U.S. Arm
Cost. Eng -Res.Ctr

MR 80-5

An Annotated Bibliography
of

CERC Coastal Ecology Reséarc ;
DOCUMENT

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COLL feria

ION

by
Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancey,

Paul L. Knutson, and Arthur K. Hurme

MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 80-5
JUNE 1980

Approved for public release;
distribution unlimited.

U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
COASTAL ENGINEERING
RESEARCH CENTER

Kingman Building
Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060

Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate
credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center.

Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of
this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are
available from:

National Technical Information Service
ATTN: Operations Division

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22161

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official
Department of the Army position unless so designated by other
authorized documents.

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AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF Miscellaneous Report
CERC COASTAL ECOLOGY RESEARCH

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(a) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)
Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancey, Paul L. Knutson, and
Arthur K. Hurme

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
Department of the Army

Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CE) V04230
Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This bibliography supersedes MR 78-2, “An Annotated Bibliography of CERC Coastal Ecology
Research,” May 1978, NTIS AD No. A058 712; it contains the listing provided in that report plus
items issued since March 1978.

- KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)

Annotated bibliography Coastal ecology

| ABSTRACT (Continue om reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)

This bibliography identifies the research work that was either funded by or published by the
CERC Coastal Ecology Branch from 1967 to March 1980.

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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)

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PREFACE

This report is published to provide coastal engineers with a comprehensive bibliography
of coastal ecology research work. The bibliography is published under the coastal ecology
research program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC).

This bibliography supersedes MR 78-2, “An Annotated Bibliography of CERC Coastal
Ecology Research,” May 1978, NTIS AD No. A058 712; it contains the listing provided in
that report plus items issued since March 1978.

The report was compiled by Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancy, Paul L. Knutson, and
Arthur K. Hurme, under the general supervision of R.P. Savage, Chief, Research Division.

Comments on this publication are invited.

Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 7944 Congress, approved
31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88 Congress, approved 7 November
1963.

TED E. BISHOP
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Commander and Director

CONTENTS

Page

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AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COASTAL ECOLOGY RESEARCH

Compiled by
Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancey, Paul L. Knutson,
and

Arthur K. Hurme

I. INTRODUCTION

This bibliography identifies the research work that was either funded by or published
by the CERC Coastal Ecology Branch from 1967 to March 1980. It supercedes MR 78-2
dated May 1978, which identified research work up to March 1978. Abstracts are provided
to assist coastal engineers and scientists in evaluating and selecting pertinent literature for
use in environmental studies. Separate author and subject indexes are also included.

Publications that are in stock at CERC are available upon request to the Technical
Information Division, Coastal Engineering Information and Analysis Center (CERTI-CE).
Interlibrary loans for all CERC publications are made for 90 days on request to the
Technical Information Division, Library Branch (CERTI-LI). Publications no longer
available at CERC may be purchased by AD Number in hard copy or microfiche from:

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
ATTN: Operations Division

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22161

Suggestions for improving the usefulness and scope of this reference list are solicited.

Il. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1967

1. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., and HANES, R.E., “Dune Stabilization with Vegetation on
the Outer Banks of North Carolina,” TM-22, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Aug. 1967, NTIS AD No.
659 341.

Shore and nursery experiments were conducted to develop an accelerated and effective
vegetation program for “growing” dunes. Randomized blocks of plantings, with three
replications, were used in the experiments. Results of various methods of producing nursery
stock transplanting and fertilization, are shown in figures, tables, and photos. The most

practical and economical methods for each step of the program are suggested.

1968-69

2. SAVAGE, R.P., and WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., “‘Creation and Stabilization of Coastal
Barrier Dunes,” Proceedings of 11th Conference on Coastal Engineering, American
Society of Civil Engineers, 1968, pp. 671-700 (also Reprint 3-69, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1969,
NTIS AD No. 697 532).

This paper presents the results of field experiments to create and stabilize barrier dunes
along the North Carolina coast during the past decade. All of the experimental work has
been carried out on low-lying barrier islands, a geographical environment typical of most of
the Atlantic and gulf coasts of the United States. The experimentation has been directed
toward the use of sand fences and dune grasses to catch and hold windblown sand and thus
create and maintain a barrier dune.

1970

3. GAGE, B.O., ‘Experimental Dunes of the Texas Coast,’ MP 1-70, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1970,
NTIS AD No. 702 902.

Report describes experiments of creating and stabilizing sand dunes to protect the
coast. Four locations were selected: the southwest end of Galveston Island, Packery
Channel, Newport Pass on North Padre Island, and Corpus Christi Pass. Low areas of the
barrier islands were planted in beach grass in an attempt to establish dunes without the aid
of sand fences. Snow fencing was used to accumulate windblown sand, and beach grass
planted to stabilize dunes. Junk car bodies were placed in line parallel to beaches to
establish and stabilize dunes by trapping sand. Since snow fences are more effective and

much cheaper, junk cars are not recommended for building dunes.

4. GROSS, M.G., “Preliminary Analysis of Urban Waste, New York Metropolitan Region,”
Technical Report No. 5, Marine Science Research Center, State University of New
York, Stony Brook, Mar. 1970, 35 pp., NTIS AD No. 746 959.

Prelimimary analyses were made of 17 sewage sludge samples from sewage treatment
plants serving 11.9 million persons in the New York metropolitan region. The sludge
consists of about 55-percent organic matter, which accounts for about 55 percent of the
total oxygen demand. About 45 percent of the sludge is aluminosilicate material, chemically
similar to shale. The sludge samples are enriched (compared to sedimentary rocks, soils, and
organisms) in the following elements: chromium, copper, lead, and tin. These elements are
common industrial materials, and are known to be highly toxic to marine organisms; some
are carcinogenic. The preliminary analyses indicate semiquantitative spectrochemical
analyses may be useful for determining order-of-magnitude concentrations of 24 elements

commonly occurring in sewage sludges. Loss-on-ignition, an ashing technique, is useful for
the analysis of organic matter in sewage sludges not containing large amounts of hydrous
aluminosilicates.

5. GROSS, M.G., “Analysis of Dredged Waste, Fly Ash and Waste Chemicals, New York
Metropolitan Region,” Technical Report No. 7, Marine Science Research Center,
State University of New York, Stony Brook, Oct. 1970, 33 pp., NTIS AD No.
734 337.

Chemical and physical properties were determined on wastes commonly transported by
barge for disposal in coastal waters offshore from New York Harbor. Dredged wastes were
studied by analysis of harbor sediment and wastes deposited in the “mud disposal area.”
Chemical and physical properties of these wastes suggest that they commonly consist of
about 20-percent carbonaceous wastes (possibly sewage solids) mixed with low carbon
river-borne silt (median grain size 30 micrometers) and an unknown amount of industrial
wastes. Waste chemicals analyzed had a wide range of chemical composition but were not
adequately sampled to provide useful limits on their chemical and physical compositions.
Some samples of waste chemicals had high concentrations of such metals as lead, tin, and
zinc. A preliminary budget of waste solids dumped in the New York Bight indicates that
dredged wastes are major sources of oxygen-demanding substances and potentially
troublesome metals. Certain metals, especially silver and lead, and the high carbon
concentrations are promising as tracers in delineating distributions and subsequent

movement of waste deposits in the region.

1971

6. GROSS, M.G., etal., “Survey of Marine Waste Deposits, New York Metropolitan
Region,” Technical Report No. 8, Marine Science Research Center, State
University of New York, Stony Brook, Apr. 1971, 72 pp., NTIS AD No. 723 431.

Major sources of wastes and large waste deposits in the coastal waters around the New
York metropolitan region were surveyed in 1970 to determine their properties. Using the
most diagnostic properties of the wastes, the areas covered by the various waste deposits
were sampled and approximate boundaries determined. Distribution of samples containing
anomalously high total concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, and silver was compared
to the distribution of carbon-rich deposits on the Continental Shelf. Assuming that
carbon-rich deposits are indicative of waste accumulation on the Continental Shelf, the data
indicate that lead and copper are the most useful elements for mapping and distribution of
wastes. Silver is marginally useful for determining waste distributions; total chromium
concentrations appear to have little utility. Concentrations of HCl-extractable metals
(copper, nickel, chromium, manganese, and iron) correlated well with total elemental

concentrations determined by optical emission spectrochemical analyses.

Only a few groups of pollution-tolerant organisms (nematodes and capitellid worms)
were abundant in sediments from the inner parts of New York Harbor. Benthic animal
communities in most of the inner harbor were either drastically impoverished or lacking;
communities in the lower bay were less severely affected by pollution. Near the harbor
entrance the Continental Shelf appeared to have near-normal bottom-dwelling organisms.
No living forminifera were found in sediment from the East River near Throgs Neck; few
species of living foraminifera were present in the western Long Island Sound. The total
number of individual foraminifera (live plus dead) increased toward the west. Waste disposal
activities have had little demonstrable effect on the diversity or distribution of foraminifera
in western Long Island. Margalef’s Index of Diversity and the number of genera in each
sample indicate low diversity values in the extreme western end of the Sound and near the
Connecticut shore. Ostracods were rare.

7. HORNE, R.A., MOHLER, A.J., and ROSSELLO, R.C., “The Marine Disposal of
Sewage Sludge and Dredged Spoil in the Waters of the New York Bight,” Technical
Memorandum No. 1-71, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole,
Mass., Jan. 1971, NTIS AD No. 722 791.

The dumping of sewer sludge and dredge spoil in the waters of the New York Bight and
the effect of this waste disposal practice on the marine environment are reviewed. The
quantities and composition of these wastes are described together with their physical,
chemical, and biological effects on the environment. At the center of the sludge dump the
bearing capacity of the waters has been exceeded and an anoxic bottom area is devoid of life
form. Both spoil and sludge contain large quantities of toxic heavy metals, and the spoil also
contains large quantities of petrochemicals and pesticides.

8. SHERK, J.A., Jr., and O'CONNOR, J.M., “Effects of Suspended and Deposited
Sediments on Estuarine Organisms,” Chesapeake Biological Laboratory Reference
No. 71-4D, Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.
1971, 31 pp. and Appendixes.

This is an annual report summarizing research activities and principal findings from
September 1970 to September 1971. Experiments were conducted for testing (a) the lethal
effects of sediment concentrations, (b) the effects of sediment on cruising speed and
respiration of estuarine fish, and (c) the effects of sediments on feeding rates of various
estuarine zooplankters.

1972

9. NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, “The Effects of Waste Disposal in the
New York Bight,” Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, N.J., Nine sections (NTIS
AD Nos. 739 531 to 739 539); Summary Final Report (NTIS AD No. 743 936),
May 1972.
Short-term studies on the effects of ocean dumping in the New York Bight were
conducted for CERC. This report summarizes the hydrographic, geological, chemical, and
biological data collected.

10. ROUNSEFELL, G.A., “Ecological Effects of Offshore Construction,” Journal of
Marine Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1972, 89 pp. and Appendixes.

An evaluation of current knowledge of the probable ecological effects of various types
of offshore construction reveals slight danger from the majority of construction programs.
The greatest danger lies in the placement of artificial islands within or too closely adjacent
to estuaries where they can significantly affect water exchange, and in the proliferation of
water-cooled nuclear powerplants.

11. SHERK, J.A., Jr., and O'CONNOR, J.M., “Effects of Suspended and Deposited
Sediments on Estuarine Organisms,” Chesapeake Biological Laboratory Reference
No. 72-9E, Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.,
Dec. 1972, 105 pp.

This is an annual report summarizing research activities and findings from September
1971 to September 1972. Sedimentary material can be introduced to or resuspended in the
estuarine environment by nature or by man. Data indicate that exposure of estuarine fishes
to suspended particulate matter can result in increased mortality and sublethal physiological
alterations.

12. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.D., and BROOME, S.W., “Marsh Building with
Dredged Spoil in North Carolina,” Bulletin No. 445, Agricultural Experiment
Station, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 29 pp. (also Reprint 2-72, U.S.
Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C.,
NTIS AD No. 755 178).

The value of tidal marsh for shoreline protection and as a nursery ground and source of
energy for a high proportion of commercial and sports fishery species has become widely
recognized in recent years. Dredge spoil, produced in the maintenance of navigation
channels within sounds and estuaries, may be a means of establishing new marsh to replace
some of that which has been lost. Therefore, the possibility exists of combining two
desirable objectives in one operation—the stabilization of dredge spoil and the establishment
of new tidal marsh. This paper is a progress report on a study initiated in the fall of 1969
designed to explore this possibility.

1973

13. PARARAS-CARAYANNIS, G., “Ocean Dumping in the New York Bight: An
Assessment of Environmental Studies,” TM-39, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., May 1973, NTIS AD No.

766 721.
Short-term studies on effects of ocean dumping in the New York Bight were contracted

by CERC. Studies included hydrographic, geological, chemical, and biological investigations,
and an electronic sensor survey to detect locations and dump status of waste disposal

vessels. Circulation patterns were determined. Chemical analyses of water samples were
made; sediment and biological samples were analyzed. Included are studies of marine life,
bacteria, and waste disposal. Impacts on ecology and water quality are discussed.

14. THOMPSON, J.R., “Ecological Effects of Offshore Dredging and Beach Nourishment:
A Review,” MP 1-73, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1973, NTIS AD No. 756 366.

A review of ecological effects of offshore dredging is presented. Although basic
ecological works are available, there has been little concrete effort to determine effects of
offshore dredging; additional research is needed to approach full understanding. Report
shows that a beach may be divided into three zones on the basis of moisture and biota, and
describes the possible effects on these biota from offshore dredging and deposition of
sediments. Background material and impacts on both offshore dredged areas and nourished
beaches, and suggestions for further research are included. A selected bibliography is
included.

1974

15. COURTENAY, W.R., Jr., et al., “Ecological Monitoring of Beach Erosion Control
Projects, Broward County, Florida, and Adjacent Areas,” TM-41, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1974,
NTIS AD No. 778 733.

Ecological monitoring of algae, invertebrates, and fishes was conducted along the
southeast Florida coast in connection with offshore dredging and beach nourishment
projects. One area surveyed showed no adverse ecological effects; reef damage by dredging
equipment was found in another area. Ecological data have been recorded for three other
areas proposed for dredge-and-fill operations.

16. HURME, A.K., “A Glossary of Ecological Terms for Coastal Engineers,” MP 2-74, U.S.
Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engimeering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.,
Mar. 1974, NTIS AD No. 777 764.

This is a glossary of basic ecology terms commonly encountered in the field of coastal
engineering. The terms are applicable to, but not necessarily restricted to, marine and
freshwater environments of the coastal zone. Terms are cross-referenced and defined in
nontechnical language for use by nonecologists. ;

17. KEITH, J.M., and SKJEI, R.E., “Engineering and Ecological Evaluation of Artificial-
Island Design, Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California,” TM-43, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Mar. 1974,
NTIS AD No. 778 740.

Rincon Island is a manmade offshore island composed of armor rock and tetrapod
revetments enclosing a sand core. An evaluation after 14 years shows: no damage by waves;
littoral transport has been unaffected; little subsidence has occurred; and a thriving
community of marine organisms has developed.

10

18. SALOMAN, C.H., “Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of Nearshore
Zone of Sandy Key, Florida, Prior to Beach Restoration,” Final Report, National
Marine Fisheries Service, Panama City, Fla., 1974.

This report defines some of the major physical, chemical, and biological characteristics
of the nearshore zone of Sandy Key, Florida, prior to beach restoration. It also includes
results of a supplemental study on the effects of hydraulic dredging for emergency
restoration of Sunset Beach on Treasure Island, Florida. An extensive bibliography on the
physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the nearshore zone is included.

19. SHERK, J.A., Jr., et al., “Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine
Organisms,” Chesapeake Biological Laboratory Reference No. 74-20, Final Report
Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Md., Mar. 1974,
267 pp., NTIS AD No. A011 372.

A 3-year laboratory study identified the biological effects of (a) suspended mineral
solids similar in size to sediments likely to be found in, or added to, estuarine systems in
concentrations typically found during flooding, dredging, and disposal of dredged material,
and (b) natural sediments. Generally, bottom-dwelling fish species were most tolerant to
suspended solids; filter feeders were most sensitive. Early life stages were more sensitive to
suspended solids than adults. Carbon assimilation by four species of phytoplankton was
significantly reduced by the light attenuating properties of fine silicon dioxide suspensions.
Ingestion of radioactive food cells by two species of calanoid copepods was significantly
reduced during exposure to suspensions of fuller’s earth, fine silicon dioxide, and natural
Patuxent River silt.

20. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.D., and BROOME, S.W., “Propagation of
Spartina alterniflora for Substrate Stabilization and Salt Marsh Development,”
TM-46, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1974, NTIS AD No. 002 055.

Describes techniques developed for the propagation of Spartina alterniflora (smooth
cordgrass) in the intertidal zone of dredge spoil and eroding shorelines. Both seeding and
transplanting methods were successful. The relationship of mineral nutrition to productivity
of S. alterniflora was also determined.

1975

21. DAHL, B.E., et al., “Construction and Stabilization of Coastal Foredunes with
Vegetation: Padre Island, Texas,” MP 9-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1975, NTIS AD No.
A018 065.

Experiments to establish specifications and methodologies for beach grasses in
constructing and stabilizing foredunes as storm surge barriers along the gulf coast are

presented. Conclusions are based on 2.5 linear miles of experimental plots with beach
plantings and fence-built dunes on Padre Island, Texas. Results of greenhouse experiments
on the effects of nutrients and salinity on beach-grass growth are also presented.

22. DODD, J.D., and WEBB, J.W., “Establishment of Vegetation for Shoreline Stabilization
in Galveston Bay,” MP 6-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1975, NTIS AD No. A012 839.

Report discusses the resident species of plants adapted to saline conditions for control
of shore erosion in bays and estuaries. The 12 plant species selected are evaluated for their
ability to stabilize shorelines. Several combinations of species are suggested for different

zones. An inexpensive wave-stilling device to protect plantings from wave action is
described.

23. GARBISCH, E.W., Jr., WOLLER, P.B., and McCALLUM, R.J., ‘‘Salt Marsh Establish-
ment and Development,” TM-52, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1975, NTIS AD No.
A014 136.

Establishment and development of vegetation within the intertidal and supratidal zones
on salt marshes and dredged materials to stabilize shorelines and abate shoreline erosion are
reported for the mid-Chesapeake Bay region.

24. HALL, V.L., and LUDWIG, J.D., ‘Evaluation of Potential Use of Vegetation for
Erosion Abatement Along the Great Lakes Shoreline,” MP 7-75, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1975,
NTIS AD No. A014 137.

This study identifies and evaluates shoreline plants with potential, either alone or in
combination with structures, to alter the erosion rate along shores of the Great Lakes. It was
determined that plants alone are not suitable erosion controllers along most shores because

of severe wave action.

25. NYBAKKEN, J., and STEPHENSON, M., “Effects of Engineering Activities on the
Ecology of Pismo Clams,” MP 8-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1975, NTIS AD No.
A016 948.

Three aspects of the ecology of Pismo clams were investigated in Monterey Bay,
California: distribution, reproduction cycle, and age and growth. Pismo clam populations
were restricted to sand beaches between the Salinas River and Santa Cruz with the highest
densities intertidal, and their presence and absence correlated with beach slope and grain

size.

26. SALOMAN, C.H., “A Selected Bibliography of the Nearshore Environment: Florida
West Coast,” MP 5-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1975, NTIS AD No. A012 854.

A collection of more than 2,900 references on ecological and coastal engineering
subjects related to the nearshore environment of the Florida west coast. References are
grouped by subject and alphabetized by author within each subject heading.

1976

27. CAMMEN, L.M., SENECA, E.D., and COPELAND, B.J., “Animal Colonization of
Man-Initiated Salt Marshes on Dredged Spoil,” TP 76-7, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1976,
NTIS AD No. A028 345.

A research study to determine differences in fauna in spoil areas and natural marsh at
Drum Inlet and Snow’s Cut, North Carolina, is presented. A marked difference in faunal
development was found at the sites. Research also showed that planting Spartina on dredge
spoil led to the creation of salt marsh which resembled natural marsh.

28. COX, J.L., “Sampling Variation in Sand Beach Littoral and Nearshore Meiofauna and
Macrofauna,” TP 76-14, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1976, NTIS AD No. A032 115.

This study evaluates sampling procedures and statistical methods for analysis of the
fauna associated with high-energy sandy beaches. An extensive one-season sampling at a
relatively undisturbed beach site in central Monterey Bay, California, was used as a basis for
the evaluation.

29. KNUTSON, P.L., “Summary of CERC Research on Uses of Vegetation for Erosion
Control,” Proceedings of Great Lakes Vegetation Workshop, Great Lakes Basin
Commission and USDA Soil Conservation Service, Dec. 1976, pp. 31-36.

CERC and its predecessor, the Beach Erosion Board, have been investigating uses of
vegetation for erosion control for nearly two decades. Early research focused upon dune
formation and stabilization with beach grasses. More recently, marsh grasses have been
studied as a means of controlling bank erosion. This presentation summarizes important
research findings concerning (a) the use of vegetation for the stabilization and formation of
dunes, (b) the use of vegetation for bank stabilization, and (c) the use of vegetation in
combination with coastal structures. Potential application of these findings in the Great
Lakes region is also discussed.

30. LEVY, G.F., “Vegetative Study at the Duck Field Research Facility, Duck, North
Carolina,” MR 76-6, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1976, NTIS AD No. A025 178.

A vegetative study of the Duck Field Research Facility of the U.S. Army Coastal
Engineering Research Center at Duck, North Carolina, was conducted from March 1974

13

through June 1975. Eleven different plant communities were delimited. Floristic collections
made throughout the study period revealed a flora of approximately 178 species in 132

genera representing 58 families.

31. O'CONNOR, J.M., NEUMANN, D.A., and SHERK, J.A., Jr., “Lethal Effects of
Suspended Sediments on Estuarine Fish,” TP 76-20, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1976,
NTIS AD No. A037 377.

This study provides base-line information for preproject decisionmaking based upon the
anticipated concentration of suspended sediments at the project site and the effect of
various lengths of exposure on estuarine fish of different life-history stages and habitat

preference.

32. OLIVER, J.S., and SLATTERY, P.N., “Effects of Dredging and Disposal on Some
Benthos at Monterey Bay, California,” TP 76-15, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Oct. 1976, NTIS AD No.
A032 684.

Natural temporal variations in benthic assemblages and substrate stability changes,
effects of dredging and disposal of dredged material, subsequent recolonization and

recovery, and faunal distribution and reproductive abilities are discussed.

33. SALOMAN, C.H., “The Benthic Fauna and Sediments of the Nearshore Zone off
Panama City Beach, Florida,” MR 76-10, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1976, NTIS AD No.
A031 992.

This study presents basic scientific data on the benthic fauna and surface sediments of
the nearshore zone of Panama City Beach, Florida, before restoration of the beach, and the

results of a study on the effect of Hurricane Eloise on the benthic fauna in the swash zone
of Panama City Beach.

34. SENECA, E.D., WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., and BROOME, S.W., “Dune Stabilization
with Panicum amarum Along the North Carolina Coast,” MR 76-3, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb.
1976, NTIS AD No. A023 178.
This study was conducted to determine the dune-stabilizing and dune-building potential

of Panicum amarum (bitter panicum) along the North Carolina coast.

14

35. SHERK, J.A., Jr., O?CONNOR, J.M., and NEUMANN, D.A., “Effects of Suspended
Solids on Selected Estuarine Plankton,” MR 76-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan. 1976, NTIS AD No.
A022 653.

A 3-year laboratory study identified biological components of selected populations of

estuarine organisms most sensitive to the effects of different suspended sediments.

36. WEBB, J.W., and DODD, J.D., “Vegetation Establishment and Shoreline Stabilization,”
TP 76-13, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1976, NTIS AD No. A030 169.

Techniques for shoreline stabilization with vegetation and the associated environment
are presented. Studies were conducted on the adaption of species for shoreline stabilization,
use of wave-stilling devices, and effects of fertilizers along the north shore of East Bay,

Texas.

37. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.D., and BROOME, S.W., “Propagation and Use
of Spartina alterniflora for Shoreline Erosion Abatement,” TR 76-2, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug.
1976, NTIS AD No. A030 423.

This report contains the results of experiments in the use of marsh vegetation to protect
eroding shorelines, a laboratory study on mineral nutrition of Spartina alterniflora, and an

additional year of monitoring several trials previously described by these authors.

1977

38. DAHL, B.E., and GOEN, J.P., “Monitoring of Foredunes on Padre Island, Texas,” MR
77-8, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Va., July 1977, NTIS AD No. A043 875.

This study was conducted to continue monitoring foredunes formed from grass planting
during 1969 to 1973 on north Padre Island beaches. The report summarizes data obtained
from elevational profiles and vegetative transects at one natural foredune and four

experimental foredunes during 1975 and 1976.

39. KNUTSON, P.L., “Planting Guidelines for Marsh Development and Bank Stabilization,”
CETA 77-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1977, NTIS AD No. A046 547.

Marsh plants are effective in stabilizing eroding banks in many sheltered coastal areas.
This report provides guidelines for (a) selecting plants and planting methods, (b)
determining seed application rate and plant spacing, (c) determining fertilization
requirements, and (d) estimating labor cost.

40. KNUTSON, P.L., “Planting Guidelines for Dune Creation and Stabilization,” CETA
77-4, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1977, NTIS AD No. A046 170.

Beach grasses have been used successfully in many coastal projects to form and stabilize
dune systems as natural barriers to the inland penetration of waves and storm surges. This
report provides guidelines for (a) selecting plants and planting methods; (b) obtaining plants;
(c) storing, planting, and maintaining plants; and (d) estimating labor requirements.

41. KNUTSON, P.L., “Designing for Bank Erosion Control With Vegetation,” Proceedings
of Fifth Symposium of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Nov. 1977, pp. 716-733 (also Reprint 78-2, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb.
1978, NTIS AD No. A051 571).

Marsh plants are effective in stabilizing eroding banks in sheltered coastal areas.
Exceptional results have been achieved in a variety of intertidal environments at a fraction
of the cost required for comparable structural protection. Techniques are available for the
efficient propagation of several marsh plants for use in bank stabilization. This paper
provides design criteria for (a) determining site suitability, (b) selecting plant materials and
planting methods, and (c) estimating labor requirements on a project-by-project basis.

42. MATTA, J.F., “Beach Fauna Study of the CERC Field Research Facility, Duck, North
Carolina,” MR 77-6, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1977, NTIS AD No. A040 593.

The results of an intensive seasonal study of the beach fauna of a barrier island in Dare
County, North Carolina, are presented. Study areas include the beach face from margin of
the swash zone to 60 meters offshore on the ocean beach, and from swash zone to 300
meters offshore on the sound beach. A simple quantitative sampling device was also

developed for use in the surf zone.

43. MEYER, A.L., and CHESTER, A.L., “The Stabilization of Clatsop Plains, Oregon,”
Shore and Beach, Vol. 45, No. 4, Oct. 1977, pp. 34-41.

The Clatsop Plains, Oregon, were successfully stabilized by erecting sand fences to
create a base for planting grasses. A protective foredune was formed from the windblown
sand collected by sand fences and beach grasses. European beachgrass was planted, followed
in later years by plantings of Scotch broom and shore pine. An analysis of successive survey
profiles showed that sand accumulated at an average annual rate of 5.56 and 5.57 cubic
yards per linear foot of beach between 1934 and 1963 and between 1934 and 1964,
respectively. Dunes as high as 25 feet have developed behind the beach.

16

44. O'CONNOR, J.M., NEUMANN, D.A., and SHERK, J.A., Jr., ‘‘Sublethal Effects of
Suspended Sediment on Estuarine Fish,” TP 77-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1977, NTIS AD No.
A040 646.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects, if any, of sublethal
concentrations of suspended materials on the fish in estuarine systems. The suspensions
were of natural sediment, obtained from the Patuxent River estuary, Maryland, or
commercially available fuller’s earth.

1978

45. JOHNSON, G.F., and deWIT, L.A., “Ecological Effects of An Artificial Island,” MR
78-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1978, NTIS AD No. A062 065.

This study documents marine ecological conditions at Rincon Island, located
approximately one-half mile offshore between Ventura and Santa Barbara, California, in a
depth of 14 meters (45 feet). The island, which was constructed between 1954 and 1959 to
serve as a permanent platform for oil and gas production, is particularly suitable for
ecological study. Habitat features associated with the armor rock and concrete tetrapods
surrounding the island support a “‘microecosystem” which differs in biotic composition
from surrounding natural bottom areas.

A major part of the study was devoted to analysis of seasonal dynamics in biotic
composition. Permanent transects extending from the high intertidal to natural bottom were
established normal to each of the four cardinal sides of the island. All macrobiota were
censused in duplicate 1-square meter quadrants along each transect during each of the four
seasons. Other studies included a gill net survey of fish fauna, mapping of mussel “talus”
beds at the base of the island, and a survey of biota along a natural bottom transect between
the island and shore.

46. JOHNSON, G.F., et al., “Ecological Effects of An Artificial Island,” Proceedings of
Symposium on Technical, Environmental, Socioeconomic and Regulatory Aspects
of Coastal Zone Planning and Management, American Society of Civil Engineers,
Vol. 4, Mar. 1978.

Rincon Island’s rock revetments offer a diversity of habitat features for a great variety
of marine species which do not occur in adjacent natural bottom areas. This study added
160 taxa of macrobiota to the master species list for the island, bringing the total to 458.
Densities of 53 common taxa occurring in permanent transects on each of the four sides of
the island were analyzed for seasonal variability. Approximately three-fourths of these
showed statistically significant variation. Nine distinctly different major species associations
were identified on the island. Twenty-three species of fishes were captured in gill nets placed
on all four sides of the island. Rockfish, surfperch, toadfish, and swell sharks dominated the
catch. The biota along a transect over natural bottom from near the island to shore were
considerably lower in abundance or density and in number of species relative to biota at
corresponding depths on the island’s revetments. Natural sediments were dominated by
polychaete worms (35 percent of biomass and 50 percent of species), small crustaceans,
clams, ribbon worms, and brittle stars.

The construction of Rincon Island has had a major beneficial effect on local ecological
conditions. The quarry-rock and tetrapod construction materials offer habitat features
which are not found in a natural sedimentary bottom area. The solid substratum is
colonized by a high diversity of encrusting and attached biota. Many of these are
habitat-forming species in the sense that they provide shelter and food for additional

species.

47. KNUTSON, P.L., ‘Planting Guidelines for Dune Creation and Stabilization,”
Proceedings of Symposium on Technical, Environmental, Socioeconomic and
Regulatory Aspects of Coastal Zone Planning and Management. American Society
of Civil Engineers, Vol. 2, Mar. 1978, pp. 762-779 (also Reprint 78-12, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Nov.
1978, NTIS AD No. A062 304).

Foredunes function as a reservoir of sand to nourish eroding beaches during storms, and
as a levee to prevent the inland penetration of waves and storm surges. Dunes are usually
created and maintained by the action of beach grasses which trap and hold windblown sand.
Erosion will occur if this vegetation is damaged by drought, disease, overgrazing, or by
waves during severe storms. Damaged or destroyed dune systems can usually be restored by
planting beach grasses.

This paper provides guidelines for creating and stabilizing foredunes with vegetation.
The guidelines are based on more than two decades of field studies conducted by CERC and
others. Specific information is given on recommended plant species, planting techniques,
fertilization rates, labor requirements, and expected dune growth rates.

48. PARR, T., DIENER, D., and LACY, S., “Effects of Beach Replenishment on the
Nearshore Sand Fauna at Imperial Beach, California,” MR 78-4, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Dec. 1978,
NTIS AD No. A067 308.

This study evaluates the changes in intertidal and shallow subtidal sand-bottom infaunal
populations in response to the addition of approximately 765,000 cubic meters of dredged
material added to an eroded beach at Imperial Beach, California. A sampling design utilizing
small sampling units and extensive replication was effective in generating reliable numerical
estimates of infaunal densities and diversity.

The dredged material had a high proportion of fine material with lesser amounts of shell
fragments. Fine sediments were rapidly transported offshore while shells persisted on the
beach. Measured beach effects were short term (5 weeks or less), involving increases in
abundance mostly of motile crustacean species which brood their young. Planktonic
recruitment of polychaetes was evident during this period.

As the fine sediments worked offshore, silt and fine sand fractions increased in the
bottom sediments. At subtidal depths, there was a positive correlation between the silt-clay

18

fraction and number of species and abundance. Overall abundance and diversity of the
benthos were not adversely affected by beach replenishment. In response to an
unpredictable, changing environment (erosion-deposition), most of the resident biota are
short-lived, opportunistic species which are typically patchy in distribution both temporally
and spatially. Possible longer term effects upon longer lived species, such as sand dollar

populations, were not determined.

49. WEBB, J.W., and DODD, J.D., ‘Shoreline Plant Establishment and Use of a Wave-
Stilling Device,” MR 78-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan. 1978, NTIS AD No. A053 285.

The establishment and development of smooth cordgrass transplants on a 2-percent
slope behind a wave-stilling device constructed of two tiers of tires strung on a cable were
monitored along the north shore of East Bay in Texas. Two previous plantings on the sloped
area, the first without wave protection and the second behind one tier of tires, were
unsuccessful. After a second tier of tires was placed on top of the original tier, enough
protection was provided from waves to allow successful planting. A 0.15-meter buildup of
sediment occurred directly behind the barrier.

Smooth cordgrass survival was approximately 50 percent, and more than 100 stems per
meter squared were counted in some areas | year after planting. Density and height of
smooth cordgrass increased with increasing hours of inundation. Gulf cordgrass, marshhay
cordgrass, and saltgrass survived better than smooth cordgrass above mean high water
(MHW). At the highest elevation (0.6 meter above MHW), survival was limited, regardless of
species. Needlegrass rush transplants failed to survive in significant numbers. With adequate
wave protection, smooth cordgrass can be established below MHW in estuarine areas. Gulf
cordgrass, marshhay cordgrass, and saltgrass can be used above MHW for shoreline
protection.

50. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., “Dune Building and Stabilization with Vegetation,” SR-3,
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir,
Va., Sept. 1978, GPO Stock No. 008-022-00124-7.

This is the first comprehensive report on dune building and stabilization in the
contiguous United States. The practical information on methods and dune plants is the
result of more than 20 years of experimentation in coastal areas from the mouth of the
Columbia River in Oregon through southern California and the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod,
Massachusetts. The use of fences and vegetation for dune creation is discussed, and the labor
and material requirements for dune creation and sand stabilization projects are summarized.
The major plants suitable for dune building, their propagation and planting requirements,
and the stabilization of dunes by various means such as matting, fences, and vegetation, are
given for the major coastal regions of the contiguous United States. The techniques
discussed are now applicable to these coastal regions.

19

1979

51. HURME, A.K., “Rubble-Mound Structures as Artificial Reefs,” Proceedings of the
Specialty Conference on Coastal Structures 79, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Vol. 2, Mar. 1979, pp. 1042-1051 (Also Reprint 79-4, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1979,
NTIS AD No. A073 277).

Structures armored with rubble can have a positive effect on coastal ecology by
functioning as artificial reefs particularly when they are placed in areas with a barren
bottom. The desirable qualities of these reef structures are frequently overlooked. Many
people think of rubble groins, jetties, and breakwaters as desirable places to fish, but do not
realize that the structures themselves have a major influence on the success of their fishing.

Creating fishing reefs by putting solid materials in coastal waters has a long history of
success and has helped support a fishery that contributes millions of dollars to coastal
recreation. Rubble-mound structures (constructed by the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers)
are ideal artificial reefs because they are built of natural stone and have many varying sized
cracks and crevices exposed to the entire water column so they can be colonized by the
greatest diversity of reef dwellers. Most potential environmental problems can be overcome
by careful planning and site selection. Although benefits appear great, quantifying them is a
difficult task. Both from the standpoint of biomass and sport-fishing success, rubble-mound
reefs are biologically highly productive.

392. HURME, A.K., YANCEY, R.M., and PULLEN, E.J., “Sampling Macroinvertebrates on
High-Energy Sand Beaches,” CETA 79-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineermg Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1979, NTIS AD No.
A077 070.

This report summarizes the most practical and cost-effective techniques developed from
CERC-sponsored research and the literature for quantitatively sampling high-energy sand
beach macroinvertebrates. The general habitat, the field crew’s qualifications and duties, and
the materials and equipment are described. A general approach to planning the fieldwork,
timing the trips, and developing a sampling plan is given. Methods for taking, transferring,
and preserving samples for laboratory analysis are described. Sample treatment, population
analysis, cost, and manpower requirements are discussed.

53. KNUTSON, P.L., “Sand Stabilization, Nauset Beach, Massachusetts, Environmental
Geologic Guide to Cape Cod National Seashore, National Park Service, Cooperative
Research Unit, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., 1979.

Experimental plots were established in April 1970 on a baymouth bar at Nauset Harbor
on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, comparing sand fence and American beachgrass (Ammophila
breviligulata) for dune creation and stabilization. Sand fences initially capture sand more
rapidly than beachgrass. Once established, however, beachgrass plantings are equally as
effective. Dune growth rate with either technique exceeded 11 cubic meters per linear meter
of beach per year.

20

54, NEWCOMBE, C.L., et al., “Bank Erosion Control with Vegetation, San-Francisco Bay,
California,” MR 79-2, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., May 1979, NTIS AD No. A072 924.

During 1975 to 1978, an intertidal shoreline stabilization study was conducted to
determine biological means of controlling erosion. California cordgrass (Spartina foliosa)
and mussels (Ischadium demissum) were used in San Pablo Bay and South San Francisco
Bay, California.

The study indicated that establishing cordgrass with seeds is not a practical method for
controlling erosion. Cordgrass plugs are more useful than sprigs while the cordgrass-mussel
plugs, termed bioconstructs, are the most tolerant to erosion by waves. The cordgrass-mussel
community bioconstructs survived exceptionally well during the 13-month observation at
Alameda Creek, a high-energy site. Once established, they are highly resistant to waves, will
survive transplanting, and can be established in an area with up to a 7-kilometer fetch
without wave-stilling devices.

The biomass of the aerial parts of 23 natural California cordgrass marshes averaged
1,062 grams per square meter. This value is similar to those previously reported for smooth
cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) on the Atlantic coast.

do. PULLEN, E.J., and YANCEY, R.M., ‘Beach Nourishment: Its Effect on Coastal
Ecology,” Proceedings of the 23d Annual Meeting of the Florida Shore and Beach
Preservation Association, Florida Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, Nov. 1979,
pp. 51-64.

Results of CERC’s studies on the ecological effects of beach nourishment that date
from 1971 to the present are presented. The studies indicate that the area impacted by
nourishment and dredging should be considered as three zones for quantitative sampling
because of the physical and biological conditions of the beach and nearshore areas. Based on
CERC’s results, nourishment operations (if properly planned) have only minor impacts on
coastal resources, unless especially sensitive resources are involved (coral reefs, turtle
habitat, shellfish beds, etc.). Nearshore organisms are better adapted to covering with
sediment than the offshore organisms.

56. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., “Building Salt Marshes Along the Coasts of the Continental
United States,” SR-4, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., May 1979, GPO Stock No. 008-022-00133-6.

This is the first comprehensive report on coastal marsh creation in the continental

United States. This report provides potential users an analysis and interpretation of the

available information on this subject. The role of marshes, the feasibility of marsh creation,

and the effects of elevation, salinity, slope, exposure, and soils on marsh establishment are
discussed. Plants suitable for marsh building are described by the major regions. Plant
propagation, planting, fertilization, and management of the major plants are discussed.

Labor and material requirements for marsh creation are summarized.

2|

1980

57. COURTENAY, W.R., Jr., HARTIG, B.C., and LOISEL, G.R., “Evaluation of Fish
Populations Adjacent to Borrow Areas of Beach Nourishment Project at Hallandale
(Broward County), Florida,” Vol. I, Ecological Evaluation of a Beach Nourishment
Project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, MR 80-1 (1), U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1980,
NTIS AD No. A083 595.

A study of the fish populations within the surf zone and over the first and second reefs
off Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, was conducted 7 years after dredging for a beach
restoration project. This study utilized an observational and recording technique adapted
from Jones and Thompson (1978). The data were compared with those of an earlier study
conducted in 1971-72.

In the 1971-72 study, conducted during and after dredging activities, 42 species of
fishes belonging to 24 families were found. The present study revealed the presence of 114
species of fishes belonging to 36 families. The dusky jawfish (Opistognathus whitehursti),
common along the first reef platform in 1971-72, was absent. The absence of this fish is
attributed to an alteration of the substrate on the first reef by incursion of fine sediments.
Damage to the second reef observed during 1971-72 was not evident during this study.

98. HIGLEY, D.L., and HOLTEN, R.L., “A Study of the Invertebrates and Fishes of Salt
Marshes in Two Oregon Estuaries,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va. (in preparation, 1980).

This study examines the invertebrate and fish life associated with estuarine tidal
marshes located in Siletz and Netarts Bays, Oregon. Sweep nets, drift nets, corers,
enclosures, and clip plot samplers were used to collect both quantitative and
nonquantitative samples of invertebrates in level marsh, pan, tidal creek, and tidal flat
habitats located in seven study areas representing a range of marsh types. Fish were sampled
by seine and otter trawl in these habitats as well as in a slough and in bay channels. The data
summarize the fauna of the various habitats and marsh types; fish stomach content data
show the food organisms of fish found in these habitats. Threespine sickleback and young
staghorn sculpin were most common throughout the marsh zone, whereas juvenile salmonids
and other species were found only over submerged level marshes and in a slough. Terrestrial
marsh invertebrates were consumed in modest amounts, with the greatest predation on the
aquatic crustaceans and worms. Future studies should examine the feeding habits of juvenile
salmonids inhabiting large tidal creeks and compare the feeding habits with those of similar
species found in other nearby habitats.

59. KNUTSON, P.L., “Experimental Dune Restoration and Stabilization, Nauset Beach,
Cape od, Massachusetts,” U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engimeering
Reséarch Center, Fort Belvoir, Va. (in preparation, 1980).

In ee experimental plots were established on a baymouth bar at Nauset Harbor
on Cape @od, Massachusetts. On the bar, both sand fences and American beachgrass

(Ammophila breviligulata) were tested as alternative techniques for creating and stabilizing

22

dunes. Elevational profiles were made periodically in the test plots from April 1970 to
November 1977. The study concluded that sand fences initially capture sand more rapidly
than newly planted beachgrass. Once established, however, beachgrass plantings capture
sand at a rate equivalent to multiple lifts of sand fence. Using either sand fence or
beachgrass, a dune growth rate of more than 11 cubic meters per linear meter of beach per
year was sustained.

60. MARSH, G.A., et al., “Evaluation of Benthic Communities Adjacent to a Restored
Beach, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida,” Vol. Il, Ecological Evaluation of a
Beach Nourishment Project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, MR 80-1 (11),
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir,
Va., Mar. 1980.

Benthic communities adjacent to a restored beach at Hallandale (Broward County),
Florida, were analyzed and compared to equivalent communities in nearby Golden Beach
(Dade County). Five sand stations and four reef stations were sampled at each locality along
a transect extending from the intertidal zone through the second reef. The primary purpose
of this study was to assess the postnourishment condition of soft bottom- and reef-dwelling
benthos approximately 7 years after dredging. The study also provides prenourishment data
for future impact analysis of a fill project underway (late 1979) at Hallandale.

Core samples at sand stations yielded 114 invertebrate species, not including
nemerteans and oligochaete annelids. More than 90 percent of the fauna occurred at the two
outer stations in densities up to 17,144 individuals per square meter. Quadrat samples of
reef biota showed a maximum abundance and diversity of corals, aleyonarians, and sponges
in the middle and outer regions of the second reef. The reefs appeared to be in good
condition, and showed no apparent effects of the 1971 beach nourishment project. It is
recommended that all future beach renourishment projects be closely monitored by
qualified marine scientists.

61. PHILLIPS, R.C., ‘Planting Guidelines for Seagrasses,” CETA 80-2, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1980,
NTIS AD No. A085 526.

An intensive review was made of the historical and present work on transplanting
seagrasses, including eelgrass, turtle grass, shoalgrass, manatee grass, and ditch grass. The best
seasons, recommended methods of transplanting, and propagules to use for each species are
listed for the coasts of the United States. Some of the more important environmental
parameters which directly influence successful transplanting are reviewed.

2)

Ill. AUTHOR INDEX

Author Reference Number
Appar SiGrat tokens) gue waco ohy tae ae ARE sip sass (calito ke. *s cede Mee men Vernal coe PL Re 21
PATA AUC ETC OS Wiel CIRCA ais 8 VG eee PS elec Fein IR eet cela ae oe eMC eT oa Gates cys CEM T cl 15
BLOC SAG ie taies wedi an te denten iran eee cAI I lace 1 Saeed: ect Che eylnoy AG a ie a toe ee a 6
ISON Ke) 1g Sl I BERN AD Une tel veo A Se CANS Gn ee CES SNUB OI. atc Con a 3. tclee 60
Broome Sawer ya one. 2.) sc NMES RMN aR AAS EY an STIS Ty, Rl ging hearer 12, 20, 34, 37
Garnimenay Mee es a eros eta antec iia wana See cac ads a2: ol tly pefuhey, Corer A a om gt eee Na eS PAG
Ghesters7Ae Wess ee ree oa ieah Une ear HG WV Ser ds rc nS eyo, vas a Rg ROR ena RO ren eter 43
Copelan a eB ey sen A AS Rus alee srherbuiira ne ae AEA. TNC AIR ES Bee area oR CO eres iG
Courtenay ai Wehea Tatil se i wiee es hee tag og er hee oy TS sae (isi a la ere a. uae et Mean mge e 15, 57, 60
Coxe rar O Ne OER grave 1 feth NApeR Th. EIS IETS se Obs ie SSS. A aS De aot 28
DahoB abso. ateenmey rasan eens cine Wop tee ea ean siaets arial PSe ch atte "hat kg San tea omnes 21, 38
Deis Dun. sc theeiten ued Bye sted, & srve le WARY ai teoascors) acl gy ecg enter Weaaatte Beagle Sanne ae eE SM 60
GE WEEML SAE ERO yamine. Sunemaa st ecco tories, eta eNist «Vig sles ammeyiey aleenvaieey, ome rele ulegae 45, 46
AD kev aXe ea Dia ave nau rane Cree eae eels nae ees cr Geiaaiirs Sr Sec. Caen eam en, SEEN panne MNGi ete ces 3 48
| Boys (0 Li i DR a Ae Sheela ae Cron ies Ue Only ARNG ERE AL Ore Sis POPE Be eu LL 22, 36, 49
Te SOE Bsa A Aa NS ee Sa Nea OTL aS Gg Ze a emma Oe ppc 21
Gage BOs. Vien Bl sd aah unat cure wenl pin ty cnrenge geen epeatcare “a yelsgyh fea? Sagas: APNE Ee Seka og me 3
Garbisclis Beware (an itacu area eee eauelice PRP O Rt ne ele cliraiccat by or |p oR NED a SM ted he 23
Goen se) SE secu oie ts ake heugee ta Sn et re aes bth eis a Pe Mae lie ee ter ake
GorbicsNGySy ys Gy ela Ge nope ant No tet Rey Aa LMM 16d SA naa 54
Grosses ee ai a et Sateen ecard SIAL REEL AAAS ORO RRR 4, 5,6
| aE aN al CS Aaah ert Re DER Sam ee nee AIRS (1 allie A crane mats) Me ERT a ig 8 24
Flare SURE isi eee eee chet ton taco at th re ed en EO Rs ha ESI ta ERC 1
Hartree sy 520.08 yar 3/ Neteshe tee otk te Eeeats hae ERoD BUNM EA Ky eres fats ck met A NE aes o7
HerremlasD aie 0 Cet cadets: alec touae oad gana hy Wedlicey Vener MENGE Reber ea cettto yr Me LAE anc eee 15
[steed D8 Ee ee ame ee mmm eC GMb ts ini lem 5 Com RmmeMn, © AB Col Ge. 6 13.6. -c 58
Haltom Reis. cette, eicicet othe cose oR face hed oteneiSte Wap one mmc tc fatale sar ay tag a area ne ae 58
PROT RA ie he AGUNG Rad SHC ALG 9 eee cher NN, Sar PRI Re OTE er Ve NM not aa oC
HUTT es A ee ei cides | aN anit am easel eo iran coi Ons AeA VA ee aOR a ea ea Nascar 16, 46, 51, 52
Jolinison Gare W608 sthee at Bae ko SoRys 1 eG Meer Pa an Se pativer Wena dee CoA) ot ce Cn es 45, 46

24

Author Reference Number

Gaal TAPE pests igor coe as ee GE vee Wak aes ate, Secs poling GEOR aaVee ke aera el I ta caer ef meee a 6
Int AI aces, SG tae, far 2 erin oe oie cnc Ba ie ey Cad i a MO NSN EN SE Sal a 17
Kenuitsom Whalen Sac. katisia ears mip ts Geass CU ee ree eee 29, 39, 40, 41, 47, 53, 54, 59
WER CV ARS. RES ee ool efit ss ep Siyess ie taste aap Ray sods tc RS COR MI re Ute anc eee 48
NEC Vaya GoM Beatie seth oy ken ct aie gy dau cheese nia ea Wanchai RO ea gt UU, oe te a rec Soe 30
Wolise i Aerrsee tein ia ak cimee atE ace seat e c eyn! fis tg ch eS A eat ae aC Ua ROSE RPP Lay 21
WB OISE TER CP acer cts accent Sec nit sh a aaas Soe ee (as CLP eae a MORIA PER or ae MRS uD, Sci oie ie 57
Gul wae) AS) es concierto s co ec at soon aed Mey eb eieee akc Wa eRe PRR inc oe ioe tA Po 24
IM ear shaet GA, ee 28 Deitch rs rrcdapocage tA [etc cha atl tal acer CE Mh GURU ae Ais cue A ce Oem en ews ae 60
Matta shirk seman cariy in Sait os NE eeal tenn ued caren Care mit RR H-mue is aN SMT ar reece a 42
IMC Callus RR 2 esi Orie cia aallt ete een cpt areret arena on einer CRE i erg Neill om Ly eg a 23
IMC OTN Tit Es hy Sea ats ah. aal aaek een rye gee Mey Rem uy Ms LUN UES oh ry an ag 43
Mottle race sarceint sts. teaver etree aa Deh e iete ue parame VER a Se CORUM ge Sad ©
Morrison ble.) cca fadls macairelia oA Ma eeu aca Gor conc eee care welte aol ch cua lS it gatas eae ae o4.
ING Dinnneunaina’ oT ANe 0) A ie acim on coisa cpp ak Uy ae) gre, OO yay 19, 31, 35, 44
Newcombe: CMs 2) x As TS entrar nest mnen kerala s year | UieneeT cau uct yale o4
INK logthd (es. [CS 5 Ae eile on oN aN DMA VE esate mene CMC AIM TROL cid dated A 25
OF Connors Ale ac rs fee eaters st ee 45 ee REVS tate tes eb arcte rete 8, 11, 19, 31, 35, 44
Oliver MESS ac esa re ves pee ROOD Fe eRe HPL oe rp Oe NG LIS Toe oe Ene CIEE RT ee 32
anaras- Garay anmiss Gailey eure cosewrchlites tc testel tos toteem toy tay Nox dollan Dee Se PaeCy ASRS REAR, AUR 13
Barer Heme tog teks Ye. tess a Rie RR rs ley Scyemel tea tey say HSUPA OEL ee ee on Oe SL 48
Feb Sa RAC cee, eases ey Hehe, tetas Oss eee tes eet ER tah Nene Be ab ee ea easeed faanteny ae eR cee? 61
JETSTOKees U htal DS Ue ttt Patchy ai Anata Lake bate VON: Ark Sane Teed Lae MPEP On TNS ah nereum Ga nae See nme g a oe ad | 19
Pruillle rite tay Cae Re Ae iG rd tates Fag Kite tty Tic Site oleate Fog Pan oy Ee Soe I 52, 59
FRO SSE LI ORAS es en a ere ORC NAS Rn gS ce Sa Ie en, Reon ow En Ure ae Repent dy hey] I G
Rounsefe lip Goatees. mee Bi Het hy fo Bi lay Ba RS Beto renee Re bed eat ee Ra 10
Salormanis Gays see Ral e ahd aul tn Sal ute sia Oey eae ME A ae ely OECD par pe 18, 26, 33
Saviager Re Pe =. ks Monta ears, Pots Pate ocho De aretie sa inn Ru idtcay SMe Tana GO
Schramm els PERN. As Pe to ee ical RM wile ci lie OR GIRS AU AURA ote, ee eed Rete oo (RRO Ee 6
Ser Cano RADDR cy oak ire Be we IN eer Binli. Vh a eialn. s O im Saar a Rey Ria ore 12, 20, 27, 34, 37
She nk BAG siete oa ons eee pai Retire aia SW No MG Hd a 8, 11, 19, 31, 35, 44
Sf 2h sel 0 a ae eT AS Lee ree CENCE Warecon pe mun A eM Or a Le aun Gia eclict Goan ai

Author Reference Number

Shay IRIN Gas cclgole oo boop ob poe soc oo ooo Oe ooo Oo 32
Stee Sait tals he Dae rare Pama ttee Rance Cem tey ite Monty rai Mee remo nso As me aie 6
Stephenson Mar ee sci isk 2's, acta nen aeremenroh Somtel uate enirctira) Capen lure lite dese mrne) eal oer ee 25
Mhompsomss JER! 5% seete: fe jo, te ap ntemanoncs e Naeyrice ce cohy Su sstee obec, ole: a MOMon con gelte Sake pens 14
sEhompson May ites sites cet toes cae a mcm en snes eed cimist gs ae a RUSHES re PS PLA MRE Pl int 15
shunbevillea DB ypc initia res Fe ag Ot Scag Ad FARO ARIE OAL Tea aM nts fs 60
Vane Morbhran'ss]i Cs ected) vac aien avs ce sage ten ney Pie te cane aMmeeDte ete sles Sf cue men AIG ren tc) a eS 15
WialeStiB Ars a ctu ao i steal iris Strange os Sera t ans Hegre M arene dsnietycncs Nate Ria scene miele 46
Wie bb is Welas itch drentun.. yay coe Vedi col tem au cc Me Pel hed IRV MRE MME AST ele conse ae anes 7B ALA uate aren 22, 36, 49
IWio Wer tPAB Re poe der cad reat oa ba dle ciresp hich anes ait at Mee tet olercta dak 2 ce Stee 23
IWid O CEDRUS VES ty BUN ROD le Hs aes x ie LA ae gee pe A eae Daca RR Sec ral CAA ACERS PSA 19
Woodhouse WeWweas|insalntienie cscs Vola) rete yaaa euesa a teaiel ea eits 1, 2, 12, 20, 34, 37, 50, 56
VETNGATS LSI LS) ribs Gros U oua avaname. Anting) d5 (ANd ONS oH OaekO! BL AeT cu dnSon ord e 52, 59

Subject Reference Number
UNI AC SRE AONE ceif REM aotats (Coa N labet more st Ror Seems UO TEs Lon col ket ino das CN Re 15
Arita cralsaslarvdlcs: jxmsn ch on wale pee tsatenidan ae eh eka aoe eG FREI SL NS oviseT torah co eS 10, 17, 45, 46
Artificial TECHS, | aye ise PURE ogee Geet US tee fa een RSM aL, ne ae ve ol
Bankestabilizationy ye, 42 Sa. Lae ieee ewe nae 29, 39, 41, 54, 56
RATTITpIS| ANOS) vileicy sya gee eee ETRE ae ee REE RE oro ete 2, 3, 30, 38, 42
Be achvorassey. 245) pus jes ee, Sar dene 1, 2, 3, 21, 29, 30, 34, 38, 40, 43, 47, 50, 53, 59
Reacher ourishimen tt; V2 (ay rice oe ee cere Pome et ey recat sce lied ere et 14, 15, 48, 55, 57, 60
Benth ose cscs tsasnther cs acta Sov noha eae ae 6, 25, 28, 32, 33, 45, 46, 48, 52, 55, 58, 60
Bibliography: 3c cyl ek: eel Wh Go ree sare tien een ee eine olukcs (Ua etn es RS 26
California
EmperialBe ach io et ie) sob eel v aga tt ionization titan igi) ay enn em a 48
Montenegrin She). uaa 2 NC Raa Me eter eer 2 en 95), P4835, 3
Raimcomnpl stannic, es aia ceca i. crear Ned ey enc liar a oe Pa 17, 45, 46
San Eranciscoip:- $9 202s, 2) seocse3 ia al aati es calico a hiesl ol maenibs are ete aes ek Po Ae Cha eae o4
Chesapeake Bay Region.) Sie i ioe hele Ne SIS Saas, = US RG i eet en Le 23

Author Reference Number

ealinte Re bry Seis 2s ake ike ge eo esa oo Ge eee eS eee ener ewe ees 6
ert mea ae sok ie She GAs id eS es hy Ree ne PW ie 17
Kenuitsonahalie. ss a eae eng Sheed eee 2 ae 29, 39, 40, 41, 47, 53, 54, 59
Hac yne Se MUR) <0 cS by les as PRIN arn ee ar ee sae AMS clas, | 6 SO Chan bc Sm. tc Oise PO 48
LENAV Gil tc oe 17 ee oe eee aC ator re BMS RRe ERE RI es coin bee Torts ici, | Ghe tones Foera 6 30
| L760) AOE, see oo HRC her et em eNO LUE has cc dyes Kamo Ge Gls folie Couem Vale All
MOISE a (Gah close Na Tas eh eo ee he Sy ele ORCS, CMP ROR Cm mye ion ee 57
ILnGhyat JULIO): eae a Gketeenemnae a oe nonen ice anise ao to eo uiaiiy taro uctes oo ooh ane Save c 24
IM Gres ais) (GeeANG a eae na ur epee aie ewe oa rates OMe ny eel ey Meraitat al lion oh ig tienen uas wapancsay Ge" 60
Mi citit eyepiece vcoltay ek sb wa pedbae ter pete yee on Debs, Leet MR coukey ch op Seem 42
Mc Gallina 9 eee ee secs ee cae occas macnn aut ae Pelee ore Seca eae eg 23
MevienseAWliny Bae Ue ens ct Uae oman yey se oma Coleceley Sunciertrs Nalic, sa'kG ess Sacre cy eee 43
Mo bile rs A! genes, & se csc yolk cline ee aie Mae ate mrs yie ake eRe eee Poa hae gations Rane one etc 7
IMOrnish sf Sie ope Ae RS ae rae ti ctr aateeaoray ea cece eStats real see cs ier uer cen oy ets ane 04
ING VITA IAN SAVE) gel tere YS entice a ct toca clea eiesceiapiciee, hens nuueritle Roy Rann besa ues 19, 31, 35, 44
INEw.Combea C Aliei less ac eerretrs aac ce ee erect eit RaINGSET Sih sensi: Cue otn Noi volute Mrsit cote) yar sama gC o4
INivgbra she rangi) eme gee 8 8) cases a ysiaec a eamicitne Some ataR tes oon cites en Samet ce oe ecto necttccs eco 25
ONGC "FN Ee Meee meeranas oad airs ae Certara ie: uteien ta Row au aetan a 8, 11, 19, 31, 35, 44
Oliver a]sSak. is) Hae El ee a ele ae EER ae en ack CeCe Se 32
|Pamerrae Onirenverniin (Ga. 5 06.606 Sack oO giao 5 ols G oo Ono oO mo oe Oo ae 13
Pet tad Ne cae st cao area ael Poy aaa nar pee RE Aaa cae NE MN. Nebo) -ol!G: G be to’ <0 48
Philips RS Cages palicvisna se ce pi eevee Gmc Gasioaan dae ace ma ce eae ce ae Sen 61
Princes cD) seqhen: 200s | acaba Pn CPi SAEs, Bien Be ee eal oetate a ceaieane a Hone Cs EE RRSRRE 19
[PAN ey Te Sy Os eet an ert ce toe ee AR en ea AMAR St Al REN Oy i boat Bhs OD)
Reasse Om RSG sears eee ee ahi iene hewhedlt a kl ile geil pee ela tiuge eR ee BAS een tae eae penne ee ©
Ro umse tela G Aes yi g ke ee le gay dare elisltvemeaig Oe ga ee EATERS ME Uate ene de MPR ee pss MRP ec tea Coa 10
Grillo ravenna GOs & (Rie eran Maree anes amr Pee ts vy ou tremae amas BER Sn Me aelbalg 46, cee, Sy "atti 18, 26, 33
Savage, R.P. Whines ae ehiged e NE ie tatiana ae Fe obec: Za maak WE Es eet a OAM A
Sclhiname ayes ie yoo eey Pade ma te pecs aes tere Fabre, wep ieaeebea ge teteeeliter reer don ceiatas ey elute oe cee tee 6
SECON Uae a ee ae oe One oe Rem een Aen caret nas oe oe OM 2 12, 20, 27, 34, 37
Sherk) oA <5, Arey ee ube mite irs es ty aa oe toners erstuate ep Fee ee 8, 11, 19, 31, 35, 44
Soil itel See seen cued cio alo of Syohe cial onc) ol alo 0G S96 slo co) pVach 6) 5) bobo sbic! otc LG

Author Reference Number

Sitter BING £0 Gs. woe ROE 1's, Was Ayan =e seep een ARS
SEH RING ye abe Ret ee i: CONE URE AER SRE IEC SRG, OE UV OTAC y et reaRe en Rey ee 6
SLO A OTO Wy Es IM NE an goo olol SG Guo 9,5) cone) 4 dd B56 dC eacuahdnohs 25
N)TXay 604 S(O) 05 I 2] Men pele Pearce pitt sina A. can ae oh oun aie G meninns t60 55 5U DM at ono teas 14
Wnernosom; Whe 60 bb 6b boo oo ob OO do DODD oC oOo dO (Maomor ab ayah. 15
Mure valles Daa seevciite we: Solve, eRRY lal ah oa ea es Ue Rois We OS A, ENO RS Ea Ca PU a 60
Va TM OMMENANS Jie’ ge eae tie xu eee wicudey Colieee euaeey atresia teu etme ered Sy te) BWC ua ee 15
Wale ssi MA ees fie acy Gy Re uleces, eat eyseine eM eM eensate egkeiDiea tee syrtes iol Sout ve tel eee 46
Wie A JW ix oaletysyrcwtecuct ca telus crc dee ea er tire unc SU eR PosT poe scl Peters PSD 22, 36, 49
WiolleraPaBes ois 3 Spates’, ay cake, haa ae eval ae Ree rea ge) aby AKC RSI DS gone 23
Wi. O CIR Via ittiredl alta eeuiece cei OUR SEV LAEN a FRU RUA eT ara RRR redial an = yee reo RUS pete Ree an 19
Woodhouse WaWweyBe caylee oe a SNC ats ory pestesy ec a 1, 2, 12, 20, 34, 37, 50, 56
EET Rce\ cers ath Maas are act PM See RR nag SMU TCSP Sinai areas ea Marmasse Ve 52, 59

Subject Reference Number
WAG EES Fer SEAS 2 an G isea mute ad extew ss oe Ae Sp eee Re le eer sis. elas) eS ee 15
Arba bi cialéisl ava 1 cova: isch ested dhe HREM OREN Aste Weed oir eee ees eae 10, 17, 45, 46
Avtifieralereetis:. sa. io -. sa cy\ley, coass setae ash nek NC ee epee em ow ase eh On ea weal
Barkestalilization © ccc is (pit me anne mea mean a ean Eien a an 29, 39, 41, 54, 56
Barrier islands is: 2s cisiaas oh oe Cee ee Ua oe CC 2, 3, 30, 38, 42
Beachy orasse ys oii Sashae euler 1, 2, 3, 21, 29, 30, 34, 38, 40, 43, 47, 50, 53, 59
Be achsnOuUnishmMent 3 ccisa co ey oh keh Cet eS ee een 14,15, 48, 55, 57, 60
BEM th Osten fs casas is aie cena cel teas eae 6, 25, 28, 32, 33, 45, 46, 48, 52, 55, 58, 60
13H g) Loy ar) 0) (hen en eee ee ranean) NS A oA ORG PANGM ET eel! C1678 66. Oc 26
California
Marne rial Be ACh a ei ay es ces seis ns ay gauge eae ee GL OR eects oh oe eee ea 48
ACCRA he ee a EES, SMOG aS 1S 6 SYS NS MGMG oteeeed Oy o "6 25, 28, 32
REN COnGlSkarr dy ye) Ws 8: sel sy te ho Scab ee te we eae ena ee ee ee ra 17, 45, 46
San HramGiseoihe 88 05 as'bs Gb. Rhcey Pea ool alte Sh EEE Recor eich Ses cen o4
ChesapeakeBayiResion: 0 c1) en ien aeiece ie eee Renee a eee 23

26

Subject

Coastalfauna.......
Coastalistnicturessaeye eee cence aie
Depositedisediments seman) ene
Wredced materiale, eg) rc) neler ioateuro ts Hoon
DUNeXcreatiOnh gs ee ice eee Gi el as aes fois
Dine geo 6556600000000 08
se@llosioal\enieeis 6575 6.65155 6565505505 9055
IBF RO STO MMA MES essary: fe) eos xeseacs re edbe ec oats eel rehederlyst aan fay wilted weenie
ETOSIONVCOMUROL 9) 4, G45 4, ey loins els He ae, eer ks Welwe eRe ee ee ten
EIN TWEN G4 5 6 0050000000 eae
Estuarine ttloray ss cto ve eviclie: oe c eaee ae
Bistuanine Organism Si y-mcn-inciite emoM-ne

Herntilizationwmevear onion ee ae

Florida

lero (COW, 6 5 6 o's 6 O50 ob oO
ernaneney(Criny BRN” 4 68 oh 66 6 Soo 8
Southeast icoast 04.1%: omsitacl ie molasses
Treasure IMCL 5 66 5 oo oo Do oO Oe
WiestsCOaSt.) tens qclTamel roeauke me rel MonsteMorar ds
Glossaryiirs ron. Anse ancien tciomis ecurom cr pt
(GreatuWakesy secs wach ere cepe ie now aTy Re erste:

Junk car bodies (dunes)

Littoraletrans ports ly.) -ew eee eoyionetions -«
Macroinvertebrates maaan oa
Marshike Colocyaae-iomicme ne ies on wie aera
Marsh) anitsiagsm-m nein wml sien oinice liam te

Maryland

Pa hixentuRivier es .wsleucd ewe Lene

NEEERENUESTS 6560066066000 6000

Nearshore environment

Reference Number

‘en 06) kee wore) ger ne) genes uence:

IDG a) seer ae ee eats Notas BG) Sd eu rsa

DOr 0s 10. kr fOr nd 2 BOO WO D> CON EO Ghee OS OW <6

15, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 55, 57, 58, 60
Wich Ce Ae 10, 17, 45, 46
st gto aos a 8, 11, 19, 48, 57, 60
5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 23, 48, 55, 57, 60
1, 2, 3, 21, 29, 34, 40, 43, 47, 50, 53, 59
1, 2, 3, 21, 29, 30, 34, 40, 43, 47, 50, 53, 59
8, 10, 13, 14, 48, 51, 55, 57, 60
15, 22, 23, 24, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 54
15, 22, 24, 37, 39, 41, 47, 54
Beers Serie gn has 8, 11, 19, 31, 44, 58

Jo) Si ole earners Parag cP ar 52, 55, 58, 60
12, 20, 23, 27, 36, 37, 39, 41
ee eno 12, 27, 39, 41, 54, 56

Subject Reference Number

Ney Mardis tate dig Beorshe OG carole Gidio 6 obs 05 B59 6 ob 0 00 5, 6, 7, 9, 13
North Carolina
BONG SoWNIVily, On iat Bis GG Go ol alo glole eG O10 00 5 dbo Fame c 0440.00.05 BG
DP) rearratan le te faites Wei ee ier esas thesite, gant dos tov ele Re etetet Mereie ese Wen ta i Uaunesnicee ool ca AVR ore 2ATl
cK) eae Ete ARON Te CR hs AA re Sod olor ean nae nane)\U ce ean eg a 30, 42
@uteriBanikis a yie shakers ke VR Ve Ss au te eT AS Parietal coal ore arco a NE ee 1
SHO wiSsGUitia hilt poser tve Presse tedden dsc del eo taa yy Gaenlaet ce ie a etee ber ay Conan ay cect aes 27
OffishorexconstrUc tons sie Ks ois; ser Gis es ta), coll toe tetueg ee eWhanc ey UeeNsiiyiicy iSerle) he Tea Sa Nee 10
Offshoreidred Suey sib os pln eee eile Arcwirct bal RNS RE nse act es 14, 15, 18, 57, 60
Oregon
Clatsop Plans’ fe, Goss (selkciites ta ate, Nevnomdadees Rauten rolMaU SWING) Aone RSME Me ch be. ast cee SRR Smarr Ante 43
INEtartSUB aly i) oy ltele. ozs coi es Revie waaay Acme Ro polgrom retreive re esoigaeniys @Petaay uae eos ve heya stp se Re aM 58
SHWANLENE act Mace SOU BRe Roum 5 6 sb ao GadrS 846 BOR a ee eh Pes es Uk ee BG 58
Pismmos clans (hoses or bay eure et ehey. aca been eal oereunainn wesyny Len terauettneiinagltey Raveasy tes senycnulte yee gs state eae 25
Plankton il ec. soy iey oo nae aiaiand ye OU ure debts es itanes SOME RL pp cee St Get dst aetna ge 8, 19, 35
Phiytosociolo gy me’) $215, See teres estme ols Henus Wel weerctme me uo Meige oecrhsuincPn a8 po) ~el Ls, «RAN AH hee RR MRM 30
TE TAUO Tee Ne Rene eye) Soe) Asn ears lies tos tel 21, 39, 40, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61
nlantin'e ouldeliness sine veseugohemcuem ie Nese scrim Mtr eine retook 39, 40, 41, 47, 50, 56, 61
Rub blessthuctures! 2) 4S vaucsmnaien eahepesn uc ce oeee eee area eerie ss teh oe el 17, 45, 46, 51
SHILA iene Recor er Srey ea RONAN. mW oMaON, dy ieee aoe PRUNE ANANSI S (4 6° 8. 6“ 22
SaMplimayyrarey coal se bis Seep ome eroulten ie eee IE MICE ato SIR CTU ates ok Roush oe a 2 ance o2
SEASTASSESH LiF. tein.) aldo a angle Tn erence LL Ce Ao OMS oe oo ts fee ld rea a 61
SECGUI Core a x Vin va [ena n Teva a cee te pommel peel Bote -aeesonliesjieiod) a: (met Seis 20, 54, 56, 61
Sewage SUA pe 0.10/05 sheds coke Ved ee Rea aN See einer Ut ee ie reece lc eee ANDO Ganls
Shorelinexehan ges: °\. 6,150. cies. vs viet ak ole acute si mH aw eee obI sta'o) 16 he ea Sar eee 24
Shrorelinesstabilizationt catia cs ceed ae Ee ee ate 22, 23, 36, 54, 56
Shoresprote chron yoe s+ sai iscah sh ce she Menuet rec or She 1, 21, 36, 37, 49, 54, 56
Snowiorsandetences\(dunes)ie. caer i eaee ae eee eee a ae ee 2, 3, 21, 43, 50, 53
Soiltpropenties! \ >.) 2) sce 29 Lede Wiese Se yc Ry cae ap veel creme a pecs eyo woh he chal eae ea 22
Spoillidisposal’ (ety 20.1 ORY ge Bein 2 aU ae ace gee AD5 0, 7, 9s Ly D2 VSI ON 22
Subsirate’stabilization: 40.) .8cr ss Oh ahi ehica eaten ce eeted caleiniae cho on RCE Ne nee 20

28

Subject Reference Number

Suspended |sediments) 2.) nL Le ee eyo MipTON SIN Ss 4457.60
Texas
Cornpusi@hristi Passe. #8) 6 Gases atch Ay xk eal Skee eRe els sega Pel eur 3
Bast aya Mee a) Sac oe acs SR eos mney ee es RS, SR er OI Lr 22, 36, 49
(GalveSto mimes rec Re co 5 en Sh! oy oat Ae ta ee 3, 22, 36, 49
Rackeny Chanel ai WS oF keh) see oi ike oan ute ED AY CCE IS A/S: 3
adress) arvdie .... Sp Gy shy Secs im ay a. egal ee Te cee ae ek 3, 38
INE WPOrtePass) ~s. bg Bag <= Bsns hee, Se) ee Rm oe ee ecu cena CRB A 3
W PPE CO ast Hin s, Bese ey. ete eet ode ac dice) SL cane oe ORR, Re eR cits os) 22
WORREION 6°66 0.89.0 6)610 0G a 6 6 1, 2, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 34, 36, 37,
Seca es he leak ate cP ea io Dey ewe eases 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61
Wiave-stillinedevicesta memantine nie aon meen te Binley el a) 1S RS ae ls 22, 36, 49

29

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