long
and with an acute base : abruptus, Loew.
First posterior cell not narrowed & Sad discal cross-vein near the
base of the discoidal cell; third posterior cell shorter and with an
obtuse base . : . lugens, Loew.
8 (1). Apical cross-vein of the dee diden cell S- areede head, antennae and
palpi mainly or wholly yellow; discal cross-vein on or after the
middle of the discoidal cell; wings fenestrate, viz. with hyaline spots

~v
—
or)
wm

on cross-veins and bifurcations.

9 (10). Two submarginal cells only, as usual; wings very broadly yellowish
at base, the brown fenestrate pattern being reduced to a less defined,
not broad band on the middle of the wing; species of small size and
ofa paler colour. ° calochromatus, sp. nov-

10 (9). Three submarginal cells; wings w “ith more than the basal half filled
with a brown extended pattern, and very narrowly or not at all
yellowish at the base; species of large size and darker colour.

ternarius, Bezzi.

THYRIDANTHRAX FLAMMIGER, Walker (1849).

Distinct by the conical face, the short third posterior cell, the
infuscated costal cell and the middle cross-vein marginated with
fuscous.

Of this West African species of the group afer there are 2 speci-
mens from M’Fongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones).

THYRIDANTHRAX LEUCOPROCTUS, Loew (1860).

A small species, distinct owing to its wholly hyaline wings, which are
only a little pale yellowish near the base.

Originally described from the Cape, and not recorded subsequently.

A single female specimen from Klerksdorp, Transvaal, December,
1890.

In the first example the contact between the third posterior and the
discoidal cell is rather straight and about twice as long as that

134 Annals of the South African Museum.

between the fourth posterior and the same cell ; the first posterior cell
is not narrowed at end.
Another example from Salisbury, S. Rhodesia.

THYRIDANTHRAX LINEA, Loew (1860).

Allied to the preceding species, but easily distinguished by the
wings being blackish at the base and along the subcostal cell.
Originally described from Caffraria, but, as it seems, widely spread
over the Ethiopian region. There are in the collection two female
specimens on the same pin, without precise locality, and another from
East London, Cape (R. M. Lightfoot).

THYRIDANTHRAX ABRUPTUS, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 219, pl. 1, fig. 20.

A medium-sized species, distinguished by the broad blackish
marking on the wings and by the different neuration.

Rather widely spread over the Ethiopian region, and common in
South Africa, from where it was originally described. In Northern
Rhodesia this species has been bred from puparia of Glossina morsi-
tans. There are numerous specimens of both sexes from M’Fongosi,
Zululand, March, 1914 (W. E. Jones); from Hex River (Cape),
January, 1886 (L. Péringuey) ; from Bushmaunland, Jackal’s Water
(Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot) ; from Dunbrody, Uitenhage
(Cape), March, 1912 (J. O’Neil); from O’Okiep, Namaqualand
(Cape), October, 1895 (L. Péringuey).

In the present species the contact of the third posterior with the
discoidal cell is strongly sinuous, and three or four times longer than-
that of the fourth in the same cell.

THYRIDANTHRAX TRANSIENS, Bezzi.

A small species closely allied to abruptus, but distinct by the more
extended black pattern of wings, the base of the 4th posterior. cel
and more than the half of the anal cell being also blackened
Originally described in my work of the Bombylidae of the British
Museum from Nyassaland, there is a specimen from Salisbury,
S. Rhodesia, 1917.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 135

THYRIDANTHRAX LUGENS, Loew (1860).

Closely allied to the preceding, but distinguished by its smaller
size, less intensive and somewhat different wing pattern, and a different,
neuration, which agrees with that of lewcoproctus and linea.

This South African species seems to be widely spread over the
region; but can be easily mistaken for abruptus if attention is yot
given to the different venation; the distinctive character, the wing
pattern, as established by Loew, is subject to some variation.

The species seems to be rarer than the preceding; in the collection
there are only two specimens from the Hex River (Cape), November,
1882 (L. Pérmguey), and from Klipfontein, Namaqualand (Cape),
November, 1885, from the same collector.

The contact of the third posterior with the discoidal cell is almost
straight and only a little longer than that of the fourth.

THYRIDANTHRAX CALOCHROMATUS, sp. Nov., ¢.

An elegant species of the fenestratus group, distinguished by the
very reduced dark markings of the wings and by the mainly yellow
wing-veins.

Type ¢. A single specimen from the Cape, without precise locality,
determined by Bigot as Anthrax calochromatus Big., but never
published ; the name is here retained. The species is closely allied
to T. macquarti, Bezzi, but the wing pattern is more reduced, even
more than in 7’. elegans or in T'. polyphemus.

Length of body 9 mm.; of wing 9 mm.; of wing spread 20 mm.
Head black, with the anterior part of the frons and the whole face of
a yellowish red colour. Occiput moderately shiny, with scarce greyish
hairs above and with white scales at the eye borders; central fringe
pale yellowish ; postvertical furrow less marked. Eyes with the upper
areolets not distinctly enlarged, the indentation faintly pronounced
and the bisecting line very short and less distinct. Frons at vertex
twice and more as broad as the less prominent, brownish-coloured
ocellar tubercle; it is clothed with black hairs, which become pale
yellowish on the red part, and with whitish scales; face with white
hairs on the sides and near the eyes and in the middle with whitish
scales; it is rather conical in shape. Antennae with the two basal
joints yellow, the first with whitish hairs and above with a few black
ones; third joint wanting in the type. Genae rather broad, black

front, yellow behind like the mouth borders; proboscis black,
as long as the mouth, with a yellow basal ring, palpi yellow- and
whitish-haired. Thorax black, rather shining, with sparse yellow scales
and with rather long yellowish hairs in front and on the sides; bristles

156 Annals of the South African Musewm.

yellowish ; pleurae black, grey-dusted, reddish along the sutures,
with whitish hairs and with white scales; metapleural tuft whitish.
Scutellum red, narrowly black at the base, with yellowish scales and
yellow bristles at the hind border. Squamae yellowish with white
fringe ; halteres yellow with whitish knob. Abdomen red, with the first

seginent black and with a broad median black spot on the second, a.

smaller one on the 3rd and a very small one on the 4th; it is clothed
with pale yellowish scales, but on the apical half'of the 2nd and
on the base of the 5th segment the scales are black; it seems that
the perspicillaris-pattern is white and well developed ; the hairs of the
sides are whitish and long near the base, whitish and short on the
remainder, but there are no black hairs. Venter red with black base,
white scales and whitish hairs; genitalia red, small, asymmetrically

placed. Legs black, with yellow trochanters, tibiae and base of tarsi ;.

the femora are only narrowly yellow at end, their scales are whitish and
the scarce hairs are whitish like those of the coxae ; spines black, middle
femora with one very long one, hind femora with six rather short ;

front tibiae smooth, the others with rather long and numerous spicules ;
Dp by

front tarsi very short, slenderly pilose, with very small claws ; claws
black. Wings whitish hyaline, with a broad pale yellowish base and a
brown, fenestrate, median band; the brown band is thus reduced to
some dark spots on the sides of the three fenestrae and to an ovate
spot near the middle of the anal cell; second basal cell almost entirely
yellowish ; veins yellow, only a little darkened at the end; basal comb
with black bristles, but densely clothed with yellow scales ; alula pale
yellowish, with whitish frmge; axillary lobe short and broad, greyish
hyaline. Second longitudinal vein very short, with a well-developed
terminal loop; discal cross-vein long and oblique, placed at about the
middle of the discoidal cell; first posterior cell narrowed at the end ;
discoidal cell narrow, very acute outwards, its apical cross-vein 5-shaped
and placed parallel to the hind border of the wing; third posterior
cell very long, its contact with the discoidal cell more than ten times as
long as that of the fourth posterior with the same cell ; strongly looped
at the base; anal cell rather broadly open; second basal cell as long
as the discoidal cell and at end broader than the cell. Upper branch of
the cubital fork regularly curved in the middle, rather flat at the base
and without appendix.

THYRIDANTHRAX TERNARIUS, Bezzi.
Distinguished from all its congeneric species here described by
the regular presence of 3 submarginal cells, and by the very extended
dark pattern of the wings.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 137

This species is widely spread over all the Ethiopian region, and will
be described by me in a paper on the Bombyliidae of the British
Museum. Nothwithstanding the 3 submarginal cells it cannot be
placed in Hxvoprosopa owing to the different shape of the third antennal
jot; im general pattern and colouring it is similar to the species of
the fenestratus-group, to which it belongs undoubtedly. I suspect that
the Anthrax caffer of Wiedemann, placed in Exoprosopa by the authors,
may be the same as the present species.

A female specimen from Bushmanland, Jackal’s Water (Cape)
(k. M. Lightfoot) ; another female from Barberton, Transvaal, April,.
1911 (H. Edwards) ; and a third female from Klipfontein, Namaqua-
land (Cape), November, 1885 (L. Péringuey), labelled by Bigot as
Anthrax pyrroproctus—a name, however, which has never been
published.

THYRIDANTHRAX LAETUS, Loew (1860).

Closely allied to T. ternarius, but distinguished by the wholly
reddish legs and by the distinctly infuscated end of the discoidal
cell. A female specimen from Damaraland, Narugas, January, 1919
(R. M. Lightfoot); Otjivarongo, January, 1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

LITORRHYNCHUS, Macquart (1840).

Of this typical and very numerous Ethiopian genus there are in
the collection only a few species, which may be distinguished
follows :

1 (2). Squamae black and black fringed ; anal cell narrowly hyaline at end;
‘species of large size, measuring 16-18 mm. in leneth.
mawrus, Thunb.
2 (1). Squamae pale brown or yellowish, with yellowish or white fringe ;
anal cell more broadly hyaline at end; species of smaller size, only
10-13 mm. in length.
3 (4). Marginal cell hyaline at end P : . tollini, Loew.
4 (3). Marginal cell filled out with brown to the end, and even a little
beyond : : : : : : argyrolepis, Bezzi.

LiroRRHYNCHUS MAURUS, Thunberg.

Nov. Act: Ups., ix, p. 73, 1827, pl..1, fig? Te

A species of great size, with a fringe of bright red hairs in front
and on the sides of thorax.
Originally described from the Cape by Thunberg as Tanyglossa, it

138 Annals of the South African Museum.

was referred erroneously by Macquart to Anthrax collaris, Wied., which
is an Indian species, and was described by Loew under the name of
Exoprosopa rostrata. It seems to be exclusively a South African
species, and not at all rare. It ranges from Cape Town to Rhodesia.
There is a female specimen from the Transvaal, Barberton, April,
1911 (H. Edwards), in which the anal cell is more broadly hyaline
than usual.

LiroRRHYNCHUS TOLLINI, Loew (1863).

A species smaller and paler coloured than the preceding one, and
usually with a hyaline spot in the middle of the first posterior
cell. Dr. Péringuey has bred this species from the mud nest of the
ubiquitous wasp Scelifrons quartinae, together with the large Ich-
neumon, Osprynchotus capensis, and a Mutillid, Dolichomutilla sycoraz.

LIvoRRHYNCHUS ARGYROLEPIS, Bezzi (1912).

Easily distinguished on account of its characteristic wing pattern,
with the middle dark band narrowed at end.

Originally described from Nyassaland, there is in the collection a
specimen from Potchefstroom, Transvaal (T. Ayres), also from
Salisbury (S. Rhodesia) (D. Dods.) ; Bulawayo (8. Rhodesia) (R. W. E.
Tucker).

EXOPROSOPA, Macquart (1840).

This very large genus has been divided by me into a number of
subgenera. Those represented in the South African Fauna may be
distinguished as follows

1 (4). Discoidal cell before the end below with a strong projecting angle and
there provided with an appendage; its terminal vein more or less
sinuous, and placed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the
wing.

2 (3). Five posterior cells, the fourth being closed and stalked.

Metapenta, Bezzi, n.

3 (2). Only four posterior cells, all open as usual . Acrodisca, Bezzi, n.

4 (1). Discoidal cell without such a projecting angle ; if sometimes dilated,
the projection is a rounded one and destitute of appendage.

5 (6). The vein between the discoidal and the second posterior cell is long,
strongly sinuous, and runs in the same direction as the longitudinal

axis of the wing Defilippia, Lioy.

6 (5). The above-named vein is fore soe or only slightly sinuous, and
placed at an angle or even perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis

of the wing Exoprosopa, s. str.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 139

Suspegen. METAPENTA.

This group is an exclusively Ethiopian one, and the species it
includes are chiefly confined to the South; in the present collection
there are two species.

Exoprosopa (Merrarenta) PENTALA, Macquart (1840).

Closely allied to reticulata, Loew, but distinct by the red scutellum
and the red legs.

A female specimen from Dunbrody, Uitenhage (Cape); (J. A.
O'Neil), February, 1912. Macquart has described the female from the
Cape, but the figure of the wing is very misleading ; and the species
has nothing to do with the Mediterranean varinerius-pygmalian, Fabv.,
which is the type of my new subgenus Mesoclis.

The species is very like M. reticulata, but is paler; the frons is
entirely black, but the face and the first antennal joint are red;
thorax with the pleura mostly yellow haired, the metapleural tuft
with only a few black bristles; seutellum red with black base.
Abdomen black, with the sides of the 2nd and 8rd segment more or
less broadly red, or even red with median black spots. Legs entirely
red, but tarsi darkened and femora partly black-scaled; front tibae
thin and smooth. Wing pattern and venation as in reticulata.

Exoprosopa (Merapenta) corvina, Loew (1860).

Near E. pentala, but distinguished by the quite black legs and
metapleural tuft, and by the almost entirely black wings.

A female specimen from Damaraland, Grootfontein, December, 1918
(R. M. Lightfoot); Otjivarongo, January, 1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

Suspeen. ACRODISCA, nov.

This subgenus is also an exclusively Ethiopian one, and the South
African species belong nearly all to one of the two groups in which
it is divided, viz. the group characterised by the very short or even
rudimentary antennal style, and by the shape of the discoidal cell at
end, which is almost equal to that noticeable in Litorrhynchus.

The species in the collection may be distinguished as follows :

1 (4). Wings uniformly infuscated, not broadly hyaline at the apex, never
at the hind border.

2 (3). Metapleural tuft wholly or for the greater part black ; antennal style
rudimentary; species of smaller size : . fimbriatella, sp. nov.

140 Annals of the South African Museum.

3 (2). Metapleural tuft entirely yellowish; antennal style well developed,
but short and stout; species of greater size . — offuseata, sp. nov.

4 (1). Wings with a dark base and a dark fore border, but hyaline in the

remainder, with distinct spots or reticulation.

The veins at the hind border of the wings are provided with fuscous

confluent borders; anal cell entirely infuscated . personata, sp. nov.

6 (5). The veins of the hind border with isolated dark spots; anal cell
hyaline at end, with a dark spot before the end . angulata, Loew.

or
=
i=)
—

Exoprosopa (ACRODISCA) FIMBRIATELLA, Sp. nov., 9.

A black species of small size, prevalently black-haired, with entirely
fuscous wings and with rudimentary antennal style.

Type 92, a single specimen from Potchefstroom, Transvaal (T.
Ayres). The species seems to be closely allied to wmbrosa, Loew, but
is distinguished by the different antennae and by the different shape
of the discoidal cell.

Length of body 8-8°5 mm.; of a wing 85-9 mm. Occiput black,
with pale yellowish central fringe and yellowish scales at the eve
borders ; postvertical furrow narrow; eyes with faint indentation and
a short bisecting line; ocellar tubercle flat and of brownish colour ;
frons entirely black, rather narrow, with black erect hairs and pale
yellowish scales in front; face conical and much prominent, entirely
black, clothed, like the frons, with a black tuft on the upper edge ;
mouth borders yellowish. Antennae with the first joint red, black-
haired ; the second half as long as the first and black; the third
elongate, linear, black, obtuse at end, with avery minute, rudimentary
style situated at its upper corner. Proboscis black, as long as the
mouth ; palpi black, with pale hairs. Thorax entirely black, with
black hairs and black scales, and with a stripe of yellowish hairs on
the sides; the collar is yellow above, black on the sides and below;
the macrochaetae are well developed and black; pleura black-haired.,
with only a tuft of yellow hairs on upper border of the mesopleura ;
metapleural tuft entirely black ; sternopleura reddish above. Squamae
blackish brown, with a dark fringe; halteres black, with paler knob.
Scutellum red, with black base, black scales and black bristles.
Abdomen black, narrowly reddish on the sides of the 2nd and 38rd
segment; it is clothed for the greater part by black scales, but the
base of the second segment has a narrow complete band of white
scales ; sides of other segment with some white scales and with yellow
scales at the hind border. First segment clothed with erect yellowish
hairs, which form a characteristic complete fringe; all the sides,

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 141

except those of the first segment, with black short hairs and black
scales ; spines of ovipositor dark reddish; venter black, with yellow
scales and black hairs. Legs entirely black, with black hairs and
partly black, partly yellowish scales on the femora; front pair less
abbreviated than in the allied species, with the tibiae rather slender
and with minute, less distinct spicules; the tarsi rather longand with
the usual pubescence; bristles black and long,2 on middle femora
and a complete row on hind femora; claws black, with acute tooth.
Wings entirely and equally blackened, with black basal hook and
black basal comb; the black clouds at the usual places are very
faintly indicated ; praediscoidal spot whitish, small; alula narrow,
blackened, with a long, dark brown fringe, like the base of the axillary
lobe. Venation typical for the group: discal cross-vein before the
middle of the discoidal cell, the second longitudinal vein originating
before it; first posterior cell a little broader than the anal cell ;
second posterior cell a little broader than the third, the vein between
them bent forwards; third posterior cell a little shorter than the
fourth. Apical cross-vein of the discoidal cell very strongly S-shaped,
and placed horizontally, the discoidal cell being as in Litorrhynchus
very narrow and elongate.

Exoprosopa (ACRODISCA) OFFUSCATA, Spa WOW, Gis a

Allied to the preceding, but of greater size and with yellow legs and
with entirely yellowish-haired metapleurae. Some specimens from
Matjesfontein (Cape), November, 1910; Laingsburg (Cape), Novem-
ber, 1910; Springbok, November, 1890; Spektakel, Namaqualand
(Cape), October, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot); O’Okiep, Namaqualand
(LL. Péringuey), October, 1885, labelled by Bigot “ Hxzoprosopa melania,”
Big.—a name which has never been published. Length of body 12-13
mm.; of a wing 14-16 mm.; of wing spread 31-35 mm. Occiput
black, with whitish central fringe and yellowish scales which are
whitish below the indentation at the eye borders ; ocellar tubercle
very small and flat, black ; frons of about equal breadth in both sexes,
shining black, red above the antennae, clothed with black erect hairs
and with whitish scales; face conical, very prominent, red, with a
more or less broad black spot in the middle underneath, clothed like
the frons and with a dense black tuft at the upper mouth edge ; mouth
borders yellowish. Antennae with the first joimt red and black-
haired ; second joint much shorter, globular, dark reddish ; third joint
black, elongate, conical, gradually tapering ina rather thin point with
a very short and stout style. Proboscis black, as long as the mouth ;

142 Annals of the South African Museum.

palpi black, dark haired. Thorax black, with reddish postalar calli;
it is clothed on the back with black hairs and yellowish scales, and
shows a stripe of whitish hairs on each side; the macrochaetae are
well developed, black; collar with yellow hairs above and below,
Pleurae grey-dusted, reddish below, with yellow hairs and some black
ones on the middle of the mesopleura and a few black bristles on the
pteropleura ; metapleura entirely yellowish-haired ; sternopleura with
a patch of silvery scales. Scutellum red, with black and black-scaled
base, with yellowish scales behind and on the sides, and with black
bristles. Squamae brownish black, with yellowish or whitish fringe ;
plumula whitish; halteres black with paler knob. Abdomen elongate,
with parallel sides, obtuse at the end, flattened, black, with less
developed red spots on the sides of the 2nd and 3rd segment. The
middle and the base of the segments are clothed with black scales,
while those of the hind border are yellowish ; in addition, on the base
of 2nd segment and on sides of 3rd and 4th there are bands of
whitish scales ; the sides have short black hairs, only those of the 2
first segments being whitish. Male genitalia black, yellow-haired ;
spines of the ovipositor long, straight, black; venter either entirely
red, or with more or less developed basal black bands on the segments,
clothed with white scales, and with white hairs at base, black at end.
Legs yellow, the tarsi and the hind tibiae being infuscate at apex;
those of the front pair are much abbreviated, coxae with whitish hairs
at the base and with black ones at the end, the tibiae are very thick
and short, with well developed spicules, the tarsi are very short, with
short black pubescence ; femora with yellowish scales; spines black ;
on the front pair are some short ones, on the middle pair 3-4, on the
hind pair a complete row ; claws black, with long acute tooth. Wings
long and broad, but narrow at base, the alula being small; the basal
hook and the small comb are black ; the latter is clothed with yellow
scales. Wings wholly and equally blackened, with faint violaceous
reflexions and less distinct pale spots in the centre of the discoidal,
submarginal and posterior cells, which in some specimens are more
distinct than in others, making the wings appear reticulate. There are
no distinct darker clouds at the usual places. The alula is entirely
black and with blackish long fringe, even on the base of the axillary
lobe. Venation normal for the group ; discal cross-vein placed before
the middle of the discoidal cell; apical cross-vein of the discoidal
cell very V-shaped and placed horizontally, the cell therefore shaped
as in Litorrhynchus ; first posterior cell a little broader than the anal
cell, second only a little narrower than the third, third very long.
Praediscoidal spot small and greyish.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 145

Exoprosopa (ACRODISCA) PERSONATA, Sp. NOV, 659 -

A small black species allied to angulata, but distinguished by the
more broadly infuscate wings, which are reticulate and not spotted
along the hind border.

Type g,and an additional specimen of the same sex from Bushman-
land, Jackal’s Water (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Type 2, a single specimen from Tulbagh (Cape), November, 1910
(R. M. Lightfoot).

Length of body 7-9 mm. ; of a wing 8-10 mm.; the Q is of greater
size, measuring 11 and 12 mm. respectively.

Head as in the preceding species, but the frons and face is entirely
black in the male and red in the female, with broad black base and
spot; basal joints of the antennae blackish in the male and red in the
female, the third joint black, conical, elongate, obtuse at apex, with a
very short and stout style. Thorax entirely black, clothed like the
preceding, but with the lateral hairs more white; scutellum black,
with red hind border, broader in the female. Squamae and _ halteres
as in the preceding. Abdomen entirely black or with very small red
spots on the sides of 2nd segment in the female; it is clothed with
black scales on the middle and base of the segments, and with yellowish
ones on the sides and hind border. On the base of the 2nd segment
there is a narrow transverse band of whitish scales and another
abbreviated one on the sides of 3rd; the sides have whitish hairs on
the two basal segments, black intermingled with black scales on the
remainder. Male genitalia black ; spines of the ovipositor black, thin
and straight. Venter entirely black in the male, with broad, red
hind borders on the segments in the female, clothed with white scales
and with pale hairs. Legs dark reddish, with black hind tibiae and
tarsi; front coxae with whitish hairs and femora with whitish scales ;
front pair very abbreviated, with the tibiae short and stout and with
less developed spicules, and with the tarsi very short and thick, shortly
pubescent ; middle femora with 2-3, hind femora with 3-4 spines in
the male and a complete row in the female; claws black, with long
acute tooth. Wings as in the preceding species, with more developed
clear spots in the cells, even in the discal; the apex is quite hyaline,
but all the veins at hind border and the cross-vein of the discoidal cell
have broad, partly confluent dark borders, making the wing appear
as if reticulate; anal cell darkened to the end; praediscoidal spot
small, whitish. The basal hook is black; the comb is small, black,
with whitish or yellowish scales ; alula black, with long, blackish fringe
extended on the base of the axillary lobe. Venation as in the pre-
ceding, but the first posterior cell is usually a little more broadly open.

(144 Annals of the South African Museum.

Exoprosopa (Acropisca) aneuLata, Loew (1860).
Dipteren- Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 242, pl. ii, fig. 39.

Distinct from all the preceding species on account of the rounded
dark spots before the ends of the veins along the hind border of the
wings, |

Originally described from the Cape from a female example, and
subsequently recorded from Cape Town by Miss Ricardo, there is in
the collection a male from Bushmanland, Een Riet (Cape), October,
1911 (R. M. Lightfoot).

The hitherto undescribed male is very like the female and has the
frons of about the same breadth; the genitalia are red, yellowish-
haired. In this species the claws are black, with reddish base, and
have an acute tooth; the front legs are of the usual structure, the
tibiae being provided with well-developed spicules and the tarsi being
pubescent.

Suspcen. DEFILIPPIA, Lioy (1864).

The species of the present subgenus are rather numerous in the
Ethiopian fauna; they are recognised chiefly on account of the shape
of the discoidal cell and of its terminal vein, and have usually a much
developed wing pattern; but the distinction from some species of
Exoprosopas. str. is not always easy. Of the various groups of species
belonging here, only two seem to be represented in South Africa, viz.
the venosa-group, which is the more important, and the grandis-group.

The species in the collection may be distinguished as follows :

1 (10). Second longitudinal vein with a double, deep, truncate loop; at end
marginal cross-vein strongly curved, and much retreating; smaller
species, with narrow, much variegated or wholly infuscated wings.

2 (3). Wings petiolate, equally darkened, without clearer parts at end or

at hind border, but with distinct darker spots on cross-veins and

bifurcations ; fourth vein with some isolated, darker, rounded spots.
newrospila, sp. NOV.

Wings not distinctly petiolate, and with clear apex and clear hind

margin, reticulate or spotted ; fourth vein never with isolated dark

ee)
—

bo
Rae

spots in the centre.
4 (7). The veins at end and at hind margin of wings have broad fuscous
borders (wings reticulate).
Base of antennae, scutellum, sides of abdomen and legs reddish-
yellow; pleura with predominant yellowish hairs; wings less
. venosa, Wied.

OU
—
lor)
wa

darkened : : c : ;
6 (5). Antennae, scutellum, abdomen and legs entirely black; pleurae
wholly black-haired; wings more blackened . nigrovenosa, Bezzi.

La

On the Bombyhid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 145

7 (4). Wings spotted, viz. at apex and at hind border with fuscous spots,
which are sometimes partly confluent.

8 (9). Seutellum black; third antennal joint short, broad at base and
quickly attenuated in a short styliform part, which bears a style as
long as the joint itself; hind border of the veins with black spots
before their ends . t : maculosa, Wied,

9 (8). Seutellum red; third antennal pint lone conical, with a very
short terminal style; veins of the hind border in part destitute of
spots 2 . maculifera, sp. nov.

10 (1). Second vein at aiid! with airaples fat nente loop; marginal cross-vein
less curved and less retreating ; species more robust, with broad-
banded wings.

11 (12). Hind tibiae densely fringed on the outer side; occiput red; middle
band of wings simple and reaching the hind border; apex of wing
not spotted . : ; : : strenua, Loew.

12 (11). Hind tibiae with the feel row of spines; occiput black; middle
band of wings divided into two parts posteriorly, but reaching the
hind border; apex of wing spotted : . hirtipes, Loew.

Exoprosopa (DEFILIPPIA) NEUROSPILA, sp. nov., ¢.

A narrow, elongate species with long, equally infuscated, black-
spotted wings bearing spots along the fourth longitudinal vein.

Type g, a single specimen from M’Fongosi, Zululand, February,
1914 (W. E. Jones).

Length of body 10 mm. Occiput black, with yellowish scales and
whitish central fringe ; postvertical furrow narrow and not_broadened
behind ; eyes with deep indentation and long bisecting line; ocellar
tubercle reddish brown ; frons deep black, narrow at vertex but very
broad at the insertion of the antennae, with rather long black erect
hairs and yellowish scales; face conically prominent, red, with a black
spot on each side, with pale yellowish scales, yellow hairs on sides, and
a fringe of black hairs at the mouth borders, forming a dense tuft at
the end; mouth borders pale yellowish. Antennae with the two basal
joints red, black haired, the first more than twice as long as the
globular second joint; third joint wanting in the type. Proboscis
black, a little projecting ; palpi dark yellowish, pale-haired. Thorax
deep black, the postalar cells a little reddish, clothed with short black
hairs and with golden yellow scales, with a narrow stripe of yellow
hairs on each side and with well-developed black bristles; collar
entirely yellow ; pleurae black, grey-dusted, red along the sutures and
behind, with wholly yellow hairs; metapleural tuft yellow; sterno-
pleura with yellow hairs and yellow scales. Scutellum red with black
base, clothed like the thorax. Squamae dirty yellowish, with whitish
fringe; plumula yellow ; halteres pale brownish, with a lighter knob.

10

146 Annals of the South African Museum.

Abdomen narrow and elongate, with parallel sides, red, the first segment
and a broad middle longitudinal stripe black ; it is clothed with black
and yellow scales, and on the sides has short hairs which are pale
yellowish on the first and the fore part of the second and third
segments, black on the rest. Genitalia red and black, yellow-haired ;
venter pale red, with whitish scales and long pale yellowish hairs at
the base and in the centre. Legs yellow, the coxae and tarsi black at
tip; they are clothed with yellow and black scales, and have black
bristles ; coxae with yellow hairs; front pair less abbreviated, with
_smooth tibiae; middle femora with 1-2, hind femora with 4—5 spines;
claws black, with a short tooth. Wings rather broad, uniformly but
not intensively infuscated ; the rounded dark spots are placed on the
base of the upper branch of the cubital fork, on the discal cross-vein,
on the base of second longitudinal vein, on the root of the fifth vein,
on the fourth vein in the centre of the segment between the root of
the fifth and discal cross-veins, on the upper exterior angle of the
discoidal cell, before the apex of the fourth vein, on the extreme inner
base of the 2nd and 5rd posterior cells and on the base of the 4th
posterior cell. Hook black; comb narrow, reddish, with black
bristles ; veins dark red, darkened outwardly ; alula short, transverse,
rounded, with dark fringe. Second vein with very deep double loop
at end; marginal cross-vein S-shaped and much retreating; upper
branch of cubital fork much retreating ; discal cross-vein placed on
the middle of the long and very acute discoidal cell. First posterior
cell broadly open, second long and narrower than the third at end, its
basal vein strongly V-shaped, but shorter than the basal vein of the
third cell, which is strongly bent basally; third posterior cell very
long, but considerably shorter than the 4th at the base; anal cell
broadly open ; axillary lobe rather broad and long.

Exoprosopa (DEFILIPPIA) VENOSA, Wiedemann (1819).
Easily distinguishable by the wings being hyaline but strongly
reticulate in their apical and posterior part.
This exclusively South African species is represented by a male
specimen from Cape Town, December, 1884 (T. D. Butler).

Exoprosopa (DEFILIPPIA) NIGROVENOSA, Bezzi, sp. nov.

Allied to the preceding, but entirely black and with black-haired
pleurae.

Described in my general work; there is a female from Durban,
April, 1915 (W. Haygarth). The present species is possibly the same
as H. venosa, Macquart, nec Wiedemann.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 147

Exoprosopa (DEFILIPPIA) MACULOSA, Wiedemann (1819).

Distinguished by the very characteristic form of the third antennal
joint, and by the numerous dark spots of the apical and posterior
part of the wings. Likewise an exclusively South African form, of
which there is a female from Cape Town, 1884, and a male from
Tulbagh (Cape), November, 1910 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Exoprosopa (DEFILIPPIA) MACULIFERA, sp. NOV., 2.

Allied to the preceding, but distinguished by the elongate conical
third antennal joint, and by the much less numerous dark spots on
wings.

Type 9, a single specimen from the Cape, without precise
locality.

Length of body 10 mm.; of a wing 10 mm. Occiput black, grey-
dusted, with whitish scales near the eyes; postvertical furrow narrow,
not dilated behind; eyes with deep indentation; ocellar tubercle
brownish ; frons narrow, black, rather shining, with black erect hairs,
and yellowish scales. Face much conically prominent, entirely red,
clothed like the frons and with a dense black tuft at the upper edge
of the mouth; mouth borders pale yellowish. Antennae with the
first joint red, black-haired ; the second brown, globular ; the third
black, narrow at base, almost linear, less acute at end, with a short
style, which is much shorter than the half of the joint. Proboscis
black, a little projecting; palpi thin, blackish, pale-haired. Thorax
black, with the humeral and postalar knobs reddish, clothed with
black hairs, yellow scales and yellowish hairs on each side; macro-
chaetae black; collar pale yellowish; pleurae grey-dusted, broadly
reddish at the sutures, with yellowish hairs and some black ones in
the centre of the mesopleura and black bristles on the pteropleura ;
metapleural tuft entirely yellow; sternopleura with white scales and
yellow hairs.

Scutellum red, clothed like the thorax with black hairs at the hind
border. Squamae yellowish, with whitish fringe; plumula white ;
halteres brown with whitish knob. Abdomen black, rather broadly
red on the sides of all the segments, except the first; it is clothed
with black and yellowish scales, which form some biarcuate bands,
like those of FE. reticulata, on the segments 2-6. Base of 2nd and
sides of 3rd segment with broad, pale yellowish band ; sides of first,
fore border of 2nd and 3rd segment with whitish hairs, the rest with
short black ones. Spines of ovipositor yellow. Venter entirely red,
with whitish scales and whitish hairs. Legs entirely yellow, with

148 Annals of the South African Museum.

whitish scales, only the tarsi blackened at end; front pair with the
coxae clothed with long whitish hairs and some black bristles ; it is
moderately abbreviated ; the tibiae are thin and smooth and the tarsi
minutely pubescent ; spines of femora black, long, the middle pair
with 2, the hind pair with 5; claws red, with black tip, and short
but acute basal tooth. Wings with a black basal hook and narrow,
reddish, black bristly comb ; alula greyish, narrow, transverse, with
dark fringe. The venation is the same as in maculosa, but the marginal
cross-vein shows a stump in the first submarginal cell before its
supper end.

The markings are the same, but much less dark and more restricted,
the discoidal cell being almost entirely hyaline, and the spots at apex
being narrower and more separated ; moreover, along the hind margin
the dark spots at the end of 4th and 5th vein are completely wanting,
the one at the end of the vein between the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells
is very faint, and even the spot at the end of the anal cell is less
developed. The apical cross-vein of the discoidal cell is not entirely
marginated with fuscous, but has only two rounded spots at the
two ends.

Exoprosopa (DEFILIPPIA) STRENUA, Loew (1860).

A beautiful species of great size, very distinct from any other here
recorded on account of its red occiput and of the broad, oblique
median dark band of the wings.

Originally described from a female example from the Cape and
never recorded subsequently. Dunbrody, Uitenhage (Cape), 1899
(J. A. O'Neil).

To the good original description the following may be added :
Postvertical furrow narrow, but bilobate behind ; the indentation of
eyes is flat but the bisecting line is long; vertex less separated from
the occiput, with no distinct space or furrow; the borders of the
occipital cavity are black; even the third antennal joint is reddish;
proboscis black, little projecting ; palpi dark yellowish, pale-haired.
Mesopleura on middle with black, bristly hairs; sternopleura with
yellow hairs; metapleural tuft entirely yellow. Squamae brownish
red, with double fringe, blackish above and yellowish below. Spines
of the ovipositor shining red. Front legs much abbreviated, the
tibiae being short and thick, smooth, and the tarsi stout, finely
pubescent ; middle femora with 5-6, hind femora with a complete
row of spines; hind tibiae with a dense outer fringe of short, black,
bristly hairs among which the discal spines are concealed ; claws
black, with a short but acute tooth. Alula transverse but rounded,

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 149

yellowish, with dark fringe; basal hook black, long, gently curved ;
comb very broad, reddish, yellow-tomentose, with short black bristles.
Marginal cross-vein less retreating ; discoidal cell very acute outwardly,
but its terminal vein considerably shorter than the vein at the base of
the third posterior cell; second basal cell broader at end than the
discoidal one; axillary lobe very broad and short; anal cell narrowly
open.

Exoprosopa (DrErinieriaA) HIRTIPES, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas i, p. 233, pl. ii, fig. 32, 1860.

A very distinct species on account of its peculiar and rich wing
pattern, and the only species here recorded having the second basal
cell broadly hyaline.

Not rare in South Africa and found also northward on the East
Coast. The ciliate front tarsi are present only in the female. There
is a couple of specimens from Dunbrody, Uitenhage (Cape), March,

1903 (J. A. O'Neil).

Suspeen. PTEROBATES, Bezzi.

This subgenus is easily recognised from all the other subgenera
of Exoprosopa, s. lat.,on account of its broadly feathered hind legs and
of its very peculiar wing pattern.

Exoprosopa (PreRoBATES) APICALIS, Wiedemann (1821).

Of this old and well-known species there is a spécimen from

Dunbrody, Cape Colony, 1908 (J. A. O’Neil).

SuBGEN. EXOPROSOPA, sensu stricto.

The species of the present subgenus are very numerous, and not
always easy to distinguish from those of the preceding one, especially
those with an extended wing pattern. hey may be divided in some
groups, which at present must be considered as artificial ones, but help
in the determination, as can be seen from the following table:

1 (40). Wings not wholly hyaline, but with a more or less extended and
defined dark pattern.

2 (3). Wing-pattern filling up the entire black wing, only the extreme apex
being whitish and hyaline (nemesis-group) . . nemesis, Fabr.

12 (7).

13 (6).

14 (5).

15 (22).

16 (17).

Annals of the South African Museum.

. Hyaline part of the wings extended as much as, or even more than, the

darkened part.
Wings typically dimidiate, viz. obliquely bordered with fuscous on
the anterior half, the posterior one being hyaline with or without
dark spots or abbreviated bands.
Fore dark border of wings with abbreviated bands or projections
departing from it and encroaching on the posterior hyaline part, but
always without isolated dark spots or infuscations of cross-veins
(seniculus-group).
The middle fuscous band of wings is prolonged over the discoidal cell,
reaching sometimes the hind border or nearly so.
The vein between the discoidal and the second posterior cell is long,
placed horizontally, nearly V-shaped as in Defilippia.
Discoidal cell very much dilated at end and with a projecting stump ;
metapleural tuft mainly black; second posterior cell narrower than
the third at end.
Wing-markings black; middle band rather broad . morosa, Loew.
Wing-markings pale brown ; middle band very narrow.
ignava, Loew.

Discoidal cell not, or less dilated at end and not appendiculate ;
metapleural tuft yellow ; second posterior cell not narrowed at end.

seniculus, Wied.
The above-named vein is short and almost straight; discoidal cell
not or little dilated at end and not appendiculate ; metapleural tuft
yellow . ; : elongata, Bic.
Middle band Seabees We rericed 6 a hort projection not reaching
beyond the middle of the discoidal cell; this last cell narrow and
truncate at end 2 : argentifrons, Macq.
Fore dark border of the wings destnnte of dark bands or projections
proceeding from it; if abbreviated bands are present there are also
isolated fuscous spots.
Wings with distinct isolated dark spots on hind border of apex, even
if existing only as a faint infuscation at the upper end of the
discoidal cell or the inner end of the second posterior cell.
Wings with some isolated brown spots in the hyaline apex; terminal
vein of discoidal cell short and Ee a antennal style rudi-
mentary (capensis-group) : . capensis, Wied.
Wings without isolated dark spots on the hyaline apex, but with a
spot on the hind hyaline part (wanting in dua) ; discoidal cell never
dilated at end (heros-group).
Legs entirely black. : : : eluta, Loew.
Legs red, at least those of the front pair.
Wings with a broad, distinct, greyish patch at the lower angle of
discoidal cell. : ; . i ‘ heros, Wied.
Wings without such a patch ‘ : dua, Wied.
Wings simply dimidiate, without isolated anote at the apex or at the
hind border (dimidiata-group).
The vein between the discoidal and the second posterior cell in a
long and strongly Y shape . : : . stgmoidea, Bezzi.

36 (35).

37 (28).

38 (39).
39 (38).

40 (1).

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 151

The above-named vein short and straight.
Metapleural tuft entirely reddish ; discoidal cell not dilated at end ;
basal joints of antennae black ; abdomen of male with silvery lateral
patches : . dimidiata, Macq.
Metapleural tuft eneety biker discoidal cell dilated at end and
appendiculate ; antennae red at base; abdomen not silvery.
dilatata, sp. nov.

Wings not properly dimidiate, even if the costa is infuscated or striped.
Abdomen of conical shape, pointed at end, very often red; terminal
vein of discoidal cell short, straight, but placed obliquely, and there-
fore the upper angle of discoidal cell is an acute one (punctulata-
group). °
Front tibiae distinctly spinulose; wings with a brown fore-border
and with dark spots on cross-veins and bifurcations.

punctulata, Macq.
Front tibiae smooth ; wings without such a pattern.
Wings with a broad brown fore border.
Dark fore border less intensive and less defined, extending to the 2nd

basal cell and on a part of the discoidal cell . parvula, nom. nov.
Brown fore border well defined, not extending to the discoidal cell or
2nd basal cell. i stannusi, Bezzi.

Wings with a narrow, vallowisie or tae nish fore-border.
Basal joints of antennae and legs entirely black; cross-veins infus-

cated, abdomen red on the sides . s . “inaequalipes, Loew.
Basal joints of antennae and legs red; cross-veins less infuscated ;
abdomen broadly or wholly red . , . batrachoides, Bezzi.

Abdomen not conical and mainly black; terminal vein of discoidal
cell straight and perpendicular, its upper angle therefore not acute,
the cell being truncate outwardly.

Wings with broad and well-defined black spots on cross-veins and
bifurcations (balioptera-group) | . : é balioptera, Loew.
Wings not punctate, or only with less defined shading on the cross-
veins (busiris-group) ; . : luteicosta, Bezzi.
Wings entirely hyaline, without any Amanat dark pattern (stupida-
group) : , : : . parvicellula, sp. nov.

A. GROUP PUSILLA.

This small group, which is made distinct by the presence of hyaline
fenestrae in the dark part of the wings, included only the West
African species pusilla, Macq., and jacchoides, Bezzi. A third South
African species is now added to it.

Exoprosopa (EXoOPpROSOPA) FORMOSULA, Sp. Nov.

An elegant species very distinct from all the other South African
species of the present subgenus on account of its hyaline fenestrae in
the black part of the wings.

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type ¢, a single specimen from Hex River; December, 1884
(L. Péringuey).

6. Length of the body 7 mm.; of the wing 7 mm.; of the wing-
spread 16 mm. Head entirely shining black, but dark reddish brown
on the face below and at the hind border of the occiput; the mouth
borders are narrowly yellowish. The occiput is denuded in case of
the type, but the central fringe is blackish, and at the borders of the
eyes, chiefly near the indentation, there is a silvery, scaly tomentum.
Frons at vertex as broad as the ocellar tubercle, but quickly broadening
beyond the middle; it js clothed with black erect hairs and has short,
scattered, silvery hairs on the front half. Face conically produced but
blunt, clothed with black Lairs and with some silvery, shorter ones.
The two basal joints of the antennae are black, the first being clothed
with black hairs; the third joint is dark reddish, shortly conical,
about as long as the first joint, with a short terminal style. Proboscis
as long as the mouth opening, dirty blackish; palpi thin, upturned,
dark yellowish. Thorax entirely black, and (when denuded) rather
shiny; humeral and post-alar callosities brownish like the greatest
part of the pleurae; on the back of the mesonotum there are black
hairs and brownish tomentum; the collar is black; the pleurae have
black and dark yellowish hairs; all the macrochaetae are black.
Scutellum dark brown with a black base, clothed like the back of
mesonotum, Squamulae brown with white fringe; plumula white;
halteres yellowish. Abdomen shining black, with the segments
narrowly brown at hind border; it seems to be clothed with black
hairs, and with brownish, scaly tomentum, but at the base, on each
side of the two first segments, there is a spot of white scales, clothed
with white hairs; the last two segments also seem to have silvery
scales at the base. Venter black, with silvery scaly tomentum ;
genitalia reddish-brown. Legs black, with reddish brown tibiae and
tarsi; front pair abbreviated, with smooth tibiae; spines black; claws
simple, reddish yellow, with black tips. Wings proportionately short
and broad, with a very distinct pattern. At base they are dark
yellowish brown to the base of the discoidal cell; an elongate, deep
black spot on the second basal cell is very striking, and is placed
symmetrically across the basal portion of the fourth longitudinal
vein. In the middle the wings are black, the edge going obliquely and
sinuously from the end of the auxiliary vein to the end of the anal
cell; the discoidal cell is filled up with black to the end, only its
upper corner being narrowly hyaline; in the marginal cell the black
ends rather obliquely and a little before the upper end of the marginal
eross-vein. ‘The apical part of the wings is hyaline and strongly

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 153

iridescent. The 2 whitish hyaline fenestrae are rounded and are
placed one at the base of the 2nd longitudinal vein and one on the
middle cross-vein ; they are of about equal size; at the base of the
3rd and of the 4th posterior cell there are less-developed yellowish
stripes; at the end of the anal cell there is in addition a rounded,
yellowish spot. Basal hook and basal comb black, the latter with
a dark greyish tomentum above ; veins quite reddish yellow and paler
on the hyaline parts of the wing; 2nd longitudinal vein less looped
at end and not retreating, originating before the middle cross-
vein; marginal cross-vein oblique; upper branch of the cubital
fork S-shaped. First posterior cell dilated outwardly, as broad as the
2nd; 3rd broadly truncate at base; 4th broader than the 3rd at end;
discoidal cell narrowed in the middle, with the middle cross-vein
placed before the centre, and with the terminal cross-vein straight,
but set obliquely; anal cell broadly open. Alula yellowish-brown,
with a darkish fringe like the base of auxiliary lobe, which is black on
its apical half only.

B. Group NEMESIs.

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) NEMESIS, Fabricius (1805).
Syst. Antl., 1805, p. 121.

A very distinct species, characterised by the entirely black wings,
with a narrow whitish hyaline apex and some shining brownish spots
at cross-veins and bifucations.

A specimen from M’Fongosi, Zululand, 1914 (W. E. Jones), and
another from Barberton, Transvaal, December, 1911 (H. Edwards).

C. GROUP SENICULUS.

Exoprosopa (EHxoprosopa) morosa, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 332, pl. ii, fig. 30.

A very characteristic species of great size, distinguished by the
abbreviated cross-band of the wings at the end of discoidal cell.
Originally described from Caffraria, it is probable that Littorhynchus
hamatus, Macquart, from the Cape is the present species, chiefly
because the length of the proboscis seems to be variable, as observed
by Miss Ricardo for the following species. ‘There is a female specimen
from Barberton, Transvaal, December, 1911 (H. Edwards).

154 Annals of the South African Museum.

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) IGNAvA, Loew.
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 232, pl. ui, fig. 31.

Closely allied to the preceding, but distinguished on account of its
much paler and less extended wing pattern.

Originally described from the Cape and recorded subsequently from
the Transvaal; I have received a specimen from Grahamstown

(Cape).
Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) sENIcULUS, Wiedemann (1828).

If I have interpreted exactly the present species it seems to be a
common insect in South Africa, as previously stated by Macquart
(who placed it in Litorrhynchus) ; it is easily distinguishable by the
ascribed characters given in the table. Some specimens from Van Wyk’s
Vlei, Carnarvon (Cape) (E. G. Alston), and from Smithfield (Orange
Free State) (D. R. Kannemeyer).

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) ELONGATA, Ricardo (1901).

A distinct, middle-sized species, closely allied to the preceding one,
but easily recognised by the venation, Originally described from the
Transvaal and Namaqualand (Cape), there are in the Museum
collection specimens from Howick, Natal, and from M ’Fongosi,
Zululand, March, 1911 (W. E. Jones).

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) ARGENTIFRONS, Macquart (1855).
Dipt. Exot. Suppl., 5, p. 65, pl. iui, fig. 2.

A pretty species of small size; very distinct from all the others
owing to the short, black projection of the fore border of the wings
and by the silvery frontal patch.

Described from the Cape and subsequently recorded by me from
Western Nyassa; there is a single male specimen from Cape Town
(L. Péringuey).

D. GRouP CAPENSIS.
Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) capensis, Wiedemann (1821).

A small-sized, rather aberrant species, distinguished by the rudi-
mentary antennal style, by the spinulose front tibiae and by the
characteristic wing pattern.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 155

Wiedemann has described this species from the Cape ; it is recorded
only by the oldest authors. The species described under the same name
by Macquart seems to be a different one, as the antennal style is said
to be distinct, but Wiedemann states that the third joint is thicker
than usual.

There is in the collection a single specimen from O’Okiep,
Namaqualand (Cape) (L. Péringuey), 1905.

Third antennal joint 1} times as long as the two preceding together,
elongate conical, rather linear, not broadened at base and without
distinct terminal style. Face conically produced, with dense pale
yellowish scales; proboscis not projecting. Thorax with black
bristles; pleurae with only yellowish hairs, even on the metapleura ;
sternopleura with yellowish scales. Scutellum red, with black base
and black bristles at the hind border. Squamae pale yellowish, with
whitish fringe. Legs entirely yellowish, with whitish scales; front
pair much abbreviated, with the tibiae thick and short and beset with
distinct spicules, the tarsi shortly pubescent ; claws thin, with reddish
base and short but acute basal tooth. Wings with small, yellowish or
whitish tomentose basal comb; second vein originating at a considerable
distance from the discal cross-vein, with not deep but duplicated
terminal loop; marginal cross-vein V-shaped, much retreating ; first
posterior cell narrowed at end, only a little broader than the anal cell ;
discal cross-vein placed in the middle of the discoidal cell, which is
not dilated below at end and has a V-shaped terminal vein, which is,
however, less obliquely set; third posterior cell considerably shorter
than the fourth at the base. Axillary lobe long and narrow; alula
infuscated, and with a darkish fringe.

EK. Group HEROS.

The species of the present group are often confused, and seem to be
peculiar to the South African Fauna; they are closely allied in
venation with some species of the following group, but have a much
Jess defined and less dark wing pattern; characteristic also of the
group are the isolated dark spots on the hind half of the wing, which
are rarely wanting.

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) INFUMATA, Bezzi.

Closely allied with elwta, but at once distinguished by its sharply
defined wing-pattern and by the posterior half of the wing being
distinctly smoky.

156 Annals of the South African Museum.

Originally described by me from N.W. Rhodesia in my paper on
the Bombyliidae of the British Museum, there is a specimen from
Salisbury, Arcturus, 1916 (Dr. Melle).

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) ELuTA, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 227, pl. u, fig. 5.

Very closely allied to the following one, but distinguished by the
smaller size, by the black legs and by the faint infuscation on the
cross-vein dividing the discoidal from the second basal cell.

Stellenbosch (Cape), 1888 (L. Péringuey) ; Ceres (Cape), Matroos-
berg, 5000 ft., January, 1917 (R. M. Lightfoot); another example
9 mm. in length from Zululand, M’Fongosi, December, 1914 (W. E.
Jones).

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) HEROS, Wiedemann (1819).

A species of great or medium size, distinguished by the broad
fuscous patch of the hind half of the wings.

IT think that the form described by Loew (Dipt. Sudafrik. p. 334,
pl. ui, fig. 53) answers to the variety mentioned by Wiedemann, and
I have named it loewiana ; I think, moreover, that H. caffra, Macquart
(nec Wiedemann) is also the present species, which seems to be very
common in South Africa.

There are numerous specimens, varying in length from 10 to 20 mm.
Stellenbosch (Cape), 1887 (L. Péringuey); Berg River; Laingsburg,
November, 1910 (R. M. Lightfoot) ; Hex River, January, 1885, named
“heros” by Bigot; O'Okiep (Cape), 1885 (L. Pcringuey) ; Barberton,
Transvaal, November, 1911 (H. Edwards) ; Spektakel and Springbok,
Namaqualand (Cape), November, 1890 (R. M. Lightfoot) ; M’Fongosi,
Zululand, December, 1911 (W. E. Jones) ; Otjivarango, Damaraland,
January, 1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

Exoprosopa (Hxoprosopa) pux, Wiedemann (1828).

Probably only a variety of the preceding, distinguished by the want
of the fuscous patch at the hind half of the wing.

Some specimens from Hex River (Cape), December, 1884 (L.
Péringuey), and Bushmanland, Henkries (Cape), October, 1911 (R. M.
Lightfoot).

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 157

F. Group DIMIDIATA.

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) stGMOIDEA, Bezzi (1912).

This species has the venation of heros, but without the lower dilata-
tion of the discoidal cell, and the wing pattern as in dux, but more
intensive and more defined.

Originally described from Western Nyassaland. There are some
specimens from Smithfield, 1910, Orange Free State (D. R. Kanne-
meyer), and from Dunbrody, Uitenhage (Cape), March, 1912 (J. A.
O'Neil).

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) pimtptaTa, Macquart (1846),
Dipt. Exot. Suppl. i, p. 107, pl. ix, fig. 11.

A species very distinct on account of its wing pattern and of the
silvery abdominal pubescence of the male.

Widely spread in South Africa. There are specimens from Natal,
Pine Town, 1885 (J. H. Barber), named “Anthrax dimidiatus, Macq.,”
by Bigot ; Bechuanaland, junction Crocodile-Marico Rivers, February,
1918 (R. W. E. Tucker); Otjituo, Damaraland, January, 1920
(kh. W. E. Tucker).

Exoprosopa (EXOPpROSOPA) DILATATA, sp. nov., ¢.

A species of large size, distinguished by the prevailing black colour
of the thoracical hairs and by the dilatation of the discoidal cell.

This characteristic species seems to be common in South Africa; it
is almost certain that the female described by Loew (J. ¢., p. 226), and
which I have previously referred with doubt to my diseriminata, is the
same species. There are in the collection numerous specimens from
M’Fongosi, Zululand, February, 1912 (W. E. Jones); Barberton,
Transvaal, December, 1911 (H. Edwards) ; Smithfield, Orange Free
State (D. R. Kannemeyer) ; Dunbrody, Uitenhage (Cape), 1899 (J. A.
O'Neil). I have also received it from Grahamstown.

Length of the body 14-16 mm.; of a wing 14-16 mm. Head black,
dark reddish on fore half of frons and on the face, genae and mouth
borders ; occiput dark grey-dusted, with yellowish central fringe,
yellowish ocular stripe, and a deep postvertical furrow; vertex
“separated from the occiput by a deep depression ; eye indentation less
pronounced, but bisecting line elongate; frons at vertex more than
three times as broad as the dark brown ocellar tubercle, with short,

158 Annals of the South African Museum.

deep black erect hairs and with golden yellow scales on the reddish
part; face conically prominent, with yellow scales and black oral
fringe. Antennae with the first joint long, red, black-haired; the
second joint globular, reddish brown ; the third black, shortly conical,
not longer than the first two joints taken together, not broadened at
base, its terminal style longer than the half of the jomt. Palpi and
proboscis black, this last projecting for the length of the labelli.
Thorax entirely black, with black hairs and golden yellow tomentum
on dorsum; there are no distinct clear stripes on the sides; collar
bright yellow above, black on sides and underneath. Notopleural tufts
and bristles black ; pleurae black-haired, with some golden hairs on
upper border of mesopleura and pteropleura ; metapleural tuft entirely
black ; sternopleurae without clear tomentum ; scutellum dark reddish,
with black base, yellowish hairs and black bristles at the hind border.
Squamae dark brown or blackish, with blackish fringe; plumula
white ; halteres blackish. Abdomen black, narrowly reddish on the
sides of the second segment ; the dense but not long hairs of the sides
are entirely black, except on the sides of the first segment, where
they are pale yellowish ; tergites clothed with black scales and with a
complete band of quite white scales on the base of the 5rd segment,
narrow in the middle and broadened towards the sides; on the 6th
and 7th segments there is such a band, but it is broadly interrupted
in the middle, thus forming 4 ovate spots; genitalia black and black-
haired ; venter entirely black, with black hairs and scarce scattered
whitish scales. Legs with the coxae entirely dark reddish, only the
tarsi being blackened ; front pair less abbreviated, with smooth tibiae
and shortly pubescent tarsi; middle femora with 2-3 hind femora
with a complete row of spines; claws black, with a short and acute
basal tooth. Wings purely hyaline, with a well-defined, blackish basal
pattern ; the limit goes regularly from end of the axillary vein, over
discal and anal cross-veins, to the middle of the axillary lobe; prae-
discoidal spot of great size, rounded, greyish. The basal hook is
black; the comb is black, broad and short, with reddish dust.
Terminal loop of the second longitudinal vein less deep; marginal
cross-vein retreating, but almost straight; first posterior cell less
narrowed at end, second narrower than the third and the vein between
them is curved forwards at end; third posterior cell less short than
the fourth at base; discal cross-vein set a little before the middle of
the discoidal cell; this cell rather short, broad; the vein dividing it
from the third posterior cell is curved below and protrudes in this last
cell; the vein between the discoidal and the second posterior cell
rather Y-shaped and long; there is a stump in the discoidal cel] near

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 159

the end of the vein dividing the second from the third posterior cell ;
axillary lobe short and broad; alula very darkened, with a blackish
fringe which is continued on the basal part of the axillary lobe.

G. Group PUNCTULATA.

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) puncrutata, Macquart (1840).
Dipt. Exot. IT, p. 48, pl. xvi, fig. 2.

An eminently characteristic species, distinct from all its allies on
account of the spinulose front tibiae.

Widely spread over the Ethiopian region. Dunbrody, Blue Chiff,
Uitenhage (Cape), March Ist, 1912; Cape Town (R. M. Lightfoot),
March, 1917; Klipfontein, Namaqualand (Cape), L. Pcringuey ;
MW’ Fongosi (Zululand), W. E. Jones.

Exoprosopa (HExoprosopa) PERPULCHRA, Bezzi.

Distinct from the other species of the group on account of its rich
wing pattern, consisting of 2 broad fuscous bands, crossing the wing
at the two ends of the discoidal cell.

Originally described from Nyassaland, and not hitherto known from
South Africa; there is a specimen from Salisbury, 8. Rhodesia,
January, 1915 (J. O'Neil).

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) PARVULA, Bez., nom. nov.
KE. parva, Ricardo (1901), not parva, Loew (1869).

Evidently allied to the preceding species, but distinguished by the
dark wing pattern, which is destitute of isolated spots, recalling that
of the dimidiata group.

Originally described from the Transvaal, there is a specimen from
Kimberley (Cape) 1892 (L. Péringuey).

A male specimen from Pretoria, Transvaal, November 10th, 1916
(G. A. H. Bedford), has the frons a little broader, the femora black,
and the wing pattern more infuscated. In the right wing of this
specimen the discoidal cell is exactly divided into two cells by a
supernumerary cross-vein, placed in the middle.

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) sTannust, Bezzi (1912).

Easily distinguished by its well-defined dark fore border of wings,
the second basal cell being, however, almost entirely hyaline, Origin-

160 Annals of the South African Museum.

ally described from Western Nyassa; female specimens from Bulawayo
and Umaruma, S. Rhodesia, October 2nd, 1916 (J. A. O’Neil).

In my original description the scutellum is said to be black, while
it is red. The hitherto undescribed female is very much like the
male; the spines of the ovipositor are of a shining red colour.

Exoprosopa (ExXOPROSOPA) INAEQUALIPES, Loew (1852).

A robust species of large size, distinguished from the one following
by the entirely black antennae and legs, and by the broadly infuscated
cross-Veins.

Described by Loew from Mozambique, there is a female specimen
also from Inhambane (Mozambique) December 7th, 1912 (K. H.
Barnard).

This species is closely allied to H. major, Ricardo, from Nyassaland,
but is distinguished by the redder abdomen, F. costalis, Macquart,
belongs also to the present group of species very difficult to identify.

Exoprosopa (ExOPROSOPA) BATRACHOIDES, Bezzi (1912).

A species of great size, distinguished by the prevailing red colour
of the legs and abdomen,

Originally described from Nyassaland, there are in the collection
2 specimens from Sprinevale, 8. Rhodesia, October 6th, 1912, and also
another from 8. Rhodesia without exact locality (Oakley), 1910.

The present species seems to be hardly distinguishable from the
West African FH. merope, Wied.

H. GRovuP BALIOPTERA.

Exoprosopa (Hxoprosopa) BALIOPTERA, Loew (1860).
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-Afrikas, p. 238, pl. i, fig. 36.
A black, rather small species, at once distinguishable from any
other by its characteristic wing pattern.
Described from the Cape and Caffraria; two examples from the

neighbourhood of Durban, Natal (H. W. Bell-Marley), and Durban
(Natal), without precise locality.

I. Group INERMIS.

Exoprosopa (ExOPROSOPA) PEDIFORMIS, Bezzi.
}

Very distinct from all the other South African species on account of
its reddish body, lacking all the macrochaetae, of its rounded face, of
its non-spinous femora, and of its specially shaped discoidal cell in
the yellowish grey wings.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 161

Originally described from Nyassaland in my work on the Bomby-
liidae of the British Museum, there is a male specimen from MW Fongosi,
Zululand, March, 1917 (W. E. Jones).

J. Group Bustris.

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) LUTEICOSTA, Bezzi, sp. nov.

A species resembling in general facies EH. heros or dua, but more
allied to major-batrachoides, and having the venation of the present
group, in which it may be provisionally placed.

A male from Ovamboland, 1890-91 (E. W. Eriksson), and 2
specimens from Grahamstown (Cape) in my collection; there are
some other doubtful specimens from Touws River, Cape, and Potchef-
stroom, Transvaal (T. Ayres).

I deseribed the present species from East Africa, and the South
African specimens agree well with the types, but they are of larger
size and have more extended and darker wing-pattern. LH. costalis,
Macquart, is perhaps allied, but it is said to have a venation like that
of E. Robertsi.

Length of body 16-19 mm.; of wing 17-20 mm. Head black; the
fore half of frons, the face and the mouth borders are of a pale reddish
colour; occiput grey-dusted, with pale yellowish central fringe and
whitish ocular stripe; postvertical furrow narrow; vertex depressed
between the eyes ; frons + of the head at vertex and 4 at the antennae,
the upper half clothed with blackish erect hairs, the frontal half with
dense yellowish scales and pale yellowish hairs; face bluntly convex,
not much produced, the sides with shining white scales and whitish
hairs at the mouth borders. Antennae with the first joint short, dark
brown, yellowish-haired; third joint black, elongate, with a short
terminal style ; palpi and proboscis blackish, the latter a little pro-
jecting. Thorax black, with yellowish dust on the back, which shows
3 longitudinal stripes ; collar entirely yellowish like the hairs on the
sides; bristles black; pleurae entirely whitish-haired, even on the
metapleura. Scutellum red, with a narrow black base, yellowish-
dusted, and with numerous black bristles at the hind border. Squamae
brownish yellow with a whitish fringe ; halteres brownish, with paler
knob. Abdomen broad and obtuse at end, entirely black ; the hairs
on the sides of the first segment whitish, those on the others alternately
blackish and yellowish ; the upper side is clothed with black scales
and has cross-bands of white scales complete on the 2nd sides of the
3rd and 4th and also entire on the 6th and 7th; venter black, with
white scales and hairs. Legs black, with yellowish scales on femora

1]

162 Annals of the South African Museum.

and tibiae; front coxae yellowish-haired; front pair not much
abbreviated, with smooth tibiae and short pubescent tarsi; claws
black, with an acute basal tooth. Wings greyish hyaline with a
narrowly luteous base, and a dark luteous fore border to the end of the
axillary vein not extending below over the 4th longitudinal vein ;
cross-veins bordered with fuscous; basal hook reddish brown ; basal
comb reddish, with black bristles and yellowish dust. Second longi-
tudinal vein with an almost indistinct terminal loop; marginal cross-
vein straight and almost perpendicular; Ist posterior cell less
narrowed at end, being more than twice.as broad as the anal cell at
end: 2nd much shorter and narrower than the third, this last
considerably shorter than the 4th at the base. Discal cross-vein placed
considerably before the middle of the discoidal cell ; this last cell
short and as broad at the base as at the end, very truncate outwardly,
its terminal vein being perfectly straight, short and perpendicular,
one third the length of the other vein. Alula yellowish, with greyish
fringe; axillary lobe rather broad, but elongate.

L. Group STUPIDA.

Exoprosopa (EXOPROSOPA) PARVICELLULA, Sp. Nov., ?.

A smallish species very like stupida, with metallic scales on head
and body, but distinguishable by the wings being less vitreous and
having a different venation.

Type ?. A single not well-preserved specimen from Inhambane,
Mozambique (K. H. Barnard).

Length of body 8 mm.; of a wing 7 mm. Head entirely shining
black, with only the entire mouth borders and the genae yellow;
occiput entirely clothed with metallic shining scales, which are denser
near the rather deep indentation of eyes and on the lower part of the eye-
borders; central fringe whitish ; postvertical furrow deep, broadening
behind ; frons gently convex, 2 of the head at the vertex, with black, erect
hairs and metallic scales in front above the antennae. Face conically
prominent, but convex above and obtuse at end, with dense metallic
scales and short black hairs. Antennae entirely black ; first joint
short and black-haired; third broad at base, but quickly constricted
into a long and thick styliform part without distinct style at end;
palpi and proboscis black, this last a little projecting. Thorax entirely
black ; it seems to be clothed with metallic scales which are denser
near the sides; collar entirely whitish, like the longer hairs of the
sides ; bristles black, pleurae with entirely white hairs, even the meta-
pleural tuft; sternopleura densely clothed by broad white scales.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 163

Scutellum wholly black, with metallic scales like the thorax. Squamae
whitish, with white fringe; halteres yellow ; plumula white. Abdomen
elongate-conical, entirely black, only the hind borders of the segments
being a little brownish ; the sides are entirely bare, the first segment
only having short white hairs, and the last segment dark scales on the
hind border ; at the base of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segment there seem
to be bands of white scales, which are broadly interrupted in the
centre; spines of the ovipositor black. Venter black, with complete
bands of white scales at the base; last sternite prominent, in the
shape of a short keel. Legs black; front pair wanting in the type,
but the front coxae are black, white-tomentose and white-pilose ;
middle femora without distinct spines, hind femora with 2-8 at the
end, underneath; spicules of tibiae scarce and short; claws black,
with a short but distinct basal tooth. Wings hyaline, iridescent, with
a pale yellowish tint; basal comb narrow, yellowish; veins entirely
yellow, darkened near the apex and the hind border; second vein
deeply looped at end; marginal cross-vein straight, but placed much
obliquely ; upper branch of third vein strongly retreating at base ;
first posterior cell not narrowed at the end, 2nd and 3rd of the same
breadth at the end, the vein between them long and almost straight ;
8rd shorter than the 4th at the base. Discal cross-vein set much
before the middle of the discoidal cell, which is narrow, long and
acute outwardly, its terminal vein being oblique; the basal angle of
the vein dividing it from the 3rd posterior cell is provided with a
stump projecting into the discoidal cell. Anal cell very broadly open
at end; alula hyaline, with a short white fringe; axillary lobe short,
but not very broad.

HYPERALONIA, Rondani (1863).

For a long time it was believed that in South Africa there were no
representative of this genus, as pointed out in 1886 by Osten Sacken,
who, however, has overlooked the fact that Hzopr. nigripennis Loew,
from Mozambique, belongs to the present genus. In 1901 Miss G.
Ricardo referred to this genus Anthrax rufa, of Wiedemann, a species,
however, which, from the description, is more probably a Lomatia. The
genus is certainly poorly represented in the South African fauna, and
in the collection there are only 2 examples belonging to 2 species, both
belonging to the group of H. nigripennis,as shown in the following
table:

1 (4). Head black; basal joints of the antennae black and black-haired ;
wings equally infuscate, with not distinctly infuscated cross-veins
and with the discoidal cell acute at base.

lls

164 Annals of the South African Museum.

2 (3). Antennal style about as long as the third antennal joint; hairs on
the sides of the thorax and abdomen of a golden yellow colour;
femora black, clothed with dense yellow scales. nigripennis, Loew.

3 (2). Antennal style very short, rudimentary ; hairs of the sides of thorax
and abdomen bright red ; femora red like the tibiae.

coleoptrata, sp. Noy.

4 (1). Head red; basal joints of antennae red and with reddish hairs below ;
wings dark-brownish, with distinctly infuscated cross-veins, and with
the discoidal cell truncate at base 5 ; : vittata, Ric.

HYPERALONIA COLEOPTRATA, Sp. nov., ¢.

A middle-sized species with wholly black wings, closely allied to
nigripennis, but distinguishable by the different antennae and by the
bright red hairs on the sides of body.

Type g,a single specimen from Stella Bay, Natal, January, 1915
(H. W. Bell-Marley). The present species cannot be considered as
identical with A. rufa, Wiedemann, because this author states that the
wing venation and the antennae are as in Lomatia belsebut, and because
the species is not placed in the ‘Erste Horde,’ pl. iii, fig. 1, which
contains the Hyperaloniae, a subfamily very well interpreted by this
early writer. Length of body 11 mm.; of wing 11mm. Head black,
dark reddish-brown in the lower part; occiput with yellowish central
fringe, with narrow and simple postvertical furrow and with yellowish
tomentose postocular stripe; eyes with a broad but not deep in-
dentation and with a long bisecting line; frons at vertex a little more
than three times as broad as the short, rounded, reddish ocellar
tubercle, and having short and dense erect, black hairs and reddish-
yellow scales in front. Face distinctly conical but not much produced,
with reddish scales, black short hairs in the centre at the upper mouth-
edge and reddish hairs on the sides underneath. Antennae short, the
first joint black with deep, black, short hairs; the second globular,
red, black-haired ; the third black, shortly conical, as long as the two
first joints taken together, with a very short and stout terminal style ;
proboscis black, thick, shorter than the mouth; palpi yellow, pale-
haired. Thorax elongate, rather narrow, entirely black, clothed on the
upper side with dense black hairs and black scales, but with reddish
hairs in front of the scutellum; collar and notopleural tuft entirely
bright red; supra-alar stripe reddish ; macrochaetae strong and long,
black ; pleurae grey-dusted, with scattered black hairs and reddish
tomentum on the sternopleura ; metapleural tuft bright red. Scutellum
dark red, with a black, black-scaled base, clothed with reddish dust
and bearing black bristles behind. Squamae reddish brown, with
reddish yellow fringe; plumula reddish, halteres yellowish, with

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 165

whitish knob. Abdomen elongate-conical, not broader than the
thorax, obtuse behind, black, with a red stripe on each side from
the 2nd segment to the end, the 7th segment being red with a
black basal median spot; on the back it is clothed with black
scales, with reddish scales on the base of the 2nd and on the whole of
the 6th and 7th segments, but on the red stripes the scales are also
red; hairs of the sides long and red on the Ist and 2nd segments,
shorter and with intermingled black hairs on the remainder. Male
genitalia red and reddish-haired; venter entirely red, with reddish
hairs and reddish dust. Legs red, with reddish scales and black
spines ; coxae, end of the front tibiae and all the tarsi, except at the
base, blackish ; front pair abbreviated, with smooth tibiae and with
the tarsi rather bare above; front coxae with reddish hairs; middle
femora with 2-3, hind femora with a complete row of bristles; claws
black, with an indistinct basal tooth. Wings short and rather broad,
entirely and equally infuscate from the base to the end, and with a
vivid metallic sheen ; the hook and the small comb are of a deep black
colour; praediscoidal spot almost indistinct. Veins black; the loop
of the 2nd longitudinal vein is simple but deep; submarginal cross-
vein very short, straight, perpendicular ; the cell, characteristic of the
genus Hyperalonia, is twice as long as broad ; the first posterior cell is
not much narrowed at end, the 2nd is narrower than the 3rd at the
end, the vein between them being S-shaped and bent forwards at the
end ; third obtuse at the base, but only a little shorter than the 4th.
Discoidal cell narrow, irregular, acute at both ends, its terminal vein
horizontal, V-shaped, as long as the equally V-shaped preceding vein ;
discal cross-vein set in the centre of the discoidal cell, the upper vein
after it, strongly curved outwardly ; anal cell narrowly open ; axillary
lobe rather narrow ; alula black, with dark fringe.

HyYpERaALonia viTtata, Ricardo (1901).

A mainly reddish species, very distinct on account of its reddish
brown and dark spotted wings, which are beyond the discoidal cell
strongly truncate at the base.

Originally described from Nyassaland and widely spread over East
Africa, there is a single male specimen from Salisbury (S. Rhodesia)
June, 1913. This example has all the general characters of this species,
but differs in two points: (1) There is a black spot on the occiput,
surrounding the postvertical furrow; (2) the 2nd posterior cell of the
wings is rather constricted at end. Owing to these two characters the
specimen makes a passage to the form which I have described from
East Africa under the name of H. paris.

166 Annals of the South African Museum.

ADDITIONS.
hig

The following South African species of Bombycide are from the
South-West Protectorate (Damaraland), the dipterous fauna of which
is as yet very little known.

SYSTOECHUS, Loew.
SystorcHus cTENopTERvUS, Mikn.

A female specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Grootfontein, January,
1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

EURYCARENUS, Loew.
The three South African species may be tabulated as follows:

1 (4). First posterior cell with a rather long stalk at end; abdominal
segments destitute of silvery tomentum on hind border.

2 (3). Tarsiand tibiae yellowish, the hind tibiae with silvery scales ; abdomen
with a white longitudinal stripe in the middle; species of large
size . : ‘ : ‘ : ; laticeps, Loew.

3 (2). Tarsi and tibiae quite black, those of the hind pair with black scales ;
abdomen without white middle stripe ; species of smaller size

minimus, Sp. NOV.

4(1). First posterior cell almost sessile at end; abdomen with narrow bands
of silvery toment at hind border of segments, and clothed moreover
with a white pubescence . 5 E : . sessilis, Bez.

EURYCARENUS MINIMUS, SP. NOV.

A species of smaller size like sessilis, but with the first posterior cell
stalked as in laticeps, and differing from both in the abdominal pattern.

Type dg, and an additional specimen of the same sex from S.W.
Protectorate, Tsumeb, December, 1919 (R. W. E. Tucker).

g. Length of the body 7-8 mm.; of the wing 65-75 mm.
Head as in laticeps, but the eyes of male approaching only at a point,
without being in contact; frons and face with long, erect black hairs
on the middle with soft golden-yellow hairs beneath them, and on the
sides with long silvery hairs ; palpi black with reddish base ; proboscis
entirely black, 3-3°5 mm. long. Antennae entirely black; third joint
linear, twice as long as the two first joints together. Thorax and
scutellum entirely black; on the back they are clothed with a golden-
yellow soft pubescence, while on the pleurae the pubescence is white ;
dorsal macrochaetae black, those of the pleurae white; halteres
whitish, the knob infuscated at base ; squamulae dirty whitish, with
a dark border and with whitish fringe. Abdomen entirely black,
with complete rows of strong, erect, black bristles at the hind border

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 167

of the segments; it is clothed with black and yellowish hairs, the
segments 3-6 being covered by an appressed yellowish tomentum in
the shape of broad transverse bands ; of these bands that of the third
segment is interrupted in the middle, while those of the following
segments are interrupted at the sides, thus forming a peculiar pattern;
the fourth to fifth segments are clothed with long, erect, black hairs on
the black portions. Venter with white hairs and with white pubescence;
genitalia with reddish-brown lamellae. Legs entirely black, even the
tibiae and tarsi ; the four anterior femora and tibiae are clothed with
white scales, while the hind tibiae are black-scaled. Wings hyaline,
with the same venation as in laticeps; the veins are blackish on the
apical and yellowish on the basal half.

HYPERUSIA, Bez.
HYPERUSIA SOROR, sp. Nov.

Closely allied to Hyp. minor from Zululand, but smaller and distinct
by the closed anal cell, by the third antennal joint being entirely
reddish to the end, and by the darker legs.

Type 2,asingle specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Otjituo, January,
1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

2. Length of the body 3-2 mm.; of the wing 3mm. _ Face quite
black ; third antennal joint clavate and entirely reddish-yellow, without
a black end; proboscis a little less than 1 mm. in length. Thorax
clothed on the back with whitish hairs, and destitute of golden-yellow
tomentum. Abdomen as in minor, the golden tomentum being present
even if scattered. Legs with darker tibiae, those of the hind pair being
even blackish. Wings the same as in minor, but the anal cell is closed
and briefly stalked like in the type-species of the genus.

GERON, Meig.
GERON HyBRiDus, Meig.

A female specimen from S.W. Protectorate, Otjituo, January, 1920
(R. W. E. Tucker).

TOXOPHORA, Meig.

TOXOPHORA EPARGYRA, Hermann.

Zeitschr. fiir System. Hymenopt. and Dipterol., 1907, p. 201.
A male specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Otjituo, January, 1920
(R. W. E. Tucker).
Referred to the present species, lately described from the female sex,
from Smyrna, Asia Minor, and not yet known from Africa. It differs

168 Annals of the South African Museum.

from all the other species in having the wings unspotted as in maculata,
with the cross-vein between the discoidal and the second posterior cell
not only angularly bent, but provided with a strong stump of vein
directed outwardly into the second posterior cell. Such a character is
known only for the North American species amphites, Walk. [assume
therefore the present species to be the same as the Syrian one,
notwithstanding the very different habitat.

Eyes touching in a line a little shorter than three times the small
ocellar tubercle. The base of the antennae and the sides of the
frontal triangle are provided with long white tufts; first antennal
joint rather thin, with white scales on the outer side and _ below.
Abdomen clothed on the back with white scales, but with the four
rows of black spots not distinct. Legs black and white-scaled. Wings
greyish-hyaline, slightly yellowish along the costal cell, on the base of
the marginal and submarginal, and on the whole of the first basal cell.

PETROROSSIA.
PETROROSSIA HESPERUS TROPICALIS, subsp. n.

A female specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Otjituo, January, 1920
(R. W. E. Tucker).

The present subspecies is distinguished from the typical species by
the white-haired face and first antennal joint, by the complete red
stripe at the sides of the abdomen, by the mostly yellow femora, and
by the upper branch of the cubital fork devoid of appendage.

Described originally from specimens from Nyassaland and other
Central African localities.

ANTHRAX, Scop.
ANTHRAX FUSCIPENNIS, Ric.
A male specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Otjituo, January, 1920
(R. W. E. Tucker).
SPONGOSTYLUM, Macq.
SPONGOSTYLUM INCIsURATA, Macq.
A female specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Windhoek, December,
1919) (&.. We ES tucker):
THYRIDANTHRAX, Ost. Sack.

THYRIDANTHRAX LUGENS, Loew.

Some specimens from 8.W. Protectorate, Grootfontein, January,
1920, and from Otjivarongo, February, 1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera.) 169

THYRIDANTHRAX TRANSIENS, Bezzi.

One specimen from S.W. Protectorate, Otjituo, January, 1920
(R. W. E. Tucker).

EXOPROSOPA, Macq.
Exoprosopa (EXOPROSOPA) FASTIDIOSA, sp. 0.

Near seniculus, but distinct by the middle dark band of the wings
being extended, through the apical half of the discoidal cell, to the
hind border of the wing, or nearly so. The type is from the Nyasaland
Protectorate; the abdomen shows transverse bands of white scales
alone, while in the present specimen the fourth and fifth segments
have yellowish bands like the second. Antennae entirely black.

One female specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Grootfontein, January,
1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

Exoprosopa (EXOPROSOPA) HYPARGYRA, Sp. NOv.

Closely allied to seniculus and fastidiosa, but distinct from all the
known species of their group on account of the broad patch of silvery
scales on the sternapleura.

Type 2, a single specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Tsumeb,
December, 1919 (R. W. E. Tucker).

2. Length of the body 12 mm.; of the wing 12 mm. Head as in
seniculus, with not projecting proboscis; antennae entirely black, with
the third joint elongate-conical as in fastidiosa. Thorax as in seniculus,
but the sternopleurae are completely clothed with silvery scales, thus
forming a broad triangular white spot, which is wanting in the allied
species. Abdomen and legs as in seniculus ; spines of the ovipositor
black. Wings with the same nervation, but the small cell being very
narrow at end and nearly closed (in seniculus and fastidiosa it is
broadly open). The pattern is like that of seniculus, but the dark band
of the fore border is shorter, ending into the marginal cell a little
before the upper end of the marginal cross-vein (in the two other
species it ends on or a little beyond the cross-vein) ; the middle cross-
band is broad and long, crossing the discoidal cell on its apical third
(but leaving its extreme external apex hyaline), filling up the whole base
of the second posterior cell and entering into the upper part of the
third posterior cell.

Exoprosopa (EXOPROSOPA) TUCKERI, sp. Nov.

A species of the dimidiata-group and to be placed near it, distinct
by the metapleural tuft being reddish yellow above and black below ;
by the apical cross-vein of the discoidal cell being short, straight, and
placed obliquely ; by the discoidal cell dilated at end at the upper

170 Annals of the South African Museum.

border alone. It is near argyrophora, Bezzi, from Nyassaland, but is
distinct, the last abdominal segments being clothed with white scales.
Type ¢,a single specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Otjituo, January,
1920, collected by (R. W. E. Tucker), in whose honour it is named.
¢. Length of body 11 mm.; of wing11 mm. Head deep black and
black haired, with scattered yellowish scales on the frons ; face conically
produced ; proboscis not at all projecting; antennae quite black, with
the third joint briefly conical, as long as the two first joints together ;
style thin, as long as the third antennal joint. Thorax and scutellum
entirely black, with black hairs and black bristles ; on the back there
are scattered yellowish hairs, which form a complete broad stripe on
each side above the notopleural line; collar yellowish, pleure black
haired, with a yellowish notopleural tuft; metapleural tuft yellowish
above and black below ; squamulae dark yellowish, with white fringe ;
halteres with yellow knob and dark stalk. Abdomen entirely black ;
first and second segment with dense white hairs on the sides, the rest

of the sides with black hairs alone; on the back it is clothed with black.

and yellowish scales, the second and third segment and the sides of
the sixth and seventh being clothed with silvery scales; venter black,
black scaled and black haired. Legs quite black and black-scaled.
Wings with black veins; terminal loop of second longitudinal vein
double ; first posterior cell not narrowed at end, about a half as broad as
the second, which is as broadly open as the third ; discoidal cell at end
twice as broad as at base, its terminal cross-vein being short and
straight ; anal cell narrowed at end. The wings are typically dimidiate,
black and hyaline; the limit between the two portions goes a little
toothed from the end of the first longitudinal vein, over the base of
the first submarginal and first posterior cells, across the basal third of
the discoidal cell, over the base of the fourth posterior cell, over the
two basal thirds of the anal cell to the basal half of the axillary lobe;
praediscoidal spot broad and whitish.

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) PUNCTULATA, Macq.
A female from S.W. Protectorate, Tsumeb, December, 1919
(R. W. E. Tucker).

Exoprosopa (Exoprosopa) STANNUSI, Bezzi.
A female specimen from S.W. Protectorate, Otjivaronga, 1920.

Exoprosopa (EHXOPROSOPA) LUTEICOSTA, Bezzi.
A female specimen from 8 .W. Protectorate, Tsumeb, December, 1919
(R. W. E. Tucker).

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera.) 171
Exoprosopa (EXOPROSOPA) CERVINA, Sp. NOV.

Closely allied to Juteicosta and perhaps only a variety of it, but
distinct by the smaller size and by the more lightly coloured body,
chiefly on the abdomen, which is clothed with whitish and yellowish
scales and devoid of tufts of black hairs at the sides.

Type Q, an additional female specimen and a male specimen without
a head, from S.W. Protectorate, Otjivarongo, Otjituo and Tsumeb,.
December, 1919, to January, 1920 (R. W. E. Tucker).

3 ¢. Length of body 11-115 mm.; of wing 12-125 mm. Head
black, reddish on the sides of face below and peristome, with yellowish
scales and clothed with erect black hairs on the frons ; antennae entirely
black, with the third joint elongate, longer than the two first joints
together, with a very short and thick terminal style; face conically
produced; proboscis very little projecting. Thorax black, with
yellowish hairs and yellowish scales, without black hairs even on the
pleurae; only the bristles are black. Scutellum reddish, with black
base, clothed like the thorax. Halteres dark yellowish; squamulae
whitish, with white fringe. Abdomen of oval shape, entirely black ; it
is clothed above, with scales, without black hairs; all the hairs of the
sides are yellowish; the scales are yellowish, being white only at base
of the second segment, where they form a complete band, and on the
sides of the third and of the two terminal segments. Venter black,
with a reddish hind border on each segment, with white scales and.
white hairs; spines of the ovipositor reddish. Legs black, but with
yellowish scales ; the front tibiae are smooth and reddish ; hind claws
with a long and acute tooth. Wings hyaline, with the venation like
that of luteicosta ; veins yellowish, black on the apical half ; the pattern
is very reduced, consisting only in a faint yellowish tinge of the costal
and subcostal cells, and in a faintly infuscated patch on the middle of
the fore half. Over the base of the second longitudinal vein, the discal
cross-vein and the end of the first basal cell, besides the lower apical
eross-vein of the second basal cell between this and the fourth
posterior cell, and the upper corner of the cross-vein between the third
posterior and discoidal cell, are faintly margined with fuscous ; but in
the male specimen there is no trace of this infuscation.

LE
SYSTROPUS, Macq.
SysTROPUS SANGUINEUS, Bez.

Two examples bred from the pupa of an unidentified Notodont moth.
Caledon. Cape (K. H. Barnard).

172 Annals of the South African Museum.

OESTRANTHRAX, Bez.
OESTRANTHRAX OBESUs, Loew.

An example from Durban, Natal, March 10th, 1919 (H. W. Bell-
Marley) lacks the appendix projecting into the discoidal cell, but is
typical in other respects.

The following note is appended to the specimen: ‘This fly came
out of an old log containing Cossid larvae.” Certain species of the
related genus Villa are known to be parasitic upon larvae of nocturnal
Lepidoptera.

THYRIDANTHRAX, O. Sack.

THYRIDANTHRAX VIDUATUS, Loew.
Dipteren-Fauna Siid-afrikas, p. 221, pl. u, fig. 22.

Montagu, Cape, November, 1919 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Distinct from 7’. Jugens and 1’. transiens in the long discoidal cell,
in the first posterior cell distinctly narrowed at end, and in the
lighter pattern of the base of the wing.

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA AND
SPECIES.

purpureus, Bez.
micans, Fabr.
hypoleucus, Wied.
hirtus, Loew.

BOMBYLIINAE.

Bompyutivs, L.
lateralis, Fab.
bombiformis, Bez.
haemorrhoidalis, Bez.
acroleucus, Bez.
mutilatus, Bez. |
kilimandjaricus, Speis. |
furiosus, Walk.
ornatus, Wied.
rufiventris, Macq.
mollis, Bez.
disjunctus, Bez.
eurhinatus, Bez.
brachyrrhynchus, Bez.
globulus, Bez.

servillei, Macq.
capensis, L.
megaspilus, Bez.
braunsi, Bez.
punctatellus, Bez.
punctifer, Bez.
pentaspilus, Bez.
obesus, Bez.
spinibarbus. Bez.
angulosus, Bez.
nigripecten, Bez.
peringueyi, Bez.

impurus, Loew.
mundus, Loew.
sessilis, Bez.
xanthocerus, Bez.
marginellus, Bez.
paterculus, Walk.
ruficeps, Macq.

argentifer, Walk.
molitor, Wied.
hirticeps, Bez.
Sysrorcuus, Loew.
scabrirostris, Bez.
ventricosus, Bez.
simplex, Loew.

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera.)

tumidifrons, Bez.
albidus, Loew.
nigripes, Loew.
mixtus, Wied.
stenopterus, Mik.
spinithorax, Bez.
fuligineus, Loew.

Anastorcuus, O. Sack.
rubricosus, Wied.
varipecten, Bez.
cervinus, Loew.
erinaceus, Bez.

macrophthalmus, Bez.

innocuus, Bez.
leucosoma, Bez.

EvuRYCARENUS, Loew.
laticeps, Loew.
sessilis, Bez.
minimus, Bez.

Discuistus, Loew.
capito, Loew.
plumipalpis, Bez.
rubicundus, Bez.
niveus, Macq.
ovatus, Bez.
seriatus, Wied.
vittipes, Bez.
variegatus, Macq.
tripunctatus, Macq.
coracinus, Loew.
pectoralis, Loew.

Srsyomyia, Bez.
carnata, Bez.

CYTHEREINAE.

Ontromya, Bez.
pachycerata, Big.

USIINAE.

Corsomyza, Wied.
simplex, Wied.
pennipes, Wied.
nigripes, Wied.
hirtipes, Maeq.
clavicornis, Wied.
anceps, Bez.
bicolor, Bez.
ruficornis, Bez.

CALLYNTHROPHORA, Sch.
marginifrons, Bez.

Gnumya, Bez.
brevirostris, Bez.

Hyperustia, Bez.
minor, Bez.
soror, Bez.

Mrcapaupus, Macq.
nitidus, Macq.
fulviceps, Bez.

PHTHIRIINAE.
GONARTHRUS, Bez.
leucophys, Big.
xanthinus, Bez.

cygnus, Big.
chioneus, Bez.
cylindricus, Bez.
Crocipium, Loew.
poecilopterum, Loew.
nigrifacies, Bez.
PsrupDEMPis, Bez.
heteroptera, Wied.
Pururria, Meig.
laeta, Bez.
lanigera, Bez.
pubescens, Bez.
GERON, Meig.
hybridus, Meig.
barbatus, Bez.
luctuosus, Bez.
leptocerus, Bez.
dichromus, Big.
Apouysis, Loew.
humilis, Loew.

SYSTROPINAE.
Sysrrorus, Wied.
leptogaster, Loew.
sanguineus, Bez.
snowi, Ad.

TOXOPHORINAE.
ToxopHora, Meig.
maculata, Ross.
punctipennis, Bez.
epargyra, Herm.
diploptera, Speis.
caeruleiventris, Karsch.

173

174. Annals

CYLLENIINAE.
Nomatonta, Rond.
afra, Macq.
Henica, Macq.
longirostris, Wied.
PERINGUEYIMYIA, Big.
capensis, Big.
LOMATIINAE.

Lomattia, Meig.
acutangula, Loew.

longitudinalis, Loew.

liturata, Loew.
pictipennis, Wied.
simplex, Wied.
infuscata, Bez.
conocephala, Macq.
pulchriceps, Loew.
latiuscula, Loew.
tenera, Loew.

PTERAULAX, Bez.
flexicornis, Bez.

PrrrorosstaA, Bez.
hesperus, Ross.
vinula, Bez.
fulvipes, Loew.
tropicalis, Bez.

ANTHRACINAE.

ANTHRAX, Scop.
pithecius, Fabr.
hessii, Wied.
diffusus, Wied.
aygulus, Fabr.
trimaculatus, Wulp.
pusillus, Wied.
hemimelas, Speis.
fuscipennis, Rie.

Sponeostyium, Macq.
muticum, Bez.
incisurale, Macq.
punctipenne, Wied.

EXOPROSOPINAE.
Vita Lioy.
flavipes, Loew.
albescens, Loew.
sexfasciata, Wied.

of the South African Museum.

vitripennis, Loew.
argentina, Bez.
lasia, Wied.
leucochila, Bez.
OESTRANTHRAX, Bez.
obesus, Loew.

SynrHesiA, Bez.
fucoides, Bez.

THYRIDANTHRAX, O. Sack.
flammiger, Walk.
leucoproctus, Loew.
linea, Loew.
abruptus, Loew.
transiens, Bez.
lugens, Loew.
calochromatus, Bez.
ternarius, Bez.
laetus, Loew.
viduatus, Loew.

LirorRuyNcHus, Macq.
maurus, Thunb.
tollini, Loew.
argyrolepis, Bez.

Exoprosopa (METAPENTA).

pentala, Macq.
corvina, Loew.

(Acropisca).
fimbriatella, Bez.
offuscata, Bez.
personata, Bez.
angulata, Loew.

(DeFiviprta).
neurospila, Bez.
venosa, Wied.
nigrovenosa, Bez.
maculosa, Wied.
maculifera, Bez.
strenua, Loew.
hirtipes, Loew.

(PTEROBATES).
apicalis, Wied.

(EXOPROSOPA).
formosula, Bez.
nemesis, Fabr.
morosa, Loew.
ignava, Loew.

A

7
li

byliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera.)

stannusi, Bez.
inaequalipes, Loew.
batrachoides, Bez.
balioptera, Loew.

_ pediformis, Bez.
luteicosta, Bez.

- parvicellula, Bez.
fastidiosa, Bez.
hypargyra, Bez.
tuckeri, Bez.

; cervina, Bez.

HyYPpERALONIA, Rond.

coleoptrata, Bez.
vittata, Ric.

\ 175

we

176
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
A. Bombylius, Linné 3,6
abruptus (Thyridanthrax), Loew brachyrrhynchus (Bombylius),
133, 134 Bez. . : : 14, 16
Acrodisca, Loew. . 139 | braunsi (Bombylius), Bez. . 23, 26
acroleucus (Bombylius), Ber! 8,9 | brevirostris (Gnumya), Bez. . 83
acutangula (Lomatia), Loew. 112,113 | Busiris (Exoprosopa), Jaenn. . 161
ADELIDEA . . : : 3 C
afra (Nomalonia), Macd: : OT ; ; ;
albescens (Villa), Loew. 126, 127 caeruleiventris (Toxophora),
albidus (Systoechus), Loew. 37,42 | _ Karsch. _ 105, 106
analis (Bombylius), Fabr.. —. g | Callynthrophora, Sch. - 4, 80
Anastoechus, Osten-Sacken _. 3, 46 Calochromatus (Thyridanthrax),
anceps (Corsomyza), Bez. 74, 78 Bez. ys ee ae ge 135
angulata (Exoprosopa), Loew. 144. | capensis (Bombylius), Linne 22, 26

angulosus (Bombylius), Bez. 28, 31

ANTHRACINAE 121
Anthrax, Scopoli 5, 121

Apatomyra . c : 4

apicalis (Pterobates), Wied. 149
Apolysis, Loew. 4,102 |

—

argentatus (Bombylius), Fabr. : 7

argentifer (Bombylius), Walk. 23, 34
argentifrons(Exoprosopa), Macq.

150, 154
argentina (Villa), Bez. 127, 128
argyrolepis (Litorrhynchus),

Bez. . 137, 138 |
ater Gombe ins) ‘ : : 6
aygulus (Anthrax), Fabr. . 122, 123

B.

balioptera (Exoprosopa), Loew.

151, 160
barbatus (Geron), Bez. : >; 8)
batrachoides (Exoprosopa), Bez.

151, 160
bicolor (Corsomyza), Bez. . 74, 78
bivittatus (Bombylius), Loew. . u
bombiformis (Bombylius), Bez. . 9
BoMBYLIIDAE 6
BoMBYLIINAE 6

capensis (Exoprosopa), Wied. 150, 154

capensis (Peringueyimyia), Big. 110
capito (Dischistus), Loew. . - sot
carnata (Sosiomyia), Bez. . ae GS,
ceri (Anastoechus), Loew . . 46
cervina (Exoprosopa), Bez. - ie
cervinus (Anastoechus), Loew. . 50:
chioneus (Gonarthrus), Bez. 89, 91
clavatus (Systropus) . 103

clavicornis (Corsomyza), Wied. 74, 77
coleoptrata (Hyperalonia), Bez.. 164
conocephala (Lomatia), Macq. 112, 115
coracinus (Dischistus), Loew. . 66

Corsomyza, Wied. . 4, 73
corvina (Exoprosopa), Loew. 139
Crocidium, Loew. . 4, 92
| erudelis (Systropus) . ; . 103

ctenopterus (Systoechus), Mik.
37, 44, 166

cygnus (Gonarthrus), Big. 89, 90

cylindricus (Gonarthrus), Bez. . 92

Cyllenia : P : : j 5

CYLLENIINAE 106

CYTHEREINAE . F ‘ ~ “Ge
1D):

Defilippia, Loew. 138

delicatus (Bombylius), Wied. . 8

On the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera).

PAGE
dichromus (Geron), Big. 99, 100
diffusus (Anthrax), Wied. . 122, 128
dilatata (Exoprosopa), Bez. 150, 157

dimidiata (Exoprosopa), Macq.
150, 157
diploptera (Toxophora), Speis 105, 106

Dischistus, Loew. 3, 56 |
disjunctus (Bombylius), Bez. 15 |
dux (Exoprosopa), Wied. 150, 156 |
E.
elongata (Exoprosopa), Ric. 150, 154
eluta (Exoprosopa), Loew.. 150, 156
epargyra (‘Toxophora), Herm. 167
erinaceus (Anastoechus), Bez. 47, 50
erythrocerus (Bombylius), Bez.. 138
eurhinatus (Bombylius), Bez, 14, 16
Eurycarenus, Loew. 3, 55
Exoprosopa, Macq. . ; 6,188 |
EXOPROSOPINAE . : : 5, 126

F.
fimbriatella (Acrodisca), Bez. 139, 140

flammiger(Thyridanthrax),Walk. 133 |
126, 127 |

flavipes (Villa), Loew.

flexicornis (Pteraulax), Bez. 118

formosula (Exoprosopa), Bez. 151
fucatus (Bombylius), Bez. . 14.
fucoides (Synthesia), Bez. . 131
fulviceps (Megapalpus), Bez. 87

fulvipes (Petrorossia), Loew. 120, 121
fuligineus (Systoechus), Loew. . 45
fulvonotatus (Bombylius), Wied. 8

furiosus (Bombylius), Walk. . 8, 12
fuscipennis (Anthrax), Ric. 122, 124
G.

Geron, Meig. . 4, 98
globulus (eombylius); Bez. 14, 17
Gnumya, Bez. . 4, 82
Gonarthrus, Bez. . 4, 88
late

haemorrhoidalis (Bombylius),
Bez. . ‘ 9

hemimelas nttirax); Spel 122, 124

Henica, Macq. 109
heros (Exoprosopa), Wied. 150, 156 |
hesperus (Petrorossia), Rossi 120 |

hessii (Anthrax), Wied. 122, 123

Fak

PAGE

heteroptera (Pseudempis), Wied. 95
hirticeps (Bombylius), Bez. 35
hirtipes (Corsomyza), Macq. 74, 76
hirtipes (Defilippia), Loew. 145, 149:
hirtus (Bombylius), Loew. 22, 25
| humilis (Apolysis), Rond. 102
hybridus (Geron), Meig. 99, 167
hypargira (Exoprosopa), Bez. 169
Hyperalonia, Rond. 6, 163
Hyperusia, Bez. . . 4, 84

hypoleucus (Bombylius), Wied. 22, 25

ts
ignava (Exoprosopa), Loew. 150, 154
impurus (Bombylius), Loew. 14, 18

inaequalipes (Exoprosopa), Loew.
151, 160

incisurale (Spongostylum), Macq.
124, 125
155
2, 114:
47, 52
14, 18

infumata (Exoprosopa), Bez.
infuscata (Lomatia), Bez. .
innocuus (Anastoechus), Bez.
impurus (Bombylius), Loew.

11

ike
kilimandjaricus (Bombylius),

Speis 5 te, ald
L.

laeta (Phthiria), Bez.. 96
laetus (Thyridanthrax), Loew. . 137
lanigera (Phthyria), Bez. 96, 97
lasia (Villa), Wied. . 5 WG ey
lateralis (Bombylius), Fabr. WHE
laticeps (Hurycarenus), Loew. 55, 166
latiuscula (Lomatia), Loew. 112, 116
leptocerus (Geron), Bez. 99, 100
leptogaster (Systropus), Loew. . 103
leucochila (Villa), Bez. 129
leucophys (Gonarthrus), Big. 89
leucoproctus (Thyridanthrax),

Loew. 133

leucosoma (Avbatosehuays Ben AT, 54
linea (Thyridanthrax), Loew. 133, 134

Litorrhynchus, Macq. 137
liturata (Lomatia), Loew. 112, 113
Lomatia, Meig. e) lalal
LoMATIINAE Eaplelel
longirostris (Henica), Wied. 109

178

pAGE
longitudinalis (Lomatia), Loew

112, 113
luctuosus (Geron), Bez. 99
lugens (Thyridanthrax), Loew. . 1838
luteicosta (Exoprosopa), Bez. 151, 161

Lythorhynchus, Macq. 5 : 6
M.
macilentus (Systropus) 103
macrophthalmus (Anastoechus),
Bez. . 3 ; 47, 52
maculata (Toxophora), Bez. 105
maculifera (Defilippia), Bez. 145, 147

maculosa (Defilippia), Wied. 145, 147
marginellus (Bombylius), Bez. 14, 20
marginifrons (Callynthrophora),

Bez. . : . - 2 80
marshalli (Systropus), Wied. 103
maurus (Litorrhynchus), Thunb. 137
Megapalpus, Macq. - . 4, 85
megaspilus (Bombylius), Bez. 22, 26
Metapenta, Bez. 139
micans (Bombylius), Rabe 7, 22, 25
minimus (Eurycarenus), Bez. 166
minor (Bombylius) 7
minor (Hyperusia), Bez. 84
mixtus (Systoechus), Wied. 37, 43
molitor (Bombylius), Wied. 23, 34
mollis (Bombylius), Bez. 13, 15
morosa (Exoprosopa), Loew. 150, 153
mundus (Bombylius), Loew. 14, 18

muticum (Spongostylum), Bez.

124, 125 |

mutilatus (Bombylius), Bez. . 8,10
N.

neithrocris (Bombylius), Jaenn. 13
nemesis (Exoprosopa), Fabr. 149,152 |
neurospila (Defilippia), Bez. 144, 145
nigrifacies (Crocidium), Bez.
nigripecten (Bombylius), Bez. 23, 32
nigripes (Corsomyza), Wied. 73, 75
nigripes (Systoechus), Loew. 37, 43

nigrovenosa (Defilippia), Bez. 144, 146

nigripennis (Hyperalonia), Loew. 164
nitidus (Megapalpus), Macq. 86
niveus (Dischistus), Macq. 57, 61
Nomalonia, Rond. 5, 106

93 |

Annals of the South African Musewm.

12 .

PAGE
O.
obesus (Bombylius), Bez. . 23, 29 -
obesus (Oestranthrax), Bez. 172
offuscata (Exoprosopa), Bez. . 141
Oestranthrax, Bez. 5, 1380
Oniromyia, Bez. BCs (/!
ornatus (Bombylius), Wied. :
ovatus (Dischistus), Bez. 57, 62
Py
pachycerata (Oniromyia) Big. 72
parvicellula (Exoprosopa), Bez.
151, 162
parva (Exoprosopa), Bez. 159
parvula (Exoprosopa), Bez. 151

paterculus (Bombylius), Walk. 14, 20

pectoralis (Dischistus), Loew. 67
pediformis (Exoprosopa), Loew. 160
pennipes (Corsomyza), Wied. 73, 75
pentala (Exoprosopa) Macq. 138
| pentaspilus (Bombylius), Bez. 23, 29
peringueyi (Bombylius), Bez. 238, 33
Peringueyimyia, Big. . 5, 109
perpulchra (Exoprosopa), Bez. . 159
personata (Acrodisca), Bez. 140, 148
personata (Exoprosopa), Bez. 143
Petrorossia (Bombylius), Bez. 5, 119
Phthiria . 4, 96
| PHTHIRIINAn 88
pictipennis (Lomatia), Wied! 112, 1138
pitbecius (Anthrax), Fabr. 122
plumipalpis (Dischistus), Bez. 57, 58
poecilopterum (Crocidium),
Loew. 93
Pseudempis, Bez. 94
Pseudomictus : : ; 4
Pteraulax, Bez. 5,117
Pterobates, Bez. . . 149
pubescens (Phthiria), Ber 96, 98
pulchriceps (Lomatia), Loew. 116
punctatellus (Bombylius) 23, 26
punctulata (Exoprosopa), Macq.
150, 159
punctifer (Bombylius), Bez. 23, 28
punctipenne (Spongostylum),
Wied. 125, 126
punctipennis (‘Toxophora), Bez.. 105
purpureus (Bombylius), Bez. 22, 23

pusillus (Anthrax), Wied. 122, 123

On the Bombyliid Fauna
PAGE
R.

rubicundus (Dischistus), Bez.
rubricosus (Anastoechus), Wied.

57, 60
4.6

ruficeps (Bombylius), Macq. 14, 21
ruficornis (Corsomyza), Bez. 74,79 |
rufiventris (Bombylius), Macq. . 12

S.

sanguineus (Systropus), Bez. 103, 171
seabrirostris (Systoechus), Bez.. 37

senex (Bombylius), Meig. . : 7
seniculus (Exoprosopa), Wied. 150, 154

seriatus (Dischistus), Wied. 57, 63
servillei (Bombylius), Macq. 22, 25
sessilis (Bombylius), Bez. . 14, 19

sessilis (Eurycarenus), Bez.
sexfasciata (Villa), Wied. .
sigmoidea (Exoprosopa), Bez. 150, 157

55
126, 127 |

of South Africa (Diptera). 179
| PAGE
| ternarius (Thyridanthrax), Bez.
133, 136
| Thyridanthrax, O. Sack. 6, 183
_ tollini (Litorrhynchus), Loew.
137, 138
| Tomomyra, Wied. : 5
| ToxOPHORINAE 5, 105
| Toxophora, Meig. 5, 105
| transiens (Thyridanthrax), Bez. 134
| trimaculatus (Anthrax), v.d.
| Wulp. - 3 123
| 'Triplasius : : : 3 8
| tripunctatus (Dischistus), Macq. 65
tropicalis (Petrorossia), Bez. 168
tuckeri (Exoprosopa), Bez. 169
tumidifrons (Sytoechus), Bez. 37, 41
U.
Usuinakr 73
Vi:

simplex (Corsomyza), Wied. 73, 74 |
simplex (Lomatia), Wied. . 112, 114
simplex (Systoechus), Loew. 37, 41
snowi (Systropus), Adams. 103, 105
soror (Hyperusia), Bez. 167
Sosiomyia, Bez. 5 EHO
spinibarbus (Bombylius), Bez. 23, 30

variegatus (Dischistus), Macq. 58, 64
varipecten (Anastoechus), Bez. 46, 48
venosa (Defilippia), Wied.. 144, 146

a. _ ventricosus (Systoechus), Bez. 37, 40
spinithorax (Systoechus), Bez. 37, 44 |

|

|

Spongostylum, Macq. . 5, 124
stannusi (Exoprosopa), Bez. 151, 159
strenua (Defilippia), Loew.. 145, 148
Synthesia, Bez. 5: 621307}
Systoechus, Loew. . 3, 36
SYSTROPINAE 102
Systropus, Wied . 4, 102
ty
tenera (Lomatia), Loew. 112, 116

|
|
|

viduatus (Thyridanthrax), Loew. 172
Villa, Lioy . 5, 126
vinula (Petrorossia), Bez. . 120
vitripennis (Villa), Loew. . 127
vittata (Hyperalonia), Ric. 164, 165
vittipes (Dischistus), Bez. . 58, 63

X.
xanthocerus (Bombylius), Bez. 14, 19
xanthinus (Gonarthrus), Bez. 89

180 Annals of the South African Museum.

‘=

HSM HIAMAR ONY HE

FIG.

. Megapalpus nitidus, Macq. Whole insect.

. Gonarthrus cygnus, Big. Whole insect.

. Pseudempis heteroptera, Wied. Whole insect.
. Peringueyimya capensis, Big. Whole insect.

. Pteraulax flexicornis,n. sp. Whole insect.

. Petrorossia vinula,n. sp. Wing.

. Spongostylum muticum, n. sp. Wing.

. Thyridanthrax calochromatus, nu. sp. Wing.
os ternarius, Bez. Wing.

. Litorrhynchus maurus, Thunb. Whole insect.
. Exoprosopa pentala, Macq. Wing.

5 offuscata,n. sp. Wing.

ee neurospila,n.sp. Wing.

3 nemesis, Fabry. Whole insect.

* capensis, Wied. Wing.

. Hapenalawe coleoptrata, n. sp. Wing.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate I.

. Bombylius mutilatus,n. sp. Wing.

is capensis, Lin. Wing.
megaspilus, n. sp. Wing.
punctatellus,n. sp. Wing.
pentaspilus,n. sp. Wing.

Pr peringueyi, n. sp. Whole insect.
hirticeps,n. sp. Head.

339

. Systoechus scabrirostris, n. sp. Whole insect.

. Anastoechus rubricosus, Wied. Whole insect.

. Hurycarenus sessilis, n. sp. Wing.

. Dischistus plumipalpis, n. sp. Whole insect.

. Sosiomya comata,n. sp. Whole insect and head magnified.
. Oniromya pachycerata, Big. Whole insect.

. Corsomyza pennipes, Wied. Whole insect.

. Callynthrophora magnifrons, n. sp. Whole insect.

Puate II.

dilatata, nu. sp. Wing.

Si ee

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. Vol. XVIII. Plate I.

BE a d
dgar 8. Knight, Adlard 4 Son 4 West Newman, Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. Vol. XVIIT. Plate IT.

Edgar 8. Kn ight,

Adlurd §& Son & West Ne wman, Ltd.

(181 )

2.—The Crane-flies of South Africa in the South African Museum
(Diptera, Tipulidae) —By Cuaries P. ALExanpErR, Ph.D.

Part II.

(With Plates III and IV.)

Since the publication of the first instalment under this title (Ann.
South African Mus., vol. xvii, pt. ii, no. 5, pp. 189-182, Pls. X-XIV,
1917) Dr. Péringuey has continued to send me lots of specimens of
_ this family of flies for determination. In the present article not only
are some new and insufficiently described species characterised and
figured, but the additional distribution of other species is included in
order to supplement our meagre knowledge of the subject. In order
to conserve space, in this and succeeding parts under this title, the
references to genera and species that have been considered in earlier
parts will not be repeated, but genera and species introduced for the
first time will be given a detailed reference as hitherto. I am deeply
indebted to Dr. Péringuey and to the collectors of this material for
the privilege of studying these interesting lots of crane-flies.

Famity TIPULIDAH.
Sup-ramity LIMNOBIINAE.

Tre LIMNOBIINI.
Gren. DICRANOMYIA, Stephens.

DIcRANOMYIA TIPULIPES, Karsch.

Additional records of distribution for this common and wide-spread
Ethiopian species are as follows :

2, Angra Pequena, S.W. Protectorate, September, 1917 (Dr.
Knobel).

2, Pretoria, Transvaal, January 29th, 1915 (H. K. Munro).

3 2, Krantzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).

12

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

DicRANOMYIA GARDINERI, Edwards.
1912. Dicranomyia gardineri, Edwards, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.,
vol. 15, pt. 2, pp. 197, 198.
The following specimens were included in the collection :
?, Barberton, Transvaal, May 6th, 1913 (H. K. Munro).
?, Maritzburg, Natal, 1917 (kK. H. Barnard).
3 °, Krantzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).
?, Arcturus, Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1916 (Dr. Melle).
The wing is shown on Plate ITI, fig. 1.

DiIcRANOMYIA PERINGUEYI, Alexander.

One male and two females from Oudebosch, Caledon, Cape Colony,
altitude 1500 ft., January, 1919 (K. H. Barnard). The exact locality
of the type was unknown, but it now seems probable that it came from
the same general region as the above specimens. ‘The type seems to be
somewhat discoloured, being darker in colour than the fresh specimens

mentioned above.

DicRANOMYIA CONFUSA, Sp. 0.

Close to D. peringueyi; size smaller, wing of male not exceeding
‘5 mm.; general coloration pale testaceous yellow; cell lst M, small,
subquadrate.

Male.— Length 44:1 mm.; wing, 5°3-5°5 mm.

Rostrum unusually long for this genus of flies, somewhat as in the
Nearctic D. rostrifera, O.S.; the condition is very similar to that found
in D. peringueyi, being a little more than half the length of the head ;
rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the scapal segments
pale brownish-yellow, the flagellum dark brown; basal flagellar
segments short-oval, gradually lengthening to the end of the organ.
Head dark grey.

Thorax pale yellowish testaceous, the praescutum with an indistinet
pale median stripe. Pleuradull yellow. Halteres dark brown. Legs
pale yellowish testaceous, the tarsi more brownish. Wings subhyaline ;
stigma oval, brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc long, extending
to about mid-length of the sector, Sc. at the tip of Sc,; cell 1st M,
very small, subquadrate, the veins issuing from it correspondingly
long ; basal deflection of Cu, a little before the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites brown, the sternites more yellowish.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Krantzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (KK. H. Barnard).

Paratopotypes,2 ¢¢.

Type in the South African Museum.

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 183

This inconspicuous Dicranomyia has been confused with D. peringueyt
of Cape Colony, both species agreeing in the slightly produced rostrum
and the general features of venation. D. confusa may most readily be
told by the small size, the pale testaceous yellow coloration and the
small cell 1st Mg.

The wing is shown on Plate III, fig. 3.

DicRANOMYIA CAPICOLA, Sp. 0.

Antennae black throughout; mesonotal praescutum black, the
humeral regions paler; pleura pale brown, greyish pruinose ; wings
greyish subhyaline, veins brownish-black ; Se long, cell 1st M, closed.

Male.—Length 5°5 mm.; wing 7 mm.

Female.—Length about 6°2 mm.; wing 7-4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae black, the flagellar
segments short oval. Head dark brown, grey pruinose.

Pronotum dark brown, the scutellum yellowish. Mesothorax convex.
Mesonotal praescutum brown, with a broad, shiny, brownish-black
median stripe and shorter lateral stripes that are quite confluent
behind, so almost the whole dise is of this colour; scutum brownish-
black, except the median area, which is densely buffy pollinose ; scutel-
lum dark brown; postnotum similar, very sparsely grey pruimose.
Pleura pale brown, greyish pruinose, especially heavy between the
fore and middle coxae. Mesosternum slightly infuscated. Halteres
brown, the knobs darker. Legs with the coxae light brownish-yellow ;
trochanters yellow; remainder of the legs dark brown except the
extreme base of the femora, which is pale. Wings greyish subhyaline ;
stigma long-oval, brown, practically all proximad of r; veins brownish-
black. Venation: Sc moderately long, Sc, ending a little beyond one-
third the length of Rs, Sc, at its tip; Rs more than twice the length
of the basal deflection of R,+-, arcuated or angulated at origin; r pale,
at the tip of R,; cell lst M, small, pentagonal; cell 2nd M, longer than
cell M,, m being rather long and arcuated; basal deflection of Cu, at
or before the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown, the sternites more
yellowish ; hypopygium reddish-brown. Ovipositor with the valves
rusty-chestnut.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Hottentot-Hollands Mountains, altitude 3000 ft.,
Caledon, Cape Colony, March, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).

Allotopotype, 9°.

Paratype, 2, French Hoek, Cape Colony, altitude 2500-3600 ft.,
December 4th, 1916 (K. H. Barnard).

184 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. RHIPIDIA, Meigen.
Rurprpia AFRA, Bergroth.

Two male specimens from Krantzkop, Natal, November, 1917
(K. H. Barnard). A large male from the Hottentot-Hollands Mts.,
Caledon, Cape Colony, 1917 (KK. H. Barnard). As stated by Edwards,
this species runs uncomfortably close to the genus Dicranomyia, and
should perhaps be referred to that genus.

RuIPrpiIA MIOSEMA (Speiser).
1909. Limonia miosema, Speiser, Sjostedts Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped.,
10, Dipt., pt. 4, pp. 50, 51.
A female of this species from the type-locality, Kilimandjaro, 1916
(W. West). Cedara, Natal, April 18th, 1920 (S. H. Skaife).
The wing has never been figured, and is shown on Plate ITI, fig. 2.

Gen. GERANOMYIA, Haliday.
1833. Entomol. Mag., vol. 1, p. 154.

Sus-GEN. Monopuana, Edwards.
1912. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 15, pt. 2, p. 200.

GERANOMYIA (MonopHana) SUBIMMACULATA, Sp. 0.

Rostrum short; mesonotum shiny yellow with three indistinct
reddish stripes; wings pale brown, the stigma indistinct; r at the tip
of Fy.

Female.—Length, excluding the rostrum, 7:1 mm.; wing 8 mm.;
rostrum 1:4 mim.

Rostrum short, black; palpi uniarticulate, black. Antennae very
short, dark, the flagellar segments subglobular. Head grey.

Thorax shiny yellowish, the praescutum with three rather indistinct
reddish stripes, the broad lateral stripes continued backward on to the
scutal lobes. Pleura brownish testaceous. MHalteres brown. Legs
with the coxae brownish-yellow, the terminal segments of the latter
darker. Wings with an indistinct brown tinge, the costal region a
little more yellowish ; stigma indistinct ; veins dark brown. Venation
(Plate ITI, fig. 4): Sc, far removed from the tip of Se,; r at the tip
of R,.

Abdomen dark brownish-black, the ovipositor and its valves brighter,
the sternal valves deeply split.

Habitat—South Africa.

Holotype, 2, Krantz Kloof, Natal, June, 1916 (Marley).

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 185

Type in the South African Museum.

This species agrees closely with the type of the sub-genus, G. immacu-
lata, Edwards, in the subgeneric characters ; it is a much larger species
(immaculata, 2, length 5 mm.; wing 5°5 mm.), with the venation and
coloration different. Edwards’ figure of immaculata shows cross-vein
r very long and strongly deflected at its outer end.

GERANOMYIA (GERANOMYIA) SEX-OCELLATA, Sp. 0.

Rostrum long, black; legs brownish-black; wings with a heavy
ocellate pattern along the costal margin.

Male—Length, excluding rostrum, 7°5 mm. ; rostrum alone, 4°3 mm.;
wing, 7°7 mm.; hind legs, femur, 6°8 mm.; tibia, 7°7 mm.

Rostrum elongate, black, the paraglossae strongly recurved at their
tips, with sparse hairs along the margin ; palpi small, black, apparently
two-segmented ; between the paraglossae a straight, slender rod that
is deeply bifid at its apex. Antennae black, the flagellar segments
short-oval. Head blackish, discoloured in the type.

Thoracic dorsum discoloured in type, reddish-brown, paler along the
margin of the praescutum; an indistinct darker median stripe;
scutellum reddish-brown with a narrow median brown line ; postnotum
brownish-black. Pleura reddish-yellow, with a narrow dark brown
dorsal stripe extending from the cervical sclerites backward, becoming
indistinct beneath the wing-root. Halteres brown, the knobs dark
brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters dull yellow, femora dark
brown, brighter at the base; tibiae and tarsi brownish-black. Wings
subhyaline, the cells in the posterior half of the wing more greyish ;
along the costal margin a series of seven brown markings, all except
the last of which possess large brownish-yellow centres to produce
an ocellate appearance; the largest of these ocellate blotches are
located at the origin of Rs, tip of Se and tip of R,; m shape they
are broadest along the costal margin, narrowed posteriorly, the first
and third reaching vein M, the fifth and sixth reaching f,+;; the
seventh, solid, marking is the smallest, located at the tip of R,+;;
heavy brown seams along the cord and the outer end of cell Ist M);
a small brown spot at the tip of Ist A and a much larger one at the
tip of 2nd A. Venation: Sec long, ending slightly before the fork of
the sector, Sc, at the tip of Sc,; Rs long, strongly angulated at its
origin, about twice the length of the deflection of R,+;; r at the
tip of R,; r-m short; cell 1st M, long, the veins issuing from it
short; basal deflection of Cu, far before the fork of M, Cu+M

being more than half the length of the basal deflection of Cu,
alone.

186 - Annals of the South African Museum.

Abdomen dark brown, the sternites more yellowish. Ovipositor
with the tergal valves slender, straight, acicular, divergent; sternal
valves flattened, gradually narrowed to the subacute tips.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 2, Oudebosch, Caledon, Cape Colony, altitude 1500 ft.,.
January, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

GERANOMYIA (GERANOMYIA) RUBRITHORAX, Sp. 0.

General coloration reddish-orange; wings greyish-yellow, the stigma.
pale brown; Sc, present; cell lst M, long and narrow; Cu, longer
than the basal deflection of Cu).

Male.—Length (excluding rostrum) 6°7 mm.; wing 7 mm.

Female-—Length (excluding rostrum) 7 mm.; wing 79 mm.;
rostrum alone 2°8 mm.

Rostrum long and stout, its exact length uncertain as it is broken a
short distance beyond the palpi, dark brown in colour; palpi bi-articu-
late as in the subgenus. Antennae black throughout, the flagellar
segments short-oval with a short white pubescence; verticils short,
secund. Eyes large, the vertex very narrow, dark brownish-grey, the
under side of the head more yellowish.

Mesonotum reddish-orange, the praescutum without distinct darker
markings. Pleura reddish-yellow. Halteres brown, the base of the
stem pale. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow; femora
brownish-yellow, the tips darker; tibiae brown; tarsi dark brown.
Wings with a strong greyish-yellow tinge; stigma rather large, rather
indistinct, pale brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc short, Se,
ending a short distance beyond the origin of Rs; Sc, distinct, some
distance from the tip of Sc, and proximad of the origin of Rs; Sc,
more than one-half the length of the basal deflection of Cw, alone ;
r indistinct, at the tip of k,; Rs strongly arcuated at origin; basal
deflections of R,+. and Cu, subequal; cell 1st M, long and narrow,
longer than that portion of Cw, beyond it; basal deflection of Cu, a
short distance before the fork of M7; Cu, longer than the basal
deflection of Cu,.

Abdomen brownish-yellow. Male hypopygium orange-yellow ;
pleurites rather slender, the ventral caudal angle produced caudad
and slightly proximad into a conspicuous cylindrical fleshy lobe that
is provided with long hairs ; ventral pleural appendage fleshy, a little
shorter than the pleurites, rather narrow, the tips obtuse, the proximal
cephalic margin produced into a slender arm that bears two stout
spines before its apex; dorsal pleural appendage moderately long,

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 187

eurved, suddenly narrowed before the acute tips; penis-guard and
gonapophyses relatively small.

Habitat—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, French Hoek, Cape Colony, altitude 2500-3600 ft.,
December 4th, 1916 (K. H. Barnard).

Allotype, 2, Paarl, Cape Colony, October, 1919 (Rev. G. Hawke).

Types in the South African Museum.

Superficially, Geranomyia rubrithoraa resembles G. subimmaculata,
sp. n., but is readily told by the two-segmented palpi and the distinct
wing-venation.

Grey. LIMNOBIA, Meigen.

LiIMNoBia IRRORATA (Enderlein).

1912. Limonia irrorata, Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb., vol. 32, pt. 1,
pp. 74, 75, fig. 1.

Cedara, Natal, April 16th, 1920 (S. H. Skaife).
The brown dots on the wing are much more sparse and scattered
than is usual in this species.

Trine ANTOCHINI.
Gen. ATARBA, Osten Sacken.

ATARBA CAPENSIS, Alexander.

In the collection was a small male from Knysna, Cape Colony,
October, 1916 (L. Péringuey). It agrees with the type, but is con-
siderably smaller, with narrower wings. The length is only 3°6 mm.,
the wing 3°8 mm.; subcosta is short, ending before the origin of the
sector. In spite of these discrepancies I believe the specific reference
as given above to be correct.

Gen. ORIMARGULA, Mik.
1883. Wiener Entomol. Zeitung, vol. 2, p. 198.

ORIMARGULA TRANSVAALIA, Sp. 0.

General coloration reddish-yellow or greyish-brown; wings milky
white without a distinct stigma.

Male—Length 3:5 mm.; wing 4°6 mm.

Rostrum light yellow, on the nasal region with a few long hairs ;
the labium long, brownish-yellow ; maxillary palpi long, the base light
brown, soon passing into black. Antennae with the scape brownish-
yellow, the flagellar segments oval, black, with a long coarse white
pubescence. Head light grey.

188 Annals of the South African Museum.

Cervical region very long and narrow. Mesonotum pale greyish-
yellow with a sparse whitish bloom, most distinct on the scutum.
Pleura yellowish with a sparse white bloom. MHalteres pale. Legs
yellowish, the tips of the. femora slightly brownish, tips of the tibiae
narrowly blackened ; apical tarsal segment brownish. Wings milky
grey or white, veins brown, those along the costa more yellowish;
analf{angle square, prominent. Venation: Costa incrassated near the
end of R; R ending nearly opposite mid-length of the deflection of
R,+,; Rs straight or even slightly convex ; R,+., very weak, tending

to atrophy ; r+ present, a little more than its own length beyond the ~

fork of Rs; r—m longer than the petiole of cell M,, but shorter than
the basal deflection of Cu,; basal deflection of Cu, inserted slightly
beyond the level of the fork of Rs, the fusion of Cu, and M, being a
little shorter than the deflection of R,+;.

Abdominal tergites brownish-yellow, the segments with broad
posterior margins of dirty silvery.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Komati Poort, Eastern Transvaal, November, 1918
(R. W. Tucker).

Paratopotypes, 3¢ 2.

Type in the South African Museum.

The paratypes represent a greyish-brown dimorphic form in which
the entire body is much darker than in the type described. A very
similar condition is found in the related genus Antocha.

This tiny species differs from the much larger genotype, O. alpigena,
Mik (Austrian Alps), in general coloration, the lack of a stigma and
in the venational details, i.e. the slightly convex radial sector, r far
proximal of r-m; the long basal deflection of R,+, and fused portion
of Cu,-+ M, and the shorter but more divergent branches that
enclose cell M,.

Gren. ELEPHANTOMYIA, Osten Sacken.

ELEPHANTOMYIA INSULARIS PSEUDOSIMILIS, sub-sp. n.

General coloration dark with a grey pruinosity ; legs dark brown;
wings greyish with a heavy brown pattern along the cord and outer
end of cell 1st Mg.

Sex ?. Rostrum 6°5 mm.; wing 7°38 mm.; head and thorax com-
bined 2°6 mm. ; fore legs—femur 6°7 mm., tibia 9 mm.

Rostrum long and slender, dark brownish-black, including the small
mouth-parts and palpi. Antennae black, the first flagellar segment
paler, brown; the enlarged conical first segment of the flagellum is

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 189

v

made up of the fusion of two segments, there being twelve segments
beyond it, the first of these very short-cylindrical, the remainder
gradually elongated; verticils short, scarcely exceeding the pale
pubescence, except on the last four segments, where they are greatly
elongated and very conspicuous. Eyes large, contiguous beneath, the
vertex greatly narrowed; vertex grey, lightest on the front; this
region of the head is apparently discoloured, and the whole vertex
may be light grey.

Neck elongate. Mesonotum dark, the praescutum with three darker
stripes ; a pale area between the scutal lobes; any pruinosity of the
thorax is destroyed, but small areas persisting on the pleura show that
this region at least is light grey pruinose. Halteres brown, the stems
paler. Legs with the coxae pale, the fore coxae with the outer face
darkened, trochanters brown; femora dark brown, more yellowish at
the base; tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Wings with a pale greyish
tinge, the costal and subcostal cells more yellowish ; a large rounded
brown spot at the origin of Rs; broad brown seanis along the cord
and outer end of cell Ist M,; stigma elongate-oval, brown; veins
dark brown. Venation: Sc ending just before the fork of Rs, Sc, at
the tip of Sc, ; R,+, long, running parallel to R,+, so that cell R, is
scarcely widened at’the wing margin; cell 1st Mf, large, basal deflection
of Cu, at about two-fifths of its length.

Abdomen broken beyond the first segment, which is greyish.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, sex ?, Oudebosch, Caledon, Cape Colony, altitude 1500 ft.,
January, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

This fly is closely related to the larger typical form, E. insularis,
Edwards, of the Seychelles Islands, but seemingly represents a distinct
race. The rostrum is shorter, the thorax not ochraceous, im a little
shorter than the outer deflection of M,, ete. Unfortunately Edwards
does not figure the venation or describe it in detail. The present fly
almost reproduces the venation of the genotype, H. westwoodi, O. S.
(North-Eastern North America), except that the radial sector and cell
Ist M, are considerably longer. The wings of this new Elephantomyia
superficially resemble those of Rhamphidia capensis, Alex., in the
nature of the brown pattern. Besides the generic characters, however,
the present insect is readily told by the lack of brown markings
proximad of the sector and by the cell R, not being widened at the
wing margin.

190 é Annals of the South African Museum.

TriseE ERIOPTERINI.

Gey. ERIOPTERA, Meigen.
Sus-GeEN. EMPEDA, Osten Sacken.

Erioprera (EMPEDA) BONAE SPEI, Alexander.
Two females from M’fongosi, Zululand, May, 1917 (W. E. Jones).

ERIOPTERA (EMPEDA) CLAUSA, Sp. 0.

Size very small, wing of the male 3 mm.; general coloration
yellowish-brown ; wings subhyaline; cell lst M, closed, basal deflec-
tion of Cu, far beyond the fork of M.

Male.— Length about 2 mm; wing 3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae brown, the flagellar
segments oval with moderately long verticils and a coarse white
pubescence. Head brown. Eyes with large, coarse ommatidia.

Pronotum dark, the sides of the pronotal scutellum almost white.
Mesonotal praescutum dark brown, the broad lateral margins and the
humeral region somewhat brighter ; pseudosutural foveae large, con-
spicuous ; scutum with the lobes dark brown, the median area paler ;
seutellum projecting, dark brown, margined caudally with dull yellow;
postnotum dark brown. Pleura dull yellowish, with two indistinct dark
brown stripes, one on either side of a yellowish line that extends from
behind the fore coxae to the base of the halteres ; sternum dull yellow.
Halteres very large, brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the
coxae and trochanters dull yellow ; remainder of the legs pale brown.
Wings with a faint darker tinge, the stigma pale brown, indistinct ;
veins dark brown. Venation: Sc rather short, ending before mid-
length of the sector, Sc, almost at the tip of Sc, and subequal to it;
cell 1st M, closed, rather long and narrow; basal deflection of Cu, far
beyond the fork of M, at about two-fifths the length of cell lst M,.

Abdomen dull brownish-yellow, the lateral margins darker brown.
Pieurites of the male hypopygium apparently with three slender
appendages ; outer appendage longest, shaped as a pale, flattened,
compressed arm that resembles the blade of a cutlass; the second
appendage is somewhat similarly shaped but much smaller; the third
appendage is heavily chitinised, slender, slightly bent, the tip acutely
pointed. The type is unique, and the structure of the hypopygium
can only be discussed in the general terms given above.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, French Hoek, Cape Colony, altitude 2500-3600 feet,
December 4th, 1916 (K. H. Barnard).

>

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 19]

Type in the South African Museum.

This tiny crane-fly is related to the much larger H. bonae spei,
Alexander (South Africa), but is readily told by the closed cell 1st M,—
a character possessed by most European species and two Nearctic
species of the sub-genus Hmpeda.

Sus-cen. ERIOPTERA, Meigen.

ERIOPpTERA (EHRIOPTERA) PERINGUEYI, Bergroth.
A female from Krantzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).

ERIOPTERA (ERIOPTERA) CLARIPENNIS, Sp. 0.

Coloration dark brownish-black, dusted with grey; wings sub-
hyaline, the extreme base yellowish, veins dark brown; cell Ist MM,
open, second anal vein short, straight.

Female ?.—Length 3 mm.; wing 44mm. Fore leg, femur 1:8 mm. ;
tibia 2°3 mm.; hind leg, femur 2:1 mm., tibia 2°4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brownish-black. Antennae dark brown,
the flagellar segments oval, densely clothed with an erect pale
pubescence. Head dark, sparsely dusted with grey.

Pronotum with the scutum dark, dusted with grey, the scutellum
clear yellow on the sides, infumed medialiy above. Mesonotum black,
dusted with grey ; scutellum broad, the apical third conspicuously dull
yellow. Pleura dark, sparsely dusted with grey. Halteres brown.
Legs with the coxae small, dull yellowish-brown; trochanters pale
brown; fore femora dark brown except the extreme bases, which are
paler; tibiae and tarsi dark brown; middle and hind legs similar but
the femora brown, darkened at the tips. Wings greyish subhyaline ;
stigma indistinct ; veins dark brown, slender and very distinct ; extreme
base of wing yellowish. Venation (Plate III, fig. 10): Sc, not greatly
removed from the tip of Sc,; r present, connecting R, some distance
beyond the fork of R,+,; R,+, moderately long, a little longer than
7m ; Rs long, straight ; basal deflection of R,+,, r—-m and the deflec-
tion of M,+, short, in alignment; cell 1st M, open by the atrophy of
m; basal deflection of Cu, inserted at or slightly beyond mid-length of
vein M,; second anal vein straight. In its general features the
venation suggests E. laticeps, Alex., or E. pilipennis, Alex. (Western
United States). The condition of the second anal vein is more like
the subgenus Acyphona, and this group of species may be considered
as belonging there, although the appearance of the species is quite
different from typical Acyphonae.

Abdomen dark brownish-black, the pleural region yellowish.
Hypopygium dull brownish-yellow, the valves blunt. In the unique

192 Annals of the South African Museum.

specimen at hand I cannot determine the sex without dissection. From
the genitalia of the dried specimen it does not seem to be a male, but
the fleshy valves are quite different from the usual type of ovipositor
in the genus Hrioptera, more resembling the condition in Cylindrotoma,
Styringomyia, some Tipula, ete. With this statement I have discussed
the specimen above as being a female.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 9?, Ceres Division, Matroosberg, altitude 3500 ft.,
January, 1917 (R. M. Lightfoot).

Type in the South African Museum.

Erioptera claripennis is related to E. nigrolatera, Alex. (Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 6, p. 51, 1920) of Nyasaland, described since
the above was written.

ERIOPTERA (ERIOPTERA) FUMIPENNIS, sp. 0.

Coloration medium brown, the abdomen darker; wings strongly
infumed ; cell Ist M, open by the atrophy of m; basal deflection of Cu,
before the fork of M; second anal vein slightly sinuous near its tip.

Female—Length 42 mm.; wing 4 mm.; hind leg, femur 3 mm.,
tibia 3:1 mm.

Rostrum light yellowish-brown; palpi short, dark brown, the seg-
ments with long black setae, the fourth segment at the apex with three
very long setae. Antennae moderately elongated, dark brown, the
first flagellar segment a little paler ; segments of the flagellum elongate-
oval with moderately long black verticils. Head brown.

Pronotum prominent, brown, the lateral portions of the scutum and
scutellum more yellowish; sides of the pronotal scutum with several
long, coarse bristles. Mesonotal praescutum brown, without stripes ;
pseudosutural foveae conspicuous, dark brown; tuberculate pits about
on a level with the cephalic ends of the foveae, separated from one
another by a distance about equal to one and one-half times the
diameter of one; a few setae on the praescutal interspaces, including
two long ones cephalad of the foveae; remainder of the mesonotum
brown. Pleura pale brown, the mesepipleura a little more yellowish.
Halteres brownish-yellow, the knobs darker, elongate and very large.
Legs with the coxae and trochanters brown; remainder of the legs
light brown. Wings with a strong brownish-grey suffusion; stigma
indistinct ; veins dark brown. The veins, with the exception of r, 7—m
and the basal deflection of Cu,, are provided with long black setae.
Venation: Se moderately long, ending just before the fork of R,+3;
Se, very far removed from the tip of Sc,, only a short distance beyond
the origin of the long, straight sector; R,+, moderately long, about

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 193

equal to r-m; ron R,, the distance on R, between it and the fork of
Ry+ ya little less than r—m; 7-m a little more distad than the basal
deflection of R,+,; basal deflection of Cu, inserted a short distance
before the fork of M, this distance varying from a little shorter to a
little longer than r; fusion of M, and Cw, a little longer than the basal
deflection of the latter; 2nd A long, almost straight, on the distal
fourth slightly sinuated as in the subgenus.

Abdomen uniform dark brown with numerous coarse setae; ovipositor
yellowish-brown, long, the tergal valves longest, moderately curved,
the margins smooth; sternal valves short, very slightly curved to
almost straight, the tips acute.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ?, Lydenburg, Transvaal (P. Kroeger).

Type in the South African Museum.

A teneral male from Krantzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (K. H.
Barnard), is somewhat injured, but agrees in all essentials with the
type female above described. It may be considered as being the
allotype.

Gen. MOLOPHILUS, Curtis.
1833. British Entomology, p. 444.

Mo.LoPHILUS ERIOPTEROIDES, Sp. 0.

Coloration dark brownish-black, the body heavily dusted with grey;
body and wings densely hairy; wings with the anal angle lacking or
nearly so; Rs in alignment with vein A, ; basal deflection of Cu, before
the fork of M.

Male.—Leneth 1:8 mm. ; wing 3:2-3°3 mm.

Rostrum and palpidark brown. Antennae with the scapal segments
large, dark brownish-black, the second segment globular or a little
longer than broad; flagellum broken; the condition of the scape would
indicate an elongate antenna. Head dark brownish-grey with coarse
brownish-yellow hairs; a narrow clear grey line along the inner margin
of the eyes.

Praescutum grey, with three broad brownish stripes; remainder of
the thorax blackish, heavily dusted with grey. Halteres rather short,
the knobs large, dark brown. Legs with the coxae blackish, heavily
grey pruinose; trochanters brown; remainder of the legs dark brown.
Wings with a faint brown tinge, a little darker in the region of the
stigma; veins dark brown. Anal angle of the wings lacking or
approximately so, the posterior margin from the base to about mid-
length being almost straight. Venation (Plate III, fig. 12): Sc, long,

194 Annals of the South African Museum.

terminating some distance beyond the end of the sector; Sc, far
removed from the tip of Sc), so that Sc, is almost as long as the
sector; r indistinct, inserted on R, just beyond its origin; Rs in a
straight line with R,; R, strongly arcuated at origin; 7—m a little
longer than the deflection of R,+,; cell lst M, open by the atrophy
of m; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of M; fusion of veins
M, and Cu, i.e. the petiole of cell M,, about one-third the length of
the cell; second anal vein short, ending opposite the basal portion
of the sector.

Abdomen dark, sparsely dusted with grey ; hypopygium somewhat
paler brown.

Habitat —South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Hottentot-Hollands Mts., 4000 ft., Caledon, Cape
Colony, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum. .

This small fly is of considerable interest. It presents many features
in agreement with the Seychelles Tasiocera minutissima, Edwards, but
is a rather larger fly. Sc, is present, though far retracted. The
principal character given to separate Molophilus from Erioptera is the
fact that the sector apparently ends in cell R., whereas in Hrioptera it
ends in cell R,. In the present insect the sector is in direct alignment
with vein &, and consequently does not end in any cell. This feature
is approximated by some Molophilus (ursinus) from Eastern North
America.

Gen. TRIMICRA, Osten Sacken.

TRIMICRA INCONSPICUA, Loew.

The following additional records are at hand :

S 2, Cape Town, Cape Colony, September, 1913 (L. Péringuey).

6 @, Knysna, Cape Colony, October, 1916 (L. Peringuey).

3 2, Barberton, Transvaal, May 8th—ldth, 1918 (H. K. Munro).

366, Junction of the Crocodile and Marico Rivers, Transvaal,
February, 1918 (R. Tucker).

6 6, Maritzburg, Natal, December 18th, 1917 (8S. G. Rich).

As stated in my earlier paper, it seems probable that this species is
the same as Limnobia lanuginipes, Walker; two of the above specimens
are almost as large as the figures given for lanuginipes (male, length
85 mm.; wing 10°5 mm.). Moreover it is probable that both of the
names above used are synonyms of Limnobia capensis, Macquart, the
description of which agrees very well with the present insect. The
various types should be consulted, if possible, before any positive
statement of synonymy is made.

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 195

Sus-cen. TRICHOTRIMICRA, sub-gen. n.

Antennae with sixteen segments, the flagellar segments gradually
narrowed to the end of the organ. Wings with the entire surface
pubescent ; vein Sc rather short, ending about opposite mid-length of
the sector; cell Ist M, closed, small; legs with the pubescence long
but not conspicuous, subappressed.

Type of the sub-genus: Trimicra (Trichotrimicra) hirtipennis, sp. n.
(Southern Ethiopian region).

The small fly upon which this new group is based bears a strong
resemblance to certain species of the genus Ormosia, especially some
Holarctic species of the nigripila group; this resemblance seems to
be due largely to analogy, and the real affinities of the insect to
be in the vicinity of Trimicra. The comparatively short subcosta
and the peculiar structure of the ovipositor will serve to separate this
fly from the species of Ormosia that resemble it.

Triicra (TRICHOTRIMICRA) HIRTIPENNIS, sp. 0.

General coloration reddish-brown ; wings nearly hyaline, the costal
region more yellowish ; wings covered with a short dense pubescence.

Female—Length about 3°3 mm.; wing 48 mm.

Rostrum light yellow ; palpi dark brown. Antennae pale brownish
testaceous, the flagellar segments cylindrical, covered with a long,
coarse, pale pubescence and sparse black verticils ; flagellar segments
becoming more slender and a little longer toward the end of the organ.
Head pale brownish-yellow, with long erect hairs.

Pronotum pale, on either side a little tumid, and here provided
with a tuft of from eight to ten very long yellow hairs. Mesonotal
praescutum uniform reddish-brown, the lateral margins narrowly
whitish ; interspaces with long erect yellowish hairs; pseudosutural
foveae pale; tuberculate pits rather large, located almost on a level
with the foveae, separated from one another by a distance that varies
from a little less than the diameter of one to nearly twice this distance:
seutum dark brown ; scutellum brown, broadly margined caudally with
yellowish testaceous; postnotum brown, very sparsely pruinose. Pleura
reddish-brown, sparsely grey pruinose. Halteres with the stem yellow,
the knobs brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters very pale
yellow, provided with long yellow hairs ; femora and tibiae yellow, the
pubescence long but subappressed ; tarsi pale, the terminal segments
darker. Wings hyaline, the costal region pale yellow; stigma indistinct;
veins brown, C, Sc and R pale; a rather dense pubescence in all the
cells of the wing. Venation: Se short, ending opposite or very slightly

196 Annals of the South African Museum.

beyond mid-length of the sector; 7 on R, just beyond the fork ; cell
lst M, small, about as long as the basal deflection of Cu,, which is
inserted at the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites pale brown, sternites yellow. Ovipositor with
the tergal valves very slender, almost acicular, subfleshy, delicately —
pubescent, slightly upcurved before their tips; sternal valves pale,
very flattened and compressed, approximately as long as the tergal
valves.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 2, Krantzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (KX. H. Barnard).

Paratopotype, °.

Type in the South African Museum.

Gen. PLATYLIMNOBIA, Alexander.
PLATYLIMNOBIA PUMILA, Sp. 0.

Size small (male, length 2-6 mm.) ; general coloration brownish-black
including the hypopygium ; antennae with but nine flagellar segments,
the last more elongated than the others.
Male.—Length, 26 mm.; hind leg, femur 2:8 mm., tibia 3:2 mm.
Rostrum and palpi dark. Antennae black ; scapal segments large ;
flagellar segments (Plate IV, fig. 22) nine in number, oval-cylindrical,
rather crowded, the terminal segment a little narrowed, elongate, about
as long as the two preceding taken together. Head with the eyes small,
widely separated ; ommatidia very coarse. Head dark, sparsely dusted.
Thorax dark, dusted with grey. Pleura paler. Legs with the cox
and trochanters rather light yellowish-brown, especially the posterior
pair; remainder of the legs black.
Abdomen dark brownish-black ; hypopygium large, black.
Habitat.—South Africa.
Holotype, g, Hottentot-Hollands Mts., Caledon, Cape Colony, 1917
(Kk. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

This interesting species is undoubtedly related to the genotype,
Platylimnobia barnardi, Alexander, but is only about one-half as large
(in barnardi the middle leg shows the following measurements : femur
64mm., tibia 6 mm.) and almost entirely blackish in colour. The
antennae are but 1l-segmented. In the material of P. barnardi I
believed that I could distinguish 16 segments, there being 14 flagellar
segments ; the material has since been returned to the South African
Museum and I cannot confirm the statement at this time, but would
indicate the possibility of a mistaken observation. P. barnardi has the

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 197

abdomen light yellowish-brown, including the hypoygium, in the male
with a dark brown subterminal ring on segment 8 and the end of
segment 7.

Gen. PODONEURA Bergroth.
PopONEURA ANTHRACOGRAMMA, Bergroth.

The following additional distribution is shown in the material
available for study:

Q, Cape Town, Cape Colony, January, 1918 (Cowper).

2, Kranzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (K. H. Barnard.)

6, Salisbury, Rhodesia, March 21st, 1901 (F. L. Snow) ; in the
collection of Kansas University.

Gren. GONOMYIA, Meigen.
GonomytA (GONOMYIA) SULPHURELLOIDES, sp. 0.

Somewhat resembling G. sulphurella (O.S.) of the Eastern United
States ; mesonotum yellow, the praescutum with three dark brown
_ stripes ; pleura with two narrow dark brown stripes ; legs dull brownish-
yellow, the tarsal segments darker; wings greyish; Se ending far
before the origin of the sector; cell A, very small; cell Ist M,
narrowed at its inner end.

Female.—Length about 4°5 mm.; wing 5°] mm.

Head broken.

Mesonotum light yellow, the praescutum with three dark brown
stripes that are entirely confluent behind ; the median area behind the
median stripe yellowish ; scutal lobes brown, the median area yellow ;
scutellum dark basally, the apex broadly yellowish ; postnotum brown,
yellow laterally. Pleura yellow with two narrow dark brown
longitudinal stripes, the yellow stripe thus enclosed broad; the dorsal
brown stripe begins above the fore coxa and passes just beneath the
halteres ; the ventral stripe is grey pruinose, and occupies the end of
the fore coxa and suffuses the sides of the mesosterna. Halteres pale.
Legs with the coxae dull yellow except as described above ; trochanters
dull yellow ; remainder of the legs dull brownish-yellow, only the apical
tarsal segments dark brown. Wings with a strong greyish tinge;
stigma indistinct, veins dark brown. Venation (Plate III, fig. 11):
Se short, ending far before the origin of the sector, this distance about
equal to 7m; cell R, very small as in G. sulphurella; cell 1st M,
narrowed at the inner end; basal deflection of Cu, at the fork of M. ,

Abdominal tergites brown, the posterior margins of the segments
dull yellow ; sternites brownish-yellow.

Habitat.—South Africa.

13

198 Annals of the South African Museum.

Holotype, 2, Kranzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (K. H. Barnard), |
Type in the South African Museum.

GoNOMYIA (GONOMYIA) MIMETICA, sp. n.

Related to G. subcinerea (O.S.) of the Eastern United States ; general
coloration grey, the thoracic pleura yellowish, the sternum brownish.

Male.—Leneth about 4°5 mm. ; wing 5'°2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black, the terminal flagellar
segments elongated. Head dark, greyish pruinose.

Thoracic dorsum grey, the praescutal stripes ill-defined. Pleura
yellow, the mesosterna brownish. MHalteres long, pale, the knobs a
little darker. Legs with the coxae and trochanters dull yellow;
remainder of the legs pale brown, the tarsi darker. Wings greyish
subhyaline; stigma distinct but rather pale; veins dark brown.
Venation (Plate ITI, fig. 14): Se ending just beyond the origin of the
sector; Rs long, oblique, a little sinuous before mid-length ; Ry+3
arcuated ; deflection of R,+,; punctiform; cell Ist M, closed; basal
deflection of Cw, at the fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown, more yellowish laterally; hypopygium
yellow. Male hypopygium with the pleurites moderately elongated,
the dorsal angle produced caudad into a rather stout pale lobe that
bears a few scattered hairs ; ventral pleural appendage a long, slender,
pale lobe that is covered with pale hairs; dorsal pleural appendage
stout, subcircular, the distal end produced into a short, blunt tubercle
that bears a few hairs; the caudal margin is chitinised and produced
into a powerful curved hook that bends dorsad and finally slightly
cephalad (Plate IV, fig. 23). Penis-guard elongate, compressed, deeply
notched beyond mid-length, exceeding the tips of the pleurites ; from
near its base projects an elongate, slender, heavily chitinised rod that
is acutely pointed at its tip.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Kranzkop, Natal, November, i917 (Kk. H. Barnard).

Paratype, 6, New Hanover, Natal, November 29th, 1914 (C. B.
Hardenberg) ; Montagu, Cape Colony, October, 1919 (R. W. Tucker).

Type in the South African Museum.

GoNOMYIA (GONOMYIA) TUCKERI, sp. n.

Colour brownish-grey, the praescutal stripes rather indistinct;
antennae black; legs dark brown ; wings with a faint yellowish tinge ;
Sc long, extending to opposite mid-length of Rs; cell lst M, open by
the atrophy of the outer deflection of M,; basal deflection of Cu, far
before the fork of M.

-

The Crane-flies of South A friea. 199

Sex?. Wing, 6-4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brownish-black, Antennae black, the
flagellar segments long-oval. Head grey, more reddish along the inner
margin of the eye.

Mesonotum brownish-grey, the praescutum with the stripes indis-
tinct ; scutellum yellow, dark brown anteriorly. Pleura pale greyish-
white, indistinctly marked with darker blotches. Halteres pale. Legs
with the coxae dull yellow, the outer face more brownish ; trochanters
dull yellow; remainder of the legs dark brown, darkest on the tarsi.
Wings with a faint yellow tinge, the stigma indistinct; veins pale
yellowish-brown, the costal veins more yellowish. Venation: Se,
elongate, ending just beyond mid-length of the long, arcuate sector ;
Sc, retreated, located just before the origin of Rs; R,+, long, gently
arcuated ; FR, oblique; cell R, large; cell lst M, open by the atrophy
of the outer deflection of M,; cell Mz deep; basal deflection of Cu,
far before the fork of M, the fusion with M ereater than the deflection
alone.

Abdomen broken beyond the first segment.

Habitat — South Africa.

Holotype, sex ?, Komati Poort, Eastern Transvaal, November, 1918
(R. W. Tucker).

Type in the South African Museum.

In its venation G. tuckeri agrees almost exactly with G. mathesoni,
Alex. (North-eastern North America). In both species Sc, is retreated
far back from the tip of Sc, so that it lies just proximad of the origin
of the sector. Such species would run to the tribe Pediciini in the
keys to the family.

This interesting fly is dedicated to its collector, Mr. R. W. Tucker.

GONOMYIA (GONOMYELLA) FLAVEOLA, Sp. 0.

Front yellow, vertex dark grey ; thorax yellow, the praescutum with
three dark brown stripes ; legs largely yellow, the tips of the femora
and tibiae darkened ; wings tinged with yellow; Sc long; basal deflec-
tion of Cw, just before the fork of M.

Female.—Length, 5°8-6°3 mm.; wing, 6-6°5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the basal seg-
ments yellowish, the remainder of the organ dark brown; flagellar
Segments oval. Front dull yellow; vertex dark grey pruinose.

Thorax yellow, the praescutum with three dark brown stripes that are
confluent behind ; pseudosutural foveae large, conspicuous, triangular,
shiny dark brown; scutum with the lobes largely dark ; scutellum dull
brownish-yellow ; postnotum dark brown, the sides more yellowish.

200 Annals of the South African Museum. .

Pleura dull brownish-yellow. Halteres short, yellow. Legs stout, the
coxae and trochanters dull yellow, femora and tibiae dull yellow,
narrowly tipped with dark brown; tarsi brown, darkest on the
terminal segments. Wings with a strong yellow tinge ; stigma indis-
tinct ; veins yellow and brownish-yellow, brightest at the base of the
wing and in the costal area. Venation (Plate III, fig. 13): Sc long,
ending at about two-thirds the length of the sector; Sc, removed to
some distance from the tip of Sc,; Rs very long, almost straight ; r
inserted at about mid-length of the short R,+.,; cell lst M, open by
the atrophy of the outer deflection of M,; ina paratype the m cross-
vein is likewise atrophied, leaving the end of M, suspended in the
membrane ; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites brown or yellowish-brown, the posterior margins
of the segments broadly ringed with dull yellow; sternites yellow, the
segments narrowly and indistinctly rmged with paler.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 2 , Knysna, Cape Colony, October, 1916 (L. Péringuey).

Paratopotypes, two? °.

Type in the South African Museum.

This species is most closely allied to G. natalensis, Alex., but is
readily told by the diagnostic characters given above.

GONOMYIA (GONOMYELLA) PULCHRISSIMA, sp. 0.

Black ; pleura yellow with two black stripes; abdominal tergites
banded with brown and yellow; wings subhyaline, cell R, deep, tip of
vein M, hanging free in the membrane.

Male.—Length 3-4 mm.; wing, 2°3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black; second scapal segment
enlarged ovate ; flagellar segments oval-cylindrical, the verticils short.
Head black.

Pronotum dark brownish-black, the lateral margin narrowly bright
yellow. Mesonotal praescutum shiny black, conspicuously margined
with bright yellow ; scutum black, the lobes with a yellow spot on the
lateral posterior margin ; scutellum and postnotum black. Pleura clear
yellow, with a broad black dorsal pleural stripe extending from the
posterior margin of the pronotum caudad beneath the wing root to
the postnotum ; conspicuous black marks on the mesosternum between
the fore and middle coxae. MHalteres dark brown, the base of the stem
yellow. Legs with the coxae dull yellow, the outer face purplish
brown, especially basally; trochanters blackish ; femora light brown
the bases more yellow, the apices darkest; tibiae brown, the tips
darker; tarsi dark brown. Wings subhyaline, the veins brown.

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 201

Venation: Sc rather long, extending to beyond one-third the length
of the long sector; 7 rather indistinct, connecting with R, just beyond
the base; cell BR, very deep ; tip of vein M, lying free in the membrane,
the basal connections atrophied ; if it were connected with vein Cu (as
in G. brevifurca) the fork would be very deep, there being about ten
equidistant macrotrichiae on the preserved portion of M,.

Abdominal tergites pale reddish-brown, broadly margined caudally
and laterally with yellow; hypopygium jet black, the ninth tergite
with a yellow dorsal semi-lunar mark at the base and a less distinct
mark on either side; sternites light yellow. Hypopygium suddenly
narrowed, small, its general structure somewhat as in G. brevifurea ;
ninth tergite narrow, with a profound median split, the lateral lobes
very slender, slightly down-curved, covered with a short pubescence ;
ninth pleurite produced caudad into a slender finger-like lobe ; three
pairs of appendages project from a genital chamber, most of which
seem to be pleural appendages; the longest pair are apparently
attached to the sternite, are flattened basally, light brown, the tips
slightly curved and blackened, near the base on the outer face with
a short spine ; the other spines are shorter and are more pleural in
position.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, §, French Hoek, Cape Colony, altitude 2500-3600 ft.,
December 4th, 1916 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

This beautiful crane-fly is very similar in its general appearance to
G. brevifurca, Alexander, but is readily told by the venation and
details of body coloration, as diagnosed above.

Gren. TRENTEPOHLIA, Bigot.
1854. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3rd ser.), vol. 2, p. 473.

(This genus was not used in Part I of this series, Mongoma, West-
wood, being substituted. However, Trentepohlia is the older name, and
there seems to be no just reason for not adopting it.)

TRENTEPOHLIA (TRENTEPOHLIA) SPEISERI HUMERALIS, subsp. n.

Mesonotum dark brownish-black, the humeral angles of the prae-
scutum reddish ; legs brown; wings with the subhyaline spot in cell
fi, very small.

Male.—Length about 7-6 mm.; wing 6°4 mm.

Female.—Length about 7°3 mm.; wing 6°8 mm.

Mouth-parts, including the well-developed maxillary and labial palpi,

202 Annals of the South African Museum.

dark brown. Antennae dark brown throughout. Head black with a
grey pruinosity.

Neck distinct, black. Prothorax black. Mesonotal praescutum
dark brownish-black, the extensive humeral areas dull reddish, de-
limited behind by a broad shallow suture; the broad median black
stripe extends to the anterior margin of the sclerite. Remainder of
the mesonotum, including the pleura, dark brownish-black. Halteres
pale, the knobs large. Legs with the fore and middle coxae brownish,
the posterior coxae more yellow on the outer face; fore trochanters
brown, the other trochanters dull yellow; femora and tibiae dark
brown, slightly paler basally; tarsi dark brown. Wings with the
broad costal area yellowish, the remainder of the wing grey ; a broad
dark brown wing apex passing through the fork of +, and the fork
of R,+, and M,+., paler in the posterior cells; a small, subhyaline,
rounded spot in cell R, adjacent to the tip of R, and costa, not
reaching vein #,; a broad dark brown seam along the cord, on the
cephalic portion greatly broadened into a solid subquadrangular costal
area; a broad brown seam along Cu; veins yellow, brown in the
darkened areas. Venation: similar to typical speiseri as figured by
Edwards, but the fusion of R,+, and M, +, longer, exceeding Rs.

Abdomen dark brownish-black. Ovipositor black with the valves
rusty, the dorsal valves very short and curved as in this group of
species.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Kaapmuiden, Eastern Transvaal, October 30th, 1918
(R. W. Tucker).

Allotopotype, ?.

Paratopotypes, 2 ¢ 9, June 10th—23rd, 1919 (H. K. Munro).

This handsome fly will probably be found to be a valid species, but
for the present the writer prefers to consider it a race of T. speisert,
Edwards. From the type species it differs notably in the large size and
darker colour throughout, especially the thoracic pattern, where, black
has largely replaced the reddish-brown areas, and in the darker legs and
wings.

TRENTEPOHLIA (TRENTEPOHLIA) GRACILIS CONTINENTALIS, subsp. 0.

Male.—Wing 6°5 mm.

Female——Length 9:4 mm.; abdomen 7:5 mm.; wing 6°7 mm., its
greatest width 1:05 mm.

This species differs from the description of typical gracilis, End.
(Madagascar), as follows: wings longer and narrower, proportionate to
the length of the body. Mesonotal praescutum dull brownish-grey

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 205

with a broad dark brown median stripe, broadest in front, narrowed
behind, ending at the suture. Halteres not elongate. Abdomen
dark brownish-black, the ovipositor deep rusty.

The mouth-parts, in addition to the moderately elongate maxillary
palpi, possess conspicuous bi-articulate labial palpi, the distal segment
of which is more than twice the length of the basal segment, suddenly
narrowed at its apex and provided with a few sensory bristles; the
inner face of this segment is nearly glabrous, the outer face with
numerous short, appressed, bristle-like setae.

Male hypopygium small, the pleurites stout; pleural appendage
slender, at about mid-length deeply incised, basad of the incision with
a small finger-like lobe; the distal blade of the appendage with a
conspicuous flattened wing along the inner margin, this bearing two
setigerous punctures ; at the apex of the appendage are a few additional
setae. Gonapophyses widely separated at their insertion, inclined
toward one another, each one at its distal end expanded into a
flattened blade that is apically subtruncate.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 2, Kaapmuiden, Eastern Transvaal, October 30th, 1918
(R. W. Tucker). ;

Allotopotype, 3.

Paratopotype, sex ?.

Type in the South African Museum.

GrEN. CONOSIA, van der Wulp.
ConosIA IRRORATA, Wiedem., var.

Three specimens from Waterberg, Damara Land, February, 1920
(R. W. Tucker).

These specimens are smaller and more greyish than typical forms,
but it seems probable that these features are due to environmental
factors. The species is probably the most widely distributed crane-
fly known, occurring over practically the entire African continent, thence
eastward to Australia, north to Palestine and Japan.

Trigg LIMNOPHILINI.
Gen. LIMNOPHILA, Macquart.

Limnopuina FrRuaI, Bergroth.
The following additional distribution :
3 6, Pretoria, Transvaal, April 5th, 1915 (H. K. Munro).

3 6, Mfongosi, Zululand, April, May, 1916; February, 1917 (W. E.
Jones).

204 Annals of the South African Museum.

LIMNOPHILA SPECTABILIS, Sp. 0.

Antennae black, the first segment of the flagellum yellowish ; wings
subhyaline, with an extensive pale grey pattern.

Male.—Length 7°2 mm.; wing 8°8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae moderately elongated, black,
the first flagellar sezment yellowish ; flagellar segments elongate-oval.
Head dark brown.

Pronotum dull brownish-yellow. Mesonotum dull brown, dis-
coloured in the type, scutellum more yellowish. Pleura dull brownish-
yellow with a broad dark brown stripe extending from the cervical
sclerites backward. Halteres yellowish, the base of the knob brown.
Legs with the coxae and trochanters dull yellow; femora and tibiae
dull brown, the tips a little darker; tarsi brown. Wings subhyaline;
extensively suffused with pale greyish-brown clouds and broad seams
as follows: Base of the wing, origin of the sector, along the cord and
outer end of cell lst M, and at the ends of the longitudinal veins;
veins dark brown. Venation (Plate ITI, fig. 5): Sc extending to
beyond the end of the sector; Sc, at the tip of Sc,; 7 at the tip of R,;
R, +, rather short, somewhat arcuated ; petiole of cell M, about one-
third to one-half the length of the cell; basal deflection of Cu, just
before the middle of cell Ist M,.

Abdominal tergites dark brown; sternites with the basal third of the
segments brownish, the remainder dull yellowish; hypopygium dark.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Maritzbure, Natal, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

LIMNOPHILA MEDIALIS, Sp. 0.

Related to L. frugi, Bergr.; first flagellar segment dark brown with
only the base yellowish; wings brown with a sparse brown pattern at
the origin of the sector and along the cord.

Female.—Leneth 7°8 mm.; wing 8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae dark brown, basal third
or less of the rather long first segment of the flagellum light yeliow;
remaining segments of the flagellum elongate-oval, the organ being
rather long for this sex. Head dark, pruinose.

The thorax is discoloured in the unique type, and the colour of the
pollen cannot be described. Pronotum brownish-yellow. Mesonotum
dark brown. Pleura yellowish-brown, with a broad dark brown longi-
tudinal stripe extending from the cervical sclerites to beyond the base
of the abdomen. Halteres dark brown, pale at the base. Legs with
the coxae and trochanters dull yellow, the remainder of the legs broken.

os ee

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 205

Wings with a strong brownish suffusion; darker brown clouds as
follows: at the origin of Rs, along the cord, at the stigma; smaller
markings at the outer end of cell Ist M, and at the forks.of R,+,
and M,+,. Venation: similar to L. frugi, but r closer to the tip of
R,; deflection of R,+, almost in alignment with r—m; petiole of cell
M, shorter; basal deflection of Cu, beyond mid-length of cell Ist M,.

Abdomen dirty yellow, more brownish along the lateral margins of
the segments. Ovipositor rusty, very long and slender.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 2, Oudebosch, Caledon, Cape Colony, altitude 1500 ft.,
January, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

L. medialis is similar to L. spectabilis, but is much smaller, Se ending
opposite the fork of the very long sector, the wings brown, with a
pattern that is darker but not nearly so extensive as in L. spectabilis.

LIMNOPHILA NATALENSIS, sp. n.

Coloration light yellowish-brown, the thoracic stripes indistinct ;
abdomen of the male with a black ring on segment 8; wings pale
brown ; rat the tip of R,; cell M, deep; basal deflection of Cu, beyond
mid-length of cell 1st M,,.

Male.—Length 6°3 mm.; wing 7°8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae moderately elongated.
dark brown, the scapal segments light brown; flagellar segments
elongate-oval. Head brown.

Thorax light yellowish-brown, the usual three praescutal stripes
indistinct. Pleura dull brownish-yellow. Halteres light brown, the
knobs darker. Legs with the coxae and trochanters dull yellow ;
femora yellowish-brown ; tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Wings evenly
suffused with pale brown; stigma indistinct, slightly darker brown ;
veins dark brown. Venation (Plate III, fig. 6): Sc extending to
beyond the end of the sector; 7 at the tip of R, and inserted at about
mid-length of R,; Rs moderately elongated, arcuated at origin; R,+,
long, arcuated ; cell M, deep, more than twice the length of its petiole ;
cell Ist M, long ; basal deflection of Cu, at about two-thirds the length
of cell Ist M,.

Abdominal tergites dull brownish-yellow, the lateral margins brown ;
a black subterminal ring; sternites dull testaceous yellow, the eighth
segment black ; hypopygium yellow.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Maritzburg, Natal, 1917 (K, H. Barnard).

Paratopotype, ¢.

206 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type in the South African Museum,

This fly agrees closely with the rather insufficient description of LD,
claduroneura, Speiser (Kilimandjaro)—a somewhat larger fly,with the
petiole of cell M, still shorter, only about one-fourth the length of the
cell itself.

LIMNOPHILA GRISEICEPS, Sp. 0.

Related to LD. natalensis; head light grey; antennae elongate, black ;
wings greyish-brown, the costal region a little darker; subcosta long,
basal deflection of R,+,, very short.

Female.—Length 94 mm.; wing 10 mm.

Related to L. natalensis, sp. u., differing as follows: size larger;
head clear light grey, not reddish-brown as in natalensis, the eyes much
closer together at the vertex. Antennae black, the first scapal segment
grey pruinose; the flagellar segments very long and slender, so the
antenna is considerably longer than in the males of natalensis—the
only sex of this latter species yet made known. Thoracic notum dark
brown, brightened only on the humeral region of the praescutum and
the caudal half of the postnotum, which are more reddish. Wings
darker, especially cell C, which is brownish. Venation: Sc, longer than
Sc, and entering F slightly before the fork of R,+.,; Rs longer and
less arcuated at origin; basal deflection of R,+, very short to almost
obliterated, r—m being correspondingly longer; petiole of cell M,
shorter ; cell 1st M, broader.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 2, Oudebosch, Caledon, Cape Colony, altitude 1500 ft.,
January, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).

‘Type in the South African Museum.

LIMNOPHILA RHODESIA, sp. 0. .

Related to L. frugi (Bergr.) ; the first flagellar segment yellow;
thoracic pleura with a broad silvery stripe; wings with a delicate pale
brown dotting along the veins and at the wing margin; Rs angulated
and spurred at origin; cell Ist M, small, subquadrate.

Male.—Length about 6°5 mm. ; wing about 7 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown; antennae dark brown, the second
scapal segment paler brown; the first flagellar segment light yellow;
first scapal segment very long; flagellar segments beyond the fourth
slender, elongate-cylindrical. Head dark with a heavy yellowish-grey
bloom, an indistinct brown longitudinal mark on the vertex; head
strongly narrowed behind as in this subgenus (Psewdolimnophila,
Alex.).

Pronotum conspicuous, grey, with a narrow brown dorso-medial line.

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 207

Mesonotal praescutum greyish-yellow with three dark brown stripes,
the median one narrowed to the transverse suture; lateral stripes
narrow. Pseudo-sutural foveae very conspicuous, semi-circular, black,
shiny. Remainder of the mesonotum greyish-yellow, pruinose, the
scutal lobes darker. Pleura dark brown, a conspicuous broad silvery

grey stripe across the mesopleura, extending from the fore coxae to

above the base of the middle coxae. Mesosternum dark brown, more or
less silverv-grey pruinose. Halteres pale at base, the knobs brown.
Legs with the coxae pale, grey pruinose ; trochanters yellow ; remainder
of the legs broken. Wings with a faint grey tinge, the membrane
heavily dotted with brown along the veins and outer margin. The
pattern is as follows: larger and darker brown marks at the origin of
Rs, at about mid-length of R, where there are three confluent dark
brown spots in cell Sc, the tip of Sc, and presumably at the tip of R,;
this region of the wing injured in the unique type; paler brown dots
along the veins and at regular intervals along the wing margin, the
largest at the ends of the longitudinal veins; in cell C the dots are
very small, pale and few in number; there are about four dots along
Rs, about eight along M, about twelve very distinct clouds along Cw
before its fork, seven along 2nd A, and about four or five along the
margin of the wing in cell 2nd A. Veins light brown, costa more
yellowish, Venation: Sc ending just beyond the fork of Rs; Rs
moderately long, strongly angulated and slightly spurred at its origin ;
basal deflection of R,+,; about as long, or a trifle shorter than the
basal deflection of Cu, ; r—m about twice the length of the very short
m; cell Ist M, small, subquadrate, about as long as the basal deflec-
tion of Cw,, which is inserted at about the middle of its length ;
terminal section of Cu, nearly twice the length of cell lst M,; second
anal vein strongly curved at its tip.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the basal sternites more yellowish.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, May, 1917 (R. W. E.
Tucker).

Type in the South African Museum.

LIMNOPHILA NOX, Sp. 0.
General colour brown ; legs, halteres and wings blackish ; wings with
r rather indistinct ; cell R, sessile or nearly so; petiole of cell Mj
very long; basal deflection of Cu, beyond the fork of M.
Male.—Lengeth 43 mm.; wing 49 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae short, black; basal flagellar
segments subglobular, enlarged, broader than long, the terminal

208 Annals of the South African Museum.

flagellar segments slender, elongated, with long black bristles. Head
broad, dark brown.

Thorax discoloured in the type, probably dark brown. Halteres
short, black. Legs black. Wings dark brownish-black ; veins dark
brown. Venation (Plate III, fig. 7): Sc extending to just before the
end of the sector; 7 rather indistinct; cell R, very deep, almost
sessile ; deflection of R,+, long, nearly twice the length of r—m; cell
M, very short, from one-third to two-fifths the length of its petiole;
basal deflection of Cu, beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen black, the hypopygium a little brighter.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Ceres Division, Matroosberg, Cape Colony, altitude
3,500 ft., November, 1917 (hightfoot). |

Paratype, ¢, Paarl, Cape Colony, October, 1919 (Rev. G. Hawke).

A paratype specimen from French Hoek, Cape Colony, altitude
2500-8600 ft., December 4th, 1916 (K. H. Barnard) is larger than
the type, offering the following measurements: length about 5°3 mm. ;
wing 58 mm. As the coloration is better preserved than in the
somewhat defective type the following additional notes are given.

First scapal segment of the antennae long, the second nearly glob-
ular, Pronotum very large and generalised in structure, the scutellum
constricted medially and with a deep impressed median groove.
Mesonotal praescutum dark brown with a sparse brownish-yellow
pollen and with a broad dark brown median stripe that is broadest in
front, becoming obliterated before the suture ; pseudo-sutural foveae
very large and conspicuous, shiny black ; tuberculate pits lacking or
else very reduced. Pleura grey pruinose. The wing coloration and

venation is almost exactly as in the type; Sc, a short distance from the
tip of Sc). Abdomen brownish-grey pruinose. Male hypopygium
with the pleurites short and stout, the two pleural appendages
relatively small, the outer appendage a little longer but narrower than
the fleshy inner appendage. Penis-guard slender, almost straight ;

gonapophyses with the tips slender, acute.

Sus-cen. LIMNOPHILOMYITA, sub-gen. n.

Labium triangular, pointed. Antennae elongate, 16-sezmented, the
flagellar segments with short subbasal verticils. Tibial spurs micro-
scopic or lacking. Wings with the radial cross-vein lacking; S¢g
elongate ; basal deflection of K,+, in a direct line with the sector.
Male hypopygium simple.

Type of the sub-genus: Limnophila (Limnophilomyia) lacteitarsis,

sp. n. (Southern Ethiopian region).

|
.

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 209

- In the characters of the loss of r and the reduction or loss of the
tibial spurs this group suggests Phyllolabis, O.S., of the northern

- Holarctic region.

LimnopHita (LIMNOPHILOMYIA) LACTEITARSIS, sp. 0.

General coloration, including the wings and halteres, brownish-black;
legs black, the tips of the posterior tarsi creamy-white; antennae of
the male elongated ; tibial spurs microscopic or lacking ; wings with r
and cell M, lacking, the deflection of R,+, in direct alignment with
the radial sector.

Male.—Length 7 mm.; wing 77 mm.; hind leg, femur 7°3 mm.,
tibia 7-1 mm.; antenna about 4°3 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head very short, light brown, running
cephalad into a shiny chitinised median point. Lower lip triangular,
pointed. Palpi dark brown. Antennae of the male 16-segmented,
dark brownish-black ; the organ is elongated, about equal to twice the
length of the combined head and thorax; scapal segments small,
the flagellar segments greatly elongated, the first segment longest, the
remaining segments gradually shortened to the end of the organ;
flagellar segments cylindrical, densely clothed with a rather long
blackish pubescence and with a few short verticils. Head broad, dark
brown. Eyes contiguous beneath, the ommatidia coarse.

Mesonotum dark brown, the praescutum a little paler and without
distinct stripes. Pleura dark brown. Halteres black. Legs broken,
excepting one of the posterior pair; this has the coxa and trochanter
brown ; femur, tibia and base of the metatarsus black, the apical
quarter of the metatarsus creamy white, remainder of the tarsus
broken ; in the unique specimen at hand the writer cannot detect
tibial spurs, and if they are present they are very short and hidden by
the rather long apical tibial hairs. Wings with a strong blackish
suffusion, the costal and subcostal cells a little darker; stigma
indistinct ; veins dark brownish-black. Venation: Sc, ending about
opposite the fork of Rs, Sc, projecting considerably beyond, nearly
four times the length of Sc, alone; Rs long, almost straight; tip of
R, indistinct and r lacking; R,+, strongly angulated at origin; basal
deflection of R,+, m a straight line with Rs; 7-m a little shorter
than the basal deflection of M,+,; cell Ist M, small, almost square ;
cell M, lacking ; basal deflection of Cu, at about two-fifths the length
of cell Ist M,. Long black setae on vein FR and all the longitudinal
veins beyond the cord, scarce or entirely lacking on the basal portions
of M, Cu and the anal veins.

Abdomen rather long, dark brown, the basal sternites paler.

210 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hypopygium rather small, the pleurites moderately stout, elongate ;
the long, slender, yellow pleural appendages le on the dorsal face of
the pleurites, and are subsinuous with the tips bent slightly outward.

Halitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Oudebosch, Caledon, Cape Colony, altitude 1500 ft.,
January, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

Tree HEXATOMINI.
Gen. ERIOCERA, Macquart.

1838. Dipt. Exotiques, vol. 1, pt. i, p. 74

This interesting genus was supposed to be lacking on the European
and African continents, although represented by a few species in
Madagascar and the Seychelles. A few species from continental
Africa have been described by the writer while the present paper was
in press. The two new species described below belong to the section
of the genus with elongate male antennae and cell M, of the wings
lacking—a group typified by Hriocera longicornis, Walker (Hastern
United States), to which species the new forms are obviously allied.

ERIOCERA CAPENSIS, sp. 0.

Coloration black; legs and halteres black; wings brown ; fork of R,
shallow; antennae of the male greatly elongated.

Male.—Length 7 mm.; wing 85 mm.

Female.—Lenegth 6°7 mm. ; wing 72 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae of the male enormously
elongated, greatly exceeding the body; first scapal segment large,
reddish-brown ; second segment small cyathiform, black; flagellar
segments elongated, black, provided with long delicate hairs and a
row of scattered spinous projections. Frontal tubercle enormous,
globular, occupying the space between the eyes like a crest. Head
dark brownish-black.

Thorax black, sparsely dusted with brownish-grey. Halteres black.
Legs black, the coxae, trochanters and base of the femora dark brown.
Wings suffused with brown; stigma distinct, darker brown; veins
dark brown. Venation (Plate III, fig. 8): Sc extending beyond the end
of the sector; r at the tip of R, and inserted on R,+, just before the
fork; cell R, not deep; 7—m and the deflection of M,+, in alignment;
cell M, lacking; basal deflection of Cu, before, at, or just beyond the
fork of M; Cu, a little shorter than the deflection of Cr.

Abdomen black.

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 211

The female is smaller than the male; antennae short; frontal
tubercle smaller; valves of the ovipositor blunt (as in longicornis).

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 3, junction of the Crocodile and Marico Rivers, Transvaal,
February, 1918 (R. Tucker).

Allotopotype, @.

Type in the South African Museum.

ERI0cERA HUMILIS, Sp. 0.

Coloration brown ; legs yellowish-brown with the tips of the femora
and tibiae dark; wings pale brown; antennae of the male greatly
elongated.

Male——Length 5°6 mm.; wing 7°3 mm. ; antennae about 15 mm.

Female.—Wing 6 mm.

Similar to EH. capensis, as described above, but smaller; general
coloration brown, the legs dull yellowish-brown with the tips of the
femora and tibiae darker; wings pale brown; Se longer; basal
deflection of Cu, beyond the fork of M (Plate ITI, fig. 9).

Tt will be noted that in this group of species, as well as in a very
few other groups of crane-flies, the males are larger than the females.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, junction of the Crocodile and Marico Rivers, Transvaal,
February, 1918 (R. Tucker).

Allotopotype, ?.

Type in the South African Museum.

Sus-ramity TIPULINAR.
Trisz TIPULINI.

A recent study of the immature stages of crane-flies has shown that
the tribe Dolichopezini as used in the first part of this series of papers
is scarcely valid, and is now relegated to the synonomy of the Tipulini.

GEN. DOLICHOPEZA, Curtis.
Sus-cen. TRICHODOLICHOPEZA, Alexander.

Douicnorrza (TRICHODOLICHOPEZA) HIRTIPENNIS, Alexander.

A male and a female from Inchanga, Natal, November, 1917
(K. H. Barnard). A male and a female from Krantzkop, Natal,
November, 1917 (K. H. Barnard). The wing of the male measures
97-98 mm. ; that of the female 11-11'4 mm. The specimens differ
Somewhat from the type, but this difference is not sufficient for

212 Annals of the South African Museum.

separation. The basal flagellar segments are a little pale at the tips ;
the median praescutal stripe distinctly split by a line of the ground-
colour; tip of vein &, much better preserved to the wing-margin, ete.

DoxicHopPeza (‘TRICHODOLICHOPEZA) AURANTIACA, Sp. 0.

Head orange; thorax orange with three indistinct brown stripes ;
wings greyish-yellow; tip of vein R, preserved ; tarsi brown.

Male.—Length 8°8 mm.; wing 9°5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head very short, dull yellow ; nasus
prominent. Palpi dark brown. Antennae moderately elongated, the
scape yellow, flagellar segments dark brown, the basal segments a
little paler at the tips. Head orange without distinct markings.

Mesonotum brownish-orange, the praescutum with the median stripe
very indistinct, obliterated anteriorly, the lateral stripes pale. Pleura
orange-yellow. Halteres short, pale, the knobs dark brown, pale at
the extreme tips. Legs with the coxae and trochanters pale yellow;
femora dark brown, paler basally, almost black at the tips; tibiae and
tarsi black. Wings suffused with greyish-yellow, the wing-apex a
little darker; stigma large, elongate-oval, dark brown; cord seamed
with pale brown ; a pale obliterative streak before the cord extending
into the base of cell M,, and a similar but smaller area beyond the
stigma in the end of cell 2nd R, and the extreme base of R,; veins
dark brown. A heavy pubescence in the apical cells of the wings.
Venation (Plate IV, fig. 15): tip of R, entirely preserved ; fusion of
M and Cu, a little shorter than the free portion of M beyond the fusion.

Abdomen with the two basal tergites orange-yellow ; remaining
tergites orange-brown, with the caudal margins of the segments
narrowly ringed with dark brown; sternites orange-brown, the apical
sternites dark brown basally. Male hypopygium with the tergal
region margined caudally with a horseshoe-shaped chitinised band
that is almost smooth except at the ends of the crescent, which are
enlarged and coarsely toothed. In the related D. hirtipennis the band
is irregularly and finely denticulate or roughened, and above the
median or dorsal portion of the crescent is a high, depressed, very
flattened ledge whose posterior margin is narrowly chitinised and
roughened. The penis-guard and the flattened pleural lobes that hie
ventrad of the outer pleural appendages are less conspicuous than im
D. hirtipennis.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Kranzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (kK. H. Barnard).

Paratype, ¢, Maritzburg, Natal, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

Lie wil

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 213.

In addition to the characters given above, the species may be told
from D. hirtipennis by the shorter flagellar segments, the very different
pattern to the wings and mesonotum and the general orange-yellow
coloration, not buff as in hirtipennis.

\
Gen. GONIOTIPULA, gen. n.

Frontal prolongation of the head rather short; nasus distinct.
Antennae of the male elongated, apparently but 11-segmented ; seg-
ments without verticils; first scapal segment shorter than the
first flagellar segment, second scapal segment about one-half the
length of the first. Halteres long and slender. Legs with the tibial
spurs rather small, empodia large. Wings with a long basal petiole,
the anal angle practically lacking; Sc, lacking, tip of R, atrophied ;
fusion of M,+, and Cw, extensive, about as long as 7m alone; the
abortive anal vein that lies immediately behind vein Cy and has been
termed the “anal furrow” in literature is here very evident, and
almost attains the wing-margin ; second anal vein straight, rather
long, almost parallel to the anal angle of the wing. Veins with few
setae. Male hypopygium with the tergite notched behind, distinct
from the sterno-pleurite ; eighth sternite unarmed.

Genotype, Goniotipula cuneipennis, sp. n. (Southern Ethiopian
region).

The genus Goniotipula presents some features in common with both
Megistomastiz, Alex. (Neotropical region), and Leptotipula, Alex.
(Ethiopian region), but cannot be placed with either of these groups
by the combination of characters. The elongate antennal flagellum
without verticils and the strikingly petiolate wings furnish the principal
generic characters.

Antennae elongate, longer than the combined head and _ thorax,
dark brown, the flagellar segments without verticils; wings long-
petiolate, faintly greyish, the tip of vein R, atrophied.

Male.—Length, 8-6 mm. ; wing, 8-5 mm., its greatest width, 1-6 mm.;

| fore leg, femur about 6°8 mm., tibia, 6-4 mm., tarsus about 8°3 mm.

_ Frontal prolongation of the head short, stout, light grey, the nasus
stout ; palpi dark brown, the last segment nearly equal to the second
and third combined. Antennae of the male elongated, considerably

_ longer than the head and thorax taken together, dark brown, with a

| dense erect white pubescence ; flagellar segments elongate-cylindrical,
the first and the last shortest. Eyes rather small, widely separated by
the vertex. Head greyish-brown, clear grey along the margins of the eye.

| 14

|

| GONIOTIPULA CUNEIPENNIS, Sp. 0.
|
|
|
i

214 Annals of the South African Museum.

Mesonotum brownish-grey, the praescutum with three indistinct
darker brown stripes; scutum dull grey, the lobes indistinctly
brownish ; scutellum brownish-grey ; postnotum blackish-grey, very
narrowly yellowish anteriorly. Pleura blackish with a heavy grey
pruinosity, the dorso-pleural membrane yellowish, clearest near the
base of the halteres. Halteres long, black throughout. Legs with
the coxae black, the posterior face of the hind coxae yellowish;
trochanters dull yellowish ; legs black. Wings long and narrow, with
a long basal petiole; membrane faintly greyish, the subcostal cell
brown; stigma oval, pale brown, not passing beyond the radial cross-
vein; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc, ending about opposite two-
thirds the length of the long straight sector; tip of R, atrophied,
represented only by a small spur; cell lst M, long, hexagonal; petiole
of cell M, short, a little longer than m; ma little longer than the
fusion of Cu, and M,+,; second anal vein straight, almost parallel
with the anal margin of the wing.

Abdominal tergites blackish, the segments yellowish on the sides,
brightest and most conspicuous on the’eighth tergite ; sternites dark
brownish-black, paler laterally. Male hypopygium with the ninth
tergite distinct from the sterno-pleurite. Ninth tergite with a broad
posterior incision, each small lateral lobe armed with numerous slender
black spines ; posterior lateral regions of the caudal margin broadly
notched. Ninth pleurite narrow, projecting, at its tip bearing a com-
plicated pleural appendage. Pleural appendage a chitinised blade
with the outer lateral margin irregularly and minutely serrulate, at
the tip suddenly narrowed to an oval lobe that juts into the notch of
the tergite; the outer proximal margin with a row of delicate long
hairs that are directed backward ; near the base of the appendage on
the outer side with a sharp arm that is fringed with long hairs, at its
tip with a few smaller ones. Ninth sternite broadly membranaceous,
the posterior margin with dense fringes of long golden-yellow hairs.
Eighth sternite extensive, unarmed.

Habitat—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Caledon, Cape Colony, October, 1918 (L. Péringuey).

Type in the South African Museum.

Gen. LONGURIO, Loew.

LONGURIO CAPICOLA, sp. 0.

Nasus bifid, with long reddish-yellow hairs; head reddish-brown ;
wings almost uniform yellowish-brown, without a subhyaline longt- |

|
|
|

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 215

tudinal stripe near mid-width of the wing; abdomen dark brown, the
basal sternites paler.

Male.—Length 14 mm.; wing 16 mm.; fore leg, femur 85 mm.,
tibia 9°8 mm.; middle leg, femur 88 mm., tibia 10 mm.; hind leg,
femur 11 mm., tibia 12°8 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head dark brown, the apex of the nasus
distinctly notched, each lobe with a tuft of long reddish-yellow hairs ;
palpi dark brown. Antennae reddish-brown ; the first scapal segment
and the apical flagellar segment a little darker. Head reddish-brown ;
vertical tubercle prominent, indistinctly notched in front. Eyes
rather small, widely separated both above and beneath.

Mesonotum discoloured in the types, brown, the praescutum with
darker stripes, the lateral stripes dark brown; scutellum brown ; post-
notum clear grey pruinose. Pleura dark brown, grey pruinose, the
dorso-pleural membrane light brown. WHalteres pale brown. Legs
with the coxae and trochanters brownish-yellow ; femora dull brownish-
yellow, the tips dark brown; tibiae similar, narrowly tipped with
brownish-black; tarsi light brown, darkened towards the tips. Wings
with a strong yellowish-brown suffusion, the costal and subcostal cells
a little darker; stigma distinct, dark brown; a small hyaline area
before and beyond the stigma; a narrow streak crosses cell Ist M, into
the base of cell M,. Venation: almost as in DL. bonae spei (Bergr.) ;
basal portion of R, more oblique; cell Ist M, wider, second anal vein
not slightly sinuous.

Abdomen dark brown, the tergites very narrowly and indistinctly
ringed caudally with pale ; basal sternites more yellowish ; hypopygium
slightly brighter. Hypopygium with the ninth tergite having a deep
V-shaped notch ; pleural appendages with numerous blackened spines.

Habitat—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Zonder End Peak, Caledon, Cape Colony, altitude
3600 ft., January, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).

Paratopotype ¢. 7

Type in the South African Museum.

I. capicola is readily told from the related L. bonae spei (Bergr.)
by the almost uniformly coloured wings. In this regard it agrees more
nearly with the much smaller and differently coloured L. minusculus,

ex.

oa

LoNGURIO BELLOIDES, sp. 0,
Nasus bifid, provided with long black hairs; head grey; wings dark
brown with a distinct subhyaline longitudinal stripe extending from
near the wing-base almost to the margin in cells M, lst M, and R,,

216 Annals of the South African Museum.

basal half of the anal cells subhyaline ; cell lst M, long and narrow; —

abdomen dark brown, the lateral margins broadly dull yellow.

Male.—Length 18 mm.; wing 18 mm.; fore leg, femur 10°3 mm.,
tibia 15 mm.; middle leg, femur 11:2 mm.; wing 12 mm.; hind leg,
femur 12-2 mm., tibia 15°83 mm., tarsus about 32 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head brown, the nasus distinct, slightly
bifid at apex and clothed with long black hairs; palpi dark brown, the
terminal segment about equal to the second. Antennae rather short,
the first segment of the scape long, first segment of the flagellum
pedicillate; remaining segments oval, with subappressed verticils and
a coarse white pubescence ; antennae brownish-black, the second and
third segments paler brown. Head dark grey, paler grey on the
prominent vertical tubercle and along the inner margin of the eye,
passing into brown on the occipital region.

Mesonotal praescutum light brown, with four stripes, the inter-
mediate pair narrowly separated by a pale vitta, brown, grey pruinose,
at least anteriorly; lateral stripes dark brown; scutellum dull yellowish;
postnotum dark grey pruinose. Pleura light grey, the dorsal sclerites.
and the dorso-pleural membrane more tawny. Halteres light brown,
the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters dull
yellow; femora brown, a little paler basally ; tibiae dull brownish-
yellow, covered with an abundant black pubescence, the tips broadly
dark brown; tarsi brownish-black. Wings dark brownish-grey with
a subhyaline longitudinal stripe at about mid-width of the disc and the
bases of the anal cells pale; the pale stripe includes almost all of cells
M, 1st M, and #,, the tip of the latter narrowly infumed ; stigma.
brownish; veins dark brown. The wing pattern suggests the type
found in the Nearctic Tipula bella, Lw.; there is scarcely any white

colour in cells M,, M,, M, or Cu, except very indistinct clouds near the

base ; a broad dark seam along vein Cu. Venation as in LD. bonae spei
(Bergr.), but cell lst M, long and narrow, petiole of cell M, very
short; cell M, broad, the veins M, and M, short.

Abdomen not elongated; tergites dark brown, the lateral margins
broadly dull yellowish except on the eighth and ninth segments ;
sternites dull yellow, broadly ringed with dark brown. Hypopygium
light yellowish-brown. Hypopygium as in the genus, the tergite with
a deep V-shaped notch, the lateral lobes rather pointed, margined with
pale; ninth sterno-pleurite elongate.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Zonder End, Peak, Caledon, Cape Colony, altitude

5400 ft., January, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).
Type in the South African Museum.

k

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 217

LONGURIO MICROPTERYX, sp. 0.

General coloration reddish-yellow, the pleura and abdomen with a
blackish lateral stripe; wings very reduced, in the male sex less than
one-half the length of the slender halteres.

Male.—Length 8°5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head short and stout, blackish ; nasus
indistinct, represented by a tuft of long black setae; palpi short, the
first two segments longest, subequal, the last two segments shorter
and nearly equal in length, the basal segment provided with long
coarse bristles. Antennae rather short, 13-segmented, the scape dull
yellowish, the flagellum dark brown; first segment of the scape
elongate, the second subglobular; first flagellar segment pyriform
with the base very narrow ; second and third flagellar segments slightly
enlarged, the remaining flagellar segments rather elongate, covered
with a sparse pale pubescence and with moderately long, secund
yerticils. Vertex rather narrow, the vertical tubercle low, indistinctly
bifid. Head dark reddish-brown.

Thorax with the mesonotum very flattened, almost as in the genus
Platylimnobia. Mesonotum reddish-yellow, with an indistinct dusky
lateral line that continues caudad on to the abdomen. Pleura reddish-
yellow, clearer yellow underneath the wing-root. Halteres brown, the
knobs darker, the stem slender. Legs with the coxae very long and
tumid, yellowish, the fore coxae a little darker ; remainder of the legs
brown, darkened on the tarsi; legs rather stout, the tibiae longer than
either the femora or metatarsi. Wings blackish, very reduced, less
than one-half the length of the halteres.

Abdominal tergites reddish-brown, darkening on the terminal
segments, a broad, conspicuous, black lateral stripe extending the
length of the abdomen; sternites yellow, more brownish on segments
7 to 9. First abdominal segment long, more than half the length
of the second; eighth tergite telescoped beneath the seventh, only
the lateral portions being visible; impressed areas on the segments
reddish, concolorous with the rest of the abdomen, inconspicuous.
Male hypopygium of the normal Longurio type, the ninth tergite very
deeply notched medially, the lateral lobes obtusely pointed at their
tips; ninth sterno-pleurite long, narrowed to the blunt tip, the pleural
appendages bearing a row of short black spines as in the other species
of the genus.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Table Mountain, Cape Colony, 1919 (spring)
{R. W. E. Tucker).

Type in the South African Museum.

218 Annals of the South African Museum.

Longurio micropteryx is a typical representative of the genus except
for the microscopic wings. In this latter feature it agrees with
Tipula chionoides, Alexander (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xvii, pt. ii,
1917, pp. 164, 165), which is also to be considered as being a species
of Longurio, this reference being based on the bifid nasus and the
strong resemblance to the present species, which, from the charac-
teristic structure of the male hypopygium, is an undoubted Longurio.
L. micropteryx differs from L. chionoides in its small size, pale
coloration, the conspicuous .black lateral stripe on the abdomen, the
pale impressed areas on the abdominal segments, the different structure
to the nasus and numerous smaller characters.

Gren. HABROMASTIX, Skuse.
1890. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. 5, ser. 11, pp. 93, 94.

HABROMASTIX AFRICANA, Sp. 0.

Antennae of the male elongate, about as long as the body, the
flagellar segments clothed with a dense, erect, pale pubescence ;
general coloration dark brown; wings dusky, a clear whitish spot
before and beyond the stigma.

Male.—Length 11 mm.; wing 11 mm.; antenna 10°5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head short, dark brown. Palpi short,
yellow basally, the terminal segments dark brown, Antennae of the
male elongate, filiform, nearly as long as the body; scapal segments
short and small, the second cyathiform, with the apex abruptly
truncated; first flagellar segment enlarged at the extreme base;
segments of the flagellum greatly elongated, clothed with a con-
spicuous dense, erect, white pubescence; scape light yellow, the
flagellar segments dark brown except the base of the first and, less
distinctly, the articulations of the succeeding segments. Head broad ;
eyes large, black; distance separating the eyes moderate, the vertical
tubercle prominent, conical; head brown.

Mesonotum rather dark brown without distinct stripes. Pro- and
meso-pleurites darker than the yellowish metapleura. Sternites dark.
Halteres very long and slender, dark brown, with the extreme base
more yellowish. Legs with the fore and middle coxae infuscated, the
posterior coxae yellow; trochanters yellow; remainder of the legs
broken. Wings dark brownish-grey, the costal and subcostal cells a
little darker; stigma elongate, dark brown; a clear whitish obliterative
spot before the stigma and a less distinct spot beyond the stigma in
cell 2nd R,; veins dark brown. Venation (Plate IV, fig. 17): Se

long, ending opposite the tip of the sector; Sc, persistent ; Rs short, |

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 219

arcuated at origin; FR, persistent; petiole of cell M, a little longer
than m.

Abdominal tergites dark brown; segments 2 to 7 with a large
yellowish area on the sides beyond the base. Sternites yellow except
the base and apex of the segments, which are blackish; segments 7
and 8 largely dark brown; remainder of the hypopygium yellowish.
Male hypopygium (Plate IV, fig. 25) simple. Ninth tergite large, the
posterior margin notched medially. Ninth sterno-pleurite prominent,
elongate, but not so excessively produced as in Longuwrio, jutting
slightly beyond the level of the tergite. Outer pleural appendage an
elongate, pale, fleshy lobe clothed with long hairs; inner pleural
appendage more or less chitinised, compressed. Sterno-pleurite
profoundly incised on the mid-ventral line, the adjacent margins
almost contiguous.

Halitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Kranzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).

Paratopotype, ¢.

Type in the South African Museum.

The genus Habromastizx is principally Australasian in its distribu-
tion, but there are three or four Ethiopian species. The genus is very
close to Longurio, and is separated from it chiefly by the elongate male
antennae. In this genus, as well as in Longurio, the cell M, of the
wings varies from sessile to long-petiolate.

HABROMASTIX JONESI, sp. Nn.

Antennae of the male greatly elongated, approximately as long as
the body ; mesonotal praescutum brownish-grey with four dark brown
stripes ; wings striped longitudinally with brown, grey and white ; legs
with the femora black, the tibiae abruptly light yellow except at the
tips.

Male.—Wing 12 mm.

Female.—Length 17-18 mm.; wing 12:3-12°5 mm.; fore leg, femur
about 7 mm., tibia 8°5 mm.; middle leg, femur 7°8 mm., tibia 8°7 mm.

Head small, the frontal prolongation rather short, yellowish above,
dark brown beneath and on the sides; nasus lacking. Palpi short,
dark brown. Antennae of the male greatly elongated, approximately
as long as the body; scape yellow; first flagellar segment yellow
basally, passing into brown; remaining segments dark brown, yellowish
at the sutures; flagellar segments clothed with a long, pale, erect
pubescence ; verticils very short and sparse. Antennae of the female
much shorter than those of the male, but still elongate. Head dark

220 Annals of the South African Museum.

brown, the front and anterior portion of the vertex whitish, this
continued backward as a narrow pale margin around the eyes; a
median impressed line on the anterior portion of the broad vertex.

Mesonotum light brownish-grey, the praescutum with four dark
brown stripes, the middle pair long and only indistinctly separated
from one another by the pale ground colour; lateral stripes short,
confluent with the intermediate stripes; region of the pseudosutural
foveae grey; scutellum and postnotum greyish. Pleura pale grey with
indistinct dark brown blotches on the mesopleura. Halteres rather
long, dark brown, the stem much paler. Legs with the hind coxae
pale, the fore and middle coxae darkened ; trochanters pale; femora
dark brownish-black, darkest apically; tibiae abruptly hght yellow,
dark brown at the tips; metatarsi and the second tarsal segment
yellow, darkened at the tips; remaining tarsal segments dark brown.
Wings dark brown, the anal cells more greyish, the cells streaked with
whitish, these pale streaks occupying the bases of cells 1st R,, Ry and
lst A; the end of cell H; the centres of cells R;, M,, lst M,, 2nd M,,
M,, M, Cu, and 2nd A. Venation (Plate IV, fig. 21): Ks elongate,
rather strongly angulated at origin; FR, persistent, deflected strongly
cephalad or outwards at its apex; petiole of cell M, about equal to m;
fusion of Cu, on M,+, extensive, about equal to m, the fusion beginning
at or just beyond the fork of M, ending at about two-fifths the length
of cell 1st M,.

Abdominal tergites dark brown above, the basal tergite light yellow,
the terminal tergites indistinctly marked with dull yellow laterally ;
caudal margin of the segments ringed with dull silvery. Sternites
mottled dark brown and yellow. Ovipositor with the tergal valves
long, slender, straight ; sternal.valves flattened, compressed, ending a
little beyond mid-length of the tergal valves.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, M’fongosi, Zululand, December, 1916 (W. E. Jones).

Allotype, 2, with the type.

Paratopotype, 2.

Type in the South African Museum.

This very interesting species is named in honour of its collector, who
has discovered many interesting crane-fly novelties. Unfortunately
the abdomen of the unique male is broken off, and nothing can be
stated about the male hypopygium.

Gen. IDIOTIPULA, gen. n.

Frontal prolongation of the head slender, moderately elongated .
nasus very short, indistinct, surrounded by numerous pale hairs;

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 221

Palpi very short, only about as long as the prolongation of the head
plus the mouth-parts, the last segment oval, the basal segments
elongate-oval. Antennae filiform, in the male sex from one and one-
half to nearly twice the length of the body, composed of 15 segments ;
scape enlarged, the second segment very short, cyathiform, only about
one-half as long as wide; flagellar segments elongate, the third and
fourth longest ; thence gradually shortened to the end of the organ;
flagellar segments with short, delicate, pale hairs and a few scattered
bristles. In the female the antennae are much shorter, the flagellar
segments only moderately elongated. Eyes small, widely separated by
the broad vertex; vertical tubercle prominent, indistinctly bifid.
Thorax broad. Legs moderately elongated; tibial spurs apparently
lacking ; claws small, untoothed. Wing venation (Plate IV, fig. 16)
with Sc moderately elongated, extending to beyond mid-length of the
long sector ; Sc, persistent; end of R, beyond r entirely atrophied ;
but two branches of M attain the wing-margin ; m-—cu obliterated by
fusion. Abdomen moderately elongated, the male hypopygium simple
in structure.

Genotype, Idiotipula confluens, sp. n. (Southern Ethiopian Region).

This curious fly presents many features that are uncommon or
lacking in other members of the subfamily, the short palpi, the
apparently unspurred tibiae, and, especially, the reduction of the
branches of media.

IpIOTIPULA CONFLUENS, Sp. 0.

Antennae of the male filiform; palpi short; wings dark brown,
with but two branches of media reaching the wing-margin; vein R,
atrophied beyond 7; 2nd A short.

Male—Length, 7-5-8 mm.; wing, 8'4-9:°2 mm. ; antennae, 13°5—14
mm. Fore leg, femur, 5:1 mm., tibia, 5°6 mm.; hind leg, femur 6
mm., tibia 5°6 mm.

Female.—Wing, 10 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head light brown, slender, moderately
elongated, the nasus short, surrounded by numerous stiff yellow hairs ;
palpi short, brown, darker outwardly. Antennae filiform, the second
scapal segment light yellow, the flagellum dark brown, Head
yellowish-brown with a capillary dark brown median line.

Mesonotal praescutum yellowish-brown with four darker brown
stripes, the median pair confluent in front, behind ending before the
transverse suture, the lateral stripes continued backward to suffuse
the scutal lobes ; scutum and scutellum yellowish-brown ; postnotum
greyish, Pleura yellowish-brown with a clear grey pruinosity.

222 Annals of the South African Museum.

Halteres slender, brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae
large, yellowish, with a sparse grey pruinosity; trochanters, femora
and tibiae yellow, the tips of the two latter darkened ; tarsi brown.

Wings with a strong brown suffusion throughout, the stigma but little ~

darker ; veins dark brown. Venation (Plate IV, fig. 16) as discussed
under the generic diagnosis ; 2nd A vein very short, the cell long and
very narrow.

Abdominal tergites with the first segment pale laterally ; tergites
dark brown medially, the lateral and posterior margins paler ; sternites
brown. Male hypopygium (Plate IV, fig. 24) simple. Ninth tergite
transversely rectangular, the posterior margin squarely truncated or
feebly concave, the dorsal surface provided with numerous stiff, black
bristles. Ninth sterno-pleurite projecting strongly caudad, beneath,
on the mid-ventral line, profoundly incised by a V-shaped notch.
Pleural appendages very simple, closely applied to one another, the
longest with about ten to twelve sharp, black spines at the apex and
stiff setae along the margin, these latter directed backward ; the shorter
cephalic lobe is set with abundant stiff setae on raised tubercles.

The type female is teneral, not fully coloured, but is similar to the
male in all but the sexual characters.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 3, M’fongosi, Zululand, April, 1917 (W. E. Jones).

Allotopotype, 9, February, 1917.

Paratopotype, 2 ¢ ¢, February, 1917; 1 g, May, 1917. Paratype,
6. Maritzburg, 1917 (Conrad Akerman).

Type in the South African Museum ; paratype in Natal Museum.

Gren. TIPULA, Linnaeus.
TipuLA coronata, Alexander.

Two large male specimens from the Palmiet River, Caledon Division,
Cape Colony (K. H. Barnard). They measure from 10-10°2 mm. in
length, the wings, 12°5-13°8 mm.

TIPULA RUBRONIGRA, Sp. 0.

Antennae very short, simple in structure ; thorax shiny yellowish,
the praescutum with dark brown stripes ; abdomen and legs black, the
hind tarsi very long and slender, greatly exceeding those of the other
legs ; wings broad, grey, longitudinally streaked with whitish; male
hypopygium not enlarged, very simple in structure, the ninth tergite
with a rounded notch.

Male.—Length, 115-12 mm.; wing, 13°5-148 mm. Fore leg,

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 223.

femur 7 mm., tibia 76-82 mm., tarsus about 13-6 mm. Hind leg,
femur 9°3-9'5 mm., tibia 10°3-10°6 mm., tarsus about 30 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head very short, dark brownish-black,
paler basally on the sides; nasus short or practically lacking ; palpi
short. Antennae short, dark brownish-black, the flagellar segments
oval with indistinct verticils. Head broad, dark brownish-black,
sparsely dusted with brownish-grey ; vertex between the antennal
bases elevated, somewhat compressed, and with a deep median furrow.

Mesonotum broad, shiny, dull brownish-yellow, the praescutum
with three indistinct dark brown stripes that are contluent behind ;
scutum yellowish, the lobes brown; scutellum and postnotum dull
yellow. Pleura dull brownish-yellow, sparsely yellowish pollinose.
Halteres very long and slender, brown, the knobs darker. Legs with
the coxae and trochanters dull yellow; remainder of the legs black
excepting the basal portions of the femora, which are paler ; fore tarsi
short, the posterior tarsi excessively elongated. Wings broad, greyish,
indistinctly streaked longitudinally with whitish; costal region and
the stigma yellowish-brown ; a brownish cloud along Cw; obliterative
streak passing completely through cell Ist M,; extreme tips of veins
R, and &,, semi-obliterated. Venation (Plate IV, fig. 19): Sc, per-
sistent, situated at the extreme tip of the vein Sc; Hs long; petiole
of cell M, a little longer than m; m-—cw at about one-fourth the length
of cell Ist M,, punctiform or barely obliterated by the fusion of the
connecting veins.

Abdomen black, the posterior margins of the segments narrowly,
the lateral margins of the tergites more broadly, silvery; lateral
margins of the first tergite yellowish. Male hypopygium very small
and simple in structure, jet black.. Ninth tergite small, the posterior
margin with a deep U-shaped notch, the lateral lobes at the margins
a little paler. Pleurites fused with the sternite, the pleural suture
feebly indicated ; pleural appendages small. Ninth sternite rounded
on the median line, the posterior margin with a deep U-shaped incision
that extends about half the length of the sclerite. Eighth sternite
large, the posterior margin unarmed.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, f, Krantzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (IX. H. Barnard).

Paratopotypes,2 ¢ 3.

Type in the South African Museum.

TIPULA CINEREILINEA, Sp. 0.

Size small (wing of male 8 mm.) ; coloration brownish-yellow with
a broad, clear ashy dorso-median stripe extending from the frontal

224 Annals of the South African Museum.

prolongation of the head backwards to the hypopygium ; wings sub-
hyaline ; Rs short, straight, second anal vein short; male hypopygium
simple, the pleural appendages armed with sharp chitinised spines.

Male.—Length about 7 mm. ; wing, 8 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head brownish-yellow laterally, clear
silvery cinereous above, moderately elongated ; nasus distinct ; palpi
elongate, brown. Antennae with the scapal segments dark brown, the
first heavily grey pruinose; flagellar segments uniformly yellowish-
brown. Head with the occiput and sides of the vertex rich brown, the
middle portion of the vertex and front clear ashy, this area narrowed
to a point behind. Eyes large, the ommatidia delicate.

Pronotum yellowish-brown on the sides, clear ashy medially.
Mesonotal praescutum yellowish-brown laterally, more golden-yellow
medially, a narrow ashy line down the extreme median portion; scutal
lobes largely golden-yellow, the median area ashy; scutellum and
postnotum yellowish-brown laterally, ashy medially. Pleura yellow,
sparsely grey pruinose. Halteres short, pale brownish-yellow. Legs
with the coxae and trochanters yellow, the remainder more brownish-
yellow. Wings of the somewhat teneral type almost clear; when
fully coloured probably uniformly suffused with darker. Venation
(Plate IV, fig. 18): Se ends about opposite mid-length of the sector ;
Rs short and almost straight ; basal deflection of M, +. long, exceeding
m in length ; m—cw present, short; second anal vein very short.

Abdomen with a broad, ashy dorso-median stripe that is interrupted
at the sutures; lateral margins of the tergites dark brown ;_ sternites
and hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygium very small and simple in
structure. Ninth tergite moderate in size, the posterior margin witha
broad V-shaped notch, the lateral lobes formed with their margins
evenly rounded. Outer pleural appendage sub-oval, flattened, pale,
with numerous pale hairs, lying closely appressed to the second or
inner appendage ; this latter is large, flattened, pale, the outer margin
set with about six acute blackened spines, of which four he posteriorly
and two more cephalad; the extreme tip of the appendage is produced
into a flattened blade that juts into the tergal notch. Ninth sternite
deeply incised on the mid-ventral line. Eighth sternite unarmed.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, 3, Eshowe, Natal, December, 1916 (Bell-Marley).

Type in the South African Museum.

TIPULA FRATER, Sp. n.

Antennae short, yellow ; general coloration yellow, the praescutum
with four greyish-brown stripes that are margined with dark brown ;

The Crane-flies of South Africa. 225,

wings brown, streaked with whitish; abdomen yellowish, with three
dark brown longitudinal stripes.

Male—Length 20 mm. ; wing 19°4mm.; middle leg, femur 13 mm.,
tibia 13°2 mm.

Female.—Length 23 mm.; wing 19 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head brownish-yellow ; nasus very long
and slender. Palpi dark brown, paler at the incisures. Antennae
short, uniform pale yellow, the terminal segments a little infumed
with brown. Head greyish-yellow, brightest on the front anterio-
portion of the vertex and along the inner margin of the eyes; an
indistinct brownish median line on the vertex.

Mesonotum brownish-yellow, the praescutum with four greyish-
brown stripes that are narrowly margined with dark brown; the
middle stripes are narrowed and confluent behind, much paler at their
anterior ends; scutum dull yellow, the lobes with dark greyish-brown
marks; scutellum brown basally, yellowish apically; postnotum
yellowish. Pleura yellow. Halteres light brownish-yellow, the knobs
dark brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow; femora
yellow, the tips dark brown, broadest on the fore legs, narrowest on
the hind legs; tibiae dark brown, the bases conspicuously yellowish ;
metatarsi dark brown, the extreme base brownish-yellow ; remainder
of the legs dark brown. Wings brown, streaked with whitish, the
costal area brighter, yellowish-brown ; a whitish streak occupying
the posterior half of cell R and the anterior half of cell M, and
including cells lst M, and R,;; pale areas in the base of cell Ist A and
the end of Cu. Venation (Plate IV, fig. 20): Sc, obliterated; RB,
persistent ; m—cw obliterated by a slight fusion of Cu, on M,+,; cell
2nd A rather narrow.

Abdominal tergites dull yellow with three brownish longitudinal
stripes, the lateral pair usually more distinct, the median stripe
obliterated basally but becoming more distinct toward the end of the
abdomen; sternites brownish-yellow. Male hypopygium with the
sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring. Region
of the ninth tergite extensive, the median area (Plate IV, fig. 26)
produced into a slender but very high lobe that is indistinctly bifid at
its tip, which is blackened and indistinctly spinulose ; dorsal face of
the tergite slightly depressed. Pleural region not set off by a suture.
Outer pleural appendage pale, very broad and flattened, the apex
obliquely truncated. Ninth sternite strongly carinate on the mid-
ventral line. Female ovipositor with the tergal valves very long and
slender, straight, a little expanded at the tips; sternal valves very
short, ending at about mid-length of the tergal valves.

226 Annals of the South African Museum.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, ¢, Pretoria, Transvaal, January 17th, 1913 (H. K.
Munro).

Allotype, 2, Nels Rust, Natal, April 24th, 1916 (S. G. Rich).

Paratype, sex ?, Kranzkop, Natal, November, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).

Type in the South African Museum.

This species is closely related to Tipula soror, Wiedemann, but the
general coloration is much more yellowish, and the details of the wing-
pattern and the male hypopygium are slightly different.

TrpuLA socosa, Alexander.

The male sex of this handsome crane-fly has not been described, and
the single specimen in the present collection is made the allotype.

Male.—Length 17°5 mm. ; wing 18 mm.; fore leg, femur 11-6 mm.,
tibia 14°8 mm.; middle leg, femur 12 mm., tibia 18 mm.

Similar to the type female except as follows:

Antennae with both scapal segments yellow, the first flagellar
segment yellowish-brown ; remainder of the antennae dark brownish-
black; antennae moderately elongated, if bent backward extending
about to the wing-root.

Mesonotal postnotum blackish, heavily grey pruinose except behind.
A narrow dark brown line extending from the postnotum obliquely
forwards across the pleura, traversing the mesepimeron and the
mesosternum, ending behind the fore coxa. Pleura pale, whitish or
yellowish pollinose. Legs with the outer faces of the fore and hind
coxae a little darkened basally. Venation as in the type female, the
fusion of Cu, and M,+, much longer than 1—m but shorter than m.

Abdomen much darker coloured than in the female, the basal tergites
yellowish ; tergites 2 to 6 broadly dark brown apically with a broad
silvery basal ring; tergites 7 and 8 paler, yellowish-brown ; sternites
pale, the ninth sternite blackish. Male hypopygium (Plate IV, fig. 28)
enlarged, the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous
ring that is interrupted only on the mid-ventral line. Region of the
ninth tergite (Plate IV, fig. 27) large, ample, the posterior margin
concave, the lateral angles slightly produced into thin, heavily
chitinised shiny lobes, the median area produced ventrad and slightly
caudad into a pendulous pale fleshy lobe that is densely clothed with
a fine pubescence. Region of the ninth pleurite ample, with a
flattened obtuse tooth ventrad of the lateral angles of the tergite.
Pleural appendages dark coloured, the outer appendage a small,
elongate-cylindrical, sparsely hairy lobe; inner appendage small, heavily
chitinised, the apex produced into a cylindrical beak that is directed

The Crane-flies of South Africa. gay”

cephalad, the outer margin of the lobe fringed with delicate erect hairs.
Angle of the pleural region ventrad of the appendages, and the adjacent
region of the ninth sternite each with a sparse brush of long yellow
hairs. Ninth sternite profoundly incised on the mid-ventral line, the
margins of the incision pale yellow, contiguous with one another.
Eighth sternite carinate, unarmed.

Allotype, ¢, Maritzburg, Natal, 1917 (K. H. Barnard).

Allotype in the South African Museum.

TIPULA SETOSIPENNIS, Alexander.
1920. Tipula setosipennis, Alex., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 5,
pp. 61, 62.
Cedara, Natal, March 12th, 1920 (S. H. Skaife).

Gen. NEPHROTOMA, Meig.
NeEpPHROTOMA CROCEA (Loew.), var.
Waterberg, Damaraland, February, 1920 (R. W. Tucker).
These specimens are scarcely typical of this species, and yet there are
no tangible characters on which to separate them. The differences in
coloration are probably explainable by ecological factors involved.

228 Annals of the South African Museum.

INDEX.
A PAGE
afra (Rhipidia) . ; 5 . 184 H
africana (Habromastix) . 218 | Habromastix
anthracogramma (Podoneura) . 197 | Hexatomini . ; é
Antochini 2 E : . 178 | hirtipennis (Dolichopeza) :
Atarba. 3 . 187 | hirtipennis (Trimicra)
aurantiaca (Dolichopeza) . . 212 | humeralis (‘Trentepohlia)
humilis (Eriocera)
B
barnardi (Platylimnobia) . > IRIs! I
belloides (Longurio) . “ - 215 | Idiotipula ;
bonae spei (Hrioptera) : . 190 | inconspicua (‘Trimicra) ;
insularis (Elephantomya) .
C | irrorata (Conosia)
capensis (Atarba) ; . . 187 | irorata (Limnobia)
capensis (Hriocera) . : . 210
capicola (Dicranomyia) . . 183 J
capicola (Longurio) . é . 214 | jocosa (‘Tipula)
cinereilinea (‘Tipula) . : . 223 | jonesi (Habromastix) .
claripennis (Erioptera) ; 5 lal |
clausa (Erioptera) . : , IO | L
confluens (Idiotipula) : . 221 | lacteitarsis (Tennophilo a
confusa (Dicranomyia) : . 182 | Limnobia
Conosia . 203 | Limnobiinae
continentalis (‘Trentepohlia) . 202 | Limnobiini .
coronata (Tipula) 3 : . 222 | Limnophila .
crocea (Nephrotoma) . : . 227 | Limnophilini
cuneipennis (Goniotipula) . . 213 | Limnophilomyia
Longurio
D
Dicranomyia : ; : 5 Asti M
Dolichopeza . : : : - 211 | medialis (Limnophila)
micropteryx (Longurio)

; E mimetica (Gonomyia) .
Elephantomyia . : : - 188 | miosema (Rhipidia)
Empeda : : : A 5 10) Molophilus
Eriocera : : : : - 210 | Monophana (Geranomyia)
Erioptera . A : ; 5 USL
Eriopterini . s Io
eriopteroides (Molophilus) FS ern ce (Limnophila)

F Nephrotoma ;
flaveola (Gonomyia) . ; mesigon 20% Simophila)
frater (Tipula) . ; ; . 224 |
frugi (Limnophila) . 3 OS alin, O
fumipennis (Hrioptera) . . 192 | Orimargula .

G | iP,
gardineri (Dicranomyia) . . 182 | peringueyi (Dicranomyia) .
Geranomyia ; - ; . 184 | peringueyi (Erioptera)
Goniotipula . : - : - 213 | Platylimnobia :
Gonomyella . : : : . 199 | Podoneura
Gonomyia . ; . 197 | pseudosimilis (Elephantomyia) .
gracilis (‘Trentepohlia) : . 202 | pulchrissima (Gonomyia) .

griseiceps (Limnophila) . . 206

pumila (Platylimnobia)

PAGE

218
210
211
195
201
211

220
194
188
203
187

226
219

209
187
181
181
203
203
208
214

204
217
198
184
193
184

205
227
207

187

182
191
196
197
188
200
196.

The Crane-flies of South Africa.

R
Rhipidia : k
rhodesiae (Limnophila)
rubrithorax (Geranomyia) .
rubronigra (‘Tipula)

S
setosipennis (Tipula) .
sexocellata (Geranomyia)
spectabilis (Limnophila)
speiseri (Trentepohlia)
subimmaculata (Geranomyia)
sulphurelloides (Gonomyia)

15

PAGE
184

206 |

186
222

227
185
204
201

184. |
197 |

ai
Tipula .
Tipulidae
Tipulinae
Tipulini

| tipulipes (Dicranomyia)

transvaalia (Orimargula)
Trentepohlia :
Trichodolichopeza
Trichotrimicra

Trimicra :
tuckeri (Gonomyia)

230 Annals of the South A frican Museum.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PAE Se auite

rig.
1.—Wing of Dicranomyia gardineri, Edwards.

2.—Wing of Rhipidia miosema (Speiser).
3.—Wing of Dicranomyia confusa, sp. n.
4.—Wing of Geranomyia (Monophana) subimmaculata, sp. n.
5.—Wing of Limnophila spectabilis, sp. n.
6.—Wing of L. natalensis, sp. n.
7.—Wing of L. now, sp. n.
8.—Wing of Eriocera capensis, sp. n.
9.—Wing of E. humilis, sp. n.
10.—Wing of Erioptera claripennis, sp. n. (diagrammatic).
11.—Wing of Gonomyia sulphurelloides, sp. n.
12.—Wing of Molophilus eriopteroides, sp. n.
13.—Wing of Gonomyia flaveola, sp. n.
14.—Wing of G. mimetica, sp. n.

PLATE IV.

FIG.
15.—Wing of Dolichopeza (Trichodolichopeza) aurantiaca, sp. n.

16.—Wing of Idiotipula confluens, sp. n.
17.—Wing of Habromastiz africana, sp. n.
18.—Wing of Tipula cinereilinea, sp. n.
19.—Wing of T. rubronigra, sp. n.
20.—Wing of 7. frater, sp. n.
21.—Wing of Habromastiz jonesi, sp. n.
22.—Antenna of Platylimnobia pumila, sp. n.
23.—Hypopygium of Gonomyia mimetica ; pleural appendages, dorsal aspect.
24.—Hypopygium of Idiotipula confluens ; dorsal aspect.
25.—Hypopygium of Habromastix africana ; lateral aspect.
26.—Hypopygium of Tipula frater; ninth tergite, dorsal aspect.
27.—Hypopygium of T. jocosa, Alexander; ninth tergite, dorsal aspect.
28.—Hypopygium of T. jocosa; lateral aspect.

Abbreviations: Sc = subcosta; R = radius; M = media; Cw = cubitus
A =analveins T = tergites; S = sternites; St. Pl. = sterno-pleurites.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. Vol. X VIII. Plate III.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. Vol. X VIII. Plnteny

26 ce

( 231 )

3.—A New Genus and Species of Tanyderidae (Péringueyomyina
barnardi) in the South African Museum (Diptera).—By CHarues
P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D. (Cornell).

(With 1 Text-figure.)

The family Tanyderidae, including the most primitive of the living
erane-flies, has hitherto been represented only by two recent genera
with nine species. A new and most interesting genus has been
recently discovered in Cape Colony by Mr. Barnard, and is described
hereinafter as Péringueyomyina barnardi, gen. et sp. n. This is the
first species of the family to be made known from the Ethiopian
region.

The distribution of the ten known species of this paleogenice group
of insects may be summarised as follows: The first recent genus to be
made known was described in 1859 by Osten Sacken under the name
Protoplasa for the new species fitchii (1859). This fly is found in
eastern North America. In 1877 the second species, P. vipio (O. 8.)
(1877), was described from California. In 1918 the third and last
described species of the genus, P. vanduzeei, Alex. (1918), likewise
from California, was made known. In 1865 Philippi erected the
second recent genus, Tanyderus, for the Chilian species, pictus, Philippi
(1865). Five species have since been added to this genus, one other
(patagonicus, Alex., 1913) being Neotropical, the others Australasian,
two from New Zealand ( forcipatus, O. 8., 1880, annuliferus, Hutton,
1900), and two others from the small islands west of New Guinea
(ornatissimus (Dol.) 1858, mirabilis, de Meij., 1915). In 1880 Osten
Sacken gave to this group the subfamily name Tanyderina, and it is
this name that has been adopted for the family. Handlirsch (1909)
has reviewed our knowledge of the fossil and recent Tanyderidae,
erecting supposedly new genera for each of two of the known species
of Tanyderus (Radinoderus for ornatissimus (Dol.), Mischoderus for
forcipatus, O. S.) and another (Protanyderus) for Protoplasa vipio
(O. 8.). Those generic names are based on very trivial characters
that have been further weakened by the subsequent discovery of
Tanyderus patagonicus, Alex., T. mirabilis, de Meij., and Protoplasa
vanduzeei, Alex., all of which, following the characters adopted by
Handlirsch, would constitute additional new groups in the family.
Thus almost every species would represent a distinct genus, and the
difficulty of distinguishing between hese groups would be increased
with the addition of forms subsequently to be made known. De

232 ' Annals of the South African Museum.

Meijere has pointed out the slight distinctions between the various
Handlirschian genera, and the increased difficulty of separating these
groups with the accession of new forms. It seems best to recognise
but the three recent genera, Protoplasa, Osten Sacken, Tanyderus,
Philippi, and Péringueyomyina, gen. n.

The discovery of a species of this family of flies in Africa is of more
than usual interest, as it bridges a very important gap in the known
distribution of the family. The present insect differs so remarkably
from all of the previously described species of the family that it is
necessary to erect a new genus to receive it. The name Péringueyomyina
is proposed, in honour of Dr. Louis A. Péringuey, as an appreciation
of the many favours shown the writer in his studies on the Tipuloidea
of South Africa. The presence of an elongate rostrum is unique in
the family, although long known in the related family Tipulidae, where
it occurs in several widely-separated tribes. Nothing is known of the
habits of the genotype, P. barnardi, but from the structure of the
rostrum it seems probable that the insect feeds on the nectar of
tubular flowers as in the Tipulid genera, Geranomyia, Toxorhina and
others with conspicuous elongate rostra.

Fam. TANYDERIDAH.

Gen. PERINGUEYOMYINA, gen, 0.

Rostrum elongate, exceeding the combined head and thorax; rather
stout, cylindrical, with the base enlarged, the surface with numerous
subappressed hairs bearing the mouth-parts at the apex; maxillary
palpi slender, four-segmented, the three basal segments subequal in
length, the last segment about a third longer than the penultimate;
labial lobes fleshy, transverse. Antennae with apparently only 16
segments, moderately elongated, setaceous; second scapal segment
swollen, subglobular; three basal segments of the flagellum stout,
the remaining segments gradually elongated, slender, provided with
long verticils that are about equal in leneth to the segments that bear
them; in addition to the verticils, the segments possess a rather
abundant suberect pubescence. Head narrowed behind. Hyes large,
broadly contiguous beneath, narrowly separated by the vertex above;
the ommatidia small with short erect hairs between them. Prothorax
large and conspicuous, as in the family. Legs with the margin of the
hind coxae swollen anteriorly and provided with a row of black setae ;
tibiae with short spurs. Wings broad, with five radial, three medial
and a single anal vein attaining the margin; m-cw distinct; anal

A New Genus and Species of Tanyderidae. 235

angle moderately prominent. Male hypopygium with the pleurites
very slender, greatly elongated, gradually narrowed to the tips, each
bearing a single very elongate, cylindrical appendage that is provided
with a series of about 50 slender spines and numerous erect setae
along its inner margin, at the apex with two elongate bristles.

Genotype, Péringueyomyina barnardi, sp. n. (Southern Ethiopian
region).

This new group is easily separated from the related genera of the
Tanyderidae by the elongate rostrum and by the structure of the
antennae and male hypopygium. The genus Macrochile, Loew (fossil
in Baltic amber), has the rostrum longer than the head, but the large
and conspicuous palpi arise from near the middle of its length.

I take great pleasure in dedicating this remarkable genus to
Dr. L. A. Péringuey.

PERINGUEYOMYINA BARNARDI, Sp. 0.

Rostrum and antennae black; mesonotum brownish-yellow, the
praescutal stripes indistinct ; wings yellowish, the stigma small, pale
brown; abdomen ringed with brown and yellow.

Male.-—Length (excluding rostrum and genitalia) 8°6 mm. ; rostrum
alone 3°7 mm.; genitalia, pleurite 2 mm.; appendage 2 mm.; wing
10 mm.; greatest width 3 mm.; antenna about 2°3 mm.

Péringueyomyina barnardi, sp.n.

f@ Rostrum, including the mouth-parts, dark brownish-black. Antennae
black; in the type only 14 segments are present, but the extreme
apex is broken, and the complete organ presumably has either 15 or 16
segments. Head dark.

Pronotum brownish-yellow, passing to almost black on the mid-
dorsal region. Mesonotum shiny brownish, with three indistinct
darker shiny stripes on the praescutum, the seutal lobes brownish.

234 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pleura dull yellow, the mesopleura more brownish, darkest, almost
purple, near the dorsal portion of the mesepimeron. Legs with the
coxae dull yellow; trochanters a little darker; remainder of the legs
broken. Halteres pale, the elongate knobs dark brown. Wings with
a slight yellowish tinge; stigma small, elongate-oval, pale brown ;
veins dark brown, with long setae. Venation: Sc, ending opposite
about two-thirds the length of R,,,; Rs about three-fourths as long
as R, 43, only moderately elongated, unspurred at origin; basal
deflection of R, arising from A, a short distance beyond the forking
of the sector; cell lst M, rather small, about as long as Rs, M in
direct alignment with M,,,; deflection of M,4, about one-half
longer than r—m ; m inserted between veins M, and M, ; m-—cw distinct;
no indication of the second anal vein.

Abdomen conspicuously ringed with brown and dull yellow, the
tergites with the apical third brown, the sternites with the posterior
brown margins much narrower. Segments 8 and 9, including the
hypopygium, brown. Male hypopygium as described under the generic
characterisation.

Habitat.—South Africa.

Holotype, g, Oudebosch, Caledon, Cape Colony, altitude 1500 ft.,
January, 1919 (kK. H. Barnard). Type in the South African Museum.

Paratype, ¢ Hottentots-Holland Mountains, Cape Colony, altitude
3000 ft., March, 1919 (K. H. Barnard).

This species is dedicated to the collector, Mr. Keppel H. Barnard.

REFERENCES CITED.

1858. DonescHaLy.—Natuurkund. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, vol. xvii, p. 80.

1859. OsTEN SackEN.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 251-252.

1865. Puitiprt.—Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien for 1865, vol. xv, pp. 780, 781,
pl. 29, fig. 57.

1877. OsTEN SacKEN.—Bull. United States Geol. Surv., vol. iii, p. 208.

1880. Idem.—Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien for 1879, vol. xxix, p. 518, figs. 1, 2.

1900. Hurron.—Trans. New Zealand. Inst., vol. xxxii, p. 48, pl. 4, fig. 21.

1909. HanpuirscH.—Ann. des k. k. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien, vol. xxiii,
pp. 263-272, pl. 11, fig. 1-13.

1913. ALEXANDER.—Proc. United States Nat. Mus., vol. xliv, No. 1958, pp.
331-335, figs. 1-3.

1915. De MertserE.—Nova Guinea, vol. xii, p. 51; Tijd. voor Ent., vol. lviii,
pp. 104-106, fig. 1.

1918. AtexanpER.—Ent. News, vol. xxix, pp. 285, 286.

( 235 )

4.— Descriptions of some South African Heterocera (Lepidoptera).—-By
Cur. AURIVILLIUS.

The species described in this paper were sent to me some years ago
by the Director of the South African Museum, Dr. L. Péringuey.
The types are all in that Museum, and some co-types in the State
Museum, Stockholm.

The existence in South Africa of the palaearctic genus Chondrostega
and of a genus T'richiwrana, very nearly allied to Trichiura, is of great
geographical interest.

ARCTIIDAH.

Gren. POECILARCTIA, nov. gen.

Proboscis short and weak. Palpi porrect, short, not extending
beyond frons ; last jot minute, obliquely pointed. Head and thorax
clothed with hair. Antennae of male bipectinate with moderate
branches. Eyes smooth. Frons without prominence. Fore tibiae
normal, unarmed, hind tibiae with short apical spurs, medial spurs
absent. Fore wing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell; 4, 5 from
angle or very briéfly stalked; 6 from upper angle; 7, 8, 9 stalked,
10, 11 on a long stalk from cell. Hind wing with 3, 4, 5 from angle
of cell, 6, 7 from upper angle, 8 from middle of cell.

Differs in venation from all African genera of Arctiidae.

POECILARCTIA VENATA, ND. Sp.

Head yellowish with a large black patch between the antennae ;
palpi black, scarlet below; thorax white with black mesial stripe,
patagia edged with black; tegulae laterally edged with black; femora
scarlet. white below, tips black ; tibiae and tarsi black ; abdomen pale
yellow above, whitish below, with dorsal, lateral and sublateral series
of black spots ; fore wing above white with all the veins broadly lined
with black, costal edge scarlet towards base; hind wing above and
below yellow with the veins 6-8 narrowly black at termen ; fore wing
below nearly as above but the ground-colour yellowish. Expans. 42 mm.

Mashonaland : Salisbury (Dr. J. M. Melle).—S. African Museum.

236 Annals of the South African Museum.

LASIOCAMPIDAE.

Gen. CHONDROSTEGA, Led.

CHONDROSTEGA RUFICORNIS, ND. Sp.

6. Body and wings fuscous, thorax darker blackish, densely
clothed with long hairs; wings sometimes with an obsolete paler
discal fascia, more distinct on the underside of hind wing; frontal
protuberance short, entirely hidden by the long hairs; antennae
broadly pectinated to tip, rufous yellow; fore tibiae very short with
two long apical claws, the inner claw longer and curved; vein 8 of
fore wing absent, 7 curved and emitted from the same point as 6 and
the common stalk of 9 and 10; veins 9 and 10 to the termen; hind
wing with vein 8 from near the base, two accessory veinlets at base.
Length of fore wing 12 mm., expans. 27 mm.

Cape: Calvinia District, Loeries Fountain.—S8. African Museum
and State Museum in Stockholm.

Gren. TRICHIURANA, nov. gen.

Nearly allied to the palaearctic genus Trichiwra, but differmg in
having naked eyes; veins 7 and 8 of fore wing briefly stalked from end
of cell and the veins 9 and 10 much longer than their stalk ; Venation
of hind wing completely agreeing with my figure in Iris, vol. vu, pl. 3,

9

fig. 3. Frons with a pointed corneous prominence. Antennae in both
sexes bipectinate to tip, with the branches shorter in the female.

TRICHIURANA MERIDIONALIS, 0. Sp.

¢. Head, thorax and legs cinereous; abdomen brownish ; eyes
surrounded by blackish hairs; fore wing above whitish with blackish
veins ; termen, costa and hind margin fuscous, a black discal point
and irregular blackish stripes along veins 2 and 5; hind wing on both
sides and fore wing below fuscous ; cilia very broad fuscous. Length
of fore wing 14 mm.

In the 2 the upper part of the wings is more uniformly greyish
with fuscous ciliae; fore wing with a black discal point and an obsolete
fuscous median fascia. Length of fore wing 18 mm.

Orange Free State, Smithfield.—S. African Museum.

Gen. BERALADE, Walk.
BERALADE (CHILENA) PARVA, ND. Sp.

g. Head and thorax above dark fuscous ; pectus, legs and abdomen

Descriptions of some South African Heterocera. 237

much paler yellowish brown ; antennae pale yellow; fore wing above
dark fuscous with two short whitish streaks at base, an indistinct
pale dot with blackish ring at end of cell and an oblique dentate
blackish line from apex to hind margin beyond middle ; this line rather
broadly edged with white on inner side from apex to vein 5 or 4;
terminal area speckled with whitish scales; hind wing pale greyish,
darker in terminal area, especially at apex and tornus. Length of fore
wing 10 mm., expans. 23 mm.

‘Cape Colony: Kimberley.—S. African Museum.

The smallest known species of the genus Beralade; very distinct
but undoubtedly allied to B. Levenna and Marshalli. Eyes hairy.

Gren. BOMBYCOPSIS, Feld.
BomBYCOPSIS CAPICOLA, . sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen greyish yellow brown, abdomen hardly
paler ; fore wing above from base to beyond the middle yellowish
brown with the antemedial line obsolete and the discal line fuscous
but very indistinct and narrow, nearly straight ; post discal area paler,
greyish, clothed with pale feathered scales and marked with an
irregular series of dark streaks between the veins, ending in a darker
point or streak at hind margin ; all the veins distinct yellowish ; hind
wing greyish yellow, unicolorous in the male, marked with a diffused
median darker fascia in the female ; both wings below yellowish with
the veins a little darker and very distinct in the female. Length of
fore wing 15-20 mm., expans. 36-46 mm.

Cape Colony.—S. African Museum.

Allied to B. bipars, Walk., and metallicus, Dist. ; differing from both
in having the transverse lines of fore wing nearly obsolete and very
narrow. The eyes are clothed with long hairs.

Gen. GLOCIA, Saalm.

GLOCIA STRAMINEA, N. sp.

d- . Pale stramineous, slightly sericeous; antennae blackish with
long ferruginous branches; eyes hairy, bordered with black hairs ;
tibiae and tarsi brownish ; wings above unicolorous without markings ;
fore wing below infuscated in the cell, at middle of costal margin and
at base of the areas 3 and 4; area 5 nearly white. Length of fore
wing 18-19 mm., expans. 40 mm.

South Africa.—sS. African Museum and State Museum, Stockholin.

238 Annals of the South Afrxean Museum.

Gren. CYMATOPACHA, nov. gen.

Palpi broad, hardly reaching beyond the frons. Eyes smooth.
Antennae of female bipectinate to apex. Head and thorax clothed
with long hairs. Tarsi without hairs. Hind tibiae with short apical
spurs. Wings as in Pachypasa, but with termen distinctly and
regularly sinuous ; hind wings with costa lobed at base and slightly
incised before middle. Fore wing with veins 4 and 5 from nearly the
same point; 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from apex of cell; 9 and 10 stalked,
shorter than their stalk; 9 to termen. Hind wing with veins 4 and 5
on a short stalk; 8 anastomosing with 7 near base; praecostal cell
small, emitting a cluster of accessory costal veinlets into the basal
lobe.

Cymatopacha agrees in venation with Mimopacha, Auriv., but differs
by having the termen regularly sinuous and the hind wing without
hyaline discal spot. From Pachypasa it differs by the venation of the
fore wing. ;

CYMATOPACHA OBSCURA, 0. Sp.

2. Hoary grey; head and thorax fuscous; wings dark grey,
densely suffused with fuscous; basal and medial area of fore wing
dark fuscous, distally determined by the dark dentate very oblique
post-medial line, which is filled out distally with yellowish grey ; an
indistinct. fuscous and yellowish dentate submarginal line from near
apex to hind margin behind middle. Hind wing paler on inner
margin with the submarginal line of fore wing indistinctly continued
across the middle. Underside nearly as the upperside but much paler.
Expans. 81 mm.

S. Rhodesia: Bulawayo (R. W. E. Tucker).—S. African Museum.

Gren. PACHYPASA, Walk.
PACHYPASA SERICEOFASCIATA, 0. Sp.

2. Fawn colour. Head and thorax above cinereous with a slight
violaceous tint ; thorax and abdomen below as well as the legs darker
brownish; abdomen luteous. Fore wing with two oblique irregular
pale violaceous grey bands, sometimes confluent at middle; proximal
band from middle of costa to hind margin before middle, slightly
excurved in middle; distal band from apex to hind margin a Little
behind middle, slightly bordered with fuscous on inner side and
strongly dilated on outer side between vein 4 and tornus; an obsolete
dark mark at apex of cell; no other markings. Hind wing uniformly

Descriptions of some South African Heterocera. 239

pale luteous fawn colour, not paler at termen. Ciliae a little darker.
Expans. 70-78 mm.

Typein 8. African Museum from Durban, Natal. Another specimen
with the bands of fore wing confluent in the middle, in Janse’s
Collection from New Hanover.

Nearly allied to P. capensis and albofasciata, differing from capensis
by the hind wing not being paler at termen and from the latter by the
shape and colour of the bands of the fore wing.

PAcHYPASA ALBOFASCIATA, Nl. Sp.

2. Vertex of head and thorax above grey. The latter with a
fuscous mesial stripe; frons below the antennae, palpi and the whole
underside dark rufous brown; fore wing above dark brown, paler
towards outer margin ; two oblique slightly waved whitish bands ; first
band antemedial, beginning at hind margin before middle and nearly
straight to vein 5, thence curved to the middle of costa, where it is
somewhat dilated; second band nearly straight from hind margin a
little beyond middle to costa near apex, slightly incurved at veins 2
and 3; the ground-colour darker between the bands; hind wing fawn
colour without markings ; both wings below dark rufous brown; tarsi
dark brown, not or slightly ringed with yellowish. Length of fore
wing 39 mm.

¢. Smaller and much darker; head, thorax and fore wing above
dark castaneous brown; thorax with some fine greyish lines in the
middle, and the sides of the patagia clothed with paler hairs; the
white bands of fore wing sharply contrasting with the dark ground-
colour ; underside of body and wings fuscous brown. Length of fore
wing 25 mm.

South Africa: Cape Colony.—S8. African Museum.

Seems to be nearly allied to P. bifascia, Walk., but without brown
basal streak near the interior border of fore wing.

JANIDAE.
Grey. MARMAROPLEGMA, Wallengr.

MA&RMAROPLEGMA CONSPERSA, Nl. Sp.

Forehead, antennae, legs, pectus, abdomen, underside of both wings
as well as the upperside of hind wing pale ochreous yellow ; vertex
and thorax above hoary grey ; fore wing above whitish grey uniformly
conspersed with black scales without markings; costa and cilia

24.0 Annals of the South African Museum.

yellowish ; hind wing above slightly conspersed with darker scales at
termen. Length of fore wing 24 mm., expans. 55 mm.

South Africa.—s. African Museum. 1 2.

Venation and form of the wings as by M. paragarda, only differing
in having vein 8 of hind wing free (not connected with the cell by a
bar) and veins 5 and 6 of fore wing shortly separated at their origin.

NOTODONTIDAE.
Gen. ANTHEUA, Walk.

ANTHEUA RADIATA, Nl. Sp.

S$. Head and thorax pale stramineous, patagia edged with yellow
hairs; frons fuscous yellow; eyes surrounded by black hairs ; femora
black above; tibiae blackish with basal tuft of long whitish hairs ;
tarsi white, rmged with black ; abdomen deep rufous above with broad
lateral series of black tufts, white below and at extremity ; fore wing
whitish with all the veins broadly lined with black and greyish scales ;
base of the areas 2 and 3 filled out with such scales; hind wing
stramineous vellowish at base and inner margin; both wings with a
fine black terminal lne more distinct on the under side and ending at
vein 16 of hind wing; underside stramineous white with the veins
more or less darkened in terminal area ; antennae yellowish, bipectinate
to near tip, branches very short in apical fifth. Length of fore wing
19 mm., expans. 40 min.

Transvaal: Pilgrims’ Rest (Miss Schunke)—S8S. African Museum.
This well-marked species seems to be allied to A. trivitta, Hamps., from
Abyssinia.

Gren. PARAPHLEBS, nov. gen.

Head and thorax clothed with hairs. Palpi porrect, not reaching
beyond the frons. Eyes smooth, rather small. Antennae bipectinated
to apex, branches moderately long. Proboscis and frenulum absent.
Femora and tibiae hairy ; tarsi naked ; hind tibiae with 4 spurs; hind
tarsi without distinct spines, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws.
Abdomen a little longer than hind wing, stout, cylindrical, obtuse at
apex and provided with a dense apical tuft of hairs; sides hairy.
Wings formed completely as in some Limacodidae—for instance,
Contheyla vestita, Walk. (Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, vol. i,
p. 385, fig. 262).

Fore wing with vein | shortly forked at base, vein le absent, vein 3

‘9

Descriptions of some South African Heterocera. 241

well before angle of cell but nearer to 4 than 2, vein 5 from nearer to
6 than 4, vein 6 from upper angle of cell, 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 11 free,
7 from 8 beyond 10. Hind wing with vein la to anal angie, 1b to an
angle on termen, le rather distinct, weaker at base, 2-4 nearly as in
fore wing, 5 nearer to 6 than 4 and slightly weaker than the other
veins, 6 and 7 very briefly stalked, vein 8 free at base, then anasto-
mosing with the cell to beyond middle as in the genus Polelassothys,
Janse.

A very peculiar genus, which does not fit well in any of the hitherto
proposed families of moths, but may provisionally be considered as an
aberrant genus of the Notodontidae.

Some years ago I received specimens from Mr. A. J. T. Janse in
Pretoria. The genus not being mentioned in his newly-published
excellent monograph of the South African Notodontidae, leads me to
suppose that he has considered the genus as foreign to the family.

It is often rather difficult to decide if the vein le of hind wing is
present or not. In my opinion the vein le must be considered as
present in Paraphlebs. If so the genus, according to Hampson’s
newly-published key to the families of Lepidoptera, would belong to
the Chrysopolomidae (Hetropidae),* with which it has no affinities
at all.

PARAPHLEBS SINGULARIS, 0. sp.

Head and thorax yellowish, more or less densely clothed with grey
and blackish hairs; abdomen and tarsi ochraceous yellow; femora
and tibiae with long, mostly greyish hairs; anal tuft darker in the
female, with densely-packed grevish scales in the middle. Fore wing
greyish variegated with fuscous, brown and pale yellow ; basal area to
antemedial line fuscous brown with convex distal margin, a paler
stripe from base below the median vein and vein 2 nearly to termen
partly pale yellow, partly brownish yellow, composed as it were of
differently coloured spots; medial area proximally grey, distally
brownish, a rather obscure brownish discal spot; postmedial line
waved, blackish ; terminal area fuscous with yellowish terminal spots
between the veins; ciliae broad, yellowish with dark spots between
the veins. Hind wing fuscous, shghtly suffused with black at tornus ;
cilae as in fore wing. Wings below yellowish more or less suffused
with fuscous. Expans. 29-31 mn.

Transvaal: Barberton and Potgietersrust.—S. African Museum.

* IT cannot agree with Sir G. F. Hampson in rejecting old family names
because they are not taken from the oldest genus at present included in the

family. The law of priority seems to require that the oldest name of families
be used as well as of genera and species.

24.2 Annals of the South African Museum.

The sexes are nearly alike. The female only differs by the branches
of the antennae being a little shorter and the anal tuft filled up in the
middle by a mass of grey scales.

It would be of great interest to know the first stages of this pecuhar
moth.

LIMACODIDAE.

Gen. PARATHOSEA, nov. gen.

Palpi upturned, falciform, appressed to the frons, nearly reaching
base of antennae, smoothly scaled, last joint conical. Antennae in
male bipectinated to tips, the branches rather short and eradually
shorter towards the apex. Thorax scaled, with long tuft on meta-
thorax. Abdomen at base with two large dorsal crests of scales.
Middle and hind tibiae very broadly clothed with hairs; hind tibiae
with 4 spurs. First joint of middle and hind tarsi clothed with very
long hairs, the following joints with shorter hairs or nearly smooth.
Fore wing with veins 4 and 5 from a point, 6 a little nearer to apex of
cell, 7, 8, 9 stalked, 10 and 11 free from the cell; 11 straight. Hind
wing with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 somewhat thickened at base and
connected with the cell beyond its middle by a very short oblique bar.

I have not been able to refer the following species to any of the
hitherto described genera of Limacodidae. The palpi are peculiar, and
distinguish the present genus from Brachia, Karsch, which in other
respects seems to be rather nearly allied.

PARATHOSEA PERINGUEYI, N. Sp.

gd. Head and antennae yellowish brown; palpi dark brown on
underside, yellowish above. Thorax and legs dark brown, thorax
above with plumbeous scales, especially on the patagia. Abdomen
somewhat paler brown with the crests yellowish ; apex of tibiae and
the tarsi annulated with yellow. Fore wing above with the basal part
dark brown with a strong plumbeous sheen in certain light ; this basal
dark field occupies three-fourths of the costa, but only the first third
of the hind margin; its distal margin is therefore very oblique; it is
marked from the end of the cell to the hind margin with a sharply
dentate black line, and followed by an irregular pale yellowish, broad,
oblique band from near apex of costa to hind margin ; this band is ill-
defined and more or less filled up with irregular spots and patches of
ereyish scales ; a terminal rather broad dark band more or less spotted
with yellowish ; cilia broad, greyish brown, with a distinct yellow basal

Descriptions of some South African Heterocera. 245

line. Hind wing fuscous without markings ; cilia with a yellowish line
at base and a whitish line near margin. Underside of both wings fuscous
with yellowish veins; hind wing broadly yellowish at inner margin.
Expans. 30-32 mm.

Transvaal: Potgietersrust and Marico River.—S. African Museum.

ARBELIDAE.
Gen. ARBELODES, Karsch (non Hampson).

ARBELODES COLLARIS, Nl. sp.

¢. Head, palpi, fore coxae, shoulders and base of tegulae dark
fuscous or blackish; hind edge of tegulae broadly whitish; patagia
whitish, black at base, forming with a black spot on fore edge of
mesothorax a black collar ring; metathoracic crest large, blackish ;
abdomen pale fuscous brown with darker basal crest and divided anal
tuft; underside and legs greyish ; hind tibiae with four spurs ; tarsi
slightly annulated with black. Antennae with the shaft whitish and
the pectination black, partly suffused with greyish. Fore wing fuscous
with black and white markings ; costa witha series of black spots from
base to postmedial line; basal area black, defined by silvery white and
strongly excurved below median nervure, a black spot from middle of
hind margin to vein 2 followed by a whitish suffusion to postmedial
line, a black somewhat wedge-shaped spot in middle of cell, the whole
area between this spot and the post-medial line suffused with whitish ;
postmedial line black, nearly erect, irregularly waved and defined on
inner side with white; terminal area greyish at termen with short,
erect, black streaks between the veins. Hind wing fuscous, paler at
base. Cilia fuscous brown, in distal half chequered with whitish
spots between the veins. Underside of both wings dark fuscous with-
out markings. Expans. 28-29 mm.

Transvaal: Potgietersrust. Type in 8. African Museum and co-
type in Riksmuseum at Stockholm.

Sir G. F. Hampson has overlooked the fact that Karsch, in his key
to the genera of (Hollandiidae) Arbelidae, especially states that the
fore wing has an areola (‘‘Anhangszelle”). ‘This being the case,
Arbelodes, Hamps., is not the same genus as Arbelodes, Karsch, and
must take the name of Ortharbela, Auriv.

Arbelodes collaris is undoubtedly nearly allied to meridionalis,
Karsch, but can hardly be the same species, unless the description
was made from a very badly-worn specimen.

244.

Annals of the South African Museum.

In the collection kindly sent by Dr. L. Péringuey there is also a
specimen of another species of Arbelodes from the same locality, but
not in a fit condition to be described.

It may be noted here that the character on which Strand and
Hampson founded the genus Metarbelodes is not constant, the vein
10 of fore wing sometimes in the same species (wmtaliana) being
emitted from vein 8, sometimes from the areola.

A
albofasciata (Pachypasa)
Antheua F ;
ARBELIDAE .

Arbelodes
ARCTIIDAE

Beralade
Bombycopsis

(C
eapicola peony courts)
Chondrostega
collaris (Arbelodes )
conspersa (Marmar oplezma)
Cymatopacha : :

G
Glocia .

J
JANIDAE

L
LASIOCAMPIDAE
LIMACODIDAE

M
Marmaroplegma .

meridionalis (Tr ichiurana)

INDEX.
PAGE N
239 NovropontTIDAE
240
243 O
243
935, obscura (Cymatopacha)
12
36 | Pachypasa
237 | Paraphlebs .
| Parathosea . :
5 | parva (Beralade)
237 | péringueyi (Parathosea)
236 | Poecilarctia . é
243
239 >
238 i
radiata (Antheua)
_ ruficornis (Chondrostega) :
237
Ss
sericeofasciata (Pachypasa)
239 singularis (Paraphlebs)
| straminea (Glocia)
236
242 a
Trichiurana
239 Vv.
236 | venata (Poecilarctia) .

PAGE
240

( 245 )

5.—The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa— By F. Ris.
(With Plates V—XII and 77 text-figures).

THE origin of the present paper is a request by Dr. L. Péringuey to
the author to write a paper which would help the resident entomo-
logist to get a reliable knowledge of the South African dragonflies.
In 1908 the writer had published in “ Schultze’s Forschungsreise im
westlichen und zentralen Siidafrika”’ (‘ Denkschrift mediz.-naturw.
Ges. Jena,’ xiii, pp. 305-546, 1908) an annotated catalogue of the fauna
herein discussed, and this catalogue, in the opinion of Dr. Péringuey,
would have to be modified for the purpose above mentioned. The
collection of the Schultze expedition being a small one, and other
material available at the time very limited, the paper of 1908 was a
compilation to a large extent; also‘ its character as a catalogue made
its value doubtful for the student who had no access to the libraries
and collections of European cities. The need of the local collector
and student was a descriptive and fully illustrated paper. But to
attain this object an extensive collection was indispensable, and Dr.
Péringuey kindly agreed to provide specimens for the purpose; the
results of his initiative reached me in a considerable number of
consignments, and were in the long run amply sufficient to serve as a
basis for the present work. Moreover, the author had at. his disposal
an interesting collection of South African dragonflies made by Miss
Margaret Fountaine, of Bath, loaned through the kindness of her
friend, Mr. K. J. Morton, of Edinburgh, and an extensive lot of very

- interesting specimens from the British Museum, loaned through the

good offices of Messrs. G. Meade-Waldo and Herbert Campion. At
a somewhat later date Mr. E. B. Williamson, of Bluffton, Indiana,
U.S.A., forwarded a large collection, consisting of various lots sent him
by Mr. G. F. Leigh, of Durban, Natal, and by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall,
when this gentleman was a resident of Salisbury, Mashonaland.
Other specimens from the Marshall collections were also included in
the British Museum lots as well as in material sent for study by the
Swedish Imperial Museum at Stockholm. The Congo Museum at
16

246 Annals of the South African Museum.

Tervueren sent a very important lot of specimens from Katanga,
which lot, though not strictly belonging to the fauna in question, has
been repeatedly quoted.

In the writer’s own collection South African species are chiefly
represented by material from the Delagoa Bay region, kindly forwarded
by the Rev. Henri A. Junod, of the Suisse Romande Mission. With
other lots of minor importance obtained from dealers, all these con-
tributions made a collection sufficient to characterise the fauna under
discussion. Differing in this respect from the paper of 1908, the
present one is entirely original; supplementary notes have been
restricted to an appendix, and all descriptions and figures are made
from actual specimens in the various collections mentioned.

But even now the work remains fragmentary. Nothing can be said
about the natural surroundings of the various species, their manner
of life and development, their place and value in the insect life of
their surroundings. It is the author’s ambition that these lines may
awake sufficiently the interest of some resident entomologist to have
these lacunae eventually filled by observation and record. Although
no nymphs or larvae of dragonflies are at hand from the country
under discussion, except that of Chlorolestes conspicua, see p. 445, it
was found desirable to give an idea of what these nymphs are; the
examples were taken from the writer’s own country, and they may serve
their purpose inasmuch as they are taken from groups represented in
South Africa either by identically the same or by very closely allied
oenera.

No general history of the Order Odonata is attempted, and it 1s
supposed that the more important facts of the externa] and internal
anatomy of insects are known to the student. Only such particular
structures are illustrated as are most characteristic of the Order and
important in its classification, namely the head, thoracic segments,
venation of wings and external genital organs of both sexes.*

Thus the essential part of this paper is systematic, descriptive and
faunistic. The faunal limits have been drawn somewhat artificially
and also purposely ; they embrace the States of the South African
Union, but materials from the contiguous Portuguese Colony and
from Rhodesia are also included as far as they were found in the
collections under study.

* Since the present paper was written, most fortunately a model text-book
has been given to the student of Odonata, where every aspect of the organisa-
tion, physiology, ecology, ete., of this order is discussed and illustrated by a
very large number of original figures: ‘The Biology of Dragonflies,’ by R. 'T.
Tillyard, Cambridge, 1917 (Cambridge Zoological Series).

~*~

———-

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 247

The question then arose whether an extensive enumeration of
synonymy and bibliography should be added to the descriptive part ;
the addition would not have been difficult, because the writer has at
his disposal a very detailed manuscript catalogue of all described
recent Odonata. But after mature reflection it was found that for
the present paper and its special purpose this would be of no practical
value. It would have been a repetition of a great amount of material
already published, some of it quite recently. To the reader interested
in this side of the study it may be said that (1) the sources of the
original descriptions can be easily traced by the aid of Kirby’s well-
known and indispensable catalogue; (2) as to the additions up to
1907, all bibliographical notes interesting South Africa have been
collected and published in the writer’s catalogue for L. Schultze’s
voyage, mentioned at the beginning of this introduction and published
in 1908; (3) for the entire subfamily Libellulinae the writer’s mono-
graph of this subfamily gives a very detailed and, as far as possible,
complete bibliography ; it would have been tedious and useless to
repeat this here. For these reasons the synonomy and bibliography
are abandoned, and the quotations limited to the author’s name and
the year of publication of each specific and generic name. The writer
wishes to indicate here his opinion regarding authors’ names in
zoological nomenclature. Authors’ names should not be considered
as part of the animal’s name, as is largely accepted, but simply as
a citation in a conventionally abridged form. Under this view any
author is free to extend the citation to other details besides the name
of the first describer, such as the year of publication ; and no doubt
this has a certain historical interest, giving as it does an abridged
sketch of the chronological development of knowledge. The ideal
would be, according to the writer, to abandon authors’ names altogether,
and for a group or a fauna sufliciently known to a broader public, or
for a paper specially intended for those already initiated, this may be
perfectly admissible even in the actual state of knowledge. But it
would not have been advisable to have followed this method for this
paper, which aims to be an introduction to an insufliciently known and
as yet very imperfectly studied fauna.

1. INTRODUCTION AND T'ERMINOLOGY.

Dragonflies have retained the essential parts and segmentation of
a primitive insect or Hexapod through a long series of geological
periods. Far back in the Mesozoic age they were essentially what
they are now, and the systematic groups of the present time are

248 Annals of the South African Museum.

curiously foreshadowed even in those remote ages. But evidently
they represent a type of adaptation without any reduction of parts,
which was in its way a definitive and ideal solution of a mechanical
problem, fully as efficient as widely different solutions that involve a
far greater modification of the primitive insect plan, as, for instance,
the most highly specialised groups of Lepidoptera, Diptera or Hymen-
optera. Indeed, a living dragonfly of the larger kinds, in full vigour,

Fic. 1.—Chlorolestes longicauda. Dorsal, frontal and ventral views. fr.
Frons. vert. Vertex. occ. Occiput. occf. Occipital foramen. cpe.
Compound eye. oc. Ocelli. ant. Antenna. lab. Labium. Jab. ml.
Median lobe. Jab. 11. Lateral lobe. mdb. Mandible. g. Gena. lbr.
Labrum. acl. Anteclypeus. pel. Postclypeus.

is one of the splendours of Nature in the skill, grace and sustained
strength of its movements, the gay colours of the slender body, the
strong lace-like wings, which are seldom ornamented, and mostly
nothing but wings. Curiously enough, our poor human attempts to
construct an inanimate flying thing resemble, if anything in Nature, a
dragonfly.

The three essential parts of the insect body—head, thorax and
abdomen—all have characteristic features in the Odonata.

The head is distinguished by the extreme development of the com-

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 249

pound eye. Vision is evidently the dominant sense of the dragonfly ;
parallel with the hypertrophy of the eye we find an extreme reduction
of the antennae—the organs of scent. A similar combination is
found in the Order Ephemeridae or Mayflies, and to some degree in
many of the more highly specialised Diptera. The configuration of
the compound eyes largely affects in dragonflies the arrangement of
the other parts of the head, and a better idea than any description can

Fie. 2—Podogomphus praetorius. Dorsal, frontal and ventral views of head.
Lettering as in Text-fig. 1.

give will be conveyed by our Text-figs. 1-3, where three modifications
are shown: the zygopterous head with widely separate, almost
hemispherical eyes, in Text-fig. 1; the Gomphine head, which is
intermediate between the zygopterous and the regular anisopterous
configuration in Text-fig. 2; the Libelluline head in Text-fig. 3 is a
representative of this fully developed anisopterous configuration,
where the eyes meet in the median line for some length. Three
ocelli are present in the entire order; their position is open in the

250 Annals of the South African Museum.

Zygoptera (Text-fig. 1); covered by a special structure, the frontal
vesicle, in the Libellulidae and Aeschninae (Text-fig. 3) ; surrounded
by sculptures of various development in the other subfamilies of
Anisoptera (Text-fig. 2). Nothing certain is known about their
special function.

The mouth-parts correspond to their masticatory function in the
primitive insect type; they are of the regular three pairs—labium,

Fie. 3.—Trithemis arteriosa. Dorsal, frontal and ventral views of
head. Lettering as in Text-fig. 1. occtr. Occipital triangle.

maxillae and mandibles—the labial and maxillary palpi beg much
reduced (or modified ?), the mandibles particularly strong. Their size
is relatively small in the Zygoptera (Text-fig. 1), but they are very
much stronger in the anisopterous line (Text-figs. 2, 3). The
labium is a very highly specialised structure in the family Libellulidae
(Text-fig. 3), being a spoon-like or mask-like organ, which covers the
entire mouth from beneath by the greatly developed lateral lobes,
their free mesial borders being connected in a long and straight line.
The other groups of Anisoptera (Family Aeschnidae) remain true to

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 251

the zygopterous type of this organ, and thus nearer to structures
generally found among insects with masticatory mouth-parts.

The frontal, vertical and occipital sclerites are mostly not easily
distinguished in the fully mature insect, but as a matter of con-
venience in all the groups the part bearing the antennae and
ocelli, the fronto-vertical complex, may be termed, in an abridged
form, “the frons’’; what is posterior to it may be named “the
oeciput.”’*

The latter especially is subject to great modification in consequence
of the development and disposition of the eyes. Largely visible in a
dorsal view in Zygoptera and Gomphinae (Text-figs. 1, 2), it is
reduced in this view to a mere trace, in other Anisoptera (Text-fig. 3),
where the occipital triangle and just a small margin on the posterior
side of the eye are the only parts attributable to the occiput. Its
ventral view is also chiefly determined by the shape of the eyes ; only
in the Zygoptera is the occipital foramen (Text-fig. 1) visible in a
strictly ventral view; in Anisoptera the foramen is drawn forward
by the globose form of the head and covered from beneath by the
basal pieces of labium and maxillae.

Whereas the fronto-occipital suture is obscure and often uncertain,
there is a very distinct suture between the frons and the sclerites
anterior to the frons. There are three of these transversely disposed.
The first, from the anterior pole, is the labrum or upper lip, which
partly covers the mouth-parts from above, but not entirely; part of
the mandibles (or even of the maxillae) remain free and partake of the
colour differentiation of exposed parts. The second is the anteclypeus,
the third the postclypeus. Labrum, anteclypeus and postclypeus are
disposed very nearly in the same vertical plane in the Anisoptera,
which plane is continued dorsally by the frons. As a rule there is here
an inflection, with or without a ridge, to the horizontal plane within the
frons itself (only some of the Gomphinae do not clearly show the
fracture in the frons), as shown in Text-figs. 2 and 3. In the
Zygoptera the labrum is very nearly horizontal, the anteclypeus
vertical, the postclypeus horizontal again; and from the suture of
postclypeus and frons this latter rises mostly in a gentle curve to give
a nearly horizontal position to the fronto-occipital complex, the ocelli
looking upward. Something similar to the transverse frontal ridge
of most Anisoptera may exceptionally be observed in the Zygoptera
(Ceriagrion). Between the lateral margin of ante- and postclypeus

* For details of the rather complicated structural homologies of the exo-

skeleton of the head special handbooks of anatomy must be consulted; their
discussion would exceed the aims of this summary introduction,

252 Annals of the South African Museum.

and the eye there are small, roughly triangular sclerites, the genae,
well developed in the Gomphinae, small in the other Anisoptera,
large but not distinctly limited towards the frons in the Zygoptera.
The anteclypeus and postclypleus have often been named “ nasus ” and

99

“rhinarium ” respectively ; but the writer always found it difficult to
distinguish between the nasus and the rhinarium, since the two terms
apply to the same thing in Latin and in Greek respectively; the
significative terms ‘“ante”- and ‘ postclypeus”’ seem preferable for
obvious reasons.

The antennae are mere rudiments, as shown by our figures; their
value for systematics and description is not important.

The thorax of Odonata is highly characteristic of the Order, and a
wonderfully elaborate adaptation to the needs of an aérial creature
that finds its food on the wing, will in very many cases even eat
without alighting, will play and mate and sometimes even oviposit in
flight. The first thoracic segment, the prothorax, is separated from
the two following wing-bearing segments by an extremely loose joint,
sunilar to the jomt between head and prothorax ; both these joints are
largely moveable in every direction, together giving to the large-eyed
head a remarkable freedom of movement. The prothorax as a whole
is very small, and its single sclerites not easily recognisable. The
other segments, the mesothorax and metathorax, are joined to form a
strong and solid unit, compact in outline and with the sutures firmly
soldered, so as to form a strong support for the wings as well as an
ample box for the vigorous muscles. The specific feature of Odonata
in this structure is the reduction of sternites and especially of
tergites and the extreme development of the lateral sclerites, the
episterna and the epimera of each segment. These lateral sclerites
being, moreover, placed with their longer, dorso-ventral axis in an
oblique position, the lower end cephalad, the upper caudad, another
most important feature of the Odonata thorax results, viz. the
throwing forward of the coxae and legs well in front of the wing bases,
almost under the head and the mouth. This position of the legs,
unique among insects, explains the position of rest adopted by most
dragonflies, this position being not one of sitting, but rather of
suspension. Also it is in strict correlation with their feeding habits,
as Dr. Wesenberg-Lund, of Hilleroed, very justly remarks in a recent
paper.*

The feet have for function the holding of the prey, when, as is very
often the case, the dragonfly eats an insect just captured without

* C. Wesenberg-Lund, ‘‘ Odonaten-Studien,”’ ‘Internat. Rev. ges. Hydro-
biol.” 1918, pp. 155-228, 373-422,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 253

interruption of flight. The thoracic sutures, as given in our Text-
figs. 4 and 5, show clearly the homologies of the parts. In the
Zygoptera all the sutures drawn in Text-fig. 4 are visible in many
eases, though there are genera and groups where the first lateral
suture is obliterated, at least in its upper half. In the Anisoptera
this suture disappears regularly upward from a level which corre-
sponds approximately to the metastigma; but the homology of parts
is not seldom still visible in the disposition of the colours and

metepist

Fic. 4.—Phaon iridipennis. Lateral view of thorax. proth. Prothorax.
lp. Posterior lobe of prothorax. cw. Coxa. tr. Trochanter. fem.
Femur. mesepist. Mesepisternum. mesepim. Mesepimeron. metepist.
Metepisternum. metepim. Metepimeron. msiepist. Mesinfraepisternum.
mtiepist. Metinfraepisternum. ms. Median suture. hs. Humeral
suture. ils., 2ls. First and second lateral sutures. mss. Mesostigma.
mts. Metastigma. aas. Antealar sinus. fw. Forewing. hw. Hindwing.

pattern. There are two pairs of respiratory stigmata on the thorax :
the mesostigma is in a concealed position in the joint between the pro-
and mesothorax, and the metastigma is comparatively large and a
leading feature in the structure and pattern of the thoracic side.

The feet are slender, though comparatively strong, spiny, with
various adaptations of their armature, according to systematic
position and sex. The coxae are free, relatively small, the trochanters
double ; the femora and tibiz of about equal length; the tarsi short,
three-jointed; the claws mostly with a tooth on their ventral edge.

The wings bear neither hair nor scales, only some minute, almost

254 Annals of the South African Musewm.

microscopic stiff bristles along the veins; when coloured the various
tints result from the pigmentation of the wing membrane itself, or
from some waxy exudation. The pigmentation mostly results in tints
from clear yellow through brown to deep black, often with metallic
lustre; in some cases also blood-red may occur. Waxy exudation
produces an opalescent white, or bluish when on a background of
black. But the immense majority of the dragonfly wings are hyaline
or bear only small basal coloured spots.

The venation of these wings is of the utmost importance to the
systematist. From the early times of odonatology some of the more

metepist

Fig. 5.—Crocothemis erythraea. Lateral view of thorax. Lettering as in
Text-fig. 4.

obvious features have been adopted as distinctive characters for the
larger systematic units; but in more recent times patient investigation
of many minute (but often morphologically significant) details has
shown that characters for the smaller groups, down to genera and
sometimes even to species, may be drawn with great advantage from
the neuration. An advantage is to be found in these characters
being common to both sexes of one species or genus (unlike many
other important distinctive characters in dragonflies), and in their
being easily described and exactly figured, especially by photography.
The introduction of photography into the descriptive scheme of our
modern odonatological literature is undoubtedly one of its distinctive
features when confronted with the writings of the classical time, and

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 255

the writer considers this introduction as a marked progress. Besides
being of comparatively easy application, the study of venational
details has the great merit of leading very often to the true lines of
development within the Order, of helping us to a really phylogenetic,
and therefore natural classification

all due reserve being made, of
course, for incomplete knowledge and possible, or even probable,
mistakes. The greatest progress in this branch of study is due to a
paper of J. C. Needham, of Ithaca, New York: “A Genealogic Study of
Dragonfly Wing-Venation ” (‘ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,’ xxvi, pp. 703-764,
tab. 31-54, 1905); from this essay most or all of the more recent
authors have taken their starting-point, and its terminology has
rapidly become almost universally adopted. This terminology, with
some very slight and merely formal modifications, made as the writer
found them practical in his various studies on the subject, is here also
adopted and illustrated in its main features in Plate V, figs. 1, 2.
Prof. Needham’s studies of venation were made chiefly on the wings
of the Suborder Anisoptera, and interpretations of doubtful structures
and terminology were therefore immediately derived from observations
of this systematic unit. Needham arrived at his conclusions by
following the ontogenetic development of wing-venation as fore-
shadowed in the tracheation of the larval wing; by his text and
beautiful photographic figures the following facts were emphasised as
being more especially characteristic for the (Anisopterous) Odonate
wing: (1) A branch of the radius (#), the single radial sector (Rs)
present in Odonata, branches off from the main trunk in the nodal
region, crosses in an oblique transverse direction over two branches
of the media (M1 and M2) before taking up again the longitudinal
direction ; the point where #s becomes longitudinal again is linked to
a considerably more proximal level of branch M1-—2 by an accessory
structure of veins named ‘“ the bridge”’ by Needham. In the mature
wing ks would appear to the observer unacquainted with the larval
conditions as a branch of M; but there is an absolutely constant
oblique cross-vein behind M2 and a little distally from the nodus to
indicate still what has taken place during the development. (2) The
discoidal triangles of the basal part of both wings—structures already
observed and named by early observers—are demonstrated to be built
up as follows: The proximal side of the triangle is part of the main
branch of the cubitus (Cw); the costal and distal sides of the
triangle are medio-cubital cross-veins modified in length, structure
and final position in various ways, according to systematic group
and to differences between front and hind wing ; but the modifications
are evidently determined by the mechanical needs of the wing structure,

256 Annals of the South African Museum.

(3) The conditions of the anal vein (A) were not insisted upon by
Needham either in his diagrammatic figures or in his terminology,
though they are clearly demonstrated in some of his photographic
figures (Jl. c., pl. xxxi, fig. 1, pl. xxxii, fig. 2). What we are used to
name the cubito-anal cross-vein appears, indeed, to be part of the
main branch of A itself. The trachea, A, in the larval wing is, in its
proximal part, fused with, or indeed very closely applied to, Cu; where
it gives up this fusion to bend hindward we have the “ cubito-anal
* and the part of A in the mature wing proximal to this
vein appears indeed as a recurrent secondary branch of A—as a kind
of “bridge” again. Recently Mr. R. J. Tillyard has developed and
illustrated these conditions, and proposed to draw the consequences
for the purpose of terminology (‘ Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ xxxix,
pp- 163 sqq., 1914).

Needham and others, the writer amongst them, have applied the
results drawn from the anisopterous wing to the interpretation and
terminology of the Zygopterous wing. There is no need here to insist
on the conditions of the wing base, much less complicated in the
Anisoptera by a minor grade of specialisation of the region between
M and Cu (quadrangle instead of triangle and supratriangular space)
and also by the reduction of A to an almost rudimentary state.
Applying the anisopterous terms to the Zygopterous wing (from apex
to base; R, M1, M2, Rs, M3, M4), we have full accordance between
the two large groups; but the conditions of these various branches at
their origin, especially in the nodal region, are far from giving a
satisfactory insight into their primitive interdependence (insight
which is by no means difficult to obtain in the mature anisopterous
wing). <A larval wine of Lestes (l.c., pl. xxxi, fig. 2) gave apparently
the key to the question, confirming the full analogy between an
anisopterous and a zygopterous wing; the oblique vein (in the larval
and in the mature wing) and the long radio-medial bridge are clearly
there, and it might be overlooked that the proximal part of Rs, its
origin out of the main branch of R, is altogether absent. But this
detail and other embarrassing disagreements in the Agrionine wing
and in some of the Calopterygidae might provisionally be accepted as
being the consequences of coenogenetic differentiation by reduction.
The writer gradually became sceptical about this entire interpretation
of the zygopterous wing on the “ Anisopterous”’ scheme. When
discussing the position of Chlorolestes (in Agrioninae or Lestinae) with
Mr. Herbert Campion, in consequence of observations first made
by this gentleman when studying some genera of Calopterygidae
(Philoganga, Bayadera), and discussing analogous questions with Mr,

crOss-vein,’

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 257

Tillyard in a spirited correspondence, he felt the desirability of new
observations and probably of a different orientation. Larval prepara-
tions of Calopteryx and of Ischnura were photographed, compared with
various other important photographs furnished by Mr. Tillyard (Lestes,
Synlestes, Pseudagrion, Neosticta, etc.), and the following conclusion
was arrived at provisionally, and for which Mr. Tillyard and the
writer alone have to accept for the present the responsibility: (1)
Zygoptera are radically different from Anisoptera, having the radius
unbranched in larval and mature wing; what has been termed Rs is,
in fact, a branch of the media. (2) This particular branch of the
media (Rs of our terminology) has undergone the following (gradual)
changes of position: (a) a very proximal origin in the? quadrangular
region (most primitive position—Calopteryx and many others of the
Calopterygidae) ; (b) considerably more distal origin, very near the
nodus (the bulk of Agrionidae) ; (c) still more distal origin, shifted
so far distally as to become a secondary branch of the following
branch (M2) of the media. In this condition a bridge (a very long
one in Lestes, a shorter one in Chlorolestes and Synlestes) appears
between this “ Rs”? and the main branch of the media (the structure
thus resulting in an apparent analogy with the anisopterous condition,
though actually different). Under this assumption (unbranched
radius, distally migrating branch of media at place of anisopterous
[Rs|) most of the difficulties of interpretation vanish for the mature
as well as for the larval zygopterous wing, and as far as the writer’s
observations go, all ontogenetic preparations, even of earlier stages
(Calopteryx and Ischnura), are fully in favour of this theory and none
contrary to it.
_ Nevertheless I hesitate to draw conclusions from this view in
proposing a new terminology for the Zygopterous wing. Mr. Tillyard
has done so, and says: “ Ms in Zygoptera for the vein in place of Ks
in Anisoptera.” Fortunate as this term appears to be, I refrain from
accepting it, as long as the question is not fully settled by the
discussion that must certainly follow.

The abdomen is joined to the thorax in a free but rather broad
joint. It is composed of ten fully-developed segments of subequal
value, although the first and the last are somewhat reduced in size, and
the second, eighth and ninth distinguished by their relation to sexual
organs. The dorsal sclerites, the tergites, are predominant ; the lateral
and even part of the ventral surface belong to the tergite. The
ventral sclerites, the sternites, are, as far as not modified in the
genital segments, narrow, flat plates, mostly of indifferent structure
and colour, folded under the ventrally produced margins of the

258 Annals of the South African Museum.

tergites, to which they are joined by a thin, transparent, completely
infolded membrane. ‘There are rudiments of an eleventh abdominal
segment : supra-anal tubercle in female, superior appendage in male of
Anisoptera as rudiments of the tergite; subanal plates in Anisoptera,
inferior appendages in male of Zygoptera as rudiments of the sternite.
The superior appendages of both sexes in the entire Order are con-
sidered by most authors as being appendages—cerci—of the tenth
segment.

The disposition of copulatory organs in the male is another dis-
tinctive and unique feature in the Order Odonata. The opening of the
seminal vessel is constant, on the eighth sternite, covered by a pair of
small, roughly triangular, slightly projecting plates. But the copu-
latory organ is to be found on the second and third segment, where a
complicated pocket is formed of elements of the second sternite,
and a penis-like organ projects from the framework of the second
sternite in Zygoptera, and from the anterior margin of the third sternite
in Anisoptera. No detailed account can be here given of these very
complicated structures (cf. Erich Schmidt, ‘“ Vergleichende Morpho-
logie des ii und i: Abdominal segments bei minnlichen Libellen,”
‘Zool. Jahrb. Anat.,’ xxxix, pp. 87-120, tab. 9-11, 1915). No use, for
diagnostic purposes, is here made of them in the groups Zygoptera
and Aeschninae ; but they are of great importance and comparatively
easy application in Gomphinae and Libellulidae. The Gomphinae
show in the appendages of the second sternite (1) a small anterior
lamina, (2 and 8) two pairs of hamuli, in the third sternite (4) a
cap-like organ which covers the penis, and (5) the penis itself. In
the Libellulidae the anterior lamina is somewhat more important
and only one pair of hamuli is present (the first pair is, as it appears,
fused to the anterior lamina); the ventral margin of the second
tergite is mostly produced in a flat organ, the genital lobe; between
the genital lobes the penis is included, and no cap-lke organ of the
third sternite exists.

In the female no modification exists on the second segment. The
organs of copulation and oviposition have their regular position on
the eighth and ninth sternites ; eventually a modification of the tenth
partakes of the function. ‘There are two rather widely different types
of organisation. ‘The more simple type shows the genital opening at
the posterior end of the eighth sternite, either practically free, or
covered by a very simple chitinised plate, which is very often bifid to
various degrees; the vulvar scale; on the ninth sternite only two
minute styles or tubercles can be observed. This type is common to
the large family Libellulidae and to the Gomphinae in the Anisoptera.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 259

d

The other type shows an elaborate boring mechanism, a terebra very
much like the same organ in many other groups of insects (Hymen-
optera, Tenthredinoidea, Orthoptera and others). There are two
pairs of slender, acute saws, the lateral and somewhat anterior ones
belonging to the eighth sternite, the medial, posterior and smaller
ones to the ninth sternite. All four are, when out of function,
included between a pair of valves, derived from the ninth sternite,
and bearing each a slender, small, one-jointed process near its end.
This terebra is common to the entire Suborder Zygoptera and to the
Aeschninae in the Anisoptera. Its presence means that the insect will
deposit its eggs singly into holes made in dead or living plant tissues,
in the water or only near it, as the case may be. The eggs of the
valvulate groups, on the other hand, are laid entirely unprotected,
or only included in a mass of gelatinous matter or jelly, like frogs’
eges.

The relative position of the copulatory organs in both sexes involves
a complicated act of copulation. This act has attracted the attention
of naturalists from a very early time, and has often been described.
Nevertheless the knowledge of its more intimate details is of recent
date only. The most elaborate description, based on the statements of
other observers and a great many personal observations, is given by
Dr. Wesenberg-Lund in his paper already mentioned. ‘The act may be
briefly described as follows: The male seizes his mate first with his spiny
feet, takes for a momenta position on the head of the female, at which
moment the spermatic fluid is transmitted from the opening on the
eighth to the copulatory apparatus on the second segment; then the
male takes hold of its mate by the terminal appendages, which are
applied to the prothorax in Zygoptera, to the head in (at least most
of) the Anisoptera; the female, somehow aided by the male, curves
her abdomen so that her genital opening will join the male’s second
sternite, and the act is thus consummated. In most cases its later
stages take place on some supporting plant or even on the ground ;
but there are some curious and most remarkable cases (Libellula
quadrimaculata and depressa of the European fauna), where the entire
complicated function is performed when the two actors continue their
rapid flight, and in these cases it lasts only a few seconds. In other
cases it may last even for hours.

Oviposition is also a very attractive study for the thoughtful
observer, and various different manners are described, the chief
difference being given, as already indicated, by the different structure
of the female organs; but other differences scarcely less interesting
result from the local and seasonal conditions of each species.

260 Annals of the South African Museum.

2. SYSTEMATIC AND DeEscRIPTIVE Part.

I. SusorpeER ZYGOPTERA.

Front and hind wings similar in outline and also in venation
(except for some minute details). In the basal part of wings between
M4 and Cu the quadrilateral (q), the proximal side of which is the
anal half of the arculus; the quadrilateral free or crossed.

Head transversely cylindrical, the hemispherical eyes separated by
a broad space, broader than the length of the diameter of each eye.
Median lobe of labium broader than lateral lobes, more or less bifid.
In the male sex two pairs of terminal abdominal appendages, the
lower pair being the sternite of the eleventh abdominal segment.
Female ovipositor consisting of two pairs of saws and a pair of
valves (p. 259).

II. Susorprer ANISOPTERA.

Front and hind wings dissimilar in outline and venation: the anal
field is more developed in the hind wing. The difference in the
triangular region of the front and hind wings is slight in the first
family of the Suborder, considerable in the second. Between M 4
and Cu in the region of the zygopterous quadrilateral there are two
spaces superposed in the transverse axis of the wing—the supra-
triangular space (ht) and the triangle (¢); the proximal side of h# is
the anal half of the arculus. Head roughly hemispherical or spherical
in outline. In the male sex a pair of superior terminal abdominal
appendages, and a single (often bifid) inferior appendage, being the
tergite of the eleventh abdominal segment.

I. Susorper ZYGOPTERA.

There is a marked difference in general appearance between a
zygopterous and an anisopterous dragonfly. With very little experi-
ence the observer will distinguish at a glance to which of the two
large and systematically equivalent groups a given insect may belong.
Zygoptera are comparatively weak insects; their long and extremely
slender body, long and mostly very narrow, even petiolate, wings are
not suited to the wonderful display of flying power shown by many of
the Anisoptera. Their existence is more bound to the immediate sur-
roundings of their native waters, where they cling to the vegetation,
take rather short flights, will rarely go very high up into the air

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 261

although these tiny and fragile looking creatures are occasionally
capable of very rapid movements. Their shape and coloration are in
most cases highly cryptic in their natural haunts. Under the influence
of conditions resulting from the full sunlight on open space, reflected
from the water’s surface, or broken into the intricate maze of vegetation,
even their bright colours—-metallic green, light azure blue or vivid
blood-red—cease to be conspicuous, and often vanish to a point which
is a just cause of admiration to an observant mind.

In the fauna under discussion there is a fair representation of the
Suborder, and it is probable that a certain number of species will be
added to our list as the result of a more thorough investigation of the
country.

There are representatives of two families :

A, Numerous antenodal cross-veins (Anq); the nodus distant a long way
from the wing base. Quadrilateral (q) nearly rectaneular, lone, crossed
by one or more veins (Plate VI, figs. 6,7) . ’ : Calopterygidae-

B. ‘wo antenodal cross-veins only ; the nodus near the wing base. Quadri-
lateral a single cell, nearly rectangular, or oblique in various degree
(Plate VI, fig. 8, etc.) . ; : : : : , : Agrionidae.

1A. Famity CALOPTERYGIDAH.

This family is poorly represented in our fauna by two species
belonging to very widely removed genera.

a. Wings petiolate (i.e. the vein A is for a short extent the actual hind
margin of the wing). T'wo of the antenodal cross-veins are decidely
stronger than the rest, and run right through from C to R. Quadri-
lateral two-celled. M4 strongly convex costal.

A long and narrow pterostigma present in both sexes (Plate VI, fig. 6).
Ante- and postclypeus much enlarged, projecting in a helmet-like
structure : ‘ ; : 5 : ‘ : : : Libellago.
aa. Wings not petiolate (i. e. there is a narrow anal field between vein A and
the actual hind margin of the wing right from the base). All antenodal
cross-veins about equal, and most of them running through from C to R.
Quadrilateral long and narrow, rectangular, with 5-6 cross-veins.
M4 straight. Only exceptionally, and in the male sex alone, a small
pterostigma, scarcely larger than two or three cells (Plate VI, fig. 7).
Head of the recular zygzopterous form ‘ : . Phaon.

LIBELLAGO (Sélys, 1840).
This genus is in Africa the representative of de Sélys’ “ Légion
Libellago,” a group of Calopterygidae that might eventually rise to
the rank of a subfamily.

17

262 Annals of the South African Museum.

The peculiar structure of the head, the very characteristic venation
of the narrow, petiolate wings, as represented in our Plate VI, fig. 6,
are distinctive features of the “ Légion.” This group is represented in
tropical Asia by the large genera Rhinocypha and Micromerus, in
Africa by the almost equally numerous genus Libellago.

Most of the species are found in tropical Western Africa, but they are
very imperfectly known, because specimens are not numerous in collec-
tions and the existing descriptions are in a state of hopeless confusion.
The only species found in South Africa has a wide distribution in
East Africa, but does not occur, as it seems, on the other side of the
continent. The generic name will eventually have to be altered, as it
seems that the name Libellago must, according to nomenclatorial rules,
be applied to what is now universally accepted as Micromerus
(Rambur, 1842); but the present paper is not the place for such an
alteration.

A larva from the Tanganyika region (Mus. Tervueren) agrees in all
essential points with another one figured by Karsch (‘ Berlin. Entom.
Zeitschr.,’ xxxvill, tabs. 1, 2, 3, 4, fig. 11, 1893); it is almost certainly
a Libellago.

The Tanganyika nymph is reserved for another publication.

LIBELLAGO catiaaTta (Sélys, 1853).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 @, Kranspoort, Pretoria district, Transvaal
Give xa 1906); 1 4, Waterfall, Transvaal? (onan, L901); S25 ne
15 2, M’Fongosi, Zululand (11, 111, iv, v, x, xi, xii. 1911 (W. E. Jones) ;
Acornhoek, Transvaal (x1. .1918, Tucker). Mus. Stockholm: 2 ¢,
Zululand (x . Trigardh). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, 1 9, Umzinto,
Natal (26. iv .1909, Miss Fountaine). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 10 ¢,
9 9, Princetown, Natal (8, 14. xii. 1908; 5 .i, 16, 19.11, 11 . 111.1909;
16, 21.n-1910, G. F. Leigh). Coll. Ris: 1 g¢, Amans, - Natal
(28.11.1908, H. Junod).

S (adult). Head deep black. Labium reddish brown, darker at
the tips. Dorsally three yellowish spots; a larger one from the
occipital margin almost to the posterior ocelli and in two lateral points
to the base of antennae; two small triangular ones between the
median spot and the eyes, nearly in the position of the ‘ postocular
spots” of many Agrionidae.

Thoracic dorsum deep black; a narrow white line on the median
suture, and a triangular white spot in the antealar sinus and a broad
forked yellowish band at the humeral suture; the lateral branch
touching the narrow black line of this suture nearly for its whole

—— en

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 263

length, the median branch terminating in a point at two-thirds of its
height. Sides yellowish (or reddish in life?); a rather broad and
almost complete black mesepimeral band; a narrow black line in the
dorsal third of the first lateral suture; a broader black line on the
second lateral suture for its entire length. Ventral surface yellowish
with very narrow black lines on the sutures. Femora black; tibiae
foliaceous, lanceolate, bright scarlet red on the outer, pure white on
the inner surface; tarsi black.

Abdomen short, depressed, not much narrower than the thorax at
the base, very gradually narrowing to the end. Dorsum lght blue
(often badly discoloured in dead specimens) ; sides of segments 1 to 3
crimson; ventral side of 1 to 3 crimson with a blackish hue, 4 to 10
blackish.

Fig. 6.—Libellago caligata, g. M’Fongosi. Appendages, right side and
dorsal view.

Black markings on dorsum: Segment 1] a triangular dorsal spot ;
2 a longitudinal dorsal line and an incomplete transverse line near the
segment’s end, a latero-ventral somewhat diffuse longitudinal band ;
3 a U-shaped dorsal marking, a narrow medial dorsal line and an
almost complete latero-ventral longitudinal band; 4 narrow nearly
rectangular transverse apical spots; 5—6 the trace of a transverse ante-
apical line; 7-10 wholly blue. Appendages deep black (‘T'ext-fig. 6).

Wings hyaline; a yellowish tint of the base gradually vanishing
towards the quadrilateral. Pterostigma blackish at the ends, dark
reddish brown in the centre. Venation (Plate VI, fig. 6).

Teneral males are much like females in colour and pattern of head
and thorax; dull grey or violet on the dorsum ; yellowish on the sides
of segments 1-3 of abdomen. Their dilated tibiae show various tints
of pale yellow on the inner, of yellow or orange on the outer side.

2. Labium whitish yellow. Labrum yellow, rather broadly black

264 Annals of the South African Museum.

at base, and this colour extending in a median line; mandibles and
genae yellow; anteclypeus yellow with a U-shaped black marking ;
dorsum of head (postelypeus and fronto-occipital region) mostly
yellowish with an olivaceous tinge; the part between the eyes to the
base of antennae shows the male pattern; only the lateral branches
of the medial spot are very nearly fused in front of the anterior
ocellus; the part in front of the antennae, the basal joints of antennae
and the postclypeus are largely olivaceous, with narrow black lines in
the depth of folds and suture.

Thoracic pattern much as in male, the black colour somewhat
reduced, the light colours dorsally dull olivaceous, passing into light
ereenish yellow on the sides.

Feet blackish with grey pruinosity; outer side of tibiae lght
yellowish ; no dilatation of tibiae.

Abdomen comparatively shorter than in male, less flattened, more
nearly cylindrical. Dorsum dull olivaceous brown, with black
markings: Segments 1-3 as in ¢; 4-7 a U-shaped marking and a
median dorsal line; dorsum almost entirely black ; 1-8 a broad latero-
ventral longitudinal band, fused to the dorsal black colour on 9-10.
Ventral side: Sternites black, tergites olivaceous, bordered laterally
with black; bluish pruinose in very adult specimens. Appendages
black, straight, acute.

Wings longer than in male, often tinged with light yellow;
pterostigma mostly whitish, dark brown to black at both ends.
Venation (Plate VI, fig. 6).

6, Abd. 21, hdw. 22, pt. 2mm. 9, 19, 25, 2°5.

PHAON (Sélys, 1853).

The genus represents in South Africa the Sélysian “ Légion
Calopteryx,” which division, like the ‘ Légion Libellago,’ may
eventually rise to subfamily rank. ‘There are two other closely allied
genera (Sapho and Umma) in tropical Africa and the ‘“ Legion” is
represented in most of the great faunal regions.

The earlier stages of Phaon are unknown; but it is to be expected
that the larva will not be essentially different from allied forms which
have been described, such as »Calopterya from Europe and North
America, Newrobasis and Vestalis from tropical Asia.

PHAON IRIDIPENNIS, Burmeister, 1839.

S. Afr. Mus.: 7 ¢, 5 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (ii, iii, v, x, xii,
1911, W. E. Jones); Kaapmuiden, Transvaal (xii. 1918, Tucker),

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 265

Rhodesia Museum: 1 ¢, Lusita River, Zambesi, Rhodesia (v . 1912).
Mus. Stockholm: 1 ¢, Natal (Tragardh). Coll. E. B. Williamson :
1 g,38 2, Salisbury, Mashonaland (iv . 1900, G. A. K. Marshall) ;
1 9, Umtali 3700 ft. (x . 1900, id.); 10 3,5 9, Natal (G. F. Leigh) ;
1 g,2 3, Woodside off Umbilo Road, Congella, Natal (id.).

Widely distributed, and, as it seems, often common in Tropical
Africa, West and Hast; a very slightly different form in Madagascar.

6. Labinm whitish. Occiput black, bluish pruinose. Upper side
of head light reddish or greyish brown; a ring of brilliant metallic
green encloses the region of the ocelli, broader laterally along the eyes,
narrow on the occipital margin, narrow and sometimes interrupted in
front of the ocelli.

Prothorax reddish brown, dorsum brilliant metallic green. Thorax
reddish or greyish brown, lighter on the sides, almost whitish ventrally ;

Fie. 7.—Phaon iridipennis, §. M’Fongosi. Appendages, dorsal view.

each side four metalhe green stripes: the first, mesepisternal, the
largest, almost rectangular and covering the sclerite to the narrow
margins on the sutures; the second, mesepimeral, cuneiform, broadest
ventrally ; the third and fourth, metepisternal and metepimeral, also
cuneiform, but much smaller and broadest dorsally. Feet reddish
brown, tarsi and spines black ; very long and slender, the tibiae
curved ; very numerous, extremely long and fine spines on the femora
and tibiae.

Abdomen long and slender, cylindrical; dorsally dark brown with a
slight metallic reflection, laterally reddish brown, ventrally blackish.
Superior appendages slightly longer than the tenth segment, forcipate ;
inferior not fully two-thirds as long, nearly straight and parallel.

Front wings hyaline with a beautiful blue iridescence, costal margin
and tips light yellowish; hind wings uniformly light yellowish ;
pterostigma, when present, light greyish brown.

Q. Similar to ¢ in ground-colour, but the metallic markings of

)

266

Annals of the South African Museum.

head and thorax are somewhat reduced in extent, the metepisternal
stripes uncomplete or interrupted ; their colour dark brassy or coppery
with a slight greenish lustre. Wings almost uniformly yellowish, the
colour duller than in the male and the bluish iridescence far less
brilliant.

3, Abd. 58, hdw. 38, pt. 1 mm. 9, 53, 41.

1B. Famity AGRIONIDAE.

1. Pterostigma comparatively large, covering two or more cells. Supple-

bo

for)

mentary short sectors between the distal ends of some or most of the
regular veins. Quadrilateral with the anal-distal angle very acute.
(Plate VI, fie. 8, Plate VII, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6.) Spines of femora and
tibiae long. Superior appendages of males forcipate a: : 1. 2h
Pterostigma small, covering one cell or less, only exceptionally more.
No supplementary short sectors. (Plate VII, figs. 7, 8, 9,10, Plate VIII,
fig. 1). Superior appendages of males not forcipate . : , 7 3s

Origin of M8 and bridge of Rs nearer to the arculus than the nodus.

Origin of A* at Cug. (Plate VI,fig.8) . : : , ealiestess
Origin of M3 and bridge of Rs in the nodal region, predominantly M3 at
the subnodus and bridge of Rs one or two cells distally. Origin of A*

distal to Cug. (Plate VII, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) . : . Chlorolestes.
. Quadrilateral rectangular or very nearly so. (Plate VII, figs. 7,8, 9, 10.)
Spines of tibiae long. : : é : ‘ : fe
Quadrilateral oblique, the anal- fieeal angle acute. (Plate VIII, fig. 1.)

fh:

Spines of tibiae short

Origin of A* at Cuq or very lttle proximal, ae more phere the dereen of

Cugs (Blate VIL, figs. 7,859). : : ; : ; : 5 By
Origin of A* very considerably proximal to Cug, several times the
leneth of Cugq. Quadrilateral slightly more oblique than (5) and shorter,
approaching the form of (7). Rs at subnodus, M3 proximal by one cell.
(Plate VII, fig. 10) : : : : . Metacnemis.

Cugq fully developed, exceeding the level o: nodus by a number of cells.

Origin of A* at Cugq.
M3 atsubnodus, Rs distal by one cell. (Plate VII, fig. 7). Allocnemis.
Cu 2 incomplete or absent, exceeding the level of nodus at most by ene
cell. (Plate VII, figs. 8, 9) .

or

Cu 2 exceeding the distal side of quadrilateral by one cell in front wine,

by two cells in hind wing.
Origin» of A* at Cuq, M3 at subnodus, Rs one or two cells distal.
(Plate VII, fig. 8.) Abdomen excessively long and slender.
Chlorocnemis.
Cu 2 not developed; A* stopping at the vein which continues the distal
side of quadrilateral. Origin of A* slightly proximal to Cuq. Rs at
subnodus, M3 proximal by one cell. (Plate VIII, fig. 9.) Abdomen
moderately long and slender : : : p : . Disparoneura.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 267

7. Origin of A* at Cugq or very slightly proximal, scarcely more than the
leneth of Cug. Females without a vulvar aig at the sternite of

segment8 . : : 5 : : 5 ask
Origin of A* rcidecabls aroeiaal to baer more than the length
of Cuq . ; : p ; : : : é wo:

8. No transverse ridge a ie fee. Most of the species with light-coloured
postocular spots. Colour scheme mostly blue and black. Superior
appendages of most species bifurcate. Most females with two small
styles on the posterior border of prothorax ; ‘ . Pseudagrion.
Frons with a transverse ridge parallel to the suture anteclypeus-post-
elypeus. No postocular spots. Colour scheme orange or reddish.
Superior appendages of male not bifurecate. No styles on female
prothorax : : : : . Ceriagrion.

. Arculus a long way aise to the second Seid M2 in front and hind wing
at third postnodal cross-vein.
Tenth segment of male not elevated at posterior margin. No vulvar

spine in female. Smallest forms of family and order . Agriocenemis.
Arculus at second Ang or only very slghtly distal. Females with
vulvar spine . é : - i = iO.

10. M2 in front wing mostly at fifth, in dana wing a fonts aeeeAgEN cross-
vein. ‘Tenth segment of male not or very slightly elevated at posterior
margin. Pterostigma of male similar in front and hind wing.

Enallagma.
M2 in front wing mostly at fourth, in hind wing at third postnodal cross-
vein. ‘Tenth segment of male raised at posterior margin. Pterostigma
of male black and white in front wine, of one colour only in hind wing.

Ischnura.

1 BA. Susramity LESTINAERE.

The cosmopohtan genus Lestes together with some smaller allied
groups, not represented in the present fauna, are considered unani-
mously as a rather widely different stirps from the rest of the family
Agrionidae. The authors of the present time do not agree on the
other hand about the systematic position to assign to this group: we
find it, for instance, paralleled to Calopteryginae and Agrioninae under
a family Agrionidae (P. P. Calvert, ‘ Biologia Centrali Americana’), or
par ae to the various other Selysian ‘‘ Légions”’ of Agrionidae (de
Sclys, R. J. Tillyard, 1913). The question cannot now be settled
when we remember the greatly unstable condition of generally
accepted views on zygopterous venation (see p. 256, ante). Probably
Dr. Calvert’s view will eventually prevail with the difference of
families instead of his subfamilies ; but for the moment and for the
needs of the present paper the author thinks best to adopt a view
which still subordinates the Lestes group to the family Agrionidae, but

268 Annals of the South African Museum.

co-ordinates the same to all the rest of the family, instead of the
single Sélysian ‘* Légions.”

The subordination of the genus Chlorolestes to the Lestinae means
an innovation of considerable taxonomic importance. Chlorolestes
figures to this day in the Sélysian ‘* Légion Podagrion”’—a group
not otherwise represented in the fauna under discussion, ‘The
distinctive feature of Lestinae has been, to the present time, the origin
of M3 and Rs* near the aiculus, as in most or all of the Caloptery-
gidae. With this character as a leading one, Chlorolestes would not
fall under the Lestinae, since the origins in question are (apparently
or truly, as it may be) in Chlorolestes in the nodal region, much lke
the immense majority of Agrionidae. But Needham has already
ascertained that the proximal origin of Rs in Lestes is not real but
apparent, the real Rs being marked by an oblique vein, whereas the
part proximal to that oblique vein is a “ bridge ”—a very long one, but
otherwise corresponding in position to the bridge of Anisoptera. 'The
same oblique vein exists in Chlorolestes, as Mr. Herbert Campion, of
London, has first suggested in his correspondence to the writer. The
same oblique vein also exists in the Australian genus Synlestes, the
only one which may be reasonably claimed as a very close ally to
Chlorolestes; and for Synlestes Mr. R. J. Tillyard has not only
discovered the existence of the important oblique vein, but also
ascertained the absolute coincidence of wing tracheation in ontogeny
with the facts illustrated for Lestes by Prof. Needham, besides other
Lestine affinities in the Synlestes larva. With this evidence in view,
we believe there can be little doubt that the true position of Chloro-
lestes is with the Lestinae. ‘The form of quadrilateral and Cu point
in the same direction, as does the general facies of Chlorolestes. Thus
even now, although our knowledge of tracheation and ontogeny im
zygopterous wings is still fragmentary, the removal of Chlorolestes
from the “ Légion Podagrion” to the Lestinae may be proposed with
a fair possibility of it being on right lines. The guides for the
systematic position and definition of Lestinae are now the oblique vein
and corresponding bridge, of which there is no evidence known to the
author in all the rest of the Agrionidae.

LESTES (Leach, 1815).
The cosmopolitan genus is fairly represented in South Africa, and
a large number of species are described from the Ethiopian region.

* Rs is here applied as generally accepted in terminology; regarding the
real nature of this vein in Zygoptera, see p. 257 ante.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 269

Recent observations by Dr. Wesenberg-Lund give us a good insight
into the reasons why species of Lestes may be particularly fit to exist
under conditions not otherwise favourable for dragonfly life. The
European species observed by that author hibernate as eggs (which
are concealed and protected in plant tissues, where they are inserted
by the female) ; when hatched at the beginning of the warm season
they develop with astonishing rapidity, reaching the imaginal state in
a few weeks. Thus they do not strictly need permanent water, and
may exist in regions where great drought prevails and suitable water
is only available for a comparatively short period of the year. Lestes
larvae are exceedingly slender, half transparent creatures, jerky and
swift in their movements, voracious feeders on Crustacea and small
larvae of Ephemeridae and Diptera, as may be expected from their
rapid growth and development. Our Plate XII, fig. 1, photographed
from the European Lestes virens, will give an idea of their general
appearance.

1. Thoracic dorsum yellowish, olivaceous or reddish brown. No metallic
green or black stripes. Superior appendages of male forcipate 5 Fe
Thoracic dorsum greenish, olivaceous or reddish brown with dark or
metallic green stripes . , : : : : : : : ee:
Thoracic dorsum black, with three (one medial, two humeral) reddish
brown lines; ventral surface of thorax black. Pterostigma rectangular,
narrow, reddish brown, yellowish in the distal third. Superior appendages
of male forcipate. Small species. (Female unknown.) . Wahlbergi.

2. Venation mostly ochre yellow. Pterostigma very light yellowish. No
dark markings on thorax, not even on ventral surface F . ictericus.
Venation dark. Pterostigma reddish brown. On ventral surface of
thorax a very distinct black point each side near the ventral and
anterior angle of metepimeron. Somewhat variable other dark markings
on thorax; four (or six) dark brown points on dorsum, a narrow brown
stripe on mesepimeron . ; : : 5 : ; ochraceus.

3. Thoracic dorsum greenish or olivaceous with a broad median black or
slightly bronzy band, joined laterally to three rectangular spots. Wings
hyaline or very slightly tinged with yellow. Pterostigma very dark
brown, slightly dilated in the middle. Superior appendages of male
very long, whitish with black tips, their distal third strongly curved
downward . é : : : A : : : : . uneifer.
Dark or light markings of thoracic dorsum straight lines . : Ay a

4. Thoracic dorsum ferrugineous, with two lines of brilliant metallic green in
males and immature females, darker, bronzy or coppery in mature
females.

Wings strongly tinged with yellow ; pterostigma dilated in the middle.
Superior appendages of male forcipate : : : : > 40%
Thoracic dorsum as in (5) in females and immature males, black with a
narrow median line and broad humeral bands greenish in adult males.

270 Annals of the South African Museum.

Wings hyaline or very slightly tinged with yellow. Pterostigma
narrow, rectangular, yellowish brown. Superior appendages of male
bent downward in distal third. : ; : F : plagiatus.
5. Yellow colour of wings gradually deeper towards the tips. Pterostigma
yellowish in the central, brown in the marginal parts. Superior appen-
dages of males with three distinct medial teeth . é : . virgatus,
Yellow colour of wings suddenly deepened to golden yellow in the
pterostigmatie region. Pterostigma yellowish throughout. Superior
appendages of males with an acute sub-basal median tooth and a

trapezoid distal dilatation . : 3 : : : ; . amicus.

LestEs ictericus (Gersticker, 1869).

This species is not represented in the collections forwarded by
Dr. L. Péringuey. It is originally described from an incomplete

Fie. 8.—Lestes ictericus, 8. Okosongomingo. Appendages, right side
- and dorsal view.
male from Mombasa. The writer has examined specimens from the
White Nile (Vienna and Stockholm Museums), an old female from
Dakar in the Sélysian collection (Brussels Museum), a good series
from the Kalahari desert (Berlin Museum, alcoholic specimens,
described in my paper on Schultze’s voyage), and he can now add
26,19, from South-West Africa, ‘Farm Okosongomingo am
Kleinen Waterberg ” (H. ‘Thomsen, 1-11. 1915, Hamburg Museum).

$ (Okosongomingo.) Labium and occiput whitish.

Dorsum of head reddish ochreous; free margin of labrum, ant
clypeus and genae lighter, more whitish.

Thoracic dorsum reddish ochreous, a mere trace of a lighter
yellowish line at the humeral suture; the same ochreous colour on
mesepimeron; metepisternum and metepimeron very light yellow,
turning to whitish on the ventral surface. A very small brownish

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 271

point in the anterior ventral angle of metepimeron is present in these
specimens. Feet whitish yellow with black spines. Abdomen greyish
ochreous dorsally, gradually turning to lighter shades on the sides ;
sternites black. On segments 3-6 a very narrow brownish transverse
line near the apical end; a narrow, blackish, mid-dorsal longitudinal
line on 9-10. Appendages (Text-fig. 8) very light vellowish, the
tips of superior black; inferior appendages short, very slightly
divergent, ending in a distinct little knob.

2. The colours agree almost exactly with the male, only there is on

segments 3—6 a distinct trace of a mid-dorsal, longitudinal brownish line.
d, Abd. 33, hdw. 20°5, pt. 15 mm. @, 31, 22, 1°5.

LeEstes ocHRACEUS (Sélys, 1862).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Salisbury, Mashonaland (17. xii. 1911).

The species was originally described from a male specimen labelled
“Afrique, probablement du cap de Bonne-Espérance”’; the type is in
a very mutilated condition, but what remains is sufficient to be
identified as very probably the species here described. The writer
has examined and described under the name wnicolor, MacLachl.,
specimens from Madagascar and the White Nile. Mr. Herbert
Campion describes, as ochraceus, a series from the islands of Aldabra
and Cosmoledo. A @ in perfect condition of colours was recently
received from Dar-es-Salaam (16. xii. 1913, Dr. A. Dampf).

¢ (Salisbury). Labium light yellowish. Occiput whitish yellow,
shghtly pruinose. Dorsal surface of head dark brown; base of
mandibles and genae whitish. Thoracic dorsum dark reddish brown,
this colour extending on part of mesepimeron (the limits not exactly
visible in the specimen here described).

Side light yellow with a reddish hue, turning to whitish on the
ventral surface. In the ventral and anterior angle of metepimeron a
sharply defined, deep black point (no other dark thoracic markings in
the present specimen). Feet whitish yellow, spines black; a trace of
dark lines on the lateral surface of femora. Some whitish pruinosity
at the coxae and the interalar space. Abdomen dark reddish brown
dorsally, turning to lighter shades on the sides. Segments 8-9
blackish (discoloured ?); segments 3-6 with indication of darker
terminal annular marking, sternites black. Superior appendages
(Text-tig. 9) reddish brown, darker at the tips; the difference from
ictericus very slight, even doubtful in some specimens ; there is at the
level of the ante-apical serrate projection of the medial dilatation a
slight ridge on the lateral margin. Inferior appendages longer than

272 Annals of the South African Museum.

in ictericus, their end slender and rather abruptly narrowed (this
character seems to be of some importance and pretty regular when
compared with the knobbed end of the same organ in ictericus).

2 (Dar-es-Salaam). The dorsal colour of head, thorax and abdo-
men is decidedly lighter than in the male from Salisbury, and not so
reddish, more greyish, with a shade of olivaceous. On _ thoracic
dorsum six brown points in two straight lines of three, almost equi-
distant from the median and humeral sutures; the foremost of these
points very small.

The dorsal colour occupies the anterior half of the metepimeron,
where two more dark points exist at the ventral third. Sides other-
wise yellowish, turning to greenish white on the ventral surface ; the

Fie. 9.—Lestes ochraceus, g. Salisbury. Appendages, right side and
dorsal view.

ventral metepimeral points sharp and deep black. Feet light yellowish,
distinct dark lines on the external surface of femora and also of first
tibiae. Abdomen dorsally like the thorax throughout; very narrow
transverse darker lines near the distal ends of segments 2-6; a very
narrow mid-dorsal, longitudinal line on 8-10.

6, Abd. 34, hdw. 22°5, pt. 15mm. 2°, 32, 2], 15.

Lestes WAHLBERGI, 0. sp.

Mus. Stockholm: 1 @, Caffraria (Wahlberg).

This single example very probably represents a distinct and
otherwise undescribed species. It is not to be expected that individual
colour varieties or stages of maturity in ochraceus or ictericus should
culminate in the black-and-reddish colour scheme of this example.

The superior appendages are not characteristic; the inferior are
nearer to ictericus, which species is more widely different in colours.

ye

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 273

S (adult, colours in good condition). Labium and occiput whitish.
Labrum light yellowish brown with a greenish shade. Dorsum of
head otherwise dull brownish black and light reddish brown. Reddish
brown also are the base of the mandibles and genae, the anteclypeus,
and a narrow transyerse line slightly concave anteriorly across the
base of the antennae and the anterior ocellus. Prothorax dull black.
Thoracic dorsum dull black with three about equally broad light
reddish-brown lines on the median and at the humeral sutures, the
latter ones not reaching quite to dorsal or ventral end of suture. Sides
dull black; a rather broad metepisternal reddish band from the
metastigma dorsal not quite to the dorsal end; latero-ventral margin
of metepimeron very narrowly lined with reddish brown. Ventral side

Pia. 10.—Lestes Wahlbergi, g. Caffraria. Appendages, right side and
dorsal view.

black ; a double triangular yellowish spot on the unpaired sclerite of
metasternum. Some pruinose blue points in the interalar space. Lees
very light yellowish brown ; narrow blackish lines on the external side
of femora and internal side of tibiae; spines black. Abdomen dark
reddish brown dorsally, turning to very light yellowish brown ventrally,
marked with dark brown; dorsum of segments 1 and 2, 3-6 narrow
terminal rings and almost circular, anteriorly diffuse ante-terminal
spots ; 7 black with a lateral longitudinal reddish stripe on two-thirds
of length; 8-10 wholly black. Appendages black and yellow; the
dorsal ridge, sub-basal tooth and tips of superior, basal portion of
inferior black. Inferior appendages very short, ending in a blunt,
slightly upturned knob (Text-fig. 10). Wings hyaline; venation
blackish ; pterostigma rectangular, narrow, proximal two-thirds dark
reddish brown, distal third turning gradually to light yellowish brown.

Abd. 31, hdw. 18, pt. 1 mm,

2)
NI
mS

Annals of the South African Museum.

LEstes vircatus (Burmeister, 1839).

8. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢,1 9, King William’s Town District, St. Mathews
(iv. 1894, R. M. Lightfoot); 1 9, Dunbrody (8.vi.1912); 1 2,
Matopa Dam, Bulawayo (16.ii.1911);1 9 , Zambesi River, near
Sunyati River (vy. 1912). Collections of Brit. Museum, Stockholm
and KE. B. Williamson: 8 ¢,6 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland (iu, iv . 1900,
iv . 1904, ii, iv, v. 1905, G. A. K. Marshall). Brit. Museum: 1 4,
2 9, Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, 3600-4000 ft. (3, 7,19 . x . 1905, id.) ;
1 9, Mangesi River, 8.E. Mashonaland (25 .x.1905, id.). Coll. K. J.
Morton: 1 9, Durban, Natal (16.x1.1907, Miss M. Fountaine),
Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 ¢, Natal, 1 9, Primcetown, Natal

Fia. 11.—Lestes virgatus, g. Chirinda Forest. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

(7 .11.1910,-G. F. Leigh). Mus. Tervueren: 3 ¢, 2 9, Kapiri,
Katanga (ix. x .1912, Legros).

S. Labium and occiput whitish yellow. Labrum and anteclypeus
olivaceous. Genae and base of mandibles yellowish. Postclypeus
and anterior margin of frons ferruginous. Dorsal surface of head
otherwise blackish brown with metallic green reflections ; towards the
eyes and the posterior border dull reddish brown, this colour projecting
anteriorly in two variable and irregular spots between the lateral ocelli
and the eyes. Prothorax dull reddish brown with the merest trace of
metallic sheen. Thoracic dorsum ferruginous; two parallel bands of
brilliant metallic green occupy almost exactly the median third
of each mesepisternum. Sides ferrugimous on the mesepimeron and
anterior half of mesinfraepisternum, turning abruptly to sulphur
yellow on metepisternum and metepimeron; a metallic green stripe
on the upper three-fourths of mesepimeron, an incomplete brownish

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South A frica. 275

stripe on the second lateral suture. Ventral side whitish yellow;
metasterna bordered laterally by a narrow but very distinct blackish
line, which begins at the posterior third (where there is a break in the
outline of the sclerite) and continues anteriorly to the median ventral
suture, projecting as a very narrow branch on the metepimeron near
its anterior end. Legs yellowish brown; lateral side of femora, ventral
side of tibiae, tarsi and spines black.

Dorsum of abdomen metallic green, passing gradually into dull
blackish brown on the terminal segments ; a very narrow median line
ferruginous on segments 2-5.

Sides yellowish or reddish brown on segments 1-7, the blackish
colour of dorsum projecting in rather broad terminal rings on 3-7.
Appendages dark brown (‘Text-fig. 11). Wings (see p. 270).

2. Very similar in colour and markings to male. In some very
mature specimens the metallic colour of the thoracic bands and dorsum
of abdomen turns to coppery or dark bronzy green.

¢, Abd. 39 + 1, hdw. 27, pt.2mm. 9, 38, 29, 2.

Lestes amicus (R. Martin, 1910).

British Museum: 2 9, N.E. Rhodesia, Upper Luangwa River
(27. vn. 19138, viii.1910, S. A. Neave). Mus. Tervueren: 1 ¢, 3 9,
Kapiri, Katanga (ix, x. 1912, Legros); 1 9, Kihsenda (12. vi. 1912,
Dr. Bequaert).

g. Labium whitish. Occiput yellowish, a black spot on each
side on the anterior half. Labrum and anteclypeus dull reddish
brown ; postclypeus blackish with two dull reddish-brown transverse
lines. Genae and base of mandibles light yellow. Dorsal surface of
head black along the eyes and over the ocelli, ferruginous at the
occipital border and anterior to the ocelli. Prothorax ferruginous, with
two small dorsal metallic green spots. Thoracic dorsum ferruginous ;
two brilliant metallic green parallel stripes, each nearly as broad as
the ferruginous band on the median suture. Sides ferruginous on the
mesepimeron, where another metallic green stripe occupies the dorsal
two-thirds of the sclerite ; otherwise whitish yellow, a metepisternal
ferruginous stripe, broader dorsally, narrow ventrally, running from
the dorsal end of the second lateral suture across the metastigma to
the third coxa. Ventral side whitish ; blackish lines on the metasterna
much as in L. virgatus. Legs reddish brown; lateral side of femora,
ventral side of tibiae, tarsi and spines black.

Abdomen dorsally metallic green, less brilliant than the thoracic
stripes and gradually darkening on the terminal segments ; sides and

276 Annals of the South African Museum.

narrow basal rings on segments 2-7 light yellowish brown ; a narrow
mid-dorsal line on segments 2-8 ferruginous. Appendages dark
brown (Text-fig. 12). Wings (see page 270).

2. Very similar to ¢ in colour and markings. Sides of segments
8-10 and valves ferruginous.

3g, Abd. 35+ 1, hdw. 25, pt. 2mm. 9, 35, 27, 2°5.

Fig. 12.—Lestes amicus, g. Kapiri. Appendages, right side and
dorsal view.

LESTES PLAGIATUS (Burmeister, 1839).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 6, 1.9, Waterval, Transvaal (9 . xi . 1899;
16 . xi. 1902) ; Acornhoek, Transvaal (xii . 1918, Tucker); 1 @, East
London (1885, J. Borcherd) ; 2 9, Dunbrody (4. iii . 1912); 1 9,
Rietfontein (80.x .1904); 19, M’Fongosi, Zululand; 1 9, Matopo
Dam, Bulawayo (16.11.1911); 1 ¢, Zambesi River, near Sanyati
River (v.1912). Brit. Mus. and Coll. E. B. Williamson: 5 2, :
2 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland (iv . 1899; ii . 1900; iv . 1905, |
G. A. K. Marshall). Brit. Mus.: 1 9, Mazoe 4000 ft., Mashonaland
(25), xa, 1905; “vd.). Coll. K. J: Mortone- fg, Natal? yColk
E. B. Williamson: 1 9, Princetown, Natal (9 . xii. 1908, G. F. Leigh). |
Mus. Tervueren: 1 ¢, Sankina (80. vii.1911, Dr. Bequaert). Coll.
Ris: 3 6, 2 @, Botchabelo, Transvaal, 1200 m. (17, 28 . ii . 1914,
H. Junod).

¢ (adult). Labium and occiput whitish yellow. Labrum ante-
clypeus, genae and base of mandibles olivaceous. Dorsal surface of
head dull black. Prothorax dorsally black. Thoracic dorsum black ;
a very narrow line on the median suture and a rather broad band at
the humeral suture olivaceous, the latter occupying nearly the lateral
third of the mesepisternum and stopping slightly short of the ventral

}\ ae

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 277

end of the suture. Sides black at the humeral and second lateral
sutures, yellowish on anterior half of mesepisternum and posterior
half of metepimeron, the black bands being considerably broader than
the yellowish ones. Ventral side yellowish ; narrow black lines along
the anterior half of the lateral margins of metasterna, not reaching
to the median ventral suture. Legs yellowish, largely lined with black
as in the two preceding species.

Abdomen dorsally black, a dark metallic lustre gradually vanishing
towards the end; the merest trace of a mid-dorsal yellowish line on
the basal segment. Sides yellowish, this colour ascending to form
very narrow, incomplete basal rings; ante-apical dilatation of dorsal
black colour very slight. Appendages black (Text-fig. 13).

Fia. 13.—Lestes plagiatus, g@. Waterval. Appendages, right side and
dorsal view.

The thoracic pattern is liable to be still more obscured in some
very mature specimens (as shown by specimens from Zambesi and
Salisbury). The thorax becomes black, the ventral side included,
only a very narrow line on the median suture, narrow juxtahumeral
and metepisternal bands remaining yellowish or olivaceous. Immature
males are almost exactly like the females in colour and pattern.

2. Labrum ferruginous. Dorsal surface of head dark brown.
Prothorax and thoracic dorsum ferruginous, more ochre yellow in
very mature specimens. ‘T'wo narrow mesepisternal stripes, bright
metallic green in younger, blackish in more mature specimens; the
stripes narrower than in L. virgatus, and considerably nearer to the
median than to the humeral suture.

18

278 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sides ferruginous or ochre yellow, ventral side whitish; a narrow
and much abbreviated mesepimeral stripe metallic green or blackish,
and a very narrow black line on the lateral margin of metasterna, not
reaching to the median ventral suture anteriorly and little exceeding
the middle of the border posteriorly. Abdomen much as in male, the
metallic colour green in younger, coppery or dark bronze in very
mature specimens. )

Immature males and females are very similar in colour and
markings ; mature individuals show a sexual dimorphism of colour
that might make the association of sexes difficult if we had not the
various stages of the male pattern and the characteristic form of
appendages as guides.

6, Abd. 34 + 2, hdw. 25:5, pt. 15 mm. @Q, 31, 245, 15
(unusually small) to 56, 38, 1:5 mm.

LestEes UNCIFER (Karsch, 1899).

Coll. Ris: 1 ¢, Lorenco Marques (6.xu1.1911). Mus. Tervueren :
1 g,1 9, in cép., Kasenga (1.11.1912, Dr. Bequaert).

fo. Labium whitish; occiput very lght greenish. Labrum,
anteclypeus, postclypeus, genae and base of mandibles whitish green.
Dorsal surface of head dull black. Prothorax olivaceous, dorsally
widely black.

Thoracic dorsum olivaceous, a broad median band black, this
band covering slightly more than the median third of each
mesepisternum and projecting laterally as two spots, the larger one
rectangular at the dorsal end, the smaller one nearly square at the
ventral third (in the less mature specimen from Lorenco Marques only
these two spots on each side are black, the median band being but
shghtly darker in colour than the rest of the mesepisterna). Sides
very light greyish passing to olivaceous posteriorly and ventrally,
marked with black; three dots at the humeral suture ; a narrow stripe
near the posterior border of the mesepimeron, over about the median
third; a line on the dorsal third of the first lateral suture, bent
forward at its upper end; a line on the dorsal third of the second
lateral suture; two dots on the latero-ventral border of metepimeron.
Ventral side whitish, marked with black; a large triangular spot
pointed forward on each metasternum; a narrow line on the median
suture ; dotson the coxae. Legs light yellowish, three lines on femora,
the inner side of tibiae black.

Abdomen very slender, light greenish to olivaceous, gradually darker
towards the end; dorsum blackish. Segment 1 green almost entirely ;

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 279

2-6 with narrow dorsally incomplete greenish basal rings, the black
dorsal band comparatively narrow, widened towards the end; 7 almost
wholly blackish ; 8 largely olivaceous at the sides; 9-10 wholly dark.

Appendages (see p. 269 and Text-fig. 14).

?. Very similar to male. Labrum bluish grey ; dorsal surface of
head not so deep black. On thoracie dorsum the black band reduced
to a narrow line on each side with corresponding lateral projections,
the central part reddish brown. Ventral black spots smaller. Abdomen

Fia. 14.—Lestes uncifer, g. Lorengco Marques. Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

on segments 7, 8 and 10 rather light in colour, a round light spot on
each side of 9. Appendages small, shorter than segment 10, whitish.
g, Abd. 39 + 2, hdw. 25, pt. >1mm. 9, 34, 24, >1.

CHLOROLESTES* (Sélys, 1862).
This genus is, as far as our present knowledge goes, limited to the
faunal region discussed in the present paper. For a description of
the larva of Chlorolestes conspicua see p. 445.

1. Origin of 4* at the level of the proximal side of 9. Cuq at the level of
first Ang or slightly proximal thereto. Inferior appendages of male not
bifid at tips . : : : 3 : : E : ‘ : Spare 2s

* Dr. Ris intended to add to his MSS. the description of the larva and
oviposition of Chlorolestes from specimens supplied to him, but as this was not
received in time for incorporation Mr. Barnard’s notes and figures are given at
the end of this paper. [Eprror.]

280 Annals of the South African Museum.

Origin of A* distal to the level of proximal side of 9. One row of cells in

field Rs— MB. Pterostigma less than three times as long as broad.
Medial edge of superior appendages of male smooth. iis blackish.
Inferior appendages of male bifid at tips. : : Peck

2. Pterostigma long, nearly four times as long as broad. eae rows of cells in
distal half of field Rs—M3. Medial edge of superior appendages in
male smooth. Occiput yellow. Largest species of genus . conspicud.
Pterostigma less than three times as long as broad. One row of cells in
field Rs— M3 throughout. On medial edge of superior appendages in
male a sub-basal tooth and a sub-apical lobe. Occiput metallic green.
Smaller species. : . Peringueyt.

3. Cuq distal to the level of frst une Plorostl pms roel two coloured, black
at the proximal, yellow or reddish brown at the distal end (almost
wholly black in some very mature specimens) . ; : 4.
Cuq at the level of first Ang or slightly proximal. Pter eee unifonaiy
coloured, light yellowish or reddish brown. Smallest species of genus

umbrata.

4. Abdomen very long, its metallic colour dull. On the humeral suture a broad
yellowish or olivaceous band. On the second lateral suture at most
some indistinct traces of darker colour. Metasterna with- dark mark-
ings c 5.
Abdomen much charter: its inetallic ae Beiliianty green. Anterior to
the humeral suture a narrow yellowish band not entirely to the dorsal
end. A sharply defined blackish band at the second lateral suture.
Metasterna with a very narrow dark line on the median suture only.

fasciata.

5. Wings of adult male whitish pruinose from 9 to about the proximal third
of the distance between nodus and pterostigma, dark brown on the second
third of this distance or slightly more on front wing, for two to three
cells more in hind wing : : : : : tessellata.
Wings of all specimens hyaline, sit rigas a very narrow brownish border
of the tips. Otherwise very similar to preceding species . longicauda.

CHLOROLESTES consPicua (Sélys, 1862).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢ (old, no locality or date); 1 9,Cape, but no
exact locality; 1 9,Cape Town, Table Mountain (11.1894, R. M.
Lightfoot).

¢ (apparently almost mature, but very old and perhaps dis-
coloured). Labium whitish yellow, occiput ochreous, blackish in the
upper fourth. Labrum shining black. Anteclypeus dull yellow ;
genae and base of mandibles bright yellow. Dorsal surface of head
deep reddish brown, blackish in the ocellar region, brilliant metallic
green in a narrow band on each side along the eye. Prothorax dark
reddish brown, with a round orange spot on each side. Thoracic
dorsum very deep brown, almost black, a narrow orange band near
the humeral suture, distant from the suture slightly less than its own

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 281

breadth, from the inferior margin to about three-fourths height of the
mesepisternum. Sides of the same deep brown colour on mesepimeron;
a sharply defined bright yellow band on metepisternum, not quite to
the second lateral suture ; a brown band of about the same breadth on
this suture and the antero-dorsal half of metepimeron; postero-
ventral half of metepimeron and metasterna whitish. Legs moderately
long, blackish ; femora reddish brown at base and inferiorly.
Abdomen slender; deep reddish brown, gradually passing to blackish
on the ends of each segment; sides narrowly bright yellow; this
colour ascending in narrow, dorsally incomplete basal rings on segments

Fie. 15.—Chlorolestes conspicua, $. Cape. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

3 to 7 and interrupted by broad ante-apical black rings on the same
segments ; 8 blackish with broad lateral ferruginous bands; 9 wholly
blackish; 10 blackish dorsally, ferruginous ventrally. Appendages
black (Text-fig. 15) ; the end of inferiors upturned in the shape of a
simple, very acute claw.

Wings hyaline. Pterostigma rich reddish brown. Neuration
(Plate VII, fig. 1).

?. Of stouter build, but almost exactly similar to male in colour
and pattern. Dark dorsum of abdomen with some bronzy metallic
lustre (the specimen is more mature than the above-described male) ;
ninth segment dark ferruginous. Neuration (Plate VII, fig. 2).

6, Abd. 51 + 2, hdw. 33, pt. >3 mm. 9Q 45, 35, 3,

282 Annals of the South African Museum.

CHLOROLESTES PERINGUEYI, N. sp.

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 3, Ceres, Cape Colony (iv . 1915, R. M. Lightfoot).

&d (adult). Labium very light yellowish brown. Occiput black,
turning to metallic green ventrally, to brown medially. Labium
metallic green. Anteclypeus, genae, base of mandibles light yellowish
brown.

Dorsal side of head metallic green. Antennae black, the basal joint
yellow. Prothorax greenish, coppery, narrowly bordered with reddish
brown, two reddish-brown spots near the anterior angles. Thoracic
dorsum black with dark green and coppery lustre; a very narrow
reddish-brown line on the median suture and three such spots at the

Fie. 16.—Chlorolestes peringueyt, @. Ceres. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

humeral suture; a very small one at the dorsal end, a somewhat
larger and square one just above the middle and an oblong one at the
ventral third. Mesepimeron bronzy black, an oblong reddish-brown
spot at the dorsal fourth of first lateral suture; metepisternum
reddish brown, this colour passing narrowly to mesepimeron at the
ventral end ; dorsally to metastigma a rhomboid black spot narrowly
confiuent with the mesepimeral black colour; metepimeron reddish
brown, a cuneiform metallic stripe on the dorsal end of second lateral
suture, passing into a narrow black line on the inferior half of the
suture. Ventral side reddish brown, slightly whitish pruinose, part
of the sutures narrowly lined with black. Legs reddish brown, black
lines at the lateral side of femora and ventral side of tibiae; tarsi
and spines black.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South A frica. 283

Abdominal segment 1 reddish brown, dorsally black, whitish
pruinose ; 2 bronzy green, a narrow basal ring and the lateral border
to the middle, where this colour ascends dorsally, reddish brown; 3 to
6 light reddish brown, marked with dark bronzy green; a broad
terminal ring, somewhat less than the apical fourth; a dorsal band,
broad at the beginning at about one-fifth of the segment’s length from
the anterior margin, gradually narrowing to a somewhat diffuse con-
fluence with the terminal ring; 7 black, a narrow basal brownish ring,
dorsally interrupted ; 8-10 black, 9-10 with thin whitish pruinosity.
Appendages black (Text-fig. 16).

Neuration (Plate VII, fig. 3). Pterostigma dark brown, the distal
end very narrowly lighter.

Abd. 38 + 1:5, hdw. 27, pt. < 2 mm.

CHLOROLESTES UMBRATA (Sélys, 1862).

Mus. Brussels (formerly de Sélys’ Collection); 1 ¢, being a type
of the original description, as testified by the following labels:
(Chlorolestes wmbratum, H. 3 {in Sélys’ hand ]|/ Schneider Charpentier.
(id.) / L.wmbrata . . . Cap. b. sp. [in Hagen’s hand] Prom. b.
sp. / Mus. Berol.) Brit. Museum: 1 ¢, bearing an old round label
C[ape of] G[ood] H[ope] 42 70.

Both specimens belong to the same species, which is not otherwise
represented in our series and is evidently a very distinct species. In
the Sélysian specimen the abdominal segments 7-10 are lost (replaced
by the corresponding segments of Allocnemis leucosticta); in the
British Museum specimen the colours are not in good condition and
the left pair of wings is lost.

¢- Labium dull brown. Occiput black. Labrum, anteclypeus,
genae, base of mandibles and frons to the base of antennae dull
reddish brown (discoloured and probably lighter in well-preserved
specimens) ; dorsal side of head otherwise black, with an appearance of
rather large reddish brown (as above) postocular spots. Prothorax
metallic green, sides narrowly yellowish. Thoracic dorsum brilliant
metallic green, this colour occupying also part of the sides, the mes-
epimeron entirely; a large cuneiform stripe on the metepisternum,
the entire breadth of the sclerite at the dorsal end, a point just above
the metastigma ; on the metepimeron a small spot near dorsal end of
second lateral suture, narrowly joined to metepisternal black stripe.
Light yellowish brown or orange: a very narrow line on humeral
suture stopping a little short of the dorsal end; a small round spot
in the antero-dorsal angle of mesepimeron; ventral half of metepi-

284. Annals of the South African Museum.

sternum, ascending in a very narrow line almost to the dorsal end of
the first lateral suture; most of metepimeron; ventral side. The
suture of metepimeron and metasternum edged with two narrow black
stripes ; the anterior one metasternal, the posterior one metepimeral ;
a short median black stripe near the posterior end. Legs reddish
brown; external side of femora and ventral side of tibiae with black
lines ; tarsi and spines black.

Abdomen brilliant metallic green on dorsum, gradually darker to
the end. Segment 1.the sides yellowish with an oblique black line;
2 sides broadly yellowish ; 3-6 a very narrow yellowish line at lateral
margin, stopping at about three-fourths of the length, and very
narrow, incomplete basal rings; dorsum of 8-10 with thin whitish
pruinosity (specimen in Brit. Mus.).

Appendages of the same type as in the three following species.

Wings whitish pruinose from 9 to fifth post-nodal vein in front
wing, to fourth in hind wing; smoky brown more distally, to the
pterostigma in hind wing, two cells less in front wing (S¢lys) or distal
end of pterostigma in hind wing, proximal end in front wing (Brit.
Mus.). Pterostigma bright orange yellow, narrow (Sélys), or light
reddish brown and a little broader (Brit. Mus.).

Abd. hdw. 20, pt. 2 mm. (Sélys); 37 + 1,22, > 1:5 (Brit. Mus.).

CHLOROLESTES FAscIATA (Burmister, 1839).

S. Afr. Mus.: 13, Cape, Albert District (8 .iv. 1884); 1¢,19,
Burghersdorp (1833, Dr. Kannemeyer). Brit. Mus.: 1 ¢, 1 Q,
Burghersdorp (1883, Dr. Kannemeyer) ; 6 ¢,4 9, Estcourt, Natal,
Will Brook (20 .i, 9 .11.19138, R. C. Wroughton) ; 3 ¢, Natal, 1 9,
Zululand (1897, Rev. W. H. Heale). Coll. K.J. Morton: 2 9°, Dargle,
Natal (13 . 1.1909, Miss Fountaine). Coll. Ris: 1 ¢, 1 9, Estcourt,
Natal, Will Brook (80. iii, 27.iv.1913, R. C. Wroughton, ea Brit.
Mus.).

¢ (adult). Labium yellowish. Occiput brilliant metallic green.
Labrum metallic green ; anteclypeus, base of mandibles and medial
half of genae yellow ; postclypeus yellow with a basal metallic green
spot of variable size. Dorsal side of head otherwise brilliant metallic
green; basal joint of antennae yellow, the rest black. Prothorax
metallic green; a broad yellow longitudinal band half way from the
coxa to the mid-dorsal line. Thoracic dorsum metallic green, mostly
very brilliant; a narrow yellow line at the humeral suture, stopping
at four-fifths of the height. Mesepimeron metallic green; metepi-
sternum yellow with a metallic green line of variable dimensions ;

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 285

metepimeron largely black, this colour occupying the space from the
second lateral suture to a rather narrow band at the latero-ventral
border where there is another small, longitudinal black dash; this
metepimeral band has a metallic green lustre and is often covered with
bluish pruinosity. Ventral side yellow; a small median metallic green
line at the posterior end. Legs yellowish; lateral side of femora black
with metallic green lustre; ventral side of tibiae, tarsi and spines
black.

Abdomen bright metallic green, turning gradually to coppery or
bronze towards the end. Sides of segments 1-2 broadly yellow; a
very narrow lateral line and basal ring on 3-7; 1 and 8-10 dull
greyish pruiose.

Fic. 17.—Chlorolestes fasciata, ¢. Burghersdorp. Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

Appendages black (Text-fig. 17).

Wings comparatively broader on their distal half than in the two
following and also the preceding species, more densely veined
(Plate VII, fig. 4) ; opalescent white (waxy exudation) from 9 or the
nodus to about one-third the distance from nodus to pterostigma in
front wing, nearly one-half in hind wing; the white band followed by
another of smoky brown, shorter in front wing, longer in hind wing,
as shown in the figure. Pterostigma rich ferruginous brown, the
proximal end blackish to a variable extent between a mere trace and
almost half the length.

The metallic colour of the immature males is more brilliant ; the
white and brown wing bands areabsent ; but there are some specimens
with hyaline wings, where texture and colour of integuments are not

286 Annals of the South African Museum.

far from maturity ; some doubt exists about the existence of a male
form that remains hyaline throughout the imaginal life. Of the series
here described, 6 males are banded, 7 hyaline.

?. Very similar to male in colour and pattern. On the prothorax
an anterior transverse yellow band; the humeral and lateral yellow
bands very slightly broader than in male. Abdomen shorter and
much stouter ; a broad yellow lateral band from base to segment 8,
a narrow one on 9. Wings hyaline in all specimens examined.

Go, Abd. 32 + 1:5, hdw. 25, p¢.2 mm. to 38, 28, 2°5. 9, 32, 26, 2.

CHLOROLESTES TESSELLATA (Burmeister, 1839).

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 ¢, old specimens, no locality or date. Brit. Mus. :
1 ¢, Grahamstown (1885) ; 1 ¢, Pirie Bush, 8S. Africa (1898, A. N.
Stenning).

¢ (adult). Labium yellowish brown. Occiput bronze black.
Labrum metallic green; anteclypeus, base of mandibles and medial
half of genae yellow; postclypeus dull reddish brown. Dorsal side of
head dull black with a greenish metallic lustre between the eyes and
ocelli. Prothorax black, two broad lateral bands and the anterior
third entirely dull ochre brown. Thoracic dorsum bronze black ; a
broad entire oblique greyish ochreous humeral band, in front of the
ventral end of humeral suture, divided in two about equal halves by
the dorsal end of the same. Mesepimeron bronze black not fully to
the ventral end; rest of sides ochreous yellow with an indistinct
brownish shade on dorsal end of mesepisternum and metepimeron.
Ventral side ochreous yellow; a rather broad lateral brown stripe at
the anterior half of metasterna. Legs ochreous ; antero-external side
of femora, ventral side of tibiae, tarsi and spines black.

Abdomen dorsally dull reddish brown with metallic green lustre,
this metallic colour shading to darker bronze towards the end; a
broad but somewhat diffuse terminal blackish ring on segments 3-7.
Appendages black, very much like the following species.

Wings with opalescent white and smoky brown bands, as described
in key, and illustrated in Plate VII, fig. 5. Pterostigma broad and
comparatively short; the proximal part blackish, the distal rich
ferruginous ; the proportion of both colours somewhat variable.

One immature specimen (8. Afr. Mus.) shows the opalescent band
alone, with no trace of smoky brown; it is very probably of the same
species ; the terminal abdominal segments are lost.

$ Abd. 44 + 1:5, hdw. 31, pt. 2 mm.

No females have been examined by the writer.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 287

CHLOROLESTES LONGICAUDA (Burmeister, 1839).

S. Afr. Mus.: 12 ¢, 10 9, Barberton, Transvaal (Edwards, dated
1 gv.1911,1 92 xi); 4 ¢,2 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones,
gated 20 .1,iv.1911). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, Natal; 1 ¢,1 9,
Eshowe, Zululand (16, 17 . 11. 1908, Miss Fountaine).

gd. Colour and pattern of head and thorax almost exactly similar
to preceding species. Postclypeus bronze black to metallic green.
On metepimeron an interrupted and somewhat diffuse brown band
near the second lateral suture; this band covered in fully mature
specimens by a whitish pruinosity, which also mvades the meta-
sterna. Abdomen dorsally black (none of the specimens of tessellata

&

Fig. 18.—Chlorolestes longicauda, ¢. Barberton. Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

examined are fully mature, the difference in eolour of abdomen
being probably due to age), with a metallic green lustre, rather
brilliant on segments 1-2, gradually passing to dull bronze and
black to the end; sides of 1-2 broadly yellow, of 3-8 with a very
narrow lateral yellow line, interrupted by a broad terminal black ring
and narrow basal yellow ring. Dull greyish pruinosity on segments |
and 8-10, brilliant white on 9 in some specimens. Appendages black
(Text-fig. 18).

Wings hyaline, narrowly and faintly brown at the tips. Pterostigma
bi-coloured in younger specimens : black in proximal half, whitish
yellow in very immature examples, rich ferruginous in the distal
half in more mature specimens. In fully mature mdivyiduals the

288 Annals of the South African Museum.

ferruginous colour passes gradually to black, the final result being a
unicolorous blackish pterostigma.

2. Very similar to male in colour and pattern. Abdomen com-
paratively shorter and much stouter; lateral yellowish band broad on
segments 3-7, although interrupted by the terminal blackish-brown
rings; 8-10 dull reddish brown with thin greyish pruinosity. The
two colours of pterostigma more sharply defined than in male.

3, Abd. 44+ 1:5, hdw. 29, pt.2 mm. 9°, 45, 33, 2°5.

This and the preceding species are so exactly alike in proportions,
structural characters, venation and colour pattern that the possibility
remains open of their being forms of but one species. The present
material excludes the eventuality of longicauda being the immature,
tesselata the mature colour of male (as shown for fasciata, ante), but
the two might well be geographical races or subspecies.

TBs. Susramiry AGRIONINAE.

Of the Sélysian “ Légions,” three are represented in the present
fauna (after removal of Chlorolestes from the ‘‘ Légion Podagrion ” to
the Lestinae, as discussed on p. 268). The “ Légion Platycnemis ”
includes, in de Scly’s own papers, the genera Allocnemis, Chlorocnemis
and Metacnemis. Disparoneura is representative of the ‘ Légion Proto-
neura.” The remaining genera Pseudagrion, Ceriagrion, Enallagma,
Ischnura and Agriocnemis are the South African representatives of
the “ Légion Agrion,” one of the largest and most homogeneous units
of the entire Order Odonata. We must admit that at various points
the limits of the “ Légions ” as given by de Sélys are doubtful. The
present paper is not one where the questions here arising might he
profitably discussed ; nevertheless, small as the number of genera
represented in our faunal limits may be, there are two points where
accepted views appear in an unfavourable hight: When we confront
the venation of Allocnemis, Chlorocnemis and Disparoneura (Plate
VII, figs. 7, 8, 9) on one side, Metacnemis (Plate VII, fig. 10) on the
other side, there can be no doubt about the great analogy between the
three of the former group in the region of the quadrilateral and
the conditions of Cu 2 show a natural line of reduction from
Allocnemis through Chlorocnemis to Disparoneura. Further, the three
have in common the peculiar shape of head, much restricted in the
frontal region with the eyes very strongly prominent; the terminal
appendages of males are built on the same plan; finally, the colour
scheme and its ontogenetic development in Disparoneura is about the

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 289

same as in many members of the * Légion Platyenemis.” On the
other hand, in Metacnemis the configuration of the quadrilateral, with
its distal side slightly more oblique and sensibly strengthened, together
with origin of Cw 2, the origin of A* unusually proximal to Cug, are
features extraneous to the other group of three genera; the head of
Metacnemis ts much more of the Agrion- than of the Platyenemis-
type, being broad in the frontal part, with the eves not excessively
prominent ; the femoral and tibial spines are very long in Metacnemis.
Thus for the purpose of this paper we have adopted the subdivisions
as given by de Sclys; we give the genera Allocnemis, Chlorocnemis
and Disparoneura in an apparently natural order, and place Metacnemis
in the immediate line with the true “ Agrion.”’

Of our genera, Ischnura and Hnallagma alone are known in the
larval stage from Hurope and America. Plate XII, fig. 2, photo-
graphed from living full-grown larvae of the European Platycnemis
pennipes, may give a general idea of Agrionine larvae of the opaque
type. This opaque type exists, to a large extent independently of
systematic position, whenever a nymph lives on the bottom of water,
partly covered by mud, detritus or algae; Platycnemis pennipes is the
truest representative form of this type in the European fauna. At
the opposite pole, as the truest representative of the transparent larval
type, we have Hnallagma cyathigerum—larvae not living at the bottom
of the water, in the living green plants and wonderfully adapted to
this surrounding by colour, pattern and transparency.

ALLOCNEMIS (Sélys, 1863).

The South African species is not recorded from beyond our faunal
limits, and but one other species of this genus (unknown to the writer)
is described from tropical West Africa.

ALLOCNEMIS LEUCOosTICTA (Sélys, 1863).

e2Atc, Mus:: 2 ¢, 1 9, Waterval (3, 26.1. 1899); 1 g, Groen-
vleikloof (6.1.1907); 8 ¢,6 2, Barberton, Transvaal; 6 ¢,2 9,
28 2 in cop., M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii, iv, v, xi. 1911, W. E. Jones).
Brit. Mus.:1 ¢,1 9, Estcourt, Natal, Will Brook (i, ii. 1918, R. C.
Wroughton). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, Stutterheim, Cape Colony
(9.1.1908, Miss Fountaine); 2 4, Barberton, Transvaal (18,
20 . xi. 1908, id.). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 6 ¢, 1 9, Princetown,
Natal (23-27 . ii . 1909, G. F. Leigh).

¢ (adult). Labium whitish, the points of lateral lobes black. Occiput

290 Annals of the South African Museum.

black. Labrum light greenish, turning to yellowish anteriorly ; in
some specimens a small black spot at the base. Frontal view of head
remarkable for three transverse, straight, nearly equal stripes that
run right across the compound eyes, two greenish, the median, slightly
narrower one black. Labrum, base of mandibles and genae, ante-
clypeus, postclypeus and the sides of frons in equal breadth, black ;
the frons not quite up to the base of antenna is green. Dorsal surface
of head and antennae otherwise wholly black. Prothorax black dor-
sally ; a transverse whitish median anterior mark; sides greenish,
narrow anteriorly, broader to the posterior end, also to the coxae.
Posterior lobe broad, regularly curved, raised to an angle of 45°.
Thoracic dorsum black; narrow, straight, completely greenish are
the ante-humeral lines, distant from the humeral suture by not

Fie. 19.—Allocnemis leucosticta, g. Barberton. Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

fully their own breadth. Black colour invading the sides to about
two-thirds the distance from humeral suture to metastigma, just a
little beyond the (only visible) dorsal end of first lateral suture ; sides
otherwise very light greenish shading into whitish, right to the ventral
side ; a narrow, complete black line on second lateral suture. Legs
black externally, internally very light greenish or bluish; long spines
of tibiae fine and very long, at least three times the angle of the space
between each; teeth of claws small, near the tips.

Abdomen slender, deep black ; sides of segments 1—2 light greenish;
on 3—/ very narrow basal whitish rings shortly interrupted on dorsum;
a brilliant creamy yellow dorsal spot on the end of segment 8 and
segments 9-10 entirely ; on ventral side the tergites 3-7 are narrowly
lined with greenish, 8 yellow. Appendages creamy yellow (‘Text-fig. 19).

Wings of a rather deep, but not pure yellow, shading to grey or

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 291

greenish. Pterostigma heavy, opaque, cream to sulphur yellow on
dorsal, almost pure white on ventral side.

? (adult). Very similar to male. Dark line onsecond lateral thoracic
suture somewhat indistinct, or present only on the dorsal half.
Whitish basal rings of abdominal segments narrower. Dorsal spot of
terminal segments beginning on anterior half of segment 8, but duller,
more reddish brown. Ventral margin of tergites 8-9 lined with
yellowish, the lme continuing to the dorsal half of valves. Tips of
valves slightly exceeding the abdominal end.

Posterior lobe of prothorax raised in the middle, deeply divided in
two small rounded lobes, bent slightly forward ; on dorsal view this
raised part appears cut out of the entire lobe and bent forward over
its own base; correspondingly on side view its base is anterior to the
margin by the height of the raised lobe except in the median line,
where the base is slightly projecting posteriorly.

6, Abd. 32, hdw. 22 to 35, pt. 25mm. 9 31, 23 to 33, 25.

The series of males from Barberton shows various stages of maturity ;
it is worth mentioning that the black line of the second lateral thoracic
suture appears gradually, and that the yellow colour of the wings is
also gradually developed from hyaline through light greenish shades.
The females from this locality have according to successive stages of
maturity the pterostigma light greyish to rather deep reddish brown,
showing no difference between dorsal and ventral side. But there is
no reason to consider such specimens as distinct from those with white
and yellow pterostigma.

CHLOROCNEMIS (Sélys, 1863).

A small genus of tropical African species.
The species here described is evidently a stranger to the South
African fauna, even at its extreme limits.

CHLOROCNEMIS MARSHALLI, 0. sp.

British Museum: 1 ¢, Mazoe, 4000 ft., Mashonaland (24 . ii. 1905,
G. A. K. Marshall). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 ¢, Umtali, 3700 ft.,
Mashonaland (id.).

6 (adult). Labium whitish, pointed with black. Occiput black.
Labrum light blue, very narrowly lined with black. Anteclypeus
brown ; postelypeus black ; genae black, but in part within the limits
of the blue frontal band.

Frons black ; a broad, complete light blue transverse band occupy-
ing nearly the anterior half of dorsum, to a very narrow black margin

292 Annals of the South African Museum.

towards the postclypeus, including posteriorly the base and the first
joint of antennae. Prothorax black, with light blue sides, anterior
margin, posterior lobe and two transversely oblong dorsal spots.
Thoracic dorsum black; broad, complete blue ante-humeral lines
nearly equal to the median black part of each mesepisternum ; their
ventral half touching the humeral suture, dorsal half slightly distant
and not quite touching the ante-alar sinus. Black colour invading
the sides to half way between the humeral suture and the metastigma,
a moderately broad black line on the second lateral suture; sides
otherwise blue, shading to whitish on ventral side. Legs long and
slender; spines extremely fine, numerous, long; legs black, tibiae

Fia. 20.—Chlorocnemis Marshalli, . Mazoe. Appendages, left side
and dorsal view.

externally reddish brown ; internal side of first femora in basal half,
and of second femora wholly shining white (third femora lost).
Abdomen very long and slender, black, marked with light blue and
whitish. Segment 1 with sides and a narrow terminal ring whitish ;
2 with sides narrowly whitish, a blue mid-dorsal line, much narrowed
near the posterior end, the black colour forming a narrowly interrupted
U-shaped figure ; 3 with a blue mid-dorsal line, broad at base, rapidly
narrowed and reaching to two-thirds of the length of the segment as
a very narrow line; 4-7 with narrow basal rings; 8-10 with a broad
mid-dorsal band, shghtly broader than each black margin. Appendages
black, the small dilatation near the end of superior light reddish

brown. Text-fig. 20.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 293

Wings light greenish vellow. Pterostigma small, nearly square, deep
black (Plate VII, fig. 8).
Abd. 37:5, hdw. 23°5 mm.

DISPARONEURA (Selys, 1860).

This genus, the only form in the present fauna representative of
the Selysian ‘Légion Protoneura,” includes a considerable number
of species, a few of which are recorded from tropical Africa, many
more from India, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula and the western half of
the Malay Archipelago.

DisPpaRONEURA MUTATA (Sélys, 1886).

Burmeister’s Agrion glaucum was mistaken by Sélys for this species
and censequently described as D. glauca; but Calvert proved
Burmeister’s species to be the Hnallagma glawewm of the present
paper. Very probably Disparoneura mutata, also described by Sélys
from the MacLachlan Collection, is our species, and certainly it is the
same which Calvert described under that name; this author gives a

small but very characteristic figure of the male ‘appendages (printed
upside down).

The name here adopted appears therefore well established.

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 ¢, 1 9, Waterval, Transvaal (12.x, 10.x1.1899;
6.x1.1902); 5 g, 7 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii, iv, x, i, xu. 1911,
W.E. Jones). Mus. Brussels (formerly de Sélys Collection): 1 9,
Dispar glauca, 2 , Brit. Mus. (Sélys’ hand) (Stev.); Port Natal (Hagen’s
hand). Brit. Mus.: 1 2, Willow Grange, Mooi River, Natal (30.1.
1915, R. C. Wroughton) ; 1 9, Colenso, Weenen, Natal (30.1. 1913,
R. Turner); 1 ¢ @, in cép., Mazoe, 4000 ft., Mashonaland (25. x11. 1905,
G. A. K. Marshall). Mus. Stockholm: 1 ¢,1 9, Caffraria (Wahlberg) ;
1 g, Salisbury, Mashonaland (x .1903, Marshall). Coll. K. J. Morton:
1 g, Durban, Natal (27.1.08, Miss Fountaine) ; 1 2, King Williams-
town (4.1.08, ead.); 1 9, Stutterheim (9.1.08, ead.). Coll. E. B.
Williamson: 9 , 6 9, Princetown, Natal (7, 30.xii.1909, G, F.
Leigh); 1 ¢, 1 9, Salisbury (x.1900, Marshall). Coll. Ris: 1 9,
Rikatla, Delagoa Bay (1.x.1913, H. Junod); 4 ¢, 2 2, Botchabelo,
1200 m., Transvaal (18 . 11.1914, id.).

¢ (adult). Labium dark brown to almost black. Occiput dark
brown, black in the middle with bluish pruinosity. Labrum, ante-
clypeus, postelypeus and dorsal surface of head wholly black, a trans-
verse band of dense bluish pruinosity between postclypeus and ocelli.

8)

294 Annals of the South African Museum.

Prothorax black, slightly bluish pruinose; posterior lobe broad,
regularly curved, not raised, with a slightly prominent narrow mid-
dorsal ridge, its anterior margin being a straight edge slightly
projecting laterally at the ends. Thoracic dorsum black, pruinose
blue not quite to the humeral suture; the black colour, somewhat
metallic green and not pruinose, invades the side to near the level of
the metastigma; on the metastigma a narrow reddish-brown line; a
broader black one on second lateral suture ; ventral half of metepimeron
reddish brown; also the metasterna except narrow lateral lines and
small median dots; sides from the first (obliterated) lateral suture
and ventral side whitish pruinose. Legs black, femora and tibiae
bluish pruinose ; spines fine and very long; tooth of claws small, near
the end.

Fic. 21.—Disparoneura nutata, g. M’Fongosi. Appendages, left side
and dorsal view.

Abdomen very slender, black; segments 1—2 and also 8-10 pruinose
greyish blue; sides of 1-2 narrowly yellowish brown ; 3-6 with very
narrow, dorsally interrupted basal whitish rings, and the sides dull
reddish brown except a terminal black ring of nearly one-fifth the
segments’ length; on 2-6 a very narrow mid-dorsal whitish line.
Appendages blackish (Text-fig. 21).

Wings hyaline; pterostigma dark reddish brown to almost black.

2 (adult). Labium and occiput hght reddish brown.

Dorsal surface of head light reddish brown with black markings; a
dot on labrum and anterior margin of anteclypeus, two dots on post-
clypeus, very narrow, a complete transverse line at base of antennae,
somewhat broader transverse line between posterior ocelli and occi-
pital margin, this latter black band irregularly indented posteriorly.

;
)

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 295

Prothorax light reddish brown, marked with black dorsally in the
middle and the sides, both parts indented posteriorly by reddish
brown. Posterior lobe divided into two pairs of processes ; the median
ones nearly a horizontal plane and slightly convergent with their
broadly rounded ends; the lateral ones nearly vertical, somewhat
longer and narrower, their rounded ends slightly divergent ; medial
processes black, lateral ones reddish, black in their distal half in very
mature specimens, Thoracic dorsum light reddish brown lined with
black ; a line over the median suture and the ante-alar sinus ; a narrow,
ventrally incomplete line near the median suture ; an equally narrow,
complete line on the humeral suture. Sides black from the humeral
suture to half way towards the metastigma, this colour interrupted by
a narrow, cuneiform, ventrally incomplete reddish band near the
humeral suture and a round spot on the mesinfraepisternum ; sides
and ventral side otherwise light reddish brown, very slightly whitish
pruinose, a narrow black line on second lateral suture. Legs very
light reddish brown ; lines on first and second femora, rows of points
on third femora, internal side of tibiae, tarsi and spines black.

Abdomen light greyish brown marked with black; a transverse
dorsal line and lateral points near the posterior end of segment 2; on
3-6 terminal rings, slightly distant from the end and narrowing to a
complete mid-dorsal longitudinal band which is divided by a fine
median whitish line ; 7-10 reddish brown dorsally ; this colour narrows
on 7, and is broader on 8-10; sides black, interrupted on 7 by a longi-
tudinal reddish line. Valvae black, not exceeding the abdominal end.

Pterostigma slightly larger than in male, its colour lighter. Imma-
ture females are light yellowish brown to almost white; all dark
markings are absent, except the thoracic lines (which are also reduced
in extent and less deep in colour), the lateral black of segments 8-10
and the terminal dorsal points on 3-6. First to appear are evidently
the transverse lines on head, last the longitudinal stripes on segments
3-6. Immature males are much like the females at the same stage,
their abdomen being almost pure white.

6, Abd. 26,hdw.19mm. 9Q, 29, 19 to 30, pt. 2:1.

Vein A* is slightly variable; most specimens are like Plate VII, fig.
9, viz. with A* very nearly parallel to the anal side of 9, ending in
the middle of the cross-vein which continues the distal side of 9 to
the wing’s edge, or bent only very slightly towards the anal margin.

In some specimens this deflection is stronger, in one male to the
confluence of A* with the anal end of said cross-vein ; in one (other-
wise abnormal) the hind wing of a female A* reaches the anal margin
at one half the length of 9.

296 Annals of the South African Museum.

METACNEMIS (Sélys, 1863).

This genus, placed by Sélys in his “* Légion Platyenemis ”’ (see p. 288)
is characterised by some important venational features; the quadrangle
approaching the rectangular form (but less so than in the genera
Allocnemis, Chlorocnemis and Disparoneura), A* separating from the
wing’s edge at a level widely proximal to the cubito-anal cross-vein,
about three times the length of this vein; Cu 2 broken at the level of
nodus or even proximal thereto; the antenodal cross-veins being
closely set and convergent towards R. Besides these characters
drawn from reticulation, the long spines of the legs, the Agrion, not
Platycnemis-like shape of head give to Metacnemis and the small
group of allied African species a decided resemblance to the large
American genus Argia, a resemblance which might well be one of real
affinity and not of mere convergence.

MerTACNEMIS VALIDA (Sélys, 1863).

Coll. K. J. Morton: 19, King Williamstown (4.1. 1908, Miss
Fountaine). :

Mr. Morton very kindly agreed to sacrifice this unique specimen
for the purpose of obtaining a good photographic figure of a most
remarkable pair of wings as given in Plate VII, fig. 10.

9 (somewhat immature). Labium broad, median lobe not con-
spicuously cleft, nearly semi-circular in outline, with a very small
and shallow notch and a fine median suture over the whole length ;
very light reddish brown, median lobe whitish. Occiput dull reddish

brown. Labrum, anteclypeus, postclypeus, frons and vertex lght

ferruginous, rather densely covered with long, soft, blackish hair.
Postclypeus broad, projecting slightly over the labium, anteclypeus
very narrow (perhaps by compression). No transverse ridge on the
frons ; in front of base of antennae two transversely oval low tubercles;
ocelli very small, the posterior ones on slightly elevated bases.
Transverse edge of occiput very long, distance of eyes great.

First and second antennal joints short, third about three times the
length of second ; ferruginous to end of third joint, the rest black.

Prothorax ferruginous, narrowly obscure in the impressed _ lines.
Structure of posterior lobe very complicated. Hind margin of
anterior lobe concave posteriorly in its median third, the almost
semi-circular concavity bordered by an elevated ridge, low in the
middle, elevated in obtusely triangular blades at the lateral ends;

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 297

the posterior lobe fits into this concavity as a trapezoid process, very
slightly narrower posteriorly ; on this lobe a transverse anterior
ridge, almost vertical and rather high, cut in a straight line with
slightly projecting lateral ends; further, two lateral longitudinal
ridges, low anteriorly, rising at the posterior end, arched on lateral
view. The posterior, nearly straight edge of this lobe fits on the
mesothorax into a groove between two narrowly triangular, transverse
mesostigmal laminae.

Thorax ferruginous, gradually shading into lighter tints laterally
and posteriorly ; a blackish dot in the dorsal end of humeral suture ;
a very narrow black line on dorsal edge of mesepimeron ; black dots
on anterior and posterior dorsal end of metepimeron.

Legs long and robust. Spines of femora and tibiae long, fine and
very numerous, about 15 on each side of third femora, 12 on third
tibiae. Tooth of claws robust near the point. Legs light yellowish
brown, internal side of tibiae, tarsi and spines black.

Abdomen comparatively robust, dull reddish brown ; terminal joints
of segments 1-7 narrowly blackish; from 2-7 a narrow somewhat
diffuse dark longitudinal mid-dorsal line, widened into a fine trans-
verse line near the end of each segment. Posterior edge of tenth
segment with a small triangular notch, and a group of small blackish
spines on each side. Appendages very small, yellowish. Valvae
moderately long, the styloids just reaching the end of abdomen.

Wings (Plate VII, fig. 10) light greyish yellow, from base to nodus
in costal half to distal end of quadrilateral in anal half deeper yellow.
Pterostigma whitish yellow, very opaque.

Abd. 32, hdw. 28°5 mm.

The male as described by de Sélys and very probably also the adult
female must be very much darker insects.

PSEUDAGRION (Sélys, 1876).

As originally defined by de Selys this genus embraces a large
number of species inhabiting the inter-tropical regions of the Old
World, a few of them extending beyond the limits of the tropics in
South Africa, in Australia, and along the frontier of the Palaearctic
region. Continental Africa appears as the chief centre of Psewdagrion,
not less than 24 species from this continent being known to the
writer. Unfortunately in the actual state of literature their identi-
fication is extremely difficult; nearly all existing descriptions are
given without the all-important figures of structural details, and
many of them are not comparative at all; thus their condition may

298 Annals of the South African Museum.

well be termed chaotic, and it is to be hoped that a paper on its 24
species prepared by the writer will contribute to some extent to bring
light into this tediously obscure matter. The following table and
descriptions of nine regional species are an extract from that more
extensive study.

The original generic definition cannot (as in many other cases) be
literally applied, unless unnatural and undesirable sub-divisions be
the consequence. The origin of A* at the Cug (and not proximal),
although an important feature on the whole, must be interpreted with
some allowance to a more proximinal origin, even for as much as nearly
the length of Cugq itself; variation between nearly allied species and
even individuals of the same species makes such an allowance necessary.
The same must be said of the most important structural character of
the female sex, the styloid processes of the posterior prothoracic
border (P. acaciae). Absence of light-coloured postocular spots would
exclude the two species furcigerum and caffrum, otherwise clearly
congeneric, had we to apply the definition literally. No writer on
systematics will fail to observe that giving definitions in a few words
and applying them to the letter will very often be satisfactory as long
as a limited faunal district is under observation, or a small proportion
of existing forms only known ; but with an increasing knowledge, and
the extension of the area under discussion, the matter becomes
rapidly more difficult, and with a clear insight into natural affinities
it may be impossible for the moment to give any short and compre-
hensive definitions to do justice to such affinities. Of course minute
subdivision of genera will apparently overcome such difficulties, but
the advantage is much more apparent than real; it is often better to
wait for the right word to be found at some later date for a new
definition of an old genus than splitting it up into fragments for the
apparent needs of the moment.

The following table is given for the males only.

Females may be identified by consulting the single descriptions, and
it must not be forgotten that isolated females will sometimes present
great difficulties and even be found impossible of identification.
The reason is obvious: definition of species is largely based on the
structural characters of the males, and even the colour schemes are
much more precisely differentiated in this sex. As a rule, a very
intimate knowledge of a group—a knowledge accessible in many
cases only to the naturalist observing the species in nature—is needed
for ready identification of closely-allied females that lack structural
characters. This is true for many of the Agrionidae and obvious for
Pseudagrion.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 299

1. No light-coloured postocular spots. Thoracie dorsum bronze black without

ante-humeral stripes. : ; : . 3 : 5 ek
Light-coloured postocular spots present! Thoracic dorsum mostly with
ante-humeral stripes. : : : : : F F eos

2. Labrum and frons anteriorly ative: green. Pterostigma greyish brown.
Superior appendages with an acute sub-basal medial tooth furcigerum.
Labrum and frons bright orange-yellow. Pterostigma carmine. Proximal
sub-basal median tooth of superior appendages truncate . . caffrum.

3. Postocular spots round or transversely oval, often united by a line along the
occipital margin. Frons black anteriorly to the postocular spots, at
least to base of antennae. j : . 4
Postocular spots very large, mostly Pedaien, iad artenonly at most by a
narrow black band, the dorsal surface of head being thus chiefly red.
Superior appendages not distinctly furcate ‘ é ‘ : Serie

4. Thoracic dorsum and abdomen of adult specimens more or less pruinose
blue; light markings bluish or greenish; postocular spots separate.
Comparatively robust species. - : 5 10)
No pruinosity on thoraxand abdomen of edule specimens. Light markings
on head reddish or orange, on thorax shading from yellowish to bluish.
Postocular spots united by a transverse line. Very slender form. Dorsal
branch of superior appendages in lateral view much narrower than
ventral one, slightly hooked. Pterostigma reddish brown angolense.

5. Labrum dull olive-green or bluish. . ; . 5 &
Labrum deep black. Ante-humeral stripes ne aaa Saver in more or less
immature specimens, pruinose blue in adults. In superior appendages
viewed laterally the ventral branch projecting a long way beyond the
dorsal one. : . praetextatum.

6. Thoracic dorsum anueely pone black with Shen ereyish pruinosity ; at
most a very slight indication of ante-humeral lines. Branches of
superior appendages in lateral view of almost equal leneth, the dorsal
slightly more obtuse than the ventral one. Pterostigma blackish.
Smaller species. : . . salisburyense.
Thoracic dorsum pruinose bine dase to the eee suture a narrow,
somewhat irregular, sometimes interrupted greenish or olivaceous line.
Superior appendages in lateral view, with the ventral branch obliquely
ascending as a rather narrow border to the somewhat shorter and
rounded dorsal branch. uae? 71 dull red. Largest species of the

present fauna : : : F ; . natalense.
7. Postocular spots entirely perdered W th pinek. Dorsum of second abdominal
segment predominantly black. ; : esis

Postocular spots only partially and comes mcomietel bordered with
black, confluent to the concolorous occiput or frons. Dorsum of second
abdominal segment predominantly blue, with a ee black mark
Black lines of thoracic sutures very narrow : ; . acaciae.
8. Comparatively short and robust species, in size mages like the preceding
one. Black lines of thoracic median and humeral sutures comparatively
broad and sinuate. Dorsum of second abdominal segment black
including one or two bluish points. ‘ - massaicum.
Slender and more elongate species. Black lines of then acic sutures narrow
Dorsum of second abdominal segment black é : : . sjostedti

300 Annals of the South African Museum.

PsEUDAGRION FURCIGERUM (Rambur, 1842).

Of this species, Rambur’s type in the de Selys’ Collection at
Brussels is the only specimen known to the writer. It is testified to
as being that type by the following labels: fwreigerum (S¢élys’ hand)
/ Ramb. (id.) / furcigera (Rambur’s hd.) / Cap. (id.). There are other
specimens associated with the type, but they belong to different
species. |

The specimen is in an adult male, with the colours not in good
condition; but the appendages were found in sufficiently good con-
dition for a drawing, which will, it is hoped, facilitate the identification

he at.)

Fie. 22.—Pseudagrion furcigerum, g. Cape. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

of the species. Occiput and labium yellowish. Labrum, anteclypeus,
base of mandibles and genae olivaceous. Dorsum of head, prothorax
and thorax black. Sides of prothorax narrowly yellowish ; sides of
thorax yellowish or olivaceous, this colour beginning somewhere
between the humeral suture and the stigma, but nearer the latter ; the
exact limits not visible, as the thorax is partly destroyed. Legs black
on the lateral, light olivaceous on the medial service. Abdomen com-
paratively short and robust; dorsum wholly black, sides yellowish
olivaceous. Appendages blackish (Text-fig. 22). The superiors are
similar in outline to those of praetextatum, but more robust, the
ventral branch shorter, a strong sub-basal acute tooth projecting
from the lower edge of the dorsal branch. Origin of A* distinctly

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 301

proximal to Cug, but not by the entire length of that vein. Pterostigma
narrow, the distal side very oblique, dull greyish brown.

Abd. 30, hdw. 21:5 mm.

PSEUDAGRION CAFFRUM (Burmeister, 1839).
Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 3. Brit. Mus.: 3 ¢,2 9, Willow Grange,
Mooi River, Natal (20 .i, 1. 11. 1913, R. C. Wroughton).
6. Occiput and labium whitish. Labrum orange with one to
three blackish dots at base. Anteclypeus orange; postclypeus black,
narrowly lined with orange anteriorly; frons orange to the base of

Fig. 23.— Pseudagrion caffrum, g. (Coll. Morton.) Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

antennae and anterior ocellus. Dorsal surface of head otherwise
deep bronze black, no postocular spots. Prothorax bronze black,
sides narrowly whitish. Thoracic dorsum bronze black, this colour
invading the sides to half way between humeral suture and metastigma,
still further at the dorsal end. Sides otherwise greenish yellow
with thin whitish pruinosity; a black dot in the dorsal third of
second lateral suture. Ventral side whitish. Legs light greenish
yellow on the medial surface, on the lateral surface broad deep black
lines on femora’, narrower ones on tibiae. Abdomen relatively short
and stout. Dorsum bronze black, rather densely pruinose blue; sides
light greenish yellow on segments 2 to 5, greenish blue on 6 to 10.
Appendages (Text-fig. 23): Dorsal branch of superior black, ventral

302 Annals of the South African Museum.

branch and inferior light reddish yellow. A* very slightly proximal
to Cug in front wing, scarcely so or at Cuq in hind wing. Pterostigma
very small, bright red or orange; the distal costal angle very acute.

2. Head anteriorly as in male, or of a more dull olivaceous colour ;
the black on postclypeus limited to a narrow basal spot; rather large,
transversely oval, olivaceous postocular spots united by a narrow line on
the occipital ridge. Prothorax black, a small dorsal, two larger lateral
spots and the sides dull orange. Posterior lobe convex in the middle ;
the usual styles long and narrow, depressed; styles and a point on
the lobe orange. Thoracic dorsum black; broad ante-humeral bands
and a narrow line on median suture dull orange; black colour not
reaching fully to humeral suture at the upper, slightly beyond at lower
end; small black dots in dorsal end of first and second lateral
sutures. Black lines on legs much narrower than in male. Dorsum
of abdomen black, only segments 1—2 and 8-10 slightly bluish pruinose.
Sides dull olivaceous, orange or greenish blue. Wings as in male.

6, Abd. 25,hdw.19mm. 9, 25, 20.

Calvert gives a very exact description of Burmeister’s type-specimen
and a figure of the appendages. Although in the latter the truncate
sub-basal median tooth is not shown, the figure and description agree
otherwise so perfectly with our specimens that very little doubt
remains about their identity.

PSEUDAGRION ANGOLENSE (Sélys, 1876).

©. Afr. Mus.: 6 ¢, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iv, v, xu. 1911, Woe
Jones); 1 3, Barberton, Transvaal (i. 1912, H. Edwards). Coll.
K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, Macequece (9 . x . 1908, Miss Fountaine). Brit.
Mus.: 1 ¢, Brit. East Africa, 8.E. slopes of Kenya, 6000-7000 ft.
(3-12.11, 1911, 8. A. Neave); Mus. Brussels, de Selys’ Coll.: 1 ¢
(Angola—Machachlan’s hd.), cotype.

S. Occiput and labium light greyish ochreous, labrum orange
with three basal blackish dots; genae and anteclypeus orange; post-
elypeus black. Frons and vertex black with orange markings; broad
transverse band over the base of antennae, laterally turning to the
same colour as the genae; good-sized transversely oval postocular
spots, united by a narrow line on occipital ridge. Prothorax black,
sides lined with dull yellow; three orange spots, one transverse at
the anterior margin, two triangular ones on the disc. Posterior
lobe narrow, erect, black in the nuddle, narrowly lined with orange
on sides.

Thoracic dorsum black, slightly bronzy; narrow greenish ante-
humeral lines distant from humeral suture by about their own breadth.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 303

Black colour invading the sides to about half-way between the humeral
suture and metastigma ; sides otherwise greenish; a complete narrow
black band on second lateral suture ; a similar band on dorsal half of
(obliterated) first lateral suture, joining the humeral black colour at
dorsal end. Metepimeron and metasterna slightly whitish pruinose.
Legs light reddish brown, black lines on lateral surface, broad on
femora, narrow on tibiae. Abdomen very slender; segments 1-7
bronzy black dorsally, light greenish yellow on sides; 8-10 greyish
blue (probably bright blue in living insect).

Appendages (Text-fig. 24) blackish. Im some specimens the ventral

Fig. 24.—Pseudagrion angolense, g. M’Fongosi. Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

medial margin of dorsal branch is seen to end proximally in a sharp,
upturned, medially protracted angle, those of both sides touching in
median line; in others this structure is concealed by the tenth segment
(as in the specimen figured). Wings slightly tinged with yellowish.
A* at Cug. Pterostigma rather long, not very oblique, reddish brown.

No females in the examined collections.

6, Abd. 33, hdw. 21:5 to 35:5, pt. 2-4 mm. (M’Fongosi).

The co-type from Angola is slightly more robust, comparatively
large (Abd. 35, hdw. 24 mm.). There can be no doubt about the
identity.

PSEUDAGRION PRAETEXTATUM (Sclys, 1876).
S. Afr. Mus.: 28 ¢, 20 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (ii, iu, iv, v, x, x1,
xii. 1911, W. E. Jones); 14 ¢, 12 9, Barberton, Transvaal (v . 1911,
Edwards); 1 ¢, Blue Cliff, Dunbrody (ii. 1912). Brit. Mus.: 1 ¢,

304 Annals of the South African Museum.

Salisbury, Mashonaland (iv . 1904, G. A. K. Marshall); 1 ¢, 2 9,
Mazoe, 4300 ft., Mashonaland (29 . xii. 1905, id.) ; 3 ¢, Kambove,
4-5000 ft., Katanga (14. 11,16. vi. 1907, 8. A. Neave); 1 ¢, N.W.
shore of L. Nyassa, from Florence Bay to Karonga, 1650 ft. (80 . vi,
6.vii.1910,id.); 1 ¢, Nyassaland, Valley of S. Rukuru Riv., 3000 ft.
(20-27 . vi. 1910, id.). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, Durban, Natal
(15. iv .1908, Miss Fountaine); 1 ¢,1 9, Macequece (7 . ix . 1908,
ead.). Mus. Hamburg: 1 g,3 9Q, Uropapa, near Grootfontein, 8.W.
Africa (1913, H. Thomsen); 2 ¢,2 9, Grootfontein (7-11 .vi. 1911,
W. Michaelsen). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 6 ¢, 5 9, Princetown,
Watal (ai 21908; n°. 1909, GF: Leigh).

This species is recorded, and also known to the writer, from other
regions of Kast Africa, not contiguous with our faunal district, north-
ward to Abyssinia; but it is not yet known from tropical West Africa.

g. Occiput and labium light ochreous yellow. Labrum shining
black. Ante- and postclypeus dark brown to almost black; genae
dull olivaceous. Frons and vertex black; frons whitish pruinose
anteriorly to base of antennae and anterior ocellus. Very small,
almost circular, dull greenish postocular spots. Prothorax black,

somewhat lighter at the sides, rather densely whitish pruinose,
~ Thoracie dorsum black, a narrow line on median suture and a broad
ante-humeral band pruinose blue; the latter about half the breadth
of each mesepisternum, touching laterally the humeral suture. Sides
rather densely pruinose, but the pattern still recognisable ; black
from humeral suture to half-way to metastigma, also a line in dorsal
end of first (obliterated) and a rather broad band on full length of
second lateral suture. Ventral surface ochreous with sutures lined
with black to almost black, whitish pruimose. Legs black, external
side of tarsi and claws reddish brown, femora pruinose.

Dorsum of abdomen black, pruinose blue, the pruinosity ending at
narrow black terminal rings of segments 3-7; sides dull reddish
brown. Appendages (Text-fig. 25) dull reddish brown, tips of superior
blackish. The most characteristic feature is the long inferior branch,
beginning with a rather sharp angle, and the absence of a sub-basal
median tooth. A* at Cug or very slightly proximal; pterostigma
dark brown to almost black, comparatively large, its costal distal
angle very acute.

2. Black and lght olivaceous, sometimes with a more yellowish
tinge, the black markings much reduced. Labrum only dark at base,
but this colour not deep black; anteclypeus olivaceous, postclypeus
obscure anteriorly ; frons olivaceous to base of antennae and anterior
ocellus.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 305

Postocular spots larger than in ¢, transversely oval, connected by
a line over the occipital margin. Prothorax black in the middle
with two median olivaceous spots, olivaceous in front and on the
sides. Posterior lobe black in the middle to base of styles, styles
olivaceous with blackish point. Thoracic dorsum as in male, but
light olivaceous instead of pruinose blue. Sides olivaceous, the black
band at humeral suture narrow, scarcely more than one-half as broad
as ante-humeral stripe; in dorsal end of first and second lateral
sutures only small blackish dots. Legs very light yellowish ; narrow,
partially interrupted black lines on lateral surface of femora.

Dorsum of abdomen bronze black, sides olivaceous, passing ventrally
into yellowish; very narrow basal olivaceous rings on segments 3-7;

Fig. 25.—Pseudagrion praetextatum, g. Barberton. Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

dorsal olivaceous spot on posterior half of 9 and 10 entirely. Appen-
dages blackish. Pterostigma in shape like male, but very light greyish
yellow.

6, Abd. 30, hdw. 20°5 to 32, pt.2°2 mm. 9,31, 22 to 32, pt. 2°38.

This species is undoubtedly de Sélys’ P. praetextatum, the types of
which (from Zanzibar) were compared with our South African series.
Considerable uncertainty exists about the older names Kersteni and
Deckeni, both given by Gerstacker to specimens from the region of
Mombasa. It is possible that one or both of these names (absolute
priority would belong tc the name Kersteni) apply to the species
here described; but since no certainty could be reached, it was
thought preferable to adopt the name for which the types could be
examined.

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

PsEUDAGRION SALISBURYENSE, N. Sp.

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 3, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii, ix . 1911, W. E. Jones) ;
Waterberg, S.W. Protectorate (4.1920, Tucker) ; 1 ¢, King Williams-
town Distr., St. Mathew’s (R. M. Lightfoot, 1894). Brit. Museum,
Mus. Stockholm and Coll. E. B. Williamson: 9 ¢, 12 9, Salisbury,
Mashonaland (i, ii, x. 1900; x, xi . 1903; iv, 1904; iv, 1905, G. A. K.
Marshall). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 5 ¢, 3 9, Princetown, Natal
(ai - 1908, 1.1 . 1909,G. F. Leigh).

¢. Occiput and labium greyish ochreous. Labrum, ante- and
postclypeus and genae dull olivaceous, rather obscure. Frons black
to the anterior margin, slightly bronze-green. Postocular spots small,
almost circular, dull olivaceous. Prothorax black, very narrowly

L

Fie. 26.—Pseudagrion salisburyense, g. King Williamstown. Appen-
dages, right side and dorsal view.

reddish-brown on sides, slightly bluish pruinose. Thoracic dorsum
wholly bronze black, very slightly bluish pruinose; the pruinosity a
little more dense in a stripe near the humeral suture (only in part of
specimens examined). Black colour invading the sides to half-way
between humeral suture and metastigma; broad black band on second
lateral suture, slightly incomplete ventrally; this band confluent
dorsally with the anterior black colour in part of specimens. Sides
and ventral surface otherwise very light reddish brown, with thin
whitish pruinosity. Legs black, external surface of tibiae and tarsi
ochreous, femora whitish pruinose. Dorsum of abdomen bronze black ;
segments 1 to middle of 2 bluish pruinose, 8-9 violet-blue (in pigment)
with the lateral border narrowly black. Appendages (Text-fig. 26)
superior dark brown, inferior reddish ochreous. A* at Cuq; ptero-
stigma varying from greyish ochreous to almost black according to

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 307

maturity ; pterostigma somewhat narrower than in praetextatum,
costal-distal angle very acute.

2. So similar to the female of praetextatum that it is scarcely to
be distinguished otherwise than by its smaller size. The relation of
both females to the respective males is made certain by pairs taken in
copuld.

6, Abd. 26°5, hdw. 19mm. 9, 27°5, 21.

PsEUDAGRION NATALENSE, Nl. Sp.

S. Afr. Mus.: 8 ¢,5 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii, iv, v, 1x, x,
xi. 1911, W. E. Jones). British Museum: 1 ¢,1 9, Willow Grange,
Mooi River, Natal (20, 21.1.1913, R. C. Wroughton). Coll. K. J.
Morton: 1 ¢, Stutterheim, Cape Colony (13. 1.1908, Miss Fountaine).

¢. Occiput and labium dull ochreous. Labrum olivaceous brown,
a black point at base. Anteclypeus very dark olivaceous, postclypeus
blackish, genae light olivaceous brown. Frons and vertex black; a
band of dense whitish pruinosity between base of antennae and anterior
ocellus posteriorly and the base of postclypeus anteriorly. Postocular
spots ‘comparatively large, transversely oval, dull greenish. Prothorax
black, sides rather narrowly reddish ochreous, slightly whitish pruinose.
Thoracic dorsum bronze black, shghtly whitish pruinose; very narrow,
greenish ante-humeral lines, complete or interrupted, nearer to humeral
than to median suture. Dark colour invading the sides to not fully
half-way between humeral suture and metastigma ; narrow black lines
on dorsal half of (obliterated) first, on full length of second lateral
suture; sides and ventral surface otherwise light ochreous. Legs
black, external side of tibiae and tarsi ochreous, femora pruinose.
Dorsum of abdomen bronzy black with rather dense, greyish-blue
pruinosity, gradually diminishing to the terminal segments ; sides and
ventral side light reddish ochreous. Appendages (Text-fig. 27) reddish
ochreous, dorsal branch of superior blackish. A* at Cuq or very
slightly proximal; pterostigma very narrow, proximal-anal and distal
costal angle almost equally acute, very light reddish-brown to almost
pure red.

2. Similar to praetextatum, but easily distinguished by its larger
size and peculiar narrow shape and the reddish colour of the ptero-
stigma. Labrum, ante- and postclypeus, genae, frons to anterior
ocellus orange-brown. Postocular spots larger than in male, dull
greenish, connected by a narrow line over the occipital margin. Pro-
thorax with a longitudinal median band and two lateral spots
olivaceous ; posterior lobe rather prominent, almost semicircular ;

308 Annals of the South African Museum.

styles narrow, half as long as prothorax, olivaceous, black at tips.
Light colours of thorax olivaceous brown to dark bluish green ; rather
broad band on median suture, very broad ante-humeral stripe ; black
band at humeral suture, but half as broad as ante-humeral stripe;
very minute black dots in dorsal end of first (obliterated) and second
lateral suture. Legs light olivaceous; narrow black lines on lateral
surface of femora. Dorsum of abdomen bronzy black, segments 8-10
dull bluish olivaceous, almost complete lateral bands on 8 and lateral
anterior spots on 9 black. In very adult specimens interalar space
and dorsum of segments 1-3 bluish pruinose. Pterostigma as im
male, more reddish brown than pure red.

a ore

Fig. 27.—Pseudagrion natalense, g. M’Fongosi. Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

36, Abd. 33, hdw. 24mm. 9, 35, 26°5.

This comparatively large species is in stature and system of
coloration very similar to a species from tropical East Africa, which
I believe I identify correctly as P. Gerstickeri, Karsch ; but natalense
differs from that species by the peculiar shape of the dorsal branch of
the superior appendages.

PSEUDAGRION ACACIAE (Forster, 1906).

S. Afr. Mus.: 7 ¢,6 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii, iv, xi, xii. 1911,
W. E. Jones). Brit. Mus.: 1 9, Nyassaland, lower Shire Valley, near
Chikawa, 600 ft. (12-16 .iv.1910,8. A. Neave); 1 ¢, N.E. Rhodesia,
Niamazi River, near Nawalia, 2000 ft. (17-22 . vii. 1910, id.); 1 3,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 309

N.E. Rhodesia, mid. Luangwa Valley, 13-1800 ft. (23-81 . viii .
1910, id.). .

g. Occiput whitish, a small dark spot at the foramen. Labium
light ochreous, labrum, ante- and postclypeus, genae, frons to level of
posterior ocelli brick red; towards the occipital margin greenish or
bluish shades become gradually mixed to this colour. Very scanty
black markings; a point in front of anterior ocellus, short and narrow
dots at side of same; in level of posterior ocelli fragments of a
narrow transverse band ; a few points on occipital margin; a kind of
very large postocular spots are indistinctly limited by these markings.
Antennae red, terminal joints obscure.

Prothorax light yellowish red, laterally shading to whitish ; narrow
black lines in the transverse sutures. Thoracic dorsum yellowish red,

Fig. 28.—Pseudagrion acaciae, §. M’Fongosi. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

sides very light greenish, shading gradually to whitish and slightly
pruinose ventrally and posteriorly ; marked with blackish ; complete
narrow line on median suture; complete slightly broader line at
humeral suture, broader in ventral half and behind the suture than
across the suture and very narrow at dorsal end ; small dots in dorsal
end of first and second lateral sutures. Legs black, external surface
of tibiae and tarsi light reddish ochreous ; femora pruinose. Abdomen
comparatively short. Segments 1—7 dull greenish blue, with bronze-
black marks ; small dorsal spot on segment 1 ; U-shaped mark and, not
connected thereto, narrow terminal ring on 2; 3-7 narrow, but
successively broader mid-dorsal line, not fully reaching anterior end
and slightly enlarged immediately before posterior end of each
segment. Segments 8-10 marked black dorsally—8 less, 9 more than
posterior half, 10 full length. Appendages (Text-fig. 28) reddish
brown. A* slightly proximal to Cug, not fully the length of Cuq;
20

310 Annals of the South African Museum.

pterostigma oblong, angles moderately acute; light reddish brown to
full red.

2. Dorsal surface of head light ochreous, turning posteriorly to
duller, olivaceous shades; black markings similar to male, but still
more reduced. Posterior lobe of prothorax rather broad, erect ; styles
comparatively short and broad, not quite bent down to the dorsal
surface. Thorax light ochreous, turning to still lighter shades later-
ally and ventrally; black markings as in male, but considerably
narrower throughout. Legs light reddish ochreous ; femora narrowly
and incompletely edged with black on lateral surface. Abdomen com-
paratively robust, dull ochreous; black markings much reduced.
Segments 2-6 with a very narrow, partially interrupted mid-dorsal
line and a small round spot near posterior end; 7 complete mid-
dorsal band, broader, enlarged near the posterior end; 8 dorsal spot
at base, finally united to a narrow terminal ring ; 9 complete dorsal
band; on the tenth two basal dots. Pterostigma light greyish
ochreous.

&, Abd. 30,hdw.19 mm. 9, 28, 21.

We have examined examples of this species from regions as far
remote as Abyssinia and Egypt and found those specimens to agree
perfectly with the South African series.

P. acaciae and the two species following appear closely allied,
though almost certainly distinct. They have in common the red
colour dominant on head and at least partially on thorax, and in the
male the comparatively short superior appendages of very simple
structure.

PsSEUDAGRION MASSAICUM (Sjoéstedt, 1909).

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 6,19, M’Fongosi, Zululand (v, x . 1911, W. E.
Jones). Mus. Brussels, de Sélys’ Coll.: 1 ¢, Port Natal (very old
specimen). Mus. Stockholm: 1 9, Caffraria (J. Wahlberg); 1 g,
Kibonoto, Kilimandjaro (Sjéstedt).

g. Occiput reddish ochreous in lateral and ventral, black in
medial and dorsal half (black reduced to a spot at foramen in
specimens from M’Fongosi). Labium reddish ochreous. Dorsal
surface of head brick red, marked black (the red colour slightly
darker than in P. acaciae); small dots at base of labrum and
postelypeus; narrow transverse line in front of anterior ocellus;
complete, comparatively broad transverse band across posterior ocelli,
this band continued to a complete, rather broad outline of the large
postocular spots ; these spots united by a line at the occipital margin.
Prothorax black, sides and three small dorsal spots reddish. Thorax

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 311

dark red, or olivaceous red dorsally, shading into yellowish red or dull
greenish at the sides, marked black; rather broad line on median
suture extended ventrally to join the humeral black stripe ; a rather
broad stripe on humeral suture shortly enlarged medially on dorsal
third, enlarged ventrally to mesepimeron and mesinfraepisternum ;
lines in dorsal half of first, dorsal third of second lateral suture.
Sides posteriorly and ventral side whitish pruimose. Legs black,
pruinose, external surface of tibiae and tarsi ochreous. Abdomen
comparatively short and robust; dorsum bronzy black, sides
olivaceous ; olivaceous colour broad to apical sixth of segments 3-7
and forming very narrowly interrupted basal rings; black colour of
dorsum widened at apical sixth almost to ventral margin; large
U-shaped black spot on dorsum of segment 2, joined to apical black

Fia. 29.—Pseudagrion massaicum, g. Port Natal. (Coll. Selys.)
Appendages, right side and dorsal view.

ring and sometimes both branches touching anteriorly to include an
isolated spot of reddish olivaceous or bluish colour; segments 8-10
dull blue (bright blue in life ?).. Appendages (Text-fig. 29): The some-
what peculiar shape of inferior appendages is the same in all specimens
examined. A* proximal to Cug by about the length of Cug.
Pterostigma oblong, angles comparatively acute, reddish brown.

2. Dorsal surface of head dull reddish ochreous, shading to
olivaceous posteriorly. Black markings much reduced; transverse
band at posterior ocelli complete, but narrower than in male ; post-
ocular spots outlined with black at the posterior margin only; black
spot at occipital foramen present. Prothorax ochreous, narrowly
lined with black in the sutures; posterior lobe comparatively broad,
erect ; styles obliterated to a merest trace, the lobe being only slightly
thickened at the two points where they would have their base. Thorax

312 Annals of the South African Museum.

light olivaceous, shading to whitish on metepimeron and ventral
surface ; black markings as in male, but reduced in size.

Legs very light ochreous, femora lined with black laterally, pruinose.
Abdomen olivaceous, dorsally bronze black, the black bands being
considerably narrower than in the male; on segment 2 a very narrow
lanceolate black spot; dorsum of segments 8-9 black, 10 olivaceous.
A* proximal to Cuq by a little more than the length of Cuq;
pterostigma ochreous.

6, Abd. 27, hdw. 19:5 (Sélys), to 31, 21'5 mm., M’Fongosi, Zululand.
@, 380°5, 22.

This form has been described by Sjéstedt as a subspecies of
P. punctum, Ramb. (from Mauritius). We have compared one of
Sjéstedt’s type-specimens and also the mutilated type of punctwm.
De Sclys had doubtfully regarded his specimen from Natal as belonging
to punctum. What remains of the type punctum appears different,
and at the present state of our knowledge it seems safest to consider
massaicum as a distinct species.

PsEUDAGRION SsOstepT1 (Forster, 1906).

Brit. Mus.: 1 ¢, Lualaba River, 2500-4000 ft. (7 .v .1907, S. A.
Neave) ; 1 ¢, Edjai, Ashantee, Gold Coast (81.1.1913, Dr. J. J.
Simpson). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 4 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland
(i. 1905,-G. A. K. Marshall). Mus. Tervueren: 1 ¢, Katwamba
(10. xi. 1911, Dr. Bequaert).

dg. Occiput dull greyish ochreous. Labium whitish. Head
anteriorly brick-red, and so are the labrum, anteclypeus, postclypeus,
genae, frons to somewhat beyond the anterior ocellus, base of antennae
and anterior two-thirds of eyes. Posterior part of frons and vertex
blackish, a moderately broad border of large, round, reddish or
ochreous postocular spots ; a yellowish line across the occipital margin.
Prothorax black, whitish pruinose, marked red, the sides rather broad ;
large round dorsolateral spots and a medial line, the posterior lobe
erect, narrow, faintly tripartite. Thoracic dorsum red (more dull than
frons, but perhaps the shade is the same in the living insect) ; narrow
(Lualaba) or slightly broader (Gold Coast) black line on median
suture ; black band on humeral suture at dorsal end slightly enlarged
medially (Lualaba), or medially and laterally (Gold Coast), very narrow
(Lualaba) or but slightly narrower than ante-humeral red stripe (Gold
Coast). Sides dull olivaceous, whitish pruinose ; metepisternum and
a narrow ventral border on metepisternum dull brown (in both
specimens, though possibly caused by post-mortem decomposition).

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 313

Ventral surface dull reddish ochreous, whitish pruinose. Legs black,
external side of tibiae and tarsi broadly and conspicuously yellowish.
Abdomen very slender, dorsum bronzy black, bluish pruinose on seg-
ment 1, basal half of 2, basal two-thirds of 8 and basal half of 9;
narrow, dorsally interrupted terminal rings on segments 1 to 5 reddish
ochreous ; ventral] surface reddish ochreous. Appendages (Text-fig. 30)
obscure. A* proximal to Cuq in hind wing. Wings slightly tinged
with yellowish grey ; pterostigma reddish, costal-distal angle acute.
2. Dorsal surface of head olivaceous ; black border of postocular
spots reduced to narrow and slightly incomplete anterior and posterior
lmes. Prothorax oblivaceous, the impressed lines rather narrowly
black ; posterior lobe erect, produced in the middle in a nearly semi-
circular projection; styles comparatively long, about one-third the

)

Fie. 30.— Pseudagrion Sjéstedti, g. Lualaba River. Appendages,
right side and dorsal view.

length of prothorax, depressed, narrow, slightly divergent. Thoracic
dorsum olivaceous with the merest trace of a reddish shade; narrow
black lines on median and humeral sutures, the latter slightly irregular
and shortly interrupted near the fourth. Sides and ventral surface
dull ochreous; black dots in dorsal end of first and second lateral
sutures.

Legs ochreous, lateral surface of femora and internal surface of
tibiae edged with black. Abdomen long and slender; ochreous or
olivaceous, a black dorsal band of rather broad lanceolate stripes
interrupted at anterior ends of segments 3 to 7; terminal dilatations
of black on same segments to almost ventral margin; 8 black on
dorsum, 9 with a broad basal triangular black spot, 10 olivaceous.
Wings as in male, pterostigma greyish ochreous.

gd, Abd. 35, hdw. 225 mm. (Lualaba). 2, 32, 21 (Gold Coast).

314 Annals of the South African Museum.

The males agree well with Forster’s description of that sex; the
association of Mr. Marshall’s females with them is not quite certain,
but it may claim a good deal of probability. The colour system, stature
and condition of A* and Cug is very much the same; the difference
between these females and the same sex of acaciae and massaicwm lies
in the size and especially in the well-developed prothoracic styles.
They are to some degree similar to praetertatum and salisburyense,
though distinct by the reduction of black lines on the thoracic dorsum,
which reduction goes beyond what may reasonably be expected even
in extreme specimens of those darker species.

CERIAGRION (Sélys, 1876).

This genus embraces a small number of species inhabiting the
tropical part of the Old World. They are common and widely dis-
tributed in low levels and coast districts, and consequently have
been described comparatively early (glabrum, coromandelianam, eru-
bescens, cerinorubellum). Recently additional species have been found
in tropical Asia and especially Africa, which there is evidence to
suppose is the centre of the genus. One species is found within our
faunal limits in almost universal distribution; a second one, from
Katanga, may be advantageously described here, as its occurrence in
Rhodesia is probable.

1. Wings of adult male decidedly yellow, of female variable from hyaline to
greyish yellow. Abdomen of male bright orange, of female dull greyish
ochreous. Caudal end of tenth segment in male with a regularly arched
excision; the lateral edges of this excision projecting as blackish,
denticulate tubercles. The superior appendages distinctly shorter than
the inferior . : F ; : : : ‘ : . CC. glabrum.

2. Wings of adult male very light yellowish grey, of female almost hyaline.
Abdomen of male pinkish ochreous dorsally, turning to whitish ochreous
at the sides. Caudal end of tenth segment in male with a similar
excision, but the lateral tubercles absent. Superior appendages as long,

or very slightly longer than the inferior. Abdomen comparatively
longer and narrower than in glabrun . : : : : . C. suave.

CERIAGRION GLABRUM (Burmeister, 1859).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 @, Blue Cliff, Dunbrody (ii. 1912); 1 9, Barberton,
Transvaal; 6 ¢, 5 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii, iv, v . 1911, Jones) ;
9g, 9 9, Lorenco Marques (24, 25 . ix, 22. x, 1,5 / xi: 1911); 1998
Bulawayo (21 .iii.1912). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 9 ¢, Natal (G. F.
Leigh); 5 ¢,1 9, Princetown, Natal (8, 18 . xii. 1908 : 18, 22.11. 1909,
id.); 2 3,1 Q, woodside off Umbila Road, Congella, near Durban,
Natal (20.x.1904, 29. iii. 1905, zd.) ; 1 ¢, Hilton Road, 3500 ft.,

SS

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South A Frica. Balls:

Natal (21 . xii. 1909, id.) ;2 3,2 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 ft.
(10.1.1900, G. A. K. Marshall). Mus. Stockholm: 2 2, Cap. Bon.
Spei (Victoria) ; 1 ¢, Caffraria (Wahlberg); 1 ¢, 1 9, Natal (Tra-
gardh) ; 1 ¢, Mashonaland (Marshall). Mus. Hamburg: 2 2, Lorenco
Marques (17 . ix . 1911, Michaelsen) ; 3 3, Beira (22 . ix . 1911, id.);
1 ¢, Grootfontein, South-West Africa (7-11. vi. 1911, id.). Coll. Ris:
3 Q,Rikatla, near Lorenco Marques (i.1914, Junod). Coll. K. J.
Morton: 1 3, Macequece (19 . ix. 1908, Miss Fountaine).

This common species is known from all parts of the African
continent south of the desert belt, also from the Seychelles and
Madagascar.

Fig. 31.—Ceriagrion glabrum, g. Lorenco Marques. Appendages,
right side and dorsal view.

d- Occiput whitish ochreous; labium light yellow. Labrum,
anteclypeus, postclypeus and vertical part of frons bright ochreous
yellow; genae lemon-yellow. Vertex and dorsal surface of frons
ferruginous, gradually turning to yellowish anteriorly. Thoracic
dorsum ferruginous, sides yellow, turning gradually to whitish on
ventral surface; a mere trace of blackish dots in the dorsal end of
humeral and second lateral sutures. Legs yellow with black spines.
Abdomen bright orange red, turning to yellowish ventrally. Tenth
segment and appendages (see Text-fig. 31). Wings conspicuously
yellow; pterostigma very light yellowish grey.

Immature specimens do not show the yellow tinge of wings; and
the bright orange, ferruginous and yellow colours of the adult stage
are gradually developed from dull ochreous shades.

316 Annals of the South African Museum.

2. Oceiput and labium whitish. Labrum, anteclypeus, genae and
vertical part of frons whitish. Postclypeus, frons superiorly and
vertex dull ferruginous brown. Thoracic dorsum olivaceous, turning
to whitish on the sides and ventral surface. Legs whitish ochreous
with black spines. Abdomen olivaceous, turning to whitish ochreous
ventrally. Colour of wing membrane less intense than in male and
of a greyish rather than pure yellowish shade.

Size variable, independently of origin. ¢@, Abd. 29, hdw. 19 to 38,
pt.2°2 mm. 9, 30, 20°5 to 35, 2:3.

CERIAGRION SUAVE, Nl. Sp.

Mus. Tervueren: 4 ¢, Kapiri, Katanga (x . 1912, Legros).
6 (adult). Occiput and labium whitish. Labrum light yellow,
genae and vertical face of frons greenish white ; anteclypeus, post-

Fic. 82.—Ceriagrion suave, §. Kapiri. Appendages, right side and
dorsal view.

clypeus, frons and vertex superiorly light ferruginous. Thoracic dorsum
ochreous brown, turning gradually to very pale ochreous on the sides,
to whitish on ventral surface. Legs whitish ochreous with black
spines. Abdomen very long and slender; dorsum pale ochreous with
a pinkish shade, turning to very pale ochreous on the sides. Tenth
segment and appendages (see Text-fig. 52). Wings very slightly
tinged with greyish, pterostigma very pale ochreous with a pinkish
shade.

Abd. 36, hdw. 22°5 mm.

Besides the marked structural differences in the tenth segment and
appendages, this species differs from C. glabrwm by its much more
slender build, head, thorax and abdomen being conspicuously narrower,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 317

the latter also relatively longer. The colours are rather conspicuously
different from fully coloured, much less so from immature g/abrum.
The female remains unknown. We must expect to find it difficult of
identification from the female of glabrum.

ENALLAGMA (Sélys, 1876).

This genus is chiefly North American; it is represented in Europe
by a single species, in Africa by a group of closely allied forms which
are very imperfectly known.

No sufficient reason can be found for separating this African group
generically from the main body of the genus, although geographical
reasons might suggest such a separation. Two species not yet known
from within the limits of the present fauna are described here, as it
was found desirable to take notice of all the species known to the
writer from continental Africa.

Table of Males.

1. Dorsum of tenth segment somewhat abruptly elevated in the middle, the
projection divided by a narrow excision in two small rounded lobes.
Superior appendages directed caudad, with no medial ventral projection,
somewhat furcate in side view; conspicuously longer than the inferior.

2.
Dorsum of tenth segment gradually (if at all) elevated in the middle with
a narrow triangular or broadly arched excision, not distinctly bilobed.
Superior appendages, see under 3and4_ ‘ ‘ : 5 GE

2. Two elevated, almost circular lobes at the ventral end of raeaia thoracic
suture. Pterostigma conspicuously longer than broad; wings narrower
than in following species. : : E. subfurcatum.
No elevated lobes at the edian fnnraae suture. Pterostigma very
little longer than broad, wings comparatively broader than in sub-
furcatum (and other species here described) : . EE. rotundipenne.

3. Cuq nearer the level of first than of second Ang. Superior appendages
shorter than tenth segment, directed caudad and very slightly ventral,
obtuse ; tenth segment very broadly and shallowly excised. Dorsum
of thorax and abdomen chiefly black . : ; : E. nigridorsum
Cuq at equal distance from first and second Ang or nearer second . 4,

4, Superior appendages directed caudad, roughly triangular in dorsal view,
their medial border projecting ventrad nearly as long as tenth segment.

md

5.

Superior appendages bent strongly ventrad, at least in their basal half;

no distinct medial ventral dilatation . . C 3 8:

5. Pale colours light ochreous, bluish only on ter eine Seca Pterostigma
and appendages very light yellowish E. subtile.

Pale colours blue. Pterostigma greyish Batecons to black. Appendages

blue and black to almost black . : c : - . : Or

318 Annals of the South African Museum.

6. Very slender and elongate form (abd. 26, hdw. 19°5 mm.). No blue line on
median thoracic suture. Pale colours very pure sky blue, yellowish on
sides of segments 3-6.
A* proximal to Cug by the length of Cuq or less 2 . E. elongatum.
Form less elongate (abd. 20, hdw. 135 to 24°5, pt. 1:7). A blue line on
median thoracic suture. Blue colour witha slight greenish shade. A*
proximal to Cug by more than the length of Cuq ; . : » 4B

7. Postocular spots comparatively small, united by a narrow blue line on ocei-
pital border, bordered with black posteriorly. Superior appendages
chiefly black 3 ; : : . E. glawewm.
Postocular spots very gene not ee ae aren black posteriorly, thus
confluent to bluish colour of occiput. Superior appendages chiefly blue.
Black colour on thorax and abdomen much reduced compared to
EH. glaucum . ; ; ; 5 é - < . LB. schultzer.

8. Superior appendages broken on side view, the basal part spinulose, directed
ventrad, the apical part directed caudad, obtuse. Dorsal spine of inferior
appendages comparatively long and slender. Smaller than following
species . c ‘ : s : . #. fractum.
Superior appendages pent Fenttad for aha entire length, almost straight
on side view, distinctly sinuate in dorsal view. Dorsal spine of inferior
appendages short.
Larger than preceding species. : : : : . E. sinuatum.

Table of Females.

(No females of Schultzei are known.)

1. Black lines on legs, at least on first femora and tibiae. <A black line on
humeral suture (both comparatively narrower than in corresponding
males) . : 6 : : 5 : ; . é : 5
No black lines on legs, a very narrow one or none at ail on humeral
suture . : : é st ROs

2. Cuq nearer to first fan cecond Mie: Cn or omer Bre! renal line very
little broader than in corresponding male, narrower than humeral black
stripe. Hind lobe of prothorax very narrow, almost straight, very
slightly convex in the middle. : c : : E. nigridorsum.
Cuq at equal distance from first and second dAnq, or nearer second. Green
or bluish ante-humeral line broader than in corresponding male by the
reduction of humeral black stripe . ‘ ? : : : 2 18s

3. Posterior lobe of prothorax regularly convex or projecting in a very low
triangle 5 é . : c c F Be Xe
Posterior lobe of srabhoran Panel in thie middle in a ‘trapeze pro-
jection, which is regularly and shallowly concave at the posterior free
margin. Wings eee eh broad; pterostigma very little longer
than broad . : : : : ; : . EE. rotundipenne.

4. Posterior lobe of prothorax very narrow, its median third projecting as a
very low and obtuse triangle. Slightly larger and more robust than the
following species : : : : 2 : E. subfurcatum.
Posterior lobe of prothorax broader, replay convex, sometimes with
an indication of a median tubercle. ; é ‘ . E. glaucum.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 319

5. Thoracic dorsum each side with a blackish band along the median ochreous
line; each black band about as broad as the ochreous ante-humeral
stripe of the mesepisternum. Pterostigma greyish ochreous . eh
Dark bands of thoracic dorsum golden brown, only centrally darkened
to a narrow blackish line. Pterostigma pale yellow. Posterior lobe of
prothorax comparatively broad, a ee convex, slightly depressed in
the middle. : : : : : : E. subtile.

6. Smaller species. 1 abd. 26, hdw. 19 mm. Hind iets of prothorax compara-
tively broad, regularly convex, slightly depressed ventrad in the middle.

E. fractum.

Larger species. Abd. 28°5, hdw. 20 to 30, pt. 2:1 mm. - BA ile

. Hind lobe of prothorax moderately broad, almost Perales convex at free

margin, very shightly depressed in middle. Dorsal black band of abdomen
very narrow, light colour of sides largely visible in a dorsal view.

E. sinuatum.

Hind lobe of prothorax narrow at the sides, broader in medial third,

where it is depressed and dorsally concave. Dorsal black band of
abdomen broad, light colour of sides not visible in a dorsal view.

E, elongatum.

ENALLAGMA SUBFURCATUM (Sélys, 1876).

Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 ¢, Salisbury, Mashonaland (iv . 1905,
G. A. K. Marshall). Coll. Ris: 1 ¢,1 ¢, Eritrea (Kristensen) ; 3 ¢,
8 9, Harrar, Abyssinia (id).

6. Occiput light blue, rather broadly bordered with black at the
foramen. Labium whitish. Dorsal surface of head light blue,
marked with black ; narrow line at base of labrum ; postclypeus entirely
black; vertex from the base of antennae backward, interrupted by
cuneiform postocular spots and a narrow line on the occipital margin,
which are blue. Prothorax black, marked with blue; narrow line
on anterior margin interrupted in the middle, lateral borders and
small dorsolateral triangular spots. Posterior lobe black, narrow,
erect, in a low arc, from the vertex of which a small bluish point
projects horizontally backward. Thoracic dorsum black; complete,
straight, blue ante-humeral lines, distant slightly more than their own
breadth from humeral suture. Humeral black colour extending
laterally to about half-way between humeral suture and the stigma,
somewhat irregular in posterior outline ; projecting posteriorly at the
ventral end, a narrow blue stripe cutting into the dorsal end obliquely
towards the humeral suture. Sides otherwise blue; a black dot in
dorsal end of second lateral suture. Ventral side blue. Legs greyish
blue ; external side of femora and tibiae broadly black ; tarsi ochreous,
obscure at the joints.

‘Abdomen moderately stout ; segments 1 to middle of 3 and 8 to
10 blue, middle of 3 to 7 dull yellowish or light olivaceous, marked

320 Annals of the South African Museum.

with black. Segment 1 transversely oblong basal spot over one half
of the length; 2 complete dorsal longitudinal band, dilated at
anterior end and still more near posterior end, this dilatation
immediately followed by a contraction and then by a narrow complete
posterior ring; 3—7 broad dorsal longitudinal band, not fully inter-
rupted by very narrow, dorsally incomplete basal rings, very slightly
enlarged near the posterior end of 3-6 (the band as a whole being too
broad to make these usual dilatations conspicuous); 8-9 entirely blue,
exceptionally a terminal dorsal black dot on 9; 10 broadly black on
dorsum. Appendages (Text-fig. 33) black, tips of superior yellowish.

Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with greyish in adults. Pterostigma
black, very narrowly bordered with whitish.

\

Fic. 33.—Enallagma subfurcatum, g. Harrar. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

2. Light ochreous, to olivaceous and greenish blue according to
maturity. Dark colour at occipital foramen lighter and more diffuse.
Postocular spots larger, lined posteriorly only by a narrow line of
blackish or altogether fused to light colour of occiput; line on
occipital border rather broad. Ante-humeral stripes considerably
broader, their lateral margin approaching very closely the humeral
suture. Humeral black limited to a narrow line at the suture; black
dots in dorsal end of first and second lateral sutures. Black lines on
legs much narrower, interrupted at third femora and tibiae. Abdomen
much stouter than in male, dorsal black band comparatively narrower,
otherwise much the same. Strong vulvar spine, vulva to end of
abdomen. Pterostigma larger than in male, rather light greyish

ochreous.
dg, Abd. 24°5, hdw. 17 to 25, pt. 1°38 mm. F, 24, 19.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 321

The position of M, and M,, relatively to post-nodal cross-veins
shows considerable variability, the extremes of the series being
5+2.5+42 6+3 .643 neilgeiels oe
£409.443 and 243° 543° the most regular position apparently
543.543
Hee AS.

being

ENALLAGMA ROTUNDIPENNE, 0. sp.

Mus. Stockholm: 1 ¢, Caffraria (Wahlberg). 8S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9
not dated, but most probably from M’Fongosi, Zululand.

These two specimens belong most probably to the same species—a
form not otherwise represented in the material examined. They are
similar in stature and in colour scheme to HF. nigridorsum, but the
appendages are rather widely different, and both sexes are distinct by
their wings broadly rounded apically, the pterostigma being dilated
accordingly in the antero-posterior dimension. Cug half-way between
first and second Anq or slightly more distally. A* proximal to Cug by
almost twice the length of Cug. Arculus very slightly distal to second

9 ‘
Ang; M, and My, iagaggitee gta a3 im /2

6. Occiput light blue, black spots at the foramen. Labium
whitish. Dorsal surface of head, a rather broad line at base of
labrum, postclypeus entirely, frons and vertex to half-way between
anterior ocellus and postelypeus light blue marked with black; blue
postocular spots narrow, cuneiform, no blue line on occipital border.

(Prothorax damaged.) Thoracic dorsum black; complete, narrow,
blue ante-humeral lines, less than one-half the breadth of median
black of corresponding side. Humeral black posteriorly to first
lateral suture in dorsal third slightly less ventrally; black dot in
dorsal end of second lateral suture. Sides otherwise blue, ventral
side whitish. Legs very light greenish; femora broadly, tibiae
narrowly lined with black externally.

Abdomen segments 1 to middle of 3,8 to 10 blue, middle of 3 to
7 yellowish, marked with black; very broad dorsal band (almost as
in nigridorsum), very narrow, dorsally interrupted light basal rings
on 3 to 6; 8entirely blue; 9 terminal transverse black spots; dorsum
of 10 broadly black. Appendages (Text-fig. 34).

Pterostigma grey, rather broadly bordered with blackish, slightly
larger and darker in front than in hind wing.

2. Sides of prothorax greenish blue, dorsum black with two large
dorsal posterior bluish spots and the anterior margin broadly blue.
Posterior lobe erect to an angle of about 60°, narrow, trapezoid, the

322 Annals of the South African Musewm.

free margin regularly and shallowly concave, the centre of the excava-
tion thickened into an antero-posterior direction by a kind of bridge
towards the margin of the median lobe, the thickening projecting as
a small blunt point horizontally backward; this small bridge and
projection ochreous, the margin otherwise black.

Colour of head, thorax, base and end of abdomen light greenish
blue (instead of pure blue in male). Postocular spots larger, bordered
only by a narrow black line posteriorly and united by a narrow line
over the occipital border. Very narrow greenish line over median
thoracic suture; ante-humeral lines broader, about as broad as
humeral black colour, which projects very little posteriorly beyond the
suture. Small black dots in dorsal end of first and second lateral
sutures. Black lines of legs much narrower, interrupted on third

Fig. 34.—Enallagma rotundipenne, g. Caffraria. Appendages, right
side and dorsal view.

femora and tibiae. Abdomen segments 1-7 as in male, but the dorsal
black band comparatively narrower on the stouter abdomen ; segment
8 blue in anterior half, black in posterior half and a very narrow
transverse line on anterior margin ; broad and complete dorsal black
band on 9-10. Pterostigma very heght, greyish ochreous, broadly
lined with whitish.

6, Abd. 19:5, hdw. 135mm. 2, 19:5, 14, pt. 3:5.

ENALLAGMA NIGRIDORSUM (Sélys, 1876).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Lorenzo Marques (24. ix. 1911). Coll. Ris:
3 6,3 9, Delagoa Bay (1892, H. Junod); 1 ¢, Lorenco Marques
(25% ace ORL):

$. Occiput light bluish grey. Labium whitish. Dorsal surface
of head greenish blue, marked with black, also postelypeus from base

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 323

of antennae backward ; very narrow cuneiform blue postocular spots
united by a narrow blue line on occipital margin. Prothorax black,
sides narrowly blue, posterior lobe very narrowly bordered with blue.

Thoracic dorsum black; rather broad, blue ante-humeral stripes,
nearer the humeral than the median suture, about as broad as the
median black band of same side. Humeral black extending laterally
to he divided about equally by the humeral suture. Sides otherwise
light blue ; a small black dot in dorsal end of second lateral suture.
Ventral side whitish. Legs greyish blue; external side of femora
broadly, of tibiae narrowly black.

Abdomen almost pure light blue, with a very shght greenish shade,
marked with black; quadrangular spot over the entire length of
segment 1; segment 2 with a complete broad dorsal band, slightly

Fie. 35.—Enallagma nigridorsum, $. Lorengo Marques. Appendages,
right side and dorsal view.

contracted towards the middle, contracted at the end, where it joins a
narrow terminal black ring; 3-6 broad dorsal band very narrowly
interrupted at base and enlarged at end of each segment; 7 black
except narrow lateral stripes and a very narrow basal ring; 8 blue, a
black spot on anterior half of dorsum; 9 entirely blue; 10 blue with
dorsal black band. Appendages (Text-fig. 35) superior black, inferior
black in lateral, ochreous in median half.

Pterostigma greyish, finely marginated with whitish. M, and Mya
ete aah Abd. 21, hdw. 14 mm.
443.443

2. The females are not in sufficiently good condition for
description.

From Madagascar there are in the writer’s collection 3 ¢,2 9, given
him years ago by M. R. Martin. These specimens differ somewhat

324 Annals of the South African Museum.

from the continental type, and might eventually be described as
a distinct subspecies or even species.

¢. Different from the above-described specimen by—(1) ante-
humeral blue stripes very narrow, invaded by the median black stripe,
distant about their own breadth from humeral suture; (2) black
dorsal band on segment 8 for about two-thirds the length, black
dorsal spot on anterior half of segment 9, dorsal black band of
segment 10 broader; (3) appendages slightly different, the medial
prominence of superior being more distinct and a latero-ventral pro-

ee:
jection visible in side view (Text-fig. 36). M, and Mya tee
54+3.5+2 543.543
443.443, 444.443"

Fie, 36.—Enallagma nigridorsum, forma b, g. Madagascar. Appen-
dages, right side and dorsal view.

?. Head and thorax as in male; hght colour of head dull
ochreous; postocular spots bluish green; ante-humeral stripes
ochreous ; sides of thorax whitish. Abdomen as in male, but instead
blue olivaceous on segments 1—2, ochreous 3-7, bluish green 8-10 ;
dorsum of 8 wholly black; 9 black except a narrow terminal ring ;
10 with narrow dorsal transverse black line. Strong vulvar spine.

9 9
Pterostigma very light greenish ochreous. M, and Mia eats

in both specimens. Abd. 20, hdw. 14 mm.

ENALLAGMA ELONGATUM (Rh. Martin, 1906).

S. Afr. Mus. : 4 3, Eldoret, Brit. Hast Africa (viii . 1918, W. E. Fry).
Mus. Stockholm: 1 9, Kilimandjaro (29. iii. 1906, Y. Sjéstedt).
From Sjéstedt’s description it seems most probable that these

bid

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 325

specimens belong to what this author and originally R. Martin
described as Ischnura elongata. This supposition is made, although
Prof. Sjostedt sent the female under another name. This female is
here associated with the males chiefly according to its elongate stature
and also as coming from the same geographical region (outside our
faunal district !). ‘The species is evidently not an Ischnura, but clearly
an Hnallagma of the African group.

6. Occiput light greyish blue. Labium whitish. Labrum blue,
very narrowly obscure at base ; anteclypeus blue; postclypeus black ;
frons and vertex blue to base of antennae, black posteriorly ; rather
large cuneiform postocular spots and a narrow line on occipital margin
blue. First joint of antennae blue, the rest black. Prothorax black,
marked blue; the sides broadly so, lateral cuneiform, and a small
median posterior spot. Posterior lobe moderately high, erect to an
angle of about 60°, shallowly trilobate, the median lobe much the
broader, its free margin very slightly and regularly convex. Thoracic
dorsum black; broad blue ante-humeral stripes, about as broad as the
corresponding half of median black stripe, slightly narrowed dorsally.
In some of the specimens only a very narrow whitish line on median
suture, humeral black about as broad as blue ante-humeral stripe,
divided about equally by dorsal end of humeral suture just touching
the suture at ventral end. Sides blue; black dot in dorsal end of
second lateral suture. Ventral side light bluish grey, Legs bluish
grey, femora and tibiae broadly black anteriorly.

Abdomen comparatively long and slender. Segment 1 blue with
dorsal black spot ; 2 blue, a posterior transverse black band, slightly
convex anteriorly to one-half the segment’s length, straight behind
and distant there about by one-half its own breadth from the segment’s
end, sides broadly blue over the entire length, a very narrow black
ring on joint; sides of 3 blue in anterior third, yellowish in the
posterior two-thirds of length, dorsum black, the broad band narrowed
to a point in first fifth, broadened to lateral margin in last fifth ;
4—6 light yellowish on sides, black dorsally, and to lateral margin in
last fifth, interrupted by a very narrow bluish ring at anterior joint
7 black, merest trace of a yellow line at lateral margin and very narrow
anterior and posterior blue rings; 8-9 blue; LO black on dorsum and
in a harrow anterior ring, blue laterally, yellowish ventrally.

Appendages (Text-fig. 37) blackish, lighter on ventral side.

Pterostigma very dark reddish brown to blackish. A* proximal to
Cug by the length of that vein or slightly more. M, at sixth, excep-
tionally fifth Png in front wing, fifth Png in hind wing; Mya 3 or 4
veins more distally. Abd. 26, hdw. 19°5 mm.

21

326 Annals of the South African Museum.

2. Occiput and Jabium light ochreous. Labrum_ olivaceous,
narrowly bordered with ochreous. Base of mandibles and genae light
yellowish olivaceous. Anteclypeus, postclypeus, frons and vertex
dull olivaceous except a transverse blackish band across the ocelli;
postocular spots not divided from the light colour of occiput.

Prothorax dull yellowish green, narrow black lines in the sutures.
Posterior lobe less distinctly trilobate than in male, medial higher
third slightly depressed and dorsally coneave. Thoracic dorsum
mostly olivaceous; median suture lined with ferruginous, then a
black stripe of about one-third the breadth of each mesepisternum
and a very narrow black line in humeral suture. Sides olivaceous,
shading into ochreous behind and ventrally; black dot in dorsal end

Fig. 37.—Enallagma elongatum, ¢. Eldoret. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

of second lateral suture. Legs ochreous, black dots at distal end of
femora and only traces of very narrow and interrupted lateral dark
lines on tibiae. Abdomen heght olivaceous green on sides, black on
dorsum ; the light colour of sides cutting into the black of dorsum
before the end of segments 2-7; 8 with complete dorsal black band
about one-third the segment’s breadth; 9 dull olivaceous with two
dorsal narrow cuneiform black stripes; 10 and appendages olivaceous.

Pterostigma hght greyish brown; venation partly ochreous. M,

= il 1
op amen p eR Tah, CAN

and Mya Be eaa es Ie

ENALLAGMA GLAUCUM (Burmeister, 1839).
S. Afr Mus.: 8 ¢,1 9, King Williamstown, Cape Colony; | 2,
Barberton, Transvaal; 10 6,2 2,1 d¢ Q in cép., M’Fongosi, Zululand

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 327

(ii, iv, v, ix . 1911, W. E. Jones) ; 3 g, Rietfontein (2,9, 30 .x. 1904) ;
1 g, Salisbury (26.xn.1911); 14, 19, Matopo Dam, Bulawayo
(11.11.1911); Otjituo, S.W. Protectorate (Tucker). Brit. Mus. :
1 g,1 9, Deelfontein (Col. Sloggett, 1903); 1 ¢, Kroonstad, Orange
Free State (HE. Eckersley, 1904); 1 ¢, Boksburg, Johannesburg
(C. H. Pead, 1907); 1 ¢, Salisbury, Mashonaland (xi. 1905, G. A. K.
Marshall). Mus. Stockholm: 6 ¢, 6 2, Cap. Bon. Spei (Victoria) ;
1 g, Port Elizabeth (Dubon); 1 2, Caffraria (Wahlberg) ; 2 ¢,1 9
Swakop., 8S. West Protect. (Wahlberg); 2 ¢, Salisbury (x, xi . 1903,
Marshall). Mus. Hamburg: 3 ¢, 1 2, Grootfontein, South-West
Africa (7, 11 .vi.1911, Michaelsen). Mus. Tervueren; 1 ¢, Kapiri,
Katanga (x .1913, Legros). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 4 ¢, 2 9, Natal
(G. F. Leigh).

This is evidently the most common of the smaller Agrionidae
throughout the faunal region here discussed. ‘There is some variation
in the relative extent of hght blue and black colour, but no serious
difficulty was found in separating specimens from the allied species,
males especially beg readily identified by the shape of the appendages.
The following description is taken from specimens from M’Fongosi.

¢. Occiput very hght greenish blue. Labium whitish or yellowish.
Dorsal surface light greenish blue, marked black, also the postelypeus,
frons and vertex to base of antennae or shghtly more in front; blue
postocular spots more variable in size and shape than usually in this
genus ; mostly narrow, transverse, slightly cuneiform stripes, united
by a line on the occipital border, or much broader, separated only by
a narrow black line from the occipital blue; or almost circular lateral
small spots, which may be exceedingly small, or even disappear almost
completely.

Prothorax blue and black, also variable; blue at the sides and a
narrow anterior border only, or also a double dorsal spot and the
border of the posterior lobe. Thorax light blue and black, also
considerably variable. Dark specimens: Dorsum black, blue ante-
humeral band slightly narrower than corresponding half of mid-dorsal
black stripe; humeral black about equally broad, more so behind
humeral suture at ventral end, before at dorsal end; sides hgh
greenish blue, very small black dot in dorsal end of second lateral
suture ; ventral side turning to whitish. Light specimens : Complete
blue line on mid-dorsal suture ; ante-humeral blue stripe broader than
median black stripe of same side, a narrow black line only on humeral
suture. Legs greenish, external side of femora broadly, of tibiae
narrowly black.

Abdomen light greenish blue, marked black; quadrilateral dorsal

328 Annals of the South African Museum.

black spot on segment 1; 2 complete dorsal band, slightly enlarged
before posterior end, then narrowed and joined to a very narrow
terminal black ring; 3-6 a terminal almost circular spot narrowed to
a dorsal stripe which joins the anterior end in a point; 7 black, sides
very narrowly blue; 8-9 blue; 10 narrow mid-dorsal black stripe.
Appendages (Text-fig. 38), superior black externally, blue internally ;
inferior variable from light blue to almost black. The relative
extent of black and blue colours on abdomen varies in correlation to
thorax and head, but remains the same in principle.

Pterostigma black, very narrowly bordered with whitish.

2. Yellowish ochreous to light olivaceous and black. Markings on
head and thorax much as in the lighter forms of male ; postclypeus

Fig. 38.—Enallagma glaucum, g. M’Fongosi. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

rather broadly bordered with ochreous ; postocular spots as where
they are largest in male. Black lines of legs much reduced, partly
incomplete and paler. Abdomen segments 1 and 2 as in male; 3-7
as in dark forms of male, but dorsal black band not pointed anteriorly,
only partially interrupted by a very narrow basal ring; black dorsal
band also over segments 7-9 and basal half of 10, or only a small
basal triangular black spot on 10. Vulvar spine long, vulva to end
of abdomen.

Pterostignsa conspicuously larger than in male, light ochreous.

&, Abd. 20, hdw. 13°5 to 245, pt. 1-7 mm. 9, 28, 16°5 to 25, 1°8.

A* proximal to Cug by considerably more than the length of that
a43
Aaa
E. obliteratum, which is represented by the single type described by

vein. Position of M, and Mja mostly

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 329

de Stlys, was carefully compared with our series of H. glawcum. It
was found to agree in all respects, except that the postocular spots
are entirely absent (and appear to be so originally, not only by post-
mortem discoloration). But clearly this is only the extreme grade of
the variation as described above from our specimens of glancum, and
obliteratum must be considered as a variety not deserving of a name.

ENALLAGMA SCHULTZE! (Ris, 1908).

No other specimen of this form has come to hand, so it stands
based on the unique type. When the description was published only
a very limited number of specimens of H. glawcum were available for
comparison. It is obvidus that the differences from glawcum (see p.
318) may only represent an extreme degree of reduction of black and
invasion of light blue elements. Although I believe that the species
stands as a doubtful one, further discoveries will settle the question.

ENALLAGMA FRACTUM, 0. sp.

Mus. Tervueren: 4 ¢,2 9, Kapiri, Katanga (ix . 1912, Legros).
Coll. E. B. Williamson: 4 ¢,1 ¢ 9° in cép., Salisbury, Mashonaland
(i 1900; G. A. K. Marshall); 1 ¢, bid. (v . 1905, 2d.).

d. Occiput very light bluish grey. Labium whitish. Dorsal
surface of head greenish blue; a black transverse band from slightly
behind the base of antennae to somewhat beyond the posterior ocelli;
a narrow line on occipital margin and large postocular spots remaining
blue; the latter confluent with light colour on occiput. Prothorax
greenish blue, narrowly black in mid-dorsal line. Thoracic dorsum
greenish blue and black; narrow blue line on median suture; black
band something less than one-half the breadth of mesepisternum,
otherwise blue with a narrow black line and a somewhat stronger dot
in the dorsal end of humeral suture. . Sides very light greenish blue ;
very small blackish dot in dorsal end of second lateral suture.
Ventral side whitish; indication of partially interrupted blackish
lines on external side of femora and tibiae.

Abdomen very slender; very light blue shading to greenish-
marked black. Segment 1 black spot at base of dorsum ; 2 lanceo-
late black spot, joined to a very narrow terminal ring by a fine
line, reaching the anterior end in a fine point (slightly dilated at
anterior end in part of the specimen); 3-6 narrow terminal ring,
joined to a dorsal spot which, rounded at the posterior end, abruptly
contracts to a line and remains slightly short of the anterior end ;
7 an analogous marking at the posterior end running into a black

330 Annals of the South African Museum.

mid-dorsal stripe of one-third the segment’s breadth; 8-9 blue;
10 black mid-dorsal band. Appendages obscure (Text-fig. 389 and
p-. 318).

Wings slightly yellowish; venation obscure. Pterostigma rather
dark greyish brown, narrowly lined with whitish. M, and Mya at
Png 5 + 38 in front wing, 4 + 3 in hind wing.

2. Head and thorax scarcely different from ¢ in pattern. Colour
light olivaceous, turning to bluish at the postocular spots, to reddish
brown at thoracic dorsum, to whitish at sides. Abdomen light
olivaceous; complete black mid-dorsal band from segment 1 to
terminal third of 8, with ante-terminal dilatations on 2-6; 10
olivaceous. Vulvar spine strong; valvae projecting slightly beyond

Fie. 39.—Enallagma fractum, g. Kapiri. Appendages, right sideand
dorsal view.
the end of abdomen. Pterostigma considerably lighter than in male
and slightly larger. Venation as in male.
Ge Abd. 26. haw. mm, 9., 26,19:

ENALLAGMA SINUATUM, N. Sp.

S. Afr. Mus.: 1, ¢ Salisbury, Mashonaland (1894, G. A. K. Marshall) ;
3 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iv.1911, W. E. Jones). Coll. E. B.
Williamson: 1 ¢, 1 9, Salisbury (iv .1905, Marshall). Mus.
Tervueren: 1 ¢,1 9, Kapiri, Katanga (ix, x . 1912, Legros).

Very similar to fractum in stature and colour system, but slightly
larger and with marked difference in the appendages of male.

3 (Kapiri). Occiput light greyish ochreous. Labium whitish.
Dorsal surface of head greyish blue. A transverse black band from
slightly behind the base of antennae to near the occipital margin,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 331

where a narrow line on this margin and large postocular spots
remain blue, the latter merging into the light colour of occiput.
Prothorax greyish blue, lighter at the sides, a small mid-dorsal dark
spot. Thoracic dorsum (discoloured ?) light golden brown; a narrow
ferruginous line at median suture, black contiguous stripes of
something less than one-half the breadth of mesepisterna; narrow
black line in humeral suture, lightly enlarged in ventral third and
ending in a black point dorsally ; yellowish colour extending narrowly
beyond humeral suture; sides otherwise very light greenish blue,
small black dot in dorsal end of second lateral suture; ventral side
whitish. Legs very light greyish ochreous; a mere trace of dark
lines on external side of femora and tibiae.

Fic. 40.—Enallagma sinuatum, g. Kapiri. Appendages, right side
and dorsal view.

Abdomen very slender ; light greenish blue, marked black, sides of
segments 3-6 yellowish. Segment 1 very small black dorsal spot at
base ; 2 small mid-dorsal posterior spot, narrowly joined to lanceolate
dorsal line, which ends in a point at the anterior fourth; 3-6 narrow
mid-dorsal line, shortly interrupted at anterior end and _ slightly
dilated near posterior end of each segment; 7 broader mid-dorsal
band remaining slightly short of both ends ; 8-9 blue; 10 blue with
narrow mid-dorsal black band. Appendages dark reddish brown
(Text-fig. 40).

Venation dark ; pterostigma dark greyish brown. M, and Mya at
Png 6 +4 in front wing, 6 + 3 in hind wing.

Q. Very light reddish ochreous; sides and ventral side of thorax
whitish. Black transverse band of frons as broad as ocellar region in

332 Annals of the South African Museum.

the middle, narrowed to about one-half at the sides; narrow ferru-
ginous lines from posterior to anterior ocellus and from this to
anterior margin of black transverse band ; in front of anterior ocellus
a very narrow black transverse line, concave anteriorly. On thoracic
dorsum the median yellowish line broader, the black stripes narrower
than in male, about one-third of breadth of mesepisterna. Black
dorsal spot of segment 2 only slightly narrowed in front of the
terminal dilatation and running through to anterior end; 3-6 mid-
dorsal band slightly broader, otherwise as in male; 7 as in male; 8
mid-dorsal black band on anterior two-thirds ; 9 two dorsal basal
black spots; 10 entirely light coloured. Vulvar spine strong; vulvae
level with the abdominal end.

Pterostigma light greyish ochreous, larger than in male. M, and
M,a in front wing at Png 6 + 2,6 +4 3 or 644, in hind wing 5 + 3
or 5 + 4.

o, Abd. 28, hdw.19mm. 2, 30, 21.

EINALLAGMA SUBTILE, 0. Sp.

Mus. Tervueren: 2 ¢, 5 9, Kapiri, Katanga (ix, x . 1912, Legros).

$. Occiput and labium whitish. Labrum light ferruginous,
lined with whitish. Dorsal surface of head light ferruginous ; a black
transverse band across the ocelli, as broad as the ocellar region in the
middle, narrowed laterally, and partially cut through by narrow oblique
ferruginous lines from posterior ocellus to base of antennae. First
and second joint of antennae ferruginous, the rest black. Prothorax
light ferruginous dorsally, very light ochreous at the sides. Thoracic
dorsum light ferruginous ; at each side of the ferruginous median
suture a narrow black line, not broader than the ferruginous line on
the suture. Extremely narrow black line on humeral suture and
small black dot in its dorsal end. Sides and ventral side very light
ferruginous, almost whitish, a very small black dot in dorsal end of
second lateral suture. Legs whitish ochreous, spines alone blackish.

Abdomen very slender. Segments 1—7 very light ochreous at the
sides ; dorsally blackish as a band of about one-third the segment’s
breadth, narrowly interrupted at anterior end and slightly dilated
before posterior end of each segment; dorsal band deeper black and
slightly broader on 7; 8-10 very light greyish blue, shading laterally
into whitish ochreous. Appendages very light ochreous, only the
extreme tip of the inferior obscure (‘Text-fig. 41).

Venation very thin, partly greyish ochreous. Pterostigma thin,
very light ochreous. M, and Mja at Png 5 + 2 or 5 4+ 3 in front
wing, 4+ 3 or 4 + 4 in hind wing.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 333

Q@. Very similar to male in colour, the following being different :
dark lines at median thoracic suture not blackish, only reddish brown
with a small blackish nucleus. Blackish mid-dorsal band of segments
1-7 slightly narrower, narrowly extended on anterior half of 8; no
bluish shade on terminal segments. Vulvar spine strong; valvae
slightly projecting beyond abdominal end. M, and M,a in male.

6, Abd. 25,hdw.15 mm. 9, 24, 16 to 26°5.

Fig. 41.—Enallagma subtile, g. Kapiri. Appendages, right side and
dorsal view.

ISCHNURA (Charpentier, 1840).

A cosmopolitan genus, somewhat peculiar in the seographical
distribution of its species. Some species range over an exceedingly
wide area, but there is generally only a very small number of species
in one geographical region—mostly one or two; certain other species
have a rather narrowly limited distribution, inhabiting chiefly dry
regions (Western North America, Mediterranean, Hurope and North
Africa, Central Asia). The European I. elegans is one of the most
common Odonata of that continent, and remarkable for not being at
all particular to the quality of water it inhabits, resisting evidently
a considerable amount of pollution. Similar resistance may account
for the wide distribution of other species.

IscHNURA SENEGALENSIS (Rambur, 1842).

S. Afr. Mus.: 19, King Williamstown, Cape Colony; 1 ,
Dunbrody, Blue Cliff (ii. 1912); 1 ¢, 1 9, Newcastle, Natal (1898,
A.E. Hunt) ; 34, Lorenco Marques (18, 22.xi.1911); Otjituo, S.W.
Protectorate (1.1920, Tucker). Brit. Mus.: 4 ¢,4 92, Deelfontein
(6.1.1908, Col. Sloggett). Mus. Stockholm: 2 ¢,3 9, Caftraria

334 Annals of the South African Museum.

(Wahlberg); 1 ¢,1 9, Mashonaland (Marshall). Coll. Ris: 1 g,
Lorenco Marques, “bord de la mer” (1914, H. Junod). Mus.
Hamburg: 2 ¢,1 9, Lorenco Marques (17 . ix . 1911, Michaelsen) ;
Ieoy Bewan(22 21x. 1911, 2d ).

¢. Occiput and labium whitish. Labrum, anteclypeus, genae,
frons not quite to base of antennae green. Postclypeus brillant
metallic blue. Dorsal surface of head otherwise bronzy black; small,
circular bright blue postocular spots. Prothorax bronzy black, sides
and a narrow anterior border bluish; hind lobe small, shallowly
divided in three rounded lobes, the lateral ones very narrow, the
median one slightly broader and semi-erect. Thoracic dorsum bronzy
black ; narrow regular ante-humeral lines bluish, ventral side yellowish

Fia. 42.—Ischnura senegalensis, ¢. Blue Cliff. Appendages, right
side and postero-ventral view.

white. Legs yellowish, external side of femora broadly, of tibiae
narrowly black.

Abdomen moderately stout. Segment 1 blue with a mid-dorsal
black band; 2 blue on sides, brilliant metallic blue on dorsum; 5-7
yellowish on sides, bronzy black on dorsum, the yellow colour ascending
in very narrow basal rings; 8 blue; 9-10 blue on sides with black
mid-dorsal band. Appendages (Text-fig. 42).

Pterostigma narrow, slightly elongate, rhomboid, of equal form in
both wings ; black in proximal, whitish in distal half in front wing,
light greyish ochreous in hind wing.

Q.a. (Andromorphous or homoeochromatic form.) Almost entirely
similar to male in colour, the only appreciable differences being dorsum
of segment 2 bronzy black with only an indication of metallic blue,
sides of segments 3-7 rather olivaceous than yellowish. Pterostigma
concolorous, greyish ochreous in both wings,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 335

b. (Heterochromatie form.) Light colour on thorax and head bright
orange in immature specimens, shading to dull orange, brownish or
olivaceous in fully mature specimens. Light colour extended on head,
thorax and base of abdomen; postocular spots large, cuneiform, united
to pale colour of occiput; prothorax only with a narrow mid-dorsal
black band. Segment 1 entirely pale; 2 with a narrow terminal ring
and small terminal dorsal spot bronzy black. On the other hand, the
eighth abdominal segment is not of the light colour in this form, but
bronzy black dorsally, like the preceding and following segments.

Hind lobe of prothorax in both forms similar to male, but narrower
and less distinctly trilobed.

6, Abd. 23, hdw. 15mm. 9, 24, 17.

This species is known from Africa, the islands of the Indian Ocean,
tropical and sub-tropical Asia in continental and insular distribution,
common in coast districts, perhaps frequenting brackish waters, and
consequently omnipresent in collections, be they ever so scanty, brought
from those vast regions. The relatively small number of senegalensis
in our South African collections is rather surprising, and may indicate
that at least the temperate parts of the region are beyond the limits
of the best conditions for its existence. JI. senegalensis is the only
Ischnura known from Africa south of the desert belt. It seems to be
common in Eygpt (Cairo, the Pyramids, etc.), and the only Ischnura
yet found there ; but it is not yet recorded from Algeria, Tunisia or
Tripolitania, where three other (Mediterranean) species of the genus
occur.

AGRIOCNEMIS (Sélys, 1877).

A genus known from the inter-tropical parts of the Old World. The
species are probably rather numerous, but very imperfectly known.
The analogies (and probably affinities) of Agriocnemis and Ischnura
are striking in colour system as well as in some physiological features.

Some of the Agriocnemis species are, in spite of their dwarfed
stature and exceedingly fragile frame, found over immense areas
(pygmaea and femina). Agriocnemis contains the smallest known
species of Odonata.

AGRIOCNEMIS EXILIS (Sélys, 1872; Sjéstedt, 1909).

Mus. Hamburg: 2 ¢,6 9, Beira (22. ix. 1911, W. Michaelsen).

d- Occiput and labium whitish. Labrum brilliant metallic green.
Genae, mandibles and a narrow transverse band in front of antennae
light green. Dorsal surface of head otherwise bronzy black; very

336 Annals of the South African Museum.

small circular blue postocular spots. Prothorax black, sides and
anterior margin broadly light green, a very narrow green border at
posterior lobe. Posterior lobe moderately broad, semi-erect, nearly
semicircular in outline, with a small notch near each lateral end.
Thoracic dorsum black, this colour invading the sides to first lateral
suture; narrow, complete ante-humeral lines ; remainder of sides and
ventral side very light green; a minute black dot in dorsal end of
second lateral suture. Legs whitish, incomplete black lines on lateral
side of femora; indication of two dark rings on second and third
femora.

Abdomen segments 1-3 bronzy black on dorsum, with a shade of
metallic blue, 1-2 greenish, 3 ochreous laterally ; 4-5 ochreous or
light orange, with a narrow mid-dorsal dark line, which is enlarged
near the end, and followed by a narrow complete orange ring at the

Fra. 43.—Agriocnemis evilis, g. Beira. Appendages, right side and
ventral view.

end of each segment; 7 black dorsally, orange laterally, and in a
complete terminal ring; 8-10 bright orange red. Appendages orange
red (Text-fig. 49).

Pterostigma greyish ochreous; 6 post-nodal cross-veins in front
wing, 5-6 in hind wing.

2. Labium, ante- and postclypeus orange, very narrow black
transverse lines at base of labrum and postclypeus. Postocular spots
orange, very large, cuneiform, fused to light colour of occiput. Hind
lobe of prothorax trilobate ; median lobe very narrow in antero-posterior
direction; side lobes nearly semicircular in outline, projecting by
about twice the height of median lobe. Thoracic dorsum black in a
broad median stripe and a very narrow line in humeral suture; the
much enlarged ante-humeral band and side to first lateral suture
ochreous or very light orange; rest of sides and ventral side gradually
shading through light green to whitish,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 337

Abdomen ochreous or dull orange at sides; dorsum of segments
1-5 bronzy brown, 6-9 black, 10 orange with a basal black spot.

Pterostigma very light ochreous. Post-nodal cross-veins 8 in front
wings, 7 in hind wings.

Immature females have abdominal segments 1—6 orange, with very
narrow black rings at the joints; in one specimen the dark colour of
dorsum appears in narrow and incomplete lines.

dg, Abd. 16°5,hdw. 10mm. 9@, 19, 12.

\A badly damaged female from Bukama (29.v. 1911, Dr. Bequaert)
‘is probably of the same species (Mus. Tervueren). In Mr. E. B.
Williamson’s collection there is a pair of Agriocnemis from Salisbury,
Mashonaland (11. 1900, Marshall) which probably belong to a different
species, but they are too much damaged for identification, The same
reservation is to be made for two males in the British Museum
collections, one labelled “ Marshall collection 1910,” without locality,
the other one “ N.E. Rhodesia, Upper Luangwa River (27 . vii, 13. viii,
1910, S. A. Neave).”’

Probably several species of the genus exist in the faunal region
here discussed, but none is to be expected outside that part of the
region where climatic conditions are of the tropical type.

II. Susorper ANISOPTERA.

Anisoptera are the “ dragonflies” in restricted sense, the strongly
built, swiftly moving and generally larger members of the Order.
American authors give, in contrast to them, the name ‘ daimsel-flies ”
to the tiny Zyyoptera.

The various divisions of. Anisoptera are rather different in habits,
and some indications regarding them may better be reserved to the
single groups. The larger subfamilies are represented in the fauna
under discussion by a fair number of species, only the Cordulinae
being poor; three subfamilies, all belonging to the family Aeschnidae
and each consisting of a very limited number of species, are absent
from the South African as well as from the Ethiopian fauna and not
likely to be found there (the oriental Chlorogomphinae, palaeo-nearctic
Cordulegasterinae and the Petalurinae, of which a few species persist as
a kind of “living fossils” in Australia, Chih, North America and
Japan).

C. Lateral lobes of labium of about equal size as median lobe, two-jointed, the
terminal joint narrow and pointed (‘T'ext-fig. 2). Triangles similar in
both pairs of wings, their longer axis in the long axis of the wing ; their
proximal side distal to the arculus in both wings.

338 Annals of the South African Museum.

Ante-nodal cross-veins predominantly not coincident in costal and sub-
costal space; two of them always coincident and crossing the double
space as triangular membran:s. Proximal anal border of hind wings
(Anax excepted) excised in males; lateral earlets on second abdominal
seement of males . : . Fam. Aeschnidae,
Ca. Eyes separated by a large space (Text fig. 2), cette free or only partly
covered by a transverse ridge.
Costal side of triangle not exceeding considerably in length the proximal
side. No radial supplement parallel to vein Rs. Female genital opening
covered by a vulvar scale. Inferior appendage of male bifid
Subfam. Gomphinae.
Cs. Eyes contiguous in the median line for a considerable space. Ocelli
situated at the foot of a frontal vesicle. Costal and anal side of triangle
considerably exceeding the proximal side in length. A radial supple-
ment roughly parallel to vein Rs. Hemale genital opening armed with
an ovipositor in the manner of Zygoptera. Inferior appendage of male
not bifid . ; : : : . Subfam. Aeschninae.
D. Lateral lobes of labium very ia ge, tonanins each other in the median line
to form a mask-like structure; median lobe very small; no second joint
to the lateral lobes (Text-fig. 3). Triangles dissimilar in both pairs of
wings ; their longer axis in the short transverse axis in the front wing,
in the long axis in the hind wing; very often dissimilar also in position ;
distal to the arculus in front wing, at the arculus in hind wing. Ante-
nodal cross-veins coincident in costal and subcostal space (except in
many cases the last one, which remains limited to costal space) ; all of
them equal in structure. Females with vulvar scale. Inferior appendages
of males not bifid . : : : : < ; . Fam. Libellulidae.
Da. Proximal anal border of hind wings excised in males; lateral earlets on
second abdominal segment of males. A small projection at the occipito-
temporal border of eyes in both sexes. Mestly metallic colours on body
Subfam. Cordulinae.
Ds. Proximal anal border of hind wings rounded in both sexes; no earlets on
second abdominal segment.
No distinct projection (indicated in Urothemis) at the oceipito-temporal
border of eyes. Colour system mostly not metallic
Subfam. Libellulinae.

II Ca. Suspramiry GOMPHINAH.

Gomphinae are a very homogeneous lot throughout the world in
the superficial (though probably phylogenetically very important)
character of colour system. Their numerous species show an infinite
variation of a pattern of black and yellow, the black parts of which
may pass through many shades of brown to light ferruginous or
greyish ochreous in the palest forms, whereas the yellow parts may
pass to orange or through various shades of olivaceous to pure green,
very rarely to blue.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 339

Coloured wings are exceedingly rare in this subfamily.

Almost as uniform as the colour system is the neuration in its
principal features and even down to rather minute details; neverthe-
less a careful investigation (initiated chiefly by Mr. E. B. Williamson)
has brought forth a number of pretty constant and systema‘ically
valuable differences. ‘To the, uniformity in colour and neuration the
great and conspicuous variety in the male terminal appendages is in
strong contrast. It is natural that these differences, which form an
attractive object of study, should have guided the first monographers
in their descriptions, and, unfortunately, also in their attempts at a
systematic arrangement. Great difficulties arise from this latter
point before the student, especially where females alone are at hand.
A new disposition of the subfamily, based, not on unisexual characters,
but chiefly on neuration, as a bisexual as well as phylogenetically
important character, is a need of the time, and the chief lines of such
a disposition are drawn by Mr. Williamson for a limited geographical
(Oriental) group. This disposition will be followed here as well as in
other publications of the writer.

Uniform as their colour pattern is also the manner of life of
Gomphinae (and both uniformities may well be esteemed inter-
dependent). Their flight is exceedingly swift but not lasting; they
mostly stay on the ground, or very close to the ground on low
vegetation, rarely ascending to some height in bushes; from their
resting-place they take swift flights, darting upon some prey, or
upon an intruder of their own or an allied kind, and then return with
equal rapidity to their starting-point or alight not far from the same.
Most of them are very wary insects, and this quality, together with the
highly cryptic character of their pattern in natural haunts, answers for
the fact that many Gomphinae are very rare in collections, many
described from single specimens, and many still to be discovered in
the less worked districts of the globe. Perhaps there are more species
of limited range in Gomphinae than in most other groups of Odonata,
though wide ranging forms are by no means absent. Where they are
better known most species have been ascertained to inhabit running
waters, from very slow to quite swift kinds. A few, only are known
to live in still waters, but the larger number where there is motion in
the water, and very few are inhabitants of sma]l ponds and swamps
Which abound in many other kinds of dragonflies.

Plate XII, fig. 3, gives an idea of the larvae of the more typical
groups ; the flat body, short labium, elongate and flattened third
joint of antennae, fossorial structure of the hard and villose legs are
the characteristic external features of the Gomphus nymph. But the

340 Annals of the South African Museum.

subfamily is rich in various adaptations to live on the ground, or even
buried in sand or mud; some curious and even grotesque forms exist
in tropical Africa.

The South African representation of the subfamily is comparatively
poor; but it is not improbable that more species remain to be
discovered.

1. Legs short, third femora not reaching beyond the joint between thorax and
abdomen. Discoidal field in front wings more distally and less widened
than in (2), divergence of M,and Cugq beginning at the level of nodus
or more distally. Between M,-, and M, in hind wing a single cross-vein
(Plate VIII, figs. 3,4,5,6). Lateral margin of abdominal segments 9, or

8 and 9, foliate.
Legs long, third femora reaching to the joint between abdominal seg-
ments 2 and 3. Discoidal field in front wings much dilated to the
border, divergence of M, and Cuq beginning proximally to the level
of nodus. Between M,-; and M, in hind wing two cross-veins. No
indication of anal loop in hind wing, all branches of A running parallel
in about right angles to the anal margin (Plate VIII, fig. 2). Abdomen
cylindrical. Lateral margin of terminal abdominal segments not foliate.
Superior appendages of male scarcely longer than tenth segment, simple ;
inferior appendage of about equal length, divided in two widely divergent
branches z : : : : : : j . Podogomphus.

2. A distinct anal icone in hind wing, by convergence of A; and A, at their
beginning and coincidence of arose reine (Text-fig. 5, Plate VIII, figs.
5, 6) : ; ‘ i 3 ‘ ; H x ; : . Ss
No distinct anal loop.in hind wing, at most some convergence of A, and
A, at their beginning, but no coincidence of cross-veins (Plate VILL, figs.
3,4). Segments 8 and 9 foliate ‘ ; ; ; 5 =| SB

3. Pterostigma large. Third to seventh ADO segments comparatively
robust. Superior appendages of male but little longer than tenth seg-
ment, not approximate nor touching each other in the mid-dorsal line;
inferior appendage of about equal length. Structure of female genital

segments much as in preceding genus : < Crenigomphrs.
Pterostigma moderate. Third to seventh sbacminal segments very
slender. Superior appendages of male considerably longer than tenth
segment, approximate in the mid-dorsal line, so much as to be con-
tiguous at least in the basal half or two-thirds; inferior appendage
considerably shorter, deeply divided in two contiguous branches.
Female with vulvar scale broad and comparatively short; on ventral
plate of ninth segment a corresponding shallow groove, bordered by a
low ridve : : : . Mesogomphus.
Anal loop two-celled (P tate VIL, fig 5). Seumonts 8S and 9 foliate. Male
with appendages much longer than tenth segment.
Female with vulvar scale and ninth ventral plate much as in Mesogomphus
Onychogomphus.
Anal loop of more than two cells (Plate VIII, fig. 6). Only the eighth seg-
ment folate at lateral margin. Male with appendages much shorter

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 341

than tenth segment. On dorsum of tenth segment an acute process which
fits into a groove on dorsum of ninth segment. Female with vulvar scale
long and narrow, fitting into a corresponding groove on ventral plate of
segments 9 and 10 - : : : ; é : Ceratogomphus.

PODOGOMPHUS (Karsch, 1890).

A genus of African, mostly East African, distribution; a small
number of species are described from a very limited number of
specimens. Podogomphus is closely allied to the large palaeonearctic
genus Gomphus, from which it differs chiefly by the extremely
developed third pair of legs ; the neural characters, type of genitalia
and appendages, and the colour system being much the same as in
Gomphus.

PopDOGOMPHUS PRAETORIUS (Sélys, 1878).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, M’Fongosi, Zululand (xii . 1911, W. E. Jones) ;
14, Barberton, Transvaal. Brit. Mus.: 1g, Mazoe, 4000 ft., Mashona-
land (29 .xii.1905, Marshall). Coll. K.J. Morton: 1 ¢, Stutterheim
(15 .1.1908, Miss Fountaine). Mus. Tervueren: 1 9, Elizabethville,
Katanga (9 . iii . 1912, Dr. Bequaert).

Colours in adult specimens very light yellow with a shade of
greenish, and deep black.

g. lLabium, labrum, face and frons yellow ; a narrow and slightly
diffuse transverse black line in the middle of anterior surface of frons,
slightly curved dorsal in the middle to touch an opposite curve of the
frontal ridge. Base of frons rather narrowly black (less than one-
third of dorsal surface). Vertex black with a narrow laterally incom-
plete black line at the ocelli. Occipital plate yellow, the free margin
narrowly bordered with black, slightly convex, with black lines. On
vertex a narrow transverse ridge, rounding the ocelli in a lateral
curve; in front of its median straight part a second, more obtuse
transverse ridge between the lateral ocelli. Thoracic pattern, Plate IX,
fig. 1. Legs robust, the first pair the shorter, third pair very long
(femora 10 mm.). Third femora besides the regular two rows of
short spines with 3-4. long and very acute spines at the medial, 2-5
equal spines at the lateral side. Legs mostly yellow, black lines on
first and second femora rather broad, very narrow on third femora ;
internal side of tibiae black; tarsi black.

Abdomen slender, segments 1-2 slightly dilated, 3-10 almost
regularly cylindrical and comparatively long. Yellow complete lateral
black bands from 1 to 10, distant from the lateral margins by slightly

22

342 Annals of the South African Museum.

less than their own breadth, and approaching dorsally so that the
dorsal yellow band is narrower than each black band. This mid-
dorsal yellow band trilobed on segment 2, narrowly interrupted by
terminal black rings on the other segments. Appendages (‘T'ext-fig. 44)
—superior black, inferior yellow with black tips. Genitalia of second

Fia. 44. —Podogomphus praetorius, g. M’Fongosi. Terminal segments,
dorsal and left side view.

seoment (Text-fig. 45) yellow, extreme tips of hamuli black, sheath
dark brown.

Wings very light greenish yellow to level of ¢, and still lighter
from half-way between nodus and pterostigma and to apex. Ptero-
stigma bright yellow between narrowly black veins.

?. Free margin of occipital plate not deeply trilobate ; vertex as in
male. Third femora as in male, but spines still more robust, 5-6

Fia. 45.—Podogomphus praetorius, g@. M’Fongosi. Genitals, second
I . . 5 }
seoments left, side view.

medial, 4 lateral strong spines. Abdomen more robust, slightly con-
tracted in segments 9-10. Sub-anal plates and supra-anal tubercle
yellow, appendages black. Appendages, sub-anal plates, and supra-
anal tubercle pointed, all of about equal leneth. Vulvar scale half as
long as ninth ventral plate, comparatively narrow, slightly contracted
at the end, where there is a small triangular excision, continued ina
furrow over about half the length of the plate.
3, Abd. 36, hdw. 51, pt, 4mm. 2, 38, 34, 45,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 343

MESOGOMPHUS (Forster, 1906).

An African genus, probably also embracing some species from
India. No doubt it is closely allied to Onychogomphus, but the neural
character given in the table (p. 340) seems quite constant, and has
the advantage of uniting a group which is also distinguished by a
peculiar type of male appendages. For the moment I do not know of
other than geographical reasons for separating Mesogomphus from the
American genus Erpetogomphus. From a note by M. René Martin it
would appear that the larval type of Mesogomphus (Hageni) is rather
widely different from the Onychogomphus larva and approaching
Gomphus ; but I have reasons to suspect that some error of observation
has occurred, and that Mesogomphus larvae are really of the Onycho-
gomphus type.

The name as given by Forster is homonymous with a fossil genus,
Mesogomphus, named by Handlirsch. But as both publications date
apparently from the same month and cannot be dated to a day, I
thought it advisable to adopt the name as given for the living group.

Table of Males.

1. Tips of superior appendages parallel, acute. Obscure band of base of frons
light ochreous or absent. Obscure markings of thorax limited and
comparatively light. : : ee:
Tips of superior appendages diver ieent, Bien and dentate. Broad black
band on base of frons. Obscure markings of thorax comparatively large,
dark brown. Costa light yellow. Pterostigma blackish brown

M. cognatus.

2. Pterostigma dark ferruginous. Superior appendages more robust than in
the following species, almost straight at base, strongly curved down-
ward in distal fourth; inferior appendages less than half as long as the
superior : : : M. elpidius.
Petrostigma heh eeheeons, Sneirclsd by a rave shade. Superior
appendages very slender, curved downward in a gentle curve in their
second half; inferior appendage more than half as long as the superior

M. Hageni.

Table of Females.

1. Pterostigma dark brown . : 2.
Pterostigma light ochreous, encir sled ie a pein pada. hetreen scone
black veins. No obscure markings on face and anterior surface of frons.
Thoracic markings pale reddish brown, often diffuse . . M. Hageni.

2. Face and frons anteriorly without obscure markings. Thoracic markings
dull reddish brown (Plate IX, fig. 3). : ; M. elpidius.
Face and frons anteriorly with black transverse lines. Thoracic markings
blackish brown to almost black (Plate IX, fig. 4) : . M. cognatus.

344 Annals of the South African Museum.

Mrsocompnus Hacent (Sélys, 1870).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢,1 9, Waterval, Transvaal (8, 14. xi. 1899) ;
1 @, Dunbrody, Cape Colony (6. iii. 1912). Brit.-Mus.: 1 ¢, N.E.
Rhodesia, Mid. Luangwa, 13-1800 ft. (28-81 . vil. 1910,S. A. Neave).
Mus. Tervueren: 1 9, Bukama (17 . vii. 1911, Dr. Bequaert). Mus.
Rothschild, Tring: 1 9 Biskra. Coll. Ris: 1 ¢,2 9, River Errer,
Harrar, Abyssinia (vi, vii. 1911, Kristensen); 1 ¢, Eritrea (id.) ;
1 g, Tozeur, Tunisia (10 . v . 1913, Dr. A. v. Schulthess).

Dull olivaceous, probably light and rather pure green on head and
thorax in living specimens ; markings light and somewhat dull ferru-
einous, slightly variable individually in depth of colour and extent.

Fie. 46.—Mesogomphus Hageni, g. Waterval. Terminal seements,
ventral and left side view.

¢. Labium whitish. Labrum, face, frons, vertex and oxcipital plate
light green, the only obscure marking being a transverse band across
the ocelli on anterior part of vertex and base of frons. Anterior
ridge of frons strongly convex, sinuate in the middle, with two
irregular lateral groups of black granulations. Free margin of
occipital plate slightly concave, a low and indistinct longitudinal ridge
on the plate. Vertex projecting in a low, anteriorly convex ridge over
the ocelli. Occiput dull ochreous. Thoracic pattern, Plate IX, fig. 2.

Lees olivaceous, spines black; a mere trace of black lines on first
and second tibiae; third tibiae blackish internally.

Abdomen very slender, segments 1—2 slightly dilated, 3-7 cylindrical,
8-10 dilated in lateral and dorso-ventral dimensions ; lateral margin
of 8-9 foliate.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 545

Segments 1—7 dull olivaceous, obscure markings small and rather
diffuse: basal half of segment 1; lateral and dorsolateral bands on
2; narrow ring at anterior transverse carina, broader terminal ring
and indistinct lateral and posterior spots on 3-6; 7 greenish on
anterior, dull ferruginous on posterior half; 8-10 ferruginous, dila-
tations of 8-9 darker to almost black.

Fig. 47.— VWesogomphus Hageni, . Eritra. Genitals, second segment,
left side view.

Appendages ochreous, Text-fig. 46. Genital organs of second
segment, 'T'ext-fig. 47.

Wings hyaline, lightly tinged with greenish yellow in very adult
specimens ; costa yellow to base of pterostigma ; pterostigma, see p. 343.

2. Very similar to male. No structural differences in vertex and
occipital plate. Abdomen considerably more robust; terminal abdo-
minal segments comparatively less dilated. Appendages longer than
tenth segment, very fine and pointed, light yellowish, tips black

Fie. 48.—Mesogomphus Hageni, 9. Waterval. ‘Terminal segments,
ventral view.

Ventral plate of ninth segment concave, the cavity bordered near the
segment’s end by a sharp, almost semicircular ridge. Vulvar scale
slightly less than one-half the length of segment 9, roughly triangular
im outline, excised (Text-fig. 48).

6, Abd. 31 + 3, hdw. 28, BE 2 mm. 9,32, 26, 3 (Waterval).

6, Abd. 28+ 8, hdw. 22, pt.2°5 mm. (Eritrea). 9,32, 27,3 (Harrar).

No appreciable differences 5 structure or colour exist between
South African, Abyssinian and Algerian specimens of this wide-
ranging species.

346 . Annals of the South African Museum.

MrsoGoMPHUS ELPIDIUS, N. sp.

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 ¢,M’Fongosi (Zululand, iii, iv.1911, Jones). Mus.
Tervueren: 1 9, Kapiri, Katanga (x1. 1912, Legros).

Similar in colour to M. Hageni, but obscure markings deeper in
colour and more sharply defined.

Fig. 49.—Mesogomphus elpidius, g. M’Fongosi. Terminal segments,
ventral and left side view.

¢. Labium dull whitish ochreous. Labrum, face and frons very
light yellowish green, light and very diffuse brownish traces at anterior
margins of labrum, ante- and postclypeus; brownish transverse band
on anterior face of vertex across the ocelli, slightly encroaching on the
base of frons. Vertex as in M. Hageni; occipital plate without the

—— —

Sr
———
“SS

Fia. 50.—Mesogomphus elpidius, ¢. M’Fongosi. Genitals, second seg-
ment, left side view.

longitudinal ridge. Thoracic pattern, Plate IX, fig. 3. Legs dull
ochreous ; narrow lines on femora and their ends darker brownish ;
internal side of tibiae, lateral side of third tibiae, tarsi and spines
blackish.

Abdomen similar in form to M. Hageni, but still more slender, the
dilatation of terminal segments being comparatively greater, the lateral
foliaceous dilatations of segments 8-9 broader. Dull olivaceous,
markings dark ferruginous, very diffuse (both specimens rather dis-

=
d

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 347

coloured). Segments 1-2 discoloured ; 3-7 dorsally a small spot in
front of anterior carina and terminal half ferruginous, laterally a spot
at the carina and terminal third ; 8-10 bright ferruginous, 8—9 darker
dorsally at base; foliaceous dilatations blackish. Appendages ferru-
ginous (Text-fig. 49). Genital organs of second segment, Text-fig. 50.

Wing light yellowish, especially along veins ; costa light yellowish
to base of pterostigma, other venation dark. Pterostigma dark
ferruginous between black veins.

Abd. 26 + 3, hdw. 22, pt. 3 mm.

Q. No certainty exists about the identity of this female with the
typical males ; but since the thoracic pattern is very much the same,
the identification here suggested seems probable. In this female the
anterior, dorsally directed branch of the obscure band on second
lateral suture is longer and broader, the same colour at latero-ventral
border of metepimeron is more developed than in the male figured (Plate
IX, fig. 3). The markings of the abdomen seem somewhat different

Fig. 51.—Mesogomphus elpidius, 9. Kapiri. Terminal segments,
ventral side view.

(in better condition). Abdomen reddish ochreous, a blackish lateral
longitudinal line on segments 2-6, dilated dorsally at the anterior
carina, and narrowly interrupted at the anterior margin and contracted
in the middle of each segment; segment 7 ochreous in basal, dark
ferruginous in apical half; 8-10 dark ferruginous. Only a slight
indication of the foliaceous dilations on segments 8-9. Groove on
ventral plate 9 much smaller than in Hageni; roughly triangular
in outline; vulvar scale smaller, with broader terminal excision
(Text-fiz. 51). Appendages very fine and pointed, light ochreous.
Yellow line on costal vein narrower than in male. Pterostigma as
in male.
Abd. 32, hdw. 28, pt. 3°5 mm.

Mesocompuus coanatus (Rambur, 1842).

S. Afr. Mus.:1 ¢,1 9, Waterval, Transvaal (10. x, 14. x1. 1899) ;
13, Barkley West, Cape Colony (xii. 1895, L. Péringuey) ; 1 2, White

348 Annals of the South African Museum.

River, East Transvaal (i. 1910, A. T. Cooke); 2, M’Fongosi, Zululand
(i, x1. 1911, Jones) ; Otjituo and Gaub, 8. W. Protectorate (i. 1919,
Lightfoot). Brit. Mus.: 1 ¢,Cap. Bon Spei (very old specimen) ;
1 9, Natal; 1 9, Durban, Natal (iii . 1896); 2 ¢,1 9, Mazoe, 4000 ft.,
Mashonaland (24, 26. xii. 1905, Marshall). Coll. EH. B. Williamson :
2 2, Princetown, Natal (9, 19.xii. 1908, G. F. Leigh); 3 9, Hilton
Road, 3800 ft., Natal (20, 21, 23 .xn.1909, id.); 1 ¢ 9, an cope
Salisbury, 5000 ft., Mashonaland (i. 1900, Marshall) ; 1 9, Umtali,
3700 ft., Mashonaland (xii.1900, id.). Mus. Tervueren: 1 ¢,3 9,
Kapiri, Katanga (x, xi. 1912, Legros). Coll. Ris: 2 ¢, River Errer,
Harrar, Abyssinia (vii. 1911, Kristensen).

Dull yellowish, markings dark brown to almost black.

6. Labium light yellowish, points of lateral lobes dark. Labrum,
face and frons yellow with blackish marks, the free margin of labrum
very narrow, a broader transverse line on base of labrum projecting
anteriorly in the median line; anterior margin of postclypeus rather
broadly marked; broader transverse band across anterior side of
frons, convex dorsally and touching the ridge in the median line ;
dorsally anterior half of frons yellow, posterior half black, an irregular
row of black granulations along the anterior ridge. Vertex dull
ferruginous above, passing anteriorly into yellowish, blackish in front
across the ocelli. Occipital plate yellow; free margin very slightly
convex ; anterior surface very shallowly concave with a round, low,
central convexity. Vertex almost continuous to occipital plate, very
slightly convex, then with a shallow transverse groove and a slightly
concave, almost horizontal plane, which ends in a blunt ridge above
the ocelli. Thoracic pattern, Plate IX, fig. 4 (slightly variable individu-
ally ; in some specimens the yellow spot at the ante-alar sinus is fused
to the juxta-humeral line, in some the humeral suture is narrowly
lined with yellow). Legs yellowish, three narrow, almost complete
black lines at the femora ; tibiae black with two external yellow lines;
tarsi black.

Abdomen moderately dilated at segments 1-2 ; 3-7 cylindrical, very
slender; 8-10 rather considerably extended in lateral and dorsoventral
dimensions, foliate dilatations of 8-9 large. Black with yellowish
markings; dorsum of segment 1 except a narrow mid-dorsal line ;
segment 2 dorsolateral bands including a yellow mid-dorsal band,
which is narrow in the anterior, broad in the posterior half; 5-7
longitudinal bands, very close to lateral margin, narrowly interrupted
at anterior end, dorsally projecting at anterior carina and dilated to
form a complete ring at the end of each‘Segment; a narrow mid-dorsal
line slightly dilated at the anterior carina, more dilated near the

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 349

terminal ring ; on segments 3-4 two separate points instead of this
latter dilation. Segments 8-9 reddish ochreous; broad slightly
diffuse and sinuate latero-dorsal blackish bands; margin of folia-
ceous dilatations narrowly lined with black. Segment 10 reddish
ochreous, dorsally obscure at base. Appendages (Text-fig. 52)—

Fig. 52 —Mesogomphus cognatus, g. M’Fongosi. Terminal segments,
ventral and left side view.

superiors reddish ochreous in proximal, blackish in distal half, inferior

reddish ochreous. Genital organs of second segment, Text-fig. 53.
Wings hyaline. Costa lined with yellow to base of pterostigma,

other venation dark. Pterostigma very dark ferruginous to almost

black.

Fig. 53.—Mesogomphus cvognatus, g. M’Fongosi. Genitals, second seg-
ment, left side view.

?. Very similar to male in colour; structure of head much the
same. Abdomen rather robust, extension of terminal segments
comparatively slight, foliaceous dilatations of segments 8-9 very

small. Groove on ventral plate of segment 9 large (similar to
M. Hagen‘); vulvar scale scarcely more than one-third the length of

segment 9, broadly excised to about one-half its length (none of the

350 Annals of the South African Museum.

Specimens examined is in sufficiently good condition for a drawing).
Appendages long and fine, sharply pointed.

So, Abd. 28438, hdw. 24, pt. 3mm. (Waterval) Transvaal ; 264 <
3, 22,3 (M’Fongosi), Zululand; 27+ >3, 28, 3 (Harrar). 9, 32, 28,
< 3 (Kapiri) ; 32, 28, 3:5 (Waterval).

CRENIGOMPHUS (Selys, 1892).

A small genus, originally established for two Abyssinian species.
It does not seem to be separated by very important characters from
the group here united under Mesogomphus. In case of a fusion of the
two genera the name Crenigomphus would have priority.

CrEenIGOoMPHUS HarTMANNI (Forster, 1898).

S. Afr. Mus.: 39,59,1¢ 9, in cop., M’Fongosi, Zululand (iu, iv,
v, x1, x11. 1911, W. E. Jones).

Colour light greenish yellow and dull ferruginous, the latter colour
deeper and better defined than in M. Hageni and elpidius, but not so
deep as in cognatus.

¢. Labium whitish yellow. Labrum, face and frons very lght
greenish yellow. On anterior ridge of frons a narrow brownish stripe
not reaching quite to the lateral ends and behind 1-3 irregular rows
of black granulations.

Occipital plate and upper surface of vertex duller yellowish than
frons. Anterior surface of vertex across the ocelli and base of frons
rather broadly brown. Free margin of occipital plate very shghtly
convex, lined with short yellow hair; on the anterior surface a low
round convexity. On upper surface of vertex a transverse furrow
near the fronto-occipital suture, the surface ascending from the furrow
to a blunt anterior ridge, which, concave in the median line, projects
slightly over each lateral ocellus. Thoracie pattern, Plate IX, fig. 5.
Legs lhght yellow; spines, claws and internal side of tarsi black,
merest trace of dark lines on tibiae and femora.

Abdominal segments 1 and 2 very moderately dilated; 3-6 rather
robust, cylindrical; from middle of 7 gradually dilated to 10, strongly
in lateral, less in dorsoventral dimension ; tenth segment broadest in
both dimensions ; foliaceous dilatations of 8-9 moderate. Segments
1-7 rather pure yellow, a shade olivaceous ; 8-10 reddish yellow ;
markings almost black; most of dorsum in segment | ; longitudinal
dorsal band on 2 divided by a very narrow mid-dorsal line; 5-6
narrow line at anterior carina and round spot on the last third of
dorsum, fused to a terminal ring; lateral longitudinal stripe, narrowly

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 351

interrupted at anterior end of each segment; 7 with analogous
marking, but no line at anterior and lateral stripe narrower ; 3-10
dark on dorsum, with a mid-dorsal light band, complete, narrow and
parallel on 8, contracted to a point anteriorly and dilated posteriorly

Fic. 54.—Crenigomphus hartmanni, ¢. M’Fongosi. Terminal segments,
ventral and left side view.

on 9and 10. Foliaceous dilatations of 8-9 light ferruginous, broadly
lined with black. Appendages light yellow, only the extreme tip of
the superior blackish (Text-fig. 54). Genital organs of second segment,
Text-fig. 55,

Wings rather deeply tinged with yellow, more in the distal half.

Fic. 55.—Crenigomphus hartmanni, g. M’Fongosi. Genitals, second
segment, left side view.

Costa conspicuously yellow to apex, in sharp contrast to the deep
black pterostigma; great part of venation in costal and proximal
half of wings ferruginous.

?. Free margin of occipital plate with a round median projection
and on each side with 5 strong black spines. Dorsal surface of
vertex divided longitudinally by a deep groove, which begins over the

352 Annals of the South African Museum.

median ocellus, being about the breadth of the ocellus, and ends
posteriorly in a point near the transverse furrow (evidently in
copulation the point of the inferior appendage of male fits exactly
into this groove). Dark markings of abdomen considerably reduced ;
terminal spots shorter, pointed anteriorly ; lateral stripes very narrow,
rather widely distant from the margins. Segments 8-9 but little

Fie. 56.—Crenigomphus hartmanni, 2. M’Fongosi. Terminal segments,
ventral view.

different from male, foliaceous dilatations only slightly narrower.
Tenth segment narrow and short; appendages slightly longer, fine,
sharply poimted. Groove on ventral plate of segment 9 small;
vulvar scale small, triangular, excised (Text-fig. 56). Wings as in
male.

3, Abd. 30+2°5, hdw. 28, pt.4.mm. 9, 35, 30, 45.

ONYCHOGOMPHUS (Sélys, 1854).

A genus containing numerous palaearctic and oriental species.
Of the African species formerly attributed to Onychogomphus, the
majority are not quite homogeneous and will eventually pass to
Mesogomphus.

OnycHOGOMPHUS supINUS (Sélys, 1854).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Barberton, Transvaal (x1.1918); 1 9, Kranzkop
(21. xii . 1908); 1 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (x1. 1911, W. E. Jones).

Light yellow and deep black.

¢. Labium light yellow, margin of median lobe and tips of lateral
lobes blackish. Labrum, face and frons yellow; base of labrum
narrowly black; a black transverse line on the median part of the
fronto-nasal suture, which line crosses laterally over the postclypeus
almost to its lateral inferior angles. Basal half of dorsal surface of
frons black ; two lateral irregular groups of black granulations near
the anterior ridge. Vertex blackish, except the ridge over the ocelh,
which is yellow. Occipital plate yellow, narrowly lined with black at
the free margin; free margin almost straight, with long black hair.

iN, ’

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 353

Vertex joining the occipital plate in an obtuse angle, almost plain
and horizontal, forming an obtuse ridge above the ocelli. Thoracic
pattern Plate IX, fig. 6. Legs yellow, femora with two black lines,
internal side of tibiae and tarsi black.

Fig. 57.—Onychogomphus supinus, ¢. Barberton. Terminal seements,
ventral and left side view.

mi seo s 1-2 moderately dilated, 3—6 cylindrical, rather
Abdominal segments 1—2 moderately dilated, 3-6 cylindrical, ratl

robust, posterior half of 7 to 9 gradually dilated, 10 shehtly narrower
than 9; lateral margin of 8-9 moderately foliaceous. Yellow, with
black markings on segment 2, broad dorsolateral bands, and narrow

5 5

lines at anterior joint and transverse carina ; 3—7 lateral bands, distant
rom r ein by slightly less than their own breadth, narrowly
from lateral margin by slightly less than tl breadtl owl

Fie. 58.—Onychogomphus supinus, g. Barberton. Genitals, second

O
seoment, left side view.

interrupted at anterior end, and dorsally dilated at transverse carina
and posterior third of each segment ; complete narrow black rings at
the end of each segment ; 8-9 ferruginous, yellowish at the sides, a
dorsal blackish mark on anterior half interrupted on 8 by a sinuate
yellow spot, on 9 by two yellow points; foliate dilatations black ;
10 black on basal third, yellow posteriorly.

Appendages (‘Text-fig. 57), superior yellow, inferior black. Genital
organs of second segment, Text-fig. 58,

354 Annals of the South African Museum.

Wings hyaline, costal vein lined with yellow in front. Venation
partly ferruginous-in basal and costal part of wing. Pterostigma
light yellow between thick black veins.

2. Similar to male, black markings somewhat reduced; black
on labrum indistinct, absent on postelypeus; black markings on
abdomen comparatively narrower throughout, absent on tenth segment.
Appendages and supra-anal tubercle yellow. On free margin of
occipital plate two strong spines directed forward and laterally; on
anterior surface of plate a small rounded tubercle ; vertex as in male.
Abdominal segments 7-10 but moderately extended; no foliaceous
dilatations on 8-9. Groove on ventral plate of 9 comparatively small ;
vulvar scale broadly triangular, excised (Text-fig. 59). Appendages
comparatively short and robust. Wings slightly tinged with yellow
in sub-costal and cubito-anal space.

3b, Abd. 31 + 2°5, hdw. 28, pt.< 4mm. 9,34, 30, 4.

Fig. 59.—Onychogomphus supinus, 9. Kranspoort. Terminal seements,
ventral view.

(a) A female from M’Fongosi, Zululand (xii. 1911, W. E. Jones)
agrees in most characters with the other specimen from this locality,
but differs in the following points: (1) Pterostigma almost black,
turning to brown only at posterior margin; (2) wings tinged with
yellow all over to half-way from base to nodus in costal and sub-costal
space, to the triangle in cubito-anal space; (5) vulvar scale more
broadly and deeply excised.

Of the occipital spines only the left one is developed, the right one
indicated by a rudiment. Abd. 33, hdw. 29, pt. 3 mm. This specimen
might belong to a distinct species, but in absence of the male it would
not be safe to accept this view.

CERATOGOMPHUS (Sélys, 1854).

This genus was established for the single species here described,
which is rather widely different from Onychogomphus in its male
appendages and female genital segments, though the affinity is clearly
indicated by the neural characters.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 395

. CERATOGOMPHUS prcTuS (S¢élys, 1854).

eer Mus.: 1 f, 1 9, Dunbrody (11. x, 6. ii, 1912); 1 9,
Waterval (ii,x . 1900). Brit. Mus.: 1 @, Salisbury (xi.1905, Marshall) ;
1 9,8. Africa (very old specimen). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 9, King
Williamstown, Cape (4.1. 1908, Miss Fountaine) ; 1 2, Stutterheim,
Cape (7.1. 1908, ead). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 2 9, Princetown,
Natal (28.1.12.1.1909,G.F. Leigh). Coll. Ris: 1 ?, Botchahelo,
1200 m. (20. 17. 1914, H. Junod).

Yellow at the sides of thorax with a greenish shade; markings
sharply defined, black, dark reddish-brown on thorax.

gS. No male in good condition for a description or drawing of
structural details was available.

2. Labium whitish, tips of lateral lobes blackish. Labrum, base
of mandibles, genae whitish; face and frons yellow, the following
markings black; transverse line on suture of labrum and anteclypeus ;
narrow sinuate line on anterior margin of postclypeus ; narrow line on
nasofrontal suture. Dorsal surface of frons yellow, broadly black at
base; vertex black with a transversely oblong, dull yellowish spot
at the ocelli ; occipital plate yellow, narrowly lined with black at free
margin. This margin slightly convex with a row of numerous, robust,
slightly irregular black spines ; anterior surface slightly concave with
a low, transversely oblong central tubercle. Vertex at occipital
suture slightly convex, transversely rugose ; more forward a shallow
transverse furrow and then a very slightly concave plane, ending in
a sharp transverse ridge over the ocelli. Thoracic pattern Plate IX,
fig. 7.

Legs very robust, longer than in preceding species of Onychogomphus
and Mesogomphus, the end of third femora just reaching the joint of
thorax and abdomen; femora yellow with black lines, incomplete on
third femora ; tibiae black with yellow external lines ; tarsi black.

Abdominal segments 1-2 moderately extended, 3-8 comparatively
robust, cylindrical, 9-10 narrowed. Lateral margins of 8 with broad
foliaceous dilatations ; similar dilatations only just indicated on 9.
Yellow, with black markings; dorsolateral bands on segment 2,
which include a trilobate median yellow band; 3-7 lateral bands,
interrupted at anterior end of each segment, including a small yellow
spot at each posterior end; narrow terminal ring ; mid-dorsal line
narrowed posteriorly and slightly dilated at transverse carina. On
segment 8 lateral bands dilated in middle to touch each other in
mid-dorsal line; foliaceous dilatations yellow; 9 yellow, mid-dorsal
line and incomplete transverse band in middle black; 10 black with

356 Annals of the South African Museum.

three yellow points. Appendages and supra-anal tubercle yellow.
Ventral surface of abdomen whitish.

For vulvar scale and other structures of genital segments see Ps 340,
and Text-fig. 60.

Wings slightly tinged with yellowish, especially along the veins.
Costal vein, costal and subcostal cross-veins yellow. Pterostigma
black.

Abd. 40, hdw. 52, pt. 8°5 mm.

Fie. 60.—Ceratogomphus pictus, 9. Waterval. ‘Terminal segments,
ventral view.

The anal loop as deseribed in the table (p. 340), and figured in
Plate VIII, fig. 6, is sometimes not fully developed, the transverse
veins failing to meet exactly for the formation of its anal side. Such
specimens may easily be identified by the structure of the terminal
segments, which is very characteristic in both sexes.

Il Cs. Supramitry AKSCHNINAE.

The largest and most conspicuous Odonata of South Africa (and
most other regions) are the Aeschninae. Everybody, not the ento-
mologist alone, knows the beautifully built, gaily coloured giants of
the Order. Their restless hunting of insect prey over every sheet of
water as long as there is bright sunshine, their swift movements and
keen evolutions never fail to attract the interest and the delight of
a thoughtful observer. But what means beauty and delight to the
unselfish spectator is often delusion and bitterness to the collecting
entomologist, who may observe a great prize for hours without
having the chance to get it into his treacherous net. Only a few
members of the subfamily are slower in their movements, less defiant.
less attached to open water and therefore an easier prey among
vegetation, sometimes far from water, in woods, gardens, even in
towns. Aeschninae are the “ dragonflies ” in the restricted sense, and
the numerous vernacular names in many languages nearly always
mean some conspicuous Aeschna or Anax in preference to other
members of the Order. It is difficult to say why these insects have
in some regions (as, for instance, in the writer's Swiss home) a very

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 357

bad reputation with the people, as being highly dangerous to man
and venomous stingers. But dangerous and terrible as they are to any
flying insect up to a middle-sized dragonfly, they are utterly harmless
to man, and incapable to do the least harm. The long abdomen is a
steering apparatus in the mad flight, and the more or less pointed
appendages at its end are, as we know, copulatory organs. No sting,
no poison, not even a trace of smelling secretion is found either
in this group, or any other in Odonata. There is a good representa-
tion of the genus Anaz in the fauna under discussion; but otherwise
the region appears poor in Aeschninae, though discovery of some other
species is not improbable.

Larvae of Aeschninae (Plate XII, fig. 4) are of a rather uniform
type throughout the subfamily. Body elongate, ventral side flat (as
in all nymphs of Anisoptera), dorsal side convex to almost half-
cylindrical shape.

Labium long and flat, its lateral lobes hook-like. Legs long and
slender, not fossorial.

1. Rs forked proximal to pterostigma ; more than two rows of cells between
the branches. Between Rs and Rspl a uniform network of cells, also
between M, and spl.

Origin of M,in middle of arculus or slightly behind ; origin of W,, nearer
to M, than to the costal end of arculus. Proximal anal margin of hind
wing excised in male, with anal triangle. (Plate VIII, figs.7,8,9) 2.
Rs forked distally to middle of pterostigma, costal branch of fork con-
tinuing the main direction of sector; fork narrow with but two ranges
of cells between the branches. Between Rs and Rspl a number of small
additional sectors parallel and similar to anal branch of fork. Similar
structures between M, and Mspl. Origin of M, in front of middle of
arculus, of M,; nearer to costal end of arculus than to origin of M,.
Proximal anal margin of hind wing similar in both sexes, rounded, no
distinct anal triangle. (Plate V, fig. 1.) No earlets at second abdominal
segment of male. M, abruptly bent toward the costa in level of distal
end of pterostigma : ; < . esa
. Frons and face comparatively broad, more fan one- hid of ne transverse
diameter of head. Anterior ridge of frons moderately convex, rounded.
Eyes moderately large, their line of contact not much longer than
length of dorsal surface of frons. ‘Tenth ventral plate of female not
projecting, covered with many fine denticles in distal half. Membranule
large. (Plate VIII, figs. 8, 9.)
Frons and face comparatively narrow, less than one-third of the trans-
verse diameter of head. Anterior ridge of frons produced in an almost
right angle. Eyes very large, their line of contact about twice the
length of dorsal surface of frons. Abdomen very slender. Tenth ventral
plate of female produced in two long, fine, ventrally curved spines,
Membranule very small. (Plate VIII, fig. 7) -. . . Gynacantha.

23

358 Annals of the South African Museum.

3. Cells between Rs and M; not distinctly arranged inrows. Endof M, slightly
and gradually convex towards the costa. (Plate VIII, fig. 8) . Aeschna.
Cells between Rs and M;, in part at least, distinctly arranged in trans-
verse rows, especially a regular supplementary sector in front of and
parallel to M;, distant by one row of cells. J/, convex towards the costa
in arather abrupt curve in level of distal end of pterostigma. (Plate VIII,
16 ‘ : : ; ; : Anaciaeschna.
4. Cuy in hind wing following the Serra direonion of Cu, throughout, in distal
half running to wing’s edge parallel to Cu, and distant by one row of
cells. A supplementary lateral keel on part of the abdominal segments,
at least 7-9 . : ‘ ; : : : ania
Cug in hind wing cir suaeeribicg with ace of Cu, a roughly quadrangular
or circular field with three to four rows of cells, where it approaches Cu,
to run into parallel direction, but distinct recurrent branch (Plate V,
fig. 1). No lateral keels on abdomen . : ; - é Hemianaz.

GYNACANTHA (Rambur, 1842).

A genus of circumtropical distribution. Some isolated species
penetrate into higher latitudes in various regions. The two species here
recorded are evidently outposts of tropical character and cannot be
expected much farther south than the present records. Collectors’ notes
from far distant regions (Malayia and South America) mention cre-
puscular habits for at least part of the species, and from their colour
system and perhaps also general stature one would deduce that the
entire group consists of wood-loving insects. The facies of Gynacantha
is quite pecuhar—much more so than can be said in a few words—and
an expert will scarcely ever fail to locate even a male (without the more
characteristic female) at the first glance.

Comparatively large species: ¢ abd., 56 + 6°5, hdw. 52, pt. 4mm.; 9, 55
+ 5, 55, 45. More than 25 ante-cubital cross-veins in front wing. Supe-
rior appendages of male excised at internal margin, broadly cut at end.
G. villosa.
Much smaller species: g¢ abd.,43 + 5, hdw. 36, pt. 25mm.; 2,47 + 3, 39,
< 3. About 15 ante-cubital cross-veins in front wing. Superior appen-
dages of male not excised at internal margin, pointed . G. manderica.

GYNACANTHA VILLOSA (Grunberg, 1902).

Coll. Ris: 1 ¢, 1 2, Delagoa Bay (Junod).

This pair was identified in the Schultze paper as G. bispina, Ramb.,
from descriptions alone. I have examined since the types and thes
specimens of bispina, which is certainly distinct, whereas the description
of villosa agrees perfectly.

d (adult, preservation of colours somewhat poor). Labium and

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 359

labrum dull ferruginous. Face and frons anteriorly olivaceous.
Dorsal surface of frons olivaceous, passing into ferruginous medially,
with a brownish-black T-spot; longitudinal part of T-spot narrow,

Fic. 61.—Gynacantha villosa, g. Delagoa Bay. ‘Terminal segments,
right side and dorsal view.

Fic. 62.—Gynacantha villosa, 2. Delagoa Bay. ‘Terminal segments,
right side and ventral view.

transverse part filling up the anterior part of front, which is produced
to form almost a right angle. Vertex blackish brown. Antennae
light ferruginous. Occipital triangle very small, light yellow. Occiput

360 Annals of the South African Museum.

light greyish ochreous. Thorax short and robust, dorsum densely
covered by minute granulations which get scarcer laterally, with dense
and rather long greyish pubescence. Dorsum dark greyish brown
with a distinct greenish shade; sides and ventral side gradually
lighter. Metastigma black. Legs uniform light ferruginous.

Abdominal segments 1-2 moderately enlarged in lateral, very little in
dorsoventral dimension; 3 moderately contracted, end of 3-10 almost.
cylindrical, slender. LEarlets of second segment moderate, cut straight
with 6 rather robust denticles. Abdomen dull ferruginous, joints
and carinae narrowly blackish; no distinct markings (destroyed ?).
Appendages, Text-fig. 61.

Wings irregularly tinged with greyish yellow (as nearly always
in fully mature specimens of Gynacantha) ; sub-costal and cubito-anal
space yellowish at base, this colour not deep and rather indistinct.
Pterostigma dull ochreous. Venation much denser than in following
species (fig. 15 in the Schultze paper).

2. Very similar to male in colour, somewhat lighter (not so
mature). Abdomen more robust, less contracted at third segment.
Ovipositor very long and robust, and consequently the ninth segment
elongate (6 mm.) and also dilated in dorsoventral dimension
(Text-fig. 62).

GYNACANTHA MANDERICA (Grunberg, 1902).

Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 g, Salisbury, Mashonaland (ii . 1900,
Marshall). Mus. 'Tervueren: 1 9, Kitompo Fungwe (18. vi. 1911,
Dr. Bequaert).

A very distinct species, resembling by its comparatively short and
broad wings and small size a type represented, by the Asiatic species
G. bayadera, Sélys. It is the smallest of known African Gynaeanthae.

3. Labium and labrum ochreous. Face and frons anteriorly
olivaceous. Dorsal surface of frons ochreous in basal half, turning
gradually to olivaceous anteriorly. T-spot deep brown, longitudinal
part broad, lined by a very narrow light yellowish line; transverse
part reduced to a rather small, almost rhomboid dilatation. Thorax
greyish olivaceous ; dorsum finely granulate, with rather long, fine,
whitish hair; a few blackish-brown markings ; a round point near the
dorsal end of humeral and second lateral suture, traces at the ventral
sutures and a transversely triangular spot on metasternum. Legs
short. Femora ferruginous, very slightly and gradually darker at
distal end; tibiae black internally, light ochreous externally; tarsi
black.

Abdominal segments 1-2 considerably dilated, base of 3 much

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 36]

contracted, end of 3 to 10 eylindrical, slender. Earlets of second
segment large, rounded, with 7-8 strong denticles. (Colours not in
very good condition.) Segment | light ochreous, greyish olivaceous
in posterior half of dorsum ; 2 light ochreous at sides, olivaceous in
anterior, light blue (probably a very distinct mark in the living
insect) in posterior half of dorsum; 3-8 dull ferruginous, with a
black line at transverse carina, and behind the carina a blackish-brown
dorsolateral spot, which increases gradually from the third to the
eighth segment, and includes on each side a terminal, roughly triangular
dull ochreous spot ;_ 9-10 ochreous with mid-dorsal blackish band.
Superior appendages deep black, inferior light yellow; superior
lanceolate, not excised internally, with a not very dense row of fine
black ciliae at internal margin, produced into a slender and very
acute point; inferior one triangular, obtuse, between one-third and
one-half the length of the superior, not in good condition for a
drawing, agreeing well with R. Martin’s figure.

Wings hyaline, reticulation in costal and basal part greyish
ochreous ; costa light ochreous. Brown, fumose basal mark along
the veins in costal, sub-costal and ecubito-anal space to first cross-vein.
Pterostigma greyish ochreous between black veins. Neuration, Plate
wrt, fic. 7.

2. Very similar to male. No blue on second abdominal segment ;
dark dorsal spots of following segments smaller and not so deep in
colcur, Ninth segment moderate (8 mm.); ovipositor similar in
structure, but much less developed in dimensions than in G@. villosa.

AESCHNA (Fabricius, 1775, emend.).

A large cosmopolitan genus, not fully homogeneous, most species
belonging to the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere.
African species are not numerous. Of our two species one (iminuscula)
is of uncertain affinities ; the other (swbpupillata) is representative of a
group otherwise known from tropical Hast Africa.

Larger species. On superior surface of frons an oculate mark; black
median basal spot surrounded by light yellow and then by bluish grey.
Genital lobe in second segment of male much produced 4. subpupillata.
Smaller species. On superior surface of frons a T-spot with broadly
triangular base and broad, crescentic horizontal part along anterior
frontal ridge. Genital lobe of male not produced — . . A. minuscula.

AESCHNA suBPUPILLATA (MacLachlan, 1895).

Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 g, 1 9, Stutterheim, Cape Colony (9,
14.1. 1908, Miss Fountaine).

362 Annals of the South African Museum.

d- Labium light ochreous. Labrum, face and frons anteriorly
very light greenish yellow ; a very narrow and incomplete black line
at base of labrum. On dorsal surface of frons a black basal band,
narrowly descending along the eyes; fused to that band an almost
circular black spot; rather widely separated from this spot a narrow
black line on anterior frontal ridge; the black basal spot surrounded
by a narrow light yellow line, which is limited anteriorly by the
black line on frontal ridge, laterally by greyish blue shades, which do
not fully reach the basal black band. Vertex yellow above, black in
front. Occipital triangle yellow. Occiput ferruginous with black
margin. Thorax dull olivaceous brown, with light yellow markings ;
narrow ante-humeral bands to about mid-height, slightly nearer to
median than to humeral suture; transverse spot in angle between
alar sinus and dorsal end of humeral suture ; humeral suture narrowly
lined with ochreous ; two almost equally broad (1 mm.) lateral bands,
passing from light yellow to more greenish shades dorsally, distinctly
lined with dark brown in ventral half; first band in middle of
mesepimeron, bent at mid-height to more nearly vertical direction ;
second band on middle of metepimeron, slightly widened dorsally and
slightly concave anteriorly ; a triangular metepisternal spot behind
dorsal half of mesepimeral band. Metasterna dark brown with two
small yellow spots. Legs robust; femora ferruginous, black at the
joints ; internal side of first pair light yellow; tibiae and tarsi black.

Abdominal segments 1-2 moderately inflated, 3 considerably con-
tracted, end of 5 to 10 robust with parallel sides. Colour of living
insect probably green (or blue) and dark brown in about equal parts,
in dead and discoloured specimen dull olivaceous and dull brownish
ferruginous. Light (green?) colour distributed as follows: sides of
seoment 1; complete basal ring on 2, to transverse carina, laterally
to the earlets ; 3 large mid-dorsal anterior spot to transverse carina,
two small triangular spots behind carina, large terminal, lateral,
semicircular spots, touching at mid-dorsal line; 4-7 complete basal
_ ring to carina, behind carina each side two median spots, the larger
one lateral, the smaller one dorsal, and a semicircular terminal spot;
8 small lateral anterior and large semicircular terminal spot; 9 the
semicircular terminal spots alone; 10 ferruginous on anterior, light
green on posterior half, the two colours separated by a narrow blaek
line, which is continued posteriorly on the mid-dorsal carina. Ventral
surface blackish, second segment dull brown, and also basal lateral small
spots on segments 4-8. On first ventral plate a transverse, anteriorly
convex field covered with numerous small black spinules. Earlets of
second segment small with three dorsally directed spines. Margin of

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 363

genital pocket posteriorly (posterior genital lobe) projecting in a long
obtuse lobe, which projects ventrally considerably beyond the general
outline of abdomen ; lobes of both sides touching in median line. On
the anterior lamina two long and acute horizontal spines directed
backwards ; hamuli small (not clearly visible).

Mid-dorsal carina of tenth segment raised in a short tooth in middle
of length, obsolete in posterior half, accompanied by one or two slight
folds on each side. Appendages (T'ext-fig. 63) dark reddish brown.

Wings hyaline; costal vein yellow anteriorly, cross-veins in basal
and costal part yellowish to nodus, triangle and case of Cu. Membranule
dull brown, rather broadly whitish at base. Pterostigma very light
ferruginous. Reticulation, Plate VITII, fig. 8.

Fia. 63.—Aeschna subpupillata, $. Stutterheim. Terminal segments,
right side and dorsal views.

2. Labium and labrum darker ferruginous; face and _ frons
anteriorly dull ferruginous with a shade of olivaceous. Frons above
as in male. Thorax and abdomen as in male, but dark part of
pattern lighter and light parts slightly more extended (discoloured in
our specimen) ; basal dorsal spots present on segment 8 and basal
lateral ones joined to terminal spots ; 9 light coloured entirely, except
a narrow, slightly sinuous transverse anterior line. Ventral plate of
first segment as in male; terminal half of tenth ventral plate densely
covered with small black spinules. Valvae obtuse, projecting little
beyond end of abdomen. Wings as in male; membranule whitish in
basal, grey in apical half.

6, Abd. 42 + 5, hdw. 40, pt. 85mm. @, 444 45, 43, 35.

This pair agrees well with MacLachlan’s original description of
A, subpupillata, but almost as well with Calvert’s (earlier) and

364 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sjistedt’s (later) descriptions of A. Rileyi. Nevertheless the present
specimens are smaller than the smallest dimensions given for A. Rileyi,
and I have before me a single female (head lost) of an Aeschna from
Kapiri, Katanga (Mus. Tervueren, collector Legros, x . 1912), which
seems to be specifically distinct from the pair above described and
may be the true A. Rileyi.

It differs by the following points: (1) Considerably larger (abd.
51 + 5, hdw. 50, pt. 4), and much more robust in thorax and abdomen;
(2) lateral bands of thorax narrower, ochreous line at humeral suture
and yellow transverse mark in front of antealar sinus absent;
(3) membranule wholly dark grey.

AESCHNA MINUSCULA (MacLachlan, 1895).

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 2 (old specimens, not dated); 1 9, M’Fongosi,
Zululand (i. 1912, W.E. Jones) ; Nurugas, T'sintsabis, and Otjiwarongo,
S.W. Protectorate (1. 1920, Tucker).

Q. Labium ochreous. Labrum, face and frons anteriorly dull
ferruginous. Postclypeus laterally, frons laterally and above light
yellow. A narrow black line at base of frons, descending along the
eyes; broadly fused to this line a medial black spot, abruptly contracted
anteriorly to join a transverse black line on the frontal ridge, thus
forming a T-shaped spot. Vertex yellow above, black in front.
Occipital triangle light yellow; occiput black. Thorax light golden
brown. Yellowish green, narrow, almost complete ante-humeral .
bands, nearer the median than humeral suture, slightly convergent
dorsally. Two very broad (1°5 mm.) lateral bands yellow, shading to
ereenish dorsally, lined with darker colour in ventral half; anterior
one in middle of mesepimeron, posterior one slightly in front of middle
of metepimeron. Legs black, basal half of femora ferruginous.

Abdominal segments 1-2 much inflated, 3-5 gradually contracted,
6-10 cylindrical. Ferruginous with light yellow and_ blackish
markings: broad latero-ventral longitudinal bands on segments 1-2,
narrow mid-dorsal line on 2; 38-8 basal ventral spot of nearly one-
half the breadth and two-thirds the length of each segment, this spot
pointed behind and narrowly lined with black on ventral, broadly on
dorsal side, yellow; 3-7 small yellow spot behind transverse carina ;
the carina lined with black; 9 latero-dorsal, triangular yellow spots
pointed posteriorly; 10 yellow, except a narrow dark median and
basal line. Appendages very short, ferruginous. Posterior half of
tenth ventral plate densely covered with minute black spines. Valvae
obtuse, short, projecting but little behind the end of tenth segment

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 365

(Text-fig. 64). On first ventral plate a flat transverse tubercle covered
with minute spinules.

Wings rather rich golden yellow in basal and costal half to distal
end of pterostigma. Pterostigma light ochreous.

Membranule white in proximal, blackish in distal half. Costa light
yellow ; cross-veins to nodus, triangle and Cw light yellow. Venation
as in A. subpupillata in all essential points.

Q, Abd. 42 + 2, hdw. 39, pt. < 4mm.

MacLachlan’s original description agrees perfectly with our speci-
mens, only the wings of the typical pair are hyaline and not yellow ;
but in a note another female with “ wings much tinged with yellowish ”
is mentioned as “ possibly a distinct species.” The (later) description

Fie. 64.—Aeschna minuscula, 2. Cape. ‘Terminal segments, right
side and ventral view.

of A. dolabrata by Karsch agrees also with our specimens so well that
I strongly suspect this species to be the same as MacLachlan’s.

ANACIAESCHNA (Sélys, 1878).

The genus was originally founded for a single widely distributed
and common species, A. jaspidea, Burm., which ranges from India to
Polynesia, but has not yet been observed in Africa. From this
continent a second species was described by MacLachlan from Delagoa
Bay ; it is evidently less common than jaspidea seems to be in its
haunts. Our description is taken from an Abyssinian specimen, which
agrees with the original description in all essential points. The
definition and name of the genus were originally taken from the
presence of accessory lateral carinae in the abdomen of A. jaspidea.
But I find these carinae often indistinct in the female of jaspidea, and

366 Annals of the South African Museum.

altogether absent in the female of triangulifera. Therefore I preferred
to omit this character from the definition and base it on neural
characters.

ANACIAESCHNA TRIANGULIFERA (MacLachlan, 1895).

Coll. Ris: 1 9,Camp Hardim, River Hawark, Harrar, Abyssinia
(x-xil. 1910, Kristensen).

2? (shghtly immature). Labium and labrum dull ferruginous.
Face and frons anteriorly olivaceous, laterally light yellow. Frons
above light yellow with dark brown markings; broad triangular basal
spot, reaching laterally to slightly beyond the base of antennae,
broadly fused to a line on anterior ridge, this ridge slightly produced
in an obtuse angle. .Vertex blackish, with two round yellow spots
above. Thorax dark brownish grey, no ante-humeral lines. Sides
with two equal, straight, parallel, rather narrow (< 1 mm.) light yellow
bands; anterior one obliquely crossing mesepimeron, distant at
ventral end by about its own breadth from humeral suture, ending
dorsally half way between humeral and second lateral suture ; posterior
one crossing obliquely metepimeron, distant at ventral end by less, at
dorsal end by more than its own breadth from second lateral suture ;
a small mesinfraepisternal yellow spot. Legs black, extreme base of
first femora yellow internally.

Abdominal segments 1-2 much inflated, spherical ; base of segment
3 much contracted, the rest relatively long and slender. Dark
ferruginous, shading to grey, with blackish and light yellow markings.
Blackish: terminal joints of segments rather broadly, transverse
carinae narrowly and a diffuse lining of the single yellow spots.
Light yellow: a transverse posterior line on segment 1, narrowing
dorsally ; Gomplete, narrow (< 1 mm.) longitudinal lateral band on
segment 2, very narrow transverse line in front of carina of 2, dilated
in mid-dorsal line; 8-7 small round spot behind ventral end of
transverse carina and narrow transversely triangular spot at dorsal
end of same; 8 small latero-anterior spots; 9-10 sides broadly
ochreous. Ventral side dull brown, base of 3 greyish yellow, 4-7
small basal yellowish spots. Valvae with a small, very acute spine at
ventral angle. Terminal third of tenth ventral plate densely covered
with minute black spines.

Appendages narrow, foliaceous, obtuse.

Wings hyaline, very light yellow at base in sub-costal and cubito-
anal space. Costa light yellow. Pterostigma ochreous. Membranule
white in proximal, dark grey in distal half. Venation, Plate VIII, fig. 9.

Q, Abd. 48 + 4:5, hdw. 48, pt. 3°5 mm,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 367

ANAX (Leach, 1815).

A cosmopolitan genus of large, strongly built and beautifully
coloured species, more numerous in the Old than in the New World,
some of them very widely distributed.

Probably Anazx is of typical origin, and has spread to higher
latitudes as a result of migratory power and facility of adaptation to
various conditions of environment, and on the assumption that a
sufficiently high water temperature is available in the period of larval
development. The writer’s observations of Anaw imperator in Switzer-
land seem to indicate that this development is comparatively rapid,
being completed in one year, whereas Aeschna nymphs, as observed
by Dr. Walker in Toronto, Canada, by Dr. Wesenberg-Lund in
Hilleroed, Denmark, and by the writer in his Swiss home, need two, or
even three and more years to complete their larval life. Ana larvae,
as far as known, are living in the open water of ponds and small lakes
amongst aquatic vegetation and are consequently of the transparent
type, vividly coloured green or yellowish and with a highly cryptic
pattern. There is evidence that this mode of living in standing water
applies also to some of the most widely distributed Odonata of various
systematic groups (Hnallagma cyathigerum, Anax imperator and junius,
Pantala flavescens, Tramea limbata). 'The conditions of environment
are very much the same for this type of larvae all over the world,
checks to be found only in the low temperature and in the competition
of other species of their own kind. The phenomenon seems a parallel
to the world-wide distribution of the aquatic plants themselves, among
which those larvae pass their existence. Anax larvae are very swift in
movements and voracious feeders, as shown by their rapid growth.

1. Thorax light green. Novredcolour . : ; : : 5
Thorax brick red, with a greenish shade ats the sides. Most of the body
venation and pterostigma brick red. Frons immaculate . A. speratus.

2. Abdomen in male light blue with a mid-dorsal sinuate, longitudinal black
band; in female green with the mid-dorsal band ferruginous to brown.
Frons with a broadly lanceolate or rounded basal black spot and a light
blue or greyish transverse band at anterior ridge

A. imperator mauricianus.
Abdomen mostly black with small light green spots : ‘ 5

3. Very large species, with enormously long abdomen in male. Base of hind
wines with a dark brown spot at the membranule. Frons with a broadly
triangular basal black spot ‘ : 2 : A. tristis..
Much smaller species. No blackish-brown Werce at base of hind wings.
Frons with triangular black marks at base and anterior ridge, the two
spots narrowly fused . . ; P : ; : . A. georgius.

368 Annals of the South African Museum.

Anax spERAtTuS (Hagen, 1867).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Rietfontein (19. x. 1904); 3 ¢, M’Fongosi,
Zululand (iii, x, xii . 1911, W. E. Jones); 1 ¢, Umhlali; Natal
(i. 1918, K. H. Barnard) ; Acornhoek, Transvaal (xii . 1918, Tucker).
Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 9, Hilton Road, Natal (19 . xii , 1909,
G. F. Leigh). Mus. Tervueren: 1 2, Baudouinville (30 , iii . 1911,
B. Valdonis). Mus. Stockholm: 1 9, Congo, 1 ?, Mukimbungu,
Congo (Laman). Mus. Hamburg: 2 ¢, Nguelo, Usambara. Coll.
Ris: 1 ¢, Abyssinia; 1 ¢, Harrar, Abyssinia (1911, Kristensen).
Coll. Petersen-Silkeborg: 1 9, Asmara, Eritrea (1907, Kristensen).

¢. Lips, face and frons ferruginous, with a very slight greenish
shade in some specimens. Thorax brick red, also with a trace of
greenish at the sides; latero-ventral sutures with black dots. Legs
very long and robust; femora ferruginous, tibiae and tarsi black.
Abdomen, the appendages included, brick red, first to second segment
faintly greenish laterally. Superior appendages spatulate; median
border produced as a broad triangle with point in middle of length ;
end of appendage an almost circular plate with anterior median
border sharply upturned. Inferior appendage half as long as
superiors, slightly narrowed distally and shallowly excised at end.
Wings hyaline, base light yellow from the costa to vein A and to
about half way toarculus ; venation light brick red in basal and costal
part, gradually turning to darker brown towards apical and anal
margin; pterostigma brick red; membranule white in proximal, dark
grey in distal half.

2. Similar to male in colour; but the greenish shade much more
developed on the thorax, sides of first and second abdominal segment
decidedly greenish. Appendages simple, broadly lanceolate. Wings
tinged with yellow in the costal part to almost the level of M,.

6, Abd. 5047, hdw. 58, pt. 5mm. fg, 5846, 59, 5:5.

This Anaz must be, in the full beauty of living colour, a most
conspicuous and elegant insect. Its colour system has analogous
though not identical representatives in the Oriental A. immaculifrons
and the American A. longipes.

ANAX IMPERATOR MAURICIANUS (Rambur, 1842).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Waterberg, Zoutpansberg Distr. (20. x . 1901);
1 ¢, Salisbury, Mashonaland (17. xn .1911); 1 g, 1 2, Lorenco
Marques (24, 27.ix.1911). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, Dargle, Natal
G, 11.1909, Miss Fountaine). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 2 @, Salisbury

—— —— iittala see —« = = — Pt

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 369

(i, 11. 1900, Marshall). Coll. Ris: 3 3, Delagoa Bay (H. Junod) ;
1 2, Lorenco Marques (29. xi. 1911);1 g,1 9, Harrar, Abyssinia
(1911, Kristensen). Mus. Stockholm: 1¢, Madagascar. Mus. Ham-
burg: 1 g, Nguelo, Usambara; | 9, Chiroma, Brit. E. Africa; 1 9,
Nossi Be; 1¢, 129, Mauritius (Robilliard).

$. Labium and labrum yellowish. Face and frons light green.
On base of frons a narrow black line, descending very narrowly along
the eyes, broadly fused to a black median spot, which is individually
yariable in outline, more rounded, or broadly lanceolate, more or less
pointed anteriorly; along anterior ridge of frons a broad band
somewhat variable in colour between bluish grey and almost pure
blue. Thorax pure light green, the latero-ventral sutures lined with
blackish. Legs long and robust, black, basal half of second, two-
thirds of third femora ferruginous, gradually passing to black
distally; interior side of first femora whitish yellow. Abdomen
light green on first and basal third of second segment, otherwise
light sky blue; from segment 2 to 10 a mid-dorsal black band,
sinuate by dilatations at transverse carinae and in posterior third
of segments 3-7 ; lateral margins and supplementary carinae narrowly
lined with black. Appendages black, ventral side of inferior one
ochreous; superiors very slightly convex laterally, strongly convex
medially, rounded at the ends; densely covered with long greyish
pubescence in distal half of median margin; inferior about two-
fifths the length of superiors, very little narrowed to end, the end
slightly upturned and very shallowly emarginate. Wings very
shghtly tinged with greyish yellow from the triangles outward.
Costal vein ight yellow; pterostigma greyish ochreous ; membranule
white in proximal third, black in distal two-thirds.

?. Abdomen green to bluish olivaceous, all the markings (dorsal
band and carinae) dull ferruginous instead of black. Second and
third femora ferruginous out to a narrow black ring at the distal
joint. Appendages simple, broadly lanceolate. Wings rather deep
yellow between triangles and distal end of pterostigma.

g, Abd. 51+5, hdw. 48, pt. 445 mm. 93, 5044, 50, 5.

The differences between this form and the European A. imperator
have been discussed in the Schultze paper (q.v.); the additional
materials here recorded prove once more these differences to he
extremely slight. One of the males from Lorenco Marques is stuffed,
and shows the ground-colour of abdomen to be of just the same light
and pure sky blue that we know in the European form. Indeed, if
there was not the old name with a historical right, the writer would
scarcely find the African form worthy of sub-specific distinction.

370 Annals of the South African Museum.

Awnax TRISTIS (Hagen, 1867).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Bulawayo, Rhodesia; Grootfontein, S.W.
Protectorate (1.1919, Lightfoot). Mus. Bruxelles: 1 9, Kinchassa
(26 . x . 1899, Waelbroeck). Mus. Tervueren: 19, Kiambi (19.1.
1911, B. Valdonis); 1 ¢, Kunga (i. 1918, Verschueren). Mus.
Hamburg: 1g, Quitta, W. Africa (J. Cordts).

¢. Labium and labrum dull ferruginous, gradually passing to
blackish at free margins. Face and frons light green; at base of
frons a triangular black margin, the obtuse angle of which reaches
to half-way between base and anterior ridge. Thorax light green,
latero-ventralj'sutures marked with dull ferruginous. Legs black,
femora dull ferruginous at extreme base. Abdomen inflated at base,
considerably contracted in segment 38, almost cylindrical, rather
slender from end of 3 to 7, gradually widened to the end, to be
broadest at segment 9. Segments 3—6 very long, 10 strongly convex
dorsally, almost globose. Segments 1-2 light green, terminal joints
lined with black, a broad bilobate black spot on dorsum of 2;
3 green to transverse carina, black posteriorly, this colour projecting
almost to anterior margin in a narrow mid-dorsal line; 4-7 black,
each side with a rounded hght green spot at both ends, the anterior
spots slightly larger on 4-5, the posterior ones on 6-7; 8-9 black
with only the posterior green spots; 10 wholly black. Appendages
dark brown; superiors nearly straight at lateral margin, the median
margin triangularly projecting with angle shehtly beyond the middle;
apex truncate, medially rounded, laterally produced in a short point
which is the end of the dorsal carina; distal half of median margin
densely covered with long brown pubescence. Inferior appendage
nearly two-fifths longer than the superior, broadly triangular,
truncate and slightly emarginate. Wings hyaline; at base of the
posterior a dark golden-brown spot along the membranule ; slightly
beyond the triangle, between M, and anal margin, a diffuse light-
brown cloud. Costal vein with a yellowish line; pterostigma dark
brown on upper, ochreous on under side of wing. Membranule white
in proximal third, black in distal two-thirds.

Q. Exactly similar to male in colour. Abdominal segments 5-6
much less elongate. Appendages comparatively short, foliaceous,
elliptic in outline.

3. Abd. 84 + 6°5, hdw. 61, pt. < 6mm. 2, 70 + 4, 63, < 6.

‘his wonderful insect is one of the largest dragonflies, the female
of otherwise regular proportions, the male conspicuous by the greatly
elongate abdomen. No doubt it is a powerful flier, and it would be
of interest to learn something regarding its habits and behaviour.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 371

ANAX GEORGIUS (Sélys, 1872).

This species is represented by the single male type in the Brussels
Museum (formerly Sélysian Collection), a very old specimen, bearing
besides other labels of later date an old label in de Sélys’ hand—
* Vanderh. Timor? ou Natal? .” There are under the same collector’s
(Vanderhoffen) name other South African, but also Malaysian and
Japanese insects in the collection. The home of this unique specimen
remains thus uncertain; if I may venture a supposition, I would
rather locate it in Africa than in Malaysia, since it is something of a
reduced edition of A. tristis, though certainly a very distinct species.
De Selys and R. Martin give somewhat summary descriptions. Martin
also a coloured figure of the entire insect and a very good figure of its
appendages. The following is a more detailed description of the type.

6 (adult, rather badly discoloured, colours of living insect
possibly black and green as in fristis). Labium and labrum dull
orange. Face and frons anteriorly light green. Dorsal surface of
frons greenish, blackish brown at base, this colour triangularly pro-
jecting, narrowly fused to a black line at the anterior ridge; this
black line bordered by a light bluish-grey band. Thorax badly dis-
coloured, probably light green in life; latero-ventral sutures very
slightly lined with brown. Light blue small spot at wing bases.
Legs black ; base of first femora ferruginous internally.

Abdomen moderately inflated at base, much constricted in third
segment, very gradually dilated from end of third segment, broadest
at 8-9. Rather badly discoloured, markings not easily distinguished.
Segment 1 greenish laterally, reddish brown on dorsum, anterior half
depressed, posterior half gradually rising but not above the height of
segment 2, the elevated part densely covered with short ferruginous
hair. Segment 2 greenish with three laterally incomplete, tranverse
blackish bands: behind a first transverse carina which projects
angularly hindward in mid-dorsal line, on a second transverse carina
with a mid-dorsal dilatation, at posterior margin. Segment 3 black,
anterior half of sides whitish, this colour widened anteriorly and
narrowly ascending to mid-dorsal line at anterior end; very small,
round, lateral dull ferruginous spots near posterior end. Segments
4-8 black, on each side two small, rounded dull ferruginous spots,
near anterior and near posterior end; a third spot on segments 7-8 in
middle of length between a supplementary and latero-ventral carina.
9-10 dark reddish brown (discoloured). Supplementary lateral
carinae distinct only on segments 7-9. Appendages dull ferruginous ;
lateral margin of the superior ones almost straight, bending rather
abruptly near the end to the obtusely rounded apex; median margin

372 Annals of the South African Museum.

not produced in dorsal view, bent downward in a triangular projection
near the end in lateral view; dorsal carinae raised towards the end,
rather densely pubescent in distal half. Inferior appendage about
two-thirds the length of the superior (much longer than in tristis),
slightly narrowed distally and rather deeply excised at apex.

Wings comparatively narrow ; two rows of cells between Cu, and
Cu, in hind wing. Very slightly tinged with greyish yellow; in
hind wing a deeper yellowish, diffuse cloud between M, and anal
margin. Membranule brownish black, whitish at extreme base. Costal
vein lined with ochreous. Pterostigma very dark brown, almost
black.

Abd. 65 + 5°5, hdw. 53, pt. 4mm. Length of segments 3, 13; 4, 10;
5,10; 6,9; 7,5 mm. Breadth: end of 3, 2°38; of 5, 2°8; middleof 8,

4mm.
HEMIANAX (Sélys, 1883).

The single species of this genus is not widely different from <Anaz.
The original definition was based on the absence of supplementary
lateral carinae in the abdomen, and a triangular instead of truncate
outline of the inferior appendage in the male. Under that definition
a second species, the Australian A. papuensis, would belong to
Hemianax. But the supplementary carinae are rather different
between species, being sometimes reduced to a few terminal segments,
sometimes only faintly indicated (A. immaculifrons). The shape of
the inferior appendage is obviously not a character of generic value.
The genus could be retained by applying the neural detail given in
the table page (after Karsch!) as distinctive, although even this
character is not of great weight. The field between Cu, and Cu, in
hind wing is variable to some extent, even individually, and specimens
approaching the Hemianax condition may occur in various species of
Anaz. The venation of the single Hemianaz, as reproduced in Plate
V, fig. 1, shows a wonderful example of highly elaborate specialisation,
not by reduction of elements (as in many other Odonata), but by
differentiation of the single elements: strengthening or weakening of
veins, relative disposition of the various morphologically important
forks and ramifications, fusion of cross-veins to form supplementary
sectors in the various principal fields, ete. In all those points the
Hemianax wing surpasses still the already highly specialised Anaz
neuration ; and it may well be asserted that Hemianax has the most
beautifully organised wing of all living Odonata. I suppose that a
mechanical expert (which I am not) would find great delight in a
study of this marvellous work of Nature. .

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 373

HEMIANAX EPHIPPIGER (Burmeister, 1839).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9, Barberton, Transvaal (i . 1912, H. Edwards) ;
1 Q, Salisbury, Mashonaland (x . 1910) ; at sea on SS. “ Eurypides,”
2° 4’ §., 10°12’ W. Mus. Hamburg: 1 ¢, Delagoa Bay (1893, W.

Joost). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 3 3,1 9, Mashonaland (xi . 1900,

Marshall).

¢. Face and frons light yellow; at base of frons a broadly tri-
angular black mark and a rather broad black line on anterior ridge,
the two marks not fused. Thorax lght greyish ochreous, passing
gradually to light greenish-yellow shades at the sides. Latero-ventral
sutures broadly lined with black; stigma and a small point above it
black. Legs moderately long, not robust; black, extreme base of
third femora ferruginous, first femora lght yellowish internally.
Abdomen moderately inflated at base, slightly constricted in third
segment, rather slender and very gradually widened from end of 3 to
10. Segment 1 light yellowish laterally, greyish dorsally ; 2 light
yellowish laterally, brilhant sky blue dorsally (often discoloured in
dried specimens); 3—7 ochreous to light ferruginous, with a narrow,
sinuate, mid-dorsal blackish band; 8-10 blackish brown with large
posterior lateral ochreous spots. Appendages ferruginous ; superior
in dorsal view gradually convergent in last third, to end in a rather
sharp point; on lateral view the broad dorsal fold rises to a pointed
tubercle at beginning of distal third. Inferior appendage not quite
one-half the length of the superior, broadly triangular, its lateral
ridges each armed with a row of dorsally directed sharp black spines.

Wings very slightly tinged with yellowish grey, with a broad cloud
of deeper yellow in hind wing between M, and anal margin. Venation
in great part light ochreous. Pterostigma ferruginous. Membranule
white at base, passing gradually into light grey at the wings’ edge.

Q. Very similar to male in colour, but apparently no blue on
dorsum of second abdominal segment. Appendages foliate, rather
broadly elliptical in outline, with pointed apex.

6, Abd. 40 + 5, hdw. 48, pt. 5 mm. 9, 38 + 4:5, 47, 5.

The species has a very wide range over the whole African continent,
Asia to Turkestan and India and the islands of the Indian Ocean ; it
is found, at least casually, in Mediterranean Europe, and isolated
specimens have even been taken in the British Isles, in Belgium and
in Switzerland. Various records testify to it being a wanderer and
sometimes assembling in immense numbers. It is repeatedly found in
desert regions (as in Egypt and in oases of the Sahara). Its colour
system is strikingly desertic. The larva is as yet unknown,

24

374 Annals of the South African Museum.

IT D. Famtry LIBELLULIDAEHE.
It Da. Susramiry CORDULINAE.

As shown in the table (p. 338), it is not possible to give a short
definition of the two subfamilies of Libellulidae without giving at-
least one unisexual character (the angulate hind wings of male in
Cordulinae), and even this character is not universal, as it is wanting
in the rather important genus Hemicordulia (like Ana in the
Aeschninae, and also like Anaz a highly specialised type). The only
bisexual character of Cordulinae, the temporal projection of the eyes,
is rather inconspicuous and also suffers exceptions, since a few
Libellulinae (of the group Urothemis) show similar projections. Other
characters of Cordulinae are also unisexual: semitransparent narrow
lamellae at interior margin of tibiae in males (strictly proper to
Cordulinae if confronted with Libellulinae alone, but present also
in Chlorogomphinae) ; strongly developed and differentiated terminal
appendages in males (a character of only relative value, more for the
Cordulia- than for the Macronia-line of the subfamily) ; unbranched
hamuli in genitaha of male (regular for all the Cordulinae, but
existing also in not a few Libellulinae); a pair of anterior hamuli
visibly developed, against the anterior lamina of same organs, seems
more characteristic for the Macromia-line, though existing in rudiments
also in the Cordulia-line. The bisexual character of predominant
metallic colours is a very conspicuous one, though not fully dis-
tinctive: there are some Cordulinae with no metallic colours, and not
a few Libellulinae with highly metallic ground-colour or pattern.
With all these exceptions and restrictions the two subfamilies are
well justified, and an expert will scarcely ever have a moment’s doubt
about the correct placing of any given specimen.

Cordulinae are much less homogeneous than Libellulinae ; evidently
some very ancient developmental lines have been retained and exist
in a few, now isolated, representatives. Various attempts toa rational
classification have been recently made ; the best of them (according to
the writer’s opinion) is by Mr. E. B. Williamson. Without regard
to minor and partly intermediate groups two main branches may be
distinguished: the Macromia-line with Aeschnid (more especiaily
Chlorogomphine) affinities in general build and also to some extent in
venational characters, and the Cordulia-line which approaches
Tibellulinae in both these characters.

In Africa only the Macromia-line is fairly represented, and only a
few members of this line are met with in our present faunal limits.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 375

Cordulinae, as far as known to the writer by personal observation
and as far as precise records exist, have in common a peculiar manner
of flight. Their motion is particularly sustained, even more so than
in Aeschninae, and the same individual may be, with sufficient patience,
observed for an almost indefinite time planing to and fro without a
moment’s pause, and they stand—this particular motion is more deve-
loped in them than in any other group of dragonflies —often for a long
time on the same point. Their particular manner of motion makes
some of them an easy prey, as the collector will know perfectly where
the insect will turn up within a short time and be within reach of his
net. But he must not wait to see his Cordulina taking rest; he
might wait for half an hour or more and then see it fly suddenly
away ; the very regularity of the motion makes a stroke at the flying
insect pretty efficacious. But this is not the rule; in most species
the flight is not only sustained but also exceedingly swift, and the
insect, moreover, defiant, and not ready to leave the open water or
some high level over a forest road. This may be particularly the
case for the Macromia-line of the subfamily, as proved in Mr.
Williamson’s interesting report. Material from the exotic regions,
where dragonflies have rarely been collected by specialists, is scarce,
and descriptions are often made from a few, or even from single
specimens.

There is no other group of large, conspicuous and beautiful forms
amongst Odonata where our knowledge is so poor and so fragmentary
as for the Macromia-group of Cordulinae. Only the North American
species are now well known, and even these only since a few years.
The material at our disposal for the present paper is fragmentary.
The existence of a greater number of species in the temperate part of
the country does not seem probable, but a few more may be expected
from these parts where tropical conditions of climate prevail.

Corduline nymphs of the Macromia groups are similar to libelluline
nymphs (see before) in structural details, but characterised by
their exceedingly long legs and a cylindrical horn-like process on
the frons. They may be looked for in standing as well as in running
waters.

MACROMIA (Rambur, 1842).

The African Macromia, all or part of them, may at some later
date be separated from the main body of the genus; a fraction has
even been placed in a subgenus (genus according to R. Martin)
Phyllomacromia by de Sélys. The characters given for Phyllomacromia

376 Annals of the South African Museum.

as distinct from Macromia are: (1) a single row of post-trigonal cells ;
(2) eighth segment of male dilated, sides foliaceous ; (3) tenth segment
not raised ; (4) superior appendages of male not dented externally.
Unfortunately this definition will not hold good even with the very
limited material seen by the writer: (1) is an unusually variable
character just in the group under discussion; differences are mostly
sexual, but also individual ; (2) seems a good character, though it will
probably not unite all species of real affinity; (3) is evidently of
no generic value; there are species otherwise very closely similar
with a plain tenth segment in males (M. africana) and with dorsally
pointed tenth segment (M. picta); (4) seems a good character, although
unisexual, but it seems to be common to all African Macromia, not to
the Sélysian Phyllomacromia alone. Most probably a definition can
be found to characterise the whole of the African Macromiae—under
the name Phyllomacromia—but the definition cannot be attempted
here owing to a lack of the greater number of described species. Also
I prefer not to adopt the name Phyllomacromia here, with a definition
that would be in flagrant contradiction to the one given it by its
author ; it seems better to record our few species under the general
name of Macromia.

1. Pterostigma black. Abdominal segment 3-6 at most with a bilobate trans-
verse yellow band in anterior third. Superior appendages black.
Pointed elevation of tenth segment in male almost as high as the rest of
the segment 2.

Pterostigma ochreous or light ferruginous. Abdominal segments 3-6
basal half to basal third yellow, a mid-dorsal black spot in the yellow
ring producing a pupillate pattern. Superior appendages ochreous.
Pointed elevation of tenth segment in male about one-half the height of
the rest of the segment ; : ; é : z : . M. picta.

2. Face and frons ferruginous, with small greenish spots at the sides and in the
median furrow of frons. Abdominal segments 5-6 wholly black in male,
with very small dorsal yellow spots in female. Inferior appendage of
male of about the same length as the superior; superior parallel.
Hamuli black, with an ante-apical transverse ridge light yellow.
Posterior end of dorsal ridge of ninth segment projecting as a sharp spine.

M. thetis.
Face and frons anteriorly ferruginous with a crescentic spot on post-
clypeus yellowish ; a broad light yellow band on dorsal surface of frons,
descending along the eyes to lateral ends of post-clypeus. Abdominal
segments 5-6 with dorsal yellow spots in male (female unknown).
Inferior appendage of male sensibly shorter than superior; superior
diverging posteriorly. Hamuli wholly black. Dorsal ridge of segment 9
not projecting in a posterior spine : . . . . M. clymene.

“$

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 377

Macromra picra (Sélys, 1871).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Barkley West (xii. 1893, L. Péringuey) ;
1 g, Durban, Natal (iv. 1890, J. H. Bowker); 1 3S, Barberton,
Transvaal; 1 Q, Kranspoort (21 . xii. 1906). Coll. K. J. Morton:
1g, Eshowe, Zululand (4. iii. 1908, Miss Fountaine); 1 9, King
Williamstown, Cape Colony (3.1. 1908, ead.). Coll. E. B. Williamson :
29,1 9, Hilton Road, Natal, 3800 ft. (23 . xii . 1909, G. F. Leigh);
1 2, Princetown, Natal (20. iii. 1909, id.). Mus. Hamburg: 1 2,
Bothaville, Orange Free State (8 . xi. 1898, Dr. H. Brauns).

d- Median lobe of labium light ochreous with black longitudinal
line; lateral lobes dull ferruginous, gradually turning to ochreous
medially. Labrum ferruginous with two basal yellow spots (confluent
to form a transverse band in the specimen from Bothaville) ; ante-
clypeus olivaceous ; post-clypeus olivaceous in anterior half, yellowish
in posterior half and at the sides (almost wholly yellowish in the
specimen from Bothaville). Frons ferruginous anteriorly; dorsal
surface black at base, with an anterior bright yeliow band that
descends along the eyes (the yellow band broadest in the specimen
from Bothaville) ; vertex black, with small double yellow spot at tip
to yellow with black base. Occipital triangle yellow. Thorax dull
ferruginous with metallic blue reflections and light yellow bands:
rather broad ante-humeral stripes, slightly convergent dorsally, not
fully reaching to ante-alar sinus ; broad transverse band filling up the
ante-alar sinuses; first lateral (metepisternal) band crossing the
stigma, rather conspicuously widened dorsally ; second lateral
(metepimeral) band filling somewhat less than posterior half of
metepimeron, also widened dorsally.

Legs very long and robust, dark brown to blackish ; third femora
ferruginous, at least internally ; first femora light yellow internally
in basal two-thirds. Tibial laminae along the full leneth of third
pair, distal half of first pair, absent on second pair.

Abdominal segments 1-2 moderately inflated, 3 moderately con-
stricted, 4-6 cylindrical, 7-9 dilated in lateral and more in
dorsoventral dimension, the sides of 8 projecting in a triangular,
foliaceous extension; 10 small, dorsum elevated in a conical tubercle
of about one-half the segment’s height, very sharply pointed.
Segments 1-2 dark brown, 3-6 black, 7-10 dark ferruginous with
light yellow markings ; on segment 2 sinuate transverse band, over
the auricles, posterior ventral incomplete narrow band from the
genital lobe to one-half the segment’s height; segment 3 complete
narrow basal ring and anteriorly bilobed median spot; 4-6 basal

378 Annals of the South African Museum.

ring and sub-median dorsal bilobate spot confluent at the sides,
the black colour thus forming a rhomboid mid-dorsal spot within
yellow ground ; 7 basal yellow ring to nearly one-half the segment’s
length ; 8 narrow transverse lines near anterior end not quite reaching
to lateral nor to mid-dorsal line and a very narrow line at posterior
margin to two-thirds of the segment’s height ; similar terminal narrow
line on segment 9; 10 ferruginous, gradually turning to yellowish in
posterior half.

Superior appendages light ochreous, rather widely distant, parallel ;
inferior appendage very little shorter, broadly cut at end, ochreous,
bordered with fuscous. Genital organs of segment 2: anterior lamina
small, not elevated ; behind this, two obtuse vertically projecting lobes
(anterior hamuli); these lobes and the lamina clothed with long
ferruginous hair. Hamuli strong, roughly rhomboid in outline, with
their fine point curved outwards, an obtuse ridge running from the
dorsal posterior to the ventral anterior angle; black, the fine point
yellowish. Lobe projecting very nearly as much as the hamule,
nearly rectangular in outline, with rounded edge.

Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with greyish yellow in highly
mature specimens. Pterostigma light ferruginous. Costal vein
rather broadly lined with yellow. Membranule whitish to greyish.
A single row of cells in beginning of discoidal field in both front and
hind wings; between Cu, and Cu, in hind-wing but once, at base, two
cells, otherwise a single row. Reticulation (Plate X, fig. 1) less
variable than in female. =

2. Slghtly more robust than male, but very similar in shape and
colour; the terminal abdominal segments chiefly dilated in lateral,
much less in dorsoventral dimensions. Yellow markings of abdomen
slightly more extended than in male, the pupillate pattern approxi-
mately developed also on segment 3. Appendages short. Genital
segments much as figured for the following species, but the very
small valvular scale more deeply excised.

Wines light golden yellow from slightly beyond the nodus to near
the tip, and with the base golden yellow to first antenodal and first
cubito-anal cross-veins (yellow colour least of all our specimens in the
one figured—Plate X, fig. 1). Neuration much more dense and much
more variable than in male. The specimen figured is nearest to the
male of all those examined. Others show evident transition to con-
ditions of following species, mostly so the specimen from Hilton Road :
fully two rows of discoidal cells in both front wings and right hind
wing, one cell but twice in left hind wing; fully two rows between
Cu, and Cu, in right hind wing, two rows twice interrupted by single

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 379

cells in left hind wing. The other specimens are intermediate between
this condition and the figured pair of wings.

6, Abd. 40, hdw. 34, pt. > 2 mm. 2, 40, 36, > 2.

The nomenclatorial questions regarding this species have been
discussed in the paper on Schultze’s voyage. I have no reason not
to follow now the conclusion there arrived at.

MaAcRoOMIA THETIS, 0. sp.

Brit. Mus.: 1 g, Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, 3600 ft. (9.x. 1905,
G. A. K. Marshall); 1 2 , Mazoe, 4700 ft., Mashonaland (28. xii . 1905,
id.). S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9, Barberton, Transvaal.

6. Labium light yellow, an oblique fuscous stripe on lateral lobe.
Labrum ferruginous. Ante- and postclypeus ferruginous with an
olivaceous shade. Frons ferruginous in front and dorsally, olivaceous
laterally turning to yellowish towards the eye; base rather broadly,
but diffusely darkened and metallic blue, a small and diffuse yellowish
spot in the very deep furrow. Vertex blackish, with metallic blue
sheen, diffusely turning to ochreous above and in front. Occipita!
triangle black ; occiput very dark ferruginous. Thorax dark ferru-
ginous, marked with greenish yellow and black, with metallic blue
sheen. Yellowish: narrow line on median suture; ante-alar sinus;
broad antehumeral band, beginning on mesinfraepisternum, just
touching ventral end of humeral suture, distant from dorsal end of
Same suture by about one-half of its own breadth, not quite reaching
to ante-alar sinus; first lateral band at the stigma, broader by about
one-half; second lateral band somewhat less than posterior half of
metepimeron. Blue-black; diffuse stripes bordering the yellow bands,
the antehumeral one behind, the first lateral one on both sides and the
second lateral one in front. Legs robust, very long, black, base of
femora diffusely dark ferruginous. Tibial laminae as in picta.

Abdominal segments 1-2 moderately inflated, 3-6 slender, cylin-
drical; 7-10 scarcely dilated in lateral, much in dorsoventral
dimension; lateral margin of 8 broadly rounded, not distinctly
foliaceous ; ninth and tenth segment, see p. 376 and Text-fig. 65. Seg-
ment | dull ferruginous, an indistinct yellowish spot at ventral margin ;
2-6 black, 7-10 dark ferruginous, with yellow markings: segment 2,
complete transverse band, touching anterior end at ventral margin
separated from end in mid-dorsal line by a ferruginous space; narrow
line bordering genital pocket and lobe; 3 narrow, dorsally interrupted
basal ring and submedian bilobed dorsal spot; 4 very small sub-
median dorsal double spot; 5-6 wholly black; 7 complete basal ring

380 Annals of the South African Museum.

to about one-third length of the segment’s length; 8 very small spots
at ventral margin. Appendages blackish; superior parallel in dorsal
view, narrow, gradually narrowed to end, obtuse; in side view very
slightly curved downward ; inferior appendage of about equal length,
squarely cut at end. Genital organs on segment 2 similar to M. picta;
a transverse obtuse ridge on anterior lamina densely fringed with black
hair; hamuli broadly elliptical in’ outline, curved points turned hind-
ward and laterally, a transverse ridge conspicuously yellow, the hamule
otherwise blackish. Lobe larger than hamule, almost rectangular,
inclined to an angle of about 45°.

Wings hyaline ; costal vein black with a very narrow yellow line.
Pterostigma black. Minute brown spot at base of hind wings from C
to A. Membranule white in proximal, diffusely light grey in distal half.

Fie. 65.—Macromia thetis, g. Chirinda Forest. Terminal segments,
right side view.

Anq.

163 . 16 Dd. 5 Oy One : ;
-5.@3 m front wing two rows of dis-

Toy’ Cugq. om ht
coidal cells to level of bridge; in right hind wing 3, in left one 2 cells
running from M, to Cugq.

?. Similar to male. Sides of frons and postelypeus at the eye
more distinctly yellowish. Thoraxasinmale. Abdomen more robust,
very little dilated on segments 7-9; yellow markings generally slightly
more extended, except in second segment, where the transverse band
appears dissolved into four spots; on segment 3 the narrow basal
ring is very nearly complete and the submedian dorsal spots extend
posteriorly beyond the transverse carina; 4 submedian spots almost as
on 3 and also minute spots behind the carina; 5-6 very minute sub-
median spots. Appendages short, sharply pointed, black; supra-anal
tubercle with a sharp dorsal keel. Genital segments as in Text-fig. 66,
a conspicuous light yellow spot on the otherwise obscure ninth ventral
plate.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 381

Wings hyaline, very light golden yellow from nodus outward ;
very small golden yellow basal spot. Costal vein wholly black.

14(3).15G 0 6 ee
Any a Cuq. a 53> in front wings two rows of discoidal

cells to level of bridge, also in hind wing; two full rows of cells
between Cu, and Cw, in hind wing.

6, Abd. 48, hdw. 39, pt.< 3mm. Q, 50, 43, 3.

The above description is made from the typical pair in the British
Museum; the 2 from Barberton is very probably of the same species.
It is immature, smaller (Abd. 40, hdw. 40, pt. 3 mm.), and has the wings
richly coloured with golden yellow, darkening to brownish at base, as

Fig. 66.—Macromia thetis, 9. Mazoe. Terminal segments, right side
and ventral view.

shown in Plate X, fig. 2. Of existing descriptions Phyllomacromia
aequatorialis, Mart., comes nearest to this species, but it must be a
considerably smaller species, its yellow markings still more reduced,
the frons is metallic black above, the pterostigma brown, a single row
of discoidal cells in front wing of male; wequatorialis is said to come
from “ Afrique occidentale.”

MACROMIA CLYMENE, D. sp.

Mus. Tervueren: 2 ¢, Kapiri, Katanga (x. 1912, Legros).

Very similar to preceding species. Neuration of the same type,
having two rows of discoidal cells in frong wing, a short stretch of
but one row in hind wing. A single row of cells between Cu, and
Cu, m hind wing throughout, or two cells but once at the beginning
of this field.

382 Annals of the South African Musewm

The differences are as indicated in the table (p. 376) to which may
be added: antehumeral yellow band broader, fused to yellow of ante-
alar sinus in one specimen, very nearly so in the other one; basal
yellow ring of segment 7 much broader, between one-half and two-
thirds of the segment’s length; dorsal process of tenth segment
slightly smaller and different in shape, as shown in Text-fig. 67.

Abd. 51, hdw. 41, pt. 2-5 mm.

These differences, slight as they are, may safely be claimed as:
specific, since differences in colour appear together with other structural
ones. Especially important is the presence of a frontal yellow band
in clymene. The pair of forms here described recalls another pair

Fic. 67.—Macromia clymene, g. Kapiri. Terminal segments, right
side and dorsal views.

closely similar to each other—terpsichore, Forst., and melpomene, Ris,
from New Guinea, which we have good reasons to consider as distinct
species. Mr. Williamson’s studies on North American Macromia give
also evidence of specific differences being sometimes very slight in this

genus.

II Ds. Supramitny LIBELLULINAE.

In a collection of dragonflies from almost every region of the globe
individuals belonging to this systematic unit will probably be in
majority over those of all the other units taken together, supposing
that the material is not accumulated by a specialist more interested in
it than in groups. Libellulinae are numerous in species, many of these

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 385

common where they occur, and little given to hiding; although swift
flyers, they often settle on vegetation or on the ground, and are there-
fore an easier prey than Aeschninae or Cordulinae; many of them
are not very particular about the kind of waters they inhabit, the great
majority preferring standing water, from large areas down to pools
and swamps. Most species are wide ranging, some occurring over
immense areas, either without any appreciable differences or with
division into subspecific forms in various degrees of divergence. Three
species of the present fauna occur as well in South Africa as in
Mediterranean Europe (Orthetrum chrysostiqgma, Crocothemis erythraea,
Sympetrum Fonscolombei) ; others are more of the inter-tropical type
and occur only at the frontiers of both faunae—European and South
African, but not commonly (Orthetrum trinacria, Trithemis annulata) ;
a good number are common to the entire African continent, or at least

Fie. 68.—Orthetrum trinacria, g. East Africa. Genitalia, second seg-
ment, left side view.

to the region south of the desert belt ; others are found even beyond
this limit in parts of tropical and sub-tropical Asia, ete.

The subfamily is morphologically a very homogeneous unit; there
are many constant and important differences in venation between
genera and groups of genera, but the differences are mostly slight or
inconspicuous, and were almost overlooked by the earlier systematists,
who found great difficulties in subdividing the great and homogeneous
group. From various reasons—morphological, biological and geo-
graphical—we may safely conclude that Libellulinae are a caenogenetic
group, flourishing and in full development in the present age of the
globe. In this respect they have in the suborder Zygoptera a parallel
in the subfamily Agrioninae, more especially in the “ Légion Agrion.”

Libelluline nymphs are of remarkably uniform type. Body short,
dorsal surface moderately convex. Labium short; lateral lobes broad
and convex, their mesial margins touching in a long line, the whole
forming when stretched out a spoon-like structure, with long and stiff

384 Annals of the South African Museum.

spines or bristles on the inner surface of mentum and lateral lobes
forming a kind of basket. When closed the labium covers the inferior
and anterior side of the head like a mask. Plate XII, fig. 5 and
fig. 6 represent two principal types of Libelluline nymphs.

(a) The Orthetrwm-type: Head with nearly parallel sides, small
eyes, antennae inserted well in front of the eyes; legs robust and
hairy ; integument opaque; mostly living half-buried in mud at the
bottom of water.

(b) The Sympetrum-type: Head with sides very convergent pos-
teriorly, eyes large, antennae inserted scarcely in front of anterior
margin of eyes; legs slender, less hairy; living often free between
plants—in this case semitransparent, greenish or yellowish, often with
a rich pattern of dark tints.

In the following descriptions structural details of male and female
genital organs are generally omitted, though their diagnostic value is
evident in many cases of doubtful specimens. For the limited fauna
here concerned, amply sufficient distinctive characters were available
in details of colour, pattern and venation. ‘The genital structures are
fully described, and a great many of them also figured in the writer’s
monograph of the Libellulinae ; it was therefore not desirable to repeat
descriptions and figures here without diagnostic necessities. The only
exception was made for the genus Orthetrum, where the male genital
structures are indispensable for identification of many specimens with
the original pattern covered by the blue pruinosity of adults, and where
these characters are the only sure guide in a very intricate group of
closely allied species.

1. Arculus distal to second Ang. (Plate X, fig. 4) 4.
Arculus proximal to second Ang. (Plate XI, figs.) 4.
2. Last Ang in front wing complete 3.

Last Ang in front wing incomplete, existing only in eoatal core ending
at the subcosta. 2 Cug in hind wing. Proximal side of ¢ in hind
wing a little distal to arculus. ¢ free in both wings. Discoidal
field in front wing beginning with two rows of cells; M,and Cw, diver-
gent from a level proximal to nodus, the field considerably widened to
wing’s edge. No distinct Mspl. One row of cells Rs—Rspl. 10% Ang.
Posterior lobe of prothorax large, erect, ciliate. Abdomen short, slender
and slightly fusiform in g, robust and cylindrical in 9. Third femora
with 4-5 (2) or 8 (g¢.) long androbust spines. ? with margins of eighth
segment folded ; See scale small. : ; ; : . Porpaz.
3. Discoidal field in front wing beginning with one row of cells. J/, and Cy
divergent from a level proximal to nodus, discoidal field much widened
to wing’s edge. ¢ in front wing almost equilateral; proximal side of t
in hind wing a little distal from arculus. ¢ free in both wings. 2 Cuq

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 385

in hind wing. One row of cells Rs—Rspl, Rspl not very distinct. 11
dng. Hind lobe of prothorax moderate, erect, emarginate in middle,
ciliate. Abdomen thin, cylindrical in g¢ (? unknown). Third femora
in ¢ with very numerous (about 40) denticles, piers, in proximal,
quadrangular in distal half . ; ; F . Notiothemis.
Discoidal field in front wing beginning w ith 3 rows of cells; M, and Cug
divergent from a level proximal to nodus and very much widened to
wing’s edge; Mspl very distinct. ¢ in front wing with costal side
short, proximal and distal sides very lone. Proximal side of ¢ in hind
wing at arculus. ¢ crossed in front wing, free in hind wing. 1 Cwg in
hind wing. One or two rows of cells Rs—Rspl. My in deep double
curve. More than 10 Ang. (Plate X, fig. 4.) Hind lobe of pro-
thorax large, erect, ciliate. Frons prominent, with distinct anterior
ridge, flattened anteriorly, where two roughly triangular fields are
circumscribed by a fine elevated line. Abdomen depressed in male,
otherwise variable in form; constricted at third segment and fusiform, or
broader and very gradually narrowed to end; in female more cylin-
drical ; margins of eighth segment foliate ; vulvar scale small or absent.
Legs short and robust, spines small in femora, longer and more robust in

tibiae. : : : : : : : : F . Orthetrum.
4, Last Ang in front wing incomplete. (Plate X, figs. 5, ete.) . : bt:
Last dng in front wing complete. (Plate XI, fig. 8) 5 : o 20).

5. Costal vein in front wing in continuous curve from base to nodus. (Plate X,
figs. 11, etc.) . : : : : 5 Ge
Costal vein in front wing with an infeabtion about half way ; batween base
and nodus. Wings variegated with black or black and yellow. Sectors
of arculus with separate origin or a very short common stalk in front
wing, a slightly longer common stalk in hind wing.

1-2 Cuq in hind wing. Bgqs mostly present (only genus of present fauna
with this character). Cu, in front wing short and strongly convex ;
3 (2) to 4 rows of cells in discoidal field, discoidal field not much widened
to wing’s edge, a parallel curve of M, compensating the convexity of
Cu. Costal side of ¢ in front wing comparatively long; t crossed in
both wings. Anal field broad in hind wing; 4, almost straight; cells
between A; and wing’s edge distinctly disposed in transverse rows.
Pterostigma large, two-coloured. (Plate X, figs. 5-10.)

Hind lobe of prothorax moderate. Abdomen short and depressed in
both sexes; margins of eighth segment folded in female, no distinct vulvar
scale P ; : : : : : ‘ ‘ : . Palpopleura.

6. t in front wing considerably, by 3 or more cells’ distance, distal to level of
tin hind wing. Anal field in hind as very broad. (Plate XI, figs. 6,
Oe : : : C : 18.
t in front wing on same eer with tin cihsinal wing, or fare ake nice De not
more than 2 cells’ distance, distal to same. (Plate X, fig. 11, and
Plate XI, figs. 1-5) . : : : : : : . : x tle

7. M,and Cu, in front wing divergent from a level proximal to nodus, dis-
coidal field considerably widened to wing’s edge. (Plate X, fig. 11, and
Plate XI, figs. 1-3) ‘ : : etch

[

386 Annals of the South African Museum.

a
M, and Cu, in front wing approximately parallel at least to a level of 2 |
nodus ; discoidal field between parallel veins to wing’s edge, or con-
feed. or widened only for a short distance in a level far distal to |
nodus. (Plate XI, fies. 4, 5) : ‘ : : : 5 13.

8. In discoidal field of front wing two rows of cells at ¢; ¢ in nee wing tre,
(Plate XI, fig. 2) 5
In discoidal field of front wing, 3-4 rows of dalle at a ‘ in regiee wing .
crossed (Plate X, fig. 11, and Plate XI, figs. 1, 3) c : : . 1

9. In hind wing proximal side of ¢ at arculus. Origin of Cu, in hind wing f
separate from anal angle of ¢. Mspl distinct, at least in front wing. ti i
- front wing free or of 2 (rarely 3) cells 63-73 Ang. (Plate XI,

2) ee ee , .

3 en wing proximal side of t distal $8 areulis:

Origin of Cu, in hind wing at anal angle of t. No distinct Mspl. ti in
front wing of 3 cells 83-10} Ang. One row of cells Rs—Rspl. Hind
wings comparatively narrow; between A; and wing’s edge 2 rows of
cells in middle of field. Pterostigma light coloured in central, dark in
peripheral parts. Hind lobe of prothorax moderate. Abdomen short,
depressed in male, cylindrical in female. In male a large bifid process
on first ventral plate; in female margins of eighth segment folded; no
distinct vulvar scale. 3 : ; - ; é Chalcostephia.

10. Basal segments of abdomen (1-4 or 5) much widened, vesiculate, their
joints soldered; terminal segments thin, cylindrical. Hind lobe of pro-
thorax large. Female with margins of segment 8 folded, small but
distinct vulvar scale. In hind wing cells between A, and wing’s edge
very large, disposed in transverse rows. (Plate XI, fig. 2) . Acisoma.
Basal segments of abdomen of ordinary form, terminal segments slightly
fusiform in male, cylindrical in female. Hind lobe of prothorax mode-
rate. Female with genital segments as in preceding genus. In hind
wing cells between A; and wing’s edge of ordinary size, not distinctly
disposed in transverse rows . ; é ; : : . Diplacodes.

11. Pterostigma unicolorous. No black stripe in subcostal field. (Plate XI,
fig. 3.) Hind lobe of prothorax small. Abdomen Sra compara-
tively broad . 5 : : + 2%
Pterostigma two-coloured, whiter in pr one bis ck in diate half. Male
with black stripe in subcostal space of front wings. (Plate X, fig. 11.)
Female with tips of wings blackish brown. (Plate XI, fig. 1.) Hind
lobe of prothorax moderate. Abdomen narrow, slightly fusiform in
male, cylindrical in female. Margins of eighth segment in female folded,
vulvar scale rather large. ; : : é : . Hemistigma.

12. Double curve of M, moderately developed. In hind wing cells between A
and wing’s edge not distinctly disposed in transverse rows. ¢ in front
wing with one cross-vein, in hind wing predominantly free. Three rows
of cells in discoidal field of front wings, predominantly one row Rs—
Rspl, one row M,-Mspl. (Plate XI, fig. 3.) Angles of frons not
projecting. Females with margins of eighth segment folded, vulvar scale
erect, large. On anterior surface of frons two distinct triangular
flattened spaces. : ; . ; : : F . Crocothemis.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 387

Double curve of M, very deep. In hind wing cells between A, and
wing’s edge distinctly disposed in transverse rows. ¢ in front wings
mostly with two cross-veins, crossed in hind wings. Mostly 4 rows in
discoidal field of front wings ; 2-8 rows Rs—Rspl and M,—Mspl.

Angles of ‘frons projecting, acute. General forms as in preceding genus,
also genital segments of female. No triangular flattened spaces on

anterior surface of frons : : ‘ a ; ‘ . Bradinopyga.
13. Number of Ang small, mostly under 8. (Plate XI, fig. 4) : : . 14.
Number of Ang greater, more than 8, mostly over 10. Hind lobe of pro-
thorax small. (Plate XI, fig. 5) : : 2 : : ; Gs

14. Hind lobe of prothorax large, bilobate, erect, ciliate. Cu, in front wing
but feebly convex. Abdomen comparatively short, more or less fusiform
in male, cylindrical in female. Margins of eighth segment folded in
female; vulvar scale variable ; : : : = IW,
Hind lobe of prothorax small. Fourth ae oniont of anderen with distinet
transverse carina. Discoidal field in front wing approximately parallel,
by Cu, and MW, being about equally convex. In front wing costal side of
t long, ¢ free or crossed. Cw, in hind wing variable, at anal angle of
f or separate. Abdomen short and robust; depressed in male, more
cylindrical in female.

In female margins of eighth segment folded, small but distinct vulvar
scale ; ventral plate of ninth segment broad : ; Brachythemis.

15. ¢ in front wing crossed, costal side comparatively long. Discoidal field
beginning with 3 rows of cells, distinctly narrowed to wing’s edge. Cu,
in hind wing at anal angle of ¢: cells between A, and wing’s edge not
disposed in transverse rows. (Plate XI, fig. 4) . : . Sympetrum.
tin front wing free, costal side short. Discoidal field mostly beginning
with two large cells, then 3 rows; almost parallel to wing’s edge. Cw,
in hind wing separate from anal angle of ¢; cells between A, and wing’s
edge distinctly disposed in transverse rows é 3 . Philonomon.

16. Anal loop in hind wing long, external angle 3-4 cells’ distance beyond level

of distal angle of t. Large forms : : : oi.
Anal loop in hind wine shorter, external ele cisane 2 cells’ distance
beyond level of distal angle of t.
Medium sized and smaller forms. Rs straight; M, convex in simple
curve or with very slight indication of double curve. 2 rows Rs—Rspl.
Discoidal field in front wing between almost parallel veins or slightly
narrowed to wing’s edge. Cu, almost straight. (Plate XI, fig. 5.)
Pterostigma small. Colour system red with various mixture of black,
or black and yellow, with or without blue pruinosity. Abdomen variable.
Trithenis.
Spines of tibiae fine. Pterostigma comparatively small. Moderate or deep
double curve of Mj. Colour system black and yellow, often metallic.
Abdomen variable ; : : ; ; : . Pseudomacromia.
Spines of tibiae robust. Pterostigma large. Very deep double curve of
My. Colour system as in preceding genus.
Abdomen much inflated in basal segments, very slender hindward.
Olpogastra.

388 Annals of the South African Museum.

18. One cubito-anal cross-vein in hind wing. My, almost straight. Basal
abdominal segments with not more than one transverse carina 5 IS)
In hind wing a second cubito-anal cross-vein, running obliquely to
proximal angle of ¢. Very deep double curve of M,. Very long anal
loop, consisting of two rows of cells, or at most one interpolated cell at
external angle, with A, bent in gentle curve; A, fractured near base;
a supplementary sector arising at the angle divides the anal field in a
proximal part of small cells, which are arranged in transverse rows, and
a distal part of more ordinary, less regularly arranged cells. Pterostigma
small, longer in front than in hind wing. Abdominal segments 3 and 4
with two supplementary transverse carinae (besides the normal one), 5
also with a transverse carina : : : A ‘ ‘ . Pantala.

19. Pterostigma small, longer in front than in hind wing.
Costal side of ¢ in front wing very short, proximal and distal sides very
long. Anal loop long, with interpolated cells at anal angle of ¢ and at
external angle; with A, strongly bent and distal part of A, often
partially dissolved. Anal field between A; and wing’s edge as in Pantala.
Colour predominantly red; brown or brown and yellow basal spot in
hind wings. Large forms . : . Tramea.
Pterostigma about equal in both pairs of wings. Cone side of ¢ in
front wing comparatively long. Anal loop less elongate, with A, almost
straight and end of A; not dissolved. Partition of anal field between
A, and wing’s edge not so distinct. Colour predominantly bronzy black ;
wings with metallic black or black and yellow markings. (Plate XI,
fies. 6,7.) Smallerforms . : : : : , . RKhyothemis.

20. Number of Ang small (6-7). Sectors of arculus in front wing separated or
with common stalk very short. ¢ in front wings free. Two rows of cells
in discoidal field of front wings, or once 3 cells at t. One row Rs—Rspl.
(Plate XI, fig. 8) . : : ; . 28
Number of Ang greater (more thai 10). Sectors of arentas with long
common stalk in both wings. ¢ in front wings crossed, 3 rows in dis-
coidal field; 2 rows Rs—Rspl. General facies, colour system and
genitalia much as in Trithemis . ‘ ‘ : . - Helothemis.

21. Larger forms. ti in front wings 3-celled; about 5 rows between A, and
wing’s edge in hind wing. (Plate XI, fig. 8.) Abdomen comparatively
short and broad, depressed, gradually narrowed hindward in male, more
cylindrical in female. No external branch in hamule of male; vulvar
scale large infemale_. . : : : : Urothemis.
Small forms. ti in front wing frees © 2 3 rows between A; and wing’s
edge in hind wing. Abdomen similar in shape to preceding genus, also
genitals of both sexes . : é é : ; : Tethriamanta.

NOTIOTHEMIS, nov. gen.

This genus is isolated in the present fauna, and belongs to a group
of forms well represented in tropical Asia, in Madagascar and also in
continental Africa, though everywhere in a limited number of species.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. | 389

The single genera and species of this group bear the characters of
archaic relics: many primitive features in venation on one side;
highly specialised structures in some other respects, as in the armature
of legs and in genital organs of both sexes; black and yellow colour
system, which is at the same time an archaic feature and an adap-
tation to life in wooded land. Notiothemis is nearest to Neodythemis”
(from Madagascar) and Micromacromia (from continental Africa) in
venation, but near Tetrathemis (from tropical Asia, Madagascar and
Africa) and Calophlebia (from Madagascar) in genital structure of
male.

Head small; eyes contiguous on a short line. Frons rounded, with
no distinct anterior ridge. Vertex broadly rounded, very little
emarginate.

Posterior lobe of prothorax moderate, rounded, with a small median
notch, ciliate. Thorax comparatively small, legs long and robust.
Third femora of male with very numerous—about 40—denticles,
triangular in proximal half, gradually passing to quadrangular outline
in distal half, a long spine at distal end. Second femora with similar
triangular denticles in proximal half, gradually longer spines in distal
half. Spines of tibiae numerous, fine. Tarsal claws with robust
tooth near the middle.

Abdomen little widened in basal segment, thin, almost cylindrical
posteriorly. Male genitalia small. (Female unknown. )

Wings comparatively long and narrow, rather close venation ¢ in
front wing in same level with ¢ in hind wing. Sectors of arculus with
long common stalk. Arculus between second and third antecubital.
Cu, in front wing at anal angle of ¢, separate inhind wing. 9-11 Ang,
the last one complete.

tin front wing at level of arculus or very little distal. 1 Cug in
front wing, 2 Cuy in hind wing. No Bgs ¢ in front wing free, almost
equilateral, distal side but little longer than proximal and costal one.
tin hind wing free. At crossed in front wing, crossed or free in hind
wing. ¢i in front wing free, regular, or its costal side (the second
cubito-anal cross vein) not exactly meeting the proximal angle of t.
fis and M, very slightly convex; Rspl not very distinct; one row
of cells Rs—Rspl. Discoidal field of front wing beginning with one
row, two rows at level of bridge, considerably widened to wing’s edge ;
no Mspl. In discoidal field of hind wing about four cells running
through between M, and Cw,. Distinctly developed anal loop in hind
wing, with two rows of about five cells each ; external angle of loop
very obtuse, mostly no interpolated cells. Membranule very small.
Pterostigma moderate.

20

390 Annals of the South African Museum.

NotiotHEMIS JONESI, Nn. sp.

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 ¢, M’Fongosi, Zululand (v.1911, W. E. Jones) ;
1 g, Eldoret, Brit. East Africa (viii. 1918, W. E. Fry). Coll. K. J.
Morton: 1 ¢, Bulwa, Usambara.

S$ (M’Fongosi). Labium yellow, median lobe black, also a corre-
sponding narrow, anteriorly convergent stripe over the side lobes.
Labrum, face and frons dull yellowish; vertex and a broad basal band
of frons metallic blue. Prothorax black, free margin of posterior lobe
yellowish green. Thorax brownish black with light green markings
and thin whitish pruinosity. Light green: narrow line on median
suture ; cuneiform antehumeral spots to about mid-height ; rather
broad band in front of humeral suture, more narrowly continued
along ante-alar sinus to median line; indistinct narrow line between
humeral suture and metastigma; broad complete band touching
metastigma with anterior margin; similar band on posterior half of
metepimeron. Ventral surface greenish, sutures lined with fuscous.
Lees black, base of first femora greenish internally. Abdomen black
with greenish markings: segments | lateral spots; 2 lateral spot and
two transverse bands ; 5 large, anteriorly almost confluent spots in front
of, smaller spots behind transverse carina; 4-5 small antero-dorsal,
larger medio-lateral spots; 6 very small antero-dorsal spots; 7 complete
transverse band of more than one-half the segment’s length, very near
anterior, more distant from posterior margin of segment; 8-10 wholly
black. Ventral surface black, slightly whitish pruinose.

Superior appendages in dorsal view almost parallel, gradually
narrowed to end. In lateral view regularly convex, ventral margin
shghtly projecting beyond the middle, then retracted and again pro-
jecting at the end, which is cut obliquely. Apex of inferior appendage
corresponding to the shallow incision in ventral outline of the superior.
Genitalia of second segment : Anterior lamina small, depressed, finely
sranulate, with long greyish hairs. Hamule very small, depressed ;
internal branch a fine acute, moderately bent hook, those of both sides
touching each other; external branch shorter, obtusely triangular.
Lobe large, free margin directed hindward, cut in a straight line
almost vertical to long axis of body.

Wings hyaline; very light yellowish at base, diffusely to level of ¢,
colour somewhat deeper in sc and cu. Pterostigma black.

Ang. 9°8 ; ht. : = Abd. 19, hdw. 22, pt. > 2 mm.

A specimen from Bulwa, Usambara, is somewhat larger: abd. 22,

AL

rel Otherwise identical,

hdw. 25, pt.2°5mm. Ang. 11-11; ht.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 391

ORTHETRUM (Newman, 1833).

A genus of many species, many of them common and dominant in
large parts of the Old World, more common in tropical and sub-
tropical that in temperate regions, especially dominant in continental
Africa in number of species and of individuals. Species of Orthetrum
are very wide-ranging (with but a few exceptions): none of those
found in the present fauna is limited to South Africa; most of them
are known from the entire continent South of the desert belt; two
(chrysostigma, trinacria) are also from Mediterranean Africa and
Europe.

They are medium-sized or larger Libellulinae; all the species here
discussed similar in colours: male pruinose blue with a pattern of
black or reddish brown and yellowish, greenish or whitish, often also
covered by dense pruinosity in fully mature specimens, in younger
individuals similar to females ; females not pruinose in most species,
in some others only so in very old specimens, with pattern similar to
male in principle, but mostly with the dark elements reduced. The
condition of these species in collections has long been chaotic ; studies
by P. P. Calvert and more recently by the writer have established
reliable specific characters, and but little uncertainty remains now for
some females particularly, or for males in which the genitalia of
second segment are not in sufficiently good condition for examination.

The following table was established chiefly on characters of colour
and pattern. For certain identification the study of genital structures
on second abdominal segment of males is always useful, often necessary,
and the figures given for those structures are indispensable in addition
to the table.

1. Basal seoments of abdomen much widened in lateral and especially in dorso-
ventral dimension ; segment 3 constricted, following segments compara-
tively narrow, fusiform or almost parallel in males, cylindrical in
females 3 : . : 3 : : : : : ; te
Basal seoments of abdomer not widened in lateral, very little in dorso-
ventral dimension ; segment 3 comparatively broad, not constricted ;
following segments very gradually narrowed to end of abdomen and
depressed in male, less distinctly narrowed, more cylindrical in female.
Ante-nodal cross-veins in sub-costal space of ambiguous colour, blackish
in dorsal view, ochreous if seen from the sides. Pterostigma very
large, ochreous or light ferruginous between black veins. Membranule
whitish or light grey. Base of wings hyaline with no trace of yellow
spot. Adult ¢ with face fuscous, frons above shining black; thorax
and dorsum of abdomen (entirely or to segment 6) with very dense
whitish blue pruinosity ; terminal abdominal segments black with a mid-
dorsal, basal, cuneiform ochreous spot on segment 6-7 (similar spots on

Annals of the South African Museum.

more anterior segments in immature specimens). Female with face and
frons dull olivaceous, a narrow medially interrupted black basal line of
frons. ‘Thorax olivaceous, sides yellowish; light yellowish mid-dorsal
longitudinal band from prothorax to inter-alar space; one or two in-
complete dark lines each side between this band and humeral suture.
Abdomen dull ochreous; continuous, more rarely interrupted, lateral
black bands from segments 2 to 10, distant from lateral carina not fully
by its own breadth. Tips of wines brown to distal end of pterostigma.
6, Abd. 28, hdw. 38, pt. << 4mm. 92, 27, 30,4 . ; . O. farinosum.

2. Ante-nodal cross-veins in sub costal space ochreous or whitish. Pterostigma

light coloured : : : : : ‘ : : j : + 8
Ante-nodal cross-veins in sub-costal space black. Pterostigma of mature
specimens very dark ferruginous or almost black. Membranule black.
Basal spot in base of sub-costal and cubito-anal space and alone mem-
branule, golden yellow to brown in male, lighter yellow in female.
Thoracic pattern of non-pruinose males two dorsal and five lateral
about equally developed black stripes on uniformly greenish ground, of
females similar, but with reduction of black area, especially at the sides.
Abdominal pattern of non-pruinose males transverse median ochreous
or olivaceous bands on segments 4—6, very variable in extent; similar in
females, but with light-coloured area more extended, especially along
mid-dorsal line; terminal abdominal segments wholly black in mature
specimens of both sexes. Males pruinose blue first on abdomen, later on
thorax, leading in some very mature specimens to the disappearance of
every trace of pattern. Frons greyish olivaceous, darker in male, with
basal black line, broaderin male, narrow infemale. ¢, Abd. 28, hdw. 32,
Oe <—e oyiting Qa PP Gye ay - : : 2 : O. stemmale capense.

3. Abdominal pattern in non-pruinose males and in females a mid-dorsal

longitudinal black band, widened at the joints. Pterostigma large. Cu,

in hind wing regularly separated from anal angle of ¢ . 5 Ad
No mid-dorsal longitudinal black band on abdomen. Cw, in hind wing
but occasionally separated from anal angle of ¢ ; : A A De

4, Large species. Wings hyaline at base. Pterostigma very hght yellow,

almost whitish. Lips, face and frons greenish white ; narrow basal black
line on frons. Thorax olivaceous dorsally, ight greenish at sides ; median
and incomplete antehumeral stripes fuscous, narrow black lines in
humeral and second lateral sutures. On abdomen besides mid-dorsal
also lateral black bands, narrowed or almost interrupted in median
third of each segment.

Female with foliaceous dilatations of segment 8 very narrow and appen-
dages comparatively long. Mature males pruinose on abdomen to the
disappearance of pattern, less densely on thorax. ¢ 9, Abd. 36, hdw. 34,
pt so mm.) - : ; : : - : 3 : . O.trinacria:
Smaller species. Wings in male hyaline or with golden yellow spot at
base, in female with golden yellow spot of various extent, sometimes to
level of Cuq and apex of membranule. Pterostigma bright ochreous.
Labium yellow with median black band; face and frons yellowish ;
broad basal black band on frons and sometimes more black on anterior

pw

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 398

ridge or anterior flattened spaces of frons. Thorax yellowish with broad,
deep black stripes; median, ante-humeral, humeral on suture ; narrow
black lines between humeral suture and metastigma, above metastigma
and on second lateral suture. Mid-dorsal black band on abdomen com-
paratively broader than in last. species; no lateral black bands, only
narrow black lining of lateral carinae ; ventral surface black. Female with
foliaceous dilatation of eighth segment broader and appendages short.
Mature males pruinose to disappearance of pattern first on abdomen.
finally also on thorax. 2, Abd. 29, hdw. 29, pt. 35 mm. 9, 28, 30, 4
O. icteromelas.
5. Almost regularly two rows of cells between Rs and Rspl, at least for a short
space . 3 5 . é : Os
Regularly but one row of eal between Rs ad au Abdominal pattern
of non-pruinose males and of females consisting of broad lateral con-
tinuous black bands. Pterostigma large, light yellowish between black
veins. 2 : ; . : : . : 5 5 : > &

6. Abdominal pattern of non-pruinose males consisting of lateral black bands,
complete or not fully touching lateral carinae or even interrupted in
middle of segments, of females similar but reduced in various degrees
and almost regularly interrupted ; ; : Se he
Abdominal pattern of non-pruinose males aed of eoreates similar to
O. stemmale capense ; on segments 3—7 broad median transverse yellowish
bands, interrupted by a narrow mid-dorsal black line, almost regularly
extended narrowly along that line to anterior margin of segments.
Thoracic dorsum greenish or olivaceous ; a mere vestige of blackish on
median suture, incomplete ante-humeral and humeral blackish lines ;
sides with four dark lines of variable development; in specimens in
perfect condition of colours two broad bands whitish (or lighter greenish
than rest of sides), mesepimeral and metepimeral, gradually obscured
from ventral to dorsal margin. Lips yellowish, often with median lobe
of labium dark. Face and frons light olivaceous, very narrow basal
black line on frons. Pterostigma light yellow between black veins, the
costal one mostly thickened. Variable golden yellow spot on base of
hind wings to apex of membranule. Mature males mostly pruinose on
abdomen and thorax to the complete disappearance of pattern. ¢, Abd.
31, hdw. 33, pt. > 3mm. 9, 31, 32,3 : ‘ ; . O. brachiale.

7. Thoracic sides with two distinct whitish stripes; immediately behind
humeral and second lateral sutures; these stripes most distinet at
ventral end, where they are lined with blackish, gradually darkened to
dorsal end. Thorax otherwise olivaceous, shading to ferruginous, a mere
vestige of blackish on median suture and an incomplete ante-humeral
blackish line, which is accompanied (at least in part of specimens)
medially by a third somewhat diffused whitish stripe. Lateral abdominal
black bands narrow and sometimes interrupted in males, very narrow
and often indistinct in females, when the abdomen appears ferruginous
almost without markings. Face and frons olivaceous with very narrow
black basal line. Pterostigma shorter and narrower than in following
species, ferruginous. Small golden yellow basal spot at membranule of

394. Annals of the South African Museum.

hind wing. Pruinosity of male appearing early on abdomen, very late
on thorax. g, Abd. 31, hdw. 33, pt.3mm. 9,27,31,3 . O. caffrum.,
Thoracic sides with but one distinct whitish stripe, behind humeral
suture, lined with black in ventral half and gradually obscured dorsally.
Thorax otherwise similar to preceding species, only there is no trace of
a dorsal black stripe and the general colour has more of greenish and
less of ferruginous shade. Lateral abdominal black bands broad and
complete in male; narrow and not touching lateral carina in middle of
seoments, but often not interrupted in female. Face and frons as in
preceding species. Pterostigma longer, broader and generally lighter
in colour as in preceding species. Base of wings similar. Pruinosity of
male as in preceding species. 4, Abd.29, hdw. 30, pt. > 3mm. 9, 27,
PAS), 2 8) oe : : : : : ; ; : . O.chrysostigma.
8. Slightly larger species. Male with internal and external branch of humule
of about equal length. Thoracic pattern in mature but not yet extremely
pruinose males an ante-humeral and two lateral greenish stripes on black
ground ; in female black colour much reduced, to vestige of a line at
median suture, incomplete ante-humeral and humeral and parts of 4 to 5
lateral lines. In immature males, and especially females, the sides are
wholly greenish yellow with at most vestiges of black lines. Frons dull
olivaceous to bluish grey in mature males, greenish yellow in females,
with black basal line, broader in males. ¢, Abd. 28, hdw. 29, pt.3 mm.
to 33, 38, 3°5. 9, 25, 28, 3 to 31, 32, 3°5 : : A . O. guineense.
Smaller species and smallest Orthetrum of the present fauna. Internal
branch of hamule in male decidedly longer than external branch,
Thoracic pattern in mature, even fully pruinose males somewhat variable
and with irregular light green spots; at dorsal end of mesepimeron,
dorsally and ventrally from metastigma on metepisternum, posterior
and dorsal half of metepimeron. Female very similar to preceding
species, not always readily distinguishable, the differences being only
relative ; smaller size and still more reduced dark colour on thorax, the
lines being mostly indicated by faint vestiges only. Face and frons
whitish in male, light yellowish in female; basal black line of frons
broad ; not rarely fine black lines on anterior ridge of frons end around
anterior flattened spaces. ¢ 2, Abd. 29, hdw. 30, pt.3 mm. O. Abbotti.

ORTHETRUM TRINACRIA, Sélys, 1841.

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9, Johannesburg, Transvaal (C. H. Pead); 1 9,
Lorenco Marques (12 . xn. 1911).

This largest species of Orthetrum known from the present fauna is
easily identified by its abdominal pattern, and when pruinose, by the
large whitish pterostigma, hyaline base of wings, very elongate
abdomen with basal segments much inflated. The species was first
discovered in Sicily, but it seems that it has not been obtained again
from this European island for the last seventy years. It is probably
most frequent in desert regions such as Mediterranean Africa and

io

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 395

Abyssinia; evidently it is not a common species in the South
African fauna.

ORTHETRUM ICTEROMELAS (Ris, 1909).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9, Boksburg, Transvaal. Brit. Mus.: 1 ¢,2 9,
Boksburg, Johannesburg (C. H. Pead). Coll. E. B. Williamson :
3 6,22, Salisbury, Mashonaland (ii . 1900, Marshall).

Similar in general form and size and also the large, bright yellowish
pterostigma to O. guineense, Abbotti and chrysostiqma. Of this group
the pterostigma is generally largest in icferomelas, smallest in
chrysostigma. Females and non-pruinose males are easily identified
by the abdominal pattern; pruinose males, although very closely
resembling the above-named three species, especially guineense, are

Fic. 69.—Orthetrum icteromelas, . Salisbury. Genitalia, second seg-
ment, left side view.

unmistakable when the peculiar hamuli are in good position for
examination.

ORTHETRUM CAFFRUM (Burmeister, 1859).

S. Afr. Mus.: 3 9, Burghersdorp, Cape, Worcester; 1 ¢, 1 @,
MFongosi, Zululand (v . 1911, W. E. Jones); 1 2, Rietfontein,
Pretoria District (2.x .1904); 2 ¢, 3 9, Eldoret, Brit. E. Africa
(vi . 1913, W. E. Fry); Acornhoek, Transvaal (x1 . 1918, Tucker) ;
Grootfontein and Otjituo, 8.W. Protectorate (i. 1920, Tucker). Brit.
Mus.: 1 g, Mahakata River, Gazaland (24. 1x . 1905, Marshall) ;
1 9, Johannesburg (H. Crawford-Cruger); 1 ¢, Zululand (Rev.
W. H. Heale); 1 ¢, Willow Grange, Mooi River, Natal (9.1. 1913,
R. C. Wroughton). Coll. KE. B. Williamson: 1 ¢, 1 2, Salisbury,
Mashonaland (iii . 1900, v.1905, Marshall); 1 ¢, Hilton Road,
Natal (23, x11. 1909, G. F. Leigh). Mus. Stockholm : 2, Cap. b.
Spei (Wahlberg).

The thoracic pattern of two lateral and often also an ante-humeral
whitish stripe isa conspicuous and regular character of this species.

396 Annals of the South African Museum.

It is somewhat more robust in stature than the group chrysostigma-
quineense-Abbotti, though being often smaller in dimensions than
chrysostigma. Its reticulation is closer (regularly two rows Rs—Rspl)
and its pterostigma smaller than in those related species. Males with
the thorax entirely pruinose to disappearance of the whitish bands are
not often met with; they may easily be identified by the peculiar
shape of hamuli (Text-fig. 70).

This species is Hast African (North to Abyssinia) and South
African ; specimens formerly recorded (by the writer) from some
West African stations very probably do not belong to O. caffrum, but
to O. microstigma, an essentially tropical and chiefly West African
species, which was not recognised when the group was first studied
for the monograph. A very close ally of O. caffrum is O. taeniolatum
found in Somaliland and Eritrea, Mediterranean Asia and India.

Fic. 70.—Orthetrum cafrum, g. M’Fongosi. Genitalia, second seg-
ment, left side view.

ORTHETRUM CHRYSOSTIGMA (Burmeister, 1859).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 g,2 9 (no locality); 1 ¢, Livingstone, Zambes ;
1 g, Matopo, Rhodesia (28.v.1911, C. H. Pead); 1 g,1 9, Lorenco
Marques) ((26.-v, 12. xii. 1911); 1 &, M’Fongosi, Zululand,
(W. E. Jones); 3 ¢, Barberton, Transvaal. Whole of Cape Colony
and South West Africa. Brit. Museum: 1 ¢, Salisbury, Mashonaland
(iv . 1904, Marshall). Coll. K. J. Morton: 3¢,19, Umtali, Rhodesia
(19, 21 . vin, 7 . ix . 1908, Miss Fountaine). Coll. Ris: 29, Lorengo
Marques. (29, . 1x, 1o'. xm - 191%), Coll. HE. B. Wilhamson: ORs
119, Salisbury, Mashonaland (i, 1, ii. 1900, iv . 1905, Marshall) ;
4 ¢, Natal (G. F. Leigh); 1 ¢, Princetown, Natal (19, 11, 1909, id.).

The mesepimeral whitish stripe is a good guide for the identification
of this species, as first indicated by P. P. Calvert. The pterostigma 1s
rather variable in size, but almost regularly smaller than in guineense,
Abbotti and icteromelas, larger than in caffrum, in colour entirely
between the bright yellowish shades of the former three and the more
ferruginous colour of the latter species. Females of chrysostigma,

—

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 397

guineense and Abbotti are sometimes not easily distinguished: as a
rule chrysostigma is the largest of the three, has almost regularly two
rows Rs—Rspl at least for a few cells’ length, has the pterostigma
smallest and lateral black bands on abdomen reduced, often inter-
rupted; in mature colour and good condition the mesepimeral whitish
stripe is a fairly constant character also for the female of chrysostigma
(Text-fig. 71).

This species, first described from the Canary Islands, is found
throughout the African Continent from Algeria to Natal, also in the

Fic. 71.—Orthetrum chrysostigma, ¢. Barberton. Genitalia, second
segment, left side view.

extreme south of Europe and in part of Mediterranean Asia. There
is no other than individual variability recognisable. When working
out Orthetrum for the Libellulinae monograph, the writer supposed
the two following forms to be geographical sub-species of chrysostigma ;
but more extensive materials and more careful study of the matter
made this view untenable, and a new arrangement (like the one given
here) is adopted for the additions to the monograph.

OrtTHETRUM ABsorTti (Calvert, 1892).

8. Afr. Mus.: 5 ¢, 3 9, and 2 ¢ Q, in cop., M’Fongosi, Zululand
(ui, 1.1912, W. E. Jones). Brit. Mus.: 1 9, Willow Grange, Mooi

Fie. 72.—Orthetrum abbotti, $. M’Fongosi. Genitalia, second segment,
left side view.

Raver, Natal (9 .i1.1913, R. C. Wroughton). Coll. Ris: 1 @,
Botchabelo, 1200 m., Transvaal (23 . 11. 1914, H. Junod).

Extremely similar to following species in abdominal pattern, large,
bright yellowish pterostigma and general outline; but different by

398 Annals of the South African Museum.

hamuli of male, thoracic pattern of pruinose males and generally
smaller size (Text-fig. 72).

First described from Hast Africa (Kilimandjaro), and probably
most developed in that region; but specimens examined by the
writer from the Belgian Congo, Kamerun and Sierra Leone give it
a much wider range, similar to the habitat of the following species.

ORTHETRUM GUINEENSE (Ris, 1909).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, M’Fongosi, Zululand (x1. 1911, W. E. Jones) ;
13, Umhlali, Natal (i. 1913, K.H. Barnard). Coll. E. B. Williamson:
1 g, Salisbury, Mashonaland (iv. 1905, Marshall); 1 92, Umtali,
3700 ft., Mashonaland (xii. 1900, id.); 2¢,59, Natal (G. F. Leigh) ;
1 g, 1 2, woodside off Umbilo Road, Congella, Natal (19. x. 1904,
is a 905; ad):

Fie. 73.—Orthetrum guineense, . M’Fongosi. Genitalia, second seg-
ment, left side view.

The specimens here recorded (and described in table, p. 394)
agree perfectly with the type series of O. guineense as described from
Angola and other parts of equatorial West Africa. The chief
distinctive character is the hamule of males. But this structure is
subject to misleading differences in position in this species more than
in the others here discussed, and careful examination is often
necessary. Differences in colour and pterostigma are extremely
sheht in comparison with O. Abbotti, not even considerable with
many specimens of chrysostigma. The hamule is nearest O. stemmale
capense, and extremely old and obscured specimens may resemble
this species in colour of body and basal spot in hind wing (though
not easily in pterostigma).

A series of specimens mentioned and described under guineense
(from the Sélysian Collection and Stockholm Museum) in the additions
to my Libellulinae monograph is purposely omitted here, as its
identification is somewhat doubtful and the specimens are no more
at hand.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 399

As far as our experience goes, the area of guineense is much the
same as that of Abbotti, but the latter seems chiefly eastern, the
former western in distribution.

ORTHETRUM BRACHIALE (Palisot de Beauvais, 1805).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9, Lorengo Marques. Mus. Hamburg: 1 ¢, Lorenco
Marques (17 . ix . 1911, Michaelsen). Coll. Ris: 1 9, Rikatla, Delagoa
Bay (iv.1914, H. Junod). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 3 ¢, 1 9,
Salisbury, Mashonaland (iv . 1905, Marshall).

Generally larger than the species of the chrysostigma group, which
it resembles by the mostly rather light coloured pterostigma ; ante-
rior vein of pterostigma conspicuously thickened in brachiale more
often than in any other species of the group. Abdominal pattern
much as in stemmale capense, but with black elements reduced ; the

Fig. 74.—Orthetrum brachiale, g. Lorenco Marques. Genitalia, second
saga ;
segment, left side view.

same may be stated for the thoracic pattern, at least for specimens in
which the two broad lateral light-coloured stripes are obliterated by
age or destroyed by decomposition. The excellent group character
(first applied by P. P. Calvert) of colour of ante-nodal cross-veins in
sub-costal space is often treacherous in O. brachiale (also sometimes in
guineense and even in chrysostigma), where mature specimens not
rarely have those veins much obscured, although they are con-
spicuously whitish in less mature specimens. For males the quite
peculiar form of hamuli is a guide in any case (Text-fig. 74).

O. brachiale is chiefly an inter-tropical species, found about equally
in Western and Hastern regions of the African continent, also in
Madagascar and some of the smaller islands.

ORTHETRUM STEMMALE CAPENSE (Calvert, 1893).

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 ¢,5 2, Lorenco Marques (ix, xi, xii. 1911); 6 g,
8 2, M’Fongosi, Zululand (ii, iii, v, xi. 1911, W. E. Jones); 13 2,

400 Annals of the South African Museum.

1 2, Barberton, Transvaal; 1 9, White River, Hast Transvaal (9.x.
1909, A. T. Cooke) ; 1 ¢, Groenvleikloof, Pretoria District (6 .1.1907).
Brit. Mus.: 1 9, Chirinda Forest, 4000 ft., Gazaland (18 . x . 1905,
Marshall); 1 ¢, 1 9, Mazoe, 4000-4300 ft., Mashonaland (29 . x,
94. xii. 1905, id.); 2 ¢, Natal. Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢; Ve
Macequece (25 . ix, 8. xi. 1908, Miss Fountaine) ; 1 ¢,1 2, Eshowe,
Zululand (27 . ii, 5 . iii. 1908, ead.); 2 ¢, 3 9, Durban, Natal (30. xi,
26. xii. 1907; 20, 27.1. 1908, ead.); 1 9, Wolhuterkop, Transvaal
(i. xii. 1908, ead.). Coll. Ris: 4 ¢, 2 9, Lorenco Marques (14 . i,
6, 14, 15 . xii. 1911); 29, Rikatla, Delagoa Bay (11.1914, H. Junod).
Coll. E. B. Williamson: 3 ¢,6 9, Natal (G. F. Leigh); 2 9, Hilton
Road, 4 g,2 9, Princetown, 4 ¢,7 9, woodside off Umbilo Road,
Congella, all in Natal (12.x.1904; 10.1.1905; 18, 23 . xn . 1908;
16219 >is 20> an - 19097. 7... 1910, id-).

Similar in general outline to O. brachiale, wings somewhat more

Fia. 75.—Orthetrwm stemmale capense, ¢. M’Fongosi. Genitalia,
second segment, left side view.

rounded, most often a single row of cells Rs—Rspl. Though analogous
to brachiale in elements of pattern, this species is darker in every
respect, and the darkest of the pruinose blue African species of
Orthetrum. Black colour in female and non-pruinose male almost
equaily light-coloured area, or surpassing it in many males ; ptero-
stigma regularly very dark brown or blackish in mature specimens ;
ante-nodal cross-veins in sub-costal space black even in very immature
examples ; basal spot in hind wings mostly darker in mature specimens
than in other species (some isolated specimens of guineense excepted),
deep golden brown to almost blackish and not rarely pruimose in
very mature males; golden yellow in females; not rarely females
with yellowish colour of base diffusely extended to level of triangles
and even more distally. Hamuli nearest O. quineense, but internal
branch more slender and excision between the two branches not so
deep.

A very common species in equatorial Africa, West and Hast

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 401

(western forms generally darker in colour), South to Natal, North to
Eritrea. Representative forms in Madagascar and the smaller islands.

ORTHETRUM FARINOSUM (Forster, 1898).

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 ¢, Dunbrody (6 . ii. 1912); 1 ¢, Matopo (E. C.
Chubb); 1 2, Waterval, Zoutpansbere District, Transvaal (18. xii.
1899). Coll. K. J. Morton: 3 2, Durban, Natal (18 . xii. 1907, 27.1.
1908, Miss Fountaine). Brit. Mus.: 1 9, Mpudzi River, Manica (26.
x.1901, Marshall). Coll. Ris: 1 9, Botchabelo, 1200 m., Transvaal
(18.11.1914, H. Junod). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 @, Salisbury,
Mashonaland (ii . 1900, Marshall); 1 ¢, 1 2, Princetown, Natal
(18 .11. 1909, G. F. Leigh).

The male of this species resembles superficially the European 0.
brunneum by the comparatively broad and depressed abdomen with
base but little widened, and by the very light shade of its blue

Fie. 76.—Orthetrum farinosum, g. Dunbrody. Genitalia, second seg-
ment, left side view.

pruinosity. The female is easily recognised by the analogous
characters of abdomen, by the large, light-coloured pterostigma and
conspicuously brownish tips of wings, as well as by the lateral
abdominal blackish lines a little distant from the lateral carinae, and
thus producing a pattern of marginal lunules, somewhat similar
to the European O. cancellatum.

Not a common species, but very widely distributed in Eastern
Africa from Egypt (Cairo) to Natal, and also found in West African
stations (Sierra Leone, Kamerun and the Congo).

PALPOPLEURA (Rambur, 1842).

A genus of comparatively small to very small forms, conspicuous
by coloured wings, short depressed abdomen and the curious sinuate
course of the costal vein in its ante-nodal part. One of its species is
certainly a characteristic insect of the Ethiopian faunal region, and
present practically in every collection brought from inter-tropical

402 Annals of the South African Museum.

Africa ; others are either more local or much less commonly distributed
in their habitat.

Systematically this genus is part of a small group of forms, in-
teresting for its geographical distribution. Old-world species are
Ethiopian, except one, which occurs in parts of India, in Assam,
Indo-China and South China. But a more numerous group is
American (Diastatops, Zenithoptera, and of very probable affinity also
is Perithemis). Forms common to the Ethiopian and Neotropical
regions have been discussed in interesting zoo-geographical specula-
tions by v. Ihering for instance, and amongst such forms the
Palpopleura-group of Libellulinae may be cited as a conspicuous
example.

1. Thoracic sides predominantly yellow. Face very light yellow or olivaceous
in both sexes . : E ; ; é : 2 : : ‘ - 2s
Thoracic sides predominantly black or blackish fuscous, with two very
oblique stripes, light yellow to dark bluish grey in mature males. Face
dark brown to blackish in males, ferruginous in females. Males with
frons above brilliant metallic blue; dorsum or thorax and abdomen
pruinose blue. Males (a. lucia) with front wings metallic black over
entire breadth to about middle of pterostigma to tip in costal space ; hind
wines similarly coloured, but the coloured area ending in a sinuate line
at variable distance (for instance, between two and three cells’ breadth)
from the anal margin, Other males (b. var. portia) with black colour in
front wings not reaching anal margin, only approaching it in level of t
and between nodus and pterostigma, thus roughly forming a broad costal
stripe with two transverse bands of black. Females with black pattern
similar to second form of male, but having the second transverse black
band slightly more proximal, with about equal parts proximal and distal
to nodus ; base of both wings yellow, from a very light shade to deep
golden yellow, distally to end of second black band. Frons ferruginous ;
abdomen ochreous with three longitudinal sinuate black bands.

So (lucia), Abd. 15, hdw. 21, pt. 35 mm. to 19, 25, 4.
3 (portia), Abd. 14, hdw. 18, pt. 3 mm. to 19, 23,35. 9,12,18 > 3 to
16, 25, 4. : ; : : ; : : : : : P. lucia.

2. Smallest species. Legs mostly hght yellow, black lines internally in males
much reduced in females. Males with both wings black at base, mostly
to distal end of triangles and two or three rows of cells beyond anal vein,
the black area longitudinally divided by a hyaline or yellow stripe in m
and space between R and M,;; veins in black space light yellow;
small black dot at nodus of front wings; base of wings otherwise yellow
to nodus in front wing, almost to pterostigma in hind wing; from very
light shades to rather deep golden yellow. Wings of female similar at
base, distally with variable transverse black bands; with proximal
margin at nodus in front wing, one or two cells distally in hind wing ;
yellow colour mostly deeper than in males, but concentrated in broad
borders to the black basal spots and distal bands. Dorsum of abdomen

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 403

pruinose blue in male, ochreous with three longitudinal black lines in
female. g, Abd. 13, hdw. 16, pt. 2 mm. to 16, 19, 2°5. 9, 13,18, 2°5.

P. jucunda,
Larger species. Legs black, first femora yellowish internally. Infrac-
tion in costal vein not so deep as in other species. Males with a radiate
pattern of deep black; in front wing stripe in se to 6th-8th Ang, stripe
in space between M,; and M, to distal end of t, large spot of about
four cells at nodus ; in hind wing only a small sub-costal stripe to Ang 2 ;
costal space of front wings yellowish to tip, this colour deeper in post-
nodal part. Females with similar pattern of black, but reduced in all
its components. Dorsum of abdomen pruinose blue in male, olivaceous,
with three longitudinal black lines in females. ¢, Abd. 19, hdw. 26, pt.
3mm. 92,19, 27,4 P : ; 5 ; ; : . P. deceptor.

PALPOPLEURA Lucia (Drury, 1773).

S. Afr. Mus.: 5 g, 2 9, Lorenco Marques (7, 20.v, 26. ix, 3.x,
1.vu.1911); 2 ¢,3 9,M ’Fongosi, Zululand (ii, ii, iv. 1911, W. E.
Jones). Coll. Ris: 11 g,9 9, Lorenco Marques (6.xi.1910;
meio 10.1, li, 14, 24.im, 5,.7, 1l.v.1911); 4 9, Rikatla,
Delagoa Bay Gu, iv, 17.iv, 10.v.1914, H. Junod). Coll. E. B.
Wilhamson: 5 ¢,1 9, Natal (G. F. Leigh); 2 ¢, 1 9, Princetown,
Natal (7, 14.11.1909, 21.11.1910, id.); 1 @, woodside off Umbila
Road, Congella (20. x . 1904, id.); 1 9, Hilton Road (28 . 11. 1909, id.).

6 portia: 8. Afr. Mus.: 9 6, M’Fongosi, Zululand (ii, iii, iv. 1911,
W.H. Jones). 1 4, Otavi, S.W. Africa (i . 1920, Lightfoot). Coll.
E. B. Williamson: 11 2, Princetown, Natal (12 . xii. 1908; 7,18 . ii
Mia. 1909; 24.01.1910, G. F. Leigh).

The portia forms were first introduced by the writer as male varieties ;
formerly portia had been considered as a distinct species. The reasons
why this view was abandoned were chiefly given by the existence of
intermediate forms, which, though rather scarce in collections from
various parts of Africa, intergrade almost completely between extreme
lucia and extreme portia pattern. Nevertheless the question still
remains open; it cannot be resolved in museums but only by exact
observations in the field. Females also intergrade between forms
with very little yellow at base of wings and extremes with both wings
deep golden yellow to distal limits of dark pattern. The deeper-
coloured females are apparently more often associated with lucia
males, the lighter ones with the portia form. But there are exceptions,
and a clear separation is still more difficult for females than for males.
Geographically it might appear that lucia is more the form of low
levels and very hot districts, portia of the opposite conditions, but

9

404. Annals of the South African Museum.

here, too, there is no certainty, and many exceptions occur in the
material examined by the writer.

PALPOPLEURA JUCUNDA (Rambur, 1842).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9, Rietfontein (13.x.1904); 1 ¢, 1 9, Waterval
(16, 17.xi.1900); 7 g,°12 9,M’Fongosi, Zululand (ii, iv. 1911,
W. E. Jones); 1 ¢, Machava, Delagoa Bay (14. xi. 1911), Waterberg,
S.W. Protectorate (11.1920, Tucker). Coll. E. B. Williamson :
9 g,8 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland (v, vi. 1899; i, 11.1900; v. 1905,
Marshall). Coll. Ris: 1¢,49, Botchabelo, 1200 m. (18, 23.11.1914,
H. Junod). Brit. Mus.: Knysna, Delagoa Bay, Pretoria.

This elegant little dragonfly is one of the characteristic species of
the present fauna. There is some variability in the single elements of
wing pattern in both sexes, though the pattern remains the same in
principle. Its range in Africa is very wide, since it has been recently
found in Abyssinia (though in a slightly different form, with con-
siderable reduction of black colour on wings, especially in male), and
also in the interior of Nigerian West Africa. A closely allied though
distinct species is found in India and South China.

PALPOPLEURA DECEPTOR (Calvert, 1899).

Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 @, Salisbury, Mashonaland (xi . 1900,
Marshall). Coll. Sélys: 3 9, Delagoa Bay.

Somewhat different in facies from the other species of Palpopleura,
by the relatively longer and more slender abdomen, more elongate
wings with the wave in costal vein only faintly indicated ; but other-
wise in venational and structural characters and colour system clearly
congeneric. Evidently of wide distribution though rare in collections,
and probably to be found more in the interior of the continent than
on the coast districts ; found North of Khartoum, West of Sikasso
and Zungeru.

CHALCOSTEPHIA (Kirby, 1889).

A genus containing only two forms, which were considered as
subspecies by the writer in his Libellulinae monograph, one (the
first described) from Madagascar, the other one from continental
Africa. Conspicuous by its short abdomen and elongate, comparatively
narrow wings; a remarkable feature of its venation is the position of
the proximal side of triangle in hind wing distal to arculus. Male
distinguished by ventral process of first abdominal segment.

el

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 405

CHALCOSTEPHIA CORONATA FLAVIFRONS (Kirby, 1889).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Lorenco Marques (4. xii. 1911). Coll. E. B.
Williamson: 1 ¢, 1 9, Natal, woodside off Umbilo Road, Congella
(22.x.1904, G. F. Leigh).

3. lLabium ochreous ; labrum and face light yellowish to rather
bright orange; frons above brilliant metallic green. Thorax and
abdomen entirely light blue pruinose (with pattern similar to female
in immature specimens). Ventral plate of first abdominal segment
raised in an almost vertical, deeply furcate process. Wings hyaline,
tips narrowly bordered with brown. Pterostigma ferruginous in
central, diffusely dark brown in peripheral parts.

Q. Thoracic dorsum black with greenish-yellow markings: slightly
diffuse line at median suture; broad almost quadrate spot in front
of ventral half of humeral suture, narrow line at superior half of
same suture and along ante-alar sinus. Sides greenish yellow with
black lines at metastigma, second lateral suture and latero-ventral
margin of metepimeron. Legs black. Abdominal segments 1-2
greenish yellow with black rings at transverse carinae; 8-7 black
with greenish or yellowish lateral spots, large on 8, small and inter-
rupted on 4-5, none on 6, small and rounded on 7; 8-10 black.
Margin of eighth segment folded; vulvar scale small, triangular.
Wings as in male.

dG. Abd. 24, hdw. 28, pt. 25mm. 9, 22, 29, 2°5.

Found in tropical Africa, East and West, but evidently not a
common species.

HEMISTIGMA (Kirby, 1889).
Like the preceding genus, consisting of two forms, one continental,
the other one from Madagascar.

HEMISTIGMA ALBIPUNCTA (Rambur, 1842).

s- Air. Mus.: 12 ¢, 7 2, Lorenco Marques (24, 25, 27 .1x, a wexe
29.xi, 3, 4, 5.xi1.1911); 6 ¢,10 92, Barberton, Transvaal. Coll.
Ris: 4g, 49, Lorenco Marques (10, 11, 17, 25.11.1911); 3 6,
1 9, Rikatla, Delagoa Bay (i.x.19138, H. Junod). Coll. E. B.
Williamson: 3 @, Natal, woodside off Umbilo Road, Congella
(12.x.1904, G. F. Leigh).

6. Lips and face whitish yellow; trons brilliant metallic blue
with two whitish lateral spots. Thorax pruinose blue, sides with
variable pattern of light yellow; in most specimens, even when fully
mature, there remain of this colour three spots, confluent or separated,
on ventral half of mesipimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron

26

4.06 Annals of the South African Museum.

respectively. Legs black. Abdomen slender, slightly fusiform,
pruinose blue. Immature specimens with pattern of female. Wings
hyaline ; a costal stripe, distally to pterostigma, yellowish, mostly
deeper in colour between nodus and pterostigma; in sub-costal space
of front wings a deep black stripe of variable length (4 to 8 cells,
very rarely reduced to a vestige), exceptionally a similar but smaller
stripe in space between Mj; and M,. Pterostigma large, sharply
divided in a proximal white and a distal black part, the latter slightly
the longer.

9. Frons fuscous with median transverse whitish-yellow band.
Thoracic dorsum dark brown with somewhat diffuse yellowish lines ;
broad at median, narrow at humeral suture. Sides light greenish
yellow with narrow, interrupted blackish lines between humeral
suture and metastigma, at metastigma and at second lateral suture.
Abdomen ochreous with three longitudinal black bands: median one
beginning as a narrow line, gradually widened to end; lateral ones of
equal breadth throughout, touching lateral margins of segments from
segment 5 backward. Vulvar scale erect, elliptical in outline, about
half as long as ninth segment. Wings mostly diffusely yellowish
besides yellow costal stripe; no sub-costal black stripe; tips of all
wings deep brown in variable length, mostly to about middle of
pterostigma.

G, Abd. 21, hdw. 23, pt. < 3 mm. to 25, 30,4. 9, 21, 24,3 to
24, 29, < 4.

Very widely distributed in tropical Africa (North to Bahr el Ghazal)
and often common ; evidently a very common species at Delagoa Bay.

PORPAX (Karsch, 1896).

Similar in outline to Chalcostephia, but abdomen much narrower,
especially in male. Only genus of present fauna with arculus at
second Ang or distal thereto combined with incomplete last Ang.
Most specimens with 2 Cuq in hind wing. Superficially resembling
also Diplacodes, but wings more elongate and venation more close,
besides differences in many venational details. The affinities are
evidently with Chalcostephia, Hemistigma and Thermochoria. Only
one species known.

PorPAX ASPERIPES (Karsch, 1896).
Brit. Mus.: 1 9, Mashonaland, up Buzi River, Gazaland (25. ix .
1905, G. A. K. Marshall).

This single specimen is not in very good condition; somewhat
oD he D 5)

¥

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 407

different from those originally described from equatorial West Africa
(pterostigma larger ; cross-veins in sub-costal space yellow instead of
black; yellow on thorax and abdomen more extended), it might
belong to a second species. But it does not seem advisable to name
a form from a single immature female.

? (immature). Labium light yellow, a very broad black median
band. Labrum yellow, black at anterior margin. Anteclypeus brown,
postelypeus light yellow. Frons black anteriorly, ight yellow with
broad black basal line above. Vertex black, light yellow above.
Thoracic dorsum black with yellow markings: triangular spot in front
of ante-alar sinus, separated by a narrow black space from a broad
antehumeral band; antehumeral bands slightly convergent dorsally.
Sides light yellow with two rather narrow black lines; slightly in
front of metastigma and on second lateral suture. Metasterna chiefly
black.

Legs black, first femora light yellow internally. Abdomen cylin-
drical, rather robust. Black with light yellow markings: sides on
segments 1-6, this colour widened dorsally at base of 4-6; 7-9
small lateral spots; 1-3 sinuate yellow line on mid-dorsal carina ;
4-9 narrow line on mid-dorsal carina, slightly widened in distal third
of 4-6. Appendages and supra-anal tubercle light yellow. Ventral
surface black with marginal yellow spots. (Vulvar scale not visible.)
Wings hyaline, pterostigma ochreous, sub-costal cross-veins light

yellowish. Ang 93-93; ¢ 0.0; ti 2.8; Cugq aa in front wing two

rows of discoidal cells to level of bridge or slightly beyond (in left
wing but one cell in third series) ; in left hind wing two cells running
through between M, and Cu, (right side damaged). Arculus in front
wing at Ang, in hind wing slightly beyond.

Abd. 18, hdw. 24, pt. 2°5 mm.

In a typical West African series adult males have considerably
more black on thoracic sides and the abdomen pruinose blue; females
are similar on thorax to male, with yellow markings of abdomen
smaller ; a very mature specimen also with abdomen pruinose blue.

ACISOMA (Rambur, 1842).

The peculiar structure of the basal abdominal segments induced
Rambur to establish this genus, which is therefore one of the earliest
named genera in the subfamily Libellulinae. Its affinities are
evidently with Diplacodes, of which it might be considered a specialised
branch. One form is common throughout tropical Asia, continental

408 Annals of the South African Musewm.

and insular, Hast to Celebes. But the genus is more fully developed
in Africa.

Forms that have been considered as racially distinct from the Asiatic
A. panorpoides exist in the vast region between Algeria, Delagoa Bay
and Madagascar, and a second very distinct species (trifidwm, Kby.) is
known from tropical West Africa.

ACISOMA PANORPOIDES ASCALAPHOIDES (Rambur, 1842).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, 1 9, Lorenco Marques (25, 27 .ix.1911); 2g,
Ovamboland Otymbora. Coll. Ris: 12 ¢,8 9, ibid. (11. ii, 10, 11,
is 2a dito ONT).

¢. Labium and labrum whitish. Face and frons light blue,
fronto-nasal suture and base of frons broadly black. Thorax light
greenish blue with an intricate pattern of deep black: black lines
on medial, humeral, lateral and latero-ventral sutures, antehumeral,
mesepimeral and metepimeral lines, these lines of variable breadth,
sometimes interrupted, mostly with an undulating longitudinal anas-
tomosis. Legs robust, black, narrowly lined with bluish or yellowish
externally. Abdomen light blue with black markings: mid-dorsal
longitudinal band; lateral bands, trilobate ventral spots and trans-
verse carinae on inflated basal segments; latero-ventral band on
segments 5-7; segments 8-10 wholly black. Superior appendages
whitish above, black beneath, inferior appendage black.

Wings hyaline, very slightly and gradually fumose at tips; a very
ys. Pterostigma whitish

small yellowish spot at base of hind wing
yellow.

2. Similar to male in outline, slightly more robust. Frons
olivaceous, black only at base, instead of an anterior black line a
ferruginous shade. Thorax greenish or olivaceous; the pattern of
male only indicated by rather diffuse darker olivaceous or ferruginous
shades, often interrupted and sometimes quite indistinct. Abdomen
olivaceous; dark pattern similarly reduced, blackish only at the
carinae and on terminal segments. Legs mostly olivaceous, with
interrupted blackish lines. Wings as in male.

Gg, Abd. 20, hdw. 21, pt. < 3 mm: to 22, 24, 3°5. 9, 19) 21, 3)te
22, 25, 3°5.

The series of specimens here recorded illustrates an Hast African
form, named A. variegatum by Kirby and Sjéstedt (specimens from
Nyasaland and from Kilimandjaro respectively), the writer’s form B
of the subspecies. Its distinctive features are—comparatively large
size, dilatation of fifth abdominal segment very slight.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 409

DIPLACODES (Kirby, 1899).

A genus embracing a small number of species, but several of them
very widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and
Australia, and common where they occur; a parallel to the American
genus Hrythrodiplax, although not equal to this one in importance for
the respective faunal region.

Smaller species. Adult males with labium, face and frons whitish yellow,
a broad basal black band of frons. Thorax pruinose blue, elliptical
ante-humeral spots indicated by lighter colour of pruinosity. Abdomen
black with segments 1-3 pruinose blue. Wings hyaline with very small
brownish spot at base of second pair ; only one or two cells at membranule.
Females and immature males black and heht yellow, much like the
following species. g, Abd. 18, hdw. 20, pt. << 2mm, @, 135, 16, < 2
muOMlon lO a : : : ; : 5 : : : . D. ewilis.
Larger species, but very variable in size. Adult males wholly black,
ventral surface of thorax and abdomen very slightly whitish pruinose.
Wings mostly with a diffuse greyish cloud at tips; basal spot of second
pair brown to Cuq or slightly beyond and to end of membranule ;
pterostigma greyish ochreous to dark ferruginous. Immature males
eradually passing from a black and yellow pattern similar to female to
the mature colour. Females with lips, face and frons light yellow ;
black basal line on frons. Thorax light yellow with blackish markings ;
line near median suture; broader line on humeral suture and an oblique
band between ventral third of humeral and dorsal end of ante-humeral
line; line between humeral suture and metastigma dorsally incomplete ;
at metastigma ventrally incomplete on second lateral suture; on met-
epimeron dorsally incomplete (this pattern gradually developing from an
almost unmarked condition). Abdomen light yellow with mid-dorsal
black band on segments 1-10, latero-ventral black bands on segments
3-10; lateral bands mostly broader on posterior half of each segment
and fused to dorsal band by a small terminal dilatation of the latter on
segments 6-10. Wings hyaline, no terminal greyish cloud ; basal spot in
posterior pair similar in extent to male, but deep golden yellow ; ptero-
stigma light yellowish ochreous. ¢. Abd. 17, hdw. 19, pt. 2 mm. to 25,
29,35. 9, 17, 23, 2°5 to 20, 23, 3 , : - : . D. Lefebvrei.

‘DipLacopeEs ExILis (Ris, 1911).

Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland (ix. 1900,
Marshall).

The present specimen is the only one known to the writer from
continental Africa ; the type series came from Madagascar. Although
mature males are widely different from D. Lefebvrei in similar
condition, looking much like a minute edition of the Asiatic D.
trivialis, immature males and females are not easily defined. Owing
to the great variability of pattern in Lefebvrei (by degrees of maturity

410 / Annals of the South African Musewmn.

and also truly varietal), there remains scarcely more than the very
small size for the definition of the female of evilis. In the present
specimen the shape of abdominal black bands seems worthy of
mention : mid-dorsal band comparatively broad, nearly equally broad
throughout from segments 4 to 10, no terminal dilatations ; lateral
bands narrower, dilatations of posterior half only very slight on
segments 5 to 7.

Abd. 13°5, hdw. 16, pt. << 2mm. Ante-nodal cross-veins in front
wing 61.61; terminal triangles free.

Dietacopes LeEreBvrer (Rambur, 1842).

S. Afr. Mus.: 4 ¢, 5 9, Lorenco Marques (24, 25 .ix, 22.x, 3, 5,
13, 15. xii. 1911) ; 1 ¢@, M’Fongosi, Zululand (x . 1911, W. E. Jones) ;
1 g, Inhambane (xii. 1912, K. H. Barnard); 1 9, Gwaai, 8S. Rhodesia
(15.11.1912); Kaapmuiden, Transvaal (xi.1918, Tucker); S.W.
Protectorate, Otjituo (i. 1910, Lightfoot) ; Tsumeb (i. 1920, Tucker).
Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, 2 9, Beira (19.x.1908, Miss Fountaine).
Coll. Ris.: 3 $,3 9, Lorenco Marques (24. ix, 26. xi, 13, 15. xii. 1911);
1 g,3 9, Rikatla, Delagoa Bay (ix .1913; i, 17.iv.1914, H. Junod).

The specimens here recorded indicate the southern limits of this
species, which is known from all parts of the African continent,
including the Mediterranean region; it is also recorded from Asia
Minor, Syria and Arabia, Madagascar and Mauritius, but not from
the Seychelles, where the Asiatic D. trivialis has been found. Con-
siderable variability in size, neural details (number of ante-nodal
cross-veins, internal triangle free, two-celled, rarely even three-celled)
and colour pattern does not appear dependent on geographical
conditions, or colour varieties even when due to different stages of
maturity than on true individual variation. A number of names
given to such varieties by earlier and later authors was therefore
abandoned by the writer, following in this the example of MacLachlan.

The development of colour in male from a black and yellow pattern
similar to female to almost uniform black, according to maturity, as
found in D. Lefebvrei, has parallel cases, of which Sympetrum danae
from Europe, Northern Asia and boreal America is a long known one,
and another is Hrythrodiplaa nigricans, a South American species about
equally common in its habitat in the Argentine Republic.

CROCOTHEMIS (Brauer, 1866).

A genus of predominantly African distribution. One of the African
species (erythraea) penetrates into Europe, even beyond the Mediter-

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 411

ranean zone, into Western and Central Asia, and is followed east and
southward by a very closely allied form (servilia).

1. Venation close in apical portion of wings; two rows of cells between Rs and
Rspl. Cu, in hind wing regularly separated from anal angle of t. Base
of front wings unmarked, of hind wings with a small yellow spot at
membranule . : : - ; : eg:
Venation wider in apical por Gon of wings ; ‘bat one row of cells between
Rs and Rspl. Cu, in hind wing as a rule at anal angle of ¢, but not rarely
a little separated in individual varieties. Base of front wings with a
small, of hind wing ee a large deep So ais Sr spot to base of t and
anal margin . : : : ce

2. tin hind wings crossed, nee ee 2 Oe in hin wings. Very minute
black markings on thorax and abdomen. Male lips and face whitish
yellow, frons ochreous or olivaceous. ‘Thorax light reddish brown
dorsally, turning to yellowish and gradually to whitish at the sides;
dorsum with numerous elevated black points and a faint indication of
dark ante-humeral lines. Abdomen similar in shape to sanguinolenta,
but still a little narrower; ferruginous, with a narrow mid-dorsal blackish
line and the lateral margins of segments 4—7 narrowly blackish, except
at both ends. Wings hyaline, with a very minute light yellow spot at
the membranule of second pair. Pterostigma ferruginous, distinctly
widened in the middle. Female similar to male in shape, colour and
markings. (Described from slightly immature specimens; mature
males are probably more geek red, especially on abdomen.) ¢, Abd.
22, hdw. 27, pt. 4mm. YF, 21,27,3°5 . : 3 ; C. divisa.
t in hind wings free, regularly 2 Cuq in hind wines. An extensive
chequered pattern of black or dark brown on thorax and abdomen.

C. saxicolor.

3. Abdomen comparatively narrow, 2°5 to 3 mm. Lateral carinae strongly
toothed (for instance, 10-12 robust denticles at lateral carina of segment
5). Pterostigma 3 mm. and less, scarlet red in adult males, External
branch of hamule less abruptly pointed, vulvar scale larger than in
following species. Male: Face and frons brilliant scarlet. Thorax
scarlet with a shade of golden yellow. Abdomen brilliant scarlet ;
narrow black lines on mid-dorsal carina of segments 3-9, on anterior
half of each segment 4-7, less on 3, entire length on 8-9; small black
points on middle of lateral margin of segments 3-7. Female: Full
ochreous, brown instead of scarlet colour in male; narrow and slightly
diffuse whitish stripe in front of humeral suture ; blackish markings of
abdomen usually more distinct than in male. 4g, Abd. 20, hdw. 26, pt. <
Jim, WQS Oe eyecin =e : : . C. sangwinolenta.
Abdomen broad, 3°5 to 4°5 mm. menticles of lateral carinae much finer
(for instance, 20-22 very minute denticles on lateral carina of segment 5).
Pterostigma 3°5 to 4 mm., light yellowish between black veins in adult
males. Male deep blood red with no black markings except a narrow
line on mid-dorsal carina of segments 8-9. Female ochreous yellow to
yellowish olivaceous, immature specimens and sometimes also adult
specimens with indication of yellowish ante-humeral bands, Basal spot

412 Annals of the South African Museum.

of wings deep golden yellow in male; mostly lighter, less brilliant in
colour and veined with light yellow in female. ¢ 9, Abd. 26, hdw. 29,
pt. 35 mm. to 28,32, <4 . F : 4 : : . C. erythraea.

CrocoTtHEMIS pivisa (Karsch, 1898).

Coll. E. B. Williamson: 3 g, 1 Q, Salisbury, Mashonaland
(ii. 1900, iv. 1905, Marshall).

A widely distributed but evidently not common species, known
from a limited number of specimens. From the extreme points where
it was found, its existence in Africa between Zungeru in Nigeria,
Gondokoro in Uganda, Salisbury, Diego Suarez in Madagascar can be
admitted.

CRrocoTHEMIS SAXICOLOR, N. Sp.

Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 ¢, 5 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland
(iv. 1900, 1905, Marshall).

¢ Gmmature). Light ochreous yellow, markings similar to adult
females. Genitalia of segment 2; hamule slightly different from
divisa ; external branch broader, not produced in a point; internal
branch rather shorter, shorter than external branch. Superior
appendages almost straight, inferior angle but faintly indicated, near
apex, a few minute black denticles preceding.

? (adult). Lips whitish yellow. Face and frons anteriorly
greyish olivaceous, triangular flattened spaces very distinct ; frons
above and vertex similar in colour, but darker. Thorax light greyish
ochreous with an olivaceous shade, marked with black ; numerous
elevated points, densely arranged on dorsum, less numerous on sides
and not reaching behind metastigma; maculate, not sharply-defined
stripes at median suture and half way between median and humeral
suture; spot in front of humeral suture at mid-height, all fused by
somewhat diffuse anastomoses ; laterally incomplete narrow brownish
stripes between humeral suture and metastigma on ventral half, at
metastigma in dorsal third; narrow black line on dorsal half of
second lateral suture, and longitudinal line on dorsal margin of met-
epimeron. Ventral surface whitish. Legs very light ochreous, spines
black. Abdomen comparatively slender, almost cylindrical, very little
narrowed backward. Dull greyish ochreous with an olivaceous shade,
marked with blackish; dorsum of segment 1 except a small median
yellowish spot ; 2-3 lateral band, a little distant from ventral margin,
and narrow lines at the carinae; 4-7 mid-dorsal line, a little widened
in middle and near posterior end of each segment; lateral band,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 415

shortly interrupted at joints and touching lateral carinae in middle
of each segment ; 8-9 elliptical spot on mid-dorsal carina and broad
lateral bands; 10 small median and lateral spots. Ventral surface
light yellow, somewhat greenish at base, lateral carinae very narrowly
lined with black. Appendages light greyish. Vulvar scale a little
shorter than ninth ventral plate, narrowly elliptical, not much raised
(similar to divisa); end of ninth ventral plate somewhat produced
ventrally.

Wings hyaline; pterostigma light greyish ochreous, broad, some-
what widened in middle. Venation blackish, cross-veins in sc, between
Rand M outward to bridge, and in cw whitish. Membranule dark
erey. Ang 93.

6, Abd. 23, hdw. 27, pt.3 mm. 9, 24, 29> 3.

One of the females bears the collector’s note: ‘“ Settles only on
granite boulders at a distance from water; very difficult to detect,
also very local.’’ This observation is of special interest with regard to
the most peculiar chequered pattern of this species, a pattern which
might be justly claimed as granite colour. This and the preceding
species are somehow intermediate between Crocothemis and Bradino-
pyga in neural ‘characters and in general facies, though probably the
Crocothemis characters may be claimed as prevalent.

CROCOTHEMIS SANGUINOLENTA (Burmeister, 1889).

S. Afr. Mus.: 5 ¢,1 9, Barberton, Transvaal; 2 ¢,3 9, M’Fon-
gosi, Zululand (ii, iii, xi. 1911, W. E. Jones); 1 9, Livingstone,
Zambesi; 1 ¢, Victoria Falls (vii. 1911); 1 ¢, 1 2, Matopo,
Rhodesia (16. ii, 28. v. 1911); Kaapmuiden, Transvaal (xi. 1918,
Tucker); St. Lucia Bay, Zululand (x . 1919, Bell-Marley); Otavi,
SW. Africa (i . 1920, Lightfoot). Brit. Mus.: 1 9, Cap. Bon.
Spei (Sowerby, very old specimen); 1 ¢, Port Natal; 1 ¢, 2 @,
Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, 3600-4000 ft. (27 . ix, 3,17. x . 1905,
Marshall); 3 @, Salisbury (1904, id.). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢@,
Macequece (23 . ix. 1908, Miss Fountaine); 1 ¢,1 2, Wolhuterkop,
Transvaal (i, xii. 1908, ead.). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 2 9°, Salisbury
(11. 1900, v. 1904, Marshall); 2 ¢, Hilton Road, Natal, 3500 ft.
pif xi 1909, G. F. Leigh); 1 9, Natal (17. i. 1909, id.).

Although found north to Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Abyssinia, this
species is more decidedly South African than C. erythraea. No true
intermediates between the two species are known to the writer ; speci-
mens of sanguinolenta lacking the blackish markings of abdomen are
found in intertropical Africa and Abyssinia, but their forms and

414, Annals of the South African Museum.

structural details clearly indicate their identity. No true affinity
exists with Trithemis, in which genus the species had been located by
some of the earlier authors.

CrocoTHEMIS ERYTHRAEA (Brullé, 1832).

S. Afr. Mus.: 5 @, Uitenhage, Stellenbosch, Matjesfontein, Potchef-
stroom, Durban; 1 ¢, Waterkloof (20. xii.1906); 1 ¢, Rietfontein
(9.x.1904); 1 ¢, Warmberg, Zoutpansberg District Transvaal
(6.x. 1903); 1 ¢,2 9, Dunbrody, Blue Cliff Gi, 1.1912); 1 9,
M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii. 1911, W. E. Jones) ; 4 ¢, Lorenco Marques
(7.vi, 13. xi, 4.xii.1911). Brit. Mus.: 2 ¢, Salisbury, Mashonaland
(1904, Marshall) ; 2 ¢, Deelfontein (1902, Col. Sloggett) ; 1 ¢, Johan-
nesburg 2 ¢, 1 9, Natal; 2 ¢,Cape. Mus. Berlin: 5 ¢, 6 9, Rooi-
bank (L. Schultze). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 9, Durban (27.1. 1908,
Miss Fountaine). Coll. E. B.. Williamson: 4 ¢, 5 2, Salisbury
(v..1899, i, ii, x. 1900; mi.1905, Marshall); 1 ¢, 1 2. Princetown
Natal (8. xii. 1908, 17.11.1909; G. F. Leigh). Coll. Ris; g@
Waterval Boven, Transvaal (15.11. 1914, Junod).

One of the most conspicuous, common and characteristic dragon-
flies of the Mediterranean zone in Europe and Africa, this species is
evidently rather common almost everywhere in Africa, except in the
zones of heavy tropical rains and corresponding forest vegetation.
It is also found in Madagascar. If a series of C. erythraea from
Southern France is compared with material from the faunal region
here discussed no appreciable differences can be found.

BRADINOPYGA (Kirby, 1893).

Very closely allied to Crocothemis; two African and one East
Indian species.

BRADINOPYGA CORNUTA (Ris, 1911).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Salisbury, Mashonaland (vi.1913); 2 g,2 9,
Kaapmuiden, Transvaal (30 .x .1918, R. E. Tucker). Coll. KE. B.
Williamson ; 1 9, Salisbury (Gav.1900, Marshall) ; 1 9, Princetown,
Natal (19-a7-19095G> Bo tersh):

¢. Lips ochreous. Face and frons dull olivaceous, frons darker
above. Anterior ridge of frons rather indistinct, its lateral ends
projecting in the form of small sharp spines. Vertex deeply emarginate,
also projecting in two acute points. Thorax very robust, mid-dorsal
carina strongly projecting ; anterior margin of ante-alar sinus with a

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 415

row of sharp denticles. Dark chocolate brown with a chequered
pattern of whitish spots; narrow line at median suture; sinuate,
dorsally interrupted ante-humeral stripe; double spot between this
stripe and humeral suture ; three rounded spots, an interrupted line
and some minute points between on mesipimeron ; sinuate ventral
band and triangular dorsal spot on metepisternum ; four spots on mete-
pimeron. Ventral surface dull brown, darker at sutures. Legs oliva-
ceous, end of second and third femora conspicuously whitish, internal
side of tibiae and spines black. Abdomen moderately widened at
base, from third segment almost cylindrical ; segments 7-9 very slightly
widened in dorso-ventral dimension with a pattern of olivaceous and
black, the latter colour predominant. The pattern consists in a rather
narrow mid-dorsal and broad lateral black bands, both confluent in
the middle and towards the end of each segment, the lateral bands
being a little distant from the lateral carinae; olivaceous colour
broadest on segment 7, where it forms a transverse band over almost
the anterior two-thirds of the segment. Appendages olivaceous,
superior ones almost straight ; no distinct inferior angle, a row of
minute denticles on a blackish ridge instead ; inferior appendage but
little shorter. Genitalia of second segment small ; hamule with external
branch broadly rounded, internal branch but little shorter, a strongly
curved hook ; lobe higher than hamule, rounded, almost circular.

Wings hyaline; a sharply defined narrow brown edge at tips ;
pterostigma dark brown in costal half, gradually passing to ferruginous

3 x
in anal half; membranule greyish. Ang 94. 9}. ae tid. 4;
4 rows of discoidal cells in front wing from level of bridge, once 4 cells
at triangle on right side; 2 rows Rs—Rspl.

Abd. 29, hdw. 37, pt. 3°5 mm.

Q. Very similar to male. Abdomen shorter and more robust.
Vulvar scale narrowly elliptical, raised, a little shorter than ninth
segment dorsally ; ninth ventral plate projecting in a broad, rounded
tongue almost to end of tenth segment. Wings brown at tips almost

—|

: : 1:
to distal end of pterostigma. Ang 103.104; 7 I

Ang 103 .103;¢ a ; ti 4.4 (Princetown).

Abd. 25, hdw. 36, pt. 3°5 mm.

The type male (from Mozambique) differs from the present specimen
by rather large golden-brown spots at base of both wings; the
incomplete female type (from Hast Africa) is similar to the present
females. On the Salisbury female the collectors note: “ Habits same

ti 4.4 (Salisbury) ;

416 Annals of the South African Museum.

as C. Crocothemis saxicolor.” Together with the habits the peculiar
“oranitie” pattern is also common to these remarkable two species.

BRACHYTHEMIS (Brauer, 1868).

Two African and two Asiatic species, one of each group of very wide
range and common.

BRACHYTHEMIS LEUCOsTICTA (Burmeister, 1839).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢@, Waterval, Transvaal (13.v .1900); 1 ¢, Kafue
River, Rhodesia (v. 1912); 1 ¢,Matopo Dam, Bulawayo (16.11.1911);
Potgietersrust, Transvaal (x.1914, Dr. Melle); Otjituo, S.W.
Protectorate (1.1919, Lightfoot) ; Otiembora (xi . 1887, Eriksson)
and Mafa (ii . 1921, Barnard), S.W. Protectorate. Coll. Sélys:
2g, 1 9, Delagoa Bay.

& (adult). Labium dark brown; labrum, face and frons brownish
black. Thorax and abdomen wholly black, very slightly whitish
pruinose. Legs brownish black. Wings hyaline with a broad blackish-
brown transverse band, occupying in most specimens the whole space
between nodus and proximal end of pterostigma. Pterostigma whitish
yellow in proximal two-thirds, dark grey in distal third. Immature
males similar to female, gradually passing to the mature black colour ;

oradually appearing, very rarely absent in
J i f=) eu

black band of wings also g

fully mature males.

Q. Lips whitish yellow ; ante and postclypeus very light olivaceous,
frons and vertex whitish yellow, narrow black line at base of frons.
Thorax and abdomen bright ochreous, with an olivaceous shade,
marked with black; lines at median and humeral suture, bifurcate
ante-humeral band; lines between humeral suture and metastigma,
dorsally from metastigma, at second lateral suture, and on metepimeron.
Abdomen with narrow mid-dorsal line, broad lateral band nearer to
jateral than to median carina, partially interrupted at the joints,
narrow dots on lateral carina. Legs light yellowish, with narrow
black lines. Wings hyaline with a small light yellow basal spot of
second pair, to Cug and end of membranule. Post-nodal band absent
altogether, even in fully mature specimens, or present in various
degrees of extent and depth of colour, but never fully as broad and
as deeply coloured as in regular males. Pterostigma as in male.

db, Abd. 20, hdw. 24, pt. 2°5 mm. to 21, 25, 3. 9, 18, 22, 2-5 to 203
26, 3.

‘The specimens here recorded indicate evidently the extreme southern

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 417

limits of this species, which is extremely common in tropical Africa,
and known also from Algeria, where it is said to be gregarious in
habits.

SYMPETRUM (Newman, 1833).

A genus of many species and wide distribution in the Northern
temperate zone of the Old World and of America. A single species
penetrates into South Africa.

Sympretrum Fonscotomsel (Sélys, 1840).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Matopo Dam, Bulawayo (16.11.1911); 1 2,
2 9, Rietfontein, Transvaal (6 . ii, 13 .x .1904); 1 ¢, Warmberg, Tv.
(17. iv.1904); 1. g¢,1 9, Waterval, Tv. (10.x.1899); 4 g, 8 9,
Cape Town (ix. 1913, L. Peringuey) ; 1 2, Stellenbosch (ix. 1918,
R. M. Lightfoot). Brit. Mus.: 1 9, N.E. Rhodesia, Luwumbu Valley,
Upper Luangwa, 2500-3000 ft. (19, 26. vii. 1910, S. A. Neave); 1 9,
Salisbury (Marshall) ; 2 ¢, Boksburg, Johannesburg (C. H. Pead) ;
1 g, Transvaal (A. Ross); 4 ¢,1 9, Deelfontein (1903, Col. Sloggett) ;
2 G, Orange River Colony (1902, G. E. B. Hamilton); 1 ¢,1 9,
Simons Town; 1 ¢, 3 9, Cape (very old specimen). Coll. E. B.
Williamson: 2 ?,Salisbury, 5000 ft. (i, 11.1900, Marshall). Mus.
Berlin: 4 ¢,2 9, Kalahari (L. Schultze).

g. Labium yellow; labrum, face and frons brilliant scarlet,
narrowly lined with bluish white at the sides; broad, deep black
basal line on frons. Thorax rich reddish golden brown dorsally ;
sides with two broad whitish bands on mesepimeron and metepimeron,
those bands turning gradually to greenish or olivaceous shades in
dorsal half, or altogether fading in very mature specimens ; inter-
termediate space at metastigma dull red. Abdomen comparatively
robust, scarcely contracted at third segment, brilliant scarlet; broad
black mid-dorsal band on segments 8-9. Legs black; femora and
tibiae with narrow external yellow lines. Wings with neuration lght
red, very gradually darker from nodal region outward ; golden yellow
basal spot in hind wings of variable extent, but at least to Cug and
apex of membranule. Pterostigma very light ochreous yellow between
black veins. Membranule white.

2. Ante- and postelypeus greenish white, lips, face and frons very
light yellowish. Thorax light yellowish brown instead of the reddish
colour of males; lateral greenish-white bands not considerably
darkened dorsally. Abdomen light ochreous. Neuration of wings
very light ochreous instead of red; pterostigma as in male.

418 Annals of the South African Musewm.

6, Adb. 28, hdw. 29, pt. 3mm. 9, 28, 31, 3.

Very common in Mediterranean Europe and Africa, eastward to
‘Turkestan and the mountains of South India. Nota regular inhabi-
tant of the extra-Mediterranean regions in Europe, but appearing
there (in Switzerland, Germany to the Baltic Sea, Great Britain to
the Firth of Forth) at irregular intervals and sometimes in vast
numbers. ‘The unusually early appearance in some cases (middle of
May, 1908, in Switzerland) clearly indicates that these swarms are
emigrants from the South; all local examples of Sympetrum do not
appear in this country before July and most of them not before
August ; in years when there is no immigration Fonscolombei is not
altogether absent, but 1s very rare and local. Very probably corre-
sponding habits will be observed in South Africa ; the series taken in
Cape Town at the early date of September, 1915, may have been
immigrants like those found in May at the writer’s Swiss home.
Observations made by the writer and Mr. Morton in Southern France
seem to indicate that the species is not at all particular as to the
quality of water; we found it abundantly at a very badly polluted
canal near the city of Narbonne. ‘This and the migrating habits may
have favoured the dispersal of this species so far beyond the limits of
its palaearctic congeners.

PHILONOMON (Forster, 1906).

A single African species, evidently allied to Sympetrum and
resembling this genus in facies.

PHILONOMON LUMINANS (Karsch, 1893).

S. Afr. Mus.: ] ¢, Lorenco Marques (15.xni.1911). Coll. Ris:
2 OR (kort eat LOL).

$. Labium whitish with a narrow median black band; labrum and
anteclypeus ochreous ; postclypeus and frons brilliant scarlet ; narrowly
and diffusely yellow at the sides; narrow basal black line on frons.
Thoracic dorsum light golden brown, sides greenish yellow ; black
dot in dorsal end of humeral suture; black lne at metastigma half
way to dorsal margin; very narrow black line on second lateral
suture; latero-ventral sutures broadly black ; ventral surface yellowish
with two broad transverse black bands. Legs black. Abdomen

moderately inflated at base, gradually narrowed in third and fourth.

segment, then almost cylindrical; greenish yellow and black ; black
mid-dorsal line, narrow on basal segments, wider from segment 4

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 419

backward ; oblong black spots at posterior half of segments 4 to 7,
fused to dorsal black at end of each segment, narrowly 4—5, broadly
6-7; eighth segment with sides wholly black, only cuneiform basal
lateral spots remaining yellow; 9-10 wholly black; dorsum of seg-
ments 2—4 bright orange to scarlet red. Wings slightly stained with
greyish yellow: broad, deep golden-yellow basal spot on second pair,
to basal side of # and anal angle; smaller and not so deeply coloured
spot on first pair. Pterostigma whitish at both ends, diffusely greyish
ferruginous in middle; membranule greyish ferruginous.

Q. Very similar to male, but no red colour on face, frons and
dorsum of basal segments of abdomen. Colour of basal spot in hind
wings lighter yellow.

6, Abd. 27, hdw. 29, pt.< 3mm. 9°, 24,30 < 3.

Widely distributed in tropical Africa, East and West, also recorded
from Nossi Be and recently by Mr. Campion from Assumption Island,
of the Aldabra Group in the Indian Ocean.

HELOTHEMIS (Karsch, 1890).

The single species representing this genus is a very close ally to
Trithemis. The absence of the incomplete last ante-nodal cross-vein
seems to be a regular character, and since great importance (evidently
exaggerated in some cases) is given to the presence or absence of this
vein, the genus may stand, though with doubtful rights.

HELOTHEMIS DORSALIS (Rambur, 1842).

8. Afr. Mus.: 1 g,19 (old specimens, no locality) ; 1 2, Boksburg,
Transvaal; 1 ¢, Salisbury (24. xi. 1911). Brit. Mus.: 1 ¢, Cape;
1 g, Transvaal; 2 ¢,1 9, Johannesburg (1903, H. Crawford-Cruger) ;
1 g, Boksburg, Johannesburg (C. H. Pead); 1 9, Willow Grange,
Mooi River, Natal (i, 1.1915, R. C. Wroughton). Mus. Stockholm :
2 9, Catfraria (J. Wahlberg). Coll. Selys: 1 ¢,3 2, Cap de Bonne
Esq. Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 @, Salisbury (111. 1900, Marshall).
Coll. Ris.: 3 ¢, Botchabelo, 1200 m., Transvaal (17, 18, 19 . 11. 1914,
H. Junod).

6. Labium black, sides yellowish; labrum, anteclypeus and frons
anteriorly black ; postclypeus and a narrow line at anterior suture of
frons dark olivaceous. Frons above and vertex brilliant metallic
violet. Thorax and abdomen wholly blackish, turning to violet-blue
owing to a rather thin pruinosity. Legs black. Wings hyaline;
small, deep golden-yellow spot at base of second pair, about half way
to Cuq and two cells at membranule. Pterostigma blackish, in some

420 Annals of the South African Museum.

specimens very narrowly whitish at proximal end. Immature males
similar to female, but black bands of abdomen broader, very gradually
passing to mature colour; vestiges of thoracic pattern often visible in
partly pruinose specimens.

2. Labium yellowish, median lobe, and sometimes a narrow median
line on side lobes black. Labium, face and frons yellow; broad basal
black band on frons, extending anteriorly into furrow. Thorax and
abdomen light greenish-yellow with black markings ; cuneiform band
narrower dorsally, on median suture; lines very close to humeral
suture, on humeral suture, half way to metastigma, on metastigma,
on second lateral suture, on metepimeron; these lines, except the
sutural ones, mostly dorsally incomplete. Abdomen with broad, slightly
sinuate mid-dorsal band, narrow lines on lateral and transverse
carinae, broader on segments 7—9 and confluent with dorsal black.
Wings slightly stained with greyish yellow throughout; deeper yellow
but very diffuse spots at nodus and variable yellow basal spot on
second pair to Ang,, Cug and end of membranule in specimen from
Johannesburg. Legs black, with light yellow lines on external side
of femora.

6, Abd. 27, hdw. 29, pt. 3mm. 9,25, 29, 3:5.

This is one of the characteristic Libellulinae of the South African
fauna, though extending northward to British East Africa. It
resembles strangely T'rithemis Distanti, not only in colour but even in
genital structure of male, though H. dorsalis has the wings com-
paratively more elongate than 7’. Distanti and their venation more
close. Males may further be distinguished by their hamule being
higher (especially the basal part) than in Distanti; females and
immature males of Distanti show the black lines of thoracic sides
with a distinct tendency to longitudinal fusion, common to almost
all species of Trithemis; im H. dorsalis these lines are very sharply
defined and there is no indication of longitudinal fusion. Kirby had
described (1905) the genus as new under the name Misthotus, and
the male from slightly different individuals as M. ambiguus and
M. Marshalli. The descriptions of Helothemis (Karsch) and of the
species dorsalis (Rambur) were made from the female. The highly
dimorphic sexes were united under the older name by the writer.

TRITHEMIS (Brauer, 1868).
A genus of wide distribution in tropical Asia, tropical and sub-
tropical Africa, the greater number of species African. Together with
Orthetrum it is the dominant African genus of Libellulinae in number

of species and of individuals.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 421

Males.
. Colour predominantly red . : ; : AOE
Colour predominantly black, penenes Henk velleriricl ; A a, AO:
2. Abdomen little widened at base, not sensibly contracted in third segment,
triquetral and very gradually narrowed to apex : : oh eee

Abdomen little widened at base, contracted at third poet ene very
slender and slightly fusiform hindward. Pterostigma small, very dark
ferruginous to almost black; neuration close, 114-12} Ang; veins red
distally to pterostigma. Variable deep golden-yellow spot at base of
both wings; smaller spots to Anq, and Cuq in front wing to Anq,, Cug or
very little beyond and apex of membranule, or little more in hind wing ;
larger spots to Ang, and arculus in front wing to Angq,-3, proximal or
even distal end of ¢ and anal angle in hind wing. Face dull ferruginous,
frons above coppery red. Thorax reddish golden brown; black stripes on
mesepimeron, at metastigma and at second lateral suture, dorsally
incomplete and partially confluent to form a longitudinal stripe.
Abdomen blood red ; blackish lateral stripe at mid-height of segments
1-8, sides of segments 4-8 deep black, 9-10 wholly black. Legs black.
Abd. 23, hdw. 25, pt. < 2 mm. to 26, 30, 2°5 : . T. arteriosa.
3. Furrow of frons moderately deep ; vertex broadly smaiginiate: Triangles of
hind wings free, regularly but one Cuq in hind wings; pterostigma
medium-sized : : : 4b
Furrow of frons deep ; rottox een a ulanly ouuieed: Pos: Epointed: Triangles
of hind wings very often crossed, not rarely 2 Cuq in hind wings.
Pterostigma very small; black, narrowly red at both ends on dorsal side,
deep ferruginous on ventral side of wing. Base of both wings deep and
brilliant golden yellow to about two cells beyond ¢ in front wing, 3-4
cells beyond ¢ in hind wing, part of ¢ and m lighter in colour to almost
hyaline. Neuration red to a little beyond level of nodus. Face
olivaceous ; frons scarlet red, narrowly yellowish at base and at sides.
Thorax reddish golden brown dorsally, turning to olivaceous at the sides,
with vestiges of black lines. Abdomen brilliant scarlet red, narrow
black mid-dorsal line on segments 8-9. Legs brown, tibiae externally
light ferruginous or red. Abd. 20, hdw. 23, pt. 1:5 mm. to 22, 26, 1°5
T. Kirbyi ardens.
4. Pterostigma blackish with a narrow ochreous line at anal margin. Venation
yellowish red to nodus, blackish more distally. 10} to 114; Ang. Base
of front wings light golden yellow to Ang, and Cuq, of hind wings
deeper golden yellow to Angq, proximal side of ¢ and anal angle. Face
olivaceous ; frons and vertex dull orange with no metallic colour, a
narrow blackish line at base of frons. Thorax reddish golden brown,
sides with vestiges of blackish lines. Abdomen dull blood red; lateral
carinae very narrowly lined with black to segment 7, this black line
broader on segment 8, and especially on 9 and 10; black mid-dorsal line
on segments 8-9. Legs black. Abd. 24, hdw. 28, pt.25 mm, T. pluvialis.
Pterostigma ochreous to very light ferruginous between black veins
Venation bright red to pterostigma. 9} to 10} Ang. Variable golden-
yellow brown spot at base of wings; in average specimens half way to

27

422

Annals of the South African Museum.

Ang, and Cugq in front wing to Anq:, proximal side of ¢ and anal angle
in hind wing. Face and frons anteriorly reddish ochreous. Frons above
and vertex brilliant metallic reddish violet. Thorax reddish brown,
lighter at sides, with a pattern of confluent brown or blackish stripes as
deseribed for arteriosa. Abdomen dull blood red, sides of segments 1-3
yellowish, with an indistinct longitudinal blackish stripe ; lateral carinae
very narrowly black; broad mid-dorsal black band on segments 8-9,
Legs black, first and second femora brown. Mature specimens faintly
violaceous by very slight bluish pruinosity. Abd. 22, hdw. 26, pt.2°5 mm.
to 24, 30, 2°5 . ; : . : : : B : . T. annulata.

5. Abdomen little widened at base, contracted at third seement, very slender

and slightly fusiform hindward ; yellow markings on abdomen persistent
in mature specimens. 3 ; , : : : c : 463
Abdomen little widened at base, not sensibly contracted at third segment,
triquetral and very gradually narrowed to apex. Wings hyaline, vena-
tion black ; base of hind wings hyaline, or with a very small yellow spot,
not beyond Ang, and Cuq and at most one cell at membranule. Ptero-
stigma broad, black, in most specimens with a narrow light yellowish
line at anal margin. 10) to 18} Anq. Labium yellow with broad median
black band. Labrum and postelypeus black ; anteclypeus and anterior
margin of frons olivaceous; frons above and vertex brilliant metallic
violet blue. Thorax and abdomen very dark brown to black, made faintly
violaceous by thin bluish pruinosity. Legs black. Abd. 24, hdw. 29,
pt. 3 mm. to 26, 32,3 . ; : 5 : d : : T. Distanti.

6. Frons above brilliant metallic blue, pure, or with a greenish shade. Labium

yellow with broad median black band. Labrum black with two yellow
spots. Face and frons anteriorly light yellow. ‘Thorax in mature
specimens very densely light blue pruinose; in immature specimens with
a pattern of black and light yellow similar to female. Abdomen
black with light yellow markings; dorsal and lateral spots on seg-
ments 1 to 3; narrow lateral cuneiform spots on segments 4 to 7,
gradually smaller hindward. Legs black. Wings hyaline, venation
black ; no basal yellow spot on posterior pair; but on hind wings (in all
mature specimens) a large light yellow cloud between basal side of ¢
and nodus in longitudinal, over the whole breadth of wing in transverse
dimension. Pterostigma dark ferruginous to black, in most specimens
with a narrow light yellowish line at posterior margin. 9% to 10} Ang.
Abd. 25, hdw. 29, pt.3 mm. . : , : ; 4 : T. stictica.
Frons above brilliant metallic pure violet. Labium whitish with broad
median black band. Labrum and postclypeus blackish; anteclypeus
and anterior margin of frons olivaceous. ‘Thoracic dorsum blackish,
made dull violaceous by pruinosity ; sides olivaceous, with three broad
black bands: on mesepimeron, across metastigma and behind second
lateral suture ; these bands dorsally incomplete and longitudinally con-
fluent near dorsal end. Abdomen black with light ochreous markings ;
broad lateral and very small dorsal spots on segments 1 to 3; very
narrow lateral lines on segments 4 to 7, incomplete and sometimes
interrupted. Wings hyaline or very faintly greyish yellow ; venation in

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 423

costal and proximal half brown in longitudinal, ochreous to whitish in
cross-veins ; base of second pair with a golden-yellow to light golden-
brown spot; vestiges in c, sc and m, almost to Cuq in cu, to apex of
membranule. Pterostigma light ochreous in dorsal, whitish in ventral
side of wings, between thin black veins, smaller than in two preceding
species. 8; to 95 dng. Abd. 30, hdw. 30, pt. 2°5 mm. - T. aureola.

Females.

1. Frontal furrow moderately deep, vertex obtuse or very shallowly emarginate.
Legs blackish, tibia concolorous . : : c =)
Frontal furrow very deep, vertex two-pointed. Wares hyaline: golden-
yellow basal spot in hind wings to Ang 1 and Cuqg; small round yellow
cloud between A; and anal angle; pterostigma very small, blackish and
narrowly ochreous at both ends in dorsal, blackish with anal margin
ochreous in ventral surface of wing. Venation ferruginous to nodal
region, gradually darker more distally. 93-10; Anq. Lips, face and
frons whitish yellow, frons diffusely darker at base. Thoracic dorsum
olivaceous, an indistinct cuneiform stripe at median suture and broad
band at humeral suture ferruginous. Sides olivaceous; incomplete
dark lines at humeral suture, on mesepimeron, at metastigma and on
second lateral suture ; these lines rather diffuse, the stigmatic one alone
being distinct and blackish. Abdomen comparatively robust, very gradu-
ally narrowed to apex ; dull ochreous brown; very narrow black lines on
carinae ; black mid-dorsal band on segments 8-9; in some specimens an
almost complete narrow blackish line between lateral and mid-dorsal
carinae on segments 3-9. Third femora black with narrow external
ochreous line; second and first femora ochreous, black internally. Abd.

20, hdw. 23, pt. < 2 mm. to 23, 28,2 . : : . TT. Kirbyi ardens.
2. Colour of abdomen predominantly light, ochreous to reddish brown + Gr

Colour of abdomen predominantly black, light yellow lateral stripes _ 6.

3. A distinct mid-dorsal black line on abdominal segments 2-10, or, if there is
no such line, lateral black margins also absent . : : ‘ = eee
Mid-dorsal black line only on segments 2-3, sometimes 4, absent on
segments 5-7 ; sides of segments 4-7 broadly black, this colour ascending
almost to mid-dorsal line at terminal joint of each segment; 8 black
with small ochreous latero-basal spots; 9-10 wholly black. Abdomen
comparatively slender, though more robust than in corresponding male.
Face, frons and vertex ochreous; narrow black basal line on frons.
Thorax light golden brown dorsally; sides light greenish yellow, with
the ordinary black lines of the genus rather narrow and not often con-
fluent. Wings hyaline; basal spot golden yellow, predominantly small,
only vestiges in front wing and not exceeding Angq 1, half way between
Cuq and t and apex of membranule in hind wing; not rarely a light
yellow cloud in region of nodus. Pterostigma conspicuously larger than
in corresponding male, very dark ferruginous to blackish, often lighter
at anal margin. Venation dark ferruginous to nodal region. 114-123
Ang. Abd. 24, hdw. 28, pt. < 3mm. . . ; : . TT. arteriosa,

424 Annals of the South African Museum.

4. Pterostigma broad, bicolorous, black or very dark brown with anal margin
light ochreous : : : : : : : : ‘ : - os
Petrostigma not distinctly widened, unicolorous, light ochreous to light
ferruginous between dark veins. Face and frons whitish yellow ; variable
dark line at base of frons, sharply defined and black, or only faintly
indicated. Thorax light golden or greyish brown dorsally, in very
mature specimens sometimes slightly pruinose; more yellowish at the
sides, with the usual dark bands, more or less confluent longitudinally ;
this pattern distinct and blackish in immature speeimens, gradually
fading to greyish shades and often indistinct in very mature and
pruinose ones. Legs blackish brown, first and partially second femora
ochreous brown. Abdomen comparatively robust, almost cylindrical ;
light ochreous brown; sides of segments 1-3 yellowish with blackish
lateral band; narrow black lines at mid-dorsal, lateral and transverse
carinae ; broader black mid-dorsal band on segments 8-9. Wings,
venation light reddish yellow to the same extent as the red colour in
male (dark to almost blackish in immature specimens) ; yellow basal
spot similar to corresponding male, but generally paler in colour. 94 to
103 Ang. Abd. 22, hdw. 28, pt. 3 mm. to 24, 30, 3 : . QT. annulata.

5. Wings with venation wholly black, except some whitish cross-veins in sub-
costal and adjacent species; in some specimens a small golden yellow
basal spot in hind wing, at most to Ang, Cug, and one or two cells at
membranule ; not rarely a light yellow cloud in nodal region; ptero-
stigma deep black with light ochreous line at anal margin; Anq 103 to
113. Face greenish yellow, frons dull orange with broad shining black
basal line. Thoracic dorsum dull yellowish; broad cuneiform, dorsally
pointed blackish band on median suture; ventrally narrow, dorsally
rather broad blackish band in front of humeral suture. Sides greenish
yellow with the usual lines broad, blackish and conspicuously confluent
in longitudinal direction. Abdomen comparatively robust, very gradu-
ally narrowed to end; light ochreous brown: black lines on mid-dorsal
and lateral carinae broad, especially on posterior segments, confluent at
terminal joints of segments 7-8; segment 9 black with ochreous antero-
lateral spot ; 10 wholly black. Abd. 24, hdw. 31, pt. 3 < to 27, 33, 35 mm.

T. Distanti.

Wings with venation yellowish red to nodal region, blackish more
distally ; large golden-yellow spot on base, to Ang, and Cuq or slightly
more in front wing; to Anq,, basal side of t and anal angle in hind
wing; pterostigma very dark ferruginous with light ferruginous narrow - }
line at anal margin. ‘Thoracic pattern similar to preceding species, but
colours more like 7’. annulata, and the lateral bands reduced in size and
much paler in colour, only the stigmatic line and parts of the sutural lines
being black. Abdomen very much like preceding species in outline and
elements of pattern; mid-dorsal black line a little narrower; lateral
black band more reduced, especially on segments 4-6. Abd. 24, hdw. 30,
T. pluvialis.

pt. 3 mm. , 3 : : 3 : 5 :
6. Frons above metallic greenish blue, olivaceous anteriorly. Face light
yellow; labrum yellow with median black line. ‘Thoracic dorsum black
with cuneiform light yellow antehumeral stripes and similar spots on |

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 425

ante-alar sinus. Sides light yellow; the usual bands deep black and
broadly confluent in longitudinal direction. Abdomen comparatively
narrow, almost cylindrical; black with light yellow markings; lateral
and dorsal bands interrupted by transverse black carinae on segments
1-8; lateral stripes almost for full length of segments 4-7, nearer to
mid-dorsal than to lateral carinae; antero-lateral spots on segment 8.
Wings hyaline, venation black; vestige of basal ight yellow spot on
hind wings; yellow cloud between ¢, nodus and anal margin similar to
male, but lighter in colour. Pterostigma long, not distinctly widened,
dark ferruginous, faint indication of lighter line at anal margin. <Anq
93.103. Abd. 22, hdw. 27, pt. > 3mm. . : : T. stictica,
Frons yellow, at base with broad black, shiehtly metallic blue band.
Otherwise similar to corresponding male. (From older description, not
compared for present table.) Abd. 27, hdw. 29, pt. < 3mm. T. aureola.

TRITHEMIS ARTERIOSA (Burmeister, 1839).

S. Afr. Mus.: 3 ¢ (no locality); 1 ¢, Kafue River, 8. Rhodesia ;
14,1 9, Victoria Falls (vii.1911, L. Péringuey, and 1904, W. L.
Sclater); 5 ¢, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii, v, 1911, W. E. Jones) ;
fee VWaterval, Transvaal (17. ix, 15 .xii. 1899; 11 .x . 1900);
2g, 2 9, Dunbrody, Blue Cliff (ii. 1912); 1 ¢, Umblali, Natal
(1.1913, K. H. Barnard) ; Kaapmuiden, Transvaal (xi. 1908, Tucker) ;
Otjituo, Gaub, Gibeon, and Otjiwarongo, S.W. Protectorate (i. 1920,
Tucker). Mus. Stockholm: 4 ¢,7 9, Zululand (15, 18 .1x, Tragardh).
Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 9, Macequece (19 . ix . 1908, Miss Fountaine) ;
1 g, Umzinto, Natal (26. iv.1909, ead.). . Coll. E, B. Williamson :
11 g, 10 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland (iv . 1899; i, ii, 1, x, x1. 1900;
iii, v. 1905, Marshall) ;2¢,49, Natal (G. F. Leigh); 3¢,19, Hilton
Road, Natal (21, 24. xii. 1909, id.); 20 g,1 9, Princetown, Natal
Semeete, AI x11. 1908; 9,,19 1, 11, 17. ii. 1909, 7d.). . Coll. Ris:
1 3g, Botchabelo, 1200 m., Transvaal (18.11.1914, H. Junod).

This common species is known from the African continent through-
out between Algeria and Natal, from Syria, the Canary Islands,
Socotra and the Comoro Islands.

There is considerable variation in extent of the golden-yellow basal
spot, not strictly depending on geographical distribution ; but generally
speaking it may be stated that forms with very large patch are more
restricted to the inter-tropical parts of the continent, those with
smaller patches being prevalent in the northern and southern limits of
distribution, though even there specimens with large patches are not
altogether absent. Various names have been proposed for these
varieties, but it seems much better to relegate those names to
synonomy.

426 Annals of the South African Museum.

TRITHEMIS ANNULATA (Palisot de Beauvais, 1805).

S. Afr. Mus: Kaapmuiden, Transvaal (xi. 1918, Tucker); 1 9,
Lorenco Marques (28.xi.1911). Coll. Ris: 1 g, ib. (15. xii. 1911),
Coll. Sdlys: 1 ¢, 2 2, Delagoa Bay.

The area of this species is nearly the same as of arteriosa, i.e.
continental Africa between Algeria, Egypt and Delagoa Bay, Syria,
Arabia and the Cape Verde Islands; it is recorded from Sicily and
Sardinia (doubtfully from continental Italy), whereas arteriosa is not
known to inhabit Europe; from Madagascar also we have seen
annulata but not arteriosa. In South Africa it is evidently much
less at home than arteriosa, and the small number of specimens here
recorded may indicate its extreme southern limits.

TRITHEMIS PLUVIALIS (Forster, 1906).

Brit. Mus.: 19, Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, 4000 ft. (19 . x . 1905,
Marshall). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 6 ¢, 4 9, Salisbury, Mashonaland
(iv. 1900; iii, iv . 1905, zd.).

Originally described from a single male specimen from Usambara ;
the description applies perfectly to our specimens. The species appears
certainly distinct, having characters in common with annulata as well
as with Distanti, as shown in our tables; the stature and outline of
abdomen is much like Distanti. The form of genitalia in second
segment of male differs from annulata (and arteriosa) by having the
posterior margin of the basal piece of hamule distinctly angulate and
the genital lobe considerably narrower, sickle-shaped, resembling the
same organ of 7’. Distanti. None of our specimens is fully mature.

TRITHEMIS KirByI ARDENS (Gerstacker, 1891).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 g (no locality); 1 9, Victoria Falls (1904,
W. L. Sclater); 1¢,19, Bulawayo (C. H. Pead); 19, Salisbury
(23 . xii. 1911); 1 9, Waterval, Transvaal (15. iv. 1900); 2 g, 1 9;
M’Fongosi, Zululand (ii, x.1911, W. E. Jones); Usakos, S.W.
Protectorate (11.1920, Tucker). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, Macequece
(2.x.1908, Miss Fountaine). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 2 ¢, Natal
(G. F. Leigh).

This brilliant and conspicuous species is known from the African
continent south of the desert belt, although probably absent in the
equatorial forest zone and evidently more adapted to desert regions.
It is also recorded from Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. In the
material under discussion only a form of female with almost hyaline

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 427

wings is known, as described in our table. From North Nigeria the
writer has seen a series of andromorphous females with the wing base
almost as brilliant golden yellow as in males; similar females are
described from Choa by Forster. The first described specimens of
Trithemis Kirbyi came from North-Western India and belong to a
form with much paler-coloured wing bases.

TRITHEMIS stTicTicAa (Burmeister, 1839).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 g, Matopos (E. C. Chubb); 1 9, Latombo,
Salisbury (3. iii. 1912); 1-¢, Kranspoort, Transvaal (21 . xii . 1906);
mae l 2, White River, E. Transvaal (8. xii. 1909;.1.1910, A. T.
Cooke); 1 ¢, Lorenco Marques (15.x.1911). Brit. Mus.: 2 ¢,
Salisbury (12.xi.1905, Marshall). Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 g,
Wolhuterkop, Transvaal (i, xii. 1908, Miss Fountaine). Coll. E. B.
Williamson: 5 ¢, Princetown, Natal (5, 12. xii. 1908; 18.11, xi1.1909,
G. F. Leigh). Coll. Ris: 1 ¢, Botchabelo, 1200 m., Transvaal (1914,
H. Junod).

South African and Kast African, reaching northwards to Abyssinia ;
a few specimens are also known from western localities and from
Madagascar. Adult males are perhaps the most graceful Libelluline
dragonflies of the present fauna; the contrast of the very light and
brilliant blue thorax, the black and yellow abdomen and the large
yellow cloud in the hind wings is a most striking one. The description
of the female in our table is made from the specimen from White
River, which most certainly belongs to this species.

TRITHEMIS AUREOLA (Ris, 1912).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Inhambane (xii. 1912, K. H. Barnard). Coll.
Sélys: 1 g¢, Delagoa Bay.

This species is very imperfectly known, though certainly distinct
from its ally stictica. The writer has seen but a few more speci-
mens, from Dakar and from Madagascar. In the paper on Schultze’s
voyage it was given Rambur’s name hova. But further search
demonstrated that this name belonged with much better right to a
species of Psewdomacromia; a new name had therefore to be given to
this Trithemis.

TritHemMis Distant (Kirby, 1898).

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 9, Waterval, Transvaal (16 . xi . 1899;

428 Annals of the South African Museum.

W. E. Jones); 1 6, Barkly West (xi. 1893, L. Péringuey) ; 3 2,
1 2, Dunbrody, Blue Chiff Gi. 1912). Brit. Mus.: 1 ¢, Salisbury
(1904, Marshall); 1 2, Mazoe, 4700 ft., Mashonaland(27 . xii . 1905,
id.); 1 8,1 9, Willow Grange, Mooi River, Natal (21.1. 1918,
R. C.Wroughton). Coll. K. J. Morton: 2 ¢,1 2, King Wilhamstown,
1 9, Stutterheim (2, 4, 16.i1.1908, Miss Fountaine). Coll. E. B.
Williamson, 6 ¢,5 9, Salisbury (x . 1899; i, in, x. 1900; iv. 1905;
Marshall) ; 8 ¢, 3 92, Princetown, Natal (6, 8, 10, 12, 19, xii . 1908;
7, 19.11.1909, G. F. Leigh); 1 ¢, 1 9, Hilton Road, Natal
Goyal 2 xii .1909.1d.):

South African and East African, reaching northward to Abyssinia ;
also known from Madagascar. Specimens from equatorial West
Africa have been considered as racially different by the writer, but they
may perhaps be claimed as a distinct species when these forms are
better known. T'. Distanti is one of the characteristic species of the
South African fauna; in dealing with Helothemis dorsalis we have
mentioned its striking resemblance to that species.

PSEUDOMACROMIA (Kirby, 1889).

An African genus consisting of large species, some of them among
the largest of Libellulinae. In structural and neural details evidently
allied to Trithemis, which are only medium-sized species. Part
of the species vellow and black or metallic green, by this colour
system, large size and general stature resembling the Corduline genus
Macromia. They are evidently strong flyers and not common species,
and the genus is therefore very imperfectly known.

In hind wing 4 to 5 rows of cells between A,and the wing’s edge ; 2 rows
of cells between Rs and Rspl in most specimens. ‘Tooth of tarsal claws
small, shorter than point of claw. Male: Labium yellowish with broad
median black band; face dark olivaceous to blackish; frons very dark
metallic violet, narrowly lined with yellow anteriorly and at the sides.
Thorax black with metallic green or blue reflections and yellow mark-
ings; broad, medially diffuse band in front of humeral suture ; narrow
incomplete line touching metastigma ; two spots between this line and
second lateral suture; ventral half of metepimeron. Legs _ black.
Abdomen little widened at base; scarcely contracted at third segment ;
segments 4-10 almost parallel, triquetral, very gradually narrowed to
end. Abdomen black with yellow markings, very light on segments 2-3,
turning to ochreous posteriorly; lateral spot on segment 2; narrow
basal ring and broad medio-lateral spot on 3-4; 5-8 oval medio-lateral
spot and narrow line on mid-dorsal carina, this line sometimes fused to
lateral spots; 9-10 black, Wings hyaline or very slightly stained with

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 429

yellow, especially along veins. Pterostigma black. Membranule whitish.
Female very similar to male; metallic violet of frons reduced, sides and
anterior margin broadly yellowish ; yellow markings on abdomen more
extended, lateral and dorsal elements almost generally confluent; not
rarely a blackish spot at base of hind wings between membranule and
A,. g, Abd. 40, hdw. 45, pt.3'55 mm. §, 48, 50, 3°53. : P. torrida.
In hind wing 3 to 4 (mostly 3) rows of cells between A, and the wing’s
edge; one row of cells between Rs and Rspl. Tooth of tarsal claws
robust, longer than point of claw. Male: Labium light yellow, median
lobe black. Labrum light yellow ; face and frons anteriorly and laterally
very light greenish yellow; frons above metallic blue. Thorax with
dense whitish blue pruinosity. Legs dark ferruginous, lighter on first
and second femora. Abdomen little widened at base in lateral, more
so in dorso-ventral dimension; distinctly contracted at segments 3-4 and
slightly fusiform posteriorly. Black; segments 1-8 dorsally whitish
blue pruinose; sides of 1-3 light yellow, black at transverse carinae ;
sides of 4-8 with long and narrow lunulate ferruginous spots which
almost touch both ends of each segment; 8 greyish blue pruinose
dorsally ; 9-10 wholly black. Wings hyaline, slightly stained with
greyish yellow from t distally. Pterostigma ferruginous. Membranule
greyish. Female similar to male ; frons yellowish or orange with a basal
metallic blue spot of variable extent. No pruinosity on thorax and
abdomen ; thorax dull ferruginous with coppery and bluish sheen and
somewhat indistinct yellow markings: incomplete inferior line in front of
metastigma, two spots on metepisternum as well as inferior half of met-
epimeron. Abdominal segments 1-3 ferruginous with transverse carinae
rather broadly black ; 4-9 with broad lateral ferruginous band shortly
interrupted at joints. Apical part of wings variably stained with light
golden yellow, mostly in front wing to nodus in longitudinal, to Rspl in
transverse dimension, in hind wing to half way between nodus and
pterostigma and over the entire breadth of wing. @, Abd. 35, hdw. 36,
pt. 2°5 mm. to 88, 89, 2°5. ¢, 38, 39, 2°5 to 38, 40, 2°5 . P. natalensis.

PsEUDOMACROMIA TORRIDA (Kirby, 1889).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9, M’Fongosi, Zululand (xii . 1911, Jones); 1 ¢,
Ceres, Cape (Jan., R. Trimen). Coll. Sélys: 19, Natal. Coll. Is. J.
Morton: 1 ¢, Zoutpansberg, Transvaal.

Known from the whole African continent south of the desert belt,
from the Canary Islands and the Islands of Comoro. Though not
yet recorded from Mediterranean Africa, it has recently been found in
Spain by Father Navas.

PsEUDOMACROMIA NATALENSIS (R. Martin, 1900).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii . 1900, W. E. Jones).
Brit. Mus.: 1 ¢, Zambesi (12. ix. 1905); 2 ¢, 3 9, Chirinda

430 Annals of the South African Museum.

Forest, Gazaland, 3600-4000 ft. (8, 7, 8, 14, x . 1905, Marshall).
Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 ¢, Macequece (2.x . 1908, Miss Fountaine).
Coll. R. Martin: 1 9, Natal. Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 9, Hilton
Road, 3800 ft., Natal (28, xii . 1909, G. F. Leigh). Mus. Tervueren :
2 g, Kapiri, Katanga (x, xi . 1912, Legros).

The male was described by Forster as Zygonyx komatina from
Komatipoort, Transvaal. No other records are known to the writer.
From what is known, this species is decidedly South African.

OLPOGASTRA (Karsch, 1895).

Allied to the preceding genus and restricted to tropical Africa and
Madagascar ; the small number of species is very imperfectly known.

Abdomen a little longer than hind wings, very much widened at base,
extremely slender from segment 3 posteriorly. Teeth of tarsal claws
very minute, even absent in some specimens. Male: Labium light
yellow with median lobe black; labrum black; ante- and post-clypeus
yellow with a black line at the suture between both pieces; frons above
brilliant metallic blue with a ferruginous ground-colour showing through,
narrowly yellow at anterior margin. ‘Thorax brilliant metallic green
with light yellow markings ; incomplete line at median suture ; ante-
humeral lines to two-thirds height; transverse lines at ante-alar sinus ;
two round spots in front of humeral suture; two large elliptical spots
on mesepimeron ; ventral band and dorsal round spot on second lateral
suture; large, roughly triangular anterior spot and two small round
posterior spots on metepimeron ; round spots on mesinfraepisternum and
metinfraepisternum. Lees black,abdomen black with yellow markings ;
latero-ventral spot and dorsal ring on segment 2; complete narrow
anterior ring on 8; segments 4-7 with small, dorsally interrupted basal
ring, slightly elongate on 7. Genital lobe produced into a large con-
torted spine. Wings stained with greenish yellow from triangular
region distally ; second pair deeper yellow in the region between t,nodus
and anal margin; apex narrowly and diffusely lined with brown ; second
pair with deep brown basal spot, vestige in sc, almost to Cug in cw and
one or two cells at membranule. Pterostigma dark brown; membranule
black. 153 Ang. Female very similar to male. 2 9, Abd. 43, hdw, 42,
Filia CRS) eens — . : ‘ . O. lugubris.
Abdomen aisnnctly aortas then maid wing, much widened at base,
more robust posteriorly than in preceding species, and slightly fusiform.
Teeth of tarsal claws of ordinary size, shorter than the point. Male;
Labium and labrum ochreous; face and frons very hght olivaceous; at
base of frons a broad black band with metallic blue reflections. Vertex
black at base, light olivaceous at summit. Thorax very dark brown with
metallic green and blue sheen and rather dull ochreous markings ; broad
antehumeral band to two-thirds of the height; a ventral band and dorsal
round spot in front of humeral suture ; a sinuate line at metastigma ;

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 4351

metepisternum almost entirely ochreous; latero-ventral and indistinct
dorsal spot on metepimeron. Very slight whitish pruinosity on entire
thorax. Lees black. Abdomen black, with ochreous markings; latero-
ventral spot on segment 2, this segment dull olivaceous or ferruginous
dorsally ; narrow ring at transverse carinae of 3; 4-7 triangular spots
at middle of lateral carina corresponding to transverse ochreous bands
on ventral surface; such band also on segment 8 and a vestige on 9;
narrow light yellow line on mid-dorsal carina of segments 4 to 10.
Genital lobe broadly trapezoid. Wings hyaline, faintly greyish yellow
from triangular vegion distally. Dark brown spot at base of second
pair; vestige in sc, half way to Cug in cu, 1-2 cells at membranule.
Pterostigma brownish black; membranule black. Female very similar
to male. 12-13 Ang. ¢, Abd. 32, hdw. 39, pt. > 4mm. 9, 35, 38, 5.
O. Fuelleborni.

OLPOGASTRA LUGUBRIS (Karsch, 1895).
S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢, Ovampoland.

Known by a small number of specimens from tropical Africa, Hast
and West, reaching to Nubia. A most elegant and conspicuous
insect.

OLPOGASTRA FUELLEBORNI (Grinberg, 1902).

S. Afr. Mus.: 2 ¢, M’Fongosi, Zululand (ii, iii. 1911, W. E. Jones) ;
White River, Transvaal (Cooke) ; Kaapmuiden, Transvaal (xi. 1918,
Tucker).

The type male from Nubia, female from Nyasaland and the
specimens here recorded are all that is at present known of this
species. A few specimens from the Belgian Congo belong to a
subspecies differing in the larger size, more robust stature and
some details in colour and pattern.

PANTALA (Hagen, 1861).

This and the two following genera have in common a particular
structure of hind wings with exceptionally broad and also thin and
flexible anal field. Corresponding to this structure we find in them
a faculty of planing or sailing flight, which faculty is probably
responsible for the excessively wide distribution of some members
of this group. Pantala includes two species only, one cosmopolitan,
the other one American.

PANTALA FLAVESCENS (Fabricius, 1798).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1 9, Gwaai, S. Rhodesia (15. 11.1912); 1 ¢,1 9,
Salisbury (17. xii. 1911); 1 @, Pietersburg, Zoutpansberg District,

452 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Transvaal (15. xii. 1902); 1g, Waterval, Tv. (14.x . 1900);
3%, Barberton, Tv.; 2 ¢, M’Fongosi, Zululand (iii, x . 1911);
1 2, Lorenco Marques (28. xi.1911); Otjituo, Gaub, Tsintsabis,
Namutoni, Otjiwarongo, Nuragas, and Gamies, 8.W. Protectorate
(i. 1919, Lightfoot, ii. 1921, Barnard, andi. 1920, Tucker). Coll.
EH. B. Wilhamson: 12 ¢, 2 9, Salsbury. (iv . 1899; x, xi7ig0ue
v. 1905, Marshall); 1 ¢, Princetown, Natal (14. i . 1909, G. FE.
Leigh); 4 ¢,1 2, woodside off Umbilo Road, Congella, Natal (12-
me xX 1904 17 1, 1905, id.).

¢. lips ochreous. Face, frons and vertex light yellowish, often
a light red diffuse spot in centre of face and inferior part of frons.
Thoracic dorsum golden brown; sides pale whitish or bluish green
with black dots in the sutures. Abdomen light yellowish to light
yellowish red, carinae narrowly blackish ; on mid-dorsal carinae of
segments 8-10 rhomboid black spots; ventral surface whitish with a
bluish or greenish shade on segments 1-4, ochreous posteriorly, each
segment with somewhat diffuse, mostly interrupted, brown lateral
stripes. Wings hyaline; a light golden-yellow spot of variable
extent in base of anal field in hind wing; mostly between Cu,, base
of As, supplementary sector of A, and anal angle. Tips light
brown in most specimens, broader in hind wing, maximally to about
half-way between distal end of pterostigma and apex of wing.
Pterostigma light ferruginous. Membranule white.

Female very similar to male. Colour a trifle duller, sometimes
with an olivaceous shade. Basal yellow spot of hind wings paler
and more diffuse.

3S, 2, Abd. 32, hdw. 39, pt. 2°5 mm. in front wing, 2 in hind wing.

An extremely common cosmopolitan species ; chiefly inter-tropical,
but recorded as far north as Kamtschatka, Massachusetts and
Wisconsin; not yet observed in Europe or Mediterranean Africa,
except Egypt; found on many oceanic islands and _ repeatedly
observed on ships far from shore.

RHYOTHEMIS (Hagen, 1867).

A genus of many, often beautifully coloured species, most of them
Asiatic, a few African and Australian, chiefly tropical, a small
number of species also sub-tropical.

1. Both pairs of wings coloured at base at least to nodal a Hind wings

not contracted at apex of analloop . : a) ae
Front wings hyaline, fumose greyish in sc to Anak in cu ts Cute hind
wings at base deep black with violet, cupreous and greenish metalli¢

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 433

sheen to about half way between distal angle of ¢ and nodus; limits of
black colour sharp, lacerate. Both wings faintly greyish yellow between
triangular region and apex in very mature specimens. Anal margin of
hind wings contracted at apex of anal loop, very broadly rounded proxi-
mally. Two rows of cells between Rs—Rspl. Pterostigma very small,
blackish to ferruginous. Body black, dull ferruginous on face, sides of
thorax and of basal segments of abdomen ; frons metallic violet or blue.
Female shorter in body and with comparatively broader wings ; otherwise
the sexes very similar. ¢, Abd. 19, hdw. 27, pt. 15 mm. to 22, 30, 1°5.
2s 1S, Bisy, I ey US) oO es al : : . Rh, senihyalina.
2. Colour on wings wholly black with iatallie violet sheen. Two rows of
cells between Rs-Rspl. Black to middle of pterostigma in front wing,
to distal end of pterostigma, and at anal margin narrowly to apex
in hind wing; anal margin from anal angle to a little beyond M,
narrowly hyaline in both wings; hyaline incomplete transverse bands
at distal side of t, and distally from nodus; group of hyaline cells with
black along the veins in anal field of hind wings at both sides of A, ;
vestiges of 2 or 3 longitudinal subhyaline bands between, proximal
margin and A, in hind wing. Pterostigma black. Body black; frons
metallic blue, face dull olivaceous. Female similar, but with hyaline
parts of eae pattern more extended. g, Abd. 18, abe a pt. 2 mm.
2 , 16, 23, : 3 : . fenestrina.
Wing nee hight raiden yollow, ee an GAGrente ss ti of blackish
bands and spots distally to nodus in front wing, to one-third the distance
between nodus and pterostigma in hind wing. One row of cells between
Rs-Rspl. Pterostigma very small, greyish ochreous. Body black with
metallic green reflections; a light yellow transverse line on suture of
frons and postclypeus. Female very similar to male. 4g, Abd. 18, hdw.
Dompiaisomm: O° 1G. 245 1:5.) - : ; : : . Rh. mariposa.

RHYOTHEMIS FENESTRINA (Rambur, 1842).
S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢,N. Ovampoland, Otiembora (20 . xi-3. xi1. 1887,
A. W. Erikson).
A species from tropical Africa, West and East, evidently not a
common one, and known by a limited number of specimens. The
present male is similar to others from Sierra Leone and Nigeria.

RuHYOTHEMIS MARIPOSA (Ris, 1913).
S. Afr. Mus. (and Coll. Ris): 3 ¢, Otiembora (xi. 1887, A. W.
Erikson). Brit. Mus.: 1 9, N.E. Rhodesia, 4700 ft. (1904).
The specimens here recorded are all that is known of this most
elegant small species.

RHYOTHEMIS SEMI-HYALINA (Desjardins, 1832).
S. Afr. Mus.: 1 ¢,2 9, Lorenco Marques (80. ix, 29. x1,12 . x11. 1911) ;
1 g, Inhambane (xii. 1912, K. H. Barnard); 1 ¢,1 9, Boksburg,

434 Annals of the South African Museum.

Transvaal; 1 9, Port Shepstone, Natal; St. Lucia Bay, Zululand
(x . 1919, Bell-Marley). Brit. Mus.: 1 9, Pretoria. Coll. K. J.
Morton: 1 g, Delagoa Bay (7. xi.1907, Miss Fountaine). Coll.

2 9,2 ?, Delagoa Bay (12 .xn.1911); bh g, Rikatla, Delagoa
Bay (1914, H. Junod). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 9, woodside off
Umbilo Road, Congella, Natal (G. F. Leigh).

Found in all parts of the African continent, in Syria and on many
islands of the Indian Ocean ; a closely-allied species occurs in Ceylon,
South India, Malacca and Borneo. Various names have been given
to individual varieties, sexually different specimens and stages of
maturity. The writer’s experience fully justifies the relegation of
these names into synonomy.

TRAMEA (Hagen, 1861).

Similar to Pantala in size, outline and general aspect, but with
important differences in neural and structural details. A moderate
number of species, most of them intertropical in the Old World and
America, some extremely wide-ranging and polymorphous, having
given rise to a number of doubtfully valid names.

Base of hind wings with a broad, golden-yellow spot, to anal angle and
distally to end of ¢, and a few cells in discoidal field. Within this yellow
spot a broad, roughly semicircular dark band, very dark reddish brown,
with reddish veins in male, black with yellow veins in female, constricted
or interrupted between anal angle of ¢t and A, in male, interrupted at samme
place in female. Venation reddish to nodus, blackish more distally ;
pterostigma hght red; membranule white. Male: Face dull ochreous.
frons bright red with broad basal band black with metallic blue reflec-
tion. ‘Thorax golden brown with an olivaceous shade and some blackish
dots at the sutures. Abdomen light red, very narrowly black at the
joints; broad black dorsal spots on segments 8-10. Female: Frons
orange with basal black band similar to male; olivaceous shade of
thorax more distinct; abdomen reddish ochreous; black lines at joints
ae broader than in ale. Neuration darker. ¢, Abd. 31, hdw.
2, pt. > 2; lo mm. 9382; 42) 29,275. : : - LP basilaris:
ee of hind wings in male with a dark eoaaieh brown, red-veined spot ;
in c, sc and m about half way to Anq,, in cu to Cug or a little beyond ;
distal limit a straight transverse line to anal margin, vertically to Cw.
In female the corresponding spot mostly smaller, not fully to anal
margin, diffusely lined with golden yellow, indented at apex of mem-
branule by a subhyaline spot. Venation red to shghtly beyond nodus,
gradually darker distally. Pterostigma red; membranule white. Male:
Face dull ferruginous ; frons brilliant metallic violet almost to anterior
margin. Thorax rich golden brown with blackish, slightly metallic
vestiges in the sutures. Abdomen red, part of carinae very narrowly

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 435

lined with black ; broad black dorsal spots on segments 8-10. Female:
Face dull ochreous; frons orange, superiorly about basal half black with
metallic blue reflection. Thorax and abdomen lighter in colour than in
male. ¢, Abd. 32, hdw. 40, pt.25 << 2mm. ?,30, 41, 25,2 T. linbata.

TRAMEA BASILARIS (Palisot de Beauvais, 1805).

S. Afr. Mus.: 1¢, Lorenco Marques (J. da Costa); Grootfontein,
Tsumeb, Sandup, Ondongua, 8.W. Protectorate (i . 1920, Tucker,
and ii. 1921, Barnard). Coll. E. B. Williamson: 1 ¢ 2 in cop.,
3 g, Salisbury, Mashonaland (xi. 1900, Marshall). Coll. Sélys:
_ oack ie Afrique australe.”
~ Known from intertropical Africa, East and West, and from some
islands of the Indian Ocean in a form of little variability. A. slightly
different form from India and Ceylon.

TRAMEA LIMBATA (Desjardins, 1832).

Coll. Sélys; 3 ¢, Delagoa Bay. Coll. K. J. Morton: 1 4, Natal.

T. limbata, in the wide application given to this name by the writer,
means a species highly polymorphic in colour of wing base and of
frons, but structurally homogeneous, ranging between Senegal in W.
Africa and the islands of Samoa in the Pacific Ocean throughout the
inter-tropical region. Forms from continental Africa were named
T. continentalis by de Sélys, those from Delagoa Bay and Natal 7.
limbata a* by the writer.

UROTHEMIS (Brauer, 1868).

A genus of tropical African and Asiatic distribution, including a
small number of forms. Similar in outline and facies to Crocothemis,
but there is no real affinity to that genus; neural details and the
genital structure of both sexes demonstrate close relations to the
Tramea group.

$. Thorax and abdomen wholly black, with dark greyish-blue prui-
nosity, not covering on abdomen a broad mid-dorsal black line, which is
widened at terminal joint of each segment. Labium ochreous with
indistinct median fuscous band; labrum black; anteclypens leht oli-
vaceous; postclypeus and frons black, narrowly light yellow at sides.
Wings hyaline, very lightly stained with yellowish, narrowly and diffusely
brownish at tips. Base of hind wings with a deep blackish-brown spot of
variable size, in most specimens in c and sc half way to Anq,, vestige in
m, in cu to Cuq or slightly beyond, to somewhat more than half way
between apex of membranule and anal angle; limits of spot indented

436 Annals of the South African Museum.

by golden-brown lining of veinlets; small golden-brown vestige in
base of front wing. Part of longitudinal veins and most cross-veins
in costal field light yellow. Pterostigma very light yellow between
black veins. Immature males similar in colour to females. 92. Thorax
greyish ochreous, sides pale yellow, some black dots at the sutures.
Abdomen light ochreous, segments 1-2 dorsally blackish; 3-10 with
broad median black band, widened at terminal joint of each segment.
Labium and labrum whitish, face very light greenish, frons light yellow
with black basal line. Wings similar to male, but with basal spot
light yellow to deep golden yellow, with blackish, yellow-veined central
irregularly semicircular band, which is mostly interrupted between anal
angle of t and A). This basal, yellow and black spot very variable in
extent, in some specimens not larger than that above described in the
male, in others extending fully to distal end of ¢ and anal angle.
Yellow basal spot in front wing from vestiges to fully to Ang, and
arculus. ¢, Abd. 25, hdw. 34,pt.3 mm. 92, 28,36 <4 . U. Edwardsi.
g. Thorax reddish golden brown, abdomen red with narrow black
mid-dorsal line on segments 4-7, broader on 8-9. Labium ochreous ;
labrum orange; face and frons dull red, a narrow black basal line on
frons. Wings similar to preceding species; more diffusely greyish at
tips; venation mostly red. Basal spot of hind wings generally con-
siderably larger, deep reddish brown, with red veins, rather broad
(13 cells) golden-yellow margin and a diffuse central golden-yellow
spot; mostly to Angqs, distal end of ¢, and half way between apex of
membranule and anal angle in hind wing; in front wing golden-yellow
spot to Ang, and Cug. Pterostigma light yellow between black veins;
membranule dull ferruginous. @? similarto ¢. Colour of abdomen more
reddish ochreous than red; dorsal black line generally a trifle larger.
Basal spot of hind wings similar in size, but golden-yellow margins
broader, and especially golden-yellow central spot lighter and much
larger thanin male. ¢, Abd. 27, hdw. 37, pt.35 mm. @, 21, 37, 4

U. assignata.

Uroruemis Epwarpsr (Sélys, 1849).

S. Afr. Mus.: I 9, Inhambane, and 1 ? , Chinde (x1. 1912, K: Be
Barnard). Coll. Sélys: 1 9, Delagoa Bay; 1 9, Natal. Coll. K. J.
Morton: 1 9, Delagoa Bay (5. xi. 1907, Miss Fountaine).

Found in all parts of inter-tropical Africa. The type-specimen
came from Algeria, but the species has not been found there again
for more than seventy years. In the 9 from Inhambane the basal
spot in hind wings js exceptionally small and the yellow colour very
light.

i

UROTHEMIS ASSIGNATA (Sélys, 1872).
Coll. Sélys: 1 ¢, Delagoa Bay; 1 9, Cap (very old specimen, sent

by Drege). Brit. Mus.: 1 2, N.E. Rhodesia, Upper Luangwa River

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 437

wer. vii, 13. vin. 1910, S. A. Neave). Coll. Ris.: 1 2, Rikatla,
Delagoa Bay (1914, H. Junod).

Widely distributed in inter-tropical Africa; a slightly modified
form occurs in Madagascar.

TETHRIAMANTA (Kirby, 1889).

Distribution the same as Urothemis. Tiny little insects which may
be called a minute edition of Urothemis.

TETHRIAMANTA REZIA (Kirby, 1889).

Coll. Sélys: 1 ¢, Delagoa Bay.

6. Labium black, with sides narrowly yellowish. Labrum black
with yellowish spot. Face yellowish red; frons and vertex red ;
narrow black basal line on frons. Thoracic dorsum reddish golden-
brown, sides and ventral surface lighter, two blackish transverse bands
on ventral sutures. Abdomen scarlet-red, narrow black lines at.
carinae; segments 3-10 with narrow, black mid-dorsal line, widened
at terminal joint of each segment; ventral surface yellowish-red with
small square, blackish spots at latero-posterior angle of each segment.
Wings hyaline; golden-yellow basal spot in hind wing to Anq)-9,
Cug or proximal side of ¢, half way between apex of membranule and
anal angle or fully to anal angle; within this yellow spot mostly
dark golden-brown stripes in se to Ang, and Cugq, or in ew to Cugq ;
sometimes also a brown central spot in anal field. Base of front wing
golden yellow to Ang, and Cuq or slightly more distally. Pterostigma
very small, red ; membranule blackish. Female very similar to male,
but dark stripes in yellow basal spot absent.

Gg, Abd. 18, hdw. 21, pt. 15 mm. 2, 16, 20, 1:5.

Distribution almost exactly the same as in Urothemis assignata ;
but it seems a rare species, of which only a very small number of
examples are to be found in our collections.

APPENDIX.

A number of species enumerated in the writer's compiled catalogue
of South African Odonata (vide Introduction, p. 245) are not
included in the present work, which is exclusively founded on actual
Specimens in the writer’s hands. These species are registered as
follows :

28

438 Annals of the South African Musewm.

1. Lestes tridens (MacLachl., 1895), J. c., p. 308, no. 6.—The descrip-
tion, made from one male from Delagoa Bay, does not apply to any
species known to the writer.

2. Lestes obscurus (Kirby, 1898, 1905), /.c., p. 308, no. 7.—Mr.
Herbert Campion writes to me (9. xii. 1913) that the specimens so
described by Kirby are identical with L. plagiatus.

3. Metacnemis angusta (Sélys, 1863, 1886), l.c., p. 310, no. 15.—
Described from a single female, “Cap de Bonne Espérance, de
Vancienne collection Latreille.”

4. Argia concinna (Ramb., 1842), /.c., p. 310, no. 17.—This species
is known from the original pair alone, said to be from ‘“ Cap” (de
Bonne Espérance). I have seen the pair; it is similar in facies to its
American congeners of the type fissa, oculata, ete. But the configura-
tion of the apical border of the tenth segment of ¢ is peculiar, as

Fig. 77.—Argia concinna. ? Cape. Appendages, right side and dorsal
view.

described and remarked upon by S¢élys (1865) and shown by Hagen’s
figures (published by Calvert, 1902). None of the numerous species
of Argia known to the writer is similar to concinna in this structure.
The possibility, though perhaps not the probability, remains open that
this species, though belonging to an otherwise strictly American genus,
is really African.

5. Enallagma obliteratum (Sélys, 1876), l.c., p. 314, no. 21.—This is
almost certainly a colour variety of H. glaucum (see p. 326, ante).

6. Pseudagrion Kersteni (Gerstacker, 1869), l.c., p. 315, no. 26.—
The specimens (1 9, 1 incomplete ¢) from South Africa under this
name (l.c., p. 316) are very probably P. natalense of the present paper
(ante, p. 307).

7. Pseudagrion Deckeni (Gerstacker, 1869), U.c., p. 316, no. 27.—
Karsch has decided (1893) for the identity of Selys’ P. praetextatum

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South A friea. 439

with Deckeni; but this identity is not certain. Karsch’s own figure
of a male superior appendage is not in favour of his view. I have
therefore preferred the Sclysian name (ante, p. 305) for which the types
could be examined. The question of synonymy opened by Karsch
must be left for further investigation.

8. Pseudagrion Hageni (Karsch, 1893), J. c., p. 317, no. 28.—No
description exists of this species; it is only founded on a figure of a
male superior appendage, drawn from an old specimen from the
“Cape” mentioned by Sclys under praetextatum, not from the specimen
but from a description by Hagen. I cannot locate this figure, unless
it belongs to P. angolense of Sclys and of the present paper (ante,
p. 302).

9. Disparoneura glauca (Sélys, 1860), l.c., p. 318, no. 51.—The name
of Agrion glaucum (Burmeister, 1859) had to be transferred from
Disparoneura to Enallagma, and a new name substituted for the
Disparoneura; as evidently the same species registered here as
D. mutata had been described and figured under this name by Sélys,
1886, and by Calvert, 1895, the name mutata could be adopted for our
specimens («nte, p. 293).

10. Disparoneura frenulata (Sélys, 1860), lc¢., p. 318, no. 32.—
Described from specimens from the Cape. Our material contains but
one species of Disparoneuwra from South Africa; accepting the name
mutata, we suppose frenulata to be distinct; should it prove to be
identical (the types must be at Cambridge, Massachusetts), the latter
name would have priority.

11. Ictinus pugnax (Sélys, 1854), l.c., p. 320, no. 538.—This species,
recorded from ‘“ Port Natal” in the original description, is unknown to
the writer.

12. Anazx dorsalis (Burm., 1839), 1. c., p. 328, no. 40.—The writer has
shown in an earlier paper (‘ Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., lv, p. 323, 1911) that
this name is very probably without foundation ; the original description
applies either to A. imperator mauricianus, or more probably to an
erroneously identified American species—A. junius, Dry., 2. Kirby’s
specimens named dorsalis are A. speratus; R. Martin’s ¢ dorsalis is
an erroneously identified American A. longipes, Hag.

13. Aeschna dolabrata (Karsch, 1899), l.c., p. 525, no. 47.—The
identity of this species with A. minuscula appears probable (ante,
p- 364).

14. Gynacantha bisprna (Ramb., 1842), l.c., p. 325, no. 48.—The
pair of G. villosa described and figured in the present paper (ante,
p. 358) was formerly identified as bispina, an error that was afterwards
rectified by comparison with Rambur’s species in the Sélysian Collection.

AAO Annals of the South African Museum.

15. Brachythemis lacustris (Kirby, 1889), 1. ¢., p. 336, no. 46.—Mr.
Herbert Campion writes to me (19. xii. 1914) that the specimens from
the Transvaal described under this name are not this species, but
Trithemis Kirbyi ardens.

16. Trithemis hova (Ramb., 1842), l.c:, p. 339, no. 70.—Rambur’s
name had to be transferred to a species of Psewdomacromia, and was
substituted in T'rithemis by the new name anreola (ante, p. 427).

17. Pseudomacromia komatina (Forster, 1906), 1. ¢., p. 342, no. 76.—
This name is evidently a synonym of P. natalensis (ante, p. 429).

Of the 17 species in the present list 3 are South African species
not seen by the writer (1, 3, 11), 2 are of doubtful origin (4, 12—the
latter also is a synonym), 12 are certainly or probably synonyms,
or erroneously identified specimens (2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 14, 15,
16,17);

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF GENERA AND

SPECIES.
I. SusorperR ZYGOPTERA. Gen. DisPARONEURA.
I. A. Famtty CALOPTERYGIDAE. mutata.
Gen. LiBELLAco. Gen. Mrracnemis.
caligata. waliiae
Gen. PHAON. , ;
Mined ‘ | Gen. PSEUDAGRION.
iridipennis. | :
x | furcigerum.
I. B. Faminy AGRIONIDAE. ;
3 z caffrum.
I. Ba. Susram. LESTINAE. k
= angolense.
Gen. Lesrus :
: * | praetextatum.
ictericus. | 3
salisburyense.
ochraceus.
: natalense.
Wahlberg. g |
: acaciae.
virgatus. :
3 massaicum.
amicus. | sie :
; Sjostedti.
plagiatus. |
Tenoiiere. | Gen. er aianen
- | epee
Gen. CHLOROLESTES. glabrum.

. | 4 y
conspicua. SEN }
Peringueyi. | Gen. ENALLAGMA.
umbrata. | subfurcatum. |
fasciata. | rotundipenne.
tessellata. nigridorsum. |

| i)

longicauda. | elongatum. t
I. Be. Supram. AGRIONINAE. | glaucum.
~ | .

Gen. ALLOCNEMIS. | schultzei.

leucosticta. fractum.

Gen. CHLOROCNEMIS. sinuatum.

Marshalh. subtile. |

t

:

II. Ch

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa.

Gen. ISCcHNURA.
senegalensis.

Gen. AGRIOCNEMIS.
exilis.

Il. SusorperR ANISOPTERA.
Il. C. Faminy AESCHINIDAE.
Il. Ca. Susram. GOMPHINAE.

Gen. PopogomMpHts.
praetorius.

Gen. MrsogomPHUs.
Hageni.
elpidius.
cognatus.

Gen. CRENIGOMPHUS.
Hartmanni.

Gen. ONYCHOGOMPHUS.

supinus.

Gen. CERATOGOMPHUS.

pictus.

Gen. GYNACANTHA.
villosa.
manderica.

Gen. AESCHNA.
subpupillata.
minuscula.

Gen. ANACIAESCHNA.
trianculifera.

Gen. ANax.
speratus.

imperator mauricianus.

tristis.

eveorgius.
Gen. HeMIANAX.

ephippiger.

II. D. Faminy LIBELLULIDAE.
II. Da. Susram. CORDULINAE.

Gen. Macromia.
picta.
thetis.
clymene.

Il. Db. Susram. LIBELLULINA.

Gen. NoTioTHEMIS.
Jonesi.

Gen. ORTHETRUM.
trinacria.
icteromelas.

. SupFam. AESCHININAE.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

Gen.

ceaffrum.
chrysostigma.
Abbotti.
cuineense.
brachiale.
stemmale capense.
farinosum.
PALPOPLEURA.
lucia.
jucunda.
deceptor.
CHALCOSTEPHIA.
coronata.
flavifrons.
HeEMISTIGMA.
albipuncta.
PoRPAX.
asperipes.
ACISOMA.
panorpoides.
ascalaphoides.
DIPLACODES.
exilis.
Lefebvrei.
CROCOTHEMIS.
divisa.
saxicolor.
sanguinolenta.
erythraea.
BRADINOPYGA.
cornuta.
BRACHYTHEMIS.
leucosticta.
SYMPETRUM.
Fonscolombei.
PHILONOMON.
luminans.
HELOTHEMIs.
dorsalis.
TRITHEMIS.
arteriosa.
annulata.
pluvialis.
Kirbyi ardens.
stictica.
aureola.
Distanti.

44]

4.42 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. PSEUDOMACROMIA. | Gen. TRAMBA.
torrida. basilaris.
natalensis. limbata.

Gen. OLPOGASTRA. Gen. UROTHEMIS.
lugubris. | Edwardi.
Fuelleborni. assignata.

Gen. PANTALA. Gen. TETHRIAMANTA.
flavescens. rezia,

Gen. RHYTHEMIS FENESTRINA.
mariposa. |
semihyalina. |

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(1) Fasricrus, Jo.—‘ Christiani Fabricii, etc., ete. Species Insectorum ex-
hibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, meta-
morphosis, ete., Hamburgi et Kilonii, 1781.

(2) Burmetstser, F.—* Handbuch der Entomologie, Bd. ii, Berlin, 1839.

(3) Rampur, M.-P.—‘ Histoire naturelle des Insectes, Névroptéres,’ Paris,
1842.

(4) Se.ys-LonacHamps, Epmonp pg, ET Hacen, H. A.—“ Revue des Odonates
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(5) Sprtys-Lonacuamrs, Epmonp pE.—‘ Synopsis des Calopterygines” (ex-
trait des ‘ Bulletins de Académie royale de Belgique’), pp. 73, Bruxelles, 1853.

(6) Idem.—< Synopsis des Gomphines,” ibid., pp. 93, Bruxelles, 1854.

(7) Idem., nt Hacen, H. A.—“ Monographie des Caloptérygines” (extrait
des ‘Mém. de Ja Soe roy. des Sciences de Liége), pp. 291, t 14, Bruxelles et
Leipzig, Paris, 1854.

(8) Idem.—* Monographie des Gomphines” (ibid., 11, pp. 257-720, t. 1-28),
1858.

(9) Idem.—“ Synopsis des Agrionines, Derniére légion: Protoneura” (ex-
trait des ‘Bulletins de ?Académie royale de Belgique,’ 2™ série, t. 10, nos. 9
et 10), pp. 34, Bruxelles, 1860.

(10) Idem.—* Synopsis des Agrionines, Seconde légion: Lestes” (ibid., 2™°
série, t. 18, no. 4), pp. 54, Bruxelles, 1862.

(11) Hagen, H. A.—‘ Naturwissenchaftliche Reise nach Mossambique, ete.,
von Wilhelm C. H. Peters, Zoologie, 5, Berlin, 1862.

(12) Srnys-LonecHamps, EpMoND DE.—“ Synopsis des Agrionines, Troisiéme
légion: Podagrion ” (extrait des ‘ Bulletins de PAcadémie royale de Belgique,’

>

2m série, t. 14, no. 67), pp. 42, Bruxelles, 1862.

(18) Idem.—“<Synopsis des Agrionines, Quatriéme légion: Platycnemis”
(ibid., 2" série, tome 16, no. 8), pp. 32, Bruxelles, 1863.

(14) Idem.—< Synopsis des Agrionines, 5™° légion: Agrion” (ibid., 2™® série,
t. 20, no. 8), pp. 45, Bruxelles, 1865.

(15) Brauger, F.—< Bericht iiber die auf der Weltfahrt der Kaiserlichen
Fragatte Novara gesammelten Libellulinen,” ‘ Zool, bot, Wien,’ xv, pp. 501-512,
1865,

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. 443

(16) Idem.—“ Novara Expedition,” ‘ Zoologischer Teil,’ Bd. i, Neuropteren,
pp. 104, t. 2, 1866.

(17) Hacen, H. A—* Notizen beim Studium von Brauer’s Novara-Neurop-
teren,” ‘ Zool. bot. Wien,’ xvii, pp. 31-62, 1867.

(18) Serys-Lonacuames, Epmonp pr.—In ‘ Recherches sur la faune de
Madagascar et de ses dépendances, d’aprés les découvertes de Francois P.-L.
Pollen et D.-C. Van Dam, 5° partie, 1° livraison, Insectes. Odonates recueillis
i Madagascar, aux Iles Mascareignes et Comores,’ Leyde, 1869.

(19) Gersrackrr, A.—‘ Beitrag sur Insektenfauna von Zanzibar: Orthop-
tera und Neuroptera,” ‘ Arch. f. Naturgesch.,’ 35, Bd. i, pp. 201-228, 1869.

(20) Setys-LonacHamps, Epmonp peE.—“ Nouvelle revision des Odonates de
lAlgérie,” ‘ Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique,’ 14, 1871.

(21) Idem.—* Synopsis des Cordulines” (extrait des Bulletins de lAcad.
roy. de Belgique’), pp. 128, Bruxelles, 1871.

(22) Idem.—* Notes sur plusieurs Odonates de Madagascar et des Iles
Mascareignes,” ‘Revue et Magas. Zool.,’ 1872.

(23) Gersticker, A.—‘ Baron Carl Claus von der Deckens Reisen in Ost-
afrika, Bd. iii, 2 Abt., Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1873.

(24) Spnys-Lonecuamps, EpmMonp pr.—‘‘ Additions au Synopsis des Cordu-
lines ” (extrait des ‘ Bulletins de ’Acad. roy. de Belgique’), pp. 24, Bruxelles,
1874.

(25) Idem.—“ Synopsis des Agrionines, 5™° légion: Agrion (suite) ” (ibid.,
2me série, t. 41, nos. 2 et 3), pp. 282, Bruxelles, 1876.

(26) Idem.—< Synopsis des Agrionines, 5"¢ légion: Agrion (suite et fin ”’)
(ibid., 2™® série, t. 48, no. 2), pp. 65, Bruxelles, 1877.

(27) Idem.— Secondes additions au Synopsis des Cordulines ” (ibid., pp. 44,
Bruxelles, 1878.

(28) Idem.— Quatriémes additions au Synopsis des Gomphines ” (ibid., 2™¢
série, t. 46), pp. 106, Bruxelles, 1878.

(29) Idem.— Quatriémes additions au Synopsis de Calopterygines” (ibid.,
2me série, t. 47), pp. 63, Britxelles, 1879.

(30) MacLacuian, Ros.—<' Two New Species of Anazx, with Notes on other
Dragonflies of the same Genus,” ‘ Ent. Month. Mag.’ (1), xx, pp. 127-131, 1883.

(31) Setys-LonacHamps, EpMoND DE.—‘ Synopsis des Aeschnines Premiére
partie: Classification” (extrait des ‘Bull. de Acad. roy. de Belgique,’ 3™°
série, t. 5, no. 6), pp. 40, Bruxelles, 1883.

(382) Idem.— Revision des Diplax paléarctiques,” ‘Ann. Soc. ent. Belg.,’ 28,
pp. 29-45, 1884.

(33) Idem.—* Revision du Synopsis des Agrionines: Premiére partie compre-
nant les légions Pseudostigma-Podagrion-Platyenemis et Protoneura ” (extrait
du tome 38 des ‘ Mémoires couronnés et autres Mémoires publiés par l’ Académie
royale de Belgique’), pp. iii et 233, Bruxelles, 1886.

(34) Idem.—< Odonates de l’Asie mineure et revision de ceux des autres
parties de la faune dite européenne,” ‘ Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., 31, pp. 1-85, 1887.

(35) Kirsy, W. F.—*<A Revision of the Subfamily Libellulinae, with
Descriptions of New Genera and Species,” ‘'Trans. Zool. Soc, Lond.,’ xii, pp. 249-
348, t. 51-57, 1889.

(36) MacLacutan, Rop.—* Neuroptera collected by Mr. T. T. Walker, R.N,

444 Annals of the South African Museum.

on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar,” ‘ Ent. Month. Mag,’ (1), xxv, pp. 344—
349, 1889.

(37) Karscu, F.—*< Ueber eine neue Idionyx luctifera, Sélys, vernandte ost-
afrikanische Libellulideneattung,”’ ‘ Berlin. ent. Zeitschr., xxxili, pp. 280-284,
1890.

(38) Idem.— Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Arten und Gattungen der Libellu-
linen,” ibid., xxxiii, pp. 347-392, 1890.

(39) Idem.—< Ueber gomphiden,” ‘ Ent. Nachr.,’ xvi, pp. 870-3882, 1890.

(40) Kirpy, W. F.—‘A Synonymic Catalogue of Neuroptera, Odonata or
Dragonflies. With an appendix on Fossil Species, pp. vii and 212, London,
1890.

(41) Catvert, Puitie P_—“ Preliminary Notes on Some African Odonata,”
©Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,’ xix, pp. 161-164, 1892.

(42) Spiys-Lonacnamps, EpmMonpD bDr.— Causeries odonatologiques, No. 6
(5 mars, 1892). ‘Les Gomphines d’Afrique” (extrait des ‘Ann. Soc. ent.
Belg., xxxvi), pp. 22, 1892.

(483) Karscu, F.—“ Insekten der Berglandschaft Adeli im Hinterlande von
Togo, Westafrika,” ‘ Berlin. ent. Zeitschr.,’ xxxvili, pp. 17-28, t. 1-4, 1893.

(44) CatverT, Puintir P.—* East African Odonata, Collected by Doctor
W. L. Abbott,” ‘Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,’ pp. 121-142, 1895.

(45) MacLacuian, Rop.—* Some New Species of Odonata of the ‘ Legion’
Lestes, with Notes,” ‘Ann. Mae. Nat. Hist.’ (6), xvi, pp. 19-28, 1895.

(46) Idem.—* On Some Odonata of the Subfamily Aeschnina,” ibid. (6), xvii,
pp. 409-425, 1895.

(47) Setys-LonecHamps, EpmMonpd pE.—“ Causeries odonatologiques, No. 9,
Sur le groupe des Urothemis Brauer,” ‘Ann. Soc. ent. Belg,’ xli, pp. 68-87,
1897.

(48) Forster, F.—“ Odonaten des Transvaalstaates,’ ‘ Ent. Nachr.,’ xxiii,
pp. 215-220, 1897.

(49) Idem.—“ Odonaten des 'Transvaalstaates (2),” ibid., xxiv, pp. 166-172,
1898.

(50) Kirpy, W. F.—* On a Collection of Dragonflies from the Transvaal and
Nyasaland,’ ‘ Ann. Mae. Nat. Hist.’ (7), ii, pp. 229-245, 1898.

(51) CatvertT, Poitier P.—“ Burmeister’s types of Odonata,” ‘Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soce.,’ xxv, pp. 27-104, t. 1, 1898.

(52, 53) Karscu, F.—* Neue Odonaten aus Ost- und Siidafrika mit Einsch-
luss des Seengebietes,” ‘ Ent. Nachr., xxv, pp. 869-382, 1899.

(54) Martin, Renr.— Odonates nouveaux ou peu connus,” ‘ Bull. Museum
d Hist. Nat.,’ pp. 103-108, 1900.

(55) CanvertT, Puinip P.— Illustrations of Odonata: Argia,’ by Hermann
A. Hagen; with a list and bibliography of the species, ‘ Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Xxxix, 4, pp. 103-120, t. 1-2, 1902.

(56) GrunBerRG, Karit.— Neue Odonaten aus dem Nyassa-Gebiet, gesam-
melt von Dr. Fiilleborn,” ‘ Sitzgsber. ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, pp. 280-237, 1902.

(57) Idem.— Zur Kenntnis der Odonatenfauna des ostafrikanischen Seenge-
biets. Ergebnisse der Nyassa-See und Kinga-Gebirgs-Expedition der Hermann
and Elise geb. Hekmann-Wentzel-Stiftung,” ‘ Zool. Jahrb. Syst.’ viii, pp. 695-
726, 1903.

(58) Kirpy, W. F,.—“ List of a Collection of Neuroptera Odonata (Dragon-

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa. AAD

flies) formed by G. A. K. Marshall, Esq., at Salisbury, Mashonaland, with
Descriptions of a New Genus and Two New Species,” ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’
(7), xv, pp. 190-193, 1905.

(59) Férsrer, F.—* Libellen der Forschungsreise durch Siidschoa, Galla und
die Somalilinder von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger,” ‘Jahrb. Nassau. Ver:
Naturk.,’ lix, pp. 301-344, t. A, 1906.

(60) Idem.— Die Libelluliden-Gattungen von Afrika und Madagascar ”
(71 und 72 Jahresber., ‘ Mannheim. Ver. f. Naturk.’), pp. 71, 1906.

(61) Martin, René.— Collections zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys-
Longchamps,” Fasc. 17, ‘Corduliner,’ Bruxelles, 1906.

(62) Drxry, F. A., and Lonastarr, G. B.—*< Entomological Observations
and Captures during the Visit of the British Association to South Africa in
1905,” ‘Trans. Ent. Soc., London,’ pp. 809-3881, 1907.

(63) Ris, F.— Odonata in L. Schultze, Forschungsreise im westlichen und
zentralen Siidafrika ausgefiihrt in den Jahren 1903-1905,” ‘ Denkschr. mediz.-
naturw. Ges. Jena,’ xiii, pp. 303-346, 1908.

(64) Martin, René.—“ Collections zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys.
Longchamps,” fase. 18-20, Aeschnines, Bruxelles, 1908-1909.

(65) Ris, D.—Ibid., fase. 9-16, ‘ Libellulinen, monographisch bearbeitet,’
Bruxelles, 1909-1918 (second part of fase. 16 not yet issued).

(66) Martin, René.—* Contribution & l'étude des Névroptéres d’Afrique-
1. Les Lestes d’Afrique,” ‘ Ann, Soc. ent. France,’ 79, pp. 82-95, 1910.

(67) Ris, F.—‘ Uber einige afrikanische Arten der Aeschninen-Gattung
Anax,” ‘ Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg.,’ 55, pp. 820-3824, 1911.

(68) Kennepy, C. H.—* Notes on the Penes of Zygoptera (Odonata). No. 3,
The Penes in Neoneura and Related Genera,” ‘ Ent. News,’ xxviil, pp. 289-294.
t. 21-23, 1917.

(69) Sséstept, Yneve.—* Odonaten aus Madagaskar eingesammelt von
Dr. W. Kandern,” ‘ Arkiv. f. Zool.,’ xi, No. 18, pp. 12, t. 1, 1917.

(70) Idem.—< Odonaten aus Abessinien, Ost- und Westafrika,” «ibid., xi,
No. 14, pp. 27, t. 5, 1917.

Note on the Life-history of Chlorolestes conspicua.—By K. H. Barnarp,
M.A., F.L.S., Assistant Director.

AurnoucnH this species is common near the mountain streams on
Table Mountain and the Hottentots Holland Mountains, I have only
once observed the method of oviposition, namely in one of the well-
wooded kloofs in the latter mountains. The female was seen (March,
1919) puncturing the young green shoots of the trees (Ilex capensis)
overhanging and about five feet above the stream.

Asa rule about five or six punctures are made at intervals of one-
eighth of an inch or so along the twig, but without any great regularity.
These punctures cause slight gall-like swellings, and the old ones are

4.46 Annals of the South African Museum.

observable for some little distance up the branches. Only a single
ego is laid in each puncture.

Tn localities where there are no overhanging trees the eggs must be
deposited in the stalks of rushes, small bushes, ete., but I have not yet
succeeded in finding any in such situations.

The larva grows to a length of about 35 mm., and is brown or
greeny-brown, more or less mottled with darker and lighter patches.
The caudal gills have a broad transverse dark band across the middle.

The body is slender. Eyes very prominent. Pedicel of antenna
slender and elongate. Labium extending back to bases of second pair
of legs; mentum oblong, narrowine posteriorly, median lobe not very

Chlorolestes conspicua.

Larva, mask and caudal gill. Twig showing punctures for insertion of eggs.
All enlarged.

prominent, bilobed with rather deep almost closed cleft; lateral lobes
moderately slender, ending in two teeth, the inner longer than the
outer, movable hook long and slender; no mental or lateral setae.
Lees slender. Abdomen strongly keeled laterally. Caudal gills
simple, broadly ovate, apically rounded, secondary tracheae oblique.

In habits the larva lives very openly and swims freely, preferring a
clear stony or sandy bottom with not too much vegetation.

The similarity of the larva to that of Synlestes is apparent, and fully
confirms the correctness of Ris’ proposal (supra, p. 268), based on the
wing structure of the imago, to remove Chlorolestes from the Agrionidae
and to place it in the Lestidae.

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa.

A.

Abbotti (Orthetrum) .
acaciae (Pseudagrion)
Acisoma

AESCHNINAE

Aeschna

Agriocnemis .
AGRIONIDAE
AGRIONINAE

albipuncta (Hemistiema)
Allocnenvis

amicus (Lestes)
Anaciaeschna

Anax : :
angolense ene!)
ANISOPTERA

annulata (‘Tr CAiay.
ardens (Trithemis)
arteriosa (Trithemis) .
ascalaphoides (Acisoma)
asperipes (Porpax)
assignata (Urothemis)
aureola (‘Trithemis)

Be

basilaris (Tramea)
brachiale (Orthetrum)
Brachythemis
Bradinopyga

C.
caffrum (Orthetrum) .
caffrum (Pseudagrion)
caligata (Libellago)
CALOPTERYGIDAE
capense (Orthetrum) .
Ceratogomphus
Ceriagrion
Chalcostephia

INDEX.
PAGE
Chlorocnemis
397 | Chlorolestes .
308 | chrysostigma (Geeteaay!
407 clymene (Macromia)
356 | cognatus (Mesogomphus)
361 | conspicua (Chlorolestes)
335 | CoRDULINAE
266 | coronata (Chalenseenies)
288 | cornuta (Bradinopyga)
405 | Crenigomphus
289 | Crocothemis .
275 |
365 | D.
367 deceptor (Palpopleura)
302 | Diplacodes
337 | Disparoneura
426 | Distanti (Tr ighowis)) -
426 | divisa (Crocothemis) .
425 | dorsalis (Helothemis) .
408
406 E
4g Edwardsi (Urothemis)
427 | elongatum (Enallagma)
| elpidius (Mesogomphus)
| Hnallagma
_ | ephippiger (Homans)
435 a
aa) | payee (Crocothemis)
| exilis (Agriocnemis)
416 aug tae Neale
exilis (Diplacodes)
4.14.
Ry
farinosum (Orthetrum)
395 fasciata (Chlorolestes)
301 fenestrina (Rhythemis)
262 | flavescens (Pantala)
261 flavifrons (Chalcostephia) .
399 Fonscolombei (Sympetrum)
354 | fractum (Enallagma)
314 Fuelleborni (Olpogastra)
404 | furcigerum (Pseudagrion) .

447

PAGE
291
279
396
381
347
280
374
405
414.
300
410

404
409
293
4.27
412
419

4.36
324
346
317
373
414
409

401
284
433
431
405
417
329
431
300

448

G.
georgius (Anax) .
glabrum (Ceriagrion) .
glaucum (Enallagma)
GOMPHINAE.
gvuineense (Orthetr a
Gynacantha

Tel.
Hageni (Mesogomphus)
Hartmanni (Crenigomphus)
Helothenis
Hemianax
Hemistigma .

ictericus (Lestes)
icteromelas (Orthetrum)
imperator (Anax)
iridipennis (Phaon)
Ischnura

J.

Jonesi (Notiothemis) .
jucunda (Palpopleura)

K.
Kirbyi (Trithemis)

Ib

Lefebvrei (Diplacodes)
Lestes .

Lestinae

leucosticta (atioonsese)
leucosticta (Brachythemis)
Libellago

LIBELLULIDAE
LIBELLULINAE

limbata (‘Tramea)
longicauda (Chlorolestes)
lucia (Palpopleura)
lugubris (Olpogastra) .
luminans (Philonomon)

M.

Macromia
manderica (Gy Racha)

PAGE

371
314
326
338
398
358

|

344 |

350
419
372

405 |

270

395 |

368
264:

390
404.

Annals of the South African Museum.

mariposa (Rhythemis)
Marshalli (Chlorocnemis)
massaicum (Pseudagrion) .
mauricianus (Anax) .
Mesogomphus

Metacnemis . c
minuscula (Aeschna) .
mutata (Disparoneura)

N.

natalense (Pseudagrion)

_ natalensis (Pseudomacromia)

nigridorsum (Enallagma) .
Notiothemis .

O.
ochraceus (Lestes)
Olpogastra
Onychogomphus
Orthetrum

Pe

Palpopleura .

panorpoides (einen)
Pantala

Peringueyi (Cilorslestcsye

| Phaon .
426

Philonomon .

_ picta (Macromia)

| pictus (Ceratogomphus)

plagiatus (Lestes)
pluvialis (Trithemis) .

7 | Podogomphus

Porpax

praetextatum (Pecadner son)
praetorius (Podogomphus) .
Pseudagrion .

Pseudomacromia .

R.

rezia (Tethriamanta) .
Rhythemis

| rotundipenne ( Hallae ema)

8.

| salisburyense (Pseudagrion)

sanguinolenta (Crocothemis)

red

The Odonata or Dragonflies of South Africa.

saxicolor (Crocothemis)
schultzei (Enallagma)
semihyalina (Rhythemis)
senegalensis (Ischnura)
sinuatum (Enaliagma)
Sjéstedti (Pseudagrion)
speratus (Anax) .
stemmale (Orthetrum)
stictica (‘Trithemis)
suave (Ceriagrion)
subtile (Enallagma)

subfurcatum (Enallagma) .

subpupillata (Aeschna)

supinus (Onychogomphus) .

Sympetrum .

Ane
tessellata (Chlorolestes)

Tethriamanta
thetis (Macromia)

torrida (Pseudomacromia) .

Tramea é ; ;
triangulifera (Anaciaeschna)
trinacria (Orthetrum) .
tristis. (Anax)

Trithemis

U.

umbrata (Chlorolestes)
uncifer (Lestes) .
Urothemis

V.
valida (Metacnemis)

villosa (Gynacantha) .
virgatus (Lestes)

Vive
wahlbergi (Lestes)

Z.

ZYGOPTERA .

450 Annals of the South African Mnseum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES V—XII.

PLATE V.
FIG,
1. Hemianiax ephippiger. Venation of Anisoptera. Lettering of veins in front

wing, of spaces in hind wing. C.Costal. Sc. Subcostal. R+M. Common
stalk of radial and medial. Cu. Common stalk of cubital. A. Anal.
R. Radial. Rs. radial sector. Rsa Second branch of radial sector (in
Aeschnine). Rspl. Radial supplement. B. Bridge from base of radial
sector to medial. 1/,-,. Common stalks and branches of medial. Mspl.
Medial supplement. Cw, and 5. Branches of cubitus. Ang. Antenodal
cross-veins. Pnq. Postnodal cross-veins. Are. Arculus. MWod. Nodus.
Pt. Pterostigma. c. Costal. sc. Subcostal. m. Medial. cu. Cubito-anal.
t. Triangle. ht. Supra-triangle. al. Divisions of analloop. df. Discoidal
field. mbr. Membranula. A,-3. Branches of anal vein in hind wing.
Oblv. Oblique vein at distal end of bridge, bridge between © and ©.

2. Metacnemis valida. Venation of Zygoptera. Lettering asin fig.1. <A part
of anal vein between petiole of wing and Cus. Q. Quadrangle.

PA ve

FIG,

1. Libellula fulva. Nymph (European). Tracheation in nodal region:
origin and crossing of Rs, and formation of bridge.

2. Libellula fulva. Nymph. ‘Tracheation in triangular region: inflection of
cubital fork (front wing).

3. Libellula fulva. Nymph. ‘Tracheation in trangular region: inflection of
cubital fork (hind wing).

4. Calopteryx virgo. Nymph (European). Tracheation: absence of radial
crossing and inflection of cubital fork (left side).

5. Ischnura elegans. Nymph (European). ‘T'racheation: reduced form of
zygopterous venation (right side).

6. Libellago caligata. M’Fongosi. Upper g, lower ?.

7. Phaon iridipennis. g. Natal.

8. Lestes plagiatus. 9. M’Fongosi.

PLATE VIL.

FIG.

1. Chlorolestes conspicua. g. Cape.

2. 5 AA . &. Cape.

3. % peringueyi. fg. Ceres.

4. s fasciata. fg. Albert District.
5. “A tessellata. g. Cape.

6. a longicauda. g. M’Fongosi.

The Odonata

FIG.
7. Allocnemis lewcosticta.

8. Chlorocnemis marshalli.
9. Disparoneura mutata.
10. Metacnemis valida.

P-

or Dragonflies of South Africa. 451

¢. Barberton.
é. Mazoe.
2. M’Fongosi.
King Williamstown.

PATE avenue

Retendayrion natalense. ¢. M’Fongosi.

2. Podogomphus praetorius. g. M’Fongosi.
3. Mesogomphus cognatus. g. M’Fongosi.

4. Crenigomphus hartmanni. ¢. M’Fongosi.
5. Onychogomphus supinus. g. Barberton.
6. Ceratogomphus pictus. 9. Waterval.

7. Gynacantha manderica. @. Salisbury.

8. Aeschna subpupillata. ¢. Stutterheim.
9, Anaciaeschna triangulifera. 9. Harrar.
10. Macromia picta. ¢. Durban.

PLATE IX.

Me Paitagom phus praetorius. g. M’Fongosi. Thoracic pattern, diagrammatic.

2. Mesogomphus hageni. g¢. Waterval. Thoracic pattern, diagrammatic.

oe % elpidius. @. M’Fongosi. Thoracie pattern, diagrammatic.

A. Ss cognatus. g. M’Fongosi. 'Thoracic pattern, diagrammatic.

5. Crenigomphushartmanni. g¢ M’Fongosi. Thoracic pattern, diagrammatic.

6. Onychogomphus supinus. g. Barberton. Thoracic pattern, diagrammatic.

7. Ceratogomphus pictus. ¢@. Waterval. ‘Thoracic pattern, diagrammatic.
PLATE X.

FIG,

1. Macromia picta. 9. Kranspoort.

2. Macromia thetis. 9. Barberton.

3. f clymene. ¢. Kapiri.

4. Orthetrum stemmale capense. ¢. M’Fongosi.

5. Palpopleura lucia. ¢. M’Fongosi.

6. ih A 2. Lorenco Marques. ‘Type form.

tie a 5 g. M’Fongosi. var. portia.

8. a oe 2. M’Fongosi. Form corresponding to g portia.

gh 3 jucunda. g. M’Fongosi.

10 + Ff 9. M’Fongosi.

11. Hemistigma albipuncta.

. Hemistigma albipuncta.

g. Lorengo Marques.

PLATE XI.

(@)

2. Lorenco Marques.

2. Acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides. ¢. Lorengo Marques.
3. Crocothemis sanguinolenta. ¢. M’Fongosi.

4. Sympetrum fonscolomber. g. Cape 'Town,

5. Trithemis Distanti. ¢. Dunbrody.

6. Rhyothemis mariposa. fg. Otiembora.

is an semihyalina. g. Inhambane.

8. Urothemis edwardsi. @. Inhambane.

Annals of the South African Museum.

PLATE XII.

Nymph (European).

. Platycnemis pennipes. Nymphs (austen

. Gomphus pulchellus. Nymph (European).

. Anax imperator. Nymph (European).

. Orthetrum cancellatum. Nymph (European).
. Sympetrum striolatum. Nymph (European).

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. Vol. XVIII. Plate V.

SoutH AFRICAN ODONATA.

Adlard & Son & West Newman, Ltd.

Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus. Vol. X VIII.

SoutH AFRICAN

Plate VI.

ODONATA.

Adlard & Son & West Newman, Ltd.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. Vol. X VIII. Plate VIL.

10

SoutH AFRICAN OpONATA.

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SourH AFRICAN ODONATA.

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SoutH AFRICAN OpONATA.

Adlard 4 Son 4&- West Newman, Ltd,

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. Vol. X VIII. Plate X

SoutH AFRICAN ODONATA.

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Ann. S. Afr. Mus. Vol. X VIII. Plate XI.

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SoutH AFRICAN ODONATA.

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SoutH AFRICAN ODONATA.

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( 453 )

6.—South African Crustacea (Part XI of S.A. Crustacea, for the
Marine Investigations of South Africa).—By the Rev. Tuomas
R. R. Stessine, M.A., F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S., Fellow of King’s
College, London, Hon. Memb. of New Zealand Inst., Hon. Fellow
of Worcester College, Oxford.

(Plates XITIJ-XX of Vol. XVIII. Plates CVIII-CXV of Crustacea.)

THe fourteen species here considered are distributed over nine
families. Six of the species are regarded as new, one of them seeming
to require anew genus. The details supplied in the plates for Hucrate
affinis, Haswell, and Penaeus longicornis (Olivier) may claim to be of
scientific interest, although the specific names have been previously
published. In the case of Olivier’s species the name is a revival.
Also under the heading of the genus Hbalia opportunity has been
taken for rectifying some ancient misstatements in nomenclature.
The name of the new genus Mawillothriz asks attention to the equip-
ment of the vibratory lamina of the second maxilla, which often passes
unnoticed, probably for two reasons, one being its usual uniformity,
the other the difficulty of obtaining it undamaged in the manipulation
of small Malacostraca.

BRACHYURA.
Trips OXY RRAY NCHA.
Famity INACHIDAE.

Gen. ACHAEOPSIS, Stimpson.

1857. Achaeopsis, Stimpson, Pr. Ac. Sci. Philad., vol. 9, p. 219.
1910. 5 and Dorynchus, Stebbing, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. 6,
p- 285.

ACHAEOPSIS SPINULOSUS, Stimpson, 1857.

(See these Annals, vol. 6, p. 285, and add—

1911. Achaeopsis spinulosus, Rathbun, Tr. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2,
vol. 14, p. 247.)
29

454

Annals of the South African Museum.

Miss Rathbun notes that A. spinulosus has shorter legs than
A. thomsoni (Norman), and that in the former “there is no
indication in description or figure of the terminal spine on the
merus joints.” A female specimen laden with eggs agrees in
these respects with A. spinulosus. Its mouth-organs are the
same as those of A. thomsoni.

Locality. 34°65’ S.18., 25° 43’ E,; depth 52 fathoms. A 1437
and (juv.?) Pt. Shepstone, W.N.W., 2 miles; depth 24 fathoms.
A 1486.

Famity BLASTIDAE.

Gren. BLASTUS, Leach.

1814. Blastus, Leach, Edinb. Encycl., vol. 7, p. 431.

This generic name, with Pennant’s Cancer tetraodon as type of
the genus, has page precedence of Pisa.

BLAsTUS FASCICULARIS (Krauss).

1843. Pisa fascicularis, Krauss, Siidafrik. Crust., p.50, pl. 3, figs. 5, a—d.
1910.2 ...; . Stebbing, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. 6, p. 288.

A male specimen of this little species was obtained by Mr.
K. H. Barnard, “ washed up on Durban beach.” <A 2251.

It differs from the description given by Krauss only in having
the fingers of the chelipeds comparatively short. His figures of
the large smooth hands leave this character indefinite. Krauss
attributes the genus Pisa to de Haan instead of Leach, who
regarded it as distinct from his own genus Blastus.

GEN. EURYNOME, Leach, 1814.
(See these Annals, vol. 6, 1910, pp. 288, 289.)

EURYNOME ELEGANS, 0. sp.

Plate CVILI.

This graceful form, a female carrying numerous brown eggs, was
unfortunately devoid of both chelipeds. Nevertheless it shows some
sufficiently. distinctive features. It is nearly allied to Hurynome
longimanus, Stimpson, 1857, redescribed and rather obscurely figured
in his posthumous work, edited by Miss Rathbun in 1907. The

South African Crustacea. 455

proportion of breadth to length of carapace is there given as 1 : 1°38,
no doubt including in the length the divergent horns. In our
specimen the breadth is rather less than 7 mm., with a length, not
including the horns, somewhat over 8 mm. The eyes are light orange,
not black, as in Stimpson’s species. In place of the five teeth on the
branchial region there are here a convex row of five little nodules.
The ambulatory hmbs have each a thin blade-like carina on the fourth
joint, not toothed as in Stimpson’s species. This transparent carina
differs much from the rugosity found in other species of the genus.
- I have figured both mandibles to show that they are not absolutely
alike, one having a projecting tooth, which is wanting in the other.
Locality. Cape Vidal, N.N.E. + N. 95 miles, Zululand; depth
80 fathoms, whence the specimen was obtained by s.s. ‘‘ Pieter Faure.”
A 1610.

Famity PARTHENOPIDAE.
Gren. PLATYLAMBRUS, Stimpson, 1871.

PLATYLAMBRUS QUEMVIS, Stebbing.
(See Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 5, pl. 1; 1917.)

A specimen somewhat larger than that previously described has a
wider trilobed pleon, presumably due to a more advanced age. It
was taken in Natal waters, Tongaat River, N.W. by N. 3 N. 53 miles;
depth 50 fathoms. <A 384.

Trine CYCLOMETOPA.
Famity XANTHIDAE.

Gen. ACTAEFA, de Haan, 1833.
(See these Annals, vol. 6, pt. 4, p. 298; 1910.)

ACTAEA HIRSUTISSIMUS (Riippell).

18380. Xantho hirsutissimus, Riippell, 24 Krabben roth. Meeres, p. 26,
pl. 5, fig. 6, pl: 6, fio" 2.
1838. Cancer (Actaea) hirsutissimus, de Haan, Crust. Japon., decas 1,
p- 18.

456 Annals of the South African Museum.

1834. Xantho hirtissimus, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. 1, p. 389.

1898. Actaea hirsutissima, Alcock, J. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, vol. 67, pt. 2,
pp. 138, 141 (with synonymy).

1907. ” f Rathbun, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 35,
p- 42.

Milne Edwards, no doubt accidentally, transposes his references
to Riippell’s hirsutissimus and asper. Targioni Tozzetti, 1877,
studies the genus elaborately under the name Actea.

Two specimens of this extremely hirsute species were obtained
by Mr. Keppel Barnard at Mozambique. The carapace of the
larger is 18 mm. broad and the fingers of the chelipeds are black.
In the smaller specimen, with carapace about 9 mm. broad, the
fingers of the chelipeds are quite pale. A 2207.

Gren. GALENE, de Haan.
1833. Galene, de Haan, Crust. Japon., decas 1, p. 19.

1852. » Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., vol. 13, pp. 229, 231.

1867. Hurycarcinus, A. M.-Edwards, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 4,
Vol. 7) p.tec0-

LOAD: - Stebbing, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. 6, p. 302.

GALENE NATALENSIS, Krauss, 1843.

Specimens which I refer to this species were obtained by Mr.
Barnard at Delagoa Bay. No one of the authorities which I have
been able to consult explains why Galene should be displaced by the
much later Hurycarcinus. A 2117.

MAXILLOTHRIX, gen. nov.

Inter-orbital front undivided, obtuse-angled. Pleon of both sexes
broad, telson much broader than long. Second antenna with rather
long flagellum. Vibratory lamina of second maxilla carrying elongate
setae. Fourth joint of second maxilliped long and tapering, sixth
larger than either fifth or seventh. Third maxilliped having the broad
fourth joint not much shorter than the third, with the fifth attached
to its antero-interior angle, the sixth joint much smaller than either
the fifth or seventh.

The generic name, a hybrid, from maxilla and pif, refers, as above
mentioned, to an unusual feature in the second maxillae.

South African Crustacea. 457

MAXILLOTHRIX ACTAEIFORMIS, 0. sp.
Plate CIX.

In general aspect approaching Actaea hirsutissimus, having its
numerous tubercles surmounted by tufts of light-coloured, rather
stout setae. The inter-orbital front is not notched. and when its
contour is brought into view the lower margin of the orbit becomes
visible, portions of both pairs of antennae are in view, and the terminal

joints of the large third maxillipeds obtrude themselves, all together

making a picture difficult to represent distinctly. The antero-lateral
margins are divided into four lobules, followed by a very small one
which withdraws to the slightly convex postero-lateral margin. In
the male pleon the second segment is wider than the third, from which,
contrary to custom, the pleon widens slightly to the broad telson. Of
this the hind margin is bluntly triangular in the male, but rounded in
the female, the whole pleon fringed with setae in both sexes. In both
the segments between the second and sixth present obscure delimita-
tion. The male appendage of the large specimen was unfortunately
lost during manipulation, and that figured on a larger scale is from a
smaller specimen.

The flagellum of the second antenna is as long as the peduncle.
The eyes have pale orange corneae. In the second maxillae the

vibratory lamina carries at the lower end three very unequal but all

very long setae—a striking contrast to the species here assigned to
Nursia, in which this apparatus has no setae at all, but reminiscent of
the preduced lower setae in Rhynchocinetes typus and of the long spine
in Awius longispina, recently described in these Annals (vol. 17,
pt. 4).* The principal joints of the third maxillipeds in the largest
specimen retained longitudinal stripes of orange and white. The
lower border of hand and thumb in the chelipeds is white and
polished, with a broad serrate apex overlapped by the obtuse-ended
finger, the curvature of which leaves a gap between it and the thumb.
The close matting of the palm above is in striking contrast with the
smooth lower border. The ambulatory limbs are very hirsute, with
the unguis small and curved. Carapace of largest male, 14 mm.
broad, 12 mm. long; smaller male, 9 mm. broad, 7°5 mm. long.

* In his ‘ Catal. Indian Decapod Const.,’ 1901, pl. A, Alcock shows two long
terminal sete on the second maxille of his Homola andamamnicus, but does not
notice them in the text. In 1882 S. I. Smith had called attention to the
remarkable length of the sete in question in a species of Eumversia (Nemato-
carcinus). Bate, ‘Challenger Macrura,’ p. 768, 1888, notes this as a character
of his genus Campylonotus.

458 Annals of the South African Museun.

Locality. Umblangakulu River, N.W. by N., 7 miles; depth
50 fathoms, Natal. A 839.

Tribe CATOMETOPA.
Famity GONEPLACIDAR.
Gen. EUCRATE, de Haan, 1835.

EvucratE AFFINIS, Haswell.
Plate CX.

This species has recently been discussed in these Annals, vol. 17,
p- 238, from a small and very imperfect specimen. The opportunity
has now occurred of comparing better and larger specimens, one of
each sex, the female having the carapace 15 mm. broad at the third
antero-lateral tooth, with a length of 12 mm., the male carapace
measuring 11 mm. in breadth with a length slightly over 8 mm.
Some interesting differences may be observed between the second
maxillae and third maxillipeds of this species and the corresponding
parts of Pachygrapsus polyodous. Both the specimens of Eucrate were
collected in Durban waters, the male coming from the Durban Museum,
the female from the South African. A 3939. :

Famity GRAPSIDAE.

(See these Annals, vol. 6, pt. 4, p. 316, and add—
1918. Grapsidae, Rathbun, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bulletin No. 97, p. 224.)

Gren. PACHYGRAPSUS, Randall, 1839.

(See these Annals, vol. 6, p. 319, and add—
Pachygrapsus, Rathbun, as above, p. 240.)

The new species requires a slight modification of the generic
account given by Miss Rathbun, as that account admits only a
maximum of three antero-lateral teeth on each side of the sub-
quadrate carapace, while here there are distinctly four.

PACHYGRAPSUS POLYODOUS, N. sp.
Plate CXI.

The character just mentioned, though found in other Grapsoid
genera, 1s apparently unique among the known species of Pachy-

South African Crustacea. 459

grapsus. The carapace of the single specimen, a male, measures
22 mm. in breadth by 18 mm. in length. The finely-granulated,
nearly straight frontal piece between the orbits is approximately half
the total breadth of the front. It has a small median notch. The
greatest breadth of the carapace is at the third antero-lateral tooth.
The succeeding tooth is much the smallest. The telson is triangular,
broader than long. The third maxillipeds, which stood far apart,
have the fourth joint broader than long, much shorter than the third,
and the sixth joint shorter than the fifth or the seventh. The
chelipeds are notable for the strikingly dentate carinae of the fourth
joint, to which allusion is made in the specific name, from the Greek
mvavedous, many-toothed. The fingers, especially of the larger chela,

‘have the confronting margins denticulate so as to close pretty closely

together, both hands and fingers having various grooves and much
eranular ornamentation. The ambulatory limbs are closely alike in
structure, except that the first and last are shorter than the two inter-
mediate pairs. In all the fourth joint has a single distal tooth, the
sixth has some short marginal spines and the seventh several marginal
groups of stiff setae.

Locality. Umblangakulu River, N.W. by N., 7 miles; depth
50 fathoms. A 851.

Trine OXYSTOMATA.
(See these Annals, vol. 6, p. 333; 1910.)

Famity LEUCOSIIDAE.
(See these Annals, vol. 6, p. 335; 1910.)

Gren. EBALIA, Leach, 1817.

(See references above, p. 337, and add—
1837. Hbalia, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. 2, pl. 128.
1837. a M. Edwards, Régne anim. Cuvier, explic. pl. 24.)

In the plate just mentioned Milne Edwards well exhibits the
difference between the third maxillipeds of Hbalia and Philyra.
But he calls one species Ebalia brayerii, Leach, thus misspelling
E. bryerii, the name which Leach wrongfully substituted for the
species called by Montagu Cancer tumefactus. There is an
obyious confusion in the numbering of Montagu’s figures. This,
however, in no way justified Leach in supposing that Montagu had

460 Annals of the South African Museum.

confused his new species with Cancer tuberosus, Pennant, since
Montagu is careful to explain why this confusion could not arise.
The other species which Milne Edwards has usefully dealt with
in the Atlas of the ‘Réegne animal’ has likewise experienced
some mystification in its specific name. Milne Edwards gives
it as Philyra globulosa, Leach. Now if Herbst can be trusted
Fabricius in the ‘ Syst. Ent.,’ 1775, described a species as Cancer
globus. At any rate he gives this name in the ‘ Species Insec-
torum,’ vol. 1, p. 497, 1781. But in ‘Ent. Syst.,’ 1793, he
changes the name to Cancer globosus, and wrongfully claims
Herbst as having agreed in the change. In the‘ Suppl. Ent.
Syst., 1798, the name is further changed to Leucosia globosa,
which Milne Edwards in 1857 erroneously quotes as Leucosia
globulosa and proceeds to assign Philyra globulosa to Leach in
place of Philyra globosa for which he was in fact responsible,
whereas the correct name is Philyra globus (Fabricius). From
this the following new species, though similar in general aspect,
is generically separated by the third maxillipeds. The specific
name is a Latin word signifying a ball of thread. In its own
genus the species makes some approach to Ebalia diadumena,
Alcock, 1876, but is distinguished from it by much greater size,
deeper emargination of the front, median tooth of the hind
margin of the carapace, fingers of the chelipeds as long as the
palms.
Aleock, relying in part on de Man’s researches, divides Cancer
globus into two species, naming the female Philyra globosa, the male
Philyra globulosa.

EBALIA GLOMUS, Nl. Sp.

Plate CXII.

The specimens to which I give this name deserve it, more especially
in the female sex, which roll about in an aggravating manner after
they have shed their limbs, as they thoughtlessly do. Besides the
difficulty which this instability causes in dissection of the delicate
mouth-organs, it has an indirect effect in exhibiting the surface of
this miniature globe so differently according to the angle of observation,
that figures of two views might be supposed to represent two distinct
species. The carapace of the female figured measured 8°5 mm. at the
broadest part, with a median length about the same. The carapace
of the male measured 6 mm. in breadth and the same in length. The

South African Crustacea. 461

difference in globosity of the two sexes is chiefly due to the great
breadth and convexity of the female pleon with its multitude of small
eges, while the male pleon is narrow and not inflated. In each sex the
ventral surface of the body has a strip of tubercles on either side of
the tightly folded pleon. In the female the segments 3 to 6 are
consolidated, in the male only 3 to 5. In both the telson is very small,
that of the female partially immersed in the preceding segment, in the
male not so, but fringed with setules, and having ventrally at the base
an opaque white crescent-shaped process, of which the attachment
could not be determined as between the preceding segment and the
telson.

The front of the carapace is emarginate. Then comes a deep
depression between two eminences just behind the orbits. The
carapace then widens, with a large tubercle near each margin, and
further back has a median pair, to the rear of which in the actual
middle is a very large tubercle flanked by less considerable promi-
nences, and followed by another large tubercle midway between it and
the hind margin. This forms a very obtuse angle marked by a
small tooth, with similar teeth at each extremity. Most of the surface
is diversified with granules, which are displayed according to the
magnification employed or the particular incidence of the light.

The triangular fourth joint of the third maxillipeds is not very much
shorter than the preceding joint, and the exopod, though broad, is not
extravagantly widened. The fingers of the chelipeds are as long as
the palms, and have minutely interlocking teeth towards the extremities
of their confronting margins. The delicate long-fingered ambulatory
limbs were present only on the male example.

Locality. Natal waters, Umbloti River, N.N.W. 14 miles; depth
27 fathoms. A 503.

Gen. NURSIA, Leach, 1817.

(See these Annals, vol. 17, p. 246, 1920, and add—
1915. Nursia, Balss, Decapoden rot. Meeres, vol. 51, pt. 2, p. 17.)

NURSIA POSTULANS, D. sp.
Plate CXIII.

Among several examples or varieties of the form already described
as Nursia scandens, one specimen seems to claim specific distinction
by the characters of the carapace and pleon. The front is slightly
emarginate, the hind margin strongly bilobed, behind a large blunt

462 Annals of the South African Museum.

median tubercle. A little behind the centre of the carapace is a nearly
straight transverse row of three tubercles, and in advance of these a
pair. The margins are diversified by a concavity behind the orbits,
followed by an oblique dine, beyond which the carapace rather abruptly
widens with a broad curve gradually sloping to the posterior lobes ; the
margin almost throughout finely granular or denticulate. The pleon
has a narrowly triangular telson, fully twice as long as the small sixth
segment, which hasa roughened surface; the three preceding segments
consolidated, but widening successively forward in a conspicuous
manner. The character of the male appendage is shown in the
figures. That which appears remarkable in this species and in Nursia
scandens is that the vibratory lamina of the second maxilla is quite
devoid of the customary fringe of sete (notably developed in Humuversia
ensifer, 8.1. Smith, see ‘ Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl.,’ vol. 10, No. 1, p. 78,
pl. 13, fig. 4, 1882, and in Microprosthema crassimanus, Richters, see
Balss, ‘ Dee. rot. Meeres,’ p. 34, fig. 27,1915). Like the first and second
maxillipeds this maxilla is remarkably delicate, and the specific name
is an appeal for further light on these organs in other members of the
family. Characters of the carapace make me doubtful as to whether
Tam justified in allotting the species here described to the genus
Nursia.

Locality. Cape Natal, W. by N.? N. 11 miles; depth 184 fathoms.
A 502.

BRACHYURA ANOMALA.

Famity DROMIIDAE.

Gen. EUDROMIA, Henderson.

(See these Annals, vol. 17, p. 253; 1920.)

EUDROMIA HENDERSONI, 0. sp.
Plate CXIV.

The new species, named after Prof. J. R. Henderson, who instituted
the genus, is distinguished from the type species, H. frontalis, by the
character of the front, by the absence of the ‘‘ prominent blunt spine”
from the lateral borders, by the comparative robustness of the
chelipeds with differing details, and by differences in the small fourth

South African Crustacea. 463

and fifth peraeopods, so far as can be judged from the figures in the
“Challenger” report. In our specimen the two lobes of the well-
produced front are contiguous instead of presenting a deep concavity,
nor is there anything corresponding to the lobe on either side * directed
almost vertically upwards.” The pleon of the female is devoid of the
overlapping lateral processes found in H. frontalis. On the other
hand, there are many points of agreement with that species: the
produced front, making the length of the carapace greater than the
breadth, the sulci of the female meeting in a tubercle between
the bases of the chelipeds, the scarcely projecting eyes (of which the
fizure shows the peculiar shape and feeble cornea), the large first
antennae, and the character of the nearly similar second and third
peraeopods contrasted with the dwarf-fingered two following pairs.
The carapace shows strong depressions postero-laterally for the recep-
tion of the hinder peraeopods. Its greatest breadth is 12 mm., with
median length 13 mm.

Locality. Seal Island, N.W. 4 W. 7 miles; depth 19 fathoms.
A 813.

MACRURA.
Trine PHNAHIDEA.
Famity PENAEIDAE.

Gren. PENAEUS, J. C. Fabricius.
PENAEUS LONGICORNIS (Olivier).

Plate CXV.

1825. Palaemon longicornis, Olivier, Encyl. Méth., vol. 10, p. 662
[M. Edwards ].
1837. Penaeus indicus, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. 2, p. 415.

This species has been already discussed in the ‘Annals of the
Durban Museum,’ vol. 1, pt. 5, p. 443, under the heading of
P. indicus var. longirostris, de Man. It now seems to me that
de Man’s longirostris is the original P. indicus, as shown by the
resemblance to Olivier’s longicornis which Milne Edwards specifies.
As in that case the varietal name must be dropped, the acceptance

464

Annals of the South African Museum.

of Olivier’s specific name will not be unreasonable.
indicus by several years.

It anticipates

The male specimen of which the petasma is figured has six
ventral spines on the rostrum; the total length of the specimen
is a little under 4 in., the carapace with rostrum measuring
50 mm., the sharply carinate sixth pleon segment 15 mm. and the
suleate telson 14 mm. The somewhat larger female specimen,
from which all the other figures are drawn to a uniform scale of
magnification, has only five ventral spines on the rostrum. The
greater prolongation of the rostrum in young as compared with
older specimens may be correlated with some requisite of defence
which ceases with increasing size and strength.

Locality.

green mud. <A 209.

Cape Point, N.E. by E. 36 miles ;

depth 650 fathoms,

The species is also recorded from ‘‘ Umgeni River,” 207, and from

“Umgeni Lagoon,” Durban, taken by T. L. Ruston. AG 1087.
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
A. D.
Achaeopsis - 4538 diadumena (Ebalia) . 460
Actaea - 455 Dorynchus 453
actaeiformis (Maxillothrix), pl. cix 457 | Dyromiidae _ 462
Actea andamanicus (Homola) — . 457
affinis (Eucrate), pl. cx . 458
andamanicus (Homola) . 457 E.
Axius . 457 | Ebalia : . 459
. elegans (Eurynome), pl. evil . 454
B. ensifer (Eumiersia ) . 462
Blastidae . 454 Euerate. . 458
Blastus . . 454 Eudromia . 462
Brachyura_. . 453 | Eumiersia . 462
brayerii (Ebalia) . . 459 | Eurycarcinus . 456
bryerii (Ebalia) 459 Eurynome 454
C.
C mie F.
ampylonotus . 457
Catometopa . 458 fascicularis (Blastus) . 454
crassimanus (Microprosthema) 462 fascicularis (Pisa) . 454
Cyclometopa . : 455 | frontalis (Eudromia) . 462

G,
Galene .

globosa (Leucosia)
globosa (Philyra) .
globosus (Cancer) .
globulosa (Leucosia)
globulosa (Philyra)
globus (Cancer)
globus (Philyra) .
glomus (Ebalia), pl. exii
Goneplacidae ‘
Grapsidae

Jal

hendersoni (Eudromia), pl. exiv
hirsutissima (Actaea) é
hirsutissimus (Cancer), Actaea
hirsutissimus (Xantho)
hirtissimus Cae

Homola . c

Inachidae
indicus (Penaeus) .

‘lire

Leucosia

Leucosiidae . :
longicornis (Palaemon)
longicornis (Penaeus), pl. exv
longirostris (Penaeus) .
longispina (Axius)

M.

Macrura :
Maxillothrix .
Microprosthema

PAGE

. 462
. 456
. 455
. 456
. 456
. 457

. 458
. 463

. 460
. 459
. 463
. 463
. 463
. 457

. 463
. 456
. 462

. 456 |
. 460 —
. 460 |
. 460
. 460
. 460
. 460
. 460
. 460
. 458
. 458

South African Crustacea.

iN:
natalensis (Galene)
Nursia . . ;

O.

Oxyrrhyncha.
Oxystomata .

Pachygrapsus
Parthenopidae
Penaeidae
Penaeidea
Penaeus
Philyra .
Platylambrus F
polyodous (Pachygrapsus), pl. exi
postulans (Nursia), pl. exilia

Q.

quemvis (Platylambrus)

8.

_ scandens (Nursia), pl. exiiis

spinulosus (Achaeopsis)

ay.

tetraodon (Cancer)
thomsoni (Achaeopsis) .
tuberosus (Cancer)
tumefactus (Cancer)

xe

Xanthidae
Xantho

465

PAGE

. 456
. 461

. 453
. 459

. 458
. 455
. 463.
. 463
. 463
. 459

. 455
458

. 461

. 455

466 Annals of the South African Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate XIII. (Crustacea, Plate CVIII.)
Eurynome elegans, n. sp.

n.s. Lines indicating natural size of carapace figured above (breadth
a little exaggerated) with ambulatory limbs on the right.

Pl., oc., a.i., plp. Pleon of the female and one of the pleopods, eye
and second antenna seen from the ventral surface, and of
uniform magnification. The remaining figures on a higher
scale. |

m.,m., mxp. 2, mxp. 3, prp. 4, prp. 5. The two mandibles, second ann
third maxillipeds, fourth and fifth peraeopods.

Pruate XIV. (Crustacea, Plate CIX.)
Mazxillothrix actaeiformis, nu. g. et sp.

n.s. ¢. Lines indicating natural size of adjoining carapace; a male.

Pl. 3,Pl. 9, plp. d. Pleon of male, with male appendage of a smaller
specimen. Pleon of female, like that of the male somewhat
flattened.

oc., a.s.,a.l. Eye, first and second antennae, from the larger male.

m., mx. 2, mxp.2, mxp. 3. Mandible, second maxilla, second and third
maxillipeds, from larger male.

prp. 1, prp. 4. First peraeopod (left cheliped), terminal poEnen of
fourth peraeopod, both from larger male.

Puate XV. (Crustacea, Plate CX.)
Eucrate affinis, Haswell.

ns. 9, ns. d. Lines indicating natural size of carapace of the female
and male specimens, of which parts are figured, all referring
to the female except the pleon of the male.

ear. Part of the carapace, with one of the peraeopods.

Pl. 2. Pleon of female in dorsal view.

prp. 1, prp. 1, prp.5. Hand and finger of smaller cheliped, and the
larger below, and part of the fifth peraeopod. All the fore-
going figures to a uniform scale; the mouth-organs more
highly magnified.

m., mx. 2, mxp. 1, 2,3. A mandible, second maxilla, first, second and
third maxillipeds, the second very incomplete.

Pl. g. Pleon of male, more highly magnified than that of the
female.

South African Crustacea. 467

Puate XVI. (Crustacea, Plate CXI.)
Pachygrapsus polyodous, n. sp.

n.s. Dorsal view of carapace with one peraeopod attached, of the
natural size.

prp. prp.x. The smaller cheliped and a detached ambulatory limb
of the natural size. The other figures are magnified to a
uniform scale.

car. Part of carapace, showing half of interorbital front, eye, and
antero-lateral teeth.

T. The telson, with part of preceding segment.

as.,m.,m. First antenna; the mandibles, figure on left showing the
inner or upper side, that on right the outer or lower side of
the other mandible.

mx. 2, mxp. 8, prp. 1. Second maxilla and third mavyilliped ; fingers
of larger cheliped on left, on right fourth joint and fingers of
the other cheliped.

prp., x. Terminal part of detached limb much enlarged.

Puate XVII. (Crustacea, Plate CXII.)
Ebalia glomus, nu. sp.

ns. 9, ns. ¢. Lines indicating natural size of carapace, female
above.

Pl. ¢, Pl. g. Pleon of female in dorsal aspect, of male in ventral
view.

prp. 1 2, prp.1 ¢. Chelipeds of female and male. All the above
figures to a uniform scale.

mxp.3 9,plp.¢. Third maxilliped of female, pleopod of male to
higher scale.

Pirate XVIIIa. (Crustacea, Plate CXIII4.).

Nursia postulans, n. sp.

n.s. Lines indicating natural size of carapace.

car., prp. 3, prp. 4. Dorsal view of carapace, with third and fourth
peraeopods.

Pl. Pleon more highly magnified, with male appendages below, one
of them still more enlarged, showing shape when flattened.

m., m., mx. 2, mxp. 1, 2, 3. The two mandibles, second maxilla,
and the three maxillipeds all uniform in scale with the more

enlarged male appendage.

468 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pratt XVIIIs. (Crustacea, Plate CXIIIz.)
Nursia scandens, Stebbing.

n.s. Lines indicating natural size of carapace.

Pl. Pleon of female.

mx. 1, mx. 2. First and second maxillae, more highly magnified.
prp. 1. Left cheliped, uniform in scale with the pleon.

Puiate XIX. (Crustacea, Plate CXIV.)

Eudromia hendersoni, n. sp.

n.s. Lines indicating natural size of the female carapace.

ear. Carapace with projecting chelipeds and fifth peraeopod im
position.

Pl. Dorsal view of pleon detached and flattened.

oc.,a.s. Eye and first antenna, magnified in uniformity with the
mouth organs.

m., mx. 1, mx. 2, mxp. 1, 2, 3. Mandible, first maxilla, second
maxilla (incomplete), the three maxillipeds (lobes of the
second detached).

prp. 1, prp. 5. A cheliped and fifth peraeopod.

Piatt XX. (Crustacea, Plate CXV.)
Penaeus longicornis (Olivier).

r. Rostrum with part of carapace magnified.

T. Telson in dorsal view.

oc., a.s. Eye and first antenna.

m., mxp. 2, mxp. 38. Mandible, second and third maxillipeds.
prp. 3. Third peraeopod.

th. Thelycum of female.

pet. Petasma of inale in lateral view and flattened out.

; a ony Sub?

: os Crustacea Plate CVIII.
- Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol. XVII.

Plate XIII.

4
%

: ss
»

2

/y pip. Pl. cue

Del. T.R.R.Stebbing.

Adlard & Son &West Newman Ltd lith.
EURY NOME ELEGANS, n-sp.-

Crustacea Plate CIX.

Ann Sian Mus Viol. XVI.

”

Plate XIV

Adlard & Son & West Newman Ltd lith.

Del. LR.R. Stebdbing.

inlefeh et sp.

>

MAXILLOTHRIX ACTAEIFORMIS

Crustacea Plate CX.
Plate XV.

im. ss
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\\ Be Era bleu A
; (GEE Leh a
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Del. T.R.R.Stebbing. Adlard & Son & West Newman Ltd. lith.

EUCGRATE AFFINIS, Haswell.

ats iy:

wy Meshal
EAa MYL ox
2

Ms daar

Crustacea Plate CXI.
Ann.S.Afr. Mus. Vol. XVIII. Plate XVI.

+“
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Del. T.B.R.Stebbing. Adlard & Son & West Newman Ltd.lith.

IAG YG GAAP Urs 2 OL NZOrmmiOU SS; n.sip.

Crustacea Plate CXII.
Plate AVII.

CCE CX hres

ns.d

f Del. T.R.R.Stebbing. Adlard & Son & West Newman Lid. lith.

BBDATTA CATONMT]&@ mien.

fi . i) ii

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a Crea, Neat i Te ie Na oe ; Pry hy
, vn ‘ K a Ma

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Crustacea Plate CXIIl.
Plate XVII.

.$. Afr. Mus. Vol. XVII.

nh.s.

Del. T.R.R.Stebbing. Adlard & Son & West Newman Ltd. lith.

A, NURSIA POSTULANS,n sp... B,NURSIA SCANDENS.

Crustacea Plate CXIV.
Plate XIX.

St a eee

PW Sele en

~~

Del. TR.A.Stebbing. Adlard & Son & West Newman Ltd lith

EUDROMIA HENDERSONI, nsp.

Crustacea Plate CXV.

Adlard & Son & West Newman Ltd lith.

PENZUS LONGICORNIS (Olivier).

Del. T. RES tebbing.

( 469 )

7.—Additions to the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera), as
represented in the South African Musewm.—By Prof. M. Buzz.

THE Director of the South African Museum has sent me a small
number of Bombyliidae from South-West Africa, obtained after the
publication, on February 21st, 1921, of my memoir. These are now
described. I have also added a few others, sent me by Dr. H. Brauns,
that do not figure in my first list. Some of these will be more fully
described in my forthcoming paper on the African Bombylidae belong-
ing to the Hungarian Museum at Budapest.

BOMBYLIIDAH.
BOMBYLIUS, Linn.

BomBynius PLAGIATUS, N. Sp.

Closely allied to B. acroleucus, Bezzi, and belonging to the same
group, but at once distinguishable by the more slender third antennal
joint and by the wings having the discal cross-vein placed much
beyond the middle of the discoidal cell, and having moreover a broad
fuscous patch ending in a truncate form at the discal cross-vein.

Type Q, one specimen from Delarey (W. Transvaal), January, 1917
(Dr. H. Brauns).

Length of body 9 mm.; of wing 10 mm.

Head and appendages exactly as in B. acroleucus; the third joint
of the antennae is distinctly more slender at its broadest portion and
not broader than the second joint. Thorax as in B. acroleucus, like-
wise with three equal longitudinal stripes of black hairs on the back ;
bristles entirely black. Scutellum, halteres and squamae as in B.
acroleucus; abdomen of a like pattern, consisting of two broad round
white spots on the sides of second and third segment and a smaller
one in the middle; the terminal segments have the median spots more
developed, being thus almost entirely white ; the terminal bristles are
black at base and white at end. Legs as in B. acroleucus; the
wings have the same nervation, but are longer, and therefore the dis-
coidal cell is elongate and the second and third posterior cells shorter ;
the discal cross-vein is placed on the terminal third of the discoidal cell.
There is, moreover, a well-developed pattern, the extreme base to the
basal cross-veins being black as in B. acroleucus; following is a
yellowish patch extending from the costa to the whole of the second
basal cell and filling up the whole of the costal cells; then a broad

30

470 Annals of the South African Museum.

fuscous patch of rectangular shape, extending fromthe face of the second
longitudinal vein to the discal cross-vein and ending there in a straight
line; this fuscous patch extends below a little into the upper part of
the discoidal cell and into the apical part of the second basal cell and
also along the fifth longitudinal vein.

SOSIOMYA, Bezzi.
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., 8, 1921, p. 67.

ADELIDEA (SOBARUS) AND SOSIOMYIA.

It seems that the species of this peculiar South African group are
more numerous than was at present believed. There can be no doubt
that Adelidea fuscipennis, Macquart, is the same insect as Sobarus
anomalus, Wiedemann and Loew, and even as Cyllenia longirostris,
Wiedemann; all three are one species. I have seen, however, two
other species which are certainly different, and therefore I will give
the following key for all the known species.

1 (2). Third antennal joint beset with long bristles above; antennae entirely
black; femora black; tibiae with partly black spicules; wings with a
rounded fuscous spot at end of the anal cell . comata, Bezzi, 1921.

ADELIDEA, Macq.
Bezzi, loc. cit., p. 3.

2 (1). Third antennal joint quite bare above; legs entirely reddish with
quite reddish spicules ; no fuscous spot at end of anal cell.
3 (4). Basal joints of the antennae red ; wings with the anterior half yellowish
and with fuscous spots on cross-veins ; : ruficornis, nN. sp.
4 (8). Antennae entirely black; wings with the anterior half infuscated or
entirely fuscous.
5 (6). Wings with the anterior half infuscated and with fuscous spots on
cross-veins ; discoidal cell much longer than the second posterior cell.
anomala, Wied.*
6 (5). Wings equally and intensively infuscated, not spotted; discoidal cell
only a little longer than the second posterior cell braunsi, n. sp.

ADELIDEA RUFICORNIS, 0. sp.

Closely allied to A. anomala and possibly the unknown female of
this species, but distinguished by the red basal joints of the antennae
and by the not infuscated fore half of wings.

* Of this species I have seen only a rather old male specimen in the British
Museum,

ae aman

Additions to the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 471

One female specimen from Willowmore (Cape), November, 1920
(Dr. H. Brauns).

2. Length of body and wing 8 mm.

Head yellowish, clothed with greyish tomentum, which is darker on
the occiput ; ocellar tubercle blackish; frons about as broad as one
eye, clothed with short pale yellowish hairs, and having 4-5 long
yellowish bristles on each side; face with short whitish hairs, and
with a long mystax of yellowish, bristle-like hairs at mouth border ;
peristome narrow and whitish; beard white; upper occipital hairs
yellowish. Antennae with the 2 basal joints red; the first joint is
slender and long, about three times as long as the second joint,
clothed above with short and below with long yellowish hairs; third
joint black, slender, more slender than the first, as long as the 2 first
joints together, with a short, hair-like terminal style. Palpi blackish,
short; proboscis black, 4 mm. long. Thorax black, clothed with
golden tomentum on the back, and with whitish tomentum on the
pleurae; humeri and notapleural region reddish; a short stripe of
white hairs on the sides above the root of the wings; lateral bristles
long, strong, rather numerous, of a reddish colour, but the postalar
ones are in part blackish; mesopleura with long white hairs and with
a row of yellowish bristles at the hind border; sternopleura with
short white hairs; metapleura bare. Scutellum entirely black, clothed
with golden tomentum, and having 2-3 rows of long blackish bristles
at the hind border. Squamae and halteres whitish, the former with
white frmge. Abdomen black, densely clothed with golden tomentum,
the last segments reddish at hind border; the hairs are short, scarce
and yellowish, but all the segments except the first have a row of
erect blackish bristles at the hind border. Venter reddish, clothed
with whitish tomentum and white hairs, which are denser towards the
sides, forming a white longitudinal stripe on each side. Legs quite
reddish, the last tarsal joint only black at end; coxae white tomentose,

and white pilose; all the bristles of the femora and the spicules of

tibiae are reddish or yellowish, the hind femora having a row of 4-5
below near the end, and another row of 2-3 on the outer side at end.
Claws black and thin, little curved ; pulvilli whitish and shorter than
the claws. Wings yellowish at base and on middle of fore border,
grey on the remainder; the dark spots are on the praefurca, on the
discal cross-vein (the largest of all), on base of cubital fork and on
the apical cross-vein of the second basal cell; 2 less developed spots
are on the apical cross-vein of the discoidal cell and on the external
inner angle of the third posterior cell; there is no trace of fuscous
spot at end of the anal cell. Venation as in A. anomala, with the

472 Annals of the South African Museum.

discoidal cell much longer than the second posterior cell; discal cross-
vein on the last third of the discoidal cell; first posterior cell narrowed
at end, about as broad as the anal cell at end. Basal hook yellowish ;
basal comb small and clothed with yellowish hairs; alula rounded,
yellowish, not fringed. Veins reddish at base, blackened at end.

ADELIDEA BRAUNSI, N. sp.

A small species, at once distinguished by the equally infuscated,
not spotted wings, which have, moreover, a short discoidal cell.

Two 2 specimens from Willowmore (Cape), April, 1920 (collected
by Dr. H. Brauns, in whose honour the species is named).

The present species cannot be the A. fuscipennis of Macquart as
one may conclude from the name, the wings being described as
yellowish at base and dark spotted.

2. Length of body 4-45 mm.; of wing 5-6 mm. Head black,
densely clothed with dark grey dust; occiput with dense yellowish hairs ;
frons broader than one eye, with short black bristles on the sides.
Antennae quite black, the first jomt with scarce black hairs; third
joint as long as the 2 first joints together, with a short black terminal
style. Face rounded, convex, blackish brown, with short blackish
hairs at sides and at mouth border. Palpi black, long; proboscis
black, 3-3°5 mm. long; beard scarce and yellowish. Thorax entirely
black, with reddish humeri; on the back it is clothed with yellowish
tomentum, and has numerous yellowish bristles at sides, the supra-
alar ones being darker; on the pleurae the tomentum is more grey,
and there are yellowish hairs only on the meso- and sternopleura, the
rest being bare. Squamae blackish, with scarce yellowish fringe ;
halteres whitish. Scutellum entirely black and rather shiny, clothed,
like the back of the mesonotum, with several rows of blackish bristles
at hind border. Abdomen entirely black, rather shiny and yellowish
tomentose; first segment with dense white hairs at sides; a row of
blackish thin bristles at hind border of the segments. Venter entirely
black, yellowish tomentose, clothed with dark hairs. Legs reddish,
with black coxae and black tarsi except at base; the femora are
blackened near the base; all the bristles and spicules reddish or
yellowish ; hind femora below without bristles, but with a row of 5-6
at the outer side near the end. Claws reddish, with black tips;
pulvilli short, yellowish. Wings equally and rather intensely infuscated,
almost blackish, without darker spots on cross-veins, but with a
broad whitish praediscoidal spot, which is very striking against the
infuscation. Basal comb not distinct, alula rounded, blackish, without
fringe. Venation as in two preceding species, but the first posterior

Additions to the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 473

cell not narrowed at end, the discal cross-vein placed near the middle
of the discoidal cell, this last cell not much longer than the second
posterior cell, anal cell very broadly open. All the veins are black,
except the first, which is yellowish.*

USIINAE.

CORSOMYZA, Wied.
CorsoMYZA SIMPLEX, Wiedemann, 1820.

A couple of specimens from Willowmore (Cape), September, 1920,
Dr. H. Brauns. The female greatly resembles my Megapalpus fulvi-
ceps and may even be the same.

HYPERUSIA, Bezzi.
HyYPERUSIA MINOR, Bezzi.
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xviii, p. 84.

In the male specimen the anal cell is closed and shortly stalked,
while in the female the same cell is broadly open. This makes the
distinction of H. soror, Bezzi, 1921, very. doubtful. Mafa (Ovambo
Land), February, 1921 (K. H. Barnard).

PHTHIRIINAK.

GONARTHRUS, Bezzi.
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xviii, p. 88.

GONARTHRUS CHIONEUS, Bezzi.

One specimen from Willowmore (Cape), Dr. H. Brauns.

Note.—In my paper, loc cit., p. 4, in the key of genera the name
Pseudoamictus, Big., is used, while on p. 94 I employed the name
Pseudempis. The two names are synonyms, and that of Bigot must
be used because it is a valid one (even if not described), its type-
species having been indicated.

* The above described species have nothing to do with the recently erected
genus Conophorina, Becker, ‘ Entom. Mitteil.,’ ix, 1920, pp. 181-184, figs. 1-3, the
type species of which, C. biceliaris, Becker, was likewise collected near Willow-
more (Cape), by Dr. H. Brauns; it has an incrassated first antennal joint and
only 2 submarginal cells on the wings.

474 Annals of the South African Museum.

TOMOMYZA, Wied.

ToMOMYZA PICTIPENNIS, Bezzi, n. sp.

A very distinct species, resembling a small specimen of Henica, but
belonging to the gen. Tomomyza in its true sense, as indicated in my
key of the genera (‘ Ann.S. Afr. Mus.,’ xvii, p.5). The Mediterranean
species, attributed wrongly to the present genus, must be removed to
Stomylomyia, Big., and belongs to the Lomatiinae.

Several specimens from Willowmore (Cape), December and January,
Dr. H. Brauns ; the species will be more fully described in my paper
on the Bombyliidae of the Hungarian Museum.

CYLLENIINAE.
PANTOSTOMUES, nu. gen.

PANTOSTOMUS GIBBIVENTRIS, Bezzi, n. sp.

A species very distinct on account of its gibbose abdominal seg-
ments. Some specimens from Willowmore (Cape), December and
January, Dr. H. Brauns. The new gen. Pantostomus of the Cyllentinae
agrees with Tomomyza in the absence of ocelli, in the hairy metapleura
and in other characters; but it is at once distinguished by the
face being practically wanting, the mouth-opening extending to the
base of the antennae. Both the new genus and the new species will be
fully described in my forthcoming paper on the Hungarian Museum
material.

HXOPROSOPINAE.
THYRIDANTHRAX, O. Sack.

THYRIDANTHRAX LUTULENTUS, 0. sp.

Near 7. leucoproctus, but distinguished by the greater size, the
dense tufts of yellow hairs on the sides of thorax and by the more
yellowish base of the wings.

Type 2, a single specimen from 8.W. Protectorate, Otjiverongo,
April, 1921 (J. S. Brown).

Q. Length of body 11 mm.; of wing 10 mm. Head’ entirely
black ; occiput with white scales at eye border, chiefly near the
indentation. Frons clothed with short black hairs, more densely
on the anterior half. Face bluntly convex, not much, yet distinctly
prominent, with black hairs at mouth border and with yellowish ones
at sides. Antennae quite black, with the third joint elongate conical.

Additions to the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 475

Proboscis black, not projecting beyond the mouth. Thorax entirely
black, clothed on the back with shining scales, which in certain
lights are whitish, and seems to be disposed in front on three broad
longitudinal stripes; the collar and the sides along the notopleural
lime bear long and dense tufts of golden-yellow hairs; pleurae black,
with like tufts on pro-, meso- and metapleura. Scutellum black,
clothed, like the back of mesonotum, with black bristles at hind
border. Squamae brown, with white fringe; halteres whitish.
Abdomen entirely. black; the hairs of sides are white at base and
black on the remainder; the third segment has a broad, complete,
transverse band of white scales at.the base, and similar bands are to
be seen on the sixth and-seventh segment, the remainder being clothed
with black scales. Venter black; spines of the ovipositor reddish
brown. Legs black, with smooth front tibiae; front tarsi with short
thin hairs ; hind femora with a complete row of bristles below ; spicules
of the 4 posterior tibiae black and long ; hairs of coxae black like all the
others ; claws simple; no pulvilli. Wings proportionately long and
broad ; they are hyaline, iridescent, with yellowish base and with a
faint but distinct yellowish tint along the costal cells and into the
basal cells. The veins are yellow, blackened to the terminal half, but
the costa is entirely black. Basal hook slender, long, curved, black ;
basal comb golden, with black bristles at border. Second longitudinal
vein originating opposite to the discal cross-vein, with broad and flat
loop at end; upper branch of the cubital fork much retreating at base ;
discal cross-vein placed before the middle of the discoidal cell; first
posterior cell long and narrow and slightly but distinctly narrowed at
end; second posterior cell at end three times broader than the pre-
ceding one and as broad as the following; fourth posterior cell as
broad as the two preceding cells taken together, its basal contact with
the discoidal cell short, being only a quarter of that of the preceding
cell with the same cell; anal cell broadly open. Alula rounded,
yellowish, with white fringe; axillary lobe broad, hyaline iridescent.

LITORRHYNCHUS, Macq.
LITORRHYNCHUS DiILaTATus, Bezzi (1921).

Very like a small specimen of ZL. mawrus and likewise with black
and black-fringed squamae, but belonging to the section of the genus
in which the second posterior cell at end is not or only a little more
narrow than the third, the vein between them being less twisted.

One 2 specimen from S.W, Protectorate, Otjiverongo, April, 1921
(J. S. Brown).

476 Annals of the South African Museum.

The species was described from Central Africa, but seems to be
widely spread. In the present specimen the central hyaline spot of
the discoidal cell is rather broad, and the anal cell is narrowly hyaline
at end.

EXOPROSOPA, Macq.
Exoprosopa (HXOPROSOPA) ACRODISCOIDES, 0. sp.

A species of the seniculus group, near morosa and ignava, but
distinct from both on account of the more lightly coloured body and
wings, and of the quite whitish metapleural tuft.

Type Q from Nomtele (Ovamboland), February, 1921, and a badly
preserved male from Mafa (Ovamboland), February, 1921 (K. H.
Barnard). ;

3, 2. Length of body 12-15 mm.; of wing 13-16 mm; spread
-31-37 mm. Occiput black, whitish tomentose at border of eyes.
Frons of the male only a little more broad than that of the female; it
is black on distal half and red on anterior half above the antennae,
but more broadly in the female than in the male. The face is likewise
more broadly red in the female with a black median spot, while in the
male it is black with a red spot on each side. Frons with black hairs on
distal half and with yellowish tomentum in front, like the face, which
has whitish hairs on the sides and is of conical shape ; mouth borders
pale yellowish. The basal joints of the antennae are reddish below
and black above, and are darker in the male; third joint wanting in
ease of types. Proboscis black, not projecting. Thorax black, clothed
with yellowish scaly tomentum on the back, and with tufts of whitish
hairs on the sides; bristles black; pleurae reddish, black spotted,
with whitish hairs even on the metapleurae. Scutellum reddish, with
a narrow black base, clothed, like the back of the mesonotum, with
black bristles at hind border. Squamae brown with whitish fringe ;
halteres yellowish. Abdomen black, with reddish sides and hind
border of segments, in the male almost red, with black spots at base
of each segment; the hairs of sides are white near the base, yellowish
on the rest with a few black ones; it is clothed above with yellowish
scales like those of the back of thorax, but at the base of the second
segment and, as it seems, on the second to third terminal segments, there
are transverse bands of whitish scales. Venter red, unspotted in the
male, with broad black bands in the female, both with whitish tomen-
tum. Spines of the ovipositor reddish. Legs black, but with a reddish-
yellow appearance on account of the dense vestiture of scales; spines
and spicules black; front tibiae long and smooth; front tarsi shiny

Additions to the Bombyliid Fauna of South Africa (Diptera). 477

pilose; claws with long and acute basal tooth. Wings whitish
hyaline; the fuscous pattern is faintly developed, but ends distinctly
in a truncate form into the marginal cell opposite to the marginal
cross-vein; the basal and the discoidal cell are less infuscated, and
therefore there is a fuscous patch at the end of the discoidal cell
which seems sometimes to be isolated as in the species of the EH. heros-
group. First posterior cell narrowed at end, being only a little
broader than the anal cell at end; the terminal cross-vein of the
discoidal cell is horizontal and somewhat S-shaped; moreover, the
discoidal cell has a projection into the third posterior cell of a rather
angular shape and appendiculate as in the subgenus Acrodisca, from
which the present species is distinguished im having elongate and not
spiculose front tibiae.

Exoprosopa (ExOPROSOPA) ATRINASIS, Speis (1910).

A species of proportionately greater size, very distinct on account of
its large wings, which are infuscated along the fore border, and have
the cross-vein edged with fuscous, but not in the shape of rounded
spots as in the balioptera-group. In the key of the species (‘ Ann. S.
Afr. Mus.,’ xvii, p. 151) the present species should follow No. 39,
being distinct from Juteicosta owing to the more developed wing
pattern.

1° from Pemba, N. Rhodesia (Father Cassett), and another female
from Otjiverongo, S.W. Protectorate, February, 1921 (x. H. Barnard).

The species is known from East Africa and Abyssinia, but was also
found in Nyassaland ; it is pre-eminently a centro-oriental form.

ADDITIONS AND CorrReEcTIONS TO MonoGrapH oF SourH AFRICAN
Bowsriiup# (Vou. XVIII, Pr. I, pp. 1—180).

P. 4, 1. 87, and p. 178, 1. 34, read Pseudoamictus instead of Pseudowmictus and
Pseudomnictus.
. 5, 1. 12, and p. 179, 1. 6, read Tomomyza instead of Tomomyra.
. 9, after Bombylius bombiformis add spec. nov.
. 52, after Anastoechus macrophthalmus add spec. nov.
69, 1. 19, and p. 176, 1. 17, read comata instead of carnata.
. 78, after Corsomyza anceps add spec. nov.
88, after Gonarthrus add gen. nov.
99, after Geron barbatus add spec. nov.
105, after Toxophora punctipennis add spec. nov.
130, after Oestranthrax delete (1912) and add gen. nov.
. 134, after Thyridanthrax transiens add spec. nov.
. 136, after Thyridanthraz ternarius add spec. noy.
. 189, after Metapenta add sub. gen. nov.

dl

HHH

478 Annals of the South African Museum.

P. 149, after Pterobates add sub. gen. nov.

P. 155, after Exoprosopa infumata add spec. nov.
P. 159, after Ezoprosopa perpulchra add spec. nov.
P. 160, after Exoprosopa pediformis add spec. nov.

INDEX.
PAGE. | PAGE.
A. | H.
acrodiscoides (Exoprosopa) . 476) Hyperusia . : : : . 473
Adelidea . 5 , : . 470 | L
anomala (Adelidea) . ; | ATO were ;
atrinasis (Exoprosopa) ; ATT ee ry eee ; inte
longirostris (Cyllenia) ; . 470
B. lutulentus (Thyridanthrax) . 474
bicellaris (Conophorina) . . 473 M.
BoMBYLIIDAE. : ; . 469 | Megapalpus ; : : . 473
Bombylius . , 3 ; . 469 minor (Hyperusia) . : . 4783
braunsi (Adelidea) . : . 472 A
C. | Pantostomus : : : . ATA
chioneus (Gonarthrus) : . 473 | Ist Satna ? : : Bell
Conophorina ; _ 473 | Pictipennis (Tomomyza) . . A474
Coromyza - _ 473 | plagiatus (Bombylius) : . 469
Cyllenia en ARO | Pseudempis . ; : : . AT3
CrmmmNgeyamies wk ATA EEE Tee via Carel
| RB.
D. | ruficornis (Adelidea) . 5 . 470
dilatatus (Litorrhynchus) . . ATS |
| S.
E. | simplex (Corsomyza) . a Las
EXOPROSOPINAE . 5 : . 474 | Sobarus : : ‘ ; . ATO
Exoprosopa . : : . 476 | soror (Hyperusia) : : . 413
| Sosiomya . 3 . : . 470
F. nt
fulviceps (Megapalpus) . . 473 ‘Titanate it 474
G Tomomyza . : : 5 . 474
gibbiventris (Pantostomus) . ATA U.

Gonarthrus . : 5 : . 473 | Ustrnar i ; : : . A738

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