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Aan Pncennnnn ANA ARAAAA | A RecRianennan AAR wee AAAAAR AAA a Aa perenne Ar ABA AAA aat an See Renna ARAMA aia ~ oN A AARRARAAAAAAAA AAAA lYAARAAAAPAARAR, ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM VYODGRE Xx X. ‘507.08 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM VOL OM Ey He X PRINTED FOR THE TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH. 1931-1934. TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. J. G. VAN DER Horst, Esq. W. J. THorNE, Esq. Professor WiLLIAM Apam JOLLy, M.B., Ch.B., D.Sc., F.R.S.S.Afr. Professor C. G. S. DE Vinxiers, M.A., Ph.D. Councillor D. B. Bosman. SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Epwiys Leonarp Giz, D.Sc., Director and Keeper-in-Chief. KepreL Harcourt Barnarp, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director; in Charge of Fish and Marine Invertebrates. REGINALD FREDERICK LAWRENCE, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant in Charge of Reptiles, Batrachians, and Arachnids. ALBERT JOHN Hesse, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.E.S., Assistant in Charge of the Ento- mological Department. Miss Star GaRaABEDIAN, B.A., F.L.A., Assistant in Charge of the Botanical Department. LizuweE Dirk Boonstra, D.Sc., Assistant in Palaeontology. Srpney Henry Haveuton, B.A., D.Sc., Honorary Keeper of the Geological and Palaeontological Collections. A. J. H. Goopwiy, M.A., Honorary Keeper of the Ethnological and Archaeological Collections. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. . ASHBY. PAGE Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons) . : . 1 . H. BARNARD. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. No. 11. Terrestrial Isopoda . : 5 2 : ; : : atea 7) South African Stone-flies (Perlaria) . : ) ; : : 4 onl Notes on South African Fishes . : : : : : : . 645 . BERNHAUER. The Staphylinid Fauna of South Africa . : : ‘ : . 481 . J. HESSE. Some Insects associated with the Plant Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. . 397 . Hewitt. A New Solifuge and Scorpion from South West Africa : : = 598 . F. LAWRENCE. A New Peripatopsid from the Table Mountain Caves . : : Hy EOE New South African Solifugae . : < : : : é a eo New South African Opiliones . - : ‘ : : : . 549 . SILVESTRI. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japagidae (Insect, Thysanura) . : : : : : : : : af Ol . L. B. Smrre. The Fishes of the Family Mugilidae in South Africa . : : a Geil; . J. TILLYARD. On a Collection of Stone-flies (Order Perlaria) from South Africa. LOG . R. Le B. Tomuin. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. VI-VIII . 2 : ; : : . : 5) 1a4 . R. LE B. Tomiin and F. A. ScHILDER. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. IX . ‘ ‘ : - : : : : se Vii Vill Inst of Contributors. E. UHMANN. PAGE South African Hispinae from the South African Museum . ; . Bao H. WoMERSLEY. A South African species of Protura . : ee Some Collembola of the Family Srasnibaraie fiom Spnth Africa ; See 27 Some South African Machilidae (Thysanura) . ‘ - al On some Collembola Arthropleona from South NEES ath Southern Rhodesia ; : ; : : 5 , ; A . 44) LIST OF NEW TRIBAL, GENERIC, AND SUBGENERIC NAMES INTRODUCED IN THIS VOLUME. Angaribia n. subg. Periscyphis, Armadillidiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD . : Aphanicerca n. g. Neuintidae (Pevlaria), Tine : Aphanicercella subg. Aphanicerca, Nemouridae (Perlaria), Tae Se : Aphaniceropsis n. g. Nemouridae (Perlaria), BARNARD Benthanops n. subg. Philoscia, Oniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BAnwatns Charitodoron n. g. Buccinidae (Mollusca), TomLin Climacoporus n. g. Clinidae (Pisces), BARNARD . Desmonemoura n. g. Nemouridae (Perlaria), TILLYARD Eparchiini n. trib. Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), BERNHAUER Eparchium n. g. Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), BERNHAUER . Exzaes n. g. Armadillidiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD Hekelus n. g. Armadillidiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD Hiatoniscus n. g. Oniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD Hora n. g. Oniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD Inchanga n. g. Oniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD . Kogmania n. g. Trichoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD . Komatia n. subg. Philoscia, Oniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD Krantzia n. g. Oniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD ; Manibia n. subg. Niambia, Oniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD . Marioniscus n. g. Oniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD Neophorella n. g. Tomoceridae (Collembola), WoMERSLEY . Paramontia n. g. Triaenonychidae (Arachnida), LAWRENCE Paranotoniscus n. g. Trichoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda), BARNARD Pareiobledius n. subg. Bledius, Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), BERNHAUER Pseudoprocirrus n. g. Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), BERNHAUER Roewerania n. g. Triaenonychidae (Arachnida), LAWRENCE Umtaliella n. g. Assamiidae (Arachnida), LAWRENCE . DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS. Part 1. August 1931. Part 2. July 1932. Part 3. March 1934. Part 4. December 1934. Part 5. January 1935. 1x aa fist OF SPEEA T ES: PLATES I-VII. South African Chitons. VELL. Sminthurinus niger Lubb. IX. Sminthurinus terrestris n. sp. X. Sminthurinus pallidus n. sp. XN. Rastriopes lineata n. sp. XII. Deuterosminthurus marmoratus n. sp. CELT. Dicyrtomina minuta O. Fabr. form africana n. XIV. Eparchium paradoxum n. g., D. sp. XV-XXII. South African Mugilidae. XXITI-XXV. Rhineodon typus A. Smith. Xi Acanthochites Acanthochiton . Acanthochiton Acanthopleura ; Acanthopleura . Acerentulus Achorutes Adaeulum Akermania Alloniscus Anchicubaris Anchiphiloscia Angaribia Anisopsis . Anthochiton Anurida Aphanicerca Aphanicercella ‘ Aphanicercopsis Aphiloscia Apogon Arhina eeeidinm ; Armadillo Austromontia Balyana Benthanops Bethalus . Biacumontia Bledius Brachystomella ; Cadella Callispa Callochiton Ceratina . Ceratomontia Ceratrimeria Cercocytonus Charitodoron Chelypus . Chiton INDEX OF GENERA. A PAGE pace | Chiton ip-15, 28, 22:°23, 27, 30,32: 10 36, 38, 49, 50, 53 7, 52, 53 | Choneplax ; : Pah HEE -. 10 | Clathropleura . : : . 42 49, 53 | Climacoporus : : 645 . 27 | Craspedochilus . : : ca 90 | Cryptoplax é : : oa) geibes 451 | Cubaris : A : - totG 575 | Cubaris 303, 308, 315, 328, 375 318 | Cyphoderus : , . 465 231 - 380 241, 245 D . 295 487 | Dactylispa 391 42 | Daesia 134 . 451 | Dascyllus. . 645 117, 523 | Desmonemoura . 126, 546 124, 536 | Deto ; - 220 . 532 | Deuterosminthurus 149 238 | Dicaiothrips 434 645 | Dicyrtomina . : ; . 150 231 | Dinoplax . : : : RR | : : . 382 | Diodora ; : - (159, J60 301, 320, 323, 376 | Diploexochus fe: ; : . 568 | Dorcathispa 391 E 39] Edaphus . ‘ : ; . (504 47 Emarginula : A : - 162 ‘ | Entomobrya 458 301 ae = 571 Eparchium 48] 493 Eubelum . : ‘ : - 385 449 Eudoxochiton |. : : : 18 Eudoxoplax : ‘ : : 18 F oe Fasciolaria 157 Fissuridea 160 = Friesea 447 424 551 448 G 292 167 | Gerufa 272 . 94 | Gigarthrus 496 42,43 | Glypteuthria 165 Xlll X1V Hanleya . Hanleya Hekelus Hiatoniscus Hispa Holotrochus Hoplitopales Hora Hormiopterus Hypergnathus Hypogastrura Hypomachilodes Inchanga . Ischnochiton Ischnochiton Isotoma Isotomodes Isotomurus Japyx Kogmania Komatia . Krantzia . Larifuga . Larifugella Lawrencella Lepidochiton Lepidocyrtinus . Lepidocyrtoides Lepidocyrtus Lepidopleurus . Leptotrichus Ligia Ligyda Liolophura Lispinodes Lispinus . Liza : Loboplax . Machilellus Machiloides Index of Genera. 61, 84 459, 208 240 280 579 577 566 18 460 465 463 15 259 184 184 49 484 483 587 10 176 171 Macrochisma Manibia Marioniscus : Metoponorthus . Mola Mossamedes Mugil Myzxus Nahia Neoperla . Neoperla . Neophorella Niambia . Notoplax . Ochthopetina Oedichirus Oncocephala Onithochiton Onithochiton Onychiurus Oonopsopilio Opisthophthalmus Oxytelus . Pagrus Parajapyx Paramontia Paranotoniscus Parmaphorella . Peripatopsis Periscyphis Periscyphops Philoscia . Philougria Phloeonomus Phlyctaenodes . Phylloniscus Pinophilus Platypria Platysthetus Plaxiphora Plaxiphora Polyacanthella . Polyacanthus Porcellio . Porcellionides Proisotoma Pseudhispella Pseudoprocirrus Pseudosira PAGE 161 269 234 254 653 96 587 587 245 519 114 464 257 10 507 651 82 566 202 : . 6s 101, 102, 10 ‘ -, -202 - 295 235, 249 194 484 425 205 502 395 «Ee 20, 53 = oo 447 320 251 254 456 391 506 459 Radsiella . Ranzania Rastriopes Roewerania Roeweria . Rhacodes . Rhampsinitus Rhineodon Rhyscotus Rhyssoplax Schoblia . Setaphora Sminthurinus Solpuga Sphenoptera Spongiochiton Stenomacrus Stenus Stereochiton Sturmia Sypharochiton Index of Genera. PAGE 29 93, , 36 657 144 573 566 213 584 647 286 42 211 241 137 131 416 10 286 497 18 428 47 Termitoniscus Tetradrachmum . Thinobius Thomsenia Titana Trachydermon ; Trachyradsia Trichispa . Trichoniscus Triviella . Trogophloeus Tulbergia . Tylos Umtaliella Vertagopus Xenylla XV PAGE 211 645 496 257 208 16 18 393 194 477 486 453 213 549 455 446 = ; mate : VOLUME Erie * en . PART r “containing = — Es eae Re Monograph of the South A i etl Polyplacophora (Ohitons-= ee aX ee ee Epwin, Asupy, FLAS. us Plates eae 2 oe pee o 2. A Denotes: te a ei Gilneas m3 the South yo = : 0 Stee < = — Japygidae. (Insecta, Ade, By F. SILVESTRI- ee ae af i: ’ neo (With: 24: Text- figures.) SO ce ea ee ee 3 x South African Species of . Protura.. By H. ‘Wournstey, ee as : oe ALS, FES. (With ¢ 2 Text-figures.) a a a 4 A ‘New Solifuge and Scorpion from. ‘South- ‘West A Ufrica. Si ee _ By Joun Hewirr.. (With 3 Text- -figures.) Z | See oe = A New ‘Peripatopsid- from the Table Mountain Caves” A Re 3 oe po BY: R. F. Lawrence, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant i in pba OF ee Arachnida. (With 3 Text-figures.) oe go : a 3 ae oe: 6 On a Collection oP Stone -flres (Order Perlaria) from South te ae otek, mee, Seo Africa: ~ By. R. J. Tiiyarp,” M.A, SeD. (Cantab. ie Se ee ee : 2 es D.Se. (Sydney), E.RS., F.LS., F.G. ey) F.ES., PNG ies Re se CMZS. (With 13 Text- figures.) NR . 7. iis South African Solifugae. By R. F. ee B ee Ble = ee ao oe Se Ph.D., Assistant in Charge al Arachnida. ee a ae ee = - Text- figures.) cose St, cee ee = “ ‘Bome Coliembolu of the Family Sincnahiveddae ae South ee es ih ee Africa. By H. WoMERSLEY, A.LS., JERS es Ee ee Jee Plates fe ee Fe A re ee ee eee ee eee # * Sees Sad Loe 2 & = & | : i : 2 pe 4 as ; te Nan ~ 3 a ned = hae 4 ce Poe eee eR WJ Ox 2 | aah as ee te as Seas ae Be “ . re oo ae eee “PRINTED “FOR. THE eg a See eae "TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH ABRICAN ‘MUSEUM me oS eee ae ese NEILL AND CO., ‘LID., : AED sues Sees ie a : oe Foes 212 _CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH, | ee og ye ee gk Bee he it Mie 3 ih ni Wen giite ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM VOLUME XXX. 1. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons).—By Epwin Asupy, F.L.S. (With Plates I-VII and 2 Text-figures.) In Mr. Ashby’s Monograph twenty-four species and three varieties are described, and for the most part figured, from South African waters. As in other papers dealing with the marine fauna, the limits of South Africa are reckoned as extending on both the east and west coasts up to 15° S. lat. In addition, Mr. Ashby re- describes one species from Tristan da Cunha, and describes a new species from Madagascar, as well as giving a list of Madagascan Chitons which may be proved by later collecting to occur also within our limits. Of the material examined by Mr. Ashby, examples of four species have been contributed by both the Oxford Museum and the United States National Museum ; examples of two species each by the British Museum, the Albany Museum, the Natal Museum, and the Transvaal Museum ; and examples of eighteen species by the South African Museum. The South African Museum material was originally placed in the hands of _ Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, together with the whole collection of marine Mollusca, but was transferred to Mr. Ashby for the purpose of this monograph with Mr. Tomlin’s concurrence.—EDITOR. INTRODUCTION. THE name Chiton (Greek for an armoured tunic or coat of mail) was proposed by Linne (1758) and has been universally adopted as the vernacular name of members of the order Polyplacophora. Iredale and Hull (Austr. Zoologist, 11, 5, pp. 186, 187, 1923) have proposed the substitution of the word Loricates, but as there is no International Rule making such an alteration necessary, its adoption would be most undesirable.* os ee * It would seem, however, that under the International Rules Loricata Schu- -macher, 1817, should displace Polyplacophora Gray, 1821.—EDIToR. VOL. Xxx, PART |. if NOV 20 193] 4 he cae ola ee ; tad a ee Cy 2 Annals of the South African Museum. The Animal.—Chitons are “ stomach-footed ”’ as in the Gasteropoda, are furnished with gills or ctenidia on either side, which, according to the family, may extend from only a quarter to the full length of the foot ; the head is separated from the foot and is furnished in common with other Gasteropoda with a radula, a flexible tongue or lingual ribbon, which is armed with teeth and is used for rasping food, con- sisting chiefly of various forms of alga. The animal on the upper side is protected by a sort of “ coat of mail,’’ consisting of eight separate Fig. 1 (Explanations, p. 55). pieces of shell termed valves, which are held together by a flexible leathery girdle. The shell is bilaterally symmetrical. There are three distinct methods of sculpture in each individual, that of valve 1, termed the head valve or anterior valve, that of valve 8, termed the tail valve or posterior valve, and that of the six intermediate valves, termed median valves, or by some authors central valves. Hach valve is composed of two layers, the outer called the “ tegmentum ” and the inner the “articulamentum’”’; between these two layers ramify channels for the nerve fibres. Sculpture of the Tegmentum.—Head Valve—this may be smooth, grooved, radially ribbed or granulose (these variations of sculpture are common to all the valves). Tal Valve—this is furnished with a raised apex termed the “‘ mucro,” which may be anterior, central, Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 3 posterior, or terminal; the posterior portion of this valve is in sculpture more or less the same as the lateral areas of the median valves, the anterior portion similar in varying degrees with that of the dorsal-pleural areas of the six median valves. Median Valves— vary in the same specimen considerably as to size and shape, but all six are sculptured on the same pattern. The ridge is termed the “dorsal area”’ or “‘jugum”’; this often protrudes posteriorly in what is termed the “ beak”’ or ““ umbo,”’ is often wedge shaped, sometimes linear, and smooth, grooved, or granulose. There are two pleural areas (either side), forming the anterior portion of the valve and abutting on the dorsal area on one side and the girdle on the other. There are two lateral areas which form the posterior portion of the valve and which in many species is raised; the raised line dividing this area from the pleural is often termed the diagonal. Inside or Articulamentum.—Except in the most primitive genera the articulamentum is extended beyond the tegmentum in what is termed “‘ the insertion plate.” This plate may be entire or divided into a number of “ teeth,” the teeth may be smooth-edged, serrate, or laminate. (The insertion plate is a survival factor, developed to increase the strength of the attachment of the protecting shell to the body.) The tegmentum also extends forward somewhat, leaving a wedge-shaped gap between it and the insertion plate ; this is termed the “‘ eaves.”’ There is a forward development of the articulamentum 99 at the “ sutures,’ under the valve immediately in front, which forms the hinge, and is usually in two pieces termed the “ sutural laminae ”’ ; the gap between is called the “ jugal sinus.”’ The Gordle.—The girdle varies greatly in different genera; in some it is narrow, in others capable of great extension ; the girdle clothing, armature, or ornamentation (all terms used) may consist of imbricate scales, erect scales, spicules (termed also setae), bristles or hairs: In most cases the scales and spicules are superficially or epidermally attached, in which case they are by themselves only of specific value, but others also possess peculiar setae (which have been termed “ deep- seated’) which seem deserving of generic valuation; thus, for example, members of the subfamily Acanthochitoninae extrude bunches of spicules through pores placed at the sutures of the valves. Nervous System.—As has been before stated, numberless nerve- channels ramify between the tegmentum and articulamentum, con- necting with the body through pores in the articulamentum and through the ‘“‘ eaves’”’ with the girdle, and also through numberless minute perforations in the tegmentum termed “ megalopores ”’ (the 4 Annals of the South African Museum. smaller of these sometimes called ‘‘ micropores’’); also, in some genera, sense-organs termed “eyes”’ are present in portions of the tegmentum, and function, it is believed, analogously with that organ. Ecology.—The greater number of genera are littoral in habit, their station varying from half-tide to well below lowest tide mark; they may be on exposed rocks upon which the surf breaks or under stones in sheltered pools. The larger number of species shelter on the bottom rock of a pile of stones situated just below lowest tide mark. Hard rock with fairly smooth faces are preferred to rough or gritty rocks, thus sandstone or limestone, unless of unusual hardness, are unfavourable to Chitons; some forms prefer to settle on sea-shells, and one genus lives on “ sea grasses.” CLASSIFICATION. Ashby’s Short Key in “ Taxonomic Value of Characters in the Order Polyplacophora’”’ has received the endorsement of the leading workers in the order Polyplacophora in America, Britain, Sweden, Germany, and New Zealand. It is as follows :— ‘““ Short Key” definitions of those characters in Chitons, one or more of which must be present in every generic description (if only one is present it should be adequately supported by what are termed hereunder “‘ Minor or collateral evidence ’’). 1. Changes in the character of the girdle attachment, such as the presence, absence, or modifications in the insertion plate or other development of the articulamentum.* 2. Modifications in the dentition of the radula. 3. The position and form of the gills (ctenidia) ; modifications of the body organs, which are often indicated by the structure of the shell. 4. Modifications of the sense organs. 4a. Existence of or modifications in sense organs in the valves. 4b. Major modifications of the girdle armature. In this Monograph I have adopted the partial revision proposed by the writer in various published papers. Pilsbry (Man. Conch., xiv, * Ashby in “ Acanthoid Chitons of New Zealand” (Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xvii, p. 9, 1926) says: ‘“‘ The hypothesis that the modifications in the insertion plates of Polyplacophora are due to the influence of ecological conditions over vast periods of time, and that these characters give us the best guide to the species’ proper place in the Natural Taxis, is increasingly substantiated the more I study this group of Mollusca. One is therefore the more willing to place confidence in those divisions that are based on such features.” Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 5 p- Xxili, 1892) states: “‘ It is commonly known that the Palaeozoic Chitons are, without exception, destitute of insertion plates, and belong therefore to the family Lepidopleuridae.”” In 1900 Pilsbry, in Zittle, proposed the suborder Hoplacophora for the reception of these Palaeozoic forms, pointing out that the link connecting these with the most primitive group of living Chitons had not yet been discovered. The discovery in the Balcombian beds in the Tertiary deposits in the State of Victoria (Australia) of the end and median valves of Protochiton granulosus Ashby & Torr, obviously supplies a missing link between the Palaeozoic and one group of living forms. Protochiton, although without insertion plates, is undoubtedly related to the living Acanthoid group of Chitons, and on the other hand the tail valve of Chiton gemmatus de Koninck, from the Carboniferous beds of Dunfermline, Scotland, is in the peculiar character of the outward extension of the tegmentum, absence of insertion plate, and general shape almost its prototype, the only material difference being that in Protochiton the sutural laminae are widened and ex- tended somewhat down the side of the valve; there is no known living species that has these characters. It is also quite evident that Protochiton is unrelated to any member of the Lepidopleuridae. This necessitates a partial revision of our previous conception of the classification of Chitons. We must now conclude that living forms came down from Palaeozoic stock along two or more separate groups or races, developing along parallel lines, as in the diagram on following page. Dr. Thiele’s dis- covery that, assembled under the family Lepidopleuridae, there are several species with dissimilar radula, although the absence of inser- tion plates is common to all, undoubtedly supports this conception. I wish to express my thanks to all who have assisted me in the preparation of this work by the loan of material, and make special mention of the following : The Trustees and the Keeper of the Concho- logical Collections of the British Museum, Mr. G. C. Robson, M.A.; the Trustees and the Curator Dr. Paul Bartsch, Curator of the Division of Marine Invertebrates, United States National Museum, Washington; the Trustees of the Oxford Museum, England; the Director and Dr. K. H. Barnard of the South African Museum; Mr. John Hewitt, Director of the Albany Museum; Dr. E. Warren, Director of the Natal Museum; the Director of the Transvaal Museum. A check list is supplied at the end of this paper giving added information in respect to classification. Annals of the South African Museum. ‘(ATWO Senooslet) VUOHAONOVIdOH | avaung tdodida’{ *soqv[d MO1j10Sul ON Pee a ES, *‘AJUO OATVA AOTIOJUB oYV[d WOTFIOSUT Canine) *‘AJUO SeATVA pus soyerd WorZTOSUT Gane) *unAyd stuy Yono1y4 poats | | -op eioues [[e@ 097 WOUTUIOD : aanqvey stu} ‘SYS SUTACY HVNINOWHACAHOVUL SOATBA TV Ul Soyeyd WOTZA0sUT | (NOLTHOOTVLLAN)-LV NINOLIHOOTIV() *saoyyo UL qI[sun pues ojye,dur09 -ul ‘SoATBA puede UT quesqe soqye[d worgsesuy HVAINOLIBHOOLOUd | (et =e eS ‘ "SOATVA [[C UL AVAMTVdOW | ar { quosoad soqe,d woTy.losuy UCVNIMOWIOLAVHO WVAINOLIHOONHOST WV NINOLIHO HV NINOLIBOOSSOW eed | | V \ uonsesur ysun Ssuraey CSOT OUPIRS) Seep. CVNIMAWICOHLNVOV f °% ynq elouesd [Ie ee ae Lur ays soyerd wonsesuy (NOLTHOOHINVOY) es eee ge { “peonper Ay}vers wIN{UeUL : : reveled’ eileen WQVNIOVIdOLdAU)D . -304 ‘o[pals Jo uotsueyxe Aq peteA0d d[ PAs Jo UOISUE}xXe AQ PatoAOD ATOITF | (XVTdIYOHD)4 qsoupe soaTea ‘ojoTosqo szTS ‘SoATeA (NOLIHOOLIAUO)) 9 goapea ‘oJoTOSqO-qns Sys ‘SeATwA : Saye Tre ur soqejd uoysosut podojeaep ATUSTH [le ur soqetd uoyysesut podopesep ATUSTH “QUIOS UT aJa[OSqO SITS (xvTd0LdXU)) on le ul soyetd worzesuy ‘AVUNDVIG OILANDSOTAHA Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 7 NEED FOR SPECIALISED WoRK IN SoutH AFRICAN CHITONS. K. A. Smith stated in 1903 “ That until the year 1848, when Dr. F. Krauss published his work on ‘ The Mollusca of South Africa,’ the fauna of that region had not received special attention.”” In 1874 Dr. E. von Martens listed a collection made by Dr. G. Fritsch. In 1892 G. B. Sowerby published a Catalogue of ‘“‘ Marine Shells of South Africa.” E. A. Smith published an Appendix thereto in 1903. Sykes, in 1894, published a short paper on “‘ South African Polypla- cophora.”” Dr. Paul Bartsch published a description of Chitons in the “ Turton Collection,’ 1915; and Ashby, in 1928, described additional material collected by Col. Turton at Port Alfred, South Africa. As regards the Polyplacophora, the papers referred to above were useful but fragmentary.* SuBorDER PROTOCHITONINA. Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE. Subfamily ACANTHOCHITONINAE. Acanthochiton garnoti (Blainville). (Pl. I, figs. 1-4.) Chiton garnoti, Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat., xxxvi, p. 552, 1825; Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrol. Zool., iii, p. 401, pl. lxxiii, figs. 9-14 ; Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 42. Chiton danielli, Sowerby, Conch. Illust., p. 7, fig. 45. Acanthochites garnoti, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv, p. 14, 1892; Thiele, Rev. Syst. Chit., p. 44, 1909. Acanthochiton garnott, Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xviii, pt. 2, p. 78, 1928. A large series of this shell is before me from False Bay, Table Bay, Port Elizabeth, Port Alfred, and Kasouga (Bathurst District). The variability in the sculpture is very great, not only in different examples but also in the median valves of the same specimen. This shell seems particularly subject to erosion. The dorsal area, when present, is longitudinally grooved ; in many examples the sculpture abutting on this area consists of very elongate flat granules, which are replaced towards the girdle with circular, raised granules, whereas in other examples only the circular form of granule is present, in some they are convex, in others almost flat. These variations do not justify specific separation unless they represent geographical races, * The author omits the important paper of Nierstrasz, Zool. Jahrb., xxiii, 1906, —EDIToR. 8 Annals of the South African Museum. which I do not think is the case. This species is very near the Australian species known as A. bednalli Pilsbry, but is more robust, more coarsely spiculose, and more variable in the character of its sculpture. The example measured is 25x15 mm., the anterior valve has 5 slits; median valves and tail valve, slits 1/1. Angle of diver- gence, 105°. The following description is copied from Pilsbry (loc. cit.) and needs no addition beyond the foregoing notes. Description.—*‘ Shell elongated, rather depressed, not carinated. Brownish with two slightly diverging whitish stripes bounding the dorsal area. The median valves are rather beaked when not eroded. The tegmentum varies on different valves from subpentagonal to subquadrangular. Latero-pleural areas closely and evenly covered with elongate granules. Dorsal areas triangular, rather wide in front, not sharply defined at the sides, closely striated longitudinally, the striae coarser at the sides and becoming transformed into granulation of the side areas. Posterior valve small, the tegmentum broader than long. Posterior sinus shallow, with a slight lobe and on each side a slit. Mucro behind the middle. Interior a rather dark blue green, the cavity and the central callus of each valve purple brown. Sinus wide and rounded ; sutural laminae very large, well rounded at their anterior extremities, about equal in area to the tegmentum, side slits inconspicuous, posterior. Girdle dirty green, closely covered with clear or dark green bristles, white at the periphery, and having eighteen bunches of numerous, radiating bristles, which are dirty green, hyaline, very brittle, and over 2 mm. in length.” Acanthochton turtont Ashby. (Pini tie:o Pin tities: (6-8, } A. turtoni, Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xviu, pt. 2, p. 79, pl. vi, figs. 1-4, 1928. General Appearance.—Hlongate, carinate, beaked; dorsal area longitudinally grooved, latero-pleural areas decorated with widely spaced, squamose granules; hair tufts very marked; spicules long, glassy, and slender, those of girdle-fringe being similar, the rest of girdle clothed with shorter spicules. Colour of holotype “‘ La France Pink” (Ridgway, pl. i), though slightly darker and duller; girdle brown. Head Valve.—Elevated, having 5 ray-folds or shallow ribs, whole surface decorated with narrowly spaced, flat, ovate granules, the Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). {) arrangement is irregular, but somewhat concentric ; these grains are small at the apex of valve and increase in size rapidly towards the girdle. Median Valve.—Hlevated, strongly beaked, side slope straight ; dorsal area broadly wedge shaped, deeply longitudinally grooved, ribs minutely granulose towards beak ; latero-pleural area decorated by sinuate, longitudinal rows of flat, ovate granules, the grains are narrowly separated in the rows, but the space between the rows is a little broader ; as the granules correspond fairly well with those in the preceding row, a partial system of transverse sculpture is present, the grains commence small at the beak and increase in size outwardly and also along the margin of dorsal area; there is a distinct diagonal fold corresponding with the slit. Tal Valve.—EHlevated, medium size, mucro well defined at the posterior third, slope behind the mucro steep, in some examples slightly concave; dorsal area defined similar to median valves, balance of anterior sculpture similar to pleural area ; portion behind the mucro—granules more circular, convex, and crowded than is the case in lateral areas, with a tendency in some examples to pro- duce extra large grains bordering the girdle. Inside (articulamentum).—Translucent white, polished and pearly, with in places the pink tegmentum showing through; insertion plate, upper side brown. Head valve, slits 5; tail and median valves, slits 1/1. Sutural laminae medium in size, sinus wide. Girdle.—Hair tufts very marked, spicules long, glassy, and slender, furnished with a girdle-fringe of the same character, the rest of the girdle densely clothed with shorter spicules, often broken and filled in with minute sand grains. Measurements.—The largest dry, 15x7 mm. The holotype head valve, 2:775x2 mm.; median valve, 3:2X2:5 mm.; tail valve, 29X15 mm. Angle of divergence, 105°. Comparisons.—The shell of A. garnoti is low and arched, whereas in A. turtoni it is rather strongly raised and subcarinated; the grains in A. garnoty are more closely packed, and the shape of the tail valve is markedly different ; the girdle in A. turtoni, as compared with garnoti, is narrow, and the spicules other than the hair tufts inconspicuous. Habitat.—Those referred to in the type description and two sent from the Oxford Museum, No. 1050, are all from Port Alfred and were collected by Col. Turton ; the largest isin the Oxford Museum Collec- tion ; init the girdle-fringe is more spiculose than in any of the others. 10 Annals of the South African Museum. Acanthochiton turtoni var. tenuigranosus nov. (Pil: fe, 13.) One example from the Oxford Museum (No. 1051) and one median valve (No. 1052). The former is dry and curled, and also came from Port Alfred, and in the shape of the valves and in the sculpture of the dorsal areas is similar to A. turtonz, but in the sculpture of the latero-pleural area is distinct; the granules here are much more closely packed, although the spaces between the rows are wider and the grains themselves are narrower and less raised; the colour is chestnut brown. With the limited material before me I do not feel justified in giving to this undoubtedly nearly allied form a specific name, but prefer for the present to distinguish it as a variety only. Notoplax productus (Pilsbry). (Rigas ngs Jo) Spongiochiton productus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 26, 1892 ; Acanthochites (Loboplax) carpentert, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv, p. 39, 1893 ; Onithochiton ? isipingoensis, Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., iv, p. 259, text-figs., 1901 ; Acanthochiton variegatus, Nierstrasz, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., xxii, p. 487, 1906. Iredale considers S. productus and A. carpentert conspecific, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., ix, p. 100, 1910. Spongiochiton productus, Thiele, Rev. Syst. Chitonen, p. 36, pl. v, figs. 4-7, 1909; A. variegatus and Notoplax carpenteri, Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xviii, pt. 2, 1928. There are two examples in the material before me, one the property of the Transvaal Museum (No. 759) and labelled Acanthochiton varvegatus Nierstrasz, and the other the property of U.S. Nat. Museum (No. 250605), labelled Acanthochites carpenter: Pilsbry. Both specimens are, in my opinion, the same species, although the “hair tufts’’ are not visible in No. 759, but are clearly seen in No. 250605. I have disarticulated the example from the Transvaal Museum, and the following is its description. General Appearance.—Girdle about double the width in front that it is behind, shell not carinated but flatly arched, dorsal area broadly wedge shaped, much worn but many cuneiform gashes in places; sculpture of rest of valves coarse pebble-like grains, girdle felty, no hair tufts showing, yellowish white, the shell is pink merging into pale buff. Head Valve.—Flat, tegmentum very reduced as compared with the Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 11 articulamentum, radial ribs not perceivable, but in the other example they are suggested in the enlargement of the pebble-like grains ; sculpture composed of large, irregular to lozenge shape, highly raised, pebble-like, convex grains, most of which are anteriorly elongate and some pointed, colour pink merging to pale buff. Median Valve.—The shape of this valve varies greatly. In valve 2 the tegmentum is longitudinally the same as in the other valves but laterally much compressed, and the sutural laminae are in this valve produced forward and not outwards. The following is the description of valve 5: valve flat, dorsal area well defined, slightly depressed on either side, forming a shallow trough separating the low ridge from the pleural area, the only sculpture of this area are irregular, cunei- form pits or gashes ; pleural area beset with large, pebble-like grains, most elliptical and convex, the lateral area is ill defined but slightly raised and the grains are twice as long as they are in the pleural area. Valve 6 has the trough of the dorsal area highly developed, and it was probably this feature that Sykes intended to depict in his figure of O. isupingoensis. Tail Valve.—Mucro defined, appears posterior if viewed from above, but if horizontally median, the slope behind almost vertical ; dorsal area defined, broadly wedge shaped, smooth except for a few pits ; pleural area similar to other valves except some grains are longi- tudinally confluent with corresponding groove each side ; area behind mucro, grains narrow and elongate, placed radially. Inside (articulamentum).—Head valve—interior white, insertion plate broader than tegmentum, slits 5, well defined, and grooves carried to the tegmentum; teeth sharp, smooth, except for few scratches, without eaves. Median valve—slits 1/1, sutural laminae extended laterally (except in valve 2), jugal sinus broad, colour pink at beak, fading to white. Tail valve—sutural laminae extending laterally, shallow anteriorly ; jugal sinus broad; slits 4, grooved to the tegmentum ; insertion plate almost vertical, 2 mm. broad. Girdle.—Very broad, when dry and curled 5 mm. wide, felty, encroaches at the sutures, hair tufts are in this example obsolete or sub-obsolete, present in other example where the spicules are short and stout, mostly broken off short. This example also possesses a girdle-fringe of similar spicules much broken ; the girdle is clothed with minute arenaceous scales. Measurements.—Example dry and much curled, width over all 14 mm. Following curvature of animal; tegmentum 8-5 mm. in width, and girdle 5 mm. either side—that is, the girdle occupies 12 Annals of the South African Museum. 10 mm. of total width and the tegmentum 8-5 mm. Angle of diver- gence about 130°. Habitat.—Transvaal Museum (No. 759) is labelled Jeffrey’s Bay, St. Francis Bay; the U.S.N. Museum (No. 250605) is from Port Alfred, and was collected by Lieut.-Col. Turton. The example figured by Pilsbry as carpentert came from Port Elizabeth; Sykes’ example came from I[sipingo. In conclusion.—The name Spongiochiton was proposed in MS. only by Carpenter, listed by Dall in 1873, and published with Carpenter’s MS. definition by Pilsbry in 1892 under the ISCHNOCHITONINAE. In 1893 Pilsbry published a figure under the name Acanthochites carpentert, pointing out that it belonged to Dall’s subgenus Macan- drellus, a name that Ashby has shown must be replaced by Loboplax Pilsbry. These genera cannot seemingly be valued higher than subgenera, and in face of the very limited material I prefer to attach the generic name Notoplaz only. I would point out that N. productus has characters in common with some New Zealand Chitons for which I proposed the subgeneric name Amblyplax, and some allied forms have by some writers been placed with doubtful justification under the genus Craspedochiton. If on further study these groups are found to be con-subgeneric, the name Spongiochiton would antedate the others. Subfamily CRYPTOPLACINAE Thiele. Cryptoplax sykesi Thiele. Cryptoplax sykesi, Thiele, Rev. Syst. Chitonen, i, p. 53, pl. vi, figs. 83-86, 1909; C. striatus, Sykes (non Lamarck), Journ. Mal., vii, p. 164, figs. 2-5. Sykes figures 8 valves touching one another. Thiele only figured Hie. 2. the tail valve. Locality: Natal. I have seen no example. The following is Sykes’ description : Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 138 “The girdle shows no signs of pores, but is densely clothed with small spicules, forming bunches at the sutures. “The valves, partly covered by the girdle, are all in contact and have no intervening area. The head valve is granulose, while the other valves have an almost smooth central area, and the lateral and median areas are sculptured with bold, slightly granulose ridges, this sculpture becoming more obsolete and the ridges breaking into granules as we proceed from the tail to the head valve. On com- paring this species with young specimens of C. striatus Lamk. I have been unable to find specific characters sufficient to justify the descrip- tion of it as distinct.” Habitat.—Umkomaas, in Natal; collected by Mr. Burnup, a single specimen. Measured about 14 mm. curled and dry. Cryptoplax dupuisi n. sp. (Pl. IT, figs. 14, 15.) Introduction.—In the collection of exotic Chitons given to the writer by Major Paul Dupuis, now Conchologist of the Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, are two examples of a Cryptoplax from Madagascar. These differ from C. burrow: Smith, and from Sykes’ figures and description of C. sykesi Thiele. While Madagascar proper is outside the range of this paper, this species may well occur in Natal, and although seemingly so distinct from C. sykesi, may possibly be the senile form of that shell. Holotype in Ashby collection; paratype in collection of South African Museum. General Appearance.—In dried example valves 1, 2, and 3 imbricate, space between 3 and 4 is 1-5 mm.; between 4 and 5,7 mm.; between 5 and 6, 10°5 mm.; between 6 and 7, 14 mm.; between 7 and 8,4 mm. The first four valves are horn colour, with some wide, pale ray markings on head valve, the girdle densely covered by adpressed, flat, translucent spicules; colour buffy brown (Ridgway, pls). Head Valve.—Raised, smooth except for 4 deep, concentric growth grooves. Median Valves.—Valve 2—almost circular, carinated ; dorsal area smooth, narrow, beaked; a little irregular granulose ridging next dorsal ridge, rest of valve smooth except for deep, irregular, con- centric growth grooves. Valve 3—dorsal area similar to valve 2, rest of valve decorated with widely spaced, jagged, longitudinal grooves. Me Annals of the South African Museum. Valve 4—dorsal area sub-obsolete in anterior half, rest of valve as in valve 38. Valves 5 and 6—similar to valve 4. Valve 7—keeled, raised, dorsal area narrow, smooth, and beaked, each side possesses 5 irregular, jagged, longitudinal grooves. Tail Valve.—Shuttle shape, strongly elevated and carinated, dorsal ridge very narrow and broken posteriorly, each side 7 deep, longi- tudinal, wavy grooves ; mucro posterior. Girdle.—Bufty brown, the anterior portion as far as valve 4 blackish brown ; densely clothed with adpressed, flat, translucent spicules, a feature it has in common with C. michelseni Thiele, of which C. hart- meyer’ 1S a Synonym, very distinct from C. striatus Lamk. and most other species. Measurements.—The whole animal curled and dry is 47X14 mm. Example not disarticulated, exposed portions of valves only given. Head valve, 5X5 mm.; valve 4, 4x1:5 mm.; valves 5 and 6, 2°51-5 mm.; valve 7, 6X3-5 mm.; tail valve (example No. 2), 6x3 mm. ; elevation of tegmentum, 2-5 mm. Habitat.—Madagascar. Comparisons.—Differs from C. sykesi in that the sculpture is not regular as shown in his figure; also the dorsal area is narrow not broadly wedge shaped, as shown in Sykes’ figure of C. sykesz ; differs from C. burrow? in not having granulated sculpture in the head valve and in possessing a much larger, strongly raised tail valve, and differs from C. michelsent (syn. hartmeyerv) in the absence of the granulated sculpture of the head valve and in the absence of the small spicules which in Thiele’s shell separate the larger, flat, adpressed spicules from one another. Note.—It must be remembered that in most, if not all, the members of this genus the juvenile form is very diverse from the adult (leading in some cases to the description of the juvenile as a different species). Thus, in the juvenile all the valves are imbricate, however far they are separated in the adult or senile form; the valves in the very juvenile are broad in proportion to length, and in this stage simulate those of an Acanthochiton; in the next stage the valves increase longitudinally and not laterally, then appearing long and narrow ; in most, if not all, species up to this stage the sculpture is granulose, but in many species the method of sculpture abruptly changes from granulose to that of coarse longitudinal ribs or ridges, at which stage the additions to the shell almost cease and the growth of the body and girdle in time separate, some, usually the last four valves, some- times quite widely. It seems hardly likely that C. sykesi, which Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 15 measured 14 mm. in length when dry, could be the juvenile form of the one above described under the name C. dupuisi, but this possi- bility, although seemingly remote, must be kept in view when new material is available. SUBORDER LEPIDOPLEURINA. Family LEPIDOPLEURIDAE. Lepidopleurus sykesi (Sowerby). (PIES fies, 16-19.) Chiton (Hanleya) sykest, Sowerby, Mar. Invest. 8. Africa, 1, p. 225, pl. v, fig. 18, 1903. General Appearance.—Colour, pale straw colour except where valve is overlapped by valve in front, this portion is white; shell much raised, arched not keeled, sculpture consists of closely packed, minute grains arranged in longitudinal rows in dorsal-pleural area, partly radial in lateral area, some deep, concentric growth grooves present in most valves ; girdle narrow, clothed with short, glassy spicules. Head Valve.—Laterally wide, raised, decorated (under 20 mag.) with closely packed, radiating rows of minute grains ; (under 65 mag.) these grains are seen to be circular, convex, and mostly separated ; there is no sign of coalescing; towards the outer margin there are several deep, concentric growth grooves. Median Valve.—Shell highly raised, arched, dorsal-pleural area inseparable, decorated with longitudinal rows of minute, flattened granules a little larger than those in anterior valve; those on the jugum are smaller and show a tendency to coalesce, but the grains increase in size towards the girdle. The lateral areas are raised, sculpture only very slightly radial, granules towards girdle slightly larger than pleural area, several concentric growth grooves are present of which the outer three are very deep; valve 4 is used in this description, the side slope is steep and convex. Tail Valve.—Large and laterally wide, raised, mucro well defined, median slope immediately behind mucro steep, almost vertical, then extending outwards in a straight slope; in front of mucro sculpture similar to that of pleural area in median valves; mucro itself and immediately behind smooth, posterior portion similar to head valve but without any distinct radial arrangement, several deep, concentric, growth grooves are present. 16 Annals of the South African Museum. Inside (articulamentum).—White, all valves without insertion plates ; but the head valve possesses a very interesting feature in that, commencing at the suture and continuing on either side for about 1 mm., the articulamentum has extended forward, these two small, shallow, protruding plates, equal to about two-sevenths of the periphery, are evidently the beginnings of what will ultimately develop into an insertion plate; sutural laminae weak, produced forward ; tegmentum slightly bowed outwards in the jugal sinus, which is very broad; a callus joins the bases of the laminae. Girdle.—Narrow, densely clothed with white spicules, of these the most numerous are short and stout, 64 » in length, fringe spicules 137 p long, and some very slender spicules 162 ». long, some longer. Measurements.—The whole shell too curled to measure ; head valve, 6x3 mm.; valve 4, 7X3-5 mm.; tail valve, 6x4 mm.; angle of divergence, 90°. Habitat.—The localities of the specimens in the South African Museum are as follows: Cape Point EH. 26 miles, 210 fathoms. Type. Lion’s Head 8. 82° E. 27 miles, 125 fathoms, and N. 67° EK. 25 miles, 131 fathoms. Vasco da Gama Peak 8. 75° E. 13 miles, 166 fathoms, and N. 71° KE. 18 miles, 230 fathoms. South Head E.x8.48. 25 miles, 190 fathoms. (All localities are off the Cape Peninsula.) Conclusion.—In the absence of insertion plate in any of the valves this cannot be placed in the genus Hanleya, but 1t may be considered an advanced member of the genus Lepidopleurus. The genus Hanleya possesses an insertion plate in the head valve only, whereas the genus Lepidopleurus is without insertion plate in all valves. SuBoRDER CHITONINA Thiele. Family CALLOCHITONIDAE Thiele. Subfamily TRACHYDERMONINAE Thiele. Trachydermon (Craspedochilus) turtont Ashby. (Pl. II, figs. 20-23.) — T.(C.) turtoni, Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xvi, pt. 2, p. 80, pl. vi, figs. 5-8, 1928. General Appearance.—Broad, bluntly carinated, side slope a little curved, beaked, ground colour ivory white blotched with brown. The dorsal ridge in valves 2-7 is “ sayal brown” (Ridgway, pl. xxix), a white spot on the anterior portion of the dorsal area of valves Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 17 2-4. The head valve is freely blotched with a darker shade of brown, and similar, though mostly paler, spots are scattered widely over the rest of shell. The girdle is creamy white, irregularly banded with pale brown. Head Valve.—Broad, elevation medium, under pocket lens appa- rently smooth, but under 65 mag. is seen to be minutely radially striate, the striae being close together and the ridges between being barely 12 » in width where measured near the girdle. Under a lens of 20 mag. these radial striae are only just visible; while there are no defined radial ribs other than these minute ones, there is evidence of broad, very shallow, ill-defined radial undulations, the presence of which should be more apparent in a larger example. Median Valve.—Laterally broad, longitudinally narrow, elevated, carinated, side slope convex; dorsal area defined, bluntly beaked, and the whole area under 65 mag. decorated with longitudinal striae, which are more widely spaced than is the case with the ornamentation in other parts of the shell, and are crossed transversely by numerous growth striae, giving to these minute, longitudinal ridges a granulose appearance. The pleural area under the same magnification is seen to be minutely granulose, due to the continuation of the closely packed, transverse growth lines across faint longitudinal ridging. The lateral area is slightly raised, with similar sculpture to the pleural except that here the direction of the minute ribbing is radial. Tail Valve.—Dorsal and pleural areas indistinguishable, minute sculpture similar to other valves except that the longitudinal grooving is less defined but the transverse striae are stronger; mucro well defined, anterior of centre, slope immediately behind is at first steep, then becoming flatter, the minute sculpture on this part of valve is radial, crossed towards the outer edge by growth lines. Inside (articulamentum).— White, teeth sharp; slits in head valve probably 10; median valve, 1/1; tail valve, 7; eaves spongy and in median valves much thickened at slit, the perforations in the spongy eaves are very large near the insertion plate but smaller towards the tegmentum ; in the tail valve the perforations measure 20 » to 25 w; sutural laminae well defined and jugal sinus very broad. Gurdle.—The girdle is damaged, is creamy white irregularly banded with pale brown, sprinkled over the brownish portions are a number of minute black “ grains” that give a greyish tone to the brown. The girdle is densely covered with irregular, arenaceous scales, very similar, though smaller, to the girdle scales of T. (C.) cinereus L.; there VOL. Xxx, PART 1. 18 Annals of the South African Museum. is a well-defined girdle-fringe composed of long, very slender, glassy spicules. Measurements.—The whole shell dry, except tail valve, which was detached, 5X 3-5 mm., but as girdle was curled have quoted 5x 4 mm. ; head valve, 2°51 mm.; median valve, 3°3X1:5 mm.; tail valve, 2°25 X 1:25 mm. ; girdle spicules (three measured), 162 pw, 175 p, 225 w respectively in length, in thickness tapering from 25 » to 12 p. Scales so irregular that it is difficult to determine their diameter; it is about 12 pw. Quite a large number of these have what looks like a pigmented nucleus; this dark spot is a distinct circular pit, with a shining, black substance at the base, the pits are about 3 y in diameter and may be terminals of nerve fibres, and correspond with the micro- pores of the tegmentum, but its occurrence in minute girdle scales is, I believe, quite a new discovery. Angle of divergence, 90°. Habitat.—Port Alfred, South Africa. Body, with radula, had been : removed. ‘Note.—The suggestion made by Iredale in 1914, that Lepidochiton should replace Craspedochilus Sars., I have not adopted, as it requires additional investigation. Subfamily CALLOCHITONINAE Thiele. Genus Callochiton Gray. Subgenus Trachyradsia Dall., syn. Stereochiton Dall., syn. Hudoxoplax Iredale & May. Callochiton (Trachyradsia) castaneus (Wood). (Pl. II, fig. 24; Pl. III, figs. 25-27.) Chiton castaneus, Wood, Gen. Conch., p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 2-3; pl. in, figs. 2-3, 1815; Sowerby, Conch., i, fig. 114; Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. v, fig. 25. C. cerasonus Chemn., Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 63; C. bicolor Spengler, 1797, non Gmelin, 1791; ? C. fulgetrum, Reeve, loc. cit., pl. xii, fig. 71, 1847; % C. dentatus, Spengler, Skriv. Nat. Sels., v, 4, p. 88, 1797 (if C. dentatus Spengler, 1797, is C. castaneus Wood, it would antedate Wood’s name); C. planatus Spengler, loc. cit., p. 91; C. fulgetrum Reeve is considered by Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., 1, pt. 3, p. 832, 1894, as conspecific with C. castaneus Wood ; Callochiton (Stereochiton) castaneus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 52; C. (T.) castaneus, Thiele, loc. cit., p. 108; Hudoxochiton castaneus, i te Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 19 Ashby, loc. cit., p. 89; Callochiton (Trachyradsia) castaneus, Ashby and Cotton, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr., 1930, not C. castaneus Quoy and Gaimard, nor C. castaneus Couth. Note.—Older references extracted from Pilsbry, Man. Conch. General Appearance.—Two from Table Bay, S.A. Mus., No. 4872, colour burnt sienna (Ridgway, pl. 11), with, in the smaller example (127-5 mm. dry) towards the girdle on each valve, a pale yellow blotch ; two S.A. Mus., Nos. 4875, 4881, the larger (41 x 27 mm. curled and dry), beautifully mottled and streaked with yellow, pinkish buff, and chocolate; two specimens from Port Alfred, U.S. Nat. Mus., labelled Ischnochiton Crawfordi, No. 249828, one liver colour and bright pink inside, the other liver colour in end valves only. Shell broad, flat, and carinated, sculpture minutely decussate; girdle clothed with shuttle-shaped or broadly needle-shaped scales, which are often detached. Head Valve.—Flat, laterally very broad, anteriorly very short, decorated under 20 mag. evenly with minute decussate pattern, under 65 mag. is seen the minute, parallel scratching common to ce members of this genus, and also “ eye-dots’’ easily seen under this power in all valves. Median Valve.—Flat, carinated, laterally broad, anteriorly short, side slope low and straight, sculpture similar to the anterior valve, lateral area slightly raised, eye-dots numerous in this area situated in defined pits, the eyes are 25 uw in diameter. Tail Valve.—Wide, flat, carinated, mucro slightly anterior of median, sculpture similar to other valves, posterior slope slightly convex. Girdle.—Wide and capable of great expansion, densely clothed with “needle-like” scales, which in their exposed parts measure 112 x 25 p. Thiele (loc. cit.), p. 106, quotes Nierstrasz (Zool. Jahrb. Syst., v, p. 23), that the needles of C. castaneus Wood have an entirely different shape from those of typical Callochitons. I disagree with this statement ; both the girdle scales and the radula of this species are quite typical of the genus Callochiton. Inside (articulamentum).—Colour, white shading to pink at apex and towards margin of valves, in some nearly all pink. Head valve— insertion plate well produced, slits 22, teeth very irregular, with irregular, rounded edge, partially propped; eaves spongy, over- hanging but little. Median valve—slits 4/4, teeth and eaves similar to head valve; sutural laminae shallow but extended laterally and joined across the middle line, jugal sinus a mere indentation in the 20 Annals of the South African Museum. articulamentum. Tail valve—slits 18, insertion plate and sutural laminae similar to other valves. Measurements.—Head valve, 8X3 mm.; median valve, 9:5x 4:5 mm.; tail valve,7-5x4-5mm. Angle of divergence, 125°. Note.—Ashby, without seeing a specimen, listed this species as a Hudoxochiton in his paper describing the Turton Collection, because of its similarity in published figures with the Australian Hudozoplax mnornatus Ten. Woods; and because May considered Hudoxoplax a subgenus of Hudoxochiton. Having since examined a juvenile E. «nornatus, he found it a true Callochiton, and Ashby and Cotton have placed it in the section T'rachyradsia. Family Mopauipae Pilsbry. Plaxiphora simplex Haddon. (Pl. III, figs. 28-31.) P. simplex, Haddon, Challenger Expd., Polyplacophora, xv, p. 33, pl. iii, figs. 138 a-c, 1886; Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 320, pl. Lxvii, figs. 43-46, 1892. Introduction.—Dr. Barnard of the South African Museum has for- warded to me two examples of a Plaxiphora from Tristan da Cunha, with the request that I would include a description in this paper ; although the locality is extra-limital I am glad to comply with the request. These two examples are too eroded to allow of a full description; I therefore transcribe Haddon’s type description, adding notes on the two examples now before me. Haddon’s Description (Haddon also includes Carpenter’s MS. description, but furnishes a better one of his own) :— ‘Shell smooth, simply marked with lines of growth, flat sides meeting at a variable angle. Anterior value—small, surface smooth. Under surface with 8 slits, teeth fairly long, smooth, and sharp ; eaves short. Intermediate valve—central area smooth, flat. Lateral areas inconspicuous, with two or three very faint radiating ridges. Under surface with a median horizontal rib-like swelling, sutural laminae broad but not deep; jugal sinus wide and shallow; one lateral slit; eaves short. Posterior valve—very small and flat, greatly corroded; umbo apparently flat and terminal; posterior border thickened. Under surface—sutural laminae as in intermediate valves, but the jugal sinus is comparatively narrow and deep; slits and teeth absent; posterior border much swollen. Gzrdle—very Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 21 thick and fleshy, upper surface having a spongy appearance owing to being beset with very short, horny spines, which are scarcely raised above the surface; there are tufts of longer spines, three to nine in each tuft, opposite the sutures of the valves; these have no definite position round the anterior valve. Situated outside these are numerous scattered similar tufts, usually somewhat smaller in size, which pass into an imperfect peripheral fringe of spines.” In the two examples before me the tegmentum has been eroded, except the narrow strip protected by the overlapping valves and at the sides at the girdle; the only sculpture visible is narrow growth grooving parallel with the margin of shell, but in the anterior valve there is some evidence of broad ray-ribbing or folding. Inside.—Pale blue, eaves slightly spongy and overhung, but insertion plate extends beyond ; teeth straight edged and fairly sharp, slits broad; head valve 8, median valve 1/1, tail valve unslit, with- out true insertion plate, the articulamentum being thickened at the edge. Sutural laminae well produced, straight along front line, sinus between wide in median valves and almost joined across the median line by a shallow extension of the articulamentum ; in tail valve the jugal sinus is narrower and the laminae do not join across the median line; in all valves the tegmentum is bowed outwards in the jugal sinus. Girdle.—The “ short horny spines which are scarcely raised above the surface,” mentioned in Haddon’s type description, are short, blunt spicules or elongate scales (either term can be used), the one measured was 75 uw long and 25 uw wide; these are packed so closely together that only the rounded ends are visible, and give the spongy appearance mentioned by Haddon. Measurements.—Given by Haddon: 40x27 mm., divergence 125°; 32X18 mm., divergence 130°; 45x25 mm.; S.A. Mus. example disarticulated. Head valve, 7:°75x3-:5 mm.; median valve, 10-5 x 5-5 mm.; tail valve, 8x4 mm. Note.—Haddon described and figured a second species of Plaxiphora from Tristan da Cunha, under the name P. carpenteri, from a single very juvenile costate example, 14x9 mm. I would point out the possibility that there is only one variable species represented in that island. In Australia, along the coasts of Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, and Western Australia, we have a costate form and a non- costate form living together in most places in varying proportions according to the localities. It appears there are intermediate forms between these, and although three names at least have been proposed 22 Annals of the South African Museum. for special forms, we believe they will prove to be representatives of one very variable species. Also be it noted that in the juvenile stage the costate sculpture is usually much stronger. Haddon states that of the four examples the two larger were dredged in 100 and 150 fathoms respectively, and the two smaller were shore shells. In Australia this species is essentially littoral in habitat. The set in the South African Museum were collected on the shore. Family IscHNocHITONIDAE Pilsbry. Subfamily CHAETOPLEURINAE Thiele. Chaetopleura papilio (Spengler). (Pl. III, figs. 32, 33.) Chiton papilio, Spengler, Skriv. Nat. Sels., p. 86, 1797 ; C. castaneus, Quoy and Gaimard (not Wood), Zool. Voy. d’Astrol., p. 387, pl. Ixxiv, fig. 33; C. watsoni, Sowerby, Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 288, 1840; Conch. Illust., figs. 81, 82, 180. C. papilio, Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 41, 1848; Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vi, fig. 32 (a, 6). Chaetopleura watsoni, Thiele, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 380, pl. xxxi, fig. 15 (dentition); C. papilio, Thiele, Revis. Syst. Chit., p. 74, 1909; Pilsbry, loc. cit., xv, p. 72; Ashby, loc. cat., p. 90;. Thielem Schultze, Forsch. Reise, iv, p. 269, 1910. General Appearance.—Very strongly raised, slightly carinated but steeply arched; dorsal-pleural area very finely more or less longi- tudinally grooved; lateral areas raised, upper portion smooth, outer irregularly, finely, radially grooved, with scattered, circular pustules. Colour, vandyke brown to chocolate (Ridgeway, pl. xxviii), dorsal area darker brown edged paler. Head Valve.—Strongly raised, upper half smooth, lower irregularly, sub-obsoletely, radially grooved and decorated with irregularly spaced rows of circular, convex pustules; ground colour irregularly flecked with pale markings. Median Valve.—The median valves vary in shape in the same example to an unusual degree. Valve 6 is the least damaged and is now described: elevated, keeled near the beak and arched anteriorly, side slope steep and slightly convex, dorsal-pleural area closely longitudinally grooved, the portion of the pleural area abutting on the lateral forms a shallow trough, over a good part of which the grooving is absent; lateral area raised, almost smooth except for Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 23 scattered, somewhat irregular, radial rows of small, circular, convex pustules, all areas crossed by growth grooves. Tail Valve.—Raised, arched, mucro median, grooving sub-obsolete in dorsal-pleural area, portion behind mucro steep and slightly convex, most of area smooth but some faint, widely spaced grooving and scat- tered pustules, similar to the lateral areas, towards posterior margin. Inside (articulamentum). — White outside and pinkish brown towards centre of all valves. Head valve badly broken, insertion plate seems well produced forward and multislit, eaves solid. Median valve —sutural laminae large, produced forward, joined across the middle line by a bilobed extension of the articulamentum, a slit on either side almost separating this process from the sutural laminae, the centre of this process in the jugal sinus is subdentate; slits 1/1. Tail valve—insertion plate narrower than that of head valve, slits 9, teeth rather blunt, irregular, and some propped and fluted, much as in the genus Callochiton, others only grooved, edge of teeth rounded and irregular, sutural laminae and process in jugal sinus similar to median valves. Measurements.—Whole shell before disarticulation, dry and a little curled, 38x20 mm.; other examples up to 48x26 mm.; head valve too damaged to measure ; median valve No. 6, 17-512 mm. ; tail valve, 137-5 mm. ; angle of divergence, 100°. Habitat.—S.A. Mus. (Nos. 4887, 4889), Kalk Bay, False Bay. Liideritzbucht (Thiele). Chaetopleura pertusus (Reeve). (Pl. III, figs. 34-36.) Chiton pertusus, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xvi, fig. 88, 1847; C. pus- tulatus, Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 42, pl. i, fig. 7, 1848; Ischno- chiton pertusus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 103, pl. xx, figs. 18-19 ; I. pertusus, Carpenter MSS., quoted by Pilsbry, p. 104 (not of Reeve) ; Chaetopleura pustulatus, Pilsbry, loc. cit., xv, p. 73, pl. x, figs. 23-26, 1893 ; Ashby, Mal. Soc. Lond., xviii, pt. 2, p. 90, 1928; Ischnochiton pertusus, Ashby, wbid., p. 90. Introduction.—The following is Reeve’s description of his Chaton pertusus: “Shell oblong ovate, valves elevated in the middle, very closely grooved throughout, ridges of the central areas thin, converg- ing towards the umbones, interstitial grooves pricked, posterior edge of the valve serrated ; dark red sprinkled with a few minute white dots, ligament horny, very sparingly beset with short bristles.” 24 Annals of the South African Museum. Locality.—Simons Bay, Cape of Good Hope. Pilsbry referred C. pertusus Rve. to the genus Ischnochiton on the strength of MSS. notes of Carpenter on two examples on the Cuming Coll. Brit. Mus. It is quite evident that the examples referred to by Carpenter were not Reeve’s shell at all; for Reeve stated that the girdle of his C. pertusus was “ horny, very sparingly beset with short bristles,’ whereas the shell described in Carpenter’s notes possessed “ischnoid scales . . . imbricating and striated.” Mr. G. C. Robson has kindly sent to me for this examination the shell Carpenter described ; it has, as Carpenter states, typical ischnoid girdle scales, and obviously is not the shell described by Reeve. I propose to recognise Reeve’s C. pertusus in Chiton pustulatus Krauss, for Reeve’s description, figure, and locality can well be applied to that species; as C. pertusus Rve. antedates C. pustulatus Krauss, this latter name becomes a synonym of the former. General Appearance.—The example disarticulated (S.A. Mus., No. 6766) from St. James, False Bay, is a curled and faded speci- men, probably was picked up on shore and had been bleached by sunshine. The ground colour is pinkish brown, the dorsal ridge in valve 2 is cream white, a narrow streak of same colour is present near the beak in all median valves. Shell is carinated, side slope rather steep and slightly convex, dorsal and pleural areas longitudinally ribbed with irregular bridging, which near the beak forms a complete network ; lateral areas and end valves beset with scattered pustules and ray ribbed in varying degrees. Girdle leathery, beset with scattered long hairs and scattered very short, stout spicules. Head Valve.—Raised, probably smooth at apex; in example described this is broken and worn, slope of valve almost straight (very slightly convex), steep, sculptured with shallow, irregular, broad, radiating riblets; down the centre of each riblet is a row of pyziform to circular, convex, widely spaced grains; the surface of shell, apart from this sculpture, is smooth, a few riblets bifurcate. Median Valve.—These valves vary considerably in longitudinal measurement, slightly carinated, side slope slightly convex, becoming straight towards girdle; the dorsal area is not defined; the dorsal- pleural area is decorated with longitudinal rows of narrow, beaded, granulose riblets, the grains are widely spaced; on the umbo some of these riblets converge, the interspace between the riblets is about three times the width of the riblets themselves and is deeply and widely pitted ; on the anterior third, especially towards the beak, the Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 25 riblets converge and the pits become proportionally smaller and closer together, forming a complete cellulose or network sculpture in the juvenile portion of the shell. Krauss describes the dorsal- pleural area as “ longitudinally subgranose and cancellated,”’ and the lateral area as “ delicately punctulate and sparsely sculptured with elevated cylindrical pustules ”’ (Pilsbry’s translation). In some of the valves this description is complete, in others there are in the lateral area shallow ray ribs similar to the anterior valve; the small punc- tures referred to by Krauss are widely spaced and follow the shallow groove between the riblets where present. Tal Valve.-—Medium size, mucro slightly ante-median, raised, slope behind commencing rather steep and rapidly becoming flat, slightly concave towards the girdle. Sculpture in front of mucro completely bridged across, forming a complete network or lattice- work pattern; behind the mucro sculpture similar to head valve, except the ray-riblets are absent on portion immediately behind mucro. Inside (articulamentum).—White with a pink blotch on either side of the beak. Head valve--insertion plate produced forward and slightly thickened at slits; slits 10, deeply cut; sinus carried to the tegmentum ; teeth thick, rather blunt, with some shallow and incon- Spicuous groovings on upper side. Median valve—sutural laminae large and produced forward, anterior edge straight, jugal sinus medium but possessing a bilobed extension of the articulamentum which is notched on either side and finely dentate in centre; callus pronounced, tegmentum folded over at the posterior margin. Tail valve—sutural laminae shallower than in the median valves, process in the jugal sinus present but not produced beyond the tegmentum as in median valves, edge straight not bilobed; insertion plate short, very thick, slits 14 and very broad, the 2 lateral teeth on either side similar to those of head valve but the centre ones are small, the slits are widest in the centre, teeth more or less grooved and propped ; the eaves in all valves overhang and are much thickened on the inside. Gurdle.—All Krauss says about the girdle is “ Reddish-yellow, sparsely clothed with long brownish hairs.” The example under examination seems to have been almost three times the length of the specimen described by Krauss; quoting from my notes: Girdle leathery, beset with scattered long hairs and scattered, very short, stout spicules. The other example without any date, from same museum, which I call No. 2, has scattered all over the girdle small 26 Annals of the South African Museum. clusters of slender pale brown hairs, and in addition portions of the girdle are beset more closely with short, stout, pointed spicules, a large proportion of which are dark brown; the girdle surface being covered with minute, arenaceous scales through which the bunches of hairs and spicules push their way. Measurements.—The whole shell, which was dry and curled, is estimated to have measured 38 mm. in length. Head valve, 8-5X5 mm.; median valve, 105-5 mm.; tail valve, 5X7-5 mm. Angle of divergence, 90°. Habitat.—The example S.A. Mus., No. 6766, from St. James, False Bay ; the other example I am placing with this species is without data. Simon’s Bay (Reeve), Natal, on shore (Wahlberg), two valves from Port Alfred, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 250622. Chaetopleura destituta Sykes. (Pl. IV, figs. 37-39.) C. destituta, Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., v, p. 195, text-fig., 1902; Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond:, xviii, pt. 2, p..90, 1928. Introduction.—In the material from the South African Museum are two examples without name or data, Nos. 4874 and 4880 respectively ;* the latter has a note attached: “‘? C. setiger, idenfd. J. H. Ponsonby ” ; both these, I am confident, may be rightly referred to Sykes’ species ; the following is the description of No. 4874 except where otherwise stated. General Appearance.—Description of the larger No. 4880; shell slightly carinated but much flatter than C. papilio; valves beaked, dorsal-pleural area mostly smooth but showing a little longitudinal grooving on most valves, end valves and lateral areas almost unsculp- tured except for growth lines and a little shallow, radial ribbing and a few small pustules showing in places; the girdle is leathery, with scattered dark-coloured spines and encroaches at the sutures. Colour, No. 4880 vandyke brown; smaller disarticulated example, No. 4874, walnut brown (Ridgway, pl. xxviii). Head Valve.—Broad and flat, without ornamentation except for shallow, broad, sub-obsolete ray-ribs. Median Yalve.—Carinated, flat ; side slope shallow, convex ; dorsal- pleural area showing on and near the jugum, shallow, sub-obsolete, longitudinal grooving ; the portion of the pleural area abutting on the lateral area forms a shallow trough; lateral area shallowly raised ; * Probably from Sea Point, Table Bay.—EpirTor. | R } | Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 27 most of the pleural and all the lateral area is without sculpture except for shallow, concentric growth grooves. Tai Valve.—Laterally broad and shallow, mucro median, anterior portion without sculpture except shallow growth grooves, posterior portion possessing shallow, sub-obsolete ray-ribs and growth grooves. Inside (articulamentum).—Anterior valve broken, only 4 teeth remaining, insertion plate well produced forward, multislit, the existing 4 teeth are rather blunt and straight edged. Median valve No. 7—sutural laminae large but less produced forward than C. papilio, the Jugal sinus possesses a spade-like extension of the articulamentum which is not bilobed as in C. papilio, the two lateral slits are carried to the tegmentum, also this process is more or less vertically grooved throughout. Tail valve—sutural laminae and jugal sinus similar to median valves ; insertion plate narrower than head valve, is damaged, but slits have been 10; teeth irregular and those present mostly straight edged, irregularly fluted on outside. Measurements.—The larger, No. 4880, 68x34 mm.; No. 4874, 40x25 mm. Head valve too broken to measure; median valve No. 7, 18X10 mm.; tail valve, 14-5x8-5 mm. Angle of divergence, 110°. Conclusion.—Although the sculpture is variable and what there is approaches C. papilio, the form of shell seems to indicate a distinct species. Dinoplax gigas (Gmelin). (Pl. IV, figs. 40-42.) Chiton gigas, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., xi, p. 3206, 1788; Spengler, Skriv. Nat. Sels., iv, p. 101, 1795; Wood, Gen. Con., p. 12, 1814; Brugiére, Ency. Meth., clxi, fig. 3; Lamarck, An. s. Vert., vu, p. 490 ; Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat., xxxvi, p. 543; Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 65 ; Krauss, Die Stidafrik. Moll., p. 40, pl. iil, fig. 3 (young); H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., p. 475; Sowerby, Marine Shells 8. Africa, p. 50. Chaetopleura gigas, Shuttleworth, Bern. mitt., p. 67, 1853. Acantho- pleura gigas, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847, pp. 68, 169. Chiton sub-qigas, Blain- ville, Dict. Sci. Nat., p. 543 (juvenile); C. albus, Barbut, Gen. Ver. of Lin., pt. 2, 1788 (not of Linn.). Dinoplax gigas, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 254, pl. lvu, figs. 21-32, 1892; D. fossus, Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 277, 1899; D. gigas alfredensis, Bartsch, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., xci, 1915; Thiele, Rev. Syst. Chitonen, p. 73, 1909; Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xvii, pt. 2, p. 83. Introduction.—This species is most variable in sculpture. Ashby 28 Annals of the South African Museum. (loc. cat., p. 83) discusses the extent of variation very fully and con- cludes the discussion in the following words. ‘‘ It must be admitted that the coarsely sculptured form described by Sykes as D. fossus and the minutely sculptured form described by Bartsch as D. g. alfredensis are sufficiently different to warrant specific separation provided there existed no intermediates, or if the most diverse forms were limited to definite localities ; in this last case they might have been treated as subspecies, as was done by Bartsch in his alfredensis, but in face of the fact that all three forms occur at Port Alfred and that a com- plete series of intermediates from one extreme to the other can be obtained, we cannot in my opinion do other than consider D. fossus Sykes and D. gigas alfredensis Bartsch as synonyms of D. gigas (Gml.), retaining these names to distinguish the respective varieties if so desired.”’ _ General Appearance.—Broad, strongly carinated, the lateral areas much raised, end valves and lateral areas decorated with numerous, broken, radial riblets, sub-obsolete in some examples; the dorsal- pleural area varying much in the strength of the ornamentation, the coarser forms showing sublongitudinal, irregular, wavy riblets crossed by transverse riblets, forming an irregular cellulose sculpture, while the smoother forms so modify this sculpture that they appear minutely decussate and in places merely punctate. The girdle in perfect examples is densely spiculose. Head Valve.—Large and broad, decorated with numerous, closely packed, broken, radial riblets; several deep, concentric growth sulci are present; the interstices are irregularly pitted, giving a pectinate appearance to the sides of the riblets. Median Valve.—In the example photographed, which represents var. fossus, valve 3 certainly has a slight beak, is strongly carinated, side slope straight, the dorsal ridge is almost smooth, the dorsal-pleural area is decorated with numerous wavy, sublongitudinal, bifurcating riblets which contract and widen in a most peculiar way, these riblets are separated from one another by deep interspaces, which are termed by Sykes in his description of fossus “ stab-like markings.” The lateral area is strongly raised and decorated with 7 ray-riblets, the interspaces are minutely granulose. The colour of the valve is silvery grey, mottled with pale brown; the beak is red. Tail Valve.—Small as compared with other valves, carinated but flat, dorsal area raised and narrowly wedge shaped, mucro post- median; anterior to mucro, sculpture similar to dorsal-pleural area Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 29 in median valves; area posterior to mucro, sculpture similar to that of head valve, but strongly raised. Inside (articulamentum).—White shading to grey or pink towards the apex. Head valve—insertion plate greatly thickened in senile shells, and eaves then almost absent, slits 10; teeth fairly regular, sharp edged, but grooved on outside, simulating serrated teeth. Median valve —insertion plate much thickened at slit, slit 1/1, eaves at slit. Tail valve—insertion greatly thickened, slits 10, inconspicuous, narrow, and cut on diagonal; insertion grooved, almost laminated outside ; sutural laminae in median valves well produced, straight edged, joined across middle line, jugal sinus only indicated by bilateral slit, but in tail valve the sutural lamina are more produced forward, anterior edge curved outwards, jugal sinus almost completely occupied by a spade-like process, which is bowed outwards. Gurdle.—Spiculose in juvenile or well-preserved examples, densely clothed with short, mostly brown spicules measuring 90X13 yp, also at sutures, and scattered bunches are slender spicules, and also with these and at girdle-fringe, long, stout, striate, white spicules; one measured was 560 X 75 p. Measurements.—Senile shells roughly measured because curled, 110x50 mm.; 104x53 mm. Separate valves of senile shell No. A5333 : head valve, 38 x 22 mm. (eroded) ; median valve, 40 x 20 mm.; tail valve, 29x16 mm. Angle of divergence, 110°. Gills extend full length of foot. Habitat.—Port Alfred (example here figured) ; Kowie; Kalk Bay ; _Algoa Bay ; Durban. Subfamily IscHNOCHITONINAE Pilsbry. Ischnochiton oniscus Group. Pilsbry (loc. cit., p. 98) proposed an “Ischnochiton textilis”’ Group, but as is shown later under the heading I. textilis (Gray), Pilsbry was under a misconception as to the true character of Gray’s species, and had concluded that it was a near ally of I. onascus (Krauss), whereas it belongs to Pilsbry’s group Radsiella. In the material placed in my hands there are four distinct species in all of which the sculpture is so alike that it is difficult to separate them on shell sculpture alone. In all the sculpture may be termed minutely decussate. But each of the four are easily distinguished by the character of the girdle scales. It must be remembered that to see these characters clearly it is necessary that the girdle scales are clean 30 Annals of the South African Museum. dry, and not eroded by the action of chemicals such as formalin, the action of which is fatal to fine sculpture. The four species referred to the above group are I. oniscus (Krauss), I. elizabethensis Pilsbry, ¢ I. ludwigi (Krauss MSS.) Pilsbry, and J. hewitti n. sp. The identi- fication of J. ludwigi from Krauss’ definition is doubtful. Ischnochiton oniscus (Krauss). (Pl. LV, figs. 43-46.) Chiton oniscus, Krauss, Siidafrik. Moll., p. 39, pl. iu, fig. 4, 1848. Ischnochiton oniscus, Pilsbry, loc. cit., xiv., p. 100, pl. xx, fig. 125, 1892; Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., i, pt. 3, p. 133, 1894; Sykes states: I. macgillwrayr Pilsbry (in part); and J. vwiridulus of ‘* Challenger,’ not of Couthouy ; I. oniscus, Thiele, loc. cit., pp. 111, 113; Ashby, loc. cit., p. 90; Sykes, Naut., xu, No. 3, p. 41, July 1898. The following is Pilsbry’s description : “‘ The valves as well as the girdle appear smooth to the naked eye, but the lateral areas are visible. Under the lens the central areas are very finely punctate on the dorsum, and on the pleural they are longitudinally striated ; these striae continue upon the lateral areas, becoming wavy striae there. The end valves have feeble wavy striae towards the margins, and have 10 slits in their insertion plates. The intermediate valves are strongly convex, 5 mm. wide and 4 mm. long, rounded at both sides, and having a single slit in each insertion plate.” Slits.—I have disarticulated two examples: No. 1 measuring 19xX6 mm.; head valve, 12 slits; median, 1/1; tail, 10. No. 2, head valve, 9; median valve, 1/1; tail valve, 9 slits. While in the genus Acanthochiton the slitting in the end valves is most regular, in the IscHNOCHITONIDAE and other genera where there is multi- slitting, even in the same species there is often irregularity in the slitting of the end valves. Angle of divergence, 90°. Scales.—The girdle scales are quite distinct from those of J. eliza- bethensis Pilsbry in that they are smaller, more or less opaque, brown in colour except the edges, which are whitish, flat, not imbricated or turned over or polished, asin that species ; they are partly erect, but placed so closely together that only a small part of each scale is visible, making them appear smaller than they really are; the angle at which the scales are attached to the girdle gives them a chafiy appearance. Under a simple lens, x20, the scales appear smooth (as stated by Pilsbry), but under 65 mag. the striae can be just Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 31 perceived, and when magnified about 130 times the striae are well marked, about sixteen extending up to the apex of each scale; the scales measure 87 p to 110 p» in width. Colour and Pattern.—In my paper on the Chitons in the Turton Collection (loc. cit.) I pointed out that colour and pattern have little or no specific value in Polyplacophora. This species and I. eliza- bethensis both vary and have many colour patterns in common, and, strange to say, similar colours and patterns recur in Australian and New Zealand species. I add, “ We are hardly justified in assuming that similarity of environment is the only inducing cause.” Then follow a list and description of eight colour varieties lettered A to H. Ischnochiton oniscus alfredensis n. subsp. (Pl. V, fig. 54.) Introduction.—From the Oxford Museum comes a single example of a very elongate form of Ischnochiton closely allied to I. oniscus ; from the Transvaal Museum come two examples, both much curled, which I am considering conspecific with the first named, which was collected by Col. Turton at Port Alfred, while those from the Trans- vaal Museum were collected at Umkomaas, Natal. In face of the very limited available material and the inconspicuous and indefinite character of the sculpture, I am contenting myself with simply indicating the differences between it and its near allies. Comparisons.—It differs from I. elizabethensis in possessing much smaller girdle scales and in the longitudinal ribs of the pleural area being further apart; from I. oniscus sensu stricto in that the girdle scales are a little larger, are bent over, and imbricating and semi- translucent and polished. The longitudinal ribbing in the pleural area is more spaced and only traverses that area towards the girdle. In form it differs from both in that the whole shell is narrower, longer, more elevated, and carinate ; the tail valve is proportionally longer, especially in the larger example, which is figured and selected as the holotype. The anterior edge of the sutural laminae is straight as in I. elizabethensis, but the jugal sinus is narrower than that species ; the dorsal ridge is smooth, but this may not be constant. Inside: (articulamentum).—Greyish white. Head valve—slits 10, teeth sharp and straight edged, insertion plate well developed, eaves deep. Median valve—slits 1/1, sutural laminae anterior, margin straight, jugal sinus narrower than J. oniscus sensu stricto or I. eliza- bethensis. Tail valve (slightly damaged)—10 slits, Jugal sinus similar. 32 Annals of the South African Museum. Measurements.—Holotype, 12-55 mm. (dry, girdle curled) ; para- type (disarticulated) —head valve, 3-5xX2 mm.; median valve, 4x2 mm.; tail valve, 352-5 mm. Angle of divergence, 90°. Note.—The tail valve of the disarticulated paratype is beautifully ray-marked with dark rays, which look like hollows between ribs. Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry. (Pl. IV, figs. 47-49.) I. euzabethensis, Pilsbry, Naut., vill, p. 9, 1894; Chiton marginatus, Sowerby, Catalogue Marine Shells of 8. Africa, p. 50, 1892 (non- Pennant); Sykes, Naut., xu, No. 3, p. 41, 1898; Ashby (loc. cit.), [Oa AU) The following is a copy of Pilsbry’s type description: “‘ Shell small, elliptical-oblong, elevated at an angle of 105°; carinated, the side slopes somewhat convex. Colour whitish or buffish olive, finely and closely mottled all over with light olive green, or having angular patches of olive at the sides of each valve; sometimes with black- green triangles on the ridge of some valves; the posterior margins of valves more or less tessellated light and dark. Girdle indistinctly tessellated with numerous small, green bars or patches. Intermediate valves not beaked, valves finely granulated throughout, the sculpture closely resembling that of Trachydermon cinereus L.; lateral areas slightly raised ; posterior valve having the central mucro somewhat prominent, posterior slope concave. Interior bluish, with a pair of darker green rays in each intermediate valve ; the inflected posterior margin tessellated. Sutural plates small, separated by a very wide, straight, smooth sinus. Anterior valve having 10, intermediate valves 1/1, posterior valve 11 slits; teeth smooth and sharp, slit- rays showing as whitish lines ; posterior tooth in intermediate valves short, removed from the posterior margin of valve by its own length. Eaves narrow. Girdle densely clothed with smooth, flattened, imbricating scales. Length, 104 mm.; breadth, 7 mm. Habitat, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.” Slitting of Insertion Plate-—Example (1) before disarticulation measured 158 mm., interior white; head valve, 13 slits; median valve, 1/1; tail valve, 10; (No. 2) head valve, 12; median valve, 1/1; tail valve, 10. Girdle Scales.—Under pocket lens, x 20, very thin, translucent, flat, and polished, very broad, edge smooth; if detached, the scale is seen to be much bent over, causing complete imbrication, the Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 33 exposed portion only shows a little bending. Under 65 mag. the anterior portion of scale is seen to be smooth, but behind that there is distinct scratching; the number of parallel striae counted under 130 mag. are 25-30; scales measured were 150-200 wp. Comparisons.—In I. elizabethensis the sculpture is less coarse than in I. oniscus, the granules more circular; in oniscus the granules of the pleural area are confluent and arranged in distinct longitudinal rows right across this area, whereas in elizabethensis this longitudinal arrangement of the grains forms wavy riblets which do not completely cross the pleural area; briefly, in addition to the stronger sculpture of I. oniscus, the scales are much smaller, semi-erect, and have a chafiy appearance ; whereas in J. elizabethensis the scales, in addition to being larger and broader, are polished, translucent, and imbricating. Both species vary extremely in colour pattern. Ashby (loc. cit.) describes ten colour varieties, lettering them A-J. Ischnochiton hewitti nu. sp. (Pl. V, figs. 50-53.) Introduction.—There are three shells from the Albany Museum (Nos. 8079, 8082, and 8085), and five from the South African Museum (No. 6757). All are bleached, but those under No. 6757 seem to have been immersed in some eroding solution, perhaps formalin, which has much injured the sculpture. These all show a distinct type of girdle scale, with a few, mostly three, strong, widely spaced ribs, instead of the exceedingly minute, numerous, parallel scratching present in the three preceding species. The best of the rather poor examples available was sent to me by Mr. John Hewitt, from the Albany Museum, who has been chiefly instrumental in getting me to undertake this monograph, and I have much pleasure in naming this species after him. General Appearance.—Hlliptical, subcarinated, slightly beaked, lateral areas raised, sculpture generally minutely decussate, girdle clothed with more or less erect scales, which are ornamented with 3-5 very strong riblets, which are widely and deeply separated. The whole shell is biscuit colour; but, as the inside is pale bluish green, the tegmentum may have been somewhat the same. Head Valve.—Raised, much eroded, sculpture minutely granulose, a little sub-obsolete ray grooving is suggested, 2 concentric growth grooves. Median Valve.—Arched, not carinated, side slope convex, dorsal VOt4y Xk PART [. 3 34 Annals of the South African Museum. area is not defined ; the dorsal-pleural area decussated with minute granules arranged at first in diagonal rows, gradually becoming larger and arrangement of rows longitudinal towards the girdle, the beak is sub-obsolete; lateral area is raised, 2 shallow growth sulci, and towards the girdle there is a slight suggestion of shallow ray grooving (it is possible that this feature may be more in evidence in larger and better preserved specimens). Tail Valve.—Large, mucro ill defined, central, anterior portion small and minutely decussate, posterior portion fully twice the size of the anterior from which it 1s separated by a diagonal fold ; general sculpture minutely decussate, but towards the girdle there are 2 well-defined, concentric, growth grooves ; between the growth grooves towards the girdle are concentric rows of large grains or shallow knobs, so arranged that the grooves between are numerous and radial ; this suggests the possibility of the presence of broken, —— ribbing in the outer portion of senile shells. Inside (articulamentum).—In daylight pale greenish blue. Head valve—teeth irregular, edge straight and sharp, slits 13, eaves deep. Median valves—slits 1/1, sutural laminae small and weak, jugal sinus very broad. Tail valve—teeth very irregular in width, otherwise as in head valve, slits 12, sutural laminae weak, jugal sinus broad. Measurements.—Whole shell (No. 8085), 137 mm.; the largest (No. 8079), 1457-5 mm.; head valve, 25x4:5 mm.; median valve, 2X5 mm.; tail valve, 3x4:-5mm. Angle of divergence, 90°. Comparisons.—As before stated, the girdle scales are most distinct as regards the sculpture in J. hewitiv; the longitudinal riblets in pleural area are shallow, subgranulose, and flattened at top, and direction of riblets wavy-diagonal ; whereas in J. oniscus these riblets are almost straight, outer riblets not granulose, and strongly raised ; as compared with J. elizabethensis the granules in the pleural area are better defined but smaller. Habitat.—Table Bay. Note.—Since typing the above I have found a box with a few more of the above species (S.A. Mus., No. 6757), also from Table Bay, all eroded and labelled I. elizabethensis. Some have a distinctly bluish-coloured tegmentum. If the erosion is due to natural causes, the species may live in shallow water and belong to the half-tide horizon ; if so, non-eroded examples should be looked for in positions shaded from sunlight or from complete exposure thereto. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 35 Ischnochiton ludwigi (Krauss MSS.) Pilsbry. (Pl. V, fig. 55.) I. ludwigi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 99, 1892. Pilsbry (loc. cit., p. 100) quotes Krauss MSS. description of a var. punctulata, and on page 99 quotes another MSS. name of Krauss Isch. zebra. As nothing in respect to these seems to have been pub- lished by Krauss, and the notes published by Pilsbry without figures are quite inadequate for identification, we must consider both names as nomina nuda. On page 99 Pilsbry writes as follows: “‘ Krauss describes specimens collected by him, and which he at one time considered a new species which he intended naming C. ludwigi. His description is as follows: Shell ovate-elongate, semi-pellucid, sub- carinated ; white in the middle; the sides ashen green, often spotted with brown; interior white. Front valve lunate, tail valve rather depressed, submucronate in the middle; intermediate valves having the central areas finely punctate on the ridge, longitudinally striolate at the sides; lateral areas and end valves radiately rugulose-striated. Girdle ashen, submaculated, scaly, the scales small and oblong, excessiwely finely multicarinated. Length, 22 mm.; breadth, 11 mm. Table Bay.” Pilsbry considered that this belonged to the group I call “ oniscus group.” It will be seen that the definition deals mostly with colour and pattern, features which in Chitons have little or no specific value. The only distinctive portion of the definition are the words “the scales small and oblong, excessively finely multi- carinated.”’ In the same box from the Albany Museum with J. hewitti, all under the name I. elizabethensis, was a dissimilar example, No. 5078, measuring 9X5-5 mm. dry. The girdle scales are distinct from any other members of the “ oniscus group,” and correspond with Krauss’ description of the scales, as above. The sculpture is minutely decussate, but much hidden by some gummy matter; I suggest that it be identified with a query as J. ludwigi Pilsbry, as he was the first publisher of this name. The correctness of this somewhat doubtful determination must be left till more and larger material is available ; if no more examples are met with I should recommend this example being considered an exotic specimen, and consider C. ludwigi (Krauss MSS.) Pilsbry a nomen nudum. 36 Annals of the South African Museum. Short Key of the Oniscus Group. A. Girdle scales smooth, or striae reduced to mere scratching. 1. Scales variable in size, flat or biscuit shape, not strongly bent over, suberect . : ; : ‘ i : 5 " oniscus 2. Scales very broad, apex smooth and polished, much bent over and com- pletely imbricated : : ‘ ‘ ; : elizabethensis B. Girdle scales coarsely ribbed. 1. Scales very coarsely ribbed, with few riblets (3 to 5) . : hewitti 2. Scales with numerous riblets, riblets less than half as wide as in hewitti ? ludwigr Subgenus Radsiella Pilsbry. Section Radsiella, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, pp. 54, 139, 1892. Pilsbry defines his section Radsiella as follows: “‘ Valves and girdle entirely similar to the ordinary Ischnochiton, but the insertion plates of the intermediate valves having two or several slits,” with Ischnochiton tridentatus Pilsbry, the type species. Pilsbry, as shown hereunder, did not include J. textilis (Gray) in this section, and I had in MSS. proposed to place the following three distinctive South African forms under a new subgenus, which I proposed to name “ Diktuonus”’ on the ground of the multislitting of the median valves and of the peculiar network sculpture. I then noted Pilsbry’s Radsiella section ; I have not seen the type species I. tridentatus from Lower California, but his definition equally fits the three following species: I. textalis (Gray), I. delagoaensis n. sp., and . tagrinus (Krauss) ; should the three species, on comparison with I. tridentatus, be found to be not consubgeneric, I suggest that the name “ Diktuonus”’ be adopted therefore, with J. textilis (Gray) as type species. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) textilis (Gray). (Pl. V, figs. 56-58.) Chiton textilis, Gray, Spic. Zool., pt. 1, p. 5, 1828; Ischnochiton textilis, Pilsbry (part only), Man. Conch., xiv, p. 98 (non teztilis Pilsbry, as described bottom of page 99); JI. textilis, Thiele, loc. cit., p. 111, pl. vin, fig. 40; non J. textilis, Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., i, pt. 3, p. 182, 1894. Thiele in Schultze, Forsch. Reise, iv, p. 269, 1910. Introduction.—Pilsbry does not appear to have been able to see an example of the true J. textilis (Gray) and assumed it was allied to I. oniscus, this error being due to the brevity of Gray’s description and the fact that his figure was useless. Until receiving one of Gray’s cotypes from the British Museum it was my intention to Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 37 recognise Gray’s C. textilis in C. tigrinus (Krauss), as it appeared to me that Reeve figured that shell under the name “ teztilis.”” But since receiving the cotype from the British Museum I realise that the shell I had described in MSS. is Gray’s teztilis. The following is Gray’s definition: “Shell oblong, elongate, white, pellucid when young, green with a white central band; end valves and lateral areas of the middle valves finely, radially striated and concentrically wrinkled ; central area closely and minutely punctated, and behind finely, longitudinally striated; margin (girdle) white, minutely scaly. Length one inch and a half.”” To make this brief description apply to this shell the word “ behind ” has to be emended to “ before,”’ as the median areas are longitudinally striated anteriorly only. Also Gray’s remarks about the juvenile form quite probably do not apply to this species. I have seen nojuvenile. I am accepting the example sent from the British Museum, No. P739, as being a true cotype of Gray’s C. teztilis. General Appearance.—Shell rather shallow, arched not keeled ; sculpture of dorsal-pleural area changing anteriorly in mature shells into coarse, wavy, longitudinal ribbing, with irregular bridging across; lateral areas and end valves decorated with radiating coarse rugose riblets; girdle unusually broad, in dried example 3 mm. on either side, representing a fraction over one-third of total width of the animal, probably a still larger proportion when alive. Head Valve.—Valve large, raised, decorated with closely packed radiating riblets (which measure from 162 pw to 250 w in width towards the girdle), these riblets are broken by several concentric growth grooves. Colour, cartridge buff (Ridgway, pl. xxx); the colour is deeper at the concentric grooves, forming banding of a deeper shade. Median Valve.—Laterally broad, arched ; the posterior third of the dorsal area is eroded on all specimens, including the example described ; the dorsal area is not defined, the dorsal-pleural area is decorated with coarse network sculpture, the cells or mesh vary from lanceolate to ovate, but many near the umbo are confluent; near the anterior margin the network pattern is departed from and becomes a series of longitudinal, sinuate, highly raised, convex ribs, the grooves between being deep and narrow, both the ribbing and the interspaces are irregular and in many places the ribs are confluent. In the largest of the four specimens from Saldanha Bay the network sculpture has been entirely eroded and only the conspicuous, sinuate, longitudinal ribs left on the anterior portion of shell. The lateral area is strongly 38 Annals of the South African Museum. raised and decorated with bifurcating radial ribs, similar to those of the head valve but coarser, and are partially broken by deep, con- centric growth grooves. Tail Valve.—Valve large, mucro slightly ante-median, eroded, sculpture in front of mucro, similar to the dorsal-pleural area in the median valves; the portion of valve behind the mucro is same as in anterior valve except that the concentric growth grooves are more numerous and deeper, breaking the radial riblets almost into grains (300 ys wide). Girdle is broad, 3 mm. wide, clothed with rather large imbricating white scales which are bent over anteriorly, the exposed portion appears smooth but under 65 mag. the basal half is seen to be closely scratched or shallowly grooved ; it is possible that the grooving of the scales may have been affected by some solution in which the shells may have been placed. Inside (articulamentum).—Inside white. Head valve—teeth sharp, slits 18, eaves overhanging, solid. Median valve—sutural laminae produced forward, jugal sinus very wide, teeth sharp, slits in valve 2, 4/4, but in valve 3, which is figured, insertion is broken. Tail valve —slits 14, all teeth except fourth same as head valve, but show a tendency to change in character, becoming irregularly crenate with corresponding short grooves inside, tegmentum bowed outward in the jugal sinus. : Measurements.—The shell described, S.A. Mus., No. A5340, before disarticulation was dry and curled, estimated 35x17 mm. _ In this condition the girdle occupies over one-third of the width; head valve, 9X5 mm.; median valve, 11 x4 mm.; tail valve, 9X6 mm. ; angle of divergence, 105° (valve 4). Habitat.—Saldanha Bay (west coast); False Bay. Liideritzbucht (Thiele). Note.—Several examples, in spirit, have recently been sent to me by Dr. Barnard from Saldanha Bay; the largest measures 35 x 20 mm. Gills median, stopping 4 mm. short of either end of the foot. Gull laminae or plumes, 35/35. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) tugronus (Krauss). (Pl. V, figs. 59-62.) Chiton tigrinus, Krauss, Die Stidafrik. Moll., p. 38, pl. im, fig. 5, 1848; Chiton solea, Sowerby, Conch., i, fig. 61 (undescribed) ; C. textilis, Reeve (not Gray), Conch. Icon., pl. xvi, fig. 88, 1847 ; Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 39 I. tigrinus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 143, pl. xix, figs. 60-63, 1892 ; Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xviii, pt. 2, p. 90, pl. vii, fig. 16, 1928. Introduction.—I have selected an example given to me by the British Museum, because both in size and markings it is almost identical with the type described by Krauss. General Appearance.—Hlliptical, dorsal-pleural areas pricked,”’ lateral areas and end valves coarsely sculptured with radial granulose riblets, girdle clothed with rather large, finely striate, imbricating scales. Colour in disarticulated example somewhat faded, pale pinkish brown with wavy, sub-longitudinal banding of a darker shade; I count four to five of these bands on each side of median valves; this colour pattern is shown by Krauss in his figure. The South African Museum example, No. A5249, is uniformly cacao brown (Ridgway, pl. xxviii). Head Valve.—Raised, carinated, side slope almost straight, decor- ated with about 70 closely packed, irregular, granulose, radiating riblets; these are crossed by several granulose, concentric growth ridges ; three or more wavy colour bands are present. Median Valve.—Raised, carinated, dorsal-pleural area decorated with a cellular or semi-network pattern, of which the interspaces are more or less circular; lateral area raised, rather narrow, decor- ated with 7 rather confused but coarsely granulose, radial riblets, numerous growth grooves cross these ribs, the granulation at these points being very coarse, having the effect of together forming coarse granulose transverse ridges. Tail Valve.—Raised, mucro almost median, anterior portion similar to dorsal-pleural area in median valves ; the slope immediately behind mucro is steep, rapidly becoming flatter, making the posterior slope slightly convex ; ornamentation similar to that of the lateral areas, although the concentric growth ridges are a little more marked ; there is immediately behind the mucro and in some of the interspaces a minute granulated surface to the shell; colour banding and blotching is present. Inside.—White to greyish white with a tinge of pink near the umbo. Head valve—eaves overhanging, insertion plate well produced, slits 16, deeply cut; teeth sharp, straight edged. Median valve— sutural laminae fairly large, anterior edge almost straight, jugal sinus medium, tegmentum slightly bowed outwards in the sinus; tbe slitting is irregular, valves 3 and 5 have 2 slits one side and 1 the other, valves 4 and 6 have 2/2; teeth sharp. Tail valve—13 slits, teeth sharp and fairly even. ¢ ‘cellulose or 40 Annals of the South African Museum. Girdle.—Clothed with rather large, thin, imbricating scales which are finely striate. Measurements.—Whole shell, 21-5x10-5 mm. (girdle not quite flat) ; head valve, 7:75 x 4:5 mm.; median valve (No. 5), 10 4:5 mm. ; tail valve, 8x5 mm.; angle of divergence, 90°. Habitat.—Examples before me from Port Elizabeth, Port Alfred, St. Sebastian Bay. Comparisons.—This species is easily distinguished from J. teatilis in that this shell is carinated and teztilis is arched, the latter is dis- tinctly broader; the sculpture of the dorsal-pleural areas in this is consistently throughout a cellulose or canvas-like sculpture, whereas textilis has a network sculpture in which the meshes are longitudinally drawn out, this sculpture changing anteriorly into wavy, longitudinal riblets ; the jugal sinus in teztilis is much broader than it is in tegrinus. It is distinguished from J. delagoaensis in that the latter possesses large-mesh network sculpture and no radial ribbing in the lateral areas. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) delagoaensis n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 63-66.) Introduction.—South African Museum, No. A6589, is a unique Ischnochaton collected by Dr. K. H. Barnard at Delagoa Bay. In this the network sculpture described in J. textilis attains its highest per- fection; the beauty of this shell in sculptural design and delicacy of tracery is unsurpassed in any other member of this genus. It is with much regret that in the interest of accurate description I have been compelled to disarticulate this unique specimen, and the more so as the head valve is cracked. General Appearance.—Hlliptical, low elevation, subcarinated, side slope convex, the end valves and lateral areas ornamented with irregular, wavy, jagged riblets and a little netting, the dorsal-pleural area ornamented with large-mesh netting sculpture; girdle clothed with small, imbricating, striated scales; colour, all valves show pale blue blotches and all sculpture is pure porcelain white. Head Valve.—Rather flat and wide laterally, porcelain white with scattered, irregular blotches or streaks of very pale greenish blue (possibly in the living shell these colour marks may be conspicuous) ; sculpture towards the apex network, at the apex itself (apex worn) probably minutely granulose ; the outer half of valve is ornamented with vermiform, wavy, irregular riblets which on the lateral portions have a somewhat concentric arrangement. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 41 Median Valve.—Rather flat, carinated, side slope not steep, convex, not beaked ; ridge without sculpture, rest of dorsal area and pleural area sculptured with beautiful network ; under 20 mag. the net is seen to be composed of strings white as porcelain, the mesh commencing small on the jugal tract and increasing rapidly both anteriorly and laterally, the net is drawn out longitudinally so that the mesh is a series of elongate rhomboids (one of these measured is 140 px 87 4) ; the lateral area is raised, minutely granulose at the jugum (i.e. the juvenile portion of shell), changing into a series of partly diagonal, merging into sub-concentric, wavy, irregular riblets; but there is also on the anterior side of this area a little netting similar to that of the dorsal-pleural area except that the mesh is elongate vertically and not longitudinally. Tail Valve.—ULarge, elevated, mucro median, the slope immediately behind vertical then concave, due to the rapid flattening of this portion ; sculpture of the anterior portion similar to dorsal-pleural areas of median valves; the sculpture immediately behind the mucro is granulose, the rest of the posterior sculpture is composed of more or - less parallel, wavy, or broken riblets, which are arranged longitudinally to commence with, but rapidly curving concentrically towards the middle line. Inside (articulamentum).—White. Head valve—insertion plate shallow, slits 10, teeth sharp, irregular, slits deeply cut, eaves over- hang. Median valve—slits 1/1, sutural laminae shallow, jugal sinus broad. Tail valve—slits 11. In median valves tegmentum is narrowly turned over but unsculptured. Gurdle.—Clothed with white, flat, thin, imbricating small scales, apparently smooth and polished, measuring laterally 150 uw, much less vertically, under65 mag. I could not detect any scratching, but under a higher magnitude I counted 12 striae on one scale. Measurements.—Whole shell, 10<6:5 mm.; head valve broken ; median valve, 4:°75x2 mm.; tail valve, 4x 2:5 mm.; angle of diver- gence, 100°. Habitat.—Delagoa Bay. Comparisons.—The large network sculpture of this species is very distinct from the cellulose sculpture of J. tagrinus Krauss; it more nearly approaches the sculpture of J. textilis Gray, but in that species the strands or riblets forming the network are much coarser and change anteriorly into coarse longitudinal ribs, a feature quite absent in the species under examination ; also in teztilis the lateral areas are radially ribbed, which is not the case in delagoaensis. At first I 42 Annals of the South African Museum. thought that this might be the juvenile form of J. textilis, but although in all the specimens of J. textilis before me the juvenile portion of the shell is eroded, I am satisfied from the data advanced that I. delagoaensis is quite distinct. Note.—Thiele, loc. cit., p. 90, pl. ix, figs. 32-36, describes and figures an. sp. of Chiton under the name Chiton (Clathropleura) peregrinus Thiele. The figure shows in the median valve a network sculpture that suggests J. textilis, but the other sculpture is certainly distinct. Thiele believed that it came from Algoa Bay. Family CHITONIDAE Pilsbry. Subfamily CHITONINAE Pilsbry. Use of subgeneric names Clathropleura, Rhyssoplax, and Anthochiton discussed. Thiele (Das Gebiss der Schnecken, u, p. 367, 1893) proposed the use of the name Clathropleura Tiberi (Bull. Soc. Mal. Italy, in, p. 136, 1877) as a subgenus of the genus Chiton L., citing C. siculus Gray=C. sulcatus, and adopted this name throughout his later work of 1909. Pilsbry subsequently (Man. Conch., xv, p. 67) selected Callochiton laevis (Mont) as type of Clathropleura Tiberi. Iredale (Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., ix, 1910) points out that Tiberi gave no diagnosis, but listed three species in his paper C. laevis, C. corallinus Riss., and C. sulcatus, with C. siculus Gray as synonym. Iredale then states that the concluding portion of Tiberi’s paper containing the C. siculus Gray was printed on the cover of the next volume, dated 1878, and he therefore assumes that the two volumes were not pub- lished at the same time. He then cites C. laevis (already cited by Pilsbry, 1893) as Tiberi’s type of Clathropleura. He then proposes the use of Thiele’s subgenus Rhyssoplax with type C. affinis Issel as a substitute for the subgenus Clathropleura as used by Thiele, with Anthochiton Thiele, 1893, as a synonym; basing his treatment on the grounds (Int. Rules, Article 30a) that C. sieulus Gray “ was not in- cluded under the generic name at the time of its original publication.” TI submit (1) that no evidence has been adduced to prove that the two volumes in which Tiberi’s paper was published were not issued at one andthe same time. (2) That the name “ C. affinis Issel ” was not published by Thiele until his second work of 1910. (3) That therefore Thiele’s subgeneric name Anthochiton, with Chiton tulipa Quoy and Gaimard as type of the genus, dates from Thiele’s earlier work of Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 48 1893, p. 377. (4) As no adequate definition has yet been published to warrant the elevation to generic status of any of the three names quoted above as proposed as subgenera by Thiele, I have in this monograph elected to use none of them. Their proposal was based almost entirely on characters of the radula. Chiton. tulipa Q. and G. C. tulipa, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. |’ Astrolabe, Zool., ii, p. 389, pl. Ixxiv, figs. 35-36, 1834; Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 37; Reeve, Soaene leon, pl. wi, fig. 18; Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 185, 1892; Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., 1, pt. 3, p. 134, 1894; Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xvii, pt. 2, p. 87, 1928; C. cymbiola, Sowerby, Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 292, 1840. The following is Pilsbry’s description: “Shell oval, oblong, elevated, acutely carinated, the side slopes nearly straight. Surface smooth and polished throughout. Ground colour buff or whitish, suffused and closely mottled all over with reddish chestnut, fawn or purple brown, usually longitudinally streaked in the central areas, zigzageed or tessellated on the end valves, and articulated on the diagonal lines with the darker colour. Sometimes parts of some valves or several whole valves are of a uniform dark brown colour. The central areas are smooth except for slight growth lines and a microscopic granulation which covers the whole surface. Lateral areas well raised, flat, rarely with slight radii, smooth in the excavation at the diagonal line, a lens shows a few very short longitudinal grooves in some specimens. Tail valve elevated with central umbo. Interior very light blue green, each valve rayed with brown at the beaks. Anterior valve having 8, central valves 1/1, posterior valve 12 shits; teeth pectinated, eaves short, spongy, grooved along the teeth. Sinus narrow, denticulate. Girdle, solid, closely covered. Angle of divergence, 100° to 112°, with smooth, convex scales.”’ Habitat.—I have seen examples from the following localities : St. Sebastian Bay, Simons Bay, Camps Bay (west coast of Cape Peninsula), and Port Alfred. Chiton tulipa alfredensis Ashby. (Pl. VI, figs. 67-69.) C. tulipa alfredensis, Ashby, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., xviii, pt. 2, p. 87, 1928. Ashby, in describing this variety or subspecies (which status is 44 Annals of the South African Museum. justified must remain for workers on the spot to determine) on page 88, says: “The example I am selecting as type is, in common with the others, much curved, and measures along the dorsal ridge about 45 mm., has 10 to 12 grooves, with their corresponding short longitudinal ribs on each valve. In other respects they are similar to C. tulipa s.s. Pilsbry states: ‘ The short traces of grooves at the diagonal line are rarely visible without a lens,’ whereas in all the examples under discussion the grooves are most marked and easily seen if looked at laterally without a lens. I certainly consider this very distinct form deserves a name, judging from the fact that all the half-grown to adult specimens in this collection from Port Alfred have this feature. I am giving it the subspecific name of alfredensis. Quoy and Gaimard, in the original description, make no mention of ribs or pits in the pleural areas, neither do they figure such. I would there- fore indicate that C. tulipa s.s. is the smooth ungrooved form.” “The more perfect girdle scales in my holotype are translucent, highly polished, and closely, minutely striate, the apices minutely pitted under 65 mag.; they are also much bent over. The inside is bluish, translucent, insertion plate thick and pectinate, anterior valve 8 slits, median valve 1/1, tail valve 11, sutural laminae large, sinus between medium and the laminae joined across by a series of 10 or more blunt denticles ; in the median valves the articulamentum is much thickened at the edge of the lateral areas, and the thickened eaves perforated by a series of holes which are most likely nerve- fibre channels.” Angle of divergence, 93°. This last paragraph will equally apply to C. tulupa s.s. In conclusion: As far as I can de- termine, all or nearly all the Port Alfred examples in the various col- lections assembled before me belong to the subspecies alfredensis, but I have seen a specimen said to come from Camps Bay (west side of Cape Peninsula) which exhibits similar grooving and nibbing ; there- fore it looks likely that alfredensis is not a true geographic race but one of two distinct forms that exist side by side: future work must decide this. Chiton crawford: Sykes. (Pl. VI, figs. 70-73.) C. crawfordi, Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 279, 1899 ; Ischno- chiton (in error) crawfordi, Ashby, loc. cit., p. 90, 1928. General Appearance.—Hlliptical, carinated, slightly beaked, lateral areas much raised; the whole shell is smooth except for a series of pits and grooves in the pleural area, where it abuts on the lateral, Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 45 which commence near the jugum as small pits and increase rapidly in size till, as the girdle is approached, they traverse the whole of this area ; girdle broad, clothed with rather large imbricating scales ; colour and pattern are variable, in shades of pink, olive, and dark brown. Head Valve.—Broad and elevated, minutely decussate all over, possessing several distinct but shallow concentric growth grooves. Median Valve.—Much elevated and carinated, side slope steep but slightly convex, dorsal area and upper portion of pleural minutely decussate; the only striking feature is the existence of a series of pits and grooves in the pleural area, commencing near the jugum as small pits and rapidly increasing in size until they form deep and broad grooves, traversing longitudinally the whole of the area. I count 6 of these latter, separated from each other by very broad and strong ribs; from these to the jugum are 8 pits and gashes, making a total of 14 in all; narrow transverse growth grooves cross the smooth portion of the dorsal-pleural area. Lateral area strongly raised and without sculpture except the minute decussation. Tail Valve.—Unfortunately this valve in the disarticulated example is an abnormality, being a combination of parts of both 7th and 8th valves; mucro about central, posterior slope concave, anterior portion similar to pleural areas, and posterior similar to lateral areas, strongly raised separating rib. Inside (articulamentum).—White, teeth serrate, eaves do not overhang, insertion plate extends beyond the eaves; head valve 8 slits, median valve 1/1, tail valve, Sykes gives 9 slits. The sutural laminae are shallow, laterally broad, jugal sinus narrow; a strongly serrate spade-like process connects across the sinus except for a bilateral slit. Girdle.—Clothed with rather large, polished, imbricating scales, the exposed portion shuttle shaped, and grooved with shallow, closely packed striae; actually the scales are bent double, the exposed half imbricating. Measurements.—Three examples have been sent to me from the Natal Museum, and a single median valve from the Oxford Museum, this latter collection by Col. Turton at Port Alfred. Whole shells, 26x14 mm., 199-5 mm., and 18x10 mm. respectively ; head valve, 84:5 mm.; median valve, 10X6 mm.; tail valve (abnormal), 9x7 mm.; angle of divergence, 90°. Habitat.—Port Shepstone ; Port Alfred. Sykes gives Algoa Bay as locality of his type. 46 Annals of the South African Museum. Chiton barnardi n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 74-76 ; Pl. VII, fig. 77.) Introduction.—There are two examples in the collection from the South African Museum of a very striking and hitherto undescribed Chiton which I have pleasure in naming after the discoverer Dr. K. H. Barnard. These are numbered respectively A6590, A5331; both were collected at the Island of Mozambique ; as the latter 1s in better preservation and retains its colour I am making it the holotype and disarticulating the paratype. General Appearance. — Holotype curled, shell much elevated, slightly carinated, side slope steep and convex, end valves and lateral areas decorated with strong, subnodulose ribs, dorsal area smooth on most valves, and pleural area deeply and broadly longitudinally grooved ; girdle clothed with imbricating scales. Colour of holotype ochraceous salmon (Ridgway, pl. xv), girdle same colour, banded with white, the sides of the tail valve blotched with brown. Paratype— the colour of this specimen has faded, but shows a broad, pale, dorsal band on all valves after the second, with brown pleural areas. Head Valve.—Strongly raised, anterior slope steep, convex, decorated with 10 broad, strongly raised, rounded ribs, which are in places shallowly, transversely ridged, and subgranulose at the side. Median Valve.—Subcarinated and highly arched, side slope steep, convex, dorsal area defined, broadly wedge shaped and smooth. Pleural area possesses 9 deep, longitudinal grooves, all except the four nearest the dorsal ridge practically cross the area, although stopping just before actually reaching the anterior margin. Lateral area—this area 1s narrow and composed of 2 strongly raised, broad, subnodulose, rounded ribs. Tail Valve.—Dorsal area smooth, except that, in common with some of the median valves of holotype, the first pair of longitudinal grooves are bowed upwards across the dorsal area, otherwise the anterior sculpture is similar to that of the pleural areas. The whole valve is truncated at the mucro, the posterior margin of valve is immediately beneath the mucro (which is in centre of valve), so that a vertical line would cut both the shell margin and the mucro. The posterior portion of valve is convex, decorated with 8 very strong radiating ribs ; these in the holotype number 10 and are sub-obsoletely nodulose. This difference is still more apparent in the head valve, for in the holotype the lateral nodules on the ribs in that valve almost bridge across the intervening sulcus. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 47 Inside.—Greyish white, translucent, polished; eaves barely over- hang, spongy ; teeth thick with bluntly serrate edge, grooved outside, smooth inside; anterior valve, slits 9; median valve, slits 1/1; tail valve, slits 13 (one of which seems an interpolation and a true slit); teeth very irregular and in the centre small, much grooved, dentate, and crowded; sutural laminae rather shallow, jugal sinus medium, narrowly joined across the median line, edge in sinus minutely serrate. Girdle.—Clothed with large, imbricating scales, the grooving or fluting on the scales is easily detected under 20 mag., a short spiculose girdle-fringe is present on holotype. Detached scales measure 150 X 90, are translucent and deeply grooved with 7-8 grooves. Measurements.—W hole shells too curled to measure; anterior valve (No. 4), 2-52-75 mm.; median valve, 452-5 mm.; tail valve, 2-52-75 mm. Angle of divergence, 80°. Habitat.—Mozambique Island. In conclusion.—The spongy eaves, the serrate extension of the articulamentum across the jugal sinus, and the peculiar truncated tail valve suggest possible justification for subgeneric separation, but for reasons I have advanced under the heading “ Subgeneric Discus- sion ’’ I leave it under the genus Chiton. Subgenus Sypharochiton Thiele. Sypharochiton, Thiele, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, u1, p. 365, 1893 ; type of subgenus Chiton pellis-serpentis Quoy and Gaimard. Chiton (Sypharochiton) nigrovirens Blainville. cel VEL ies, 78-31.) Chiton nigrovirens, Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat., xxxvi, p. 538, 1825 ; Haddon, Challenger, Polyplac., p. 22, 1886. C. capensis, Gray, Spic. Zool., p. 5, 1828; Hanley, in Wood, Index Test. Suppl., 1, fig. 11; Reeve, Conch. Icon., xxii, fig. 151; Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 37. C. ngrovirescens, Sowerby, Cat. 8. Afr. Mollusca, 1892. C. negrovirens, Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., i, pt. 3, p. 1382, 1894. C. (Sypharo- chiton) nigrovirens, Ashby, loc. cit., pp. 91, 93, pl. vu, fig. 17; Thiele in Schultze, Forsch. Reise, iv, p. 269, 1910. General Appearance.—Hlliptical, raised, arched, not carinated, strongly beaked ; end valves and lateral areas decorated with shallow 48 Annals of the South African Museum. ray-riblets ; dorsal-pleural area indistinctly, longitudinally grooved ; colour black, girdle banded; most other examples are grey and badly eroded; girdle clothed with large, solid, opaque, imbricating scales. Head Valve.—Raised, rather large, laterally wide, decorated with about 30 closely packed, radial riblets, which are subgranulose ; the whole surface of shell is minutely decussate. Median Valve.—Arched, not carinated, side slope flat and convex ; the dorsal-pleural area longitudinally but feebly grooved, the portion towards the jugum almost smooth ; lateral areas raised and decorated with about 6 radial, granulose riblets. Tail Valve.—Large, mucro anterior, defined ; posterior slope steep ; posterior portion double the size of the anterior, due largely to the lateral expansion of the shell; anterior portion unsculptured except for narrow growth grooves and minute granulation ; posterior portion similar to the head valve. Inside (articulamentum).—Bluish grey, except insertion plates and sutural laminae, which are dirty white ; eaves spongy, insertion plate well produced. Head valve—slits 12, narrow and deeply cut; teeth irregular and sharply serrate ; tegmentum narrowly infolded at the apex. Median valve—slits 1/1, serrate; sutural laminae shallow, jugal sinus very broad, and articulamentum extending one-third across on either side. Tail valve—slits 15; teeth uneven, very serrate; articula- mentum shallowly joined across, edge bluntly dentate. Girdle.—Clothed with large, solid, dull, opaque, imbricating scales without striae. Measurements.—Whole shell (photo), 14 x 8-5 mm.; head valve, 7x3 mm.; median valve, 853 mm.; tail valve, 6X3°-5 mm.; angle of divergence, 110°. Habitat.—False Bay (S.A. Mus., 45337), Table Bay; one example (S.A. Mus., No. A5338) from Liideritzbucht, S.-W. Africa; Port Alfred ; Liideritzbucht (Thiele). Juvenile.—From the Turton Coll. (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 125380) comes a juvenile example showing absence of sculpture except for microscopic granulation and growth lines.* * Note by K. H. Barnard. Thiele (/oc. cit., 1910) refers to the presence of young under the mantle (girdle) edge. The same fact was observed in the case of the specimens collected by me at Smitswinkel Bay, False Bay, in July 1912. The young are about ‘75 mm. in length. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 49 Subfamily LIOLOPHURINAE Pilsbry. Subfamily Lrolophurinae, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 232, 1892. Pilsbry’s diagnosis must be enlarged and made to correspond with subfamily Acanthopleurinae, Thiele (loc. cit., p. 117, 1909). Note.—It must be admitted that the restricted genus Liolophura is not as typical as is the genus Acanthopleura of the group assembled by Thiele (and quite rightly so, I think), under his subfamily Acantho- pleurinae ; but under the International Rules of Nomenclature we are compelled to accept the earlier name. Acanthopleura brevispinosa (Sowerby). (Pl. VII, fig. 82.) Chiton brevispinosa, Sowerby, Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 287, pl. xvi, omer ls40> Conch., ii, fig. 136; Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 52°; Acanthopleura brevispinosa, Rochbrune, Nouv. Arch. du Mus., p. 240, 1881; A. afra, Rochbrune, Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 192, 1881-2; A. quatrefaget, Rochbrune, loc. cit., p. 117, 1880-1; Journ. de Conch., p. 44, 1881; Ashby, loc. cit., p. 91, 1928; A. spinigera, Odhner, Arkiv Zool: Band., ii, No. 6, p. 21, 1919. Note.—Pilsbry placed this species under his subgenus Amphitomura, of which A. borbonica Des. is the type species. I find a close resem- blance between the various forms of Acanthopleura found on the coasts of the Indian Ocean, and think it quite possible that a careful in- vestigation might necessitate considering most, if not all, as geogra- phical races, 7.e. subspecies of Chiton gemmatus Blainville (Dict. Sci. Nat., xxxvi, p. 544, 1825). At least the fairly extensive material in my own collection points to the futility of generically separating up the members of this group on the definitions supplied by various workers. General Appearance.—Broad, subcarinated, beaked, shell much eroded, sculpture consisting of coarse, broken, wavy, irregularly granulose, more or less concentric riblets. Girdle very broad, beset thickly with short, stout, blunt calcareous spicules, with numberless much shorter spicules thickly intermingled. The end valves and the lateral areas are furnished with “‘eyes”’; the example is not dis- articulated ; colour brown, with a dark dorsal stripe margined by a pale band. | Head Valve.—Very large, flat, upper half eroded, outer half dec- orated with wavy, concentric rows of granulose riblets, changing VOn, xxx, PART |; 50 Annals of the South African Museum. in parts into disconnected grains; numerous “‘eyes”’ are present, mostly in the grooves. Median Valve.—Valve 2 measures longitudinally half as much again as the others, subcarinated, beaked, upper third eroded, central portion decorated with widely spaced, irregular granules, which become much larger towards the girdle and are there arranged concentrically ; “ eyes’? most numerous near the girdle. Tail Valve.—Badly eroded, mucro at posterior third, sculptured with granules arranged concentrically ; eyes quite numerous on the non-eroded portion. Inside.—Pilsbry gives “ anterior valve 7-8, central 1, posterior 2, slits, and a number of irregular serrations ; anterior teeth moderately long, finely pectinated outside; posterior teeth very short, blunt, obsoletely pectinated.”’ Girdle.—Densely clothed with coarse, blunt, short, calcareous spicules, the interspaces crowded with very short almost pebble-like spicules. Measurement.—Dry, much curled, 25x21 mm. Angle of diver- gence, 130° (Pilsbry). Habitat.—Mozambique elwhid (S.A. Mus., No. A5330). ce Omthochiton literatus (Krauss). (Pl. VII, figs. 83-86.) Chiton literatus, Krauss, Die Stidafrik. Moll., p. 36, pl. iu, fig. 6; C. wahlbergi, Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 36, pl. 11, fig. 1 ; Onitho- chiton literatus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xiv, p. 251, pl. lv, figs. 22-28, 1892 ; Plaxiphora wahlbergi, Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 322, pl. lv, figs. 17-18, 1892 ; Onithochiton literatus and O. wahlbergi, Thiele ? same species, Rev. Syst. der Chit., p. 98, 1909; Ashby, loc. cit., p. 91, note 92, 1928 ; O. lyall1, Odhner (non-Sowerby), Faun. Malac. de Madagascar, pe 40; 1919 Arkiy."Zool., B. 12, No.6. Introduction.—It will be seen from the above synonomy that I consider C. literatus and C. wahlbergi, both of Krauss, as conspecific. Pilsbry considered C. wahlbergi as belonging to the genus Plaxiphora, treating it as the only representative of a distinct group. I noticed that Krauss’ figure of the whole shell, in both proportion and shape, is that of a typical Onithochiton and not that of a Plaxiphora; the insertion plate and head valve, as shown in his figures, are character- istic of the genus Onithochiton and not of that of Plaxiphora, and in addition Krauss states “ girdle brown, leathery, velvety,” a descrip- Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 51 tion that could not apply to the strongly spiculose girdle of the genus Plaxiphora. Krauss, immediately under his figure of C. wahlbergi, figures another Onithochiton, which is not eroded as is the first figure; this he calls C. literatus. In this figure the shape of the valves is similar to that of C. wahlbergi, except that the tail valve is a little pointed, whereas wahlbergi is blunt, due no doubt to erosion. I consider these con- specific, for the following reasons: (a) It is unlikely that two distinct species of the restricted genus Onithochiton will be living together ; (6) the amount of variation revealed in Krauss’ figures and descrip- tions and in the series of examples now before me is no more than is common in the species found along the Western Australian coast from Shark Bay in the north to the Leeuwin in the south, and called Onithochiton quercinus occidentalis Ashby. Since writing the fore- going notes I have read a translation of Thiele’s work of 1910, in which he states that he had come to the same conclusion. General Appearance.—Animal elongate, sides parallel, not wider in the middle as in most Chitons, shell arched, strong, broken, growth grooves around outer margin of all valves ; sculpture of dorsal-pleural area covered with numerous, deep, longitudinal, and diagonal grooves. These grooves in the lateral areas are broken and irregular; the ground colour is dark and the sculpture several shades of lighter brown. “ Eyes,” with a grey cornea 36 yu in diameter, are so scattered over the head valve, on the outer margin only in the tail valve, and in the lateral area of the median valves. Head Valve.—The sculpture of two-thirds of the non-eroded portion of the example under examination consists of a series of large irregular and very angular, flattened grains, which in the main follow the concentric grooves. These, almost blocks of flattened sculpture, are in places joined across the concentric growth grooves ; those furthest from the girdle are still more irregular and vermiform; “eyes” are scattered over this valve. Median Valve.—The shell is very flat, the dorsal-pleural area is decorated with numerous flat-topped, diagonal riblets, converging anteriorly. These ribs are separated by deep grooves, which are less than half the width of the riblets; these are broken where crossed by growth grooves; the lateral areas are crossed by a series of large, irregular grains, which are more circular than in the head valve, the grains follow deep, concentric growth grooves; “eyes” present on anterior half of this area. Tail Valve.—Very flat, mucro undoubtedly posterior but eroded, 52 Annals of the South African Museum. anterior portion similar to dorsal-pleural area, valve bent over later- ally ; posterior portion very narrow, growth grooves follow contour of margin and converge at the mucro; numerous “ eyes”’ present. Inside (articulamentum).—White. Anterior valve—insertion plate well produced, slits 8, teeth regular, closely and deeply grooved on outside, smooth inside, edge of teeth finely serrate, eaves shallow. Median valve —slits 1/1, very broad, edge of teeth numerously grooved, sutural laminae strongly produced forward, jugal sinus wide, laminae joined across the middle line by an extension of the articulamentum, which is deeply serrate. Tail valve—insertion plate obsolete, the articulamentum ending in a callus, eaves much overhung. Girdle.—Under pocket lens brown and felty, but under 65 mag. seen to be densely covered with short, stout, rather blunt spicules ; one measured was 125 x 25 p. _ Measurements.—Whole shell, dried and curled, 20x12 mm.; head valve, 7°5X4:5 mm.; median valve, 106 mm.; tail valve, 8x 4:5 mm.; angle of divergence, 105°. Habitat.—Scottburgh ; Port Shepstone; Umkomaas; Port St. Johns; Durban Bay. Note.—Since the descriptions were written and figures made I have received from the Natal Museum several uncurled examples of this shell. One almost perfect example, measuring 35x20 mm., is broadly banded down the centre with bright chestnut, and beautifully mottled on either side with cream markings arranged in a sort of scalloped pattern. The sculpture differs little from the foregoing description. Some examples have but little sculpture left, except the deep growth grooves that follow the outer margin; in others these grooves are almost absent, and most of the valves are covered with the irregular grooved and ribbed sculpture described herein. I am grateful to Dr. EK. Warren, Director of the Natal Museum, for so kindly sending along these specimens, for they fully confirm the conclusion already come to that C. wahlbergi and C. literatus are conspecific. The latter name has line precedence. Chitons which have been incorrectly credited to the South African Fauna or about which there is grave doubt. Acanthochiton spiculosus Reeve.—Sykes states this was recorded from Port Elizabeth by Sowerby, in error; it is a West Indian species. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 53 Plaxiphora carmichaelis Gray, 1828.—Sykes considers this con- specific with Chiton setiger King, 1831, and therefore Gray’s name antedates that of King. It is a South American species. Ischnochiton cyaneopunctatus, Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 40, pl. mi., fig. 2, 1848. Krauss’ figure and description fit perfectly with Ischnochiton lentiginosus, Sowerby, Mag. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 293, 1840. A common shell in New South Wales, Australia. It is evident that through error Krauss described an Australian species in mistake for a South African one. That South Africa does possess a blue spotted Ischnochiton I have shown in my description of J. delagoaensis; but this species belongs to a group of the genus Ischnochiton, entirely different from the species described and figured by Krauss, and is only known up to the present by the unique example described herein. Itis, however, quite possible that delagoaensis extends down along the Zululand and Natal coast. Ischnochiton pruinosus Gould, 1846, is a South American shell in- correctly recorded as from South Africa by Sowerby under the name of Chiton pruinosus. Acanthopleura afra, Rochebrune, 1881, and A. quatrefagesi, Roche- brune, 1882, have both been recorded as from the Cape of Good Hope and Madagascar. Pilsbry included them in his list of “‘ Insufficiently described Chitons,” and Sykes expressed grave doubts as to the correctness of the localities given. I have included both as synonyms of Acanthopleura brevispinosa Sowerby. Extra-limital Chitons. I am not clear as to what the recognised boundaries are of the Faunal Region of South Africa, but I assume that Madagascar is not included; but as it is likely that there may be species common to both sides of the Mozambique Channel I give below names of those species listed or described by Dr. Nils Hj. Odhner in his paper on “ Faune Malacologique de Madagascar, 1919.” Acanthochiton aberrans, Odhner, p- 22, Majunga; A. penicillatus, Deshayes, p. 40, Tamatave; Choneplax indicus, Deshayes, p. 40, Tamatave; Ischnochiton rufopunctatus, Odhner, p. 21, Majunga ; Acanthopleura spinigera, Sowerby, p. 21, Majunga. This I have queried (supra) as being A. brevispinosa (Sowerby), but have pointed out that this, as well as A. spinigera Sow., are probably subspecies of A. gemmatus Blainville, 1825. Onithochiton lyellu, Sowerby, p. 40, Tamatave—this record I have placed under 0. literatus (Krauss). Annals of the South African Museum. CHECK LIST OF SOUTH AFRICAN CHITONS. Crass AMPHINEURA. OrpER POLYPLACOPHORA (Blainville emend.) Gray, 1821. (PRIMITIVE.) SuBorDER EOPLACOPHORA Pilsbry, 1900. (Palaeozoic only.) Family GRYPHOCHITONIDAE Pilsbry, 1900. (Palaeozoic only.) SUBORDER PROTOCHITONINA Ashby, 1928. Family PRotocHiTonipaE Ashby, 1925. (Fossil only.) Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE Hedley, 1916. Subfamily aFossOCHITONINAE Ashby, 1925. (Fossil only.) (ADVANCED.) Subfamily AcANTHOCHITONINAE Ashby, 1925. Genus Acanthochiton Gray emend., 1821. Acanthochiton garnoti (Blainville), 1825. Acanthochiton turtoni Ashby, 1928. Acanthochiton turtoni var. tenuwigranosus Ashby. Genus Notoplax H. Adams, 1861. Notoplax productus (Pilsbry), 1892. Subfamily cRYPTOPLACINAE Thiele, 1909. Genus Cryptoplax Blainville, 1918. Cryptoplax sykest Thiele, 1909. Cryptoplax dupuisi Ashby (Madagascar). (PRIMITIVE. ) SUBORDER LEPIDOPLEURINA Thiele, 1909. Family LEPIDOPLEURIDAE Pilsbry, 1892. Genus Lepidopleurus Risso, 1826. Lepidopleurus sykest (Sowerby), 1903. (ADVANCED.) SuBoRDER CHITONINA Thiele, 1909. Family CALLOCHITONIDAE Thiele, 1909. Subfamily TRACHYDERMONINAE Thiele, 1909. Genus T'rachydermon Carpenter, 1863. Subgenus Craspedochilus Sars, 1878. Trachydermon (Craspedochitus) turtoni Ashby, 1928. Subfamily CALLOCHITONINAE Thiele, 1909. Genus Callochiton Gray, 1847. Subgenus T'rachyradsia Dall, 1878. Callochiton (Trachyradsia) castaneus (Wood), 1815. Family Mopaipaz Pilsbry, 1892. Genus Plaxiphora Gray, 1847. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 55 Plaxiphora simplex Haddon (Tristan da Cunha). Family IscHNocHITONIDAE Pilsbry, 1892. Subfamily CHAETOPLEURINAE Thiele, 1909. Genus Chaetopleura Shuttleworth, 1853. Chaetopleura papilio (Spengler), 1797. Chaetopleura pertusus (Reeve), 1847. Chaetopleura destituta Sykes, 1902. Genus Dinoplax Dall, 1882. Dinoplax gigas (Gmelin), 1788. Subfamily iscHNOCHITONINAE Pilsbry, 1892. Genus Ischnochiton Gray, 1847. Ischnochiton oniscus (Krauss), 1848. Ischnochiton oniscus alfredensis Ashby. Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry, 1894. Ischnochiton hewitti Ashby. Ischnochiton ludwigi (Krauss MSS.) Pilsbry, 1892. Subgenus Radsvella Pilsbry, 1892. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) textilis (Gray), 1828. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) tigrinus (Krauss), 1848. Ischnochiton (Radstella) delagoaensis Ashby. Family Cuitonipae£ Pilsbry, 1892. Subfamily curroninaz# Pilsbry, 1892. Genus Chiton Linne, 1758. Subgenera Clathropleura, Rhyssoplax, and Anthochiton (not used). Chiton tulipa Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Chiton tulipa alfredensis Ashby, 1928. Chiton crawfordi Sykes, 1899. Chiton barnardi Ashby. Subgenus Sypharochiton Thiele, 1893. Chiton (Sypharochiton) nigrovirens Blainville, 1825. Subfamily LIOLOPHURINAE Pilsbry, 1892. —=ACANTHOPLEURINAE Thiele, 1909. Genus Acanthopleura Guilding, 1829. Acanthopleura brevispinosa (Sowerby), 1840. Genus Onithochiton Gray, 1847. Omithochiton literatus (Krauss), 1848. =O. wahlbergi Krauss, 1848. EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURES 1 AND 2. Fig. 1. Composite diagram of a Chiton to illustrate terminology. Parts of the shell: A, Head valve; B, Six median valves; C, Tail valve ; D, Girdle ; K, Dorsal area; F, Pleural area; G, Lateral area ; H, Mucro. Sculpture: I, Radial ribbing ; J, Longitudinal ribbing; K, Granulose; L, Radial granulose ribbing; M, Radial bifurcating ribbing; N, Scales (smooth or striate); O, Tufts of spicules or hair tufts; P, Calcareous spines ; Q, Girdle-fringe. (Adapted from Iredale and Hull, 1923.) Fic. 2. Cryptoplax sykesi Thiele: a, whole animal; 6b, head valve; c, seventh valve; d, eighth valve. (From Sykes.) 56 Or iS 12. Annals of the South African Museum. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PuateE I. . Acanthochiton garnoti (Blainville). Cape. Whole shell. Ashby Coll. x4. . Acanthochiton garnoti (Blainville). Cape. Head valve, showing broad in- sertion plate with 5 slits. Ashby Coll. x 6%. . Acanthochiton garnoti (Blainville). Same example as No. 2. Median valve. x 6h, . Acanthochiton garnoti (Blainville). Same example as No. 2. Tail valve, having 2 slits only. X 6$. . Acanthochiton turtont Ashby. Port Alfred. Holotype. Whole shell. Oxford Mus. xX 6}. . Notoplax productus (Pilsbry). Jeffrey’s Bay. Whole shell curled, showing great width of girdle. Trans. Mus., No. 759. x about 53. . Notoplax productus (Pilsbry). Same example as No. 9. Head valve. x5. Notoplax productus (Pilsbry). Same example as No. 9. Median valve, in- sertion plate broken, slit inconspicuous. X54. Notoplax productus (Pilsbry). Same example as No. 9. Tail valve, showing very broad slits. 5%. Puate II. . Acanthochiton turtoni Ashby. Holotype. Same example as No. 5. Holotype. Head valve, incomplete insertion plate. 7. . Acanthochiton turtoni Ashby. Holotype. Same example as No. 5. Median valve. 7. . Acanthochiton turtont Ashby. Holotype. Same example as No. 5. Tail valve. x7. . Acanthochiton turtont var. tenuigranosus nov. Port Alfred. Holotype of variety. Ashby Coll. x5. . Cryptoplax dupuisi n. sp. Madagascar. Holotype. (Straightened out for photo.) Whole shell, showing small, widely spaced valves. Ashby Coll. x4. . Cryptoplax dupuisin. sp. Madagascar. Holotype. Same example as No. 14. x 24. . Lepidopleurus sykest (Sowerby). Dredged off Cape Point. Whole shell, much curled. S.A. Mus., No. A5343. X44. . Lepidopleurus sykesi (Sowerby). Sameexampleas No. 16. Headvalve. x6. . Lepidopleurus sykest (Sowerby). Same example as No. 16. Median valve, showing weak sutural laminae. x6. . Lepidopleurus sykesi (Sowerby). Same example as No. 16. Tail valve. x6. . Trachydermon (Craspedochilus) turtoni Ashby. Port Alfred. Holotype. Whole shell. Oxford Mus. x7. . Trachydermon (Craspedochilus) turtont Ashby. Holotype. Same example as No. 20. Head valve. x7. . Trachydermon (Craspedochilus) turtont Ashby. Holotype. Same example as No. 20. Median valve. x7. . Trachydermon (Craspedochilus) turtont Ashby. Holotype. Same example as No. 20. Tail valve. x7. Callochiton (Trachyradsia) castaneus (Wood). Table Bay. S.A. Mus., No. 4872. Whole shell. x5. j ‘ 1 . Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 57 Prate ITT. 25. Callochiton (Trachyradsia) castaneus (Wood). Port Alfred. (Trans. Mus., 36. 37. No. 754, now Ashby Coll.). Head valve. x6. . Callochiton (Trachyradsia) castaneus (Wood). Same example as No. 25. Median valve. x6. . Callochiton (Trachyradsia) castaneus (Wood). Same example as No. 25. Tail valve. x6. . Plaxiphora simplex Haddon. Tristan da Cunha. Part of girdle. x4. . Plaxiphora simplex Haddon. Same example as No. 28. Head valve. x4. . Plaxiphora simplex Haddon. Same example as No. 28. Median valve. x4. . Plaxiphora simplex Haddon. Same example as No. 28. Tail valve. x4. . Chaetopleura papilio (Spengler). Kalk Bay. S.A. Mus., No. 4887. Median valve. Note spade-like process in jugal sinus. x4. . Chaetopleura papilio (Spengler). Same example as No. 32. Tail valve. x4. . Chaetopleura pertusus (Reeve). False Bay. S.A. Mus., No. 6766. Head valve. x5. . Chaetopleura pertusus (Reeve). Same example as No. 34. Median valve. x5. Chaetopleura pertusus (Reeve). Same example as No. 34. Tail valve. x5. Prats IV. Chaetopleura destituta Sykes. S.A. Mus., No. 4880. Whole shell, about natural size, girdle expanded a little for photo. . Chaetopleura destituta Sykes. S.A. Mus., No. 4874. Half median valve. x4. . Chaetopleura destituta Sykes. Same example as No. 38. Tail valve. x4. . Dinoplax gigas (Gmelin). Port Alfred. Head valve. Ashby Coll. x4. . Dinoplax gigas (Gmelin). Same example as No. 40. Median valve. x4. . Dinoplax gigas (Gmelin). Same example as No. 40. Tail valve. x4. . Ischnochiton oniscus (Krauss). Port Shepstone. Whole shell. Natal Mus. x44. . Ischnochiton oniscus (Krauss). Port Alfred. Head valve. Ashby Coll. x4. . Ischnochiton oniscus (Krauss). Same example as No.44. Median valve. x4. . Ischnochiton oniscus (Krauss). Same example as No. 44. Tailvalve. x4. . Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry. Port Alfred. Head valve. Ashby Coll. mt: . Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry. Same example as No. 47. Median valve. KT: . Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry. Same example as No. 47. Tail valve. avis PrarE V. . Ischnochiton hewitti n. sp. Table Bay. Holotype. Whole shell. Albany Mus., No. 8085. x44. . Ischnochiton hewittin. sp. Same example as No. 50. Holotype. Head valve. x 52. . Ischnochiton hewitti n. sp. ‘Same example as No. 50. Holotype. Median valve. X53. 58 FIG. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. Annals of the South African Museum. Ischnochiton hewitti n. sp. Same example as No. 50. Holotype. Tail valve. x 53. Ischnochiton oniscus alfredensis n. subsp. Port Alfred. Holotype. Whole shell. Transvaal Mus. x6. Ischnochiton ludwigi ? (Krauss MSS.) Pilsbry. ? Table Bay. Albany Mus. Part of Mus. No. 5078. x65. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) textilis (Gray). Saldanha Bay. Head valve. S.A. Mus., No. A5340. x5. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) textilis (Gray). Same example as No. 56. Median valve. x5. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) textilis (Gray). Same example as No. 56. Tail valve. x5. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) tigrinus (Krauss). Port Elizabeth. Head valve. Ashby Coll. x44. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) tigrinus (Krauss). Same example as No. 59. Median valve. x44. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) tigrinus (Krauss). Same example as No. 59. Tail valve. x41. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) tigrinus (Krauss). Same example as No. 59. Whole shell. x44. Puate VI. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) delagoaensis n. sp. Delagoa Bay. Holotype. Whole shell. S.A. Mus., No. A6589. x7. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) delagoaensis n. sp. Same example as No. 63. Head valve, broken. x6. Ischnochiton (Radsiella) delagoaensis n. sp. Same example as No. 63. Median valve. [e~G: Ischnochiton (Radsiella) delagoaensis n. sp. Same example as No. 63. Tail valve. x6. Chiton tulipa alfredensis Ashby. Port Alfred. Holotype. Head valve. X44. Chiton tulipa alfredensis Ashby. Same example as No. 67. Median valve, showing longitudinal pitting, which feature alone separates it from typical C.tulipa. x44. Chiton tulipa alfredensis Ashby. Same example as No. 67. Tail valve. X4$. Chiton crawfordi Sykes. Port Shepstone. Whole shell. Natal Mus. X65. Chiton crawfordi Sykes. Port Shepstone. Head valve. Another example. Natal Mus. x44. Chiton crawfordi Sykes. Same example as No. 71. Median valve. x44. Chiton crawfordi Sykes. Same example as No. 71. Tail valve and part of valve 7 have been welded together, making this example an abnormal seven-valved shell. x44. Chiton barnardi n. sp. Mozambique Is. Paratype. Head valve. S.A. Mus., No. A6590. x nearly 6. Chiton barnardi n. sp. Same example as No. 74. Median valve. X nearly 6. Chiton barnardi n. sp. Same example as No. 74. Tail valve. X nearly 6. FIG. a. 78. FEB 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). 59 Puate VII. Chiton barnardi n. sp. Mozambique Is. Holotype. Whole shell, curled. Bea. Mus...No: Abasl. <7. : Chiton (Sypharochiton) nigrovirens Blainville. Cape. Whole shell. Ashby Coll. x4#. Chiton (Sypharochiton) nigrovirens Blainville. Same example as No. 78. Head valve, slightly damaged. x nearly 5. Chiton (Sypharochiton) nigrovirens Blainville. Same example as No. 78. Median valve. xX nearly 5. Chiton (Sypharochiton) nigrovirens Blainville. Same example as No. 78. Tail valve. xX nearly 5. Acanthopleura brevispinosa (Sowerby). Mozambique Island. S.A. Mus., No. A5330. Portion of photograph of whole shell, curled, showing the calcareous spines of the girdle. X34. Onithochiton literatus (Krauss). Port Shepstone. Whole shell much eroded, but showing concentric grooving of C’. wahlbergi and longitudinal grooving of C. literatus of Krauss. S.A. Mus., No. A5332. x2. Onithochiton literatus (Krauss). Another example from Port Shepstone. Head valve, showing serrate insertion plate. Ashby Coll. x5. Onithochiton literatus (Krauss). Same asexample No. 84. Median valve. x5. Onithochiton literatus (Krauss). Same example as No. 84. Tail valve. X95. ; a! Pera ane | JI | Ab) HN ee ARMM aisle i y ‘ a é e + ° Na 5 \ ‘i 4 \ € ’ tre * , * § ¢ mn Pee ae Tt: e ! ‘ r 2 ewe a0 Gass 1 +, ba o~ f a . an vst oe > . oO = . pea . ° ate t . . > ai ode ’ o Nee ‘ Fe | cane a . © ri ¥ P te pif gitayy Aber Ce ‘ er prert \- a‘? . ‘ =eieda Fs ot ' . ta rae ey - % . e+ “-F rey ’ ** rg : e “ . . : ‘ 4 i‘ % - ' * ‘ @ 11h fi [ Fic. 4.—Japyx purcelli var. gravior: A, pes paris tertii a tibiae apice; B, tergiti sexti pars lateralis postica ; c, tergiti septimi pars lateralis postica; D, uro- - sterni primi pars mediana postica; E, ejusdem organi subcoxalis particula magis ampliata ; F, urosternorum primi et secundi dimidia pars ; G, abdominis segmenti decimi pars postica dorsualis. ; Fia. 5.—Japyx purcelli var. gravior: abdominis pars postica a segmento sexto prona. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 67 Antennae 38-articulatae. Segmentum decimum abdominale supra mensum parum latius quam longius. Forcipis brachii dexteri dens proximalis magnus (major quam formae typicae). Long. corporis ad 24 mm., lat. urotergiti septimi 2-90 mm., long. antennarum 6 mm., forcipis 2-1 mm. © Japyx peringueyt sp. nD. Figs. 6, 7. ¢ Japyz purcelli Peringuey 2, Ann. South African Museum, ii (1902), p. 134. Mas.—Corpus ochraceum abdomine a segmento octavo ferrugineo carinis et forcipis marginibus et apice nigrescentibus. Caput supra setis sat longis c. 15+15 et aliis magis numerosis ii Aid my yi 7 riya e Ci) 21, bh iar Labbahibibd Uh Hib TATA MEAT pt tN] Re Fic. 6.—Japyx peringueyi : A, antennae laevae pars proximalis prona ; B, ejusdem articulus decimus secundus ; C, pes paris tertii a tibiae apice; D, urotergiti sexti pars postica lateralis; E, urotergiti septimi pars postica lateralis ; F, urosterni primi dimidia pars postica ; G, ejusdem organi subcoxalis particula magis ampliata ; H, urosterni tertii dimidia pars; I, maris regionis genitalis dimidia pars. 68 Annals of the South African Museum. brevibus et brevioribus instructum ; antennae 44-articulatae (antenna altera exempli alius 45-articulata) articulis setis longis usque ad articulum tertium brevibus et brevioribus ut fig. 6, A, B demonstrant, ‘trichobotriis superis internis parum longis, maxillae primi paris lobus in- ternus laminis pectinatis 5 instruc- tus, palpus labialis -24 mm. longus, setis nonnullis brevibus instructus. Thorax: pronotum setis longis 5-+5, brevibus et brevioribus 12+12 instructum; mesonotum praescuto setis brevibus 3-++3, scuto setis longis 8-+8, brevibus et brevioribus 14+14, metanotum prescuto setis brevibus 1+1 submedianis, scuto setis longis T-+-T. Pedes tarso quam praetarsus fere triplo longiore infra setis robusti- oribus 9+9 instructo, praetarsi ungue postico quam anticus paullum longi- ore. Abdomen: tergitum primum prae- scuto eldem metanoti simili, scuto setis duabus submedianis sat longis subposticis ; tergita 3-7 setis longis 4+4 et brevibus et brevioribus c. 10+10 instructa, tergiti sexti angulus posticus rotundatus, septimi in angu- Fic. | Lee peringueyi: abdo- lum brevem angustum subobtusum minis pars postica a segmento productus; tergitum octavum quam sexto prona. : . septimum parum brevius et parum angustius lateribus postice haud productis ; tergitum nonum brevius. Urosternum primum organis subcoxalibus inter sese unius latitudine remotis setis grandularibus brevissimis 2—3 inordinatim seriatis et serie postica setarum brevissimarum subtiliorum instructis, superficie pone organum subcoxale setis sat numerosis brevibus et brevioribus 2-4 inordinatim seriatis, urosterni parte postica mediana setis minimis 2+-2 instructa, urosterni superficie cetera setis nonnullis sat longis transverse 4-seriatis et setis magis numerosis brevioribus et brevissimis. Stili et vesiculae consueta. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 69 Segmentum decimum supra inspectum paullum latius quam ‘longius carinis distinctis setis sat longis 6+6 et setis nonnullis brevissimis instructum, acropygio latiusculo, angulo externo supra- condyloideo acuto. Forceps robusta, segmenti decimi latitudinem subaequans, brachiis asymmetricis, brachio laevo dente postmediano sat magno, margine Le praedentali aliquantum sinuato tuberculis ap) SMP postdentali parum profunde crenulato, brachio dextero dente proximali magno, margine praedentali denticulis = margine postdentali parum pro- funde crenulato. Appendices genitales subconicae. Long. corporis ad 20 mm., lat. urosterni septimi 2-48 mm., long. antennarum 6 mm., forcipis 1-7 mm. Habitat.—Exempla duo typica clar. K. H. Barnard ad Waaihoek Kloof, Goudini (apud Worcester) legit et in Museo Capense asservata. Observatio.—Species haec, in memoriam clar. L. Peringuey dicata, a J. purcell, Per. antennarum articulorum numero, earumdem articulis a quarto setis longis destitutis, urosterni organo subcoxali minus lato, maris urosterno tertio fovea antica destituto facile distinguenda est. Japyx gilli sp. n. Bigs. 329: Mas.—Corpus ochraceum abdomine a segmento septimo ferrugineo, forcipis apice et marginibus nigrescentibus. Caput supra setis nonnullis brevibus et aliis brevioribus (in exemplo typico maxima pro parte abruptis) instructum; antennae: laeva 24-articulata sed apice certe anormali, dextera ? (in exemplo typico haud integra); setis ut fig. 8, a-c, demonstrant, trichobothriis superis internis parum longis; maxillae primi paris lobus internus laminis pectinatis 5 instructus; palpus labialis elongatus -26 mm. longus, submenti macrochaetae quam ejusdem latitudo ec. 5 breviores. Thorax: pronotum setis sat longis 3+3 et nonnullis brevioribus ; meso-et metanotum praescuto setis nonnullis brevibus, scuto setis sat longis 5+5 et nonnullis brevibus (in exemplo typico maxima pro parte abruptis). . Pedes bene setosi tarso quam praetarsus aliquantum magis quam 70 Annals of the South African Museum. Fic. 8.—Japyx gilli: a, antennae laevae pars proximalis prona; B, articulus decimus secundus ; ©, antennae laevae pars apicalis anormalis; D, pes paris tertii a tibiae apice; E, urotergiti septimi pars lateralis postica ; F, urosterni primi dimidia pars postica; G, ejusdem organi subcoxalis particula magis ampliata ; H, urosterni tertii dimidia pars; 1, segmenti decimi pars postica cum forcipe supina. duplo longiore infra setis 8+8 robustioribus instructo, praetarsi ungue postico quam anticus aliquantum longiore, unguicula mediana bene evoluta. Abdomen: tergitum primum praescuto eidem metanoti simili, scuto setis duabus submedianis posticis et setis nonnullis brevibus instructo, tergita 3-7 setis sat longis 4+4 et nonnullis brevibus instructa; tergiti sexti angulus posticus rotundatus, septimi in processum breviorem subconicum productus; ejusdem tergiti lateribus parum convergentibus; segmentum octavum quam septimum parum longius et parum angustius angulo laterali postico rotundato, segmentum nonum brevius. Urosternum primum organis subcoxalibus perlatis inter sese brevi tractu remotis, setis glandularibus brevissimis crebris 3-5 inordinatim A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 71 transverse seriatis et serie postica setarum brevissimarum subtiliorum, ‘superficie pone organum subcoxale setis numerosis brevibus 3-5 inordinatim seriatis, urosterni margine postico mediano setis brevis- simis 4+4 instructo, urosterni superficie cetera setis minus brevibus parum numero- sis transverse 5-seriatis instructa. Stili et vesiculae consueta. Appendices genitales breves subcylin- draceae, paullum attenuatae apice con- vexo persetosae. Segmentum decimum supra inspectum paullum longius quam latius, carinis dis- tinctis, setis 7+7 sat longis et nonnullis brevibus (in exemplo typico maxima pro parte abruptis), acropygio lato, brevi, postice late rotundato. Forceps quam segmenti decimi latitudo parum longior, brachiis parte distali sub- unciformi, brachio laevo dente postmedi- ano (fig. 8, 1, et 9) perparvo, margine 8 praedentali tuberculis perparvis =) gine postdentali tuberculis perparvis 7 brachio dextero dente praemediano sat magno, margine praedentali tuberculis ie margine postdentali paullum profunde crenulato. Long. corporis 18 mm., lat. urotergiti septimi 2-22 mm., long. antennarum 4:5 mm., forcipis 1-9 mm. Fie. 9.—Japyx gilli: abdomi- nis pars postica a segmento sexto prona. Habitat.—Capetown: exemplum typicum tantum vidi a clar. R. W. E. Tucker lectum et in Museo Capensi asservatum. Observatio.—Species haec, quam animo grato clar. Dr. Leonard Gill dico, forcipis forma ab affinibus (J. purcelli, J. periqueyt) distinc- tissima est. 72 Annals of the South African Museum. Japyx mallyi sp. n. Figs. 10, 11. Mas.—Corpus ochroleucum ab abdominis segmento octavo pallide ferrugineum forcipis marginibus badiis. Caput supra setis brevioribus numerosis et paucis brevibus instruc- tum; antennae 42-articulatae, articulis setis longis, brevibus et Fic. 10.—Japyx mallyi: a, antennae laevae pars proximalis prona; B, ejusdem articulus vigesimus ; ©, pes paris tertii a tibiae apice; D, urotergiti septimi pars postica lateralis ; E, urotergiti octavi pars postica lateralis ; F, urosterniti primi dimidia pars postica; G, ejusdem organi subcoxalis particula magis ampliata; H, urosterni quinti dimidia pars; 1, maris urosterni tertii pars mediana antica ; J, ejusdem foveae dimidia pars magis ampliata ; K, ejusdem fovae seta magis ampliata; L, maris regionis genitalis dimidia pars. brevioribus ut fig. 10, a, B demonstrant instructis, trichobothriis superis internis parum longis, maxillae primi paris laminis pectinatis 5, palpus labialis 1-3 mm. longus. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 73 Thorax: pronotum seta 1+1 sat longa, 4+4 brevibus et setis sat numerosis brevioribus instructum ; meso-et metanotum praescuto setis duabus submedianis brevibus et nonnullis brevioribus, scuto setis 6+6 longis et sat longis (5-5 per metanotum) et setis sat numero- sis brevioribus instructo. Pedes tarso quam praetarsus ali- quantum magis quam duplo longiore, praetarsi ungue postico quam anti- cus parum longiore, unguicula medi- ana bene evoluta. Abdomen: tergitum primum prae- scuto eidem metanoti simili, scuto setis duabus subposticis sublaterali- bus parum brevibus et setis sat numerosis brevioribus instructo ; ter- gita 3-7 setis sat longis et setis bre- vioribus paucis instructa; tergiti sexti angulo postico postice rotun- dato, septimi in processum brevem angustum producto; tergitum octa- vum septimum longitudine subae- quans et quam idem parum angustius, lateribus postice acute aliquantum productis ; tergitum nonum brevius. Urosternum primum organis sub- coxalibus inter sese unius latitudine remotis, setis glandularibus brevis- slmis numerosis, crebris 1-2 seriatis et serie setarum subtiliorum brevis- simarum inter sese parum remotis instructis, superficie pone organum Fie. 11.—Japyx mallyi : Abdominis pars postica a segmento sexto. subcoxale setis brevibus inordinatim 2-4 seriatis et poris paucis sparsis, urosterni parte postica mediana setis minimis duabus medi- anis, urosterni superficie cetera ut urosternum sequentium setis sat longis parum numerosis (praesterni serie exclusa) 3-serlatis et setis nonnullis brevioribus. Stili seta proximali stili apicis libellam fere attingente ; vesiculae parvae, bene distinctae. Appendices genitales conicae, breviores. Segmentum decimum supra inspectum subaequae longum atque 74 Annals of the South African Museum. latum carinis distinctis, setis longis 6--6 et aliis brevibus et brevissimis magis numerosis instructum, acropygio lato, brevissimo. Forceps segmenti decimi latitudo subaequans, brachio laevo dente aliquantum postmediano sat magno, margine praedentali aliquantum ae sinuato tuberculis a) Mente postdentali paullum profunde crenulato, brachio dextero dente aliquantum praemediano magno, margine 3 praedentali tuberculis = margine postdentali parum profunde crenulato. Long. corporis ad. 14 mm., lat. urotergiti septimi 1-7 mm., long. antennarum 3:2 mm., forcipis 1-15 mm. Habitat.—East London: exemplum typicum a R. M. Lightfoot lectum et in Museo Capense asservatum. Observatio.—Species haec, amicissime clar. C. W. Mally dicata, a J. purcelli Per. antennarum articulorum numero, urosterni primi organo subcoxali minus lato, urotergiti septimi angulo postico angustiore distincta est. Japyx tragardhi sp. n. Figs. 12, 13. Japyx purcelli Silv. nec Peringuey, Arkiv f. Zoologi, vi (1913), Non ps (> tga wae Femina.—Corpus ochroleucum abdomine a segmento octavo badio-ferrugineo, segmenti decimi carinis et forcipis marginibus et apice nigrescentibus. Caput supra setis brevibus c. 15+15 et aliis parum magis numerosis brevioribus instructum; antennae 33-articulatae, articulis setis longis, brevibus et brevioribus ut fig 12, 4, B demonstrant instructis, trichobothris superis internis parum longis; maxillae primi paris laminis pectinatis 5; submentum macrochaetis duabus sat longis et setis nonnullis brevibus et brevioribus instructum. Thorax: pronotum setis longis et sat longis 5+5 et nonnullis brevioribus, mesonotum praescuto setis duabus submedianis sat longis et nonnullis brevissimis, scuto setis sat longis 7-++7 et nonnullis brevibus et brevioribus instructo, metanotum scuto setis sat longis 5-5. Pedes sat setosi, tarso quam praetarsus duplo longiore infra setis robustioribus 4-+-4 instructo, praetarsi ungue postico quam anticus aliquantum longiore unguicula mediana bene evoluta. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 75 Fic. 12.—Japyzx tragardhi : a, antennae laevae pars proximalis prona ; B, ejusdem articulus vigesimus ; ©, pes paris tertii a tibiae apice ; D, urotergitorum sexti et septimi dimidia pars; E, urotergiti septimi pars postica lateralis magis ampliata; F, urosterni primi dimidia pars postica; G, ejusdem organi sub- coxalis particula magis ampliata ; H, urosterni quarti dimidia pars. Abdomen: tergitum praescuto eidem metanoti et mesonoto simili, scuto setis duabus sat longis submedianis subposticis et setis nonnullis brevioribus et brevissimis; tergita 3-7 setis sat longis 6+6 et setis nonnullis brevioribus et brevissimis instructa; tergiti sexti angulus posticus rotundatus, septimi in processum longum angustum acutum productus; tergitum octavum quam septimum parum brevius et quam idem parum magis angustius lateribus postice haud productis ; tergitum nonum brevius. Urosternum primum organis subcoxalibus parum latis inter sese magis quam unius latitudo remotis, setis glandularibus brevissimis 1-3 inordinatim seriatis et setis brevissimis subtilioribus posticis uni- seriatis instructis, superficie pone organum subcoxale setis brevioribus 5, uniseriatis et 3 brevibus, nec non poris glandularibus minimis paucis instructa, urosterni parte mediana postica organo glandulari lato (-26 mm.) subelliptico setis minimis 6+6 et poris minimis 4+4 76 Annals of the South African Museum. (an semper ?) instructo, urosterni superficie cetera ut eadem uroster- norum sequentium (fig. 12, H) setis parum brevibus nonnullis trans- verse 4-seriatis et setis minimis spar- sis aucta. Stili et vesiculae consueta. Segmentum decimum supra _ in- spectum subaeque longum atque latum carinis convergentibus setis longis 8+8, nonnullis brevibus et aliis sat numerosis brevissimis in- structum, acropygio sat magno pos- tice parum sinuato, margine postico supra forcipis condylum dorsualem angulatim aliquantum producto. Forceps quam segmenti decimi latitudo paullum brevior, brachiis asymmetricis, brachio laevo dente aliquantum postmediano parvo ob- tuso, margine praedentali aliquan- Ome tum sinuato tuberculis — instructo, Fic. 13.—Japyz tragardhi: abdo- 10 minis segmentum decimum cum foreiperpeanine margine postdentali fere usque ad apicem crenulato, brachio dextero dente praemediano magno subacuto, margine praedentali denticulis tribus, margine postdentali fere usque ad apicem crenulato. Long. corporis ad 15 mm., lat. urotergiti septimi 1-7 mm., long. antennarum 3-2 mm., forcipis 1-2 mm. Habitat.—Exempla duo Dr. I. Tragardh ad Sweet-Waters (Natal) legit. Observatio.—Species haec clar. Dr. I. Trigardh amicissime dicata, a J. purcelli Per. antennarum articulorum numero, urotergiti septimi angulo postico, urosterni primi organo glandulari mediano postico et forcipis brachio dextero denticulis praedentalibus tantum uniseriatis multo distincta est. Japyx barnardi sp. un. Figs. 14, 15. Corpus stramineum abdominis a segmento octavo ochroleuco forcipis marginibus badiis. Caput supra setis brevibus c. 15+15 instructum; antennae A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 77 26-articulatae, articulis setis longis brevioribus et brevibus ut fig. 14, A, B demonstrant instructis, trichobothriis superis internis sat longis ; maxillae primi paris laminis pectinatis 5, palpus labialis -09 mm. longus. | Thorax : pronotum setis longis et sat longis 5++5, meso-et metano- tum praescuto setis duabus submedianis sat longis et duabus sub- Fic. 14.—Japyzx barnardi : a, antennae dexterae pars proximalis prona ; B, ejusdem articulus decimus quintus; c, pes paris tertii a tibiae apice; D, urotergiti sexti pars lateralis postica ; E, urotergiti septimi pars lateralis postica ; F, uro- sterni primi dimidia pars postica; G, urosterni quarti dimidia pars; H, maris urosterni tertii pars mediana antica; I, maris regionis genitalis dimidia pars. lateralibus brevioribus, scuto setis longis et sat longis 6-+6 et nonnulla breviore instructo. Pedes bene setosi, tarso quam praetarsus paullum magis quam duplo longiore infra setis 5+5 robustioribus, praetarsi unguibus attenuatis ungue postico quam anticus aliquantum longiore, unguicula mediana sat bene evoluta. Abdomen: tergitum primum praescuto eidem metanoti simili, scuto setis duabus submedianis subanticis et 2+2 submedianis et sublateralibus subposticis, tergita 3-7 setis sat longis et brevibus 11 (vel 12) +11 (vel 12), tergiti sexti angulus posticus late rotundatus, septimi in processum breviorem subtriangularem productus ; tergi- tum octavum septimum longitudine subaequans et quam idem 78 Annals of the South African Museum. aliquantum angustius lateribus postice rotundatis; segmentum nonum brevius. Urosternum primum organis subcoxalibus sat latis inter sese parum minus quam unius latitudo remotis, setis glandularibus brevioribus 10 uniseriatis et setis subtilioribus brevissimis posticis 20 c. instructis, superficie pone organum subcoxale setis paucis ut cetera urosterna in- structa, urosterni parte postica medi- ana parum arcuatim producta, poris indistinctis (an semper ?) et utrimque setis duabus minimis aucta, uro- sterni superficie cetera setis paucis sat longis transverse 4-serlatis et non- nullis brevissimis instructa. Stili seta proximali externa brevi, vesiculae multo bene distinctae, parvae. Segmentum decimum supra in- spectum parum latius quam longius carinis nullis, setis 8-+1-+8 sat longis et nonnullis brevibus et brevioribus instructum, acropygio breviore. Forceps quam segmenti decimi latitudo parum longior, brachiis asymmetricis dente peculiari desti- tutis, brachio laevo sinu praemediano sat profundo affectu, sinus angulo basali tuberculis conicis sat magnis 3 —, quorum duo supera basi connata, 1 sinus margine cetero tuberculis vix Fie. 15.—Japyx barnardi: abdo- econspicuis 5 superis et 7 inferis, minis pars postica a segmento : : : Seas margine post sinum integrum, bra- chio dextero margine proximali sub- recto integro, margine distali etiam integro, margine intermedio denticulis 6, quorum primus parvus acutus, ceterl gradatim minores. Mas.—Urosternum tertium fovea transversali antica transversa setis c. 14 instructa. , Appendices genitales breviores, subconicae, setis nonnullis brevibus instructae. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 79 Long. corporis 6 mm., lat. urotergiti septimi -78 mm., long. anten- narum 1-35 mm., forcipis -6 mm. Habitat.—Exempla duo legi in humo infossa ad Stellenbosch. Observatio.—Species haec, quam clar. Dr. K. H. Barnard dico, forcipis forma inter omnes descriptas distincta est. Japyz barnardi sp. n. var. relata nov. Fig. 16. Mas.—Urosterni primum organissubcoxalibus latisinter sese parum minus quam unius latitudo remotis, setis glandularibus brevioribus 20 uniseriatis et setis subtilioribus brevissimis posticis c. 18. Fic. 16.—Japyx barnardi var. relata: A, urosterniti primi dimidia pars postica ; B, ejusdem organi subcoxalis particula magis ampliata; ©, maris urosterni tertii pars mediana antica; D, forcipis brachium laevum supinum. Urosternum tertium parte mediana antica fovea glandulari transverse subelliptica setis brevioribus c. 22 instructa. Forcipis brachii dexterl1 margine proximali vix trisinuato. Characteres ceteri ut in forma typica. Long. corporis 6 mm. 80 Annals of the South African Museum. Habitat.—Exemplum descriptum in Museo Capense asservatum ad Newlands (Cape Peninsula) clar. Dr. W. F. Purcell legit. Japyx fullert sp. n. Figs. 17, 18. Mas.—Corpus albicans abdomine a segmento septimo ochroleuco, forcipe maxima pro parte badio. Caput supra setis c. 10+10 sat longis et paucioribus brevissimis instructum; antennae 26-articulatae, articulis setis sat longis brevibus ut fig. 17, 4, B demonstrant, trichobothriis superis internis EAT ay S558 \ ' } a <—— 4 6 ©) l, ~——— 4 Z 1 V4 ——— — } ’ ‘ > » ‘ ik 1 D “ 3 , t ’ ' Qo JPSiocsne Sos coos oS Soccottesse Fic. 17.—Japyx fullert : A, antennae dexterae pars proximalis prona; B, ejusdem articulus decimus quartus; C, pes paris tertii a tibiae apice; D, urotergiti septimi pars lateralis postica ; E, urosterni primi dimidia pars postica ; F, uro- sterni quarti dimidia pars; a, stilus urosterni septimi; H, stilus urosterniti primi; I, maris urosterniti tertii pars mediana antica; J, maris regionis genitalis dimidia pars. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 81 longis; maxillae primi paris laminis pectinatis 5, palpus labialis brevissimus. Thorax: pronotum setis sat longis et brevibus 5+5, meso-et metanotum praescuto setis duabus submedianis brevibus, scuto setis sat longis et brevibus 5-+5, brevioribus 2-++2 instructo. Pedes tarso quam praetarsus Bf SL er eee x a magis quam duplo longiore infra fic | setis robustioribus 4-++3 instructo, [ \ praetarsi unque postico quam anti- | cus parum longiore, unguicula i Vaal yi mediana sat bene evoluta. ae ie 4 Abdomen: tergitum primum / "\ praescuto eidem metanoti simili, ) scuto setis sat longis duabus sub- i / medianis subposticis, tergita 3-7 : setis sat longis 5+5 et paucis brevissimis, tergiti sexti angulo postico rotundato, septimi in pro- he ea ! cessum sat longum angustiorem Washes dee a acutum producto ; tergitum octa- te: \i vum septimum longitudine sub- | | aequans et quam idem parum Cee ata, a \ ae angustius lateribus postice haud productis, tergitum nonum bre- vius. Urosternum primum organis sub- coxalibus inter sese unius latitu- dine remotis, setis glandularibus brevioribus et brevissimis 16 uniseriatis et setis brevissimis Fic. 18.—Japysx fullert : abdominis pars subtilioribus posticis c. 11 in- Ni Gacy © Ee structis, superficie pone organum subcoxale serie transversali setarum breviorum, urosterni parte mediana postica poris vel disculis haud distinctis (an semper ?) et setis minimis submedianis 2+2 instructa, superficie cetera ut eadem urosternorum ceterorum (praeter praesternum semper) setis paucis sat longis transverse 4-seriatis et setis aliis brevissimis instructa. Urosternum tertium parte mediana antica fovea transversali lata angustissima, setis destituta, instructum. VOU. XXX, PART |. 6 82 Annals of the South African Museum. Stili seta laterali nulla (an semper ?), processu proximali supero brevissimo ; vesiculae bene distinctae. Appendices genitales conicae, setis paucis brevibus instructae. Segmentum decimum supra inspectum parum ad basim latius quam longius carinis indistinctis, setis longis 5+5 et aliis modice numerosis brevissimis, acropygio brevissimo latiusculo. Forceps quam segmenti decimi latitudo parum brevior, brachiis asymmetricis robustis, brachio laevo dente submediano sat magno, 4 margine praedentali parum sinuato tuberculis 3? margine postdentali parum profunde crenulato, brachio dextero dente praemediano sat magno, margine praedentali tuberculis duobus uniseriatis, margine postdentali sat profunde crenulato. . Long. corporis 4 mm., lat. urotergiti septimi -45 mm., long. antennarum 1-1 mm., forcipis -3 mm. Habitat.—Exemplum typicum ad Pretoria (Transvaal) in humo infossum legi. Observatio.—Species haec, quae 1n memorian clar. amici mei Claude Fuller dicata est, urosterni primi fabrica ad J. barnards proxima est, sed urotergiti septimi et forcipis forma distinctissima est. Parajapys afer Silv. Parajapyx grassianus Silv. var. afer Silv. Arkiv f. Zoologi, Bd. 8, Noe pp. ie leave This species was collected in Natal (Durban and Stamford Hill) by Dr. Tragardh. Parajapysz afer var. transvaalica nov. Bugs, 19520: Corpus albicans abdominis segmento decimo et forcipe ochraceis. Caput supra setis 19+19 brevibus vel sat brevibus instructum, antennis 18 (dextera)—19 (laeva) articulatis, setis vide fig. 19, B, o. Thorax: pronotum setis 7-++7, mesonotum praescuto setis duabus, metanotum praescuto setis 2+2, scuto setis 9+9. Pedes breves tarso quam praetarsus c. 4 longiore, praetarsi unguibus subaequalibus. Abdominis tergitum primum praescuto setis 2+2, tergita 2-7 praescuto setis 1+1-++1, scuto angulis posticis rotundatis setis 9--9, quarum 6 sat longae sunt. Urosternum primum organis subcoxalibus latis setis saltem 40, A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 83 ! ’ 1 ‘ i ' ' -J f ‘ ‘ ' ! ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ Fie. 19.—Parajapyx afer var. transvaalica: A, caput et thorax usque ad metanoti praescutum prona; B, antennae dexterae pars proximalis; c, ejusdem pars apicalis; D, tarsus et praetarsus supra inspecti; E, urosterni primi dimidia pars ; F, ejusdem dimidia pars postica magis ampliata ; G, urosterniti secundi dimidia pars; H, stilus magis ampliatus; I, segmenti decimi pars postica ventralis ; J, forcipis brachium dexterum pronum. biseriatis instructis, superficie pone organum subcoxale serie setarum 6 aucta, superficie cetera setis paucioribus instructa; urosterna 2-3 vesiculis permagnis transverse ovalibus; stili processu spiniformi externo breviore aucti et setis duabus brevissimis internis. Abdominis segmentum octavum subaeque longum atque latum ; segmentum nonum fere duplo latius quam longius; segmentum decimum supra mensum paullum longius quam latius, setis 6+6 sat 84 Annals of the South African Museum. longis et setis 4++4 brevioribus instructa, acropygio sat magno subtriangulari, margine pos- tico infero sinu mediano sat profundo et per margines irregulariter serrulato, parte submediana margine postico irregulariter lobulato. Forceps quam segmenti decimi latitudo aliquantum brevior brachiis subaequali- bus margine dente basali minimo, pone dentem basa- lem paullum sinuato, dente > secundo perparvo, dente ter- tio sat magno, dentibus quarto et quinto parvis, parte postdentali breviore crassluscula, angustata. f) - eh) ue t Fig. 22.—Japyx hutchinsoni: corporis pars postica a seg- mento sexto prona. subcoxale setis brevibus sat numerosis 2-3 inordinatim transverse seriatis et setis nonullis brevissimis, urosterni parte mediana setis brevissimis 2-+-2 instructa, urosterni superficie cetera setis longis, brevibus sat numerosis 4—5 transverse serlatis et setis brevioribus et brevis- simis nonnullis instructa. Urosterna cetera setis longis, brevi- bus, brevioribus primo similia, vesiculis perpatrvis, stilis robustis. Segmentum decimum spura inspectum parum latius quam longius, carinis sub- lateralibus subintegris setis sat longis 5+5 et nonnullis brevibus et breviori- bus, acropygio sat magno postice late rotundato. Forceps robusta segmenti decimi lati- tudinem subaequans, brachiis asym- metricis, brachio laevo dente postme- diano sat magno margine praedentali as parum sinuato tuberculis oo primus superus, tria infera quam cetera majora sunt, margine postdentali tuber- culis Ee perparvis gradatim evanescen- tibus, brachio dextero dente proximali 2 : me magno, margine praedentali laterculis go PREP aE postdentali infero fere usque ad apicem tuberculato (vel crenulato). Long. corporis ad 20 mm., lat. urotergiti septimi 3, long. anten- narum 6, forcipis 2. Larva prima (fig. 23): long. corporis 6 mm., lat. urotergiti septimi 0-65, long. antennarum 1-85, forcipis 0-55. Corpus tantum setis brevissimis parum numerosis instructum. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the South African Japygidae. 87 Antennae 40-articulatae, setis tantum nonnullis brevissimis ab articulo quarto uniseriatis instructis. Abdominis tergitum septimum angulis rotundato, urosternum primum organo subcoxali indistincto, forceps brachiis subaequalibus subconicis, setis brevissimis parum numerosis instructis at brachii Fic. 23.—Japyzx hutchinsoni, prima larva: 1, antennae dexterae pars proximalis ; 2, ejusdem articulus vigesimus; 3, corporis pars postica a segmento sexto prona; 4, pes paris tertii tarsus et praetarsus. laevi margine interno denticulo spiniformi submediano minimo et brachii dexteri denticulo minimo fere opposito et spinulis minimis aliis 4-5 instructo. Pedes praetarsi ungue postico quam anticus fere duplo longiore, unguicula mediana nulla. Mas.—Urosternum tertium fovea mediana pone praesternum et ex foveae parte postica processu subtriangulari latiusculo apice rotundato superficie setis plumatis robustis numerosi aucta instructum. 88 Annals of the South African Museum. Appendices genitales longiusculae setis vide fig. 21 (10). Habitat.—Devils Bosch Swellendam (G. F. Hutchinson, 12, xu, 26 legit). Observatio.—Species haec, clar. G. F. Hutchinson dicata, a J. perin- gueyt antennarum articulorum numero, urotergiti octavi depressione laterali et maris processu tertio antico sternali distinguenda est. Fic. 24.—Japyx hutchinsoni, varietas: 1, urosterni tertii processus anticus detectus ; 2, forcipis brachium laevum. Varvetas.—Mares duos ex eodem loco vidi, qui magnitudine (corporis long. ad 29 mm.) et forcipis brachii laevi partis distalis margine integro, nec non urosterni tertii processu majore distincti sunt, sed feminis absentibus ut mares heteromorphi ejusdem speciei ad tempora considerandi sunt. 3. A South African Species of Protura.—By H. WoMERSLEY, ASS BES. (With 2 Text-figures.) Tuts order of insects, first discovered by Professor Silvestri in Italy, has so far only been recorded from America, India, Java, and most European countries. During seven weeks spent in Cape Town on entomological research on behalf of the Australian Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, intensive search was made for African members of the order as opportunity offered. It was, however, not until a few days before leaving that, in company with Dr. Lawrence of the Cape Town Museum, I was success- ful in finding a few specimens in the Orangezicht district of the town itself. The situation was a piece of vacant land on which were a number of large stones lying in the clayey soil. This type of locality is similar to that in which I have found many species of Proturans in England. From this locality two specimens were secured, although altogether four were observed. During the next day or two other specimens were seen in a similar location on the lower slopes of Devil’s Peak. I was not successful in tubing these. I have now been able to study the two specimens that were cap- tured, and shall here describe them as a new species of the genus Acerentulus of Berlese. Further search will no doubt bring to hght other South African members of this interesting and primitive order. The two specimens will be deposited in the South African Museum at Cape Town. [ ORDER, etc. 90 Annals of the South African Museum. OrnpER PROTURA Silv. Famity ACHRENTOMIDAE Berl. Subfam. ACERENTOMINAE Wom. Genus Acerentulus Berl. Acerentulus capensis sp. nov. (Text-figs. 1, 2.) Length (extended in acetic acid) 1350p. Head 105 py long by 76 x wide, ratio of length to width (Ll)=1-4. Labrum not produced. Pseudocelli large, round, 10 yw diameter. Fronto-medial cephalic setae 14 yw, basal 10-12 p. Head generally fairly well chitinised. Thorax well chitinised. Anterior legs 225 pw, tarsus 72 p, claw evenly curved 18 p, tarsal ratio (TR)=4-0, tarsal setae at tip 30 p, middle legs 150 x, posterior legs 165 p. Abdomen well chitinised, tergal apodemes well developed and evenly curved. Abdominal appendages on segments I-III typical of the genus, anterior pair 40 pw long by 20 p wide, with parallel sides. Pectines on segment VIII normal. Chaetotaxy. This is shown for segments VII-X in the figures. On III-VI it is similar to that on VII. On the other segments it is not sufficiently clear to describe. On tergites [X—X the setae are the usual six, of equal length and twice as long as the chitinised portion. On the corresponding sternites they are four, the outer ones being twice as long as the chitinised part, but the medial setae only one-third the length of the outer setae. In members of this genus few characters of specific value can be found. Those used in the above description, namely, the ratios Ll and TR and the arrangements of setae on the tergites and sternites, as well as their relative lengths, are of most value and can be con- sidered as reliable. 91 yf Protura. ves O A South African Spec x vow “TIA 89}1910,—% “OMT “AOU * x ds sasuadno snpnjuaiooy II A soqyiu404 a I “LT 4. A New Solifuge ( 93 ) and Scorpion from South-West Africa. By JoHN HeEwirt. (With 3 Text-figures.) Solpuga striata Krpln. (Text-fig. 1.) Beit. z. Kennt. Land- u. Stisswasserfauna Deutsch-Siidwestafrikas, Skorpiones u. Solifugae, p. 124, fig. 1, 1914. Tas species, founded on a very immature specimen from farm “ Voigtsland,’’ about 38 closely allied to celeripes Hirst.* We have a series of adult male examples from Okahandja—which is only about 20 miles distant from “ Voigts- land ’’—and from farm ** Quickborn,”’ near Oka- handja, presented by Mr. R. D. Bradfield, which presumably belong to striata, assuming that only one species of this sroup occurs in Damara- kms. east of Windhuk, is apparently very oe Fic. 1.—Solpuga striata Krpln. Upper mandible and flagellum of adult male. land. They may be the same also as the species recorded from Damaraland recently , under the name of sericea Poc., a species founded on Salisbury specimens: for they have relationships with that species. The Okahandja males have the following characters :— Upper surface of chelicera with some spiniform bristles and a few long bristly setae ; base of flagellum high with well-rounded outline, * Manchester Memoirs, lvi, No. 2, p. 10. fig. 2, 1911. + Dr. R. Lawrence in Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. xxv, p. 261, 1928. 94 Annals of the South African Museum. margin of hinder half brown, otherwise the colour is pale; free portion of flagellum flattened antero-posteriorly ; viewed from above it is broadest at the base, thence tapering quite regularly to the apex which is finely pointed ; in side view the ascending portion is lightly curved, becoming suddenly curved downwards and narrowing rather abruptly near the apex. No tooth on the superior inner margin of the fang nearits base. Stridulatory area with seven ridges. Lower jaw with short fang, but the apex of the first tooth is slightly nearer to the apex of the basal tooth than to the tip of the fang. Lower jaw with feathered bristles on the inner surface. The flagellum of these specimens is shorter than that of celeripes, and the apical end is not so sharply differentiated as in that species ; but quite probably they will prove to be connected by intermediates. Total length, including chelicerae, 18 mm. Chelypus shortridgei sp. nov. (Text-fig. 2.) Type.—A single adult male specimen collected by Captain G. C. Shortridge at a locality about 10 miles north of Karakuwisa, in the bed of the Omuramba-Omatako River, about 140 miles N.N.H. of Grootfontein township, South-West African Protectorate, on May 4th 1929. It is the first record of the genus from South-West Africa. The species is closely related to C. macronyx Hewitt (Records Albany Museum, in, p. 214, 1919), taken in some part of North-West Rhodesia. The surfaces of the chelicerae and head-plate are apparently more spinose or granulate than in shortridgev, and there are differences in the form of the flagellum apically. The presence of a distinct double row of teeth in the lower jaw may also prove peculiar to short- ridget. In both species, however, only a single specimen is known. Lower Jaw.—The terminal fang is strongly upturned. No large teeth whatever, but two dental rows are clearly represented; the inner row, consisting only of several indistinct denticles, is quite short, extending from the distal end of the patch of stiff setae to the base of the fang; outer row long, including two small teeth basally and a few minute denticles mostly distal thereto; between the two small teeth is a single denticle situated nearer to the basal tooth. Upper Jaw.—Upper surface with rather stiffish hairs and a few minute and slender spinules towards the base of the fang, especially on the inner side. Fang well curved downwards. A small dense A New Solifuge and Scorpion from South-West Africa. 95 patch of about 17 or 18 short spines on the mesial surface just posterior to the large black tubercle situate dorsally near the base of the fang on itsinner side. Posterior to this tubercle and more mesially situate are two other moderate sized black tubercles. There is only one functional row of teeth, the outer row; it includes 5 widely spaced teeth, the middle one the largest ; the inner row is represented by a single minute denticle basally and a tubercle immediately adjacent to the basal enlargement of the flagellum. Mesial surface with long silky hairs except over the “ stridulatory area’; also, in the region where feather-bristles occur in Solpuga the hairs are relatively stiff. Fic. 2.—Chelypus shortridgei sp. nov. Upper jaw and flagellum, inner side. Lower jaw: above, inner side; below, outer side. Stridulatory area with a reticulation of fine grooves but no parallel ones, and none arranged longitudinally. Flagellum is freely rotatable; has a large cup-like base; has a flattened membranous extension at the basal curve; is bifid at the apex, both portions being finely pointed, the inner one being tooth- like and much shorter than the other. Head-plate bearing long hairs and with very minute dust-like granulation scarcely visible under a hand-lens. Two distinct ocular tubercles, the eye on the outer side of each. Legs.—Claws of third leg both longer than the peduncle, of the one only slightly, of the other 14 times longer. (Claws of II lacking in specimen.) Patella II with a row of 6 spines on the outer side. Patella III with the extensive granulated area bordered on one side by a row of 9 short stout spines, basal ones strongest, and on the other side by 3 longer spatulate spines near the distal end. A row of weaker spines probably occurs along tibia and tarsus III, but the spines are missing in the specimen except one on the tarsus. 96 Annals of the South African Museum. Colour.—Very pale throughout, except anterior portion of head- plate which is infuscated, spines and spinous areas which are reddish ; fang of upper jaw up to the two mesial dorsal tubercles and the whole of the lower jaw except the hairy parts dark chestnut. Total length, including chelicera, 21 mm. The occurrence of two rows of teeth in the lower jaw is noteworthy. In Solpuga an inner row is more or less represented, but only in rudimentary form towards the base of the jaw. In that genus the inner tooth row may perhaps be represented distally by a sharp but not prominent ridge on the inner surface of the terminal fang. In the specimen now described, the inner row of teeth is not in any way represented towards the base of the jaw, being only found distal to the patch of bristles; none of which are feathered, but is not continued into the terminal fang as a ridge. In the genus Ceroma the inner tooth row of the lower jaw is also represented by a prominent ridge more nearly in the position occupied by that of Chelypus ; it is continued, however, into the terminal fang, but only very feebly so. I take this opportunity of recording the type locality of Chelypus barbert Purcell as Zandkuil. The late Mr. H. Barber told me that it was taken in June, “‘ running round and round and winding about on the ground.” On the other hand, Captain Shortridge remarks that the specimen he collected was walking as slowly as a tortoise over loose sand; it was pugnacious like an ordinary Solpuga and the hooked legs appeared to be grasping organs. Opisthophthalmus opinatus (Simon). Ann. Soc. ent. France, p. 382, 1887. This species, described under the name of Mossamedes opinatus, and supposed to have been collected in Mossamedes, is still imperfectly known. Simon described the hand as “supra laevis obsoletissime tuberculo-striata,’ and the tergites as “‘subtilissime punctata.” According to Kraepelin, all the tergites and sternites are “fein nadelstichig,’ whilst the hand has a “ wulstigen kiel,” and its inner surface “‘ nadelstichigen wulsten’”’; also the smooth interocular area is “‘ nadelstichig.”” Whether Kraepelins’ two accounts (Das Tierreich, Scorpiones, p. 130; and Jahrb. der Hamburg. Wiss. Anst., xi, 1, p. 81, 1894) are based on precisely the same form as that described by Simon is a point not determinable from their descriptions ; quite possibly they are not so, for the pectinal teeth of the female are A New Solifuge and Scorpion from South-West Africa. 97 16-18 according to Simon, 19-21 according to Kraepelin. The form described below as Opisthophthalmus opinatus bradfieldi subsp. nov. was collected by Mr. R. D. Bradfield in limestone crevices at Krantz- berg in the Namib desert, near Usakos, South-West African Pro- tectorate. The types are one adult female and one subadult male ; Fic. 3.—Opisthophthalmus opinatus bradfieldi subsp. nov. Type male (left) and female (right) specimens from Krantzberg. these and two other examples were kindly presented to the Albany Museum by Mr. Bradfield. The more important characters are: carapace with a smooth and polished interocular area which is free of punctations except on each side about four faint ones in the female, sides of carapace granular but not coarsely so, anterior lobes with granular edge which is lightly curved, median incision deep and quite short, median groove deep in front of the median eyes and its margins granular, becoming faint and shallow near the median incision where it bifurcates, although in the male the bifurcation is imperfect ; tergites I-VI of female all with scattered punctations which are superficial and not conspicuous, of male without puncta- tions or almost so; all the sternites with punctations, but quite few in number and almost entirely confined to the sides; caudal seg- ments with granular superior keels, II-IV with subspiniform end- Ld WOT x yy UY & —?> WU y w/, YY YIU /, Uy JU, Uy MM Uy My Mf P PUTT UL WY WL" WW YELL WU 2 > z rm s ats eLs @ xl le 5 3 a Pt) o s o* : : S CS oO Bs O OF 7) | Se ie Lr ‘QS WE coy ie O O 7 Tosa Sa Sa ae Fie. 12.—Full-grown larva of an undetermined species of Aphani- cerca from Banhoek near Stellen- bosch. 16. Missing portions of antennae and cerci restored. LARVAE. (Figs. 12, 13.) In the collection are two specimens of larvae of Perlaria preserved in alcohol, both from Banhoek, near Stellenbosch (taken by K. H. Barnard, October 7, 1929). Neither of these larvae possess any external gills. The smaller of them is in the last instar, and has the venational scheme clearly marked on the wings as pale veins on a fuscous background. It is therefore possible to determine the genus with- out any doubt, and the venation proves that this larva belongs to the genus Aphanicerca. It isin rather poor con- dition, with the antennae and cerci badly broken off. After treatment with KOH, the larva was cleared and mounted on a slide, and one of the maxillary palpi was dissected out. Fig. 12 shows the reconstructed larva (length of body 6 mm.), with prob- able form of antennae and cerci; fig. 13 shows the structure of the maxillary — palp. The general colour of this larva is pale brownish, without any pattern. A comparison with known larvae of Nemoura and Leuctra shows that this larva is, as might be expected, some- what intermediate between the two. In its general form it comes closest to Nemoura, particularly in the large and robust legs and robust build of thorax. The mandibles have both incisor and molar series of teeth strongly de- veloped, but the ciliation of the inner margin is only poorly developed. The maxilla differs from that of both Ne- moura and Leuctra in that the galea Collection of Stone-flies (Order Perlaria) from South Africa. 129 and lacinia are just about of equal length; in these other genera the galea is the longer, especially in Nemoura. The maxillary palp has the distal segment longest, rather narrow oval in shape, some- what pointed (fig. 13). The larger larva, which is in better condition, was cleared and mounted without treatment by KOH. It is in the penultimate instar and therefore its generic position cannot be determined from the wing-vena- tion. As, however, the colouring is medium brown on the thorax and legs, with the head and most of the abdomen markedly darker, it is reasonable to suppose that it belongs to the strongly banded species Desmonemoura pulchellum n. g. et sp., adults of which were taken by Dr. Barnard along with it. Length of body, 7-2 mm. ; antenna, 4:8 mm.; cerci, 3°8 mm. The general form is very similar to the smaller larva, but there are some important differ- ences, as follows: The maxillary palpus has the last segment narrow, cylindrical, with apex bluntly rounded; the pronotum is i : Fie. 13.—First maxilla of more rectangular, markedly wider than the larva, shown in fig. 12, long ; the legs are even more robust than of an undetermined species 3 : : : of Aphanicercan.g. X90. in the smaller species, and in particular the femora are much broader, with a flattened fusiform outline; the tenth segment of the abdomen is divided or notched medially, and the paraprocts are very hairy ; the antennae and cerci are much as in the restoration of the smaller larva in fig. 12, the segments of the cerci having whorls of a few short hairs at the apex (omitted in the figure). VOL. XXX, PART l. eats 130 Annals of the South African Museum. REFERENCES, Comstock, J. H., 1918.—‘‘ The Wings of Insects,’’ Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca. ENDERLEIN, G., 1909.—“‘‘ Classification of the Perlaria,’’ Zool. Anz., 1909, xxxiv,. . pp. 385-419. TILLYARD, R. J., 1921.—‘‘ A new Classification of the Order Perlaria,’’ Canad. Entom., February 1921, pp. 1-11. 1923.—‘‘ The Stone-flies of New Zealand (Order Perlaria), with descriptions of new genera and species,” Trans. N.Z. Inst., pp. 197-217. 1928a.—‘‘ Kansas Permian Insects,’ Part 10: The new 7 Order Protoperlaria: a study of the typical genus Lemmatophora Sellards,’”’? Amer. Journ. Science, xvi, pp. 185-220. oh. », 1928b.—‘‘ Kansas Permian Insects,” Part 11: The Order Protoperlaria, family Lemmatophoridae (continued),”’ | Amer. Journ. Science, xvi, pp. 313-348. >> 99 2? 99 ( 131 ) 7. New South African Solifugae.—By R. F. Lawrence, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant in Charge of Arachnida. (With 4 Text-figures.) THE following paper consists of descriptions of two monticolous forms of Solpuga. Previously 3 new species of Solpuga and 1 of Blossia have been described (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xxix, pt. 1, p. 153) from altitudes of 4000 feet and over on the mountain ranges of the Cape system. These and the following species seem to point to the fact that a rich and peculiar Solifugid fauna inhabits the higher altitudes of these mountains. A new species of Daesia is described from the Garies region in Little Namaqualand. Gen. Sotpuea, Licht. Solpuga cycloceras, n. sp. (Fig. 1, a-c.) 344, Swartberg Pass, near Oudtshoorn, 5000-6000 feet altitude. Colour.—Headplate, mandibles, thoracic tergites reddish brown, / — Fig. 1, a. palps and legs reddish brown, the distal segments (especially in fourth leg) blackish; abdomen above blackish in the middle with a few coarse yellow hairs, sides reddish brown, thickly covered with silvery yellow hairs; sternites of abdomen light yellow-brown, 132 Annals of the South African Museum. blackish at the sides, covered with light yellow hairs; fourth pair of legs with long golden-yellow hairs; malleoli narrowly margined with black. Flagellum as in fig. 1, a, b,¢; basal enlargement high, almost triangu- lar; narrowed portion seen from the side rising from a point just posterior to the second tooth of the upper ——__—>=> jaw, widest just above its origin, and then b tapering finely and regularly to a point which is provided with a small transparent fo) membrane near its tip (fig. 1, 5). Seen from above the width tapers regularly to its distal apex. Dentition.—Apex of upper jaw short c and rather blunt at its tip, provided Ge uote. above on its inner side with a short keel or crest bearing a small tooth at its apex (fig. 1, c); outer series of teeth of the upper jaw as in fig. 1, a, inner series consisting of a fairly large distal tooth separated by a space ~ from 2 small proximal teeth the second of which is very minute. Spination.—Mandibles at the sides and in the distal half above with stout, erect, apically cleft setae, upper and lower jaws on inner side lined with 1 or 2 rows of feather bristles ; about 12 stridulatory ridges ; headplate sparsely provided with stout, erect, apically cleft setae, posteriorly with long coarse and wavy setose hairs; between these a fairly dense covering of much shorter prickly setae ; thoracic tergites with long coarse wavy hairs; legs with some long silky hairs, especially in the fourth pair (these however not forming a mane); metatarsus of palp scopulated below except in basal fifth. Measurements.—Total length of largest specimen, 25 mm. ; mandible, 6-5 mm.; width of headplate, 555 mm.; tibia of palp, 5:7 mm.; metatarsus+tarsus of palp, 6-8 mm.; total length of smallest specimen, 22 mm. Solpuga brachyceras, n. sp. (Fig. 2, a, 6.) 1 g, Swartberg Pass, near Oudtshoorn, 5000-6000 feet altitude. Colour as in S. cycloceras. Flagellum as in fig. 2, a, seen from the side; basal enlargement fairly low and bluntly rounded; shait of flagellum short, rising New South African Solvfugae. 133 just posteriorly to the second large tooth of the upper jaw; at its base the axis of the flagellum is turned obliquely laterally so that almost the entire anterior surface is seen from the side ; the proximal half does not taper so suddenly as the distal half, which ends in a fairly fine point ; there are no serrations, but the anterior surface of the shaft is faintly striated in its proximal two-thirds. Dentition.—Fang-tip of upper jaw with a keel above on the inner side (fig. 2, 6) more prominent than that of S. cycloceras ; a distinct tooth between the apex of fang and the two first teeth, remaining Fig. 2, a. Fig, 2, b. teeth of the outer series as in S. cycloceras. The inner series cannot be seen. Spination.—Mandible above in distal half with stout, erect setae, these not present at the sides; 10-11 stridulatory ridges; headplate with a few stout erect setae anteriorly, posteriorly and at the sides with long coarse wavy hairs; legs with some long silky hairs, fourth leg without a mane; metatarsus of palp scopulated below except at the apex and basal fifth. Measurements.—Total length, 20 mm.; mandible, 5-7 mm.; width of headplate, 4-5 mm. ; tibia of palp, 5 mm.; metatarsus+ tarsus of palp, 6 mm. Both the preceding species come under the lateralis, erythronota, erythronotoides, intermedia group. 134 Annals of the South African Museum. Gen. Dazrsi1a Karsch. Daesia garvesensis, 0. sp. (Fig. 3, a-c.) 1 g, Kamieskroon; 1 9, Garies, Little Namaqualand. 3. Colour.—Headplate with deep violet infuscation, except for a small round yellow spot on each side of the ocular tubercle, and a Fic. 3, a-c. large trilobed yellow marking in the middle (the middle lobe much larger than the lateral lobes) ; mandibles yellow, with 3 longitudinal blackish stripes united distally by an obliquely transverse thicker blackish stripe, inner side of mandible with an obliquely transverse blackish stripe distally, not as long as the corresponding stripe on the outer side; abdomen above with 3 longitudinal blackish stripes composed of a spot on each tergite, below with a faint blackish stripe at the sides of the terminal tergites; appendages infuscated violet, New South African Solifugae. 135 especially palps and fourth leg, femur of palp not infuscated except at apex, and an inferior stripe on inner side. Flagellum as in fig. 3, a, 6b, ¢; when rotated forwards the tip of the flagellum falls short of the fang-tip by a little; seen from the inner side (fig. 3, 6, c), the inner surface is slit along its distal third, the edges of the aperture being finely membraneous, transparent, and slightly frayed, the apex is cup-like, with a finely serrated edge ; seen dry (fig. 3, c), the circumference of the flagellum is a fairly wide © raised flange enclosing an oval anteriorly pointed shallow depression ; at the point where the flagellum suddenly narrows the flange is folded on itself. : Dentition as in fig. 3, a, seen from the outer side; upper jaw in front of flagellum with a pointed tooth directed slightly outwards ; outer series of the upper jaw with the first large tooth followed by 2 small intermediate teeth, the first of these minute; inner series consisting of 2 larger alternating with 2 smaller teeth; lower jaw with 2 minute intermediate teeth between the two main teeth, the first of the former almost imperceptible; 7 or 8 stridulatory ridges. Spination.—Mandibles especially in the anterior half with some stout setae above and at the sides ; headplate with a few slender setae ; metatarsus of palp on inner side below with a stout truncated spine at apex and four setose spines becoming more slender proximally, outer side with a row of 3 truncated spines distally and 2 setae proximally ; tibia below with a row of 4 long curved setae on each side, femur below with a row of about 6 similar setae on inner side. Abdomen more thickly covered with hair at the sides than in the middle above. Measurements.—Total length, 18 mm.; mandibles, 4 mm.; width of headplate, 3-6 mm.; tibia of palp, 5-8 mm.; metatarsus+ tarsus, 6-5 mm. : A single female from Garies (about 12 miles from Kamieskroon) without doubt belongs to the same species as the above male. 2. Colour as in g. Dentition.— Upper jaw with two large main teeth followed by 2 small intermediate teeth, the first slightly smaller than the second, then another large main tooth followed by 4 moderate ones ; lower jaw with 1 small intermediate tooth; metatarsus of palp spined as in 4, tibia below on each side with 3 very long, stout, almost prone setae (those of § almost erect) springing from large tooth-like 136 Annals of the South African Museum. processes, these setae much stouter than in $; femur at inner apex below with 1 similar seta. Measurements.—Total length, 22 mm.; mandible, 5 mm.; width of headplate, 4:5 mm.; tibia of palp, 4:8 mm.; metatarsus-+ tarsus, 5-6 mm. This species differs from allied forms such as hottentotta, lineata, pearsoni, in having a distinct tooth on the dorsal surface of the upper jaw. (18%) 8. Some Collembola of the Family Sminthuridae from South Africa. —By H. Womerstey, A.L.S., F.E.S. (Division of Economic Entomology, Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research). (With Plates VITI-XIII.) THE species recorded and described in this paper comprised a number of specimens collected by myself during a short period in Cape Province during August and September 1930, as well as a number in the collection of the South African Museum, Cape Town. For the opportunity of studying this latter collection I am indebted to Dr. L. Gill, Director. Altogether some six species and two varieties are here recorded from South Africa. They are as follows :— Sminthurinus niger Lubbock. Rs terrestris sp. 0. . pallidus sp. n. Rastriopes lineata sp. n. Deuterosminthurus marmoratus sp. 0. Z var. barnardi n. Dicyrtomina minuta O.F. form africana n. OrpER COLLEMBOLA Lubb. SusBorD. SYMPHYPLEONA C.B. Famity SMINTHURIDAE Lubb. Subfam. SMINTHURIDINAE C.B. Genus Sminthurinus C.B. Sminthurinus niger (Lubb.). (Plate VIII, figs. 1-6.) 1873. Lubbock, Monogr. Collemb., p. 111, pl. vi. A number of specimens of this well-known European hot-house species were found under the loose bark of a fallen log at Stellenbosch, 138 Annals of the South African Museum. C.P., 12/8/30. Although not previously known from South Africa, it was recorded by Wahlgren in Results of the Swedish Zool. Exped. to Egypt and the White Nile, 1901, as having been found under leaves near Cairo. Sminthurinus terrestris sp. n. (Plate IX, figs. 1-5.) Diagnosis: Size 1:5 mm. Colour uniformly deep blackish violet. Appendages somewhat lighter (fig. 1). Eyes 8+8, on deeply pigmented patches. Antennae nearly half as long again as the head ; ratio of head diag. : ant. I: Il: Il: 1V= 11:1$:3:4:7; ant. IV unringed with small terminal knob; pro- tuberance on ant. III small and simple as in Sminthurinus aureus Lubb. Legs of normal length; tibiotarsus with three fine clavate hairs (figs. 2, 3), which are only half the length of upper claw. Claws similar on all feet. Upper claw (figs. 2, 3) with a single inner tooth slightly beyond the middle and with an outer sheath distally. Basally the outer edge of upper claw is finely serrated as in Sminthurus niger Lubb. Lower claw with broad, somewhat angular inner lamella and subapically with a fine seta reaching to apex of upper claw. Furca short ; ratio of dentes to mucro=54: 2; mucro with inner edge of lamella finely serrated (fig. 4). Ratio of mucrodens to hind tibiotarsus=8 : 8. Genital appendage of female fimbriated (fig. 5). Clothing of short and sparse setae. This species was extremely abundant on the surface of the ground beneath a strong growth of Cape Weed (Cryptostemma calendulaceum), both in the University Orchard at Stellenbosch and in a similar habitat at the Marsh Memorial Homes at Rondebosch. My dates are for Stellenbosch 24/7/30 and 22—24/8/30 and for Rondebosch throughout August 1930. | Co-types in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Plate VIII. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXX. “‘qqu'T sabi snurnyjunug— 9g-T “SST Ce Se Sd EP Bd 44 ou 4 es LY ase pte Nees aera =o ae ok = L Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXX. ; th aval Sa (i ise ‘ Fo! Plate IX. terrestris sp. N. ULUNUS Frias. 1-5.-—Sminth Pe: sh i Some Collembola of the Family Sminthuridae from S. Africa. 1438 Sminthurinus pallidus sp. n. (Plate X, figs. 1-7.) Diagnosis: Size 0-9 mm. Colour entirely of a light yellow with no pigment even on the eye patch (fig. 1). Eyes 8+-8, two being much smaller than the rest (fig. 1). Antennae longer than the head; ratio of head diag.: ant. I: II: TIT: 1V=8:1:14:24:5; ant. IV slightly clavate and unringed ; ant. III with the wart-like prominence trilobed (fig. 2), and subapical sensory organ as in fig. 3. Legs of normal build, III rather longer than I and IL; tibiotarsus with three clavate hairs (figs. 4, 5); upper claw with a fine tooth just beyond middle, lower claw with an angular untoothed broad inner lamella. On leg I it has a subapical seta reaching to tip of upper claw (fig. 5). Furca short, ratio of dentes to mucro=34 : 13 ; mucro (fig. 6) with plain inner lamella; ratio of mucrodens to hind tibiotarsus=5 : 5. Female genital appendages fimbriated. Clothing of short sparse setae, which are a little longer analwards and on appendages. | Only a single specimen of this distinct species was captured although one or two more were seen. It occurred in the same locality as the previous species at Stellenbosch, Cape Province, 28/9/30. Type in the South African Museum. Hitherto the only known species of Sminthurinus recorded from Africa were S. niger Lubb. recorded by Wahlgren from Cairo, and S. stenognathus described by Borner from the Isle of Fundu, in “ Collembola aus Ostafrika, Madagaskar und Siidamerika,” “ Reise in Ostafrika,” 1907. This author in the same paper places Schétt’s Sminthurus piluliferus from the Cameroons in this genus. Schétt’s species, however, has a distinctly annulated fourth antennal joint, and possesses no clavate hairs on the tibiotarsus. Both these char- acters were used by Borner himself in 1906 (“ Das System der Collembola,”’ Mitt. Nat. Mus. Hamberg) for separating his genus Arrhopalites from Sminthurinus. Schott’s pilulvferus then must be regarded as belonging to the genus Arrhopalites of Borner. The four species of Sminthurinus now known from Africa may be distinguished by the following table :— 144 Annals of the South African Museum. niger. terrestris. stenognathus. pallidus. Size : , 1-0 mm. 1-5 mm. 0-6 mm. 0-9 mm. Ratio head 8 Wh:1$232 427 4:1:14: 8: le dds2eer diag. to ant. 2: 52 segments. Ratio dentes 5: 24-3 54:2 24:1 34:14 to mucro. Ratio mucro- 54:5} 8:8 124+: 11 5:5 dens to hind tibiotarsus. Ratio head 8: 105 11: 153 aS 8:10 diag. to an- tennae. Claws . .|L different | I, II, and III | I different from | I different from from II | alike. II and III. IT and hie and III No sheath | Sheath on | No sheath. No sheath. on upper] upper claw. claw. Mucro . . | Toothed. Toothed. Toothed. Not toothed. Female appen- | Fimbriated. | Fimbriated. Simple. Fimbriated. dages. Colour . . | Black. Black. Violet. Yellow. Sminthurinus pallidus comes nearest to the Kuropean S. aureus Lubb., but is easily recognised by the compound structure of the wart- like protuberance on ant. III and the simple untoothed mucrones. In the first of these characters it agrees with the species of this genus described from Australia (Results Dr. Mjoberg’s Exp. to Australia, 1917) by Schott, in that the protuberance is three-lobed. Subfam. SMINTHURINAE C.B. Genus Rastriopes C.B. Rastriopes lineata sp. n. (Plate XI, figs. 1-7.) Diagnosis: Size 1-6 mm. Colour deep violet-black, especially on the flanks, mid-dorsally is a pale whitish longitudinal line. Antennae violet. Legs and furca, except on basal joints, lighter. Hyes 8+8 on deep violet patches (fig. 2). Antennae half as long again as the head, ratio head diag. to antennal joints=11:14:3:4:8; ant. IV strongly subdivided into 17-18 sections, apically with a large extrusible knob in the usual groove ; ant. III basally with 4-5 long, strong setae (fig. 3). ee ee Tee 8, rea ST Plate X. Ann, S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXX. “ius ds sn pyyod snuunyumng— 1-1 “Sdiyt 10, an xXx. PART |. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXX. Plate XI. Fias. 1-7.—Rastriopes lineata sp. n. te ee a qe y Some Collembola of the Family Sminthuridae from S. Africa. 149 Legs normal, claws similar on all feet, upper claw without teeth, lower claw with only a narrow inner lamella. Tibiotarsi with 2: 3:3 strong, broadly clavate hairs; on hind legs on inside besides the usual setae is a special arrangement of five strong spines in a row. This organ corresponds with the “ Rastraldornen ” of Bérner on the presence of which he erected this genus. The spines in our species are, however, distinctly not serrated. Furca fairly long, reaching to ventral tube, ratio dentes: mucro =53:12; mucro without teeth. Female genital appendages wanting ? Clothing of short sparse setae. Type, a solitary specimen in the South African Museum. Locality.—Under a fallen twig, Kloof Nek, Cape Town, 27/7/30. I have also seen four immature specimens of this interesting form, together with a large number of a small Hypogastrura collected by Dr. K. H. Barnard from the surface of rain pools at Cape Town, 9/5/16. In spite of the simple structure of the “ Rastraldornen,”’ this species appears definitely to belong to Bérner’s genus. The only other species of Rastriopes from Africa is amphygia described by Borner from South-West Madagascar. In this form the spines comprising the “ Rastral”’ organ are six in number, and apically toothed. | Genus Deuterosminthurus C.B. Deuterosminthurus marmoratus sp. n. (Plate XII, figs. 1-7.) Diagnosis: Size 3-0 mm. Colour black and white mottled (fig. 1), tip of tibiotarsi, dentes, and ant. IV lighter. Hyes 8+8 on black patches. Antennae one-third as long as head, ratio head diag. to antennal joints=4$:1:14:14:3; ant. IV sub- divided into 14 sections; ant. III basally divided giving the appearance of a fifth joint; ant. IV with an apical knob lying in a deep groove. Legs normal. Claws short and broad without inner teeth, lower claw with only very narrow inner lamellae and with subapical setae, longest on III, reaching past tip of upper claw (figs. 3, 4). Tibio- tarsi with 3:3: 2, strong, broadly clavate hairs (figs. 3, 4). Setae on inner side of tibiotarsi are strong and conspicuous, but irregularly arranged and not as in Rastriopes. Furca: ratio dentes to mucro=3:1; dentes slightly annulated dorsally ; mucro without teeth on edges of inner lamellae. 150 Annals of the South African Museum. Anal appendages of female strong, and at tip broadly lobate. Co-types in the South African Museum. The description of this species is based on four specimens in the collection of the South African Museum, which were collected by Dr. Barnard from rain pools at 4000 ft. in the Hottentots Holland Mountains, January 1916, and on top of Kalk Bay Mountain, Cape Peninsula, 12/1/12. Other specimens taken in the same localities, but amongst grass, were rather smaller, greenish, and with no mottling, but did not differ morphologically. This variety I propose to name after my friend Dr. Barnard. In spirit the mid-dorsal line is dark, and there is a purplish pigmented spot on the anal segments and a slight streak of the same colour on the flanks of abd. IV. Subfam. DicyRToMINAE C.B. Genus Dicyrtomina C.B. Dicyrtomina minuta O. Fab. form africana nov. (Plate XIII, figs. 1-4.) This seems to be a distinct form of this well-known European species, only differing in colour and very slight and unimportant variations in morphological details. | It is somewhat larger than the English forms. Its colour is gener- ally greenish black, and mottled much as in the form ornata Lubb. The antennae are deeply pigmented except IV, which is almost colourless, as are the legs and furca. Locality.—On native olive bushes, Elsenburg, 24/7/30, and also Elsenburg, 28/8/27 (coll. Dr. Hesse). The type form of this species as well as its variety, coulonz Nic., has been recorded by Dr. Handschin from Algeria (Zeitsch. f. wiss. Insektenbiol., Bd. III, 1926). Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXX. Plate XII. Fies. 1-7.—Deuterosminthurus marmoratus sp. n. Plate XIII. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXX. ‘U DUDIU{D ULIOJ qe O Dinuiw Humowhog— v- I ‘SOLT Some Collembola of the Family Sminthuridae from S. Africa. Oo FP & De DS Oo FR WD Ano F WD ASD oO fF WD EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PuateE VIII. Sminthurinus niger Lubb. . Side view of animal. . Protuberance on ant. ITI. . Hind foot. . Fore foot. . Dentes and mucro from side. . Female genital appendage. Puate IX. Sminthurinus terrestris sp. n. . Side view of animal. . Hind foot. . Front foot. . Dentes and mucro from side. . Female genital appendage. PLATE X. Sminthurinus pallidus sp. n. . Side view of animal. . Third antennal segment, showing protuberance. . Subapical sensory organ on ant. ITI. . Hind foot. . Front foot. . Dentes and mucro from side. . Female anal appendage. Puate XI. Rastriopes lineata sp. n. . Animal from side. . Eye patch. . Ant. ITI and IV. . Hind foot and tibiotarsus. . Front foot. . Dentes and mucro from side. . Catch. 155 156 AD OP WD = Hm Co bo Annals of the South African Museum. PLatEe XII. Deuterosminthurus marmoratus sp. 0. . Animal from side. . Antennae. . Front foot. . Hind foot and tibiotarsus. . Furca from side. . Catch. . Female anal appendage—7a, from above; 7b, from side. Puate XITI. Dicyrtomina minuta O. Fab. form africana n. . Animal from side. . Apex of ant. IIT and whole of ant. IV. . Hind foot. . Mucro and apex of dentes. PART IL, containing: ee Ses =. 10. AL. | a aos : So. oe = Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. VI-VII1.- ie Ji R. LE B. TOMLIN, M.A. (With 10 Text-figures.) ue Some South African Machilidae ‘(Chaysanewey wes ‘“Womersuzy, A.LS., F.E.S., Entomologist, Australian Council for Scientific and- Spaisaeaen Research. (Pub- - lished by pees of the CG; S. I. RD Beas oe test = figures.) ~ - * _ F.L.S., Assistant Director. (With 80 Text-figures.) © | ISSUED JULY 1982, PRICE 20s. Fee 22 See : PRINTED FOR THE SoS Ge aa | = 3 "TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN “MUSEUM - = BY - NEILL AND 00., EMD. - Sale eS Soe c= 212 Boe eee EDINBURGH, = se Res Ses Sg Dixtedations to the Crustacean Katina of South ifn: : No. 11. Terrestrial Isopoda. By K. H. Barnarp, D. Be; ( 157 ) 9. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. VI-VIII.—By J. R. te B. Tomuin, M.A. (With 10 Text-figures.) VI. Famity FASCIOLARIIDAE. I HAVE seen very few examples of the genus Fasciolaria from South Africa. Sowerby is responsible for the solitary record of the common Indo-Pacific F. filamentosa Lam. from Durban, and that of F. trapezium L. from Natal. F. badia Krauss is a synonym of Reeve’s lugubris, described in the previous year. Of F. heynemanni Dunker much more material is required to determine its variability. Attention may be called to two species described by Strebel in Mitteil. aus dem Naturh. Museum, xxviii, pp. 31 and 33 (Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anstalt., xxvii): one called F. dunkerz from Elim is a very young shell which will probably prove eventually to be the young of some larger, known species; the other, F. scholvieni, is a fine shell, over 6 inches in length and 24 inches in breadth, labelled “Cape.” Both are in the Scholvien collection. The South African Museum has a fine, dead shell even larger than this, though it has lost 2 or 3 of the apical whorls, dredged on the Agulhas Bank. _ This is a perfectly distinct species from Ff’, scholuien, and I propose to call it | Fasciolaria agulhasensis n. sp. It is a large solid shell, with traces of a brownish periostracum, 8 (remaining) whorls, columella much arched, and a long canal some 7 mm. broad. The whorls are regularly sculptured with spiral ridges which vary a good deal in breadth and strength ; as a rule the stronger and weaker spirals are alternate, but at times two weaker ones come together ; there is a particularly strong peripheral ridge on the body-whorl, and an equally strong one 7 mm. above, which becomes an obtuse central keel on the upper whorls. Aperture elliptical in shape. Long. 74 inches ; diam. max. 3;’¢ inches. MO UXe, PART 2. | 11 Wee, SEP 0 1939 158 Annals of the South African Museum. Hab. Agulhas Bank, 28 fathoms (S.A. Mus., No. A6539). The canal is not quite perfect, and is somewhat bent to the right abnormally, owing to an injury. It differs from F. scholvieni especially in the shape of the aperture and in the character of the spiral sculpture. In general appearance it is not unlike some specimens of Hemifusus morro (L.), but that Fic. 1.—Fasciolaria agulhasensis n. sp. shell, of course, has not the columellar plaits that distinguish a Fasciolaria. Latirus mosselensis n. sp. Shell turreted, fusiform, rimate, with spire produced; whorls eleven in number, acutely nodulous a little below the middle of each whorl, with an additional row of much weaker nodules below the periphery of the body-whorl ; canal long and quite straight ; colour of periostracum brownish terracotta, columella and interior bright Tae] TEE ; : LIME Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the South African Museum. 159 pinkish ; columella quite straight, with two plaits obscure and only just traceable; the length of aperture and canal is almost exactly half the total length. Long. 53-5 mm.; diam. max. 23 mm. Hab. off Mossel Bay, 27 fathoms, two live specimens (S.A. Mus., No. A3504). Fic. 2.—Latirus mosselensis n. sp. Type on left, paratype on right. This fine species has somewhat the build of L. armatus A. Ad., but is much larger with a longer canal; the surface is noticeably smooth but for the nodules, which are below the periphery of each whorl instead of above as in armatus. The operculum is typically Fasciolariud, pear-shaped, pointed at the apex with apical nucleus; colour light-brown; narrowly concave on the columellar side; growth-lines very numerous and regularly semicircular. VII. Famity FISSURELLIDAE. A very considerable number of species has been described or recorded, under the generic heading of “ Fissurella,” from the Cape. Most of these belong to the genus Diodora Gray, of which the 160 Annals of the South African Museum. genotype is an English species, D. apertura (Montagu)—a shell of very much the same appearance as D. australis (Krauss). The list includes several doubtful names, and has been materially increased by misidentifications. One species, Fissurella robusta Sowerby, described from Port Elizabeth on a single imperfect specimen, has all the appearance of a fossil, and should, I think, be omitted from the list of recent species. F. conioides (Reeve) was erroneously described as a Cape species : it is endemic in the Cape Verde Isles. Gmelin’s Patella caffra is a Fissurella, but unlike any South African species, though assigned by its author to the Cape of Good Hope. It has never been certainly identified, and is omitted from the Manual of Conchology, vol. xii. The figure on which it is based looks like one of the true Fissurellas from South America, especially as it is said to have a dark border inside. D. fumata (Reeve) is another name which we may reject. It was described from an unknown locality, but is identical with the Carib- bean alternata Say. The South African records were doubtless based on shells of elevata Philippi. It seems rather unwise of Boog Watson, in the Challenger Report, p. 34, to have assigned his un- identifiable, broken shell from Sea Point to any definite specific name, even with a query. D. cruciata (Krauss) is preoccupied by a species of Gould’s from the East, and has been renamed crucifera Pilsbry. I have seen examples of this in the collection of the S.A. Museum from Tongaat, Natal. D. australis (Krauss). The 8.A. Museum has this from Port Elizabeth and Delagoa Bay. Gen. FISSURIDEA Swainson. The type of this group, Ff. galeata (Helbling), is the only species given in Tryon’s Manual. It is characterised by a very small per- foration which opens forward rather than upward, while the apex of the shell leans forward and tends to overhang the anterior margin. It is a species of the Far East. Fissurella parviforata Sowerby * is evidently closely related to galeata Helbling, while it has the foramen still smaller and the apex still further forward. I therefore transfer it to the genus Fissuridea. Bartsch in the Turton Report ¢ placed six species in Fissuridea, but I regard the first five as belonging to Diodora. * Journ. of Conch., vi, p. 12, pl. i, fig. 7, 1889. f. U.S: NatoMus! Bull’91, po L777 nord. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the South African Museum. 161 F. parviforata Sow. was described from Port Elizabeth: the S.A. Museum has it from Mossel Bay and Kalk Bay. I have received it from Ascension Island, and the specimens from St. Helena identified doubtfully by Smith * as gibberula Lam. ? belong to parviforata. Gen. MacHRocHISMA Swainson. The single South African species belonging to this genus (which Swainson spelt as above) has usually been assigned to M. producta A. Ad., and though Sowerby identified different specimens at various times as producta A. Ad. and compressa A. Ad., I have but little hesi- tation in thinking that all belonged to a single form. I fail to see, however, why it was ever identified with the Australian forms, and proceed to describe it as Machrochisma africana n. sp. The shell is rather broadly rectangular, the length being a little more than twice the breadth, and the two ends are almost similarly rounded ; the slit is half the total length of the shell, narrowing rather gradually from the margin, which is noticeably depressed and strongly thickened at the broad end of the slit; in colour it is rather vaguely blotched and _ streaked with red on a light ground; the sculpture consists of fine, regular ridges radiating downwards from the slit to the margin all round, with somewhat irregular concentric growth-lines which produce bead- ing where they cross the ridges. Long. 22 mm.; diam. max. 10 mm. Hab. Port Alfred (Becker). A young shell from the same locality measures 10x4-5, thus maintaining practically the same proportions. The S.A. Museum has specimens from Scottburgh (Burnup). It * P.Z.S. Lond., 1890, p. 295. 162 Annals of the South African Museum. is also reported from Port Elizabeth, from Umvoti, and from Pondoland. M. producta A. Ad. differs from M. africana by its more acutely saddle-shaped form and by its very different shape; thus a typical South Australian example measures 25 x 8, and another 24 x 8. Gen. EMARGINULA Lamarck. The first and only record of this genus from South Africa will be found in Ann. Natal Museum, vol. u, pt. 1, p. 209, where Smith records from Tongaat H. micans A. Adams, which was originally described from Rains Island. I have not seen this Tongaat shell, but from the explanations necessary to fit it into micans one is very much tempted to suspect that it will eventually prove distinct. The following fine deep-water species is not a perfect shell, but the sculpture is so very clear, fresh, and perfect that there can be no difficulty in recognising it again with the aid of the excellent photograph now given. Emarginula pulchreclathrata n. sp. A fine species, somewhat similar in size and form to £. sicula Gray from the Mediterranean and to E. superba Hedley from Tasmania, but differing from both in sculp- ture. The South African shell has a series of alternately stronger and weaker ridges radiating from apex to margin, crossed nodosely by con- centric threads ; both stronger and weaker ridges vary somewhat in degree, and as a rule the weaker ones first appear some little dis- tance below the apex; the whole arrangement constitutes a very marked and beautiful piece of lattice-work. The apex is bent over to form a small hooked beak. Long. 19 mm; lat. 12°5smm, Hab. off Saldanha Bay in 55 fathoms (S.A. Mus., No. A3617). Fic. 4.—Emarginula pulchreclathrata n. sp. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the South African Museum. 163 Gen. PARMAPHORELLA Strebel. In 1907 Strebel * described an Antarctic shell as Tugalia antarctica, and mentioned that it had long been in the Hamburg Museum with the MS. name of Parmaphorella antarctica, given by Pfeffer. While recognising that there was a good deal to be said for Pfeffer’s sugges- tion of making it the type of a new genus, Strebel eventually decided to class the shell in Tugalia, owing to its very worn and weathered condition. In 1907 also, but later than Strebel, Melvill and Standen f likewise described a Tugalia antarctica from the collections of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. This was a shell of very similar character to Strebel’s antarctica, though specifically distinct. It was renamed T. melvilli by Thiele in 1912.T I do not think that there can be any doubt that these two forms, together with a third which is obviously congeneric and now to be described, constitute a genus distinct from Tugalia, and that Pfefier was right in his suggestion. Strebel only mentions the existence of this label to reject it as far as the generic part is concerned, but I suppose that this con- stitutes publication, however paradoxical the situation, and that Parmaphorella must be credited to Strebel, the genotype being ~ Tugalia antarctica Strebel. The shell of Parmaphorella has all the facies of a deep-water molluse in its thinness and coloration; it 1s much more convex than Tugalia and has the apex prolonged into a regular hooked beak, hollow within, which almost overhangs the margin. There is a rather ill-defined anal notch from which a shallow, well-marked groove within runs right up to the apex, with an en- larged, conspicuous, external rib corresponding to the groove. The posterior margin is moderately flattened out into a sort of flange, rather in the manner of the genus Plesvothyreus Cossmann, though to a less degree. The sculpture of Parmaphorella is much finer than that of Tugalia, and variously differentiated on the external anal rib ; thus in P. melvilli (Thiele) the original figure, cited above, correctly shows this rib at least twice the breadth of the others and regularly crossed by the concentric striae. In Tugala there is no alteration of sculpture to mark the anal rib. * Zool. Jahrb., xxv, p. 105, pl. ii, fig. 26, a—e, 29/8/1907. + Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., xlvi, p. 128, fig. 1, 21/12/1907. t Deutsche Siidpolar Exp., xiii, p. 197, pl. xii, fig. 6. 164 Annals of the South African Museum. Parmaphorella barnardi n. sp. Shell thin, white, convex, oblong; apex at the posterior end produced in the form of a hollow beak very nearly to the posterior margin, which is somewhat splayed out to form a sort of flange ; anterior margin distinctly grooved, the groove running within right up to the apex, and marked outside by a corresponding, outstanding rib, broad at the base and narrow- ing by degrees to quite a sharp keel on the apex; surface can- cellated throughout, the concentrie striae being the stronger, except at the posterior end, and rather rough and irregular. Long. 19 mm. ; “diame me 12 mm. Hab. Cape Point, N. 50° E., 18 miles, 180 fathoms, a dead shell (S.A. Mus., No. A3623). Another specimen from same locality, with apex broken, measures 21x15 mm. Named in honour of Dr. K. H. Barnard, the Assistant Director of the South African Museum. Fic. 5.—Parmaphorella barnardi n. sp. VIII. Famiry BUCCINIDAE. Gen. GLYPTEUTHRIA Strebel. Until 1905 the genus EHuthria Gray included a small but rather varied assemblage of species mainly from the Magellanic province and from New Zealand, with stragglers up the Pacific coast of America right away to Japan. It has as its type the well-known Mediterranean Murex corneus of Linné, a solid, nearly smooth shell with the upper part of each whorl much appressed, the canal long and recurved, while the operculum is oval with apical nucleus. Strebel * distributed his Magellanic material into 3 new subgenera, Pareuthria, Glypteuthria, and Anomacme, and it may be well here to fix H. meridionalis Smith as the type of Glypteuthria, and Fusus plumbeus Philippi as the type of Pareuthria. The third subgenus is monotypical. All the species assigned to these three groups agree in having a very short, incipient canal and a normal Huthriid operculum. * Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), xxii, pp. 600, 627, 633. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the South African Museum. 165 I have no hesitation in following Thiele * in raising Glypteuthria to generic rank. It contains a homogeneous group of species which are characterised by their more obvious sculpture, in which axial ribs and spiral cords play a fairly equal part ; this sculpture begins early, though according to Strebel the protoconch is smooth. In all the examples before me the apex is badly worn. | The South African Museum has dredged two forms in deep water that I regard as belonging to this genus, and they are described below. Glypteuthria capensis n. sp. Shell elongate, solid, of a dirty white colour, seven-whorled ; sculp- ture consisting of numerous regular, curved, axial ribs, about sixteen Fic. 6.—Glypteuthria capensis n. sp. in number on the body-whorl, and of close spiral cords which vary a good deal in degree and are noticeably finer immediately below the * Handb. Syst. Weichtierkunde, pt. i, p. 318, 1929. 166 Annals of the South African Museum. suture ; aperture elongate, more than twice as long as broad ; canal broad and short, very slightly recurved ; columella deeply excavate ; operculum that of a normal Huthra. Long. 29 mm. ; diam. max. 12 mm. Aperture, 12 x 5-5 mm. Hab. Cape Point, N. 41° E., 38 miles, 318-400 fathoms (S.A. Mus., No. A3446), several living examples. Glypteuthria solidissima n. sp. Shell elongate, very strong and solid, greyish white; whorls convex, seven (?) in number (the apex being decollate) ; sculpture consisting of numerous straight axial ribs which only reach the upper part of the body-whorl above the periphery—on the penultimate Fic. 7.—Glypteuthria solidissima n. sp. whorl there are about 18, and of fairly close spiral cords alternating with a varying number of finer threads ; there are about 12 of these cords on the body-whorl, and the 4 or 5 uppermost ones are irregu- larly interrupted by the axial ribs; suture impressed; columella deeply excavate; canal rather long and recurved; aperture long oval, denticulate within. Long. 27 mm.; diam. max. 12-5 mm. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the South African Museum. 167 Aperture, 8 x 4 mm. Hab. off Cape Point, 11 miles, in 45 fathoms, one example (S.A. Mus., No. A3543). This differs from G. capensis in sculpture, in the form of the canal, and in the convexity of the whorls. In addition to the above the South African Museum has three species, all new, which do not seem referable to any established genus or section. These three constitute a homogeneous little group of nearly related forms, which I feel sure ought to be placed in prox- imity to Euthria and its allies, though unluckily the soft parts and operculum are missing in every specimen. All three are abyssal; in the case of one species exact data are lacking, but it has the unmistakable facies of a deep-water shell, and is known to have occurred, like the other two, in the dredgings of the “ Pieter Faure.” The three species are of an extremely graceful attenuate form, reminding one not a little of the palaearctic species of Colus Réding (Stpho auct.); the shells are finely and closely spirally grooved, white, covered with a very thin, delicate, shiny periostracum which is slightly cream-tinted ; canal broad and short; aperture rather less than half the length of the shell. For this little group I propose the genus Charitodoron * as a new group of the Buccinidae, and name the three species after Hesiod’s version of the names of the three Graces—Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia. The genotype is C. ewphrosyne, which I proceed to describe. Charitodoron euphrosyne gen. et sp. nov. Shell gracefully elongate, spindle-shaped, white with very pale yellowish periostracum, marked longitudinally with numerous in- conspicuous, irregularly spaced ribs; whorls 7, regularly spirally lirate with shallow punctate striae, there being 9 striae on the penultimate and on the antepenultimate whorl; below the periphery of the last whorl are numerous furrows, much deeper and broader than those on the rest of the shell; canal broad and very short ; aperture elongate oval. Long. 27 mm.; diam. max. 9 mm. Aperture: long. 11 mm.; lat. 4-5 mm. * “ Gift of the Graces.” Itc. 8.—Charitodoron euphrosyne Fic. 9.—Charitodoron aglaia n. sp. n.g., N. Sp. Fic. 10.—Charitodoron thalia n. sp. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the South African Museum. 169 Hab. off Cape Point in 660-700 fathoms, two examples (S.A. Mus., No. A3441). At least one whorl is missing in both examples of this species. Charitodoron aglaia n. sp. Bears considerable resemblance to the last species, but has 9 whorls, is obviously more slender, and has a more decidedly yellowish periostracum, which is thicker, and on the last 4 whorls makes the spiral striae all but indiscernible; on the earlier whorls the striae are evident, strong, and punctate; the longitudinal ribs or growth- lines are weaker and much more inconspicuous than those in euphro- syne ; the body-whorl is furrowed only on the lower half of the infra- peripheral area. Long. 26 mm.; diam. max. 8 mm. Aperture: long 11 mm.; lat. 3-5 mm. Hab. South Africa, two examples (S.A. Mus., No. A3440). Details as to the habitat of this species are unfortunately lacking. Charitodoron thalia n. sp. The third species differs materially from the two already described ; in form it is quite reminiscent of the palaearctic Colus propinquus (Alder). It has 8 whorls, but is not so elongate as the other two and increases more rapidly in diameter; the longitudinals are very fine, numerous, and strongly arcuate; the spiral lirae are more obvious through the periostracum, stronger throughout, and not punctate—11 or 12 in number on each whorl; the body-whorl is regularly lirate throughout, the lrae becoming broader and coarser below the periphery ; canal slightly narrower and longer; aperture much as in C. aglaia. Long. 21 mm.; diam. max. 8 mm. Aperture: long. 9 mm.; lat. 3 mm. Hab. off Cape Point in 131 fathoms, one example (S.A. Mus., No. A1742). I ought to say that the Museum is very much indebted to Mr. A. E. Salisbury for almost all the photographs here used. Ke nh 10. Some South African Machilidae (Thysanura).—By H. WoMERSLEY, A.L.S., F.E.S., Entomologist, Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. (Published by permission of the CSc...) (With 3 Text-figures.) THE members of the family of Bristle-tails treated of in this paper comprised five species belonging to three genera. All the genera can be placed in the subfamily Mevnertellinae Carpenter, as distinguished by the abdominal sternites possessing very small triangular medial parts and in no segment having more than a single pair of exsertile vesicles. The specimens consisted of a number collected by myself while in Cape Town district during August and September 1930, on behalf of the Entomological Division of the Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. In addition to my own captures I have been privileged to examine a number of specimens in the collections of the South African Museum. For this, I am indebted to Dr. L. Gill, Director, and Dr. K. H. Barnard, Assistant Director. To these gentlemen I offer my warmest thanks. Specimens of those species collected by myself will be deposited in the Museum of the Division of Entomology, Canberra, Australia, and also in the South African Museum, Cape Town. OrpER THYSANURA Lubb. Famity MACHILIDAE Grassi. Gen. MAcHILIODES Silv. Machiloides malagassus Silv. This species was originally described by my friend Professor Silvestri from Madagascar, from the female sex only (Nuovi Generi e Specie di Machilidae, Redia, ii, 1904). Later he redescribed it from both sexes, from British East Africa (Sj6stedt’s Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped., savill (2), p. 13, pl. 3, figs. 17—27, 1908 [vol. m, 1910). 172 Annals of the South African Museum. In Cape Colony, it appears to be the commonest species, and can be found almost anywhere under the stones on the mountain slopes. My captures are dated as follows :— Slopes of Table Mountain, Kirstenbosch, 2/8/30. 55 ss : Cape Town, 10/8/30. » > i zs 10/8/30. s» y - i 27/8/30. , Lion’s Head, * 14/8/30. In the Museum collection this species is represented by specimens from Gt. Winterhoek Mt., Tullbagh, C.P., Nov. 1916 Keeromberg, Worcester, C.P., Sept. 1930 Forebay, near Mossel Bay, C.P., Jan. 1931 Coll George, C.P., Jan. 1931 K H B Keurbooms River, C.P., Jan. 1931 a Pietermaritzburg, Natal, Nov. 1917 Krantzkop, Natal, Nov. 1917 Machiloides spinipes Silv. This species, originally described by Silvestri from Natal and Zululand (Tisanuri del Natal, Arkiv f. Zool., Bd. 8, No. 1, p. 14, fig. 11, 1913), was not found in the Cape Province, but in the Museum collection were specimens collected at Pietermaritzburg, Natal, Nov. 1917, by Dr. Barnard. Machilordes silvestri n. sp. Description.—Colour (in life) light grey with small dark spots or reflections, giving the insect a very close resemblance to the granite boulders on which it is to be found. Hyes large, rounded, but slightly narrower than deep, touching medially for about half the depth (fig. 1). Paired ocelli elongate, transverse, inwardly club-shaped, separated by less than a diameter (iiss 1): Antennae longer than body, basal joint 14 times as long as broad, cylindrical. Flagellum gradually tapering, distally separating into sections of as many as 15 segments, annulated brown and white. Maxillary palpi with the segments subapically marked with dark brown pigment, ratio of lengths of joints—male, 1$:3:3:3$:5:5:34; female, 24: 4$:34:4:64:7:4; joint I with the usual processes in both sexes as in the preceding species, joint IJ in male with an inner a i EE ee eee ee : Some South African Machilidae (Thysanura). 173 subapical chitinous hook which is almost straight and simple, in female simple, joint III in both sexes simple, jomt IV in male sub- apically dilated with a bunch of strong scale-like setae (fig. 1). Labial palpi as in fig. 1. Thorax only slightly arched. Coxae of legs II and III with normally developed stylets, tibiae not unduly spined. Abdomen: tergites as in malagassus Silv., exsertile vesicles on sternites I to VII. Fie. 1.—Machiloides silvestri n. sp.: 1, eyes and paired ocelli, front view; 2, eye and one ocellus from side; 3, basal jomts of antennae; 4, maxillary palpi of female ; 5, maxillary palpi of male, joints II toIV; 6, labial palpi; 7, leg III; 8, 4th sternite ; 9, 7th sternite ; 10, penis. Penis short, gonapophyses absent in male. Ovipositor long, annulated, reaching tips of lateral cerci. Lengths: Body 9-10 mm., antennae 13 mm., median cercus 13 mm., lateral cerci 4 mm. Habitat—On the surface of granite boulders on the lower slopes of the mountains along the coast. Localities.—Co-types: Fish Hoek, C.P., 23/8/30; Hout Bay, C.P., 9/8/30 ; Camps Bay, C.P., 10/8/30 ; Kloof Nek, C.P., 31/8/30. This species is intermediate in many respects to the two other South African species of Machiloides. In the shape of the eyes it approaches spinipes, but the maxillary palpi in the male are more like those of malagassus, excepting the presence of the setae on the VOL. XXX, PART 2. 12 174 Annals of the South African Museum. fourth joint. In habitat as well as in colour it is markedly distinct from the latter. As already stated, the genus Machiloides was erected by Silvestri in 1904, when he quoted Machilis appendiculata Silv. as the type, from Chili. Machilis anceps Nic., also from Chili, and malagassus were later referred to this genus. In a conspectus of the genera of Machilidae (Redia, ii, 1904), he places Machiloides as agreeing with Praemachilis in having gona- pophyses on the 8th and 9th segments of the male. Earlier in the same paper in describing the genus Machiloides, he states : ‘““Male.—Segmenta abdominalia 8 nm. et 9 nm. appendicibus genitalibus duabus subcylindricis aucta.”’ In the original descriptions of appendiculata and anceps no mention is made of the presence or absence of these organs, and all species of this genus described since by other authors as well as Professor Silvestri himself do not possess them. This is the case in the new species described in this paper. If, then, a re-examination of the types of appendiculata by Silvestri has revealed the presence of such organs in this particular species, his description of the genus may be explained. If this is so then it would seem to be advisable to subdivide the genus into at least two subgenera on the presence or absence of these organs, keeping appendiculata as type of Machiloides s.str. and malagassus as type — of the other part. Table for the South African Species of Machilordes Silv. (males). 1. Joint II of maxillary palpi simple without any subapical chitinous hook in male sex. Joint III considerably shorter than II, with a prominent fleshy lobe on which are numerous short spines . . spinipes Silv. Joint II of maxillary palpi with a subapical ORitinoUs hooks joint III simple and more than half as long as II A 5 2. 2. Eyes deeper than wide. Paired ocelli ciatimetly vonatiiered mietiialle and definitely separated from lower border of eyes. Light grey species of littoral habitat . d 3 silvestri sp. nov. Hyes wider than doop. Patred aoe ith Ane parallel sides, only slightly separated from lower border of eyes. Brownish species of more inland habitat . : : : : : : : : malagassus Silv. Gen. HYPOMACHILODES Silv. Hypomachilodes capensis n. sp. Description.—Colour (in life) dark brown, showing dark reflections. Eyes of moderate size, each being slightly wider than deep (fig. 2), Some South African Machilidae (Thysanura). ATS touching medially for 3 of their depth. Hach eye has three diagonal streaks running upwards and outwards. Paired ocelli (fig. 2) elongate, transverse, strongly clubbed inwards, distance apart less than a diameter. Single ocellus indeterminate. Antennae slightly shorter than body, strikingly annulated with brown and white, basal joint cylindrical, twice as long as wide (fig. 2), distally the antennal sections contain up to 14 joints, the apical three joints of each section are white. 4 © ——- jj vA 9 Fic. 2.—Hypomachilodes capensis n. sp.: 1, single eye and ocellus ; 2, basal joints of antennae; 3, joints I and II of maxillary palpi of male; 4, labial palpi; 5, leg III, coxa; 6, leg III, apex; 7, mandible; 8, sternite VII; 9, male gonapophyses ; 10, penis. Maxillar palpi long, attenuated, ratio of lengths of joints—male, 1222 715:12:3:25:2; female, 14:2:13:14:2): 24: 14; jomt | in both sexes with usual processes, IJ in male only with an acute short and cruved chitinous tooth. Labial palpi as in fig. 2. Man- dibles as in fig. 2. Thorax moderately arched. Only coxae of third legs with stylets, which are but little shorter than normal (fig. 2). Abdomen : Sternites with medial portions scarcely visible, exsertile vesicles present in a single pair on I-VII, stylets on II-IX, stylet IX twice as long as stylet VIII. 176 Annals of the South African Museum. Male: Penis short, gonapophyses present on segments VIII and IX, distinctly but finely annulated (fig. 2). ' Female: Ovipositor long, annulated, seven times as long as stylet ax. Lengths : Body 8-9 mm., antennae 6-7 mm., cerci ?. Habitat.—On fallen twigs in small coppice. Locality.—Clovelly, Fish Hoek, C.P., 23/8/30. Four specimens. This genus was erected by Silvestri for a species from Texas, chiefly on the presence of stylets on the coxae of third legs only. In his table referred to above, he gives the absence of male gonapophyses as a generic character. My remarks therefore under the genus Machiloides will apply also to this genus. Gen. MACHILELLUS Silv. Machilellus delagoensis n. sp. Description.—Colour (in alcohol, denuded of scales) yellowish white. HKyes rounded, slightly broader than deep, touching medially for Fic. 3.—Machilellus delagoensis n. sp.: 1, eyes and paired ocelli; 2, basal antennal joints ; 3, male maxillary palpi; 4, labial palpi; 5, leg 1; 6, leg III; 7, penis ; 8, mandible. a short distance, upper angle formed by the eyes large and obtuse. The pigment and facets of the eyes do not extend to the margins, Some South African Machilidae (Thysanura). TT hence there appears to be a space between the eyes (fig. 3). Paired ocelli, elongate transverse, inwardly club-shaped, separated by rather more than a diameter. | Antennae rather shorter than body, basal joint cylindrical, twice as long as broad, sides parallel (fig. 3). Maxillary palpi long and attenuated, ratio of joints—male, 2: 24:14:2:34:3:2; female, 14: 21:14:2:3:21:12; joint I with usual processes, inner lobe more pronounced in male, II in male without subapical tooth but with a subapical fleshy lobe (fig. 3). Labial palpi as in fig. 3. Thorax moderately arched. All legs without coxal stylets. Front femora broader than on middle or hind legs. Abdomen : sternites as in M. meaicanus Silv. Male : penis short, gonapophyses absent. Female : ovipositor long, annulated, reaching to tips of lateral cerci. Length: Body 9 mm., antennae 7 mm., medial cercus ?, lateral cerci 4 mm. Localittes.—Co-types, Delagoa Bay, Oct. 1912, coll. K.H.B.; -Krantzkop, Natal, Nov. 1917, coll. K.H.B.; Matroosberg, Hex River Mits., C.P., Jan. 1917, coll. K. H. B.; Clanwilliam, C.P., Sept. 19st coll K.H. B. The following table is appended as a guide to the separation of the known genera of Machilidae belonging to the subfamily Meznertellinae. Synopsis of Genera of Meinertellinae. 1. Exsertile vesicles on sternites I to VII : 3 Exsertile vesicles only on sternites II-IV. ees U sid iit with coxal processes. Paired ocelli triangular . : : : Allomachilis Silv. 2. Coxal processes on legs II and III : : : : 3 atc Coxal processes only on leg III or wanting . ‘ : cpt Ae 3. Paired ocelli elongate, transverse, male gonapophyses nee? or absent Machiloides Silv. Paired ocelli triangular. Second joint of max. palpi with sensory hairs on subapical process . : : : ; : Nesomachilis Tillyard. 4. Coxal processes on leg III . : : ; : : : 3 ake Coxal processes wanting on alllegs_. : : : : : een 5. Kyes large, much deeper than wide. Paired cerci slightly longer than body. Subapical process of joint II of max. palpi not hook-like Megalopsobius Silv. Hyes normal, wider than deep . : : aie 6. Coxal process on leg III reduced. Male aeupenlinees Syne Hypomachilodes Silv. Coxal process on leg III normal . : : : Machilontus Silv. 7. Male sex without tarsal scopulae ‘ : : ; f ‘ Spek) Male sex with dense black tarsal scopulae . : ‘ : ; i Se 178 Annals of the South African Museum. 10. . Tarsal scopulae present in both sexes . : { : Meinertellus Silv. Tarsal scopulae confined to male sex . 5 . . Meinertelloides Wom. . Paired ocelli not elongate, subrotund, and almost touching lower edge of eyes. : : ; : ; ; : : Machilinus Silv. Paired ocelli transvers : ; : ; i : : = Or Eyes large, deeper than wide. Paired ocelli transversely oblique. Medial portion of abdominal sternites almost invisible . . Macropsontus Silv. Kyes normal. Sternites of abdomen with the medial portion distinctly visible. Male genital appendages present or absent. . . Machilellus Silv. (179 ) 11.—Contributions to-the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. By K. H. Barnarp, D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director. No. 11. TERRESTRIAL ISOPODA. (With 80 Text-figures.) Tue following account of the South African Woodlice cannot by any means claim to be exhaustive. Although quite a large collection has been accumulated by the South African Museum, the areas in which collecting has been done are exceedingly small in comparison with the total area under consideration. An enormous amount of work, both in the field and in the laboratory, remains to be done before a monograph of the woodlice can be attempted. This preliminary study, however, may prove useful to future students. Historically there is but little to say about the woodlouse fauna of South Africa. The first 6 species were described in 1833 by Brandt. Guérin described 1 in 1836, and Krauss 2 in 1843. No further species were recorded during the next forty years, until Budde-Lund published his Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria in 1885. Even then only 6 more species were added, some of which had been collected by the botanist J. F. Drege in the course of his travels in the Cape and Natal in the early years of the nineteenth century.* A gap of ten years followed, until in 1893 the arachnologist Simon travelled in South Africa and collected some woodlice which were described by Dollfus (1895). Seven species were added to the fauna list. Purcell described the curious termitophilous Phylloniscus in 1903. In 1904 Budde-Lund revised the genus “ Armadillo” and recorded 4 species. The German South Polar Expedition added another species (Budde-Lund, 1906); and Schultze’s expedition collected 15 more species (Budde-Lund, 1909). * See Meyer, E. H. F., Comment. Plant. Afr. Austr. collegit J. F. Drege, Leipsic, 1835. It is interesting to note that Mr. J. L. Drege, who supplied Entomostraca to G. O. Sars through Dr. Purcell, also contributed to this Museum, round about the year 1897, some of the woodlouse material utilised in this paper. I have not been able to discover whether Mr. J. L. Drege was a descendant or relative of the earlier naturalist. 180 Annals of the South African Museum. Thus in 1910 Stebbing was able to list 32 (plus 2 introduced) species in his General Catalogue of South African Crustacea. By accident, however, he omitted 6 of Dollfus’s species and all the *“* Armadillos ’ of Budde-Lund’s 1904 revision. On the other hand he admitted 4 species from the Congo,* a region considerably removed from South Africa, even with the wide limits set to it for purposes of this work, viz. as far north as 15° S. lat. (Mossamedes—Mozam- bique). Stebbing therefore should have listed 43 truly South African species, plus 2 introduced. In the last two decades 28 species have been added, though some of these are in my opinion synonyms. Including the new species and records in this work, the fauna list at present comprises 139 species, plus 6 introduced species. This large increase in the fauna list is due to the energy of the past and present members of the staff of the South African Museum, beginning with the late Dr. Purcell and Mr. Lightfoot. In the lists of localities under each species the collectors are acknowledged by their respective initials, thus: Dr. Purcell (W. F. P.), Mr. Lightfoot (R. M.L.), Dr. Haughton (8. H.H.), Me. Tuckes > (Rea) Mr. Drury (J. D.), Dr. Lawrence (R. F. L.), Dr. Hesse (A. J. H.), Dr. Gil (EK. L. G.), Dr. Boonstra (Ll. D. B.), Me: Vhormed( teas The names of authors responsible for already published localities are quoted in full. The localities in South West Africa, including Ovamboland and the Kaokoveld, will be found in the map accompanying Connolly’s report on the Non-marine Mollusca of that region (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol, xa0x, pt. 2, 19a); In the following descriptions the colours of the living animals are given whenever I have personally observed them, or the specimens when received at the Museum have been preserved for so short a time as to preclude any great changes. In nearly all cases a prolonged immersion in alcohol causes the usual slaty or greyish colour to fade, at first to a grey and yellowish mottling, and eventually to a uniform pale yellowish. The colours given by Budde-Lund therefore are often misleading. In the colour notes, the word antennae always refers to the second antennae. Teratology.—Regrettable as it is, attention must be drawn to * Viz. Ligia gracilipes B-L., Niambia squamata B-L., Diploexochus (Poly- acanthus) aculeatus B-L., and Eubelum lubricum B-L. By “South Africa” Budde-Lund (1885) evidently understood Africa south of the equator. The mistake has been followed by Jackson (1922) and Panning (1924). Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 181 the illustrations in Collinge’s 1919 and 1920 papers. Of the 17 figures of the whole animal in these papers, 7 are abnormal as regards the number of peraeon segments, and | also as regards the number of pleon segments ; two of them show 8 peraeon segments, four only 6 segments, and one shows only 5 segments; fig. 1 on pl. 14 (1919) also shows 4 pleon segments with expanded pleurae instead of only 3. It is incredible that so many abnormal specimens should have been included in the comparatively small collection submitted to this author. I have never met with any variation in the number of peraeon segments, and I have found only a single reference to such an abnormality (Goto, Annot. Zool. Jap., v, 1906, pl. 279, fig. 8; Ligia with 8 peraeon segments). The errors in the figures in question must therefore be ascribed to the artist (though Collinge himself mentions 8 “‘ mesosomatic ” segments in Akermania, 1919, p. 231) ; but if mistakes in such a major feature as the number of seg- ments can occur, one’s confidence in the accuracy of the details is considerably shaken. Introduced Species.—In Stebbing’s 1910 Catalogue only 2 such species were listed: Porcellio scaber and Porcellionides pruinosus, Dollfus’s record (1895) of Philoscia elongata from Cape Town being omitted. The first species was recorded by Budde-Lund (1885) from Cape Town; the second by Dollfus (1895) from Cape Town, Hebron, and Hamman’s Kraal. In 1920 Collinge recorded Philoscia muscorum, and also P. pruinosus, from Natal. I am now able to report the presence in Cape Town of 2 more species: Porcellio laevis and Armadillidium vulgare, making a total of 6 introduced species. It is rather surprising that P. laevis and A. vulgare have not been previously reported, unless they are indeed quite recent importations. P. pruinosus is the most widely spread species, and it may possibly be of interest to give some of the dates when it was collected, though of course this is no guide as to the date of its actual first appearance in these localities. Hebron and Hamman’s Kraal 1893 (coll. Simon), Johannesburg 1898, Clanwilliam 1898, 3 localities in South West Africa 1911 (see Panning 1924), Durban 1912 (K. H. B.), Pieter- maritzburg 1915, Zak River 1916, Salisbury 1917, Zululand 1918, Bulawayo 1924, Masiene (Portuguese Hast Africa) 1924. Termitophilous and Myrmecophilous Species —Budde-Lund (1909, p- 66) draws attention to the fact that termitophilous forms belong to the “ Ligiids ” [Ligiidae + Trichoniscidae], which like the Termites are an ancient group; whereas the Oniscid forms, e.g. Platyarthrus, 182 Annals of the South African Museum. Leptotrichus, are found in ants’ nests, both Oniscids and ants being of much later evolution. In South Africa the only truly termitophilous genera, 7.e. those found only in Termite nests, are Phylloniscus, Schéblia, Titana, and Kogmania, all of which belong to the Trichoniscidae. It is probable that more of these interesting forms await discovery. There are no truly myrmecophilous genera or even species apparently. Several species, e.g. Daploexochus saldanhae, pawper- culus, conisaleus, have been found in ants’ nests under stones, but they may also occur under stones where there are no ants. Mountain Fauna.—In the course of researches on the fauna of the mountain ranges of the Cape Province, special attention has been paid to the woodlice, with the result that a goodly number of new forms has been discovered. Nevertheless it is certain that many more will be found by further and more intensive collecting. For the most part the woodlice of the mountain fauna belong to the Armadillidiids (Dzploerochus). Among the Oniscids the genus Gerufa inhabits the upper levels in contradistinction to the allied genus Niambia which is characteristic of the plains and lower levels. The most interesting discovery, however, is the presence of several species of primitive Trichoniscids belonging to the genera Trichoniscus and Paranotoniscus, one of the former being a large cavernicolous form. So far as can be seen from our present knowledge, the effects of isolation are well marked, and the main mountain ranges and massifs are characterised by their own series of species. But much work remains to be done in tracing out the areas of distribution of species which are hitherto known only from a single locality. Acknowledgments.—As in the case of my other Crustacean works I am under deep obligations to Dr. Calman of the British Museum. In 1920 Dr. Calman very kindly permitted me to examine the Budde- Lund collection of Terrestrial Isopods and Budde-Lund’s MSS. notes, which are preserved in the British Museum. The Budde-Lund MSS. contain several unpublished figures. One of these is here reproduced, and five figures have been drawn from specimens in the Budde-Lund collection. My thanks are also tendered to Dr. Warren, Director of the Natal Museum, and to Mr. Hewitt, Director of the Albany Museum, for sending me material for examination. To the Royal Society of South Africa and the Research Grant Board I am indebted for grants-in-aid, which have enabled me to investigate specially the mountain fauna. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 183 The Zoological Survey of Ovamboland and the Kaokoveld, which was carried out by the South African Museum, and produced several interesting species, was sponsored by the Administration of South West Africa. Key to the families. (Adapted from Chilton, 1901.) I. Mandibles with well-developed molar. Inner lobe of Ist maxilla with 3 plumose setae. A. Uropoda elongate, exposed. 1st antenna 3-jointed, mobile. 1. Flagellum of 2nd antenna many jointed. Two penes . Lagiidae. 2. Flagellum of 2nd antenna usually not more than 6-jointed. A single penis. : : : : : Trichoniscidae. B. Uropoda opercular, concealed under telson. Ist antenna single jointed, immobile : ; : : é ; é 3 Tylidae. II. Mandibles without molar, its place taken by a brush-like seta or tuft of setae. A. Inner lobe of maxilla 1 with 2 plumose setae. 1. Maxilliped with palp large, well developed, the inner plate acute Detonidae. 2. Maxilliped with palp small, feeble, the inner plate truncate. a. Uropoda produced, reaching beyond telson, which is usually narrow and conically produced. Usually unable to roll up into a complete ball : : . Oniscidae. 6. Uropoda short, not reaching beyond telson, which is usually short and broad. Usually able to roll up into a complete ball : : : : : . Armadillidiidae. B. Inner lobe of maxilla 1 with 5-15 plumose setae : . Eubelidae. The only family which is omitted is Helleriidae, which does not occur in Africa (see under Tylidae). Fam. LIGIIDAE. 1885. Lugiae (part). Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 242. 1898. Ingudae. Sars, Crust. Norw., u, p. 155. 1907/8. ‘ (part). Racovitza, Arch. Zool. exp. gen., ser. 4, vol. vii, p. 145, and ix, p. 244. 1922. rr Wahrberg, Ark. Zool., xv, 1, p. 67. 1928. is Verhoefi, Zool. Anz., lxxvi, pp. 25-36 and 113-123. Eyes large. First antenna 3-jomted. Second antenna with multi-articulate flagellum. Mandible with molar, which, however, carries no seta or penicil. Maxilla 1, inner lobe with 3 plumose setae. Maxilliped 7-jointed, 7.e. with 5-jointed palp arising from the 184 Annals of the South African Museum. moderately large 2nd joint. Five pairs of double branched pleopods ; outer (opercular) branches (lobes or rami) without air-cavities. The inner branch of 1st pleopod not modified as a copulatory organ. Uropods not opercular, wholly exposed. Vasa deferentia opening separately at apices of two penes. Five pairs of brood lamellae on peraeon segments 1-5; no cotyledons (ef. fig. 13, p. 226). The family is here regarded in the same restricted sense as in Sars’ work, namely, excluding the Trichoniscids. It is the most primitive family of woodlice. Gen. Licta Fabr. 1795. Ligia. Weber, Nomencl. Ent., p. 92. OSs ee Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 301. 1814. Ligyda. Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 101. 1885. Ligia. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 258. LOS as: Dollfus, Feuille J. Natur., 3rd ser., 24 année (geogr. distribution). HS9Sr Sars, Crust. Norw., 1; p. 155. 1399. Chilton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist: (7)j) nu poeeem (sexual characters). LOO) isis Id., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vii, p. 106. 30. Ligyda. Richardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54, p. 673. 1907. Lngia. Hewitt, L.M.B.C. Memoirs, No. 14. LOG Chilton, Mem. Ind. Mus., v, p. 462. LON eee. Tait, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., xxxvu, pp. 50-94 (immersion experiments, moulting, limb-taxis). LOLSah aes Hansen, Dan. Ingolf Exp. III, v, p. 201 (peduncle of 2nd antenna). 1920. Logyda. van Name, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xl, DoiZ: 1920. Ligia. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 472. 1922 re Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 683 (re- vision and bibliography). O22 Ae 58 Wahrberg, Ark. Zool., xv, 1, pp. 12, 30, 36, 42, AT, 52. NOZA Sais Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siisswasserf. S.W. Afr., u, p. 195 (mouth-parts). 1924. Fs Barnard, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Afr., xi, p. 29 (gut). 1925) Tait, Scot. Nat. Edin., p. 13 (adaptations to shore life). Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 185 1926. Ligia. Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 885 (mor- phology of head). Ll ae Id., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xix, p. 129. 25. Id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 569 (morphology of head). 25) a, Verhoeff, Zool. Anz., lxxvi, p. 115. 25. ,, Arcangeli, Ann. Mus. Zool. Napoli, v, p. 15 (brood- pouch). . 2 ae Nicholls, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., n.s., xvii, p. 655 (habitat, feeding, gut, etc.). Telson with postero-lateral angles developed, though often small or only slightly produced. Peduncle of uropod not produced on inner distal angle, rami arising close together, subequal in length. We owe to Jackson (1922) a valuable revision of this genus, based on an examination of the British Museum material, which includes Budde-Lund’s collection. I have also examined this material, but not in the thorough and detailed manner that Jackson has done. In fact I only examined two characters, the penis (more accurately penes) and the 2nd pleopod. The first of these characters is ignored by Jackson, and of the pleopods he says (p. 687): “ I have not found the pleopods to be of any systematic value.” On the contrary I find most excellent specific - characters in the copulatory stylet on the 2nd pleopod, as well as in the penis. The penis has been figured by Sars (1898, pl. lxx), Chilton (1899, pl. viii), and Hewitt (1907, pl. iv, fig. 4) for oceanica; by Chilton (1901, pl. ii) for novae-zealandiae ; and by Chilton (1916, fig. 15) for exotica. Chilton in both 1901 and 1916 refers to it in connection with the 1st pleopod, and says (1901, p. 113) it “ no doubt springs from the last segment of the mesosome but is adherent to the protopodite of the pleopod and in dissection always comes away with it.” He also states that it is grooved throughout its length and together with the endo- podite (stylet) of the 2nd pleopod forms a tube for the passage of the semen. The penis does arise from the posterior margin of the 7th peraeon segment, in fact right from the very edge, but in my experience is not adherent to the Ist pleopod, and does not come away with the latter in dissection. Nor do I find that itis grooved. In some species it lies in a groove of the stylet on pleopod 2. These two appendages thus give mutual support, rendering the conibined appendage more rigid for purposes of intromission. There would seem to be no object 186 Annals of the South African Museum. in the penis being grooved and forming a tube with the stylet, as the orifices of the vasa deferentia are situated at the apex of the penis (Hewitt’s 1907 figure is correct, though in the text he says “ base’’’). (Cf. also Arcangeli, 1927, Richerche di Morph. e Biolog. Anim., ni, No. 2.) From a taxonomic point of view the penes of oceanica and nozae- zealandiae are quite distinct. I give figures here of four other types to confirm the specific value of this character. In the South Australian species (which is quite distinct from novae-zealandtae as shown by the _ Se Or rr b Cc Fie. 1.—Ligia. Penes of: a, “ filicornis ’’ B-L. (MSS.) from Colon (specimen in British Museum); 6, exotica; c, a South Australian species; d, dilatata, glabrata, and natalensis. stylet on 2nd pleopod) it is very long (fig. 1, ¢), reaching almost to the end of the telson, as also does the stylet on 2nd pleopod. In the | specimen in the British Museum, ex coll. Budde-Lund, bearing Budde-Lund’s MS. name “ filicornis,” from Colon, the distal portion is abruptly narrower than the basal portion (fig. 1, a). In three South African species (fig. 1, d) the penis is triquetral in section, and the flat inner surface can be closely adpressed to that of its fellow ; the distal portion can be spayed outwards by means of a “ pseudo- articulation,” a thinning of the chitin. As regards the stylet on the 2nd pleopod, the figures of Sars, Hewitt, and Chilton indicate that this appendage also is a character of taxo- nomic importance. The South African species, here figured (fig. 2), Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 187 are quite distinct, and for further confirmation future students may be referred to the British Museum collection, where they will find that pallasw, olfersr, cinerascens, “ filicornis,” for example, show specific differences. Jackson has united dentipes B-L. with exotica, but the stylet is quite different. New Zealand and South American material of novae-zealandiae should be carefully compared, as it may be possible to uphold Dana’s cursor (cf. Chilton, 1924, N.Z. Journ. Sci. Techn., V1, p. 287). Panning (1924) has given some interesting details of certain differ- ences in the mouth-parts, and on this basis has suggested a very a b C d Fie. 2.—ligia. Stylet on pleopod 2 ¢ of: a, dilatata ; b, glabrata ; c, natalensis ; d, exotica. close relationship between the South African species, dilatata, glabrata, and natalensis, and the New Zealand species novae-zealandiae. To his observations can be added the fact that the inner plate of the maxilliped of dilatata and natalensis conform to the type figured by him for glabrata, 1.e. the apex is rounded and there are 2-3 short conical spines subterminally on the inner margin, proximal to which the margin is setulose. Four species are known from Africa south of lat. 15° S., but gracilipes from Portuguese Congo (Kabinda, 5° 8.), as stated in the introduction, is not included. The first three species are closely allied as regards the penis, peraeopods 1-3 in 3, outer ramus of Ist pleopod 3, the ear-like lobes external to bases of 2nd antennae, the telson, and the mouth-parts. 188 Annals of the South African Museum. Key to the South African species. A. Telson evenly convex between the postero-lateral points. 1. Body in adult $ broadly oval. ¢ stylet on pleopod 2 apically pointed. a. Peduncle of antenna 2 fairly stout, reaching end of peraeon segment 2, flagellar joints stout : : : : dilatata. 6. Peduncle of antenna 2 slender, reaching and of segment 3, flagellar joints slender. : i . dilatata var. gracilior. 2. Body in both sexes elongate oval. ¢ sate on ie 2 apically spatulate. a. Antenna 2 reaching end of peraeon . 4 : glabrata. b. Antenna 2 reaching end of pleon ; : ; . natalensis. B. Telson with a median point. : : u f ; exotica. Ingia dilatata Brat. (Bigs. Wd3) 2) a3) a.) 1833. Ligia dilatata. Brandt, Consp. Oniscid, p. 172 (10). 1843. _,, a Krauss, Stidafrik. Crust., p. 62. Sey es is Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 262. OOO ae if Id., in Schultze, Reise, ii, p. 64. 1105) » Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 437. 1920. ~ Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 475, pl. xxvii, figs. 19-27. L922) % Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 701. 1924. ,, ns Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xx, p. 236. Body broadly oval in adult g, narrower in 9 and young, dorsal surface minutely granulate. Antennary tubercles (7.e. the ear-like lobes external to the bases of 2nd antennae) more rounded, and their ventral surface less convex, than in oceanica. Epimera, except on lst segment, distinctly separated from tergites by grooves, which, however, are indistinct in young. Pleon considerably narrower than peraeon. Telson with distal margin evenly convex, postero-lateral angles very slightly produced. Antenna 2 reaching to end of 4th peraeon segment (measured round the margins of segments), peduncle not beyond end of 2nd segment, flagellum 15-18 jointed, jomts not twice as long as broad, shortly setose. Mouth-parts as in glabrata. Peraeopods 1-3, 5th joint ovately expanded in 3, oblong in 9; 6th joint of peraeopod 7 scarcely 6 times as long as broad. Penis as figured, apex minutely setulose. Pleopod 1 in g, outer ramus with inner distal angle rounded (not pointed as in oceanica). Stylet on pleopod 2 in ¢ apically curved Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 189 outwards, acute, the seminal groove opening at apex, inner margin setulose only at base. Uropods not quite half length of body, rami half as long again as peduncle, which is cylindrical, outer margin not keeled. Fic. 3.—Ligia. a, dilatata; b, c, apical margin of telson of natalensis and exotica respectively. $ 22x15 mm., ovigerous? 17x9mm. Greenish-brown or olivace- ous, uniform, eyes black. Localities.—Cape Province: West and east shores of Cape Peninsula (W.F.P. and K.H.B.); Kleinmond, mouth of Bot River, Caledon Div. (K. H. B.). Great Namaqualand : Liideritzbucht (Budde-Lund). Ligia dilatata var. gracilor n. This form cannot be considered as more than a variety of the typical form. Both are found on the Cape Peninsula, but it has not VOL. XXX, PART 2. Ls m0. Annals of the South African Museum. been determined how far, if at all, the colonies of the two forms overlap. Adult $$ scarcely grow quite as broad in comparison with the length, as in the typical form. Antenna 2 much more slender, reaching at least to end of 6th peraeon segment, peduncle reaching to end of 3rd segment, flagellum 18-22 jointed, most of the joints twice as long as broad. Peraeopod 7, 6th joint at least 6 times as long as broad. Uropods half or a little more than half length of body, rami nearly twice as long as peduncle. 3 22x13 mm., ovigerous 9 17 x9 mm. Localities.—Cape Province: West and east shores of Cape Pen- insula (W. F. P. and K. H. B.) ; Dassen Island (R. M. L.) ; Hermanus (Ro MM: 1). Ingia glabrata Brdt. (Rigs ed 2-103) 1833. Lagia glabrata. Brandt, Consp. Onisc., p. 172 (10). Sy Stes | = Krauss, Siidafr. Crust., p. 62. S855 aes . Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terrestr., p. 263. 1895. 7. ie Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Tr., viii, p. 350. VOLOE &. es re Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 437. 1922.5 oe 3, Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 692, pl. i, fig. 5, pl. u, fig. 6. 1922. ,, glabratus. Stebbing, K. Ver. Handl. Goteb., xxv, p. 4. 1924. ,, glabrata. Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siisswasserf. wo. WA, vol. 11, p: 195, fie swale W928 oe i Verhoeff, Zool. Anz., Ixxvi, p. 123, figs. Body narrow-oval in both. sexes, dorsal surface minutely granulate. Antennary tubercles on head as in dilatata. Hpimera, except Ist, which is not marked off at all, indistinctly marked off. by grooves. Pleon not much narrower than peraeon. Telson with distal margin evenly convex, postero-lateral angles very slightly produced. Antenna 2 reaching end of 6th or 7th peraeon segment, peduncle slender, reaching middle or end of 3rd segment, flagellum 15-20 jointed, joints not twice as long as broad, shortly setose. Maxilla 1, inner plate apically produced in a rounded lobe beyond the origin of the 3 stout setae. Maxilliped with inner plate apically rounded, with 2-3 subterminal short conical spines on inner margin. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 191 -Peraeopods 1-3, 5th joint ovate in J; 6th joint of peraeopod 7 at least 6 times as long as broad. Penis as in dilatata. Pleopod 1 in g, outer ramus with inner distal angle rounded. Pleopod 2, ¢ stylet slightly enlarged at base, apex spatulate, curving outwards, the margins of the seminal groove ending terminally in short points, outer distal margin thin, laminate, inner margin thickly setulose for nearly three-quarter length. __Uropods not quite half length of body, rami half as long again as peduncle, which is cylindrical with outer margin not keeled. $6 18x8 mm., ovigerous? 16x8mm. Grey, faintly irrorated with . lighter, eyes black. Localities —Cape Province: Table Bay (Krauss) ; West shore of Cape Peninsula (W. F. P. and K.H.B.); Dassen Island (R. M. L.); Dyers Island (Stebbing). Great Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht (Panning). Stebbing’s record from Dyers Island (off Danger Point) is the only record from the south coast, and it is possible that his specimens should really be identified as dilatata var. gracilior. Ingia natalensis Clige. (Migs: 1k d= 2; 65¢3..0:) 1920. Ligia natalensis. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 474, pl. xxvui, figs. 9-18. | eee, Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 700. Body narrow-oval in both sexes, dorsal surface minutely granulate. Epimera, except first, which is not marked off at all, indistinctly separated. Pleon not much narrower than peraeon. Telson with distal margin not quite evenly convex, but very feebly angular between the quadrate, postero-lateral angles. Antenna 2 very slender, reaching to middle or end of pleon, peduncle reaching end of 3rd peraeon segment, flagellum 20-24 jointed, joints twice as long as broad, shortly setose. Mouth-parts as in glabrata. Peraeopods 1-3, in g¢ 5th joint ovate; 6th joint of peraeopod 7 at least 6 times as long as broad. Penis as in dilatata. Pleopod 1 in g, outer ramus with inner distal angle rounded. Pleopod 2, ¢ stylet slender, apically spatulate, curving outwards, apex minutely setulose, seminal groove ending laterally in indistinct 192 Annals of the South African Museum. points, outer distal margin thin, laminate, but not so abruptly expanded as in glabrata, inner margin setulose from base to apex. Uropods not quite half length of body, rami half as long again as peduncle, which is cylindrical, outer margin not keeled. 3g 12x5 mm., ovigerous 912x6 mm. Slaty-grey, irrorated with lighter, eyes black. Localities.—Cape Province: Victoria Bay, George (S. H. H. and C.T.); Knysna (R.M.L.); Keurbooms River (K.H.B.); Port Elizabeth (S.Afr. Mus.); East London (R. M. L.). Natal: Umbhlali (N. of Durban), Winkle Spruit (S. of Durban) (Collinge). Ingia exotica Roux. (Migs-el 7b: 2ivds sore) 1828. Ligia exotica. Roux, Crust. Medit., pt. 3, pl. xiii, fig. 9. 1905. Ligyda ,; Richardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54, p. 676, figs. 716-718 (synonymy). 19092 Tagia. Budde-Lund in Voeltzkow, Reise, 11, p. 303. LONG) ae. - Chilton, Mem. Ind. Mus., v, p. 462, figs. 1-22. 1920. Ligyda ,, van Name, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xlii, p. 72, figs. 27-30. 1922) Ligier Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 693, pl. u, fig. 10. [924 ; Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siisswasserf. SW AS, ap.) 1965 fie. Means 192% <5 Arcangeli, Boll. Zool. Portici, xx, p. 268. Body narrow-oval in both sexes, dorsal surface granular. HEpimera distinctly separated. Pleon not much narrower than peraeon. Telson, distal margin with sharp median triangular point, one or two short more or less sharp points between the median point and the acute postero-lateral points. Antenna 2 very long, reaching to middle or end of pleon or even beyond, flageilum 28-55 jointed, joints not twice as long as broad, shortly setose. Maxilla 1, inner plate not apically produced beyond insertion of the terminal setae. Maxilliped with inner plate apically truncate, with several stout conical spines. Peraeopod 1, 6th joint with small lobe-like apical process in ¢; peraeopods 1-3 in ¢ with 4th and 5th joints expanded as in oceanica, devoid of spines and roughened with minute oblique ridges. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 193 Penis straight, slender, evenly tapering. Pleopod 1 in ¢ outer ramus with inner distal angle not produced. Pleopod 2, 3 stylet straight, apex rounded, outer apex setulose, seminal groove opening terminally. Uropods slightly more than half length of body, rami half as long again as peduncle, which is cylindrical with outer margin not keeled. 30x17 mm. Slaty-grey, eyes black. Localities.—Natal: Durban (K. H. B.). Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique Island (Ko BEB): Distribution.—Warm shores of Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. On the west coast of Africa it has been recorded from Senegal, and Banana in the Belgian Congo. Fam. TRICHONISCIDAE. 1898. Trichoniscidae. Sars, Crust. Norw., ui, p. 159. 1907/8. 3 Racovitza, Arch. Zool. exp. gen., ser. 4, vols. vii and 1x. 1909. “ Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, u, p. 67. 1922. ‘, Wabrberg, Ark. Zool., xv, pp. 53, 71. Kyes small or wanting. First antenna 3-jointed. Second antenna with flagellum composed of usually not more than 6 or 7 joints. Mandible with molar, which may or may not carry a brush-like seta or penicil. Inner lobe of maxilla 1 with 3 plumose setae. Maxilliped with palp feebly jointed. Five pairs of double-branched pleopods ; outer (opercular) lobes without air-cavities ; inner lobe of lst in dg, as well as that of 2nd, modified as a copulatory organ. Uropods not opercular, exposed, but sometimes partly covered by telson. Vasa deferentia opening separately at apex of a single median penis. Five pairs of brood lamellae or segments 1-5; no cotyledons (cf. fig. 13, p- 226). Although separated by Sars, the members of this family have been grouped with the Ligidae by Racovitza and Budde-Lund. In view of the fundamental differences in the anterior pleopods in both sexes, especially in the 3, it seems better to adopt Sars’ classification. The original Trichoniscids have been divided into a large number of genera and subgenera. The main divisions are based on the structure of the mandible. In the Trichoniscine and Haplopht halmine groups 194 Annals of the South African Museum. the molar carries no penicil (not to be confused with the one or more penicils situate between the cutting edge or apex and the molar); in the Titanethid group such a penicil occurs on either one or both mandibles. The South African genera are disposed as follows :— molar without a penicil . Trichoniscus, Paranotoniscus, Phylloniscus. molar with a penicil : : ; . Kogmania, Titana, Schoblia. The following key, however, is based on more convenient external characters. Key to the South African genera. 1. With eyes. a. Pleurae not developed on any segments of pleon . , Trichoniscus. b. Pleurae developed on segments 3-5 ; : . Paranotoniscus. 2. Without eyes. a. Head produced horizontally over bases of antennae. i. Body nearly circular, depressed : ; i Phylloniscus. ii. Body ovate, convex , ; : : ; ; Titana. b. Head not produced over bases of antennae. i. Broadly ovate, pleon not immersed in peraeon . . Kogmania. ii. Nearly circular, pleon immersed in peraeon . : : Schéblia. Gen. TRICHONISCUS Brandt. 1833. Trichoniscus. Brandt, Consp. Crust. Onisc., p. 12. 1857. Philougria. Kinahan, Nat. Hist. Rev., iv, p. 281. 1898. Trichoniscus. Sars, Crust. Norw., u, p. 160. 1901. bs Verhoeff, Zool. Anz., xxiv, p. 74. 1901. pres Chilton, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond., vin, p. 114. 1906. e Budde-Lund, Deutsch. Siidpol. Exp., ix, Oa. 1907/8. Fs Racovitza, Arch. Zool. exp. gen., ser. 4, vols. vil and ix. 1928. sf Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1, p. 572 (mor- phology of head). Eyes present, consisting usually of 3 ocelli. Pleon abruptly narrower than paraeon, the pleurae not prominently developed. Left mandible with 2 penicils, right mandible with 1 penicil; molar in both mandibles without penicil. Inner ramus of uropod attached at postero-internal angle of peduncle, both rami ending in a tuft of setules. There are a number of subgenera of Trichoniscus, chiefly charac- terised by differing numbers of penicils in the mandibles. The South Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 195 African species described below belong to Trichoniscus sensu stricto as defined above. Some of the European species inhabit caves and grottoes, and it is interesting to find a subterraneous species in South Africa. All the South African species are monticolous. In addition to the species described below, I have found specimens of this genus on Matroosberg, Hex River Mts., and in the southern Cedarberg Mts., east of Citrusdal; but the material is too sparse to justify descrip- tion. Further collecting in the mountains will certainly bring to light additional species. Key to the South African species. I. Large species, 14 mm. Cavernicolous E : : : : tabulae. II. Smaller species, 8 mm. or less. A. Surface nitidulous. 1. Smooth, non-granulate. a. Telson truncate. 4:5-5 mm. . : : . hottentoti. b. Telson rounded. 3mm. . é 5 : . natalensis. 2. Granulate. . a. Granules irregularly arranged. 65mm. . ‘ ventosus. 6. Granules arranged in transverse series. i. 4 series on peraeon segment 1, and 3 on each of segments 2-7. 45mm. . : : , s capensis. ii. 3 series on peraeon segment 1, and 2 on each of segments 2-7. Head very convex. 4 mm. . moruliceps. B. Surface shagreened. 1. Non-granulate. 5mm. . : : ‘ . austro-africanus. 2. Granulate. a. Granules irregularly arranged. 8 mm. : . georgensis. 6. Granules arranged in transverse series. i. 2-3 series on segment I. a. 4mm. Brownish-grey . : : . horae. fp. 2-5-3mm. Head and pleon pale, peraeon segments banded . ‘ : : : . cestus. li. 5-6 series on segment 1. a. 4-5 series on segments 2-7. 6:5 mm. swellendami. fp. 3 series on segments 2-7. 5 mm. . riversdalet. Trichoniscus tabulae un. sp. (Fig. 4.) Ovate, moderately convex, minutely shagreened, with scattered setules. Head without marked frontal margin, lateral lobes rather well developed ; eyes composed of 3 fused ocelli. | 196 Annals of the South African Museum. Peraeon segments with postero-lateral angles of segments 1-3 rounded-quadrate, of segment 4 quadrate, of segments 5-7 slightly acute. Epimera without oblique keels. The epimera of segments 2-4 in 9 appear to be not demarcated, but no actually ovigerous 9? have been obtained. Pleurae of pleon segments 3-5 shortly acute, but not projecting. Telson broader than long, apex truncate. Antenna 1 as in pusillus (Sars, pl. lxxu, fig. 1). Antenna 2 with d Fic. 4.—Trichoniscus tabulae n. sp. a, b, Dorsal and lateral views of head; c, 6th joint of peraeopod 7 ¢, with portion further enlarged (some of the spines omitted) ; d, maxilla 2; e, penis. flagellum 10-11-jointed. Mouth-parts as in pusilus. Molar without penicil. Outer lobe of maxilla 2 distinctly demarcated. Peraeopod 7 in g, 6th joint with an ovate area in middle of wpper surface bearing palisade-like rows of outstanding spines. Five pairs of brood-lamellae. Penis expanding slightly distally with an apical point bearing spiniform processes on each side. Pleo- pods 1 and 2 in ¢ as in Paranotoniscus (q.v.), the filiform stylet in pleopod 1 apically bifid; the stylet on pleopod 2 more slender and elongate, apically shortly bifid. Uropod, inner ramus two-thirds length of outer ramus, both narrow, tipped with a few fine setules. 14x55 mm. Creamy-white, faintly and to a varying degree ee Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 197 suffused with brownish-grey, chiefly on epimera and mid-dorsal line ; antennae, uropods, and peraeopods pale, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Table Mt., Cape Town (K. H. B.). This interesting species is found in the caves, known as the Wyn- berg Caves, on Table Mt., about 80-100 feet below the surface. It has been found only in the lowest of the series of caverns, and is completely shut off from light. The pigmentation appears to be in course of disappearing, but no actual albino specimens have been found. The eyes are as well developed as in other species, and still retain the black pigment. The associated fauna in this cave comprises a pure white Peripatus (Perzpatopsis alba Lawrence, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xxx, p. 101, 1931), the curious Acridiid Speleiacris tabulae (see Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xxix, pp. 150, 273, 1929), and two species of Harvest-Spiders (see Lawrence, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xxix, pp. 348, 422, 1931). Trichoniscus hottentoti n. sp. (Fig. 5, a.) Ovate, moderately convex, smooth, nitidulous (even under a high power), with a few scattered setae which are easily lost. Head with frontal margin scarcely marked, lateral lobes small; eyes with 3 contiguous ocelli, which often appear as if only 2. Peraeon segments 1-3 with postero-lateral angles rounded, 4-6 quadrate, 7 very shortly produced. Epimera without oblique keels. Pleurae of pleon not projecting. Telson broader than long, apex truncate. Flagellum of antenna 2 4-jointed. Mouth-parts as in pusillus, epipod of maxilliped narrowing evenly to an acute apex. Peraeopod 7 without sexual differences. Five pairs of brood lamellae, arising from bases of peraeopods 1-5. Penis expanding very slightly distally, with a filamentous apical point about half the length of the basal part, and minutely serrate at its base on each side (cf. fig. 6 of Paranotoniscus, but apical point is here longer). Pleopod 1 in 3, outer lobe shortly triangular, broader than long, apex blunt, inner lobe with long filiform stylet (cf. Para- notoniscus) ; 1n 2 outer lobe subtriangular, broader than long, inner lobe small, rounded. Pleopod 2 in J, outer lobe transversely oblong, inner lobe with lst joint short, 2nd elongate, tapering, acute (cf. Paranotoniscus) ; in 2 outer lobe as in g, inner lobe narrow, elongate, extending some distance beyond outer lobe, apex subacute. 198 Annals of the South African Museum. Uropod, inner ramus three-quarter length of outer, both narrow. 4-5-5 x 15-175 mm. Chestnut-brown, faintly mottled with lighter marks dorsally, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Hottentots Holland Mts., 3000-4000 ft. (K. H. B., 1916) ; Wellington Mts., 3000 ft. (K. H. B., 1922). Fie. 5.—Trichoniscus. a, hottentoti n. sp. with eyes and telson further enlarged (the telson in the figure of the whole animal is drawn too long); 0b, head of moruliceps n. sp.; c, head of swellendami n. sp. Except that there are faint indications of tubercles across each peraeon segment, the Wellington Mts. specimens do not differ from those of the Hottentots Holland Mts. The difference scarcely justifies specific separation. Trichoniscus natalensis n. sp. Similar to hottentoti, but smaller, paler in colour, and with the apex of telson broadly rounded. Epimera of segments 2-4 demarcated in 9. ; Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 199 3x1:25 mm. Pale amber or yellowish, eyes darker. Locality.— Natal: Pietermaritzburg and Krantzkop (K. H. B., 1917, 29 only). Trichoniscus ventosus ni. sp. Ovate, smooth, nitidulous, with a few scattered short setules. Head with frontal margin scarcely marked, lateral lobes small; eyes of 3 contiguous ocelli. Peraeon segments with minute scattered granules, not definitely arranged in transverse series. Telson nearly twice as wide as long, apex truncate. 65x3mm. Slaty-grey, with paler flecks and mottling, eyes black, peduncle of uropods pale. Locality.—Cape Province: Waaihoek Mts., Goudini, Worcester District (K. H. B., 1928). The specific name refers to the name of the locality Waaihoek = Windy-corner. Trichoniscus capensis n. sp. Resembling hottentoti, but head and peraeon with transverse series of low rounded tubercles; 3 series on head, 4 on peraeon segment 1, and 3 series on each of the other segments, the tubercles ex- tending on to the epimera, which have no oblique keels. A single transverse series of granules is faintly indicated on pleon segment 3. Lateral lobes of head rather well developed. 45x2mm. Whitish, with faint greyish irroration, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Table Mt., Cape Town (K. H. B., 1929). Like hottentoti the specimens were collected among damp moss and earth near waterfalls. Trichoniscus moruliceps n. sp. (Fig. 5, 0b.) Differing from capensis in having 3 rows of tubercles on peraeon segment 1, and 2 on each of the other segments, and in the rather more convex occiput with slightly stronger tubercles. The 3 ocelli of each eye are strongly convex and protuberant, whereas in capensis (and hottentoti) they scarcely project above the general surface of the head; the head consequently bears considerable resemblance to a mulberry. 4x1-5mm. Pale greyish, faintly irrorated, eyes black. 200 Annals of the South African Museum. Locality.—Cape Province : Jonkershoek Mts., Stellenbosch (K. H. B., 1924). The single specimen was found in a Termite nest. Trichoniscus austro-africanus 0. sp. Resembling hottentotc, but larger and with the surface distinctly shagreened. Penis rather more strongly expanded apically, just before the terminal point. 5 x 2-25 mm. Brownish, faintly marbled, eyes black. Locality. Cape Province: Table Mt., Cape Town (K. H. B.). Found in damp moss near streams and runnels. Trichoniscus georgensis Nn. sp. Ovate, shagreened, with a few scattered setules. Head with frontal margin obsolete, lateral lobes well developed, subacute; 3 ocelli in a triangle. Peraeon and pleon segments with numerous small irregularly arranged granules. Telson twice as broad as long, apex truncate, postero-lateral angles rather sharply quadrate. 8x3-25 mm. Slaty-grey, with paler mottling and a pale lateral stripe along the junctions of epimera with their segments, eyes black, peduncle of uropods grey, legs suffused. Locality.—Cape Province: George (K. H. B., 1931). Found among humus in the wooded kloofs on the mountain slopes, 2500-3000 ft. Trichoniscus horae nu. sp. Surface minutely shagreened, with scattered setae. Head smooth, frontal margin not marked, lateral lobes small; eye composed of 3 ocelli, in line on the margin. Peraeon segment | with 2 transverse rows of small rounded tubercles, 6 in each row, and a series of minute granules on hind margin; seg- ments 2—7 each with a single row of 6 tubercles, and minute granules on hind margin. Epimera of segments 2-7 each with a single tubercle in the centre, no oblique keels. Epimera 2-4 very clearly demarcated from their segments in 9. Telson broader than long, apically broadly rounded. 4x1:75 mm. Brownish-grey, irrorated with paler, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Swellendam Mts. (K. H. B., 1925, 99 only). Named after the “ Clock’ peaks in the vicinity of Swellendam. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 201 Trichoniscus cestus 0. sp. Similar to horae, but smaller and differently coloured. 2-5-3 x 1-25-15 mm. Head, peraeon segment 1 and the pleo- telson pale cream ; peraeon segments 2—7 each with a brownish-grey transverse band, which anteriorly is much broken up by pale streaks and spots, the anterior margin being quite clear of dark colouring ; eyes black ; antennae grey, legs more or less suffused. Locality.—Cape Province: Riversdale Mts. (K. H. B., 1926). A pretty and distinctively marked little species. Trichoniscus swellendami n. sp. (Fig. 5, ¢.) Minutely shagreened. Head without marked frontal margin, lateral lobes moderate ; eyes of 3 contiguous ocelli in a triangle; dorsal surface of head with about 6-7 transverse rows of evenly spaced small rounded granules. Peraeon segment 1 with 5-6 transverse series of small granules ; segments 2—7 each with 4-5 series. Epimera without oblique keels. Pleurae shortly acute, adpressed. Segments 1-3, and less con- spicuously also 4, with a transverse series of small granules on hind margin. Telson broader than long, subtriangular, apex narrowly truncate (but owing to the pale semi-transparent border appearing at first sight to be subtriangular). 65x25 mm. Slaty-grey, head and peraeon variegated with paler, the margins of the segments clearly marked with paler, pleon uniform, eyes black. Localities.—Cape Province: Swellendam and Riversdale Mts. (K. H. B., 1925 and 1926). Collected in damp earth and debris at heights of 3500-4000 ft. Trichoniscus riversdalei nu. sp. Surface minutely shagreened, without setae. Head granulate, frontal margin not marked, lateral lobes moderate, eyes of 3 ocelli arranged nearly in line on margin. Peraeon segment 1 with 5 transverse series of small rounded tubercles ; segments 2-7 each with 3 series, which are continued on to the epimera. Epimera without oblique keels. 202 Annals of the South African Museum. Pleon segments 1-3 with minute granules along hind margin ; indications of similar granules also on segments 4 and 5. Telson broader than long, apically truncate. 5x2-5mm. Pale greyish-cream, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Riversdale Mts. (K. H. B., 1926). Paranotoniscus, n.g. Eyes consisting of 3 ocelli. Antero-lateral angles of head acute. Epimera more or less discontiguous ; 2-4 demarcated in (ovigerous) 9. _Pleurae of pleon segments 3-5 expanded. Mouth-parts and uropods as in T'richoniscus. This genus closely resembles the New Zealand genus Notoniscus Chilton (1915, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxxii, p. 418), but has better developed pleurae on the 3rd pleon segment, and thus resembles Haplophthalmus. Both Notoniscus and the present genus differ from Haplophthalmus in having 3 ocelli and acute antero-lateral angles of head. All the species are found in wooded kloofs on the mountains. Key to the species. 1. Peraeon with 6 series of dorsal tubercles. Pleurae of pleon segment 3 not reaching the marginal outline. a. Pleon segments 1-3 each with 2 dorsal tubercles, segments 4 and 5 each with one tubercle . : : capensis. b. Pleon segments 1, 2, 4, 5 without Paberblon seumete 3 with a transverse series of 6 tubercles . ‘ , . tuberculatus. 2. Peraeon with 2 (main) series of dorsal Piticlos: Ploweas of pleon segment 3 reaching the marginal outline. a. Length more than twice breadth . : : - montanus. b. Length twice breadth. i. Pleon segment 1 with medio-dorsal tubercle. No tubercles on hind margin of head . . : . latus. ii. Pleon segment 1 without fuberole: ead swith 2 tubercles on hind margin . : : ; : . . . ornatus. Paranotoniscus capensis 0. sp. (Fig. 6, a—d.) Elongate-oval, central portion of dorsum convex. Head with pro- minent medio-frontal tubercle, followed by a large rounded, obscurely tri-tuberculate tubercle, behind which are 2 rounded tubercles ; antero-lateral angles subacute. Eyes with 3 prominent, equidistant Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 203 ocelli. Antero-lateral angles of peraeon segment 1 reaching to eyes, rounded ; epimera discontiguous ; dorsal surface with 6 series of longitudinal tubercles, of which the outermost is the least con- spicuous and nearer to its neighbour than the latter is to the submedian tubercle. Pleon segments 1 and 2 with pleurae not developed, segment 3 with acute triangular pleura not forming part of the marginal outline ; segments 4 and 5 with well-developed sub- acute pleurae. Segments 1-3 each with 2 submedian dorsal rounded tubercles ; segments 4 and 5 each with a median elongate tubercle Fic. 6.—Paranotoniscus n.g. a, Whole animal of capensis n. sp., with eye further enlarged, and diagrammatic cross-section of peraeon; 6, penis and pleopod 1 3; c, pleopod 2 9; d, pleopod 2 3; e, whole animal of montanus n. sp., with diagrammatic cross-section of peraeon. slightly overhanging the posterior margin. Telson rather broader than long, apically truncate. Antenna 1, 1st joint stout, 2nd one-third as long as Ist, 3rd as long as 2nd but abruptly narrower, tipped with 3-4 setules. Antenna 2 stout, 5th joint longer than 4th, flagellum shorter than 5th joint, 4-jointed. Epipod of maxilliped apically subacute. Peraeopod 7 without sexual differences. Five pairs of broad lamellae arising from bases of peraeopods 1-5. Penis stout, slightly dilated apically, with small apical point which is laterally serrate. Pleopod 1 in 3, outer lobe subtriangular, inner lobe narrow, with long filiform stylet ; in Q not observed, probably very small. Pleopod 2 in g, outer lobe short, transverse, inner lobe stout, 2nd joint tapering 204 Annals of the South African Museum. to acute apex ; in 9 outer lobe short, transverse, inner distal angle shortly and subacutely produced inwards, inner lobe moderately elongate. Uropod, peduncle broad, outer margin straight, outer ramus stout, inner ramus attached near base of inner margin, shorter than outer ramus. 3°5x1-5 mm. Pale brown or straw colour, eyes black. Locality—Cape Province: Table Mt., Cape Town, 2000-3000 ft. GHB): Found under stones in damp places, and in damp moss. Paranotoniscus tuberculatus n. sp. Resembling capensis, but surface more densely and strongly setulose and papillose ; head strongly convex, without distinct large tubercles, but thickly covered with small tubercles. Peraeon segments with 6 series of tubercles and with additional smaller intervening tubercles, especially on Ist segment. Epimera with an oblique ridge bearing several minute granules. Pleon less strongly convex medio- dorsally than in capensis ; pleon segments 1 and 2 without tubercles, segment 3 with a transverse series of 6 tubercles, the outermost one smallest ; pleurae of segment 3 not reaching marginal outline. 2-5x1:25 mm. Pale brown, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Langeberg Range, north of Heidelberg, 2000 ft. (KH B., 1927): Paranotoniscus montanus Nn. sp. (Fig. 6, e.) Elongate-oval, rather strongly convex, minutely granulate and closely setose and papillose, especially near margins. Head with prominent medio-frontal point, followed by a large median tubercle which is apically obscurely bifid ; antero-lateral angles acute. Antero- lateral angles of peraeon segment 1 reaching beyond eyes almost to apices of lateral angles of head. Epimera not so markedly dis- contiguous as in capensis. Dorsum with two series of longitudinal tubercles, more prominent posteriorly, segment 1 also with 2 sub- median rounded tubercles. Pleurae of pleon segment 3 acutely triangular, reaching to marginal outline of segments, 4 and 5 well developed. In other respects resembling capensis. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 205 5x2mm. Pale slaty-grey or chestnut, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Hottentots Holland Mts., 4000 ft. Ga. B., 1916). Found in damp moss near waterfalls. Paranotonscus latus n. sp. Resembling montanus but broader, the width equal to half the length, head more deeply sunk in Ist peraeon segment, a median tubercle on hind margin of Ist pleon segment, and the ocelli placed more in a straight line, the hinder two in contact or even fused. 8x4mm. Pale brown or straw-colour. Locality—Cape Province: Oudebosch, River Zonder End Mts., Caledon Div. (K. H. B., 1919, 1920, 1928). Found among damp leaves and humus. Young examples of the same size as montanus are easily distinguished by the greater breadth. Paranotoniscus ornatus 0. sp. Surface much more strongly granulate and papillose than in latus, and with additional tubercles. Two tubercles on hind margin of head, one on outer flanks of the dorsal tubercles on segments 1-5, and one at junctions of epimera with their segments on all peraeon seg- ments, these latter tubercles more prominent anteriorly. Pleon with a definite though rounded median ridge, without tubercle on Ist segment, but with a slightly raised hump on segments 4 and 5. 7x30 mm. Brownish, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Wellington Mts., 2000-3500 ft. (K. H. B., 1922, 1924, 1931). Gen. PHyLitoniscus Purcell. 1903. Phylloniscus. Purcell, Trans. §. Afr. Philos. Soc., xiv, p. 409. Subcircular, depressed. Head broad, subsemicircular, produced horizontally forwards and entirely concealing bases of antennae. Hyes absent. Peraeon segment 1 transverse, not embracing head. Epimera lamellate. Pleon not much narrower than peraeon (except segments 1 and 2); pleurae well developed. Telson broader than long. Right mandible with 1 penicil, left mandible with 2 penicils, molar without penicil in both mandibles. Inner lobe of 1st maxilla with 2 unequal subterminal setae. Inner lobe and palp of maxilliped very short, VeGte GX PART 2. 14 206 Annals of the South African Museum. epipod obsolete. Peraeopod 7 with sexual differences. Pleopod 1 in 2 obsolete ; inner (branchial) lobe of pleopod 3 rudimentary or obsolete, of pleopods 4 and 5 considerably smaller than outer (oper- cular) lobe. Inner ramus of uropod lamellate, bearing a single strong spine-seta on inner distal angle, outer ramus terete, with apical tuft of setae. Budde-Lund’s supposition (1909) that this genus should belong to the “ Ligiidae ”’ rather than to the Oniscidae has proved to be correct. It is closely allied to Tatana as regards the inner lobe of Ist maxilla, the maxilliped with the obsolete epipod, and the structure of the apical joint of Ist antennae. The mandibles, however, have no penicil on the molar, and therefore, if so much importance be attached to this character, Phylloniscus does not belong to the Titanethid group at all. Phylloniscus braunsi Purcell. (Fig. 7.) 1903. Phylloniscus braunst. Purcell, loc. cit., p. 410, figs. 1-3. 1908. o , Wasman in Schultze, Reise, i, p. 444, pl. xxule, fig. 6. 1909. + i Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, u, plaixwe 1910. be . Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 438. Surface minutely granular. Head with 13-15 radiating ribs, counting one on each postero-lateral margin, central basal part with 3 rows of tubercles, the hindermost row being the most regular and consisting of 6 tubercles. Peraeon segment 1 with 2 rows of tubercles, segments 2-7 each with one row, in which often larger and smaller tubercles alternate. HEpimera with 1 rib near anterior margin, and one oblique running to postero-lateral corner. Pleon segments 1-5 each with one row of tubercles, the rows on segments 2-5 without a median tubercle. Pleurae with 2 ribs like the epimera. Telson broader than long, apically rounded (when viewed flat), with 2 longitudinal ribs (when viewed obliquely from above these ribs cause the apex to appear emarginate, as described by Purcell). Third joint of antenna 1 longer than either Ist or 2nd joints, curved outwards, with numerous papillae on its inner distal surface, com- parable with those in Titana mirabilis (cf. Budde-Lund, 1909, pl. vii, fig. 4). Second maxilla without trace of a lobe on outer distal margin. Peraeopod 7 in 4, inner distal angle of 3rd joint with a projecting Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 207 lobe set with fine spinules on its margin. Five pairs of brood lamellae arising from bases of peraeopods 1-5. Penis narrow lanceolate, apex acute. Pleopod 1 in 3g, outer lobe triangular, apex subacute and cury- ing gently outwards, inner lobe narrow with a fine filiform stylet. Pleopod 2 in g, outer lobe small, ovate, inner lobe stout, apically acute. Uropod, inner ramus widening slightly distally, upper surface slightly concave, the inner margin slightly costate. Fic. 7.—Phylloniscus braunsi Purcell. a, Whole animal; 6, portion of peraeon segment of var. eutheles n.; c, d, uropod of typical form and of var. eutheles ; é, maxilliped; f, 2nd-4th joints of peraeopod 7 g; g, penis and pleopod 1 3; h, pleopod 2 J; 7, pleopod2 2: Jj, k, 1, pleopods 3-5 respectively ; m, antenna 1. 8x7mm. Cream of whitish. Localities —Cape Province: Willowmore and Matjesfontein (Pur- cell); Laingsburg (R.M.L.); Grahamstown (S.A. Mus.); Garies, Namaqualand (A. J. H.). Found in the galleries of Termes viator and mossambicus. Var. eutheles n. Some specimens from Upington, collected by Father Sollier, resemble the typical form except in the following respects: all the ribs and tubercles are much stronger and more prominent, the tubercles are all of the same size, and stand up on the peraeon seg- ments like rounded buttons ; the inner ramus of the uropod is nearly parallel-sided, both inner and outer margins costate, and the upper 208 Annals of the South African Museum. surface therefore distinctly grooved. These features are found in the young as well as the adults. 7-25 x5-75 mm. Creamy white. The host is not recorded. Gen. Trrana B-L. 1909. Titana. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, ii, p. 65. Narrow-oval, convex. Head with frontal margin produced for- wards over bases of antennae. Eyes absent. Epimera contiguous. Pleon slightly narrower than peraeon, pleurae not expanded. Telson short, rounded. Flagellum of antenna 2 3-jointed. Right mandible with 1 penicil, left mandible with 2 penicils, right molar with penicil. Inner lobe and palp of maxilliped very short, epipod obsolete. Uropod, peduncle suightly longer than broad, longitudinally grooved, rami terete, subcontiguous, with 1-2 apical setae. Trtana merabilis B-L. (Fig. 8, a.) 1909. Trtana mirabilis. Budde-Lund, loc. cit., p. 65, pl. vii, figs. 1-10. 1910. x «i Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 438. Surface smooth. Five pairs of brood lamellae arising from bases of peraeopods 1-5. ° 6x2-5mm. Creamy white. Localities—Cape Province: Steinkopf, Namaqualand (Budde- Lund); Upington (S.A. Mus.); Willowmore (S.A. Mus.). Collected by Dr. Schultze in the nests of Termes viator, and by Father Soller in company with Phylloniscus braunsi var. eutheles, host unrecorded. The specimens from Willowmore collected by Dr. Brauns are all small and immature, and no host is recorded. Kogmania n.g. Broadly oval, depressed. Head with frontal margin raised into a prominent ridge, but not produced forwards over bases of antennae. Eyes absent. Epimera lamellar. Pleon not abruptly narrower than peraeon (except segments 1 and 2), segments 3-5 with well-developed pleurae. Telson short, subtriangular. Peraeopod 7 without sexual Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 209 differences. Right mandible with 1 penicil, left mandible with 2 penicils, right molar with penicil. Uropod, rami close together, unequal, tipped with setae. This genus belongs to the Titanethid group, being closely allied to Titana as regards the mandibles. Fie. 8.—Titana mirabilis B-L. (left). Schéblia fulleri Silv. (after Silvestri) (right). Kogmania depressa n. sp. (Fig. 9.) Surface minutely granular. Anterior margin of head nearly twice as wide as base, raised into a prominent transverse ridge, arcuate and curving ventrally in the middle. Head and peraeon segments each with 2 very low transverse ridges which are feebly tuberculate. Pleon segments 1 and 2 each with a transverse row of feeble tubercles. Telson broader than long, apically rounded in g, almost subacute in 9. Antenna 1, 3rd joint tipped with a bunch of stiff hooked setae. Antenna 2 stout in 2 but broken, only two short joints of the flagellum remaining. Inner lobe of maxilla 1 with one subterminal seta. Maxilli- ped as in Haplophthalmus (Sars, 1898, pl. Ixxiv), but palp without visible joints, inner lobe narrow, epipod tapering to an acute apex. 210 Annals of the South African Museum. Peraeopods stout, not strongly spinose. Five pairs of brood lamellae arising from bases of peraeopods 1-5. Penis tapering evenly. Pleopod 1 in 4, outer lobe triangular, inner lobe filiform; in 9 small. Pleopod 2 in 3g, 2nd joint of inner lobe apically acute; in 9 \ aE eres Sey deus py RAY CES cm »'| loo GSROUUOVGY / iN Las a b Fia. 9.—Kogmania depressa n.g.,n. sp. a, Whole animal g; b, telson 9; c, front view of head; d, antenna 1; e, right mandible; f, penis and pleopod 1 g; g, pleopod 22; h, pleopod 2 g. outer lobe small, pointed, and directed transversely inwards, inner lobe narrow elongate, apically blunt. Uropod, peduncle broader than long, rami arising on distal margin at same level and close together, outer ramus broad, basal width 23 in length, inner ramus half length of outer, narrow, both tipped with setae. 5x3mm. Creamy white. Locality.—Cape Province: Kogmans Kloof, Montagu (K. H. B., 1922). Found under a stone in gallery of a Termite nest. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 211 Gen. Schoblia B-L. 1909. Schoblia. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, i, p. 65. 1918. Termitoniscus. Silvestri, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, xu, p. 290. Circular, depressed. Head not produced forwards over bases of antennae. Hyes absent. Peraeon segment 1 embracing sides of head; segment 7 embracing pleon. Epimera lamellate. Pleon much narrower than peraeon, pleurae developed into backwardly directed points on segments 3-5 or 4. and 5. Telson transverse, very short. Second antenna with very stout peduncle, flagellum minute, 2-3-jointed. Right mandible with 1 penicil, left mandible with 2 penicils, left molar only with penicil (Budde-Lund), both molars with penicils (Silvestri). Inner plate of lst maxilla with 3 unequal setae. Maxilliped with basal joint produced on outer distal angle, palp conical (obscurely 2-jointed, Silvestri), inner plate slender, epipod obsolete. Peraeopods similar (¢ unknown). Uropod, peduncle elongate, cylindrical, outer ramus subequal in length, tipped with minute setules, inner ramus attached ventrally near base of peduncle, short, tipped with one seta. Termitoniscus is clearly synonymous with Schéblia, though the two species are distinguishable. The only differences are in the molar penicil, which according to Budde-Lund is present in the left mandible, but in both mandibles according to Silvestri (“‘ mola et appendice eidem mandibulae laevae similibus,” but fig. II, 6, does not show the molar penicil very clearly) ; and in the pleon, of which segments 3-5 are shown produced in Budde-Lund’s figure of circularis, whereas Silvestri states that only segments 4 and 5 are produced in fullerv. With such extraordinarily close resemblances in other respects the union of the two genera is imperative. In fact when more abundant material comes to hand it may prove that only one species should be recognised. Key to the species. 1. Pleon segments 3-5 acutely produced. 5 tubercles on posterior margin of head. 3 tubercles on pleon segments 1 and 2 : F ‘ é circularis. 2. Pleon segments 4 and 5 acutely produced. 7 tubercles on posterior margin of head. 4 tubercles on pleon segments land2 . 5 ‘ . fullerr. Schoblia circularis B-L. 1909. Schéblia circularis. Budde-Lund, loc. cit. p. 66, pl. vii, figs. 11-21. 212 Annals of the South African Museum. The specific characters are indicated in the key ; in other respects the tubercles are in agreement with those of the following species. 2x2mm. White. Locality.—Portuguese East Africa: Quilimane (Budde-Lund). Collected by Dr. Stuhlmann from nest of Termes monodon. Schoblia fuller (Silv.). (Fig. 8, 6.) 1918. Termitoniscus fulleri. Silvestri, loc. cit., p. 292, figs. 1, 2. (Also published in Ann. R. Scuola Agric. Portici, xv.) 3x3 mm. Straw coloured. Locality.—Portuguese East Africa: Beira (Silvestri). Collected by Claude Fuller from nest of Termes bellicosus f. mossambica. Fam. TYLIDAE. 1885. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 272. 1893. Stebbing, Hist. Crust., p. 423. 1910. fd., Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 439. Head concrete, with raised shield-like epistome. LHyes large. Epimera of all the peraeon segments except the Ist demarcated by a distinct suture; 4th epimeron smaller than the 2nd and 3rd ; Sth—-7th epimera large. — Pleon segments distinct, not coalesced. Telson short and broad, transversely oval or subquadrangular. Pronotum extremely narrow, linear (cf. Pentheus officunalis). First antenna single-jointed, immobile. Second antenna stout, flagellum 4-jointed, the 4th joint minute. Mandible with molar which has 1-4 plumose setae arising below its Inner apex, a bunch of several (12-15) penicils between the setose pad and the molar. Maxilla 1, inner lobe with 3 plumose setae. Maxilla 2 with only a single lobe, apically notched. __ Maxilliped, inner plate apically truncate, with several penicils, palp 2-3-jointed, with groups of stout spinules. Peraeopods stout, 6th joint in the last 3 pairs (in adult) distinctly shorter and stouter than in the anterior 4 pairs ; no sexual differences. Dactylar seta clavate, present in young, but worn off in older examples. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 213 First pair of pleopods rudimentary in both sexes. Pleopods 2-5 double-branched, the outer branch pleated, branchial. Peduncle of uropod opercular, covering the anus, invisible dorsally, with a minute terminal outer ramus. Vasa deferentia opening separately, without penes, on the thin membrane behind the sterna of 7th peraeon segment. Five pairs of brood lamellae. Able to roll up into a complete ball. This family contains the single genus Tylos. The genus Hellerva von Ebner, 1868 (syn. : Syspastus, Budde-Lund, 1879, Syntomagaster, Costa, 1882, and Syngastron, Costa, 1883), is sometimes included in the family (Budde-Lund, 1906, and Calman, 1909). Budde-Lund (1906, p- 73) regards the two genera as the extreme representatives of an ancient and isolated group. Although there are certain characters common to both (epimera 2-7 demarated, maxillae 1 and 2, maxilli- peds, and uropods), nevertheless the differences are very great (in Helleria pleon segments 1-5 fused, mandible with only one free penicil), and it seems better to place Helleria in its own family, Helleridae, as Budde-Lund in 1885 * and Stebbing in 1893 have done. Helleria is a mountain woodlouse found in Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and along the Rivieran coast (see Arcangeli, Atti Soc. It. Mus. Civ. Milan, lu, p. 481, 1914). The presence of the epimeral sutures, mandibular molar, and 3 plumose setae on inner lobe of maxilla 1 indicate a certain affinity to the Ingiidae and Trichoniscidae; and I follow Chilton (1901) and Stebbing (1910) in placing the Tylidae immediately after these families. Gen. Tytos Aud. 1825. Tylos. Audouin, Explic. Planches Crust. Egypte, p. 287. 1843. = Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Crust., p. 63. 1856. Rhacodes. Koch in Rosenhauer, Die Thiere Andalusiens, p. 422. 1868. Tylos. von Ebner, Verh. zool. bot. Ver. Wien, xviii, pp. 104 sqq. Ta89, .,, Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., pp. 273 sqq. ols aes Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 423 (vindication of name). iL) Chilton, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 2nd ser., vol. viii, p. 120. * The names Syspasti B-L. or Syspastidae Arcangeli, 1914, are inadmissible (see Stebbing, 1893, p. 425). 214 Annals of the South African Museum. 1906. Tylos. Budde-Lund, Deutsch. Siidpol. Exp., ix, p. 73 (revision). 1909.:. si; Holmes and Gay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvi, p. 376. POROL Wy ibys Stebbing, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxxi, p. 227. TOTO: - .,, Id., Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 439. 1922. — ,, Wahrberg, Ark. Zool., xv, pp. 12, 19, 45, 54 (scale- spines, Ist antenna, maxilliped). HOBAE is Barnard, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Afr., xii, p. 29 (gut). WDB # i655 Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 567, 574 (structure of head). With the characters of the family. The genus contains about 15 species (some of which are inadequately described) distributed over the Mediterranean, West Indies, Indo- Pacific, Japan, New Zealand, 8. American and South African regions. All the species are beach-dwellers and apparently nocturnal (v. infra). There are several interesting anatomical peculiarities which have not yet been thoroughly studied, owing to the difficulty of obtaining material. Apart from the difficulties of actual collecting, 2.e. digging in the sand or visiting a particular locality after dark, the internal organs of the animals are extraordinarily difficult to preserve satis- factorily. It is necessary to make one or more insertions in the articular membranes between the segments in the living animal and pour in some strong preservative (95 per cent. strong alcohol with 5 per cent. glacial acetic is a good mixture). Some of the more im- portant features from a taxonomic point of view may be briefly mentioned. There are two pairs of hepato-pancreatic glands extending almost to the end of the intestine, without anterior extensions, submoniliform in appearance, the two glands on either side opening by a common lateroventral orifice into the posterior end of the stomach. For description and figure of the stomach see Barnard, 1924. The 2nd to 5th pairs of pleopods are double branched. As Stebbing (1893, p. 423, and 1910, p. 228) remarks, von Ebner in 1868 was perfectly correct in this statement. There is indeed nothing very unusual in the pleopods except that those of pleon segment 1 are rudimentary (cf. von Ebner, p. 110). I find, however, that these latter pleopods are present in both sexes. In the 2nd pleopods the peduncle is much reduced ; the inner ramus is small in the Q, but in the $ is modified as usual into an intromittent organ. In the 3rd—5th pleopods the peduncle is well developed, and the inner Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 215 ramus in both sexes is nearly as large as the outer ramus, but quite thin (fig. 10). Stebbing (1910, p. 228, and fig. on pl. xxiii) says the uropods are “‘bilaminar.””’ Even in small specimens, not much larger than Stebbing’s, there are not two distinct laminae, but only a thickening of the “ opercular ” plate on its dorsal (inner) surface forming a circular rim, which coincides closely with the circular opening on the under surface of the telson in which the anus is situated (fig. 11, e). The vasa deferentia open separately, without external penes, on the delicate membrane of the 1st pleon segment in the sunken groove between the projecting and strongly chitinised sterna of peraeon segment 7 and the 2nd pleon segment. Whether they open actually or --- ed. Fig. 10.—Tylos. a, Inner (dorsal) view of pleopod 3; 6, outer (ventral) view of pleopod 2 g, with stylet viewed from the side and cross-section of same ; c, outer view of pleopod 2 9. In } and c the hind margin of sternum of 7th peraeon segment and the rudimentary pleopod 1 are shown; in 6 also the opening of one of the vasa deferentia. on the Ist segment is not certain, as the whole membrane between the 7th peraeon segment and the 2nd pleon segment is very delicate, and there are no definitely chitinised plates representing the sterna of the Ist pleon segment (fig. 10, b). Calman (1909, Crustacea in Lankester’s Treatise on Zoology, pt. 7, fase. 3, p. 212) says it is very improbable that the vasa deferentia “ perforate the copulatory appendages of the second pleopod as they have been stated to do in the Tylidae.”’ This evidently refers to von Ebner’s remarks (1868, pp. 108, 109), but “ perforate” is an incorrect rendering of von Ebner’s word “miinden ” (“ Die Samen- leiter miinden . . . jederseits in das hohle Stielplattchen des zweiten Schwanzanhanges, an dem sich die Ruthe befestigt’”’). From the figure here given, it will be seen that the vasa deferentia discharge their contents opposite to the bases of the stylets. Von Ebner’s description of the stylets (Ruthen, or appendices 216 Annals of the South African Museum. masculinae), however, is not correct. He says (loc. cit., p. 108) they form long narrow “ Blatte ... welche im Innern einen Kanal fiihren, der an der Spitze offen endet.”” The shape of the stylet in the two South African species is as given in fig. 10,b; the dorsal edge is thick and rigid, whereas the ventral edge is thin; in cross-section the stylet is concave on the inside, 7.e. the side adjacent to its fellow, so that the two stylets together form a channel for the passage of the sperm. There are the usual five pairs of brood-lamellae (oostegites) in the 2. As I have not yet succeeded in obtaining any actually ovigerous specimens, it cannot be stated whether the brood-pouch or marsupium projects ventrally (as in Ligia, etc.), or is pushed inwards as in the “ conglobating ”’ Cubarids (cf. p. 226 and fig. 13), nor whether coty- ledons are developed or not. (But see Arcangeli, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, vol. v, No. 33; pp. 7, 12, 15, 1929.) Jackson (1928, p. 575) says the head appears never to have possessed a frontal line. There is, however, as Heller mentioned, a faint im- pressed line joining the anterior margins of the eyes, though obsolete medio-dorsally, which might well be interpreted as the frontal line. The rarity of these woodlice in collections seems to be due to their nocturnal habits, as briefly mentioned by Budde-Lund (1906, p. 73, and 1909, Res. Swed. Exp. Egypt and White Nile, pt. 3, p. 11). During the day the animals remain buried at a depth of some 6-12 inches in the sand above high-water mark. There is no indication at the surface of where the animal has burrowed down, except in some cases a shallow pit 4-1 inch in depth. The animals lie rolled up at the bottom of their burrows. At dusk they ascend to the surface and feed on the seaweed and other vegetable matter washed up by, the sea. The subangular particles of food found in the stomach and intestine measure on an average about 1 mm. in diameter, in specimens 30 mm. in length, but some fragments may be longer: 2x1x0-5 mm. Some specimens kept for twelve hours in a damp cloth were as lively as when collected. Another batch submerged in fresh water for a similar period were comatose, but revived rapidly on removal from the water. Key to the South African species. 1. Granulate. Ventral processes of 5th pleon segment large, nearly meeting in middle line in front of uropods, and concealing the 4th and 5th pleopods granulatus. 2. Smooth. Ventral processes of 5th pleon segment small, not produced medianly, and only partly concealing the 5th pleopods s Ps: capensis. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 217 Tylos granulatus Krss. 1843. Tylos granulatus. | 1285. ,, Rs 1906. _,, tb 1909. __,, i LSLON ,, is 1924, r ego4 ‘ (Fig. 11, a, 6.) Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Crust., p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 5. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 275. -Id., Deutsch. Stidpol. Exp., ix, p. 75, pl. 3, figs. 21-24. Id., Schultze, Reise, 1, p. 70. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 439. Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Stisswas- serf. SW A341 pe 2; Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xx, p. 236. Surface granulate. Hpistome subsemicircular, length 4—% of width. Fie. 11.—Tylos granulatus Krss. a, Side view of whole animal; 6, ventral view of pleon segments 4 and 5 and telson. T'ylos capensis Krss.: c, frontal view of antenna 1, epistome, clypeus and upper lip; d, ventral view of pleon segments 4 and 5 and telson ; e, inner (dorsal) view of uropod, and profile of inner edge (socket of outer ramus shaded). Inner margins of pleurae of 5th pleon segment curving inwards, the apices of the pleurae slightly overlapping the dorsal surface of telson. Apical margin of telson convex. Ventral processes of 4th pleon segment anteriorly subacute, diverg- ing from the ventral’ processes of 5th pleon segment, which are very large, subtriangularly expanded, meeting in middle line in front of the uropods, and completely concealing both the 4th and 5th pleopods. Peduncle of uropod subtrigonal. Up to 50x25 mm. Dirty-white or creamy, eyes black. 218 Annals of the South African Museum. _ Localities.—Cape Province: Table Bay (Krauss, also W. F. P.) ; Milnerton and Melkbos Strand (K. H. B.) ; Saldanha Bay (K. H. B.); Hondeklip Bay (K. H. B.). Great Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht (Budde-Lund and Panning) ; Anichab (Budde-Lund) ; Prince of Wales Bay (Budde-Lund). Damaraland : Swakopmund (Panning). A fossil specimen of Tylos of probably late Tertiary age has been recorded from the bedded sands above the diamondiferous gravel, oyster line, at Alexander Bay, Namaqualand (Haughton, Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., xxxiv, p. 27, 1931). The granulate surface of the specimen resembles that of granulatus, but a definite identification is precluded because the ventral side of the pleon is concealed in hard matrix. A minute Oligochaet lives among the pleopods. It is 2-5-3 mm. in length, whitish, with 4 bundles of straight and apically simple spines on each segment, usually 3 spines in each bundle. It may be termed Hnchytraeus tylidis n. sp. Tylos capensis Krss. (Fig. 11, ¢, d.) 1843. Tylos capensis. Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Crust., p. 64, pl. iv, fig. 6. Sores a Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 276. OOS 53 F Id., Deutsch. Siidpol. Exp., 1x, pp. 73, 74, pl. iu, figs. 14-18. 1906. ,, ) ater booms River (K. H. B.); Addo Bush (J. D.); Port Alfred; Alice (S. H. H.); East London (Collinge) ; Katberg (Albany Mus.); Grahamstown (Albany Mus.). Natal: Durban and other localities (Collinge) ; Inch- anga, Pietermaritzburg, and Krantzkop (K. H. B., TENE) Zululand : M’fongosi (Collinge and W. E. J.). subgenera: karongae to Setaphora, being very likely a synonym of S. suwarezi, and cunningtont to Aphiloscia, being possibly a synonym of A. maculicornis. See supra, p. 242. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 247 Collinge does not describe the Ist pleopod in 3, but from an examina- tion of my Natal specimens there can be no doubt that warrenz is a synonym. From the coastal distribution of this species it seems highly probable that Stebbing’s specimens from Gans Bay should be referred here. From the material at hand it appears that ovigerous 99 are found in the Cape from October to March, and in Natal from November to January. I have seen no specimens as large as 14 mm. (unless the uropods be included in this measurement), but the Natal specimens tend to be larger than those from the Cape. The species is found among dead leaves and humus, and occurs on the margins of salt or brackish vleis (Noordhoek and Zeekoe Vleis, Cape Peninsula, K. H. B.) or estuaries (Keurbooms River, K. H. B.). It does not occur on the upper slopes or top of the Cape Peninsula mountains. Benthanops subgen. n. Head discrete, frontal margin obsolete. Pleurae small, adpressed. Molar penicil consisting of a tuft of plumose setae, each arising separately (fig. 16, c) (as in Balloniscus, Budde-Lund, 1908, p. 289, pl. xvi, fig. 3), not joined together in a common stem as in P. muscorum. Apex of inner plate of maxilliped with one spine. Inner 5 spines on outer lobe of maxilla 1 strongly serrate (fig. 16, f); the 2 plumose setae on inner lobe elongate. Peduncle of uropod with outer edge channelled. Eye consisting of a single large ocellus. This subgenus is very close to Benthana B-L., 1908, which comprises 4 species from Brazil, Chile, and Peru (Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1926, p. 193 sqq.), and is characterised by the serrate spines on outer lobe of Ist maxilla. In the subgenus Benthana Jackson included also minima Dollfus from the Iberian Peninsula. This last species agrees with the typical species of Benthana, but has the eyes simple, 7.e. each eye consists of only a single ocellus. Whether minima should be separated on this account is perhaps an open question. The form here included in a new subgenus agrees with minima in the simple eyes, and is separated from the typical species of Benthana in the molar penicil ; and also the 2nd maxilla which has no apical cleft. Philoscia (Benthanops) fulva n. sp. (ies 165 ¢,j, 73 18, e; LF e203) Surface with scattered setules, more noticeable in the young, regularly spaced setules on hind margins of segments. 248 Annals of the South African Museum. Postero-lateral angles of segment 7 quadrate. None of the epimera demarcated in 9. Pleurae of segments 3-5 shortly produced, just visible in dorsal view, projecting portions not more than half mid- dorsal length of segments. Telson broader than long, margins feebly concave, apex narrowly rounded or subacute. Antenna 2 reaching to middle of 4th peraeon segment, slender, 5th joint equal to 3rd plus 4th, flagellum subequal to 5th, Ist joint longest, 2nd and 3rd subequal. Fie. 20.—Philoscia (Benthanops subgen. n.) fulva n. sp. Whole animal with lateral view of head. Maxilla 1, outer plate with 4+5 spines, inner spines with fine and close serrations on inner margins. Maxilliped as in Benthana (Jackson, loc. cit., 1926, figs. 136, 147, 159), but with only a small spine on inner plate. Peraeopods 1-3 in 3, spines on 4th and 5th joints deeply bifurcate as in hirsuta (fig. 19, f). Pleopod 1 in g, outer branch apex blunt, outer margin slightly concave (fig. 16, 7); apex of inner branch (fig. 18, e). Uropod, peduncle with outer edge grooved, outer ramus twice length of peduncle, inner ramus arising from almost same level as outer ramus, about one-third length of outer ramus. Up to 7x25 mm. Yellowish-horny, very faintly marbled with Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 249 _ darker fulvous brown, eyes glistening brown. In some specimens there are well-marked dark brown markings on a whitish or yellowish ground colour, eyes dark brown. Localities.—Cape Province: Table Mt. and other mountains in the Cape Peninsula (K.H.B.); Palmiet River Mts., near Kleinmond (K. H.B.); Zwartberg, Caledon (K. H. B.). The dark specimens are very much rarer than the ordinary yellowish form, from which they cannot be distinguished morphologically, and appear to be merely melanistic aberrations. The species occurs under stones and among humus in the bushy or wooded ravines of the mountains; it does not occur at low levels. Philoscia elongata Dollf. 1879. Philoscia pulchella. Budde-Lund, Prosp. Crust. Isop. Terr., p- 2 (see deser.). 1884. , elongata. Dollfus, Bull. Soc. Etud. Sc. Paris, Tme An. 1885. re pulchella. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 214. 1892. he elongata. Dollfus, Ann. Soc. Esp. d’Hist. Nat., Id., Trabaj. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Barcelona, iv, No. 12, p. 24. 1925: As - Id.,” Abh. Senekenbs » Geen sexx. p. 136. 1926. Ko vs Id., Senckenbergiana, vi, p. 268. 1926. iL is Id., Atti Mas! Civ’ St." Nat’ Trieste, Xl, p. 42. This Mediterranean (South Europe and North Africa) species was recorded from Cape Town by Dollfus (1895). * Tn vol. xxxviii, 1923, papers 1-3 are numbered vol. “ xxviii,” which is evidently a laps. typ.,as papers 4-14 are correctly numbered as belonging to vol. xxxviii. Arcangeli in 1926 (Trieste), p. 58, quotes the number “ xxvili”’ in his bibliography. 250 Annals of the South African Museum. The original description is inaccessible to me, and Budde-Lund’s 1885 description is insufficient to place the species in any definite subgenus (as is probably also the original description). One of the characters which separates it from muscorum and all the South African species is the length of pleon segments 1 and 2, which are scarcely shorter than the other pleon segments (Budde-Lund, 1885, and Arcangeli, 1923, pl. 1, fig. 5); in fact Arcangeli’s figure shows the first segment ($) as twice the length of any of the others. The pleurae of segments 3-5 are very small, adpressed. Sides of telson straight. Peduncle of uropod externally sulcate (Budde-Lund). Arcangeli (1923) describes and figures a modification in the Ist peraeopod and the fifth pleopod of the g, which he suggests may be assumed only at the period of copulation ; and he expresses a warning against using these modifications as specific characters. The 5th joint of peraeopod 1 is ovately expanded, almost sub- circular, in the left peraeopod, but less expanded in the right; the 6th joint also is somewhat more lanceolate in the left than in the right. A similar but less marked modification occurs in the 2nd peraeopod. The figure shows a few large spines on the inner margin of the 4th and 5th joints, not the thick brush of spines which is usual in the 2. Expansion of the 5th joint of peraeopod | in g occurs also in variegata Dollf. (see van Name, Amer. Mus. Novitat., No. 206, p: LL, mes si: 20, 1926; and Arcangeli, Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Portici, xxv, p. 18, fig. v, 4, 1930), and according to van Name in muscorum ; in the latter species I have not found any expansion in English examples. The most remarkable modification is the extreme extension of the outer ramus of the 5th pleopod into a long slender process, which is channelled on its inner margin, and protrudes far beyond the telsonic apex, and even beyond the apices of the uropods. Arcangeli (1925, Monit. Zool. Ital., xxxvi, p. 105) has recorded a local race of this species, which exhibits protandrous hermaphroditism and also parthenogenesis. As in Rhyscotus (see p. 287, infra) the males retain the external genitalia during the female phase. Normal females exist alongside the hermaphrodites. The latter only function as males during or at the end of their first year of life; they fertilise the genuine females of the same age. The following year the testes degenerate and the ovaries mature. It seems that the young males cannot fertilise the older and larger genuine females, and the evidence goes to show that the latter are parthenogenetic. The fertilised eggs of the young females develop into protandrous hermaphrodites, Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 251 while the large females produce genuine females parthenogenetically (summary from Jackson, Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci., lxxi, 1928). Gen. PorcELiio Latr. 1804. Porcellio. Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Inst., vii, p. 45. 1885. x Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 82. 1898. A Sars, Crust. Norw., 1, p. 176. 1907. is Verhoeff, SB. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 229 (subgenera). 1908. . Budde-Lund in Voeltzkow, Reise, 1, p. 280 (subgenera). Body smooth, granulate, or tuberculate. Head discrete, lateral lobes well developed, frontal lobe usually projecting. Pleon not much narrower than peraeon, pleurae well developed. Telson apically produced. Antenna 2, flagellum 2-jointed, the two joints subequal. Mandible with several penicils between the secondary cutting plate and the molar penicil, which consists of a tuft of plumose setae.* Peraeopods 1-3 and sometimes also 7 sexually dimorphic. Outer branches of pleopods 1 and 2, or 1-5, with pseudotracheae. Peduncle of uropod externally grooved or excised, outer ramus often larger in ¢ than in @. This large genus has been subdivided into a number of subgenera. Budde-Lund (1908) lists 21 subgenera, divided into two groups according to the spines on outer lobe of maxilla 1, but not otherwise defined except by their respective genotypes. Verhoefi, however, had previously subdivided the genus, and irrespective of the character selected by Budde-Lund for his two major groups. Verhoeff, e.g., places hoffmanseggiu, rathker, scaber, and obsoletus, inter alia, in his Euporcellio, whereas Budde-Lund makes each of these species the type of a subgenus. Verhoeff indicates no genotypes, but places laevis as the first species of his Mesoporcellio. This latter name there- fore may be definitely regarded as coinciding with and antedating Budde-Lund’s Gymnoderma, genotype laevis. The sexual difference in the 7th peraeopod is in the shape and size of certain of the jomts; in the Ist-3rd peraeopods it les in the increased number of spines on the anterior and lower surfaces of the * Sars’ figure (1898 pl. Ixxvii) is not quite correct. The molar penicil consists of several plumose setae each arising separately, as I have checked by examination of Norwegian and other examples of scaber. 252 Annals of the South African Museum. 4th and 5th joints and the minute structure of these spines (ef. Wahrberg, 1922). The armature of spines on the anterior peraeopods in the ¢ is regarded by Verhoeff as a cleansing apparatus (Putzapparat) and the term is accepted by Wahrberg (1922, pp. 94, 153). The term seems to be incorrect, for it is not clear why the ¢ requires to be cleaner than the 2, or requires a stronger brush of spines to effect the same purpose as the comparatively few spines in the 9. It seems, on the other hand, clear that this brush of spines on the anterior peraeopods of the g is for the purpose of securing a grip on the 9 during copulation, and Verhoefi would have been more correct in using the term ‘* Haftapparat.” Porcellio (Porcellio) .scaber Latr. (Fig. 21, a-c.) 1804. Porcellio scaber. Latreille, loc. cit., p. 45. 1885. Pr * Budde-Lund, loc. cit., p. 129. 1895. e si Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., vii, p. 349. 1898. i % Sars, loc. cit., p. 176, pl. xvi. 1906. is - Webb and Sillem, Brit. Woodlice, p. 32, fig. 47 and pl. xin. 1906. 3 a Budde-Lund, Deutsch. Siidpol. Exp., ix, p. 88. 1909. a ie Id., in Schuitze, Reise, i, p. 58. 1910. ds 5 Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 440. 1922. . We Wahrberg, Ark. Zool., xv, p. 4, fig. 1. Surface with transverse rows of rounded tubercles on head and peraeon segments, and on posterior margins of pleon segments. Frontal and lateral lobes on head equally prominent. Telson as long as broad, apex acute, dorsally slightly grooved. Flagellum of antenna 2 subequal to 5th peduncular joint, its two joints subequal. Four of the inner spines on outer lobe of maxilla 1 bifid. Peraeopod 7 not differing in the two sexes. Peraeopods 1-4 in ¢ with thick brush of spines (fig. 21, c). Dactylar seta on all peraeopods simple, acute. Pseudotracheae on pleopods | and 2. Up to 16x75 mm. Slaty-grey, uniform or variously mottled. Localities.—Cape Province: Cape Town (Dollfus and 8.A. Mus.) ; Cape Flats (Budde-Lund). Distribution.—Cosmopolitan. It occurs on the islands of St. Paul and New Amsterdam (Indian Ocean), and St. Helena (Budde-Lund). The South African Museum has examples from Tristan d’Acunha. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 2538 In and around Cape Town this species seems to be far less common than laevis. / b = d Fig. 21.—Porcellio. a, b, lateral view of head, and apex of mandible of scaber ; c, d, spines from peraeopod 1 ¢ of scaber and laevis respectively. Porcellio (Mesoporcellio) laevis Latr. (Fig. 21, d.) 1804. Porcellio laevis. Latreille, loc. cit., p. 46. 1885. = ef Budde-Lund, loc. cit., p. 138. 1898. Ml 43 Nars, loc. ed.) p: Si mpl: becixs fig (synonyms). 1906. is us Webb and Sillem, Brit. Woodlice, p. 35, fig. 51 and pl. xvii. 1906. “ a Budde-Lund, Deutsch. Siidpol. Exp., ix, p- 88. 1922. e = Wahrberg, Ark. Zool., xv, p. 182, figs. 9, 58. Surface smooth or very feebly tuberculate, chiefly on posterior margins of pleon segments. Frontal lobe not quite so prominent as the lateral lobes. Telson broader than long, apex acute, dorsally grooved. Flagellum of antenna 2 less than 5th peduncular joint, its 1st joint VOLAaks. PART 2. AW 254 Annals of the South African Museum. slightly longer than 2nd. All spines on outer lobe of maxilla 1 entire. Peraeopods 1-4 in § with thick brush of spines (fig. 21, d). Peraeopod 7 not sexually different. Dactylar seta on all peraeopods simple, acute. Pseudotracheae on pleopods | and 2. Up to 20x10 mm. Slaty-grey, with a few faint lighter markings on either side of the median line. Localitves.—Cape Province: Cape Town and environs (R.M.L., K.H.B.); Somerset West (A. J. H.). Distribution.—Cosmopolitan. Has been recorded from St. Helena (Budde-Lund). This species is very common in gardens in Cape Town and suburbs, and in many areas seems to have almost entirely superseded scaber ; but apparently has not spread further than to Somerset West. Gen. PORCELLIONIDES Miers. 1877. Porcellionades. Miers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 668, 676. 1879. Metoponorthus. Budde-Lund, Prosp. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 4. 1885. - Id., Crust. Isop. Terr., pp. 76, 161. 1898. x Sars, Crust. Norw., ii, p. 183. 1908. 2 Budde-Lund in Voeltzkow, Reise, ii, p. 285. 1911. Porcellionides. Stebbing, Rec. Ind. Mus., vi, p. 188. 1928. i Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1928, 1, p. 584 (morphology of head). Body smooth or granulate. Integument thin, not strongly chitin- ised or calcified. Head discrete, lateral lobes small and frontal lobe obsolete, frontal line continued round the lateral lobes and meeting the marginal line below the eye. Pleon abruptly narrower than peraeon, pleurae moderate orsmall. Telson triangular, not produced. Antenna 2 flagellum 2-jointed, Ist joint slightly longer than 2nd. Mandible with several penicils between secondary cutting plate and the molar penicil, which consists of a tuft of plumose setae, with or without a short common stem. Peraeopods 1-3 in § more strongly spinose than in 2. Outer branches of pleopods 1 and 2, sometimes aiso 3, sometimes 1-5, with pseudotracheae. Peduncle of uropod externally grooved or excised. ‘ Stebbing gives the reasons why Porcellionides must displace Metoponorthus. The genus is represented in South Africa only by an imported cosmopolitan species. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 255 Porcellionides pruinosus (Brdt.). (Fig. 22.) 1833. Porcellio pruinosus. Brandt, Consp. Onisc., pp. 181 (19), 188 (26). 1885. Metoponorthus ,, Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 169. 1895. me of Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., vii, p- 350. 1898. s i Sars, Crust. Norw., 1, p. 184, pl. xxx, fig. 2. 1906. /< ie Webb and Sillem, Brit. Woodlice, p. 37, fig. 53 and pl. xix. 1909. Ms Ps Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, i, p. 58. 1909. < ae Id., Res. Swed. Zool. Exp. White Nile, ii, Terr. Isop., p. 4. 1910. as te Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust, p. 440. 1911. Porcellionides ,, Id., Ree. Ind. Mus., vi,.p. 189. 1920. . Ee Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 479, pl. xxix, figs. 39-47. 1922. 2 uF Richardson, Voy. Rothschild Ethiop., i, p. 33. 1922. Metoponorthus ,, Wahrberg, Ark. Zool., xv, pp. 6, 27, 148, figs. 2, 8, 9, 51. 1924. e by Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siisswas- serf. S.W. Afr., ui, p. 176. PSE. e 5, Brian, Rev. Suisse Zool., xxxviii, p. 439, figs. 32-38 (var. africana). Surface smooth. Faint indications of transverse series of granules or very low tubercles on head and peraeon segments. LEpistome with a V-shaped raised line (in Jackson’s terminology, 1928, this V separates the postfrons from the profrons). Antenna 2, Ist joint of flagellum slightly longer than 2nd. Peraeopods, distal margin of 3rd joint, distal and inner margins of 4th and 5th joints, with close-set short stout spines in all peraeopods in 2; in the g this marginal armature is absent on the inner margins of 4th and 5th joints in peraeopods 1-3, which carry instead a thick patch of spines. Pleopod 1 in g, apex of inner branch with a few setules, a row of minute granules along inner margin. Uptollx5imm. Slaty-grey, faintly mottled, margins of peraeon 256 Annals of the South African Museum. and pleon segments sometimes pale, legs and antennae greyish with white markings. The blue-grey colour of live specimens is due to a bloom which is easily rubbed off; preserved specimens fade to a reddish-brown colour. a ais. Fig. 22.—Porcellionides pruinosus (Brdt.). a, 6, Distal joints of peraeopod 1 9 and ¢ respectively, with spines and dactylar seta (d.s.) further enlarged; c, profile view of penis, ventral surface to left; d, penis and stylet of pleopod 1 g, dorsal view, with cross-section of penis across middle and near apex (in the cross-sections the dorsal surface is uppermost, and the vasa deferentia are represented by dotted circles). Localities.—Cape Province: Cape Town (Dollfus, W. F. P., and K.H.B.); Cape Flats (Budde-Lund) ; French Hoek (W.F.P.); Clanwilliam (R.M.L.); Zak River (S.A. Mus.); Steinkopf (Budde-Lund); Bowiesdorp (K.H.B.); Graaf Reinet and Beaufort West (S. H. H.); Lovedale (8S. H. H.); Avontuur (W. F. P.); Port Elizabeth (S.A. Mus:); Port” St.) Wiebms (S.A. Mus.); Grahamstown (S.A. Mus. and Albany Mus.) ; Fort Brown (Albany Mus.) ; Swellendam and Riversdale (K. H. B.); Kimberley (J. H. Power) ; Richmond (C. T. and L. D. B.). Natal: Pietermaritzburg (Collinge and K.H.B.); Durban (Collinge and K. H. B.); M’fongosi, Zululand (S.A. Mus.). Portuguese East Africa: Masiene (R. F. L.). Transvaal: Hebron and Hammans Kraal (Dollfus) ; Sabie Game Reserve (H. L.G.); Johannesburg (S.A. Mus.). Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 257 Rhodesia: Bulawayo and Salisbury (R. W. E. T.). Damaraland: Swakopmund, Neudamm, Windkoek, Okahandja, Omaruru (Panning); Outjo (R.F.L. and A. J.H.); Otjituo (R. W. EH. T.). Angola: Vila da Ponte, Kubango R. (Brian). Distribution.—Cosmopolitan. This species is only found in the neighbourhood of human habitations. The differences noted by Collinge are not constant, even in Natal examples, and cannot be used to characterise a local race. I have compared South African specimens with specimens from Norway (ex G. O. Sars) and South England. For example, the spines on outer lobe of maxilla 1 are bifid in European specimens, and the outer apex of inner lobe of maxilla 1 is acutely pointed in South African speci- mens. The inner branch of pleopod 1 in ¢ corresponds exactly with that of Huropean examples. Gen. Niampia B-L. 1904. Niambia. Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 37. 1908. i Id., in Voeltzkow, Reise, ii, p. 280 (also p. 295, epimeral sutures). 1909, as Id., in Schultze, Reise, ii, p. 59. 1910. As Id., Sjostedt, Kilimandjaro-Meru Exp., ii, 21, pp: >, 9, 10: 1924. Thomsenia. Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siisswasserf. S.W. Afr, vol. 1, p: Wa Surface more or less densely covered with setae or scale-spines, which are usually clavate or battledore-shaped, most numerous laterally and on margins of segments and on telson. Head discrete. Eyes small or moderate, ocelli less than 20. Epimeral sutures present on segments 2-4 in 9. Pleurae of pleon segments 3-5 well developed. Telson short, triangular, apex more or less acute, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 short, flagellum 2-jointed, 2nd joint 2-3 times as long as 1st. Mandible with single free penicil, molar penicil consisting of several setae on a very short stem (7.e. a single branched seta). Maxilla 1, outer lobe with the 4 inner spines either apically bifid, usually feebly so, or simple (Niambia s.s.), or strongly serrate (subgen. Man- boa), inner lobe with 2 unequal plumose setae. Maxilliped, inner plate with 1 spine, and 2 denticles on outer distal corner. 258 Annals of the South African Museum. Peraeopods 1-3 in $ with thick brush of strong spines on lower and anterior surfaces of 4th and 5th joints. Dactylar seta in all peraeopods apically acute. Peraeopod 7 not dimorphic. Outer branches of all pleopods with rudimentary pseudotracheae. Uropod, peduncle short, externally evenly convex, 2.e. elliptical in cross-section, outer ramus stout. There appears to me to be considerable doubt as to the validity of Thomsenia, even if it be admitted only as a subgenus. Some of the characters relied upon by Panning as differential are, however, common to Niambza, e.g. the maxilliped and inner lobe of maxilla 1. The inner spines of the outer lobe of maxilla 1 are often so feebly bifid, some of them actually entire, in typical Niambia, that this character is valueless even for specific purposes. The very slender spine (No. 4) which leans up against the 3 strong outer spines, as shown in Panning’s figure, I have not found in any of the numerous examples of Niambia examined, including several specimens of griseo- flavus, a species which I believe may be identical with Panning’s species (see p. 264). As for the recurved integumentary spinules, they are in lateral view indistinguishable from the ordinary squamose spines which cover the surface in all species of Niambia. In view of these doubts Thomsenia cannot be accepted otherwise than as a sub- genus. Even the one character which might be used to separate a subgenus, viz. the shortness of the outer ramus of the uropod, is ruled out by flavescens where the peduncle and outer ramus are subequal in length, thus forming a transition. The genus has hitherto been known only from the south-western portions (Port Elizabeth westwards) of South Africa, and northwards to the Congo, and possibly Senegal. In 1906 (p. 89) Budde-Lund said he knew of two undescribed species from the Cape and Natal, but in 1909 he described no species from Natal, unless he regarded Port Elizabeth (hirsuta) as being in Natal. Collinge (1917, p. 568) mentions having specimens of this genus, with a (?), in the collection in his hands, but likewise did not describe any species from Natal. There are none in the South African Museum collection collected by Dr. Purcell ; nor did I find any myself in that region. It is interesting therefore to find that there are two species from Portuguese Hast Africa and Rhodesia which are very closely related to the typical Niambia, but for which I consider it advisable to institute a new subgenus (see fig, 39). Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 259 Key to the South African species. I. Inner spines of outer lobe of maxilla 1 more or less bifid, sometimes very feebly so, or even entire (fig. 24, a) . : : Subg. Niambia. A. Antenna 2, 4th joint subequal to, or very slightly longer than 3rd. 1. Pleura of segment 5 extending to or nearly to, or a little beyond, telsonic apex. a. Outer ramus of uropod longer than peduncle. i. Rather strongly granulate. Apex of outer branch of pleopod 1 g acute. : squamata (Congo). ii. Feebly granulate. Apex of outer branch of pleopod 1 ¢ excised, bifid . : : truncata. 6. Outer ramus of uropod equal to porate Apex of outer branch of pleopod 1 blunt : . _ flavescens. c, Outer ramus of uropod shorter than pednables Apex of outer branch of pleopod 1 blunt . damarensis, griseo-flavus. 2. Pleura of segment 5 not nearly reaching telsonic apex. a. Ocelli 9 : : : : : : ; pallida. b. Ocelli 14 : ‘ : : modesta. B. Antenna 2, 4th joint distinctly eee sha ard. 1. Outer branch of pleopod1cordiform. Telsonmuchshorterthan.broad. a. Narrow. Outer branch of pleopod 1 ¢ with sinuous outer margin, without projection : : angusta. b. Broader. Outer branch of pleopod 1 ¢ with a projection on outer margin. i, Ocelli 12-16. Antenna 2 reaching end of peraeon segment 2 ; : : capensis. ii. Ocelli 8-9. Antenna 2 rondhing ond of peraeon seg- mentl1 . : formicarum. 2. Outer branch of pleopod 1 longer shat broad; aubivianeuler outer margin deeply excised. Telson nearly as long as broad longicauda. II. Inner spines of outer lobe of maxilla 1 strongly serrate (fig. 24,6) subg. Manibia. A. Broad. Ocelli 10 , “ : : : : : : lata. B. Narrower. Ocelli 6 : ; E : : ; : Microps. Niambia squamata (B-L.). (Fig. 23, 2.) 1885. Leptotrichus squamatus. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 196. 1904. Niambia squamata. Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 37. 1909. - . Id., Schultze, Reise, 1, p. 60, pl. vi, figs. 1-3. 1910. " i Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 441. 1920. i. es van Name, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xlii, p. 102, figs. 122-126. 260 Annals of the South African Museum. (? Non Panning, 1924, see modesta, infra.) Surface minutely but rather strongly granulate. Eyes small, ocelli 16 (Budde-Lund), “ few ” (van Name). Projecting portions of the pleurae (as indicated on fig. 24) twice, or nearly twice, mid-dorsal length of segments, those of segment 5 extending almost to level of telsonic apex. Telson with sides con- cave, apex acute, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 a little longer than one-third body length (Budde-Lund), reaching to middle of Ist peraeon segment (van Name’s figures), 3rd and 4th joints subequal. Pleopod 1, outer branch about as broad as long, or rather broader, in ¢ cordiform, apex acute, outer margin slightly sinuous (Budde- Lund and van Name); in 9 proportionately broader, outer margin concave near apex (van Name). Uropod, outer ramus longer than peduncle. 75x45 mm. Slaty-grey, with paler markings laterally. Localitves—Landana and Chinchoxo, Portuguese Congo (Budde- Lund); Benin (Budde-Lund MSS.) ; (?) Senegal (Dollfus) ; Zambi, Congo mouth, Belgian Congo (van Name). This species is not South African, but is included to make the account of the genus complete. Panning was himself not certain of the identity of his specimens with squamata, and it seems far more likely that they should be referred to one of the truly South African species. Niambia truncata (Brdt.). (Fig. 23, a, 0b.) 1833. Porcellio truncatus. Brandt, Consp. Oniscid., pp. 19, 28. 1885. Leptotrichus ,, Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 195. 1904. Niambia truncata. Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 37. L906. Fe: BA Id., Deutsch. Siidpol. Exp., ix, p. 89. S09 ee i Id., in Schultze, Reise, i, p. 60, pl. vi, figs. 4-14. 19095 brunnea. Id., ibid., p. 61, pl. vi, figs. 15-25. 1909. __,, horsuta. Id., ibid., p. 62, pl. vi, figs. 29-31. LOO truncata, brunnea, hirsuta. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., pp. 441, 442. 1924.7 7 Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siisswas- serf. S.W.A., 11, p. 193. Surface with faint indications of granules. Hyes with 12-16 ocelli (Budde-Lund : truncata 10, brunnea 16). Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 261 Projecting portions of pleurae 14-2 times longer than mid-dorsal length of segments ; of 5 extending nearly to level of telsonic apex. Telson, sides concave, apex acute, slightly impressed dorsally. Antenna 2 reaching to, ora little beyond, end of peraeon segment 1, 4th joint a little longer than 3rd. Peraeopods 1-3 in ¢ strongly fringed on lower and anterior surfaces with spines, most of which are apically bifid, some multifid ; in Q the spines are less numerous, and all are of the latter type. k ! m n Fic. 23.—Niambia. Outer ramus of pleopod 1 of: a, b, truncata f and 9; c, d, flavescens g and Q; e, f, griseo-flavus gf and 2; g, h, angusta g and Q; i, squamata ¢ (after Budde-Lund); Jj, lata 2; k-m, capensis ¢ (three forms); n, capensis 2. (In all cases the inner margin to right.) Pleopod 1, outer branch about as broad as long, in 5 outer margin with a triangular projection near apex (or apex can be described as having a semicircular or angular excision); in @ outer margin angularly incised. Uropod, outer ramus longer than peduncle. Up to 16x8 mm. Slaty-grey, with lighter mottling on head and peraeon, telson and each pleon segment with 2 small pale dots, often inconspicuous or absent, antennae grey, legs pale, eyes black. Localities.—Cape Province: Cape Town and Simonstown (Budde- Ind, also R.M.L. K.8.8.); Port Hlizabeth (Budde-Lund: truncata and hirsuta); Kamaggas and Steinkopf (Budde-Lund: brunnea); Faure (W.F.P.); Saldanha Bay (K.H.B.); Vredenburg and Clanwilliam (S.A. Mus.); Garies and Kamies- kroon (A. J. H.and R. F.L.); Lilyfontein (K. H. B.); Tulbagh (W. F. P.); Steinthal, Tulbagh (K. H. B.). Damaraland: Walvis Bay (Budde-Lund); Okahandja (Panning). 262 Annals of the South African Museum. There is little doubt that brunnea is synonymous. A specimen in the Budde-Lund collection in the British Museum labelled brunnea is nearly uniform slaty-grey. Specimens which have been long in alcohol fade to a pale straw or fulvous colour. Of the numerous specimens examined I have not found one with the number of ocelli typical for truncata (10); the number varies irrespective of locality between 12 and 16. I am inclined to regard hirsuta as a young truncata. The outer branch of pleopod 1 (labelled as that of 2 in Budde-Lund’s figure 31, but obviously a typ. laps.) is exactly like that of truncata. Budde- Lund recorded both species from Port Elizabeth ; in fact, the speci- mens of both species were collected by Dr. Brauns on the same day, and it is highly probable that they were found actually together. The young of truncata (8-5 mm.) frequently have a few long setae on the epimera, but these are usually lost in specimens as long as 7 mm. Budde-Lund does not indicate them in his figure 30. As mentioned below, the antennae are relatively longer in juveniles. The following growth-changes take place. In juveniles taken from the brood-pouch the telson is bluntly triangular, the sides slightly convex, and projects very much beyond the pleurae of 5th pleon segment. In specimens about 3-5 mm. in length the telson has straight sides and the apex still projects beyond the 5th pleurae. At about 5 mm. the telson has assumed its adult form. The 2nd antennae in young specimens are proportionately longer than in the adult, and the clavate setae are far more numerous and prominent. The outer branch of pleopod 1 in young specimens (3-5 mm.) of both sexes resembles that of adult capensis. In the ¢ the projection on the middle of outer margin gradually shifts distally. Consequently it is difficult to separate young specimens of this species from capensis, unless they are caught in association with the adults, though they are usually paler in colour and lack the lateral pale marks on the peraeon. This species is confined to the lower levels and does not ascend the upper slopes of the mountains. Niambia flavescens Brurd. (Fig. 23, c, d.) 1924. Niambia flavescens. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xx, p. 233, fig. 2. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 263 Surface closely and distinctly granulate. Lateral lobes of head rather better developed and more prominent than in other species. Eyes small, ocelli 10. Projecting portions of pleurae about 14 times mid-dorsal length of segments ; 5th extending at least to level of telsonic apex, usually a little beyond. Telson very short, sides concave, apex acute, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 reaching to end of peraeon segment 1, 4th joint a little longer than 3rd, 5th a little longer than 4th, flagellum a trifle shorter than 5th, its 2nd joint twice length of Ist. Peraeopods 1-3 in ¢ as in truncata. Pleopod 1, outer branch about as broad as long, outer margin incised, more deeply so in 2 than in 2. Uropod, outer ramus equal to peduncle. 8x3mm. Pale slaty-grey, with pale yellowish markings, antennae and legs pale. Localities.—Ovamboland : several localities (Barnard), as far north as Namakunde on the boundary line of Angola. Niambia damarensis (Pann.). 1924. Thomsenia damarensis. Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siiss- wasserf. S.W.A., ui, p. 173, fig. 1. Surface with regularly spaced minute backwardly directed spines. HKyes very small, number of ocelli ?. Projecting portions of pleurae twice mid-dorsal length of segments ; 5 extending beyond level of telsonic apex. Telson very short, sides concave, apex acute. Antenna 2 very short, scarcely reaching end of peraeon segment 1, 3rd and 4th joints subequal, 5th 14 times as long, flagellum slightly shorter than 5th, its 1st joint slightly shorter than 2nd. Peraeopod 1 with thick brush of spines on 4th and 5th joints. Pleopods 2. Uropod, outer ramus shorter than peduncle. 10x5-3 mm. Brownish yellow with lighter markings. Locality.— Damaraland : 50 km. south of Waterberg (Panning). The above characters are taken from Panning’s description. It is not clear what the words “‘ Die Analfiisse sind . . . kaum langer als das Telson’”? mean; unless the width of the telson is intended. The figure shows the uropods slightly shorter than the width, and much longer than the length of the telson. The description does 264 Annals of the South African Museum. not mention the pleopods. The original specimens should be re- examined. Niambia griseo-flavus Brnrd. (Fig. 23, e, f.) 1924. Niambia (?) griseo-flavus. Barnard, Ann. §. Afr. Mus., vol. xx, p. 234, fig. 3. Surface minutely granulate. Kyes small, ocelli 10. Projecting portions of pleurae twice mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 projecting beyond level of telsonic apex. Telson very short, sides concave, apex acute, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 short, reaching to or almost to end of peraeon segment 1, srd and 4th joints subequal, 5th a little longer, flagellum shorter than 5th, its 2nd joint twice length of Ist. Peraeopods 1-3 in 3 as in truncata. Pleopod 1, outer branch about as broad as long in 3, broader in 9, cordiform, outer margin slightly sinuous, more so in 9 than in d. Uropod, outer ramus shorter than peduncle. 10x3-5 mm. Pale slaty-grey, with pale yellow markings, the yellow colour sometimes predominating, antennae and legs pale, uropods more or less suffused. Localities. —Ovamboland : Andoni (Barnard). Damaraland: Namutoni(K.H.B.); Otjituo(R.W.E.T.). I think it very probable that these specimens are really Panning’s species damarensis, but as the pleopods of the latter are not described, and there are other uncertainties (see p. 263), I keep the two forms separate. The very slender spine on the outer lobe of maxilla 1 is not present in this species, of which several examples have been specially examined in this respect; moreover, the normal number of the inner series of spines appears to be only 4, though in one case 5 were found. Niambia pallida B-L. 1909. Nambia pallida. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, u, p. 61, pl. vi, figs. 26-28. 1910. 3 sn Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 441. Eyes small, ocelli 14. Pleurae of pleon segment 5 much shorter than telson, which is apically impressed. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 265 Antenna 2 equal to two-fifths body length, 4th joint slightly longer than 3rd. Pleopod 1, outer branch broader than long, in 3 apex blunt, outer margin slightly incised near apex, in Q outer margin sharply incised about in middle (cf. fig. 23, d of flavescens). 8-10x3-4 mm. Pale grey, mottled with whitish laterally. Localities —Cape Province: Steinkopf (Budde-Lund). Great Namaqualand : Kubub (near Liideritzbucht) and Possession Island (Budde-Lund). Niambia modesta B-L. 1909. Niambia modesta. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, u1, p. 62, figs. 32-34. 1910. 33 ae Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 442. 1924. a ze Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siisswas- serf. 8.W.A., u, p. 173. Eyes small, ocelli 9. . ““ Epistome with the bulbous frons produced ” (Budde-Lund). Pleurae of pleon segment 5 much shorter than telson, which is apically impressed. Antenna 2 scarcely exceeding one-third body length, 3rd and 4th joints subequal. Pleopod 1, outer branch in § and 9 as in pallida. 6x2-5mm. Pale grey, subunicolorous. Localities —Damaraland : Grootfontein (Budde-Lund). Great Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht, Kuibis, and Seeheim (Panning). It is probable that this form will prove synonymous with pallida. Kubub, whence the latter was recorded, lies between Liideritzbucht and Kuibis. The descriptions of the two species disclose no essential difference, unless it be in the epistome and frons. Im the absence of comparative figures it is impossible to say how far this is merely a verbal difference. Niambia angusta B-L. (Fig. 23, g, h.) 1909. Niambia angusta. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, ui, p. 63, pl. vi, figs. 35-37. a Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 442. cf Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siiss- wasserf. §.W.A., 11, p. 178. 1910. a 1924. 9 266 Annals of the South African Museum. Surface with very faint indications of granules. Eyes with 12-14 ocelli. Projecting portions of pleurae about as long as mid-dorsal length of segments; of 5 extending to level of about half telsonic length. Telson, sides concave, apex acute, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 extending to end of peraeon segment 1 or a little beyond, 4th joint 14 times 3rd, 5th subequal to 3rd plus 4th, flagellum subequal to 5th, its 2nd joint twice length of Ist. Peraeopods 1-3 in ¢ as in truncata. Pleopod 1, outer branch about as broad as long, cordiform, outer margin slightly sinuous, more so in 9 than in 3. Uropod, outer ramus longer than peduncle. 7-8 x 2-5-3 mm. Pale slaty-grey, mottled, eyes black. Localities.—Cape Province: Steinkopf (Budde-Lund) ; Lilyfontein (K. H.B.); Clanwilliam (R.M.L.); Matjesfontein and Triangle * (W. F. P. and R. M. iz) Great Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht (Panning). Niambia capensis (Dollf.). (Figs. 23, k-n ; 24, c-1.) 1895. Metoponorthus capensis. Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., viii, p. 350, fig. 9. 1904. Niambia us Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Verr.,.p. 3: 1906. bs re Id., Deutsch. Siidpol. Exp., ix, Dood: 1909. 2 Ks Id., in Schultze, Reise, ti, p. 63, pl. vi, figs. 39, 40. 1909. » pusilla. Id., wbid., p. 63, pl. vi, fig. 38. 1909. » marginepapillosa. Id., vbid., p. 64, pl. vi, fig. 41. 1910. 5 capensis. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 441. 1910. » pusilla and marginepapillosa. Id., ibid., p. 442. 2 non Panning, 1924, p. 173 (pusilla). Surface with faint indications of granules. Kyes with 12-16 ocelli. Projecting portions of pleurae subequal to mid-dorsal length of segments, of 5 not extending to level of telsonic apex. Telson, sides concave, apex acute, slightly impressed dorsally. * Now called Matroosberg on the railway. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 267 Antenna 2 extending to end of peraeon segment 2, 4th joint distinctly longer than 3rd, 5th subequal to 3rd plus 4th, flagellum subequal to 5th, its 1st joint distinctly longer than broad. Peraeopods 1-3 in ¢ as in truncata. Pleopod 1, outer branch usually longer than broad, outer margin in g with a triangular, subacute process about in middle, in 9 sinuous. Fic. 24.—Niambia. a, b, Apex of outer lobe of maxilla 1 of Niambia sensu stricto and Manibia subgen. n. NN. capensis: c, 5th pleon segment and telson, indicating how the relative lengths of the segment (a) and its pleural portion (6) are measured; d, surface and one scale-spine further enlarged, with profile of latter; e, f, spines from peraeopod | of g and Q respectively ; g, h, dorsal and ventral views of peduncle of uropod ; 2, cross-section of peduncle of uropod, dorsal surface uppermost, outer margin to right. Uropod, outer ramus longer than peduncle. Up to 6x 2-5 mm., or slightly larger, up to8x4 mm. Slaty-grey, mottled with paler on head and peraeon, usually a pale lateral mark on each peraeon segment (where the epimera join the segments), each pleon segment with 2 small pale dots, often faint or absent, but when present the two series converge posteriorly, antennae grey, legs more or less suffused, eyes black. Occasionally the peraeon is predominantly yellowish with 3 longitudinal dark stripes. Localitves—Cape Province: Cape Town (Dollfus); Simonstown (Budde-Lund); Cape Peninsula generally (W.F.P., R.M.L., K.H.B.); Riebeck Kasteel (K.H.B.); Gouda (R.M.L.); Citrusdal 268 Annals of the South African Museum. (K.H.B.); Clanwilliam (R.M.L.); Bitterfontein (K.H.B.); Lilyfontein (K. H. B.); Gordons Bay (W. F. P.); Caledon (W. F. P., K. H.B.); River Zonder End (K. H.B.); Swellendam (K. H. B.); Riversdale (K.H.B.); Ceres (W.F.P.); Forebay (KeaSB: Pocaltsdorp and George (W.F.P.); Graaf Reinet and Beaufort West (S. H. H.); Avontuur (W. F. P.); Doorn River, Oudtshoorn Distret (Ss: H:'H: and C..T.): It seems clear that pusilla and marginepapillosa, recorded by Budde- Lund from the same locality as capensis, are synonymous, at least with Budde-Lund’s species. It is not clear whether Budde-Lund actually saw Dollfus’ type, but there is a noticeable conflict between Budde-Lund’s concept of capensis and Dollfus’ figure as regards the extent of the pleurae of pleon segment 5. Nor have I seen among the specimens here referred to capensis any with such slender 2nd antennae as shown in Dollfus’ figure, in which they correspond more with those of a Gerufa than a Niambia. I have, however, seen a Cape Town specimen corresponding exactly in coloration with Dollfus’ description. Panning has recorded pusilla from Penguin Island, off Liideritz- bucht; but unless a large series of specimens is collected at one and the same time and place, the identification of such small specimens is very uncertain. | Similar growth changes to those mentioned under truncata occur in this species also, as regards the antennae and telson. In young ¢ the outer branch of pleopod 1 has the outer margin entire, the pro- jection develops gradually. Like truncata, this species inhabits low levels and the lower slopes of the mountains ; in the Cape Peninsula it does not seem to ascend above 1000 or 1500 feet. I have found it under logs on a sandy beach (Forebay). Niambia formicarum nd. sp. Resembling very closely capensis. Antenna 2 shorter and stouter, reaching only to end of peraeon segment 1, 5th joint not as long as 3rd plus 4th, flagellum slightly shorter than 5th, its lst joint scarcely longer than broad. Eyes small, inconspicuous, 8-9 ocelli. 5-8 x 2:25-4 mm. Uniform pale yellowish or cream, eyes rather pale. Localities. —Cape Province: River Zonder End (K. H. B.) ; Caledon (K.H.B.); Matjesfonten (W.F.P.); Touws River (R.M.L.); Laingsburg (W. F. P.); Prince Albert Pass (W. F. P.) ; Clanwilliam (S.A. Mus.). Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 269 This form is scarcely more than a variety of capensis, though it differs markedly in the number of ocelli. The habitat, however, is different as it seems always to be associated with ants (Messor and Camponotus). Two 929° from a termite nest at Fort Brown (Albany Mus.) appear to belong to this species, but in the absence of g¢ they are not definitely assigned here. Niambia longicauda Brurd. (Fig. 25.) 1924. Niambia (2?) longicauda Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xx, p. 235, fig. 4. Surface minutely granulate. Eyes small, ocelli 10. Projecting portions of pleurae twice mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 extending to level of about 2—? telsonic length. Telson nearly as long as broad, lateral margins strongly concave, converging to long acute apex, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 reaching to, or a trifle beyond, end of peraeon segment 1, 4th joint distinctly, though not greatly, longer than 3rd, 5th slightly longer than 4th, flagellum shorter than 5th, its 2nd joint twice Ist. Peraeopods 1-3 in ¢ as in truncata, but the spines very stout, apically slightly clavate, 3- or 4-dentate. Pleopod 1, outer branch longer than broad, especially in 3, apex rounded, outer margin excised, outer and inner margins in g, outer margin in 9, thickly set with very minute scabrosities. Pleopod 2, outer branch in ¢ subtriangular, longer than broad, apex acute, outer margin minutely scabrous. Uropod, outer ramus subequal to peduncle. 5x2mm. Slaty-grey, with pale markings, antennae and legs pale, uropods more or less suffused. Localities—Damaraland : Sandup (Barnard) ; Tsumeb (K. H. B.) ; Namutoni (K. H. B.); Outjo (K. H. B.). Ovamboland : Andoni (Barnard). Kaokoveld: Kamanyab(K.H.B.); Warmbad (R.F.L.) ; Kaoko Otavi (K. H. B.). A very distinctive species, both in the telson and the pleopods. Manibia subgen. n. Differing from typical Nzambia in having the inner spines of the outer lobe of maxilla 1 strongly serrate. Flagellum of antenna 2 with the 2nd joint 24-3 times the length of the Ist. VOL. Sex, PART 2: 18 270 Annals of the South African Museum. In both the species described below no more than 4 inner spines on the outer lobe of maxilla 1 could be detected (cf. griseo-flavus). This subgenus bears a similar relationship to Niambia as Benthana and Benthanops do to Philoscia. Fic. 25.—Niambia longicauda Brnrd. a, Pleopod 2 ¢ with portion of margin further enlarged ; 6b, penis and pleopod 1 4, outer ramus separated ; c, outer ramus of pleopod 1 9; d, spine from 5th joint of peraeopod 1 @. Niambia (Manibia) lata n. sp. (Figs. 23,7; 24,6; 26.) Unusually broad. Surface minutely granulate. Head deeply sunk in peraeon segment 1, the antero-lateral angles of the latter extending to the anterior margin of eyes. Kyes small, ocelli 10. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 271 Epimera of segments 2-4 in 9 demarcated. Projecting portions of pleurae 14-2 times mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 extending to level of telsonic apex. Telson very short, sides concave, apex acute, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 reaching slightly beyond end of peraeon segment 1, 4th joint slightly longer than 3rd, flagellum a little longer than 5th, its 2nd joint 3 times Ist. Pleopod 1, outer branch in 2 about as long as broad, apex blunt, outer margin angularly incised. Uropod, outer ramus longer than peduncle. Fic. 26.—Niambia (subgen. Manibia) lata n. sp. Head and peraeon segment 1, with scale-spine further enlarged. 4-5x2-8 mm. As preserved, pale grey, with lighter markings, antennae, legs and uropods pale. Locality.—S. Rhodesia: Sanyati Valley (S.A. Mus.). This species is considerably broader proportionately to its length than any other species of Niambia. The single ovigerous 2 was collected by Capt. R. H. Stevenson. Niambia (Manibia) microps n. sp. Not unusually broad. Surface minutely granulate. Head not deeply sunk in peraeon segment 1, resembling typical Niambia. Eyes very small, ocelli 6. Epimera of segments 2—4 in 2 demarcated. Projecting portions of pleurae 1} times mid-dorsal length of seg- ments, 5 extending nearly to level of telsonic apex. Telson very short, sides concave, apex acute, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 reaching to end of peraeon segment 1, 3rd and 4th joints subequal, flagellum equal to 5th, its 2nd joint 23 times Ist. 272 Annals of the South African Museum. Pleopod 1, outer branch in 2 resembling that of lata. Uropod, outer ramus longer than peduncle. 4-5x2 mm. (ovig. 2). As preserved, yellowish with indications of slaty-grey coloration, antennae, legs pale, eyes black. Locality.—Portuguese East Africa: Maxixe, near Inhambane (R. F.L.). Although no ¢ is present, the small number of ocelli indicate that this form is distinct from any of the other species. Gen. GreruFa B-L. 1909. Gerufa. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, ii, p. 58 (subgen. of Porcellio). | HONOR 1 35 Id., Sj6stedt, Kilimandjaro-Meru Exp., im, 21, | Pps 6.950: Surface shagreened, densely covered with usually clavate or battle- dore-shaped scales, which are most numerous laterally and on the margins of the segments, and on telson ; sometimes the scales may be spine-like or apically forked. Head discrete. Hyes large, prominent, ocelli at least 18, usually 20-22. Epimeral sutures present on segments 2-4 in 9. Pleurae of pleon segments 3-5 well developed. Telson short, rounded-triangular, dorsally convex, not impressed. Antenna 2 long, slender, flagellum 2-jointed, 1st joint 4-3 length of 2nd. Mouth-parts as in Niambia (sensu stricto). Peraeopods as in Niambia. Dactylar seta apically acute. Pleopods without pseudotracheae. Uropod, peduncle stout, external surface flattened and impressed, d.e. triquetral in cross-section, the dorsal margin marked by a faint keel, the ventral margin by a strong keel, outer ramus longer than peduncle, slender. Although closely allied to Nambia, this genus is easily distinguished by the flattened outer surface of the peduncle of uropod, and the more slender outer ramus of uropod, and antenna 2. Contrary to what is found in Niambia, where the outer branch of pleopod 1 in ¢ often forms useful specific characters, there is in the present genus a uniformity which renders this appendage of no specific value. In conflict with Budde-Lund’s statement and figure, I find only 4 Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 273 large inner spines on the outer lobe of maxilla 1, as in Niambia. Owing to the refraction of the chitin of these spines, and the frequent overlapping of their bases, an optical illusion is easily possible causing the appearance of a slender and shorter simple spine between two of the apically bifid ones (cf. Budde-Lund’s fig. 46, pl. vi, 1909). The only certain way to determine the number of spines is to separate and splay them with a fine needle before mounting on the slide. The species of this genus are typically mountain forms. This genus is not to be confused with the Eubeline genus Gerutha B-L., 1912. Key to the South African species. 1. Scale-spines clavate, subtriangular. a. Eyes not very large. i. Smaller: 7x3 mm. ; : . ‘ : . harticornis. ii. Larger: 11 x5 mm. : ; : : . 3 montana. b. Eyes very large. ‘ : : : macrops. 2. Scale-spines hair-like, slender, apically forked . : . . marmorata. Gerufa hirticornis B-L. (Fig. 27.) 1909. Gerufa hirtecornis. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, ii, p. 59, pl. vi, figs. 42-56. 1910. * ‘i, Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 442. Surface with numerous low rounded granules, scale-spines sub- triangular, apically truncate. Eyes with 20-22 ocelli. Projecting portions of pleurae 14 times longer than mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 not extending to level of telsonic apex. Telson rounded triangular, sides straight or slightly convex. Antenna 2 reaching to middle or end of peraeon segment 3, with rather long outstanding setae arranged in longitudinal rows. Peraeopods 1-3 in g, 4th and 5th joints with numerous spines on lower surface ; in 2 spines less numerous. The marginal spines in all the peraeopods in both sexes are more or less expanded, in some cases a single expansion on either side, in some cases a double expansion ; sometimes no expansion at all is visible. Pleopod 1, outer branch in g as broad as long, apex blunt, outer margin nearly straight ; in 2 broader than long. Uropod, outer ramus 12 to almost 2 times length of peduncle. 274 Annals of the South African Museum. Up to 7x3 mm. (gg smaller than 99). Slaty-grey, with pale mottling on head and peraeon, a series of pale marks along each side at junctions of epimera, and often another pale mark externally, pleon usually with 2 large pale spots on each segment, the two series diverg- ing posteriorly, telson also with pale marks, antennae, legs and uropods suffused with grey, eyes black. | Localities—Cape Province: Cape Flats (Budde-Lund); Cape Peninsula (K. H. B.); French Hoek (W. F. P.) ; Hottentots Holland ES ea tee Pera - / / A > Fia. 27.—Gerufa hirticornis B-L. a, Head and antenna 2; 6, pleon segment 5 and telson, with scale-spine further enlarged; c, distal joints of peraeopod 1 g, with dactylar seta and 2 spines further enlarged ; d, spine from peraeopod of 2; e, f, outer ramus of pleopod 1 ¢ and Q respectively (inner margin to left) ; g, dorsal view of left uropod; h, ventral view of peduncle of uropod, with outer view and cross-section, in the latter dorsal surface above, outer margin to right. Mts. (K.H.B.); Wellington Mts. (K.H.B.); Great Winterhoek Mts., Tulbagh (K.H.B.); Waaihoek Mts., Goudini (K. H. B.) ; Keeromberg and Hex River Mts., Worcester Distr. (K. H. B.); Riebeck Kasteel Mt. (K.H.B.); Kleinmond Mts. (K.H.B.); Caledon (K.H.B.); Montagu (K.H.B.); Langeberg Mts. at Swellendam, Riversdale, and Heidelberg (K. HH. B.); Seven Weeks Poort Berg in the Zwartberg Range (K. H. B.); Doorn River, N. of Montagu Pass, Outeniqua Range (S.H.H. and C.T.); Cedarberg Mts., Clanwilliam (K. H. B.). The two rows of short stout spines on the 2nd joint of antenna 2 Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 275 shown in Budde-Lund’s figure are not apparent. The irregularity in the occurrence of the expansions on the spines on the peraeopods may possibly be due to some action of the preserving fluid ; neverthe- less these peculiar spines seem to be characteristic. Although Budde-Lund recorded this species from the Cape Flats (coll. Schultze) I have not found it in such low-lying localities ; it occurs on the slopes of the mountains from about 1000 ft. upwards (Cape Peninsula), and is a characteristic mountain woodlouse, living at 5000 ft. on the Great Winterhoek Mts. and Langeberg Range, and 7000 ft. on the Zwartberg Range. The diverging series of large pale spots on the pleon, often confluent into two stripes, are characteristic, though they may be entirely obsolete. Contrast the converging series of small dots in Niambia capensis. Gerufa montana n. sp. (Fig. 28, ¢.) Surface with faint indications of granules, scale-spines rather narrow, apically more or less bifid. HKyes with 20 ocelli. Projecting portions of pleurae 14-2 times longer than mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 extending to level of about two-thirds length of telson. Telson triangular, sides straight, apex narrowly rounded, slightly convex dorsally. Antenna 2 extending to about middle of peraeon segment 3, slender, 4th joint nearly twice as long as 3rd, flagellum shorter than 5th, subequal to 4th, its 1st joint about three-quarters length of 2nd. The rows of outstanding setae relatively shorter and less conspicuous than in hirticornis. Peraeopods and pleopods as in hirticornis. Uropod, outer ramus 1? times length of peduncle. 11x5 mm. Slaty-grey, with lighter markings on either side of median line, pleon uniform, telson with 2 pale dots, epimeral sutures on segments 2-4 in 2 marked with pale lines, antennae grey, legs and uropods more or less suffused, eyes black. Localities.—Cape Province: Great Winterhoek Mts., Tulbagh, 5000 ft. (K.H.B.); Langeberg Range, N. of Riversdale and Heidelberg, 3500-4000 ft. (K. H. B.); Seven Weeks Poort Berg in Zwartberg iramge, (O00 ft. (K. H.B.). - This species resembles hirticornis in the relative size of the eyes and other features, but is a much larger species. 276 Annals of the South African Museum. Gerufa macrops NX. sp. (Fig. 28, a, 6). Surface with faint indications of granules, scale-spines subtriangular, less numerous and narrower than in hirticornis, apically excised. Eyes very large, composed of 18 large ocelli. Projecting portions of pleurae 1-14 times mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 not reaching level of telsonic apex. In other respects resembling herticornis. Fic. 28.—Gerufa. a, b, Head and scale-spine of macrops n. sp.; c, scale-spine of montana n. sp.; d, e, part of 5th pleon segment, and scale-spine of marmorata n. sp. 10x5 mm. (gS smaller). Colour as in hirticornis, but more frequently mottled, z.e. the dark and light colours more equal in proportion, sometimes the pale colour predominating. Localities.—Cape Province: Oudebosch, River Zonder End Mts. (K. H. B.); Swellendam Mts. (K. H. B.). This species is also a mountain species. It does not, however, occur in such open habitats on the slopes or near the crests of the ranges as hirticornis, but in the forest and bush in the ravines. Thus it is common in the Oudebosch at River Zonder End, and in the upper portions of the “ Duivelsbosch ” at Swellendam. Though composed of fewer ocelli than in hirtecornis, the eyes are much larger ; the head looks almost like that of a Ligia. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 277 Gerufa marmorata Nn. sp. (Fig. 28, d, e.) Surface with faint indications of granules, thickly covered with slender spine-like or hair-like scale-spines, with a few scattered longer ones laterally on the epimera and pleura, the scale-spines on the hind margins of the segments and on the telson slender, deeply forked. HKyes with 20 ocelli. Projecting portions of pleurae 14-2 times mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 extending to about level of half telsonic length. Telson rounded-triangular, sides straight or very slightly concave, apex blunt, not dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 extending to end of peraeon segment 2, or middle of 3. Peraeopods and pleopods as in hirticornis. Uropod, outer ramus 14 times length of peduncle. 10-11 x4-5 mm. ($$ smaller). Variously mottled and marbled with slaty-grey, rufous, fulvous brown, orange, or yellow, some specimens predominantly slaty-grey, others rufous, fulvous, or yellowish, antennae and uropods grey, brown or reddish, legs more or less suffused, eyes black. Localities —Cape Province: George (K. H. B.); Wilderness, near Beae (oH AH. and C.T.); Knysna (R. F.L. and J. D:); Keur- booms River (K.H.B.); Doorn River, N. of Montagu Pass, Outeniqua Range (S. H. H. and C. T.). This very beautiful species is common in the bush and forest areas of the above localities. The colour pattern is quite different from that of the other species. Inchanga n.g. Surface thickly covered with scale-spines, obovate in shape. Head discrete, with frontal margin. Eyes small, 8-10 ocelli. Epimera of segments 2—4 in 9 demarcated. Pleurae of pleon segments 3-5 well developed. Telson triangular, apically acute. Antenna 2, flagellum 2-jointed, 2nd much longer than Ist. Mandible with a single free penicil, molar penicil with short stem and several branches, outer margin without spines. Maxilla 1, outer lobe with 4+4 spines, one of the outer spines very slender, 2 of the inner spines feebly bifid, 2 simple ; inner lobe with 2 subequal plumose setae. 278 Annals of the South African Museum. Maxilliped, inner plate with 2 denticles near outer distal corner, and | spine near inner distal corner. Peraeopods 1-3 more strongly spinose in g than 2. Dactylar seta slender, acute. Pleopods with rudimentary pseudotracheae. Uropod, peduncle with fine longitudinal keel on outer margin, and distally slightly excised, inner ramus inserted proximally. This genus somewhat resembles Trichorina, but the peduncle of uropod is like that of Agnara or Angara (= Agabiformius) (subgenera of Porcellio). From Nagara (also a subgen. of Porcellio) it differs in having no spines on outer margin of mandible. The outer lobe of maxilla 1 with its very slender spine is distinctive, though reminiscent | of Thomsenia (p. 258). Inchanga natalensis n. sp. (Fig. 29.) Surface finely and closely covered with larger and smaller granules, the larger ones forming two more or less distinct transverse series on peraeon segments 2-4, and a single series on segments 5-7. Head, frontal margin distinct, costate, slightly produced in middle, lateral lobes small, considerably below level of front margin, rounded, front minutely granulate, slightly bulbous in middle and concave below. Eyes small, 8-10 ocelli. Antero-lateral angles of peraeon segment 1 rounded, reaching eyes. Projecting portions of pleurae twice mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 not reaching telsonic apex. Telson triangular, sides concave, apex acute, dorsally impressed. Antenna 2 reaching only just beyond end of Ist peraeon segment, 3rd and 4th joints subequal, 5th shorter than 3rd plus 4th, flagellum shorter than 5th, its 1st joint one-third length of 2nd. Pleopod 1, outer branch longer than broad, in 3 apex acute, outer margin strongly sinuous, in @ apex subacute, outer margin less sinuous. Uropod, peduncle not quite reaching telsonic apex, outer margin flattened, with a keel on lower margin, and apically shortly incised, outer ramus longer than peduncle, outer margin feebly keeled, inner ramus more than half length of outer ramus, slender. 4-5 ($)-6-5 ()x2-3 mm. Pale straw, faintly irrorated with light grey along the sides of peraeon and pleon, and hind margins of peraeon segments, eyes black. Locality. Natal: Inchanga (K. H. B., 1917). Sa Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 279 Fic. 29.—Inchanga natalensis n.g.,n.sp. a, b, c, Dorsal, frontal, and lateral views of head; d, portion of peraeon segment 2; e, f, apices of inner and outer lobes of maxilla 1; g, dactylus of peraeopod; h, spine from 5th joint of peraeopod 1; 2, outer ramus of pleopod 1 2; Jj, penis and pleopod 1 dg; k, 1, dorsal and ventral views of uropod ; m, outer view of peduncle of uropod ; mn, cross-section of peduncle of uropod, dorsal surface above, outer margin to right ; 0, scale-spine. Inchanga (?) virgiliae n. sp. (Fig. 30.) Peraeon strongly convex, the epimera bent outwards nearly horizontally. Surface with larger and more closely set granules than in natalensis, but covered with similar scale-spines. Granules forming about 5 transverse series on peraeon segment 1, and 3 series on segments 2-7. Head similar in structure to that of natalensis, but the front more strongly produced in the middle line, and the lateral lobes larger and more prominent. Epimera subquadrangular, anterior angle of 1st somewhat acutely produced forwards. Antenna 2 missing. In other respects, including the mouth parts, peraeopods with their spines, and the uropods agreeing with natalensis. 280 Annals of the South African Museum. 45x15 mm. Pale greyish, epimera and pleurae with unusually wide pale margins (dotted line in figure). Locality.—Cape Province: Keurbooms River, Plettenberg Bay District (K. H. B., 1931). A single specimen found under a log on the banks of the estuary (Virgilia capensis, the Keurboom tree). Although resembling natalensis in the structure of the head and the mouth parts, the strongly convex body with its nearly horizontal Fic. 30.—Inchanga (?) virgiliae n. sp. a, Dorsal view of head; b, peraeon segments 1 and 2; c, diagrammatic cross-section of peraeon. epimera is so different that I place the species in the genus Inchanga with some considerable doubt, pending the discovery of more material. Krantzia n.g. Surface sparsely covered with minute obovate scale-spines. Head concrete, lateral margin continued round below eye on to lateral lobe, frontal margin distinct. Eyes small, submarginal, 10 ocelh. Hpimera of segments 2-4 in 2 demarcated. Pleurae of pleon segments 3-5 moderately developed, acute. Telson triangular, apically rounded. Antenna 2, flagellum 2-jointed, Ist joint slightly shorter than 2nd. Mandible with a single free penicil, molar penicil branched, with a short stem, outer margin without spines. Maxilla 1, outer lobe with 4 +4 spines, the inner ones strong, simple. Maxilliped, inner plate with sharp point on inner distal corner, and a subterminal spine. Peraeopods 1-5 with strong fringe of spines in 3, 6 also more strongly spinose in ¢ than in 9, 7 strongly dimorphic in g and 9. Dactylar seta slender, acute. Pleopods without pseudotracheae. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 281 Uropod, peduncle with outer margin entire, keeled, inner ramus inserted proximally. On referring to Budde-Lund’s conspectus of the Oniscine genera (1910, p. 8 sqq.) this form runs down to the genera Nos. 8-13, but none of these have a “ concrete” head. In side view the form of the head closely resembles that of Sunniva (cf. Budde-Lund in Voeltkow, Reise, pl. xu, fig. 2), but the margins of the first 2 peraeon segments are not cleft posteriorly. This latter character will also exclude Saidjahus and Amboumnia (for the latter see Omer-Cooper, 1926, p. 352, where the name is erroneously spelt ““Ambouina’’) among the Spherillonine genera with biarticulate flagellum to antenna 2. In general appearance this form is a Porcellionid, and the modifica- tion of the 7th peraeopod in ¢$ resembles that in certain species of Porcellio (Sars, 1898) or Periscyphis (Omer-Cooper, 1926). Krantza poecila n. sp. (Fig. 31.) Surface with scattered minute scale-spines, chiefly laterally and on hind margins of segments, and on telson. Head, front margin bluntly produced beyond level of lateral lobes, disappearing laterally above the eyes, lateral lobes rounded, a slight transverse groove behind frontal margin, front with slight median vertical ridge, concave below. LHyes small, ocelli 10. Projecting portions of pleurae subequal to mid-dorsal length of segments, 5 not reaching to level of telsonic apex. Telson broader than long, triangular, apex broadly rounded, sides slightly concave. Antenna 2 slender, reaching middle of peraeon segment 3, 4th joint twice 3rd, 5th not quite as long as 3rd plus 4th, flagellum shorter than 5th, its Ist joint two-thirds length of 2nd. Peraeopods 1-5 in g, 4th and 5th joints with dense fringe of apically expanded spines, 6th with a few spinules and setules on inner margin ; in 9 4th and 5th joints with few spines. Peraeopod 6 in 9, 4th and 5th joints with simple spines and setules on inner margin; in 9 similar but spines less numerous. Peraeopod 7 in ¢ stronger than the other peraeopods, 3rd joint lobed on anterior surface of the outer margin, inner apex produced in a short subacute point, 4th shorter and narrower than 3rd, its lower (inner) margin keeled, basal angle subquadrate, 5th cylindrical, longer than 4th, 6th longer and narrower than 5th; in 2 not differing from peraeopod 6. Dactylar seta in all peraeopods slender, acute. 282 Annals of the South African Museum. Pleopod 1, outer branch in ¢ ovoid, apically bluntly rounded, outer margin slightly excised apically, inner branch very stout, apex curved outwards ; in 2 outer branch transversely oblong. Uropod, peduncle broader than long, outer margin entire, keeled, outer ramus longer than inner, which itself is slightly longer than peduncle, outer margin of outer ramus deeply grooved. 5-5 x2 mm. (3g), 6-5 x 2°75 mm. (2). Pale straw colour, marbled with brown or purplish brown, a medio-dorsal dark line more or less 3 ¥ ee) Cae Fic. 31.—Kranizia poecila n.g., n. sp. a, 6, c, Dorsal, frontal, and lateral views of head; d, scale-spine ; e, distal joints of peraeopod 1 ¢, with frontal and profile views of spines further enlarged; f, g, 2nd—4th joints of peraeopod 7g and Q respectively ; h, penis and pleopod 1 ¢ ; 7, outer ramus pleopod 1 9 (inner margin to right); j, 5th pleon segment and telson; k, J, ventral and dorsal views of uropod ; m, cross-section of peduncle of uropod, outer margin to right. pn J distinct, 1st-3rd joints of antennae pale, rest brown, legs and uropods pale, eyes black. Localities.—Natal: Krantzkop, Pietermaritzburg, and Inchanga (K.H.B., 1917). The spines of the anterior peraeopods in ¢ in an ordinary mounted preparation appear to be simply hooked, the points being deflexed proximally. When specially mounted, however, they are seen to be apically expanded, as shown in the figure. Spines of this shape have not been found as yet in any other South African woodlouse. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 283 Hiatoniscus n.g. Head concrete. Eyes marginal. Epimera more or less discon- tiguous. Pleon rather broad, pleurae lamellate. Telson triangular, apically produced. Flagellum of antenna 2 2-jointed. Mandible with 1 free penicil, molar penicil consisting of a tuft of setae. Inner spines on outer lobe of maxilla 1 bifid, inner lobe with apex scarcely wider than the bases of the 2 subequal elongate, plumose setae. Maxilla 2 with the outer apical division (representing the outer lobe) largerthaninner. Mazxilli- ped with inner plate spinulose. Peraeopods 1-3 in § with rather more numerous spines than in 2; peraeopod | in g with large patch of spinules on anterior surface of 5th joint. Peraeopod 7 not sexually dimorphic. Dactylar seta on all peraeopods simple, acute. Five pairs of brood lamellae. Pleopods without pseudotracheae. Uropod, peduncle rather thin dorso-ventrally, and thinning to the outer edge, which is sharply keeled, and extends without bifurcation to the insertion of outer ramus, inner ramus inserted basally, longer than outer ramus. Resembling Oniscus in the pleopods and uropods, but with a 2- jointed antennal flagellum. It differs, however, from both Oniscus and Porcellio in the concrete head, and the 2nd maxillae and mandibles. The uropod is remarkably like that of Periscyphis or Hiallum. The name is taken from the gaps between the epimera in the first species. There is a superficial resemblance to Mahehia B-L., 1912, but the plumose setae on inner lobe of maxilla 1 constitute a decisive difference. Key to the species. 1. Depressed, granulate, with gaps between epimera 2 ‘ : griseus. 2. Convex, smooth, no gaps between epimera : ; ‘ - contractus. Hiatoniscus griseus n. sp. (Fig. 32, a-1.) Body subdepressed. Surface strongly granulate. Frontal margin of head forming a wide, gently convex lobe, a deep groove behind the raised edge, marginal line continuous with the lateral lobe (antennary tubercle) and fading out on the front below the frontal margin, front of the head with a slightly raised vertical ridge ; eyes marginal, with about 24 ocelli. | Antero-lateral angles of peraeon segment 1 reaching nearly to 284 Annals of the South African Museum. lateral lobes of head. Transverse rows of rounded tubercles in 5 series on segment 1, in 3 series on segments 2-6, and 2 series on segment 7. Anterior margins of epimera of segments 2-7 more or less obliquely bevelled off. A single transverse row of tubercles on each of pleon segments 1-5. Telson longer than basal width, distally produced into a subacute point, 2-3 transverse rows of tubercles, but always a pair of tubercles at the base (laterally) of the apical depression or groove. AFA 2 Sco o vu 2avVey #is Yes 2a 2 2 OTN PIG gs VIDIO ‘ b.599 2255539950 ofp oo ve 92 22 2G M2 3 333233355 Fie. 32.—Hiatoniscus griseus n.g., n. sp. a, Whole animal; 3, c, lateral and frontal views of head; d, apex of mandible; e, distal joints peraeopod 1 J, with spines further enlarged ; f, dactylus of peraeopod ; g, penis and pleopod 1¢; h, pleopod 2 3; 7, dorsal view of uropod, with cross-section of peduncle, dorsal surface uppermost, outer margin to left. H. contractus n. sp.: 9, telson and uropod ; &, inner lobe of maxilla 1. Antenna 2, 2nd joint not strongly expanded internally, 5th half as long again as 4th, flagellum shorter than 5th joint, 2nd joint nearly twice length of Ist. Mandibles with cutting edge entire or feebly tridentate, secondary cutting edge obscurely bifid, one free penicil, molar penicil consisting of a tuft of setae. Maxilla 1, inner spines of outer lobe bifid. Maxilla 2, outer apical division larger than inner division. Maxilliped, inner plate with 2 spinules on inner and 2 on outer apex. Peraeopods 1-3 in § without a strong brush of spines, but with more spines than in 9; peraeopod 1 with a patch of short spinules on inner anterior surface of 5th joint. Pleopod 1 in 3, inner branch tapering to a fine acute point, outer Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 285 branch cordiform, with outer margin excised (as in Oniscus asellus). Pleopod 2 in 3, outer branch with inner angle strongly and slenderly produced. Uropod, peduncle oblong, longer than broad, outer ramus short, subequal to width of peduncle, inner ramus inserted basally, half as long again as outer ramus. Uptollx6mm. Slaty-grey on a semi-transparent whitish ground colour, the grey portions being chiefly the lateral parts of the peraeon and pleon, the posterior margins of the segments, tubercles, and the front of the head above insertion of the antennae, eyes black; in alcohol the whole animal, except the eyes, fades to a yellowish white. Localities.—Cape Province: Table Mt. and Kalk Bay Mts., Cape Peninsula (K. H. B.); Hottentots Holland Mts. (K. H. B.); Zwartberg at Caledon (K. H. B.). This species only occurs at the upper levels, in the ravines and in damp places near krantzes at the top of the mountains. It is found under stones, but prefers living under one stone resting on another rather than under stones resting directly on the ground. Hiatoniscus contractus n. sp. (Fig. 32, 7, k.) Body convex. Surface minutely squamulose-granulose, the lateral rugae very feebly developed. Head similar to that of griseus, but the epistome relatively more gibbous in consequence of its being less excavated on either side of the middle line for the reception of the 2nd antennae; lateral lobes (antennary tubercles) in dorsal view less prominent, rounded. Epimera without any unusual intervening gaps. Telson apically less acute than in griseus, rounded, dorsally with shallow median longitudinal groove almost from base to apex. Antenna 2, flagellum with Ist joint much shorter than 2nd, scarcely more than one-quarter its length. Peraeopods rather stouter than in griseus. Uropod, inner ramus a little longer than peduncle and extending to apex of telson. 7x3 mm. Slaty-grey, with subparallel series of pale marks in the position of the lateral rugae on peraeon segments. The Rivers- dale specimens are more abundantly marked with paler, there being a medio-dorsal stripe and a series of marks at junctions of epimera with their segments. VObe MkX, PART 2. 19 286 Annals of the South African Museum. Localities —Cape Province: Langeberg Mts. at Swellendam and Riversdale, 3000-4500 ft. (K. H. B., 1925, 1926). Hxcept as regards the above characters this species resembles griseus. The peraeopods are armed in the same manner and with the same types of spines. Gen. Ruyscotus B-L. 1879. Stenomacrus. Budde-Lund, Prosp. Gen. spec. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 5 (nom. nud.) 1885. Rhyscotus. Id., Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 191. 1905. NP Richardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54, p- 630. 1905. Hypergnathus. Id., ibid., p. 631. 1908. Rhyscotus. Budde-Lund in Voeltzkow, Reise, ii, p. 298 (conspectus spec.). - 1928. 4 Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc., i, p. 586 (morpho- logy of head). 1928. 3 Id., Quart. J. Microsc. Sei, thea aen (hermaphroditism). 1930. c. Arcangeli, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, xxv, p. 30. Head discrete. Epistome (Jackson: frontal lamina) strongly gibbous, separated from head by a groove. Pleon narrower than peraeon, but not much narrower, pleurae of segments 3-5 moderate or rather small. Telson triangular. Antenna 2, flagellum 2-jointed, the joints subequal, or 2nd longer than Ist. Mandible with one free penicil, molar penicil composed of a tuft of plumose setae. Maxilla 1, outer lobe with 4+1+5 spines, one very slender spine adjoining the 4 strong outer ones, the inner 5 (or 4 of them) minutely serrate or pectinate ; inner lobe with 2 subequal plumose setae. Maxilla 2 broad at base, tapering to bilobed apex. Maxilliped very broad, inner plate and palp reduced, the latter broad and apically rounded. Peraeopods, anterior ones apparently not more strongly spinose in 6 than in 2; ungues either long and simple, or short with a vesicle below them. 7th peraeopod apparently not dimorphic. Pleopod 1 without, pleopods 2-5 with rudimentary, pseudotracheae. Uropod, peduncle neither channelled nor keeled on outer surface, inner ramus inserted proximally, outer ramus longer than inner. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 287 On account of the bulbous epistome and the form of the maxilliped Budde-Lund considered that this genus should be placed in a distinct subfamily (1904, p. 36, and 1908, p. 298). The genus is known from Central and South America, West Indies, Comoro Islands, French Congo, and South West Africa. This distribution is interesting, especially as species with the long ungues and species with the short ungues and vesicles are found both in America and Africa. Jackson has shown that the species of this genus are protandrous hermaphrodites, and that the external male genitalia are retained throughout life even in the female phase. Rhyscotus bicolor Brnrd. (Fig. 33.) 1924. Rhyscotus bicolor. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xx, p. 235. Ise . e Brian, Rev. Suisse Zool., xxxvi, p. 435, figs. 17-30 bis (var. angolae). Surface regularly but somewhat sparsely granulate, on the pleon the granulation confined to the hind margins of the segments, with sometimes a faint additional transverse row across the middle of each segment. Hpistome minutely rugulose. Hyes with about 14 ocelli. Postero-lateral angles of peraeon segments 1-3 rounded, 4 and 5 subquadrate, 6 and 7 acute. Telson broader than long, sides strongly concave, apex acute. Antenna 2, 5th joint longer than 4th, flagellum equal to 4th, its two joints subequal, usually the Ist slightly longer than 2nd. Maxilla 1, only 4 (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5) of the inner series of spines on outer lobe pectinate, the remaining one (No. 4) shorter and simple. Peraeopods, distal margins of 3rd—5th joints with short stout: close-set spines; ungues simple, long, without vesicles. Anterior peraeopods in ¢ not specially spinose, all the spines simple. Penis widest at base, tapering evenly, the ventral surface sculptured with minute scabrosities. Pleopod 1 in g, inner branch tapering to a slender point, inner margin minutely spinulose. Uropod, peduncle oval in cross-section, distal margin externally with a small semicircular excision, inner ramus subequal to peduncle, outer ramus externally grooved. 288 Annals of the South African Museum. Up to 12x 4:5 mm. (3). Slaty-grey, head and peraeon obscurely marked with more or less longitudinal light yellowish spots, postero- lateral angles of peraeon segments and the peduncle of uropod yellow, legs and 1st and 2nd joints (or Ist-3rd) of antennae pale yellow, outer branches of pleopods grey, outer ramus of uropod grey or pale yellow, eyes black. In some examples the whole of the peraeon is orange- yellow, and all gradations between the extreme colorations may occur. Fic. 33.—Rhyscotus bicolor Brnrd. a, b, Frontal and lateral views of head; c, distal joints peraeopod 1 4, with spine further enlarged ; d, apex of outer lobe of maxilla 1; e, maxilla 2; f, inner plate and palp of maxilliped ; g, penis and pleopod 1 4, with surface sculpturing of penis further enlarged; h, pleopod 23; 2,9, 3rd and 5th pleopods; k, dorsal view of uropod, with cross-section of peduncle ; /, outer view of peduncle of uropod. Localities —Ovamboland: Ongandjera and Kunene River (K.H.B.). Kaokoveld: Warmbad and Zesfontein (R.F.L.); Kaoko Otavi and neighbourhood (K. H. B.). Damaraland: Belina, near Outjo (K. H.B.). Angola: Vila da Ponte, Kubango River (Brian). The species is common in the north-west of the Kaokoveld and Ovamboland regions of South West Africa, the most southerly and easterly locality being Outjo. Its nearest relative seems to be globiceps B—L. from Loango in the French Congo (fig. 39). Of the numerous (nearly 100) specimens from the above localities all are males. Not being aware at the time of collection (Ovamboland, 1923; Kaokoveld, 1926) that the members of this genus exhibited protandry, I made no special examination of the specimens or search Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 289 for females. The largest 3d are ripe, as is shown by the congealed mass of sperm on the penis and Ist pleopods, evidently squeezed out when the animals were put into alcohol. The pseudotracheae in this species seem to be slightly different from those figured by Budde-Lund for ortonedae (1908, Voeltzkow, Reise, vol. li, p. 17, figs. 24-28). On the 2nd—4th pleopods there are four tubular structures running subparallel from base to apex; on the 3rd and 4th pleopods there is an oval clear space in the middle of the appendage. In pleopod 5 there are two more or less distinct clear spaces, but no tubes. Whether these structures really are tubes, tracheal or vascular, could not be determined ; the second one from the inside appears to be definitely a tube, while the others appear more like clear spaces. Fam. ARMADILLIDIIDAE. 1885. Armadilloidea. |Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 14. 1898. Armadillidudae. Sars, Crust. Norw., ui, p. 187. 1904. Armadillidae. Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 96. 1910. Armadilloidea. Id., Sjéstedt, Kilimandjaro-Meru Exp., ii, ppe es 9, LO 1910. Armadillidiuidae or Cubaridae. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 444. 1922. wy Wabhrberg, Ark. Zool., xv, p. 195. First antenna 3—-jointed. Second antenna, sockets usually small, flagellum 2-3-jointed. Mouth-parts as in Omiscidae. Penis and pleopods as in Oniscidae. Five pairs of brood lamellae ; cotyledons present (fig. 13). Uropods exposed, but short, not extending beyond telson and pleurae of last pleon segment, outer ramus if large inserted terminally, if small usually not inserted terminally. As Armadillidium Brdt. apparently precedes Cubaris Brdt. (see Stebbing, Willey’s Zool. Res., v, p. 649, 1900), the family must un- fortunately follow the longer generic name, unless the structure of the uropod is considered important enough to justify two families. In spite of Stebbing’s exposition (loc. cit., 1900) of the invalidity of Armadillo (as the name of a Crustacean), Budde-Lund not only uses the name in 1904, but in 1909 uses it as a subgenus with type officinalis Desm. This subgenus therefore needs renaming. Van Name (1920, p- 97, footnote) has stated that Cubaris as a subgenus must be used for the “ typical Old World section ” of the group. But Budde-Lund 290 Annals of the South African Museum. has already used Cubaris for the subgenus of which murinus Brdt. is the type. It seems, therefore, as if Pentheus Koch might suit for the officinalis section (see Budde-Lund, 1885, p. 50 and 1904, p. 97), but I do not definitely propose this as I have had access to the works of neither Brandt nor Koch. I consider, however, that Budde-Lund’s subgenera may well be elevated to the rank of genera, in spite of certain forms which appear to be somewhat transitional and thus soften the sharp lines of demarcation drawn by Budde-Lund. For example, aenigma and cingulatus (pp. 372, 373), which in struc- ture of the head and number of mandibular penicils are forms of Diploexochus, have the very broad pronotum characteristic of Bethalus and Cubaris. On the other hand macrodens (p. 311) is a Bethalus as ' 2 SOS y? Sy av Sy ay oe a a b Fic. 34.—Apex of left mandible of : a, Bethalus ; 6, Cubaris; showing in the one case a single free penicil, and in the other several penicils. aw . regards the head and mandible, but has an unusually narrow pro- notum. It seems to me that the characters of the head and mandible are likely to be of greater phylogenetic significance than the width of the pronotum, in which there is every gradation from the very narrow, almost “linear ”’ form (e.g. officinalis, formicarum), to the very broad form (secutor, aenigma) occupying one-quarter or even one-third of the dorsal length of the segment (see fig. 75, e). In the following key, therefore, the importance of the pronotum is subordinated to the characters of the head and the mandible. The character of the epimeron of the Ist peraeon segment also shows so many transitions from the typical Bethalus type (thin, expanded, with small, more or less rudimentary internal tooth) to that of Diploexochus (more or less thickened, with the outer margin of the internal tooth continued forwards as a raised line or ridge, thus forming a more or less extensive groove between it and the actual margin), that hard and fast divisions are not possible (cf., e.g., the figures of limbatus, barbertoni, macrodens, aenigma, nigricans, orphanus). The subdivision of the old “‘ Cubaris ’ complex is therefore still Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 291 open to revision. But there is no doubt that the characters used by Budde-Lund are worthy of close examination, and the description of a species of ‘‘ Cubaris,”’ which omits all mention of the mandibular penicils and the pronotum, must be regarded as inadequate. The position of some of the species described below I myself regard as unsatisfactory and subject to revision when further collecting has brought together more material. Although included in the generic diagnoses, the groove on the anterior surface of the 5th joint of peraeopod 1 is a feature without much significance. It does not seem to have been mentioned before except by Wahrberg for Buddelundia (1922, p. 209), but occurs apparently throughout the family more or less conspicuously developed (Armadillidium, “‘ Cubaris ” officinalis, etc.), and in both sexes. Key to the South African genera. T. The space between telson and pleura of 5th pleon segment filled by the peduncle of uropod, the outer ramus of which is narrow, terete, often very small, and inserted more or less on the internal margin of peduncle. A. Telson triangular. _l. Antennary tubercles combined with lateral lobes of frontal line (figs. 35, 36, 37). a. Margin of peraeon segment | typically thickened, reflexed, and separated by a groove. Outer ramus of uropod inserted terminally : : E . Periscyphis. b. Margin of peraeon segment 1 iis a: reflexed, not separated - by a groove. Outer ramus of uropod inserted on inner margin of peduncle . : : : Hekelus. 2. Antennary tubercles forming distinct Fabbed ridges on epistome (fig. 38) : : : : . Lxzaes. B. Telson more or less quadrangular or Guten esteeen apical margin broadly rounded or truncate. Antennary tubercles not distinct. 1. Mandible with 1 free penicil (fig. 34, a). a. Lateral marginal line of head disconnected from epistome (fig. 46). Pronotum broad, at least one-fifth (except macrodens) : : : : : Bethalus. 6. Lateral marginal line continued on to aegianome (fig. 77). i. Pronotum broad. a. Epimera discontiguous, margin of Ist thin Akermania. fp. Epimera contiguous, margin of Ist grooved through- out its length, hind corner cleft Synarmadillo. ii. Pronotum usually narrow. a. Postero-lateral corner of peraeon segment 1 not cleft : ‘ : . Polyacanthus. B. Postero-lateral corner of peraeon segment 1 cleft Diploexochus. 292 Annals of the South African Museum. 2. Mandible with several ee ee 34, b). a. Pronotum broad . ; ; : Cubaris. 6. Pronotum narrow . s Anchicubaris. II. The space between telson and pleura of 5th ton ssatnahi filled by the broad, spatulate outer ramus of uropod, attached terminally to the peduncle which is not (or scarcely) visible dorsally . : : Armadillidium. Synarmadillo Dollf. is included in the above key, as it occurs in tropical Africa and Madagascar, and has been found in the Belgian Congo (van Name, 1920). See Arcangeli, Atti Soc. It. Sc. Nat., Ixvi, 1927. Gen. PERISCYPHIS Gerst. 1873. Periscyphis. Gerstaecker, in von der Decken, Reise, iii, pt. 2, p. 525. 1885. Cercocytonus. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 42. 1885. Periscyphs. Id., abid., p. 293. 1904. a Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 37. 1908. X Id., in Voeltzkow, Reise, ii, p. 278. 1909. 3 Id., Res. Swed. Zool. Exp. White Nile, pt. 3, Terr. Isop:, p- 40: 1926. os Omer-Cooper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 354 (revision of genus). 1929: - Arcangeli, Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, v, INON 23, 3pe il: Head concrete ; frontal marginal line usually interrupted in middle, feeble, sometimes complete; antennary tubercles combined with frontal line. Hyes well developed. Peraeon segment 1 with (except in two species and one n. sp. described below) margin thickened (Omer-Cooper: “ girdle ’’) and separated from rest of segment by a more or less deep groove. Pos- tero-lateral corner entire. Margins of segments 2 and 3 not thickened either dorsally or ventrally in typical species. Pronotum broad. Pleurae moderately or well developed. Telson triangular, sides concave, apex acute. Antenna 1, 3rd joint not elongate, with apical tuft of setae. An- tenna 2, flagellum 2-jointed, Ist joint not shorter than 2nd in typical species. Mandible with one free penicil; molar penicil a single strong, more or less branched, plumose seta. Maxilla 1, outer lobe with 4+5 (6) spines, all entire in typical species ; inner lobe with 2 rather long setae. Maxilla 2 broad, inner lobe small, outer lobe much Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 293 expanded, a small lobe below latter on outer margin. Mazxilliped, inner plate spinose, palp slender, not drawn out into processes. Peraeopods 1-3 or 4 (? in all species) in 3 with strong fringe of spines on 4th and 5th joints. Peraeopod 7 with 3rd joint often more strongly expanded on anterior margin in $ than in 9. Pleopods 1 and 2 with pseudotracheae. Uropod, peduncle large, outer edge flattened, thin, inner ramus inserted proximally, outer ramus small or minute, often inserted subterminally on dorsal surface. Omer-Cooper has given a very valuable revision of this genus, which is entirely African in distribution, occurring chiefly in the north- eastern region but extending southwards to Nyasaland. The first described South African species, by an unfortunate error, was attributed to the Eubeline genus Periscyphops, and thus was responsible for the institution of Brian’s species. It conflicts with Omer-Cooper’s diagnosis in one or two points. The margins of peraeon segments 1-3 are thickened ventrally, the 2nd and 3rd only slightly ; the Ist flagellar joint of antenna 2 is much shorter than the 2nd; the inner series of spines on outer lobe of maxilla 1 comprises 6 spines, 3 of which are apically notched, 3 simple, one of the latter being shorter than the rest. Peraeopods 1-4 in the ¢ are strongly fringed ; this may not actually be a difference, as Omer-Cooper only mentions peraeopod 1 as being strongly fringed and says no detailed study was made of the 2nd-6th peraeopods. The spines composing these fringes are of a different shape from those of trivialis figured by Omer-Cooper ; this may be only a specific character. On account of the above differences it seems advisable to separate kunenensis from the typical species of Periscyphis, though it may be doubted whether the differences should be accorded more than subgeneric value. For remarks on the brood-pouch, and an objection to Omer- Cooper’s terminology, see supra, p. 225. Key to the South African species. 1. Antenna 2, flagellar joints subequal, or Ist longer than 2nd. Maxilla 1, inner spines of outer lobe simple : : : : : . Periscyphis. Girdle absent ; ; : : : : : : . chindeensis. 2. Antenna 2, Ist joint much shorter than 2nd. Maxilla 1, some of the inner spines on outer lobe trifid. : : : : : . Angaribia. Girdle present, well developed _—_. : : 5 : . kunenensis. 294 Annals of the South African Museum. Periscyphis chindeensis n. sp. (Fig. 35.) Surface smooth, minutely granulate. Head with marginal line continued round lower margin of eye on to lateral lobes and across the front, but frontal line not raised or even strongly marked. Peraeon segment 1, girdle completely absent, margin not thickened, postero-lateral corner as in kunenensis (fig. 36) ; segments 2 and 3 with margin not thickened. Pronotum §. Telson broader than long, sides deeply concave, apex subacute. } ee, rv neat 24) YG pas 4 Yat Ye Ys =A Fie. 35.—Periscyphis chindeensis n. sp. a, 6b, Dorsal and frontal views of head ; c, uropod ; d, peraeopod 1 ¢; e, f, g, three views of spines from 5th joint of peraeopods 1-3 ¢. Antenna 2, 5th joint 13 times 4th, flagellum ? length of 5th joint, the two flagellar joints subequal. Maxilla 1 typical, outer lobe with 4+5 spines, all the latter simple. Peraeopods 1-3 in 3g, 5th joint with strong apically expanded and hooked spines set in 3 rows on lower margin, lower apex of 4th joint also with 2-3 similar spines in peraeopods 1 and 2, but not in peraeopod 3. Pleopod 1 3 as in wittatus Omer-Cooper. Uropod, peduncle with basal width greater than length, inner ramus not nearly reaching inner distal angle of peduncle, outer ramus about % length of inner, inserted terminally. 75x4 mm. Yellowish-white, a very faint dark median stripe Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 295 (mainly due to the gut showing through), and a series of obscure dark oval or subtriangular spots laterally (at position of junctions of epimera), one on each of peraeon segments 1-7 and pleon segments 3-5, antennae and legs pale, eyes black. Locality.—Portuguese East Africa : Chinde, mouth of the Zambezi River (K. H. B., 1912). The single § specimen was found in the sand dunes near the shore. In the absence of a girdle or any groove on peraeon segment 1 this species resembles vittatus Omer-Cooper and civilis B-L., but the head is hke that of latissimus Omer-Cooper. As regards the flagellum of antenna 2 and maxilla 1 it is a typical Periscyphis. The most re- markable feature is the expanded and hook-like spines on the anterior peraeopods. They are so different from those of triwvialis as figured by Omer-Cooper, and kunenensis, that it appears quite likely that the spines on the anterior peraeopods of the g might afford specific characters ; Omer-Cooper did not specially examine this feature. Angaribia subgen. n. Peraeon segments 1-3 with the margins ventrally thickened. First joint of flagellum of antenna 2 much shorter than 2nd joint. Maxilla 1, outer lobe with some of the spines of the inner series apically notched (trifid). Peraeopods 1-4 strongly fringed in ¢ with trifid spines. The name is taken from the Arabic: angarib, a couch, in allusion to the flat brood-lamellae on which the eggs and embryos lie, though this feature is found throughout the Armadillidid series (cf. p. 225). Periscyphis (Angaribia) kunenensis (Brnrd.). 1924. Periscyphops Cimenonsts Barnard, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xx, p: Zol! 1931. Periscyphis monardt. Brian, Rev. Suisse Zool., xxxviii, p- 430, figs. 1-16 bis. Surface smooth, minutely granulate. Head with marginal line continued round lower margin of eye on to lateral lobe, but not con- tinuous across front ; front with a median vertical low rounded ridge ; limits of frontal and dorsal parts of head clearly defined, but without any actual line except immediately next the eye where there is a slight transverse impression. Upper margin of clypeus well marked, slightly notched medianly. nth —— 296 Annals of the South African Museum. Girdle well developed, without any anterior depression (i.e. it is convex right around to the anterior margin), extending nearly to postero-lateral corner of segment; margin of segment 1 thickened ventrally as well as dorsally ; antero-lateral margins of segments 2 and 3 slightly thickened ventrally. Pronotum 3. Telson about as broad as long, apex rounded, but not broadly, sides strongly concave. Antenna 2, 5th joint 14 times 4th, flagellum shorter than 5th joint, its 1st joint one-half length of 2nd. Maxilla 1, three (Nos. 1, 3, 4) of the six spines of inner series on outer f Fie. 36.—Periscyphis (subgen. Angaribia n.) kunenensis (Brnrd.). a, Whole animal; 6, side-view of head and peraeon segment 1; c, front view of head ; d, spine from peraeopod 1; e, f, apices of inner and outer lobes of maxilla 1 ; g, ventral surface of peraeon segments 1-3; h, dorsal view of uropod, with cross-section of peduncle, dorsal surface above, outer margin to right. lobe apically notched, trifid, the 5th spine shorter than the others ; inner lobe with outer distal angle rather strongly rounded. Maxilla 2 and maxilliped as in Omer-Cooper’s figs. 10-12. Peraeopods 1-4 3, 4th and 5th joints strongly spinose, the spines apically trifid, the median point much longer than the others. Pleopod 1 g as in wndulata, Omer-Cooper’s fig. 41. Pseudotracheae on pleopods 1 and 2 very rudimentary. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, inner distal angle projecting beyond outer angle, inner ramus extending nearly to inner distal angle of peduncle, outer ramus terminal, one-half length (or nearly) of inner ramus. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 297 Up to 10-11x 4 mm. (g¢¢ smaller than 99). Slaty-grey with faint lighter marks dorsally, arranged more or less in two series, usually a pale spot laterally on each peraeon segment at position of junctions of epimera, legs and first 3 joints of antennae pale, uropods pale orange, eyes black. In the Kaokoveld specimens the dorsal light marks are more or less confluent into large light patches; in some specimens the light colour predominates, but the pleon is nearly always uniformly dark, though the pleurae of segment 5 are pale sometimes. There is one completely pale (albino) 2 from Kaoko Otavi, even the eyes being brown instead of black. Localities —Ovamboland: Kunene River and Mafa (Barnard). Kaokoveld: Kamanyab and Kaoko Otavi (K. H. B., 1926). Angola: Vila da Ponte, Rio Mbalé, Kubango River (Brian). This species has several points of likeness to the Abyssinian undulata Omer-Cooper, thus the girdle, shape of telson, uropods, and pleopod 1 ii". The Kaokoveld specimens are larger and more strongly mottled than those collected in Ovamboland. Hekelus n.g. Head concrete; lateral marginal line continued past eyes on to lateral lobes of frontal line, which in front view is strongly declivous laterally, and interrupted in middle by a raised cuneiform narrow shield. Antennary tubercles combined with lateral lobes of frontal line. Epimera contiguous, margin of Ist thin, not reflexed. Hind margin of peraeon segment 1 sinuous. Pronotum very broad. Pleon rather narrow. ‘Telson triangular. Antenna 2 with 2-jointed flagellum. Mandible with a single free penicil. Maxilla 1 with some of the inner spines on outer lobe bifid, inner lobe apically scarcely wider than the bases of the 2 subequal slender and elongate plumose setae. Maxilliped with spinulose inner plate, and palp without setose processes. Peraeopod | with groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod, peduncle broad, proximally, apically narrowing, outer ramus cylindrical, rather stout, inserted on inner margin, inner ramus long. 298 Annals of the South African Museum. The head seems to bear most resemblance to that of Scleropactes (Jackson, 1928, fig. 16), one of the Spherillonine genera. There is a certain similarity to Adinda B-L. (of which Paraperiscyphis Stebb. is a Synonym) in the uropod, but the maxilliped has no setose processes on the palp. Hekelus episimus 0. sp. (Fig. 37.) Body rather narrow, strongly convex. Surface minutely granul- ate. Rugae distinct. Head strongly convex dorsally, with 2 shallow grooves from posterior margin converging forwards and petering out Fic. 37.—Hekelus episimus n.g.,n. sp. a, b, c, Frontal, dorsal, and lateral views of head ; d, dorsal view of uropod ; e, telson. before reaching the projecting cuneiform process on epistome. LHyes rather large, 18-20 ocelli. Peraeon segment 1 with epimeral margin thin, subvertical, not reflexed. No internal lamina or tooth on either segment 1| or 2. Pronotum of segment 2 one-third, of posterior segments nearly one- half the dorsal length of segment. Pleon rather narrow, pleurae slender. Telson triangular, broader than long, apex narrowly rounded, dorsally unsculptured, strongly convex proximally, less so distally. Antenna 2, 2nd joint slightly broader and shorter than 4th, 5th 11 times 4th, flagellum equal to 4th joint, its 2nd joint 2-24 times Ist. Tracheal areas on pleopods small. Uropod, peduncle oblong, stout proximally, narrowing distally to an asymmetrically rounded apex which projects beyond apex of pleurae of pleon segment 5, outer ramus extending almost to apex Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 299 of peduncle, inner ramus long, extending to level of apex of outer ramus and almost to apex of telson. 7x2-75 mm. Dark slaty-grey, sometimes, especially in young, with a series of paler spots at junctions of epimera, eyes black, antennae and legs slaty-grey. Localities.—Cape Province: Table Mt. and Kalk Bay Mt., Cape Peninsula (K. H. B.) ; Noordhoek Forest, Cape Peninsula (K. H. B.). The Noordhoek Forest (altitude 500 ft.) specimens have a more narrowly pointed telson, and are definitely mottled; but otherwise they are not distinguishable from the specimens from higher altitudes. This woodlouse lives amongst leaves and humus in the forest and bush-filled kloofs on the mountain slopes. Eixzaes n.g. Head concrete ; antennary tubercles forming distinct ridges over the antennal sockets ; epistome with a median triangular raised shield. Peraeon segment 1 with epimeral margin reflexed, hind corner cleft. Segment 2 with ridge on lower surface near anterior margin, but no tooth. Pronotum very broad. Telson triangular. Antenna 2 with 2-jointed flagellum. Mandible with a single free penicil. Maxilla 1 with 9 spines on outer lobe, 3 or 4 of the inner ones feebly bifid, inner lobe with 2 slender subequal plumose setae, outer apex of lobe rounded. Peraeopod | with feeble groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod, peduncle oblong, outer ramus well developed, cylindrical, inserted dorsally near inner margin, inner ramus long. This genus closely resembles Armadillidium in the structure of the head (cf. Jackson, 1928, p. 592, fig. 19), but the upper margin of the median shield is continuous with the frontal line, which meets the eye but does not form projecting lateral corners in front of the eye. Both the species described below live in the bush and forest in sheltered (€&-Cays) kloofs of the mountains. Exzaes sylvatica un. sp. (Fig. 38, a—g.) Surface strongly squamulose, scale-spines triangular, broad and short. Rugae obsolete. Eyes with 9-10 ocelli. Peraeon segment 1, margin reflexed, slightly costate, not grooved, hind corner unequally cleft. Segment 2, epimeron with a distinct 300 Annals of the South African Museum. rounded ridge, but no projecting or free tooth. Pronotum of seg- ment 2 2-1, of posterior segments 1-2 of dorsal length. Telson slightly broader than long, sides slightly concave, apex subacute, dorsally smoothly convex, no median ventral groove. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 5th 14 times 4th, flagellum three-quarter length of 5th, its 2nd joint 3—4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle longer than wide, outer distal corner rounded, outer ramus extending to apex of peduncle, inner ramus long, project- ing a little distance beyond telsonic apex. Fic. 38.—Hazaes sylvatica n.g., n. sp. a, 6, Lateral and frontal views of head ; c, telson ; d, dorsal view of peraeon segments 1-3; e, ventral view of peraeon segments 1 and 2; f, ventral view of uropod ; g, scale-spine. Hazaes bicolor n. sp.: A, scale-spine. Tracheae occupying one-third (at most) of the pleopods. 5x2mm. Pale slaty-grey, uniform, eyes black. Localities—Cape Province: Knysna Forest (J. D.); George Forest (Ket BS: Exzaes bicolor n. sp. (Fig. 38, A.) Distinguished from sylvatica as follows: eyes larger, with 12-14 ocelli, scale-spines obovate, longer than wide, apically rounded, and coloration. 9x35 mm. Slaty-grey, mottled with dull orange or yellowish, head almost always orange or yellow, rarely suffused medio-dorsally, Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 301 eyes black, legs pale greyish, peduncle of antennae grey, flagellum white. Locality.—Cape Province: Oudebosch Forest, River Zonder End Mts. (K. H. B.). : Gen. BetHatus B-L. 1904. Armadillo (part). Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., pp. 97, 127 (Section vii). 1900. 99 zt Id., in Voeltzkow, Reise, 11, p. 275. 1909. Bethalus. Id., in Schultze, Reise, 11, p. 54 (subgen. of Armadillo). 1910. i Id., Sj6stedt, Kilimandjaro-Meru Exp., Ti, spel Head concrete, antennary tubercles not distinct, epistome without median raised shield, but separated from dorsal surface of head by a ANGOLA Kunene re z @ NG ate e a ~ * SOULHERN Hoanib RY 74 e@..._ Etosha Pan ie = i s e / RuopEsIA } i § a0 2 : epee . ran ae i &® SOUTH WEST*, SA eel ca A SY Fa?) oe ae rae OSA SEEN ARRICA 3 ; bs e : “ ee BECHUANALAND , 2 e : / SE / & 3 / ' e: { ay B P 25 / e : oes. Us E 2 ! a: nn TRANSVAAL ; oe e: oe (/ 5 q OF eer | (ame 1 Cit D5 - e: : ( ah Ns, A s/ I {ORANGE FREE R- ok * STATE poe Orant® . ; ; a NATAL Thecls Fe e - . : i : 0 oe / . Z CAPE PROVINCE s b Olifants R: "Zimuubu R:. 15 85 35, Fie. 39.—Chart showing the recorded distribution of the following genera. Tylos indicated by thickened coast-line, Deto by cross-lines on the coast, Rhyscotus by @, Periscyphis by &. Bethalus occurs east of the broken line, and also in Madagascar. Niambia occurs west of the dotted line; the subgenus Manibia occurs in two localities marked by g. Ole OXX. PART -2). 20 302 Annals of the South African Museum. more or less deep groove, lateral marginal line not continued on to epistome (fig. 46). EKpimera large and thin; on segment | reflexed, not grooved, hind corner not cleft; internal tooth or fold usually small, often very small, tooth on segment 2 sometimes obsolete. Hind margin of segment 1 sinuate. Pronotum occupying at least § of dorsal surface (except in macrodens). Antenna 2 with 2-jointed flagellum. Mandible with a single free penicil. Maxilla 1, inner lobe with 2 slender subequal plumose setae, outer apex rounded. Peraeopod 1 with groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod, peduncle oblong, subquadrate, or subtriangular, inner and outer rami well developed, both cylindrical. Genotype: ngrinus B-L. In 1909 Budde-Lund excluded emumitus (from Siam) from his Section vii. If we exclude also tenuipunctatus and depressus (both from St. Vincent, W.I.), which Budde-Lund doubtfully placed in this section in 1904, the genus is seen to be confined to South Africa and Madagascar. In Budde-Lund’s MSS. in the British Museum four more Madagascan species are included in the genus. The distribution in South Africa (fig. 39) is interesting in comparison with that of the allied Cubarid genera. Key to the South African species. I. Epistome not strongly raised above dorsal level of head (fig. 43). Postero- lateral corner of peraeon segment 1 rounded. A. Internal tooth on peraeon segment 2 small, usually not extending to margin. 1. Telson coarctate. a. Inner ramus of uropod short. i. Telson with two tubercles and a median keel limbatus. ii. Telson nearly smooth. a. Without rugae. Tooth on segment 2 very small pretoriensts. fp. With rugae. Tooth on segment 2 larger rhodesiae. b. Inner ramus of uropod long . : : : panurus. 2. Telson not or scarcely coarctate. a. Telson with 2 tubercles at base of median keel . cordatus. b. Telson without tubercles at base. i. Telson medianly keeled. a. Distal portion of telson longer than wide mngrinus. f. Distal portion of telson at least as wide as long tradouw?. ii. Telson smooth ‘ ‘ : : . stricticauda. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 303 B. Internal tooth on segment 2 stronger. 1. Tooth on segment 2 not extending to antero-lateral margin. In- ternal lamina on segment 1 strong . . macrodens. 2. Tooth on segment 2 extending to margin, aad partially visible externally in lateral view : - . barbertonr. II. Epistome strongly raised (fig. 46). Postero- eT corner of segment 1 subtruncate. A. Peraeon segments without medio-dorsal posterior processes. 1. Peduncle of uropod not narrowed distally, filling up the space between telson and pleura of 5th pleon segment mucidus. 2. Peduncle of uropod strongly narrowed apically, leaving a gap between telson and 5th pleon segment - : warren. B. Peraeon segments with medio-dorsal pointed process on hind margin of at least one segment. 1. Processes on all segments : : ‘ secutor. 2. A short process on 7th segment only, or on 6th and 7th barnardt. Bethalus limbatus (Brdt.). (Fig. 40, a—c.) 1833. Cubaris lambata. Brandt, Conspect., xxvii, p. 4, pliiivy fe 1S: 1885. Armadillo lumbatus. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p- 39. 1895. 55 griseo-albus. Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., viii, p. 347, fig. 5. 1904. 3 limbatus. Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p..128,, pl. x, fig. 33. Surface minutely granulate (the apparent granulation really formed by minute transverse impressions). Rugae on head and peraeon segments feeble. Hpistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segments 1 and 2 both with feeble internal tooth. Seg- ment 7 very slightly thickened below (Budde-Lund). Telson a little broader than long, apical margin convex, sides incurved, dorsally with 2 rounded tubercles at base, followed by a low median ridge ; a feeble median impression ventrally. Antenna 2 slender, 2nd joint of flagellum 3-4 times length of Ist. Uropod, peduncle subquadrangular, outer ramus short, inner ramus short, 14 times length of outer ramus, extending scarcely midway to apex of telson. 10x5 mm. Slaty grey, with pale flecks dorso-laterally ; some- times variously mottled, the epimera and especially the pleurae often pale ; uropods usually orange or dull reddish. 304 Annals of the South African Museum. Localities.—Cape Province: Cape Town and Port Elizabeth (Budde-Lund) ; Matjesfontein (Dollfus, also W. F. P. and R. M. L.); Port Elizabeth (S.A. Mus., per J. L. Drege); Zwartkops, near Port Elizabeth (K. H. B.); Uitenhage (K. H. B.); Addo Bush (J. D.); Vogelfontein, Prince Albert Div. (A. J. H.); Drielings Kloof, be- tween Laingsburg and Ladismith (K. H. B.); Beaufort West (W. F. P.); Victoria West (A. H. H.); De Aar (W. F. P.); Naauw- poort (W. F. P.); Hanover (W. F. P.); Cradock (W. F. P.) ; Laings- burg (W. F. P.); Montagu (W. F. P.); Knysna (R. M. L.); Mossel Bay (W. F. P.); Zwartberg Pass, Prince Albert (W. F. P.); Seven Weeks Poort and Meiringspoort, Zwartberg Range (K. H. B.); Doorn River, north of Montagu Pass, Oudtshoorn Dist. (S. H. H. and ©. T.); Richmond (L. D. B. and C. T.); Fort Brown (Albany Mus.) ; Rosmead (Albany Mus.); Grahamstown (Albany Mus.). Fic. 40.—Bethalus limbatus (Brdt.). a, Two varieties of internal tooth on epimeron 2; 6, ventral view of epimera | and 2; c, telson and uropods. JB. pretoriensis (Dollf.) : d, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; e, telson and uropods. Although there appears to be an appreciable difference in the figures of the telson given by Budde-Lund and Dollfus, griseo-albus seems to be undoubtedly synonymous with limbatus. I have com- pared Port Elizabeth specimens sent to the South African Museum by J. L. Drege with Budde-Lund’s specimen in the British Museum, and have also examined numerous specimens from Matjesfontein, the type locality of griseo-albus. Dollfus says the length of the telson is greater than its width, but his figure shows the length exactly equal to the (visible) width. Normally the length is slightly less than the width, but not quite so much less as in Budde-Lund’s figure. In all the specimens I have seen, even those from Port Elizabeth, the fold (Budde-Lund: duplicatura) on the under side of the 7th epimeron is obsolete ; perhaps Budde-Lund is referring to the faint longitudinal (7.e. parallel with lateral margin) ridge found on the under side of the 3rd—7th epimera in many species (cf. fig. 46, mucidus). The Knysna specimens differ slightly in having the internal teeth on segments 1 and 2, especially that on segment 1, rather more Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 305 strongly developed ; that on segment 1 is flanked on the outside by an indication of a thickening similar to that in barbertoni (fig. 45), but less conspicuous. In other respects the specimens are typical. In some specimens, chiefly among those from the more north- easterly localities (e.g. Victoria West, Richmond), the tooth on segment 2 extends to the antero-lateral margin, or even overlaps it very slightly, as in barbertoni (fig. 45). When identifying specimens reference should be made to Dvzplo- exochus disjunctus, which at first sight is very similar in appearance. Bethalus pretoriensis (Dollf.). (Fig. 40, d, e.) 1895. Armadillo pretoriensis. Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., vii, p. 348, fig. 7. 1904. - = Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 130, pl. x, fig. 34. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae indistinct. Epistome not strongly raised, in front view with a faint median V-shaped impression above, bounded below by a more or less distinct ridge. Peraeon segments 1 and 2 with small internal teeth. Segments 5-7 not thickened on under surface. Telson as long as basal width or a little longer, sides slightly in- curved, apical margin almost straight, dorsally smooth with a very slight and inconspicuous median impression near base; ventrally with median groove. Antenna 2 slender, 2nd joint of flagellum 3-4 times length of 1st. Uropod, peduncle distally subquadrate, outer angle bevelled off, outer ramus moderately long, inner ramus a little longer than outer ramus, extending midway, or a little farther, to apex of telson. 8x4 mm. Grey, mottled laterally, with margins of peraeon and pleon often pale reddish, uropods red. Localities.—Transvaal: Pretoria (Dollfus); Johannesburg and Modderfontein (W. F. P.); Junction of Marico and Crocodile Rivers (R. W. E. T.). Bechuanaland : Vryburg (Dollfus). Bethalus rhodesiae un. sp. (Fig. 41, a, b.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae distinct. Epistome not strongly raised, with a shallow V-shaped median impression above. 306 _ Annals of the South African Museum. Internal tooth on segment 1 small; that on segment 2 larger, extending nearly but not quite to antero-lateral margin, and not visible in external view. Segments 5-7 not thickened below. Telson a little broader than long, apical margin slightly convex, sides incurved, dorsally with very faint median elevation ; ventrally with median groove in basal half. Antenna 2 moderately slender, 2nd joint of flagellum 3-4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle apically subquadrate, outer ramus extending a little Cc Fie. 41.—Bethalus rhodesiae n. sp. a, Ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; 5, telson and uropods. B. panurus (B-L.); c, telson and uropods, from Budde-Lund’s type of specimen in the British Museum. more than half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus a little more than half length of peduncle, extending } distance to apex of telson. 6x2-5 mm. In alcohol dark slaty-brown, uropods light (probably red in life). Localities.— Rhodesia : Umtali (S.A. Mus.) ; Bulawayo and Salis- bury (R. W. E. T.) ; Sanyati Valley (S.A. Mus.). Distinguished from pretoriensis by the tooth on segment 2 and the more distinct rugae; and from barbertont by the teeth on both segments | and 2. Bethalus panurus (B-L.). (Fig. 41, c.) 1904. Armadillo panurus. Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., peelole Surface minutely granulate. Rugae obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised, very faintly impressed medio-dorsally. Internal tooth on segment 1 small and feeble ; that on segment 2 almost obsolete. Telson scarcely broader than long, apical margin slightly convex, sides slightly incurved, dorsal surface smoothly convex. Uropod, outer ramus extending nearly to apex of peduncle, which Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 307 is obtusely rounded, inner ramus long, extending almost to apex of telson. 7x3°3 mm. Locality.—Natal (Budde-Lund). The obsolete rugae and smoothly convex telson are included in the above description from an inspection of Budde-Lund’s type in the British Museum. I have seen no other examples. Bethalus cordatus (Dollf.). (Fig. 42.) 1895. Armadillo cordatus. Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., viii, p. 349, fig. 8. 1904. P i Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 129. Surface granulate. Rugae distinct, forming on each peraeon segment a continuous transverse series. Epistome not strongly raised, with 2 granules bordering a shallow median impression. Fig. 42.—Bethalus cordatus (Dollf.). a, Telson and uropods of East London specimens; 6, ventral view of epimera | and 2 of East London specimens ; c, telson and uropods of Bloemfontein specimen (after Dollfus). Internal teeth on segments 1 and 2 small, that on segment 2 obscure. Telson slightly broader than long or about as broad as long, sides scarcely incurved, apical margin straight (in Dollfus’ figure slightly concave), dorsally with 2 strong longitudinally elongate tubercles near base followed by a median longitudinal keel. Antenna 2, 2nd joint of flagellum 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle subquadrangular, but outer distal angle rounded, outer ramus short, extending } distance to apex of peduncle, inner ramus extending 4-2 distance to apex of telson. 308 Annals of the South African Museum. Up to 7x3 mm. (Dollfus: 41:75 mm.). In alcohol, grey-brown, uropods red. Localities.—Orange Free State : Bloemfontein (Dollfus). Cape Province: East London (R. M. L.). The East London specimens are so like Dollfus’ description and figure that I think they must be identified with his species; they differ in the slightly shorter telson and the outer ramus of uropod. Bethalus nigrinus (B-L.). (Fig. 43, a, b.) 1885. Armadillo nigrinus. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 37. 1904. hs y Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 131, pl. x, figs. 35, 36. 1917. Cubaris reticulatus. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 570, pl. xl, figs. 11-21. 1920. - * Id., «bid., iv, pl. xxvu, fig. 2 (figure shows 8 peraeon segments). 1917. Cubaris longicauda. Id., abid., iii, p. 574, pl. xli, figs. 21-31. 1920. sy Hf Id., abid., iv, pl. xxvijy fig, OM (feure shows only 6 peraeon segments). Surface minutely granulate. Rugae moderately distinct but not strong. Hpistome not strongly raised, evenly convex, slightly sloping backwards above. Internal teeth on segments 1 and 2 very small and inconspicuous, mere granules. Segments 5-7 not transversely thickened below. == ———; Cc Fic. 43.—Bethalus nigrinus (B-L.). a, Front view of head ; 6, telson and uropods. B. siricticauda (Dollf.): c, telson and uropods from specimen in Budde-Lund collection in British Museum; d, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, after Dollfus. Telson scarcely broader than long, distal portion subrectangular, longer than broad, apical margin slightly convex, sides scarcely incurved, dorsally with slight median longitudinal ridge or keel ; ventrally with median groove. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 309 Antenna 2, 2nd joint of flagellum 2-3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle narrowing distally, apex narrowly rounded, not always completely filling the space between telson and 5th pleon segment, outer ramus rather long, but not quite reaching apex of peduncle, inner ramus long, scarcely reaching apex of telson. Up to 12-14 x 6-7 mm. Slaty-grey, or brownish, often more or less reticulated, with pale dorso-lateral flecks, or mottled, epimera and uropods often pale. Localities.—Cape Province : Cape Town and Port Elizabeth (Budde- Lund); Pondoland (Budde-Lund MSS.); Port Alfred (Collinge, and Albany Mus.) ; East London (W. F. P. and R.M.L.); Port St. Johns (S.A. Mus.) ; Grahams- town (W.F.P., and Albany Mus.); Fort Brown (Albany Mus.); Amatola Mts. (W. F. P.); Knysna (W. F. P. and R. F. L.); Keurbooms River (K. H. B.); Wilderness, near George (S. H. H. and C.T.); Kaai- mansgat, near George (K. H. B.); Pacaltsdorp (S.A. Mus.); Bredasdorp (R. F. L.). Natal: Pietermaritzburg (Collinge); Durban, Inchanga, and Krantzkop (K. H. B.); Port Edward, near Port Shepstone (Natal Mus.); M’fongosi, Zululand (S.A. Mus.). Portuguese Hast Africa: Masiene (R. F. L.). In 1885 Budde-Lund gave the locality as “‘ Cape of Good Hope ”’ with a query, probably collected by Drege ; in 1904 he gave the above more exact localities without, however, indicating the source of his new material (if it was new material). JI very much doubt the occurrence of the species anywhere near Cape Town. The distal portion of the telson is often slightly broader than in Budde-Lund’s 1904 figure, and the peduncle of uropods is broader, filling up nearly the whole space between the telson and 5th pleon segment. I have seen an example from Port Alfred, and find the anterior “raised lateral bosses’? mentioned by Collinge are non- existent ; the deceptive appearance as shown in Collinge’s fig. 31 is due to a couple of pale spots. There is some slight variation in the width of the distal portion of the telson, even in specimens from the same locality, and the keel on the telson tends to be sharper and more distinct in examples from the eastern localities than in those from the western districts. But no hard and fast distinction can be found sufficient to justify keeping 310 Annals of the South African Museum. either reticulatus or longicauda as a variety. Budde-Lund’s figure does not show the keel on the telson. As far as can be judged from the present known localities, this species appears to be a coastal species, though it occurs inland at Grahamstown and the Amatola Mts. At Keurbooms River and the localities near George it is found under logs and in the bush on the sand-dunes bordering the shore. I have seen specimens labelled reticulatus in Collinge’s handwriting from the type locality ez Natal Museum. They prove to be in- distinguishable from nigrinus (and longicauda!), and show that Collinge’s figs. 18 and 21 have been badly executed. The internal tooth on segment 1 is represented as too large and too near the lateral margin, and the apical portion of the telson as too stumpy. Bethalus tradouw2 nu. sp. (Fig. 44, d, e.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae moderately distinct. Epi- stome not strongly raised. Epimeral margin of segment | reflexed, under-surface tumid but not so strongly as in macrodens, internal tooth moderate, traceable to about half-length of lateral margin. Internal tooth on segment 2 strong, nearer anterior margin than in macrodens. Fra. 44.—Bethalus macrodens n. sp. a, Telson and uropods ; 6, marginal view of epimeron 1; c, ventral view of epimera land 2. B.tradouwin.sp.: d, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; e, telson and uropods. Telson broader than long, distal portion broader than long, sides not incurved, apical margin straight, dorsally with slight median ridge. Antenna 2, 2nd joint of flagellum 4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle narrowing distally, outer ramus extending halt- way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus extending half-way to apex of telson. 6x38mm. Slaty-grey, variegated with lighter. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 311 Localities.—Cape Province: Langeberg Mts. at Tradouw Pass and Riversdale (K. H. B.). As regards the internal tooth on segment 1 this species occupies a position intermediate between limbatus and macrodens, but the quadrangular distal portion of the telson is distinctive. Bethalus stricticauda (Dollf.). (Fig. 43, c, d.) 1895. Armadillo stricticauda. Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., viii, p. 348, fig. 6. 1904. 6 7 Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 132, pl. x, figs. 37, 38. Epistome not strongly raised, with a low median tubercle. Internal teeth on segments 1 and 2 small. Telson longer than wide, distal portion longer than wide, sides slightly incurved, apical margin slightly convex. Antenna 2, 2nd joint of flagellum 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle subquadrangular, filling space between telson and 5th pleon segment, outer ramus reaching nearly to apex of peduncle, inner ramus long, extending to apex of telson. 9x4mm. Grey-brown, lighter at sides, uropods red. Locality.— Transvaal: Makapan Caves (Dollfus). This species is very near to nigrinus, differing in the more rounded apex of the telson and the slightly wider (less narrowed) apex of peduncle of uropod. Bethalus macrodens nu. sp. (Fig. 44, a-c.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae distinct, forming on each segment a transverse series of rounded but rather conspicuous tubercles, continuous across the middle line. Epistome not strongly raised. Epimeral margin of segment 1 strongly reflexed so that under surface is strongly tumid, the actual margin thin, internal tooth large, its outer margin traceable almost to antero-lateral corner of segment. Internal tooth on segment 2 strong but slender, in the middle of the epimeron, not adjacent to anterior margin. Pronotum on segment 2 one-eighth, becoming on posterior segments one-sixth. Telson very slightly broader than long, sides incurved, apical 312 Annals of the South African Museum. margin almost straight, dorsally with 2 rather conical tubercles near base, and a more longitudinally elongated median tubercle about at level of insertion of outer rami of uropod. Antenna 2, 2nd joint of flagellum 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle narrowing distally, but apex subquadrate, outer ramus moderate, extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad, extending one-quarter distance to apex of telson. 10x5 mm. Slaty-grey, mottled with paler. Locality.x—Cape Province: Groot Vaders Bosch, Langeberg Mts., near Heidelberg (K. H. B.). In general appearance (thin and strongly reflexed epimeral margin of lst segment) and structure of head this species is a Bethalus, but it has an unusually narrow pronotum, especially on segment 2. A further transition to Diploexochus is shown in the indication of a groove parallel to, but some little distance removed from, the margin of Ist segment. It resembles somewhat lombatus as regards the telson, but the teeth on segments 1 and 2 are quite distinctive. Bethalus barbertoni n. sp. (Fig. 45.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised. Internal tooth on segment 1 rather small, flanked on outside by a rounded thickening, without, however, any groove between it and the SSSSSSSs Fie. 45.—Bethalus barbertoni n. sp. a, Telson and uropods; 6, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; c, external lateral view of epimera | and 2. margin; that on segment 2 rather well developed, forming a flap which extends to anterior margin, and is visible from outside in lateral view. Epimera of segments 5-7 with slight transverse thicken- ings below. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 313 Telson a little broader than long, apical margin slightly convex, sides incurved, dorsally smooth, with a small shallow median pit near base (obscure in juveniles) ; ventrally with median groove at base. Antenna 2 rather stout, flagellum distinctly more slender than peduncle, 2nd joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle apically subquadrate, outer ramus not reaching apex of peduncle, outer inner ramus half-length of peduncle, extending half-way to apex of telson. 13x6 mm. Slaty-grey, with pale dorso-lateral flecks, uropods pale. Localities.—Cape Province: Port St. Johns (S.A. Mus.). Transvaal: Barberton (S.A. Mus.); Komatipoort (R. W. E.T.); Kaapmuiden (R. W.E.T.); Sabie Game Reserve (E. L. G.). Portuguese East Africa: Wanetsi River, tributary of Komati River (S.A. Mus.) ; Inhambane (K. H. B.) ; Maxixe (R. F. L.). In the shapes of the internal teeth on segments 1 and 2, this species forms somewhat of a transition to Diplexochus, but the mandible and pronotum show it to be better placed in Bethalus. The Port St. Johns specimens have a slightly shorter telson. Bethalus mucidus (B-L.). (Fig. 46.) 1885. Armadillo mucidus. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 32. 1904. a Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 131. 1904. re latufrons. Id., cbid., p. 132, pl. x, figs. 39-44. Surface minutely granulate (appearance really caused by minute transverse impressions). Rugae distinct laterally but scarcely so medio-dorsally. Epistome considerably raised. Peraeon segment 1 with postero-lateral corner subtruncate, emar- ginate ; internal tooth prominent, obtuse, externally connected with the lateral margin by a slight thickening ; internal tooth on segment 2 obtuse. Epimera of segments 5 and 6 ventrally thickened. On epimera 2-7 there is a transverse or slightly oblique ridge on dorsal surface. On epimera 2-7 there is also a faint submarginal ridge (i.e. parallel with body axis) on the lower surface. Telson a little broader than long, apical margin almost straight, sides slightly incurved, dorsally somewhat convex basally, often with 314 Annals of the South African Museum. an obscure median impression, followed by an obscure medio-longi- tudinal ridge ; ventrally with median groove. Antenna 2, 2nd joint of flagellum 2 to nearly 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle narrowing distally, outer ramus reaching nearly to apex of peduncle, inner ramus extending 3—? distance to apex of telson. Up to 20x 9 mm. (g3 smaller than 99). Slaty-grey or brownish, sometimes uniform with the lateral rugae pale, but usually more or less strongly mottled, antennae more or less suffused, eyes black. Fia. 46.—Bethalus mucidus (B- L.). 4, 6, Frontal and lateral views of head ; c, telson; d, ventral view of epimera Boys ; e, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; ihe external lateral view of epimera | and 2. Localities.—Cape of Good Hope (Budde-Lund, coll. Drege, see pelt). Natal: Port Natal (= Durban) (Budde-Lund); Aman- zimtoti (W.F.P.); Umgeni Valley (S.A. Mus.) ; Durban and Inchanga (K. H. B.). Portuguese Hast Africa: Lorenzo Marques (K. H. B). As regards mucidus and latifrons, the former is not represented in the Budde-Lund collection in the British Museum, but the two descriptions are so extraordinarily alike that one cannot doubt the synonymy. Both mucidus and latifrons have the high raised epistome, and the “ duplicatura ” on the under surface of the 5th—7th epimera. In some specimens from the Umgeni Valley the basal median impression on the telson is better marked than usual; consequently the raised portion on either side shows up better, and in some speci- mens the telson might almost be described as basally bituberculate, and bears a close resemblance to that of warrent. — ——_- Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 315 Bethalus warren (Clige.). (Fig. 47.) 1917. Cubaris warreni. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 569, pl xi ess 10: 1920. Re x Id., ibid., iv, pl. xxvii, fis. 1. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae distinct. Hpistome consider- ably raised. Peraeon segment | with postero-lateral corner subtruncate, internal tooth acute; internal tooth on segment 2 subacute, extending to Fic. 47.—Bethalus warreni (Clige.). a, Telson and uropods of Howick specimen ; b, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2 of same; c, telson and uropods after Collinge. anterior margin. Epimera of segments 5-7 with transverse thicken- ing below. Telson broader than long, apical margin nearly straight, sides scarcely incurved, dorsally with 2 low tubercles basally, followed by a slight medio-longitudinal ridge ; ventrally with median groove. Antenna 2 very slender, especially the flagellum, 2nd joint 24 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle subtriangular, narrowing (in the typical form) to a pointed apex, and leaving a marked gap between telson and 5th pleon segment, but sometimes subacute, outer ramus extending nearly to apex of peduncle, inner ramus long, extending nearly to apex of telson. Up to 12x5-5 mm. Im alcohol, greenish brown, with lighter mottling. Localities.—Natal: Krantzkop (Collinge) ; Howick (W. F. P.). Neither the mandibles nor the pronotum were mentioned in the original description. The species is assigned to Bethalus on account of the internal teeth on segments 1 and 2. The two specimens from 316 Annals of the South African Museum. Howick confirm this. They can scarcely be regarded otherwise than as a variety of warrent. The only feature in which they do not agree with Collinge’s description is the uropod; and it should be noted that the shape of the uropod in the whole figure of the animal on pl. xxvii (1920) is quite different from that in figs. 9 and 10 accom- panying the original description. Bethalus secutor (Jackson). (Fig. 48.) 1924. Cubaris secutor. Jackson, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxxvi, p. 25, pls. 1, 11. Surface strongly setose. Rugae distinct. Epistome strongly raised. Peraeon segments with the hind margin produced backwards in a median point, feeble on segment 1 but becoming progressively larger, Fig. 48.—Bethalus secutor (Jackson). a, Lateral view of whole animal (epimeron of segment 3 defective) after Jackson, surface setae omitted; 6, telson and uropods after Jackson. that on segment 7 flanked on either side by a sharp tubercle. Internal teeth on segments | and 2 well marked. Telson about as broad as long, apical margin nearly straight, sides incurved, dorsally bituberculate at base. Uropod, peduncle narrowing to a narrowly rounded apex, but not leaving any gap between telson and 5th pleon segment, outer ramus moderately long, extending about to apex of peduncle, inner ramus moderately long. 8:5x5 mm. In alcohol, slaty-blue, flecked with grey. re Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 317 Locality.— Zululand : Lower Umfolosi (Jackson). This remarkable species should be included in the genus Bethalus. The pronotum is broad, and the mandible has a single free penicil. Moreover, it possesses the same features which distinguish mucidus and warreni from the other species, viz. the strongly raised epistome, the transverse ridge of 2nd—7th epimera, the subtruncate postero- lateral corner of peraeon segment 1, and also (apparently) the trans- verse ridge on underside of 5th and 6th (but not 7th) epimera. Bethalus barnardi (Clige.). 1920. Cubaris barnardi. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 482, pl. xxxi, figs. 67-76. In general resembling secutor, but much less strongly sculptured. The median projection on the peraeon segments is not developed at all on segments 1-4, only very feebly on 5, and moderately on 6 and 7 (cf. Collinge’s fig. 67). Internal tooth on segment 1 similar to that of mucidus. Epimera of segments 5-7 with transverse ridge on lower surface, the anterior and inner portion of the epimera being thickened (cf. mucidus). There is a slight longitudinal (7.e. parallel with body axis) ridge across the pleurae of pleon segment 3, continuing the line of the submarginal edge of the thickenings on epimera 5-7, and sometimes a much fainter ridge on pleon segment 4 also. Pronotum on segment 2 one-quarter, on posterior segments almost or quite one-third. Antenna 2 slender, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 24-3 times Ist. Uropod, outer ramus longer than in secutor, extending almost to apex of peduncle, and equal to 2 length of inner ramus. Up to 16x 7-5 mm. (20-5 mm., Collinge). In alcohol, brownish or greyish, mottled, eyes black. Localities —Natal: Sarnia and Winkle Spruit (Collinge); M’fongosi, Zululand (Collinge ; also §.A. Mus.); Pietermaritzburg and Krantz- kop (Natal Mus.). I have examined a large number of specimens collected by Mr. W. E. Jones, in size from 4 mm. upwards. The sculpturing does not vary, so that this form and secutor may be considered separate species. The differences in sculpture and outer ramus of uropod are certainly great enough to justify specific rank. The difference in length of pronotum is perhaps not really so great. Jackson’s fig. 1, on pl. i, VOL. Xx PART 2. 21 318 Annals of the South African Museum. has the visible portion of the pronotum on segment 7 slightly greater than }, z.e. not including the median projection. But whether barnardi should be separated from mucidus is very doubtful; the question can only be cleared up by detailed collecting and observation, whether forms with a short process on hind margin of 7th segment occur in the same locality together with forms without any trace of a process. Gen. AKERMANIA Cllge. 1919. Akermania. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 230. Head concrete, antennary tubercles not distinct, epistome adnate to head dorsally, lateral marginal line of head continuous with margin of epistome. , Epimera, especially 1 and 2, spread out more or less horizontally, margin of Ist thin, internal teeth on Ist and 2nd well developed. Pronotum very broad, 3—? length of segment. Antenna 2 with 2-jointed flagellum. Mandible with a single free penicil. Inner lobe of maxilla 1 with 2 slender, subequal plumose setae, outer apex quadrate. Peraeopod 1 with feeble groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod, peduncle oblong, outer ramus minute, cylindrical. Genotype: spinosa Clige. But for the broad pronotum, this form could be included in Poly- acanthus ; in fact it bears a very close external resemblance to P. aculeatus. The broad pronotum, however, points to Bethalus, and in spite of Collinge’s opinion that Akermania is widely separated from Cubaris or any of the allied genera, it seems to me to be essentially related to Bethalus, though the lateral marginal line of head is con- tinued on to the epistome as in Cubaris. The lst antennae are present. Nicholls and Barnes (1926, J. Roy. Soc. West Austr., xi, pp. 149, 153, 154) draw attention to the strong likeness between their Cubaris wilsmoret and Akermania spinosa. In my opinion wilsmorer should be transferred to Akermania, provided it has a broad pronotum, which feature is not mentioned by the authors. Akermania spinosa Clige. (Fig. 49.) 1919. Akermania spinosa Collinge, loc. cit., p. 230, pl. xiv, figs. 1-12 (fig. 1 shows 8 peraeon segments and 4 expanded pleon segments). Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 319 Surface minutely setulose, with numerous short spinous processes, whose bases are connected by low ridges. Head with 3 transverse rows of spines, the anterior row with 4, the middle one with 6, the posterior one with 3 spines. Epistome distinctly, though not strongly, raised above dorsal surface of head ; dorso-lateral angles rounded and partly covering eyes in frontal view (contrast Collinge’s fig. 2), in front convex above, concave below, Fic. 49.—Akermania spinosa Clige. a, Lateral view of whole animal; 6, ventral view of epimera 1-3. the dorsal margin medianly slightly recurved, and in some positions appearing slightly emarginate. Peraeon segment 1 with 3 transverse rows of spines, respectively with 4, 4, 10 spines. The two outside ones of the posterior row should perhaps be reckoned to the middle row, when the formula would read 4, 8, 6. EHpimera nearly horizontal, internal tooth or lamina strong, subquadrate. Peraeon segments 2-6 each with 2 transverse rows of spines, respectively with 4 and 10 spines. Hpimera becoming less horizontal posteriorly, 2 and 3 narrowed, 4-6 less so, internal tooth on 2 pro- minent, acute in ventral view, but rounded in lateral view (visible externally), 3-6 each with a transverse ridge below, well marked on 3, but fainter on the other epimera. Peraeon segment 7 with 2 transverse rows of spines, respectively with 8 and 4 spines. | Pleon segments 3-5 with the pleurae slightly spread, but not quite horizontal, each with 2 submedian spines. 320 Annals of the South African Museum. Telson much broader than long, apical margin straight, shorter than length, dorsally with 2 spines. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd joint of flagellum 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle broad proportionately to length, apex sub- quadrate, completely filling space between telson and 5th pleon segment, outer ramus minute, inner ramus extending half-way to apex of telson. 4x2mm. Pale straw-colour, segments 1 and 7 rather irregularly suffused with brown, chiefly laterally, eyes black. Localities.—Natal: Umblali and Winkle Spruit (Collinge) ; Stella Bush, Durban (K. H. B.). There may be some variation in the number and arrangement of the spines. The above description is taken from my Durban 9. Collinge’s fig. 2 shows 3 series on the head, with respectively 3, 6, 3 spines ;_ his fig. 1 shows 2 rows with 4 and 5 spines respectively. He states that there are 2 rows on the segments of the mesosome (peraeon) ; his fig. 1 shows only 1 row of 6 spines on segment 1, and 2 rows of 6 each (usually) on segments 2-7 ; fig. 7, a transverse view of segment 1, shows 2 rows of 4 and 10 spines. These differences are probably due to the draughtsman, who also seems at least partly responsible for the manifest inaccuracies of fig. 1. The lst antennae are quite distinct in my specimen. The uropods fill the space between telson and 5th pleon segment. Nevertheless there cannot be the slightest doubt that the Durban specimen, from a locality roughly midway between the two original localities, is conspecific. Gen. PoLtyacANntuus B-L. 1904. Armadillo (part). Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., pp. 97, 116 (Section iv). 1909. Polyacanthus. Id., in Schultze, Reise, u, p. 54 (subgen. of Armadillo). Head concrete, antennary tubercles not distinct, epistome without median raised shield, lateral marginal line of head continuous with epistome. Hind margin of peraeon segment | sinuate. Epimeron of segment 1 large, thin ; internal teeth on segments 1 and 2 small. Pronotum narrow. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, flagellum 2-jointed. Mandible with a single free penicil. Maxilla 1 with 2 unequal rather Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 321 short plumose setae on inner lobe, the outer apex of wee iS rounded. Uropod, peduncle oblong, outer ramus cylindrical, minute. Genotype: aculeatus (B-L.). Key to the species. 1. Head and peraeon spinose : : . : : aculeatus. 2. Head and peraeon rugulose and fuilpereules : ‘ ‘ transvaalensis. Polyacanthus aculeatus (B-L.). 1885. Armadillo aculeatus. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 289. 1904. Polyacanthus _,, Id., Revs Crusta sop; err, p. 117, plex, mes. LOSI. Head with 4 spines in a transverse row. Peraeon segments each with 6 spines in a transverse row, the 2 median ones smaller than the others. Pleon segments 3-5 each with 2 small spines. Telson as long as broad, subquadrangular, sides incurved. 7x4 mm. Locality.—Chinchoxo, Portuguese Congo (Budde-Lund). This is not a South African species, but is included for the sake of completeness and comparison with the following species. Polyacanthus transvaalensis n. sp. (Fig. 50.) Strongly convex, Ist epimeron and the pleurae spread out more or less horizontally, the other epimera less so. Surface strongly squamu- lose with smaller squamulae interspersed among the larger ones, especially on hind margins of segments. Head rugulose. Hyes well developed. Epistome strongly raised above dorsal surface of head, in front flat, dorsal margin gently convex, dorso-lateral angles quadrate. Peraeon segment 1 with a V-shaped median boss anteriorly, flanked by 2 smaller rounded bosses on either side, about 12 elongate rugae in a transverse series, and a series of small rounded tubercles on the hind margin alternating with the rugae. Peraeon segments 2-7 distinctly divided into a smooth anterior portion and a raised posterior portion, the latter bearing on each segment a transverse series of about 14 rugae, followed by smaller tubercles alternating with them. 322 Annals of the South African Museum. Pronotum of segment 2 one-twelfth, of posterior segments about one-tenth dorsal length of segment. Kpimeron of segment 1 large, thin, splayed outwards but not reflexed ; internal tooth on both segments 1 and 2 small, rounded. Segments 5-7 with faint longitudinal (¢.e. parallel to body axis) ridge about midway between insertion of peraeopods and lateral margins of epimera. Pleon segments 3-5 each with 4 rounded bosses, the 2 inner ones larger than the outer ones, especially on segment 5. Telson longer than broad, anterior and posterior widths subequal, Fie. 50.—Polyacanthus transvaalensis n. sp. a, Dorsal view of peraeon segment 1; 6, 5th pleon segment, telson, and uropods ; c, ventral view of epimera | and 2. sides incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally with a prominent rounded boss proximally, divided by a medio-longitudinal groove. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd joint slightly longer than 4th, flagellum scarcely as long as 4th joint, much narrower than 5th, its 2nd joint 3 times Ist. Peraeopod 1 with very feeble groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod, peduncle considerably longer than wide, distally narrowed to a subquadrate apex, which extends slightly beyond margin of telson and pleurae of 5th pleon segment, outer ramus minute, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad. 9x4mm. Slaty-grey, eyes black, antennae and legs pale. Locality.— Transvaal: Zoutlansberg (R. F. L.). This species is referable to Budde-Lund’s Section iv = Polyacanthus. The name proves to have been unfortunately chosen, as this species is not spinose like aculeatus. It forms an interesting extension of the genus. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 323 Gen. D1ipLoExocHuus Brdt. 1833. Dzploexochus. Brandt, Conspect. Onisc. 1904. Armadillo (part). Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., pp. 97, 100 (Section 11). 1909. Dzploexochus. Id., in Schultze, Reise, ii, p. 54 (subgen. of - Armadillo). 1910. ae Id., Voeltzkow, Sjéstedts Kilimandjaro- Meru Exp., in, p. 11. Head concrete, antennary tubercles not distinct, epistome without median raised shield, adnate to dorsal surface of head, lateral marginal line of head continued on to epistome. Hind margin of peraeon segment 1 more or less sinuate. Epimeron of segment 1 with margin thin or costate, more or less completely grooved, at least near hind corner, internal fold and tooth well developed ; internal fold or tooth on segment 2 usually well developed. Pronotum narrow or very narrow, seldom exceeding one-seventh of length of segment, usually much less. Antenna 2 with 2-jointed flagellum. Mandible with a single free penicil. Maxilla 1 with 2 subequal slender plumose setae on inner lobe, the outer apex of which is rounded. Peraeopod | with groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod, peduncle oblong or subquadrangular, outer and inner rami moderate or more usually short, often very short, the outer ramus being minute or obsolescent, when present cylindrical. Genotype : in 1904 Budde-Lund gave clausus B-L. (S. America) as genotype of his Section ui, but in 1909 substituted echinatus Brdt. (S. America). According to Budde-Lund (1904) the genus extends over the north-eastern and north parts of South America (one species in Chile), central and southern parts of North America, West Indies, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and Africa (one species in South Spain). Some of the species, however, may perhaps have been wrongly assigned. This is the most numerous, and the most difficult genus of the Cubarids. As will be seen from the following pages, a moderate amount of collecting has produced a large increase in the number of known species ; and obviously many more still await discovery. As a generic character the width of the pronotum, especially if taken in conjunction with other characters, appears to be sound, though subject to considerable range. At one end of the scale it is very narrow, as in Budde-Lund’s Section 1 (Pentheus officinalis) ; at ie] Co Se a a a ee ee 324 Annals of the South African Museum. the other end it is very broad as in Bethalus. As a specific character there need be no hesitation in using it, in spite of the gradation. But I express no opinion as to whether it can be regarded as an indication of affinity. The species are here arranged according to the width of the pronotum solely for the sake of convenience. Neither the distribution nor the habitats of the species disclose any correlation between the width of the pronotum and the environment. All the species with very narrow pronotum are subtropical (synopsis la), but there are also subtropical species with only a moderately narrow pronotum (rhodesiensis, makuae, tugelae; excluding aenigma and cingulatus as outstanding peace ae in the whole genus). Most of the species have a pronotal width of ~,—;4 (synopsis lc) and they are mostly congregated in the southerly and south-westerly areas of South Africa, the explanation being merely that more collecting has been done in these areas. There are species living in the plains, as well as species living on the mountain-tops. Myrmecophily does not afford an explanation. The faculty of “ conglobation ” seems to be no better developed in those species with a narrow pronotum than in those with a wide pronotum; though one would like to think that some correlation might be demonstrable by a close study of the habits and habitats of the animals. The tabularis group, comprising tabularis, ecaudatus, albanyensis, and hypselos, is interesting as showing the same method of inter- locking of peraeon segments 1 and 2 as is found in Mucrocercus. D, tuberosus (Budde-Lund, 1904, pl. x, fig. 1) from the West Indies also exhibits the same feature. Instead of a dichotomous key, I have followed Budde-Lund in giving a synopsis of the South African species. By elimination a specimen can be run down to a group of species, and can then be identified by reference to the descriptions and figures. la. Pronotum very narrow, linear, 54,—3/; of | formicarum, ovampoensis, kaoko- dorsal length of segment a | ensis, nanus, obliquidens, thom- 2 measured) sent, damarensis, salisburyensis. 16. Pronotum narrow, ;;-;5 . : . saldanhae, steenbrasi. {nmigricans, pachytos, dollfust, mixtus, kogmani, albescens, rufescens, coloratus, flavescens, _ festivus, montagui, oraniensis, herscheli, Da T° orphanus, alticola, rhodesiensis, pauperculus, polythele, meiringi, albert, tugelae, pusillus, tabularis, ecaudatus, albanyensis, hypselos. lc. Pronotum moderately narrow, — =. ee ld. le. If. 2a. 2b. ee 3a. 3b. 3c. 4a. Ab. 5a. 5b. 6a. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 325 pubescens, conisaleus, makuae, | limenites, hypsinephes, zwart- bergensis, mnebulosus, furcatus, | castor, celsicauda. disjunctus, longipes, quadrimacu- Pronotum rather broad, 3-4 : d { z iesaoe ee itil, Pronotum broad, }+—} . é : . aenigma, cingulatus. Unknown : orbicularis, liliputanus, natalensis, truncatus. Epistome rising considerably above \ dorsal surface of head : <¥ Pronotum moderate, {-+ formicarum, makuae, orbicularis. Epistome not strongly raised . . all other species. Epistome feebly demarcated from head { kaokoensis, thomsen, damarensis, dorsally . J ; : : . | saldanhae, steenbrasi, pilula. ‘ovampoensis, kaokoensis, nanus, salisburyensis, saldanhae, steen- Peraeon segment 1 grooved along whole! brasi, mixtus, kogmani, meiringt, alberti, tugelae, pusillus, tabularis, makuae, aenigma, liliputanus, \ natalensis. length of epimeral margin Peraeon segment 1 partially grooved . all other species. Peraeon segment 1 without marginal albanyensis, hypselos, pubescens, | formicarum, oraniensis, herscheli, | conisaleus, longipes, quadrimacu- groove . : ; ; : ‘ latus, cingulatus. lovampoensis, nanus, obliquidens, Peraeon segment 1 with hind corner thomseni, salisburyensis, saldan- equally or subequally cleft (z.e. the hae, steenbrasi, nigricans, kogmant, inner lamina or tooth extends back-- herscheli, alberti, tugelae, pusillus, wards to, or almost to, the level of pubescens, conisaleus, zwartberg- hind margin of segment) . : : ensis, nebulosus, gordoniensis, ' pilula, orbicularis, liliputanus. Peraeon segment 1 distinctly unequally \ cleft s : : ; ; ay all other species. f all of la except thomseni; 1b; dollfusi, albescens, alticola, rho- desiensis, pauperculus, polythele, meiringi, alberti, tugelae, pusillus, tabularis, ecaudatus, albanyensis, o Outer ramus of uropod minute or obsolescent hypselos, pubescens, conisaleus, makuae, longipes, quadrimacu- latus, gordoniensis, pilula, cingu- latus, orbicularis. Outer ramus of uropod distinct . . all other species. kaokoensis, thomseni, steenbrasi, Inner ramus of uropod long, extending herscheli, tugelae, tabularis, ecau- beyond half-way to apex of telson (as datus, albanyensis, makuae, fur- visible from below) . : ‘ : catus, aenigma, cingulatus, lili- putanus, natalensis. A a a a ee 326 Annals of the South African Museum. 6b. Inner ramus of uropod not exceeding half length of telson, mostly much ;all other species. shorter . : ; | ovampoensis, kaokoensis, nanus, obliquidens, thomseni, salisbury- 7a. A ridge or thickening on lower surface ensis, saldanhae, mixtus, kogmani, of epimera of segments 5-7 5 é albescens, coloratus, flavescens, festivus, montagui, pubescens, conisaleus, makuae. kaokoensis, thomseni, salisbury- segments 3-5 in addition to the ; : ensis, pubescens, conisaleus. above ridge on segments 5-7 7c. A ridge across peduncle (ventral sur- mention. hier face) of uropod ; ees 7b. A similar ridge on pleurae of "| Diploexochus formicarum B-L. (Fig. 51.) 21895. Armadillo orbicularis. Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., vill, p. 345, fig. 2 (non B-L.). 1909. Diploexochus formicarum. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, ll, p. 57, pl. v, figs. 44-56. 1910. a # Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 447. Rugae distinct, segment 1 with 7 granules on anterior margin, the 2 median ones largest, followed by 2 transverse rows of granules, the posterior ones smaller, segments 2-7 distinctly divided into a smooth anterior portion and a raised posterior portion bearing 2 transverse rows of granules on each segment, the granules of the posterior row smaller than the anterior ones; pleon segments 3-5 each with a transverse row of granules. Eyes moderate. Epistome considerably raised above surface of head. Peraeon segment 1, margin thin, slightly reflexed, not grooved, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth small; internal tooth on segment 2 small. Pronotum very narrow, linear. Telson slightly broader than long, sides slightly incurved, apical margin almost straight, dorsally with 2 submedian rounded ridges or elongate tubercles proximally. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd joint longer than 4th, flagellum equal to 4th joint, its 2nd joint not quite 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle considerably longer than wide, narrowing to the Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 327 subquadrate apex, outer ramus minute, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad. 3°5x1-6 mm. In alcohol, greyish-white, unicolorous. Localities.—Bechuanaland: Vryburg (Dollfus); Kooa, Kalahari (Budde-Lund). Although it is clear that the orbicularis of Dollfus is not the true orbicularis of B-L., I am not quite sure that it is the same as formi- carum. Dollfus says the lst peraeon segment is grooved throughout its length, and that the epistome is not raised above the level of the head. faa NY] wp Fic. 51.—Diploexochus formicarum B-L. a, 5th pleon segment, telson and uropods after Budde-Lund ; 0, dorsal view of uropod after Budde-Lund ; ¢, telson of orbicularis Dollf. non B-L., after Dollfus. But his figure of the telson and uropods resembles Budde-Lund’s figures of these parts, except for the absence of the two ridges on the telson. The (comparative) nearness of the two localities is in favour of specific identity. Diploexochus salisburyensis un. sp. (Fig. 52.) Surface minutely granulate (shagreened). Rugae obsolete or very faintly indicated. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1, epimeral margin thick, reflexed, grooved throughout its length, hind corner equally cleft, mternal tooth rounded ; internal tooth on segment 2 well developed. Pronotum very narrow, almost linear, 4, of dorsal length of segment. Epimera of segments 5—7 with a transverse (7.e. to body axis) ridge on lower surface, petering out slightly before reaching margin. Pleurae of pleon segments 3-5 with a low ridge or thickening on lower surface near hind margin. Telson a little broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally raised with a shallow more or less conspicuous oval or lozenge-shaped impression. SS ee a ee ——— ee Ee 328 Annals of the South African Museum. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 4 times the Ist. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, apex subquadrate, outer ramus very small but distinct, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad, extending scarcely half-way to apex of telson. Up to9x3-5 mm. In alcohol, greyish, eyes darker. Locality.—Rhodesia : Salisbury (R. W. E. T.). Cc Fic. 52.—Diploexochus salisburyensis n. sp. a, Ventral view of epimera 5—7 and pleura of pleon segment 3; 6, telson and uropods ; ¢, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2. Compared with obliquidens this species has a narrower epimeron on peraeon segment 2, with a less oblique tooth, a slightly more convex telson with a slightly stronger impression. The margin of peraeon segment 1, moreover, is grooved throughout. Diploexochus ovampoensis (Brurd.). (Fig. 53, d.) 1924. Cubaris ovampoensis (part). Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xx, Pa o2e tee Surface minutely squamulose-granulose. Rugae feebly developed. Hpistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with a low rounded median boss anteriorly, obscurely divided by a medio-longitudinal faintly impressed line ; epimeral margin reflexed, grooved throughout its length, hind corner equally cleft, internal tooth rounded ; internal tooth on segment 2 strong, narrow, curving obliquely posteriorly. Pronotum very narrow. Epimera of segments 5-7 with transverse ridge on lower surface. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 329 Telson broader than long, sides slightly incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally convex and tumid proximally, with a faint medio-longitudinal impressed line. Antenna 2, 2nd joint a trifle longer than 4th, 2nd flagellar joint 24 to nearly 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle about as broad as long, or very slightly longer than broad, apex subquadrate, outer ramus minute, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad. Up to 6x2-5 mm. Slaty-grey, with lighter reticulation on head and peraeon, lateral margins usually paler, eyes black. a c Fic. 53.—Diploexochus obliquidens n. sp. a, Ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1; 6, telson and uropods. D. nanus B-L.: c, telson and uropods, after MSS. drawing by Budde-Lund in British Museum. D. ovampoensis (Brnrd.): d, telson and uropods. Localities.—Ovamboland : Namakunde and Ongandjera (Barnard). This species has a slightly stouter internal tooth on segment 2, and a more tumid telson than obliquidens, in both of which characters it is very close to nanus ; it differs, however, from both these species in having the whole margin of segment 1 grooved. Jam unable to deter- mine whether this species is the same as bituberculatus B-L., 1910, from Kilimanjaro, which has the whole margin of segment 1 grooved, and the MSS. figure of which shows a telson similar to that of ovam- poensis. Only a comparison of actual specimens can decide. Re-examination of the original specimens shows that the specimens from Krikson’s Drift, formerly included under this species, are really referable to the form here identified as nanus. 330 Annals of the South African Museum. Diploexochus obliquidens n. sp. (Fig. 53, a, 6.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, reflexed, grooved in posterior half, but the groove faintly traceable for about 3 length, hind corner equally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 strong, but narrow, curving obliquely posteriorly. Pronotum very narrow, linear, s'> of dorsal length of segment. Epimera of segments 5-7 with transverse ridge on lower surface. Telson a little broader than long, sides gently incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsal surface slightly raised with a small very faint median impression. Antenna 2, 2nd joint a trifle longer than 4th, 2nd flagellar joint 2-24 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle: a little longer than broad, apex subquadrate, outer ramus very small but distinct, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad. Up tollx5mm. Slaty-grey, lateral margins pale, eyes black. Localities.—Transvaal: Messina (R. W. E. T.); Sabie Game Re- serve (EK. L.G.); Zoutpansberg (R. F. L.). This species is very close to nanus B-L. from the Mt. Meru district in Tanganyika ; it is distinguished by the obsolete rugae, the slightly broader 2nd segment, the narrower internal tooth on segment 2, and the less convex telson; the latter difference is deduced from Budde- Lund’s description “‘ valde tumido ”’ and his MSS. figure of the telson. Diploexochus nanus B-L. (Fig. 53, c.) 1910. Diploexochus nanus. Budde-Lund, Sjéstedt, Kilimandjaro- Meru Exp., iii, p. 12, pl. u, figs. 9-15. 1924. a a Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siiss- wasseri. 8.W. Afr., ii, p. 178. 1924. Cubaris ovampoensis (part). Barnard, Ann. §. Afr. Mus., XX, p. 232. This form agrees with ovampoensis except that the groove on segment 1 extends only half-way or at most two-thirds along the margin, and the peduncle of uropod is apically narrower. Up to7x3 mm. Colour like that of ovampoensis. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 331 Localities —Ovamboland: Kunene River, near Erikson’s Drift (Barnard). Kaokoveld: Kaoko Otavi, Otjitundua, and Okorosave (K. He B.)3 Warmbadi(R. FE. Li and A.J. H.). Damaraland: Karibib (Panning). Great Namaqualand: Seeheim (Panning). These specimens are evidently the same as those which Panning, with some hesitation, referred to nanus. Without comparison of actual specimens, there seems to be considerable justification for Panning’s decision, and I follow him here. The main difference which Panning found was caused by a misconception. In measuring the length of the pronotum, Panning included the smooth anterior half of the segment as well as the true articular surface. All the speci- mens | have seen conform to Budde-Lund’s description of the pro- notum as very narrow (so ~ 15). It is curious that Budde-Lund’s bituberculatus and nanus differ from one another in the extent of the groove on segment 1, and the apical width of the peduncle of uropod, exactly as do ovampoensis and the South West Africa form assigned to nanus. Budde-Lund’s MSS. in the British Museum contains unpublished figures of the telson of both species. Diploexochus thomseni Pann. (Fig. 54.) 1924. Diploexochus thomseni. Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siiss- wasserf. 8.W. Afr., 1, p. 177, fig. 2. Surface minutely squamulose-granulose. Rugae obsolete. Epi- stome feebly demarcated from dorsal surface of head, with a small V-shaped median impression dorsally. Peraeon segment 1 smooth on anterior margin. Epimeral margin thick, reflexed, grooved in posterior third, hind corner subequally cleft, internal tooth rounded, visible externally in lateral view. Internal tooth on segment 2 small, oblique. Pronotum very narrow, about ; of dorsal length of segment. Epimera of segments 5-7 thickened below, forming transverse, or on segment 7 angularly oblique, ridges. Similar oblique ridges on pleurae of pleon segments 3-5. Telson broader than long, distal portion slightly broader than long, sides gently incurved, distal margin slightly convex, dorsally evenly convex ; ventrally with median groove at base. 332 Annals of the South African Museum. Antenna 2, 2nd joints and 4th subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3-4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle slightly longer than broad, apex subquadrate, apical margin 3 length of apical margin of telson, outer ramus small, extending 1} to apex of peduncle, inner ramus rather long, extending 2-3 to apex of telson, 3-4 times as long as broad. b Fic. 54.—Diploexochus thomsent Pann. a, External lateral view of epimeron 1 ; 6, ventral view of epimeron 2; c, telson and uropods; d, front view of head ; e, ventral view of epimera 5-7 and pleurae of pleon segments 3-5. Upto7x3mm. Slaty-grey, with paler dorso-lateral flecks, lateral margins often pale, eyes black. Localities—Damaraland : Waterberg and Okahandja (Panning) ; Waterberg (R. W. E. T.). Local variety of thomsen. Distinguished from the typical form by the telson and uropod. The telson is at least as long as broad, or even a little longer than broad, the distal portion also slightly longer than broad. The peduncle of the uropod is narrower, the apical margin being only one-quarter the length of the apical margin of telson. 5x2mm. Slaty-grey. Localities.—Damaraland: Narebis and Outjo (K. H. B.). Kaokoveld: Kamanyab (R. F. L. and A. J. H.); Kaoko Otavi (KEesBa) When typical Waterberg specimens are placed side by side with specimens from the Kaokoveld the differences are obvious. Never- theless the latter can be regarded only as a local variety. Among Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 333 several specimens from Narebis (a locality intermediate between Waterberg and the Kaokoveld) some are intermediate as regards the length of telson and width of uropods, while a few are definitely of the Kaokoveld form. Diploexochus damarensis Pann. 1924. Diploexochus damarensis. Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siiss- wasserf. 8.W. Afr., ii, p. 181. In many respects agrees with thomseni, but the groove on Ist segment slightly longer, extending almost half-way along the thickened margin, which is more strongly reflexed. A slight ridge on under side of epimeron 3 and a slight thickening on 4; the following segments show “ nothing remarkable,” from which it may be assumed that the transverse ridges, so clearly defined in thomseni, are here absent. The same may be said of the pleurae of segments 3-5. Pronotum narrow. Telson half as long again as broad, the distal portion also half as long again as broad, sides incurved, dorsally with medio-longitudinal keel. Antenna 2, 2nd flagellar joint 4 times Ist. Uropod, outer and inner rami both very small, twice as long as wide. Locality.— Damaraland : Neudamm, near Windhoek (Panning). I have seen no examples referable to this species. The type material should be compared with that of longipes and quadrimaculatus. Diploexochus kaokoensis nu. sp. (Fig. 55.) Surface minutely squamulose-granulose. Rugae obsolete. Epi- stome not demarcated from dorsal surface of head except at the sides, convex above, biconcave below for the reception of the 2nd antennae. Peraeon segment 1 quite smooth on anterior margin. Epimeral margin thick, reflexed, grooved for nearly its whole length, the whole groove visible externally in side view, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 small, oblique. Pronotum very narrow, ;; of dorsal length of segment. Epimera of segments 5-7 with faint oblique or transverse ridge on lower surface. | Pleurae of pleon segments 3-5 with a similar ridge. VOL. XXX, PART 2. 22 334 Annals of the South African Museum. Telson broader than long, distal portion short, rectangular, sides and apical margin straight, dorsal surface evenly convex. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle as broad as long, apically broadly subquadrate, outer ramus very small, inner ramus extending almost to apex of telson, about 4 times as long as broad. Up to5x1-:75 mm. Slaty-grey, eyes black. Locality.— Kaokoveld : Kaoko Otavi (K. H. B.). ( N ; c b Fie. 55.—Dziploexochus kaokoensis n. sp. a, Ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; b, dorsal view of uropod; c, telson and uropods; d, external lateral view of epimeron lI. The complete obliteration of the dorsal margin of the epistome, except for a short distance at the sides, is distinctive. This feature, the completely grooved margin of lst segment, broad uropod, and short rectangular distal portion of the telson easily distinguish this species from thomsent. Diploexochus saldanhae nu. sp. (Fig. 56, c-e.) Strongly convex. Rugae distinct, tubercular, on the peraeon seg- ments arranged in 2 transverse rows, the anterior row on segment | with 4 rounded tubercles rather larger than the others, the tubercles on the other segments subequal in size, more elongate ; segments 2-7 with the smooth anterior portion sharply divided from the raised, tuberculate, posterior portion. Pleon segments 3-5 with a series of rounded granules distally. Epistome scarcely raised above level of head, convex above, deeply biconcave below. Hyes well developed, marginal. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 335 Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, grooved throughout its length, hind corner equally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed. Epimeron of segment 2 narrowed distally. Pronotum about ;—;. Segments 5-7 with transverse ridge on lower surface. Telson half as wide again as long, distal portion short, sides slightly incurved, apical margin straight, slightly reflexed, dorsally with 2 submedian rounded ridges or elongate tubercles. Fic. 56.—Diploexochus steenbrasi n. sp. a, Ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1; 6, 5th pleon segment, telson, and uropods. D. saldanhae n. sp.: c, ventral view of epimeron 2; d, 5th pleon segment, telson, and uropods ; e, marginal view of epimeron 1. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd joint slightly longer than 4th, flagellum equal to 4th joint, its 2nd joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle as broad as long, apically subquadrangular, outer ramus minute, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad, extending half-way to apex of telson. 4-25x 1:75 mm. Pale greyish, hind margins of peraeon segments often darker, eyes dark. Locality.—Cape Province: Saldanha Bay (K. H. B., 1912). This species would appear to be close to, but distinct from, orbicularis. Budde-Lund’s original description states, inter alia, “ sublaevis ”’ and “ oculi parvi”’; both of which features do not fit the present specimens. Found under stones, sometimes, but not always, in conjunction with ants. Diploexochus steenbrasi un. sp. (Fig. 56, a, 6.) Similar to saldanhae, but peraeon segment 1 with the cleft at hind corner not so wide, internal tooth on segment 2 smaller, peraeon 336 Annals of the South African Museum. segments 5-7 without inferior ridge, telson with a third elongate median tubercle distal to the 2 proximal ones, inner ramus of uropod extending 3 to apex of telson. 3°5X1-5mm. In alcohol, pale cream. Locality—Cape Province: Mouth of Steenbras River, south of Gordon’s Bay (W. F. P.). A species obviously allied to saldanhae. I have seen only one specimen. Diploexochus nigricans (Brdt.). (Fig, 97, a57b3) 1833. Cubaris ngricans. Brandt, Conspect. Onisc., p. 191 (29). 1885. Armadillo _,, Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 22. 1904. . si Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 114, pl. ix, fig. 42. 1910. Diploexochus ,, Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 445. Strongly convex. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae distinct ; peraeon segment 1 also with a low median boss on anterior margin, often divided into two, but sometimes almost obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1, groove extending at least half-way along margin, often 2 or ?, hind corner not very unequally cleft, internal tooth extending nearly to hind corner, rounded ; internal tooth on segment 2 well developed and prominent, but not large. Pronotum {. Usually no ridge on under-surface of epimera of segments 6 and 7, but sometimes a very slight one. Telson distinctly broader than long, apical margin almost straight, sides incurved dorsally, with 2 low rounded tubercles proximally, followed by a low medio-longitudinal elongate tubercle; ventrally grooved only at base. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joimts subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3-4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle slightly longer than broad, apex subquadrangular, distal outer angle very little rounded, outer ramus small, extending scarcely half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus short and stout, extending half-way to apex of telson. Up to 9x4 mm. Dark slaty-grey or blackish, uniform but the rugae usually lighter, and the uropods often pale brownish or reddish. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 337 Localities. — Cape Province: Cape Town and Port Elizabeth (Budde-Lund); Cape Town, slopes of Signal Hill, Devil’s Peak, and Table Mt. (W. F. P., R. M.L., and K.H.B.); Riebeck Kasteel (K. H.B.); Helderberg, Somerset West (K. H.B.); Tulbagh Poort oy P.); Touws River'(R. M.L.); Ceres (W. F. P., R. M.L., and KH. B.); Matjesfontem (R. M.L.); Slanghoek (W. F. P.); Brandvlei, Worcester (W. F. P.); Hottentots Holland Mts. (K. H. B.); French Hoek Pass (K. H. B.) ; Houw Hoek (W.F. P.) ; Gt. Winterhoek Mts., Tulbagh (K. H. B.); Matroosberg, Hex River Mts. (K. H. B.) ; Tradouw Pass, Swellendam (K. H. B.) ; Keeromberg, Worcester (K. H. B.); Langeberg Mts. at Garcia’s Pass, Riversdale (K.H.B.); Fore Bay, near Mossel Bay (K. H. B.); Robinson Pass, Outeniqua Range (K.H.B.); Wilderness, near George (K. H. B.) ; Avontuur (W. F. P.). It may be possible later when considerably more material has been obtained from intervening localities, to distinguish local varieties. Thus the Ceres specimens have the margin of peraeon segment 1 particularly well grooved ; those from Keeromberg and the north side of Garcia’s Pass have the rugae unusually distinct. In the Fore Bay specimens there are traces of an incipient development of tiny tubercles on pleon segments 3-5, which is definitely recognisable in the Wilderness specimens. Here there are 6 tubercles on both segments 3 and 4, and 4 on segment 5. This form, if it stood alone without the intermediate Fore Bay form, would probably be regarded as a distinct species. At present only one form is sufficiently outstanding to merit a varietal name, viz. : nigricans var. major Nn. Distinguished from the typical form only by the presence of a distinct (but not strong) ridge on lower surface of epimera of segments 5-7, and by its larger size: 11x 5 mm. Localities —Cape Province: Caledon (W.F.P.); Bredasdorp Gin. I). Diploexochus pachytos n. sp. (Fig. 57, ¢.) Resembling nigricans, but with the margin of segment 1 more strongly reflexed, in consequence of which the internal convexity, culminating in the internal tooth, is very prominent. In other words, the hind part of the marginal groove, and the cleft, are much wider 338 Annals of the South African Museum. than in ngricans. The two proximal tubercles on the telson are somewhat elongate. 8x4mm. Slaty-grey, uropods often pale or reddish. Locality.—Cape Province: Wellington Mts. (K. H. B.). Fie. 57.—Diploexochus nigricans (Brdt.). a, Telson and uropods ; 6, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1. JD. pachytos n. sp.: c, marginal view of epimeron 1. JD. dollfusi n.n.: d, telson and uropods ; €é, marginal view of epimeron 1. Diploexochus dollfusi nom. nov. 1895. Armadillo nigricans. Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., vii, p. 345, fig. 1 (non Brandt-Budde-Lund). Surface minutely granulate. Rugae moderately distinct. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with marginal groove not extending so far forwards as in nigricans, and the hind corner more unequally cleft ; internal tooth on segment 2 as in negricans. Epimera of segments 6 and 7 without ridge on lower surface. Telson only slightly broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin slightly convex, dorsally as in nigricans, but the basal tubercles less conspicuous, the median keel longer and more distinct. Uropod, peduncle distinctly narrower than in nigricans, the distal outer angle more rounded, outer ramus minute, inner ramus longer than in nigricans, extending half-way to apex of telson. Up to7x3 mm. Dark slaty-grey, legs and uropods pale. Localities.—Cape Province: Cape Flats at Wynberg and Diep River, Cape Peninsula (W. F. P.); Noordhoek Flats, Cape Peninsula (K. H. B.). I have seen only a few specimens of this form, which is evidently the same as that figured by Dollfus, and differs from the specimens identified by Budde-Lund as nigricans. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 339 Diploexochus miatus (B-L.). (Fig. 58, a, 0.) 1904. Armadillo miztus. Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., pe Lis. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae distinct, though not very obvious medio-dorsally. Anterior margin of segment 1 with 2 low rounded tubercles. EHpistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, reflexed, grooved through- out its length, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed, somewhat oblique. Fie. 58.—Diploexochus mixtus (B-L.). a, Telson and uropods; 6, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1. D. kogmani n. sp. : c, ventral view of epimera | and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1; d, 4th and 5th pleon segments, telson, and uropods. Pronotum -3, (-1). Epimera of segments 5-7 and pleura of pleon segment 3 with distinct ridge on lower surface. : Telson a little broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally with 2 rounded tubercles proximally, followed by a medio-longitudinal rounded ridge. Antenna 2, 4th joint slightly longer than 2nd, 2nd flagellar joint 3-4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle as broad as long, outer ramus small, extending one-third to apex of peduncle, inner ramus short, extending half-way to apex of telson. 9x4mm. In alcohol, unicolorous yellow. Localittes.—Cape Province: Port Elizabeth (Budde-Lund); Avon- tuur (W.F. P.). If these Avontuur specimens are correctly assigned to Budde-Lund’s species, I would consider mixtus more an ally of nigricans than a transition between flavescens and festivus. They have no ridge on the pleura of pleon segment 3, but they are not in very good condition. The outer distal angle of peduncle of uropod is noticeably quadrate. 340 Annals of the South African Museum. Diploexochus kogmani n. sp. (Fig. 58, c, d.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae distinct, continuous across the dorsum. Epistome not strongly raised. Anterior margin of seg- ment 1 with 2 median rounded tubercles. Posterior margins of seg- ments with a second transverse series of small tubercles, appreciably smaller than those constituting the ordinary rugae. Segments divided into a smooth anterior portion and a raised posterior portion. Pronotum ;. Peraeon segment | with margin grooved throughout its length, the groove narrow anteriorly, widening posteriorly, hind corner equally cleft, internal tooth rounded ; internal tooth on segment 2 narrow, somewhat oblique. Epimera of segments 5-7 with slight ridge on lower surface. Pleon segments 3-5 with feeble tubercles on hind margins, and a well-marked elongate tubercle or ridge on (dorsal surface) each pleura. Telson broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin slightly convex, dorsally with 3 tubercles, rather broad based, but low and rounded. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3-4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle broader than long, apex subquadrangular, outer ramus small, extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus short, broad, extending half-way to apex of telson. 6x2-5mm. Slaty-grey, somewhat mottled. Locality.—Cape Province: Kogman’s Kloof, between Ashton and Montagu (K. H. B., 1922). Closely allied to mxtus, but peraeon segment 1 with a narrower groove on margin, and the hind corner equally cleft, more strongly sculptured, and shape of telson different. Diploexochus albescens B-L. (Fig. 59, a, 0.) 1909. Diploexochus albescens. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, ui, p: 56, pliv, figs. 20 5a: 1910. H, i Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8. Afr. Crust., p. 447. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae quite distinct. Hpistome not strongly raised. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 341 Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, grooved in posterior half, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded ; internal tooth on segment 2 subacute, oblique. Pronotum 54-14. Epimera of segments 4-7 with low oblique ridge on lower surface. Telson a little broader than long, apical margin almost straight, sides slightly incurved, dorsally smooth. Antenna 2 slender, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 2-24 times Ist. Fic. 59.—Diploexochus albescens B-L. a, Telson and uropods; 6, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1. D. rufescens B-L.: c, telson and uropods ; d, ventral view of epimera 1-4. Uropod, peduncle quadrangular, outer ramus minute, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad. Up to 14x7 mm. In alcohol, dirty whitish, eyes dark. Locality—Cape Province: Port Nolloth (Budde-Lund and iV L.). The specimens collected by Lightfoot have been compared with Budde-Lund’s specimens in the British Museum. Diploexochus rufescens B-L. : (Hig. 59, c,d.) 1909. Diploexochus rufescens. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, ui, p. 56, pl. v, figs. 12-28. 1910: %, i. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8S. Afr. Crust., p. 447. Surface minutely squamulose-granulose. Rugae obsolete or almost so, traceable as a series of small feeble granules. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin not as thick as in albescens, reflexed, grooved in posterior third, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Segment 2 with a thickening on anterior margin (of 342 Annals of the South African Museum. epimeron), but not, or scarcely, forming a definite lamellate flange or tooth. Pronotum ;'5, sometimes +. Epimera of segments 2-7 with a short, faint, slightly oblique ridge near postero-lateral corner on lower surface. Telson a little broader than long, distal portion broader than long, sides strongly incurved, apical margin convex, dorsally convex, smooth, sometimes with very faint indications of tubercles proximally. Antenna 2 slender, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 1st flagellar joint. unusually long, half or a trifle more than half as long as 2nd. Uropod, peduncle longer than wide, apex subquadrate, outer ramus small, but extending nearly half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus very short, twice as long as broad, extending only one-quarter distance to apex of telson. Up to 13x6-5mm. Pale dull brownish, the epimera, hind margins of peraeon segments, and whole of pleon darker brown or slaty- greyish, eyes black, antennae pale grey, legs whitish. The contrast between the ground colour and the darker markings is less conspicuous in life than after preservation. Localities.—Cape Province: Kamaggas (Budde-Lund); Kamies- kroon (R. F. L. and A. J.H.); Hell’s Kloof, Richtersveld (S.A. Mus.); Springbok and Concordia (K. H. B.); Lilyfontein, Kamies- bere, (Ke He Be): In the specimens in the Budde-Lund collection in the British Museum the 4 tubercles at the base of telson, as shown in Budde- Lund’s figure, are generally absent, as they are in most of my specimens. There are, however, sometimes faint indications, and in the single specimen from Hell’s Kloof (in poor condition) there are 2 distinct but small granules followed by a faint keel. Except that the telson is also shorter than usual, this specimen is otherwise quite normal. Diploexochus coloratus n. sp. Agreeing with rufescens except as follows: segments 3-7 with a slight transverse (7.e. to body axis) thickening or ridge on anterior portion of lower surface of epimera, in addition to the oblique ridge on the posterior portion ; the peduncle of uropod is proportionately stouter, only a little longer than broad (in fact, very like Budde- Lund’s fig. 27 of rufescens, whereas the typical rufescens has a uropod more like fig. 28) ; and the coloration. Up to 10x4-5 mm. Ground colour pale cream or white, inner Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 343 half of epimera dark slaty-grey or blue-black, joined across the hind margins of each segment by a similar dark band, which is more or less interrupted in the middle, except on segment 1, where it forms a fairly extensive median patch; dorsal parts of pleon, and the telson dark slaty-grey ; outer (marginal) parts of epimera, hind margins of each peraeon segment medio-dorsally, the pleurae of pleon segments 3-5, and the uropods suffused with clear orange. Sometimes the orange may extend over the telson, pleon, and a considerable part of the medio-dorsal area of the peraeon. Antennae pale grey, legs white. Locality.—Cape Province: Kridouw, between Citrusdal and Clan- william (K. H. B., 1931). In life this woodlouse is a most striking animal, and quite distinct from the dull brownish rufescens. Diploexochus flavescens (Brdt.). (Fig. 60, a-c.) 1833. Cubaris flavescens. Brandt, Conspect. Onisc., p. 191 (29). 1885. Armadallo i‘, Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 20. 1904. i be Ids, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr.;p. 101, pl x, fig. 5. 1910. Diploexochus ,, Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 445. 1917. Cubaris trilobata. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 575, pl. xli, figs. 1-9. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, grooved in posterior third, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth strong, rounded-sub- truncate. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed, narrowly rounded. Pronotum 5 or a little more. Epimera of segments 5-7 with transverse, somewhat oblique, ridge on lower surface ; pleura of pleon segment 3 with a similar ridge. Telson as broad as long, sides incurved, apical margin slightly convex, dorsally slightly convex at base, and with low medio-longi- tudinal ridge ; ventrally grooved in basal half. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint scarcely twice Ist. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, slightly narrower distally, 344 Annals of the South African Museum. outer ramus extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus reaching half-way to apex of telson. Up to 12x6 mm. Slaty-grey, brownish or greeny-brown, more or less mottled with lighter, antennae grey, eyes black. Young specimens are often more conspicuously mottled. Specimens in alcohol fade through a more or less variegated yellow to a uniform pale yellow or dirty cream. Localities.—Cape Province : Cape Town and Port Elizabeth (Budde- Lund); Grahamstown (Collinge, also Albany Mus. and W. F. P.) ; Fort Brown (Albany Mus.); Doornnek, Alexandria Div. (S.A. Mus. ex Drege); Amatola Mts. (W.F.P.); Adelaide (8S. H. H.); Zuur- berg (Albany Mus.); Bushman’s River (Albany Mus.) ; Addo Bush Fic. 60.—Dziploexochus flavescens (Brdt.). a, Ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1; 6, telson and uropods; c, ventral view of epimera 5-7 and pleura of pleon segment 3. JD. festivus (B-L.): d, dorsal view of uropod ; e, telson and uropods. (J.D.); Zwartkops, Port Elizabeth (K.H.B.); Avontuur (W. F. P.) ; Knysna (W. F. P.); Keurbooms River (K. H. B.). In 1904 Budde-Lund substituted “Cape Town” for “Cape of Good Hope.” I doubt whether this species has ever been found actually at Cape Town. I have seen many specimens from Grahamstown, the type locality of trilobata, and find them identical with specimens from Zwartkops and other localities which have been compared with specimens in the Budde-Lund collection. The trilobed inner lobe of maxilla 1 with its 3 plumose setae (Collinge) is either an abnormality or a mis- interpretation of a mounted preparation. The telson often has the distal margin straighter than in Budde- Lund’s figure, and I have seen one specimen in which it was slightly concave. Diploexochus festivus (B-L.). (Fig. 60, d, e.) 1904. Armadillo festivus. Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 112, pl. 1x, figs. 40, 41. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 345 Close to flavescens. Rugae present, though obscure, especially in larger specimens ; peraeon segment 1 obscurely bituberculate near anterior margin in younger specimens. Internal teeth on segments 1 and 2 as in flavescens. Ridge on epimera of segments 5-7 present as in flavescens, but often obscure on pleura of pleon segment 3. Telson a little broader than long, rather more strongly carinate than in flavescens and obscurely bituberculate basally. Uropod, peduncle broader than in flavescens, and inner ramus shorter and stouter, extending scarcely more than one-third to apex of telson. Up to12x6mm. Slaty-grey, more or less mottled with lighter. Localities.—Cape Province: Port Elizabeth (Budde-Lund); Matjes- fontein (W. F.P.); Montagu (W. F.P. and K.H.B.); Kogman’s Kloof, Montagu (W. F. P.); Touws River (W. F. P.). The specimens here assigned to this species have the outer distal angle of peduncle of uropod more rounded than in Budde-Lund’s figure, and a somewhat shorter and stouter inner ramus. The ridge on pleura of pleon segment 3 is variable, sometimes distinct, some- times very obscure. Diploexochus montagut nu. sp. (Fig. 61, a,b.) Close to flavescens and festivus, but telson broader than long and distinctly trituberculate; peduncle of uropod stouter than in e Fig. 61.—Diploexochus montagui n. sp. a, Dorsal view of uropod; 6, telson and uropods. D. herscheli-n. sp.: c, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; d, telson and uropods. D. oraniensis (Dollf.): e, ventral view of epimera | and 2; f, telson and uropods (e and f after Dollfus). flavescens, as in festivus. Oblique ridges on epimera of segments 5-7 and pleura of segment 3 even more distinct than in flavescens. 346 Annals of the South African Museum. 10x4mm. Slaty-grey, lateral margins and uropods pale. Localities.—Cape Province : Ashton (W. F. P.); Montagu (K. H. B., 1922). Diploexochus oraniensis (Dollf.). (Fig. 612.73) 1895. Armadillo oraniensis. Dollfus,, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., viii, p. 346, fig. 4. 1904. nf “ Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 114, pl. ix, fig. 39. Rugae ? distinct. Peraeon segment 1 with a single inconspicuous median boss on anterior margin. Hpistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment with epimeral margin not grooved, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth small. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed. | Pronotum 54-7). Telson a little longer than wide (in figure: very slightly wider than — long), sides incurved, apical margin convex, dorsally evenly convex. Antenna 2, 2nd flagellar joint 4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle longer than wide, outer ramus extending half- way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus scarcely extending more than half-way to apex of telson. 7x3mm. Grey with a series of lateral clear spots, uropods red. Localities.—Orange Free State : Bloemfontein (Dollfus). Transvaal : Hammans Kraal, near Pretoria (Dollfus). In having no marginal groove on segment 1 this species resembles the species of Bethalus, but it has a narrow pronotum (Budde-Lund, 1904, p. 102). There is certainly a great likeness to Bethalus pretort- ensis, which has a slightly longer telson and a slightly longer outer ramus of uropod. I have seen no specimens. _ Diploexochus herscheli n. sp. (Fig 61, ¢, d.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae feebly developed. Epistome only slightly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thin, reflexed, not grooved, hind corner nearly equally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 strong. Pronotum ;4. Telson broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin slightly Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 347 convex, dorsally with median keel which is proximally forked ; ventrally with median groove. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3-4 times Ist. i Uropod, peduncle as broad as long, apex subquadrangular, outer ramus moderate, slightly beyond half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus long, almost reaching to apex of telson. 45x2mm. Slaty-grey, mottled. Locality.—Cape Province: Majuba Nek, Herschel District (Albany Mus.). The forked sculpture on the telson resembles that of furcatus, but in other respects the two species are quite distinct. Diploexochus orphanus n. sp. (Fig. 62, a, 0.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae obsolete. EHpistome not strongly raised, convex dorsally, concave ventrally. Peraeon segment 1 with margin moderately thick, reflexed, narrowly grooved in posterior half, hind corner unequally and narrowly cleft, Fic. 62.—Diploexochus orphanus n. sp. a, Telson and uropods ; 0b, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1. OD. alticola n. sp.: c, pleon segment 5, telson and uropods. internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 slight, some- what oblique and subacute. Pronotum +5. Telson broader than long, apical portion broader than long, sides slightly incurved, apical margin convex, dorsally with very slight median keel. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 24 times first. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, apically subquadrate, outer ramus’ extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus short, 348 Annals of the South African Museum. twice as long as broad, extending scarcely half-way to apex of telson. Up to7x3 mm. Slaty-grey, head and the dorso-lateral portions of peraeon segments more or less flecked with paler. Locality.—Cape Province: Kamiesberg (K. H. B., 1931). This form was found on the Weeskind (Orphan) Kop, on the western edge of the Kamiesberg, overlooking Garies. Diploexochus alticola n. sp. (Fig. 62, c.) Strongly convex, with low tubercles. Surface with minute squamulae (scale-spines). Head with low granules and corrugations. Eyes well developed. Epistome very feebly raised, in centre almost adnate, dorsally convex, ventrally biconcave for reception of 2nd antennae. Peraeon segment 1 with 4 rather large, but low and rounded, tubercles or warts on anterior margin, and 2 transverse rows of smaller tubercles behind. Segments 2-7 distinctly divided into a smooth anterior portion and a raised posterior portion, each with 2 transverse rows of tubercles, the hinder row with 14-16 tubercles. EKpimeral margin of segment | rather thin, reflexed, grooved only at hind corner, which is unequally cleft, internal tooth rather larger than in polythele, rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 moderate. Pronotum 54-75: Segments 5-7 with slight transverse ridge on lower surface of eplmera. Pleon segments 3-5 each with a single row of low tubercles, con- taining 6, 6, and 4 tubercles respectively. Telson broader than long, posterior portion very short, sides shghtly incurved, apical margin straight, dorsally strongly convex, with 2 large, but low and rounded, longitudinal ridges. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle as broad as long, apex subquadrate, outer ramus minute, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad. 5x2mm. Pale slaty-grey, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Zwartberg Pass, Prince Albert Div. (Kee Bs, 1929). In ornamentation and other features (epimeron of segment 1) allied to formicarum, but distinguished by the shape of the telson, Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 349 the feebly raised epistome, and the uropod. It differs from polythele by having the tubercles low and wart-like instead of conically raised. Diploexochus rhodesiensis n. sp. (Fig. 63, a, 6.) Strongly convex. Surface minutely squamulose-granulose. Head rugulose. Eyes well developed. Epistome not strongly raised, convex above, biconcave below. Peraeon segment 1 with 3 large, but low and rounded, bosses in middle of anterior margin, arranged in a triangle, 2 in front and 1 behind, flanked by a similar dorso-lateral boss (often subdivided into 2), with intervening smooth areas ; followed by a transverse row Cc Fig. 63.—Diploexochus rhodesiensis n. sp. a, Telson and uropods; 6, ventral view of uropod. D. pawperculusn.sp.: c, ventral view of uropod. JD. polythele n. sp.: d, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; e, pleon segment 5, telson, and uropods. of more elongate low tubercles or rugae; posterior margin with a band of small granules. Epimeral margin moderately thick, reflexed, grooved only in posterior third, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Segments 2-7 distinctly divided into a smooth anterior portion and a raised posterior portion, the latter with a transverse row of about 14 low tubercles, followed behind by a band of small granules. Epimeron of segment 2 subacutely narrowed below; epimera of segments 3 and 4 less narrowed, 5-7 subquadrate, without flange or ridge on lower surface. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed, but not or scarcely visible externally in lateral view. Pronotum ;.. Pleon segments 3-5 granulate, without larger tubercles. Telson 14 times as broad as long, posterior portion very short, sides incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally with a large VOL: XXX, PART 2. 23 390 Annals of the South African Museum. boss covered with small granules and with a medio-longitudinal groove. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times 1st. Uropod, peduncle as long as broad, strongly but evenly narrowed to a truncate apex, inner margin straight, outer ramus obsolete, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad. Up to 5x2-:25 mm. Pale slaty-grey, rugae lighter, eyes dark. Localities. Rhodesia: Bulawayo and Salisbury (R. W. EH. T.). Damaraland: Namutoni (K. H. B., 1921). Great Namaqualand: Nakob (K. H. B., 1925). The Rhodesian specimens were found in the nests of Phezdole ants. Diplocxochus pauperculus n. sp. (Fig. 63, c.) Very like rhodesiensis except as follows: peraeon segment | with only the 2 foremost bosses on anterior margin ; sculpturing in general feebler, and the hind margins of the peraeon segments not distinctly granulate ; peduncle of uropod slightly longer than broad, narrowing to a rounded apex, inner margin concave, inner ramus relatively larger. 5x2 mm. Pale slate-grey, rugae lighter. Locality.—Cape Province: Fore Bay, near Mossel Bay (K. H. B., 1931). Found under stones and logs, sometimes in association with ants. Diploexochus polythele n. sp. (Fig. 63, d, e.) Strongly convex and tuberculate. Surface with minute squamulae. Head with 3 transverse rows of conical tubercles, with 8 (or 10), 6, and 4 tubercles in front, middle, and hind row respectively. Eyes well developed. Epistome not strongly raised, convex above, bi- concave below. Peraeon segment 1 with 4 transverse rows of 4, 3, 14, and 10 conical tubercles respectively, the tubercles of the anterior two and of the posterior two rows alternating. Segments 2-7 distinctly divided into a smooth anterior portion and a raised posterior portion, each segment with 2 rows of about 10 tubercles each, alternating, more or less elongate, especially those of the hinder row on each segment. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 351 Epimeral margin of segment 1 moderately thick, reflexed, grooved only in its hinder third, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 moderate. Pronotum ;4,—74. Segments 5-7 without ridge on lower surface of epimera. Pleon segments 3-5 each with a single row of tubercles, respectively 8, 8, 6, the outermost one on segments 3 and 4 being situate on the pleurae. Telson broader than long, distal portion very short, sides feebly incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally with 4 tubercles en care. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle about as broad as long, narrowing to the sub- quadrate apex, outer ramus obsolete, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad. 4-5x 1:75 mm. Pale slaty-grey, eyes black. Localityi—Cape Province: Zwartberg Pass, Prince Albert Div. ger B:, 1929). In ornamentation this species is comparable with regulus van Name, 1920, from the Belgian Congo. Diploexochus meiringi un. sp. (Fig. 64, a.) Convex and tuberculate. Surface with minute squamulae. Head with 2 transverse rows of tubercles low rounded, 5in each row. Eyes well developed. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with 2 transverse rows of low rounded tubercles, 6 in anterior row, the two median ones largest, and 8 in posterior row. Segments 2-7 distinctly divided into a smooth anterior part, and a raised posterior portion, the latter with a transverse row of 16 some- what longitudinally elongate tubercles, the outermost ones being on the epimera. Epimeral margin of segment 1 moderately thick, reflexed, grooved along its whole length, hind corner unequally cleft. Internal tooth on segment 2 somewhat narrow and oblique. Pronotum 54-74. Segments 5-7 with very faint transverse ridges. Pleon segments 3 and 4 each with 2 rounded tubercles set far apart near junction with pleura, less far apart on segment 4 than on seg- 352 Annals of the South African Museum. ment 3; segment 5 with 4 tubercles. The tubercles on segments 3 and 4 together with the outer ones on segment 5 are in two converging lines conforming with the narrowing of the segments. Each pleura with a rather elongate tubercle. Telson broader than long, distal portion very short, sides feebly or not at all incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally with 3 conical tubercles. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. e f Fic. 64. Diploexochus meiringi n. sp. a, Pleon segments 3-5, telson and uropods. D. alberti n. sp.: 6, telson and uropods. JD. tugelae n. sp.: c, telson and uropods ; d, ventral view of epimera l and 2. JD. pusillus B-L.: e, telson and uropods ; f, dorsal view of uropod. (e and /f after Budde-Lund.) Uropod, peduncle about as broad as long, narrowing to the sub- quadrate apex, outer ramus minute, inner ramus scarcely twice as long as broad. 5x2 mm. Slaty-grey, somewhat rufous on the epimera and pleura, uropods reddish. Locality.—Meiring’s Poort Bere! Zwartberg Range, 6900 ft. (K. H. B., 1932). Closely allied to polythele but with a different arrangement of tubercles, and epimeron of segment 1 grooved throughout its length, The latter feature is found in alberti, which, however, is an almost smooth species, the telson in particular showing no trace of any tubercles. Diploexochus alberta n. sp. (Fig. 64, 0.) Strongly convex. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae faintly indicated. Eyes well developed. Epistome not strongly raised. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 353 Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, grooved throughout its length, hind corner equally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed, the epimeron narrowed below. Pronotum 7;-75. Segments 5-7 without ridge on lower surface of epimera. Telson about 14 times as broad as long, distal portion short, sub- quadrangular, apical margin straight, dorsally medianly convex, with a faint median impression proximally. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle a little broader than long, apically subquadran- gular, outer ramus minute or obsolete, inner ramus short and stout, twice as long as broad. 6x2-25 mm. Slaty-grey, uropods pale reddish. Localities.—Cape Province: Zwartberg Pass, 5500 ft., Prince Albert Div. (K.H.B., 1929); Meiringspoort Berg, Zwartberg Range, 6900 ft. (K. H. B., 1932). This form does not appear to be referable to orbicularis, as the eyes are by no means small, and the peduncle of uropod is distinctly broader than long. Diploexochus tugelae un. sp. (Fig. 64, c, d.) Surface minutely granulose. Rugae obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised. Hyes well developed. Peraeon segment 1 with margin grooved throughout its length, hind corner subequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed, oblique. Pronotum 7-75. Telson broader than long, distal portion very short, sides straight, apical margin slightly convex, dorsally smooth, with a very faint median impression proximally. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd flagellar joint 4 times as long as the very short Ist. Uropod, peduncle as broad as long, apically subquadrate, outer ramus minute, inner ramus extending almost to apex of telson. 3x1lmm. Greyish-white, eyes black. Locality.—Natal: Krantzkop (K. H. B., 1917). Differs from pusillus in the elongate inner ramus of uropod. Found in ants’ nests under stones. Krantzkop is near the south bank of the Tugela River, which divides Natal from Zululand. 354 Annals of the South African Museum. Diploexochus pusillus B-L. (Fig. 64, e, f.) 1909. Diploexochus pusillus. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, u, p. 57, pl. v, figs. 39-43. 1910. - Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 447. 21924, a is Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Siiss- wasserf. S.W. Afr., ui, p. 167. HKyes small, ocelli 14. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, grooved for its entire length, hind corner subequally cleft. Pronotum and internal tooth on segment 2 ? Telson short, almost twice as wide as long, sides slightly incurved, apical margin nearly straight. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle much wider than long, outer ramus minute, inner ramus very small, twice as long as wide, only about 4 length of peduncle. 3°09 1-6mm. Unicolorous reddish-brown. Localities.—Cape Province: Cape Flats, near Cape Town (Budde- Lund). Great Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht (Panning). A comparison of Panning’s and Budde-Lund’s specimens would be useful. As some of the characters were not included in Budde-Lund’s description, the identity of Panning’s specimens is, to say the least, doubtful. Diploexochus tabularis un. sp. (Fig. 65, a—e.) Surface minutely granulose. Rugae distinct but not prominent, more prominent on segment 7 than anteriorly. ‘Two inconspicuous bosses on anterior margin of segment 1. Eyes small, 2-3 ocelli. Epistome not strongly raised, a slight median impression above, biconcave below, the junction of the two areas marked by a rather distinct arcuate line. Peraeon segment 1 with margin grooved throughout its length, but the groove often difficult to trace, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded and projecting beyond the true postero-lateral corner of segment, consequently visible externally in lateral view. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 355 Epimeron of segment 2 narrowed to a subacute point, internal tooth well developed, visible externally behind the epimeron in lateral view. Pronotum +-7s. Segments 2-7 distinctly divided into a smooth anterior portion and a raised posterior portion. Epimera of segments 5-7 with thickening on lower surface near anterior margin. Fic. 65.—Diploexochus tabularis n. sp. a, Telson and uropods; 6, external lateral view of segments 1-3; c, dorsal view of uropod; d, frontal view of head ; €, marginal view of epimeron 1. JD. ecaudatus n. sp.: f, marginal view of epimeron 1. JD. albanyensis n. sp.: g, marginal view of epimeron l. D. hypselos n. sp.: h, pleon segment 5, telson and uropods; 7, dorsal view of uropod ; 7, external lateral view of head and peraeon segments 1-4; &, frontal view of head; /, marginal view of epimeron 1. Telson twice as broad as long, distal portion extremely short, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally tumid with a faintly indicated medio- longitudinal impression proximally. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd flagellar joint 3-4 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle much broader than long, subquadrangular, outer ramus obsolete, inner ramus extending to apex of telson and very nearly to level of apex of peduncle. 3X1:25 mm. White, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Table Mt., Cape Town, lower and upper slopes (K. H. B.). Although found in a locality so close to where pusillus was found, I do not think these specimens can be identical with Budde-Lund’s 356 Annals of the South African Museum. species. He would surely have remarked on the prominent size of the internal teeth on segments 1 and 2 if they were of the same form as here ; in fact he says of the lst peraeon segment “ post subaequaliter fisso.”’ Here the hind corner is certainly not subequally cleft. Further, the uropod differs from his figure, and there are fewer ocelli in the eyes. Budde-Lund does not mention the width of the pronotum. Found among humus and damp leaves, and in ants’ nests under stones, from an altitude of about 1000 ft. up to 3000 ft. Diploexochus ecaudatus un. sp. (Fig. 65, f.) Resembling tabularis except as follows: ocelli 4 (-5); rugae and tubercles slightly more prominent, on the posterior segments indis- tinctly divided into two transverse series, with the tubercles alternat- ing in the 2 series ; margin of peraeon segment 1 grooved only at hind corner ; pleon segments 3-5 with just a hint of tuberculation. 2-75x1 mm. Whitish, eyes black. Localities.—Cape Province: Zwartberg, Caledon (K. H. B., 1918) ; River Zonder End Mts. (K. H. B., 1928); Langeberg Mts., at Rivers- dale (K. H. B., 1926). The specific name may refer to the very short telson, which the species has in common with its allies, and to the “‘ River without End ” mountain range. Although the Caledon Zwartberg is now separated from the River Zonder End range, it appears to have been connected with it in the past more intimately than with other mountain massifs. A considerable gap occurs between the River Zonder End and Lange- berg ranges; the nearest approximation occurring at Swellendam. No specimens have yet been obtained from the Swellendam area of the Langeberg. Diploexochus albanyensis n. sp. (Fig. 65, g.) Resembling tabularis and ecaudatus except as follows: all surface sculpturing more rugged ; ocelli5; both the dorsal marginal line and the transverse line across front of epistome more strongly marked and arcuate; rugae and tubercles more strongly developed than in ecaudatus ; 2 distinct rows of alternating tubercles on each segment, there being 6 tubercles (no median one) in anterior row, and 5 in posterior row, not counting the tubercle at junction of each epimeron and its segment; margin of segment 1 scarcely grooved, but deeply Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 357 and widely cleft at hind corner; pleon segments 3-5 each with a transverse series of 3 distinct tubercles (1 median and 1 dorso-lateral on either side) ; telson with 2 submedian tubercles proximally. 31:25 mm. In alcohol, greyish, eyes black. Localities—Cape Province: Katberg Forest (J. Hewitt, Albany Mus.) ; Grahamstown (J. Hewitt, Albany Mus.). Diploexochus hypselos n. sp. (Fig. 65, h-l.) Resembling tabularis, ecaudatus, and albanyensis except as follows : ocelli not traceable ; head, peraeon, and pleon with strong mamilli- form tubercles; in 2 series on head and peraeon segments, with 2 median bosses in addition on anterior margin of segment 1; anterior row on peraeon segments with 4 (no median tubercle) and posterior row with 5, not counting the tubercle at junction of epimera and seg- ments; margin of segment 1 thick, but not actually grooved, hind corner widely and unequally cleft; when the animal is completely rolled up, the epimera of both segments 2 and 3 fit into this cleft ; internal tooth on segment 2 obsolete, in consequence of the pushing forward of the 3rd epimeron; pleon segments 3-5 each with a single series of tubercles, 2, 4, and 4 respectively, the 2 on segment 3 being especially large (like those on the peraeon); telson more than twice as wide as long, distal portion very short and narrow, dorsally with 3 tubercles, 2 being submedian proximally, the third median on the apical margin, occupying the whole of the distal portion of the telson ; antenna 2, peduncle very short and stout, with flagellum only one-third width of 5th joint, shorter than 5th joint, its 2nd joint 3 times Ist; peduncle of uropod as long as broad, the inner basal surface projecting inwards, outer ramus obsolete, inner ramus short, not reaching apex of telson. 3X 1-25 mm. Creamy-white. Locality.— Natal: Krantzkop (K. H. B., 1917). This is the most remarkable species of the tabularis group. The suppression of the internal tooth on segment 2 in response to the pushing forward of segment 3 appears to be unique. The telson and uropod are also noteworthy. In ants’ nests under stones. The dorsal sculpturing is not unlike the highland country in the district where this little woodlouse was found. 358 Annals of the South African Museum. Diploexochus pubescens (B-L.). (Fig. 66, a—d.) 1885. Armadillo pubescens. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 287- 1904. . " Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 114. 1910. Diploexochus ,, Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 446. Strongly convex. Surface distinctly granulate and covered with rather long bristle-like scale-spines. Rugae distinct, and in addition a series of larger granules along hind margins of peraeon segments, covered, however, by the smaller granules and hairs like the rest of the surface. Eyes well developed. Epistome not strongly raised, convex and minutely granulate above, smooth and concave below. Fic. 66.—Diploexochus pubescens (B-L.). a, Ventral view of epimeron 1; 6, telson and uropods; c, external lateral view of peraeon segments 1-3; d, ventral view of epimera 5-7 and pleurae 3 and 4. JD. conisaleus n. sp.: e, hind view of 7th peraeon segment, pleon, and telson. Peraeon segment 1 with a large, but low, wart-like median tubercle on anterior margin, flanked by a similar but longitudinally elongate one on either side (with intervening smooth area), posterior margin with a series of numerous rounded tubercles. Peraeon segments 2—7 divided into a smooth anterior portion and a raised posterior portion, the latter with 2 transverse rows of tubercles, 14-16 in each row. Epimeral margin of segment 1 strongly reflexed, not grooved, hind corner subequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Epimera 2-4 narrowed below to subacute points; internal tooth on segment 2 large, rounded, projecting backwards, visible externally in lateral view, and forming with the apex of its epimeron a cleft into which the 3rd epimeron fits. Segments 5-7 and pleon segments 3 and 4 with a strong longi Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 359 tudinal (parallel with body axis) flange on lower surface, external to which the epimera and pleurae are bent outwards more or less horizontally ; the flange is faint on segment 4. Pronotum $+. Telson twice as broad as long, distal portion very short, sides scarcely incurved, apical margin straight, dorsally convex and slightly tumid proximally, with faint indication of a median groove. Antenna 2 stout, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. | Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, apex subquadrangular, outer ramus minute or obsolete, inner ramus 24 to nearly 3 times as long as wide, extending about half-way to apex of telson. Up to 11x45 mm. Dirty whitish, eyes dark; usually covered with particles of earth. Localities.—Cape of Good Hope (Budde-Lund). Cape Province: Grahamstown and environs (Albany Mus.) ; Kasouga (Albany Mus.). Natal: Stella Bush, Durban (K. H. B., 1912). There can be little doubt that this is Budde-Lund’s pubescens, although he makes no mention of surface sculpturing ; in a small specimen this is not too obvious and is more or less concealed by the distinctive hirsute covering. In the following species (conisaleus), on the other hand, the tubercles are more prominent, especially those on peraeon segment 7, even in a specimen equal in size to Budde- Lund’s specimen, and could not have been overlooked by him. The only feature in which these specimens appear to differ from Budde-Lund’s description is in the epistome, which was originally described as “frontem multo superante.’ By comparison with other species the epistome cannot be described as strongly raised above the dorsal surface of the head. The single original specimen was collected by Drege at the “‘ Cape of Good Hope” (see p. 179). In 1904 Budde-Lund substitutes the exact locality “Cape Town” without any justification. Diploexochus conisaleus n. sp. (Fig. 66, e.) Closely resembling pubescens, but distinctly and strongly tuber- culate. Surface more squamulose than granulose, and with longer and more hair-like scale-spines; the hind margin of each peraeon seg- ment, however, is clothed with much shorter, bristle-like, scale-spines. 360 Annals of the South African Museum. Head with numerous low tubercles. Epimera and pleurae of segments 3 and 4 as in pubescens. Peraeon segments | and 2-6 as in pubescens. Segment 7 with 2 large rounded submedian tubercles, composed of 2—4 more or less confluent tubercles, and dorso-laterally a relatively enormous rounded boss on each side. Pleon segments 3-5 each with 2 submedian rounded tubercles. Telson in shape like that of pubescens, but with 2 submedian rounded tubercles proximally, continuing the line of those on pleon segments 3-5. Antenna 2 and uropod as in pubescens, the latter with minute outer ramus. Up to 9x4 mm. Dirty white, eyes dark; usually covered with particles of earth, so that the sculpture is only seen properly in a freshly moulted specimen. Locality.—Natal: Inchanga (K. H. B., 1917). Closely allied to pubescens but quite easily distinguished. Young taken from the brood-pouch are devoid of both tubercles and the hair-like scale-spines. Specimens 2-5 mm. long are tuberculate, but without the conspicuous bosses on segment 7, and are more thickly covered with long hairs than the adults; at 5 mm. these bosses are prominently developed. Found under stones, with or without ants’ nests, and among dead leaves and humus. Diploexochus makuae un. sp. (Fig. 67.) Surface minutely squamulose-granulose. Rugae moderately dis- tinct, but not continuous across dorsum. LEpistome strongly raised, convex above, dorso-lateral angles quadrate. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, reflexed, grooved for almost its entire length, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth broadly rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 strong, not adjacent to anterior margin, transverse, subquadrate. Pronotum }4-+. Segments 3-7 each with transverse ridge anteriorly on lower surface of epimera, and a short longitudinal (parallel to body axis) ridge posteriorly, the latter well marked only on segments 5-7. Telson broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally gently convex, with a faint median impression (naked) near base ; ventrally with median groove basally. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 361 Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, apex subquadrate, outer ramus minute, inner ramus moderate, 3 times as long as wide, ex- tending two-third distance to apex of telson. 7x3mm. Slaty-grey, mottled with paler. Locality.— Portuguese East Africa: Masiene (R. F. L.). Closely similar to salisburyensis and obliquidens in several features, but distinguished by the strong internal tooth on segments | and 2, b Fic. 67.—Diploexochus makuae n. sp. a, Telson and uropods; 8b, c, ventral view of epimera | and 2. broader pronotum, and the presence of the longitudinal ridges on lower surface of epimera 3-7. The rugae of the woodlouse resemble the parallel series of raised cicatrices with which the members of the Makua tribe ornament their faces and bodies. Diploexochus lamenites n. sp. (Fig. 68, a-c.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae on head and peraeon obsolete. EKpistome not strongly raised, slightly impressed in front medio- dorsally. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thin, reflexed, feebly grooved for one-third its length, hind corner very unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 small, near the anterior margin. Pronotum 4-+. | Segments 5-7 without thickening on lower surfaces of epimera. 362 Annals of the South African Museum. Pleurae of pleon segments 4 and 5 with a slight transverse ridge on lower surface ; a similar, but less conspicuous ridge on segment 3 also. Telson slightly broader than long, apical margin slightly convex, sides incurved, dorsally with 2 faint ridges basally, converging posteriorly (with a minute tubercle between them), followed by a faint short medio-longitudinal ridge ; ventrally without any median groove ; margin above bases of uropods somewhat tumid. Antenna 2 slender, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint twice lst (sometimes scarcely twice). Fic. 68.—Diploexochus limenites n. sp. a, Ventral view of epimera | and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1; 6, ventral view of pleurae of segments 3-5, uropod, and telson ; c, telson and uropods. JD. hypsinephesn.sp.; d, ventral view of epimeron 2; e, marginal view of epimeron 1. Uropod, peduncle apically subquadrangular, ventral surface with a slight transverse ridge, outer ramus short, extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus very short. Up to 13x65 mm. In alcohol, faded to a uniform cream. Locality.—Cape Province: Mossel Bay (W. F. P.). This species and the next one are distinguished from all other South African species by the transverse ridges on lower surface of the pleurae of pleon segments (3) 4 and 5, and the peduncle of uropod. Diploexochus hypsinephes n. sp. (Fig. 68, d, e.) Differing from lamenites only in having a distinct groove on peraeon segment 1, extending half-way along margin, the internal tooth on segment 2 stronger, nearer the middle of epimeron, and apically subacute. Up to 15x75 mm. Slaty-grey, more or less mottled with pale cream. Localitues.—Cape Province: Zwartberg Range, at Seven Weeks Poort Berg (Ladismith); and the Zwartberg Pass (Prince Albert), 4000-5000 ft. (K. H. B., 1928, 1929). fal tad Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 363 This form is very close to limenites, but the differences are quite clear when specimens of the two forms are laid side by side. More- over, the respective localities are widely separate, though the inter- vening country, including the Outeniqua Range, has not yet been searched. Diploexochus zwartbergensis n. sp. Distinguished from nigricans by the broader pronotum (}-+), the feebler groove on peraeon segment 1, extending only one-third along margin, and the presence of a distinct ridge down the centre of the pleurae of pleon segments 3-5. 8x4mm. Slaty-grey, uropods usually reddish or orange. Localities —Cape Province: Zwartberg Range, at Seven Weeks Poort Berg (Ladismith); and the Zwartberg Pass (Prince Albert), pies B., 1928, 1929). Diploexochus nebulosus n. sp. (Bic. 62,6.) Resembling nigricans very closely, and dollfusi still more closely, but distinguished by the broader pronotum and the straight sides of the distal part of telson. Peraeon segment 1 with margin as in dollfusi. Median ridge on telson is quite distinct from the 2 proximal tubercles, not in any way joined to them as it is in fwrcatus. "6% d A: Fic. 69.—Diploexochus disjunctus n. sp. a, Telson and uropods. D. nebulosus n.sp.: 0b, telson and uropods ; c, ventral view of epimeron 1 (that of disjunctus is similar). D. furcatusn.sp.: d, telson and uropods. Peduncle of uropod as broad as long, but narrowed distally, outer distal angle rounded, outer ramus extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus extending half-way to apex of telson. 6x2-5mm. Slaty-grey, sometimes mottled, uropods often pale. Localities.—Cape Province : Langeberg Range, at Swellendam and Zuurbrak (K. H. B., 1925). 364 Annals of the South African Museum. Diploexochus furcatus n. sp. (Fig. 69, d.) Resembling nigricans and dollfusi, except as follows: margin of peraeon segment 1 thin, grooved only in its posterior third, hind corner unequally cleft ; internal tooth on segment 2 smaller and less prominent ; pronotum +; telson with sides feebly incurved, the 2 basal tubercles and the distal median ridge united to form a Y-shaped ridge ; inner ramus of uropod longer, extending two-thirds to apex of telson. 5x2mm. Slaty-grey, uropods pale. Localities.—Cape Province: Palmiet River Mts., Kleinmond (K. H. B., 1927); River Zonder End Mts. (K. H. B.). The Y-shaped ridge on telson is somewhat like that of herschelt, q.v. Some very similar specimens (S.A. Mus., No. A 7993) were found on Keeromberg, Worcester District, in association with nigricans. They are rather less strongly rugulose, the fork on the telson less marked, the tooth on peraeon segment 2 more adnate, and the inner ramus of uropod shorter. Without more material from intervening localities I hesitate either to assign these specimens to furcatus, or to regard them as another new species. Diploexochus disjunctus n. sp. (Fig. 69, a, ¢.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae distinct. Anterior margin of peraeon segment 1 with 2 feeble rounded tubercles. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thin, grooved only at hind corner which is unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 rather small, not prominent. Pronotum 3-}. Telson broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin convex, dorsally with 2 conical tubercles proximally and a median elongate or conical tubercle distally. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle slightly longer than wide, distally narrowed, outer distal corner rounded, outer ramus small, extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus short, extending half-way to apex of telson. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 365 7x3:25 mm. Slaty-grey, sometimes mottled, and uropods some- times pale. Localities.—Cape Province : Langeberg Range, at Riversdale (east of Garcia’s Pass) and Lemoenshoek (K. H. B., 1926, 1927). Near to furcatus but with slightly broader pronotum and the median tubercle on telson quite separate from the 2 basal ones. The resemblance to Bethalus limbatus is very close, but the size and position of the internal tooth on segment | is an easy mark of distinction. Diploexochus castor n. sp. (Fig. 70.) Surface minutely squamulose. Rugae tubercular. Head dorsally with 3 transverse rows of rounded tubercles. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with 4-5 transverse rows of rounded or some- what longitudinally elongate tubercles, the rows not always clearly ° Fie. 70.—Diploexochus castor n.sp. a, Pleon segments 4 and 5, telson and uropods of g; 5, the same of 2; c, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2. distinct from one another, about 12-14 tubercles in each row. Seg- ments 2-7 divided into an anterior smooth portion and a raised posterior portion, the latter with 3 transverse rows of tubercles, the hindermost row of each segment on the hind margin, which thus has a scalloped appearance. Upper surface of epimera of segments 2-7 each with 1-3 tubercles. Epimeral margin of segment 1 not thick, reflexed, grooved in posterior half, but the groove faintly traceable to about two-thirds length, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 small, oblique, subacute. Segments 3-7 with a slight transverse (to body axis) ridge on lower surface of epimera. Pronotum }. VOU. Xe, PART 2. 24 366 Annals of the South African Museum. Pleon segments 1-5 each with a single transverse row of tubercles on hind margin, respectively 6, 8, 10, 8, and 6 in number, and an elongate tubercle or ridge on each pleura. Telson in g nearly half as long again as wide, sides strongly incurved, apical margin strongly convex, dorsally with 2 rounded tubercles at base followed by a median elongate tubercle or short ridge, all three often very indistinct ; in ? broader than long, sides strongly incurved, apical margin convex, postero-lateral angles rounded, dorsally with 2 submedian rounded tubercles near base, followed by a median elongate tubercle or short ridge. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, outer distal angle rounded, outer ramus extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus short, 2-24 times as long as broad, extending in $ one-quarter, in 9 barely half-way, to apex of telson. Up to 8x3 mm. Slaty-grey, sometimes with lighter mottling, lateral margins of peraeon, pleon, and apex of telson yellowish, eyes black, antennae grey, legs pale. Localities. — Cape Province: Lilyfontein and Modderfontein, Kamiesberg (K. H. B., 1931). Klipvlei, near Garies (A. J. H. and C. T., 1931). The dorsal sculpture varies somewhat. In most of the 99 the tubercles are strong, either low and rounded or sharply conical ; ina few 92, however, they are feebly developed. In most of the $3, on the other hand, the reverse is the case, though some younger gd are as strongly tuberculate as the 99. The remarkable development of the telson in the ¢ seems to occur only in fully grown $¢g, smaller ones resembling the 9. As there are no structural differences, except the telson and the usually stronger sculpturing of the 9, and as both forms were found together under the same stones, there is no question that only one, sexually dimorphic, speciesis present. The telson of the J strongly resembles a beaver’s tail. Diploexochus celsicauda un. sp. (Fig. 71.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae feebly indicated. Hpistome not strongly raised, in fact scarcely raised at all in the middle. Peraeon segment 1 with margin not very thick, grooved in posterior third, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 near anterior margin, slight. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 367 Pronotum }-}. Telson in g considerably longer than broad, distal portion shield- shaped, sides incurved, apical margin with median point, with the margin on either side straight, dorsally with a high medio-longi- tudinal keel beginning a short distance from base ; in 2 broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin with a slight point, margin on either side nearly straight, dorsally with a slight medio-longitudinal ridge, not extending above the general level of the dorsal profile. Antenna 2 slender, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint twice Ist. Uropod, peduncle in § longer than broad, in 2 as broad as long, apically subquadrate, outer ramus extending half-way to apex of Fig. 71.—Diploexochus celsicauda n. sp. a, b, Telson and uropods of ¢ and Q respectively ; c, lateral view of telson and uropod of 3; d, ventral view of epimera | and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1. peduncle, inner ramus short, twice as long as broad, extending in 9 one-third distance to apex of telson. Up to 11-5 (g), 11 (2), x 4:5 mm. Uniform straw-colour or buff, hind margins of peraeon segments sometimes (especially in preserved speci- mens) somewhat darker, eyes black, antennae greyish-brown, legs pale. Localities.—Cape Province: Van Rhyns Dorp and Bitterfontein (K. H. B., 1931); Garies (A. J. H., 1930). This species, like castor, is remarkable for the sexual dimorphism, In 36 of 4 mm. length the telson is like that of the 9 with a slightly stronger median ridge; at 5 mm. the telson is a little longer than broad. Diploexochus longipes B-L. 1909. Diploexochus longipes. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Reise, ii, p. 55, pl. 5, figs. 8-11. 1910. re a Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 446. 1924. . re Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xx, p. 233. 368 Annals of the South African Museum. Surface minutely squamate. Rugae obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thin, not grooved, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Pronotum # (original description) ; 4-+ in MSS. conspectus. Segments 2-7 “‘ duplicatura inferiore epimerorum nulla.” Telson scarcely broader than long, sides strongly incurved, apical margin nearly straight. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar jomt about twice Ist. . Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, outer ramus minute, imner ramus short, twice as long as broad. 10x5 mm. In alcohol, yellowish, hind margin of segments with inconspicuous dark spots. Locality — Damaraland : Okahandja (Budde-Lund). On a cursory examination of the Budde-Lund collection in the British Museum, it seemed to me that this species was very likely synonymous with quadrimaculatus. Diploexochus quadrimaculatus B-L. (Fig. 72, d, e.) 1909. Diploexochus quadrimaculatus. Budde-Lund, Schultzes Reise, ii, p. 54, pl. 5, figs. 1-7. 1910. in Bs Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 446. 1924. i ay Panning, Beitr. Kennt. Land. Stisswasserf. 8.W. Afr., ii, pa Lie: 1924. e ve Barnard, Ann. §. Afr. Mus., XX, p. 233. Surface minutely squamate. Rugae obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin rather thin, not grooved, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 small. Pronotum almost 3 (original description) ; 4-+ in MSS. conspectus. Segments 3-7 with a slight thickening on lower surface of epimera. Telson slightly broader than long, sides strongly incurved, a minute median impression proximally (not mentioned by Budde-Lund). Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 369 Antenna 2, 2nd joint shorter than 4th, Ist flagellar joint slightly longer than 2nd. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, outer ramus minute, inner ramus very small, not longer than broad (description), twice as long as broad (figure). 11-12 x5-5 mm. In alcohol, yellow, a series of 4 dark spots on hind margin of the segments. =a Fic. 72.—Diploexochus gordoniensis n. sp. a, Telson and uropods; b, dorsal view of uropod ; c, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2. D. quadrimaculatus B-L. : d, telson and uropods; e, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2. (d and e from specimen in Budde-Lund collection in British Museum.) Locality. Great Namaqualand: Keetmanshoop (Budde-Lund) ; Kuibis (Panning). This species, known only from two localities in the southern portion of South West Africa, and gordoniensis, which occurs up to the border of South West Africa, are undoubtedly very close. The obviously unequal cleft of peraeon segment 1, however, easily separates them, and the telson is more coarctate here than in gordoniensis. Both have the minute bare impression at base of telson. Budde-Lund in his MSS. conspectus has placed both this species and longipes under division 4b. ‘‘ Pronotum breve, tamen {-} dorsi vix brevius,” thus conflicting with his original descriptions of both species. The length of the Ist flagellar joint is unusual. 370 Annals of the South African Museum. Diploexochus gordomensis n. sp. (Fig. 72, a-c.) Surface minutely, but distinctly, granulate, especially on posterior portions of peraeon segments. Rugae obsolete. Epistome not strongly raised, dorsally reflexed. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, reflexed, grooved in posterior half, hind corner subequally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 oblique, subacute, but not nearly so strongly separated from epimeron as in, e.g., thomsen. Pronotum 3-1. Segments 5-7 with slight transverse ridge on lower surface of eplmera. Telson a little broader than long, sides incurved, distal portion also wider than long, apical margin slightly convex, dorsally nearly evenly convex, with a very faint median impression at base (not really impressed, but naked, not covered with the minute squamulae occurring over the rest of the surface). Antenna 2 not very slender, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint twice Ist. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, apex subquadrate, outer ramus minute, inner ramus very short and stout, scarcely twice as long as broad, extending barely more than 4+, at most 4, distance to apex of telson. Up to 10x4 mm. Pale dull brownish, hind margins of segments and dorsal parts of pleon darker brown or slaty-greyish, epimera, pleurae, and distal part of telson usually paler, eyes black, antennae and legs pale. Localities.—Cape Province: Dyason’s Klip, Keimoes, Vaalhoek, north bank of Orange River opposite Kakamas, Zwaardraai, Reimvasmak, Noap Hills, Narugas, Aries, Bak River (K. H. B. and S. H. H., 1925). Great Namaqualand: Nakob (K. H. B., 1925). In the shape of the telson and the coloration similar to rufescens, but distinguished by the internal teeth on segments 1 and 2, the absence of the oblique ridges on lower surfaces of epimera, and the wider pronotum. From quadrimaculatus, which also has a wide pronotum, it is distinguished by the subequal cleft of segment 1. All the above localities are situate in Gordonia, on the north side of the Orange River, Nakob being just over the border in South West Africa ; the Bak River and Aries are on the border line. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 371 Diploexochus pilula n. sp. (Fig. 73.) Strongly convex, surface very smooth. Rugae quite obsolete. Kpistome demarcated above from head only by a very obscure line, front convex above, concave below. Eyes small, ocelli 6. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, reflexed, grooved in posterior half, hind corner equally cleft, internal tooth rounded. Internal tooth on segment 2 small, subacute. C . iS Fic. 73.—Diploexochus pilula n. sp. a, Lateral view of head; 6, external lateral view of epimeron |; c, telson and uropods; d, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2. Pronotum }. Telson a little broader than long, sides incurved, apical margin slightly convex, dorsally evenly convex; ventrally with median groove near base. Antenna 2, 4th joint a little longer than 2nd, 2nd flagellar joint 2-24 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle slightly longer than broad, apically narrowed, apex subquadrate, outer ramus minute, inner ramus moderately short, 24 times as long as broad, extending half-way to apex of telson. Up to 7x 2:75 mm. In alcohol, whitish, eyes black. Locality.—Cape Province: Katberg Forest (J. Hewitt, Albany Mus.). Resembling thomseni in the feebly demarcated epistome and the thick, reflexed margin of segment 1. 372 Annals of the South African Museum. Diploexochus aenigma nu. sp. (Fig. 74.) Surface minutely granulate. Rugae distinct, but not continuous across dorsum. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with a low triangular boss (obscurely sub- divided) in middle of anterior margin. Epimeral margin thick, reflexed, grooved throughout its length, hind corner unequally cleft, internal tooth broad, rounded-truncate, with a smallindent. Internal tooth on segment 2 short, transverse, adjacent to anterior margin. Pronotum broad, one-quarter dorsal length of segment. fils” & : : ~ be Ss) Fic. 74.—Diploexochus aenigma n. sp. a, Telson and uropods; b, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2; c, peraeon segment l. Segments 3-7 with slight transverse ridge on lower surface of epimera. Telson broader than long, distal portion subquadrate, sides slightly incurved, apical margin almost straight, dorsally gently tumid at base with a very shallow oval median impression. Uropod, peduncle about as broad as long, outer ramus short, extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus long, reaching almost to apex of telson. 9x4 mm. Slaty-grey, with a medio-dorsal lighter stripe, pleurae pale. Locality.— Natal: Stella Bush, Durban (K. H. B., 1912). This species is close to burnuwpi in external appearance, but distin- guished by the dorsal sculpturing and the telson being relatively shorter proportionately to its width. The width of the pronotum is quite exceptional for a Drploexochus, but the species seems to fit into this genus better than into the others. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 373 Diploexochus cingulatus n. sp. (Fig. 75.) Strongly convex. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae not strong, but distinct, forming on each segment a transverse slightly raised band continuous across the dorsum. Epistome not strongly raised, slightly reflexed dorsally, biconcave ventrally. Peraeon segment | with 2 slight rounded bosses in middle of anterior margin. Epimeral margin thin, reflexed, slightly costate, hind corner shortly cleft, the outer margin of the internal lamina forming the margin of the epimeron, and visible externally in lateral view. Internal tooth on segment 2 slight, adjacent to anterior margin. Pronotum on segment 2 slightly less than 4, on posterior segments 4. = 2 Fic. 75.—Diploexochus cingulatus n. sp. a, Dorsal view of uropod; 8b, telson and uropods; c, external lateral view of epimera 1 and 2; d, ventral view of epimera | and 2, with marginal view of epimeron |; e, lateral view of peraeon segment 3, showing articular surface or pronotum (unstippled). Telson broader than long, distal portion very short, its sides scarcely incurved, apical margin almost straight, dorsally tumid with 2 low rounded tubercles basally, followed by a similar median one. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle stout, as broad as long, outer distal corner rounded, inner margin slightly concave, outer ramus minute, near apex, inner ramus long, 3 times as long as broad, extending almost to apex of telson. 6x2mm. Pale greyish. Locality.— Natal: Stella Bush, Durban (K. H. B., 1912). This species is remarkable for the breadth of the pronotum (unless it should be assigned to another genus), the interlocking of the lst and 2nd epimera, and the position of the outer ramus of uropod. 374 Annals of the South African Museum. Species Cubaridarum incertae sedis an inquirendae. Diploexochus orbicularis (B-L.). 1885. Armadillo orbicularis. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 23. 1904. x Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 100. 1910. Diploexochus _ ,, Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S. Afr. Crust., p. 446. Strongly convex, “ sublaevis.” Eyes small, ocelli few. Epistome dorsally adpressed and scarcely raised above level of head. Peraeon segment 1 with margin thick, grooved, hind corner equally cleft. Telson much shorter than broad, sides slightly curved, distal portion very short, transversely concave, apical margin straight, reflexed. Uropod, peduncle a little longer than broad, outer ramus minute, inner ramus short. ' 7x38-2mm. In alcohol, uniform blackish. This species was described from a single defective specimen, supposed to have come from the Cape of Good Hope. Im 1904 Budde-Lund quotes the reference to Dollfus and apparently accepts Dollfus’ identification. In view of the discrepancy as regards the telson, this interpretation cannot be conceded. Budde-Lund was unable to assign the species definitely to any one of his sections. Diploexochus liliputanus (Dollf.). 1895. Armadillo liliputanus. Dollfus, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., vin, p. 346, fig. 3. 1904. ea 4: Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 114. Rugae distinct. Peraeon segment 1 with a median bituberculate boss on anterior margin. Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 grooved for almost its entire length, hind corner neatly equally cleft (Dollfus’ figure), internal tooth truncate or emarginate. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed. Telson a little wider than long, sides incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally with 2 low rounded tubercles proximally. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint twice Ist. Uropod, peduncle as wide as long, outer ramus distinct, not quite reaching apex of peduncle, inner ramus extending two-thirds distance to apex of telson. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 375 4x1:75 mm. In alcohol, brown-grey, margin paler, uropods red. Locality Transvaal: Pretoria (Dollfus). Budde-Lund places this species in his section I] = Diploexochus, but makes no mention of the pronotal width either in his 1904 or his MSS. conspectus. Both this character and the mandible should be checked on the type material. I have seen no specimens which could be identified with this species. It resembles aenigma in the emarginate internal tooth on seg- ment 1, and perhaps the bituberculate boss on segment 1, but there the resemblance ends; the telson of aenigma is shorter, with less incurved sides. Cubaris natalensis Clige. 1917. Cubaris natalensis. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 573, pl. xdi, figs. 11-20: 1920. . a Id., ibid., iv, pl. xxvii, fig. 4 (figure shows only 6 peraeon segments). Body smooth. Epistome not strongly raised apparently. Peraeon segment 1 with margin grooved for its entire length, hind corner unequally cleft. Internal tooth on segment 2 rather small. Telson broader than long, distal portion about as long as broad, sides straight, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally evenly convex. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint twice Ist. Uropod, peduncle longer than broad, apex subquadrate, outer ramus extending half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus long, nearly reaching apex of peduncle. 75 mm. In alcohol, brown with the positions of the lateral rugae paler. Locality.—Natal : Krantzkop (Collinge). Mandible and pronotum not described. From the character of the lst epimeron the species appears to be almost certainly a Diploexochus. The nearest form which I have seen is aenigma, but apparently the rugae are not distinct (except by the coloration) in natalensis. From the description and figure it is not possible to say whether the internal tooth on segment 1 in natalensis has the notch characteristic of aenigma. Cubaris truncatus Clige. 1920. Cubaris truncatus. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 480, pl. xxx, figs. 48-56 (the figure of the whole animal shows only 5 peraeon segments). 376 Annals of the South African Museum. Surface finely granulose. Rugae apparently not distinct (except by coloration). Epistome not strongly raised. Peraeon segment 1 with margin grooved for about three-quarters its length (fig. 54), hind corner unequally cleft. Internal tooth on segment 2 well developed, adjacent to anterior margin (fig. 54). Telson broader than long, distal portion about as broad as long, sides slightly incurved, apical margin straight, dorsally apparently evenly convex or with a slight median keel proximally (fig. 56). Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint twice Ist. Uropod, peduncle slightly longer than wide, apex subquadrate, outer ramus extending two-thirds to apex of peduncle, inner ramus rather short. 12-5 mm. In alcohol, yellowish-brown with darker brown dorsally and laterally, flecked with yellow. _ Localityn—Cape Province: Port Alfred (Collinge). I have seen no specimens. The type was stated to be in the Albany Museum, but does not seem to have been returned thither. Gen. CuBARIS Brdt. 1833. Cubaris (part). Brandt, Conspect. Oniscid. 1904. Armadillo (part). Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., pp. 97, 118 (section vi). 1909. Cubaris. Id., in Schultze, Reise, u, p. 54 (subgen. of Armadillo). Head concrete, antennary tubercles not distinct, epistome without median raised shield, lateral marginal line of head continuous with margin of epistome. Pronotum broad, at least one-fifth dorsal length of segment. Hind margin of peraeon segment 1 more or less sinuate. Epimera large and thin, margin of lst more or less reflexed, some- times grooved, the internal tooth on both 1st and 2nd small. Mandible with several (at least 4) penicils. Inner lobe of maxilla 1 with 2 subequal slender plumose setae, outer apex rounded. Peraeopod 1 with groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod with oblong peduncle, and well-developed cylindrical outer ramus. Genotype: murinus Brdt. Excluding the doubtful species referred to this genus by Budde- Lund (1904, p. 120), the genus is distributed over the Hast Indies, tropical and subtropical East Africa, and the West Indies. Two ee ee _. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 377 African species : murinus and egens, are included here on the chance that they may be found to occur within our region in Portuguese Kast Africa. Key to the African species. 1. Outer and inner rami of uropod short. Telson strongly coarctate. Internal teeth on segments | and 2 distinct. a. Margin of peraeon segment 1 with slight keel which ends in the internal tooth : A : ; ; : : : ‘ burnupt. b. Margin of Ist segment not keeled . : : , : murinus. 2. Outer and inner rami of uropod long. Telson slightly coarctate. Internal tooth on segment 1 very small; none on segment 2 : . egens. Cubaris burnupt Clige. (Fig. 76.) 1917. Cubaris burnupr. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 572, pl. xh, figs. 1-10. 1920. . s Id., rbid., iv, pl. xxvii, fig. 3. 1920. ,, akerman. Id., rbid., iv, p. 481, pl. xxx, figs. 57-66. 1920. a yTiseus. Id., vbid., iv, p. 483, pl. xxxi, figs. 77-85. Surface minutely granulate. Rugae obsolete; epimera 2-7 each with a faint transverse ridge on dorsal surface. Epistome not strongly raised, sloping above, with slight median impression. Peraeon segment 1 with margin reflexed, grooved along its entire length, internal tooth rounded-subtruncate. Internal tooth on seg- ment 2 transverse, adjacent to anterior margin, rounded. Pronotum about t. Segments 3-7 with faint transverse ridge on lower surface of epimera. Telson slightly wider than long, sides incurved, apical margin slightly convex or almost straight, its width equal to length of telson, dorsally smooth, slightly convex basally with an obscure median granule ; ventrally grooved medianly at base. Antenna 2, 2nd and 4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 24 to nearly 3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle apically subquadrangular, outer ramus short, extending about 3 to apex of peduncle, inner ramus twice as long as outer ramus, extending half-way to apex of telson. Up to 25x12 mm. Dark slaty-grey, with lighter wavy streaks in the position of the rugae, apical portion of 5th joint of antennae pale, eyes black. 378 Annals of the South African Museum. Localities.—Natal : Pietermaritzburg and Hilton Road (Collinge) ; Pietermaritzburg and Krantzkop (K.H.B.); Richmond (S.A. Mus.) ; Krantzkloof (S.A. Mus.) ; Eshowe (Albany Mus.) ; M’fongosi, Zulu- land (Collinge; also S.A. Mus.); near Pongola River, Zululand (Natal Mus.). The identity of akermani with burnupi seems obvious. The whole figure of burnupi given on pl. xxvii, fig. 3, is stated to be x3, which would make the animal from which it was drawn exactly 23 mm., the same length as given for akermant. This is confirmed by the examination of specimens of burnupi and akermani, labelled in Collinge’s handwriting, ex Natal Museum. Cc Fic. 76.—Cubaris burnupi Clige. a, Ventral view of epimera 1 and 2, with marginal view of epimeron 1; 0, telson and uropods ; c, marginal view of epimeron | of specimen from Pongola River. In Collinge’s fig. 83 of griseus, the artist appears to have represented a very well-marked marginal groove on segment 1, but unfortunately the length of the internal tooth in relation to the postero-lateral angle cannot be seen; apparently it resembles burnupi. If, on the other hand, the internal tooth is of the same extent as the postero-lateral angle, z.e., if the hind corner of segment 1 is equally cleft, the specimens from the Pongola River might be assigned to griseus, because they show a very well-marked marginal groove and an equally cleft hind corner on segment 1 (fig. 76, c). This, however, is the only difference between these specimens and typical burnupi, and it is scarcely sufficient to justify their separation. In having a wide pronotum and several penicils in the mandible, this species appears to fall into Budde-Lund’s Section vi=Cubaris, though at first sight it conflicts with his diagnosis as regards the Ist epimeron. In the present species it is distinctly grooved throughout its length. Only when one reads Budde-Lund’s descriptions of miser and proximatus (1904, pp. 121 and 122) and other species in Section vi, a Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 379 does one realise that burnwpi resembles miser, etc., and does not therefore conflict with Budde-Lund’s conception of Cubaris. The difference between “per totam longitudinem sulcato”’ and “ per longitudinem carinato’”’ is merely verbal, for where there is a keel (“in dentem . . . desinens’’) there must be a more or less marked groove alongside it, or vice versa (cf. Bethalus macrodens). Un- fortunately Budde-Lund gave no illustration of this feature. Cubaris murinus Brdt. (Fig. 77.) 1833. Cubaris murinus. Brandt, Conspect. Oniscid. 1885. Armadillo re Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 27. 1889. A javanensis. Dollfus, Notes Leyden Mus., xi, p- 91, pl. v, figs. 1, a-c. 1895. z murinus. Budde-Lund, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 603. 1904. i es Id., Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 119, pl. x, figs. 20-22. 1906. a me Id., Deutsch. Siidpol. Exp., ix, p. 88. Surface minutely granulose. Rugae on head and peraeon distinct. Epistome moderately raised, with slight median impression above, dorso-lateral angles quadrate. Fic. 77.—Cubaris murinus Brdt. a, Telson and uropods; 6, ventral view of epimera l and 2; ¢, lateral view of head. (From a Seychelles specimen in the Budde- Lund collection in British Museum.) Internal teeth on segments 1 and 2 moderately well developed, obtuse. Telson a little broader than long, apical margin slightly convex, sides strongly incurved, dorsally smooth; ventrally with slight median groove at base only. 380 Annals of the South African Museum. Antenna 2, 2nd flagellar joint 2-3 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle apically subquadrangular, outer ramus short, extending scarcely more than half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus short, extending half-way to apex of telson. Up to12x6mm. In alcohol, greyish, uropods pale. Distribution.—Cireumtropical. This species has not actually been recorded from the region under consideration (lat. 15° S. southwards); the nearest localities are Zanzibar, Seychelles, Madagascar. It occurs on Ascension Island. The above description and figure are taken from a Seychelles specimen in the Budde-Lund collection in the British Museum. Cubaris egens (B-L.). 1904. Armadillo egens. Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 124. Rugae distinct. Epistome not strongly raised, slightly impressed medio-dorsally. Internal tooth on segment 1 very small, scarcely conspicuous ; tooth on segment 2 obsolete. Telson scarcely broader than long, sides slightly incurved, apical margin straight. | Uropod, peduncle apically broadly rounded, outer ramus long, but not extending to apex of peduncle, inner ramus long, extending almost to apex of telson. 7x35 mm. In alcohol, uniformly greyish. Locality.—Nyassaland (Budde-Lund). Gen. ANCHICUBARIS Cllge. 1920. Anchicubaris. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 484. 1928. * Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 592. Head concrete, antennary tubercles not distinct, epistome without median raised shield, strongly raised above level of head, lateral marginal line of head continuous with margin of epistome. Pronotum narrow, 3-4 of dorsal length of segment. Hind margin of segment 1 sinuate. Epimeral margin of segment 1 thin, not grooved. Internal teeth on segments | and 2 well developed. Epimera and pleurae more or less spread out horizontally. Antenna 2 short, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th joints subequal, flagellum 2- jointed. Mandible with several penicils (4-6). Inner lobe of maxilla Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 381 1 with 2 subequal rather short plumose setae, outer distal angle rounded-quadrate. Peraeopod | with short groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod with oblong peduncle and small cylindrical outer ramus. Genotype : fongosiensis Clige. In the narrow pronotum, short antennae with subequal 2nd-4th joints, and mandibles with several penicils, this form agrees with Pericephalus, which contains 3 species from Burma. The 2 plumose setae on inner lobe of maxilla 1 are slightly unequal, but not so definitely unequal as in Budde-Lund’s figure of P. marcidus (1904, pl. x, fig. 17). Not having seen any specimens of Pericephalus, I retain the genus Anchicubaris. Jackson’s observation that the lst antennae are present is confirmed. Anchicubaris fongosiensis Clige. (Fig. 78.) 1920. Anchicubaris fongosiensis. Collinge, Ann. Nat. Mus., iv, p. 484, pl. xxx, figs. 86-96. Strongly convex, with the epistome, lence and telson forming a horizontal flange when the animal is unrolled. Surface minutely squamulose-granulose. Head with several conical tubercles, 4 in the hinder row. LHyes well developed. Epistome raised considerable above level of head, subquadrangular, nearly twice as wide as high, nearly flat. Peraeon segment 1 with 4 transverse rows of tubercles, 4 tubercles in the front row, 2 in the next, and about 12 in each of the hinder rows. Segments 2-7 distinctly divided into an anterior smooth portion and a raised posterior portion, the latter bearing 2 transverse rows of tubercles, each with about 12 main tubercles, and also some smaller accessory tubercles or granules. The tubercles are more elongate longitudinally than in Collinge’s figure. Hpimera 2-7 each with a low transverse ridge. Epimeron of segment 1 large, spread out horizontally, thin, not reflexed, internal tooth rounded ; internal tooth on segment 2 strong, rounded-quadrate. Pronotum 3-4. Pleon segments 3-5 with a transverse row of respectively 4, 4, and 2 tubercles. Telson a little wider than long, basal and apical widths subequal, VOL, XXX, PART 2. 25 382 Annals of the South African Museum. sides incurved, apical margin nearly straight, dorsally with 2 tubercles near base. Antenna 2 short and stout, 2nd—4th joints subequal, 2nd flagellar joint 24 times Ist. Uropod, peduncle much longer than wide, distal portion with outer and inner margins subparallel, apex rounded-subquadrate, outer Fie. 78.—Anchicubaris fongosiensis Clige. a, Transverse section of segment from middle of peraeon (segment 3 or 4); 6, telson and uropods ; c, ventral view of epimera | and 2. ramus short, extending scarcely half-way to apex of peduncle, inner ramus about 2 basal width of peduncle. Up to 10-°5x5 mm. In alcohol, creamy or buff, eyes black ; usually covered with particles of earth. Localities.—Natal: Durban, Winkle Spruit, and M’fongosi, Zululand (Collinge) ; M’fongosi (S.A. Mus.). The South African Museum has a large number of specimens, from 3 mm. upwards, collected by Mr. W. E. Jones at M’fongosi. The sculp- turing does not vary ; young from the brood-pouch measure 2-5 mm. in length. Gen. ARMADILLIDIUM Brdt. 1833. Armadillidium. Brandt, Conspect. Oniscid. 1885. a6 Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 49. 1898. me Sars, Crust. Norw., ui, p. 188. 1928. hs Jackson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 592, fig. 19 (structure of head). Head concrete, antennary tubercles forming distinct ridges over the antennal sockets, epistome with a median triangular raised shield. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 383 Peraeon segment 1 with epimeral margin simple or more or less distinctly grooved, hind corner not cleft. Pronotum well developed. Telson trapezoidal or subtriangular. Antenna 2 with 2nd joint broader than, but subequal in length to, 4th, flagellum 2-jointed. Mandible with several penicils. Maxilla 1, outer lobe with 9-10 spines, some of the inner ones feebly bifid, inner lobe with 2 slender subequal plumose setae, outer apex produced in a short acute point. Peraeopod 1 with groove on anterior surface of 5th joint. Uropod, peduncle short, not visible dorsally in the gap between telson and 5th pleon segment, this gap being filled by the broad, spatulate outer ramus, inner ramus well developed, cylindrical. Pleopods 1 and 2 with pseudotracheae. Genotype: vulgare Latr. This genus is at once distinguished by the peculiar form of the uropods from all other genera except Eluma B-L. and Pareluma Omer-Cooper, 1923. The latter two genera have the hind corner of peraeon segment 1 slightly cleft; and Hluwma is distinguished by having each eye composed of a single ocellus. Armadullidium vulgare (Latz.). (Bie 19.) 1804. Armadillo vulgaris. Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust., vu, p. 48. 1885. Armadillidium vulgare. Budde-Lund, Crust. Isop. Terr., p- 66. 1898. os Le Sars, Crust. Norw., u, p. 189, pl. exci. 1906. Q a Webb and Sillem, Brit. Woodlice, p. 41, fig. 57, and pl. xxii. 1906. e i Budde-Lund, Deutsch. Siidpol. xp. tx, p €&. Surface smooth and nitidulous, but densely covered with minute scale-spines (see Wahrberg, 1922, p. 7, fig.). Epimeral margin of segment 1 simple. Pronotum $. Telson much broader than long, trapezoidal, apex truncate. Antenna 2, flagellum subequal to 5th peduncular joint, its 1st joint somewhat shorter than 2nd. Uropod, outer ramus considerably broader than long. 384 | Annals of the South African Museum. Up to 17x8 mm. Dark slaty-grey, often almost black, uniform or more or less mottled and variegated with yellowish or brownish, eyes black, legs and antennae dark grey. Locality.—Cape Province : Cape Town (K. H. B.). Distribution.—Europe and neighbouring regions of Asia and Africa. Occurs also as an importation in Madeira, N. and 8. America, Australia, New Zealand, St. Helena. This species would appear to be a recent importation into this country. Neither Simon, Schultze, nor the German South Pole Fic. 79.—Armadillidium vulgare (Latr.). a, Frontal view of head; 6, telson and uropods ; c, dorsal view of uropod. Expedition collected it. There are no specimens in the South African Museum amongst the material collected by Purcell or Lightfoot. I first noticed it in 1926 in my own garden (in Oranjezicht), where it is now as common as. Porcellio laevis. It occurs also in the Tamboers Kloof area of Cape Town, but not in the Museum grounds, the Municipal Botanic Gardens, or the National Botanic Gardens at Kirstenbosch. Fam. EUBELIDAE. 1899. Budde-Lund, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 2. 1904. Id., vbid., p. 36. 1907. Richardson, Smithson. Miscell. Coll., vol. 50, p. 220. 1910. Budde-Lund in Sjéstedt, Kilimandjaro-Meru Exp., 1, p. 3. 1912. fd., Ark. Zool., vu, No. 26, pp. 2, 4. 1922. Richardson, ew Rothschild Ethiop., 1, p. 19. Head concrete. Flagellum of 2nd antenna 2- or 3-jointed. Inner fobs of maxilla 1 with more than 2 (5-15) plumose setae. Telson triangular or quadrangular, not or but little exceeding the pleurae of 5th pleon segment. Uropod with peduncle short and broad, outer ramus small or minute, mostly terminal in position. The numerous plumose setae on inner lobe of maxilla | is a very i i be Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 385 distinctive character (fig. 80). Members of this family are found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Madagascar, and one genus is common to West Africa and the West Indies. The nearest recorded locality to South Africa is the Belgian Congo (Hubelum lubricum), but it is quite possible that species of this family will be discovered within our SSS b Fic. 80.—Hubelum lubricum B-L. Telson and uropods, andtapex of inner lobe of maxilla 1 (from Budde-Lund, 1899). region. It may therefore be useful to include the following synopsis of the genera. Synarmadilloides, Nobili, 1926, is not included. I. Antenna 2, flagellum 3-jointed. ; A. Epimeron of segment 1 separated from segment by a groove. 1. Margin of segment 1 sulcate, hind corner cleft . ELubelum B-L. 2. Margin of segment 1 not sulcate. a. Hind corner cleft . s ; : . Mesarmadillo Dollf. b. Hind corner not cleft (or with only a small internal lamina) Periscyphops Hilg. B. Epimeron of segment 1 concrete with segment. 1. Margin of segment I sulcate, cleft . : : Gerutha B-L. 2. Margin of segment 1 not sulcate, but cleft . Benechinus B-L. II. Antenna 2, flagellum 2-jointed. A. Epimeron of segment 1 discrete. | Heelan B-L. Ethelumoris Rich. Ignamba B-L. 2. Segment 1 not cleft : ; , : : Hiallum B-L. B. Epimeron of segment 1 concrete. Segment 1 not sul- { Hzallides Rich. cate, not cleft : : Stig tes . 2 VGesang Bak: 1. Segment 1 with hind corner cleft 386 Annals of the South African Museum. INDEX. A PAGE acinosa (Deto) . : : . 221 | cingulata (Setaphora) ‘ aculeatus (Polyacanthus) . 180, 321 | cingulatus (Diploexochus) . aenigma (Diploexochus) . . 372 | circularis (Schoblia) africana (Porcellionides pruinosus coloratus (Diploexochus) var.) . = ; ; . 255 | conisaleus (Diploexochus) akermani (Cubaris) . : . 9377 | contractus (Hiatoniscus) Akermania . 318 | cordatus (Bethalus) albanyensis (Diploexochus) . 3096 | Cubaris alberti (Diploexochus) ; 5 SHY albescens (Diploexochus) . . 340 D Alloniscus ; : . Zoi damae (Hora) alticola (Diploexochus) . 348 : damarensis (Diploexochus) : Anchicubaris . : : . 300 i ; : damarensis (Niambia) Anchiphiloscia . ; : . 241 p demarcata (Setaphora) Angaribia. 3 = 1295 deamasse, (e mania) angolae (Rhyscotus bicolor v Var). 2811 Sho ae 8 5 angusta (Niambia) . 4 . :265 DETONID A : Aphiloscia : : : . 238 dilatata (Ligia) . Arhina . : «) 23k Bie: Philose; ARMA DILLIDIEDAB) = 2). 90) 280), eeceuc ee Armadillidium 382 Lapses ; : : , | disjunctus (Diploexochus) s Armadillo. : 301, 320, 323, 376 dolleasi (Waploesaeha) armata (Deto) . 222 ‘ P ee austro-africanus (Trichoniscus) =) e200 E B ecaudatus (Diploexochus) barbertoni (Bethalus) ; . 312 | echinata (Deto). barnardi (Bethalus) . P . 317 | egens (Cubaris) . Benthanops : i : 5 ET elongata (Philoscia) Bethalus . i . 301 | episimus (Hekelus) bicolor (Exzaes) : : . 800 | EUBELIDAE . bicolor (Rhyscotus) . ; . 287 | Eubelum . . . ; . braunsi (Phylloniscus) ; . 206 piers (Phylloniscus braunsi brunnea (Niambia) . : . 260 var. Nec . . . burnupi (Cubaris) .. : . 377 | exotica (Ligia) . Exzaes ; C capensis (Niambia) .. : : 266 F capensis (Paranotoniscus) . . 202 | festivus (Diploexochus) capensis (Trichoniscus) : . 199 | filicornis (Ligia) : capensis (Tylos) : ; . 218 | flavescens (Diploexochus) castor (Diploexochus) ; . 365 | flavescens (Niambia) . celsicauda (Diploexochus) . . 366 | fongosiensis (Anchicubaris). Cercocytonus . : ; . 292 | formicarum (Diploexochus) cestus (Trichoniscus) . ; . 201 | formicarum (Niambia) chindeensis (Periscyphis) . . 294 | fulleri (Schoblia) PAGE 244 373 211 342 359 285 307 376 230 333 263 244 209 220 219 188 238 323 364 338 356 221 380 249 298 384 385 207 192 299 344 186 343 262 381 326 268 212 Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 387 PAGE PAGE fulva (Benthanops) . : . 247 M furcatus (Diploexochus) . = Sed | Tyaccadons (Bethalus) ; Saat macrops (Gerufa) ‘ ; = 276 G major (Diploexochus nigricans ensis (Trichoniscus) . » 200 var.) . : - 337 ee 4 ore ‘ _ 979 oe (Diploexochus) : : one glabrata (Ligia) : ee) anibla . : : ai gordoniensis (Diploexochus) . 370 | marginata (Komatia). eae . 240 gracilior (Ligia dilatata var.) 7 189 ke oes . abe 2 e-saei A DPeen ; : . 180 | marmorata (Gerufa) . : a beer ain eos) : ; _ 217 | marinus (Alloniscus) . : = oan griseo-albus (Bethalus) : . 303 | Marioniscus : ; : 234 griseo-flavus (Niambia) Ee oe (Diploexochus) . a griseus (Cubaris) : : : Sta | EECHOPOnOrnys . . “eee griseus (Hiatoniscus) . ‘ . 283 | muicrops (Manibia) . : = and mina (Setaphora) : : . 242 H mirabilis (Titana) , : . 208 oq | mixtus (Diploexochus) : es!) ee (Diploexochus) ; a modest eam bie) aa ; aroke Taicsiccas 283 monardr (Periscyphis) ; F 295 Se aren(Nahia) j : ; ; 945 ee : : ae : : S14 limbatus (Bethalus) . : = 1303 P limenites (Diploexochus) . . 361 | pachytos (Diploexochus) . a, ow longicauda (Cubaris) . : . 308 | pallida (Niambia) ‘ : . 264 longicauda (Niambia) : . 269 | panurus (Bethalus) . : - 306 longipes (Diploexochus) . 367 | Paranotoniscus . ‘ . 202 lubricum (Eubelum) . : 180, 385 | pauperculus (Diploexochus) - 350 388 Annals of the South African Museum. Periscyphis Philoscia . Philougria Phylloniscus pilula (Diploexochus) poecila (Krantzia) Polyacanthus polythele (Diploexochus) Porcellio . Porcellionides , pretoriensis (Bethalus) pruinosus (Porcellionides) . pubescens (Diploexochus) . pulchella (Philoscia) pusilla (Niambia) pusillus (Diploexochus) Q quadrimaculatus (Diploexochus) . R reticulatus (Cubaris) Rhacodes . , rhodesiae (Bethalus) : rhodesiensis (Diploexochus) Rhyscotus 4 riversdalei (Trichoniscus) rufescens (Diploexochus) ahs) saldanhae (Diploexochus) salisburyensis (Diploexochus) scaber (Porcellio) 3 Schoblia . Scyphacidae secutor (Bethalus) Setaphora spatulifrons (Marioniscus) é Spherilloninae . : spinosa (Akermania) . PAGE 292 235 194 205 371 281 320 350 251 254 305 255 358 249 266 354 368 308 213 305 349 286 201 341 304 327 252 211 219 316 241 234 229 318 squamata (Niambia) . steenbrasi (Diploexochus) . Stenomacrus stricticauda (Bethalus) swellendami (Trichoniscus) sylvatica (Exzaes) Synarmadillo - tabulae (Trichoniscus) tabularis (Diploexochus) Termitoniscus thomseni (Diploexochus) Thomsenia ; Titana . : tradouwi (Bethalus) ; transvaalensis (Polyacanthus) TRICHONISCIDAE . : Trichoniscus : trilobata (Cubaris) truncata (Niambia) truncatus (Cubaris) tuberculatus (Paranotoniscus) tugelae fee TYLIDAE ‘ Tylos V ventosus (Trichoniscus) vilis (Aphiloscia) Vinneta g virgiliae (Inchanga) vulgare (Armadillidium) W warreni (Bethalus) warrent (Philoscia) Z zwartbergensis (Diploexochus) + 195 PAGE 180, 259 335 286 311 201 299 292 354 211 331 257 208. 310 321 193 194 343 260 375 204 353 212 213 199 238 221 279 383 315 245 363 . é ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM VOLUME XXX. PART Ill, contoining — 12. South African Hispinae from the South African Museum, Cape Town. 43. Contribution to a knowledge of the Hispinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): By EH. Unmann, Stollberg- Erzg. (Translated from the German manuscript.) 13. Some Insects associated with the Plant Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. By A. J. Hessz, BSe., Ph.D., F.ES., Assistant, South African Museum, Cape Town. (With 10 Text-figures. ) z 14. On Some Collembola-Arthropleona from South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. By H. Womerstey, A.L.S., F.R.ES.; Entomologist, South Australian Museum. (With 12 Text-figures. ) 15. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. IX. By J. R. te B. Tomiin, M.A., and Dr. F. A. ScuitpER. (With 3 Text-figures.) SS neue ISSUED MARCH 1934. PRICE 8s. PRINTED FOR THE TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH. ( 389 ) 12. South African Hispinae from the South African Museum, Cape Town. 43. Contribution to a knowledge of the Hispinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae).—By EH. Upmann, Stollberg-Erzg. (Translated from the German manuscript.) In response to my request for material for the study of South African Hispinae, the above Museum forwarded, through Dr. Hesse, numerous Hispinae for examination. A large number of specimens of these, as well as of others not dealt with below, were put into my hands. For this material and for the supplementary information concerning various types I am very greatly obliged. NEw SPECIES. . Callispa hessei, Portuguese Kast Africa. . Callispa nyakaénsis, Portuguese Kast Africa. . Dactylispa viatoris, Rhodesia. . Hispa (Thoracispa) hesser, Cape Province. . Platypria nodifera Spaeth, Transvaal. OU Rm Co Db SYNONYMS. Pseudhispella consobrina Per. belongs to Polyconia spinicornis Kr. 1. Callispa hessei un. sp. Ovata, fulva, nitida, antennis nigris ad basim fulvescentibus. Capite laevi, prothorace transverso a basi antrorsum rotunde angus- tato, utrinque lateraliter indistincte impresso, ibi crebre, ceterum sparse punctato; elytris ovatis, convexis, subregulariter punctato- striatis, punctis ante apicem et extus non latioribus, serie marginali exii. Long. 6 mm. It appears to resemble C. bottegoi Gest., a species unknown to me, but certainly differs from it by the oval and not parallel shape and the uniform strength of the rows of punctures on the elytra. In contour it comes nearest to kilimana Kolbe and silacea Ws., but is much more coarsely punctured, has stouter antennae, and the head is medially obtusangularly produced between the antennae, VOls XX. PART 3. 26 390 Annals of the South African Museum. whereas in the species mentioned the head in front is triangularly produced across its entire breadth. Antennae stout and short, scarcely reaching the posterior margin of the prothorax; joint 3 longer than 2; seen from the narrow side 4 is equal to 5, and is as long as broad; the rest of the joints, excepting the pointed 11th joint, slightly transverse, scarcely differing from each other; joints 5 to 10 become progressively more transverse seen from the broad side. Prothorax with sharp posterior angles, forward from these rounded and narrowed; anterior angles acutely projecting; the sides finely margined; laterally shghtly and feebly depressed, covered with fairly strong scattered punctures, which are denser in the region of the lateral depressions. Scutellum smooth, triangular. Elytra with 11 almost regular rows of punctures, of which only the ~ 11th on the lateral margin is very fine, with the punctures in the rest of the rows almost all equal in size; row 1 linear; rows 6 and 7 present only in the posterior half of elytra. Three specimens. Portuguese East Africa: Lourengo Marques, 18/7/08. 2. Callispa nyakaénsis n. sp. Elongata, parallela, nitida, nigro-cyanea, pedibus abdomineque rufo-testaceis. Capite subtilissime punctulato, triangulariter pro- ducto; prothorace transverso, lateraliter leviter, ante scutum pro- funde impresso, sparse punctato; scuto laevi, pentagonal; elytris parallelis, post humeros impressis, regulariter punctato-striatis, striis a sutura marginem versus punctis fortioribus, stria undecima sub- tiissima. Long. 5-5-5 mm. Similar to C. rufiventris Uh.; the legs, however, yellow; the body more shiny; the head broadly triangularly produced in front, as in kilimana Kolbe and silacea Ws.; in rufiventris it is simply triangularly pointed. Very dark blue, smooth, shining; abdomen and legs orange. Head very finely punctured, the extension in front truncated; antennae moderately short, reaching to middle of prothorax, moderately stout, with the basal joints elongate, those towards apex transverse. Pro- thorax transverse; the sides rounded and narrowed, finely marginated; anterior angles not projecting; the disk on each side posteriorly and laterally feebly depressed, with a distinct and deep depression in front of scutellum, with scattered punctures, smooth anteriorly. Scutellum smooth, pentagonal. LElytra parallel, convex, with a shallow, irregular depression behind the shoulders, with 11 regular Contribution to knowledge of Hispinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). 391 rows of punctures, the innermost linearly impressed; the inner rows with fine punctures, towards the sides the punctures in the rows become progressively coarser; row 11 very fine, directly on the lateral margin; rows 5 and 6 begin only at the middle of the elytra. Three specimens. Portuguese East Africa: Nyaka, 11/1924 (R. F. Lawrence). 3. Callispa umtalina Pér. The author states “Tota nigra.” Dr. Hesse kindly informs me that the type has a reddish-brown abdomen. 4. Oncocephala promontori Pér. One specimen. South-West Africa: Tsumeb (R. Tucker, December 1919). 5. Balyana sculptilis Fairm. Seven specimens. Rhodesia: Sebakwe (D. Dods, 1901). 6. Pseudhispella militaris Ws. Five specimens. Rhodesia: Sebakwe. 7. Pseudhispella consobrina Pér. Of this species, Dr. Hesse kindly informs me that “there are three specimens, all labelled as types, two from Rhodesia (Sebakwe), and one from the Transvaal (Shilou- vane, ex Pér.), of which the last specimen only still has antennae.” From the description and figure forwarded to me it follows that this species belongs to Polyconia. A comparison with my material of Polyconia spinicornis Kr. from the Congo and Cameroons convinces me that consobrina is identical with spinicornis, and has to be con- sidered as a synonym of it. Two specimens from the Transvaal (Kaapmuiden, R. W. Tucker, 30/10/1918) have been kindly presented to me. They are smaller than my smallest specimens of spinicornis from the Cameroons (Uam region). In other respects no specific differences are to be detected. 8. Dorcathispa alternata Ws. One specimen each from Portuguese East Africa: Masiene, December 1923, and Inhambane, January 1924 (R. F. Lawrence); one specimen from Rhodesia: Bulawayo, May 17 (R. Tucker). 9. Dorcathispa extrema Pér. One specimen from Kast Transvaal: Komati Poort, November 1918 (R. Tucker); one specimen, South- West Africa: Tsintsobis, January 1920 (R. Tucker); one specimen, Transvaal: Kaapmuiden, 30/10/1918 (R. Tucker); one specimen from Portuguese East Africa: Lourengo Marques, 1911 (T. B. Paulus). 10. Dactylispa bodongi Uh. According to the material before me, this species, outside Portuguese East Africa (Beira), also occurs in Zululand, Cape Province (Dunbrody), and in the Transvaal (Pretoria, Komati Poort, and Acornhoek). 11. Dactylispa sulcata Chap. One specimen each from the Cape 392 Annals of the South African Museum. Flats, 16th December (C. G. H.); Paarl, September 1901 (C. G. H.); Stellenbosch. 12. Dactylispa gracilis Pér. Three specimens from Southern Rhodesia (Salisbury), and one specimen from Bulawayo. 13. Dactylispa perfida Pér. One specimen from Portuguese Hast Africa: Nyaka 11/24 (R. F. Lawrence); and 4 specimens from North- East Transvaal: Louis Trichardt, 12/18 (R. Tucker). 14. Dactylispa pretiosula Pér. One specimen from Rhodesia: Sebakwe (O. Dods). In my key in “Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., xxi, 1931,” pp. 154 and 155, it comes after hirsuta Gest. Intervals 4 and 6 broad, carinate; rows 5 and 6 curved outwards. 15. Dactylispa viatoris n. sp. (Pér. in coll.). Oblonga, nitida, rufo-testacea, prothorace utrinque macula parva nigra, spinis dorsalibus elytrorum nigris, ceteris in apice nigris, prosterno in medio, metasterno fere in totum nigris. Antennis ad apicem vix incrassatis, articulo primo incrassato; vertice opaco, declivi, collo nitido; prothorace dense flavo-sericeo, fere plano, spinis lateralibus 2, 1, duabus anticis inaequalibus, basi subconjunctis; elytris oblongis, regulariter punctato-striatis, tenuissime pilosis, spinis longis, validis, brevissimis intermixtis, in margine apicali abbreviatis. Long. 6, lat. 2-5 mm. This species, from the hairs on the prothorax, reminds one of pubicollis Chap., but has, unlike this species, not smooth elytra, but a small, yellowish hair in each puncture. It is to be placed near echinata Gyll., from which it differs in size and the finer hairs on the elytra. Reddish-brown; pro- and metasternum black in part; prothorax on each side with a black spot. Head with the vertex plane and flat, with only a short groove posteriorly, with golden yellow hairs on eye margins, steeply sloping to the shining neck; clypeus longer than broad, wrinkled, distinctly carinate between the eyes. Antennae half as long as the body, not compressed, scarcely thickened apically; joint 1 stout, twice as long as thick; 2 scarcely half as long as 1; 3 as long as 1; 4-6 becoming progressively shorter, with 6 one and a half times as long as broad; 7 a little longer than 6; 8-10 of equal size, each only slightly longer than broad. Prothorax transverse, wrinkled and punctured, smooth along the middle line and on the black spots, densely covered with golden yellow hairs as in pubicollis; spines 2 and | on lateral margins, with the two front ones very close together, scarcely separated at the basis, the first shorter than the second, with Contribution to knowledge of Hispinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). 393 the third free spine large, half as long as the second. LElytra twice as long as broad, regularly punctato-striate; rows 9 and 10 shortly connected in the middle, in each puncture a fine small golden-yellowish hair; discal spines stout and long, everywhere intermixed with very short ones; interval 2 with 5 spines (2 before and 3 behind the middle); interval 4 with 3 spines (I at the level of the shoulders, 1 in the middle and | in front of the last spine on interval 2); interval 6 with 4 spines on the humeral callus, a 5th immediately behind it, a 6th at the middle next to the 2nd spine on interval 4 in front of the distinct depression, a 7th behind the depression between the 3rd and 4th spines on interval 2; interval 8 with one spine on the outer angle almost next to the last spine on interval 6; spines on lateral margins numerous (12-15), almost as long as those on the disk; spines on the hind margin short, triangular. Two specimens labelled with an upper label * “A. C. W. Mally, Agrl. Dept., Grahamstown, Cape Colony, 5/12/10,” and a lower label, “J. B. Greathead, Fort Jamieson, N.E. Rhodesia, 23/8/10.” 16. Dactylispa discreta Ws. Two specimens each from Portuguese Kast Africa: Nyaka, Masiene and Inhambane; Natal: Malvern. 17. Dactylispa pubicollis Chap. (dissimilis Peér.). One specimen each from Natal: Malvern; Transvaal: Louis Trichardt (R. F. Law- rence, 1/11/28); Portuguese Hast Africa: Nyaka (R. F. Lawrence, 11/24). 18. Trichispa sericea Guér. Four specimens from Natal: Durban (C. N. Barker, 24/10/18). 19. Hispa (Chrysispa) fera Ws. Two specimens from Zululand: Mfongosi (W. E. Jones, 3/17). New for South Africa. 20. Hispa travers Gest. Twelve specimens from Portuguese East Africa: Nyaka (R. F. Lawrence, 11/1924). This species, described from Abyssinia, has a wide distribution. I have also been able to record it from the Congo and Lower Guinea. 21. Hispa ovampoa Pér. One of the specimens presented to me (N. Rhodesia: Pemba, Father Casse, 1917) resembles a quadrifida Gerst. The elytra, however, have a bronzy lustre. Unfortunately the antennae are wanting, so that it is impossible to establish whether they afford yet another character for the separation of the two species. 22. Hispa melancholica Ws. One specimen from Mashonaland: * The upper label is not a locality label but merely signifies that the specimen is from Dr. Mally’s collection when he was in the Agricultural Department. The true locality of the species is thus Fort Jamieson, N. Rhodesia.—Ep1ITor. 394 Annals of the South African Museum. Salisbury (G. A. Marshall, 1894) Ex cotypo; elytra brownish-metallic, certainly immature. Supposed by Péringuey to be a new species pulchella (nom. in coll.). 23. Hispa indubia Pér. Three specimens from Transvaal and 1 specimen from Rhodesia: Sebakwe. This species is very similar to bennigseni Ws., and most likely only a southern race of it. It differs by the much shorter elytral spines; particularly short are the spines on intervals 2 and 4 and along the lateral margins. In my key (Mitt. Mus. Berl., 1931 (32), p. 884), it comes after stuhlmanni Uh., with the contrasting character: the 4 spines on the lateral margins of prothorax forming a cross. 24. Hispa approximans Pér. One specimen from Southern Rhodesia: Penkridge, 3/28. 25. Hispa eximia Pér. Five specimens from Transvaal: Pretoria (1/4/1918, Dr. Brauns). 26. Hispa pavida Ws. One specimen each from South-West Africa: Nuragas (January 1920, R. W. Tucker); Southern Rhodesia: Salisbury (May 1917, R. Tucker). Both these specimens are a little more slender than the typical forms from German East Africa. 27. Hispa malvernia Per. Two specimens from Natal: Scottburg (K. Barnard), and 1 specimen from Malvern. To be placed after H. caffra Ws. 28. Hispa ramulosa Chap. One specimen each from Stellenbosch (L. Péringuey), Hottentot’s Holland Mts., 4000 feet, Caledon, C.P. (K. Barnard, 1916). Besides these there are 2 totally dark brown, immature specimens. 29. Hispa (EHutrichispa) gebienn Uh. Fourteen specimens from Portuguese Hast Africa: Lourengo Marques (J. B. Paulus, 1911); 1 specimen from Bushmanland: Henkries (Lightfoot). 30. Hispa (Thoracispa) hessei n. sp. EKlongata, brunnea, spinis a medio ad apicem infuscatis; antennis gracilibus, vix incrassatis; prothorace laevi, subopaco, lateribus valde lobatis, lobo spinulis multis radiatim digestis; elytris subdepressis, nitidulis, subregulariter punctato-striatis, in singulo elytro tribus seriebus dorsalibus spinarum multarum, longarum, gracilium, margine laterali spinis multis longis longitudine dorsalium, margine apicali brevioribus. Long. 4-5 mm. To be placed next to H. brunni Ws. Brownish; spines darkened from their middle to apex. Head round; eyes small, oval, only half as long as the temples; vertex and clypeus smooth, lustreless, the last apron Contribution to knowledge of Hispinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). 395 finely carinate; neck not demarcated; antennae slender, only feebly thickened towards apex; joint 1 short, twice as long as broad; 2 only half as long as 1; 3 thin, scarcely three times as long as 2; 4 is equal to 5, each shorter than 3; 6 shorter than 5; 7 about as long as 6; 8, 9, and 10 equal, each somewhat longer than broad and shorter than 7; 11 longer by its apex than 10. Prothorax a little longer than broad; the apical margin convex and ciliated; the posterior angles acutely produced; the disk dull and shagreened, without depressions; lateral lobes large, with about 30 long, slender spines, in an arc along their lateral margins, the spines being as long as the disk is broad. The spines along hind margin of lobes in a single row, anteriorly in a double divergent row; the innermost spine on the anterior margin is curved and directed backwards and upwards. Scutellum fairly large, triangular, dully shagreened. Elytra elongate, broadened and rounded behind the shoulders, with 8 almost regular rows of punctures; with an interposed row of punctures between rows 5 and 6 posteriorly; depressions wanting; the straight intervals slightly carinate. On closer examination 4 rows of spines may be distinguished instead of 3 rows; interval 1 with 5 spines, of which the first is just before the middle and the second behind the middle; interval 2 with about 7 spines, which are already long from the base onwards; interval 4 with more than 10 spines; interval 6 with up to 20 and elytral margins with about 30 spines, with the spines crowded on interval 6 and along the lateral margin. All the elytral spines vary in length, the longest are as long as one elytron is broad; the spines on the posterior margin slightly shorter than those on the lateral margins. Two specimens from Hottentot’s Holland Mts., 4000 feet altitude, Caledon district (K. H. Barnard, January 1916). 31. Platypria ngrospinosa Fairm. (mashonana Pér.). One specimen each from Salisbury (1913, J. O’Neil); Salisbury: Arcturus (1916, Dr. Melle). 32. Platypria natalensis Gest. (Pér. in coll. of Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., 3, 1 (xli), 1905, p. 516, fig.). Two specimens from Malvern; 1 speci- men from Natal: Durban (Bell Marley). One specimen from Southern Rhodesia: Umtali (A. Bodong, 1902). 33. Platypria nodifera Spaeth, n. sp. Reddish-yellow; the first two antennae joints, the prosternum, the pectoral region and its lateral parts, the abdomen with the exception of a broad outer border, two round spots next to each 396 Annals of the South African Museum. other in the transverse furrow in front of the base of prothorax, the scutellum and all tubercular prominences and lateral spines on the elytra, black. | The contour rectangular, twice as long as broad, with almost parallel sides. Antennae strikingly short, about reaching the base of the prothorax; joint 2 globular; 3a little more than twice as long, as long as4and 5 combined; 4 about a fourth longer than 5, this and the following not longer than thick; 9 twice as long as thick; 7-9 slightly thickened. Prothorax with 5 spines on each side, all, except- ing the last, almost equally long, the larger ones with a slightly dark- ened apex; the disk transversely depressed posteriorly, almost dully, with the punctures distinct only on the dark spots. The humeral lobes of the elytra are scarcely broadened and carry 4 spines; then follows a short, shallow emargination; the middle lateral spine which follows is a little farther separated from both the neighbouring ones: after this follow 8 spines, so that altogether 13 spines are present on each side; all 13 are short, hardly more than half as long again as thick, the 2 last ones at the most slightly shorter; each elytron with 3 spines on the shoulders and about 14 tubercles on the disk, 4 each on the slightly carinate intervals 2 and 4, two on 6, and four very small ones on the 8th interval; of those on interval 2 the first one is a little before and the second one behind the middle, and the third and fourth on the declivity; those on interval 4 always stand obliquely behind those on interval 2; all these protuberances are small, low, and tubercular, the first two on the inner two intervals, and the first one on interval 3 a little larger; lateral expansions of elytra very narrow, and with the black thickened parts of the spines con- tinued to its inner margin. 5x34 mm. British Museum; Transvaal: Pretoria (22/10/1921). Two types. South African Museum; Transvaal: Mulder’s Drift (5/11/1905). One specimen. ( 397 ) 13. Some Insects associated with the Plant Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. —By A. J. Hesse, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.E.S., Assistant, South African Museum, Cape Town. (With Ten Text-figures.) INTRODUCTION. Iy this paper an attempt is made to enumerate the different kinds of insects directly or indirectly dependent on Gnidia laxa during the autumn and summer months of September 1931 to May 1932.* The life-histories and stages in the life-cycle of some of those, found bio- logically or biocoenotically dependent, are here given for the first time. The study is necessarily limited in its scope, and is solely an attempt to show what interesting biological data could be obtained from the study of an ordinary plant like Gnidia. In its scope it does not purport to be an exhaustive list and neither does it attempt even to outline or solve all the intricate and complex relationships, bio- chemical, physiological, and chemo-physical problems bound up with any detailed biocoenotic or ecological study. It is more a study of the members of an interdependent group. The study of insects and their host plants, apart from the economic point of view, has received but scant attention in South Africa. With the exception of a few common forms, the life-histories, larval stages, and pupae of but few are known. In the sphere of systematic entomo- logy, which in itself demands all the attention of the student, very little time is available for the more interesting study of the habits, bionomics, ecology and life-histories of our rich indigenous fauna. If this, my attempt on a single plant, could awaken the interest of amateurs and students of insect life in this direction, its object would be more than achieved. As a matter of convenience the paper is divided into a general section dealing with the insects and the plant, and a descriptive part in which the larvae, pupae, and adults of new species are described for the first time. * A season which was, however, more humid, with more frequent showers than either 1930 or 1933.—AUTHOR. 398 Annals of the South African Museum. GENERAL. The Plant, its Parasites and their Parasites. All over the Western Province, particularly the Cape Peninsula, Stellenbosch and Somerset West, there thrives on more or less open country, in open and uncultivated patches or alongside roads, a some- what straggling, sparse-leafed shrub. This plant Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg., a member of the Thymeleaceae, prefers gravelly soil and is more common on burnt patches, where it soon becomes abundant and luxuriant if not pressed out by its relative Passerina vulgaris or by the more vigorous “Renosterbos” (Elytropappus rhenocerotis), both of which also seem to flourish best in such areas. Gnidia laxa: is found all the year round, but begins to flower in March and April. The normal shrub ranges in height from 1 foot to 2 feet, but vigorous plants may reach a height of 3 feet. When wandering through a patch of Gnidia the observer cannot help noticing that a large percentage of the plants possess peculiar thickened stems, which are often so common that one is inclined to attribute them to a normal condition. These stem thickenings assume various shapes, and no two stems are identical in these enlargements. They are either short subgall-like and some considerable distance away from the ground, more elongated, whip-like or snake-like and thickened from directly above the ground to the branches, 7.e. uniformly thickened; or with enlargements extending even half-way up subsidiary branches and twigs; or, lastly, they are subnormal, only slightly thickened. On closer examination, it will be found that many of the older stems have scattered over them, here and there, small circular holes or perforations, the exit- apertures of some stem-loving insect. If any thickened stem be now plucked up and slit longitudinally, it will be found that the pith region of the stem is hollowed out by the galleries of numerous beetle larvae. In a single stem there are often, during September and October, numerous larvae, pupae, and recently emerged adult beetles. This little brownish-black beetle, known as Hoplitopales lineatus Boh. (text-fig. 1), passes the greater part of its life-history feeding and developing in the pith of Gnidia lara. The beetle is a member of the great family Curculionidae, many of which are stem feeders. The stem of the plant in an advanced stage of infection, when split longitudinally, shows numerous larvae, each larva (text-fig. 2) is isolated by itself in a central tunnel or gallery along the pith or axis of the stem, where it may be seen feeding either head downwards or upwards. In advanced stem-infection one larva may be separated Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laza Gilg. 399 from another only by its collection of excrementa or frass-pellets, which in older stems practically occupy the entire pith-region. As the larva progresses the central gallery becomes gradually wider, but the maximum width is soon reached and the greater part of the tunnel is of the same width, only a very small part tapers to an indistinct point, showing the progress of the very young larva. Asa certain number of moults takes place in the life of the larva, one may conclude that the moults in the latter part of its existence are not accompanied by a marked increase in size but are probably more metabolic in nature. Another explanation, which is more probable, is that after a certain stage the larva does not only eat its way forwards, but begins to enlarge its tunnel along the sides as well, never, however, exceeding a certain maximum and specific diameter. During the prepupal stage it ceases to tunnel straight ahead, but bores to the periphery of the stem till it reaches the bark, and in this exit-gallery, just under the bark, it may pupate. This, however, does not always take place. Many larvae, after having completed the exit-gallery, turn backwards again towards the main tunnel, thus blocking up the exit with frass. When now they pupate in this exit- gallery or even in the main tunnel, the consequences are disastrous to the ensuing adult beetles, for it appears that many such adults are unable to find their way out through the frass plugging up the exits. The newly emerged adult is very pale-brown and presumably remains some time under the bark, before it perforates this to escape. The circular perforations outside on the stem are the escape-holes of the adults. The beetles emerging in the main tunnels cannot escape and many of these are thus found dead and firmly lodged in the mass of larval frass. This is especially the case in old, heavily infested stems. The deaths of adults are, however, not always due to this fact, but many, especially in the case of heavily infested stems, may also be ascribed to the predatory nature of a small mite Pediculoides ven- tricosus, which is known to parasitise many other insects. This mite probably finds its way in through the escape-holes of successful beetles and, wriggling through the frass pellets, may reach a neigh- bouring tunnel containing a pupa or a freshly emerged beetle. The female mites become attached to the softer abdomen of the beetle and there develop into small spheres, the mouth-parts of which are firmly embedded in the tissues of the beetle. The entire abdomen of the beetle subsequently resembles a bunch of grapes, owing to the visible distended and spherical abdomens of numerous mites. From the end of October to the end of June, and possibly the rest 400 Annals of the South African Museum. of the winter months, no pupae or adults are found in the stem and the winter appears to be spent in the larval stage. The adults of this beetle have never been taken by me outside the stem of Gnidia and the larval and pupal periods are not exactly known, but the pupal period is probably short. The percentage of infested plants in any one patch is often considerable, and so striking is this in certain small areas that one is apt to mistake this stem-thickening as natural to the plant. Extensive areas are, however, not always very heavily in- fested. The most heavily infested patches which I have seen are those of plots within the municipal areas of Somerset West, which have been burnt and lain fallow for years. Plants bordering foot- paths and alongside gravelly roads often show a marked infestation and striking stem-enlargements. The powers of flight of the adult beetles are probably limited and the emergence of any considerable number in any one isolated patch will result in a very heavy infection. It is difficult to state in what way infection disturbs the natural luxuriance and growth of the plants. By nature the shrub seems to be a straggler, is usually sparse-leafed and does not grow to any appreci- able height. Infested plants are, however, as a rule, more vigorous than uninfested ones. It is possible that, as in the case of animal metabolism, diseased condition is often marked by an increased cata- bolic activity. There is no doubt that the stimulus applied by the larvae of this beetle 1s conducive to very vigorous growth on the part of Gnidia. The stem-thickenings produced belong to what Kuster termed the “‘ Histoid”’ galls, namely, galls formed as a result of tissue malformations in contrast to “Organoid”’ galls due to organ abnormali- ties such as flowers, leaves, etc. He further subdivided the histoid formations into “hyperplasmatic” and “hypertrophic” galls. The former differs from the latter in that abnormal division and pro- liferation of tissue cells and not abnormal enlargement of individual cells take place. It is under the kataplasmic type of the hyper- plasmatic galls, where tissue differentiation resembles normal tissue, that these stem-thickenings fall. This development of stem tissue is probably attributable to the same cause that underlies gall formations in general, and in this case may also be due to the cumulative effect of a series of different infections. Tissue proliferation is due to the physiological activities of insect larvae, which may be chemical and enzymatic, physical or traumatic in reaction. The true causative agent of all gall formation has, however, never been isolated, and it is a problem which demands elucidation at the hands of experimental biology. Traumatic reaction and tissue injury in the case of other Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 401 plants have, however, been demonstrated as causative agents in extreme catabolic activity. The injury caused by the feeding larvae of Hoplitopales may be responsible for the vigorous growth and marked stem-enlargements. Bottomley’s suggestion that nucleic acid deriva- tives are responsible for the liberation of what is termed “auximones”’ or promotors of growth in the plant may have some significance also, where tissue destruction may affect the growth, even remotely from the locus of activity, by chemical means. While examining the frass in the empty and abandoned galleries in dead and dry stems, the remains of imprisoned parasitic Hymen- optera belonging to the genus Hurytoma were also found. It is difficult to state whether this Chalcid frequents the empty galleries or whether it is actually a parasite on the beetle larvae. The fact that the remains were found in the frass points to the conclusion that this Hurytoma is in all probability parasitic on Hoplitopales lineatus. During March a large percentage of the shrubs are also found to be infested with still another beetle larva. These larvae (text-fig. 4) belong to Sphenoptera cupreosplendens, a member of the Buprestidae. In this case also, the percentage of infested plants is very great, and, moreover, no plant infected with the Buprestid was found that was not also infected with the Curculionid. All stages of larvae are found during March and many pupae at the end of March and during April, the adult beetles emerging during April. The larvae of the Buprestid do not cause stem-thickenings and neither are they found in or near the pith region. Very young stages are frequently found boring just under the bark or in the woody tissue just under the bark, com- paratively high up, about 3-6 inches above the ground. They are geotropic, eating their way downwards; the more advanced stages being found at the base of the stem and in the main roots. Through- out its course the larva remains strictly superficial, never penetrating to the pith regions of either stem or root. The galleries are flattened in conformity with the dorso-ventral compression of the larvae and are never straight throughout their length. Above the surface of the ground in the stem the galleries are very wavy, extending to one side, then to the other of the stem, forming sharp U-shaped turns. In the main root the turns are less sharp, the gallery being moderately wavy. From the position and nature of the tunnels, as a result of the examination of a very large number of stems, the following procedure on the part of the beetle probably takes place :— The adult beetle lays its eggs somewhere in or on the stem, about 402 Annals of the South African Museum. 3-6 inches above the ground. The ensuing minute larva bores through the bark or begins to tunnel just under it. At first the tunnels are very fine and narrow, becoming broader and more distinct and also more wavy as the larva grows. The method of feeding is confined to an are in front of the enlarged prothorax and in which the head is moved from one side to the other. When the base of the stem is reached, the larva tunnels down the large thick or main root or, less frequently, down another thinner root. By this time it has become considerably larger, making a fairly broad flattened tunnel. Near the apex or thin part of the root it turns back, tunnelling up- wards again on the other side of the root, more or less parallel to its downward course. When it arrives at the junction of the stem and roots, where the stem is often slghtly thicker, more knob-like, it reaches the end of its larval and feeding activity. The prepupal larva slightly widens the terminus and here changes into a pupa. The entire tunnel is plugged up with frass behind the feeding larva. Only two or three larvae in a stem eventually become adults, the rest, not finding sufficient food material in the root-system, die or pupate in the stem above the ground, from where they do not seem to be able to get out. Fully formed adult Buprestids have been found dead in such positions. It thus appears that the final stage must come to rest at the base of the stem. The usual number of beetles in a single plant is two, one on each side between the base of the stem and roots, just under or at the level of the ground. Dead and dry stems have, however, been found with three beetles in them. Should the plant die, even after the larval existence, the pupae also succumb. Many dead or dying plants, during April, had dried and shrivelled-up pupae in them. No matter how carefully a stem is plucked up, the pupae do not seem to develop into adults under artificial conditions. There seem to be unknown chemical or physical factors in control in nature, which are disturbed or absent under laboratory conditions. These conditions, among others, demand a growing plant and certain states of temperature, pressure, and humidity. The fact that plants not infested with the Curculionid have not been found attacked by Buprestids, seem to point to the conclusion that the adult Buprestids only deposit their eggs on those plants with stem-thickenings, the physiological or catabolical conditions of which have been altered and are conducive to vigorous growth. Dependent on the existence of the Buprestid larvae there is an interesting Braconid parasite. This small Braconid is new to ento- mology and is described below as Hormiopterus brachypterus n. sp. Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 403 (text-fig. 5). This interesting parasite is unique in this genus in having short rudimentary and vestigial wings, entirely useless for purposes of flight. Six females and two males of this Braconid have been hatched from a single prepupal or mature Buprestid larvae. It is apparent that the Braconid larvae pupate after the destruction of the larval tissues. They construct carton-like or parchment-like, woolly cocoons on the site of the consumed larva; leaving only the chitinous mouth-parts as a tell-tale of their activities. How, where, and when the adult Braconid deposits its eggs in the larva is a problem still unsolved. The fact that the adult Braconid is practically apterous and is provided with a comparatively long ovipositor points to the conclusion that most of its adult life is probably spent in crawling about the neighbourhood of the stems and root bases of the plant. The ever-recurring problem, of how the parasite knows that a plant is infested with larvae of its host or just where under the bark the victim is situated, is still unsolved and one of nature’s mysteries. The larvae of Sphenoptera cupreosplendens never come to light, but are confined throughout their life in darkness under an intact layer of bark. The Braconid has to deposit its eggs in the living larvae, and this it has to do by pushing its sharp ovipositor through the bark and into a larva just underneath. It is the locating of the larva under an intact bark that isa mystery. The matter is not one of pure chance, for the probability of an inserted ovipositor striking home in any stem is very small indeed. There must, therefore, be other unknown factors or stimuli, which control oviposition and render the proba- bility much greater. The pupae and immature beetles in their resting sites are subjected to still another danger, namely, that of being also attacked by the mites Pediculoides ventricosus. Not only this mite, but also a species of Tyroglyphus, attacks and destroys the pupae by feeding on their tissues. | During April many plants are rendered leafless through the activi- ties of a caterpillar, which feeds on the leaves of Gnidia. This cater- pillar is green, with a lateral reddish band along the coxal parts of its legs and prolegs, with a broad yellowish band along the side just above the red band and two narrow yellowish lines on its back. It becomes full grown when it is about 18 to 20 mm. long. The caterpillar is that of a Pyralid moth Phlyctaenodes plumbatalis Zell., a quite common species in the Western Province. The larvae have the habit of spinning threads all over the twigs as they are feeding. These threads 404 Annals of the South African Museum. often connect up or join together clusters of leaves or even adjacent twigs. A certain amount of procryptic coloration, a harmonisation with the colour scheme of the background is shown. The fine twigs and some leaves are reddish to reddish-brown like the head and lateral band on the caterpillar. They also cling very closely to the twigs and their presence can often be surmised only from the presence of the silken threads. When the larva is full grown, it becomes paler green in colour and is now ready for pupation. It now drops to the ground and enters the soil where it spins a silken cocoon, enclosing grains of sand and particles of earth. The period of pupation occupies 19 to 20 days, when the adult moth emerges. There are usually from two to four caterpillars on any one plant and these may cause considerable damage by defoliating entire branches. As a rule the caterpillars are more frequently found feeding towards the topmost part of the plants, the lower branches being still green with leaves. Perhaps the most interesting member in this study of interdepen- dence is a new species of a Tachinid fly, which I have described below as Sturmia vnvmica n. sp., the larvae of which are parasitic in the bodies of the caterpillars of this Pyralid P. plumbatalis. During April the adult female flies may be seen sitting very still and expect- antly either near the head-end or clasper-end of a caterpillar. So intent are they in watching the caterpillar that these flies, normally very difficult to catch, may practically be touched with the hand. This is the time when the fly 1s about to deposit its eggs on the cater- pillar. The period of quiessence is probably the period of preparation for oviposition. No matter how long such flies were watched, I have never been able to observe the actual act of egg-laying; disturbances in the environment, such as my own presence, a gust of wind, etc., have always frightened them away. In the case of this Tachinid the eggs are laid outside on the cuticle of the caterpillar and usually above on the dorsum or on the sides above. The usual number of eggs laid on a single caterpillar is four, sometimes three, but of the few caterpillars found with eggs on them, no one had less than three. As a rule three eggs are laid on the pro- and meso-notum just behind the head and one at the posterior end just above the claspers, or along the side of the body opposite one of the prolegs. The three anterior ones are situated in a triangle, one on the pronotum behind the head on the left side, one a little more posteriorly on the right side nearer the base of the pronotum, and the third more or less medially on the anterior end of the mesonotum. Some Insects associated with Gmdia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 405 In one case the caterpillar had two on the pronotum and one on the side of the body. Whether all these eggs are laid by a single fly has not been observed, but the conclusion points to the fact that they are the eggs of a single female on any one caterpillar. The eggs are very small (about } mm. long) for such a comparatively large fly. They are oval, creamy-white, convex on one side and flattened on the other. They are glued on by means of some viscid secretion on the flattened sides and are very firmly lodged; neither alcohol nor formalin dissolves this substance. Caterpillars with attached eggs are not very common, and when the caterpillars them- selves are not very easily seen or common, the difficulty of finding them is increased. Owing to the habit of the caterpillar of suddenly dropping in amongst the foliage on any prolonged disturbance, the fly must be fairly quick in depositing her eggsatatime. The presence of the eggs on the back of the caterpillar does not seem to interfere with its usual activity. It proceeds as usual, feeding peacefully, while burdened with these symbols of its own individual destruction and death. From the human ethical point of view there is something exceedingly repulsive in this type of destructive parasitism, where the lurking parasite devours its victim by degrees, not even granting it the slightest opportunity of fulfilling its own destination, yet allowing it, within limits, to obey and pursue its own specific urge until its hour is at hand. The ensuing minute larva bores through the egg-shell on the glued- on side nearer one pole. It penetrates the cuticle of the caterpillar and apparently remains attached to this entrance for some time by its posterior end, thus keeping a communication with the empty egg- shell and the outside. It may leave this position under the egg-shell after a certain time, migrating elsewhere, where it perforates the cuticle again, making a new attachment and communication with the exterior. These loci of attachment are seen on the exterior of the caterpillar as dark-brown or blackish, more or less oval rings. In all the caterpillars which have been examined, there was no indication of a connection either with the tracheal system or the spiracles. Neither is the position of the parasite confined to any specific part. The larvae may be attached in the prothoracic region or the abdominal region; they may be on the side of the body opposite the prolegs or other abdominal segments or they may be found in the prothoracic region near the head, either attached dorsally, laterally or even ventrally between the legs. The attached parasite projects into the body cavity, straight at VOL. XXX, PART 3. 27 406 Annals of the South African Museum. first during the very young stages, but when they are about 1 mm. long they acquire a distinct kink in the posterior quarter of the body, thus more or less lying close to the body-wall of the caterpillar. This curvature or kink may, however, be a result of the internal pressure of the organs and distended gut of the host; the parasite thus adapt- ing itself to occupy the minimum amount of space without causing unnecessary inconvenience to the host. The rapid growth of the larva must eventually cause organ-displacement in the caterpillar. Only one larva is destined to pupate and reach the adult stage, the others probably succumb sooner or later. It is probable that the larva which hatches first is the one to monopolise the host in the end. One caterpillar, with five eggs attached to it, went into the soil and completed its silken cocoon. Four days later, on the cocoon being opened, the caterpillar was still unpupated and very much alive. So much so that within an hour it had closed up the incision again. Yet four days afterwards on being opened again there was a complete fly puparium and only the remains of the caterpillar-cuticle in the cocoon-case. In another case, with four Tachinid eggs attached, dissection revealed four parasites inside, the oldest being about 1 mm. long. This caterpillar did not spin a cocoon. It merely dropped to the ground, lying inert for hours, apparently dead and with only a very feeble response. It was obviously incapable of spinning a cocoon. In all probability the most advanced parasite, in this case, would eventually have destroyed all the tissues of the host to pupate in the soil as is usual in very many other Tachinidae, and not in the empty cocoon. It would appear in the case of this Tachinid that the larvae either pupate in the empty cocoon-cases after the destruction of the caterpillar, or that they render the caterpillar incapable of spinning by destroying it vitally before cocoon formation, in which case they merely pupate in the soil as is the case of some Tachinids like Carcellia. The problem, of whether pupation takes place either in the empty cocoon-case or in the soil in the life-cycle of one and the same species, or whether either the one or the other is specifically or generically confined to certain Tachinids, needs experimental elucida- tion. In this case it certainly appears, according to limited observa- tions and without elaborate experimental corroboration, that ultimate pupation depends upon the period of parasitism of the caterpillar, or at what period of its life it became parasitised. If an adult fly were to deposit its eggs on a caterpillar just emerged from the last larval moult, the ensuing fly larva would have a comparatively long period within which to develop to an advanced stage and thus — Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 407 preclude cocoon-formation on the part of the host. Onthe other hand, should the eggs be deposited within a day or so prior to cocoon-forma- tion, the caterpillar would still be vital and active enough to proceed with its final act, in which case the parasite would have to pupate in the cocoon. It must, however, be borne in mind that we are as yet totally ignorant of the stimuli or factors relevant to the existence of caterpillar-hosts, which are able to control and elicit egg-laying responses on the part of Tachinids. Neither do we know the physio- logical relationships between the host and parasite, which govern incubation and the period of emergence of larvae from attached eggs. It is, however, certain, at least in this case, that some eggs on the same caterpillar hatch before others and that certain larvae inside are larger than others. Even here, however, it is impossible to state whether certain positions, even within the caterpillar, are not more favourable physiologically than others and that larvae progress more favourably when situated there. In the caterpillars mentioned above, the most active parasite was attached on the side somewhere in the region of the prolegs at about the middle of the body and not under an egg-shell. They were specimens that had migrated there. Judging from the undisturbed condition of the body-cavity of the dissected caterpillar, it appears that these larvae, up to 1 mm. long, probably subsist only on blood-plasma and body fluids, which they obtain either through a minute and indistinct oral opening, or through “physiological filtration’? and not through tissue destruction. As in the case of the majority of Tachinids, the larva probably becomes free in the body cavity to devour the fat-body and vital organs after the third instar. The empty caterpillar skin, in the case of the specimen that pupated in the cocoon, was certainly the only thing that remained over. It is also noteworthy that no frass was found in the cocoon or skin. In the case of parasites still attached, excretions, if any, will most likely be voided outside, or there may be a possibility that the darkened socket-like rim in which the posterior end of the larva is lodged, and which really corresponds to a sheath, is composed in part of excretory products and in part of the cuticle of the caterpillar. This socket-like ring has no anatomical connection with the parasite, the posterior end of the body being merely lodged or retained in position by the last circlet of segmental spines, or by the dorsal and ventral clusters of hooks mentioned in the descriptive part. The period of incubation, the periods of the instars, and the period of pupation are at present unknown. The ensuing larva, prior to pupa- tion, ruptures the cuticle of the host on the side. The puparium, 408 Annals of the South African Museum. formed by the hardening of the last larval instar, is immobile, reddish- brown, slightly darkened at the ends, more narrowed apically, is in- distinctly segmented and with the posterior spiracles of the larva still visible as three bosses on each side, whereas the anterior ones are represented as a small process on each side near the cephalic end. I am unable to state whether the larvae of Sturmia onimica are specifi- cally restricted to this one host or whether other species of Phlyctaenodes in the Cape may not also be parasitised by this fly. Also attacking this plant externally there are at least two kinds of Coccids, both of which are, however, uncommon. One is a member of the soft-scaled group belonging to the genus Ceroplastes, the females of which secrete a thick, white waxy covering. One of these specimens was parasitised by four maggots of some Acalypterate fly, probably an Agromyzid, the adults of which I have not obtained. The other Coccid is much rarer and is a member of the true-scaled group belong- ing to the genus Tachardia. Chance Visitors and Random Feeders, Defenders of the Plant, etc. At least five different kinds of insects were also found feeding on this plant. These, namely, three kinds of Curculionidae, Hypsomus bevinst Mshl., Hremnus setvfer Boh., and Lixus alboguttatus Boh., one Chrysomelid, Polystica fascuata de Geer., and one Pentatomid bug, Steleocoris comma Thb., although found feeding on it, are probably not restricted to it, for they have been obtained from other plants as well. The bug has, however, a better claim to being considered as a constant feeder, owing to the presence of nymphal stages on the same shrub during April. The adults of the Buprestid borers have also been taken on the leaves during April. Of the predaceous fauna, sometimes found among the foliage and which may be considered as defenders of it, there are two or three species of Attid spiders, which construct small silky nests among the leaves, and at least one juvenile of a species of preying Mantid (Miomantis sp.) common during March and April. At least one species of non-parasitic mite, a representative of the Oribatidae, is often found crawling about on the twigs and leaves. Non-paying Tenants. The empty galleries and tunnels in the dead and dried stems also harbour certain insects and spiders. A small immature Attid spider Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 409 habitually frequents the exit galleries of the Curculionid, where it lines the sides with silk. The most important inhabitant of these empty galleries and tunnels is, however, a new species of Thrips, which I have described in the systematic part as Dicaiothrips gnidii- colus n. sp. (text-fig. 9). This Thrips is also remarkable for its rudimentary wings, which are useless for purposes of flight, and which have become functionless as a result of its cryptic habits. The entire life-history is passed inside the empty galleries and among the frass. An adult male and female and a brood of young ones are usually found in one gallery; the adjoining one being often occupied by another couple. The adults, as well as the young stages, have never been observed outside on the plant, and presumably they never leave the tunnels except to occupy adjoining ones. The female lays a batch of eggs, about 14 to 16, on the sides of a tunnel, all with one pole pointing upwards. The eggs are glued on and are not contiguous, but separated from one another. Both sexes seem to keep guard over the eggs, somewhat after the manner of earwigs, and are loath to abandon them even when exposed to daylight. During September to October, and again in April, all stages, eggs, larvae, pupae (text-fig. 10), and adults, are found in the stems; sometimes a solitary couple and a batch of eggs in one gallery and a couple together with larvae and pupae in another. The larvae and pupae also receive the solicitude of the adult couple as in the case of the eggs. The larvae (text-fig. 10, 6 and c) in all stages are of a beautiful ruby-red, with dark antennae, legs, and posterior tube, and, like the adults, are negatively phototropic, trying to avoid the light by creeping and crawling away to hide in the frass. Both adults and larvae have a peculiar gait, giving one the im- pression of being mechanical. Their progress is characteristic; stiff, erratic, as if on stilts, the larvae often running along and then stopping like some water-birds. The adult, on the other hand, is more deliberate in its movements, suggesting those of a scorpion; often, like a scorpion, taking up a threatening attitude with the front legs extended and the slender posterior tube slightly raised like the tail of a scorpion. The pupa is also capable of rapid progress when disturbed. There is no doubt that this Thrips does not frequent flowers, but, ike many members of this group, probably feeds on vegetable or organic debris and in this case probably on fungi or micro-organisms thriving in the frass. This species may thus not be confined to the galleries in Gnidia, and may also inhabit crevices or other dark environments. 410 Annals of the South African Museum. It is, however, different from other members of the genus which have been met with in such positions. The interdependence of living organisms in connection with the dry stems and the empty tunnels of the beetles is further illustrated by the use that a small bee makes of these galleries. A species of Ceratina, a member of the carpenter-bees, uses these tunnels for building its nest. The bee in this case, contrary to the usual pro- cedure of the carpenter-bees, does very little carpentering, confining most of its activities in this direction to trimming or patching up. The galleries already in existence are used, and in the case of two or three tunnels being practically continuous or merely separated by masses of frass, the bee removes the frass, thus making a long con- tinuous tunnel. In some cases, however, even this is not done, the tunnels and exit-galleries being used irregularly as they are. The bee stores the tunnels with food packets composed of bee-bread, which in the former case are arranged in tiers, each packet being sealed off after an egg has been laid. More often, however, an exit- gallery 1s stored with a packet and the exit-hole is plugged up after an egg has been laid, each exit-gallery thus lodging a single larva or pupa. In the latter case the cells are of course naturally partitioned off by the plugs of beetle frass. The arrangement is thus primitive to a certain extent, depending solely on the nature and position of pre-existing galleries. The adult bees probably emerge at the end of September or in October, for during this period advanced pupae and empty pupal cases are found. There is another brood again in April, which is, however, represented by larvae only. The adult bee has never been taken outside, and neither was it possible to hatch it from the pupae. Death of the Plant and its Causes. A growing plant that is so heavily infested with the larvae of two kinds of beetles, which destroy its tissues internally, by caterpillars which often defoliate it externally, by Coccids which sap its strength, and by other insects which feed at random on its tissues and juices, is bound to succumb sooner or later, notwithstanding its diseased catabolic vigour. Probably all the factors contribute to its death, but judging from wilting and dying plants in the veld, the conclusion seems to point to the fact that the activity of Hoplitopales alone does not primarily cause death. The two deciding factors are the larvae of the Buprestid in the roots and the defoliation brought about by Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 411 the Pyralid caterpillars. Wilting plants, when plucked up, show that the tissues under the bark of the thicker roots are practically one mass of frass, and that often three Buprestid pupae are lodged in the base of the stem. There seems to be no doubt that the Buprestid is majorily responsible for the death of flourishing plants, owing to its position in the plant, where it is injurious, causing the destruction of sap-conducting vessels. SUMMARY. In summarising the data obtained for a period of six months, it is found that the existence of a single plant is thus biologically bound up with the life, habits, and life-histories of no less than 21 species, belonging to 7 orders of insects, three different kinds of mites, and two or three kinds of Attid spiders. These are as follows:— (1) COLEOPTERA : Fam. Curculionidae, Eremnus setifer Boh., Hypsomus bevinsi Mshl., and Lixus alboguttatus Boh. Found feeding externally on the leaves and twigs. Fam. Curculionidae, Hoplitopales lineatus Boh. The larvae of which bore in the stem, feeding on the tissues and causing stem-thickenings, and finally pupating and emerging as adults in the stem. Fam. Buprestidae, Sphenoptera cupreosplendens Cast. and Gor. The larvae of which tunnel and feed just under the bark at the base of the stem and in the roots, pupating at the base of the stem and roots. Fam. Chrysomelidae, Polystica fasciata de Geer. An adult of which was taken outside on the plant. (2) LEPIDOPTERA: Fam. Pyralidae, Phlyctaenodes plumbatalis Zell. The caterpillars of which feed on the leaves and pupate in the ground. (3) HYMENOPTERA: Fam. Lurytomidae, EHurytoma sp. ign. Remains of which have been found in the frass and in the galleries of Hoplitopales, and which is most likely a parasite on the larva. Fam. Braconidae, Hormiopterus brachypterusn.sp. The adults of which were bred from a prepupal larva of the Buprestid, on which the Braconid larvae feed. Fam. Apidae, Ceratina sp. ign. The larvae and pupae of which have been found in nests constructed in the empty galleries in dry stems. (4) HEMIPTERA: Fam. Coccidae, Ceroplastes sp. ign. The female of which secretes a white, waxy scale, found on the twigs. Fam. Coccidae, Tachardia sp. ign. Found as brownish, irregular scales on the stems and main branches. Fam. Pentatomidae, Steleocoris comma Thb. Adults and nymphs of which have been found feeding on the leaves and twigs. (5) DIPTERA : Fam. Tachinidae, Sturmia inimica n. sp. The adults of which lay their eggs outside on the anterior or posterior end of the caterpillars of P. plumbatalis Zell., on which the ensuing larvae feed, finally killing the caterpillars and pupating in the caterpillar-cocoon or in the ground. An Acalypterate fly, probably an Agromyzid, the larvae of which parasitise the Coccid Ceroplastes. 412 Annals of the South African Museum. (6) THYSANOPTERA: Fam. Idolothripidae, Dicaiothrips gnidiicolus n. sp. The adults of which inhabit the empty galleries in dry stems in couples, depositing their eggs and rearing their larvae and pupae in them. (7) ORTHOPTERA : Fam. Mantidae, Miomantis sp. ign. The nymphs of which are commonly found lurking among the twigs and leaves. (8) ARACHNIDA: Sup. Fam. Sarcoptoidea. Fam. 1. Yarsocnemidae, Pedi- culoides ventricosus. Nymphs and adults of which are predaceous or para- sitic on pupae and adults of the Curculionid and pupae of the Buprestid. Fam. 2. Tyroglyphidae, Tyroglyphus sp. ign. Nymphs and adults of which attack the pupae of the Buprestid. Fam. Oribatidae. Free living mites, representatives of which crawl about on the leaves and twigs. Araneae : Fam. Attidae. Two or three adult spiders of which lurk among the foliage, even spinning or constructing silken nests among clusters of leaves. At least one species of juvenile uses the empty galleries as a refuge, lining it with silk. SYSTEMATIC. All the figures are freehand drawings made by the author and are not necessarily to scale, but more or less in proportion. Explanations of the lettering to the text-figures are: A.C. Anal cell. M. Mandible. An. Antenna. Max. Maxilla. A.S. Anterior spiracle. Med.Sc. Medial sclerite. A.Se. Abdominal setae. M.C. Medial cell. A.T. Anal tubercle. M.Sc. Mandibular sclerite. A.V. Anal vein. Oc. Ocellus. Cl. Clypeus. O.S. Ocellar spot. Co.V. Costal vein. P. Papilla. Cr.V. Cross vein. Pa. Palp: C.Se. Cephalic seta. Ph.Sc. Pharyngeal sclerite. Cu.C. Cubital cell. P.P. Pronotal plate. Cu.V. Cubital vein. P.S. Pigment spot. EK. Eye. R. Rostrum. El. Elytron. R.Se. Rostral setae. iB Hold? S. Spiracle. Fe. Femur. Se. Posterior long setae. Ga. Galea. Sp. Spined or shagreened area. I.Sc. Intermediate sclerite. T.L. Thoracic legs. L. Labrum. Tr. Trochanter. L.L. Lateral lobes. T.S. Thoracic segments. La. Labium. T.Se. Thoracic setae. Le. Leg. W. Wing. L.V. Longitudinal vein. Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 4138 OrpDER COLEOPTERA. Family CURCULIONIDAE. Subfamily MENEMACHINAE. Genus H oplitopales Schoen. H. lineatus Boh. (text-figs. 1, 2, and 3). Larva.—White, with pale straw-coloured or yellowish head, the mandibles brownish. Shape eruciform, posteriorly slightly thickened opposite eighth segment, with no legs on thoracic region, only three pairs of rounded tubercle-like elevations being present, the anterior ones being closer together, all with a few slender, hair-like setae. Head chitinous, exserted, with a black pigment spot on each side near the base of mandibles, with the cephalic setae as shown in text-fig. 2 (a and 6); mandibles chitinous, with two teeth apically; antennae absent; maxillary palps two-jointed; labial palps two- jointed; with an indication of a central, depressed line behind labrum, and there more depressed than posteriorly. Thorax transversely wrinkled, with the three divisions correspond- ing to the thoracic tubercles not very distinct; the single thoracic spiracle on the first segment chitinised, brownish (text-fig. 2, a). Abdomen with the nine segments only distinctly visible on sternal regions, the tergites being transversely wrinkled, with the sternal region divided from the tergal part by a lateral fold (text-fig. 2, F.), becoming indistinct on segment 8, and being elevated, more or less boss-like or knob-like opposite each segment, each tubercle bearing a very fine hair-like seta; segments 1 to 8 each with a small spiracle on each side; tergites 1 to 4 dorsally more or less divided into three transverse wrinkles, each wrinkle with a transverse row of very minute setae; segments 7-9 each with a transverse row of widely separated and much longer hair-like setae (text-fig. 2, a, Se.); the ninth segment terminates in a tumid tubercle-like anal process (text-fig. 2, a, A.T.); sternites each with a transverse row of micro- scopic setae, with sternite 8 much broader and more dilated laterally than the others, less shiny, dull, roughened by a distinct and much coarser micro-sculpture, composed of microscopic spines or denticles (text-fig. 2,a, Sp.). Length about 6-8 mm. Pupa (text-fig. 3)—White; the eyes and mandibles dark-brownish to blackish. All the structures of the adult are already visible. Head (text-fig. 3, a) with four longish setae, one on each side more 414 Annals of the South African Museum. Trxt-FIc. 1.—Hoplitopales lineatus Boh. Trext-FIc. 2.—Larva Hoplitopales lineatus Boh. = Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 415 laterally just behind eyes, another one further back and nearer the mid-line on each side; mandibles with two teeth; rostrum with 2 or 3 long, fine hair-like setae on each side at base between the eyes, and further forwards just behind the antennal insertions there are 2 or 3 smaller setae on each side. Pronotum with 3 long setae on each side discally above at about TExtT-FIG. 3.—Pupa of Hoplitopales lineatus Boh. the middle, with another one on each side at base a little more lateral to the discal ones, with 1 or 2 setae discally and laterally on each side at about the middle, and 3 or 4 on each side intra-marginally along basal angles. Abdomen sulcated dorsally, with more or less three longitudinal rows of setae on each side of the mid-line. Length about 5-6 mm. Distribution: Somerset West, C.P. (coll. September, October, March, and April). 416 Annals of the South African Museum. Family BuPRESTIDAE. Subfamily SPHENOPTERINAE. Genus Sphenoptera Sol. S. cupreosplendens Cast. and Gor. Larva (text-fig. 4,a@ and 6).—Body dorso-ventrally compressed, shagreened, covered with microscopic spines; white, in very young stages often with the internal parts shining through reddish (probably TEext-Fic. 4.—Larva of Sphenoptera cupreosplendens. due to the reddish tissue of the root under the bark); the basal part of the mouth-parts above and the lower parts of mouth reddish-brown, the apical parts often being darker, more brownish; the mandibles blackish-brown to black; antennae brownish at base, pale yellowish- white at apex; labrum pale yellowish-white, except for the lateral parts which are more brownish in advanced larvae; labium pale Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 417 yellowish-white, the basal part whitish; maxillary palps translucent whitish, the lateral parts of joints 1 and 2 chitinous and brown; a central smooth impressed line on the pronotum, bifid before the middle, and a central impressed line on the sternum of the same segment chitinised and yellowish-brown, more brownish anteriorly; the spiracles chitinised and yellowish. Head with the apical part of mouth parts above more or less sub- rugose in advanced larvae; eyes and ocelli absent; antennae rudi- mentary, represented laterally on each side of mouth-parts above as short two-jointed structures (text-fig. 4, b), the apical joint being small and subglobular, bearing one long fine seta and a crown of minute ones apically, with the basal joint smooth and setiferous apically only; labrum rotundately rounded apically, smooth above, slightly convex discally, with an indication of a central impressed line, apically with numerous short, yellowish setae; mandibles shining, bidentate apically and with a third much smaller tooth near apex on lower margin; maxillae with the palps two-jointed, the apical one slender and the basal one subglobular and with very short pale setae externally; no visible labial palps, but galeae (text-fig. 4, b, Ga.) visible on maxillae; labium rotundately rounded apically, with numerous short yellowish setae on apical part, discally shghtly convex, with an indication of a central groove and an impressed furrow on each side, the surface feebly shagreened; mentum broad apically, its margin truncate, its base narrow and pedunculate; head broadest just before base, about twice as broad as long, the sides rounded, more rapidly narrowed apically, with the apical margin slightly emarginate medially, the upper surface more convex laterally, shagreened, more coarse and denser antero-laterally, where the spines are more distinct and longer, only a few scattered setae present. Thorax with the pronotum the broadest part of the body, the sides much dilated and rounded or even subangularly rounded, broadest at about the middle,. much dorso-ventrally compressed, with the apical margin arcuately rounded and produced over the base of head, with the dorsum more or less flattened above, the discal part opaque and shagreened, with a central impressed line, bifid from before middle, with the sides above slightly more convex and less opaquely shagreened and the isolated setae longer than those on head; pro- sternum also much flattened discally, opaquely shagreened discally, the anterior margin also arcuately rounded, the base straight, with the microsculpture finer than on head below, with a single central impressed line (these dorsal and ventral lines are in reality gristly or 418 Annals of the South African Museum. chitinous rods sunk in the skin, constituting part of the internal skeleton or tentorium to which the powerful dorso-ventral and oblique muscles are attached); mesonotum much narrower than pronotum, slightly broader or as broad as head, the surface shagreened, but shining, with a large spiracle on each side, the disk above also with a more roughened area; metanotum as broad as mesonotum, without a spiracle. Abdomen with 10 visible segments, the ninth being partially divided, with the segments in the young stages more drawn out, longer than broad, in the advanced stages more constricted, broader than long; segment 1 often slightly narrower and shorter than the others; the first eight segments with a small spiracle before the middle on each side; the entire abdomen finely shagreened, more or less transversely wrinkled in advanced stages and provided with fine hair-like setae above on the sides and below; segment 9 with the apical division more or less smooth, conical or mammillate, perpendicularly cleft in the apical half, the lips of this cleft beimg often tumid. No legs or even tubercular processes present. Length about 11-13 mm. (mature larvae). Max. breadth of pronotum about 34-4 mm. The very young larvae from 6 mm. onwards are much more dorso- ventrally compressed and the abdominal segments are more drawn out and very extensile, capable of active worm-like movements. Pupa resembles the adult beetle, with all the structures present. It is white, the eyes being slightly darkened, head with the eyes distinct; clypeal part distinct; the antennae are long and segmented; pronotum shaped as in the adult, smooth, but with two medial pro- minences on basal margin; elytra in process of development, but as yet narrow and lobate; wing rudiments as long as elytra; legs already present. The pupa is capable of shght movement. Length about 10-11 mm. Distribution: Somerset West, C.P. (coll. March and April). OrpER HYMENOPTERA. Family BRACONIDAE. Genus Hormiopterus Giraud. H. brachypterus n. sp. (text-fig. 5, a and 6). 2 33,6 99. Body black, more or less shining; the 2 with the circumoral region, mandibles (the apices excepted), a transverse arcuate band across disk Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 419 of fused third abdominal segment above, a longer and often broader transverse band at about middle of segment 4, the apical margins of 5 and 6, the ventral part. of sternite 1 to a certain extent, the suture between the pro- and mesopleurae, the mesosternal region in part and the knees more or less shining through reddish to reddish-brown; the TExt-FIG. 5.—Hormiopterus brachypterus n. sp. basal half of the antennae, the apical collar-region of the pronotum, the membranes between the femora and trochanters, the extreme apices of the tibiae and the apical parts of the tarsal joints 1 to 4 more or less dirty yellowish-brown; the tegmina with the veins and apical three-fourths of medial cell sepia-brown; the minute cubital cell, anal cell, and the apex hyaline; the hind wing hyaline, with the one vein sepia-brown; the short, subrecumbent hairs and setae on the body silvery-whitish; the ¢ is coloured like the 9, but the allotype shows more reddish on the sternal regions and the apical margins of all the abdominal segments above more or less shine through reddish. Head subglobular, seen from above, slightly broader than long, broadest across the eyes, the sides behind the eyes rounded and 420 Annals of the South African Museum. narrowed to base, about as deep from above eyes to mouth as long, slightly broader across eyes than deep; vertex convexly continuous with sides and interocular part, with the integument more or less transversely rugulose and indistinctly reticulose; ocellar region in front being finer, more shagreened and the circumocular part finely shagreened; the lateral regions and cheeks below the eyes more uniformly and slightly more coarsely shagreened; frons plane or slightly depressed, finely rugulose, often more strigillose laterally; face somewhat more convex, medially below antennae, finely sha- greened, finer circumorally; the fine hair on head short and scattered above and behind eyes, slightly longer and denser on face and malar space; eyes convex, small, oval, about as long as malar space, which is without a furrow; ocelli minute (much smaller than in capensis Brues), arranged in a triangle, raised only slightly above the surface, nearly three times as far from the eyes as from one another; antennae filiform, long, slender, with 32 to 35 joints (3 99 with 35 joints, 3 9? with 34 joints, 1 ¢ with 34 joints, and 1 ¢ with 32 joints), nearly as long as body, comparatively longer in g, with the first joint of scape elongate-oval, deeper than broad above, subequal to joint 1 of the flagellum along upper margin, comparatively shorter in the g, with one long seta and a few shorter ones below, with joint 1 of the flagellum the longest, longer in the ¢ and also subequal to joint 2, in the 2? very slightly longer, with joints 3 to 10 shorter than 2, becoming very gradually and progressively shorter, with joint 11 to apex so gradually and progressively decreasing in length that sets of them appear subequal, the apical ones being about three times as long as thick; clypeus with the apical margin elevated and semicircularly emarginate (as in other Cyclostomintz), with the semicircular suture and depression between it and the face distinct, with about 8 long, erect, hair-like bristles along the margin above, of which the outer ones are the longest; mandibles with the apices crossing; maxillary palps 5-jointed, comparatively long, with the setae on the lower margin of joints 2 to 4 straight and at right angles to the joints; labial palps shorter, 4-jointed. Thorax with the pronotum just visible from above as a collar-region, with the apical part of pronotum translucent, projecting plate-like into occipital region, its anterior margin subtruncate, carinate, and slightly reflected upwards, its sides sinuous, slightly constricted, then widened and continuous with the broadly rounded propleural sides, with a transverse carinate ridge just behind middle between apex and anterior mesonotal margin, straight above and oblique on propleurae, “Some Insects associated with Gnidia (Arthrosolen) laxa Gilg. 421 parallel to propleural margin; propleurae shining, with curved parallel rugae on lower part and a series of irregular, short, and oblique rugae in upper corner; prosternum depressed centrally, more or less rugulose antero-laterally, shining and subshagreened discally on each side; mesonotum shining, shagreened, with the parapsidal furrows distinct, composed of shallow, subfoveate punctures, more depressed anteriorly, with the inner edges sharply marked as the middle lobe is raised anteriorly above lateral ones, with a deep and distinct middle furrow posteriorly, composed of a row of foveate punctures and only indicated as a faint depressed line just before middle, with the posterior mesono- tal margin straight and with an intramarginal depressed line extending laterally round the obtusangular postero-lateral angles, with a row of separated, backwardly directed, short hairs along the inner margins of parapsidal furrows and along sides posteriorly; scutellum with the discal part convexly conical, shining, slightly shagreened near base, subcarinate laterally, with the basal furrow arcuately depressed and composed of a row of irregular foveae; mesopleurae convex medially, with the upper anterior part shining, feebly shagreened, the middle part shining, feebly shagreened, with an oblique, somewhat arcuate foveated depression delimiting the upper anterior part, with a de- pressed row of large punctures intramarginally along posterior margin and another less distinct row along the lower carinate margin, with the short hairs scattered and sparse; wings abbreviated, very short, narrow, with the anterior ones (text-fig. 5, 6) lamellate, about $ mm. long, the apex narrowed but rounded, broadest near base, with the combined costal, subcostal, radial, and medial veins extending as a single costal vein (Co.V.) to near apex, with a short cubital vein (Cu.V.) extending obliquely to join first anal vein (A.V.) thus delimiting a large medial cell (M.C.) and a minute cubital cell (Cu.C.), with the oblique cross vein (Cr.V.) near apex often giving off a vestigial or rudimentary longitudinal vein (L.V.); hind wings narrower and slightly shorter than the front ones, the apex subacute, with only a broadened costal vein along outer side, often not quite along the margin apically, with a minute cellule basally, the inner margin with a fringe of fine, delicate ciliary hairs; mesosternum with a central depression, shining, shagreened medially, more rugulose laterally, the anterior margin carinate; propodeum shining, more or less convex, shagreened basally above, but more rugulose towards summit of declivity and more or less transversely rugulose on declivity, with the sides carinate, more so basally on each side and with three carinate ridges (the middle one being the shortest) on dorsum in basal half, VOh,