..oyal Ontario Museum

!.'fe Sciences Miscellaneous Publication

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An Annotated Bibliography

of the chain pickerel, Esox niger

' Osteichthyes.- Salmoniformes)

E. J. Crossman and G. E. Lewis

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KOYM ONMRIOMl'SEUM
LIFE SCIENCES
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION

e. j. crossman An Annotated Bibliography

AND G. E. LEWIS

of the chain pickerel,
Esox niger (Osteichthyes:
Salmoniformes)

ISBN: 0-88854-146-5

Suggested citation: Misc. Pubn.. R.Ont. Mus.

ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
PUBLICATIONS IN LIFE SCIENCES

The Royal Ontario Museum publishes three series in the Life Sciences:
life sciences contributions, a numbered series of original scientific publi-
cations, including monographic works.

life sciences occasional papers, a numbered series of original scientific
publications, primarily short and usually of taxonomic
significance.

life sciences miscellaneous publications, an unnumbered series of
publications of varied subject matter and format.

All manuscripts considered for publication are subject to the scrutiny and
editorial policies of the Life Sciences Editorial Board, and to review by
persons outside the Museum staff who are authorities in the particular field
involved.

LIFE SCIENCES EDITORIAL BOARD

Chairman: R. l. Peterson

Editor: d. barr

Associate Editor: J. c barlow

Associate Editor: J. R. tamsitt

e. J. crossman is Curator in the Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology,
Royal Ontario Museum, and Associate Professor in the Department of Zoology,
University of Toronto.

g. E. lewis is District Fisheries Biologist in the Department of Natural Resources
of the state of West Virginia.

price: $2.50

©The Royal Ontario Museum, 1973

1 00 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada

PRINTED AT THE BRYANT PRESS

Contents

Introduction, /

Acknowledgments. 6

Annotated Bibliography. 7

Subject Index. 69

Accounts by Political Areas. 69

Age and Growth. 69

Anatomy. 70

Behaviour. 70

Culture and Spawning, 70

Dingell-Johnson Project Reports. 70

Distribution and Range. 73

Food and Food Habits, 76

Hybrids. 76

Life History and Habitat, 77

Management. 77

Parasites, Pathology, and Diseases, 79

Popular Accounts. 79

Predation, 80

Taxonomy. Nomenclature, and Systematics, 80

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An Annotated Bibliography
of the chain pickerel Esox niger
(Osteichthyes: Salmoniformes)

Introduction

The chain pickerel. Esox niiier Lesueur. is the fourth largest of the five species
in the holarctic. circumpolar fish family Esocidae. This species is generally
distributed, in fresh water and rarely brackish water, along the Atlantic sea-
board of North America from Nova Scotia (including parts of Quebec) to
central Florida, along the Gulf coast westward to Texas, and north in the
Mississippi valley to Missouri. It has been introduced outside this range.

Over most of this territory the chain pickerel is a sport fish of varying
popularity and, at one time, formed a modest part of commercial landings.
The angler record, as recorded by Field and Stream, is an individual 31
inches (787 mm) long, 14 inches (356 mm) in girth which weighed 9
pounds, 6 ounces, caught at Homerville, Georgia on February 17, 1961.
There is, in the records of le Club de Peche, Montreal, an unverified report of
a chain pickerel of 19 pounds weight, taken in Quebec.

As one of the pikes, its potential as a sport fish and its role as a predator
in the control of unwanted fishes have long been of interest. In the northern
part of its range it is often regarded as a destructive predator of the young of
Atlantic salmon and brook trout. In certain parts of its range eutrophication
has changed environments to the point where this warm-water species con-
stitutes an increasing proportion of the fauna. As a result of all the above
factors, interest in the biology and exploitation of the chain pickerel is now
increasing.

Overall the chain pickerel is an important but controversial part of the
North American freshwater fish fauna. The literature is extensive, widespread
and often not readily available. A large proportion of the available references
are semi-popular and repetitive. The number of serious studies providing
accurate data on the biology of the species which can be applied to its man-
agement is small.

The authors do not imply that the bibliography is in any way a complete
one. It is our hope that readers aware of references not included will send
them to the senior author so they can be added to the file. These will be avail-
able to interested workers and they will be on hand for a revision, should
popularity of this list indicate that is warranted.

This bibliography is intended simply as a source book of available infor-
mation and is aimed at a broad range of users seeking different types of
information for a variety of purposes. It does not attempt to evaluate the
information especially since many of the papers were never seen. The bib-
liography was not intended as an alternative to a meaningful analysis and
interpretation of the information given in the original papers. Since interpre-
tation and evaluation depend on purpose, we feel they are the responsibility

1

of the individual requiring the information. All the apparently important
papers listed in our tiles or revealed b\ the search of bibliographic aids were
obtained and annotated. The annotations will make obvious the relative
contribution of the various works seen.

Some concept of the scope of available information can ho\ve\ er be gained
by a simple analysis of the relative number of references placed by us in the
subject categories chosen. There are 630 references of which 175 or 27.N'r
are Dingell-Johnson Reports. For comments concerning categorization of
these reports sec item 6. p. 00. Of the remaining 455 references approxi-
mately 75% fall in the three headings Distribution and Range (39.4% ).
Taxonomy and Nomenclature (20.%), and Management (15.2%). A
further six categories at a much lower but rather uniform level of represen-
tation together constitute 51.1% of the literature. In descending order of
importance these are: Life History and Habitat (9.9% ). Popular Accounts
(9.5%), Accounts by Political Areas (8.4% ), Age and Growth (7.99$ ).
Parasites, Pathology and Diseases (7.5%), and Food and Food Habits
(7.0%). The remaining four subjects — Culture and Spawning. Predation.
Anatomy, and Behaviour — range from 3.3% to 0.7% . The total of the per-
centages exceeds 100 as 36% of the references were cross-indexed in more
than one category. It would appear from this that considerable is known of
the general biology of the species, but in fact much of it is superficial. Very
little is available on the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy, behaviour,
ecology, and on the true role of the chain pickerel as a predator.

The authors felt this an appropriate time to make available the large file
of references to this species which has accumulated as a result of our inde-
pendent involvements with the chain pickerel. These personal files have been
supplemented by 1 ) computer lists of references to Dingell-Johnson Reports,
and other publications stored in the bibliographic file of the Library Refer-
ence Service, Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife, Conservation Library Center
in the Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado; 2) references in a pre-
liminary bibliography (unpublished) by Dr. J. M. Speirs, Dept. of Zoology.
University of Toronto, and 3) those references listed in compendia of in-
formation on the biology of this species (e.g. McCabe, 1958; Wich and
Mullan, 1958). The literature cited in all publications examined was, of
course, checked for previously unrecorded references. The indices to standard
zoological and fisheries journals were searched as were the Dean Bibli-
ography, Biological Abstracts, Sport Fishery Abstracts, Zoological Record.
Dissertation Abstracts and the two Sport Fishing Institute summaries of dis-
sertations on fishery subjects by Jenkins (Bibliography of theses on fisheries
biology. Washington, D.C. Sport Fish. Inst., 1959) and Martin ( Bibliography
of theses on fisheries biology. First Supp., 1959-1971. Washington, D.C,
Sport Fish. Inst., 1972). Those publications and the Library of Congress
Cotalogue were used to verify citations derived from other sources.

Wherever possible, all publications included in the bibliography were ex-
amined direct!) in order to assure the accuracy of the citation and to prepare
an abstract. When a direct check was not possible, we resorted to standard
bibliographic aids, or asked authors and agencies concerned to verify the
citation. When none of these was possible, references were included in the

form available to us. Some of these arc incomplete and all arc marked (NV)
tor "not verified."

Many of the references not annotated were found in the literature cited
sections of old publications and could not be obtained for annotation. The
title of this bibliography would, however, have been far too ponderous if all
the appropriate conditionals had been added. At times it was difficult to
decide how a particular publication should be annotated. As a result the
annotations are uneven and \ar\ from a list of contents to a veritable abstract.
Some annotations were taken from abstracting publications such as Biological
Abstracts and Sport Fishery Abstracts, but most were written by referring
directly to the publications.

In citations for each verified reference the total pages are given. Wherever
possible, for larger works, the numbers of pages containing material on this
species alone are also provided in brackets at the end of the annotation. For a
limited number of the unverified references it has not been possible to deter-
mine whether the pagination given in our original records (and thus here)
is the total number of pages in the original publication or only the pages for
the chain pickerel.

For books which have appeared in several, unchanged editions we
attempted to cite the most recent edition only. If there were changes in the
title, the authors* names, or significant changes in that part of the text on the
chain pickerel, more than one edition is cited.

The method of citing references was established on the basis of consistently
using one which we felt would be familiar to fisheries workers. With so many
references we aimed at the briefest one that would be as free as possible of
confusing abbreviations. To accomplish this we followed the Biological
Abstracts J 968 List of Serials with Title Abbreviations and A Manual of
Style, 12 ed. Univ. Chicago Press. Where the style deviates elsewhere from
lists of literature cited in other ROM publications these differences were re-
quired for greatest utility of the method used to prepare the bibliography.

The body of the bibliography is composed of a standard arrangement of
publications in alphabetical order of authors* names and chronological order
within authors. Therefore if the user is merely checking the details of a cita-
tion for which he knows the name of the author he can do so by referring
directly to the body of the bibliography.

The subject index following the bibliography attempts to organize the sub-
ject matter dealt with by the individual publications. The index lists alpha-
betically, under each subject heading, the authors' names and the publication
dates for all publications in the bibliography that apply; the complete refer-
ence can then be sought in the body of the bibliography. In order to provide
increased utility to the reader, the subject index contains notations on the
geographic area of the work cited. This refers to the area studied, not the
place of publication. Where this is not given for a particular reference the
area is either not known or the paper deals with the species in a general way,
or over the whole of its distribution.

Subject categories were chosen on the basis of the subject matter repre-
sented by the accumulated references. The categories were given titles which
we felt would best represent subject areas users would most naturally look

for. There is a moderate amount of cross indexing (36rr of the titles appear
in more than one category) in order to include in the index articles which
treat several subjects or involve an area which encompasses more than one of
the subject categories. The subject categories of the index are as follows:

1. Accounts by Political Areas — includes only publications usually en-
titled "The Fishes of" a particular political area. Such accounts generally
involve at least brief comments for the species on almost all of the subject
headings. Listing them otherwise would have required extensive multiple
indexing. References in this category are not cross-indexed unless the ac-
count included a significant contribution to one of the other subjects. It is in
papers or books indexed here that the reader will find at least basic informa-
tion on the chain pickerel that is specific to his province or state.

2. Age and Growth — includes publications dealing with the determination
and interpretation of these subjects.

3. Anatomy — includes both external and internal anatomy, especially
osteology. It does not include references which list external anatomical
features as part of a simple description of the animal; those appear under
Taxonomy, Nomenclature, and Systematics.

4. Behaviour — includes only those dealing with ethology; concepts of
behaviour which could be considered simply as habits are included under
Life History and Habitat.

5. Culture and Spawning — includes references dealing with artificial
aspects. Natural spawning was included here only if the study was carried out
as an adjunct to fish culture. Otherwise references to natural spawning
appear under Life History and Habitat.

6. Dingell-Johnson Project Reports — these reports of projects supported
under U.S. federal aid to fisheries are not in general circulation and were
largely derived from the Denver computer listings. Only some are annotated
and for that reason they were difficult to categorize. We felt the readers
might find it valuable to have all D-J reports indexed as such. Any that could
readily be categorized will appear in the appropriate part of the index also.
Almost all of them could be indexed under Management.

In these references the following abbreviations are part of the standard
government designation of those reports: Proj. — project, PR — progress
report, Job — job number assigned, wk.pl. — work plan, Fin. — final re-
port, F-6-R-7 a coded number designation assigned to that report.

7. Distribution and Range — references included here vary from obvious
ones dealing with the total range of this species to those which include the
species in a checklist of a specific region, or list it as present at a single
location.

8. Food and Food Habits — includes all discussions of food items or
feeding activity.

9. Hybrids — includes references that deal with hybrids in nature or cul-
tured in the hatchery or laboratory.

10. Life History and Habitat — includes the biology of the animal in
nature, its ecology, habitat requirements, and response to environmental
factors (e.g. oxygen requirements, lethal temperature).

11. Management — as well as the obvious, this category includes refer-
ences to papers dealing with production, yield, and catch per unit elTort. Most
of the D-J reports indexed under that category probably could be equalh
well classified here.

12. Parasites, Pathology, and Diseases — pathology includes sublethal,
adverse responses to chemicals and other foreign substances.

13. Popular Accounts — all accounts that deal with angling reminiscences
or treat the biology of the animal in a popular, undocumented way or in
popular or interpretative media such as the conservation periodicals of state
and provincial agencies or outdoors magazines.

14. Prvdation — references were included here if the word '"predation" is
used in the title, or if it is readily interpreted from the text that the phenome-
non of predation on, or prcdation by chain pickerel was studied. Otherwise,
references on fishes eaten appear in Food and Food Habits. Although there
are few references in this discrete category, they were separated since many
people are interested in the potential of this species as a control of the num-
bers of other fishes.

15. Taxonomy, Nomenclature, and Systematics — as well as the obvious
this category includes references to adequate taxonomic descriptions of the
animal and various means of distinguishing it from other fishes. Many are
cross-indexed here from Accounts by Political Areas and Popular Accounts.

For those unfamiliar with the rather confusing synonymy of the chain
pickerel the name used in each reference, if not Esox niger or chain pickerel,
is given in the annotation. As a further aid to the use of the literature on
this species, included below under Nomenclature is a list of the various
scientific names by which this species has been known, their authorities, and
date and page number of first use. All the publications cited are included in
the bibliography. Below that is a list of common names used over the years
for this species.

NOMENCLATURE

Esox lucius, Mitchill (not Linnaeus 1758) 1814: 440. Mistaken for the
northern pike but according to the description chain pickerel obviously
intended.

Esox reticulatus LeSueur, 1818: 414. Original description, type locality
Philadelphia. Name preoccupied in Europe.

Esox niger LeSueur, 1818: 415. Saratoga Lake. N.Y.

Esox tredecem-lineatus Mitchill, 1825, 361. Quoted from DeKay, 1842 as in
the "Mirror." no longer extant. At least by 1846 this name had been
changed by authors to E. tredecem-lineatus and gradually the hyphen
disappeared and the name became E. tridecemlineatus.

Esox tredecem-radiatus DeKay, 1842: 225.

Esox crassus Agassiz, 1 854: 308 .

EsoxaffinisHolbrook, 1860: 198.

Picorellus reticulatus (LeS.) Jordan. Jordan and Copeland, 1876: 143.

Picorellm affinis (Holb. ) Jordan. Jordan and Copeland, 1876: 143.

Lucius reticulatus Les., Gill, 1898: 30.

COMMON NAMES

American pickerel, black chain pike, black pike, brochet maille, brochet noir,
brochet reticule, chain pickerel, chain pike, common eastern pickerel, duck-
billed pickerel, eastern pickerel, federation pike, grass pickerel, green pike.
jack, jacktish, lake pickerel, lake pike, long-nosed pickerel, mud pickerel,
pickerel, picquerelle. pike, pond pickerel, pond pike, red-tinned pike, reticu-
lated pickerel, shovel-nosed pickerel, snake, yellow pickerel.

Readers of this bibliography may be interested in a system utilizing move-
able, typed strips which was used to prepare it. This system (Norfield Copy-
strip) provides an opportunity to change, correct, or add individual refer-
ences to an existing list without the necessity of retyping whole pages and
proofreading again as a result of the retyping. A description of the system
and its application to bibliographies is available in Scholarly Publishing,
1973,4(3): 245-249.

Acknowledgments

The preparation of this bibliography involved the considerable task of com-
pleting and verifying the citations available at the outset and at the same time
of searching for new ones. This time-consuming and frequently frustrating
chore was most capably carried out by Cheryl Goodchild. Mrs. Goodchild
also organized, manipulated, and photocopied the components of the unique
system mentioned above which yielded the printer's copy of text and index.

We would like to extend our thanks to the staff of the Library of the Royal
Ontario Museum, and in particular to Eve Dowie, for the generous help pro-
vided Mrs. Goodchild in our search for references.

The cover illustration was prepared by Mr. P. Buerschaper.

This project was supported in part by a grant from The National Research
Council of Canada ( A- 1 705 ) .

Annotated Bibliography

Anon, (no date)

Les Poissons combatifs du Quebec. Branche Touriste, Saint-Anne. Quebec

40 p.

Angling in Quebec waters.
Anon, (no date)

Pennsylvania fishes. Pennsylvania FishComm. : 1 1.
Anon. 1870

Pickerel. Rep. Massachusetts Commr. Fish, for the year ending Jan. 1. 1870:
36-37.

Anon. 1871
Rapid growth of the pickerel {Esox reticulums). Amer. Natur. 5:313-314.

Great quantities of small minnows about one inch (25 mm) long were
consumed by two young pickerel about five inches (127 mm) long. The
pickerel increased one inch (25 mm) in length in forty-eight hours.
Anon. (WAV. E.) 1874
Pickerel vs. trout. Forest Stream 3( 10): 155.

Decrease of trout in Adirondack waters was partially attributed to the
increase in chain pickerel after they were put into Long Lake, Hamilton
County. Report of a chain pickerel which had swallowed a large trout.
Anon. 1877
Pike, pickerel and maskalonge. Forest Stream 8(20) :320.

Distinguishing features and description of Esox reticulutus and muskel-
lunge. were given by a reader.
Anon. 1902 a
Pike, pickerel, mascalonge. Forest Stream 59(3) : 50-51 .

Description, range and potential size of the chain pickerel given. For
each of pike, chain pickerel and muskellunge, there is a drawing of the whole
body and an enlarged one of the head. In reality some of the figure captions
are in error (see Evermann. 1902 ) but that for E. niger is correct here.
Anon. 1902 b
Pike, pickerel, mascalonge. Forest Stream 59(4) :71.

The captions for the illustrations which apeared in an earlier article
(Anon. 1902 a ) are revised. A short description of the chain pickerel appears
in the text.
Aiwn. 1906

Pickerel fishing in the lakes — propagation of pickerel. Pennsylvania Dep.
Fish.. Rep. Dec. 1. 1904 to Nov. 30, 1905:23-24. 57-59. 143-146.
Anon. 1907 a

Pickerel fishing in the lakes — muscallonge — field work — pickerel work.
Pennsylvania Dep. Fish., Rep. Dec. I. 1905 to Nov. 30, 1906:21-22. 23-28,
51-55. 140-141.
Anon. 1907 b
Do hornpout ""hook" pickerel? Maine Woods 24(5 1 ): 1 .

Anon. 1950

Lakes and ponds. New Jersey Dep. Conserv., Fish. Surv. Rep. no. 1, 189p.
(N.V.)

Anon. 1955 a

South Carolina wildlife. Summer. 1955. South Carolina Wildlife Resour.
Dep., Inform. Educ. Div., Educ. Rel. 104 (N.V.)
Anon. 1955 b

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Computation of data. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-1, Job 2, 4 p.
Anon. 1957

Fisheries management investigations of impoundments. Brush shelter evalu-
ation. Virgina Comm. Game Inland Fish., D-J Proj. F-5-R-3, Job 5, Sum, 7 p.
Anon. 1958

Reclamation of the Deerfield River for trout and evaluation of this technique
as applied. Reclaim and conserve Deerfield fishing. Massachusetts Div. Fish.
Game, D-J Proj. F-14-R-1, PR, 14 p.
Anon. 1959

A fishery survey of the lakes and ponds of Connecticut. Connecticut State
Board Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-4-R, Rep. no. 1 , 395 p.

General habitat requirements are given as well as a growth curve for
Connecticut pickerel. Various associations of species known to produce
reasonable fishing in some small Connecticut ponds are listed and include the
largemouth bass, chain pickerel, yellow perch and golden shiner combination.
Anon. 1960

New standard encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois. Standard Education Society
Inc. (N.V.)

Esox niger mentioned on p. 243.
Anon. 1962 a
Fishes of Delaware. Delaware Board Game Fish Commrs., Dover, 4 p.

Two members of the pike family are found in freshwater ponds, the
chain pickerel and the redrin pickerel. The chain pickerel is by far the more
popular, however some anglers consider it a trash fish.
Anon. 1962 b

Some North Carolina freshwater fishes. North Carolina Wildlife Resour.
Comm., 46 p.

The chain pickerel has the typical long and thin body conformation of
all pikes. This pickerel is a common inhabitant of the Atlantic Coastal drain-
age from Maine to Texas. In North Carolina, it is found in the bays of the
Coastal Plain, blackwater lakes and streams of the Piedmont, into the Yadkin
River drainage. It is one of the most popular game Fishes of North Carolina.
Anon. 1 968 a

Louisiana sport fish investigations. Annual progress report. (Fish population
studies). Louisiana Wildlife Fish. Comm., D-J Proj. F- 14-1. Job 5, p. 128-
142.

Fish population data is presented on D'Arbonne Lake. The pounds per
acre of chain pickerel sampled by rotenone varied from 1 .30 to 16.07 (1.46
to 17.99 kg hcc). Pounds per Trammel net day of harvestable pickerel

8

varied from 0.31 to 5.52 (0.14 to 2.50 kg trammel net day). Pounds per

trap net day of harvestable pickerel ranged from 0.19 to 1.05.

Anon. 1968 b

Spawning statistics, chain pickerel. Pennsylvania Fish Comm., Pleasant

Mount Hatcher), 3 p. (mimeo)

Temperature during spawning was 44°F to 50 F (6.7 C to 10C) (sur-
face). Females could not be completely spawned out at one time. Pickerel
fry feed more vigorously than muskellunge and are easier to get started.
Cannibalism noted after tingerlings were two inches.
Abbott, C.C. 1876
A voracious fish. Forest Stream 5(26):404.

A record of a predator-prey size chain involving two chain pickerel and
two central mudminnows. A chain pickerel had eaten a mudminnow which
contained a small chain pickerel which in turn had eaten a small mudminnow.
Adams, A. L. 1873

Field and forest rambles with notes and observations on the natural history
of eastern Canada. London, King and Co. 333 p.

Implied that about 1863, the chain pickerel was introduced into Maine,
in the Grand Lake portion of the St. Croix River system.
Adams, C. C. and T. L. Hankinson 1 928

The ecology and economies of Oneida Lake fishes. Roosevelt Wild Life
Ann. 1(3,47:235-548.

Other common names, distinguishing features, breeding habits, life his-
tory, habitat, distribution records, food of adults and of young as revealed
by stomach examination, enemies and disease, and economic relations, (p.
388-396)

Agassiz, L. 1854

Notice of a collection of fishes from the southern bend of the Tennessee
River, in the State of Alabama. Amer. J. Sci. Arts, Second Series 17(50):297-
308 Appendix and 17(51):353-365.

A taxonomic comparison off. crassus and E. reticulatus.
Anderson, \V. D., Jr. 1964

Fishes of some South Carolina coastal plain streams. Florida Quart. J. Acad.
Sci. 27(4):3 1-54.

Lists the freshwater fishes collected in the Ashepoo, Combahee, Broad
and New River drainages of South Carolina from 1956-1960. Of 120 stations
sampled, a total of 142 chain pickerel were collected at 36 stations.
Andrews. T. J. and G. E. Hanson 1957

Comparison of age of chain pickerel by scales, opercles, and otoliths (sac-
culus). Raw unpublished data, Univ. Massachusetts, 3 p.

Contains data on interpreted annuli from otoliths (sacculus), scales and
opercles of 33 pickerel as well as the magnified diameters of the right and left
sacculus from 30 of the 33 E. niger.
Armbruster, I). C. 1959

Observations on the natural history of the chain pickerel (Esox niger). Ohio
J. Sci. 59(1 ): 55-58.

Chain pickerel were first introduced into Ohio in 1935. Pickerel were

collected by fyke nets for study in 1951. They occur in shallow areas in

spring and fall, but inhabit deeper water during summer. Data is presented

on spawning and age and growth.

Armbruster, D. C. 1960

The hybridization of the eastern chain pickerel (Esox niger), northern pike

(Esox Indus). M.S. Rep. Ohio Div. Wildlife, 5 p.

Armbruster, D. 1966

Hybridization of the chain pickerel and northern pike. Progr. Fish-Cult.

28(2):76-78.

A 14 inch (356mm) female chain pickerel was crossed with two 1 cS inch
(457 mm) northern pike males. Hatching success of eggs was 65.59? . H\brid
fingcrlings seemed to suffer less mortality than muskellunge or chain pickerel
fingerlings. Growth of hybrids was intermediate to the parent species.
Armstrong, J. G. and J. D. Williams 1 97 1

Cave and spring fishes of the southern bend of the Tennessee River. J. Tenn.
Acad. Sci. 46(3): 107- 11 5.

One of the 47 species collected from 68 springs. Fig. 1 indicates the
location of the collection stations in the southern bend of the Tenessee River.
Arve,J.E. 1961

Maryland statewide inland fisheries investigation. Fish population studies to
establish indices of population structure and trends in the fishery. Maryland
Dep. Game Inland Fish, D-J Proj. F- 1 0-R-4, Job 3, 60 p.
Atkins, C. G. 1884

Notes on landlocked salmon. Trans. Amcr. Fish-Cult. Ass. 13th Annu.
Meeting:40-59.

Noted introduction into Schoodic lakes of Maine from the Penobscot
River. Attributed disappearance of landlocked salmon to the attacks of
pickerel.

Ayres, W. O. 1 843

Enumeration of the fishes of Brookhaven, Long Island, with remarks upon
the species observed. Boston J. Natur. Hist. 4(3):252-282.

Ayres examined pickerel, which he says were incorrectly called Esox
Indus by Dr. Mitchill, and could not find any differences to warrant consider-
ing them distinct from LeSueur's reticulums. Also considers DcKay's descrip-
tion and figure of fasciatus to be no different from reticulums, as characters
attributed to the smaller fish he says are not permanent. Says that small size
of reticulatus distinguishes it as a separate species from any of the larger fish
of our ponds and streams. Ayres called a specimen of 38 inches (968 mm),
14 pounds (6.36 kg) E. reticulatus but it was probably E. Indus.
Bailey, J. R. and J. A. Oliver 1 939

I he fishes of the Connecticut watershed. P. 150-189.//; A biological survey
of the Connecticut watershed. New Hampshire Fish Game Dep.. Rep. no. 4,
256 p.

Gives general distribution in New Hampshire and a short descriptive
note on feeding habits and management. Fables of fishes of each of the lakes
and ponds of the Connecticut Watershed.
Bailey, R. M. 1938
I he fishes of the Merrimack watershed. P.149-185. //; Biological survey of

10

the Merrimack watershed. New Hampshire lish Game Comm., Surv. Rep.
no. 3, 238 p.

Gives range, distribution, and fish collection localities in New Hamp-
shire. E. americanus x E. niger hybrids were taken. Short note mentions
abundance, habitat and feeding habits. Ke\ .

BaOey, R. M., I. E. Fitch, E. S. Herald, E. A. Eachner, C. C. Lindsey,
C. R. Robins and W. B. Scott 1 970

A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and
Canada. 3rd ed. Amcr. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. no. 6. Washington, D.C. 150 p.

Standard for accepted common and scientific name. p. 1 8.
Bailey. R. M., H. E. H inn and C. L. Smith 1 954

Fishes from the Escambia River. Alabama and Florida with ecological and
taxonomic notes. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Philadelphia 106:109-164.

Collections were taken chiefly from the Lower Escambia River, includ-
ing tidewater. Collection stations arc described and species taken listed. Gives
E. niger synonymy.
Baker, F. C. 1916

The relation of mollusks to fish in Oneida Lake. New York Coll. Forest.,
Tech. Publ. no. 4. 366 p.

Lists Class Nematoda as occurring in the intestine of a pickerel (117
mm long).

Baker, F. C. 1918

The productivity of invertebrate fish food on the bottom of Oneida Lake,
with special reference to mollusks. New York Coll. Forest., Tech. Publ.
no. 9, 284 p. (N.V.)
Bamberg, R. M. 1967

Fish population control recommendations. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep., D-J
Proj. F-3-R-14. wk. pi. B, Job 24, 12 p.
Bangham, R. V. 1941

Parasites of fresh-water fish of southern Florida. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci.
5:289-307.
Barker. J. L. 1963

Creation and evaluation of artificial oxbows and lagoons. New Jersey Div.
Fish. Game. D-J Rep. F-9-R-6, Job 1 1, 6 p.
Barr. L. M. 1962

A life history study of the chain pickerel, Eso.x niger Lesucur, in Beddington
Lake, Maine. Univ. Maine, M.Sc. diss., 35 p.
Bay less, J. D. 1967

Fisheries investigations in lakes and streams — district live. Reservoir in-
vestigations. South Carolina Div. Game Boatinsr, D-J Proj. F-l-R-15, Job 3.
p. 2-20. 23-36.

Beamish, R. J., M. J. Merrilees and E. J. Crossman 1 97 1
Karyotypes and DNA \alues for members of the suborder Esocoidei (Os-
teichth\es:Salmoniformes). Chromosoma 34:436-447.

Summary of chromosome counts; relative and absolute amounts of
DNA mg cell: for the Escoidei including E. niger. Figure o\' karyotype
prepared from gill tissue.

II

Bean,T.H. 1891

The pike family — n. Forest Stream 36(12) :233.

Quotes Dr. Mitchill's account of federation pike from Oneida Lake.
The peculiar colouration described in that account is said to be due to the
spawning condition of the fish. Also describes age variation in colour and
markings, distribution, and mode of capture.
Bean,T.H. 1897 a

Notes upon New York fishes received at the New York Aquarium, 1895 to
1897. Ann. Rep. Commr. Fish., Game Forests New York (1896): 207-251.

Presents taxonomic characters and general information as well as range
and distribution of Esox niger.
Bean,T.H. 1897 b

Notes upon New York fishes received at the New York Aquarium, 1895
to 1897. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist. 9:327-375.

Identical to Bean, T. H. 1 897 a.
Bean,T.H. 1902

The food and game fishes of New York. Includes notes on their common
names, distribution, habits and mode of capture of New York fishes. New
York Forest, Fish Game Comm.. 7th rep. :25 1-560.

For E. reticulatus LeSueur, gives synonomy, common names, distribu-
tion, habitat, feeding, spawning, angling and fungus in captivity. Appears in
chart of recorded distribution of the food and game fishes of New York.
Bean,T.H. 1903

Catalogue of the fishes of New York. Albany, New York State Univ., New
York State Mus., Bull. no. 60, Zoology 9, 794 p.

For Lucius reticulatus (LeSueur), gives synonymy, taxonomic descrip-
tion, other common names, possible account of hybridization, occurrence,
habitat, size, short note on angling, spawning, food and fungus infections.
Bean,T.H. 1911

Report of the State Fish Culturist. New York Conserv. Comm.. Div. Fish
Game: 135- 142.

Black and white drawing of Esox reticulatus LeSueur.
Behnke, R. J. and R. M. Wet/el 1 960

A preliminary list of the fishes found in the fresh waters of Connecticut.
Copeia 1960(2): 14 1-1 43.

Annotated list of fishes includes /:. niger.
Black, J. D. and L. O. Williamson 1 947

Artificial hybrids between muskellunge and northern pike. Trans. Wisconsin
Acad. Sci. Arts, Lett. 38:299-314.
Boccardy,J.A. 1955 a

Collection of field data. Seasons creel census on Quabbin Reservoir, Massa-
chusetts. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J, Proj. F-6-R-I. Job I . I I p.
Boccardy, J. A. 1955b

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Computation of data. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-2, Job 3, 6 p.
Boccardy, J. A. 1956 a

Quabbin Reservoir studies. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game. D-J Proj.
F-6-R-2-, Job I. 14 p.

12

Boccardy,J.A. 1956 b

Quabbio Reservoir investigations. Population studies. Massachusetts Div.

Fish. Came. D-J Proj. F-6-R-2, Job 2. 8 p.

Boldyreft, E. B. 1935

A microscopic stud) of the pancreas in fishes; especially those of the Orders

Hamplomi and Cyprinodontes. Copeia 1935( 1 ) :23-33.

Type and structure of pancreas resembles E. vermiculatus. (p. 25,27)
Band. L. H. L956

Investigation of eastern brook trout, landlocked salmon and lake trout in
Cold Stream Watershed. Landlocked salmon and brook trout of Cold Stream
Drainage. Penobscot County, Maine. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game, D-J
Proj. F-5-R-4, 23 p.
Bond, L.H. 1961

Statewide lake and stream investigations. Age and growth studies. Maine
Dep. Inland Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-8-R-9, Job 3, 37 p.
Bond. L.H. 1962

Statewide lake and stream investigations. Age and growth studies. Maine
Dep. Inland Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-8-R-10, Job 3, 38 p.
Bond, L.H. 1963

Statewide lake and stream investigations. Age and growth studies. Maine
Dep. Inland Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-8-R-1 1, Job 3, 23 p.
Bond, L.H. 1964

Statewide lake and stream investigations. Age and growth studies. Maine
Dep. Inland Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-8-R-12, Job 3, 19 p.
Bonn,E.VV. 1954

Inventory of species present and their distribution in that portion of the
upper Sabine drainage which lies within Region 2B. Texas Parks Wildlife
Dep.. D-J Proj. F-8-R- 1 , wk. pi. B, Job 3, 6 p.
Bonn,E.W. 1958

Basic survey and inventory of species present in the Red River drainage,
other than Lake Texoma, in Region 2B. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep. D-J Proj.
F-8-R-4, wk. pi. 8, Job 15, 16 p.
Bonn, E.W. 1965

Fisheries reconnaissance. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep., D-J Proj. F-8-R-1K
wk. pi. B, Job 21, 21 p.
Bonn, E. W. and C. R. Inman 1956

Basic survey and inventory of species present and their distribution in the
Cypress Creek Drainage in Region 2B. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep., D.J Proj.
F-8-R-3-, wk. pi. B, Job 1 1, 21 p.
Boschung,H.T.,Jr. 1961

An annotated list of fishes from the Coosa River system of Alabama. Amer.
Midland Natur. 66(2);257-285.

Gives location, map index, water condition, water chemistry, number of
fish caught with average total length, for fish collection stations. Includes
short synonymy for E. niger.
Breder, C. M., Jr. and D. E. Rosen 1 966

Modes of reproduction in fishes. Published for the Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist.,
Natur. Hist. Press. Garden City, New York. 941 p.

13

Notes on spawning habits, emission of eggs, sex ratio. Mentions hybrids
between E. niger and E. americanus.
Bridges, VV. L. 1963

Evaluation of the effects of partial reclamation on warm water lakes. Rhode
Island Div. Fish. Game. D-J Proj. F-20-R-4, Job 1, 4 p.
Bridges, W. L. and R. Guthrie 1 962

Fishery investigations. Pond surveys. Rhode Island Div. Fish Game, D-J
Proj.F-20-R-3,Jobll.9p.
Bridges, W. L. and R. C. Guthrie 1965

Fishery investigations. Pond surveys. Rhode Island Div. Fish. Game, D-J
Proj. F-20-R-7. Job 11, 20 p.
Bridges, C. H. and R. S. McCaig 1958

Harvest studies on managed ponds. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J
Proj. F-10-R-1, Jobs 1 and 2, 23 p.
Briggs,J.C. 1958

A list of Florida fishes and their distribution. Bull. Florida Mus. Biol. Sci.
2(8):223-318.

Brief note on United States distribution, (p. 257)
Buck, D. H. 1964

Life history and growth of the chain pickerel in Illinois. Illinois Dep C'on-
serv., D-J Proj. F-16-R-2, wk. pi. 3, 1 p.

Salvaged yearling fish stocked in a new 160 acre (64.8 hec) lake
spawned the next year (1963). Limited creel census has shown that anglers
are catching and releasing pickerel, indicating they have become established.
Buck, D.H. 1965

Life history and growth of the chain pickerel in Illinois. Illinois Dep. Con-
serv., D-J Proj. F-16-R-3, wk. pi. 3, 1 p.

Pickerel spawned in 1 963 entered the creel as 1 2-14 inch (305-356 mm)
lish in 1964. The 1964 year-class is believed to be small in number. Sampling
in 1 964 revealed extremely large numbers of largemouth bass 4 to 8 inches
(102-203 mm).
Buck, D.H. 1969

Research on ecology of sport fish and sport fishery management in Illinois.
Life history and growth of the chain pickerel in Illinois. Illinois Dep. Con-
serv., D-J Proj. F-l 6-R-7, wk. pi. 3, Job B, Fin., 9 p.
Buck, D. H. and C. F. Thoifa III 1966

Life history and growth of the chain pickerel in Illinois. Illinois Dep. Con-
serv., D-J Proj. F-16-R-4, wk. pi. 3, 3 p.

Approximately 20,000 advanced sac fry were distributed in lour farm
ponds with combinations of bluegill, bluegill-largemouth bass, and lake
chubsuckers-smallmouth bass. Although spring growth of pickerel was good,
summer growth was poor.
Buck, D. H. and C. F. Thoits III 1 967

Life history and growth of the chain pickerel in Illinois. Illinois Dep. Con-
serv., D-J Proj. F-16-R-5, wk. pi. 3, Job B, 2 p.

Experimental stockings indicated that (1) pickerel fry and fingcrlings
arc highly vulnerable to predation by largemouth bass; (2) age 0 and age 1
pickerel compete poorly with largemouth of the same age and may be more

14

compatible with smallmouth; (3) pickerel do better in clear than in muddy

waters: (4) the pickerel is an inefficient predator of bluegill.

Buck. I). H. and C. F. Thoits III 1970

Dynamics of one-species populations of fishes in ponds subjected to cropping

and additional stocking. Illinois Natur. Hist. Suiv. Div. Bull. 30(2):(->t>- 165.

High pH credited with the deaths o\' an experimental population of E.
niger. Foraging by a large population of crayfish in a 4 acre ( 1.6 hec) pond
destroyed eggs and larvae, (p. 13,82)
Buntz,J. 1967

Stomach analysis of chain pickerel (Esox niger) of south central Florida.
Proc 20th Annu. Conf. Southeast Ass. Game Fish C'ommrs. 20:315-318.

Trammel nets most effective method of collecting pickerel. From 115
adult pickerel collected from 6 lakes. 38.39? (44) contained food. Although
soft-rayed fish were abundant in these lakes, 49.9r<; of all recognizable fish
consumed were spiney-rayed fish. Relatively large pickerel (15-23 inches)
(381-584 mm) consumed prey ranging from 2-5 inches (51-127 mm) in
length. Data indicated pickerel has potential as a desirable predator in south
central Florida.

Burkholdcr, P. R. and R. Bere 1 933

Plankton studies in some lakes of the Upper Hudson watershed. Sect. 8,
p. 239-260. In A biological survey of the Upper Hudson watershed. Suppl.
22nd Annu. Rep., New York Conserv. Dep., Biol. Surv. (1932) no. 7,
341 p.

Note on collection of 1 6 young chain pickerel. ( p. 257 )
Burton, G. VV. and E. P. Odum 1945

The distribution of stream fish in the vicinity of Mountain Lake, Virginia.
Ecology 26(2): 182-194.

E. niger is listed as being found in Johns and Craig Creek (James River
drainage) and may be the reason for the decrease in population numbers and
species of other fishes. Lowland streams, below 1400 feet (426.4 m) with
low gradient (10-30 ft./mile) ( 1 .9-5.7 m/km ), were characterized by Esox
and centrarchids.

Buss, K. and J. Miller (no date) a

The age and growth of fishes in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,
Fish Comm., Pub. Relations Div., part 1 3. (N.V.)
Buss. K. and J. Miller (no date) b

Identifying the common fishes of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Fish Comm.,
Benner Spring Fish Res. Sta., 1 6 p. (N.V.)
Buss, K. and J. Miller 1962

The age and growth of the chain pickerel in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Fish
Comm.. Benner Spring Fish Res. Sta., Pennsylvania Angler: 10-1 1.

Cieneral notes on distribution, common names, habitat and spawning.
Data on length-weight relationship of 632 chain pickerel; average calculated
total lengths of chain pickerel at each annulae from various locations. Angling
tips for all seasons.
Buss, K. and J. Miller 1967

Interspecific hybridization of Esocids: hatching success, pattern develop-
ment and fertility of some Fi hybrids. U.S. Dep. Interior, Fish Wildlife Serv.,

15

Bur. Sport Fish. Wildlife. Tech. pap. 14, 30 p.

The chain pickerel was crossed with the following esocids: northern
pike (no evidence of Fx hybrids being fertile); muskellunge (no signs of
maturity at two years of age — egg viability fair); redtin pickerel (hybrids
were fertile — this cross shows most potential for practical application);
grass pickerel (Fx hybrids were viable).
Caine,L.S.,ed. 1949

Chain pickerel, Esox niger. Michigan. James Heddon's Sons. Heddon Fish
Flashes, Release no. 139, 4 p.

Primarily of interest to the sport fisherman. Short notes on character-
istics, range, size, flavour, food, lures, methods, tackle.
Caine,L.S. 1949
North American freshwater sport fish. N.Y., A. S. Barnes and Co. 212 p.

General notes on angling, colloquial names, colouration, characteristics,
range, habitat, size, flavour, natural foods, artificial lures, methods of angling.
Black and white drawing.
Carlander, K. D. 1969

Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Life History data on freshwater
fishes of the United States and Canada, exclusive of the Perciformes. Iowa
State Univ. Press, vol. 1. 752 p.

Tabular data and explanatory notes on: range, habitat, length-weight,
length and weight at various ages and annuli, growth, reproduction, food
habits, sizes taken in gill nets. (p. 329-336)
Caraes, W.C. 1968

Fish management research. Small lakes investigations. Fish escapement from
small lakes. North Carolina Wildlife Resour. Comm., D-J Proj. F-16-R-4,
wk. pi. 2, Job G, Fin., 11 p.
Carpenter, C. 1965
Chains for a change. Texas Game Fish, Feb. :6, 7, 30. (N.V.)

Chain pickerel are present in the Caddo Lake area but are not well
known by most Texans. Most chain pickerel from Caddo Lake were just over
a foot long (305 mm). Largest pickerel reported taken from Caddo Lake
was just over four pounds (1.8 kg).
Carpenter, R. G. and H. R. Siegler 1 947

A sportsman's guide to the freshwater fishes of New Hampshire. New Hamp-
shire Game Fish Comm. 87 p.

Detailed characters for identification.
Carr, A. F., Jr. 1936
A key to the fresh-water fishes of Florida. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. 1:72-86.

Esox niger appears in the key.
Carr, A. and C. J. Goin 1955

Guide to the reptiles, amphibians and fresh-water fishes of Florida. Gaines-
ville, Univ. Florida Press. 341 p.

Key. Brief notes on appearance, characteristics, description, distribu-
tion, range and habitat.
Carter, E.R. 1952 a

Kentucky lake investigations. Netting operations. Kentucky Dep. Fish Wild-
life Resour., D-J Proj. F-2-R-1. wk. pi, 1 , Job B, QU2, 4 p.

16

Carter, E. R. 1952b

Kentucky lake investigations. Netting operations. Kentucky Dep. Fish Wild-
life Resour., D-J Proj. F-2-R- 1 . wk. pi. 1 . Job B, QU3, 3 p.
Carter, K. R. 1952 C

Kentucky lake investigations. Rotenone samplings. Kentucky Dep. Fish
Wildlife Resour.. D-J Proj. F-2-R-1. wk. pi. 1. Job D, QU3, 2 p.
Catt,J. 1949

Small-mouthed black bass in the waters of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
Canadian Fish Cult. 4(5 ): 1 5-1 8.

Noted that chain pickerel were abundant in Darling's Lake and the
delta of the Hammond River.

Cavender, T. M., J. G. Lundberg and R. L. Wilson 1 970
Two new fossil records of the Genus Esox (Telcostei, Salmoniformes) in
North America. Northwest Sci. 44(3) : 176-183.

Although E . niger, E. masquinongy and E. americanus are endemic to
North America, the fossil record has provided little evidence on their evolu-
tionary history. Includes a distribution map showing both today's boundaries
and fossil locations. Fossil material examined included 2 dry E. niger skele-
tons. Fossil palatines from Itchtuckee River were tentatively identified as
E. niger based on the bone size. Discusses depressible type of palatine tooth
(common to esocids ) and differences between species. Figure 2 shows pala-
tine bones.

Chadwick, J. W. 1 969

Pond surveys. Rhode Island Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-20-R-10, wk. pi.
1. Jobl, 15 p.
Chalmers, T. 1879

Pickerel fishing through the ice. Chicago Field 1 1 : 52.
Cheney, A. N. 1 896

Mascalonge, pike, pickerel and pike-perch. First Annu. Rep. Comm. Fish.
Game Forest New York ( 1 895 ): 1 21-1 24.
Chew,R.L. 1967

Largemouth bass study. Early life-history investigation. Florida Game Fresh
Water Fish Comm.. D-J Proj. F-24-R-1, Job 2, p. 42-71.
Circle, H. (no date)

Chain pickerel, Esox niger. Michigan, James Ffeddon's Sons, Heddon Fish
Flashes, Release no. 55K, 3 p.

General information on biology, identification, range, world record,
natural foods, suitable tackle, angling tips for the sport fisherman.
Clay, W.M. 1962
A field manual of Kentucky fishes. Kentucky Dep. Fish Wildlife Res., 147 p.

Lists features by which the chain pickerel can be separated from the
E. a. vermiculatus. Range in Kentucky is restricted to extreme western
part of this state, (p. 43)
Cobb, K. 1934

The pond fish restoration program. P. 25-40. /// Connecticut Board Fish.
Game, 20th Bien. Rep. (1932-34), Pub. Doc. no. 19, 146 p.

Discusses conflict or competition between bass and pickerel, angling and
management (hatcheries).

17

Cumptun, K. R. 1963 a

Angler harvest comparisons of the fly-fishing only and open fishing stretches

of the Big Flatbrook. New Jersey Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-20-R-1, wk.

pi. 1, Job 2, 26 p.

Compton, K. R. 1963 b

Evaluation of fingerling trout stockings in small streams and ponds. New

Jersey Div. Fish Game. D-J Proj. F-20-R-1, wk. pi. 2, Job 3, 14 p.

Compton, K. R. 1964 a

Acid water trout studies. New Jersey Div. Fish Game. D-J Proj. F-20-R-2,

wk.pl. 2, Job 2, 12 p.

Compton, K. R. 1964 b

Angler harvest comparisons on the fly -fishing of the Big Flatbrook. New

Jersey Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-20-R-2, wk. pi. 1. Job 2. 37 p.

Compton, K. R. f964c

Evaluation of trout stocking in the South Branch of the Raritan River. New

Jersey Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-20-R-2, wk. pi. 1, Job 4. 26 p.

Cook, F. A. 1959

Freshwater fishes in Mississippi. Mississippi Game Fish Comm. 239 p.

General description of the chain pickerel, with a list of collections taken
from Mississippi waters. Key. (p. 7 1-73)
Cooper, A. 1971

Fishes of the world. A Grosset all-colour guide. New York, Grosset and
Dunlap. 159 p.

Discusses general habits of pike and chain pickerel.
Cooper, G. P. 1939 a

A biological survey of the waters of York County and the southern part of
Cumberland County, Maine. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game, Fish Surv.
Rep. no. 1, 58 p.

Abundant in streams, otherwise good trout waters. Found in ponds of
the 1 1 drainage areas.
Cooper, G. P. 1939 b

A biological survey of thirty-one lakes and ponds of the upper Saco River
and Sebago Lake drainage systems in Maine. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game,
Fish Surv. Rep. no. 2, 147 p.

Habitat, food, spawning. Game and food fish collected in ponds sur-
veyed. Estimated abundance, management recommendations. Sec notes on
each of the lakes and ponds.
Cooper, G. P. 1941

A biological survey of lakes and ponds of the Androscoggin and Kennebec
River drainage systems in Maine. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game, Fish Surv.
Rep. no. 4, 238 p.

Habitat, food, spawning. Stomach contents of fish collected from 32
lakes. Distribution and abundance. Stomach analysis. Recommendations.
Cooper, G. P. 1942

A biological survey of the lakes and ponds of the central coastal area of
Maine. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game, Fish Surv. Rep. no. 5, 1 .S4 p.

Notes on distribution, abundance and frequency. Taken from 36 lakes.
Stomach contents, feeding and conclusions. Management recommendations.

IN

Cope. E.I). L869

Supplementary synopsis of the Esoces of middle North America. Trans.

Amer. Phil. Soc. 13(2):407-410.

Key and note on E. reticidatus.
Cope, E. D. 1870

Partial synopsis of the fresh-water fishes of North Carolina. Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soe. 1 1:448-495. (N.V.)
Corning, R. V. 1967 a

Warmwater fisheries management investigations. (General Survey) Virginia
Comm. Game Inland Fish.. D-J Proj. F-5-R-12, Job 9, p. 15.16.

In the freshwater portion of the Mattoponi River and its drainage,
chain pickerel are one of the major sport fishes.
Corning, R. V. 1967 b

Warmwater fisheries management investigations. Virginia Comm. Game In-
land Fish.. D-J Proj. F-5-R-11, Job 9, 25 p.

E. niger is listed as inhabiting the Blackwater River and being well dis-
tributed throughout the sampling sites.
Corning, R. V. 1967 c

Warm water fisheries management investigations. Copper sulfate toxicity
studs. Virginia Comm. Game Inland Fish., D-J Proj. F-5-R-13, Job 7, 38 p.
Couture, L. H. 1957

Seventy-four million dollars a year just for fun. Massachusetts Div. Fish.
Game Bull. no. 14. 1 1 p.
Cox, P. 1 896 a

History and present state of the Ichthyology of New Brunswick. New Bruns-
wick Natur. Hist. Soc. Bull. no. 13:27-61.

Erroneously attributed the first record of this species in New Brunswick
to Adams, 1873.
Cox, P. 1896 b

Catalogue of the marine and freshwater fishes of New Brunswick. New
Brunswick Natur. Hist.Soc.Bull.no. 13:62-75.

Reported chain pickerel as quite common on lower St. John and its
affluents.
Cox, P. 1899

Fresh water fishes and Batrachia of the Peninsula of Gaspe, P.O., and their
distribution in the maritime provinces of Canada. Trans. R. Soc. Canada
2nd Ser. 5(4): 141-154.

Reported that 20 years previous (to 1899) the eastern pickerel Esox
reticidatus, LeSueur. a common fish in Maine rivers, made its appearance in
the St. John, but inquiry revealed the fact that a few years before it had been
artificially introduced into the Maduxnakik. a branch of the St. John.
Cox, P. 1901

Cyprinidae of Eastern Canada. Proc. Natur. Hist. Ass. Miramiehi, no.
2:36-45.

Chain pickerel said to have 'recently' appeared in the St. John but found
that it had been artificially introduced into the Maduxnakik. a branch ol thai
River.

19

Crittenden, E. (no date)

A prc-impoundment fishery study of North Bay and associated waters, Bay

County, Florida. Proc. 11th Annu. Conf., Southeastern Ass. Game Fish

Commr.:21 1-219.

Crossman, E. J. 1 960

Variation in number and asymmetry in branchiostegal rays in the family

Esocidae. Can. J. Zool. 38:363-375.

Great variability exists in teleost fishes which have high numbers of
meristic parts. In the family Esocidae this variability is apparent in the
branchiostegal rays. In a sample of 32 chain pickerel, 15(47% ) were asym-
metrical, 17(53%) were symmetrical and an additional 3(9%) were sym-
metrical in number of rays only.
Crossman, E. J. 1 962 a

The grass pickerel Esox americanus vermiculatus LeSueur in Canada. R. Out.
Mus., Life Sci. Contr. no. 55. Univ. Toronto Press, 29 p.

Characters to separate Esocids. Black and white drawing.
Crossman, E. J. 1962 b

The redfin pickerel, Esox a. americanus in North Carolina. Copeia 1 962 ( 1 ) :
114-123.

Characters useful to distinguish E. americanus from /:. niger. Compari-
son of body shape, colour pattern, brachiostegal ray counts, supraorbital bar
shape, fin shape, habitat. Drawing.
Crossman, E. J. 1 962 c

Predator-prey relationships in pikes (Esocidae). J. Fish. Res. Board Canada
19(5):979-980.

Predator-prey relationships are common among freshwater fishes but
are generally non-specific and choice of prey depends on relative abundance
only. However, in one study of E. niger, young bullheads were the most fre-
quent prey of pickerel, although other species were more abundant than the
bullheads.

Crossman, E. J. 1966

A taxonomic study of Esox americanus and its subspecies in eastern North
America. Copeia 1 966 ( 1 ) : 1 -20.

Synonymy includes Esox niger and Esox reticulums. Replaces E. ameri-
canus in larger bodies of water cast and south.
Crossman, E.J. 1971

Pike. Related forms and history. Appendix 2, p. 292-307. /// F. Buller. Pike.
London, Macdonald and Co. Ltd. 320 p.

Notes and distribution, angling records, growth, age-length-weight,
food habits, hybrids, habitat, spawning, angling.
Crossman, E. J. and K. Buss 1 965

Hybridization in the Family Esocidae. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada 22(5):
1261-1292.

Information is given on description, growth, fertility and vitality of the
following chain pickerel hybrids: muskellunge x chain pickerel; northern
pike x chain pickerel; chain pickerel x redfin pickerel; and chain pickerel x
Lirass pickerel.

20

Crowell.T.E. 1968

Fish management researeh. Currituck Sound investigations. Distribution of
fish populations. Currituck Sound. North Carolina Wildlife Resour. Comm.,
D-JProj.F-16-R-4.wk.pl. 1. Job C, Fin. p. 10-12.28-31.
Cuerricr, J.-P.. F. K. J. Fry el G. Prefontaine 1 946

Liste preliminaire des poissons de la region de Montreal et du lac Saint-
Pierre. Natur. Canadien 73 : 1 7-32.

Distribution in Quebec. Specimen from Sturgeon River.
Cuvier. G. and ML A. Valenciennes 1846
Histoire naturelle des poissons. Paris, P. Bertrand, vol. 18. 505 p.

Description and discussion of nomenclature of E. reticulatus (le brochet
reticule).

Dairy mple, B. 1968

Sportsman"s guide to game fish. New York, Cleveland, World Publ. Co., Out-
door Life Books. 480 p.

Primarily of interest to the angler.
Daly, L. M. 1966 a

Warm water fisheries investigations. Fish population investigations. Massa-
chusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-27-R-1 , Job 2, 1 3 p.
Dah.L.M. 1966 b

Warm water fisheries investigations. Management histories. Massachusetts
Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-27-R-1, Job 1, 18 p.
Daly. L.M. 1968

Warm water fisheries investigations. Fish population investigation. Massa-
chusetts Div. Fish. Game. D-J Proj. F-27-R-3, Job 2, 4 p.
Davis, J. T. and J. S. Hughes 1968

Investigations of Lake D'Arbonne. Louisiana Wildlife Fish. Comm., Annu.
Progr. Rep.. D-J Proj. F-12-3, Job 1, p. 35-64.

In summaries of rotenone samples at lakes Anacoco, Bundicks and
Chicot, harvestable size chain pickerel varied from 0.0 to 0.67 pounds per
acre (0.75 kg/hec).
Davis, R.M. 1967

Parasitism by newly-transformed anadromous sea lampreys on landlocked
salmon and other fishes in a coastal Maine lake. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
96(1):11-16.

Lamprey marks found on chain pickerel in Love Lake.
Davisson, M. T. 1972

Karyotypes of the Teleost family Esocidae. J. Fish Res. Board Canada
29(5): 579-582.

Karyotypes of the five surviving species of the esocid family, including
Esox niger. were compared.
De Jean, J. A. 1951

Some factors affecting the reproduction of the chain pickerel. Esox niger
LeSueur. in ponds. Alabama Polytcch. Inst.. M.Sc. diss. 60 p.

Chain pickerel reproduce successfully when stocked alone in ponds
ranging in size from 0.08 to 1.6 acres (0.03 to 0.65 hoc. ). in shallow ponds
(maximum depth two feet) (.61 m). as well as deeper ponds (maximum

21

depth eight feet) (2.4 m), and in still water ponds as well as ponds being
fed by streams. Pickerel did not reproduce successfully in a 2.2 acre (0.9
hec.) pond with bluegill and warmouth. Spawning occurred only after a 60 F
( 15.6 C) temperature at a depth of one foot (0.31 m) was reached.
DeKay,J.E. 1842

Fishes. Part 4, p. 1-415. //; Zoology of New- York, or the New- York Fauna;
comprising detailed description of all the animals hitherto observed within
the state of New- York, with brief notices of those occasionally found near
its borders, and accompanied by appropriate illustrations. New York Geol.
Surv.

Synonymy, characteristics and detailed description of E. reticulatus and
E. tredecem-radiatus. (p. 223-225).
Dequine,J.F. 1950

Management of Florida's fresh-water fisheries. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
(1948) 78:38-41.

Listed as a game fish.
De Roche, S. E. 1960

Study of lake trout in Thompson Lake. Comparison of lake trout populations
in two Maine lakes. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-13-R-5,
45 p.

De Roche, S. E. and L. H. Bond 1957

The lake trout of Cold Stream Pond, Enfield, Maine. Trans. Amer. Fish.
Soc. (1955)85:257-270.

Esox niger is one of the game species present in Cold Stream Pond.
De Sylva, D. P., F. A. Kalver, Jr. and C. N. Shuster, Jr. 1 962
Fishes and ecological conditions in the shore zone of the Delaware River
estuary, with notes on other species collected in deeper water. Univ. Delaware
Mar. Lab, Infor. Ser., Publ. no. 5, 1 64 p.
Dineen,J.W. 1966

Everglades impoundment fisheries investigations. Determination of the effects
of fluctuating water levels on the fish population in Conservation Area Three.
Florida Game Fresh Water Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-16-R-4. wk. pi. 1,
JobE, 14 p.
Dolan,T. 1960
Know your fish. Sports Afield Collect.

Short descriptive paragraph and colour drawing. Primarily of interest
to the angler.
Dorchester, J. N. 1961

Basic survey and inventory of fish species in Murvaul Bayou Reservoir. Texas
Parks Wildlife Dep., D-J Proj. F-3-R-8, wk. pi. B. Job 13. 18 p.
Dorchester, J. N. 1962

Inventories of Tyler State Park lakes, Dam B. Reservoir, Lake of the Pines,
Lake Murvaul, Lake Striker and Caddo Lake. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep..
D-J Proj. F-3-R-9, wk. pi. B. Job 1 8, 30 p.
Doxtater,G. 1967

Experimental predator-prey relations in small ponds. Progr. Fish-Cult.
29(2): 102-104.

22

Five combinations of predator and pre) were stocked in ponds varying
from 0.5 to 2 acres (0.2 to 0.8 hec). Chain pickerel. 10-14 inches (254-356
mm) long, were stocked in combination with bluegill at a rate of 30 pounds
( 13.6 kg) of predator fish to 60 pounds (27.2 kg) of bluegills. Although a
high mortality of chain pickerel resulted, indications are that they may be
effective in bluegill control.
Dymond.J.R. 1947

A list of the freshwater fishes of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains with
keys. R. Ont. Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. no. 1, 36 p.

Key to species includes Esox niger.
Eaton, S. >V. and L. P. Kardos 1 972

The fishes of Canandaigua Lake. 1971. Sci. Stud. (St. Bonaventure Univ.)
28:23-44.

Capture locations, sex. date of capture, total length, weight, age and
stomach contents for each fish collected, including E. niger.
Eaton, S. W. and L. J. Moftett 1 97 1

A preliminary study of Canandaigua Lake in 1970. Sci. Stud. (St. Bona-
venture Univ.) 27:69-85.

Results of a preparatory study of Lake Canandaigua are given. Chain
pickerel is mentioned in a discussion of the literature and has been taken in
this lake.
Eddy. S. 1 940

Do muskellunge and pickerel interbreed? Progr. Fish-Cult. 48:25-27.
Eddy.S. 1957
How to know the freshwater fishes. Iowa, Wm. C. Brown Co. 253 p.

Identification key.
Eddy, S. and T.Surber 1960

Northern fishes, with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley. Rev.
ed. Massachusetts, C. T. Branford Co. 276 p.

Found in the southern and eastern U.S.
Elser, H. J. and R. Mansueti 1 96 1

Notes on the chain pickerel in Maryland. Maryland Dep. Res. Educ, Chesa-
peake Biol. Lab. Inland Resour. Div., Solomon, Maryland, 13 p.

18 Maryland impoundments were drained or rotenoned and each im-
poundment described. Gives geographic distribution, range in Maryland,
habitat and habits, commercial catch, size distribution in four populations,
reproductive condition, age and growth, ecology, sport fish harvest, stocking
records hatcheries and food habits of chain pickerel.
Embody, G. C. 1915

The farm fish pond. Cornell Reading Courses, Country Life Ser. no. 3:213-
252. (N.V.)
Embody, G. C. 1918

Artificial hybrids between pike and pickerel. J. Hered. 9:253-256.
Esslach, A.R. 1958

Continued evaluation of previous population manipulation work. New
Jersey Div. Fish Game. D-J Proj. F-9-R-1. Job 5. 5 p.

23

Everhart, W. H. 1950

Fishes of Maine. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game, 53 p.

Key and notes on distribution, spawning, life history, size, and food.
(p. 9, 39)

Everhart, W. H. and L. H. Bond 1953

Maine Lakes. A sportsman's inventory. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game, 1 8 p.
(N.V.)

Everhart, VV. H. and G. A. Rounsefell 1953

Fishery Science, its methods and applications. New York, Wiley and Sons,
Inc. 444 p.

The chain pickerel is listed as a possible substitute for the largemouth
bass as the piscivorous species in the bass-blucgill combination in farm
ponds. E. niger was also considered as being competitive with trout and
salmon in Maine lakes.
Evermann, B. VV. 1898
Key to the species of Lucius. Recreation 9:207.
Evermann, B, VV. 1902
Pike, pickerel, mascalonge. Forest Stream 59(10): 193.

This account attempts to correct misconceptions that might have arisen
as a result of two previous articles on this subject (Anon., 1902 a and b).
A key for identification of the species is included.
Evermann, B. VV. 1916
Notes on the fishes of the Lumbee River. Copeia no. 36:77-80.

Eso.x reticulatus is common in the Lumbee River between Blue's Bridge
and Turnpike Bridge.
Evermann, B. VV. 1918

Notice of collection of fishes from the southern bend of the Tennessee River,
Alabama. Amer. J. Sci. Arts 17:297-308, 353-365, 2nd Ser. (N.V.)
Evermann, B. W. and E. L. Goldsborough 1 907

A checklist of the freshwater fishes of Canada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
20:89-120.

Distribution of /:'. reticulatus in eastern Canada, (p. 105)
Evermann, B. W. and W. C. Kendall 1 896

An annotated list of the fishes known from the state of Vermont. U.S. Comm.
Fish Fish. (1894) Rep. 20:579-604.
Evermann, B. W. and VV. C. Kendall 1 90 1

Notes on the fishes of Lake Ontario. New York Forest Fish Game Comm.,
6th Annu. Rep. (1900) :479-488. U.S. Fish Comm. Rep. (1901) 27:209-
216.

Faigenbaiim, H. M. 1933

Chemical investigations of the Upper Hudson watershed. Sect. 5. p. 157-171.
//( A biological survey of the Upper Hudson watershed. Suppl. 22nd Annu.
Rep.. New York Conserv. Dep.. Biol. Surv. (1932) no. 7. 341 p.

Chain pickerel were collected during chemical investigations.
Fajen,O.F. 1961

A study of the species composition and relative abundance of fishes present
in the Current River. (Work plan no. 9) Missouri Conserv. Comm.. D-J

24

Proj. F-I-R-10. wk.pl. 9. Job 1 1. 18 p.

Data arc presented on total weight and number of fish collected at six
Current River stations in the spring and tall of I960. Chain pickerel were
present at three spring stations (5.0 pounds total weight) (2.3 kg) and four
fall stations (2.2 pounds total weight) (1.0 kg). Electric seine hauls pro-
duced pickerel at two stations.
Farrell. M.A. 1933

Pollution studies of the Upper Hudson watershed. Sect. 6, p. 208-215.
In A biological survey of the Upper Hudson watershed. Suppl. 22nd Annu.
Rep., New York Conserv. Dep.. Biol. Survey. (1932) no. 7, 341 p.

Diagram of Hudson River between Luzern and Troy shows fishes found,
including pickerel, (p. 209)
Flemer. D. A. 1959

The food of the chain pickerel. Esox niger LeSueur in Tuckahoe Creek,
Virginia. Virginia J. Sci. 10(4) :263.

Contains food habit data on 64 specimens of E. niger. Smaller specimens
(less than 74 mm in length) fed on insects 48% of the time and fishes 30%
of the time. Larger fish ate primarily fish (63%) and, to a lesser degree,
insects (16%).

Foote, L. E. and B. P. Blake 1945

Life history of the eastern pickerel in Babcock Pond, Connecticut. J. Wildlife
Manage. 9 (2): 89-96.

Detailed study of Babcock Pond, Connecticut. Discusses methods of
collection, tagging, size and growth, stomach contents, parasites, including
tables.

Forelle.F. 1857

On the classification of fishes, with particular reference to the fishes of
Canada. Can. Natur. Geol. 1 (43 ): 275-283.

Mentions Esox reticulatus. (p. 276, 278, 282)
Forste.F.H. 1969

An evaluation of lake trout ice fishing on three New Hampshire lakes. New
Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta.. Res. Rep. no. 6, 1 6 p. (N.V. )

This presents information regarding the characteristics of ice fisher-
men and their expenditures associated with the sport. Lake trout was the
preferred ice fishing species on the three lakes studied. Freshwater burbot.
yellow perch, chain pickerel and whitefish were the most popular alternates.
Fowler, H. W. 1 906

The fishes of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. New Jersey State Mus. ( 1905) : 35-477.
Fowler, H.W. 1907

A supplementary account of the fishes of New Jersey. New Jersej Mus..
Annu. Rep.. Part 3:251-350.
Fowler, H.W. 1914
Fishes in polluted waters. Copeia no. 5:4.

Esox reticulatus collected in Salem County. New Jersej .
Fowler, H-W. 1916 a
Notes on New Jersey fishes, several new to the slates. Copeia no. 27: 10-1 2.

Esox reticulatus collected in Salem County. New Jersey

25

Fowler, H. W. 1916 b

Records of northern New Jersey fishes. Copeia no. 31 :41-42.

E. reticulatus collected in New Jersey.
Fowler, H. W. 1918 a

Fishes from the middle Atlantic States and Virginia. Univ. Mich. Michigan.
Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. no. 56, 19 p.

Esox reticulatus LeSueur collected in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Fowler, H.W. 1918 b
The fishes of Perry County. Pennsylvania. Copeia no. 63 : 89-9 1 .

E. reticulatus collected at Fishing Run. Pennsylvania.
Fowler, H.W. 1919

A list of the fishes of Pennsylvania. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 32:49-74. (N.V.)
Fowler, H.W. 1921
The fishes of Bucks County. Pennsylvania. Copeia no. 98:62-68.

E. tridecemlineatus collected in Pennsylvania.
Fowler, H.W. 1925
Records of fishes in Pennsylvania 1924. Copeia no. 140:23-24.

E. tridecemlineatus collected in Pennsylvania.
Fowler, H.W. 1927
Notes on fishes in Delaware, 1925-26. Copeia no. 165:90-91.

Esox tridecemlineatus collected in Delaware.
Fowler, H.W. 1935

Notes on South Carolina fresh-water fishes. Charleston Mus. Contrib. no. 7,
28 p.

E. niger listed as a typical coastwise species. Data on collected fishes.
Fowler, H.W. 1945

A study of the fishes of the southern piedmont and coastal plain. Acad. Natur.
Sci. Philadelphia, Monogr. no. 7. 408 p.
Fowler, H.W. 1952

A list of the fishes of New Jersey, with off-shore species. Proc. Acad. Natur.
Sci. Philadelphia (1952) 104:89-151.

Collection locations for E. niger. (p. 100)
Fowler, K. 1903
Mr. Spaeth's pickerel. Forest Stream 60(26) :506.

An account of the capture of a four pound ( 1 .8 kg) chain pickerel by a
Mr. Spaeth in Green Lake, New Jersey.
Foye,R.E. 1956

Reclamation of potential trout ponds in Maine. J. Wildlife Manage. 20(4):
389-398.

Esox niger was one of 10 species of fish removed from the reclaimed
ponds.

Foye, R. E. and M. Scott 1 965

Effects of pressure on survival of six species of fish. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc.
94(I):88-91.
Freeman, H. W. 1952

New distribution records for fishes of the Savannah River Basin, South
Carolina. Copeia 1952(4): 269.

E. niger found in Aiken County and Barnwell County.

26

Freeman. H. \\. 1954

Fishes of the Savannah Ri\er project area. Univ. South Carolina. Publ. Scr. 3,

Biol. 1(3): 117-156.

One of 48 species that were collected from 103 collecting sites.
Funk, J. I. 1954

Abundance of the fish population in selected areas of study streams. Mis-
souri Conserv. Comm.. D-J Proj. F-l-R-3. wk. pi. 2. Job 1, 10 p.

Data is presented on stream migration of fish as determined by census-
ing anglers who caught tagged fish. As of January 1, 1955, two tagged chain
pickerel were caught.
Funk. J. L. 1955 a

Abundance of the fish population in selected areas of study streams. Mis-
souri Conserv. Comm.. D-J Proj. F-l-R-4, wk. pi. 2, Job 1, 13 p.
Funk, I. L. 1955 b

A study of the migration of stream fishes. Missouri Conserv. Comm.. D-J
Proj. F-l-R-4. wk. pi. 2. Job 2. 3 p.
Gabrielson. I. N., ed. 1963

The fisherman's encyclopedia. 2nd ed. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania, The Stack-
pole Co. 698 p.

The chain pickerel is the largest pickerel. Cheeks and opercle entirely
scaled, while lower half of opercle on northern pike is not scaled and lower
half of both cheek and opercle on muskellunge is not scaled. Fish is main
diet. Pickerel spawn early and are scatter spawners.
Gallagher. R. J. 1966

Warm water fisheries investigations. Winter Creel census, Cheshire Reservoir.
Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game. D-J Proj. F-27-R-1, Job 5, AP3, 3 p.
George, C.J. 1960

Behavioral interactions of the pickerel, Esox niger and Esox americanus and
the mosquito fish. Gambusia patrualis. Harvard Univ., Ph.D. diss.. 126 p.
Gill, T.N. 1896

The families of synentognathous fishes and their nomenclature. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 18:153-159. (N.V.)
Gill,T.N.,ed. 1898

Report in part of Samuel L. Mitchill. m.d.. Professor of Natural History, etc.,
on the fishes of New York. Washington. D.C., 30 p.
Girard,C.F. 1854

Observations upon the American species of the genus Esox. Proc. Acad.
Natur. Sci. Philadelphia (1853) 6:386.

Compares pike and pickerel and says E. niger resembles E. reticulatus.
Girard.C. 1856

Description of some new species of fish from the state of Massachusetts. Proc.
Boston Soc. Natur. Hist. (1854) 5:40-42.

A small specimen, 75/s inches (194 mm) long, collected by S. F. Baird.
is listed as Esox ornatiti which Underhill ( 1948) believed to be the young of
either E. niger or E. americanus.
Goldberger, J. 1911

Some known and three new endoparasitic trematodes from American fresh
water fish. Hygiene Lab.. U.S. Pub. Health Mar. Hosp. Serv. Bull. 71 :7-35.

27

Gooch,B. 1967 a

Chilblains and chains. North Carolina Wildlife Resource-o-gram, a roundup
of the latest wildlife news, p. 18-19.

An account of winter angling for the chain pickerel in North Carolina,
which describes the appearance, habits and preferred bait of the pickerel.
Gooch,B. 1967 b

Pickerel: where and how. Sports Afield, July, 158(1 ) :42,64,65. (N.V.)
Goode,G.B. 1879

Catalogue of the collection to illustrate the animal resources and fisheries of
the United States. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. no. 14, 35 1 p.

Esox reticulatus listed and extent of collection at National Museum.
Goode,G.B. 1926

American fishes. A popular treatise upon the game and food fishes of North
America with especial reference to habits and methods of capture. Boston,
L.C.Page and Co. 562 p.
Gordon, M. 1937

Fishes of eastern New Hampshire, p. 101-118. In E. E. Hoover. A biological
survey of the Androscoggin, Saco and Coastal watersheds. New Hampshire
Fish Game Comm., Surv. Rep. no. 2, 1 60 p.

Short general account includes life history, feeding, habits, relationship
to trout fishing. Table shows lakes of the Androscoggin, Saco and Coastal
watershed in which each fish found.
Gorham,S.W. 1965

Notes on fishes from the Browns Flat area. Kings County, New Brunswick.
Can. Field-Natur. 79(2): 137-142.

National Museum of Canada catalogue number and location of capture.
Brief note on occurrence in the area.
Gorham,S.W. 1970

Distributional checklist of the fishes of New Brunswick. New Brunswick
Mus., Saint John, N.B., 32 p.

Brief note on distribution.
Graft, D. R. and L. Sorenson 1 970

The successful feeding of a dry diet to esocids. Progr. Fish-Cult. 32(1 ):
31-35.

An experiment was designed to test feasibility of feeding a hatchery
diet to esocids. Attempts to convert chain pickerel. Esox niger to a dry diet
have met with limited success. Two attempts, with 2,000 and 500 specimens
at Benner Spring, failed.
Granthan, B.J. 1962

Detection of sources of stream pollution and its effects upon bottom organ-
isms. Fishes and chemical qualities of the water. Completion report of pollu-
tion studies on the Leaf River. Mississippi Game Fish Comm.. D-J Proj.
F-9-R-3.81 p.
Gray,C.E. 1954

Inventor) of the species present in Caddo Lake. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep.,
D-J Proj. F-3-R-1 . wk. pi. B, Job 1 . I I p.

Lists E. niget as being present in Caddo Lake. Caddo Lake County.

28

Gray.C. E. L955

Inventory of the species present in Caddo Lake. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep.,
D-J Proj. F-3-R-2, wk.pl. B.Job 1, 17 p.

At four stations (48 collections) on Caddo Lake, the percentage of
chain pickerel in the total weight collected varied from 2.77 to 8.40. Twelve
seining collections \ielded 21 pickerel. Data are presented on 98 pickerel
containing food, and length-weight data are given for 127 pickerel.
Cray. J. E. and F. G. Hall 1929

The distribution of sugar in the blood of fishes. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.
45(1 1:142-146. (N.\ .)
Greeley. J. R. 1927

Fishes of the Genesee region with annotated list. Sect. 4, p. 47-65. In A bio-
logical survey of the Genesee River system. New York Conserv. Dep., Suppl.
16th Annu. Rep. (1926). 100 p.

Chain pickerel is considered to be one of the more important food and
game fishes of this region. Short note in annotated list gives local distribution,
habitat, and stomach contents of 15 inch (381 mm), HVi inch (292 mm)
and 5-,4 inch ( 1 9 mm ) chain pickerel.
Greeley, J. R. 1930

Fishes of the Lake Champlain Watershed. Sect. 2, p. 44-87. In A biological
survey of the Champlain Watershed. Suppl. 19th Annu. Rep. (1929) New
York Conserv. Dep.. 321 p.

Listed under the following headings in report: important food and game
species; native species of L. Champlain; distribution of fish in L. Champlain
Watershed, (p. 45. 71. table 2)
Greeley, J. R. 1938

Fishes of the area with annotated list. P. 48-60. //; A biological survey of the
Allegheny and Chemung watersheds. Suppl. 27th Annu. Rep. (1937), New
York Conserv. Dep.. Biol. Surv. (1937), no. 12. Sect. 2, 287 p.

Gives frequency in the Chemung area. Short note in the annotated list.
Greeley, J. R. 1939

The freshwater fishes of Long Island and Staten Island with annotated list.
P. 29-44. In Biological survey of the freshwaters of Long Island. Suppl. 28th
Annu. Rep. (1938), New York Conserv. Dep., Biol. Surv. (1938) no. 13,
128 p.

Growth data for chain pickerel. Included in annotated list. (p. 36, 38)
Greeley, J. R. 1940

Fishes of the watershed with annotated list. P. 42-81. In A biological survey
of the Lake Ontario Watershed, including all waters from Little Sandy Creek
westward except Genesee and Oswego Ri\cr Systems. Suppl. 29th Annu.
Rep. (1939). New York Conserv. Dep.. Biol. Surv. (1939) no. 16,261 p.

Although chain pickerel is virtually insignificant in the Lake Ontario
region, it is said to be present in Little Salmon River drainage and specimens
have been taken in Hotel Pond.
Greeley, J. R. and S. C. Bishop 1 932

Fishes of the area with annotated list. Sect. 2. p. 54-93. //; A biological sin
vey of the Oswcgatchie and Black River systems, including also the lesser

29

tributary streams of the upper St. Lawrence River and of north-eastern Lake
Ontario. Suppl. 21st Annu. Rep. (1931), New York Conserv. Dep., Biol.
Surv. (1931) no. 6. 344 p.

Found in Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence lowlands. Appears in chart
of fish distribution of the watershed which includes elevations, regions and
subdivisions. Gives description and distribution in Black River drainage
system and Oswegatchie drainage. Colour drawing.
Greeley, J. R. and S. C. Bishop 1933

Fishes of the Upper Hudson watershed, with annotated list. Sect. 2, p. 64-
101. In A biological survey of the Upper Hudson watershed. Suppl. 22nd
Annu. Rep. (1932), New York Conserv. Dep., Biol. Surv. (1932) no. 7,
341 p.

Listed throughout the report. Gives local distribution, (p. 65-68, 87, 89)
Green, C. W. 1935

The distribution of Wisconsin fishes. Wisconsin Conserv. Comm. 235 p.
Green, D. M., Jr. 1967

Population survival and growth of sport fish in Dryden Lake. New York
Conserv. Dep., D-J Proj. F-17-R-1 1, Job 3-a. 14 p.

Chain pickerel were sampled by trap nets, hoop nets and electrofishing.
Peterson and Schnabel estimates of the fall population were made for bass
and pickerel by year classes. Age and growth was determined for bass and
pickerel 1 + and older. Angling data is summarized.
Green, D. M., Jr. 1968

Population survival rate and growth of sport fish in Dryden Lake. New York
Conserv. Dep., D-J Proj. F-17-R-12, Job 2-a, 17 p.

A creel census on 1 17.5 acre (47.6 hec) Dryden Lake showed ice fisher-
men, whose catch was mostly yellow perch and chain pickerel, had the
highest catch rate. Boat fishing was more successful than shore fishing for
catching largemouth bass and pickerel. Exploitation rates were relatively
high for pickerel (.429 and .207).
Green, D. M., Jr. 1970

Population survival rate and growth of sport fish in Dryden Lake. New York
Conserv. Dep.. D-J Proj. F- 1 7-R- 14, Job 3-a, 14 p.

The number and standing crop of the two predator species, largemouth
bass and chain pickerel decreased during the live years of the study. The
high exploitation rate was a major factor in the pickerel decline.
Green, I). M., Jr. 1971

Population survival rate and growth of largemouth bass in Dryden Lake.
New York Dep. Environ. Conserv., D-J Proj. F-17-R.-15, Job 3-a. 10 p.

Populations of largemouth bass and chain pickerel were estimated for
age 0+ fish for the 1967-1970 year classes and age 1+ fish for the 1965-
1969 year classes. Range of populations of 1+ fish were extreme for both
bass and pickerel. Variations for age 0+ pickerel was about the same as age
1+ pickerel. Year class strength of pickerel appears to be set bj the end of
the first summer.
Green, D. M., Jr. 1972

Population survival and growth of largemouth bass in Dryden Lake. New
York Dep. Environ. Conserv., D-J Proj. F-17-R-16, Job 3-a, 9 p.

30

Age 0 • and 1 * bass and pickerel were marked in the fall of 1971
and their populations estimated. A relatively strong year class of young bass
and pickerel were produced in 1971. Appears that rapid first year growth
enhances survival.

Greene, C W., R. P. Hunter and W. C. Senning 1933

Stocking policy for streams, lakes and ponds in Upper Hudson watershed.
Sect. I, p. 26-63. In A biological survey of the Upper Hudson Watershed.
Suppl. 22nd Annu. Rep. (1932). New York Conserv. Dep., Biol. Surv.
(1932) no. 7, 341 p.

Summary of recommendations includes reconsideration of protection
of pickerel. Said to be taken in the Batten Kill. (P. 22-24,46)
Crice, F. 1958

Effect of removal of panfish and trashfisb by fyke nets upon fish populations
of some Massachusetts Ponds. Trans. Amcr. Fish. Soc. (1957) 87:108-115.

The chain pickerel is listed as one of the game fish of the area and is
mentioned throughout the report.
Crice, F. 1959

Elasticity of growth of yellow perch, chain pickerel and Iargemouth bass in
some reclaimed Massachusetts waters. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 88(4):332-
335.

After reclamation by rotenone in warmwater ponds and lake, growth
rates of yellow perch, chain pickerel and Iargemouth bass were more rapid
than under natural conditions. Rate of growth appeared to be more depen-
dent upon population density than upon length of growing season or other
factors.

Crice, F. 1962

Statewide reclamations. To reclaim eighteen ponds and two streams for both
warm water and cold water species. Massachusetts Div. Fish Game, D-J
Proj.F-18-D-l,2p.
Grosvenor, \1. M„ ed. 1965
The wondrous world of fishes. Washington, Nat. Geographic Soc. 367 p.

Short note on food, characteristics, range, length and weight. Drawing.
Gnmtow, R. F. 1956

A study of the composition and relative abundance of the fish population in
selected areas of study streams. Missouri Conserv. Comm., D-J Proj.
F-l-R-5, Job 1, 37 p.
Giinthcr, A. 1866

Catalogue of the Physostomi. containing the families Salmonidac, Percop-
sidae, Galaxidae, Mormyridae, Gymnarchidae, Esocidae, Umbridae, Scom-
bresocidae, Cyprinodontidae, in the collection of the British Museum, Lon-
don, vol. 6. 368 p.

Short description and synonymy of Esox reticulatus and Esox niger.
Hackney, P. A. 1968
Two species of pike found in Alabama waters. Alabama Conserv. 38(3) :6-7.

Two members of the genus Esox are found in Alabama, E. niger and
E. a. americanus. Chain pickerel are known as "jack" or "jackfish". They
are considered desirable predators in natural waters. The chain pickerel has
not been as popular in southeast as in northeast.

31

Haley, A. J. and H. S. Winn 1959

Observations on a Lernaean parasite of freshwater fishes. Trans. Amer. Fish.

Soc. 88(2): 128-129.

Incidence of L. cyprinacea. Also number of copepodid larvae.
Halkett,A. 1913

Check list of the fishes of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland.
Ottawa, C. H. Parmelee, King's Printer. 138 p.

Lists Lucius reticulums Le Sueur and briefly describes range. Black
and white illustration, (p. 68)
Halnon, L.C. 1959

Fisheries investigations of Lake Champlain and other waters. Investigation
of the effect of a season for shooting northern pike during spawning. Ver-
mont Fish Game Dep., D-J Proj. F- 1 -R-7, Job 2, 1 4 p.
Hambly,L.S. 1966 a

Ouabbin Reservoir investigations. Creel census. Massachusetts Div. Fish.
Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-12, Job 1, 17 p.
Hambly,L.S. 1966 b

Ouabbin Reservoir investigations. Population studies. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-12, Job 2, 7 p.
Hambly,L.S. 1967 a

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Age and growth study. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-1 3, wk. pi. 1 , Job 2, 2 p.
Hambly,L.S. 1967 b

Ouabbin Reservoir investigations. Creel census. Massachusetts Div. Fish.
Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-13, wk.pl. 1, Job 1, 12 p.
Hambly,L.S. 1968 a

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Age and growth study. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-14, wk. pi. 1, Job 2, 3 p.
Hambly,L.S. 1968 b

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Creel census. Massachusetts Div. of Fish.
Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-14, wk.pl. 1, Jobl, 13 p.
Harmic,J.L. 1962

The chain pickerel. Esox niger. Delaware Board Game Fish Commrs., Suppl.,
Delaware Conservationist. 2 p.

Brief account includes mention of spawning, food, habitat, merits.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. 1 947

The breeding behavior of the bridled shiner, Notropis bijrenatus. Copeia
1947(3):186-192.

Notropis bijrenatus is a forage fish for Esox niger.
Harvey, K. A. 1953

Operation of two-way fish weir. Maine Dep. Inland Fish. Game, p. 1-9.
(mimco) (N.V.)

Hazzard, A. S., K. Buss and J. Miller (no date)
Pennsylvania Fishes. Pennsylvania Fish Comm. Publ., 32 p.

For the fishes of Pennsylvania, including E. niger, there is a short de-
scriptive note with colour illustration. Gives distinguishing features and
draw ing to show differences.

32

Henshall.J. A. 1903

Bass. pike, perch and others. London and New York, The Maeinillan Co.

410 p.

Henshall.J. A. 1919

Bass. pike, perch and other game fishes of America. New ed. Cincinnati,
Stewart and Kidd Co. 410 p.

Taxonomic description and key for Esox reticulatus, eastern pickerel.
Gives other common names, range, description, extensive note on angling
including suggestions for bait and lures. Small black and white figure, (p. 121,
122. 149-153)
Herbert, H. W. 1859

Frank Forester's fish and fishing of the United States and British provinces
of North America. New York, G. E. Woodward. 5 1 2 p.

Consideration of Esox reticulatus, the common pickerel, including range,
size limit, description and distinguishing features. Drawing.
Herke.W.H. 1959

Comparisons of the length-weight relationship of several species of fish from
two different, but connected habitats. Proc. 13th Annu. Conf., Southeastern
Ass. Game FishCommr. p. 299-313.
Hildebrand, S. F. 1924

Annotated list of fishes collected in vicinity of Augusta, Georgia, with descrip-
tion of a new darter. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish.. 39: 1-8.

Fish specimens were collected during the spring and summer of 1918
and summers of 1921 and 1922. Chain pickerel were collected only from
Sweetwater Creek, Edgefield County, South Carolina, and in a pond on the
same creek.

Hildebrand, S. F. and W. C. Schroeder 1 928

Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 43(1), Doc. no. 1024,
366 p.

Short key for Esox reticulatus. Detailed taxonomic description includ-
ing various body measurements, colour, size, diagnostic differences from
banded pickerel, and changing characteristics of young. General information
given on feeding habits, habitat, spawning, fishing yield and range. Chesa-
peake collection localities.
Hoffman, C. H. and E. W. Surber 1 948

Effects of an aerial application of wettable DDT on fish and fish-food organ-
isms in Black Creek, West Virginia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. (1945) 75:48-
58.

One of the less commonly found species, (p. 50)
Hoffman, G. L. 1967

Parasites of North American freshwater fishes. Berkeley and Los Angeles,
Univ. California Press. 486 p.

A comprehensive treatise on North American freshwater fish parasites
that includes a list of 34 parasites for which E. niger is a host.
Holbrook.J. E. 1860
Ichthyology of South Carolina. 2nd ed. Cambridge, vol. 1. 205 p.

Original description of Esox affinis a synonym of Esox niger.

33

Holder, I). R. 1969

Statewide fisheries investigation. Applied management in warmwater

streams. Survey and inventory. Georgia Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-21-

R-l. wk. pi. 6.Job 1. p. 10-16, 23-32, 40-41.

Holder, I). R. 1970

A study of fish movements from the Okefenokee Swamp into the Swannee

River. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeastern Ass. Game Fish Commr. 24:591-608.

(N.V.)

Hoover, E. E. 1937

Methods of stream and lake analysis. Appendix, p. 1 28- 151. //; E. E. Hoo\ or.

Biological survey of the Androscoggin. Saco and Coastal watersheds. New

Hampshire Fish Game Comm., Surv. Rep. no. 2, 160 p.

Gives environmental requirements such as temperature. pH. oxygen,
carbon dioxide, food, spawning grounds, time of spawn, cover, bottom.
Hubbs,C. 1972

A checklist of Texas freshwater fishes. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep., Tech. Ser.
no. 11, 11 p.

Listed as a Texas fish. Gives outline of game areas.
Hubbs,C.L. 1926

A check-list of the fishes of the Great Lakes and tributary waters, with nomen-
clatorial notes and analytical keys. Univ. Michigan, Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ.
no. 15, 77 p.

Key and short note on nomenclature.
Hubbs, C.L. 1955
Hybridization between fish species in nature. Syst. Zool., 4(1): 1-20.

Hybridization in the genus Esox is rather common in nature. Only the
species most nearly equal in size seem to cross such as E. Higer and E. ameri-
canus.

Hubbs, C. L. and E. R. Allen 1 943
Fishes of Silver Springs, Florida. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. 6: 1 10-1 30.

Specimens observed and collected. Note on habits, (p. 1 22 )
Hubbs, C. L. and K. F. Lagler 1 964

Fishes of the Great Lakes region. With a new preface. Ann Arbor, Univ.
Michigan Press. 2 1 3 p.

Range of the chain pickerel is outlined as Nova Scotia south to Florida,
west to Texas and north to northeastern Texas, southern Missouri and the
Tennessee River system in Alabama.
Huish, M. T. 1956

Fish management investigations. Effect of fish removal and other factors upon
remaining fish populations at Newnans Lake Florida. Florida Game Fresh
Water Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-5-R-3, wk. pi. 1. Job E. SP1. 39 p.
Hunter, C.W. Ill 1942

Studies on the parasites of fresh water fishes of Connecticut. Sect. 4. p. 228-
288. //; A fishery survey of important Connecticut lakes. Publ. Doc no. 47,
Connecticut Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv., Bull. no. 63. 339 p.

Data on parasites found infecting 53 chain pickerel from 9 lakes. Lists
chain pickerel parasites as common, occasional oi rare. (p. 251, 266. 281 )

34

Hunter. G. \V. Ill and W. S. Hunter 1 93 1

Studies on tish parasites in the St. Laurence Watershed. Sect. 10, p. 197-216.
hi A biological survey oi the St. Lawrence Watershed. New York Conserv.
Dep. Suppl.. 20th Annu. Rep. (1930), 261 p.

Esoj niger ma\ act as a second intermediate host tor P. ambloplitis and
when young tish cam ing this parasite in their body cavity are eaten b\ any of
the definitive hosts, the plerocercoid larvae are brought to the digestive tract
and there develop to sexual maturity.
Hunter, G. \Y. HI and .1. S. Rankin. Jr. 1939
I he food of the pickerel. Copeia 1939(4): 194-199.

Data on pickerel ( /:. niger and E. americanus ) were combined. Pickerel
under six inches ( 1 52 mm ) in length fed mainly on Crustacea and those over
six inches fed mainly on fish. This generally agreed with a review of the litera-
ture, except that in the literature. Insecta was most commonly taken by young
pickerel.

Hunter, G. W. HI and J. S. Rankin, Jr. 1 940

Parasites of northern pike and pickerel. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. (1939)
69:268-272.

Identification of parasites infesting chain pickerel. E. niger. All those fish
greater than 9 cm long were hosts to various species of parasites. 37 E. niger
from Lake Pocotopaug were examined. The fish from Connecticut Lake
harbour fewer species of parasites than those in waters in New York.
Such differences may be correlated with changes occurring during the last
glaciation.
Hutt, A. 1967

The chain pickerel. Is it a pest — or a prize — this long-jawed eating
machine? Florida Wildlife 20(2) : 16-19.

This paper describes various aspects related to angling. It includes a
general description of the life history, voracity of appetite and other attributes
of this fish.
Incerpi, A. 1964

Populations studies-lakes. Maine Dep. Inland Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-8-
R- 12. Job 2. 4 p.

Presents weekend ice fishing creel census data from Nickerson Lake
and Drews Lake during February and the first week in March, 1964. Lake
trout have been newly established, and brook and brown trout are the other
coldwater game fish present. Chain pickerel provide a limited warmwater
fisher\ .

Jackson, C. F. 1 963

Laboratory analyses of fish and game and their foods. Species identification
by means of chromatography. New Hampshire Fish Game Dep., D-J Proj.
FW-2-R-ll.Job5.PTL4p.

Jenkins, R. K., E. A. Lachner and F. J. Schwartz 1 970

Fishes of the central Appalachian drainages: their distribution ami dispersal.
P. 43-117. //; P. C. Holt. ed. I he distributional history of the biota of the
southern Appalachians. Part 3. Vertebrates. A Symposium. Virginia Poly-
technic Inst, and State Univ.. Res. Monogr. no. 4, 306 p.

35

Presents and discusses the species composition of each of the drainages
in the Atlantic slope and Ohio basin areas, based on the results of this study
and the literature. Indicates whether species are native or introduced.
Jerome, W. C. 1962 a

Chain pickerel (Esox niger) mortality investigations. New Hampshire Fish
Game Dep., D-J Proj. F-l 1-R-l , Job 2, 12 p.

Chain pickerel mortality studies in 1960 and 1961 indicated that while
in normal processing (weighing, measuring and scale sampling, without an
anaesthetic) mortality is relatively high (10% ) shocking and transportation
mortality (5C'( ) and hooking mortality (8% ) are insignificant.
Jerome, W. C. 1962 b

The effect of ice-fishing on a chain pickerel (Esox niger) population with
little or no competition. New Hampshire Fish Game Dep., D-J Proj. F-ll-
R-l,Job4, 1 p.

A pond for this phase of the study was sought but two ponds investi-
gated did not prove suitable.
Johnston, K. H. 1962

Statewide fish management investigations. Removal of longnose gar from
rivers and streams with the use of dynamite. North Carolina Wildlife Resour.
Comm., D-J Proj. F-14-R-2, wk. pi. 4, Job A, SP, 5 p.
Jordan, D. S. 1882

Report on the fishes of Ohio. Sect. 4, p. 785-1002. /// Ohio Geol. Surv. Rep.,
Vol. 4, Zoology and Botany, Part 1, Zoology. 1020 p.

Compares some features of Esox reticulatus with those of the little
pickerel, (p. 914)
Jordan, D. S. 1884

Manual of the vertebrates of the northern United States, including the district
east of the Mississippi River, and north of North Carolina and Tennessee,
exclusive of marine species. 4th ed. Chicago, Jansen, McClurg and Co. 406 p.

Description and distribution of E. reticulatus.
Jordan, D. S. 1889

Six species of North American freshwater fishes. Smithsonian Inst.: 1-18.
Jordan, D. S. 1905
A guide to the study of fishes. New York, Henry Holt and Co., 2 vols. 427 p.

Short account of the eastern North American species including Esox
reticulatus. (p. 190, 193)
Jordan, I). S. 1917

Concerning Rafinesque's precis des decouvertes somiologiques. Proc. Acad.
Natur.Sci. Phil. 69:276-278.

Jordan claimed that Rafinesque's 1814 paper described the pike Esox
lucius under the name E. reticulatus thereby invalidating l.esueur's 1818 use
of E. reticulatus for the chain pickerel. Jordan suggested that E. tredecim-
lineatus Mitchill 1852, should stand.
Jordan, D. S. 1918
Name of the pickerel. Copeia no. 61 : 8 1 .

Suggested various changes in nomenclature including changing the name
of the common eastern grass pickerel from Esox reticulatus LeSueur to Esox
tridecemlineatus Mitchill. Also says Mitchill's name given to species which

36

he called federation pike due to count of 13 dorsal, anal and branchiostegal

rays.

Jordan. I). S. 1925

Fishes. Re\ . cd. New York, London. D. Appleton and Co. 773 p.

Short account of the eastern North American species of Esocidae. Men-
tions E. tridecemlineatus.
Jordan. D. S. L929

A manual o( the vertebrate animals of the northern United States, including
the district north and east of the O/ark mountains, south of the Laurentian
Hills, north o( the southern boundary of Virginia, and cast of the Missouri
River, inclusive of marine species. 13th ed. Chicago, Jansen, McClurg and
Co. 446 p.

Description and range.
Jordan. I). S. and H. E. Copeland 1876

Check list of the fishes of the fresh waters of North America. Bull. Buffalo
SocNatur. Hist.: 133-164.
Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Evermann 1 896 a
A check-list of the fishes and fish-like vertebrates of north and middle
America. U.S. Comm. Fish Fish., Rep. Commr. (1894-1895) 21:207-584.
(Revised edition 1930 by Jordan, Evermann and Clark)
Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Evermann 1 896 b

The fishes of North and Middle America. A descriptive catalogue of the
species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north
of the Isthmus of Panama. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 47, Part I. 954 p.

Presents a taxonomic description of E. niger (referred to as Lucius
reticulums) as well as its distribution, (p. 627, 628)
Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Evermann 1 923

American food and game fishes. A popular account of all the species found
in America north of the equator, with keys for ready identification, life his-
tories and methods of capture. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Co.
574 p.

A popular account of all species found in America north of the equator,
with keys for ready identification, notes on distribution and capture locations,
life histories and methods of capture.
Jordan, D. S., B. W. Evermann and H. W. Clark 1 930
Check list of the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of North and Middle America,
north of the northern boundary of Venezuela and Colombia. U.S. Comm.
Fish.. Rep. for the fiscal year 1928, Part 2, Appendix 10, Doc. no. 1055
(1930) 670p.

Synonymy of Esox niger, contains errors.
Jordan, D. S. and C. H. Gilbert 1883
A synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bull. Nat. Mus. 16: 1-1018.

Concise description and synonymy.
Karvelis, E. G. 1964
The true pikes. U.S. Fish Wildlife Scrv., Fish. Lead. no. 569, 1 1 p.

Although no specific taxonomic characters are mentioned, there is a
key and notes on nomenclature and distinguishing characters. Brief life
history notes are given for E. niger.

37

Kearson, L.L. 1969

Statewide fisheries research. River basin studies. Effects of stored pulp-mill

wastes releases upon Chowan River fishes. North Carolina Wildlife Resour.

Comm.,D-J Proj.F-19-R-l, wk. pi. 9, Job B, 19 p.

Keith, W. E. and S. W. Barkley 1 97 1

Predation on stocked rainbow trout by chain pickerel and largemouth bass

in Lake Quachita, Arkansas. Proc. 24th Annu. Conf. Southeastern Ass.

Game Fish Commr. : 40 1 -407.

Predation by largemouth bass and chain pickerel was hea\ y on rainbow
trout stocked in an established fish population in Lake Quachita. Of 21
pickerel 15 inches (381 mm) and over, 54.5% had consumed trout. Al-
though the average size trout stocked was nine inches (229 mm), 79.6^ of
the trout consumed by pickerel and bass were eight inches ( 203 mm) or less.
Kemp, R. 1952
The fishes of Texas. The pickerel. Texas Game Fish Comm., June: 27.

Two members of pike family arc found in Texas, E. niger and E. ver-
miculatus. The chain pickerel is preferred because it grows larger. They are
easily caught on a variety of lures and baits.
Kemp, R.J. 1954

Basic survey of those portions of the Little Cypress, Cypress and Black
Cypress Bayous or Creeks which lie within Marion County. Texas Parks
Wildlife Dep., D-J Proj. F-3-R-1, wk. pi. A, Job 1, 6 p.

Lists E. niger as occurring in a survey in the Red River Basin of Marion
County.

Kendall, W. C. 1895

Notes on freshwater fishes of Washington County, Maine. Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm. 14:43-54.

Speciment of Lucius reticulatus were obtained from several lakes and
rivers.

Kendall, VV. C. 1908

Fauna of New England. List of pisces. Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Natur. Hist.
no. 7, 152 p.
Kendall, W. C. 1913
Fishes and fishing in Sunapee Lake. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., Doc. no. 783, 96 p.

Note on Esox reticulatus discusses feeding habits, habitat, effect on
other fishes, spawning and early growth, and gives some reasons for decrease
in population, (p. 22)
Kendall, W. C. 1917

The pikes: their geographical distribution, habits, culture and commercial
importance. Appendix 5. Rep. U.S. Commr. Fish. 1917. Bur. Fish. Doc.
no. 853,45 p.

Quite complete discussion on Esox reticulatus. eastern pickerel: geo-
graphical distribution, characteristics, size, habitat, habits, food and feed-
ing, breeding, rate of growth, qualities as a food fish.
Kendall, VV. C. 1918

The Rangeley lakes, Maine, with special reference to the habits of the fishes.
fish culture and angling. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish.. (1915-1916) 35: 485-594.

Data are given on distribution, life history and management. The author

38

' ■■■

implied thai an increasing pickerel population had not caused the decline

oi trout in Umbagog Lake.

Kendall, R . C. and E. L. Goldsl>oroiij>h 1 908

The fishes of the Connecticut lakes and neighbouring waters, with notes on

the plankton environment. U.S. Bur. Fish., Rep. Commr. Fish, Doc. no. 633,

77 p.

Kendle. E. R. 1962

Small impounded lakes investigation. Nebraska Game Forest. Parks Comm.,

D-J Proi.l -4-R-7.Jobll,7p.

Kendle, K. R. 1963

Small impounded lakes investigations. Nebraska Game Forest. Parks Comm.,

F-4-R-8. Job 1 1. p. 11-21.

Kendle, E. R. and K. Donoho 1 96 1

Small impounded lakes investigation. Nebraska Game Forest. Parks Comm.,

D-J Proj. F-4-R-6. Job 1 1,8 p.

King, \\. 1947

Important food and game fishes of North Carolina. North Carolina Dep.

Conserv. Dev., Div. Game Inland Fish.: 7-54.

Kej and account under these headings; common names, description,
distribution, natural history, angling and conservation. Black and white
photo, (p. 7. 9. 22)
Kircheis, F. W. 1968

Pond surveys. Rhode Is. Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-20-R-9, Job 11, 18 p.
Kirkland. A. L. 1963

Statewide reservoir investigations. Evaluation of special netting regulation
on Lake Seminole. Georgia Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-14-R-1. Job 8,
5 p.

Kirtland.J. P. 1844

Descriptions of the fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio River and their tributaries.
Boston J. Natur. Hist. (1843-1844)4:231-240.

Synonymy and description of Esox reticulatus. Drawing.
Kirtland,J. P. 1854

Revision of the species belonging to the Genus Esox, inhabiting Lake Erie
and the River Ohio. Ann. Sci. 2(3) : 78-79. (N.V.)

Recognizes E. nobilis as the muskellunge of the fisherman and E. estor
as the northern pike of the fisherman. States that E. nobilis and E. estor
inhabit Lake Erie and some of its tributaries.
Knapp. F.T. 1951
Additional reports of lampreys from Texas. Copeia 1 95 1(1): 87.

Ichthyomyzon castaneus found on a chain pickerel in Texas, 1950.
Knapp, F.T. 1953

Fishes found in the freshwaters of Texas. Brunswick, Georgia, Ragland
Studio Litho Printing Co. 1 66 p.

Key, distribution and black and white sketch, (p. 37, 38)
Kruej-er, YV. H. 1961

Meristic variation in the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus. Copeia
l961(4):442-450.

Collected with Apeltes quadrants in Massachusetts.

39
LfBRWW

ftOYAt ONTARIO

Kuhne, E. R. 1939 a

A guide to the fishes of Tennessee and the mid-south. Tennessee Div. Game

Fish, Dcp. Conserv., 124 p.

Gives common names, description, (p. 70)
Kuhne, E. R. 1939 b
Tennessee's fisheries program. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. (1938) 68:240-245.

Esox niger is one of 5 different fishes known as "Jacks" in Tennessee.
LagIer,K.F. 1956
Freshwater fishery biology. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa, W. C. Brown Co. 421 p.

A brief description is given of the pickerels — chain, redfin, and grass.
Chain pickerel are economically classified as sport and coarse food fish.
Lambou, V. W. 1959

Fish populations of backwater lakes in Louisiana. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
88(1):7-15.

Taken by rotenone sampling, (p. 10, 13)
La Monte, F. 1945

North American game fishes. Garden City, New York, Doubleday. Doran
Co., Inc. 202 p.

Distribution, colour, size, food and habits. Black and white drawing,
(p. 128)

Lamonthe-Cadillac, M. 1692

Memoir on Acadia, New England, New York and Virginia. Extracts from
the Memoirs of M. Lamonthe-Cadillac respecting Acadia, New England,
New Netherland and Virginia. New York History Collection 9:546-550.
LaRue, G.R. 1914

A revision of the Cestode family Proteocephalidae. Illinois Biol. Monogr.
1(1,2): 1-350.
Lawrence, J. M. 1 960

Estimated sizes of various forage fishes chain pickerel can swallow. Proc.
14th Annu. Conf., Southeastern Game Fish Commr., p. 257-258.

This study concluded that chain pickerel can swallow another species
of fish whose body depth is equal to, or less than, its own body depth when
the abdomen is not distended.
Leach, G. C. 1927

Artificial propagation of pike perch, yellow perch and pikes. Appendix 1,
Rep. U.S. Commr. Fish Doc. no. 1 0 1 8 : 1 -27.

Figure of E. decimlineatus. Distribution and weight of /:. reticulatus
as well as notes on feeding and artificial propagation of pickerel in general,
(p. 23,25,27)
Legendre, V. 1954 a

Key to game and commercial fishes of the province of Quebec. The fresh-
water fishes, vol. 1 . Quebec Game Fish. Dep. 1 80 p.

Quebec distribution map and key.
Legendre, V. 1 954 b

Les poissons d'eau douce. Clef des poissons dc peche sportive et commercialc
de la province de Quebec. 2e ed. Quebec, Min. Chasse et Peche. 1 80 p.
Leidy,J. 1889

Parasites of the pickerel. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sei. Philadelphia (1888)
40:169.

40

A species of Taenia (which resembles lav ma ambloplitii noticed in
Ambloplitis rupestris) appears to he common in the intestine and stomach
of A. reticulatUS. Gives detailed description of Taenia parasite which is called
/ aenia leptosoma.
Leidy, J. 1 904

Researches in Helminthology and Parasitology. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
46:1-281.

Lesaear,C.A. 1818

Description of several new species of the genus Esox, of North America.
J. Acad. Natur. Sci. Philadelphia 1 ( 2 ): 41 3-417.

Original descriptions of E. reticulatus and E. niger.
Lewis, G. E. 1971a

A food habits stud} of chain pickerel. Esox niger LeSueur in Patterson
Creek, West Virginia. West Virginia Dep. Natur. Resour., 22 p.

A total of 117 chain pickerel stomachs was collected. Some feeding
occurs throughout the 24-hour period. Abundance of a species seemed to
be the main factor in determining what was eaten. Pickerel less than 140 mm
standard length fed mainly on insects while larger pickerel fed largely on fish.
Lewis, G.E. 1971b

Life history of the chain pickerel. Esox niger LeSueur, in West Virginia with
emphasis on age and growth. West Virginia Univ., M.Sc. diss., 93 p.

Presents results, statistical analysis and conclusions drawn from a study
on the life history of the chain pickerel in an 18 mile (29 km) section of
Patterson Creek. West Virginia (March 29th-Nov. 6th, 1969). The follow-
ing aspects were emphasized: relationship of water temperature and age
of fish to spawning, food source, body length relation to scale measurements
(scale samples taken from dorsal, pectoral, and caudal areas), determination
of annuli, correlation between otolith diameter and body length.
Lindenberg, J. G. 1970

Warmwater fisheries investigations. Evaluation of landlocked alewives in
Congamond Lakes. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-35-R-2,
wk.pl. 1, Job 1,8 p.
Livingstone, D. A. 1953

The freshwater fishes of Nove Scotia. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci. (1950-
1951)23(l):90p.

Gives other common names, range, occurrence in Nova Scotia, and
description, (p. 53-54)
McAfee, W. L. and A. C. Weed 1915

First list of the fishes of the vicinity of Plummers Island, Maryland. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington 28:1-14.

Esox reticulatus appears in the annotated list and is said to be of occa-
sional occurrence in the canal.
McCabe,B. C. 1943

An analysis of the distribution of fishes in the streams of western Massa-
chusetts. Copcia 1 943 ( 2 ) : 85-89.

Probable early postglacial distribution and present distribution.
McCabe, B. C. 1952

Fisheries report for lakes of northeastern Massachusetts, 1949. Massachu-
setts Div. Fish. Game. 1 1 5 p.

41

McCabe, B. C. 1953

Fisheries report for lakes and ponds of north central Massachusetts, 1950.

Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, 1 22 p.

McCabe, B. C. 1958

Esox niger LeSueur. Tabular treatment of the life history and ecology of

the chain pickerel. Nat. Acad. Sci. Comm. Handb. Biol. Data, 45 p.

Synopsis of most of the information available on the chain pickerel.
Subjects included are taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, associations
(tabulated references), description, food and feeding (table showing stom-
ach contents of 104 young chain pickerel from Lincoln Pond, New York.
table of selectivity of food), growth (tables presenting length and weight at
various ages), reproduction, embryonic development, hybridization, behav-
iour, populations, diseases and list of parasites, predators and competitors,
fisheries methods and management.
McCabe, B. C. and A. H. Swartz 1952

Fisheries report for lakes of Barnstable County, Berkshire County, and
Plymouth County, 1946-1948. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, 269 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1957

Quabbin Reservoir Studies — 1956. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J
Proj. F-6-R-3, 22 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1958

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game. D-J
Proj. F-6-R-4, 60 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1962 a

Harvest studies on managed ponds. Central Massachusetts census. Comet
Pond. Chauncey Pond. Bartlett Pond. Little Chauncey Pond. Massachusetts
Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-10-R-5, Job 1,22 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1962b

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj.
F-6-R-8, 14 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1963 a

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Computation of data. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-9, Job 3, 1 1 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1963 b

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Creel census. Massachusetts Div. Fish.
Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-9, Job 1 , 3 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1964 a

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Compilation of data. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-10, Job 3, 16 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1964 b

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Creel census. Massachusetts Div. Fish.
Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-10, Job 1, 6 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1964c

Quabbin Reservoir investigations. Population studies. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R-10, Job 2, 2 p.
McCaig, R.S. 1964 d

Harvest studies on managed ponds. Central Massachusetts census. Little
Chauncey pond. Bartlett pond. Chauncey pond. Massachusetts Div. Fish.
Game, D-J Proj. F-10-R-7,Job 1, 15 p.

42

McCaig, R. S. 1 966 a

Connecticut River harvest and population study. Creel census. Massachusetts

Div. Fish. Came. D-J Proj. F-25-R-2, Job L, 17 p.

McCaig, R. S. 1966 b

Connecticut River harvest and population study. Fish population sampling.

Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-25-R-1, Job 2, 25 p.

McCaig. R.S. 1966 c

Connecticut River harvest and population study. Fish population sampling.

Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game. D-J Proj. F-25-R-2, Job 2. 1 3 p.

McCaig. R.S. 1967

Harvest studies on managed ponds. Central Massachusetts census. Comet

Pond. Chauncey Pond. Little Chauncey Pond. Bartlett Pond. Massachusetts

Div. Fish. Game. D-J Proj. F-10-R-6. Job 1. 16 p.

McCaig. R. S. and J. W. Mullan 1 960

Growth of eight species of fishes in Ouabbin Reservoir, Massachusetts, in

relation to age of reservoir and introduction of smelt. Trans. Amer. Fish.

Soc. 89(1):27-31.

Growth of chain pickerel increased after smelt were introduced. (P. 30,
fig. 1)

McCarraher, D. B. 1960

Pike hybrids (Esox lucius x E. vermiculatus) in a sandhill lake, Nebraska.
Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 89 ( 1 ): 82-83.

Quotes older papers on hybrids involving E. niger.
McCarraher, I). B. 1965
Chain pickerel. Outdoor Nebraska Land, August: 58-59.

Chain pickerel have recently been introduced into Nebraska. They can
tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions than many game fish.
Chain pickerel may grow better than northern pike in small impoundments.
Pickerel are solitary fish. They reach a desirable angling size and are good
eating. They may prove to be an important predator in small impoundment
management.
McClane, A.J. 1947
Snakes alive. Field Stream 52(4) :58-62.
McClane, A.J. 1961
The pike family. Field Stream. June: 40-47, 89-92.

Distribution in the U.S. (Small map) Suggested angling locations and
methods.

McClane, A. J., ed. 1965

McClane's standard fishing encyclopedia and international angling guide.
New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1057 p.

The chain pickerel is a popular game fish in the eastern and southern
United States. The chain-like pattern is distinctive. They provide a year-
round fishery. Most are taken by bass and walleye fishermen. Use light lures
and outfits for most sporting fishing.
McClelland, W. G. 1 960

Channel catfish studies. Texas Parks Wildlife Dep., D-J Proj. F-8-R-6, wk.
pi. B.Job 17. 32 p.
McIrwain,T.D. 1970
Stomach contents and length-weight relationships of chain pickerel (Esox

43

niger) in south Mississippi waters. Trans. Amcr. Fish. Soc. 99(2): 439-440.

Data arc presented on 108 E. niger with a range in total length of 301-
565 mm. Collected from five rivers at distances up to 15 miles (24.1 km)
from the Gulf Coast. From 58 pickerel stomachs with food, frequency of oc-
currence of fish items was 96.5. A preference was shown for spiny-rayed fish,
with 38.8% of the identifiable fish being centrarchids. Length-weight re-
gression coefficients of E. niger from Mississippi and New York are com-
pared.

Mairs,D.F. 1968

Maine water quality investigations. Maine Dcp. Inland Fish. Game, D-J
Proj.F-19-R-5,Fin., 17 p.
Mansueti, A. J. and J. D. Hardy, Jr. 1 967

Development of fishes of the Chesapeake Bay Region. An atlas of egg. larval,
and juvenile stages. Natur. Resour. Inst., Univ. Maryland. 202 p.

Comprehensive notes and figures on developmental stages of Esox
niger with separate notes on each stage: egg, yolk sac larvae, larvae, pre-
juveniles and juveniles. Also gives a comprehensive taxonomic description
of adults (including vertebrae), notes on distribution, ecology (including
habitat of adults, larvae and juveniles), and spawning.
Mansueti, A. J. and R. J. Mansueti 1 955

Eggs, larvae and juveniles of chain pickerel reared successfully. Maryland
Tidewater News 12(6) : 1-2.
Mansueti, R. 1951

Occurrence and habitat of the darter Hopolepis jusiformes erochrous in
Maryland. Copeia 1951 (4) : 30 1-302.

Found in close association with Hololepis erochrous ( = E(heostoma) .
Mansueti, R. J. 1962

Checklist of fishes of the Patuxent River drainage and of Chesapeake Bay
off Calvert County, Maryland. Maryland Univ. Natur. Resour. Inst., Chesa-
peake Biol. Lab. June, ref. no. 62-36, 5 p. (mimeo)

Esox niger appears in the checklist. Brief note on habitat.
Mansueti, R. and H. J. Elser 1953

Ecology, age and growth of the mud sunfish, Acantharchus pomotis in
Maryland. Copeia 1953(2) :1 17-1 19.

In Chamber's Lake, Esox niger was found to be in association with
Acantharchus.

Mansueti, R. and R. S. Scheltema 1953

Summary of fish collections made in the Chesapeake Bay area of Maryland
and Virginia during October, 1953. Maryland Dep. Res. Educ, Chesapeake
Biol. Lab., Field Summary no. 1, 18 p. (mimeo)

Appears in the checklist of fish phylogenetieally arranged. Also collected
from the Potomac River.
Manther,H.W. 1926
Some North American fish Trcmatodes. Illinois Biol. Monogr. 10:127-264.

Distomwn tereticolle taken from E. reticulatus.
Meehan, W. E. 1913
Fish culture in ponds and other inland waters. New York. 287 p.

44

Meek. A. L916

The migrations of fish. London. Edward Arnold. 427 p.

Short note on the habitat o( the American pickerel Eso.x reticulatus
which is said to be present in the Southeastern United States.
Meek.S.K. 1896

A list of fishes and mollusks collected in Arkansas and Indian territory in
1894. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. ( 1895) part 13:341-349.
Meek, S. E. and R. Newland I 886

A review of the species of the genus Eso.x. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Phila-
delphia. (1885) part 3:367-375^

Lengthy synonymy of the species of the genus Esox. Key. Synonymy,
origin of each description and notes on habitat for each species. Esox reticu-
latus may be Esox niger. List of nominal species with identifications arranged
in chronological order includes E. reticulatus, E. niger, E. tridecem-lineatus,
/.. vermiculatus.
Melancon, C. 1968
Les poissons de nos eaux. 3rd ed. La Socicte Zoologique de Quebec. 25 p.

Short description of the merits of the fish. (In French)
Menzel, B. W. and D. M. Green, Jr. 1972

A colour mutant of the chain pickerel, Esox niger LeSueur. Trans. Amer.
Fish. Soc. 101(2):370-372.

Colour mutants collected from Dryden Lake. Gives description of
mutants, why not hybrids, possible hybrid between normal and mutants and
compares to E. lucius colour mutant.
Merrilees, M. J. 1972

Relationship between the lateral line sensory system and the cardioid scale
pits in the family Esocidae (Salmoniformes). Univ. Toronto, Ph.D. diss.,
195 p.

Details on sensory and nonsensory structures associated with notched
scales of various esocids including E. niger.
Meyer, M. C. 1962

The larger animal parasites of the freshwater fishes of Maine. Maine Dep.
Inland Fish. Game. Fish. Res. Manage. Div. Bull. no. 1, 88 p.
Meyers, C. D. and R. J. Muncy 1962

Summer food and growth of chain pickerel, Eso.x niger, in brackish waters of
the Severn River, Maryland. Chesapeake Sci. 3(2) : 125-128.

Of 220 chain pickerel collected from the upper Severn River, all but
eight were young-of-the-year. Invertebrates made up a major portion of the
diet of pickerel less than 80 mm standard length, while fish comprised most
of the diet of pickerel larger than 80 mm. Feeding occurred throughout the
day and night.
Migdalski, E. C. 1962

Angler's guide to the fresh water sport fishes of North America. New York,
The Ronald Press Co. 43 1 p.

Lengthy account discusses distribution, habitat, distinguishing features,
size and growth, age. spawning, life history, hybrids, food, winter and sum-
mer angling, size limits, and attributes as a game fish. Identification charts.
(p. 253-257,403)

45

Miller, J. G. 1962

Occurrence of ripe chain pickerel in the fall. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 91 (3):

323.

Of 101 chain pickerel, taken in Black Moshannon dam. 10 males and
eight females were ripe. Eg s from two females were fertilized and hatched
(68 CA hatching success). Ripe pickerel were taken from this dam on Sep-
tember 20-29, 1961 and March 17-31. 1961 both of which correspond
closely to the fall and spring equinox.

Miller,.!. 1970

Pennsylvania's record fish. Pennsylvania Angler, June: 26-27.

Miller, L. F. 1 945

A comparison of the hoop-net catches in several fish habitats of Wheeler

Reservoir. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. ( 1943) 73:37-40.

Caught by hoop nets in Wheeler Reservoir 1941 .
Ming, A. D. 1968

Life history of the grass pickerel. Esox americanus vermiculatus in Okla-
homa. Oklahoma Fish. Res. Lab.. Bull. no. 8, Contrib. no. 171. M.Sc. diss..
66 p.

Scale method of age determination is difficult.

Miichill,S. L. 1814

The fishes of New York, described and arranged. Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. New
York (1814) 1:355-492.

The description that was given under the species name Esox Indus is
more likely a description of Esox niger.
Mitchill, S. L. 1825
Esox tridecemlineatus. Mirror: 361 . (N.V.)

Montpetit, A. N. 1897

Les poissons d'eau douce du Canada. Montreal. C. O. Beauchemin et fils,

Libraires — Imprimeurs. 553 p.

North American distribution (emphasis on Ouebec) and common
names. In French. Black and white drawing.
Montross, L. 1937

Palooka of the pond. Esquire, May: 84. (N.V.)
Moody, H.L. 1957

A fishery study of Lake Panasofikee, Florida. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci.
20(1 ) :21-88.

Collected from L. Panasollkee. Table gives information on seine
catches.

Moore, G. A. 1968

Fishes, p. 21-165. /// W. F. Blair, A. P. Blair. P. Brodkorb. F. R. Cagle. and
G. A. Moore. Vertebrates of the United States. 2nd ed. New York. McGraw-
Hill. 616 p.

Key. Mentions description and distribution, (p. 5 1 . 52)

Morgan, A. H. 1930

Field book of ponds and streams. An introduction to the life of Iresh water.

New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 448 p.

Very brief mention of habitat, description, habits, si/e. distribution.

46

Morrison, (;. R. 1957

The incidence and distribution of the bass tapeworm (Proteocephalus
ambloplitis) in southern New Hampshire waters. New Hampshire Fish
Game Dep.. Tech. C'iie. no. I 3, 33 p.

Plerocercoid infections in E. niger investigated. Found to occur mainly
in liver, fat and mesenteries and were generally light infections. Those in-
fected were measured. Occurrence and degree of infection in southern New
Hampshire listed in tables. Comparison of incidence and species infected
also given in table.
Mueller, J. F. 1931

A new species of Cyclochaeta from the ureters and urinary bladder of Esox
reticulatus.!. Parasitol. 18(2): 126.

C. renicola found infesting the urinary bladders and ureters of Esox
reticulums in Oneida Lake. N.Y. This is the first member of the genus re-
ported from an endoparasitic location and it appears to be specific for E.
reticulatus.
Mueller, J. F. 1932

Trichodina renicola (Mueller. 1931 ). a ciliate parasite of the urinary tract
of Esox niger. Roosevelt Wild Life Ann. 3 (2 ): 1 39- 1 54.

Trichodina renicola appears to be specific for E. niger. Discusses capture
records, pathology and transmission. Figures a cross section of E. niger ureter
showing Trichodina.

Mueller, J. F. and H. J. Van Cleave 1932

Parasites of Oneida Lake fishes. Part 2. Descriptions of new species and some
general taxonomic considerations, especially concerning the trematode family
Heterophyidae. Roosevelt Wild Life Ann. 3(2) :73-137.

E. niger is a host species for Spinitectus gracilis Ward and Magath.
(p. 107)
Muir,R. 1967

It's through the ice for fresh pickerel. New Jersey Outdoors, January,
17:10-13.

Chain pickerel are New Jersey's most representative game fish. Ice
fishing is very popular and effective for pickerel. Live golden shiners are one
of the best baits.

Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig 1 960 a

Harvest studies on managed ponds. Central Massachusetts census. Comet.
Chauncey, Bartlett. Little Chauncey, and Hampden Ponds. Onata Lake.
Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-10-R-3. Job 1. 27 p.
Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig 1 960 b

Harvest studies on managed ponds. Southeastern Massachusetts census.
Cliff Pond. Little Cliff Pond. Flax Pond. Higgins Pond. Norton Reservoir.
Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J Rep. F-10-R-3, Job 2, 28 p.
Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig 1 960 c

Ouabbin reservoir investigation. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj.
F-6-R-6. 1 1 p.

Mullan. .1. W. and R. S. McCaig 1 96 1 a

Harvest studies on managed ponds. Southeastern Massachusetts census.
Cliff Pond. Little dill Pond. Flax Pond. Higgins Pond. Massachusetts Div.
Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-10-R-4, Job 2. 23 p^

47

Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig 1961b

Harvest studies on managed ponds. Central Massachusetts census. Comet

Pond. Chauncey Pond. Little Chauncey Pond. Bartlett Pond. Massachusetts

Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj. F-10-R-4, Job 1 , 20 p.

Mullan, J. \V. and R. S. McCaig 1961 c

Ouabbin reservoir investigations. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, D-J Proj.

F-6-R-7, 12 p.

Mullan, J. W. and M. Miskewich 1 962

Connecticut River survey. Population studies. Massachusetts Div. Fish.

Game, D-J Proj. F-l 7-R-f, Job 1,30 p.

Mullan, J. YV. and L. C. Schlotterbeck 1960

Reclamation of the Deerfield River for trout and evaluation of this technique

as applied. Before and after population studies. Massachusetts Div. Fish.

Game, D-J Proj. F-14-R-1, Job 3, 12 p.

Murawski, YV. S. 1959

Fish population dynamics. New Jersey Div. Fish Game, D-J- Proj. F-9-R-2,

Job 7, 6 p.

Murawski, YV. S. 1960 a

Introduction of native species into new environments. New Jersey Div. Fish

Game. D-J Proj. F-9-R-3, Job 1 , 10 p.

Murawski, YV. S. 1960 b

Continued evaluation of previous population manipulation work. New Jersey

Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-9-R-3, Job 5, 7 p.

Murawski, YV. S. 1960 c

Fish population dynamics. New Jersey Div. Fish Game, D-J- Proj. F-9-R-3,

Job 7, 9 p.

Murawski, YV. S. 1961a

Fish population dynamics. New Jersey Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-9-R-4,

Job 7, 12 p.

Murawski, YV. S. 1961b

Introduction of native species into new environments. New Jersey Div. Fish

Game. D-J Proj. F-9-R-4, Job 1, 7 p.

Musick,J.A. 1962

Fauna of New Jersey: chain-pickerel. New Jersey Outdoors, May, 12:3-9.

Chain pickerel, one of the most popular freshwater game fish, is dis-
tributed statewide. Nine years is about the maximum age for this species.
Proper management of habitat is the best method of good pickerel produc-
tion. Chain pickerel and largemouth bass compete with each other and when
one is abundant the other will be relatively scarce. About 20,000 pickerel
harvested annually by angling.
Nash,C.YV. 1908

Check list of the fishes of Ontario, p. 7-122. /// [Manual of] Vertebrates of
Ontario. Ontario Dep. Educ, Toronto, L. K. Cameron. 229 p.

Erroneous records of this species in Ontario are often based on this
publication which gives a description of the green pike. Lucius reticulatus.
Nash,C.YV. 1913

Fishes. Chapt. 19. p. 249-271 . //; J. H. Faull. ed. The Natural History of the
Toronto Region. Toronto, Canadian Inst. 419 p.

48

Erroneous report of Lucius reticulums from Ontario.
Needham. J. G. L920

Clean waters for New York State. Cornell Rural School Leafl. I 3(4): 153-
182.

Small drawing of E. reticulatus accompanies information on habitat,
food, range, spawning, open season and size, (given on a child's level)
Needham, R.G. 1^64

Fish population of Current River. Missouri Conserv. Comm., D-J Proj.
F-l-R-13,Jobll,21 p.
Nelson, G.J. 1972

Cephalic sensory canals, pitlines, and the classification of esocoid fishes, with
notes on galaxiids and other teleosts. Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 2492, 42 p.

Cephalic sensory canals and pitlines in E. niger and other esocoid fishes
are described in detail. These are used to discuss phyletic trends and possible
evolutionary history of these fishes.
Netsch, N.F. 1966

Warm water stream management. Buffalo River creel and gigging census.
Tennessee Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-17-R-10, wk. pi. 1, 30 p.
Newell, A. E. 1960

Biological survey of lakes and ponds in Coos, Grafton and Carroll Counties.
New Hampshire Fish Game, Surv. Rep.no. 8a:23. (N.V.)
Nichols, H. M. 1954

Reelfoot Lake investigations. Sport fishery yield. Quart. Progr. Rep. Ten-
nessee Game Fish Comm.. D-J Proj. F-5-R-1, wk. pi. 2, Job A, QU4, p. 2-9.
Nichols, H.M. 1962

Reelfoot Lake investigations. Tennessee Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj.
F-5-R-10.Fin.,57p.
Nikol'skii, G. V. 1961
Special ichthyology. Israel Program Sci. Translations. 538 p.

List characteristics of the order (Esociformes) and discusses its origin
and taxonomic position. Nomenclature of the genus Esox is given as well as
notes on life history of species including E. niger.
VmelLH.C. 1962

Trout stream investigations. Trout stream reclamation studies on the Big
River Watershed. New Hampshire Fish Game Dep., D-J Proj. F-5-R-10,
Job 1,36 p.
Odell.T.T. 1932

Lakes of the Oswegatchie and Black River Systems. Sect. 3, p. 94-119.
/// A biological survey of the Oswegatchie and Black River Systems, includ-
ing also the lesser tributary streams of the upper St. Lawrence River and of
northeastern Lake Ontario. Suppl. 21st Annu. Rep., New York Conserv.
Dep., Biol. Surv. ( 1 93 1 ) , no. 6, 344 p.

Table indicating relative abundance of the fish of some lakes in the
area includes E. niger.
Odell,T.T. 1933

Lakes of the Upper Hudson Watershed. Sect. 3, p. 102-125. In A biological
survey of the Upper Hudson watershed. Suppl. 22nd Annu. Rep., New
York Conserv. Dep.. Biol. Surv. (1932) no. 7, 341 p.

49

Mentioned in notes on those lakes where it is found. Number 42 in table
showing relative abundance of fish in some lakes of the area.
Odell, T. T. and W. C. Senning 1938

Lakes and ponds of the Allegheny and Chemung watersheds. Sect. 3, p. 74-
101. In A biological survey of the Allegheny and Chemung watersheds. New
York Conserv. Dep., Suppl. 27th Annu. Rep., Biol. Surv. (1937) no. 12,
287 p.

The important lakes and ponds in the Allegheny and Chemung drain-
ages were studied to determine factors affecting productivity and to formulate
management policies. Table 1 shows abundance of fishes (including chain
pickerel ) in some lakes of the area.
Ommanney, F. D. 1969

The fishes. Rev. cd. New York, Time-Life books (Life Nature Library).
192 p.

One of the fishes depicted in large colour plate of freshwater species,
(p. 19-21)
Orr, R.T. 1966

Vertebrate biology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co. 483 p.
Palmer, E. L. and A. H. Wright 1920

A biological reconnaissance of the Okefinokee Swamp in Georgia: the fishes.
Iowa Acad. Sci. 27:353-377. (N.V.)
Parsons, J. W. 1952

Creel census and population studies. Collection of creel census data. Quart.
Progr. Rep., Tennessee Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-2-R-1. wk. pi. 2,
Job B, OU4. p. 2, p. 7-9.
Patc,V.S.L. 1933

Studies on fish food in selected areas. Sect. 4, p. 130-156. //; A biological
survey of the Upper Hudson watershed. Suppl. 22nd Annu. Rep., New York
Conserv. Dep., Biol. Surv. (1932) no. 7, 341 p.

Food of chain pickerel included in summaries of fish food records, re-
corded in percentages, tables 7 and 8.
Pfeifter, P. W. 1968

Fish population studies. Kentucky Dep. Fish Wildlife Resour., D-J Proj.
F-30-R-l.wk. pi. 01, Job A. 12 p.
Pflieger,W.L. 1964

Fish population of Eleven Point River. Missouri Conserv. Comm.. D-J Proj.
F-l-R-13.wk.pl. 8. Job 4, 15 p.
Pflieger, W. L. 1966

A check-list of the fishes of Missouri, with keys for identification. Missouri
Dep. Conserv. Div. Fish., D-J Ser. no. 3, 63 p. (under D-J proj. no. F-l-R)

Key. (p. 30)
Pflieger, W.L. 1971

A distributional study of Missouri fishes. Univ. Kansas Pub., Mus. Natur.
Hist.20(3): 225-570.

Note on chain pickerel includes short synonymy, distribution and habi-
tat, zoogeography. Lists collection sites. Small North American distribution
map.

50

Phillips, H. A. 1968

Fisheries investigations in lakes and streams — district four. Stream investi-
gations. South Carolina Div. Game Boating, D-J Proj. F-l l-R-3, Job 1,
p. 4-23.

Phillips, J. I960
Pickerel fishing. New Jersey Outdoors, May. 10:3-4.

May is an excellent pickerel fishing month. They are taken on a \ariet\
of lures and by tlyrod, casting tackle, spinning outfit, and using a cane pole
for skittering or with live minnows.
Pickens, A. L. L928
Fishes of upper South Carolina. Copeia no. 167:29-32.

/ wx reticulums has general distribution in South Carolina.
Plummer, J. T. 1851

List of fishes found in the vicinity of Richmond, Indiana. Proc. Boston Soc.
Natur. Hist. (1848-1851) 3:54-55.
Pratt. H.S. 1923

Preliminary report on the parasitic worms of Oneida Lake, New York.
Roosevelt Wild Life Bull. 2 ( 1 ) : 55-7 1 .
Prime. W. C. 1876

Tenacity of life in pickerel. Forest Stream 7 : 1 54. (N.V. )
Prince. A. W. 1965

Pirate of the pads. Outdoor Life, August 136(2):48.49,66,67,92,93. (N.V.)
Prince, E. E. 1898

On the Esocidae (or Luciidae) of Canada. Rep. 67th Meet. British Ass.
Advan. Sci. (1897): 688.

Gives counts for E. reticulatus comparing it with other esocids.
Prosser, N.S. 1968

Warmwatei fisheries management investigations. (General survey) Virginia
Comm. Game Inland Fish., D-J Proj. F-l 0-R- 17, Job 9. 19 p.

Chain pickerel are listed as one of the species providing most of the
sport fishing in the tidal area as well as above the tidal limits in the Rappa-
hannock River.
Putnam, E. W. 1861

No title. Extracts from the Proc. Boston Soc. Natur. Hist. (1859-1861)
7:3.156.159.

Discusses the distinction between E. ornatus and E. jasciatus (both
= E. americanus) on one hand and E. reticulatus (= E. niger) on the other.
Also discusses confusion in use of these names by contemporaries.
P\k. A. B. 1963

Research in trout management. Acid water trout studies. New Jersey Div.
Fish Game. D-J Proj. F-20-R-1 , wk. pi. 2. Job 2. 26 p.
RadfortM. 1944

Some considerations on the distribution of fishes in Ontario. R. Ont. Mus.
Zool. Contrib. no. 25, 1 16 p.

Short note on range and distribution map showing collection sites.
Raney, E.C. 1942

The summer food and habits of the chain pickerel (Esox niger) of a small
New York pond. J. Wildlife Manage. 6( 1 ) : 58-66.

51

The most important food of 104 young pickerel collected during the
summer was insects (64f7 of total volume). From 145 older pickerel (at
least one year old) stomachs with food, fish occurred in 47.6rr while
crayfish occurred in 44.8rf . Although young bullheads were less abundant
than sunfish and yellow perch, they were eaten more often by older pickerel.
Raney,E.C. 1950

Freshwater fishes of the James River Basin Virginia Part 2, p. 151-194. In
I. N. Gabrielson. The James River Basin, past, present and future. Virginia
Acad. Sci., Richmond. Virginia. 843 p.

Short descriptive note on the chain pickerel includes collection records.
Raney,E.C. 1951
Freshwater fishes of New York. Farm Res. 1 7 (4 ) : 1 .

Said to be one of the important game fishes.
Raney,E.C. 1955

Natural hybrids between two species of pickerel (Esox) in Stearns Pond,
Massachusetts. P. 405-420. //; Supplement to Fisheries Report for some
central, eastern, and western Massachusetts, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs,
1951-1952. Massachusetts Bur. Wildlife Res. Manage., Div. Fish. Game,
447 p.

Mentions natural hybrids of Esox lucius x E. niger and E. niger x E.
americanus. Gives information on number, sex, S.L.; dorsal, anal, pelvic ray
counts; total pectoral fins and branchiostegal ray counts; character index.
Raney,E.C. 1959

Some young fresh-water fishes of New York. New York Conscrv. Dep.. Div.
Conserv. Educ, Inform. Leaf!., from New York State Conservationist: 22-28.

Distribution, life history and description. Small colour figure.
Raney, E. C. and W. H. Massman 1953

The fishes of the tidewater section of the Pamunkey River, Virginia. J. Wash-
ington Acad. Sci. 43 ( 1 2 ) : 424-432.

Annotated list, gives locations where E. niger found in the study,
Rathbun, R. and W. Wakeham 1 897

Report of the joint commission relative to the preservation of the fishes in the
waters contiguous to Canada and the United States. 54th Congress, 2nd
Session, House Doc. no. 3 1 5 : 1 4- 1 78. (N.V. )
Raver, D., Jr. 1962

Some North Carolina fresh-water fishes. North Carolina Wildlife Resour.
Comm., 46 p.

Paragraph on each of description, distribution, life history, fishery im-
portance. Colour illustration, (p. 19)
Reece,M. 1963

Fish and fishing. A Better Homes and Gardens Book. New York, Des
Moines, Meredith Press. 224 p.

A short descriptive note on life history, size, sport fishing, food, spawn-
ing habits, accompanies a rough distribution map and drawings. Colour
illustration.
Reed, J. R. 1969

Alarm substances and fright reaction in some fishes from the southeastern
United States. Trans. Amor. Fish. Sue. 98(4) :664-668.

52

A predator odour capable of eliciting a fright response in local prey
species was found in Esox niger.
Reed. R.J. 1971

Underwater observations of the population density and behavior of pumpkin-
seed. Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus) in Cranberry Pond. Massachusetts.
Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 100(2) :350-353.

Esox niger w as present during the study.
Reid, G. K..Jr. 1950

Notes on the centrarchid fish Mesogonistius chaetodon elizabethae in penin-
sular Florida. Copeia 1950(3) : 239-240.

Brief mention oi habitat.
Richardson, L. R. 1935

The freshwater fishes of south-eastern Quebec. McGill Univ. Dep. Zool.,
Ph.D. diss.. 196 p.

Key. Discussion includes synonymy, physical characteristics, distribu-
tion in southeastern Quebec.
Riel. A.D. 1967

Warm-water fisheries management investigations. Merrymeeting Lake perch
control. New Hampshire Fish Game Dep., D-J Proj. F-l l-R-6, wk. pi. 2.
Job 1. 3 p.

Roseberv, D. A. 1952

Game fish survey of the impounded public fishing waters. Fish survey of Back
Bay. Virginia Comm. Game Inland Fish.. D-J Proj. F-l-R-1, SP, 30 p.
Ross.R.D. 1959 a

Game fish streams and records of fishes from the Potomac-Shenandoah
Ri\cr system of Virginia. Virginia Agr. Exp. Sta.. Virginia Polytechnic Inst.,
Tech.Bull.no. 1 40.^20 p.

E. niger was collected from Black Creek (Potomac drainage), 0.7 miles
(1.1 km ) north of Gainesboro, Frederick County.
Ross. R. D. 1959 b

A key to the fishes of the Shenandoah River system in Virginia. Virginia
Agr. Exp. Sta.. Virginia Polytechnic Inst.. Tech. Bull. 142, 14 p.

Lists the chain pickerel as occurring in the Shenandoah River system
in Virginia.

Ross, R. D. and G. E. Lewis 1 97 1
Stream survey of District u. West Virginia. D-J Proj. F-10-R (1-2), 49 p.

Lists streams of four drainages and their physical and chemical charac-
teristics, fish populations, pollution and other data. Chain pickerel are found
only in the Potomac River drainage.
Rostlund. E. 1952

Freshwater fish and fishing in native North America. Berkeley and Los
Angeles, Univ. California Press, Univ. California Publ. Geogr., vol. 9, 313 p.

Distribution map B shows the distribution of E. niger. (p. 276, 277)
Roy, J. M. and G. Bcaulivu 1965

Guide de 1'Aquarium. Quebec. Ministere de ['Industrie el du Commerce.
Direction des Pecheries. 79 p.

Paragraph note written in French gives maximum length and weight,
habitat, and distribution. ( p. 27 )

53

Ruhr,C.E. 1954

Statewide survey and evaluation of streams. Fish population study in streams.

Quart. Progr. Rep. Tennessee Game Fish Coram., D-J Proj. F-3-R-3, wk.

pi. 2,JobB,QU3,p. 2-4, 8.

Ruhr,C.E. 1958

Warm water stream management. Tennessee Game Fish Coram., D-J Proj.

F-17-R-3,15p.

Ruhr,C.E. 1959

Warm water stream management. Tennessee Game Fish Comm.. D-J Proj.

F-17-R-4,25p.

Ruhr,C.E. 1960

Laurell Hill Lake construetion. Tennessee Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj.

F-16-D-l,25p.

Ruhr,C.E. 1961

Warm water stream management. Tennessee Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj.

F-17-R-2,25p.

Ruhr,C.E. 1962

Warm water stream management. Tennessee Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj.

F-17-R-5,20p.

Rupp, R. S. and S. E. De Roche 1 965

Standing crops of fishes in three small lakes compared with C14 estimates

of net primary productivity. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 94(1 ):9-25.

E. niger was present in Shagg Lake and Coleback Lake, Maine, before
rotenone treatment. Numbers, weight and total lengths were estimated.
Russell, T. R. 1965

Fish population of the Eleven Point River. Missouri Conserv. Comm., D-J
Proj. F-l-R-14, wk.pl. 8, Job 4. 10 p.
Russell, T.R. 1966

Fish population of Current River. Missouri Conserv. Comm., D-J Proj.
F-l-R-15,wk. pi. 9, Job 2, 16 p.
Russell, T.R. 1967

Fish population of Current River. Missouri Conserv. Comm., D-J Proj.
F-l-R-16,wk.pl.9,Job2, 17 p.
Ryder, J. A. 1887

On the development of osseus fishes, including marine and freshwater forms.
U.S. Fish. Comm. Rep. (1885) Part 13:488-604.

Embryological development of Esox reticulatus LeSueur, based on two
specimens of 9 mm and 1 1 .5 mm in length.
Saila, S.B. 1956

Estimates of the minimum size-limit for maximum yield and production of
chain pickerel, Esox niger (LeSueur), in Rhode Island Limnol. Oceanogr.
1(3):195-201.

Mortality rates were deduced from weighted geometric means of age
frequencies in an unexploited and an exploited population. Calculated growth
and weight was determined for 257 pickerel from 32 ponds. A minimum si/e
limit of 1 2 inches ( 305 mm ) was found to be best.

54

Saila. S. B. and I). Horton 1957

Fisheries investigations and management in Rhode [sland lakes and ponds.

Rhode Island Dep. AgT. Conserv., Fish. Publ. no. 3, 1 34 p.

Data on distribution, natural history, winter angling. se\ ratios, age
and growth, si/e and creel limits, other restrictions, slocking and recom-
mendations and suggestions.
Summucls. K. A. 1902
Random notes of an angler. Forest Stream 59(8) : 146.

PrimariK of interest to the angler.
Sanderson. A. F.. Jr. 1950

An eeologieal survey of the fishes of the Severn River with reference to the
eastern chain pickerel. Esox niger (LeSueur), and the yellow perch. Perca
flavescens (Mitchell ). Univ. Maryland. M.S. diss., 47 p.

Chain pickerel are widely distributed in the Severn River. Food of the
pickerel varied seasonally, depending on what fish were the most abundant.
Length-weight data is presented on 79 adult pickerel. The 35 males with
four annuli reached a length of 22.1 inches (561 mm) and 44 females with
four annuli reached a length of 24.7 inches (627 mm).
Sanderson, A. E., Jr. 1959
Eso.x — the forgotten fish. Maryland Conservationist (1959) 36(1): 14-16.

Presents results of a survey of the tidal Severn River, Maryland ( 1949-
1950), including data on length, weight, age, growth rate, food habits, and
analysis of stomach contents.
Sanderson, A. E. 1960

Maryland statewide inland fisheries investigation. Estimates of rates of ex-
ploitation of crappie. Maryland Dep. Game Inland Fish, D-J Proj. F-10-R-3,
Job 5. 5 p.

Schreitmiiller, W. 1915

Neue Fische im "Zoo" zu Frankfurt a. M. Bliitt. Aquar. Terrar. Kunde.
26:130-131.

Lists the chain pickerel as new to the Frankfurt Zoo for display.
Schrenkeisen, R. M. 1 963

Field book of fresh-water fishes of North America north of Mexico. New
York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 3 1 2 p.
Schwartz, F. J. 1960
The pickerels. Maryland Conservationist 37(4) : 23-26.

Pickerel introduced into Maryland 1930-31, and in 1956 into Deep
Creek Lane, Garrett County. Gives key to identify csocids of Maryland.
Notes on description of young, spawning, behaviour, distribution.
Schwartz, F.J. 1964

Natural salinity tolerances of some freshwater fishes. Underwater Natur.
2(2):13-15.

Records E. niger as common at salinity of 22.0 p.p.t.
Schwartz, F. J. 1972

World literature to fish hybrids with an analysis by family, species, and
hybrid. Publ. Gulf Coast Res. Lab. Mus. 3, 328 p.

A bibliography of fish hybrids including those of Esox niger.

55

Scott, W.B. 1958

A checklist of the freshwater fishes of Canada and Alaska. R. Ont. Mus.,

Div. Zool. Palaeon., 30 p.

Esox niger listed.
Scott, W.B. 1967
Freshwater fishes of eastern Canada. 2nd ed. Univ. Toronto Press. 137 p.

Notes on other common names, distinguishing features, size, occurrence,
life history, habits, food.
Scott, VV. B. and E. J. Crossman 1 959

The freshwater fishes of New Brunswick: a checklist with distributional
notes. R. Ont. Mus., Div. Zool. Paleontology, Contrib. no. 51, 37 p.

Introduction in New Brunswick and distribution.
Scott, VV. B. and E. J. Crossman 1 967

Provisional checklist of Canadian freshwater fishes. R. Ont. Mus., Informa-
tion Leaf!., Dep. Ichthyology Herpetology, 24 p.

Present in the Atlantic watershed basin.
Scott, VV. B. and E. J. Crossman 1 969

Checklist of Canadian freshwater fishes with keys for identification. R. Ont.
Mus., Life Sci. Misc. Publ., 104 p.

Distribution and key.
Seaman, E. A. and E. W. Surber 1 949

The catches of fish in two smallmouth bass streams in West Virginia. West
Virginia Conserv. Comm., Tech. Bull. no. 1, 37 p.

In this study, eight pickerel were reported caught by angling in the South
Branch River near Rommey and nine pickerel were reported caught from
the Cacapon River.
Seamans, R. G. 1960

Problem lakes and ponds studies. Newfound Lake, Hebron-Groton-Bristol,
New Hampshire. New Hampshire Fish Game Dep., D-J Proj. F-9-R-4,
Job 1,52 p.

Senton, A. H. and M. M. Stewart 1 97 1

Keys to the vertebrates of the northeastern states (excluding birds). 3rd cd.
New, Faculty-Student Ass., New York State Univ. at Albany. 52 p.

Esox niger listed as a fish of northeastern United States. Key to fam-
ilies.

Sexton, A. D. 1963

Investigations of the antigenic relationships of the Esocidae and two species
of Percidae. Pennsylvania Univ. Ph.D. diss., 55 p.

Ascrological comparison of chain pickerel, northern pike, muskellunge,
redfm pickerel, grass pickerel, walleye and yellow perch to determine taxo-
nomic relationships.
Sheridan, J. R. 1961

Pond draining and population manipulation. Virginia Comm. Game Inland
Fish., D-J Proj. F-5-R-7. Job 2, 56 p.

Chain pickerel were present as predators in addition to largemouth bass
in ponds ranging from 0.75 to 77.0 acres (0.30 to 31.2 hec) which were
selected lor draining.

56

Sheridan, J. R. 1962 a

Copper sulfate toxicity study. Virginia Comm. Game Inland Fish., D-J Proj.

F-5-R-8, Job 7, 10 p.

E. niger made up 3.2%, by weight, of the total pounds of fish col-
lected from Powhatan Lake (3.4 acres) (1.4 hec) after an application of
copper sulfate at the rate of 2. 1 ppm.
Sheridan. J. R. 1962 b

Warmwater fisheries management investigations. (General survey ) Virginia
Comm. Game Inland Fish.. D-J Proj. F-5-R-8, Job 7, 10 p.

The Mattaponi River is said to provide good chain pickerel fishing.
Several ponds at Camp A. P. Hill and Coleman's Lake also provide pickerel
fishing.

Sheridan, J. R. 1963

Copper sulfate toxicity study. Virginia Comm. Game Inland Fish. D-J Proj.
F-5-R-9, Job 7, 8 p.

Lists E. niger as making up 1 .41 % and 0.95%, by weight, of the total
weight collected by copper sulfate treatment, in Brunswick County Pond
(150 acres) (60 hec) and Rainey's Mill Pond (20 acres) (8 hec), respec-
tively.

Shiner, D. 1963
Pickerel in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Angler 32(9) :8-9.

Note on angling for pickerel in Lake Jean. Picture of fishermen with
catch of chain pickerel.
Shoemaker, H. H. 1947

Pickerel and pumpkinseed coaction over the sunfish nest. Copeia 1947(3):
195-196.

Pickerel shared the nest of pumpkinseeds Lepomis gibbosus and ap-
peared to drive away or seize golden shiners which were preying upon the
sunfish eggs. Only once did the male sunfish attempt to drive the pickerel
away.

Shoemaker, M. E. 1945

Fresh water fishing: a fisherman's manual. Garden City, New York, Double-
day, Doran and Co. 2 1 8 p.
Sindermann, C. J. 1953

Parasites of fishes of north central Massachusetts. Fisheries report for lakes
of north central Massachusetts. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, Bur. Wild-
life Res. Manage., 28 p.
Siolgitis, J. A. 1967

Pond surveys. Rhode Is. Div. Fish Game. D-J Proj. F-20-R-8, Job 1 1, 8 p.
Slastenenko, E. P. 1957

A list of natural fish hybrids of the world. Hidrobiologi ser. B, 4(2-3) : 76-97.
Slastenenko, E. P. 1958
The freshwater fishes of Canada. Toronto, Kiev Printers. 388 p.

Two-page account on the chain pickerel gives synonymy, detailed taxo-
nomic description, si/e. distribution, habitat and habits, spawning, food, and
mentions one h\brid. Also found in key. p. 140. (p. 145-146)

57

Smith, C.L. 1962

Some Pliocene fishes from Kansas, Oklahoma and Nebraska. Copeia

1962(3) :505-520.

Fossil distribution, (p. 509)
Smith, F. R. 1953

A general discussion of lakes surveyed during the 195 1 fisheries survey. New
Jersey Fish Surv. Rep. no. 2, 142 p.
Smith, H.M. 1893 a

Report on a collection of fishes from the Albermarle region of North Caro-
lina. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. ( 1891 ) 11 : 185-200.

Lists presence of E. niger.
Smith, H.M. 1893 b

Report on fisheries of the South Atlantic States. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.
(1891) 11:271-356.

Lists presence of E. niger.
Smith, H.M. 1907
The fishes of North Carolina. North Carolina Geol. Econ. Surv. vol. 2. 453 p.

Notes on E. reticulatus under the following headings: common names,
synonymy, diagnosis, distribution, size, food, habitat, and as a food fish.
Smith, H. M. and B. A. Bean 1 899

List of fishes known to inhabit the water of the District of Columbia and
vicinity. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. (1898) 18:179-187.

Mentions presence of E. niger.
Smith, M. W. 1939

The fish population of Lake Jesse, Nova Scotia. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst.
Sci. 19(1-4): 389-427.

In a discussion of the effect of preservation of fish upon body length
and weight, chain pickerel increased less in weight than perciform species
and showed individual changes from a loss of 0.04 to a gain of 0.6%.
Smith, M. VV. 1941

Treatment of Potter's Lake, New Brunswick with rotenone. Trans. Amer.
Fish. Soc. (1940) 70:347-355.

Esox niger killed by rotenone in Potter's Lake.
Smith, O.W. 1922
The book of the pike. Cincinnati, Stewart Kidd Co. 197 p.

Gives range of the eastern pickerel, Esox reticulums and some charac-
ters for identification. Chapter on pickerel treats E. reticulatus, E. umeri-
canus, E. vermiculatus, as one species, and discusses habitat, spawning,
feeding, and angling. Appendix: discussion of possibility of hybrids between
great pike and pickerel.
Smith, R. F. 1953

Lakes and ponds. New Jersey Dep. Conserv. Econ. Development, Div. Fish
Game, Fish. Surv. Rep. no. 2. 142 p.
Smith, R. F. 1955

Pickerel ice census on important New Jersey lakes. Evaluation of the fifteen-
inch minimum size limit on pickerel in three New Jersey lakes. New Jersey
Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-6-R- 1 , 36 p.

58

Smith. R. F. and R. W. Cross 1 955

An evaluation of the fifteen-inch minimum size limit on pickerel in three New

Jersey lakes. New Jersej Fish. Lab., Misc. Rep. no. 15, 20 p. (mimeo.)

A 15 inch minimum si/e limit did not appear to make more or larger
pickerel available. An increase in ice harvest on Lake Hopatcong may he
attributed to an increase in fishing effort rather than to the minimum size
limit. Sublegal pickerel are e\trcmel\ vulnerable to all types of angling gear.
Ice fishing accounts for a large portion of the pickerel harvest.
Smith-\ ani/. \V. F. 1968
Freshwater fishes of Alabama. Auburn, Alabama, Auburn Univ. 211 p.

Key and short synonymy ( p. 25 ) .
Sorenson. L., K. Buss and A. I). Bradford 1966

The artificial propagation of esocid fishes in Pennsylvania. Progr. Fish-Cult.
28 1 3 ):133-141.
Speirs, J. M. 1957
Preliminary bibliography on Esox nii>er. Univ. of Toronto, manuscript, 4 p.

Lists 25 references on E. niger.
Starks, E. C. 1904

A synopsis of characters of some fishes belonging to the order Haplomi.
Biol. Bull. Marine Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 7(5) : 254-262.

Detailed osteological characters of E. reticulatus, as representative of
the family Esocidae.
Starks, E. C. 1916

The sesamoid articular, a bone in the mandible of fishes. Leland Stanford
Junior Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., 40 p.

A detailed general discussion of this bone in various groups of fishes.
That of the chain pickerel was used to exemplify the condition in the family
Esocidae.

Starks, E. C. 1930

The primary shoulder girdle of the bony fishes. Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ.
Sen, Biol. Sci., 6(2): 147-239(1-93).

Technical discussion of the structure of the primary shoulder girdle of
E. reticulatus including comparison with Esox lucius and Esox vermiculatus.
Stevens, R. E. 1964

Investigation of fish populations in lakes Moultrie, Marion, Catawba and
Wateree. Netting and seining. South Carolina Div. Game Boating, D-J Proj.
F-l-R-12,Job3.p. 17-24.38-73.
Stewart, R. W. 1963

Fish population dynamics. New Jersey Div. Fish Game, D-J Rep. F-9-R-6,
Job 7, 6 p.

Stewart, R. \V. 1967 a

Division of a management program for Shannoc Pond no. three. New Jersey
Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-23-R-2, wk. pi. 1, Job 2, 1 0 p.
Stewart, R. VV. 1967 b

Development of a management program for Prospertown Lake. New Jersey
Div. Fish Game. D-J Proj. F-23-R-2, wk. pi. 1 , Job 8, 9 p.

59

Stewart, R. VV. 1968 a

Division of a management program for Shannoc Pond no. three. New Jersey

Div. Fish and Game, D-J Proj. F-23-R-3, wk. pi. 1, Job 2, 8 p.

Stewart, R. VV. 1968 b

Division of a management program for Spruce Run Res. New Jersey Div.

Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-23-R-3, wk. pi. 1, Job 6, 34 p.

Stewart, R. VV. 1968 c

Division of a management program for Prospertown Lake. New Jersey Div.

Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-23-R-3, wk. pi. 1 , Job 8, 7 p.

Stewart, R.W. 1968 d

Division of a management program for Stafford Forge and Impound. New

Jersey Div. Fish Game, D-J Proj. F-23-R-3, wk. pi. 1, Job 10, 12 p.

Storer,D.H. 1839

A report on the fishes of Massachusetts. Boston J. Natur. Hist. (1838-1839)

2:289-570.

Description of E. reticulatus LcSueur.
Storer, D. H. 1 844

Three species of fishes. Proc. Boston Soc. Natur. Hist. 1 : 84.
Storer, D. H. 1846

A synopsis of the fishes of North America. Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci.
2:253-550.

Description and synonymy of E. reticulatus LeSucur and E. niger
LeSueur. (p. 437)
Storer, D. H. 1858

A history of the fishes of Massachusetts. Boston, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts
Sci. 6(2): 309-372.

Description and synonymy of Esox reticulatus and also remarks on
distribution, size and marketing. See Ibid vols. 5(1855), 8(1864), 9(1867),
same title. These may have the same or added information.
Stroud, R. H. 1953a

Notes on reliability of some fish tags used in Massachusetts. J. Wildlife Man-
age. 17(3): 268-275.

A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of the use of
both check tags and jaw tags on several species of fish, including the chain
pickerel.

Stroud, R.H. 1953b

Spot poisoning applied to the Massachusetts lake and pond fisheries survey.
Progr. Fish-Cult. 15(1):3-10.

Collected by rotenone spot poisoning. Results treated in tables.
Stroud, R.H. 1955 a

Fisheries report for some central, eastern, and western Massachusetts lakes,
ponds, and reservoirs, 1951-1952. Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, Bur.
Wildlife Res. Manage. 447 p.

Data on growth, food, habitat and distribution. Tables give information
On age, weight and length.
Stroud, R.H. 1955b

Manual for reconnaissance biological survej of Massachusetts lakes, ponds,
and reservoirs. P. 421-447. In Supplement to fisheries report for some cen-

60

tral, eastern, western Massachusetts lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, 1951-1952.
Massachusetts Bur. Wildlife Res. Manage., 447 p.

Discusses methods of analysis both chemical and physical, scale sam-
pling and environmental requirements.
Stroud. R. H. 1970
SFI bulletin. Sport Fish. Inst. Bull. 214:8.

A 1969 legislative change made it legal, once again, to shoot and spear
northern pike, pickerel, carp, garfish, bowfin, mullet, shad, suckers and
bullheads in Lake Champlain from March 25 through May 25. The use of
a light when spearing was also legalized.
Stroud. R. H. and H. Bitzer 1955

Harvests and management of warmwater fish population in Massachusetts'
lakes, ponds and reservoirs. Progr. Fish-Cult. 1 7 ( 2 ) : 5 1 -63.
Stubbs.J. M. 1963

Warm water stream management. A survey of smallmouth bass and rock
bass reproduction on Duck River and Buffalo River. Tennessee Game Fish
Comm., D-J Proj. F-17-R-10, wk. pi. 2. JobC, Sum., 9 p.
Siubbs.J.M. 1966

Warm water stream management. Marking and planting study and creel
census. Duck River. Tennessee Game Fish Comm.. D-J Proj. F-17-R-6, wk.
pi. 2, Job A, Sum and Job B, Sum.. 1 9 p.
Srubbs, J. M. and N. F. Netsch 1 966

Warm water stream management. Marking and planting study and creel
census. Duck River. Tennessee Game Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-17-R-6, wk.
pi. 2. Job A. Sum. Tenn. F-17-R-6, wk. pi. 2, Job B. Sum., 19 p.
Sullivan. C. R. 1955

Population manipulation studies on West Virginia smallmouth bass streams.
Studies of other smallmouth bass streams. West Virginia Div. Game Fish,
D-J Proj. F-l-R-5, Job F, 14 p.
Sullivan, C. R. 1956

Studies of other smallmouth bass streams. Conserv. Comm. West Virginia,
D-J Proj. F-l-R-5, wk. pi. 1 , Job F, 9 p.

In this survey of smallmouth bass streams, pickerel were found in five
of 15 streams, with Tilhance Creek having the largest poundage, an estimated
1 0 pounds per acre (11.2 kg/hec ) of pool.
Surber. F. W. and D. D. Friddle 1949

Relative toxicity of suspension and oil formations of DDT to native fishes in
Black Creek. West Virginia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. (1946) 76:315-321.

No adult E. niger, although common in this section, were found dead.
Swingle. H. S. 1954

Fish populations in Alabama rivers and impoundments. Trans. Amer. Fish.
Soc. (1953) 83:47-57.

Minimum harvestable sizes of fishes used in computing AT values,
tables.

Swingle, W. E. 1965

Length-weight relationships of Alabama fishes. Auburn Univ. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Zool.-Entomol. Ser. Fish. 3, 87 p.

61

Tarzwell, C. M. 1942

Iish populations in the backwaters of Wheeler Reservoir and suggestions for

their management. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. (1941 ) 71:201-214.

Tables. Weight per acre and relative abundance in Wheeler Reservoir,
(p. 203-206)
Tarzwell, C. M. 1945

The possibilities of a commercial fishery in the TVA impoundments and its
value in solving the short and rough fish problems. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
(1943) 73:137-157.

E. niger crassus caught with fyke net and seines in Middle Wheeler
Reservoir. Table.
Tarzwell, C. M. 1959

Some effects of mosquito larviciding and the new pesticides on fishes. Proc.
Symp. Coordination Mosquito Control Wildlife Manage., Washington, D.C.,
April 1-2, p. 84-93. (N.V.)
Thoits, C. F. and D. H. Buck 1 966

Life history and growth of the chain pickerel in Illinois. Illinois Dep. Con-
serv., D-J Proj. F-16-R-4, 3 p.
Thompson, Z. 1842

History of Vermont, natural, civil and statistical in three parts with a new
map of the state and 200 engravings. Burlington. C. Goodrich.

Description of E. reticulatus.
Thompson, Z. 1853

History of Vermont, natural, civil and statistical, in three parts, with an
appendix. Burlington. C. Goodrich.

Detailed descriptions of physical characteristics and distribution in
Vermont.

Thoreau, H. D. 1859

Esox from Concord. Proc. Boston Soc. Natur. Hist. 6:430.
Thorpe, L. M. 1942

Fishery management. Sect. 1, p. 21-68. In A fishery survey of important
Connecticut lakes. Connecticut Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv., Pub. Doc. no. 47,
Bull. 63, 339 p.

Appears in food chain figure. Mentioned throughout the report with
respect to origins, distinction from grass pickerel, time of spawning, manage-
ment of stunted species, use of anchored brush piles, ice fishing, average
growth curves, frequency of age groups found in anglers' catches, size caught,
legal length.
Todd,F. 1877
Pickerel in salt water. Field Stream 8(20) : 320.

Chain pickerel were noticed 6-8 miles (9.7-12.9 km) below the head
of the tidal waters, 15 years after they were put into the St. Croix lakes.
Tomkiel,V.K. 1952

Studies on the feeding habits of the chain pickerel Esox niger (LcSueur)
and the yellow perch. Perca flavescens ( Mitchill ), in some New Jerse\ lakes.
Rutgers Univ., M.Sc. diss.. 72 p.

In a study of four lakes, significant differences in the relative abundance
of food types in pickerel stomachs correlated with the differences between

62

lake types from which the pickerel were obtained; and differences in relative

abundance of food types found in pickerel between lakes correlated with the

differences in growth rates of pickerel between lakes.

Tomlin,W.D. 1892

The pickerel. P. 387-396. /// American game fishes. Chicago and New York,

Rand.McNalK and Co. 580 p.

Primarily an account of the pleasures and pains of angling for pickerel.
Tompkins, B. 1956

Fishing in the drink at Quabbin Reservoir. Massachusetts Div. Fish Game,
Massachusetts Wildlife: 2-5.

Giant pickerel were frequently taken during the early years of the Quab-
bin Reservoir (see plate p. 3). Physical and chemical characteristics that
changed during the filling of the reservoir were detrimental to many species.
The pickerel became reduced in numbers, although still of a large size.
Tompkins, \V. A. 1953

Kentucky lake investigations. Netting operations. Kentucky Dep. Fish Wild-
life Resour.. D-J Proj. F-2-R-2. wk. pi. 1 , Job B, QU 1 . 4 p.
Tompkins, VV. A. 1958

A compendium of the life history and ecology of the chain pickerel Esox
niger (LeSueur). Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, Fish. Bull. no. 22, 3 p.
Toner, G. C. 1937

Preliminary studies of the fishes of Eastern Ontario. Suppl. 2, Bull. Eastern
Ontario Fish Game Protective Ass., 24 p.

Erroneous reports of this species in Canadian waters of Lake Ontario
often based on this publication.
Toner, G. C. 1943

Ecological and geographical distribution of fishes in eastern Ontario. Univ.
Toronto, M. A. diss., 9 1 p.

In annotated list and reported from Lake Ontario, and Black River,
N.Y.

Toole, J. E. 1964

Fisheries evaluation of commercial moss harvesting on Caddo Lake. Texas
Parks Wildlife Dep., D-J Proj. F-3-R- 1 1 , wk. pi. B, Job 21 , 6 p.
Towne, R. E. 1959

Ecological study of the Squam Lakes. Fisheries investigations at the Squam
Lakes, New Hampshire. New Hampshire Fish Game Dep., D-J Proj.
F-6-R-6, 290 p.
Tracy, H. C. 1910

Annotated list of fishes known to inhabit the waters of Rhode Island. Rhode
Island Comm. Inland Fish., 40th Annu. Rep.:35-176.
Trautman, M. B. 1957
The fishes of Ohio with illustrated keys. Ohio State Univ. Press. 683 p.

Contains taxonomic characters and distribution and habitat of the chain
pickerel in Ohio.

Trautman. M. B. and C. L. Hubbs 1935
When do pike shed their teeth'.' Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 65:261-266.

I he teeth of 6 chain pickerel were examined and information tabulated.

63

Trippensee, R. E. 1953

Wildlife management. New York, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., vol. 2. 572 p.

Various life history data collected from a number of sources is pre-
sented.

Truiit, R. V., B. A. Bean and H. W. Fowler 1 929

The fishes of Maryland. Maryland Conserv. Dep. Bull. no. 3. 120 p. (N.V.)
Turner, W. L. 1967

Reservoir sport fishery investigations. Creel survey. Tennessee Game Fish
Comra, D-J Proj. F-31-R-1, Job 1, 23 p.
Underhill, A. H. (no date)

Skittering? New Jersey Outdoors, Dep. Conserv. Econ. Dev., Reprint, 3 p.
(N.V.)

Underhill, A. H. 1939
Cross between Esox niger and E. lucius. Copeia 1939(4) :237.

Artificial hybrids of a female chain pickerel and male northern pike
were produced. These hybrids exhibited intermediate characteristics.
Underhill, A. H. 1948

Studies on the life history of the chain pickerel, Esox niger LeSueur. Cornell
Univ., Ph.D. diss., 177 p.

An extensive review of the taxonomy, distribution, literature, spawning,
hatching and development of young, age and growth, maturity, maturity and
legal size, length-weight relationship, food, angling and economic importance
of the chain pickerel.
Underhill, A. H. 1949

Studies on the development, growth and maturity of the chain pickerel, Esox
niger (LeSueur). J. Wildlife Manage. 13(4) :377-391.

Principal study areas were a pond, a lake and a stream. Pickerel eggs
required 6-12 days to hatch. Fry commenced feeding at 10.2 mm and growth
of young was rapid but varied from season and within bodies of water.
Females grow faster than males. Oldest fish examined were seven years old.
In the stream and lake, most two year old fish were sexually mature while in
the pond, fish matured at three and four years of age. In these situations a
1 2 inch (305 mm) size limit was too small.
Van Cleave, H. J. 1923

Acanthocephala from the fishes of Oneida Lake, New York. Roosevelt Wild
Life Bull. 2(1) :73-84.

E. reticulatus is host for two of the species of Acanthocephala encoun-
tered in the collections from Oneida Lake.
Van Cleave, H. J. and J. F. Mueller 1932

Parasites of Oneida Lake fishes. Part 1 . Descriptions of new genera and new
species. Roosevelt Wild Life Ann. 3 ( 1 ) : 1 -72.

E, niger host species for Macroderoides flavits, which parasitizes the
intestine and rectum, and is also host to Hedruris tiara.
Van Cleave, H, J. and J. F. Mueller 1934

Parasites of Oneida Lake fishes. Part 3. A biological and ecological survey of
the worm parasites. Roosevelt Wild Life Ann. 3(3) : 155-334.

A descriptive listing of parasite species utilizing E. niger as a host.

64

YanOosten.J. 1946

The pikes. U.S. Fish Wildlife Serv.. Fish. Leaf!, no. 166, 6 p. (Revised by

Van Oosten I960. Fishery Leaflet no. 496.)

Van Oosten, J. 1960

The true pikes. U.S. Fish Wildlife Serv., Fish. Leafl. no. 496, 9 p.

General notes on description, range, habitat, feeding, spawning and
age-growth data.
Wadman. R. D. 1960

Creel census on three reclaimed trout ponds. Connecticut Board Fish. Game,
D-J Proj. F-20-R-2. Job 3. 46 p.
Wadman. R. D. 1961

Fishery investigations. Pond surveys. Rhode Island Div. Fish Game, D-J
Proj. F-20-R-2 Job 11, 6 p.
»agner, C. 1880

What does a fish cost? U.S. Fish Comm. Rep. (1878) 6:605-607.
Wagner, C. C. and E. L. Cooper 1 963

Population density, growth, and fecundity of the creek chubsucker Erimy-
ZOn oblongus. Copeia 1963(2) : 350-357.

Young Erimyzon oblongus are thought to be valuable forage for Esox
niger. Large numbers of chain pickerel were taken.
Walden, H. T. II 1964

Familiar freshwater fishes of America. 1st ed. New York, Harper and Row
Publ. 324 p.

The chain pickerel has various names. Along with the chain pattern,
the dark vertical bar below the eye is distinctive. Rarely exceeds three pounds.
Clear, quiet, weedy waters of streams, ponds, and lakes preferred. Rarely
lives beyond six years. Very voracious with diet of older pickerel being
mainly fish.
Walke,E.H. 1883

Spawning of Esox (pike or pickerel) in North Carolina. U.S. Fish Comm.
Bull.no. 3:295.
Ward, H.B. 1910

Internal parasites of the Sebago salmon. U.S. Bur. Fish Bull. (1908) 28(2):
1151-1194.
Ward, H.B. 1912

The distribution and frequency of animal parasites and parasitic disease in
North American freshwater fish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. (1911) 41:207-
244.

Tables give number of fish infected and total infection of trematodes,
cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephala, for E. reticulatus.
Ward, H.B. 1919

Stream pollution in New York State. Albany, N.Y. Conserv. Comm., 78 p.
Warner, K. 1972

Further studies of fish predation on salmon stocked in Maine lakes. Progr.
Fish-Cult. 34(4) :217-221.

Presents results of a study of predation, by various fishes including chain
pickerel, on newly stocked salmon.

65

Warner, K. 1973

Spring food of chain pickerel (Esox niger) in Maine Lakes. Trans. Amer.

FishSoc. 102(1): 149-151.

Warner, K., R. P. Auclair, S. E. De Roche, K. A. Han ey and C. F. Ritzi 1 968

Fish predation on newly stocked landlocked salmon. J. Wildlife Manage.
32(4):712-717.

Chain pickerel were found to be the most common predators of stocked
landlocked salmon.
Webster, D. A. 1942 a

Fishery management. Sect. 1. p. 21-68. In A fishery survey of important
Connecticut lakes. Pub. Doc. 47, Connecticut Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv., Bull,
no. 63, 339 p.
Webster, D. A. 1942 b

The life histories of some Connecticut fishes. Sect. 3, p. 1 22-227. In A fishery
survey of important Connecticut lakes. Pub. Doc. no. 47, Connecticut Geol.
Natur. Hist. Surv., Bull. no. 63, 339 p.

Present in Connecticut lakes, usually occupying the littoral area of deep
lakes. Notes on distribution, reproduction and spawning, habits and habitat,
feeding habits, results of food examination of 43, method of capture of food,
maximum size, and economic role.
Webster, D. A. 1943

Fisheries management studies of Connecticut lakes. Cornell Univ., Ph.D.
diss., 210 p.

Catch statistics on several lakes as well as relative susceptibility of
female pickerel to ice fishing.
Webster, D. A. 1944

Notes on the food of smallmouth bass {Micropterus dolomieu), Columbia
Lake, Connecticut. Copeia 1944(2) : 125-126.

Present in Columbia Lake.
Webster, D. A. 1954

Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, in Cayuga Lake. Part I. Life history
and environment. Cornell Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta., Memoir 327, 39 p.

E. niger taken at the north end of Cayuga Lake.
Weed, A. C. 1923
Distribution of the pickerels. Copeia no. 1 15:21-23.

Distribution of Eso.x tridecemlineatus (identified from stock taken from
Finger Lakes, N.Y.) . Mentions hybrids with E. americanus.
Weed, A. C, 1925
Some pickerel mimes. Copeia no. 144:49-51.

Consideration of synonymy.
Weed, A. C. 1927

Pike, pickerel and muskalonge. Field Mus. Natur. Hist. Chicago, Zool. Lead.
9:153-204.

Taxonomic descriptions are given for the Eso.x in North America as
well as nomenclature and the various life histories. Hybrids are also dis-
cussed.

Welsh, W.W. 1916
Notes on the fishes of the Peedee River basin. North and South Carolina.

66

Copeiano. 33:54-56.

Esox reticulums in list of fishes observed.
West, J. L. 1968
I he growth and reproduction of three intergeneric centrarchid hybrids.

North Carolina Univ., Ph.D. diss.. 143 p.

Lists all Esox hybrids.
Whitaker,J.O.,Jr. 1968

Ke\s to the vertebrates of the eastern United States excluding birds. Minne-
apolis. Minn.. Burgess Publishing Co. 256 p.

Contains key and distribution map ( p. 20-2 1 ) .
Whhworth, W. R., P. L. Berrien and W. T. Keller 1 968
Freshwater fishes of Connecticut. Connecticut Geol. and Natur. Hist. Surv.,
Bull. 101. 134 p.

A map of piekerel distribution in Connecticut is given. A few specific
characters are also listed.
Wich. K. and J. W. Mullan 1958

A compendium of the life historj and ecology of the chain pickerel Esox
niger (LeSueur). Massachusetts Div. Fish. Game, Fish Sect., Fish Bull. 2,
23 p.

Information on distribution, morphology, food habits, growth, repro-
duction, embryology, hybridization, behaviour, populations, disease and
parasites (complete list of the parasites reported for the chain pickerel),
predators, competitors, and management. Results of studies in Massachusetts
are incorporated with other authors' work.
Wightman, P. 1964

The effect of iec-fishing on a chain pickerel {Esox niger) population living
in competition with other warm-water species. New Hampshire Fish Game
Dep.. D-J Proj.F-1 l-R-3.6p.

Ice fishing is practised heavily during January. It is suggested that the
daily creel limit on pickerel be reduced from 10 to five during January only.
Because of growth variance in different ponds, a minimum size does not seem
feasible.

Wilde, C.W. 1959

Connecticut State Board of Fisheries and Game. Lake and pond survey unit.,
D-J Proj. F-4-R, Rep. 1,395 p.
Williams, J. I). 1968

A new species of sculpin, Conns pygmaeus, from a spring in the Alabama
River Basin. Copeia 1968(2) : 334-342.

E. niger reported in Coldwater Creek, Alabama.
Wilson, C. B. 1903

North American parasitic copepods of the family Argulidae, with a bibliog-
raphy of the group and a systematic review of all known species. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 25:115-131.
Wollitz, R.E. 1963

Warm water fisheries management investigations. Back Bay fishery investi-
gations. Virginia Comm. Game Inland Fish., D-J Proj. F-5-R-9, Job 10,
22 p.

67

Wooding, F. H. 1959

The Angler's book of Canadian fishes. Don Mills. Ontario. Collins. 303 p.

Short account on description, distribution, characteristics (including
spawning), and angling methods. Several other vernacular names are listed
(p. 188-189).
Wooton, D.M. 1957

Notes on the life cycle of Azygia acuminata Goldberger, 1911 (Azygiidae-
Trematoda). Biol. Bull. 113(2) :488-498.

The chain pickerel is listed as a definitive host fish of Azygia acuminata.
Wright, A. H. and A. A. Allen 1913

The fauna of Ithaca, N.Y. Fishes. //; Field note-book of fishes, amphibians,
reptiles and mammals. Ithaca, New York,

Brief mention of habitat, breeding time and place.
Wyatt,H.N. 1968

Southern region fisheries investigations. Life history studies. Georgia Game
Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-19-R-3. wk. pi. 2, Job 3, p. 85-1 10.
Wyatt, H., D. R. Holder and P. Loska 1 970

Southern region fisheries investigations, final report. Georgia State Game
Fish Comm., D-J Proj. F-19-R-3 (July 1, 1967-June 30, 1968). 130 p.

Chain pickerel are included in population data presented on various
lakes. Additional data is presented on length, weight, condition index, spawn-
ing and food of pickerel from the Suwannee River.

Zitko, J., B. J. Finlayson, D. J. Wildish, J. M. Anderson and A. C. Kohler
1971

Methylmercury in freshwater and marine fishes in New Brunswick, in the
Bay of Fundy, and on the Nova Scotia Banks. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada
28(9):1285-1291.

Levels of mercury were measured in freshwater fishes. Freshwater
pollution was attributed to industry or airborne mercury.

68

Index by Subjects

Accounts by Political Areas

Anon., (no date), Pennsylvania
Anon.. 1906, Pennsylvania
Anon.. 1907a, Pennsylvania
Anon., 1962, Delaware
Anon.. 1962, North Carolina
Bailey, J. R. and J. A. Oliver,

1939. New Hampshire
Bailey, R. M., 1938. New Hamp-
shire
Bean, T. H., 1902, New York
Bean, T. H., 1903, New York-
Buss, K. and J. Miller. 1962,

Pennsylvania
Carr, A. and C. J. Goin, 1955,

Florida
Cheney, A. N., 1896
Clay, W. M., 1962, Kentucky
Cobb, K.. 1934, Connecticut
Cook, F. A., 1959, Mississippi
Cooper, G. P., 1939 b, Maine
Cooper, G. P., 1941
Elser, H. J. and R. Mansueti,

1961. Maryland
Fverhart, W. H„ 1950, Maine
Everhart, W. H. and L. H. Bond,

1953. Maine
Gordon, M., 1937, New Hamp-
shire
Greeley, J. R.. 1927, New York
Greeley, J. R., 1938, New York
Greeley, J. R., 1939, New York
Greeley, J. R., 1940. New York
Greeley, J. R. and S. C. Bishop,

1932. New York
Greeley, J. R. and S. C. Bishop,

1933, New York
Harmic, J. L., 1962, Delaware
Harvey, K. A., 1953
Hazzard, A. S., K. Buss and

J. Miller, (no date), Pennsyl-
vania

Hildebrand, S. F. and W. C.
Schrocder, 1928, Maryland,
Virginia
Hubbs, C. L. and E. R. Allen,

1943, Florida
Kendall, W. C, 1913, United

States
Kendall, W. C, 1918, Maine
King, W.. 1947, North Carolina
Kuhne, E. R., 1939, Tennessee
Leach, G. C, 1927
Livingstone, D. A., 1953, Nova

Scotia
Raney, E. C, 1959, New York
Raver, D., Jr., 1962, North Caro-
lina
Richardson, L. R., 1935, Quebec
Shiner, D., 1963, Pennsylvania
Smith, H. M„ 1907, North Caro-
lina
Tompkins, B., 1956, Massachu-
setts
Traurman, M. B., 1957, Ohio
Van Oosten, J., 1946, United

States
Van Oosten, J., 1960, United

States
Whirworth, VV. R., P. L. Berrien
and W. T. Keller, 1968, Con-
necticut

Age and Growth

Anon., 1871, Massachusetts
Andrews, T. J. and G. E. Hanson,

1957, Massachusetts
Armbruster, D. C, 1959, Ohio
Bond, L. H.. 1961. Maine
Bond, L.H., 1962, Maine
Bond, L. H., 1963, Maine
Bond, L. H.. 1964, Maine
Buck, I). H., 1964, Illinois
Buck, D. H.. 1965, Illinois

69

Buck. D.H.. 1969. Illinois
Buck, D. H. and C. F. Thoits III,

1966, Illinois

Buck, D. H. and C. F. Thoits III,

1967. Illinois

Buss, K. and J. Miller, (no date),

a, Pennsylvania
Buss, K. and J. Miller, 1962,

Pennsylvania
Carlander, K. D., 1969
Flser, H. J. and R. Mansueti,

1961, Maryland
Foote, L. E. and B. P. Blake,

1945, Connecticut
Greeley, J. R., 1939, New York
Grice, F., 1959, Massachusetts
Hambly, L. S., 1967, Massachu-
setts
Hambly, L. S., 1968, Massachu-
setts
Leach, G. C, 1927
Lewis, G. E., 1 97 1 , West Virginia
Lindenberg, J. G., 1970, Massa-
chusetts
McCabe, B.C., 1958
McCaig, R. S. and J. W. Mullan,

1960, Massachusetts
Mcilwain, T. D., 1970, Missis-
sippi
Migdalski, E. C, 1962
Ming, A. D., 1 968, Oklahoma
Raney, E. C, 1942, New York
Saila, S. B. and D. Horton, 1957,

Rhode Island
Sanderson, A. E., Jr., 1959,

Maryland
Stroud, R. H., 1953 a. Massachu-
setts
Stroud, R. H., 1955 a. Massachu-
setts
Swingle, H. S., 1954, Alabama
Swingle, \V. F., 1965, Alabama

Anatomy

Boldyreff, F. B.. 1935
Cavender, I . M., ,1. C. Lundberg
and ILL. Wilson. 1970

Merrilees, M.J.. 1972
Nelson, G. J.. 1972
Starks,E.C. 1904
Starks, E.C., 1916
Starks, E. C, 1930
Yrautman, M. B. and C. L. Ilubbs,
1935

Behaviour

George, C. J., 1960
McCabe, B.C., 1958
Shoemaker, H. H.. 1947. New

York

Culture and Spawning

Anon., 1906, Pennsylvania
Anon., 1968, Pennsylvania
Armbruster, D. C. 1 959, Ohio
Breder, C. M. Jr. and D. F. Rosen,

1966
De Jean, J. A., 1951, Alabama
Flser, H. J. and R. Mansueti,

1961, Maryland
Graff, I). R. and L. Sorenson,

1970
Leach, G. C, 1927
Mansueti, A. J. and R. J. Man-
sueti, 1955
Meehan,W.E., 1913
Miller, J. G., 1 962, Pennsylvania
Sorenson, L., K. Buss and A. D.
Bradford, 1966, Pennsylvania
Underbill, A. H., 1948, New York
Wagner, C, 1880
Walke, E. H., 1883, North Caro-
lina

Dingell-Johnson Reports

Anon., 1955. Massachusetts
Anon.. 1957, Virginia
Anon.. 1958, Massachusetts
Anon.. L959, Connecticut
Anon.. 1 968, Louisiana

70

Arve.J. E.. 1961, Maryland
Bamberg, R. ML, L967, Texas
Barker. J. L.. 1963, New Jersey
Bayless, J. 1).. 1967, South Caro-
lina
Boccardy,J. V.. 1955 a, Massa-
chusetts
Boccardy, J. A.. 1955 b, Massa-
chusetts
Boccardy, I. A.. 1956 a. Massa-
chusetts
Boccardy, J. A., 1956 b, Massa-
chusetts
Bond, L. H.. 1956. Maine
Bond. L.H.. 1961. Maine
Bond, L. H.. 1962. Maine
Bond, L. H.. 1963. Maine
Bond. L. H.. 1964. Maine
Bonn. K. W.. 1954. Texas
Bonn, E. W., 1958, Texas
Bonn, E.W., 1965. Texas
Bonn, E. W. and C. R. Inman.

1956, Texas
Bridges, W. L.. 1963. Rhode

Island
Bridges, W. L. and R. Guthrie.

1962. Rhode Island
Bridges, W. L. and R. C. Guthrie,

1965, Rhode Island
Bridges, C. H. and R. S. McCaig,

1958, Massachusetts
Buck, I). H.. 1964. Illinois
Buck, D. H.. 1965, Illinois
Buck, D.H., 1969. Illinois
Buck. D. H. and C. F. Thoits III,

1966, Illinois

Buck, I). H. and C. F. Thoits III,

1967, Illinois

Carnes, W. C, 1968, North Caro-
lina
Carter, F. R.. 1952 a. Kentucky
Carter, E. R.. 1952 b. Kentuck)
Carter, E. R., 1952 c, Kentucky
Chadwick, J.W.. 1969. Rhode

Island
Cheu.R. L.. 1967. Florida
Compton. K. R.. 1963 a. New
Jersc\

Compton, K. R.. 1963 b. New

Jersey
Compton, K. R.. 1964 a. New

Jersey
Compton, K. R.. 1964 b. New

Jersey
Compton, K. R„ 1964 e. New

Jersey
Corning, R. V., 1967 a, Virginia
Corning, R. V., 1967 b. Virginia
Corning, R. V., 1967 c. Virginia
Daly, L. M., 1966 a, Massachu-
setts
Daly, L. M„ 1966 b, Massachu-
setts
Daly, L. M„ 1968, Massachu-
setts
DeRoche, S. E., 1960, Maine
Dineen, J. W„ 1966, Florida
Esslach, A. R„ 1958, New Jersey
Fajen, O. F.. 1961, Missouri
Funk, J. L., 1954 a, Missouri
Funk, J. L., 1955 b, Missouri
Funk, J. L„ 1955, Missouri
Gallagher, R. J., 1966, Massachu-
setts
Granthan, B. J., 1962, Mississippi
Gray,C.E., 1954, Texas
Gray,C.E„ 1955, Texas
Green, D. M., Jr., 1 967, New

York
Green, D. M., Jr., 1968, New

York
Green, D. M., Jr., 1970, New

York
Green, D. M., Jr., 1971, New

York
Green, D. M., Jr.. 1972, New

York
Grice, F.. 1962, Massachusetts
Cumtow, R. E., 1956, Missouri
Halnon, E. C, 1959, Vermont
Hambly, L. S., 1966 a, Massa-
chusetts
Hambly, L. S., 1966 b. Massa-
chusetts
Hambly, E. S.. 1967 a. Massa-
chusetts

71

Hambly, L. S., 1967 b, Massa-
chusetts

Hambly, L. S., 1968 a, Massa-
chusetts

Hambly, L. S., 1968 b, Massa-
chusetts

Holder, D. R., 1969, Georgia

Huish, M. T., 1956, Florida

Jackson, C. F., 1963, New Hamp-
shire

Jerome, W. C, 1962 a, New
Hampshire

Jerome, W. C, 1962 b, New
Hampshire

Johnston, K. H., 1962, North
Carolina

Kearson, L. L., 1969, North
Carolina

Kemp, R. J., 1954, Texas

Kendle, E. R., 1962, Nebraska

Kendle, E. R., 1963, Nebraska

Kendle, E. R. and K. Donoho,
1961, Nebraska

Kircheis, F. W., 1968, Rhode
Island

Kirkland, A. L., 1923, Georgia

Lindenberg, J. G., 1970, Massa-
chusetts

McCaig, R. S., 1957, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1958, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1962 a, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1962 b, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1963 a, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1963 b, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1964 a, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1964 b, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1 964 c. Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1 964 d, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1966 a, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1966 b, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S.„ 1966 c, Massachu-
setts

McCaig, R. S., 1967, Massachu-
setts

McClelland, W. G., 1960, Texas

Mairs,D.F., 1968, Maine

Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig,
1 960 a, Massachusetts

Mullan, J. \V. and R. S. McCaig,
1 960 b, Massachusetts

Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig,

1960 c, Massachusetts
Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig,

1961 a, Massachusetts
Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig,

1961 b, Massachusetts
Mullan, J. W. and R. S. McCaig,

1961 c, Massachusetts
Mullan, J. W. and M. Miskewich,

1962, Massachusetts
Mullan, J. VV. and L. C. Schlotter-

beck, 1960, Massachusetts
Murawski, W. S., 1959, New

Jersey
Murawski, W. S., 1960 a, New

Jersey
Murawski, VV. S., 1960 b, New

Jersey
Murawski, W. S., 1960 c, New

Jersey
Murawski, W. S., 1961 a, New

Jersey
Murawski, VV. S., 1961b, New

Jersey
Needham, R. G., 1964, Missouri
Netsch, N. F., 1966, Tennessee
Nichols, H. M., 1954, Tennessee
Nichols, H. M., 1962, Tennessee
Nowell, H. C, 1962, New Hamp-
shire
Parsons, J. VV., 1952, Tennessee
Pfeiffer, P. VV.. 1968. Kentucky
Pflieger, VV. L., 1964, Missouri
Pfifeger, VV. L.. 1966, Missouri

72

Prlieger, W. L.. 1971, Missouri

Phillips, H. A.. 1 968, South Caro-
lina
Prosser, N. S.. 1968, Virginia
Pylc. A. B.. 1963. New Jersey
Kiel. A. I).. 1967. New Hampshire
Rosebery. D. A.. 1952. Virginia
Ross, R. D. and G. E. Lewis.

1971. West Virginia
Ruhr, C. K.. 1954. Tennessee
Ruhr. C. E.. 1958. Tennessee
Ruhr, C. E.. 1959. Tennessee
Ruhr, C. E.. 1960. Tennessee
Ruhr, C. E.. 1961. Tennessee
Ruhr, C. E„ 1962. Tennessee
Russell, T. R„ 1965. Missouri
Russell. T. R.. 1966. Missouri
Russell, T. R.. 1967. Missouri
Sanderson, A. E.. 1960. Maryland
Seamans, R. G.. 1960, New

Hampshire
Sheridan, J. R.. 1961, Virginia
Sheridan, J. R.. 1962 a. Virginia
Sheridan, J. R.. 1962 b. Virginia
Sheridan, J. R.. 1963. Virginia
Siolgitis.J.A.. 1967. Rhode

Island
Smith, R. F.. 1955. New Jersey
Stevens, R. E.. 1964. South Caro-
lina
Stewart, R. \V.. 1963, New Jersey
Stewart, R. W., 1967 a, New

Jersey
Stewart, R.W.. 1967 b, New

Jersey
Stewart, R. W., 1 968 a, New

Jersey
Stewart, R.W.. 1968 b, New

Jerse\
Stewart, R. W.. 1968 c, New

Jersey
Stewart, R. W.. 1 968 d, New

Jersej
Stuhbs, J. M., 1963, Tennessee
Stubbs, I. M., 1966. Tennessee
Stubbs, J. M. and N. F. Netsch.
1966, Tennessee

Sullivan, C. R.. 1955. West Vir-
ginia

Sullivan, C. R., 1956, West
Virginia

Thoits, C. F and I). II. Buck.
1966, Illinois

Tompkins, W. A., 1953. Kentucky

Toole, J. E„ 1964. Texas

Towne, R. E., 1959, New Hamp-
shire

Turner, W. L., 1967, Tennessee

VVadman, R. D., 1960, Connecti-
cut

Wadman, R. D., 1 96 1 , Rhode
Island

Wightman, P., 1964, New Hamp-
shire

Wilde, C.W., 1959, Connecticut

Wollitz, R. E., 1963, Virginia

Wyatt, H., D. R. Holder and P.
Loska, 1970, Georgia

Distribution and Range

Anon. (W.W.E.). 1874
Anon., 1962, Delaware
Anon., 1962, North Carolina
Adams, A. L.. 1873
Adams, C. C. and T. L. Hankin-

son, 1928, New York
Agassiz, L., 1 854, Tennessee
Anderson, W. D. Jr.. 1964. South

Carolina
Armstrong, J. G. and J. D. Wil-
liams, 1971, Tennessee
Atkins, C.G., 1884, Maine
Bailey, J. R. and J. A. Oliver.

1939, New Hampshire
Bailey, R. M., 1938. New Hamp-
shire
Bailey, R. M„ H. E. Winn and
C.L.Smith, 1954. Alabama.
Florida
Bean, T. H., 1 897 a, New York
Bean, T. H., 1 897 b, New York
Bean, T. H., 1 902, New York
Bean, T. H., 1903. New York

73

Behnke, R. J. and R. M. Wetzel,

1960. Connecticut
Bonn, E.W., 1954, Texas
Bonn, K. W., 1958, Texas
Bonn,E.W.. 1965, Texas
Bonn, E. W. and C. R. Inman,

1956, Texas
Bosehung,H.T.,Jr., 1961.

Alabama
Briggs,J.C, 1958
Burkholder, P. R. and R. Bere,

1933, New York
Burton, C. W. and E. P. Odum.

1945, Virginia
Caine,L.S., 1949
Carr, A. F., Jr., 1 936, Florida
Catt, J., 1 949, New Brunswick
Cavender, T. M., J. G. Lundberg

and R.L.Wilson, 1970
Clay, W. M., 1962, Kentucky
Cook, F. A., 1959, Mississippi
Cooper, G. P., 1 939 a, Maine
Cooper, G. P., 1941, Maine
Cope, E. D., 1 870, North Carolina
Corning, R. V., 1967 b, Virgania
Cox, P., 1 896 a, New Brunswick
Cox, P., 1 896 b, New Brunswick
Cox, P., 1899, New Brunswick
Cox, P., 1901, Canada
Crossman, E. J., 1971
Cuerrier, J. -P., F. E. J. Fry et

G. Prefontaine, G., 1 946,

Quebec
Dequine, J. F., 1 950, Florida
DeRoche, S. E. and L. H. Bond,

1957, Maine
Dorchester, J. N., 1961, Texas
Dorchester, J. N., 1 962, Texas
Eaton, S. W. and L. P. Kardos.

1972, New York
Eaton, S. W. and L. J. Moftctt,

1971, New York
Eddy, S. and I . Surber. 1 960
Elser, II. J. and R. Mansueti,

1961, Maryland
Evermann, B. W.. 1 9 1 6. North

( arolina
Evermann, B. W.. 1918, Alabama

Evermann, B. W. and E. L. Golds-
borough. 1907, Canada

Evermann, B. W. and W. C.
Kendall. 1 896, Vermont

Evermann, B. W. and W. C.
Kendall. 1901

Fajen, O. F., 1961, Missouri

Farrell, M. A.. 1 933, New York

Fowler, H. W.. 1906, New Jersey

Fowler, H. W., 1907, New Jersey

Fowler, H. W.. 1914. Pennsyl-
vania

Fowler, H. W.. 1916 a, New
Jersey

Fowler, H. W.. 1916 b, New
Jersey

Fowler, H. W., 1918 a. New
Jersey, Pennsylvania

Fowler, H. W., 1918 b, Pennsyl-
vania

Fowler, H. W., 1919, Pennsyl-
vania

Fowler, H. W.. 1921, Pennsyl-
vania

Fowler, H. W.. 1925, Pennsyl-
vania

Fowler, H. W., 1927, Delaware

Fowler, H. W.. 1935. South Caro-
lina

Fowler, H. W.. 1945

Fowler, H. W., 1952, New Jersey

Fowler, K.. 1 903, New Jersey

Foye, R. E.. 1956, Maine

Freeman, H. W., 1 952, South
Carolina

Freeman, H. W., 1954, South
Carolina

Cirard, C. F., 1854

Goode,G.B., 1879

Goode,G.B., 1926

Cordon, M., 1937, New Hamp-
shire

Gorham, S. W., 1965, New
Brunswick

Gorham, S. W.. 1970. New
Brunswick

(•raft', I). R. and E. Sorenson.
1970

74

Gray,CE., 1954, Texas
Graj.C.E.. L955, Texas
Greeley, J. R., 1927, New York
Greeley, J. R.. 1930, Now York
Greeley. J. R.. 1938, New York
Greeley, J. R.. 1939, New York
Greeley, J. R., 1940, New York
Greeley, I. R. and S. C. Bishop.

1932, New York
Greeley, J. R. and S. C. Bishop.

1^33. New York
Green, C.W., 1035
Grice. F.. 1 958. Massachusetts
Halkett. A.. 1913, Canada
Henshall.J. A.. 1919
Herbert, H. W.. 1859
Hildebrand. S. F.. 1924. Georgia
Hildebrand, S. F. and W. C.
Schroeder, 1928. Chesapeake
Ba\
Hubbs, C. L. and E. R. Allen.

1943. Florida
Hubbs, C. L. and K. F. Lagler.

1964
Jenkins. R. E., E. A. Lachner and

F.J.Schwartz, 1970
Jordan, D. S., 1884
Jordan, D. S., 1889, North Caro-
lina. Virginia
Jordan, D. S.. 1929
Jordan. I). S. and H. E. Cope-
land. 1876
Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Ever-

mann. 1896 a
Jordan, D. S. and B. \V. Ever-

mann. 1896 b
Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Ever-

mann. 1923
Kemp. R. J.. 1954. Texas
Kendall. \V. C. 1895, Maine
Kendall, W. C. 1908. New Eng-
land
Kendall. W. C. and E. L. Golds-
borough. 1908, Connecticut
King, \\.. 1947. North Carolina
Knapp. F. T., 1953, Texas
Krueger. W. H.. 1961, Massachu-
setts

La Monte, F.. 1 945
I amonthe-Cadillac, ML, 1692
Leach, G. C, 1927
Livingstone, D. A., 1953, Nova

Scotia
McAfee, W, L. and A. C. Weed,

1915. Maryland
McCabe, B. C, 1943, Massachu-
setts
McCabe, B. C, 1958
McClane, A. J.. 1961
Mansueti, A. J. and J. D. Hardy,

Jr.. 1967
Mansueti, R.. 1951, Maryland
Mansueti, R. J„ 1 962, Maryland
Mansueti, R. and R. S. Scheltema.

1953. Maryland
Meek, A.. 1916
Meek, S. E.. 1896. Arkansas
Montpetit, A. N„ 1 897, Quebec
Moody, H. L.. 1957, Florida
Moore, G. A., 1968
Nash, C.W., 1908, Ontario
Nash,C.W., 1913, Ontario
Newell, A. E., 1960
Odell, T. T., 1932, New York
Odell, T. T„ 1933, New York
Odell, 1. T. and W. C. Senning.

1938, New York
Palmer, E. L. and A. H. Wright,

1920, Georgia
Pflieger, W, L., 1971, Missouri
Pickens, A. L., 1928, South Caro-
lina
Plummer, J. T„ 1851. Indiana
Ralforth, I.. 1944, Ontario
Raney, E. C, 1950, Virginia
Raney, E. C„ 195 1 , New York
Raney, E. C. and W. H. Massman.

1953. Virginia
Raver, D., Jr.. 1 962, North Caro-
lina
Reed, R. J.. 1971, Massachusetts
Ross, R. D„ 1959 a. Virginia
Rostlund, E.. 1952
Schrenkeisen, R. ML, 1963
Schwartz, F. J., I960. Maryland
Scott, W. B.. 1958, Canada

75

Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman,

1959, New Brunswick
Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman,

1967, Canada
Scott, VV. B. and E. J. Crossman,

1969, Canada
Slastcnenko, E. P., 1958, Canada
Smith, C.L., 1962, Kansas
Smith, H. M., 1893 a, North

Carolina
Smith, H.M., 1893 b
Smith, H. M., 1907, North Caro-
lina
Simth, H. M . and B. A. Bean.
1 899, District of Columbia
Storer, D. H., 1 858, Massachu-
setts
Stroud, R. H., 1955 a, Massachu-
setts
Tarzwell, C. M.. 1945, Tennessee
Thompson, Z., 1853, Vermont
Todd, F., 1877, Maine
Toner, G. C, 1 937, Ontario
Toner, G.C., 1943. Ontario
Tracy, H. C, 1 9 1 0, Rhode Island
Trautman, M. B., 1957. Ohio
Truitt, R. V., B. A. Bean and

H. W. Fowler, 1929, Maryland
Underhill, A. H., 1948, New York
Webster, D. A., 1944, Connecti-
cut
Webster, D. A., 1954, New York
Weed, A. C, 1923
Weed, A. C, 1927
Welsh, W. W., 1916. North Caro-
lina, South Carolina
Whitaker, J. O., Jr., 1968
Whitworth, W. R., P. L. Berrien
and W. T. Keller, 1968. Con-
necticut
Williams, J. D., 1968, Alabama

Food and Food Habits

Anon., 1871, Massachusetts

Abbott, C.C., 1876

Adams, C. C. and I . I . Hankin-

son. 1928. New York

Bailey, J. R. and J. A. Oliver,

1939, New Hampshire

Buntz,J., 1967, Florida

Carlander, K. D., 1969

Cooper, G. P.. 1942, Maine

Elser, H. J. and R. Mansueti,
1961, Maryland

Flemer, D. A., 1 959, Virginia

Foote, L. E. and P. B. Blake,
1945, Connecticut

Graff, D. R. and L. Sorenson,
1970

Gray, J. E. and F. G. Hall, 1929

Harrington, R. W., Jr., 1947

Hunter, G. W., HI and J. S.

Rankin, Jr., 1939. Connecticut

Lawrence, J. M., 1960, Alabama

Leach, G. C, 1927

Lewis, G. E., 1971, West Virginia

Lindenberg, J. G., 1970, Massa-
chusetts

McCabe,B. C, 1958

McCaig, R. S., and J. W. Mullan,
1960, Massachusetts

Mcllwain, T. D., 1970, Missis-
sippi

Meyers, C. D. and R. J. Muncy,
f962, Maryland

Pate, V. S. L., 1 933, New York

Raney, E. C, 1942, New York

Sanderson, A. E., Jr., 1959,
Maryland

Scott, W.B., 1967, Eastern
Canada

Smith, H. M.. 1 907. North Caro-
lina

Stroud, R. H., 1955 a, Massachu-
setts

Underhill, A. H., 1948, New York

Wagner, C. C. and E. L. Cooper,
1963. Pennsylvania

Walden, H.T., II. 1964

Warner, K.. 1973, Maine

Hybrids

Armbruster, I). C, I960
Armbrustcr, I).. 1966. Ohio

76

Bailey, R. M.. L938, New Hamp-
shire

Bean. T. H.. 1903. New York

Breder. C. M., Jr. and D. E.
Rosen. 1966

Buss, K. and J. Miller. 1967.
Pennsylvania

Crossman. E. J. and K. Buss.

1965. Pennsj 1\ ania, Ontario
Eddy. S.. 1940

Embody. G. C. 1918

Hubbs.C. L.. 1955

McCaig. R. S.. 1958, Massachu-
setts

Menzel, B. W. and D. M. Green,
Jr.. 1972. New York

Migdalski. E. C, 1962

Miller, J. G.. 1962. Pennsylvania

Raney, E. C. 1955. Massachu-
setts

Schwartz. F. J.. 1972

Slastenenko, E. P.. 1958, Canada

Weed, A. C. 1923

Weed, A. C, 1927

West, J. L., 1968

Wich. K. and J. W. Mullan, 1958,
Massachusetts

Life History and Habitat

Adams, C. C. and T. L. Hankin-

son. 1928, New York
Armbruster, D. C. 1959, Ohio
Barr. L. M.. 1962, Maine
Bean, T. H., 1 902, New York
Bean, T. H.. 1 903. New York
Buck, D. H., 1964. Illinois
Buck, D.H.. 1965, Illinois
Buck.D.H., 1969, Illinois
Buck, D. H. and C. F. Thoits, HI.

1966. Illinois

Buck, D. H. and C. F. Thoits, HE

1967. Illinois
Caine, L.S., 1949
Carlander, K. D.. 1969
Chew, R. L.. 1967. Florida
Elser, H. J. and R. Mansueti.

1961. Man land

Foye, R. E. and M. Scott. 1 965,
Maine

Hoover, E. E., 1937, New Hamp-
shire

Jenkins, R. E., E. A. Lachner
and F. J. Schwartz. 1970

Kendall, W . C, 1917

Lewis, G. E., 1971. West Virginia

McCabe.B.C, 1958

Mansueti, A. J. and R. J. Man-
sueti. 1955

Mansueti, A. J. and J. D. Hardy,
Jr., 1967

Meek, A.. 1916

Migdalski, E. C, 1962

Miller, L. F.. 1945, Tennessee

Raver, D., Jr., 1962, North Caro-
lina

Reid, G. K., Jr., 1950, Florida

Ryder, J. A., 1887

Saila, S. B. and D. Horton, 1957,
Rhode Island

Sanderson, A. E., Jr., 1950, Mary-
land

Schwartz, F. J., 1960, Maryland

Schwartz, F. J., 1964, Chesa-
peake, Delaware bays

Scott, W. B., 1967, Eastern
Canada

Slastenenko, E. P., 1958, Canada

Smith, M. W., 1 939, Nova Scotia

Smith, R. F., 1 955, New Jersey

Tarzwell, C. M., 1959

Thoits, C. F. and D. H. Buck.
1966. Illinois

Tompkins, W. A., 1953, Kentucky

Trippensee, R. E., 1953

Underhill, A. H., 1948, New York

Underhill, A. H., 1949, New York

Webster, D. A., 1942 b, Connec-
ticut

Wich, K. and J. W. Mullan, 1958,
Massachusetts

Wyatt, H. N., 1968, Georgia

Management

Anon., 1870. Massachusetts
Anon.. 1950. New Jersey

77

Anon.. 1959, Connecticut
Anon.. 1968. Louisiana
Bailey, J. R. and J. A. Oliver.

1939, New Hampshire
Buck, D. H.. 1969. Illinois
Cobb, K.. 1934, Connecticut
Corning, R. V., 1967 a, Virginia
Davis, J. T. and J. S. Hughes.

1968, Louisiana
Doxtater, G.. 1967. Indiana
Embody, C. C. 1915
Everhart, W. H. and G. A.

Rounsefell. 1953
Faigenbaum, H. M., 1933, New

York
Forste, F. H„ 1969. New Hamp-
shire
Funk, J. L., 1954. Missouri
Funk, J. L., 1955 a, Missouri
Funk, J. L., 1 955 b, Missouri
Green, D. M., Jr., 1967. New

York
Green, D. M., Jr.. 1 968, New

York
Green, D. M., Jr.. 1 970, New

York
Green, D. M., Jr.. 1971, New

York
Green, D. M., Jr.. 1972, New

York
Greene, C. YV., R. P. Hunter and

W.C.Senning, 1933, New York
Grice, F., 1962, Massachusetts
Herke, W. H., 1959, Florida
Hoffmann, C. H. and E. W.

Surber, 1948, West Virginia
Holder, I). R., 1970
Incerpi, A.. 1964, Maine
Jerome, W. C, 1962 a, New

Hampshire
Jerome, W. C, 1962 b. New

Hampshire
Kendall, W. C. 1913
Kendall, VV. C. 19 IS. Maine
Kirkland,A. L.. 1923. Georgia
Lagler, K. F.. 1956
I a m boil, V. VV., 1959, Louisiana

McCabe, B. C. 1952. Massachu-
setts
McCabe. B. C. 1953. Massachu-
setts
McCabe, B. C. and A. H. Swartz,

1952, Massachusetts
Odell, T. I . and W. C. Senning,

1938, New York
Prosser, IN. S.. 1968, Virginia
Ross, R. I), and G. E. Lewis.

1971. West Virginia
Rupp, R. S. and S. S. DeRoehe.

1965, Maine
Saila, S. B.. 1956. Rhode Island
Saila, S. B. and I). Horlon. 1957,

Rhode Island
Seaman, E. A. and E. W. Surber,

1949, West Virginia
Sheridan, J. R.. 1961, Virginia
Sheridan, J. R.. 1962 a. Virginia
Sheridan, J. R., 1962 b, Virginia
Sheridan, J. R., 1 963, Virginia
Smith, M, W., 1941, New Bruns-
wick
Smith, R. F.. 1953, New Jersey
Smith, R. F. and R. W. Gross,

1955, New Jersey
Stroud, R. H., 1953 a, Massachu-
setts
Stroud, R. H., 1953 b. Massachu-
setts
Stroud, R. H., 1955 a, Massachu-
setts
Stroud, R. H., 1955 b, Massachu-
setts
Stroud, R. H., 1970. Vermont
Stroud, R. H. and H. Bit/er. 1 955
Sullivan, C. R., 1956, West Vir-
ginia
Surber, E. W. and I). I). Friddle.

1949, West Virginia
Tarzwell, C. M.. 1942, Tennessee
Tarzwell, C. M.. 1 945, Tennessee
Thorpe, E. M., 1942. Connecticut
Trippensee, R. F... 1953
Underhill, A. H.. 1949, New York
Webster, I). A., 1943. Connecticut

78

Wightman, P., l964,Nevt Hamp-
shire

Wyatt, H., 1). R. Holder and P.
Loska. 1970, Georgia

Zitko, J., B. J. Finlay son. I). J.
Wildish, J. M. Anderson and
A.C. Kohler. 1971, New
Brunswick

Parasites, Pathology and
Diseases

Baker, F. C, 191 6. New York

Baker, F. C. 19 IS. Now York

Bangham. R. V.. 1941. Florida

Bean.T. H.. 1902. New York

Buck, D. H. and C. F. Thoits, III.
1970, Illinois

Davis, R. M.. 1967. Maine

Foote, L. F. and B. P. Blake.
1945. Connecticut

Foye, R. E. and M. Scott. 1965,
Maine

Goldberger, J.. 1911

Haley, A. J. and H. S. Winn,
1959, Maryland

Hoffman, G. L. 1967

Hunter. G.W. III, 1942. Con-
necticut

Hunter, G.W. III and VV. S.
Hunter. 1931

Hunter, G. W. Ill and J. S.
Rankin, Jr.. 1940

Knapp, F. T.. 1951, Texas

LaRue, G. R.. 1914

Leidy.J.. 1889

McCabe.B.C. 1958

Manther. H. W.. 1926

Meyer, M.C., 1962

Morrison. G. R.. 1957, New
Hampshire

Mueller, J. F.. 1931

Mueller, J. F.. 1932, New York

Mueller. I. F. and II. I. Van
Cleave. 1932. New York

Pratt, U.S.. 1923

Sindermann, C. J.. 1 953, Massa-
chusetts

Surber, E. >> . and I). I). 1 riddle,

1949. West Virginia
Van Cleave, H. J., 1923
Van Cleave. H. J. and J. F.

Mueller. 1932. New York
Van Cleave, H. J. and J. F.

Mueller. 1934. New York
Ward, H.B.. 1910
Ward. H. B.. 1912
Wieh, K. and J. W. Mullan. 1958.

Massachusetts
Wilson, C. B.. 1 903

Popular Accounts

Anon., (no date), Quebec
Anon.. 1960
Caine,L.S.,ed„ 1949
Carpenter, C, 1965, Texas
Chalmers,!., 1879
Circle, H.. (no date)
Cooper, A., 1971
Dalrymple, B., 1968
Dolan.T., 1960

Gooch, B., 1967 a, North Carolina
Gooch, B.. 1967 b
Grosvenor, M. B., ed., 1 965
Hackney, P. A., 1968, Alabama
Henshall,J. A., 1903
Hutt, A., 1967, Florida
Kemp, R.. 1952, Texas
La Monte, F., 1 945
MeCarraher, D. B., 1965
McClane, A. J., 1947
McClane, A. J., 1961
McClane, A. J., ed., 1965
Melancon, C, 1968. Quebec
Miller, J.. 1970, Pennsylvania
Montross, L„ 1937
Morgan, A. H.. 1930
Muir, R., 1967, New Jersey
Musiek, J. A., 1 962, New Jersey
Needham, J. G., 1920, New York
Ommanney, F. D., 1969
Orr, R.T., 1966
Phillips, , I.. I960
Prince, A. W.. 1965
Raney, E.C., 1950, Virginia

79

Reece,M., 1963

Roy. J. M. and G. Beaulieu, 1965,

Quebec
Sammuels, E. A., 1902
Schreitmiiller, \V., 1915, Germany
Smith, O. W., 1922
Thoreau, H. D., 1859
Tomlin, W. D., 1892
Ward, H. B., 1 9 1 9, New York
Wooding, F. H„ 1959, Canada
Wright, A. H. and A. A. Allen,

1913, New York

Predation

Anon. (W.W.E.), 1874

Abbott, C.C., 1876

Buck, D. H. and C. F. Thoits III,

1970, Illinois
Crossman, E. J., 1962 c
Doxtater, G., 1967, Indiana
Keith, W. E. and S. W. Barkley,

1971, Arkansas
Reed, J. R., 1969
Warner, K., 1972, Maine
Warner, K., R. P. Auclair, S. E.

De Roche, K. A. Harvey and
C.F.Ritzi, 1968

Taxonomy, Nomenclature,
and Systematics

Anon., 1877

Anon., 1902 a

Anon., 1902 b

Adams, C. C. and T. L. Hankin-

son, 1928, New York
Agassiz, L„ 1854, Tennessee
Ayres,W.O., 1843
Bailey, R. M., J. E. Fitch, E. S.

Herald, E. A. Lachner, C. C.

Lindsey, C. R. Robins and

W.B.Scott, 1970
Bailey, R. M.. H. E. Winn and

C. L. Simth, 1954, Alabama,

Florida
Beamish, R. J., M. J. Merrilees

and F. J. Crossman, 1 97 1

Bean.T.H., 1891
Bean, T. H., 1897 a, New York
Bean, T. H., 1 897 b, New York
Bean, T. H., 1902, New York
Boschung, H. T., Jr.. 1961,

Alabama
Buss, K. and J. Miller, (no date) b,

Pennsylvania
Caine, L.S.. 1949
Carpenter, R. G. and H. R.

Siegler. 1947. New Hampshire
Carr, A. F., Jr., 1 936, Florida
Carr, A. and C. J. Goin, 1955,

Florida
Cope, E.D.. 1869
Crossman, E. J., 1960
Crossman, E. J., 1962 a, Canada
Crossman, E. J., 1962 b, North

Carolina
Crossman, E. J., 1966
Cuvier, G. and M. A. Valen-
ciennes, 1846
Davisson, M. T., 1972
DeKay,J.E., 1842
Dymond, J. R., 1947, Canada
Eddy,S., 1957
Evermann, B. W., 1898
Evermann, B. W., 1902
Gill, T.N., 1896
Gill, T.N., 1898
Girard.C.F., 1854
Girard, C, 1856, Massachusetts
Gunther,A., 1866
Hazzard, A. S., K. Buss and J.

Miller, (no date), Pennsylvania
Henshall, J. A.. 1919
Herbert, H. W., 1859
Hildebrand, S. F. and W. C.

Schroeder, 1928, Chesapeake

Bay
Holbrook, J. E., 1860, South

Carolina
Hubbs,C, 1972, Texas
Jordan, D. S., 1882, Ohio
Jordan, D. S., 1884
Jordan, I). S.. 1 905
Jordan, I). S., 1917

80

Jordan, I). S.. 1918
Jordan, D. S.. 1925
Jordan. 1). S.. 1929
Jordan. D. S. and B. \V. Ever-

mann. 1896 a
Jordan. I). S. and B. W. Ever-

mann. 1896 h
Jordan. I). S. and B. W. Ever-

iii.uiii 1923
Jordan, I). S.. B. W. Evcrmann

andH. W.Clark. L930
Jordan. D. S. and C. H. Gilbert.

1883
karvelis, E. G.. 1964
Kirtland.J. P.. 1844
Kirtland. J. P.. 1854. Ohio
Knapp. F. T.. 1953, Texas
Kuhne. E. R.. 1939 a. Tennessee
Kuhne. E. R.. 1939 b, Tennessee
Lesueur, C. A.. 1 8 1 8
Mitchill, S. L.. 181 4, New York
Montpetit. A. N.. 1897. Quebec
Moore, G. A.. 1 968
Nelson, G. J.. 1972
Nikol'skii. G. V.. 1961
Pflieger, W. L.. 1966, Missouri
Pflieger, W. L.. 1971. Missouri
Rover, D., Jr.. 1 962, North Caro-
lina
Richardson, L. R.. 1935. Quebec
Ross, R. D.. 1959 b. Virginia

Schwartz, F. J.. I960, Maryland

Scott, W.B., 1958. Canada

Scott, W. B., 1967. Eastern
Canada

Scott, W. B. and E. J. Grossman,
1967. Canada

Scott, W. B. and E. J. Grossman,
1969, Canada

Senton, A. H. and M. M. Stewart.
1971

Sexton, A. D., 1963

Slastenenko, E. P., 1958, Canada

Smith, H. M., 1907, North Caro-
lina

Smith-Vaniz, W. F., 1968,
Alabama

Starks,E.C., 1904

Storer, D. H., 1844

Storer, D. H., 1846

Storer, D. H., 1858

Thompson, Z., 1842, Vermont

Thompson, Z., 1853, Vermont

Trautman, M. B., 1957, Ohio

Underhill, A. H., 1948, New York

Weed, A. C., 1925

Weed, A. C., 1927

Whitaker, J. O., Jr., 1968

Whitworth, W. R., P. L. Berrien
and W. T. Keller, 1 968, Con-
necticut

Wooding, F. H., 1959, Canada

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ISBN: 0-88854-146-5