COs Dae 4 4 s Logene pene say ic He A. Wor Urth oo 7 Che Annotated List OF THE Wild Flowers of California By foe 2 NE DY. BS. Ans. Pu. D. University of California President of the California Botanical Society DEDICATED TO THE THIRD ANNUAL CALIFORNIA WILD FLOWER FETE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE BOYS’ OUTING FARM ooh x AKI9Y KY ACKNOWLEDGMENT We desire to acknowledge with sincere thanks the assistance given to us by Miss Anna Maude Lute who has read proof and aided us by timely suggestions. The beautiful cover design is the work of Chesley Knight-Bonestell, Jr. P. B. Kennedy. Copyright 1917 By BERTHA M, RICE CALIFORNIA’S ANNUAL WILD FLOWER FETE The California Wild Flower Fete is held annually under the auspices of and for the benefit of the Boys’ Outing Farm. This interesting event was inaugurated at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition on April 24th, in 1915. April 24th has since been proclaimed “Cali- fornia Wild Flower Day” by Governor Hiram W. Johnson, and speedily became one of the recognized and popular institutions of the State. The event is largely participated in by the leading Botanical Societies, Naturalists, Scientists and inter- ested people from all parts of the country. On April 24th, 1916, Wild Flower Day was celebrated at the Fairmont Hotel, in San Francisco, with a wonderful display of the State’s flora. The Third Annual California Wild Flower Fete, held at the Fairmont Hotel in 1917, from April the 24th to 28th, inclusive, has become a matter of national in- terest. Wild flowers have been sent from every portion of the State, arranged and _ classified by leading botanists. Shrubs and trees were supplied by the United States Forest Service. A fine display of native grasses was furnished by the Uni- versity of California. The Leland Stanford Junior University has also given hearty co-operation in the collecting and classifying of flowers. Mark Daniels, former Superintendent and Landscape Engineer of national parks, has given his services as director of the display. John McLaren, Superintendent of Golden Gate Park, has been actively interested, and has contributed much material to the ex- hibit. Members of the California Botanical Society, the Sierra Club, the State Floral Society, Mills College, Miss Murison’s School Girls, the San Leandro Pub- lis Schools, the Outing Farm Boys, and many others have given much time to the securing of rare specimens for the display. It is impossible at this time to give credit to all who have materially aided in the success of the Wild Flower Fete. Mrs. Bertha M. Rice, Chairman of California Wild Flower Day, who has planned and directed the affair during the past three years, and who has been untiring in her efforts to make the event one of real educational value and spiritual uplift to the State at large, has organized the “California Wild Flower Fete Asso- ciation,’ composed largely of the former members of the Boys’ Outing Farm, who will unite their efforts in furthering the success of California’s Annual Wild Flower Fete, in hopes that the funds realized from this yearly exhibit of the State’s flora will place the Boys’ Outing Farm, a beautiful mountain retreat for city children, on a self-supporing basis. At the annual meeting of the California Botanical Society, held in Berkeley on Saturday, April the 14th, this plan was heartily approved and endorsed by the members. A resolution was adopted by the California Botanical Society to co- operate with and assist the boys in every possible way. The Wild Flower Fete Association is receiving the endorsement and sympathetic support of many promin- ent organizations and individuals, who are in touch with the work accomplished by the Boys’ Outing Farm. Cpa as ve oa, es LH 19/5, Ke os Fa ee Girectr of Mite Power Bog | Nfl ty amng Me erhebaly of wtd flac gee Ge vronms bounty of boahdernia, re Ue Mornmtln of fatyps tmerke the forllerrng refer dey? bie ns aero le Ms | ees Cee th rcnundoites Pervert sere dent in frm beer, work and corner ip Ui camrcm tet" We jefan te ae hi foe tthe of Trinity Lament,» athe hey AU har the hte eats pf fences, tee eae eis. appeared “ake P AVE aay pt » and tha dom fowqpen and te Oe oe he bd, par tert Kleene, ‘Voae flew came from Mae vet oy fere Wel are abie wih bersamg — fled trerbling tind Ves tema uf Perres hows — A flrrcon frmep ts rf Mh hyprg hg M wfticde rite © yrd fh leds ho bony? Vid mere sve "eme b btnte Clare lout, , nike’ Hen malted, of Arrroms | abt arlibiilh, df, a bctletd 6 ke tomers wilh a for gency ee. We Aeafle, of Ves lovnl, surfersed ale ee Pe Bei be bly Ge (bre ripley Ceanromertety Wyld Here Jey — a do, Vel 10 bipe tile become a ‘porminmd fertine of on Gebforniem Lp THE CHILD AND NATURE By GUY SMITH, of San Leandro School Dedicated to the Boy’s Outing Farm A half century ago the majority of our people were living in small towns and on farms. Reared in such surrounding the growing youth could not get away from nature; turn where he would, the things of the out-of-doors greeted him. There was the pasture, with its myriads of flowers and nectar-seeking insects to occupy his attention, and develop his sense of observation. The old orchard was a con- stant delight, while the creek and old “swimmin’ hole” were better than any moving picture show. Life was not always easy; there were the daily duties to perform, but withal the youth had room for his powers to expand. The sad thing about the development of our modern industrial life is, that it has taken the child from a natural interest-absorbing environment and placed him in artificial surroundings. This contact with nature is a heritage which civilization has no right, and in fact, cannot afford to take from the child. If you want to see a child grow, take him to the country or to the hills where the things are not made, but where things just grow, and see little Johnny grow along with them. One cannot overdraw this picture of expansion. You can just feel the influences that are literally pouring into the little life. In order to appreciate the fine things of life, one must first appreciate and understand God’s great outdoors. One can better appreciate the soul stirring strains of the masters if he has heard the songs of the wild creatures in the woods. How can a painting inspire if one has not observed the wonderful color combinations found on a California hillside in spring? How can the work of the sculptor be valued if one has not observed the carvings of the Master Sculptor? How then can the city child get this influence which is so important? There are various ways, but the following is suggested. Hold exhibits of the wild things. Bring them to his door, enthuse over them. He will get the spirit. He will want to go where they grow. Organize hiking and camping clubs. Develop school and home gardening. Many of the secrets of nature can be discovered in your own back yard, or in a window box. Let the child plant a seed and watch it grow. Incidentally, watch the child grow along with it. The American people are just beginning to realize the place and importance of the fundamental industry, agriculture. If it had not been for the immigrant, long ago we would have starved. Because of this short-sightedness, there has been a mental, moral, physical and spiritual loss to the race. We now see the error of our ways and are preaching the back to the soil movement. Men and women who are reared in the artificial environment of the city and who have not received the influences mentioned in this article cannot stand the solitude of country. The back to the soil movement cannot succeed until we can send men and women into the country who can feel with Byron “There is a pleasure in the pathless wood.” There is a rapture on the lonely shore, There is society where none intrudes By the deep sea, and music in its roar. Every child is open to the influence of nature. They love it, they feel it, it is real. It should not be taken from them. THE BOYS’ OUTING FARM By Roland Rice Many have devoted their time to boy-work. A few have sought the practical, and have based their work on rational study and experiment. The nature of the work must vary according to the conditions of the locality. This is true of the Boys’ Outing Farm in the Santa Cruz Mountains, intended as a place to provide suitable vacations for normal working boys of the city. The main feature of the original plan of this institution was, and still is, that the normal, the average, good working boy of the city be given a short vacation in the country, assisting those who are most worthy and who would otherwise be unable to go. Our work is complex and varied, because we deal with life. We deal with the youth in the flower of his adolescence and prior to it, with its vagaries of thought and fancies and with its disillusionments. Each boy is different. Each has a special temperament, racial tendencies and characteristics, and different home surroundings. It would be a difficult task to go into the details of working with these problems, as they involve things little understood by the public. This work is for the specialist. It is not a field wherein theories or speculation count. It deals with facts; and facts are obtained only by an impartial investigation of cause and effect. Early in the work it was found that there was a tendency to get something for nothing. To overcome this trouble is one of the greatest problems of a charit- able work of this kind. There are many exceptions to this rule, but the difficulty is to distinguish them. There is nothing more harmful to a child than to let it grow up with the thought that he or she can get something for nothing, or without having earned it in some way. Charity is at its best when it stimulates and assists those who are objects of it to help themselves. These Outing Farm Boys pay their railroad fares, buy their own uniforms, which are serviceable for camp life, and provide their own blankets; this gives them the feeling of doing something for themselves. We insist on the uniforms for the reason that it is desirable to have them wear something serviceable, and their city clothes would not stand the wear and tear. It also gives the camp a greater air of democracy which the mixture of fine, medium and poor garments would not give. The boys all come with the knowledge that they come on their merits, as good boys with a fair record, and that they could not come otherwise. They come in the summer only, and remain from six to eight weeks. Some cannot stay more than two, as they must return to work. A few are sent by par- ents who cannot afford to take them and who are trying to get a little beyond a bare making of both ends meet. The boys must all be under the age of fourteen. At the commencement of school vacation the camp opens. The number ranges from thirty to sixty during the summer. Semi-military discipline is employed for the purpose of systematically conducting the camp. It is not harsh. The boys rise promptly at six-thirty and fall into line. After a short series of setting-up exer- cises they wash and fall in for first mess. When the meal is over a general camp- cleaning ensues, then an inspection of quarters. The rest of the day is free with the exception of the ceremony of retreat at sundown and taps at nine-thirty. But what do we do with them? Do we merely take these boys down to a place on the mountain where the scenery is beautiful and the air invigorating and expect them to amuse themselves in whatever way they chose? The work is educational and it is inspirational. But that remains for the worker who directs their energies and gives them their inspiration. This is where knowledge of the boy comes in and the subtle methods of the psychologist find play. This is where body-building and morals have their brief opportunity. This stage of a boy’s life is the time to do him the most good. Therefore, in directing their sports (for that is all it is to them, and all it should be) we endeavor to make the most of the opportunity. To make the work educational we have adopted two different phases—the Field Study Club and the theatre. In the Field Study Club an effort is made to interest them in the things around them—to give them an elementary knowledge of wild life. In the spring various kinds of animals—hbirds, snakes, lizards, etc., are caught, for here are opportunities to impress the boy’s mind while it is in its most receptive state. And this is when knowledge of the natural laws of life may be conveyed in such a way as to have a permanently good effect upon his mind. The things taught are those which may be of use some time and which start his mind toward reasoning. In their studies the boys are arranged in different classes, but the spirit of study is left out. It is easy to get them to discuss the ways of the snake, and when they see it eat they are sure to become interested. All are encouraged to hunt for specimens of bugs and butterflys, and strange flowers and plants. When they find any they are always curious to learn something about it. The chief aim is to give the good city boy something to look forward to as a reward for his virtues. Everything is done to make his vacation a wholesome one. Athletics, swimming, fishing and hiking trips are encouraged and carried on. In fact, hiking trips to the Big Basin and through the San Lorenzo River Valley are made every summer. On these trips the Field Study Club has unlimited oppor- tunities. The giant redwoods, the azalea-blossomed banks of the upper San Lor- enzo, with its trout, and the wild animal life of the hills, all hold the interest of the boy. They pack their blankets and equipment with the aid of two burros, for whom the boys have a great deal of affection, treating them with the utmost kindness. The cooking is superintended by the man in charge. But the boys have ample opportunities to get the knack of throwing flapjacks and learning other tricks of an outing life. When the boys are on the march they are put to the task of draw- ing a rough map of the country as they go along. In this way they pick up useful odds and ends of knowledge. At night the stars which he sees, while he hears of the work of the astronomers, prompts his imagination, and when a visit is made to Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton he listens with unusual comprehension to the professors, who are so kind to the boys in explaining things to them. During the past few years the boys have displayed considerable talent in act- ing by amusing themselves around the campfire every night with charades and com- edies. We have encouraged them in this and have studied various ways to make use of it for their own betterment. The boy, if you can make it a pleasure to him instead of work, is willing to go to any length to acquire excellence in his part. By making use of the dramatic instinct wonders may be attained in transforming and inspiring the youth. To make him ambitious is our aim. To do that, it often helps to make him someone of importance in fiction for a moment; the effects will not wear off for some time. It will be noticeable in the carriage of the head, the straightened shoulders, self- respect, and an analysis of the parts portrayed. Not only in the theatre do we teach self-respect to the boy; in all the ten years of work the boys have been expected to be gentlemen, and they show it in their manners. By doing that which is becoming to a gentleman, they easily fall into the habit of it. It has been decided to make acting one of the principal factors of the camp; a Greek Amphitheatre has been commenced, that we may handle this art to better advantage. One of the most pleasing features of the camp is the ease with which the boys accustom themselves to it. One of the older boys, who was with us several years ago and who still has an interest in the place, writes, “It may seem strange, perhaps, but any boy who becomes a guest of the Farm immediately makes himself at home with its routine.” That is because the life of the camp is attractive to them. They behave well, for the only punishment is the removal of privileges, and expulsion. A good cook is employed. The food, while plain, is plentiful and very good. It is one of the most essential things needed for promoting health and happiness, and an institution of this kind must depend on it for a large part of the good it does. It has long been known that if you feed a boy plenty of wholesome food very little trouble is encountered in keeping him good-natured. But a boy must also be kept busy at something, and that should be directed by someone older, but able to take part in it with them. That is why the younger the man in charge of the boys, the more success he is apt to have with them, if he can swim and lead them about and instruct them in all the things they do. This has been proved by the men who have been in charge of the camp under the direction of Mrs. Rice. The boys learn real camp life on their trips about the country. At the Farm they have limited self-government, and manage their affairs well. They attend to the sanitation of the camp and practice strict rules of hygiene. Groups are or- ganized which practice scouting, get up swimming tournaments, and make prepa- rations for extended trips, under the direction of the man in charge. They re- hearse their plays with the help of a director. The Farm is a base of operations during the summer. It is the place from which they start and to which they return to rest. Arrangements are made for all of the boys to see the different places of interest in the surrounding country, and they go in small parties at various times during the summer; hence the boys are seldom all at camp at the same time. The physical aspects of the place have done much toward shaping the nature of the work. There is something about its position, high on the side of a moun- tain and overlooking the Santa Clara Valley, which gives the place an atmosphere most desirable as a change from the narrowness of the city. The scenes are never the same. The aspects of the Valley are always changing. The Farm is above the fog which occasionally drifts up the valley during the night and shows like a great white sea in the morning. It shows vast waves tumbling about in the early sun- light; they melt away before ten o’clock. The noise of the cars is faintly audible, and they may be seem skimming along like little toys following a white line. The Boys’ Outing Farm is the outgrowth of the relief work of my mother, Mrs. Bertha M. Rice, among the refugee children of San Francisco after the great fire of 1906. It started by outing trips for a day in the Santa Cruz Mountains. In 1907, in response to my mother’s pleas, a place of eighty acres in the mountains two miles above Saratoga was bought and paid for by the people of Santa Clara County, by subscription. This is the first instance known where the people of one community have set aside a place for the people of another. The land is held by the Boys’ Outing Farm Association, incorporated for this purpose, and is in charge of Mrs. Rice, its founder and executive officer. The first summer camp was quite a success. The boys were under the super- vision of two school-teachers. The second summer was good and the equipment was much better. The first two years were devoted to the children of the refugee camps. But as the conditions changed and the camps no longer existed, the chil- dren have since come through the schools and various institutions. The third and fourth years saw important changes in the work and the addition of a swimming- pool and other improvements. Mrs. Rice superintended the work during the third summer and has since continued to do so. The work of the Boys’ Outing Farm is not generally understood. This is the first time that the work has been authentically set before the public. During the first few years the Farm attracted favorable attention all over the coast. But the institution has never sought notoriety, and for that reason has not received the support which its merits should command. For in health, widened outlook and inspiration its benefits to the boys of the city are incalcuable. The buildings are but temporary structures for use in the summer until more permanent ones can be erected. They comprise two small cottages; one is occupied by Mrs. Rice and her secretary, and one is for the employees. The others are a kitchen and bathrooms, two storehouses and a dining pavilion. There are also lavatories and a barn. A fine concrete swimming-pool and a wading-pool are down near the creek, and at the base of the big hill in back, the Greek Amphitheatre is being built. In the spring a colony of tents spring up, and in these the boys live. AI- though the camping season is confined to the summer months, we entertain a few children at other times during the year. We frequently arrange holiday excursions for the children of various institutions, and many schools and clubs have been en- tertained at the Farm. Camping privileges were extended to the Boy Scouts of San Francisco and San Jose during 1910 and 1911, and at the close of our regular season similar privileges are occasionally extended to needy families and insti- tutions. The eighty-acre tract is mostly wooded hillside, containing two picturesque canyons, but there are several acres of orchard and cleared land. We have cherries, plums, prunes and walnuts for the use of the camp. Many of the old orchard trees are being removed, and will be replaced. An abundant water supply is one of our most valuable assets. The lack of funds makes progress slow in improving the place. The work thus far has relied on the support of the public by subscription, and this has been barely sufficient to pay expenses during the summer. The institution is no longer an experiment, and the time has come when per- manent improvements of a substantial nature should be made, to make the place useful the year round. We therefore desire the influence and aid of all who are interested in work of this kind, which the Boys’ Outing Farm has done so well. THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF CALIFORNIA’S FLORA BY W. L. JEPSON It is not so long ago that the soft curves of the hills from their summits to the bay shore were yellow in March with the abounding bloom of the California Buttercup, while on the flats and plains Baby Blue-eyes, Allocaryas, Eschscholtzias, Owl’s Clover and Cream Sacs contended to monopolize the traveler’s attention. These broad sweeps of color have given way in great part under the pressure of civilization. Man takes the land for his uses,—streets for his cities, pasture for his herds, fresh sweet earth for the moldboard of his plow. The land that was once a wild garden of fine and singular beauty is now a land of homes and smiling cultivated fields. We would not have it otherwise. And yet there are still left here and there, relics of the former native flowering, that have an historical value, that tell us what once was, and that are worth while to save. A people who have no wild flowers lose one of nature’s great resources; a people who are not in deli- cate and sympathetic touch with the wild creatures have through that medium lost touch with the universe. We must save representative formations of our wild life because it is one of the strong assets of a finer civilization. We gather strength from the hills,—but not if they are absolutely naked and desolate. Asso- ciation with the native plants in the canyons and fields is enlivening, heartening and restful,—it stimulates the better parts of our nature, enlarges the understanding, deepens the sympathies, and widens the vision. For such joyful experience tourists travel from the ends of the earth to see the flower fields of the Engadine in the Swiss Alps. So will they to see the burning poppies and purple Shooting Stars of California if we safeguard our wild life and make it a quest. Through high good fortune we have two great and most wonderful flower preserves in the Sierra Nevada,—the Sequoia and Yosemite parks. We should have many such in the Coast Ranges, though for the purpose they need not be so extensive. Even a few acres judiciously located may serve as a public or private refuge for the native creatures. Diffusion of popular knowledge concerning the native flowers is a great and worth-while object, because he who does not know them is missing enjoyment which cannot otherwise be replaced. Then, too, when everyone knows the native flowers, public opinion will be strong enough to protect them. Protection can- not be had by legislation, nor by penalties. If we are sane in our use there are wildflowers for all,—to have and to hold. Purple of Larkspur and yellow of Mariposa, cream of Meadow Foam, kisses of Red Maids, and spurs of Yellow Pansy. But indiscriminate slaughter, the picking in hosts beyond any possible power to enjoy,—this is a kind of destructiveness which even the savage does not practice. | Down through the centuries by the way our race has come it has been guided by rallying cries,— brief calls from mouth to mouth, telling a world of feeling against usurper, vicious custom, or local abuse. So must we now invent calls as one of the ways to help in wild flower preservation. In the long run protection must come by the devices and resources of united effort, high intelligence, and careful handling. We must work for it, plan for it, strive for it. It is a noble object. If the beauty and glamour of the Golden Land in its youth can be preserved and harmonized with the practical phases of our civilization, then we may proudly say that our race was fit to possess and use this land, fit to enjoy it and to keep it, rising to the spirit and glad wonder af Nature in the valleys, mountains and canyons of our California. INTRODUCTION We have made bold to present this little booklet in an emergency so that the participants in the Third Annual Wild Flower Fete might have something that would convey in a permanent manner the immense scope and variety of plants comprising the flora of California. The work has been accomplished by utilizing persistently for a period of about two months several of the “wee sma” that bring today and tomorrow in close communion. It was the intention at first to omit a number of the large families like the grasses, conifers and ferns, but the list seemed so inadequate without them that a decision was made to include all and to seek the aid of friends to further its com- pletion. The first to respond to the call for help was Mrs. Harriett P. Kelly to whom we are indebted for the material on a large number of the families includ- ing the Liliaceae and Coniferae. Through the exceeding kindness and generosity of Mrs. Carlotta C. Hall, the authority on the ferns of the State, we are able to present a complete list of the ferns here published for the first time. Mr. L. S. Smith, R. P. Bledsoe and R. Gardner, students in the class in Agrostology at the University of California, are largely responsible for the grasses. For lack of both time and space it has been necessary to omit the listing of the species of the large genera like Astragalus, Lupinus and Trifolium in the Legu- minosae Aster and Chrysothamnus in the compositae and carex in the cyperaceae. An endeavor has been made to note the plants of food value for man or stock, and those with medicinal properties. Four hundred or more of the species which we have come to regard as our own are in reality introductions from other countries. Some of them are exceed- ingly valuable forage plants. Many are neutral while others invade the domains of the farmer and seriously interfere with the maximum production of his crops. It has been our joy and privilege to have been closely associated with wild and cultivated plants from early boyhood to the present time. As a member of a Boys’ Club, some fourteen strong, and fourteen years, we made long excursions to the country bringing home with great pride the violets, primroses, cowslips, hare- bells and hyacinths of the woods to plant with much care in our gardens. And so this early found inspiration is still with us and leads us to believe that the Boys’ Outing Farm, the California Wild Flower Fete and an annotated list of wild flowers are all worth while and have behind them the making of men. CONAN PON pe Annotated List of the Wild Flowers of California BUTTERCUP FAMILY . Traveller’s Joy Virgin’s Bowers Wind-Flowers . Meadow Rues Mouse-tail . Water Buttercups . Land Buttercup . Pink Buttercup . Creeping Buttercup . Saline Buttercup . Foothill Butercup . Alpine Buttercup . California Buttercup . Eastern Buttercup . Giant Buttercup . Nelson’s Buttercup cup RANUNCULACEAE General throughout Clematis ligusticifolia Clematis lasiantha Clematis pauciflora Clematis verticillaris Anemone occidentalis Anemone multifida Anemone nemorosa Thalictrum polycarpum etal: Myosurus minimus Myosurus aristatus Ranunculus hederaceus Ranunculus aquatalis Ranunculus hystriculus Ranunculus Andersonii Ranunculus Flammula var. reptans Ranunculus alismaefolius Ranunculus alismaefolius var. alismellus Ranunculus trachysper- mus var. Lindheimeri Ranunculus Cymbalaria Ranunculus glaberrimus Ranunculus oxynotus Ranunculus californicus Ranunculus repens Ranunculus macranthus Ranunculus Nelsonii var. tenellus . Rough-seeded Butter- Ranunculus hebecarpus State, having much beauty both in flower and seed. Vines. High mountains and red- woods. Coast and Sierras, delicate, graceful herbs with leaves resembling maiden hair fern. Wet, frequently alkaline soils of the Great Interior valley, and beneath sage- brush, Sierra Valley. Small plants with a con- spicuous elongated recep- tacle resembling a mouse’s tail. Aquatic, extremely variable and often segregated into many closely allied spe- cies or varieties. Foothills Sierras. Resembles an Anemone. Eastern Sierras, pinkish blossoms and unike a but- tercup. An _ interesting plant. Perennial. Sea level to 6,000 feet. Lower altitudes. Sierras. Napa Valley Wet saline soils. Eastern Sierras. Near snow, Sierras. Most common species in the State, especially coast hills. Introduced. Near the coast, sometimes five feet high. Sierra Nevada—Yosemite. Coast ranges and foothills of Sierras. 14 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 27. Spiny-fruited Butter- Ranunculus muricatus Introduced—Streets of San cup Francisco and waste ; places. 28. Marsh Marigold Caltha leptosepala Sierras. 29. False Rue Anemone Isopyrum occidentale Sandy soil among shrubs on coast. 30. Columbine Aquilegia truncata Coast and interior moun- tains. Frequent. Orange or yellow blossoms tinged with red. 31. Blue Columbine Aquilegia caerulea Sierras. Large blue and white blossoms. ; 32. Larkspurs Delphinium simplex These larkspurs resemble Delphinium variegatum each other and vary from Delphinium decorum a few inches in height in var. nevadense the high Sierras to two Delphinium depauperatum feet in the coast species. Flowers deep blue. 33: Tall Dbarkspurs Delphinium californicum The tall larkspurs occur in Delphinium scopulorum patches in the Sierras Delphinium trolliifolium and on the coast usually along creek bottoms. The flowers are of a lighter blue. 34. Red Larkspur Delphinium nudicaule Coast ranges. 35. Scarlet Larkspur Delphinium cardinale Mountains of Southern California. White flowers may occasionally be found amorig the larkspurs. Many are favorites in the garden. They are all regarded as poisonous and many cattle die every year from eating them on the ranges. 36. Monkshood Aconitum Fischeri Coast and Sierras; by streams. Resembles lark- spur but with a distinct hood to the blossom. Poisonous to stock. 37. Baneberry Actza spicata Coast ranges, not common. var. arguta White or red berry which is considered poisonous. 38. Peony Paeonia Brownii A dwarf when compared with our cultivated spe- cies. Blossoms dull dark red. Sierras. 39. Crossosoma Crossosoma californicum ee Cliffs, Gatalius Island. 40. Crossosoma Bigelovii Shrub. Canyons east of San Bernardino. BARBERRY FAMILY BERBERIDACEAE 41. Jepson’s Barberry Berberis dictyota Rocky crevices, Solano county. Marysville Buttes. 42. California Barberry Berberis pinnata Hills, San Francisco south. 43. Oregon Grape Berberis nervosa Woods, Marin county north. Also in gardens. 44. Inside-out Flower or Vancouveria chrysantha Shade, Coast ranges. Flowering Fern var. parviflora 45. Western May-apple Achlys triphylla Woods, Mendocino county. 47. 49. 50. 51. ae: 53. 54. 55. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 15 WATER-LILY FAMILY . Water Shield Yellow Pond Lily . Indian Pond Lily PITCHER PLANT FAMILY Pitcher Plant POPPY FAMILY California Poppy, Copa de oro Tiny-flowered Califor- nia poppy Cream Cups False Cream Cups Matilija Poppy Brasenia peltata Nuphar advena Nuphar polysepalum Darlingtonia Californica Eschscholtzia californica Eschscholtzia minutiflora Platystemon californicus Platystigma californicum Platystigma lineare Romneya Coulteri NYMPHACACEAE Flowers small, dull purple, petiole center of leaf— Clear Lake. Rootstock used as food by Indians. Numerous yellow stamens. Sloughs near Stockton. Flowers five inches, Santa Cruz and_ northward. Seeds used as food by Indians. SARRACENIACEAE Pitcher shaped leaves form a natural fly trap. Insects are enticed to enter and prevented from escaping by stiff hairs pointing downwards. Plant prob- ably makes use of dead insects to nourish it. Mountain swamps vicinity Mt. Shasta and elsewhere. Not often scen. PAPAVERACEAE The pride of all Califor- nia occurs in many differ- ent varieties or subspe- cies throughout the coast and interior valleys. Flow- ers extremely Variable in size and color. First col- lected in San Francisco in 1816. Desert and eastern side Sierras only. Flowers light yellow and about a quarter of an inch across. Hills and plains. A favor- ite, becoming less abund- ant due to agricultural pursuits. Flowers have flattened filaments to the stamens. Similar to the Cream Cups but with flattened stigmas. San Francisco peninsula and south. Flowers from base of plant. Flowers on branches. San Francisco, Clear Lake. Almost shrubby; large white flowers. Borders’ of streams Santa Barbara to San Diego. 16 56. Sy 58. ay: 60. 61. 63. 64. 65. 67. 68. 69. 70. yA pa fa: Prickly Poppy Desert Poppy Tree Poppy Bush Poppy Western Poppy Wind Poppy . Blood Drops WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Argemone hispida Leaves thistle-like; flowers large, white; Eastern Si- erras especially burnt over sagebrush areas. Hand- some. Arctomecon californicum A magnificent large white flower. Southeastern des- erts of State only. Dendromecon rigidum Shrubby; flowers golden yellow. Coast ranges and Sierras. Canbya candida An inch high. Flowers white, minute. Head of Mohave River, San Ber- nardino county. Papaver californicum Milky juice; flowers red with green spots. Chiefly in Southern California. Papaver heterophyllum A graceful plant with slen- der-stalked flowers, brick red. Dry soils middle California south. Getting scarce in bay region. Papaver heterophyllum Flowers more numerous and var. crassifolium smaller. Interior fields. FUMITORY FAMILY FUMARIACEAE Dutchmans Breeches Bleeding Heart Ear-Drop . Steers Head Fumitory Dicentra chrysantha Yellow two-spurred flowers. High dry ridges of inner coast ranges. Not com- mon. Dicentra formosa Rose-purple, crested. Shady woods Marin county northward. Dicentra pauciflora White, tinged with rose. Scott mountains near snow. Dicentra uniflora High Sierras. Not common. Small plant, usually only one-flowered. Flesh-color. June, near snow. Corydalis Caseana One spurred flower. Whit- ish with lavender tips. Shady ravines Sierras. Not common. Corydalis Bidwelliae Near Chico. MUSTARD FAMILY CRUCIFERAE Small Alyssum Sweet Alyssum Rockets Rockets Platyspermum scapigerum Interesting thin flat seed pods. Sierra county foot- hills. Alyssum calcinum Escape from gardens. Alyssum maritimum Escape from gardens. Draba stenoloba 4”-12”. Flowers yellow. High Sierras. Draba cuneifolia 3”-6”. Flowers white. Los Angeles. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 17 74. Rockets 75. Rockets 76. Rockets 77. Rockets 78. Rockets 79. Rockets 80. Rockets 81. Milk-maids 82. Toothwort 83. Toothwort 84. Bitter Cress . 85. Bitter Cress 86. Bitter Cress 87. Bitter Cress 88. Bitter Cress 89. Alkali Rock Cress 90. Tower Mustard 91. Hairy Rock Cress 92. Coast Rock Cress 93. Brewers Rock Cress 96. Alpine Rock Cress 97. Wall Cress 98. 98a. Hare’s Ear Mustard 99. Jewel Flower 100. 101. 102. 103. Draba aureola Draba corrugata Draba Lemmoni Draba crassifolia Draba Douglasii Draba eurycarpa Draba alpina and vars. Dentaria integrifolia and var. Dentaria cardiophylla Dentaria tenella Cardamine oligosperma Cardamine Gambellii Cardamine Breweri Cardamine hirsuta Cardamine bellidifolia Arabis longirostris Arabis glabra Arabis hirsuta Arabis blepharophylla Arabis Breweri Arabis arcuata Arabis virginica Arabis Lyalli Arabis platysperma Arabis repanda Arabis Thaliana Arabis Holboellii Conringia orientalis Streptanthus glandulosus Streptanthus polygaloides Streptanthus suffrutescens Streptanthus orbiculatus Streptanthus Breweri 2”-4”. Flowers bright yel- low. Sierra county and vicinity. San Bernardino Mts. Dwarf. High peaks—Si- erras. 1”-5”. Yosemite. 7000 ft. Yellow. Dwarf. White, Sierra Val- ley. Dwarf. High Sierras. Dwarfs. Flowers large, yel- low. High Sierras. Flowers white. Coast ranges. Vaca mountains. Indian Valley, Plumas Co. Coast ranges under oaks. Near Santa Barbara. Sierras and Humboldt Co. Plumas Co. Lassen Peak. Deserts N.' E. California. Dull white throughout. Cali- fornia. Northern California. Large fragrant purple flow- ers... Coast. hills. San Francisco Co.—Monterey. Dwarf; rose colored. Rocky summits. Mt. Diablo. Mt. Hamilton, etc. 1-2 ft. Santa. Barbara’ to Eastern Sierras. Lower San Joaquin river banks. High Sierras. High Sierras. Yosemite Valley. Introduced. Has _ spread over University botanical gardens as a weed. Sierras. Deep purple. Com- mon. Frequent in alfalfa seed. Plants not yet collected. Common in mountains. Mid- dle altitudes. Rare; dry magnesium soil, near Jacksonville on the Tuolumne. Mountains. Coast ranges. Summit Mt. Diablo. Also Sierras. Mt. Diablo range. 18 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. Wormseed Mustard llla. Mt. Wall Flower 112. Western Wall Flower 113. Coast Wall Flower 114. Wild Cabbage 115. Wild Cabbage 116. Wild Cabbage 117. Wild Cabbage 118. 119. 120. IVA 122. 123. 124. 125: 126. 127. 128. 129. Golden Prince’s Plume 130. 131. Black Mustard 13la. Indian Mustard Streptanthus barbiger Streptanthus niger Streptanthus secundus Streptanthus hispidus Streptanthus tortuosus Streptanthus cordatus Streptanthus heterophyl- lus Erysimum cheiranthoides Erysimum Menziesii Erysimum asperum Erysimum capitatum Caulanthus procerus Caulanthus Coulteri Caulanthus pilosus Caulanthus crassicaulis Thelypodium lasiophyllum and vars. Thelypodium Greenei Thelypodium flavescens Thelypodium Cooperi Thelypodium integri- folium Thelypodium brachy- carpum Thelypodium saggittatum Thelypodium Nuttallii Thelypodium lacinatum Thelypodium ambiguum Thelypodium longifolium Stanleya pinnatifida Stanleya viridiflora Brassica nigra Brassica juncea St. Helena. Tiburon, Marin Co. Near coast; Marin Co,, north. Summit Mt. Diablo. South- ward. Common in Sierras, 4000 to 11,000 ft. altitude in dry sunny places. High Sierras. Pendent pods. Bushy hills, San Diego. Rare. Introduced. Placer Co. Sierras. Common. Coast ranges and Sierras. Vicinity of the ocean. Mt. Diablo region. Southern California. Probably extending into N. E. California from Ne- vada. Foothills, Eastern Sierras, sometimes used as food. Frequent in Coast ranges also in Sierras. Mt. Diablo region. Mt. Diablo region. Mojave River region. Eastern Sierras. Mono Lake region. into California Probably extending northeastern from Nevada. Probably extending northeastern from Nevada. Probably extending northeastern from Nevada. Stout conspicuous peren- nials. Desert regions, Southern California. Probably extending into N. E. California from Ne- vada. into California into California Introduced weed. As com- mon 40 years ago as now. Valley grain fields prin- cipally. Seeds more pung- ent than the common mustard of commerce, Brassica alba. Common as a weed in alf- alfa seed. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 19 132. 133. 134. 133. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. Wild Mustard or Turnip Charlock Winter Cress Hedge Mustard Green Tansy Mustard Tansy Mustard Tumbling Mustard Sea Rocket Water Cress Horse Radish Western Yellow Cress Marsh Yellow Cress 147a. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. Bladder-Pod Awlwort Shepherds Purse Lace-Pod Fringe Pod Brassica campestris Brassica arvensis Barbarea vulgaris and vars. Sisymbrium officinale Sisymbrium acutangulum Sisymbrium reflexum Sisymbrium junceum Sisymbrium incisum and vars. Sisymbrium pinnatum Sisymbrium altissimum Cakile americana Smelowskia calycina Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium armoriacia Nasturtium curvisiliqua Nasturtium palustris Nasturtium obtusum Vesicaria montana Subularia aquatica Tropidocarpum gracile Tropidocarpum dubium Tropidocarpum capparid- eum Capsella bursa-pastoris Capsella procumbens Lyrocarpa Coulteri Lyrocarpa Palmeri Thysanocarpus elegans Thysanocarpus curvipes Introduced weed. Coast region and elsewhere. Introduced weed. Grain- fields. Marshes and damp places. Coast hills and Sierras. Introduced weed. Common in bay region. Introduced near coast towns. Along coast. Probably N. E. California. Common in Sierras. Dry soils. Dry soils, Monterey south- ward; also common in valleys East Sierras. Introduced weed along rail- roads, common in N. E. California in seed alfalfa. Ocean and Bay beaches. Dwarf alpine perennials Northern Sierras. Introduced: creeks and springs. Used for garn- ishing principally. Introduced. Rarely blos- soms ; weed in some parts; difficult to eradicate. The root is used by Japanese art stores and sprouted in miniature vase gardens. A Condiment. Marshy places the State. Sacramento River. San Luis Obispo; River. Yreka; Mt. Lassen. High Sierras. Pools. Low hills inner ranges. Antioch and south. Alkali soil, San Joaquin River region. Introduced weed. Trouble- some in newly sown al- falfa field. Alkali soil, Bay and Valley south. Southern California. Tantillas Mountains below San Diego. North Coast ranges. Sierra foothills. Striking, orna- mental pods. Common, open hill country. throughout Kern coast 187 187a. Rocket Salad . Pennycress . Alpine Pennycress . Wild Radish . Garden Radish WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Thysanocarpus radians Thysanocarpus emarg- inatus Thysanocarpus erectus Athysanus pusillus Athysanus unilateralis Thalaspi arvense Thalaspi alpestre . Common Pepper- Lepidium nitidum grass. . Tall Pepper-grass Lepidium medium . Wayside Pepper- Lipidium bipinnatifidum grass . Long Winged Pepper- Lepidium latipes grass . Alkali Winged Pep- Lepidium dictyotum per-grass Lepidium oxycarpum Lepidium strictum Lepidium Menziesii Lepidium lasiocarpum Lepidium flavum Lepidium intermedium Lepidium Fremontii Lepidium montanum Lepidium campestre . Hoary Cress Lepidium Draba . Dwarf Cress Lepidium nanum . False Flax Camelina sativa . Twin Pod Physaria didymocarpa . Wart Cress Coronopus didymus . Swine Cress Coronopus Ruelli Biscutella californica Raphanus Raphanistrum Raphanus sativus Eruca sativa Low hills, Central Califor- nia. Mt. Diablo region. Guadalupe Island. Gravelly hills, coast range and Sierra foothills. Livermore Valley and south. Introduced weed. Abund- ant at Adin, Modoc Co. Yreka and Plumas Co. Common everywhere. Coast ranges. Throughout California. Pools of alkali flats. Gen- eral. Alkali soils, Livermore Val- ley south, also Eastern Sierras. Borders of salt marshes Middle California. Lower San Joaquin region. Santa Barbara to Los An- geles. Desert regions. Santa Bar- bara, eastward. Mohave River region. Eastern Sierras. A conspicuous fragrant per- ennial shrub—Desert re- gions. Mohave and East- ern Sierras. Shasta River. Perhaps introduced from Oregon. Escape from gardens. Probably N. E. California. Introduced weed in grain- fields. A striking plant with gray leaves, large yellow flow- ers and inflated pods. Fre- quent in mountains East- ern Sierra. Introduced county. Introduced weed, San Fran- cisco. San Bernardino Mts. Weed, waste places and grain fields. Escaped and now abundant as a weed. Introduced. Alfalfa fields San Luis Obispo Co. weed, Solano 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 208. 209. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 21 CAPER FAMILY Globe Pod Isomeris arborea Polanisia trachysperma Cleome lutea Cleome platycarpa Cleomella obtusifolia Cleomella longipes Cleomella parviflora Clammy Weed Bee Plant Little Bee Plant CAPPARIDACEAE Shrub 3-5 ft. high, unpleas- ant odor; large yellow flowers and large inflated pod. Dry soils, Southern California. Probably N. E. California. Probably N. E. California. Northern California. Mojave River region. Probably N. E. California. Mojava River region. Stink Weed Wislizenia refracta Alkali soils, San Joaquin Valley. MIGNONETTE FAMILY RESEDACEAE Desert Mignonette - Oligomeris subulata Desert regions, Southern California. Common Mignonette Reseda odorata White Mignonette Reseda alba VIOLET FAMILY . Dog Violet Viola canina and vars. . Western Heart’s Ease Viola ocellata Mountain Violet Viola purpurea and vars. Yellow Pansy or Viola pedunculata Johnny Jump-Up Wood Violet Viola sarmentosa Moisture-loving Violet Viola glabella Cut-leaf Violet Viola Douglasii . Pine Violet Viola lobata and vars. . Small White Violet Viola blanda Viola cucullata English Violet Viola odorata Occasionally escaped from gardens. Escape from gardens. VIOLACEAE Coast and Sierras. Violet, turning to red purple. Shady woods coast ranges. White or yellow and vio- let-purple. Coast ranges and Sierras. Abundant. Yellow and brown. Coast ranges. Flowers large golden yellow and dark brown, purple veined. Redwood belt. Coast ranges. Light yellow. Wet places in woods. Coast ranges and Sierras. Bright yellow, purple- veined. Open hillsides, Coast ranges and Sierras. Wide dis- tribution. Leaves much dissected. Flowers large, orange-yellow and brown- ish-purple. Coast ranges north of San Francisco. Leaves lobed, yellow and purple. Wet places, Sierra. common. White purple veins. Eastern Sierras. Deep pale violet to purple. Occasional as an escape. Not with 22 210. PANE ZiZ: 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. Dal. Lae, 223. 224. Zao: 226. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA , Garden Pansey Viola tricolor Occasional as an escape. Nuttall’s Violet Viola Nuttallii Northern California. Hum- boldt to Modoc Co. Large, yellow, brown and purple. Hall’s Violet Viola Hallii Humboldt Co. Seldom col- lected. Yellow and deep violet. Leaves 3-parted. Beckwith’s Violet Viola Beckwithii Central and eastern Sierras, often in open _ places among sagebrush. Leaves much dissected. Purple and yellow. Shelton’s Violet Viola Sheltonii Similar to last. Yellow veined with purple. Mid- dle to Sierras only. Rare. Viola cuneata Coast ranges — Humboldt Co. North—Rare. Deep purple with white. MILKWORT FAMILY POLY GALACEAE Coast Milkwort Polygala Californica Brush covered slopes, coast ranges; flower resembles that of a _ legume-rose- purple. Sierra Milkwort Polygala cornuta Pine forests, Sierras. Greenish white. Crimson Beak Krameria parviflora Spiny branched shrub of the deserts. San Diego, eastward. Purple. ALKALI—HEATH FAMILY FRANKENIACEAE Yerba Rheuma or Frankenia grandiflora Common in salt marshes alkali heath and alkali plains. Small pinkish. PINK FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cow Cockle Vaccaria vulgaris Introduced weed in grain fields—handsome pinkish- red. Probably poisonous to stock. Catch-fly Silene multinervia Introduced. Origin un- known. Mt. Tamalpais, also Southern California. Small purplish. Sleepy Catch-fly Silene antirrhina Throughout State but never abundant. Small, pink or ~ red. Silene Gallica Introduced weed. Com- mon everywhere. Trouble- some in pastures. Silene dichotoma Introduced weed. Berkeley. White flowers. Bladder Campion Silene vulgaris Introduced in Vallejo. White. Indian Pink Silene Californica Open woods, coast ranges and Sierras. Scarlet. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 23 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 2a: 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. Zoi: 252. 253. . 254. 255. 255a. 255b. 256. 255: 258. 259. 260. Mouse ear Chickweed Field Chickweed Common Chickweed Seashore Chickweed Sandwort Pearl wort Silene verecunda Silene campanulata Silene Lyalli Silene Menziesii Silene Hookeri Silene Lemmoni Silene occidentalis Silene montana Silene Palmeri Silene pectinata Silene incompta Silene Bridgesii Silene Douglasii Silene campanulata Silene Grayi Cerastium viscosum Cerastium arvense Stellaria media Stellaria nitens Stellaria littoralis Stellaria umbellata Stellaria longipes Stellaria borealis Stellaria Jamesii Arenaria Californica Arenaria Douglasii Arenaria paludicola Arenaria macrophylla Arenaria congesta and vars. Arenaria verna var. hirta Arenaria capillaris Arenaria pungens Sagina occidentalis Sagina crassicaulis Sagina Linnaei Sagina apetala San Francisco southward. Large, rose-color. Mendocino Co. Flesh color. Sierra Valley. srownish- purple. Eastern Sierras. Northern pink. Sierra Valley. Plumas Co. White. counties. Pale Rose color. Deep purple. Sierra Valley. Rose color. San Diego Co. Purplish. Eastern Sierras. Dark rose- color. Yosemite Valley. Light rose color. Yosemite Valley. White. Sierras; frequent. Rose color to white. Humboldt Co. White. Mt. Shasta near snow. Rose color. Introduced. A bad weed in lawns. S. F. Peninsula. Introduced weed. Common; liked by canaries. Troublesome in lawns. Grassy hillsides. Solano county south. Slender plant, flowers minute, white. Marshy places, coast points. Yosemite. Sierras. Sierras. Sierras. Dry rocky knolls, ranges. Sterile soil coast and Si- erras. Swamps along coast. Rare. Shady slopes. Mountains of interior coast ranges. Narrow prickly leaves. Si- erras. Mt. Lassen. High Sierras. High Sierras. Salt marshes. General. Beaches along coast. Webber Lake, Sierras. Introduced. North Berke- ley. coast 24 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 261. Corn Spurrey 262. Sand Spurrey 263. Red Sand Spurrey 204. 265. Salt Sand Spurrey 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. Sand Mat 271. Whitlow-wort Zhe 273. Alpine Campion 274. Bouncing Bet PURSLANE FAMILY Spergula arvensis Tissa macrotheca and vars. Tissa. rubra and vars. Tissa Clevelandi Tissa salina and vars. Polycarpon depressum Polycarpon tetraphyllum Loeflingia squarrosa Herniaria cinerea Pentacaena ramosissima Paronychia chilensis Achyronychia Cooperi Lychnis californica Saponaria officinalis 275. Common Purslane or Portulaca oleracea “Pussley” 270. Zaf: 278. Red Maids 279. 280. 281. 281a. 282. 283. 284. Miner’s Lettuce Portulaca pilosa Portulaca grandiflora Calandrinia caulescens var. Menziesii Calandrinia Breweri Calandrinia maritima Calandrinia pygmea Calandrinia triphylla Calandrinia nevadensis Calandrinia Leana Montia perfoliata Montia Siberica Introduced weed; graceful plant; annual; common in fields and orchards. Salt marshes, general. Introduced. Roadsides, val- leys. Sandy soil. Bay region and elsewhere. Salt marshes and alkaline plains, general. Monterey and Santa Cruz Co. and elsewhere. Introduced. Napa Valley along railroads. San Joaquin, south. Introduced. Foothills San Joaquin region. Sand hills along coast. Dense mats. “Stickery.” Introduced from South America. Hilltops. West- aa) es ae ale Deserts Southern Califor- nia. Alpine. High Sierras. Escape from gardens. PORTULACACEAE Introduced from Europe. Weed in gardens. Reported from Soda Springs, Upper Sacra- mento. Escape from gardens. Large flowers of various colors. Common in pastures and orchards, a favorite spring wild flower. Mt. Tamalpais and south. San Diego. Little known. Red, large and showy. Alpine, among rocks. Sum- mits of High Sierras. Striking, red. Central and Northern Si- erras. White. Mt. Shasta and counties. Red. Common, pastures and or- chards. General. Com- panion of “Red Maids.” Several varieties. Leaves variable. Wet places along the coast, Marin Co. north. northern WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 25 286. ; Montia gypsophiloides North slopes of coast ranges. Mt. Diablo north. 287. Montia Spathulata High gravelly knolls, Bay region—north. 288. Montia parvifolia North coast ranges and Sierras. Bulblets in the leaf axils. 289. Montia diffusa Woods of Mill Valley, north. 290. Water Montia Montia fontana Wet places of Marin Co. northward. 291. Montia chamissonis High Sierras. Bulbiferous. 292. Montia linearis Northern counties. 293. Pussy Paws. Calyptridum Spraguea A common plant in the Yo- umbellata and vars. semite Valley and else- where in the Sierras at high. and low elevations. Light rose color. 294. Calyptridum Spraguea Sonoma Co. north. quadripetalum 295. Calyptridum Spraguea San Diego east. monandum 296. Calyptridum Spraguea Sierra valley. roseum The species of Montia, Calyptridum, Calandrinia, Spraguea Claytonia and Oreobroma are variously treated by the different authors, causing much confusion in the literature. Probably many more species than here listed. 297. Bitter Root Lewisia rediviva and vars. High peaks of coast ranges —rare. Frequent in east- ern Sierras. Large hand- _ some rose colored flowers often two in. across seem- ingly coming from the sterile rocky soil. Stout roots formerly used by Indians for food. Leafage very scanty. State flower of Montana. 298. Spring Beauty Claytonia lanceolata Subalpine and alpine Sierras. 299. Claytonia umbellata Probably N.E. Calif. in des- ert mountains. 300. Claytonia nubigena Flowers large. Mt. Diablo and Marin Co. CARPET WEED FAMILY AIZOACEAE (FICOIDEAE) 301. Carpet Weed Mollugo verticillata Introduced Weed. Bay re- gion south. 302. West Indian Weed Cypselea humifusa Introduced weed from West Indies. Lower San Joa- quin. 303. Alkali Purslane Sesuvium sessile Low alkali lands. San Joa- quin. 304. Sea Spinach Tetragonia expansa Beaches, Bay region. 26 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 305. Sea Fig Mesembryanthemum aequilaterale 305a. Knawel 305b. Alkali Purslane Scleranthus annuus Trianthema portulacas- Dunes and cliffs of Bay re- gion. Fruits sometimes eaten. Commonly used to cover unsightly banks. Introduced, El Dorado Co. Introduced, San Mateo Co. trum TAMARISK FAMILY TAMARISCINEAE 306 Tamarisks Tamarix spp. Introduced shrubs suitable 307. Candlewood Fouquiera splendens WATERWORT FAMILY 308. Waterwort Elatine brachysperma 309. Elatine californica 310. Bergia texana ST. JOHN’S WORT FAMILY 311. Mountain St. John’s Wort 312. Dwarf St. John’s Wort 313. False Pimpernel 314. Weedy St. John’s Wort Hypericum Scouleri Hypericum concinnum Hypericum anagalloides Hypericum perforatum 315, Hypericum mutilum for windbreaks in deserts; occasionally seen as es- capes. Southern Califor- nia. Striking desert shrub. Cac- taceous in aspect, leaves at summit of stems only; branches grooved, ridged and spiny; terminal spikes of brilliant crimson flow- ers. Southern California, San Diego, Imperial and east. ELATINACEAE Mats 2-3 inches across. Margins of pools. Wal- nut Creek, Bay region to coast. Seldom collected. Suisun and N. Sierras. Sel- dom collected. Shady banks of Interior Basin. HY PERICACEAE General in the Sierras and elsewhere. Interior Basin and foothills. Moist places; general. Tall perennial species, en- tering Calif. by way of the N. W. P. R. R. A bad European weed. One of Oregon’s worst pasture pests. Called “Goat weed” there as only goats will eat it. Difficult to eradi- cate, spreads rapidly. Used in London for fuel on the eve of St. John. Medi- cinal, dyes wool yellow. Banks of the Sacramento near Rio Vista. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 27 MALLOW FAMILY 316. Tree Mallow 317. Rose Mallow 317a. 318. Dwarf Mallow or “Cheeses” 319. Large-flowered Mallow 320. Small-flowered Mallow 321. Wild Hollyhock 322. 323. 324. 325. 320. 327, 328. 329. Lavatera assurgentiflora Hibiscus Californicus Hibiscus denudatus Malva rotundifolia Malva borealis Malva parviflora Sidalcea malvaeflora Sidalcea diploscypha and var. Sidalcea Hartwegii Sidalcea sulcata Sidalcea Oregana Sidalcea malachroides -Sidalcea calycosa Sidalcea glaucescens Sidalcea spicata MALVACEAE Introduced and commonly used as a windbreak in vegetable gardens near the coast. Marshy places along the Sacramento and San Joa- quin. Tall, 3 to 7 ft., very large, deep crimson and white flowers. S. E. California. Introduced — old gardens and waste places. Medi- cinal-mucilaginous, boiled with meat in Egypt. Introduced weed from Eu- rope. Waste places. Com- mon on coast. Introduced. Very common in Bay region. Leaves cleft, small and large, pinkish flowers on the same plant. General, abundant, perennial. Sacramento and coast range valleys. Annual. Coast ranges and Sierra foothills. Northern Sierra foothills. Sonoma County north. Seaboard species, leaves not cleft or divided. Pt. Reyes. Rarely collected. Frequent in Sierra foothills. General. Forming striking masses of pink in meadows of the Sierras at moderate ele- vations. Nearly all the known species are found within the boundaries of the State. In addition to the above, some twenty species have been described, many of which may prove to be synonyms when the peculiar and variable features of the genus are better understood. 330. False Mallow 331, 332. Malvastrum exile Malvastrum Fremontii Malvastrum arcuatum Low plant, mostly in the San Joaquin Valley and south. Two kinds of blos- soms, small white or rose- colored ones and larger rose-colored ones. Diablo range south, fra- grant like roses, white woolly plant, leaves lobed. Shrub, stream banks, Santa Clara Valley, densely _ woolly leaves only slightly lobed. 28 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 333. Malvastrum fasciculatum Shrub. Dry inner south coast hills. Slender wand- like branches. 334. Malvastrum splendidum Large shrub or tree. Moun- tains Los Angeles to San- ta Barbara. 35: Malvastrum marrubioides Milleston on the San Joa- quin. 336. Malvastrum rotundifolium Sand hills S. E. deserts. 337. Malvastrum Palmeri San Luis Obispo County. 338. Globe Mallow Sphaeralcea Munroana Common eastern base of Sierras. 339. Sphaeralcea angustifolia S. E. California. 340. Sphaeralcea Lindheimeri Central California. 341. Sphaeralcea angustifolia Mojave desert. 342. Sphaeralcea Emoryi A conspicuous plant, E. of Sierras. Crimson raceme of flowers. 343. Sphaeralcea Coulteri S: E.. California. “‘Gaspels with striking horizontal projection. Probably half a dozen more species. The genus Sphaeralcea looks like Mal- vastrum, the main difference being that the latter has only one ovule in the cells of the ovary while the former has two. 344. Alkali Mallow Sida hederacea Subsaline — soils. Interior Basin. Troublesome as a weed. Acts like morning glory. 345. Flowering Maple Abutilon crispum Both south of San Diego. 346. Abutilon Newberryi Small yellow flowers. 347. Abutilum Thurberi Southern coast ranges. 348. Modiola Modiola multifida Introduced, alfalfa fields, Interior Basin. 349. Hollyhock Althaea rosea Escape from gardens. 350. Marshmallow Althaea officinalis Introduced. 351. Fremontia, Mountain Fremontia Californica Leatherwood, False Slippery Elms, Velvet Flower Western side southern Sierras, rare in Bay region. A shrub of unusual char- acter and distinctiveness, truly Californian. We should cherish and preserve this handsome shrub with its large, soft, velvety yellow blossoms. Named after its discoverer, General Fremont. For this reason the name Fremontia is much to be preferred. LINDEN FAMILY TILIACEAE 352. Lindens or Bass- Tilia sp. Useful, ornamental trees in woods. cultivation. Flowers val- uable for bees. FLAX FAMILY LINACEAE 353. Blue Flax Linum Lewisii Perennial, common in Si- erras and occasional in coast ranges. 354. Golden Flax Linum adenophyllum North coast ranges. Yellow. 363. 364. 365. . Pink Flax . Nodding Flax . California Flax . Purple Flax . Brewers Flax . Mountain Flax . Commercial Flax . Creosote-bush . Red-stemmed Filaree, . Musk Filaree . Texas Filaree . Meadow Foam WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 29 Linum spergulinum Linum micranthum Linum Californicum Linum congestum Linum Breweri Linum digynum Linum usitatissimum CREOSOTE-BUSH FAMILY Covillea ,- __. divaricata Larrea Puncture weed Tribulus terrestris Fagonia californica GERANIUM FAMILY Cranesbill Geranium Carolinianum Geranium dissectum Geranium Richardsonii Geranium incisum Geranium pilosum Erodium cicutarium Pin-clover, Pin - grass, Storksbill, Clocks. Erodium macrophyllum and var. Erodium moschatum Erodium botrys Erodium Texanum Floerkea Douglasii North coast ranges. Pink- ish white. Sierras mostly. Mt. Diablo and north. White or pink. Marin County. Rose-purple. Mt. Diablo. Yellow. Yosemite Valley and else- where. Yellow. The flax of commerce— escape. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE The common evergreen shrub of desert regions. Covers large areas in Kern Co. and East to Ne- vada. Bright yellow. Leaves sticky and strong scented. Indians made glue from it for arrows. Southern California. Pros- trate plant. Seeds like three-pointed tacks, strong enough to puncture tires. Hot deserts, S. California. GERANIACEAE Introduced, general and common in the Bay re- gion. Light pink. Introduced. General in Bay region. Rose-purple. Eastern Sierras. Common white to purple. Yosemite Valley and north. Deep purple. Introduced from Australia. Bay region. Rare. Introduced in fleece of Mis- sion sheep from Spain. Now wide snread from coast to Nevada and Ari- zona. Red. Excellent for- age. Interior Basin. White. Coast and valleys. Musky odor. Rose-purple. Marin County north. Deep violet. Sandy deserts, extreme South. Near shallow water in coast ranges and_ elsewhere. Showy, white, yellow or rose-color. 30 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 377. Yellow Sorrel Oxalis corniculata General, weed in lawns and and vars. gardens; troublesome root-stocks; leaves turn reddish and have acid taste; flowers yellow. 378. Redwood Sorrel Oxalis oregana Associated with the red- woods; pink, white or rose-color; large. CITRUS FAMILY RUTACEAE 379. Hop-tree Ptelea Baldwinii var. Mt. Diablo north and south in certain localities. Shrub or tree; interesting seed , surrounded by a wing. 380. Thamnosma montanum S. E. deserts. Low, some- what spiny shrub; soon deciduous; purple and yellow; not common. Strongly scented. — 381. Cneoridium dumosum San Diego region. A low heavy scented shrub; flowers white. To this family belong the citrus fruits so extensively grown in Southern Cali- fornia and certain sections of the northern counties. STAFF-TREE FAMILY CELASTRACEAE 382. Burning Bush Euonymus occidentalis Slender, 4-angled green- branched shrub. Santa Cruz mountains north. Flowers dark brown. 383. Pachystima Myrsinites Evergreen shrub. Yuba riv- er north. Flowers small, green. BUCKTHORN FAMILY RHAMNACEAE 384. California jujube Zizyphus Parryi Shrub with leafy spines; gravelly ravines; southern California; edible; lemon- yellow; fruits about % inch long. 385. Karwinskia Humboldtiana Smooth shrub perhaps in extreme south adjacent to Mexico; a small fleshy fruit. 386. Coffee Berry or Rhamnus Californica and General; leaves evergreen; Pigeon Berry vars. shrub; generally 2-seeded ; blackish-purple berry. 387. Cascara Sagrada Rhamnus Purshiana Northern coast counties mostly; shrub or small tree; medicinal bark; leaves deciduous; 3-seed- ed black berry. 388. Rhamnus crocea and Bay region southward near vars. the. coast; low shrub bright red berry. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 31 389. 390 . Snow-brush 391. 392 “03 . California Lilac or Blue Blossoms Searcy Ss: Lilac 394. 395. 396. 397. 398 . 399. 400. 402. Buck Brush. Adolphia Californica Ceanothus velutinus and vars. Ceanothus integerrimus Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Ceanothus Parryi Ceanothus foliosus Ceanothus dentatus Ceanothus papillosus Ceanothus sorediatus Ceonothus incanus Ceanothus cuneatus Ceanothus rigidus Ceanothus Jepsonii Ceanothus purpurea Small branching spiny shrub with greenish flowers. Soledad; Chollas Valley, near San Diego. Large shrub; leaves thick, shiny and _ sticky above, pale beneath. White, with- out horns. Northern Si- erras. This and the next eight have alternate leaves. Tall, slender shrub; leaves deep-green above, pale beneath; Santa Cruz Mountains. Tall shrub or tree. A beau- tiful sight with its light blue, fragrant blossoms. Bay region north. Spreading shrub; leaves rolled; blue. Attractive in bloom only. Local. Napa Valley hills. Dense, low, spreading shrub. Clusters of blue blossoms; spherical; crested fruit; common. Coast ranges, Bay region north. Dense low shrubs with red- dish-brown branchlets and the young twigs downy; leaves waxen above, downy beneath; blue. Santa Cruz Mountains. Rigid shrubs with spur-like branches. Fruit sticky and warty. 397 with bluish flowers and common in large patches on north slopes of coast ranges. 398 with white velvety blos- soms. Rigid shrubs with gray bark and_ short _ stout branchlets; leaves oppo- site in this and the next four; flowers white; fruit with 3 short erect horns; very abundant, forming dense thickets in higher coast ranges and Sierras. Chaparral in part. Erect shrubs with rigid branches and more or less spiny-toothed leaves. Flowers blue or whitish; musky odor. Middle coast ranges. 32 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 403. Squaw carpet Ceanothus prostratus A well known plant to Si- Mahala mats and var. erra campers by its holly- like leaves, forming a mat beneath the yellow pines, also on the coast. 404. Sierra Brush Ceanothus cordulatus A spiny shrub with gray branches and white flow- ers. Freq uent in the Sierras, forming dense thickets. There are several additional species, somewhat local in their distribution. GRAPE-VINE FAMILY VITACEAE 405. California Wild Vitis Californica General along streams, Grape climbing high up into trees. Very fragrant in blossom. BUCKEYE FAMILY SAPINDACEAE 406. Buckeye Aesculus Californica Shrub or tree. Known by its large, beautiful pyramidal clusters of white blos- soms at the ends of the branches and the polished, mahogany colored seeds in large green pear-shaped pods. Seeds unpalatable and unwholesome. General throughout middle California, in the foothills and coast regions. MAPLE FAMILY ACERACEAE 407. Box elder or Soft Acer negundo var. A common tree along Maple streams in ‘the coast ranges and valleys of the interior; general; leaves variable in form, but more or less lobed. 408. Large-leaved Maple Acer macrophyllum A useful and beautiful tree of the coast ranges and Sierras. 409. Vine Maple Acer circinatum A small shrub or tree with drooping branches which take root and form thick- ets. Northern California in pine forests. Leaves 3 to 5 inches broad and deeply 7 to 9 lobed. 410. Sierra Maple Acer glabrum Usually a shrub and recog- nized among the shrub- bery along creeks in the Sierras by its leaves. 411. Bladder Nut Staphylea Bolanderi Erect shrub with leaves of 3 leaflets, 1 to 2 inches long; fruit bladdery and keeled with small round seeds. Shasta Co. 412. Glossopetalon Nevadense_ A rare shrub on barren hill- sides in Washoe Co., Ne- vada, forming patches not over | foot high. Slender spiny branches, small sim- ple, entire leaves and not at all like the maple fam- ily. Flowers white and obscure. May extend over border. WILD FLOWERS OF CAL IFORN [A 33 SUMACH OR POISON OAK FAMILY—ANACARDIACEAE 413. Poison Oak Rhus diversiloba Commonly a shrub, but quite frequently climbing up trees like ivy; leaves consisting of three leaflets which are three-lobed; coarsely toothed. Clusters of white flowers appearing with the leaves. In the autumn the leaves turn red. Causes eruption on the skin accompanied by severe smarting and itching. Why it im some people and not others is interesting. General, but coast ranges mostly. 414. Evergreen shrub Rhus integrifolia Simple leaves, rose-colored flowers, red fruits. In- dians made acid cooling drink from fruits. Bark exudes a gum. Southern California. 415. Laurel Sumach Rhus laurina Large evergreen shrub, yel- lowish flowers. Seeds said to yield a pungent oil. Santa Barbara to San 3 Diego. 416. Squaw Bush Rhus trilobata var. Aromatic shrub; greenish Indian Lemonade flowers precede the leaves; fruit red and acid, and eaten by Indians; twigs usedinbasketry. Through- out California, but not common. LEGUME FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE One of the largest and most important families of the vegetable kingdom from an economic standpoint. The soil in which they grow is usually increased in fer- tility, owing to their utilizing the abundant nitrogen in the air through their tuber- culed root system. 417. Golden Pea Thermopsis macrophylla Perennial with rootstocks False Lupine and vars. about 1 foot high. Leaves of 3 petioled leaflets at first distinctly whitish due to dense silky hairs, later nearly smooth; flowers large, yellow; pod 2 in. long and __ silky-villous. Not liked by stock. Coast ranges. 418. Mountain Pea Thermopsis montana In patches, similar to 417 and common in adjacent Nevada and may be in N. E. California. 419. Pickeringia or Xylothermia montana Spiny branched shrub with Spiny Chaparral small leaves; large soli- tary rose-purple flowers and pod about 2 inches long. Ridges, coast ranges and south and elsewhere. LUPINES LUPINUS 420. Lupines. There are at least 100 species of lupines in the United States with most of them west of the Rocky Mountains, and perhaps fifty species in California. They are mostly annuals or perennials with a few species herbaceous or even woody. The leaves consist of from four to fifteen leaflets radiating from the end of the petiole. 34 WILD FLOWERS:‘OF CALIFORNIA The flowers are usually showy, ranging in color through many shades of blue and purple to yellows, pinks and whites. Individual florets show the characteristic corolla parts with standard, wings and keel, as seen in the garden or sweet pea. The inflorescence is in terminal sprays or series of whorls varying greatly in size, number of florets and density. The seeds are in pods. None of the lupines interferes seriously with the cultural operations of the farmer. and the foliage of many is much sought after by stock, especially sheep, providing nutritious forage. The ripe seeds of many of them have been known to cause serious losses of stock by poisoning, causing a disease termed by veter- inarians, lupinosis. Europeans use some of the species for green manuring. The seeds of the European species are utilized for food for stock and humans, but only after the poisonous principle has been removed by boiling. Many of the Californian species have been introduced as ornamentals, especially in European gardens. The different species are found at all altitudes, ranging from the ocean sands to the summits of the lofty peaks of the Sierras. The shrubby lupine, Lupinus arboreus, has been instrumental in preventing the ocean sands from ‘encroaching upon adjacent lands. The species of the genus are difficult to differentiate and the treatment of them in botanical literature is at the present time unsatisfactory. An attempt to list them here without much detailed study would only lead to confusion. A list of the species on exhibit will be furnished by the Committee under No. 420 A-Z. TRUE. CLOVERS TRIFOLIUM 421. True Clovers. The genus Trifolium comprises from 300 to 400 species, depending upon the judgment of the botanist dealing with them as to what characters are necessary in defining a species. Of these 115 belong to Europe, 100 to North America, 17 to South America, 71 to Asia, 32 to Africa, 18 to Australia, and 15 to Mexico. The North American species are to be found chiefly in the Rocky Mountains and westward, only about six species being found in the Atlantic States. Cali- fornia has: something like fifty or one-half the total number. Many of them are found only in California. The species of the coast ranges and the interior valleys are mostly winter annuals, while those of the Sierras and cooler parts of the State are mostly perennials. The species commonly grown for forage, such as red clover, white Dutch clover, alsike clover and crimson clover, are indigenous to Europe. It is interesting to note that none of our native species has been been introduced into cultivation. The leaves consist usually of three leaflets, although some species have as many as eight leaflets. The flowers are arranged in heads and consist of many florets closely or remotely placed on an axis. A common high mountain meadow species is T. monanthum with only one or two florets. In color they vary from white and yellow to pink, purple and red. An interesting group of species particularly frequent on the Pacific coast is to be recognized by the inflation of the standard after flowering into a bladdery structure, 7. fucatum. Another group has flower heads that might be likened to a rabbit’s foot, being densely clothed with silky hairs, JT. Macraei. Still another group is interesting because the head or floret rests on an invo- lucre or cup which is variously lobed or divided on the margin, 7. variegatum. One species with very large and beautiful reddish flowers is found among the sage- brush on the eastern side of the Sierras, T. macrocephalum. Another in the same general region has such strong fibrous roots that it has been termed Indian shoe- string clover, 7. Andersonii. A very rare and beautiful species of the high Sierras is 7. Bolanderi. Many of the species are important range forage plants, sometimes forming dense meadows in the mountains and excluding all other plants. The leafage of some was used by the Indians like greens and the seeds of others were gathered and ground into meal. None of them are poisonous or objectionable as weeds. Space will not permit treating of the many species in detail. A list of the species on exhibit will be prepared under No. 421 A-Z. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 35 422. Sweet Clover _ Melilotus alba Introduced along gravelly . . creek beds and along rail- road tracks. Spray of white flowers and strong scented foliage, especially when dry. A useful for- age plant. 423. Bitter Clover Melilotus indica Introduced and very com- mon in the Bay region. Similar to the last but with yellow flowers. Consid- ered the best cover crop for orange orchards. A few seeds in a sack of wheat is sufficient to taint the flour. 424. Large Yellow Melilot Melilotus officinalis Introduced but sparingly, although common in the eastern states. Flowers yellow and about twice the size of the last. 425. Alfalfa or Lucerne Medicago sativa The most valuable forage plant known. Occasion- ally found as an escape. 426. California Bur- Medicago hispida and Introduced in fleece of Clover vars. sheep sent to Missions, and now widespread. A valuable forage plant. Annual. 427. Southern Bur-Clover Medicago arabica and Similar to the last, but with vars. a reddish-brown spot on each leaflet. Introduced, but not as common as 426. Annual. 428. Yelow Trefoil or Medicago lupulina Introduced sparingly. Dif- Black Medick fers in being quite hardy and having a cluster of pods like those on alfalfa. Of forage value in pas- tures. Sometimes a weed in lawns. Biennial or short-lived perennial. LOTUS - 429. Spanish Clovers Bird’s-foot Trefoils Of the 120 or more known species, about forty-two occur in North American, and all but two are confined to the west. California has about twenty-five species distributed from the Mexican border 'to Oregon. Although still plentiful, there is every reason to believe that in early days before the great flocks of sheep traversed the State and the farmer commenced cultural operations, the valleys and hills were densely covered with one or other of the Spanish Clovers. They are true Cali- fornian plants and seem to enjoy the long period of sunshine without rain. Even now some of the annual species refuse to succumb to the effects of the plow and grow with the grain in such a manner as to be mutually beneficial. The leaves are pinnate with from one to many leaflets and leaf-like or gland- like stipules. They may be glabrous or of various degrees of pubescence. The flowers vary from yellow to purple, pink and red, and are to be found singly or clustered in the axils or in terminal sprays. Yellow or orange-flowered species fre- quently turn to reddish or reddish-brown at maturity. ‘The pods are dehiscent in some and indehiscent in others, often with a partition between the seeds. 36 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA In earlier botanical works the genus is treated under the name Hosackia and recently it has been divided up into a large number of genera which leads to greater confusion, and is only of value to the specialist. L. americanus is a very common and variable annual species conspicuous during the summer by its foliage and solitary pinkish axillary flowers which form a strong contrast to the surrounding brown herbage. It is highly prized by stockmen in the Great Plains region where it is called Dakota vetch. Lotus glaber is a perennial, almost shrubby species common in the coast ranges from the Bay region south to San Diego. It may be seen during the summer on sterile railroad embankments where nothing would be expected to grow. The numerous stems are reed-like owing to the small leaves which are early deciduous. The flowers are small, mostly solitary in the axils, yellow, later turning reddish. It is known as deer-weed or wild alfalfa by the stockmen because of its value as summer forage. Lotus Torreyi is not unlike alfalfa in general height and appearance. It has strong underground rootstocks enabling it to form dense green patches which are readily grazed by stock. It is found along shaded stream banks in the Sierras and in low moist meadows of. the coast ranges. Lotus stipularis is particularly abundant in cut-over Redwood forests) ie grows to a height of one to two feet with densely hirsute or glabrous sticky, foliage. Flowers yellow to red with purple markings, pods straight and about an inch long. Not liked by cattle. Lotus corntculatus, sometimes called Ground Honeysuckle, is a very pretty plant which has established itself abundantly in pastures adjacent to the ocean in northern Sonoma county. It has a long semi-tuberous root and partially trailing stems. The flowers are large, bright-yellow mixed with red. We do not find it mentioned in any of the California floras. It is a useful pasture plant and is often sown in Europe with the little white Dutch clover. The species represented at the exhibit will be named under No. 429 A-Z. PSORALEA 430. Scurfy Pea Psoralea Prostrate or very tall ill-scented herbs or semi-shrubs, covered with dark glandular dots from which the name “scurfy pea” has been derived. The leaves consist of from three to five leaflets which are pinnate or palmate. The flowers, which are in clusters, may be whitish, pink or purplish. The pod is indehiscent and one-seeded. Readily eaten by stock. 431. Prostrate Scurfy Pea Psoralea orbicularis A creeping, rooting plant with roundish leaflets and purplish flowers with long stalks. Grassy meadows throughout the State. 432. Psoralea strobilina Erect, 2-3 feet high, flowers purple. Hills, Bay region. Seldom collected. 433. Tall Scurfy Pea Psoralea macrostachya Erect and very tall, 4 to 10 feet, flower stalks much longer than the leaves.. Purple flowers in silky- woolly clusters. Delta re- gions and bottoms of can- yons throughout the State. 434. Green Scurfy Pea Psoralea physodes A foot or so high with J many nearly smooth stems spreading from the base. Recognized by its green- ish-white flowers. Wood- ed slopes and hills. Coast ranges. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 37 435. Mountain Scurfy Pea Psoralea Californica Leaves palmate with 5 leaf- lets; a low plant with many stems from a woody base. Mt. Diablo and head of Salinas river. Seldom 2 ; collected. 436. Indian Turnip or Psoralea esculenta Missouri Bread- Root ) A low plant of wide distribution, may not enter California, although we have collected it in the hot, sandy, southern deserts of Nevada. One is surprised in digging up this small plant to find that it has a large starchy tuberous edible root the size of an average potato. The leaves are palmate with obtuse leaflets. Flowers bluish-purple. — 437. False Indigo Amorpha hispidula A heavy scented deciduous shrub with odd-pinnate foliage dotted with glands. Flowers consist of violet sprays terminating the branches. Wooded can- : yons Bay region south- ward. DALEA An interesting group of characteristic desert herbs or shrubs. Leaves and stems conspicuously dotted with dark-colored glands. When in blossom conspicu- ous and attractive owing to numerous sprays of white, rose-colored, violet or purple flowers. Mostly in dry washes and canyons of the southern deserts. 438. Dalea polyadenia is a common species in the sandy deserts in Nevada and enters the State at Owen‘s Valley, Inyo County. It has gray stems with numerous ae conspicuous glands, small leaves, and small sprays of violet blossoms. Dalea Californica, in dry washes of the San Benardino Mountains. The species of the Colorado desert are D. mollis, D. Emoryii, D. Schottii, and D. spinosa. The genus in more recent works is treated under Parosela. 440. Liquorice Glycyrrhiza lepidota and A perennial herb with thick var. sweet roots, odd pinnate leaves and sprays of yel- lowish - white blossoms. Pod thickly covered with conspicuous hooked prickles. Valleys and plains north and _ south. Sometimes a weed in pas- tures. 441. CRAZY-WEEDS, LOCO-WEEDS, RATTLE-WEEDS, GROUND PLUMS, MILK VETCHES ASTRAGALUS This is a very large genus of plants numbering about 1000 species distributed throughout the world. Of these about 200 occur in North America with three- fourths of this number in the west. How many of these may be included in the Flora of California is not known. but 50 species would be a conservative estimate. They are annual or perennial herbs or semi-shrubs, with usually odd-pinnate leaves, white, yellowish, violet, red or purple blossoms, and rigid or frequently inflated smooth or hairy pods within which the seeds in some species rattle when ripe. The fruit of some of the prairies species is edible, hence the name “ground plum.” Certain species are prized as forage plants in Japan and India, hence the name “milk vetch.” The name loco-weed, or crazy-weed is given to some because stock feeding on them act as if mentally deranged and acquire the habit of eating them to the exclusion of all other forage. Large flocks of sheep are sometimes affected in this manner in certain Rocky Mountain states when they must be taken to new range free from loco-weeds, or immediately slaughtered for market. Fortunately, most of our California species do not possess those deleterious characteristics, as 38 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA few reports of locoed animals are brought to the attention of veterinarians. Many of the species, although abundant, are decidedly unpalatable to stock and are only eaten when there is a minimum supply of forage. It is frequently due to the short- age of forage that the habit of eating them is begun with the effect that an insatiable desire for them only is engendered. The California species are distributed from sea level to the highest mountain peaks in dry, medium and moist situations, and on all classes of soils. Astragalus Hornii seems to be the species that has caused more trouble than any other in California. It is found on the eastern side of the Sierras and in the interior valleys. It is a low spreading plant with smooth or minutely pubescent leaves which consist of from seventeen to twenty-one leaflets, and yellowish-white dense clusters of flowers. Each floret is only a quarter of an inch long. The egg- shaped pods are inflated, minutely pubescent and about half an inch long, tapering to a prominent apex. The identification of the many species is difficult and much remains to be learned concerning them. In collecting, mature fruits should be secured, as the classification of the species is largely based on the character of the pods. Some botanists have recently divided the genus up into a large number of closely related genera, which can be of value only to the specialist in the group. 442. Desert Ironwood Olneya tesota A small tree with ‘spines be- low the thick leaves; no stipules; white or purplish axillary sprays; pod thick, rough and leathery, 1 to 2 inches long. Along or near washes, Colorado Desert. 443. Giant Vetch Vicia gigantea The. common perennial spe- cies along creeks in the Bay region northward. Found climbing up trees and over shrubbery. Pro- fuse sprays of reddish- purple blossoms. Seeds edible. 444. American Vetch Vicia americana and Common in the hills and vars. extremely variable as to the height of plant and breadth of leaflets. Flow- ers in sprays, at first pur- plish changing to blue. 445. California Vetch Vicia exigua and vars. A slender plant 1 to 2 feet high, with about 4 pairs of leaflets and one or two flowers on a slender stalk, white or purplish. Sandy soil, coast ranges, especi- ally south. 446. Common Vetch Vicia sativa and vars. A stout, strong growing vetch escaped from culti- vation to pastures and grain fields where it is frequently sown for for- age and green manuring purposes. Leaflets with a notched apex and one or a pair of sessile flowers in the axils. They are about an inch long and violet-purple. One of the best known cover crops for California orchards. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 39 In Vicia the style is tipped by a terminal tuft of hairs, while in Lathyrus it is hairy along the sides as well, like a toothbrush. 447. Torrey’s Wild Pea Lathyrus Torreyi Without tendrils, stipules small, 1 to 2 flowered flowers purplish, % inch long. Shady woods, coast ranges. 448. Maritime Wild Pea Lathyrus littoralis Seashore Marin County northward, Purple and white. 449. Common Wild Pea _ Lathyrus vestitus and Stems angled, purplish. vars. Coast ranges, often climb- ing several feet over brush. 450. Watson’s Wild Pea Lathyrus Watsoni and Large white flowers, veined var. with purple. 451. Jepson’s Wild Pea Lathyrus Jepsonii Suisun marshes. 452. Yellow Wild Pea Lathyrus sulphureus Sulphur yellow flowers. Si- erras. The species are not as yet well defined. Probably half a dozen additional species. 453. Tudas Tree, Western Cercis occidentalis A small tree or shrub, red- Red Bud dish flowers appearing be- fore the round §heart- shaped leaves. Sierra foothills and inner coast ranges, north to south. 454. Palo Verde Parkinsonia Torreyana Tree or shrub armed with short spines, flowers yel- low or whitish. Salton sink, Colorado Desert. 455. Mesquite or Prosopis glandulosa Algaroba Spiny tree or shrub widely distributed in alkali flats of the desert regions of southern California. Flowers small and greenish. The pods, which look not unlike those of an ordinary bean, hang in clusters. It is eaten by Indians and often by whites, and is also a valuable food for stock. It also furnishes a valuable gum. 456. Screw Bean Prosopis pubescens In similar localities to the Tornilla above, but can be readily recognized when in fruit by the pods which are spirally twisted many times. Also used for food by the Indians. 457. Desert Acacia Acacia Greggii Numerous species of Acacia have been introduced into California from Aus- tralia for ornamental purposes, but not everyone knows that we have one that is a native. It is a small shrub or tree with hidden hooked prickles, clusters of yellow blossoms, and a flat, curved pod more or less constricted between the seeds. Colorado Desert region. ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE The family is sometimes divided up into the Rose Family, Rosaceae, the Apple Family, Pomaceae, and the Plum Family, Drupaceae, but it will serve our purpose better to retain them as one family. Roses, peaches, apples, pears, plums, cherries, bre strawberries and blackberries, are well known representatives of the amily. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA WILD PLUMS 458. Sierra Plum 458a. 459. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464. 400. Red Cherry Western Choke- cherry Islay Wild Peach Desert Wild Peach Oso Berry . Meadow Sweet Hardhack Prunus subcordata Prunus Fremontii Cerasus emarginata Cerasus demissa Cerasus ilicifolia Amygdalus Andersonii Amyegdalus fasciculata Osmaronia cerasiformis Spiraea betulaefolia Spiraea Douglasii and vars. PRUNUS A scraggy shrub with ash- gray bark and bright red fruits nearly one inch long. Coast ranges and Sierras, especially in Las- sen and Modoc Counties, where large quantities are put up for winter use. Southern California, spiny shrub. Shrub with dull-red bark, flat topped clusters of flowers and bright red clusters of fruit, bitter and astringent. Branches that have been broken, causing the leaves to wilt, frequently develop hydro- cyanic acid and poison stock. Medicinal. Fre- quent in the Sierras, rare in Bay region. Similar to the above, but fruit sweet, dark-purple and astringent. Evergreen with handsome large holly-like leaves. Fruit deep, dark purple, sweetish when ripe; often one-half inch across. A low spreading shrub with spiny branchlets, pink, profuse blossoms appear- ing before the leaves. Fruit not fleshy and more like an almond. Eastern Sierras, Sierra County. Handsome. Very similar to the above, but with narrower leaves and more desert-like in aspect. Small white flow- ers. Eastern side southern Sierras. A shrub or small tree with fragrant white flowers and _ blue-black bitter fruits in clusters of 1 to 4. Moist places. Coast ranges and Sierras. A low shrub with serrated leaves an inch or two long and clusters of pale-pur- ple flowers. Sierras, 5,000 to 9,000 feet. An erect shrub 3 to 5 feet, serrated leaves and clus- ters of rose-colored flow- ers. Northern California. “WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 41 467. California Meadow Holodiscus discolor and Sweet vars. A variable shrub with deeply lobed leaves, white beneath with silky hairs and yellowish green above. Terminal clusters of creamy white flowers. From exposed rocky ledges where it is frequent in the eastern Sierras to wooded canyons of the coast hills. 468. Chamaebataria mille- A shrub with small fern- folium like sticky leaves and term- inal clusters of many white flowers in a spicate inflorescence. Southeast- ern Sierras and south. 469. Goat’s Beard Aruncus sylvester A smooth herbaceous per- ennial. Leaves large, com- posed of 3 to 7 leaflets. Numerous small _ white flowers arranged in pro- fusely spreading sprays. Rich soil along streams in Shasta and_ Trinity Counties. 470. Nine Bark Opulaster opulifolius Branching shrub, bark peel- ing off in thin strips. Leaves _ roundish-ovate with serrated lobes. Flow- ers whitish in globose terminal clusters. Near streams in Bay region and northward, also Sierras. 471. Mountain Misery Chamaebatia foliolosa A low shrub with a dis- agreeable resinous odor. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long and very finely dissected. Young branches end in flat clusters of several white flowers which are about one-third of an inch across. Western Sierras, Mariposa to Nevada Counties. In some local- ities excluding all other vegetation. 472. Bitter Brush Kunzia Pursha tridentata A compact shrub growing among the sagebrush and with leaves like it, but yellowish-green instead of gray; often forming a scraggy tree in the mountains. Numerous sessile yellow flowers along the terminal branchlets in May. Character- istic of the eastern Sierra foothills. Leaves bitter, but eaten extensively by stock, especially in winter. 473. Coleogyne ramosissima A much branched some- what spiny shrub of the southern desert regions with showy yellow flow- ers on the _ terminal branchlets. Should be in cultivation. Not uncom- mon in southern Nevada and probably in southeast- ern California. 42 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 474. Coast Mountain Cercocarpus betulaefolius A shrub or small tree with Mahogany spreading or recurved branches. Leaves thick, roundish and_ partially serrate on the margins. Conspicuous in fruit by the feathery tail-like ap- pendage. 475. Sierra Mountain Cercocarpus ledifolius Similar to the last, but with Mahogany narrow tapering leaves. very hard wood and prized as fuel. Excellent windbreak. Abundant, high foothills, eastern Si- erras. 476. Large-leaved Avens Geum macrophyllum Bristly, hairy herb with ly- rate-pinnate leaves, the terminal lobe conspicu- ously large; margins all toothed. Several yellow flowers, and fruit prom- inent by its numerous strongly hooked bristles. Eastern Sierras in moist ravines at medium eleva- tions. 477. Purple Avens Geum ciliatum Leaves pubescent and di- vided into many small dissected leaflets. Flowers light purple, feathery styles in” frost.) | Sierras 4000 to 9000 feet. 478. Wood Strawberry Fragaria Californica The strawberry of the woods of the Coast ranges. 479. Sand Strawberry Fragaria Chilensis Forming beds on the sand banks near the ocean. 480. Sierra Strawberry Fragaria virginiana - Sierras. 481. Five Fingers Potentilla Mostly herbs with compound leaves of three to five finger-like leaflets or seven to fourteen pinnate ones. The stamens number from ten to many, and are surrounded by conspicuous yellow or white petals. The genus is widely dis- tributed in North America and Europe, with perhaps twenty species in California. They are found in dry and wet places, in the shade or in the open, from the ocean shore to the high mountains. Some of the species have been used medicinally. The species are variable and not easily defined and one should consult the excellent monographs of the genus for those not found in the local floras. The Silver Weed, P. anserina is of unusual human interest because of its wide distribution in this and other lands and its occurrence in the salty sands near the ocean and the alkaline meadows of the mountains and deserts. It has a strong perennial root and by means of its creeping and rooting stems, often forms a sod. The leaves in their early stages have a silvery hue from the numerous silky hairs. The flowers are large, yellow and soft like velvet. The country people in Scotland eat the roots roasted or boiled, the taste of which somewhat resembles that of a chestnut. The roots are also soaked in buttermilk for nine days and a face lotion prepared that was considered to be able to make freckle-faced maidens fair and beautiful. P. fruticosa is a truly shrubby species that commands our respect by with- standing the strenuous and rigorous conditions on high mountain rocky ridges. 482. Horkelia Similar to Potentilla, and by many authors included with it. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 43 i ~ = H. fusca is a very common plant throughout the Sierras with dense clusters of purplish small flowers terminating the stems. H. Californica is one of the common species in wooded slopes of the Coast ranges. Sibbaldia procumbens “A dwarf Alpine plant resembling Potentilla and frequently forming dense carpets by its sturdy growth. Leaves consist of three few-toothed leaflets. Yellow flowers in clusters. High Sierras. 484. Ivesia A group of perhaps a dozen species of the Sierras or adjacent regions east- ward and very similar to Potentilla. The leaflets are quite numerous ‘and much lobed or dissected. P. Pickeringii is frequent from Lake Tahoe to Sierra Valley. 485. Chamisal, Chamiso, Adenostoma fasciculatum One of the most common Greasewood evergreen shrubs of the higher Coast ranges. Leaves thick, small, num- erous and rigid and some- what resinous. Flowers small, white and in pyra- midal terminal clusters. One of the many shrubs called greasewood. Often in dense thickets on dry hills of foothills. Sierras also. 485a. Yerba Del Pasmo Adenostoma sparsifolium Fragrant shrub. Southern California. Medicinal. 486. Lady’s Mantle Alchemilla arvensis A small annual 1 to 3 inches high with palmate lobed leaves and minute green- ish flowers. Hills and plains; common; probably introduced. 487. Agrimony Agrimonia gyrosepala A tall glandular, hairy plant. Leaves of five to seven coarsely-toothed thin pinnate leaflets with additional, much smaller ones between them. Flowers yellow. Fruiting body with a ring of conspicuous erect and reflexed spreading hooked bristles. Thought to be medicinal. Borders of woods in the mountains, middle and northern California. : Acaena trifida Perennial herb often creep- ing and woody at the base. Odd pinnate leaflets. No petals. Inflorescence a crowded globose spike, later appearing as clusters of bristly achenes which have 2 to 4 prominent stout prickles and many shorter ones at their base. Drv hills, Coast ranges. 489. Perennial Burnet Poterium officinale Perennial, glabrous leaves, pinnate, leaflets petioled; flowers deep purple in ob- long spikes; fruits small. Northern California. Of forage value. 490. Annual Burnet Poterium annuum Sacramento valley and mea- dows near Truckee. 491. California Wild Rose Rosa Californica and Hip or fruit globose, calyx- vars. lobes pubescent. Through- out California. 44 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 492. Wood Rose Rosa gymnocarpa Hip or fruit ovate or pear- shaped. Calyx-lobes gen- erally deciduous. In the shade of trees or bushes. Coast ranges. 493. Sonoma Rose Rosa spithamea var. Small flowers, globose fruit, Sonomensis calyx lobes nearly erect and_= glandular - hispid. High dry slopes, Sonoma County. Probably several other species now regarded as varieties of the above. 494. California Christmas Heteromeles arbutifolia Berry. Toyon Photinia arbutifolia A well known, beautiful shrub, especially when laden with its clusters of crimson berries. Let us be merciful when picking it and use it, but not abuse it. A well selected spray will bring as much cheer as an automobile load, and yet leave some for future generations. 495. Thorn Crataegus rivularis Thorny shrub with = stout spines, heavy scented clus- ters of white flowers and dark purple fruit. North and northwestern Califor- mia: 496. Wild Crab-apple Malus rivularis Shrub or small tree, with white flowers and small apple-like fruits variable in color. «North “Goast ranges to Oregon. 497. Western Mountain Sorbus sambucifolia A shrub 4 to 8 feet high Ash with 7 to 15 leaflets, and flat clusters of whitish flowers at the ends of the branches. Round red fruits. Occasionally seen in the Sierras near streams at medium eleva- tions. The only western species. 498. Service Berry, June Amelanchier alnifolia Berry and vars. A widely distributed shrub from the coast throug+ the Sierras to Nevada. Extremely variable, the extremes being named as uistinct species by some. Leaves smooth to pubescent. Some forms by streams, others among sagebrush in the open. Flowers white, rather large, in clusters. Small purplish fruits edible when ripe. Good forage browse. 499, Peraphyllum ramosiss- A shrub with short rigid imum branchlets with one to. several flowered clusters appearing before the leaves. Fruit round, fleshy and edible. Lassen and Modoc Counties. 509. Thimble Berry. Rubus parviflorus var. Erect shrub with large, 5- lobed leaves. Flowers white. Fruit nearly flat on top. Berries large, red when ripe, and sweet; ed- ible but too dry. Coast ranges. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 45 501. Salmon Berry Rubus spectabilis var. Leaves mostly with 3 leaf- lets. Margins toothed or even lobed. Occasionally straight stout prickles. Flowers 1 to 3 in a clus- ter. Berries salmon-red or yellow, large, egg- shaped, edible. Shady woods, Coast ranges. 502. Raspberry . Rubus leucodermis Long straggling branches covered with numerous short hooked prickles. Three leaflets, toothed, berries black or red; good. Northern Califor- nia and Sierras. 503. Common Blackberry Rubus vitifolius The common trailing or climbing blackberry of the Coast hills and the in- terior valley along streams. Berry black, ob- long and sweet. SWEET SHRUB FAMILY CALYCANTHACEAE 504. Sweet Shrub Calycanthus occidentalis A fragrant shrub with odor of strawberries especially when crushed. Leaves opposite with entire margins. Infiorescence of unusual conformation and consisting of a single flower with the basal parts of the sepals united into a cup-shaped tube, in the mouth of which the petals are inserted. Flowers of an unusual purple and fragrant. Calyx tube later enlarges and encloses the numerous achenes. Near streams, Coast ranges and Sierras from middle California north. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY SAXIFRAGACEAE Here we find our wild currants and gooseberries, the beautiful alum root deco- rating rocky ledges, and the handsome Carpenter shrub, a truly Californian species. 505. Saxifrage Saxifraga The Saxifrages for the most part like seclusion and are rarely found in the open country. They seem to be associated with beautiful scenery on rocky ledges by streams, in shaded ravines or where it is cool in the very high mountains. The leaves are clustered at the base, from the center of which arise the stalks bearing graceful sprays of smail white or rose-colored flowers. S. peltata differs from the other species in having very large leaves with the petiole attached like those of the garden nasturtium. It occurs by swiftly flowing streams in the Sierras. S. Tolmtet has short stems which bear many small sessile leaves. High Sierras. Species found in the coast region are S. virginensis, found mostly in rocky places with the leaves elliptical and tapering towards the petiole, and S. mertensiana with the leaves heart-shaped at the base. S. Parryi which occurs in the dry hills around San Diego, flowering in November and December, is interesting because of its habitat and peculiar morphology. It has been separated from the genus and called Jepsonia Parryt. Some half a dozen additional species are found in the Sierras, mainly at high elevations. 506. Boykinia Similar to Saxifraga. B. elata, woods of the Coast ranges mainly, and B. major of the Sierras. 507. Star Flowers and Tellima Fringe Cups Slender herbs bearing small tubers and simple terminal racemes of white, pink, or red flowers. 46 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA T. affinis (Star of Bethlehem) is common throughout the state with scalloped leaves and petals mostly three-toothed at the apex. T. heterophylla has three-parted leaves and petals with a stout tooth on each side. ‘Shade; Coast ranges. T. grandiflora (False Alum Roots; Fringe Cups) redwoods of the Bay region, has three to five shallow lobed leaves and many cleft petals which are at first greenish, later changing to pink and red. Several additional species. 508. Bolandra Bolandra Californica A low delicate plant with bulblets at the base of the stem. Petals 5, very small, narrow and_ recurved, dull-purplish. In general aspect like a Saxifrage. Commemorates the pio- neer California botanist, Dr. H. N. Bolander. On wet rocks, Yosemite. 509. Tolmiea menziesii A foot or two high with rootstocks and _ runners. Like a Saxifrage in gen- eral - ‘aspect, - bit wien greenish or purple tinged flowers nearly half an inch long. Buds drop from the petioles and root forming new plants. For- ests, Mendocino County. 510. Coolwort Tiarella unifoliata A low slender herb often spreading by summer run- ners. Small inconspicuous flowers with white, al- most thread-like petals in terminal racemes. Shaded woods San Mateo north- ward. 511. Mitre-wort or Mitella Breweri Small perennials with slen- Bishop’s Cap der rootstocks and sum- mer runners, racemes of small greenish-white flow- ers and_ heart-shaped leaves, mostly from the base. Petals finely divided. Woods, Sierras, 6,000 to 11,000 feet. Siz; Mitella trifida Similar to the above, petals 3 to 5 parted. Mountain woods, Mendocino county. ALUM ROOT HEUCHERA Striking and beautiful plants that cheer us on the trail as we pass by the rocky ledges. They seem to invite inspection, so boldly do they attach themselves to the most precipitous mountain sides. They have stout root stocks, heart-shaped and lobed leaves from the base and small flowers inserted on the calyx and capsules with two beaks. Inflorescence widely spreading or spike-like. 513. Ruby Alum Root Heuchera rubescens The common species of the Sierras and a favorite for table decorations in the camps of the Yosemite. 514. Coast Alum Root Heuchera micrantha Common in Bay region near the coast. Sierras also. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 47 515. Dense Alum Root Heuchera pilosissima Close clustered flowers. Coast region. San Fran- cisco north. 516. Interior Alum Root MHeuchera cylindrica Probably in northeastern California. 5l6a. Golden Water Chrysosplenium Woods, wet places, trailing. Carpet glechomaefolium Humboldt County. 517. Grass of Parnassus Parnassia palustria and var. Unlike any of the other members of the family and certainly has no resem- blance to a grass. The name comes to us from Europe, where it is frequent in spongy bogs. Name probably from Mount Parnassus. It has short bulb-like root-stocks from which arise long-stalked leaves shaped like those of most violets. The flowers are white or cream colored, beautifully veined, and occur singly. The corolla has a peculiar aspect due to one of the series of stamens being sterile and forming fringed fan-shaped scales. Rare in the Bay region, but more common in wet cool places in the Sierras. Lake Tahoe region. 518. Parnassia fimbriata Similar, but petals fringed on the margins at or near the base. Cold bogs. Mt. Shasta and elsewhere in the Sierras. 519. Mock Orange or Philadelphus Relatives of the well-known Syringa ; cultivated mock orange. P. Lewisu var Californi- cus, Sierras; P. Gordomi- anus, north Coast ranges. 520. Carpenter’s Shrub Carpenteria Californica A Californian shrub of rare beauty and quite local in its distribution, occurring in the Sierras from the head waters of the San Joaquin well down into the valley. It resembles the mock orange, but the shrub is more erect and has dense clusters of very large white blossoms terminating the branchlets. In cultivation, but should be more extensively grown. Named by Torrey in honor of Professor Carpenter of Louisiana. 521’. Whipplea modesta A low shrub with trailing branchlets and clusters of 4 to 9 flowers, at first white, later turning green- ish. Coast ranges among shrubbery of the redwood region. Named for Lieu- tenant A. W. Whipple. 522. Currants, Ribes Gooseberries Members of this genus are recognized by their resemblance to the cultivated species. The flowers may be yellow, pink, purplish, greenish or red. Some are fragrant, while others are ill-smelling. The berries of many are insipid and perhaps even deleterious, while others are sweet, juicy and very palatable. There are about twenty species in the State, ranging from the Coast hills to the higher mountain peaks. In the Coast region some are eagerly sought after in early spring because of their floral beauty. Here again we should be merciful and not gather them by the armful or load up the automobile. Space will not permit of a treatment of the species, and one should consult the local floras. STONECROP FAMILY CRASSULACEAE _ Succulent or fleshy plants typified by the popular Live-for-Ever or Hen-and- Chickens of the gardens. Most of them on rocks or in cold, boggy meadows. 48 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 523. Pigmy-weed Tillaea minima A very small plant an inch or two high, with opposite leaves and minute white or pinkish flowers in the axils. Sterile soils, So- noma to San Diego. 524. Tillaea Drummondii Similar, but with red flow- ers on very short pedicels. Moist places, Sacramento Valley. 525. Stone-crop Sedum spathulifolium Flowers yellow. Rocky walls in secluded canyons. Bay region north. 526. Sedum Rhodiola Flowers deep purple, alpine bogs, Sierras. 527. Sedum radiatum Flowers yellow. Summits, Monterey to Mendocino. 528. Sedum pumilum Flowers yellow. Gravelly soil. Buttes. Sacramento Valley. Several additional species in the Sierras, Mendocino County and near San Diego. 529. Cotyledon Stout perennials with thick fleshy leaves, the lower ones in rosettes. Flowers often large and showy, yellow or reddish. Petals united into a pitcher-shaped corolla. There are perhaps a dozen species in the State, but local in their distri- bution. The leaves of some of the species were eaten by the Indians. Mostly on rocky ledges in ravines in the mountains or near the ocean. ‘The species are not yet well known to botanists and good specimens in flower and fruit would be welcomed by them. 530. SUNDEW FAMILY DROSERACEAE An interesting group of insectivorous plants with remarkable habits. They will not be found by the casual observer and one must get clase to mother earth to discover them. The principal genus is Drosera, with about 100 species in the world, mostly Australian. About half a dozen occur in North America, two extending to California. Drosera Rotundifolia is to be found in the cold low wet places in the Sierras and in Mendocino County, often hidden by the grass. The same species one finds in Great Britain when kneeling down in the heather awaiting the rise of a covey of grouse. It is a small plant with tentacle-like petioles radiating from the base and expanding into small round disk-like leaves. The leaves are covered with red hairs, on the ends of which are small drops of sticky fluid appearing like dew even in bright sunshine. This fluid is sweet and attracts insects which become entangled in the hairs which hold them as a vise until death. The plant then eats them, or at least is believed to absorb the insects for its nourishment. A peduncle bearing a spray of white flowers arises from the center and lucky indeed is the one who. is fortunate enough to find them when open for inspection. Drosera anglica is also found in Europe but very seldom in California, Sierra Valley. It is similar, but with oblong, wedge-shaped leaves instead of round. The Sundews were at one time prized in Europe for medicinal purposes and a cosmetic was made from the juices when mixed with milk. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY LYTHRACEAE Ours are unattractive plants with square, erect stems and purplish or whitish flowers in the axils where they are more or less concealed by the leaves. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 49 531. California Loose- Lythrum Californicum A tall perennial. Flowers strife bright purple and _ pedi- celled. Marshy places, Sacramento Valley. Sta. Lythrum hyssopifolia Flowers nearly sessile, pale purple or whitish. In- troduced. Abundant in swampy alkali lands that have been partially under cultivation. Weed. Coast ranges and Sacramento Valley. 532. Red Stem Ammannia coccinea Annual erect stems which turn red at maturity. Sessile clasping leaves, and one to five small purplish flowers clustered in the axils. Later these form conspicu- ous globose capsules filled with powdery seeds. Interesting morphologically, as the portion of the stem below the water line bursts and from it is produced a white, spongy mass of tissue. Low, swampy lands of the interior valley. It has found ideal conditions for its growth in the rice fields and is now a serious weed pest. 533. Low Red Stem Ammannia humilis Similar but smaller and less ageressive and with peti- oled leaves. Sacramento Valley. WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY HALORAGEAE Distinctive acquatic plants with numerous leaves and insignificant inflorescence. 534. Mare’s Tail Hippuris vulgaris A striking plant as it grows erect in the water with its numerous whorls of sim- ple leaves. Flowers minute in the axils. Throughout the State in cool, shallow ponds or irrigation ditches. 535. Water- Milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Submerged leaves in whorls and very finely divided, or feather-like. Flowers in a terminal slender spike. Lakes and ponds, Bay region. Hoa. Myriophyllum hippuroides Similar, but with flowers in the axils. Clear Lake and Stockton. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY ONAGRACEAE This family has come into unusual prominence during recent years on account of its principal genus Oenothera being extensively grown by De Vries in Europe and Gates and others in America in substantiation of the Mutation Theory of Plants. Many of its members are ornamentals. They occur throughout the State from the sandy deserts to the valleys, hills, ocean beaches and high mountains. 536. Water Purslane Ludwigia palustris Marsh or water plants, flow- ers in the axils. Coast region and Sierra Valley. 537. California Water Jussiaea Californica Muddy shores; stems creep- eed ing and rooting; flowers yellow, about one-half inch across. Sloughs, coast and interior valleys. 50 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 538. Wild Fuchsia Zauschneria Californica A low perennial with scar- ; and var. let flowers resembling the Fuchsia of the gardens. Extremely variable. On dry creeks, cliffs and rocks. Coast ranges and Sierras. 539. Willow Herbs, Epilobium Fireweed Annuals or perennials with reddish or white flowers. All but one with insignificant flowers. Tuft of hairs on seeds. There are about a dozen species in the State, the following being quite common: F. Californicum, tall coarse perennial; moist ground; interior valley.. E. paniculatum, annual, wide-spread, weedy tendencies; coast region and over the Sierras. 539a. Fireweed Epilobium spicatum On rather dry hillsides and ravines in the northern Coast Mountains and Sierras, often forming extensive masses of pinkish-purple by the sprays of rather large flowers. It is seldom that such an attractive plant will spread so surely and so quickly over burned areas in the forest. One of the most conspicuous plants in midsummer in the Sierras. 540. Gayophytum ramosiss- Annual with numerous slen- imum der branches and_ small narrow leaves, with minute white or rose-col- ored flowers. Few seeded. Dry slopes, Sierra foot- hills and into sagebrush territory. Frequent. 541. Gayophytum racemosum Similar, but stouter and many seeded. Sandy places, Sierra. foothills. Frequent. 542. Gayophytum diffusum Flowers sometimes one-half an. inch .acrosss 4 tome seeded. Less frequent, Sierras, north and south. to 3 feet high. Flowers showy, yellow turning to red. Capsule 4-angled and turned back. Dry places, Santa. Barbara... 220 Diego. EVENING PRIMROSE OENOTHERA A large genus of 100 or more species with about sixty in the United States and perhaps thirty of these in California. More recently the genus has been divided up into a large number of genera on somewhat meager morphological differences not readily discernible without special study. Some of them are as follows: Onagra, Anogra, Kneiffia, Hartmannia, Pachylophus, Lavanxia, Gaureila, Megapterium, Galpinsia, Meriolix, Chylismia, Sphaerostigma. The genus comprises annuals or perennials, some even woody at the base. Some are low without stems and others several feet high with stout branching stems. The flowers are for the most part white, cream colored or yellow turning reddish while fading. In size the flowers are from a quarter of an inch to several inches across. Both the leaves and the flowers of an individual species show remarkable variations in size and structure of the petals. For this reason one is very apt to collect specimens that deviate so greatly from the average description as to be unrecognizable. This has been wonderfully worked out in great detail by a series of hundreds of individual flowers selected and pressed by Katherine Brandegee. These must be seen to be truly appreciated. 543. Eulobus Californicus a" WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 51 Although the term evening primrose is generally given to the genus alluding to the opening of the flowers towards evening and their pollination by nocturnal moths, yet the larger number are morning primroses. 544. Sun Cups, Golden Oenothera ovata Eggs The beautiful Oenothera ovata now so frequent in the Bay region bids us a cheery good morning as we go to work and as sweetly as we return in the evening bids us good night. Hence it is appropriately called “Sun Cups” in the morning and “Golden Eggs” in the evening. We are grateful to be able to report that this species is able to withstand the annual burning in our suburban districts without apparent diminution. 545. Yellow Evening Oenothera biennis A tall and large flowered Primrose species which greets us almost everywhere we go in some one or other of its numerous forms. The flowers exhale a strong perfume at night or dur- ing cloudy weather and last but for a day. Fre- quent in cultivation. 546. White Evening Oenothera Californica Central and southern Cali- Primrose fornia. 547. Beach Evening Oenothera cheiranthifolia In flower at all seasons. Primrose Sands along the coast line. 548. Desert Evening Oenothera trichocalyx On the warmest of sandy Primrose deserts. Flowers large. With or without stems. 549. Rose-colored Evening Oenothera caespitosa Eastern Sierras. Primrose 550. Winged Evening Oenothera triloba Capsule winged. Eastern Primrose Sierras, Sierra Valley. 551. Nuttal’s Evening Oenothera Nuttallii Plant and leaves resemble Primrose the dandelion, but coarse and pubescent. Eastern Sierras. Alkaline flats. 552. Oenothera heterantha Similar to the last, but with and vars. larger and nearly smooth leaves. Capsule 4-winged. In wet places. Eastern Sierras. moos: Oenothera graciliflora 554. Oenothera micrantha Small flowered species of 555. Oenothera hirtella the coastal region and 556. Oenothera strigulosa elsewhere. 7, Oenothera dentata 558. Oenothera alyssoides Small flowered species to be and vars. looked for on the eastern 559. Oenothera scapoidea side of the Sierras, enter- and vars. ing from the desert where 560. Oenothera brevipes they are not uncommon. 561. Oenothera cardiophylla 562. Oenothera andina Dwarf annual, 1 to 3 inches high. To be looked for in northeastern Califor- nia. 563. Oenothera bistorta and Southern California, sand var. hills, near the sea. San Diego. 52 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 564. Nodding Evening Oenothera gauraeflora Nodding clusters of numer- Primrose ous white flowers which turn rose color. Frequent in foothill gulches, San Joaquin Valley and else- where. Probably additional species. FAREWELL-TO-SPRING GODETIA The State of California may well be proud of the possession of such elegant wild flowers as the Godetias. When the grasses have turned brown, the grain fields ripe, and the trail dusty, we are rewarded by masses of showy rose-colored pigsepia the center of the cup frequently brightened and contrasted by a deeper shade. The species are confined to the west coast of North and South America. Heller’s Catalogue of North American Plants lists sixteen species, all of which are to be found within the boundaries of the State. Several of these are regarded as varieties by some authors, making the number of the species indefinite. Unlike most of the genera, they do not extend far up into the Sierras, but confine them- selves largely to our coast hills and valleys, very few of them extending high up into the Sierras. A number of them have been introduced into cultivation, for which they are well adapted, growing easily from seed and asking but little atten- tion from the water meters. We should make an especial endeavor to multiply these favorites by the sowing of seed whenever and wherever we can. 565. Godetia biloba 566. Godetia epilobioides The botanical features and 567. Herald of Summer Godetia amoena and var. distribution of these spe- 568. Godetia quadrivulnera cies are well treated in var. the local floras so that 569. Godetia albescens and we can conserve space by vars. simply listing the names. 570. Godetia lepida and var. As in Oenothera, some of the species are extremely variable. Jepson gives an excellent account of the variations of G. quadrivulnera, and the pressed individual flowers by Katherine Brandegee show numerous variations in the size and form of the petals. 5/t, Godetia tenella Considered a variety of G. quadrivulnera. 572. Godetia micropetala Variety of G. albescens. 5/3: Godetia Bottae Monterey to San Diego, in Heller’s Catalogue. 574. Godetia hispidula Sacramento and Tulare Valleys. 575. Godetia Williamsonii Foothills of the Sierras. 576. Godetia viminea ~ Sierras, Yosemite Valley. LV Me Godetia purpurea Monterey and north. 578. Godetia grandiflora Hillsides, Humboldt and Mendocino Counties. Very large flowers, light purple with large crimson spots. In cultivation. Ba: Godetia Romanzovii Cultivated. CLARKIA A small genus of graceful annual plants with rose-colored flowers recognized by the long-clawed petals which may be lobed or entire. They are confined to the Pacific Coast and some are well-known in cultivation. 580. Clarkia rhomboidea Widely distributed, coast and Sierras. Petals entire, claw short and broad, of- ten toothed. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 53 581. Clarkia elegans Widely distributed, coast and Sierras. Common in cultivation. Petals entire, claw long and slender. 582. Clarkia concinna Common Coast ranges. Pet- als 3-lobed, lobes nearly equal. 583. Clarkia Breweri Mt. Diablo range, rare. Flowers fragrant like honeysuckle. Petals deep- ly 2-lobed with a tooth between. 584. Clarkia pulchella Frequent in northwest. In cultivation. BOISDUVALIA The most striking thing about this genus is the stiff series of spathe-like bracts on the long slender spike-like inflorescence. Flowers small, not attractive, white to rose-color. 585. Boisduvalia bipartita Alameda County. Petals white, deeply parted into two unequal lobes. 586. Boisduvalia densiflora Widely distributed, Coast and Sierras. Spikes dense. Petals rose-color. Var- iable; many of the varia- tions have been described as species. 587. Boisduvalia campestris Interior valley. 588. Boisduvalia stricta Lower Sacramento Valley. 589. Boisduvalia glabella Eastern Sierras. 590. Boisduvalia cleistogama An interesting species re- sembling Godetia and Gaura. Dry beds of pools. Sacramento Valley. 591. Small Flowered Gaura parviflora”. Deserts, southeastern Cali- Guara fornia. 592. Weedy Guara Gaura sinuata Troublesome weed. Ven- tura County. 593. Heterogaura Californica Sierras. 594. Enchanters’ Circaea Pacifica Nightshade From the name we would expect something unusual or mystical about this pretty little flower. There is nothing evil about it, however, except that it prefers to grow in dark, damp, shady places in the woods. The plant does not resemble the other members of the family and one may find it a little difficult to identify. It is a perennial with short rootstocks and forming a mass of foliage about a foot high. The leaves are thin, smooth and heart-shaped. The flowers are small and white and arranged in a delicate terminal spray. The pendant fruits are pear- shaped and covered with bristly hooked hairs. Rare in the Bay region, but not infrequent in the Sierras and the northwestern counties. Two related species, C. Lutettana and C. alpina occur in the eastern states and in Europe. BLAZING STAR FAMILY LOASACEAE Erect annuals or biennials, some of them quite handsome, with stinging or rough hairs and adapted to dry hillsides and valleys. 34 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 595. Blazing Star Mentzelia laevicaulis The name describes it. Truly a blazing yellow star with very large, light yellow blossoms centered by num- erous long and conspic- uous stamens. A _ stout branching plant with shin- ing white stems and tooth leaves. Dry stream beds and various Coast ranges and Sierras. 596. Mentzelia micrantha Smaller flowered, not par- 597. Mentzelia dispersa ticularly attractive. Well 598. Mentzelia affinis described in the local 599. Mentzelia gracilenta floras of the Coast region. 600. Bartonia Mentzelia Lindleyi 601. Mentzelia congesta Petals bright orange. East- ern Sierras. Rare. 602. Mentzelia tricuspis Plants about 6 inches high, stout, coarsely toothed leaves. Flowers large. Near San Bernardino and southward in the deserts. 603. Eucnide urens Resembles Mentzelia. Stout, low, numerous stinging hairs, flowers large, yel- low. Desert region, south- eastern California. 604. Petalonyx Thurberi Perennial, rough, with barbed hairs, shrubby at base. Flowers small, in terminal clusters. San Bernardino and south through the desert region. Common. CUCUMBER FAMILY CUCURBITACEAE 605. Chili Cojote Curcubita foetidissima perennis Large roots; stems creeping and rooting; triangular heart-shaped leaves; flowers large, violet-scented; fruit globose, two or three inches in diameter, smooth, yellow, filled with a bitter pulp. Pulp of immature fruit used with soap to remove stains from clothing. Medicinal. Seeds eaten by Indians. San Joaquin Valley southward. 606. Desert Mock Orange Curcubita palmata Leaves thick, divided into 5 lobes, flowers small, fruit round like an orange when ripe. Salton Sink and southeastern deserts. 607. Common Man Root’ Echinocystis fabacea Very large roots, hence the name “Man Root”. Long trailing stems. Clusters of small greenish-white flowers. Spiny fruits which contain seeds not unlike a hazelnut in size and shape. The herbage is disliked by stock and the roots are very difficult to eradicate, sending up new leafage from the root when cut off. Quite variable, so that the forms are considered species by some authors. Hilly sandy lands, Coast ranges and interior valley. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 55 608. Hill Man Root Echinocystis marah Similar, but flowers clear- white and fruits with short and weak spines in- stead of stout ones. Hills, Bay region among straw- berry. 609. Watson’s Man Root Echinocystis Watsoni Vaca Mountains only, near Bay region. Sierras. DATISCA FAMILY DATISCACEAE A small and peculiar family represented by but a single genus with two species, one in western Asia, the other Californian. 610. Durango Root Datisca glomerata Stout branching perennials, several feet high with coarsely - toothed leaves, these becoming shorter and more numerous to- ward the _ inflorescence. Flowers small clustered in the axils and more or less hidden by the leaves. Root medicinal, bitter tonic. On dry stream beds and banks, Coast ranges and Sierras. CACTUS FAMILY CACTACEAE Mostly leaflless plants with the stems thickened into various shapes and armed with almost every conceivable sort of big and little spines. Some are very large in single or branching columns, others globe-shaped and ribbed, and still others jointed and flattened. Unusual prominence has been given some of the species on account of the introduction of spineless varieties by Luther Burbank and the United States Department of Agriculture for forage purposes. They contain an insipid juicy pulp which on the desert is used in extreme cases as a poor substitute for water. The fruit is usually pulpy and contains many seeds. These are used to a considerable extent by the Mexican peons for food and are called tunas. The surface is frequently covered with minute spicules not apparent to the eye, and much discomfort is brought on when an attempt is made to handle or eat the inviting looking fruit without first removing the outer skin with something other than the bare fingers. In New Mexico, Arizona and Texas, the spines are removed by burning if stock feed is short, when they can be readily eaten. It is at best, however, a poor forage. The flowers are very beautiful, consisting of numerous colored sepals and petals arranged in series. They may be yellow, pink or red. 611. Bird’s-Nest Cactus Mamillaria Oval or cylindrical with spine - bearing tubercles. Perhaps 4 species. South- ern California, from the coast to the interior. 612. Indian Melon Echinocactus Globe shaped with tubercu- late ribs. Woolly on top. Bunches of spines on the more or less vertical ribs. About 7 species from the coast to the interior. 56 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 613. Giant Cactus Cereus Plants of all sizes, low or climbing or erect. Some 20 feet or more in height with branches. Cylindri- cal ribbed stems. The flowers of some open only in sunlight, others only at night. Fruit of some highly prized by Indians. About 6 species. Southern California from the coast to the interior. 614. Jointed Cactus Opuntia A very large genus and unlike the others extending far up into the cold north in California and Nevada. The stems consist of flattened or cylindrical joints which have small round subulate leaves at first, but which soon drop off. Numer- ous short, easily detached bristles and sometimes also stouter spines in addition, all barbed. Flowers on the joints of the preceding year, mostly large, open only in sunlight. Fruit often edible and produced in large quantities. About twenty species from San Diego to the interior, a few extending along the eastern base of the Sierras to Oregon. PARSLEY FAMILY UMBELLIFERAE A very large family with about thirty genera occurring in California. Very few of them are sought after for their beauty and many are ill-smelling. From an economic standpoint the family is important as it includes the parsnip, carrot, celery, parsley, dill, fennel, caraway, and anise. On the other hand, the roots and young leaves of several of the genera are exceedingly poisonous and have caused much stock poisoning and a considerable number of human lives either by accident or with suicidal intent. The family is a difficult one to deal with unless one has good, mature fruit. The differentiation of the genera is based on the character of the fruit and the number and arrangement of longitudinal canals between the ribs, containing aro- matic oil and generally spoken of as oil-tubes. These are best seen by making transverse sections through mature fruits. Stems usually hollow. The leaves are mainly compound and these again divided into leaflets which may be slightly or finely divided, or variously lobed. The petioles of the leaves expand into a sheath- like structure at the base. The flowers are arranged in simple or compound umbels. The bracts under the main umbel form an involucre and those under a secondary umbel or umbellet form an involucel. Individual flowers are usually very small and may be white, greenish-white, bluish, yellows of many shades, and reddish-brown. The family is widely distributed from the ocean cliffs to middle elevations in the Sierras, but we do not recall many in the high Sierras. 615. Water Pennywort Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Umbels simple, fruit with- out oil tubes, very small, carpels not separating, ribs obscure; creeping, aquatic or semi-aquatic plants with round lobed leaves; fruit ovoid. Bay region and south. 616. Marsh Pennywort Hydrocotyle prolifera Similar, but umbels in whorls. Fruit small, but with two prominent ribs on each side. Bay region southward in marshes. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA of 617. Bowlesia lobata Delicate annuals with simple umbels, flowers white, minute. Fruit small, without ribs or oil-tubes. Damp, shady rocks or banks. Coast ranges and Sierras. 618. Coyote Thistle Eryngium armatum Prickly herbs, flowers 619. Eryngium vaseyi greenish-white or bluish 620. Eryngium Californicum in dense peduncled heads; 621. Eryngium articulatum fruit covered with hya- line scales. Spiny bracts which hurt feet of dogs. Weeds in pastures. Moist places. Coast Ranges and interior valley. 622. Sanicle Sanicula arctopoides Smooth perennials with 623. Sanicula menziesii lobed leaves more or less 624. Sanicula maritima divided. Flowers yellow. 625. Sanicula laciniata Fruit densely covered 626. Sanicula bipinnatifida with hooked prickles. a Sanicula bipinnata Some, if not all, of the 628. Sanicula tuberosa species poisonous to stock, 629. Sanicula nevadensis particularly horses. Coast Ranges and interior val- ley. 629 in Indian Val- ley, Plumas County. 630. Velaea Hartwegi Smooth, erect, perennial 631. Velaea Kelloggii herbs with pinnate and 632. Velaea arguta bipinnate leaves, yellow flowers in large umbels. Fruit oblong, elliptical or orbicular, compressed, oil-tubes 2 or 3. Con- spicuous. Coast Ranges and upper interior valley. 632, Southern California near coast. 633. Poison Hemlock Conium maculatum Tall smooth biennial, stems dotted with purple marks. Leaves compound and finely dissected. Flowers white in compound umbels. Fruit broadly ovate, some- what compressed, oil-tubes none. Introduced. Bay region and elsewhere. Weed. Unpleasant odor; not liked by stock. Roots poisonous. Useful medicine extracted from it. 634. Common Celery Apium graveolens Escape from gardens. Marshes, San Francisco to San Diego. 635. Wild Celery Apiastrum angustifolium Small branching annual with dissected leaves and small white flowers. Fruit small, heart - shaped, roughened, ribs incon- spicuous, oil tubes soli- tary in the intervals, 2 on the face. Coast, San Di- ego to Mendocino. 58 | WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 636. Indian Potato Carum Gairdneri A conspicuous foothill spe- cies in open places among sagebrush, eastern Sier- ras and elsewhere. Tu- berous roots one or two inches long and _ slender. Formerly used extensive- ly by Indians for food. Leaves and flowers a fa- vorite sheep feed. Erect stems with scanty leafage. Umbels of white flowers forming clusters 1 to 2 inches across. Fruit ov- ate, compressed, ribs somewhat obscure, oil- tubes solitary in the in- tervals. 637. Carum Kellogegii A stouter plant with larger flowers and fruit. Very common, open hills, Bay region. 638. Pimpinel Pimpinella apiodora Smooth perennials, with pinkish flowers. Fruit broadly ovate, small, somewhat prominent ribs, oil-tubes numerous. Rocky places about San Fran- cisco and northward. 639. Water Parsnip Berula erecta Tall perennial marsh plant with pinnate leaves, leaf- lets 9 to 19 and Tega inches long. ‘White flow- ers; fruit round, very small, ribs nerve-like, oil- tubes numerous. Spar- ingly from San Francisco to Los Angeles. POISON PARSNIPS OR WATER HEMLOCKS CICUTA Smooth, tall branching perennials found in marshes, along creeks and banks of irrigation ditches and never away from water, at least during some period of the year. Some of the species occur in Europe where they have long been recognized as poisonous. The roots contain a virulent poison, especially in winter and early spring. During the summer the food material in the root is used up in the growth of the plant above ground, disseminating the poison over a large leaf surface and in this way diluting it. In any event stock can eat the fairly mature plants with- out any ill effects in late summer. The plants look so very much like many other plants in the family that are harmless, that considerable difficulty is experienced in identification unless fruits are accessible. Stout hollow stems. Large umbels of white flowers. Fruit small and nearly round, ribs broad, obtuse and corky. When fruits are not available, by digging up the plants and cutting up the root, a series of partitioned hollow’ chambers will be found. This character identifies the genus Cicuta with a reasonable degree of certainty, but not abso- lutely. 640. California Poison Cicuta virosa, var. Cali- Bay region. Parsnip fornica 641. Bolander’s Poison Cicuta Bolanderi Suisun and other marshes. Parsnip WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 59 642. Oregon Poison Cicuta vagans Abundant along Truckee Parsnip river as far as Truckee from the Nevada line. 643. Water Parsnip Sium cicutaefolium var. Perennial aquatic or marsh heterophyllum plant with fibrous, fleshy roots, and angled stems, pinnate leaves and serrate or divided leaflets; flow- ers white; fruit small, ovoid, with acute, prom- inent ribs. Suisun marshes and elsewhere. 644. Sweet Cicely Orris Osmorrhiza brachypoda Perennials with thick aro- Root matic roots familiar to 645. Common Sweet Osmorrhiza nuda mountaineers who chew Cicely them. Large compound 646. Sierra Sweet Osmorrhiza occidentalis leaves and umbels of Cicely white flowers. Fruit lin- 647. Osmorrhiza ambiguum ear oblong; oil-tubes 648. Osmorrhiza Bolanderi none. Coast Ranges and Sierras. No. 646 frequent in Sierras and much relished by grazing ani- mals. 649. Oenanthe Californica Tall, glabrous aquatic, sometimes producing aeri¢ al bulblets or slender branchlets. Leaves _ bi- pinnate. White flowers. Fruit oblong to globose, ribs rounded and corky, oil-tubes at the angles. Shallow pools Coast Ranges south. 650. Oenanthe sarmentosa Similar. Leaves simply pinnate. Rare. Mon- terey and north. Succu- lent stems like celery and eaten by Indians. 651. Ligusticum apiifolium Tall smooth perennial, leaves ternate or bitern-— ate, the divisions pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers white. Fruit oval, 2 lines long. Ojil-tubes present. Sierras, but obscure. 652. Selinum Pacificum Similar to the last, but fruit more prominently winged. Oil-tubes solitary and conspicuous. Rare. Bay region—Marin county. 653. Selinum capitellatum Umbels composed of many dense globose umbellets of white flowers. Sierras by streams. Common. 654. Angelica Breweri Fruit ovate, strongly flat- tened, distinct wing. Tall perennials. Flowers white or pale-purple. Sierras frequent. 655. Angelica Hendersonii Along the coast. 60 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 656. 657. 658. 659. 659a. Sierra Carrot 660. 661. 662. Low perennials with tapering or tuberous roots. volucres, leaves pinnate to much dissected. Flowers yellow or white. Angelica tomentosa and vars. Angelica lineariloba Leptotaenia Californica Leptotaenia dissecta Leptotaenia multifida Cymopterus terebinthus Cymopterus cinerarius Cymopterus nevadensis WILD PARSLEY Coast Ranges. High Sierras, Mono Pass. Leaves lobed or parted. Fruit oblong strongly flat- tened oil-tubes present. Coast Ranges. Leaves much _ dissected. Flowers yellow or pur- plish. Fruit oblong; oil- tubes obscure. Sierras. Common. Root very large. Eastern Sierras. Good forage. Thick root, very short stem, flowers yellow. High Si- erras. Roots eaten by In- dians. Flowers purplish, alpine, high Sierras. PEUCEDANUM ish, much flattened. Ribs with broad thin wings. The leaves of many species of this genus have been held under suspicion by stockmen as being poisonous, but no experiments have been conducted to prove or allay the suspicion. 663. 664. 665. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. Cow Parsnip flowers. Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum leiocarpum parvifolium Hassei Umbels mostly without in- Fruit round- Roots eaten by Indians. macrocarpum Coast Ranges and interior dasycarpum Vaseyi utriculatum caruifolium triternatum Euryptera ambiguum villosum multifolium Nevadense Heracleum lanatum A tall perennial with very large lobed leaves, coarse stems and umbels of white valley, some extending to the Sierras. Gravelly hills, San Diego. Northeastern California. Northeastern California. Northeastern California. Northeastern California. Large, broadly ovate, flattened and slightly pubescent fruits. A conspicuous plant in wet soils along ravines, both in the Coast Ranges and at middle elevations in the Sierras. tion after peeling off the outside layers of the stems. 678. Native Carrot or Yerba del Vibora 679. Garden Carrot Eaten by stock. Daucus pusillus Daucus carota Indians used the inside por- Hispid annual or biennial, with very finely divided leaves, whitish flowers and fruits with short bristles and barbed prickles on the _ ribs. Widely distributed. Escaped. Rays of umbels curving inward so as to resemble a_ bird’s nest. Flowers white or occas- ionally pinkish. Natural- ized in valley lands as a weed. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 61 680. Wild Parsnip Pastinaca sativa Escaped and often a com- mon weed near towns. Tall. Yellow flowers, fruit large, smooth, much flattened and winged. 681. Shepherd’s Needle Scandix pecten-veneris Named from the fruit . which is long and tapers to a point like a packing needle. Clusters of tiny white flowers and finely divided bright green leaves. Introduced weed, common in Bay region. Coleopleurum maritinum Very large plant. Rare. Northwest coast, Califor- nia. Probably poisonous. 683. Bull-wort Ammi majus Weed, from Europe. Low places in grain fields and brackish meadows. 684. Hedge Parsley Caucalis microcarpa Widely distributed, but not common. Coast Ranges and Sierras. 5. Knotted Hedge Caucalis nodosa Weed from Europe. White Parsley or reddish flowers in small round clusters. Shady places, Coast Ranges. Fruit ovoid or oblong, flattened, ribs covered with barbed and hooked bristles of vari- ous lengths. B 2 GINSENG FAMILY ARALIACEAE _The best known member of this family is the English Ivy occurring in many varieties in cultivation and becoming semi-wild around the Bay, climbing high up into the trees. The next most important members are the Ginsengs or Spikenards. These resemble the Umbellifers, but have solid stems and berries. Our species is closely related to the cultivated Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium which is a difficult plant to grow, but exceedingly profitable. The root stocks are used extensively by the Chinese. 686. Spikenard or Gin- Aralia Californica Shaded canyons in rich seng soil, Coast Ranges and Sierras. Tuberous roots, whitish flowers, berries red, later black. DOGWOOD FAMILY CORNACEAE _ Frequent inhabitants of our moist canyons. Some of them very striking in winter, due to the coloring of the stems. Many are cultivated for ornament. The bark is bitter and has been used as a substitute for cinchona. 687. Bunch Berry Cornus canadensis Flowers greenish, in a close 688. Nuttall’s Dogwood Cornus Nuttallii head, surrounded by 4 to 6 white petal-like bracts, fruit red. Coast Ranges. 62 WILD FLOWERS: OF’ CALIBORNIA 689. Common Dogwood Cornus pubescens var. Flowers white or cream col- Californica ored, without involucre, 689a. Cornus glabrata fruit white, lead-colored 689b. Cornus Torreyi or blue. Coast Ranges and Sierras. 690. Cornus sessilis Placer County. Rare. Flow- ers yellowish, appearing before the leaves. 691. Silk-Tassel Tree Garrya elliptica A small evergreen tree or shrub, leaves smooth above and woolly be- neath. Branchlets 4-an- gled. Flowers in catkins like the poplar. Fruit round and _ silky-woolly. Coast Ranges. €32. Bear Brush Garrya Fremontii Fruit glabrous. Coast Ranges and Sierras. 693. Garrya buxifolia ° Slender catkins, a smaller shrub, leaves silky be- neath, fruit nearly sessile. Mendocino county. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY CAPRIFOLIACEAE Shrubs or twining vines, many of them well known in land out of cultivation, as the elderberry, snowbail, snow berry and honeysuckles. 694. Elderberry Sambucus glauca Large shrub or sometimes tree-like. Stems pithy and easily broken; large odd-pinnate leaves. White ‘clusters of flowers flat- topped. Berries blue with whitish bloom. Used for pies and otherwise. Coast Ranges, interior valley and Sierras. 695. Sambucus racemosa and Clusters of flowers round- var. topped, flowers dull- white, berries scarlet or black, no bloom. : 696. Arrow-wood Viburnum ellipticum Shrub, relative of the Guelder Rose, snow ball and cranberry tree. Sim- ple, coarsely toothed leaves. Dense cluster of flowers. Fruit oval, black, half an inch long. Woods, Mendocino County. 697. Twin-Flower Linnaea borealis and var. This delicate little trailing and rooting evergreen plant is found in moist woods from the New England States across the continent} especially among evergreens. The flowers are in pairs, rose-colored, and very fragrant, later forming a dry berry. It is not common in the State, and much joy and pride comes over the naturalist when discovering it. Northern counties and Sierras. SNOWBERRY SYMPHORICARPOS Low branching shrubs with the white or pinkish flowers in short spikes or clusters, later forming globose berry-like fruits. Many of the berries are fleshy and snow-white. Good browse. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 63 698. Snowberry Symphoricarpos racemosus Berries mostly smooth. Throughout California. 699. Dwarf Snowberry Symphoricarpos mollis Coast Ranges and Sierras. Leaves pubescent. 700. Round-leaved Snow- Symphoricarpos rotundi- Eastern Sierras. berry folius 701. Indian Currant Symphoricarpos oreophilus Common, Eastern Sierras. HONEYSUCKLE; WOODBINE LONICERA Erect shrubs or twining vines, well known in cultivation. The native shrubby species are considered poisonous by sheepmen. 702. Black Twin-berry Lonicera involucrata Erect shrub, Coast Ranges 703. Lonicera conjugialis and Sierras. 704. Lonicera coerulea 705. California Honey- Lonicera hispidula and : suckle vars. Coast Ranges and Sierras. 706. Chaparral Honey- Lonicera interrupta suckle 707. Lonicera ciliosa MADDER FAMILY RUBIACEAE A very important economic femily. Furnishes the madder plant, Rubia tinc- toria, one of the most important of dyes; the coffee plant, Coffea arabica; Peru- vian bark, a powerful febrifuge, from several species of Cinchona; Ipecacuanha, commonly called “epecac” which children learn to know, from the root of Cephae- lis Ipecacuanha. BEDSTRAW OR CLEAVERS GALIUM Recognized by their series of whorled leaves and square stems, some shrubby, and others partially climbing or trailing. They are roughened by minute bristles causing them to adhere tenaciously to clothing. Annuals or perennials with Ey, or fleshy fruits Both in Coast Ranges and Sierras. 708. Common Cleavers Galium aparine Annual; fruit dry. 709. Corn Cleavers Galium tricorne Introduced from Europe. . Annual; fruit dry. 710. Wall Cleavers Galium Parisiense Introduced from Europe. Annual; fruit dry. 711. Sweet-scented Galium triflorum Perennial; fruit dry. Cleavers 712. Dyers Cleavers Galium trifidum Perennial; fruit dry. 713. California Cleavers Galium Californicus 714. Galium Nuttallii Leaves in whorls of 4, 715. Galium Bolanderi berry-like fruits. 716. Galium Andrewsii 717. Field Madder Sherardia arvensis Resembles Galium, but a small plant. Leaves in whorls of 6. Lilac blos- soms in clusters at the end of the stems. In- troduced. Weed in lawns Berkeley and elsewhere. 64 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 718. Kelloggia galioides Named for Dr. A. Kellogg, the pioneer botanist of the California Academy of Sciences. A _ slender perennial with opposite, sessile leaves, small pink- ish or white flowers at the.. ends. of ~ forks branches. Fruit small, oblong with hooked bristles. Frequent in damp, shady places in the Sierras, at middle eleva- tions. 719. Button Bush or Riv- Cephalanthus occidentalis Spreading shrub or tree, er Ball-Flower not uncommon along the ree streams of the interior valley. Flowers white in a dense round head about an inch across. VALERIAN FAMILY VALERIANACEAE To this family belongs the cultivated valerian, Valeriana officinalis, a well known medicinal plant, readily cultivated everywhere. The rhizomes and roots are highly valued as a nerve sedative. 720. Valerian Valeriana sylvatica A native species found in moist soil in the Sierras with strong scented, per- ennial roots used by Indians for food. Leaves near the base mostly entire, those of the stem mostly pinnate, with three to eleven toothed leaflets. Flowers white or flesh-colored. Fruit forms with the calyx at maturity a conspicuous plumose crown. Extremely variable, only a few inches tall in the highest mountains to two feet at middle elevations. Sierras. 721: Valeriana edulis To be looked for in north-- eastern California. PLECTRITIS (VALERIANELLA) Annuals nearly smooth with slender, erect stems which bear oblong sessile leaves with dense clusters of small white or rose-colored flowers in the upper axils, forming an interrupted spike or head. The identification of the species of the genus is mainly based on the character of the fruit and the position of its wings which curve inwards, making it saucer-shaped. The species are not yet well defined and ample specimens in good fruit with notes would be welcomed by the botanists. 122. Plectritis macrocera and Low grounds, coast and var. valleys. Slender, less than a span high. (pA y Plectritis congesta A succulent annual, 6-12 in- ches. 4-angled stems, erect. Eastern Sierras in shade of sagebrush and rocks. Other species given by Jepson as from the Coast Ranges are: P. samolifolia, P. Jepsoniu, P.. glabra, P. magna and P: Davyana. TEASEL FAMILY DIPSACEAE 724. Fuller’s Teasel In- Dipsacus fullonum dian’s comb Conspicuous coarse biennial plants, two to four feet high, with prickly stems, pinkish-white flowers in a cylindrical head, which later becomes a rigid spike cov- ered with strong recurved spines. Used at one time for carding wool. Common WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 65 in waste places about the Bay and along railroads. Near towns in the interior valley. Gathered in late fall for home decoration and sometimes dyed various colors and sold by the florists. Introduced. 725. Common Teasel Dipsacus sylvestris With straight spines to the fruits. Introduced. Bay region. SUNFLOWER FAMILY COMPOSITAE A very large family of plants abundantly represented in the west. In Cali- fornia there are at least 125 genera with more than 500 species. It contains few plants that are cultivated on a large scale as farm crops. Among the vegetables the most important is the lettuce, followed by the Globe or Thistle Artichoke, the Salsify or Vegetable Oyster, and the Jerusalem Artichoke for its tubers. The Sunflower is grown for its seed, which is used for poultry, birds and for oil. A few are medicinal as the wormwoods, chamomile, dandelion, Gum plant, Pine-apple weed, Tansy, Burdock, Yarrow, Blessed Thistle, Thoroughwort or Bone- set, Horse weed or Fleabane, Pyrethrum the well known vermifuge, Chicory for use with coffee, Saffron for dyeing, and others. In hardy, easily grown ornamental plants for the garden the family presents an almost endless variety. Among the well known kinds are Sunflowers, Shasta daisies, Michaelmas daisies, Asters, Golden rod, Daisies, Dahlias, Zinnias, Marigolds, Chrysanthemums, Senecio, Everlastings, Coreopsis, Calendula. It is safe to say that more of our weeds belong to this family than to any other. Most of them are introduced and number about forty different kinds. The following are well known, Napa Thistle, Star Thistle, Tarweeds, Canada Thistle, Milk Thistle, May weed, Dog fennel, Pitch forks, Death weed, Wild let- tuce, Coast dandelion, Bristly ox-tongue, Groundsel, Sow-thistle, Cocklebur and lawn dandelion. The family comprises annuals and perennials, many of them shrubby. The flower stalk is enlarged at the end in many different ways so as to form a flat, convex or concave receptacle on which few or many flowers are closely placed, appearing as a head. This is usually surrounded by a series of bracts showing many different characteristics as to size and shape and on which much of the classification of the family is based. The flowers may be of two kinds in the same head or one kind only may be present. One kind of corolla is spoken of as tubular as they are in the form of a tube which may be variously lobed or toothed on the upper end of the tube. The other is called ligulate, meaning strap or tongue-shaped. As the corolla fades the calyx unites with the ovary and becomes prominent, forming at the apex an achene, the so-called seed, a structure called the pappus, which consists of scales, hairs or awns varying in number from a few to many, and presenting almost every degree of texture from very fine, soft and downy to broad and stiff. In some the pappus is reduced to a mere ring or absent altogether. Sometimes there are also bracts or scales on the receptacle interspersed between the flowers. When the receptacle has only flowers and no scales within the involucre, it is called naked, but when scales are present on the receptacle among the flowers, it is called chaffy. The necessity of procuring some of the specimens at least in the advanced stage of flowering is emphasized as the pappus is a very important character in the determination of the plants belonging to this family. Yellow is perhaps the most frequent color of the flowers, but all sorts of colors are represented. The family as represented is divided into twelve tribes. Some authors sepa- rate these tribes and place them in families by themselves which has the disad- vantage in that if families are placed alphabetically in a herbarium they may be widely separated from their nearest relatives. We will now mention as many of the species of the genera occurring in the State as time and space will permit. 66 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA JOE-PYE WEED ‘TRIBE EUPATORIEAE 726. Western Joe-Pye Eupatorium occidentale Perennial, almost shrubby Weed base, a foot or two high. Flowers pinkish, cluster- ed at ends of branches. Pappus a single series of numerous, rather rigid capillary bristles. Heads 15-25 flowered. Eastern Sierras, Donner Lake, etc. reas Eupatorium glandulosus Rare. Pasadena. Probably introduced from Mexico. 728. Canyon Surprise Hofmeisteria pluriseta Somewhat shrubby, insig- nificant as to flowers, but herbage delightfully frag- rant. Cliffs in canyons of hot desert regions. South- eastern California. 729. Malperia tenuis An erect desert annual. Re- ceptacle naked, flat, achenes 5-angled, slender. Pappus of 3 bristles and minute scales. San Di- ego county. Brickellia (Coleosanthus) Shrubby perennials, heads medium five to fifty flowered, in terminal clusters. Receptacle naked, whitish. Achenes 10-ribbed. Pappus a single series of scabrous or pul:nose capillary bristles 730. Brickellia atractyloides Rocks in desert ranges. San Bernardino and San Di- ego counties, 731. Brickellia incana Dry gravelly soil of the Mojave Desert. 732. Brickellia linifolia Deserts, southeastern Cali- fornia 739: Brickellia frutescens San Diego County. 734. Brickellia Nevinii Coastal slope, Pasadena and south. fades Brickellia Californica Gravelly stream beds and and var. chaparral slopes, San Di- ego to Mendocino, inner Coast Ranges and foot- hills of the Sierras. 736. Brickellia Greenei Siskiyou County. 738. Brickellia grandiflora Rocky banks of streams in the Sierras. 739, Brickellia microphylla Mt. Tallac, Lake Tahoe. ASTER RISE ASTEREAE Little Rabbit Brush Gutierrezia Low shrubs with wiry stems, narrow often spirally curved leaves and clusters of numerous yellow flowers terminating the branchlets. Achenes angled or ribbed and pubescent. Pappus of four to fifteen oblong erose scales. Receptacle flat. Common shrubs of desert and dry foothill regions. Not liked by stock and hence remain in abundance over sheeped areas. Stems readily withstand trampling, springing back again into place. Grow on poorer and more gravelly soil than the true sagebrush and spread more readily over burnt areas. Conspicuous in the fall. 740. Gutierrezia lucida Dry hills of the Mojave Desert. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 67 741. Gutierrezia Sarothrae Common, Southern Califor- nia. 742. Gutierrezia Californica Dry hills Colorado Desert and var. to San Francisco Bay region. 743. Amphiachyris Fremontii A low and much branched smooth shrub with nearly sessile leaves and yellow flowers. Pappus of about 20 flattish more or less tortuous toothed bristles. Involucres hardly a quarter of an inch long, of 7 to 9 oval thin scales with greenish tips. A peculiar shrub of the southeastern desert region. Inyo County. GUM PLANT GRINDELIA Perennials, almost shrubby, leaves more or less covered with a sticky excre- tion which gathers the dust, making the plants unsightly. Heads gummy, of medium size, solitary or in few-flowered clusters at the ends of the leafy branches. Flowers yellow with conspicuous rays. Achenes short, flattened and smooth. Pappus of two to eight awns or small scales which readily fall off. In the center of the head when young one frequently sees a peculiar white sticky exudation. The Grindelias are frequently seen along our roads in the hills and valleys. A decoction made by extracting some of this sticky material with alcohol is said to be a remedy for Poison Oak. Leaves and flowering tops gathered when young and quickly dried are worth five to ten cents per pound. 744. Common Gum Plant Grindelia robusta and Common. Coast Ranges and vars. Valleys. 745. Desert Gum Plant Grindelia camporum Dry soils, San Joaquin Val- ’ ley south. 746. Saline Gum Plant — Grindelia cuneifolia Salt marshes. Coast and in- terior Bay region. 747. Red-stemmed Gum Grindelia rubricaulis Ridges and hillsides of the Plant Coast Ranges. 748. Broad-leaved Gum Grindelia squarrosa Weed, waste places and Plant | roadsides. 749. Acamptopappus sphaero- cephalus __ Smooth low shrub, with rigid angular straggling branches, narrow leaves and light yellow flowers. Pappus of thirty to forty silvery awns. Not uncommon in the southeastern California Desert Region. 750. Acamptopappus Shock- Inyo Mts., southeastern leyi California . PENTACHAETA Low slender annuals with very narrow leaves and medium sized heads of white, yellow or pink flowers, or the center portion turning purple. Achenes oblong, flattened, hairy. Pappus of three to twelve slender bristles which may be much reduced or absent altogether. 751. Pentachaeta aurea San Diego and _ adjacent desert region. 752. Pentachaeta exilis and Coast Range hillsides. Mid- vars. dle California. 752. Pentachaeta Lyoni San Pedro, Los Angeles County. 68 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 754. Pentachaeta alsinoides Coast Ranges and perhaps also Sierras. Pappus bris- tles, very slender. 759: Monoptilon bellidiforme Depressed desert annual, with white flowers having a central yellow disk like a daisy. Receptacle slight- ly convex, naked. Achenes narrowly obovate, flat- tened, pubescent. Pappus a mere crown and a soli- tary, short plumose bristle Deserts southeastern Cali- fornia. 756. Desert Aster Monoptilon bellioides Similar, but the pappus con- sists of 3-12 scales and 1- 12 slender bristles. Com- mon in sand soil of the southeastern deserts, springing up after rains. LESSINGIA Annual or biennial. Slender branches clothed when young with a more or less deciduous wool. Heads rather small, five to twenty-five flowered: Flowers yellow, purplish or white. Achenes wedge-shaped, more or less flattened. Pappus of numerous unequal scabrous bristles which usually turn reddish-brown. Sandy hills along the coast. Flowers yellow. 757. Lessingia Germanorum Conspicuously glandular and heavy scented or without odor or glands. Flowers yellow. Middle California southward. 758. Lessingia glandulifera Lessingia Lessingia heterochroma ramulosa and Dry soil, Ventura county. Flowers pink. Flowers purplish, lilac to var. white, achenes less flat- 761. Lessingia virgata tened, 4-5 nerved. Coast 762. Lessingia leptoclada Ranges and Interior Val- 763. Lessingia hololeuca ley. 7064. Lessingia adenophora 765. Lessingia nana 700. Lessingia albiflora 766a. Lessingia Lemmonii 767. Heterotheca grandiflora A coarse biennial or perennial from one to several feet high with the leaves and stems clothed with long and rather soft spreading hairs. Medium sized yellow flowers in a terminal spreading cluster. Ray-achenes without pappus, Disk-achenes flattened, silky hirsute, with a double pappus, inner ones copious and long, outer ones short and stout. A common weed along ditches and waste places in southern California, extending to the Bay region as an immigrant. GOLDEN ASTER CHRYSOPSIS Rather low perennials with leafy stems and medium sized leaves. Flowers with or without rays, yellow. Achenes flattened Pappus brownish and consisting of numerous very slender bristles with or without a short row of small scales. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 69 768. Hairy Golden Aster Chrysopsis villosa and Many varieties, each in its vars. region. Some one or oth- er found in nearly all parts of the State. Weedy tendencies. 709. Chrysopsis Oregana and Gravelly beds of streams. var. Coast Ranges. 770. Chrysopsis Wrightii Rare. 11,400 ft. San Ber- nardino Mts. #7. Chrysopsis Breweri Sierras, under the pines. 772. RAYLESS GOLDEN ROD OR RABBIT BRUSH CHRYSOTHAMNUS A difficult group of plants to classify and yet in some regions they cover considerable areas, looking not unlike sagebrush before the yellow clusters of flowers in the fall indicate the difference. They belong more especially to the Great Basin region and enter California at the south and abundantly on the eastern side of the Sierras, both in the foothills and along the flats near creeks in the valleys. The genus has been variously treated by the different authors, using many different generic names such as Bigelovia, Aplopappus, Lino- osyris, Chrysoma, Chryscoma, Crinitaria, and others. For this reason we will not attempt to give the names. Hall gives 7 species with many varieties in southern ee. Jepson does not include any in his “Flora of Middle Western Cali- ornia.” \vhen the species are more thoroughly known and studied there will probably be in the neghborhood of twenty species and many varieties, or many more species if the varieties are given specific rank. The herbage is not liked by stock and seldom eaten, although it is tender com- pared to sagebrush and many other plants. A strong growth of Rabbit brush usually indicates a heavier soil than sagebrush and one in which the water table is nearer the surface. They do not necessarily indicate alkali lands, but are found on the margins where the soil is nearly free from alkali. The yellow masses that one sees in desert regions in the sagebrush area are nearly sure to be caused by either the Rabbit brushes or the little Rabbit brushes (Gutterrezia). Chrysothamnus is shrubby, variable in height up to four feet with narrow entire leaves an inch or so long and clusters of yellow flowers terminating the branchlets. In many of them the herbage is grayish-white in color. Ray flowers uniformly lacking; disk-flowers, 5 to 30. Achenes narrow, small. Pappus of soft copious dull-white or reddish hairs. Chiefly in the valleys and slopes of the eastern Sierras to the high mountains. ERICAMERIA Low evergreen shrubs with small and often heath-like leaves. Herbage sticky and dotted with glands. Flowers yellow in terminal clusters, September to No- vember. With or without rays. Achenes slender. Pappus of dull-white or yel- lowish bristles turning reddish with age. 4f2. Ericameria ericoides Low heather-like shrubs, rays 5, in sand dunes along the coast from Los Angeles to beyond San Francisco. 774. Ericameria arborescens Leaves narrow, rays none. Mountains, Coast Ranges, but sparingly in the Si- erras. 775. Ericameria Parishii Not common. San Bernar- dino Mts. and vicinity. 770. Ericameria pinifolia Entering into composition of chaparral along the foothills from western Los Angeles county to San Diego county. 70 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Fi: Ericameria Palmeri Common, foothills and plains west of the moun- tains. Southeastern Cali- fornia. 778. Ericameria Cooperi Very rare. Mohave Desert, eastern San Bernardino County. 779. Ericameria brachylepis Southwestern San Diego County. GOLDEN ROD SOLIDAGO Stout perennials increasing by rootstocks at the base. Spreading lateral clus- ters of yellow flowers terminating the stems. A well known eastern genus, but not abundant in California. Heads small and numerous. Rays short, yellow. Achenes small, roundish, five to twelve nerved. Pappus bristles slender, numerous in one or two series, equal and dull-white. 780. Common Golden Rod Solidago Californica Throughout California, and var. 781. Coast Golden Rod Solidago spathulata Sandy hills near the coast trom, . Santa: bathbaraneee Humboldt Bay. 782. Saline Golden Rod Solidago sempervirens Salt marshes near the coast. Rarely collected. 783. \Vestern Golden Rod Solidago occidentalis Stream beds and_ river banks. Coast Ranges and interior. Sierras. 784. Solidago confinis and In moist places, Los An- var. geles and south. © 785. Solidago elongata Coast Ranges and Sierras. 786. Sericocarpus rigidus Aster-like. | Disk flowers, pale yellow, and small ray flowers white. Heads half an inch or less in length. Achenes slender, clothed with fine short hairs. Pap- pus white, of copious ca- pillary bristles. Donner Lake, Yosemite, Mt. Shasta and elsewhere in the. Sierras. 787. CORETHROGYNE Perennials. Aster-like. Flowering in late spring or summer. Stems and leaves covered with a cottony material when young which disappears with age. Heads solitary or in clusters. Rays violet-blue or purple, disk yellow. Achenes pubescent. Disk-pappus reddish-brown of rigid fine bristles; ray-pappus reduced or lacking. 788. Corethrogyne filaginifolia Hall includes under this species eight varieties, most of which were pre- viously described as spe- cies. It occurs in numer- ous forms which are diffi- cult to separate even into varieties. Throughout the State, coast and Sierras. 789. Corethrogyne Californica Prostrate, almost matted and var. stems. Rare. Monterey to San Diego and north to Mendocino County. 790. Corethrogyne spathulata North Coast Ranges. 791. Corethrogyne leucophylla Sand dunes at Monterey. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 71 792. ASTER A very large genus with 140 or more species in North America, and Hall describes seventeen from southern California. Jepson records four species with four varieties in the middle western California. Perhaps about thirty species in the State distributed widely, on the coast, in the marshes, on the beach sands, in the meadows of the mountains and generally throughout the State. They are recognized as good forage,especially for sheep. The Slender Aster, A. exilis, is a weed along river-bottoms and waste places generally. The Wild Asparagus or Mexican Devil-weed, A. spinosus is a veritable pest in the southern counties, particularly Imperial Valley. It spreads readily by means of under- ground shoots and is difficult to eradicate. They occur as annuals, biennials and perennials, some even shrubby. The cultivated garden China Aster, A. chinensis is well known and a favorite. The Michelmas Daisies are perennials also in cultivation, flowering in the autumn. The species on exhibit will be recorded under 792 A-Z. 793. Warm Springs Aster Brachyactis frondosa Conspicuous, near warm mineral waters, especially by its fluffy pappus. Si- erras and eastern foot- hills. FLEABANE ERIGERON Another large genus like Aster with 130 or more species and about eighty of them in North America, with perhaps thirty in California. Almost everywhere one goes he finds some species of Erigeron, either as a weed, a wild flower or as an alpine plant high up on the lofty peaks. Erigeron is chiefly distinguished from Aster by the involucral bracts which are narrow, equal and little imbricated, the scanty and fragile pappus, and by more numerous and narrower rays. Much diffi- culty, however, will be found in correctly determining some of the species which merge into other genera like Conyza. We will not attempt to enumerate the species. An ugly plant and all too prevalent is the Horseweed, FE. canadensis. From it is distilled a volatile oil used to deter the attacks of mosquitoes. It is also used in medicine and the dried plants are quoted at five to six cents a pound. Unfortu- nately stock does not like it as it contains resinous and bitter juices. The hands should be protected when pulling it, as it affects some people in a manner similar to that of Poison Ivy. Conyza Coulteri Erect, tall leafy stems from an annual root, pubescent and viscid, whitish flow- ers. Two kinds, pistillate and ___— perfect. Achenes small, elliptic-oblong, pap- pus dull-white, soft. Al- kaline flats, San Joaquin Valley to Mexico. BACCHARIS Mostly perennial, sticky shrubs or herbs with many-flowered heads, and whitish or yellowish inconspicuous dioecious flowers. Achenes small several-ribbed. Pap- pus in the fertile flowers of copious mostly soft and fine bristles, and in the sterile flowers less copious and often tortuous. _ A South American genus with about nine species entering California through its southern border and extending up to the interior and along the Coast. 795. Mule Fat Baccharis viminea A willow-like shrub the fo- liage of which is said to be readily eaten by horses and mules. From desert to coast of southern Cali- fornia, and extending to San Francisco Bay re- gion. 72 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 796. English Daisy LOT: 798. 799. 800. 801. 802. 803. Bellis perennis Leucelene ericoides Psilactis Coulteri Hazardia squarrosa Isocoma venata and Vial Haplopappus Stenotus linearifolius Townsendia scapigera Introduced in gardens and escaped in several places. Used in lawns for its flor- al effect but not desirable. From Europe. A low perennial with leafy stems and woody base. Heads small and solitary. Rays white or reddish; disk flowers yellow or reddish. Pappus a single series of scabrous white bristles. A leafy-stemmed desert an- nual, with rather small heads, herbage rough and glandular. Rays lavendar, disk flowers yellow, with 20 to 40 unequal pappus bristles. Mohave Desert region. Herbage white, tomentose or glabrous, shrubby or partially so. Heads 20-40 flowered, yellow, chang- ing to brownish-purple. Pappus reddish; 3 species. Southern California and islands off the coast. Woody with rigid stems and thickish, closely ses- sile leaves not resinous. Achenes ribbed and silky. Pappus of numerous bristles variable in length. A variable species. Sub- saline plains. Interior valley southward. Annuals or perennials or low shrubs. Yellow rays. Pappus of numerous, un- equal, dull-white or red- dish bristles. Five species. Sierras and southern California. A shrubby evergreen plant, resinous, flowers yellow. Pappus of permanently white slender bristles. Mt. Diablo Range and south to Mexico. Sierras. A dwarf biennial, with lin- ear spatulate leaves and large heads of whitish or rose-colored flowers. Re- sembles Aster. Rare. Ft. Bidwell, Modoc county. TRIBE 3. EVERLASTING TRIBE 804. Salt-Marsh Fleabane 805. Arrow-weed Pluchea camphorata Pluchea sericea WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 73 INULEAE Annual herb, glandular, pu- bescent. Moist saline soil, San Diego county east- ward, and salt marshes of the San Francisco Bay Region. ___A slender willow-like shrub soon occupying the banks of irrigation ditches in the desert regions or along streams, washes and river-bottoms. Used by settlers in various ways to screen off the intense heat of the sun and at one time for arrows by the Indians. 806. 807. 808. 822. It has weedy tendencies. Adenocaulon bicolor Micropus Californicus and var. Micropus amphibolus Psilocarphus tenellus Psilocarphus Oreganus Psilocarphus globiferus Psilocarphus tenellus Stylocline gnaphaloides Stylocline filaginea Stylocline micropoides Evax sparsifolia Evax caulescens Evax multicaulis Filago Californica Filago depressa Filago Arizonica Filago Gallica Perennial, small heads of whitish flowers, achenes long, extending much be- yond the involucral bracts. Woods of the Coast Ranges and Sierras. Slender and weak woolly annuals with cottony bracts on the receptacle. No pappus. Common low hills or valley land every- where. Coast Ranges and interior valley. Similar but rare and little known (see Jepson, Flora of Middle Western Cali- fornia). Walnut Creek, Coast Ranges. Prostrate, woolly annuals. Bracts clothed with soft wool forming a globose head. No pappus Coast Ranges and interior val- ley, and south. Very low woolly annuals with small heads in clust- ers. On hard open ground throughout State, except high mountains. Dwarf, rigid, densely woolly annuals with small heads surrounded by a circle of bract-like leaves. Napa Valley, Sacramento Val- ley to Mohave Desert. Low woolly annuals with small heads in round clusters. Dry hills, coast, mountains to southern deserts. No. 822 St. Hel- ena. Introduced from Europe. 74 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA B23: Antennaria dimorpha Low woolly perennials with 824. Antennaria media crowded tufts of leaves 825. Antennaria alpina at the base, some form- 826. Antennaria speciosa ing a sod. Heads dioeci- 827. Antennaria luzuloides ous. Unattractive but met 828. Antennaria microcephala with quite frequently in 829. Antennaria Geyeri the mountains, mainly in 830. Antennaria marginata the Sierras from north to 831 Antennaria dioica south, 832. Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea _ Perennial with leaves green above and woolly beneath. Flowers yellow, dioecious. Bracts of the involucre pearly white and spreading with age. Coast Ranges and Sierras. 832a. Cudweed; Ever- Gnaphalium lasting Woolly herbs with sessile and commonly decurrent leaves. Heads white, yel- lowish or rose-tinted, disposed in close or open clusters. Not dioecious. 833. Purple Cudweed Gnaphalium purpureum 834. Lowland Cudweed Gnaphalium palustre 835. California Everlast- Gnaphalium decurrens ing var. 836. Pink Everlasting Gnaphalium ramosissi- mum 837. Small-headed Ever- Gnaphalium microcepha- lasting lum 838. Cotton-Batting Plant Gnaphalium chilense and var. 839. Gnaphalium bicolor Distributed throughout the State, Coast Ranges and Sierras alike, except in the truly desert areas. TRIBE.4.}RAGWEED TRIBE AMBROSIEAE Many of the plants in this tribe differ materially in general aspect and in structure from what is commonly considered typical of the family, Compositae, as a whole. 840. Poverty Weed; Iva axillaris Death Weed A common perennial plant from north to south in the State, usually frequent- ing gravelly or saline soils. Difficult to eradicate and hence complaints come to us concerning it from the farmers. Heads solitary, nodding and disposed in terminal spike-like clusters. Ill-smelling, unattractive, disliked by stock. Doves like seeds. 841. Iva Hayesiana Saline soil, San Diego south. 842. Oxytenia acerosa Shrubby perennial with erect branches, leafless and rush-like or with conspic- uous leaves. Alkali plains, southeastern California. Flowers odor of lilacs ac- cording to Miss East- wood. 843. Bug-Seed - Dicoria canescens Annual, diffusely branches from the base and from ] to several feet in height. Herbage with harsh spreading hairs. Achenes resemble bugs. Imperial Valley and Mohave Des- ert in dry alkaline, drift- ing sandy areas. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 75 844. Bush-Hops Hymenoclea Salsola Low much branched shrub- 5. Hymenoclea monogyra by plants of arid deserts with linear leaves and with the general aspect of sagebrush. Clusters of flowers resembling hops due to silvery wings of the involucre. Southern California, San Diego and Santa Barbara eastward. 846. Western Ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya A coarse perennial weed, sometimes very tall, with divided and bristly leaves. Creeping rootstocks which make it difficult to eradi- cate. Male flowers very abundant in long racemes; fertile flowers forming bur-like achenes. Common in Bay region and interior to Imperial Valley. Fol- lows cultivation of lands. 847. Dwarf Ragweed Ambrosia pumila Vicinity of San Diego only. 848. Common Ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia Introduced weed. FRANSERIA Perennial herbs or shrubs with parted or incised leaves, unattractive flowers and fruit armed with prickles becoming a bur. 849. Franseria tenuifolia Southern California. 850. Franseria acanthicarpa Sandy plains and in stubble. Southern California and along eastern side of Si- erras to Oregon. 851. Franseria bipinnatifida Beach sands all along the coast. 852. Franseria chamissonis Less common, _ seashore, middle California north- ward. 853. Franseria dumosa Gravelly soils, a character- istic species of southern California deserts. 854. Franseria chenopodiifolia Near Mexican border, San sa Diego County. 855. Franseria eriocentra Mohave Desert. 856. Franseria ilicifolia Colorado Desert, Imperial County. 857. Cocklebur Xanthium Canadense A common weed along ditches and waste places. Axils not spiny, large leaves. Burs troublesome in wool of sheep. 858. Spiny Cocklebur Xanthium spinosum A pernicious weed. Leaves . lobed or cut and axils bearing prominent yellow spines. General through- out cultivated areas. 858a. Xanthium commune Bad weed in Imperial Val- ley according to Parish. 859. Broad Cocklebur Xanthium strumarium Bad weed from Eastern States. Like 857. 76 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 860. Cone Flower Rudbeckia Californica Wet, grassy places in the Sierras. Perennial, yel- low rays with dark-brown center. SUNFLOWER TRIBE HELIANTHEAE 861. Eclipta alba Reported by Parish as a common weed in Im- perial Valley. By Jepson, Islands of the Sacramento River. BALSAM ROOT SUNFLOWER BALSAMORHIZA Low perennials with large roots from which arise tufts of radical leaves and heads of large yellow flowers on stalks which extend slightly beyond the leafage. Much prized range forage plants especially for sheep and horses. They find it palatable even when the leaves are dried up. The thick roots after being peeled were cooked and eaten by Indians for food. 862. Balsamorhiza sagittata Common in open parks, yel- low pine region, eastern Sierras. Leaves on long petioles. Blades cordate- sagittate, entire. - 863. Balsamorhiza Hookeri In same general region, but extending to the coast, where it 1s rare. Leaves pinnately parted or di- vided. 864. Balsamorhiza deltoidea Similar to 862, leaves more or less. serrate, heart- shaped, southern Sierras . to Oregon. 865. Balsamorhiza Bolanderi Smaller plant with only a few leaves. Auburn, Si- erras. MULE’S EARS WYETHIA The name is appropriate except in the species that have no pubescence on the leaves when we must consider that the ears have been shaved. They are perennial plants with large tufts of leaves. At the base the leaves gradually emerge into the petiole and are not lobed as in Balsam root. Otherwise similar in appear- ance. They are not considered as good range forage as the Balsam Root, only the more tender leaves being eaten from the center of the clumps along with large yellow flowers. Some of the species cover large areas in the open yellow pine forests. They are found both in the Coast Ranges and the Sierras. 866. Wyethia mollis Abundant in large patches in the Sierras. 807. Wryethia heleniodes Coast Ranges. 868. Wyethia glabra 869. Wyethia angustifolia 870. Wyethia ovata Southern Sierras. 870a. Wyethia amplexicaulis Trinity County. 871. Verbesina encelioides Erect branching annuals, Z _and var. yellow flowers, achenes 872. Verbesina dissita winged. Pappus of two 873. Verbesina australis awns. Southern Califor- nia. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 77 874. Encelia Californica Low shrubs with showy yel- 875. Encelia frutescens and low flowers and yellow or vars. purple disk. Deserts 876. Encelia farinosa southern California. 877. Desert Sunflower Encelia eriocephala Annuals or biennials. Root 878. Encelia viscida of 878 wanted by Hall. Southern deserts and mountains of San Diego County. 879. Little Sunflower Helianthella Californica Low perennial, narrow leaves, medium _ sized heads of yellow flowers. Good range forage. Coast Ranges and Sierras. 880. Sunflowers Helianthus annuus Annuals. Coast and inter- 881. Helianthus petiolaris ior. 882. Helianthus Bolanderi 883. Helianthus tephrodes 884. Helianthus exilis 885. Helianthus Parishii Perennials, 885 and 887 in 886. Helianthus Californicus the south and 886 gen- 887. - Helianthus gracilentus eral in the Coast Ranges and Sierras. VIGUIERA Shrubby plants of desert regions with brittle stems and rough leaves. 888. Viguiera laciniata South and _ southeastern 889. Viguiera deltoidea var. California. 890. Viguiera reticulata 891. Coreopsis Coreopsis (Leptosyne) Genus recognized by the beautiful and easily grown garden annual. Coreopsis tinctoria. 892. Coreopsis Douglasii Annuals of the deserts and 893. Coreopsis Bigelowii south Coast Ranges. 894. Coreopsis calliopsidea 895. Coreopsis maritima Perennials, coast of Los 896. Coreopsis gigantea Angeles, San Luis Obispo and San Diego Counties. 897. Coreopsis Stillmani Sacramento Valley. BUR-MARIGOLD: PITCHFORKS BIDENS Annual or perennial herbs usually growing in moist places, showing weedy tendencies. Flowers yellow. Achenes crowned with two to four barbed awns. 898. Bur-Marigold Bidens chrysanthemoides Annuals, coast marshes and and var. interior valley. 899. Small Bur-Marigold Bidens cernua 900. Beggar Ticks Bidens frondosa 901. Water Daisy Bidens expansa Perennial. In shallow streams, southern Califor- nia. Weedy tendencies. 902. Bidens pilosa Weed, southern California. 903. Melampodium perfolia- Introduced weed from Mex- tum ico. Waste places, Los Angeles. 904. Gymnolomia multiflora Migrant from the desert. Occasionally found Los Angeles and Santa Mon- . ica. 78 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 905. Galinsoga parviflora Waste places, Los Angeles, introduced weed from Mexico. 906. Bebbia juncea and var. Partly shrubby. Deserts southern California. TARWEED TRIBE MADIEAE 907. Tarweed Madia Erect annual and perennial herbs often sticky and heavy scented. Known by the fact that the excretions soil clothing and their abundance. Flowers yellow, opening in the evening and closing before noon of the next day. No pappus. Many of them troublesome farm and roadside weeds. A cooking oil has. been obtained from Madia dissitiflora. The seeds of Madia densiflora are agreeably aromatic. Medicinal. 908. Madia sativa Sweet-scented. 909. Madia capitata 910. Madia dissitiflora 910a. Madia exigua 911. Madia elegans 912. ‘ Madia madioides 913. Madia radiata 914. Hemizonella minima . JLow annual herb with mi- and var. nute yellow flowers. No pappus. Dry sterile soil throughout the Sierras. 915. Tarweed Hemizonia (Centromadia, Calycadenia ) A large genus of perhaps twenty-five species in the State. Annuals and per- ennials (one woody), white or yellow flowers in numerous heads. The species are extremely variable and difficult to determine accurately. Some, called Spike- weeds have spiny leaves and have been placed by themselves in a genus Centro- madia, but the flowers do not show sufficient characters to separate them. Hemizonia lusulaefolia is very common in the grain fields and Hemizonia pungens is highly prized as a bee plant. Jepson reports tens of thousands of acres of alkaline plains of the upper San Joaquin utilized in the production of Spike- weed honey. Most of the species are well classified in Jepson’s flora of Middle Western California and Hall’s Compositae of Southern California. We will not attempt to enumerate them. The genera Holocarpha, Harpaecarpus, Calycadenia (the Rosin weeds) and Blepharizonia are also included by some with Hemizonia. 916. Lagophylla ramosissima An erect annual, simple or much branched, the branchlets fine and brittle. Leafage scanty and soon , falling. Rays yellow and — inconspicuous. Dry hill- sides. San Bernardino to Oregon. Frequent from Truckee to Nevada line. 917. Holozonia filipes Perennial with creeping rootstocks. Stems and branches slender. North Coast Ranges. 918. Silver Scale Achyrachaena mollis Low, soft pubescent annual, flowers yellowish, turning brown. Conspicuous. at maturity by the silvery scales of the pappus which spread out, appearing like white petals, forming white patches in adobe , soil of the interior valley. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 79 919. LAYIA (BLEPHARIPAPPUS) Annuals with showy heads, not unlike daisies, of yellow or white flowers. The species are as yet not well known About fifteen species are credited to the State with many varieties. General throughout the State. Ocean shore, coast hills and Sierras. SNEEZEWEED TRIBE HELENTEAE 920. Jaumea carnosa Stems from a fleshy crown- ed tap-root. Leaves nar- row and succulent. Yel- low flowers. Salt marshes, Bay region and beaches along the coast. 921. Venegasia carpesioides Appearing like the true sun- flowers, Helianthus. Per- ennial with tall leafy stems. Large flowers with numerous yellow rays. Hilly coast regions, south- ern California. 922. Psilostrophe Cooperi Shrubby at base. Herbage white with a dense, woolly covering. Heads rather small, yellow, becoming papery. Southern deserts. DESERT SUNFLOWERS BAILEYA Striking plants of the deserts of southeastern California with their showy, yellow flowers and whitish woolly covered stems. One to two feet. 923. Baileya pauciradiata Rays 5 to 8. 924. Baileya multiradiata Rays 25 to 50. 925. Whitneya dealbata A low perennial of the Si- erras with creeping root- stocks, hoary pubescent leaves and mostly soli- tary or showy golden yel- low flowers. Wood, fre- quent. 5000 to 7000 feet. GOLD FIELDS BAERIA All but one annuals and low slender plants with very numerous showy heads of yellow flowers. The differentiation of the species is very difficult as numerous forms connect one with the other. Only the extremes can be reliably named ac- cording to the characters given in the descriptions. Hall has shown this in great detail in his Compositae of southern California when he describes eight forms hee one variety. They occur on the Coast Ranges, Interior valley and southern eserts. 926. Baeria maritima 927. Baeria Fremontii AQ ve ‘ddl ie 928. Baeria tenella 2 Calif Mant % ‘ ee ee ‘alifornia, Coas anges 229. Baeria ns ae and interior valley. 930. Baeria platycarpha ; 931. Baeria hirsutula 932. Baeria micrantha Perennial, along the coast, Marin County to Mendo- cino County. 933. Baeria microglossa pot. Baeria chrysostoma var. Southern California, all but ade 936, also in the nort! 935. Baeria uliginosa Lis capi liter ae ei 936. Baeria aristata 80 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA ERIOPHYLLUM (BAHIA) Annuals or perennials, some more or less woody at the base with pubescent or whitish divided or incised leaves Heads many-flowered, yellow. Sandy hills near the ocean along entire coast. Coast Ranges and Southern California. Mountains south of Liver- more. Marin County. Vaca Mountains. Solano County, Sierras and southern California. Southern California, Santa Barbara south. Mohave Desert north to Mendocino County. Rare. Southeastern borders of the State. Gravelly or sandy soil. San Bernardino Valley to the mountains eastward. Southern desert regions and adjacent mountains. Mohave Desert. Catalina and other islands off coast. High Sierras. A white woolly annual with sessile leaves and long- stalked heads of yellow flowers. Sacramento Val- ley and south through the Coast Ranges. A much branched annual 937. Lizard: tail Eriophyllum staechadi- folium 938. Eriophyllum conferti- florum and vars. 939. Eriophyllum Jepsonii 940. Eriophyllum arachnoi- deum 941. Eriophyllum idoneum 942. Eriophyllum lanatum and var. 943. Eriophyllum multicaule 944. Eriophyllum Pringlei 945. Eriophyllum lanosum 046, Eriophyllum Wallacei 947. Eriophyllum ambiguum 948. Eriophyllum Heermanni 949. Eriophyllum Nevinii 950. Eriophyllum integrifolia 951. Monolopia major and var. LASTHENIA Glabrous, slightly succulent annuals of salt marshes, alkaline flats and pools in fields. 952. Lasthenia glabrata and vars. 953. Lasthenia glaberrima 954. Lasthenia conjugens 955. Amblyopappus pusillus HULSEA with gummy, sweet scent- ed herbage. Small heads of yellowish flowers term- inating the branches. Com- mon near the sea. Los Angeles to San Diego. To be looked for near Mon- LEney. Plants of the high Sierras and southern mountains. Large heads for the size of the plants with yellow flowers or the rays in one species purple. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 81 956. Hulsea algida Tahoe region and_ else- where —on rocks’ about 10,000 feet. Strong roots, gummy herbage which is strong-scented. 957. Hulsea nana and var. Patches in volcanic soil. Heads_ yellow, — solitary from rootstocks. leafage scanty and incised. Sticky. High mountains of east- ern Sierras. 958. Hulsea vestita and vars. Leaves white-woolly when young. From lower alti- tudes beneath pines to the highest peaks, in its dif- ferent varieties. In loose gravelly soil. 959. Hulsea Californica Floccose-woolly in bushy places, mountains of southern San Diego County. 960. Hulsea heterochroma On granite soil. No woolly pubescence. Disk tipped with purple when old. Middle altitudes, Sierras. To be looked for also in Coast Ranges of Monte- rey County. Rare. 961. Rigiopappus leptocladus A plant of wide distribution and abundant, extending from the north Coast Ranges to the sagebrush country over the moun- tains. Annual with very narrow leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers. 062. Palafoxia linearis Rough branched annual or perennial 1 to 3 feet high with linear leaves and narrow heads of rose-col- ored flowers. Colorado Desert eastward. Weedy tendencies. 963. CHAENACTIS Annuals or low perennials with pinnately-parted, dissected, or more rarely entire leaves. Flowers yellow, white or purple tinged. Nnumerous forms, the same specie sometimes ascending from low to very high elevations, gradually becoming shorter, the flowers not changing in character. Some one or other of the species is frequently met with in the Sierras. About twenty species chiefly in the moun- tains and deserts. Jepson describes four in western middle California and Hall nine in southern California with numerous varieties and forms. SNEEZEWEED HELENIUM Erect perennials with resinous-dotted foliage. Heads solitary or several. Flowers yellow. Wet places, general. Medicinal. 964. Rosilla Helenium puberulum 965. pievionss Sneeze- Helenium Bigelovii wee 82 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA SHEEPHERDER’S GUM HYMENOXYS The rubber-like constituents of these plants were first said to be discovered by sheepherders who used them for substitutes for gum. A firm in Denver several years ago made a very good composition rubber from H. floribunda utilis, the Colorado rubber plant. 966. Hymenoxys Cooperi Desert regions, southern 967. Hymenoxys biennis California. Resembles 968. Hymenoxys chrysanthe- sagebrush but with yellow moides and var. flowers. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS FREMONTII White-woolly annuals only a few inches high with yellow or purplish ray flowers and yellow disk flowers disposed in small heads. Deserts, southern Cali- fornia. 969. Syntrichopappus Fre- Rays yellow, numerous montii awns. 970. Syntrichopappus Lemmoni Rays rose-purple in pappus. 971. Trichoptilium incisum Low (a few inches), spread- ing woolly desert annual with leaves toothed or in- cised and yellow flowers on slender peduncles. Pap- pus of 5 much divided scales. 972. Blenosperma Californi- Low annual with pinnately cum parted leaves and branches bearing solitary yellow- flowered heads. Moist ground upper Sacramento to southern California. 973. Nicolletia occidentalis A stout, erect, very smooth and slightly succulent per- ennial of the desert. Leaves narrow and parted into short, sharp lobes. Strong - scented. Heads nearly sessile among the upper leaves. Purple rays striped with pink. Mohave Desert region. 974. Dysodia Cooperi Strong - scented perennials 975. Dysodia porophylloides of the desert regions. Herbage blotched with large purple oil glands. Rays yellow. 976. Porophyllum gracile Disagreeably scented perennial dotted with oil glands. Flowers dull-white and purple. San Diego across the desert and south to Mexico. 977. Chinch-weed Pectis papposa Disagreeable odor like that from the chinch bug. Low branching herbs. Yellow flowers. Weed in Imperial Valley. MAYWEED TRIBE ANTHEMIDEAE 978. Yarrow Achillea millefolium and vars. This is one of the most cosmopolitan plants we know of occurring as it does throughout Asia, North America and Europe. In California it is abundant both on the coast and in the valleys and in the Sierras. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 83 It is strongly scented with very finely divided leaves from perennial roots. The terminal clusters of flowers are whitish often tinged with pale rose. The foliage is slightly pungent but nevertheless is eaten to a considerable extent by stock, especi- ally sheep. In Sweden it is used as a substitute for hops. In Scotland it is used as an ingredient of an ointment which they apply to wounds and in England. Sometimes called Nose-bleed owing to its ancient use as a vulnerary. The women of the Orkney Islands make Yarrow tea and consider that it has the power of dis- pelling melancholy. The Laplanders use the young shoots as salad. The moun- taineers of the Alps make vinegar from it. When dried and pulverized it causes sneezing. 979. Mayweed; Dog- Anthemis Cotula fennel A very’ common weed becoming more and more abundant every year in pas- tures, grain fields and waste places. Herbage causes irritation of skin in harvest fields. The leaves are finely divided and give off a strong fetid odor, especially when crushed. Flowers white with a yellow disk. Daisy-like. Introduced from Europe. 979a. Anthemis arvensis Similar, but without un- pleasant odor. Introduced. 980. Ox-eye Daisy Chrysanthemum leucan- themum A common and very pretty weed of dry pastures in Europe. Large heads resembling the Shasta Daisy of the gardens. Flowers white. Sparingly introduced Santa Cruz and elsewhere. 981. Corn Marigold or Chrysanthemum segetum Similar but with yellow rays. Yellow Ox-eye Bad weed in grain fields in Europe. Sparingly introduced. West Ber- keley and elsewhere. 982. Pineapple-weed Matricaria matricarioides An annual with finely di- vided leaves and heads consisting of a _ conical disk of yellowish flowers without rays. Distinct odor of pineapple. Intro- duced from Europe and now common in pastures and waste places through- out the State. 983. Matricaria occidentalis Similar but herbage not so strongly scented, disk longer and more cone- shaped. In richer soil. San Francisco, Sacramen- to Valley and south. 984. Cotula australis Low, reclining annual with finely dissected leaves. Strong scented, without rays, and yellow flowers on a nearly flat disk. Along streets in cities of Bay region and southern California. Introduced from Australia. 84 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 985. Cotula coronopifolia Similar but perennial with leaves not so finely di- vided. Saline localities in Bay region and wet places in the hills. General. In- troduced from South Africa. 986. Soliva sessilis Small annual with dissected leaves and sessile heads (without rays) of green- ish flowers. Occasional in moist ground Bay region and elsewhere. Probably introduced from Chile. 987. Dune Tansy Tanacetum camphoratum Herbage woolly when young, and with the odor of camphor. Clustered heads of yellow flowers without rays. Sand dunes, San Francisco. 988. Tanacetum potentilloides Sierra Valley. 989. Garden Tansy Tanacetum vulgare Introduced. Occasional escape from gardens. Supposed to be a remedy for nearly all human ailments. Tansy tea, Tansy wine, meat rubbed with Tansy said to keep away flies; Tansy cakes eaten during Lent by way of penance in ancient times. Tansy pudding relished by some; medicinally in other ways as an anthel- mintic, tonic, in dropsy, as a local application to ulcers, etc. SAGEBRUSHES AND WORMWOODS ARTEMISIA A very large genus abundant through the interior arid region where it forms the characteristic landscape. Herbs or undershrubs, or woody at the base only. Leaves bitter, strong scented and mostly lobed or dissected. Terminal sprays or spikes of numerous small heads, yellowish flowers. Rays none. Coast, valleys, and mountains. Medicinal. 990. Desert Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata The common sagebrush of Nevada and eastern Sier- ras, extending well up into the open parks in the yellow pine belt. Gener- ally indicative of a good soil for agricultural pur- poses. Reliable forage, especially in winter. 991. Little Black Sage- Artemisia trifida Similar to above and in the brush same general region. 992. Woody Sagebrush Artemisia arbuscula High Sierras, similar, but only a few inches tall. 993. Hoary Sagebrush Artemisia cana Sierras, Little Truckee Riv- er and elsewhere, shrubby leaves, linear, entire, densely white, pubescent. 994, Hill Brush; Old Man Artemisia Californica Green or gray shrub. Leaves parted into fine segments. Bay region, south. 995. California Mugwort Artemisia heterophylla Leaves large, green above, whitish beneath, and on tall, erect stems. Woody at the base only. Stream banks throughout the State. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 85 . 996. Linear-leaved Worm- wood 997. Desert Wormwood 998. Parish’s Sagebrush 999. Palmer’s Sagebrush 1000. Ocean Sagebrush 1001. Button Sagebrush 1001a. 1002. 1003. 1004. Biennial Worm- wood. GROUNDSEL TRIBE 1005. Sweet Colt’s-foot Low, rigid shrubs mostly confined to desert regions. Artemisia dracunculoides Artemisia Ludoviciana Artemisia Parishii Artemisia Palmeri Artemisia pycnocephala Artemisia spinescens Artemisia Rothrockii Artemisia Norwegica Artemisia discolor var. Artemisia biennis Petasites palmata TETRADYMIA Not aromatic, heads nod- ding on distinct pedicels. Sierras and occasional on coast. Along streams common east- ern Sierras, strong run- ning rootstocks. Distinctly shrubby. Los An- geles County and south. San Diego and south. Densely woolly. Sand hills along the coast. Monte- rey and north. Very low, spreading and spiny. Madeline Plains, Lassen County, to Mohave Desert. High mountains. Southern California. High Sierras. Tahoe region. Sierras. Mountains west of Truckee. One to four feet tall, with- out odor, leaves divided. Waste places, Berkeley, Los Angeles. Introduced, probably from the north- west, where it is native. Common in vacant city lots in the eastern States. SENECIONEAE Peculiar looking plant with its thick, woolly bracted stem bearing whitish or purplish soft heads, the ample radical leaves de- veloping later. Perennial from creeping rootstocks. Shaded woods, Bay re- gion, Marin County and elsewhere. About the size of the sagebrushes and occasional individuals found with them. Gray or green herbage mostly with a woolly covering. A few with rigid curved spines. Leaves linear and entire. soft hair-like bristles. 1006. 1007. 1008. 1009. 1010. Clusters of middle sized heads of yellow flowers. Some of them good forage. Tetradymia spinosa Tetradymia canescens var. Tetradymia glabrata Tetradymia stenolepsis Tetradymia comosa Pappus of numerous Eastern borders of the State throughout its en- tire length. All of the southern deserts or eastern Sierra foot- hills. 86 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1011. Luina hypoleuca Low plants from a woody rootstock, woolly through- out, about a foot high. Heads half an inch long, yellow flowers. Coast mountains, Mendocino and Santa Cruz Counties. 1012. Psathyrotes ramosissima Low branching annuals of the deserts with sticky herbage, strong scented. Light purple or yellowish flowers. No rays. Fre- quent on rocky ledges, southern deserts. 1013. Psathyrotes annua The same general region, leaves thinner, otherwise similar. 1014. GROUNDSEL SENECIO A very large genus numbering perhaps 1,000 species in the world. The eastern floras describe twenty-two, and there are probably as many in California. A dif- ficult group of plants to identify so much do they vary under slight changes of environment. Several are in cultivation, the Dusty Miller being a well known gar- den plant. The Ivy Senecio, S. mikanoides has escaped along creeks in the Bay Region, climbing over shrubbery. The common groundsel S. vulgaris is frequent near towns as a weed. It is gathered and sold on the streets in Europe for green feed for canaries. All the species are probably medicinal and S. vulgaris and S. aureus are recorded as such. They are annuals or perennials, having yellow flowers with or without rays. Occur: abundantly in the Coast Ranges, Interior valley, the Sierras at all elevations, and some in the desert regions. Some spread rapidly after forest fires. They are considered to be good range forage. Jepson describes seven native species in western middle California, and Hall records eleven for southern Cali- fornia. Many of the species extend to both these regions. There are about ten additional species in the north Coast Ranges and Sierras. We will not attempt to enumerate the species which will be on exhibit under No. 1014-A-Z. ARNICA Perennial, somewhat aromatic herbs with few leaves and mostly simply stems from creeping rootstocks, bearing solitary or few rather large yellow flowered heads on long stalks. Mostly with rays. Species are difficult to differentiate. 1015. Arnica parvifolia Chaparral, Humboldt County. 1016. Coast Arnica Arnica discoidea Dry, open woods, Coast Ranges. 1017. Arnica latifolia Sierras. To be looked for on Mt. Hamilton also. 1018. Arnica cordifolia Sierras, north to south. 1019. Arnica Bernardina Mountains of Southern California. 1020. Arnica mollis High Sierras. ney ee Siren é ECR Or caulea te Lake Tahoe region and re oe - ee elsewhere in the Sierras. 1025 Arnica alpina 1026 Raillardella argenta A stemless plant of the high Sierras with stout rootstocks, linear en- tire leaves and large heads of yellow flowers, without rays. Pappus of twelve to twenty-five slender soft plumose bristles. In patches in loose granite soil. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 87 1027. Calcaliopsis Nardosmia A woolly perennial with palmate leaves about three inches across, and honey- scented yellow flowers, without rays. Near the Geysers, Sonoma County and northward. 1028. Lepidospartum squamatum A broom-like shrub with mostly scales for leaves, without rays. Common in washes and dry gravelly soil from San Luis Obispo County south. 1029. Peucephyllum Schotti *« An interesting shrub as according to Hall its relationship in the compositae is not well defined. A desert shrub with trunk-like stem, rough bark and crowded resinous dotted leaves. Flowers vellowish, without rays. In canyons and on foot- hills, Inyo county south through the deserts. THISTLE TRIBE CYNAREAE The name thistle has been applied indiscriminately to many plants of this tribe, belonging to different genera and also to a large number of plants in other families. 1030. Blessed Thistle Cnicus benedictus An annual about a foot high and much branched with prickly toothed leaves. Heads about two inches across and surrounded by a rosette of leaves. Flowers yellow, without rays. Calied “Blessed” because of the erroneous belief that it had wonderful healing properties. Introduced from Europe; interior valleys. 1031. THISTLE CARDUUS CIRSIUM A large group of stout, mostly perennial plants with more or less prickly leaves and stems and large or medium sized many flowered heads of purple, red, pale-yellow or white flowers. The involucre is spiny and decidedly obnoxious. Some of them are very beautiful and several of the western species should be in- troduced into our gardens. To indicate that there are conspicuous plants in our immediate vicinity that have not been described we might cite the instance of a new thistle recently discovered by Miss Walker, of the University of California, herbarium in the vicinity of Berkeley canyon. We will not list the species but refer you to Jepson; flora of western middle California, who describes thirteen species and Hall’s Compositae of southern California where six species are classi- fied. These include most of the species of the State. The Bull Thistle, C. /anceolaituwm, an introduced weedy European species is be- coming quite abundant in pastures and waste places in the Bay Region and else- where. The dreaded Canadian Thistle, C. arvensis, is not infrequent in Lassen and Modoc counties. As it has pernicious rootstocks which are very difficult to eradi- cate from cultivated fields, it should be given immediate attention. It is a native of Europe but first became troublesome in Canada, and has retained the name. 1032. Milk Thistle Silybum marianum This is the thistle that is so abundant up in the Bay Region and elsewhere, sometimes occupying vacant lots to the exclusion of all other vegetation. It can be recognized by the white-blotched leaves. It is a native of Europe where it can be seen grow:11g in gardens as an ornamental. CENTAUREA The blue bottle or German Cornflower, C. cyanus, of the gardens is typical of the genus. It is sometimes found as an escape. Some of them are our worst weeds particularly in the grain fields and pastures. They are all introduced from Europe. 1033. Napa Thistle C. Melitensis Abundant everywhere. Yel- Tocalote low flowers, spines on heads 1-4 to 1-3 inch long. 1034. Star Thistle C. solstitialis More abundant in the In- terior Valley. Yellow flowers. Spines on heads stout and 1-2 to 1 inch long. 88 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1035. Purple Star Thistle C. Calcitrapa Very stout yellow spines 1 to 2 inches long. Heads at first concealed by the spines. Flowers purple; not common. Burlingame, San Mateo, Vacaville. 1036. Escobilla C. Salmantica Bracts not spiny. Purple flowers. Healdsburg. 1037. Turkestan Thistle C.. Pacris Very common in imported alfalfa seed and should be watched for. 1038. Carthamus lanatum Rigid prickly clasping leaves; bracts spiny. Yel- low flowers. Introduced San Francisco. 1039. Artichoke Cynara Scolymus A large plant with large spiny leaves. Heads very large and solitary. Con- spicuous from trains after leaving Benicia for a few miles; also Napa, Alameda and Los Angeles. An escape from vegetable gardens. European. 1040. Burdock Arctium lappa A plant with large coarse leaves heart-shaped at the base. Heads pink or purple. Forming a bur in fruit with conspicuous hooked spines. Well known medicinally by “B.B.B.” Seeds 25 cents per pound. Roots 25 to 30 cents per pound. Introduced from Europe. Noxious weed getting started at Riverside. Frequent in Eastern States. 1041. A. minus Similar and probably intro- duced. MUTISIA TRIBE MUTISIEAE 1042. Perezia microcephala A branching perennial plant several feet high with rough thin leaves and nu- merous heads of bilabiate, rose-colored to white corollas; pappus white, soft. Rather common, chaparral belt, San Luis Obispo to western San Diego county. 1043. Trixis angustifolia var. Low desert shrub with strong scented herbage like that of wormwood. Heads solitary or a few at the ends of the branchlets. Bilabiate bright yellow flowers. Stony or gravelly soil. Colorado Desert. CHICORY ERIBE CICHORIEAE 1044. Chicory, Succory Cichorium intybus Although a weed one cannot help but admire its beautiful sky-blue flowers. It has a strong perennial tap root not easily eradicated. A variety of this species is extensively cultivated for its roots which are dried, roasted and ground and quite generally used with coffee. The blue flowers when attacked by wood ants which excrete formic acid turn to a brilliant red. Bay Region, Los Angeles, San Diego and elsewhere. The Endive of the gardens is Cichorium Endivia. 1045. Golden Thistle Scolymus Hispanicus A thistle-like erect plant: with spiny lobed leaves and large heads of yel- low flowers. Introduced from Europe. Los Gatos. Leaves and stalks used for food in Spain. 1046. Rhagadiolus Hedypnois A European weed found naturalized in a few places in Sonoma and Mariposa Counties. Also San Diego. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 89 1047. Viper’s Grass Scorzonera Hispanica A garden plant. Native of Europe; naturalized at Knight’s Valley, Calis- toga. 1048. Phalacroseris Bolanderi A glabrous perennial with a tuft of lanceolate entire leaves from a thickened dark colored rootstock. Flowers orange yellow. Wet meadows, Yosemite Valley, 7000 to 8000 feet. 1049. MICROSERIS Mostly smooth herbaceous plants with pinnatifid leaves mostly in tufts and without stems. Yellow flowers at the ends of long stalks. Solitary heads which nod when in bud, becoming erect later. 1050. M. attenuata Solano County to Alameda County. 1051. M. aphantocarpha and Napa Valley south. vars. Interior Valley. 1052. M. elegans Interior Valley south. 1053. M. Douglasii Coast and Interior Valley and south. 1054. M. linearifolia Common throughout south- ern California. 1055. M. Lindleyi and vars. Middle California and south. 1056. M. montana Tehachapi region. 1057. M. Bigelovii Sandy lands coast. San Francisco north. 1058. M. acuminata North Coast Ranges and Sierra foothills. 1059. M. nutans Sierras. Root said to be eaten raw by the Indians. 1060. M. major Long Valley, Mendocino Co. 1061. M. sylvatica and vars. Wooded hills or low ground of Interior Valley. 1062. M. procera North Coast Ranges. 1063. M. Bolanderi Swamps, North Coast Ranges. 1064. M. troximoides Humboldt County. (?) 1065. Atrichoseris platyphylla A glabrous desert annual with broad basal leaves and a single stalk bearing the branched inflorescence of numerous small white and purple heads. No pappus. Achenes with corky ribs. Colorado and Mojave Deserts. STEPHANOMERIA Tall slender branching annuals, biennials or perennials with narrow leaves often reduced to bracts in the upper half, and three to twelve flowered heads of pink or flesh-colored flowers, opening in the early morning. 1066. Stephanomeria cichoriaceae Southern California to the 1067. Stephanomeria Parryi deserts. 1068. Stephanomeria runcinata 1069. Stephanomeria myrioclada 1070. Stephanomeria exigua and vars. 1071. Stephanomeria virgata and Canyons of middle Califor- vars. nia and common in the south. 90 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1072. Stephanomeriatomentosa Known from Santa Cruz Island. 1073. Stephanomeria tenuifolia In the Sierras. 1074. Stephanomeria lactucina In the Sierras. 1075. Stephanomeria Schottii he Desert and Salton ink. RAFINESQUIA Stout and sometimes hollow-stemmed branching annuals with toothed leaves and white flowers tinged with rose. 1076. R. Californica Shady or moist places al- most throughout the State. 1077. R. neo-mexicana Common among shrubs in desert regions of the south. 1078. Gosmore Hypochoeris radicata One of the worst weeds in the northern coast pastures where it has taken the fields for miles. It has a strong perennial forked root not unlike the eastern lawn dandelion in appearance. The leaves are mostly at the base from the center of which comes a branching stalk bearing several medium sized yellow flowers. In- troduced from Europe. In the Bay region and north, also at Pasadena, Redlands. A lawn weed. Flowers eaten by stock but leaves too near the ground for cattle. 1079. H. glabra Similar but annual. Also introduced in fields and pastures, Bay region and southern towns. 1080. Anisocoma acaulis A low but showy stemless winter annual with a strong tap root and several stalks each bearing a single rather large head of yellow flowers. Runcinate leaves in a rosette at the base of the plant. Sierra Valley south to the deserts. 1081. Glyptopleura marginata An interesting desert annual with a stout tap root from the crown of which spreads out a whorl of leaves very close to the ground. The heads of rather large flowers are mostly concealed by fringe-margined leaves. White turning to pink. Mohave Desert extending along the base of the eastern Sierras to Oregon. 1082. Glyptopleura setulosa Mohave Desert, probably not distinct from 1081. 1083. Calycoseris Parryi A low, glabrous much-branched annual with the leaves mostly parted into linear divisions. Heads rather large on long stalks. Flowers yellow. Pappus of copious white bristles. Southern California deserts. 1084. Calycoseris Wrightii Similar, growing among brush; pink-brown dots on fiowers. Western Mo- have and Colorado Des- erts. MALACOTHRIX ; Annual or perennial, mostly stemless plants with a cluster of radical leaves at the base. Three partially woody and stemmed species in southern California. Leaves divided into linear lobes or occasionally entire. Heads medium-sized, solitary or several on lateral stalks. Flowers yellow, white, or pinkish. Mostly in hot valley or desert regions. 1085. Snake’s Head. Malacothrix Coulteri Sparingly, San Joaquin Val- ley and south. 1086. Malacothrix glabrata On light soil under brush, southern California and along eastern base of Si- erras to Oregon. Light yellow, showy. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 91 1087. . Malacothrix Torreyi On open dry ground. Fre- quent Washoe County, Nevada, and probably over the border. Bright yel- low. 1088. Malacothrix Clevelandi Plains, eastern base of Mt. Diablo and south. Yellow. 1089. Malacothrix Californica Sacramento Valley, West Valley to Coast Ranges and east to Nevada. Leaves woolly when young. Yellow, showy. 1090. Malacothrix sonchoides Inyo County, south in the -deserts. Bright yellow. 1091. Malacothrix obtusa Higher mountain slopes of the Coast Ranges; Sier- ras; frequent in Yosemite, also more or less north and south. White or pinkish. 1092. Malacothrix foliosa Islands off coast of south- 1093. Malacothrix indecora ern California. 1094. Malacothrix incana Coast Counties, southern California and islands. 1095. Malacothrix saxatilis and Southern California and vars. adjacent islands. 1096. Malacothrix altissima Tehachapi region. White or striped with a pink line. HAWKSBEARD CREPIS Annuals, biennials or perennials, mostly with a milky juice which is very bitter. Nevertheless stock eat them and like them. Some of them are important native range forage plants in the mountains. They are widely distributed in the Sierras, in the foothills and at medium elevations. Leaves cut into like the dandelion, hence known to sheep men as “wild dandelion.” Yellow flowers. 1097. Smooth Hawksbeard Crepis virens Introduced weed. Berkeley and elsewhere. 1098. Gray Hawksbeard Crepis occidentalis and Very common generally in var. the eastern Sierras and extending in less degree to Coast Ranges north and south. Mt. Hamilton. 1099. Crepis acuminata Common on dry slopes in the Sierras. 1100. Rough Hawksbeard Crepis biennis Pasadena. Introduced from Europe. 1101. Crepis Andersonii Eastern Sierras. Sierra Valley. 1102. Crepis glauca To be looked for eastern Sierras. 1103. Crepis nana High Sierras, Sonora Pass. Doubtful species. Need material from type local- ity. TROXIMON (AGOSERIS) Annuals or perennials with leaves clustered at the base and usually strong, deep tap roots. The stems are mostly leafless and bear at the end single large heads. The flowers are yellow or sometimes orange turning to purple. An abund- ant bright white pappus which at maturity spreads out like the weedy dandelion. eo usually prolonged into a slender beak but shows intermediate stages to eakless. 92 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1104. Troximon heterophyllum An extremely variable spe- and vars. cies in all its parts, in- cluding the fruit. Hall includes many previously described species under it as varieties or forms. Leaves oblong, entire or variously lobed or tooth- ed. Flowers inconspicu- ous. Open _ grounds. Throughout California. 1105. Troximon glaucum and Meadows, eastern Sierras. var. Achene has a stout beak not more than* half the length of its body. 1106. Troximon aurantiacum Same range as 1105. Beak of achene nearly the full length of the body. Flow- ers orange turning to pur- ple. 1107. Troximon apargioides Sand hills of San Francisco Peninsula. 1108. Troximon hirsutum Grassy hills about San Francisco Bay. 1109. Troximon grandiflorum Coast Ranges Sacramento and var. Valley to Oregon. 1110. Troximon plebeium San Francisco Bay region south; southern Seirra foothills. LAA. Troximon retrorsum Mendocino County to Di- ablo Range by way of mountain summits, and sparsely in southern Cali- fornia on loose gravelly foothill soils. 1112. Dandelion; Clocks Taraxcum officinale and var. The worst known pest in lawns in the Eastern States and in States with cold winters. Not so pernicious on the coast. Very frequent in alfalfa fields of east- ern Sierra region making the fields yellow in early spring before the first cutting. It has a strong, long, tap root which, unless cut deeply, keeps sending up new and more vigorous growths. A long-lived perennial; milky, bitter juice. Large yellow flowered heads on hollow stalks. Leaves sometimes eaten as salad and greens. More than one hundred thousand pounds of the dried roots imported annually from Europe notwithstanding its abundance in this country. Sells for 4 to 10 cents per pound. To make gathering pay, cheap labor must be employed. Introduced from Europe. Rarely found on the coast away from towns. 1173, Apargidium boreale Stemless perennial found in bogs of Mendocino and Humboldt Counties. Heads solitary and nod- ding when young. Yellow flowers. Perhaps should be included in Microseris. HAWKWEED HIERACIUM Perennials with coarse and usually bristly-hairy toothed or entire leaves and yellow or white flowers on a branched stalk. 1114. Hieracium Bolanderi Mendocino County. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 93 ee 1115. Hieracium horridum 1116. -: Hieracium albiflorum eti/. Hieracium Parishii 1118. Hieracium argutum 1119. Hieracium Grinnellii 1120. Hieracium Brandegei 1121. Hieracium triste, var. detonsum 1122. Hieracium Scouleri 1123. Lygodesmia juncea 1124. Lygodesmia spinosa 1125. Lygodesmia exigua 1126. Prickly Lettuce; Compass Plant 1127. Garden Lettuce Lactuca sativa 1127a. Wild Lettuce Lactuca canadensis Lactuca scariola var. High Sierras among rocks or decomposed granite. Common throughout the State in dry woods in the mountains. Foothills of the San Ber- nardino Mountains and vicinity. Hills back of Santa Bar- bara. Rare. Southern California near Pasadena, Santa Monica; San Bernardino Mts. Santa Lucia Mts. Only collected once. Ebbetts Pass, High Sierras. Eastern Sierras, Sierra Valley. A striking low perennial of desert regions with rush- like spreading branches and medium-sized, rose- colored flowers at the summits of the branch- lets. Perhaps enters Cali- fornia from the eastern desert region where it is frequent. Probably pois- onous and should be in- vestigated. Weedy ten- dencies. Spiny and with a tuft of wool at the base of the stem. Gravelly hills or sand, Inyo County and Mono Lake region. Mohave and Colorado des- erts, Inyo County. Tall, leafy stemmed annual or biennial with all parts containing a bitter milky juice. Leaves act as sun dials. Open clusters of yellow flowers. All too abundant over the State in waste places, meadows and grain fields. Difficult to eradicate. Introduced from Europe. Stock eat it readily, but it is not good for milch cows. Sometimes found escaped. Has the midrib of the leaves smooth on the back while 1126 has a row of soft prickles. Bad weed. Grain fields. Si- erra Valley, otherwise rare. 94 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA SOW-THISTLES SONCHUS Some of these weedy plants are nearly sure to be seen wherever the land is utilized for agricultural purposes. Coarse, somewhat succulent stemmed plants with yellow flowered heads swollen at the base like a two-handled mug or jug. 1128. Common Sow Sonchus oleraceus Leaf-bases pointed. Intro- Thistle duced from Europe. 1129. Prickly Sow Sonchus asper Leaf-bases rounded. Intro- Thistle duced from Europe. 1130. Sonchus tenerrimus San Diego and islands off the coast. Rare. Intro- duced from Europe. LOBELIA FAMILY LOBELIACEAE The family is best known by a species of the ‘genus Lobelia, L. inflata, an annual plant of the Plains Region of the United States south to Georgia. It is a very poisonous plant but valuable medicinally. The market offers 20 cents a pound for the seeds and 3 to 8 cents a pound for the dried leaves and tops. Although it has weedy tendencies, we do not know of its occurrence in California. It might be well worth growing for commercial purposes. The family contains many orna- mental garden plants. The following representatives of the family which are natives of California are not reported as being poisonous. BOLELIA Very dwarf, but beautiful-flowered plants frequently occupying considerable areas in low, wet places in pastures and grain fields in the interior valley and in the mountains. They form masses of solid blue mingled with white and yellow. The species are not well defined 1431; Bolelia elegans Sacramento Valley. 1132. Bolelia pulchella Abundant, Sacramento Val- ley in salt marshes and elsewhere. 1133: Bolelia coucolor Low fields near Siusun. 1134. Bolelia cuspidata North Coast Ranges. 1135. Bolelia ornatissima Plains near Elmira. 1136. Bolelia humilis Sonoma County. 1137. Laurentia carnosula Rooting in mud. One to five inches high, somewhat succulent flower, stalks longer than the leaves. A pretty blue-flowered plant mingled with yellow or white. Sierras; Sierra and Indian Valley, and elsewhere. 1138. Nemacladus ramosissimus Low annual, with much-branched slender zig-zag stems. Flowers flesh-colored and very small at the tips of the branchlets. Sandy or gravelly open places throughout the Sierras. 1139. ’ Nemacladus longiflorus Similar. San Diego and San Bernardino Counties. 1140. Howellia limosa Margins of pools; Sacra- mento Valley; Siusun. A weak, more or less matted plant with short linear leaves and cleistogamous flowers. BELL-FLOWER FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE 3est known by the remarkably beautiful garden plants, the Canterbury Bells. Hare-Bells and Blue Bells of Scotland. 1141. Narrow-leaved Campanula linnaeifolia Swamps, Point Reyes north Hare-Bell to Mendocino County. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 95 1142. California Hare- Campanula prenanthoides Wooded hills near the coast; Bell Sierras. 1143. Campanula Scouleri Redwood region. 1144. Campanula exigua Summits of peaks of the Coast Ranges. 1145. Githopsis specularioides and var. Low annual (one to six inches), herbage covered with short, spreading hairs. Leaves sessile, linear and coarsely toothed. Calyx resembling corn-cockle. Purplish flowers with a white center. Open ground, Coast Ranges and south; Plumas County. 1146. Heterocodon rariflorum A very delicate little an- nual with leafy branched stems and pale blue cor- olla. Open grassy places Coast Ranges and Sierras. Southern California. 1147. Venus Looking Specularia biflora Annual with leafy slender Glass stems. Leaves sessile or clasping. Flowers in the axils, blue. Open hills of the Coast Ranges; Inter- ior Valley. 1148. Specularia perfoliata Plumas County. HEATH FAMILY ERICACEAE This family always commands a great deal of respect from plant enthusiasts. Its members show no weedy traits although some are regarded with suspicion by the stockmen as being poisonous. The Rhododendrons and the Azaleas are prized for their showy flowers both in and out of cultivation. Large quantities of the berries of the manzanitas are eaten by hogs on the north coast ranges and formerly supplied as much food to the Indians. Then there are huckleberries and blue- berries and bilberries which certainly have done their share to brighten the homes of Californians. The manzanitas, too, are abundantly represented and our hand- some tree, Bret Harte’s “Robin Hood of the Western Wood,” the Madrona, is still plentiful among us, and last, but not least, the snow plant. 1149. Huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum Redwood region. Berries dark purple, gathered in quantities and shipped by boat to San _ Francisco from the northern coast counties. A favorite with florists for greenery. 1150. Bilberry Vaccinium parvifolium Redwood region. Berries red. 1151. Vaccinium Myrtillus var. Dwarf shrub (3 to 6 in.), wet places, High Sierras. 1152. Vaccinium occidentale Low shrub. Sierras, 6000 to 7000 feet. Blue berry with a bloom. 1153. Madrono Arbutus Menziesii _ Shrub or tree. Occasional specimens found as much as twenty-three feet in circumference and 100 feet high with branches several feet in diameter. Wood hard, makes good charcoal for gunpowder manufacture. Leaves handsome, large and shiny. Flowers in white clusters, berry orange, becoming vermillion. Not very palatable. Coast Ranges and western Sierra foothills. tween certain of the species. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA MANZANITA ARCTOSTAPHYLOS The Manzanitas are extremely variable and it is difficult to discriminate be- By some authors the genus is divided into many species, while others have few species allowing for much variation within the species. Miss Eastwood has studied the genus critically in the field and Professor Jepson gives an excellent account of their behavior under fire in Madrono, the “Journal of the California Botanical Society.” They form in part the chaparral, characteristic of much of our California foothills and mountains. 1154. 1155. 1156. 1157. 1158. £159: 1160. 1161. 1162. 1163. 1164. 1165. 1166. 1167. 1168. 1177. 1178. Common Manzanita Big-Berried Man- nita Bearberry . palal . American Laurel . Rose Bay . Azalea Labrador Tea Prince’s Pine Arctostaphylos Andersonii Arctostaphylos glandulosa Arctostaphylos vestita Arctostaphylos tomentosa Arctostaphylos nummu- laria Arctostaphylos Stanfordi- ana Arctostaphylos patula Arctostaphylos manzanita Arctostaphylos viscida Arctostaphylos Mariposa Arctostaphylos glauca Arctostaphylos Nevadensis Arctostaphylos bicolor Arctostaphylos polifolia Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Gaultheria Shallon Leucothoe Davisiae Cassiope Mertensiana Bryanthus Breweri Bryanthus empetriformis Kalmia glauca Rhododendron Californi- cum Rhododendron occidentale Ledum glandulosum Chimaphila umbellata Localized areas, Bay region. Monterey Peninsula Mendocino Coast to Marin County. Coast hills, abundant on Mt. Tamalpais. Mt. St. Helena Range. Common Sierras and west to Mt. Shasta. Coast Ranges and Sierras. Sierra foothills. Southern Sierra foothills. Mt. Diablo Range and south. Very low, in patches dense- ly covering the ground. Sierras. Near San Diego. Below San Diego, near the boundary line. Trailing or spreading over the ground. Flowers in small clusters. High mountains, northern Cali- fornia, across continent and in Europe. Redwood region north. Fruit esteemed by Indians. Sierras, Plumas County, Ne- vada County. High Sierras. Rocky summits, high Sier- ras. Mt. Shasta and elsewhere. Mashy places, high Sierras. Leaves evergreen, showy rose-colored flowers. Northern California. Leaves deciduous. Flowers large, white, rose - tinged, or pale yellow. Moun- tains, canyons, throughout State. Cold marshy places, coast and Sierras. Mt. Shasta, Sierra Valley and elsewhere. 1179. 1180. 1181. 1182. 1183. 1183a. 1184. 1185. 1185a. 1186. 1187. 1188. 1189. 1190. 1191. 1192. 1193. 1194. 1195. 1196. 1197. 1198. 1199. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 97 Pipsissewa Chimaphila Menziesii Moneses uniflora Wintergreen Pyrola aphylla Shin-leaf Pyrola picta Pyrola chlorantha Pyrola pallida Pyrola rotundifolia Pyrola secunda Pyrola minor Allotropa virgata Pinedrops Pterospora andromedea Snow-Plant Sarcodes sanguinea Indian Pipe; Monotropa uniflora Pine Sap. Monotropa fimbriata Pleuricospora fimbriolata Newberrya congesta Newberrya spicata LENNOACEAE Pholisma arenarium Ammobroma Sonorae THRIFT FAMILY Thrift; Sea Pink Armeria vulgaris Marsh Rosemary Statice Limonium PRIMROSE FAMILY Mosquito Bills; Sailors’ Cape Shooting Star Dodecatheon patulum Pine woods, Sierras, and north to Mendocino County. High mountains. Rare. Rare in Coast Mountains; frequent Sierras. Northern Sierras west to Mendocino County. Yuba River region. Sierras. Sierras to Mendocino Co. Northern Sierras. Sierras, Kings River region. Sierras, Lake Tahoe region and north to Mendocino County. Sierras, Coast Ranges, un- der pines or oaks. Sierras, from 4000 to 9000 feet, coming up through snow or soon after the snow melts. Indian tooth- ache medicine. Sierras. Northern California. Sierras, Lake County north. Mad River, Humboldt Co. and elsewhere in Coast Ranges. Rare. Mad River, Humboldt Co., higher elevations. Sandy soil at the base of hills near San _ Diego. Fleshy herb parasitic on roots, perhaps oak. Close to Mexican border of State, in sandhills of the desert. Eaten by Indians, said to be excellent, re- sembling the sweet potato in taste, but more delicate. PLUMBAGINACEAE Sandy beaches along the coast. Marshes Bay region. PRIMULACEAE Dodecatheon Hendersonii Coast Ranges, Sierras at low altitudes. Saline plains, Sacramento Valley. 1200. Dodecatheon alpinum 1201. Dodecatheon Jefferyi 98 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Meadows, Sierras. High Sierras. _ Many other species of Dodecatheon have been named, but there are so many intermediate forms that they are not well defined. They have the same general characters of flowers and look very similar in appearance to any one but the specialist. 1202. Sierra Primrose 1203. Androsace septentrionalis 1204. Star Flower 1205. Pimpernel; Poor Man’s Weather Glass Trientalis Europaea Anagalis arvensis Primula suffrutescens A handsome perennial with deep maroon-purple flow- ers with a yellow center. Exposed rocks of the high Sierras. San Bernardino County. Coast Ranges, Sierras. Introduced from Europe. A common plant of the coast region and few flowers have the same shade of color. It is between scarlet and salmon color, occasionally varying to blue or white with a dark eye in the center. It closes up even before the approach of rain and does not open at all on cloudy or wet weather, hence the name Poor Man’s Weather Glass or Shepherd’s Barometer. The scientific name means to laugh, as the ancient Greeks considered it cured a torpid liver and made life cheery again. Its seeds are valuable food for song birds. 1206. Centunculus minimus 1207. Sea-Milkwort Glaux maritima 1208. Brookweed Samolus floribundus STORAX FAMILY 1209. Storax Styrax Californica ASH FAMILY 1210. Flowering Ash. Fraxinus dipetala 1211. Oregon Ash 1212: Menodora spinescens Fraxinus oregona 1213. Menodora scoparia To be looked for on low grounds. ‘ Inconspicuous tiny white flowers. A very minute plant <(] togee inches). Sacramento Val- ley. Borders of marshes, Bay region. Brooks and marshes, Bay region and elsewhere. Not common. STYRACACEAE Shrub, 5 to 8 feet. Leaves ovate (1 to 3 inches long), pubescent beneath. Flow- ers in clusters, soft, downy white. Fruit fleshy at first, later dry and con- taining seed resembling a small nut. Foothills from_ Calaveras County north. OLEACAE Along streams in the Coast Mountains. Southern Sierras to Oregon. A desert shrub with rigid, spiny branches, scale-like leaves and yellow flowers. Southeastern California. Similar, but smooth. South- eastern border of state. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 99 INDIAN HEMP FAMILY APOCYNACEAE 1214. Dogbane or Indian Apocynum cannabinum Tall, with rather large leaves and clusters of Hemp greenish - white flowers. Stems yield a very tough fiber used for cordage by the Indians. Along streams throughout State. 1215. Low Dogbane Apocynum androsaemi- folium Low, with weak, spreading stems. Variable. Probably poisonous to sheep. Frequent in Sierras north to Mt. Shasta, Coast Ranges. Recently separated into a large number of closely allied species. 1216. Cycladenia humilis Sierras, Sierra Valley and elsewhere. Inner North- ern Coast Ranges. Bet]. Cycladenia tomentosa Plumas County. Rare. 1218. Periwinkle; False Vinca major Escaped from gardens and Myrtle appearing along our creeks as if a native. 1218a. Amsonia brevifolia Mohave Desert. MILKWEED FAMILY ASCEPIADACEAE The milky juice of the milkweeds is generally considered poisonous. Stock do not eat them under ordinary conditions unless there is a shortage of feed, as _when being driven along roadways or in depleted or dry pastures. The flowers are peculiar in structure, having the calyx and corolla lobes re- flexed and the stamens each provided with a hood and a protruding horn. Pod- like fruits with numerous flat seeds, each provided with a tuft of silky down. This downy material makes a very soft pillow but much patience is needed in gathering it. Many of them are medicinal. The fiber was used by the Indians for cordage. The sticky juice of some has caoutchouc properties. The young sprouts coming from the base look not unlike asparagus and have been eaten in a similar manner. 1219. Asclepias Mexicana Not uncommon throughout the State. 1220. Showy milkweed Asclepias speciosa Along streams, Solano Co., Common Sierras. 1221. Asclepias eriocarpa Cure for rheumatism. Juice heals wounds. Mendo- cino to southern Califor- nia. 1222. Asclepias vestita Mainly southern California. 1223. Asclepias Fremontii Upper Sacramento Valley. 1224. Asclepias erosa Santa Barbara. £225. Asclepias subulata Wastes, deserts of southern ¥ California. 1225a. Gomphocarpus cordifolius Similar to Asclepias, but hoods without horns. Flowers dark purple-red. North Coast Ranges, Si- erras. 1226. Gomphocarpus tomentosus Woolly flowers, greenish and dark maroon. Mt. Diablo, southern Califor- nia. Asclepias California. 100 1227. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Gomphocarpus purpur- ascens Philabertia linearis var. Hoods cleft on the _ back. Flowers purplish-red and flesh color. Rare. North Coast Ranges. A common species of the desert. Southern Cali- fornia. GENETIAN FAMILY GENTIANACEAE Includes many showy plants with a watery juice containing an intensely bitter tonic principle. 1229. Canchalagua 1230. 1231. 1232. 1233. 1234. 1235. Gentian 1236. 123/. 1238. 1239. 1240. 1241. 1242. 1243. 1244. 1245. 1246. 1247. Buckbean PHLOX FAMILY Erythraea Muhlenbergii Erythraea tricantha Erythraea venusta Erythraea floribunda Erythraea Douglasii Microcala quadrangularis Gentiana Oregana Gentiana Amarella var. Gentiana simplex Gentiana serrata var. Gentiana Newberryi Gentiana setigera Gentiana calycosa Gentiana sceptrum var. Frasera speciosa Frasera Parryi Frasera nitida Frasera albicaulis Menyanthes trifoliata Rather common in the Bay region. Coast Range valleys. Common, southern Califor- nia. Sacramento Valley. Eastern Sierras. Outer Coast Ranges. Intro- duced. Coast Ranges, Bay Region north. Sierras. Wet ground, higher Sierras. Variable, wet places, higher Sierras. Alpine characteristics, 2-4 inches. High Sierras. Damp soil, Mendocino Co. Sierras, 9,000 feet. Mendocino plains. Sierras from Tuolumne north. Open pine forests, southern California. Foothills Sierras, Mt. Han- na, Coast Ranges. Modoc County. In shallow water or wet ground. Sierras. POLEMONIACEAE Well known by the large number of different kinds of Phlox grown in the gardens. Our wild species of the genus Gilia are also numerous and for the most part dainty and pretty-flowered. The family is represented from the deserts. to the highest mountains. 1248. Phlox 1249. 1250. 1251. i232: 1253. 1254. Phlox occidentalis Phlox Stansburyi Phlox Douglasii and vars. Phlox caespitosa Phlox canescens Phlox adsurgens Phlox austro-montana Sierras. Foothills, eastern Sierras. Variable, Sierras to Shasta, 5,000 to 10,000 feet. High Sierras. Eastern Sierras. Mourtains south of Trinity River. San Jacinto Range, south- ern Sierras. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 101 1254a. Salmon-colored Collomia grandiflora Frequent, Sierras; rare in Collomia Coast Ranges. 1255. Collomia heterophylla Shady places, Coast Ranges, Sierras. 1256. Collomia linearis and Eastern Sierras. var. 1257. Collomia tenella Sierras, south of Yosemite. 1258. Gilia A large genus of exceedingly pretty wild flowers which form masses of color- ing characteristic of our spring flora. There are something like 50 species in the state when the group is considered in the broad sense and treated so as to include the sub-genera which for the most part are the sections of the original Gilia segregated and given full generic rank. There seems to be little uniformity of opinion in regard to the position of many of the species. We find them placed by some in one genus or section, and by others in another. The following sections are frequently treated as genera: Dactylophyllum, Lin- anthus, Leptosiphon, Siphonella, Leptodactylon, Navarretia, Hugelia, Elaphocera, Eugilia, Ipmopsis, Courtoisia. Three additional generic names are also used, viz: Langloisia, Loeselia, Microsteris. So many different forms occur within the species that the best botanists even with considerable material before them have been unable to make satisfactory identifications. We will not attempt to list the species. Those on exhibit will be found under 1285 A-Z. 1259. Jacob’s Ladder Polemonium carneum A rare and beautiful species with showy blue or white flowers. San Mateo Co., Marin Co., north to Sis- kiyou. 1260. Polemonium micranthum Eastern Sierras, Sierra Co. and north. 1261. Polemonium humile var. High Sierras. 1262. Polemonium caeruleum Sierras. 1263. Polemonium confertum Among rocks of high peaks, Sierras, 10,000 to 13,000 feet. 1264. Polemonium eximium Kearsage Pass, southern Si- erras. PHACELIA FAMILY HY DROPHYLLACEAE 1265. Tomato Plant Hydrophyllum capitatum Leaves resemble the tomato. and var. An excellent range forage , plant. Sierras; frequent, open hillsides in forest. 1266. Hydrophyllum occidentale Mt: Diablo; Coast Ranges. and var. 1267. Baby Blue-Eyes Nemophila Menziesii Low ground, Sacramento and vars. and San Joaquin plains westward through sandy fields to the coast. 1268. Nemophila maculata Large flowers, white petals with deep violet mark- ings. Very handsome. Middle Sierras. 1269. Nemophilia venosa Mountains west of Yount- ville. Rare. 1270. Purple Nemophila Nemophila aurita Bay Region, rare; common south. 1271. Nemophila racemosa San Diego, Catalina Is. 102 1272. 1273. 1274. 1275. 1276. 1277. 1278. Lng b 1280. 1281. 1282. 1283. 1284. 1285. 1286. 1287. 1288. 1289. 1290. 1291. 1292. 1293. 1294. 1295. 1296. 1297. 1298. 1299. 1300. 1301. 1302. 1303. 1304. ‘WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Forage Phacelia Stinging Phacelia Hill Phacelia Rattan’s Phacelia California Phacelia Branching Phacelia Nemophila spatulata High southern Sierras. Nemophila inconspicua South fork of the Kings Nemophila quercifolia River. Nemophila pulchella Nemophila parviflora Shady grounds throughout Sierras and Coast Ranges. Probably additional species. Phacelia tanacetifolia Much dissected tansy-like foliage. Good forage. Seed on market. Sandy or gravelly banks, Sacra- mento Valley. Phacelia malvaefolia Bay Region south.. Phacelia distans Higher hills of the Coast Ranges, Napa _ Valley, south. Phacelia Rattani and var. Russian River Region. Phacelia Californica Common, rocky points. Bay Region. ‘Extremely vari- able. Phacelia nemoralis In shade of open woods, Bay Region. Phacelia Breweri Mt. Diablo. Phacelia ramosissima Dry regions, throughout and var. State. Phacelia cilata Plains and valleys; especi- ally abundant in grain fields. Phacelia suaveolens North Coast Ranges. Phacelia divaricata Coast Ranges of middle California. Phacelia circinatiformis Rare. Mt. Diablo and Mari- posa County. Phacelia sericea Northeastern California. Phacelia Douglasii Sandy soils, Bay Regions. . Phacelia namatoides Sierras. Phacelia humilis and var. Eastern Sierras. Phacelia crenulata Eastern Sierras south to the Colorado Desert. Phacelia hydrophylloides Dry, sandy or gravelly soils. Higher Sierras. Phacelia procera Mountain meadows, Sierras. 4,000 to 5,000 feet. Phacelia Bolanderi Mendocino County. Phacelia Franklinii Northeastern California. Phacelia brachyloba Common _ chaparral belt, southern Sierras. Phacelia Menziesii Northern Sierras. Phacelia Davidsonii Kern County. Phacelia curvipes Eastern foothills of Sierras. Phacelia pusilla Dwarf, eastern Sierras, un- der sagebrush. Phacelia rotundifolia Southeastern borders of California. Phacelia Ivesiana Deserts, southeastern Cali- fornia and elsewhere. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 103 1305. 1306. 1307. 1308. 1309. 1310. California Blue- bell 1311. 1312. 1313. 1314. Whispering Bells 1315. 1316. 1317. 1318. 1319. 1320. 1321. ; 1322. 1322a. 1323. Yerba Santa; Mountain Balm 1324. 1325. 1326. 1327, Phacelia Fremontii Phacelia bicolor Phacelia grandiflora Phacelia Parryi Phacelia longipes Phacelia Whitlavia Phacelia grisea Phacelia Cooperae Phacelia campanularia Emmenanthe penduliflora Emmenanthe lutea Conanthus aretioides Tricardia Watsoni Romanzoffhia Sitchensis Hesperochiron Californi- cus Nama hispida Nama demissa Nama Lobbii Nama Rothrockii Eriodictyon Californicum Ellisia membranacea Ellisia chrysanthemifolia Lemmonia Californica Draperia systyla Kern County, east. Eastern Sierras, Sierra Co. Santa Barbara to San Di- ego. Near San Diego and Los Angeles. Santa Barbara, rare. In cultivation. Common canyons and _ foothills southern California. San Simon Bay, San Luis Obispo County. Santa Inez Mts., Santa Bar- bara County. Southern California. Spe- cies in doubt. Coast Ranges, Sierras. Frequent eastern Sierra foothills. Eastern Sierra foothills. Close to eastern border of State in Truckee Valley and in southeastern Cali- fornia. Coast Ranges near the coast. Frequent in alkali soils. Eastern Sierras north and south. Southern border and east. Eastern Sierras, Mohave Desert, Tahoe region. On rocks, Tahoe region and northern Sierras. Southern Sierras, Kern River. Shrub, flowers white or pale blue. Coast Ranges, ev- erywhere on deserts of southern California. Shady places, Coast foot- hills and valleys to south- ern California. Bay region south. Mountains, San Bernardino County. Wooded ravines of the Si- BORAGE FAMILY BORAGINACEAE “2s 1328. 1329, Coldenia Nuttallii Coldenia plicata Along eastern borders of the State. Southeastern California. 104 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1330. Alkali Heliotrope Heliotropium curassavi- Fleshy, flowers whitish, cum turning purple. Seashore and alkali lands of the interior, extending to grain fields where it is troublesome at _ harvest time, the fleshy stems choking up the self-bind- er. Throughout Califor- nia except at very high elevation. 1331. Gromwell Lithospermum Californi- Sierras, Nevada County, cum north. 1332. Corn Gromwell Lithospermum arvense Introduced weed. Bay re- gion. 1333: Lithospermum pilosum Sierras, Sierra Valley and elsewhere. 1334. Forget-me-not Myosotis sylvatica ee a escape from gar- ens. 1334a. Mertensia (Pulmonaria) Mountain streams, Sierras. Sibirica 1335. Fiddlenecks Amsinckia spp. About half a dozen species so-called because the arrangement of the flowers is on a stalk which bends like the neck of a fiddle soon after anthesis. They are rough, coarse annuals with bristly leaves and deep yellow flowers. Of considerable value as forage on waste lands where they are common. 1336. Nievitas Cryptanthe Mostly annual herbs with more or less bristly or rough leaves and clusters of small white fllowers. There are about 25 species in the state, extending from the inner Coast Ranges through the valleys to middle elevations in the Sierras as well as to the southern deserts.. They seem to revel in dry places. The species are difficult to differentiate, and unless specimens are secured with fully developed nutlets, little progress can be made in classifying the species. 1337. Spring Snow Allocarya Similar to Cryptanthe, but the stems diffuse-spreading. They occur in patches, usually in lot, wet ground which may or may not be alkaline. The areas are fre- quently sufficiently large to make the landscape as viewed from the train in April, appear as if a recent sprinkling of snow had taken place. There are perhaps a dozen species on the coast and in the valleys and moun- tains. 1338. Pop-corn Flower Plagiobothrys Insignificant, slender branching annual plants with minute whitish flowers in the axils and a rusty-looking calyx even when young. About ten species. Coast, Sierras and valleys. 1339. Lappula diffusa Sierras. 1340. Lappula floribunda Sierras north and south. 1341. Hound’s Tongue Cynoglossum grande A large, coarse plant with sprays of deep blue flowers and a bur-like fruit. Coast Ranges, north. 1342. Cynoglossum viride Similar, Sierras. 1343. Cynoglossum occidentale Sierra Valley, north. 1344. Comb-seed Pectocarya lateriflora Southern California. 1345. Pectocarya penicillata Eastern Sierras. Rare on coast. Napa Valley. 1346. Pectocarya pusilla Eastern Sierras. Rare on coast. Napa Valley. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 105 1347. Pectocarya setosa Eastern side, southern Si- erras. 1348. Harpagonella Palmeri To be looked for along borders. Now found on Guadalupe Island. 1349. Oreocarya Perhaps a half dozen species, usually on rocky places in the mountains and deserts. Rather large flowers in clusters on erect stems. 1350. Piptocalyx circumscissus Common desert plant, east- 1351. Piptocalyx dichotomus ern Sierras, foothills. 1352. Eremocarya micrantha Owens valley and deserts. 1350. Eremocarya lepida San Jacinto mountains, southern Sierras. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY CONVOLVULACEAE The family is represented in California chiefly by vines. It contains one of our most highly prized vegetables, the sweet potato, Jpomoea Batatas. What is generally considered the worst weed in the state is the Field Morning Glory, Con- volvulus arvensis. It provides also the purgative medicines, Jalap and Scammony. The annual Morning Glory, /pomoea purpurea, of many gorgeous colors, is a favorite in the gardens and occassionally found in California as an escape. 1354. Field Morning- Convolvulus arvensis Introduced. Troublesome Glory weed in cultivated land. Herbage smooth, flowers white, pinkish on the out- side. 1355. Convolvulus pentapeta- Also introduced. San Joa- loides quin Valley. Herbage hairy, flowers purplish. 1356. Hedge Bindweed Convolvulus sepium Introduced, Suisun marshes ‘ and elsewhere. 1357. Shore Morning- Convolvulus Soldanella Sandy beaches all along the Glory coast. 1358. Convolvulus villosus Dry slopes of the Coast Ranges, Sierras. 1359. Convolvulus subacaulis Dry hills of valley of Coast Ranges. 1360. ) Convolvulus luteolus Common throughout the and vars. Coast Ranges. 1361. Convolvulus longipes Inyo County, south. 1362. Convolvus Berryi Kings River region. 1362a. Convolvus incanus Reported as being trouble- some in Imperial Valley. 1363. Cressa cretica . __ Covering thousands of acres of valley alkali lands. A valuable pasture plant, light-gray, hairy leaves on short, erect stems, not twining. Flowers whitish, small. 1364. Dodder Cuscuta Our worst enemy of alfalfa, sometimes seriously interfering with the crops of hay. Well known by its golden-threaded, climbing leafless stems which later bear numerous clusters of whitish flowers. There are many species both native and introduced. They are all parasitic on other plants. Some of the species grow on a large number of plants not closely related, while others confine themselves to a single host plant. The Marsh Dodder, Cuscuta salina, is unusually striking with its great masses of gold in late spring in the salt marshes of the Bay region. Particularly abund- ant after leaving the boat at Sausalito. Other species may be found in the valleys, coast mountains and the deserts, and not uncommon in the Sierras. 1365. Dichondra repens Introduced in several places in the Bay region. 106 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA POTATO FAMILY SOLANACEAE An interesting family furnishing a large assortment of edible foods, drugs and narcotics. Thorn-apple and Tobacco. 1366. Nightshade 1367. 136728. 1368. 1369. 1370. Solanum eleagnifolium Solanum nigrum and vars. Solanum rostratum Solanum Xantii and var. Solanum umbelliferum and var. Capsicum baccatum Potato, egg-plant, peppers, ground-cherry, tomato, Henbanes, Belladona, Weed, Imperial Valley. A weed occurring in many different forms. Regard- ed as poisonous but ber- ries apparently harmless when ripe. Introduced, County. Inner Coast Ranges and Si- erras to southern Cali- fornia. Hills of the Coast Ranges. San Diego Wild along the frontier. Mexican A low plant with creeping rootstocks, in open, sandy or gravelly situations. Good sized berries. Still gathered by Indians in July and August. Mono Lake region north and south, frequently extending well up into the mountains. 1371. Indian Cherry 1372. Ground Cherry 1373. 1374. 1375. Thorn-Apple 1376. Tolguacha 1377. Purple Thorn- Apple 1377a. 1378. Indian Tobacco 1379. 1380. 1381. Tree Tobacco 1382. 1382a. 1383. 1384. Belladona Chamaesaracha nana Physalis crassifolia Physalis Wrightii Lycium Cooperi Datura Stramonium Datura meteloides Datura Tatula Datura discolor Nicotiana Bigelovii Nicotiana attenuata Nicotiana trigonophylla Nicotiana glauca Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana Clevelandi Petunia parviflora Atropa Belladona San Bernardino region and south to deserts. Imperial Valley. San Bernardino to Mohave Desert. Introduced around towns, probably poisonous. Common in southern Cali- fornia. Introduced. Russian River region. Introduced in Imperial Val- ley region. Coast Ranges and interior valley. Throughout California. Rocky places, borders washes in southern moun- tains and deserts. Sometimes very large. Ra- vines through grain fields from the mountains along creeks; interior valley and coast. Rarely eaten by stock, but deleterious. Reported from California, probably an escape. Dry stream beds, near San Diego. Reported as from seashore; Monterey south. Expensive drug. Now grown in parts of Cali- fornia — Castro valley, San Leandro. spec State and should be profitable at this time. 40 c and 1386 1387 1388 1389. Butter and Eggs 1389 1390 FIGWORT FAMILY WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 107 SCROPHULARIACEAE A large family represented in California by about twenty genera and many ies. The herbage of many is bitter and we find large areas of pasturage in the val- leys practically worthless for forage on account of their close abundance. The common foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, an European plant, is grown in the ents. Its market value per pound is about Some of the members have very beautiful flowers, e. g. Mimulus, Castilleia Pentstemon. . Moth Mullein ; toad Flax a. . Snapdragon 1391. 1392. 1393. 1394. 1395. 1396. 1397. 1398. 1399 1400 . Figwort . Chinese Houses 1401. 1402. 1403. 1404. 1405. 1406. 1407. 1408. 1409. Verbascum Thapsus Verbascum Blattaria Verbascum virgatum Linaria Canadensis Verbascum vulgaris Linaria spuria Antirrhinum virga Antirrhinum glandulosum Antirrhinum vagans and vars. Antirrhinum strictum Antirrhinum cornutum Antirrhinum leptaleum Antirrhinum Coulteri- anum Antirrhinum Nuttalli- anum Mohavea breviflora Scrophularia Californiaca and vars. Collinsia bicolor Collinsia tinctoria Collinsia sparsiflora and vars. Collinsia bartisiaefolia Collinsia Greenei Collinsia Wrightii Collinsia Torreyi Collinsia Parryi Collinsia Childii Collinsia Rattani The majority, however, are ill-smelling. 1385. Common Mullein Introduced. Throughout the State, sometimes spread- ing extensively. Of some value medicinally. Introduced. Coast Ranges and Sierra foothills. Introduced sparingly. Not common in Bay region. Introduced in a few places. Bay region. Weed, southern California. Occurs in a few places. Bay region north. Coast Ranges south. Wooded hills, mountains of Coast Ranges. Coast Ranges, Monterey south. Sacramento Valley. Very rare. Bank of streams, Mariposa to Kern Counties. Southern Sierras. Coast, southern California. Inyo Mountains. Frequent throughout State, coast and Sierras. Throughout the State, ex- cept in deserts. Coast Ranges and southern Sierras. Wet places on hillsides, Bay region. Sands, seashore and interior coast, north and south. High rocks, Sonoma county. Kern county. Mono county and adjacent high mountain counties. San Bernardino county, south to deserts. Kern county. Trinity River. 108 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1410. Collinsia grandiflora Mendocino county. 1411. Tonella tenella Slender and small, flowers minute. Coast Ranges. 1412. Beard Tongue Pentstemon A large genus of about thirty species distributed from the Coast Range hills to the high Sierras, with a few semi-shrubby ones in the desert regions. The flowers are showy and easily recognized and may be red, blue, purple, white, or yellow in many different shades. 1413. Monkey-Flower Mimulus A large genus of about thirty species in the State, with yellow, pink or red flowers. The masses of yellow so abundant by cold springs or streams in the Si- erras are frequently produced by some one or other of the species of Mimulus. Jepson describes ten species with red, crimson, or scarlet flowers and five species with vellow flowers in his Flora of Western Middle California. Hall mentions eleven in his Botany of the San Jacinto Mountain. The Botany of the Death Val- ley expedition lists fourteen species. They are difficult of determination and good specimens both in flower and fruit should be collected. 1414. Bush Monkey- Flower 1415. 1416. 1417. Hedge-Hyssop 1418. 1419. 1420. 1421. 1422. 1423. Speedwell 1424. 1425. 1426. Neckweed 1427. Brooklime 1428. 1429. Painted Cup Diplacus glutinasus and vars. Diplacus longiflorus Stemodia durantifolia Gratiola Virginiana Gratiola ebracteata Ilysanthes gratioloides Limosella aquatica Synthyris rotundifolia Synthyris reniformis Veronica Buxbaumii Veronica scutellata Veronica serphyllifolia Veronica peregrina Veronica Americana Veronica alpina Castilleia Sticky shrub with buff or salmon-colored flowers. Common, canyons in Coast region. Edge of chaparral belt, southern California. Sticky, hairy plant 6 inches to a foot high. Sessile, purple flowers, quarter of an inch long. Southern borders. Sierras. Wet valleys of north Coast Ranges. Muddy shores. Interior val- ley and Sierras. 1 to 2 inches tall. Muddy shores of ponds and lakes. Coast and Sierras. Northern Coast Ranges. Modoc county. Introduced. Lawns and gardens. Plumas county, Yosemite valley and elsewhere. Plumas county. Common in low _ places throughout the State. Weedy tendencies. By springs and streams in mountains, Coast and Si- erras. High Sierras. A conspicuous group of plants with showy bracts surrounding the flowers. The species are extremely variable as to size, width of leaves and color of flowers. The same species may have yellow, crimson, scarlet or white flowers. They may be found from the coast to the highest mountains. It is difficult to estimate the number of the species in the State as many names have been given to forms sometimes placed in the genus Orthocarpus. species. There are at least a dozen WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 109 Masses of crimson from Castilleia miniata are sometimes seen on the hillsides and meadows on the eastern Sierras. Castilleia parviflora is abundant among the sagebrush. The local floras by Jepson, Hall and Abrams include most of the species. 1430. Owl’s Clover; Cream Sacs Similar to Castilleia and emerging into it through certain species which pre- sent some of the characters of both. Great masses coloring the landscape are to be seen in the pastures during April. They are not particularly troublesome in the grain but come in after the fields have been allowed to go back into pasture for several years as is the custom and ranged with sheep. They are not profitable from Orthocarpus the farmer’s standpoint, however, as they are not liked by stock. There are about twenty-five species in the State, on the coast, great Interior valley and on up into the mountains. For lack of space and time to list the species, we must refer you to the local floras. 1431. Adenostegia rigida Southern California, Mt. Hamilton only in middle California. 1432. Adenostegia pilosa Dry hills, Los Gatos to northern California, where it is abundant. 1433. Adenostegia Pringlei Mt. St. Helena. 1434. Adenostegia maritima Sandy salt marshes along the coast. 1435. Adenostegia mollis Interior salt marshes. 1436. Adenostegia tenuis Dry sandy soil, eastern Si- erras. 1437. Adenostegia Kingii Eastern base, Sierras. 1438. Adenostegia canescens Eastern base, Sierras. 1439. Adenostegia Nevinii San Jacinto Mountain. 1440. Indian Warrior Pedicularis densiflora Wooded hills throughout western California. 1441. Pedicularis semibarbata Open woods, Sierras. 1442. Pedicularis racemosa Sierra Valley and north. 1443. Elephant’s Head Pedicularis Groenlandica Tahoe region, north. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 1444. Pedicularis atollens Very striking alpine meadow plant. Sierras. 1445. Bellardia Trixago Found as an escape near Martinez. 1440. Mimetanthe pilosa Resembles Mimulus. Moist stream and river beds, Throughout Coast Ranges and interior valley. OROBANCHACEAE Interesting plants living on the roots of other plants. late starch through the air, they are devoid of green color and true leaves. are destructive to cultivated crops like hemp, tobacco, tomatoes, clover. Not needing to accumu- Some Other names such as Cancer-root, Hell-root, Devil’s-root, Clover Devil, Herb-bane, are given to them. Formerly used to apply to ulcers and cancers. intestinal troubles. 1447 Monniera rotunditolia Var. Rich in tannic acid; used in Rootstocks of some eaten by Indians. San Joaquin Valley. In shallow water and mud. 110 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1448. Naked Broom-Rape Aphyllon uniflorum Flowers odor of violets. On many different plants; widely distributed throughout State, coast valleys and Sierras. 1449. Aphyllon fasciculatum On plants. belonging to many different families. Eriogonum, Phacelia, Ar- temisia. Throughout the State. 1450. Aphyllon comosum On Artemisia, Sambucus, etc. From Mohave des- ert to Oregon coast and interior. 1451. Aphyllon Californicum Coast to Sierras. 1452. Aphyllon tuberosum Dry ridges of coast moun- tains. 1453. Aphyllon Ludovicianum Deserts, southern Califor- nia. Rootstock bitter, but eaten by Mohave Indians. 1453a. Aphyllon Cooperi Inyo county. 1454. Boschneakia strobilacea On roots of Manzanita. Coast Range ridges. BLADDERWORT FAMILY UTRICULARIACEAE Plants immersed in slow waters with very finely divided leaves and on them bladders which trap insects. 1455. Bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris Lakes and pools, Sierras, Bay region. 1456. Utricularia minor Indian Valley, Sierras, Whitney Meadows. 1457. Utricularia intermedia Plumas county. TRUMPET CREEPER FAMILY BIGNONIACEAE 1458. Unicorn Plant Martynia proboscoides Escape, southern California and elsewhere. 1459. Desert Willow Chilopsis linearis Shrub or tree. Frequent in desert regions and when not in flower, looks very much like a narrow, gray leaved willow. Flowers large, white, or purplish. Wood hard. MINT FAMILY LABIATAE A very large family containing such plants as Marjoram, savory, thyme, mints, cat-mint, motherwort, horehound, pennyroyal, peppermint, spearmint. Animals do not care for such highly seasoned food and so we find them left undisturbed even on the most depleted range lands. None of them, however, are poisonous and sev- eral have medicinal value. 1460. Tule-Mint Mentha Canadensis Marshes, Bay region. 1461. Pennyroyal Mentha Pulegium Introduced, Bay region and valleys. 1462. Peppermint Mentha piperita Introduced along streamlets, Bay region and elsewhere. 1463. Mentha citrata Introduced, West Berkeley, also Mecca, southern Cali- fornia. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1464. Spearmint 1465 . Water Horehound 1466. 1467 . Mountain Mint 1468. 1469. 1470. 1471. 1472. 1473. 1474. 1475. 1476. 1477. 1478. 1479. 1480. Audibertia, Romona or Poliomintha. . Yerba Buena . Pitcher Sage . Chia . Thistle Sage . Black Sage . Bee Sage . Crimson Sage . Ramona Mentha spicata Lycopus Americanus Lycopus lucidus Koellia Californica Monardella Douglasii Breweri lanceolata candicans leucocephala Monardella Monardella Monardella Monardella Monardella Monardella vars. Monardella nana Monardella macrantha and vars. undulata villosa and Monardella Monardella Monardella Monardella viridis hypoleuca linoides Palmeri Micromeria Chamissonis Sphacele calycina and vars. Acanthomintha lanceolata Pogogyne Douglasii Pogogyne parviflora Pogogyne serpylloides Pogogyne ziziphoroides Pogogyne nudiuscula Salvia Columbariae Salvia carduacea Salvia mellifera Salvia Californica Salvia spathacea Salvia Sonomensis 111 Introduced. Wet places. Bay region and_ else- where. Sacramento River. Salt marshes, Bay region. Dry ground, coast and Si- erras. Strong scented. Bay re- gion north to Yuba Co. Inner Coast Ranges. Sierra foothills. Sierra foothills. Plains of the San Joaquin Valley. Along coast. Dry and wooded grounds throughout state. Near San Diego. Southern California, Jacinto mountains adjacent deserts. Napa county. San Bernardino county. Head of Mohave River. Among redwoods, Santa Lucia Mountains. Woods near the _ coast, Humboldt to southern California. Coast Ranges south. San and Bay region south. Bay region. Reported as from Bay re- gion to Mendocino Co. Coast Ranges, Sierras. Sacramento Valley. Near San Diego. Common on dry slopes, Coast Ranges and Si- erras. San Joaquin Valley and ad- jacent foothills, southern California. Mt. Diablo south. Southern California. Mt. Diablo south. Mountain species, coast and Sierras. Probably half a dozen additional species described by authors under Salvia, 1495. 1496 . Skull-Cap Lophanthus urticifolius Scutellaria Californica The group is not as yet well defined. Common through ‘the Si- erras. Occasionally in Coast Ranges. Coast Ranges, Sierras. He 1497 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA . Blue Skull-Cap 1498. 1499. 1500. 1501. 1502. 1503. 1504. Self Heal Horehound Hedge Nettle 1505. 1506. 1507. 1508. 1509. 1510. 2511. Blue-Curls Vinegar weed L5tZ. 1513. 1514. ESF 1516. Catnip Henbit Germander 1517. 1518. 1519. VERVAIN FAMILY Blue Vervain Common vervain 1520. 1521. 1922; 1523 PLANTAIN FAMILY . Common Plantain Scutellaria tuberosa and var. Scutellaria galericulata Scutellaria Bolanderi Scutellaria angustifolia Salazaria Mexicana Brunella vulgaris Marrubium vulgare Stachys pycnantha Stachys albens Stachys ajugoides and Var. Stachys bullata Stachys Chammissonis Stachys Californica Trichostema laxum Trichostema lanceolatum Trichostema lanatum Trichostema oblongum Nepeta cataria Lamium amplexicaule Teucrium occidentale Teucrium Cubense Verbena hastata Verbena prostrata Verbena bracteosa Lippia nodiflora Lippia lanceolata Plantago major and var. Coast Ranges to southern California. Near coast. Sierras, Plumas county. Sierras, Indian Valley, Plu- mas county, Clarks, Mari- posa county. Sierras, Placer north. Shrub; flowers purple or whitish. Mohave desert. county, Medicinal as gargle for throat trouble. A cosmo- politan plant. Bay re- gion and elsewhere. Introduced in all parts of the state as a weed. Bay region south. Inner Coast Ranges. Coast Ranges and valleys. Common. Widely distributed on coast and Sierras. Bay region. Santa Cruz mountains. North and inner Coast Ranges. A valuable bee plant. Low hills of the Coast Ranges through the valleys to Fresno county, where it is abundant. Southern Coast Ranges. Sierras. North Coast Ranges. Introduced. Sonoma Co. Reported as from the Sac- ramento Valley. Southern California. VERBENACEAE Sacramento valley. Throughout western Cali- fornia and south. Alkaline soil, San Joaquin valley and_ elsewhere. Weed. A creeping plant used for lawns and to prevent soil erosion; alkaline soils. In- terior valley. Muddy. banks of the delta region, Sacramento River. PLANTAGINACEAE Introduced weed. Common. Broad leaves, seed stalks fed to canaries. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 113 1524. Rib-grass Plantago lanceolata Narrow ribbed leaves. Used as a forage in Great Brit- ain. Has become a pest in coast dairy pastures. Good sheep feed. Intro- duced, common _ every- where. 1525. Sea Plantain Plantago maritima Cliffs and rocks near the sea. 1526. Plantago Patagonica and Hillsides throughout west- var. ern California and ex- tending elsewhere in dif- ferent forms. Used by Indians in making soup. 1527. Plantago Bigelovii Alkaline fields. Interior valley. 1528. Desert Plantain Plantago fastigiata Abundant, Colorado desert. Good forage. 1529. Plantago eriopoda Shasta river region. FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY NYCTAGINACEAE 1530. Four-o’clock Mirabilis multiflora and Southern California. var. 1531. Mirabilis Greenei Mountain sides, Siskiyou county. 1532. Mirabilis Californica Southern California. 1533: Mirabilis laevis Southern California. 1534. Allionia incarnata Southern deserts. 1535. Sand Verbena Allionia umbellata Flowers rose-purple. Along entire coast line. 1535a. Yellow Sand Ver- Allionia latifolia Along seashore, Monterey bena north. 1536. Allionia maritima Santa ~ Barbara, / to San Diego coast line. 1537. Allionia turbinata Mohave Desert region. ' 1538. Allionia nana Inyo mountains. 1539. Allionia crux-maltae May reach border; sands, eastern Sierras. A beau- tiful pink flower. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY POLYGONACEAE 1540. Mountain Sorrel Oxyria digyna _ Among rocks, high Sierras. 1541. Docks Rumex A dozen or more species, all of the same general appearance and can be rec- ognized by their resemblance to the common dock, Rumex crispus, a troublesome weed. Sorrel, Rumex acetosella, is abundant on the coast and has leaves with an acid taste. The roots are pernicious in cultivated land. It revels in acid soils and applications of lime will help better plants and discourage the sorrel. 1542. Knotweeds Polygonum About twenty-five species in the State, most of which can be recognized from their resemblance to the weedy and very common species, Polygonum aviculare, called Yard Grass, Goose Grass, Door Weed, and Knot-grass. The Black Bind- weed of the gardens is Polygonum convolvulus. The Water Knot-weed, Polygo- num amphibium, has long coarse jointed stems and large leaves growing at first in the water and reaching out by its trailers for a long distance on banks. Poly- gonum Shastense is a very common plant in the Sierras with its woody, prostrate branches in loose granite soil. Polygonum bistorta, frequent in the meadows in the Sierras, has white or pink-tinged heads of flowers. 114 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1543. Nemacaulis Nuttalli Sandy beaches near San Di- ; ego. 1544. Wild Buckwheat Eriogonum A very large genus with about fifty species in California, found growing from the rocky ledges of the coast to the high peaks of the Sierras. Yellow or yellow tinged with brown, or red, are the prevailing colors in the genus. The flowers are mostly in globular clusters. The Indians used the species in a number of different ways, making a strong tea from the leaves, which was employed for an eyewash, bronchitis, grippe, pain in the stomach,-and headache. 1545. Oxytheca hirtflora A slender annual with the leaves in a rosette at the base. 1546. Oxytheca inermis Mt. Diablo. 1547. Oxytheca trilobata San Bernardino county, San Jacinto region. 1548. Oxytheca emarginata San Jacinto mountains. 1549. Oxytheca caryophylloides 1550. Chorizanthe Low branched annuals flowering in summer on dry soils. The involucres are variously armed with teeth, spines or awns. About twenty-five species in the State and seven in the Coast Ranges. 1551; Lastarriaiaea Chilensis Introduced from Chile. San Joaquin Valley. 1552. Pterostegia drymarioides Open places, Mt. Diablo to southern California. AMARANTH FAMILY AMARANTACEAE 1553. Bristly Pigweed Amarantus retroflexus Weed common in gardens and elsewhere. 1554. Tumble Weed Amarantus albus Common, fields and waste places. 1555. Amarantus Californicus South Coast Ranges. 1556. Amarantus deflexus Introduced. Bay region. 1557. Amarantus Palmeri Imperial Valley. 1558. Amarantus fimbriatus San Diego eastward. 1559. Cladothrix oblongifolia Colorado Desert region. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY CHENOPODIACEAE 1560. Nitrophila occidentalis Marshes, San Joaquin Val- ley and elsewhere. Alka- li situations. 1561. Beet Beta vulgaris Escape in marshes, Bay re- gion and elsewhere. 1562. Aphanisma blitoides Near San Diego. 1563. Goosefoot, Smooth Chenopodium Pig weed These very common plants are seen almost everywhere near cultivation. Most of them have medicinal value. The seeds are used as a vermifuge. They are rich in oil. Mexican Tea, C. ambrosioides; Wormseed, C. anthelminticum. C. californi- cum is used as a substitute soap. C. album, the Lamb’s-quarters makes very pal- atable greens. The seed of C. Quinoa is largely used in Peru as a cereal. Per- haps ten species in California. The species are difficult to determine unless well matured specimens are gathered. 1564. Monolepis chenopodiodes Sierra County and _ north- eastern California. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 115 1565. Monolepis spathulata Mono Pass, Sierras and Si- erra County. 1566. Monolepis pusilla Alkali flats, northeastern | California. 1567. Roubieva multifida Sand hills, Bay region, in- troduced from Peru. 1568. Saltbushes Atriplex , A large genus of salty tasting herbs or those of the deserts quite shrubby. They are important forage plants on the range. The fruits are the distinguishing characters used in differentiating the species so well matured specimens should be collected. Most abundant in desert foothill regions or in saline situations near the sea. A semibaccata, the Australian saltbush, has established itself widely in some parts of the San Joaquin Valley. About twenty-five species in the State. 1569. Winter Fat or White Sage 1570. Hop sage 1571. Pickle weed 4572. 1573. Kern Greasewood 1574. Sea Blite i kyies 1576. 1577. 1578. 1579. Desert Greasewood 1580. 1581. 1582. Mountain Laurel (Pepper Wood) Eurotia lanata Grayia spinosa i Salicornia ambigua Salicornia ambigua Allenrolfea occidentalis Suaeda Californica Suaeda torreyana Suaeda suffrutescens Suaeda diffusa Suaeda depressa and var. Sarcobatus vermiculatus Sarcobatus Baileyi BATIDEAE Batis maritima LAURACEAE Umbellaria californica A valuable forage plant barely entering Califor- nia from the east in Mo- doc County and south. Valuable range forage, northeastern California, sagebrush areas. Abundant in salt marshes sometimes covering hun- dreds of acres. Round fleshy jointed stems. Marshes and _ Interior valley. Northeastern California, Tehachapi Lake. Alkaline soil of Great In- terior Valley and_ else- where. Perennial. Sandy beaches, Bay region, seldom col- lected. Perennial alkali soil, inter- ior valley. Alkali soils, Southern Cali- fornia. Annual alkali valleys, north- eastern California. Eastern Sierras. Stiff branching shrub, cov- ers large stretches of al- kali areas. Eastern Si- erras and Southern Cali- fornia. Spines tend to poison the flesh when pricked by them. Smaller. Inyo and Mono counties only, in Califor- nia. Near San Diego. Shrub or tree. Coast Ranges and _ Sierras. Fruits eaten by stock, ex- tremely bitter, leaves pun- gent, well known. 116 1583. 1584. 1588. 1589. 1590. Sink. large quantities emetic. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA LEATHERWOOD FAMILY Leatherwood SPURGE FAMILY Turkey mullein Spurges Dirca occidentalis Eremocarpus setigerus Croton californicus Croton tenuis Bernardia Myricaefolia Acalypha californica Stillingia linearifolia Stillingia annua Euphorbia (Chamaesyce ) _ A rather large genus with about 20 species in the State. nine with several varieties. The spurges have medicinal properties, Some are poisonous. THYMELACEAE Northern slopes in canyons. EUPHORBIACEAE Abundant in waste places, and fallow land. When eaten by sheep forms hairy balls in the stom- ach, sometimes disas- trously. Indians used this plant to stupefy fish by its odor before try- ing to catch them by hand. Sandy hills near the ocean Bay _ region. Spanish medicine for rheumatism. San Diego County. Headwater of the Mojave. San Diego County, near boundary monument, or stream banks. San Diego County and San Bernardino County. Cali- Deserts southeastern fornia. Jepson described Parish reports six from the region of the Salton expectorants, cathartic or in E. serphyllifolia and ocel- lata are persistently regarded as remedies for snake-bite. BUFFALO BERRY FAMILY ELEAGNACEAE 1591. Buffalo Berry Sheperdia argentea Mono Lake region. NETTLE FAMILY URTICACEAE 1592. Small nettle Urtica urens Introduced weed. 1593. California nettle Urtica lyalli var. Marin County and north. 1594. Creek nettle Urtica holosericea Along streams throughout State. 1595. Urtica breweri Frequent about Los An- geles. 1596. Hesperocnide tenella Napa County south. 1597. Pellitory Parietaria debilis Southern California and elsewhere. SYCAMORE FAMILY PLATANACEAE 1598. Platanus racemosa A frequent tree along streams in the _ interior valley. BUXACEAE 1599, Simmondsia californica Dry hillsides, southern Cali- fornia, San Diego. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 117 WATER STARWORT FAMILY CALLITRICHACEAE 1600. Water Fennel Callitriche palustris Aquatic, cold pools or slow streamlets. Napa Valley, Marin County, Gilroy. 1601. Water Fennel Callitriche marginata Napa Valley southward to the San Joaquin Valley and southern California. LIZARD-TAIL FAMILY SAURURACEAE 1602. Yerba Mansa Anemopsis californica Herbs with aromatic rootstock and somewhat spicy leaves. Stems _ hollow, flowers in conical spike. The lower Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, south Coast Ranges. An infusion of the root is used by Spanish-Californians both as a liniment for skin troubles and as a tea for blood disorders. HORNWORT FAMILY CERATOPHYLLACEAE 1603. Hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum Aquatic, submerged, fragile herbs, in ponds and lakes. Santa Cruz, San Fran- cisco, and northward. BIRCH FAMILY BETULACEAE 1604. Hazelnut Corylus rostrata Hill country, Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Leaves roundish. 1605. Mountain Birch Betula fontinalis Sierra Nevada. Common on all mountain streams at about 4,500 to 9,000 feet. Commonly’ a _- slender- stemmed, graceful, shrub- like tree. 1606. White Alder Alnus rhombifolia Foliage pale-green. Western slopes of Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino, San Ja- cinto and Cuyarnaca mountains. Little known of the range limits. 1607. Red Alder; Oregon Alnus oregana Coast Ranges to Santa Inez Alder mountains near Santa Barbara. Deep, cool can- yons or moist flats along coast. Alnus oregana Forming shrubby thickets. var. tenuifolia Sierra Nevada, 6,000 to 7,000 feet. SWEET-GALE FAMILY MYRICACEAE 1608. Wax Myrtle Myrica Californica Small evergreen trees or shrub. Leaves dark green, glossy. Crushed leaves ex- hale aromatic odor. 1609. Sweet Bay Myrica Hartwegii var. A deciduous shrub of the Sierra Nevada. 118 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA WILLOW FAMILY 1610. Yellow Willow Salix lasiandra 1611. Red Willow Salix laevigata 1612. Black Willow Salix nigra 1613. Sandbar; Silverleaf Salix sessilifolia Willow 1614. Longleaf Willow Salix longifolia 1615. Arroyo Willow Salix lasiolepis 1616. Nuttall Willow Salix flavescens 1617. Velvet Willow Salix sitchensis 1618. Common Cotton- Populus fremontii wood 1619. Black Cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 1620. Black Cottonwood cupulata 1621. Balm-of-Gilead; Balsam Poplar “Tacansahac” Populus trichocarpa var. Populus balsamifera SALICACEAE Stream banks. in ~ Coast Ranges, Sacramento and San Joaquin Valley and Sierra Nevada. 20 to 45 feet high. Trunk dark brown, roughly fissured. Probably shoots would prove to make good bas- ket rods. Along living streams throughout State. River banks, Great Valley to southern California. No economic value. Stream beds of Coast Ranges and Sierra Ne- vada foothills. Stream beds in valleys and foothills throughout the State and into mountains to 4,000 feet. In southern range at a low altitude; where fuel tim- ber is scarce, it is locally used for fuel. Shrub, 2 to 15 feet high. Sierra Nevada to seaward Coast Ranges. California coastal region, Sierra Nevada. Leaves with dense covering of shiny white silky hair on their under surface. Living streams, Great Val- ley, Sierra Nevada foot- hills, south of Coast Ranges. Locally used for fuel, no other commercial use. Of value for pro- tecting and holding soft, shifting banks of bottom- land. On western streams where it is the only tree that marks their mean- dering courses. Along streams, Sierra Ne- vada, Coast. Range val- leys. Large logs obtain- able from the well grown trees. Give clear, wide lumber. From San Diego north- ward. Light weight wood, soft. Large trunks give clear wide lumber. Used for cooperage in place of pine. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 119 1622. Aspen 1623 1624 1625. 1626. 1627. 1628. 1629, 1630. 1631. WALNUT FAMILY . California Black Walnut Populus tremuloides Juglans Californica Best known and most ex- tensively distributed of our trees. Sierra Ne- vadas. Used for paper pulp while its freedom from odor makes it very useful in its western range for fruit box boards. JUGLANDACEAE Shrub or tree southern Cali- fornia to San Bernardino and the Sierra, Santa Ana. OAK FAMILY—FAGACEAE—CUPULIFERAE . Valley Oak; White Valley Oak; Water Valley Oak; Roble Valley Oak Brewer Oak Oregon Oak; Post Oak; Garry Oak; Sadler Oak; Scrub oak; Blue oak ; Mountain oak; Iron oak; Leather oak; Maul oak; Canyon Live Oak; Huckleberry Oak; Quercus lobata Quercus Breweri Quercus Garryana Quercus Sadleriana Quercus Douglasii Quercus durata Quercus chrysolepis Quercus chrysolepis var. vaccinifolia Not in valleys facing sea. On floor of Sacramento, San Joaquin and Coast Range valleys. The branches end in _ long, slender, cord-like branch- lets which sometimes sweep the ground. Large- ly cut for fuel. West slope of Sierras at lower edge of yellow pine belt. Of no commercial use, but important as ef- fective cover for rocky slopes, as water runs off barriers. Garry oak is the only tim- ber oak of the northwest coast country, and for this reason it deserves the forester’s careful atten- tion. Shrub under six feet in height. Has value as a slope cover. Mountain slopes in dry, rocky, and gravelly soil. Variable. Common on hot interior foothills. Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges. San Carlos Range and northward to Napa Range. Low spreading shrub. Furnishes most. valuable wood of all our species, being strong, tough and close grained. Through- out California on moun- tain ridges, slopes and canons. Sierra Nevada. Low ever- green shrub. 120 1632. 1633. 1634. 1635. 1636. 1637. 1638. 1639. 1640. 1641. 1642. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Coast Live Oak; Quercus agrifolia Coast Ranges, rich valley floors, Sonoma, Napa to Alameda and Santa Clara counties to south- ern California. Bark of this species used to adul- terate the rare, valuable tanbark. Interior Live Oak; Quercus Wislizenii Dry mountain slopes and fertile valley floors, Sier- ra Nevada foothills, Great Valley and inner Coast Range. California Black Quercus Kelloggii Mountain slopes and grav- Oak; elly valleys. Sierra Ne- vada and Coast Ranges, but not near sea. Fuel. Quercus tomentella Rare. Coast Ranges; in narrow canyon bottoms and on exposed slopes. Price Oak; Quercus Prici Rare. Dry, gravelly banks of streams. Small, pure groups. Morehus Oak; Quercus Morehus Rare. Foothill slopes and ridges, in dry, gravelly soils. Supposedly of hy- brid origin. . TAN OAK PASANIA Tan Oak; Pasnia densiflora The bark is peeled in large quantities for tanning leather. Coast Ranges. CHINQUAPIN CASTANOPSIS Deep soil of mountain Giant Chinquapin Castanopsis chrysophylla ridges from Mendocino county northward. Golden Chinquapin Castanopsis chrysophylla Shrub three to fifteen feet var. minor high. Leaves very golden below. Rocky ridges and slopes. Monterey, Santa Cruz mountains, Moraga Ridge. Bush Chinquapin Castanopsis sempervirens Arid mountain slopes or rocky ridges. Sierra Ne- vada, Coast. Ramee Spreading shrub, one to eight feet high, with smooth brown bark. BIRTHWORT FAMILY ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Mild Ginger Asarum caudatum Deep shade of Coast Range woods, Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 7000 feet; com- mon. It has been sug- gested that the fragrant creeping rootstocks might be used in the manufac- ture of sachet powder. Mild Ginger Asarum Lemmonii Rare species, found grow- ing near logs in the Mer- ced Grove. ‘ WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1643. Dutchman’s Pipe SANDALWOOD FAMILY Comandra umbellata 1644. Bastard Toad-flax 1644. Bastard Toad-flax MISTLETOE FAMILY Aristolochia Californica Comandra pallida 121 Coast Range hills, Sierra Nevada foothills and Tiasack Bridge, which is the Indian name of Half Dome. SANTALACEAE In foothills of Sierra Ne- vada mountains. Near Mineral King, Sierra Nevadas. LORANTHACEAE 1645. Yellow Mistletoe Phoradendron flavescens Interior of California on Common Cottonwood and California Buckeye, the Cottonwoods frequently killed by the parasite. 1646. Common Mistletoe Phoradendron villosum Coast Range and Sierra Ne- vada foothills, on oaks. 1647. Mistletoe -Phoradendron bolleanum Coast Ranges, on cypress and juniper. Rare. 1648. Mistletoe Phoradendron junipir- Stems one-half to one foot inum long, glabrous, yellowish. Berry whitish or light red. 1649. Mistletoe Phoradendron var. libo- With longer and more cedri slender joints, on in- cense cedar. 1650. Pine Mistletoe Arceuthobium occidentale Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada on Digger Pine and Yellow Pine, Jeffrey, Juniper and Alpine Hemlock, perhaps also on Fir. When berries are fully ripe, they are explosively dehiscent at a touch or when teased, the seed being ex- pelled to a distance of several feet. 1651. Pine Mistletoe canum 1652. Pine Mistletoe Arceuthobium ameri- Arceuthobium Douglasii Known only on the Lodge- pale Pine. On white and red fir. GNETACEAE 1653. Desert switch plant Ephedra Nevadensis Eastern California. Modoc County and in Nevada. Southern deserts. 1654. Ephreda trifurca 1655. Ephedra viridis 1656. Ephedra Torreyana YEW FAMILY 1657. California Nutmeg 1658. Western Yew Taxus brevifolia PINE FAMILY Pinus monticola 1659. White pine Tumion Californicum TAXACEAE Central California on Coast ranges and _ western Found slopes of Sierras. in Marion County. Coast ranges in California. Largest in Oregon and Washington and in the Sierras. Found up to 5000 feet. CONIFERAE British Columbia south through Washington and Oregon into California. Found south of San Ja- cinto Mountains. High elevations. 122 1660. 1661. 1662. 1663. 1664. 1665. 1666. 1667. 1668. 1669. 1670. 1671. 1672. 1673. 1674. 1675. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Sugar Pine White pine Limber pine White bark pine Four-leaf pine Single-leaf pine Bristle-cone pine Torrey pine Western Yellow pine Jeffrey pine Bull pine Lodgepole pine Tamarac pine Gray pine Digger pine Coulter pine Big-cone pine Monterey pine Knobcone pine Pricklecone pine Bishop pine Sitka spruce Tideland spruce Pinus Lambertiana Pinus flexilis Pinus albicaulis Pinus quadrifolia Pinus monophylla Pinus Balfouriana Pinus Torreyana Pinus ponderosa Pinus Jeffreyi Pinus contorta Murrayana Pinus sabiniana Pinus Coulteri Pinus radiata Pinus attenuata Pinus muricata Picea sitchensis Mountains of Oregon along the Sierras into lower California, at mid-eleva- tions. A valuable timber Eree. California, on dry rocky slopes. Yosemite south- ward at high elevations. Canada, south through the Sierras of California at Timber line. Southern California, spar- ingly. Found on dry mesas. Sans Jace Mountains. Desert region of Utah, Ne- vada, Arizona and south- eastern California. © In southern Sierras. Found in California at high elevations. San Diego County. Santa Rosa Island near sea. British Columbia south through Oregon into the Sierras of California. Southern California up to 9000 feet. ; Oregon and California to the San_ Bernardino Mountains. Associated with Yellow pine. Alaska south along the coast to Mendocino Coun- ty and in the mountains of Washington, Oregon and California "735" igs south as the San Jacinto Mountains up to 10,000 feet. Foothills of Sierras and in Coast ranges. South to the Tehachapi. Southern California in Coast ranges. Monte Di- ablo range, south on dry, warm slopes. Central California, Coast ranges south. Confined to slopes near the sea and in fog belt. Coast mountains southern Oregon to central Cafi- fornia, and in the north- ern Sierras. Coast ranges. Mendocino County southward. Oregon to California to Mendocino County along coast 1676. 1677. 1678. 1679. 1680. 1681. 1682. 1683. 1684. 1686. 1687. 1688. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 123 Weeping spruce Western hemlock Mountain hemlock Douglas Fir Oregon pine Douglas pine Yellow fir Big cone spruce Grand fir White fir White fir Bristle cone fir Red fir . Big Tree Redwood Redwood Incense Cedar Western Red Cedar 1689. Monterey cypress 1690 . Gowen cypress Picea Breweriana Tsuga heterophylla Tsuga mertensiana Pseudotsuga taxifolia Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Abies grandis Abies concolor Abies venusta Abies magnifica Sequoia gigantea Sequoia Washingtonia Sequoia sempervirens Libocedrus decurrens Thuja plicata Cupressus macrocarpa Cupressus Goveniana California in the Siskiyous in Klamath and Shasta forests. On Pacific Coast in fog belt of California to Mendo- cino County. Alaska southward into Cal- ifornia in the Sierras at Timber line. British Columbia southward to Central California. Middle elevations in Sier- ras and in Coast ranges. A large important timber wee: Southern California. San- ta Barbara County in mountains up to 3000. Rare. British Columbia to Cali- fornia in fog belt. Found as far south as Sonoma County. Oregon and _ California. Coast ranges and south in Sierras at high elevations. A rare tree of Central Cal- ifornia. Coast ranges south. Scattered in small patches. California in Sierras south to the Kern. Found at higher elevations than Abies concolor. Limited to the Sierras in a few localities. Twenty- five known groves. Suc- cessfully grown in Ne- vada County. Limited to Coast ranges in fog belt, Santa Cruz County, northward to Humboldt County. Cascades of Oregon, south through the Sierras of California to the San Ja- cinto Mountains. A val- uable tree because of re- sistance of the wood to decay in the ground. Found in Northern Califor- nia. Mendocino County, in fog belt. Central California to Mon- terey. Cultivated as wind- breaks. Marin County and_ elsewhere. Mendocino to San Diego on sandy or rocky slopes. 124 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1691. 1692. 1693. 1694. 1695. 1696. 1697. 1698. 1699. 1700. 1701. 1702. 1703. 1704. Dwarf cypress MacNab cypress ~ Dwarf Juniper Western Juniper Utah Juniper California Juniper FROGS-BIT FAMILY Water-weed Eel-grass Frogs-Bit ORCHID FAMILY Mountain Lady’s Slipper Mountain Lady’s Slipper Rein-orchis Wood Rein-orchis Rein-orchis Sierra Rein-orchis Indian Moccasin California coast, Mendocino County. Wet soil and poor barrens. Coast range of California from the Siskiyous_ to Napa County and in the Sierras to Yuba County in foothills. In the Sierras from Mono County northward in high elevations. Washington, Oregon and California. \. ite Siegrag south of Mohave, up to 9000 feet, on exposed slopes on dry gravelly soils. Desert ranges of the Sierra Nevada. Inyo Moun- tains. Desert foothills. Also in the Panamint Mountains. Central California to south- ern borders. In the Coast ranges. Tehachapi Moun- tains, and in the Sierra Nevada in Fresno County. HY DROCHARIDACEAE Low streams and_ ponds. Extreme northern Coast counties. Slow streams; a favorite food of the canvas-back duck. Just .south of northern Coast border. In shallow stagnant waters. Northern Coast border. ORCHIDACEAE Woods; rare in our dis= trict. Near Coast in May; Sierras in August- and September. Often found associated with California Pitcher plant. Cypripedum Californicum Blossoms have comparative- ly short greenish-yellow sepals and petals. The sac is from white to pale rose color. Greenish flowers leaves under trees along banks. Coast. Under oaks; Livermore; San Luis Obispo. In wet or boggy places of middle altitude. Sierras This is the handsomest and least rare. Cupressus pygmaea Cupressus Macnabiana Juniperus communis Juniperus occidentalis Juniperus Utahensis Juniperus Californica Elodea Canadensis Vallisneria spiralis Limnobium Spongia Cypripedium montanum lily-like and Habenaria elegans Habenaria Michaelii Habenaria leucostachys 1705. 1706. 1707. 1708. 1710. 4712. 1713. 1714. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Orchis Coral-root Coral-root Stream Orchis . Ladies Tresses Ladies Tresses . Twayblade Rattle-snake Plan- tain 125 Habenaria maritima Corallorhiza multiflora Corallorhiza Bigelovia Epipactis gigantea Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Spiranthes porrifolia Listera convallarioides Goodyera Menziesii Sea cliffs of the San Fran- cisco Peninsula. Low and stout. Spur slender. Shade of woods in the outer and middle coast ranges. Sierras, growing among pine debris, etc., widely distributed but not com- mon. Woods along coast and in the Sierra Nevada. On decaying vegetation. Oc- casional in the Yosemite. Root like a branch of coral. Flowers color. in the Sierra greenish or rose- Moist stream bank Coast Ranges and Nevada. Wash- ington to Nevada and California. Petals rose color, purple veined or greenish-brown. Wet meadows in moun- tains. High Sierras to Mt. Shasta and _ south- ward to Marin County and San Francisco. Es- pecially common in upper end Yosemite Valley. Six to sixteen inches high. Marin County, upper Sac- ramento Valley, east side. Callous protuberances at base of lip nipple-like and pointing downward. This peculiar plant is at once known by its single pair of rounded leaves, edges of bogs and in crevices of mossy rocks in reach of spray. Min- eral Spring, Yosemite. Woods near coast. Sierra Nevada. Flowers white similar to Spiranthes. Calypso Calypso borealis Redwood forests or in bogs. Abundant at Cazadero and believed to be increasing rapidly. Flowers re- semble those of Lady’s Slipper. IRIS FAMILY IRIDACEAE Iris; Flag Iris longipetala Pt. Isabel and about San Francisco where it is very common southward to Monterey. Petals light violet. Sepals white, veined with violet . 126 17iS: 1716. i/id. 1718. 1719. 1720. 1721. 1722: 1723. 1724. 1724a Coast ranges; common Vaca Mountains, May and June. Color exceedingly variable, purple to cream. California and Oregon. San Mateo and Marin County northward. The Hupa Indians used the leaves for making twine and rope for their nets, etc. Blue, purple. Spring, winter. Stems low and slender. Found in coniferous forest of middle altitude. Com- mon from Crockers to the Mariposa Grove. Var- iation of petal coloring, yellow and lavendar. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA Douglas Iris Iris Douglasiana Ground Iris Iris macrosiphon Wild Flag Iris Hartwegii Western Blue Flag Iris Missouriensis Blue-eyed Grass Sisyrinchium bellum Nigger-Babies Golden-eyed Grass Sisyrinchium Californi- cum Golden-eyed Grass Sisyrinchium Arizonicum Golden-eyed Grass Sisyrinchium Elmeri Large flowered, moist places. Common east of the Sierra Nevada. A white-flowered form is re- ported from Mono. Well known in California, where it is common on grassy hillsides and mea- dows. It is called Azula and Villeda by Spanish- Californians. Grass-like leaves. Much like Blue-eyed Grass, but flowers bright yellow. Stems a foot tall, winged, not branching. Wet places near coast. San Diego northward. Yellow flowered and branching stems. Arizona. Yellow flowers with pur- ple lines. Wet places in the Sierras. Lake Elea- nor, etc: AMARYILLIS FAMILY AMARYLLIDACEAE American aloe Agave deserti Mescal Agave Utahensis Agave Shawii Base of Coast ranges, San Diego County and adjoin- ing the desert. Mountains east of Resting Springs Valley. South- ern California. Also near Mountain Springs, Ne- vada. Southwest corner of Cali- fornia on dry hills over- looking the Pacific. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA. 127 LILY FAMILY LILIACEAE 1725. Dwari Fritillary Fritillaria pudica Rare. Found near Sierraville; 1-6 flowered. Flowers yellow, sessile. 1725a Pink Fritillary Fritallaria pluriflora Foothills in adobe soil. Solano and Yolo Counties, Upper Sacramento Valley. Six to ten inches high. 1726. Scarlet Fritillary Fritillaria coccinea Mt. Hood and Napa Ranges and north to Edin Valley. Stems slender, ten to eighteen inches high. 1727. Checker lily Fritillaria lanceolata Rice-root lily Near sea in shady woods, San Mateo to Pt. Reyes and northward. The bulbs live just one year. Dark purple mottled with greenish yellow. 1728. Mission Bells Fritillaria lanceolata var. Floribunda Three to many flowered. Dark purple or greenish conspicuously spotted or checkered. 1729. Mission Bells Fritillaria lanceolata var. gracilis Corte Madera and northward to Napa Valley. Very small flower, narrower. 1730. Black Lily Fritillaria biflora Chocolate Lily San Luis Obispo and southward. Stout 1-2 to 1 1-2 ft. high. Greenish or mostly dark purple or purple lined. 1731. Stink Bells Fritillaria agrestis Antioch in grain fields. Odor very obnoxious. Possibly introduced in grain seed. Stems 1 to 1 1-2 ft. high. 1732. White Fritillary Fritillaria liliacea Open rocky hilltops. San Francisco, Vallejo, Olema. Stems 3-8 in. high; to 5 flowered. Flowers dull white. 1733. Small Flowered Fritillaria parviflora Fritillary Occasional in pine woods below 6,000 ft. altitude in the Sierra Nevada. Flow- ers purplish brown with yellow markings. Plant 1 1-2 to 3 ft. high. Very smooth. 1734. Fawn Lily Erythronium Californicum “Easter Lily” Abundant in Napa Valley and northward. March. Flowers nodding, creamy white; base of segments orange. Erythronium Hartwegii Sierra Nevada foothills. Flowers white or cream with orange or yellow ase. 1735. Dog-Tooth Violet Erythronium purpurascens Glacier Lily Sierra Nevada, Placer to Plumas Counties, above 4,000 feet. Leaves not mottled. Flowers very small, light yellow. 1-8, crowded. Erythronium revolutum Leaves lightly mottled. Flowers white or light pink. Mendocino and Humboldt Counties. 10-15 miles from coast in a strip four miles wide and northward. 128 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1736. Desert Lily Hesperocallis undulata Arid desert around Yuma and Ft. Mohave. Probably found within our limits. Flowers clear yellow shading to white at base; purplish red anthers. 1737. White Mariposa Lily Calochortus venustus Light sandy soil or in alkaline fields. Coast range; Great Valley; Sierra Nevada; white to lilac with eye spot in middle. 1738. Mariposa Lily Calochortus splendens A slender plant, 1-1% ft. high. Flowers clear lilac. 1739. Yellow Mariposa Lily Calochortus luteus A low plant, 7-10 inches high. Petals fan-shaped and clawed; yellow or orange. Coast Ranges; foothills. 1740. Calochortus uniflorus Calistoga to Monterey. In wet lands, April to May. Stems low, flexuous. Petals lilac. 1741. Calochortus umbellatus Low wooded hills, Marin County, Oakland hills. Walnut Creek. April. Flowers 2-6. = 1742. Pussy’s Ears Calochortus maweanus Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges. Umbel of 2-4 flowers. Mostly one radical leaf. Petals white or purplish blue. 1743. White Globe Tulip Calochortus albus Coast Ranges; woods to southern California. Petals white, purplish at base. 1744, Calochortus pulchellus Mt. Diablo. Collected early days, little known since. Plant about one foot high. Much branched, each branch ending in an umbel of 2-3 flowers. 1745. Golden Lily Bell Calochortus amabilis Cat’s Ears Fairy Lanterns North Coast Ranges. Vaca Mountains. -Flowers nodding, golden yellow. 1746. Star Tulip Calochortus nudus ; ' Sierra Nevada; meadows. Stems 10 inches or less high ending in cluster of flowers. Petals fan-shaped, white or pale lilac. 1747. Yellow Star Tulip Calochortus Benthamii Found near Groveland. Clear yellow flowers % inch long, petals covered with yellow hairs. 1748. “Sego” Calochortus Nuttallii Sierra Nevada meadows. Anthers deeply notched at base Petals white, tinged with greenish yellow or lilac. 1749. Adontostomum Hartwegii Dry hard soil in foothills Napa Range; Sierra Nevada foothills. May. Leaves mostly radical. Grass-like. White tubular flowers, 5-6 inches long. 1750. Leucocrinum montanum Southern California. Flowers pure white, very fragrant; early spring. 1751. Brodiaea Brodiaea terrestris } Leaves few, grass-like. 2-10 or 20 flowered. Near coast. Common in sandy soil about San Francisco. June-July. Stem very short. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 129 175la. Brodiaea minor Dry plains and low hills of San Joaquin and Sacramento Valley, to south- ern California. Stems 3 to 6 inches high; umbel of 2-5 blue flowers. 1752. Harvest Brodiaea Brodiaea grandiflora Very common throughout State and Sierra Nevada foothills. Scape stout, 7-18 inches high. 1753. Fire-cracker Plant Brodiaea ida-maia “Brevoortia” A showy and curious species , mountain slopes and wooded foothills from Marin County to Mendocino and Shasta Counties. Scape 1-3 feet high; umbel 6-13 flowered; perianth tube scarlet. 1754. Twining Brodiaea Brodiaea Californica Hill country and Coast Ranges and foothills of Sierra Nevada. Pinkish or rose color; stems weak, climbing or twining around other plants. Often 1-8 feet high. 1755. Ookow Brodiaea congesta Open hills in Coast Ranges from Oakland hills eta ard. Flowers blue or purple. April and May. 1756. Blue Dicks Brodiaea capitata Very common in Bay region to southern California and Sierra Nevada foothills into sugar pine belt. February-May. Flowers blue; scape erect, 7-14 inches high ending in head-like umbel of 7-8 flowers. 1757. Golden Brodiaea Brodiaea ixiodies Foothills of Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to 9,500 feet altitude. Varies in height from a few inches to over a foot. Umbel of loose showy yellow flowers with brown veins. 1758. Grass Nut Brodiaea laxa A showy and beautiful species common in adobe fields. May. Corm edi- ble. Violet-purple rarely white, 10-25 flowered. : 1758a. Brodiaea peduncularis Low wet ground, Tiburon and north to Lake County. Rose purple or nearly white, 3-15 flowered. 1759. White Brodiaea Brodiaea Hyacinthina _ Common in low moist ground in Coast Ranges and Great Valley and Sierra Nevada. White or bluish white with green veins. 1760. Cluster Lily Brodiaea multiflora Hog Onion Sierra Nevada mountains. Habit and blue flowers of Brodiaea capitata, but much less plentiful. 1760a. Brodiaea gracilis Sierra Nevada; common in moist places at high altitudes. Yosemite. 1761. Golden Bloomeria Bloomeria aurea Golden Stars Pacheco Pass, Bew Idria, Monterey County, and southward. Leaves lin- ear with a ridge, umbel with many flowers. Yellow. 1762. Muilla Muilla maritima Low alkaline fields; Sacramento Valley to Monterey. Stem 3-9 inches high, equaled by the narrow leaves. ‘This little plant is much like Brodiaea and much like Allium, but with no onion taste or smell. 130 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1763. Wild Onion Allium Bolanderi Humboldt County. Flowers rose color or pinkish. Herbage with char- acteristic taste and odor of onion. 1764. Wild Onion © Allium unifolium : Monterey Co.; Mt. Diablo. Napa Mts., Ukiah. The bulb was used as a food by Pomo Indians. 1765. Wild Onion Allium falcifolium Napa Mts. and northward to Lake Co. Flowers rose color. 1766. Wild Onion Allium: Breweri Mt. Hamilton; Mt. Diablo. Pope Valley. Bulbs large. Flowers deep rose color. 1767. Wild Onion Allium lacunosum Santa Clara County. Mt. Hamilton. 3-6 inches high. Flowers small, 10- 20 in an umbel. 1768. Wild Onion Allium serratum Low hills, probably not found east of the Sacramento Valley. 1769. Wild Onion Allium attenuifolium North coast ranges and Sierra Nevada. Bulb coats reddish. Flowers white. 1770. Wild Onion Allium monospermum Vaca Mts. Scapes in clusters of 2-4. 1771. Wild Onion Allium Sanbornii Reported from the Yosemite. Flowers light rose color. 1772. Wild Onion Allium campanulatum Sierra Nevada. In open coniferous forests. 1773. Wild Onion. Allium tribracteatum Sierra Nevada. Tuolumne meadows and above. Leaves usually twice as long as stem which is only % inch long. Flowers pale pink. Near Mineral King. ' 1774. Wild Onion Allium parvum Rare: Sierra Nevada near timber line on Mt. Lyell. Flowers pink in com- pact head. 1775. Wild Onion Allium bisceptrum Mono County near Mammoth. On stream banks in the mountains up to 7,500 feet altitude. 1776. Swamp Onion Allium validum Mono Pass near Mineral King. In high swamps, 7,000 to 9,000 feet alti- tude. The stout, persistent rootstocks often attain a diameter of 7 m.m. 1777. Swamp Onion Allium crocea Found on summit of the mountains east of San Diego. 1778. Kur-gur Allium acuminatum Eastern Sierra Nevada. May and June. Sepals bright rose color. 1779. Bronze Bells Fritillaria atropurpurea Found in the Sierra Nevada at higher elevations as at north base of Mt. Lyell. 1780. Tiger Lily Lilium pardalinum Leopard Lily Widely distributed in California, but in the Sierra Nevada is restricted to canyons mostly below 3,500 feet. Stream banks and wet meadows. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 131 1781. Lilium parvum Sierra Nevada. Orange-yellow spotted with purple, flowers 2-28 or more on a stalk. It grows in nearly all springy places up to 7,000 feet. 1782. Lemon Lily Lilium Parryi ,; Rootstock not branched. Flowers clear lemon-yellow. Southern Cali- fornia mountains. 1783. Coast Lily Lilium maritimum Leaves alternate; rarely whorled. Flowers 1-5 dark red. Low, coast meadows Marin County, northward. 1784. Chaparral Lily Lilium rubescens Chamise Lily Redwood Lily Stems 2-5 feet high. Flowers nearly white, dotted with brown, aging to rose-purple. Chaparral slopes in mountains Marin County to Howe Mt., northward. 1785. Lilium Humboldtii . Stems 3-5 feet high very stout. Flowers large, orange-red, spotted with maroon. Open woods, lower yellow pine belt of Sierra Nevada. 1786. Washington Lily Lilium Washingtonianum Shasta Lily Stems 4-6 feet tall. Flowers pure white, among the chaparral, Sierra Ne- vada. Upper pine forests or thickets. 1787. Lilium Columbianum In Sierra Nevada and of northerly distribution. Flowers bright reddish orange. Stems slender, 2-4 feet or more high. 1788. Camass Camassia esculenta Quamash Wet meadows Santa Rosa Valley northward to Washington. Fiowers dark blue or nearly white. 1789. Camassia leichtlinii In Sierra Nevada. Ukiah and northward to Washington. Flowers blue to white. Bulbs formerly much eaten by the Indians who boiled them or roasted them in pits. 1790. Soap plant “Amole” Chlorogalum posneridianum Throughout California. Plant 2-5 feet high. Flowers white, purple veined. Opens in the afternoon only. Bulbs employed by the Indians for washing and as food. They cook them in pits with California grape leaves. 1791. Chlorogalum angustifolium ‘ Lower San Joaquin and northward. Flowers white with yellowish green ines. 1792. Star Zygadenus Zygandenus Fremontii Black Grass Nut Common and variable. Coast Range hillsides among bushes. 1793. Death Camass Zygadenus venenosus - Hog’s Potato Lobelia (Nevada) Mystery Grass _ Grows in meadows near the coast from Monterey northward. Also found in the Sierra Nevada. It is a dangerous enemy of the stock man. It poisons sheep that eat the plant. When young its leaves are hard to distinguish from the grass among which it grows. Both leaves und bulbs are poisonous. Hogs eat the bulbs and are immune iz WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1794. False Hellebore Veratrum californicum High north Coast Ranges. A characteristic plant of the Sierra Nevada. Flowers greenish or cream color. 1/95 Se Veratrum fimbriatum Mendocino “White Plains” and northward. Similar in habit to the pre- ceding; leaves long and narrow. 1796. Squaw-grass Xerophyllum tenax Bear-grass Mt. Tamalpais. Monterey and northward to Del Monte County. North- ern Sierra Nevada. This plant is from 2 to 6 feet high with stout leafy stem springing from a tuft of wiry, grass-like leaves which spread out like a fountain. The fibers of the leaves were employed by the Hupas for making garments and for decorative work in baskets. The bulbs furnished a nourishing food often being roasted in a pit for two days. Said to bloom only once in five to seven years. This grass on Mt. Tamalpais was last in bloom in 1914. 1797. Bog Asphodel Narthecium Californicum Mendocino county and northward, northern Sierra Nevadas. Leaves iris- like; flowers yellowish-green. 1798. Wake Robin; Com- Trillium sessile mon Trillium Birth- root Coast Range woods, but not in inner.Coast Range. Deep red or lsaceon varying to white. In varieties petals white, yellowish or greenish. Sierra Nevada, San Luis Obispo. 1799. Coast Wake Robin; Trillium ovatum Common Trillium- Birthroot Woods near the coast, Santa Cruz northward. Petals white, changing to deep rose color. March, April. 1800. Fetid Adder’s Scoliopus Bigelovii Tongue Shade of the redwood forest, Marin to Humboldt. January, March. The flowers are suggestive of orchids in appearance, but have a very offensive odor. 1801. Red Clintonia Clintonia Andrewsiana Shady woods near coast. Leaves large, of a rich, polished green. Flowers. a cluster of deep rose-colored nodding bells. 1802. Green-cup; White Clintonia uniflora Clintonia Sierra Nevada, Merced and Tuolumne groves and near Chinquapin. Flow- ers white, erect. 1803. Wild Lily-of-the Mianthemum bifolium Valley Sausalito hills in rocks; Eureka northward. Flowers white. Fruit a red berry. The leaves furnish a lotion for inflammation and burns highly es- teemed in rural medicine. 1804. Star-flowered Smilacina sessilifolia Solomon’s Seal : Shady woods of the Coast Range. Small, cream-white flowers. Grows in a loose cluster on a very slender angled flower stalk. Berries reddish, purple or black. 1805. False Solomon’s Smilacina amplexicaulis Seal Shady woods, range of preceding; also in Sierra Nevada, April. Feath- ery appearing flower clusters. Flowers very small, cream-white. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 133 1806. Smilacina stellata On banks of the Truckee River. 1807. Drops of Gold; Disporum hookeri Fairy Bells Shady woods of Coast Range. Flowers greenish white, berry scarlet. 1808. Fairy Lanterns Disporum menziesii _ Ne Stream banks, Coast Range north to British Columbia. Flowers whitish, fruit yellow. 1809. Fairy Bells Disporum trachyandrum Rare. Western slope of Sierra Nevada. Flowers tucked away on short, pendant stalks beneath broad, thin leaves. 1810. Asparagus Asparagus officinalis Garden plant escaped to low lands about Alameda. Flowers small, green, pendulous. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY PONTEDARIACEAE 1811. Water Star Grass Heteranthera graminifolia (Schollera graminifolia) Said to have been found in Mendocino County. 1812. Water Hyacinth Eichornia crassipes Being introduced and spreading in streams in Fresno County. ARUM FAMILY ARACEAE 1813. Lysichton kamtchatcensis Swamps near coast, Fort Bragg and northward to Alaska. CAT-TAIL FAMILY TYPHACEAE 1814. Cat-tail _ Typha latifolia Common in marshy places by creeks, Coast Range, lower Sacramento and lower San Joaquin. DUCKWEED FAMILY LEMNACEAE 1815. Gibbon’s Duckweed Lemna gibba Abundant in ponds. 1816. Smaller Duckweed Lemna minor Variable. Covering the surface of stagnant ponds. 1817. Ivy-leaved Duck- Lemna trisulca weed Cold springs and running water. 1818. Lemna minima 1819. } Lemna valdiviana Near Lone Pine on the south fork of Kern River. 1820. Wolfha lingulata In irrigation canals, Kern County. POND WEED FAMILY NAIDACEAE 1821. Pondweed Potamogeton americanus Ponds or slow creeks in valleys, at low elevation. 1822. Pondweed Potamogeton lucens San Francisco southward, and eastward in small lakes and ponds. 134 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1823. Leafy pondweed Potamogeton foliosus San s#rancisco southward. Shasta County into Oregon. 1824. Slender pondweed Potamogeton pusillus San Francisco peninsula, Santa Cruz and in the Sierras. . ’ 1825. Fennel pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus Most common species in California. Found up to 7000 feet. 1826. Pondweed Potamogeton latifolius ; Brackish waters. Gilroy. Found in Lassen County northward into Oregon. 1827. Ditch Grass Ruppia maritima Alkaline or brackish waters. Southern California and northward. 1828. Holly leafed Naid Naias marina Central California, southward. 1829. Slender leafed Naid Naias flexilis Washington, Oregon to southern California. 1830. Naias guadalupensis Oregon south through the Coast Range to San Francisco. 1831. Horned pondweed Zannichellia palustris Pools and still waters Southern California to Sacramento Valley. 1832. Eel grass Zostera marina San Pedro northward in shoal waters. 1833. Torrey’s eel grass Phyllospadix torreyi Along the shore to low tide limits. San Diego, northward. 1834. Pacific eel grass Phyllospadix scouleri Santa Barbara and northward. ARROW GRASS FAMILY JUNCAGINACEAE 1835. Common arrow grass Triglochin maritima Marshy shores along the coast. 1836. Slender arrow grass Triglochin concinna Marshy shores along the coast. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY ALISMACEAE 1837. Water Plantain Alisma plantago Common; margin of ponds. San Francisco and south along peninsula. Sacramento Valley. 1838. Tule potato Sagittaria latifolia Along the Sacramento River, on wet locations; islands, etc. 1839. Stockton arrow-head Sagittaria Greggii Along the San Joaquin. Scarce. 1840. Sanford arrow- Sagittaria Sanfordii and vars. head Lower San Joaquin, on wet locations. RUSH FAMILY JUNCACEAE 1841. Rush Juncus. spp. Plants, grass-like, growing in swamps and wet places. Stems hollow or spongy; leaves alternate, smooth. Nine species in coast ranges and interior valleys. Sierras. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 135 1842. Wood rush Luzula comosa Shaded spots—an early spring plant. 1843. Small flowered Juncoides pariflorum wood rush In mountains of California. Found in meadows. 1844. Spike wood-rush Juncoides spicatum , _ Widely distributed. Pacific coast states and in mountains of California. Found at high elevation in the Sierras. PALM FAMILY PALMACEAE 1845. Washington Palm Neowashingtonia filifera Colorado Desert. In southern California. Confined to southwestern California. SEDGE FAMILY CYPERACEAE A family much resembling the grasses and by many mistaken for them. They are generally distinguished from grasses by the following: (a) The leaves are arranged in three rows up and down the stem, while grasses have only two rows. (b) The sedges have closed sheaths. (c) The stems are solid and mostly triangular in cross-section. (d) The fruit of the sedges is an achene while in grasses it is a grain or caryopsis. (e) Some members of the sedge family, like the spike rushes, Eleocharis, have the leaves reduced to a sheath at the base of the stem. ‘the large majority of the members of the sedge family grow in water or mud by ponds, streams, lakes, or borders of snow banks in the high Sierras. A few are dry land plants. In some parts of California in the region of lakes like Honey Lake, Goose Lake, etc., when the water recedes during the summer large quantities of sedge hay is cut and stacked. There is generally a mixture of water loving grasses with them. They make very fair stock hay. 1846. Galingales Cyperus They have triangular stems surmounted at the top by a cluster of greenish or brownish flowers. The weedy nut-grasses, Cyperus esculentus and C. rotundus are troublesome pests in the field. The former is the Chufa. The tubers or “nuts” which form beneath the ground are prized in the south for hog feed. C. erythrorhizos and C. melanostachys, C. acuwminatus, and C. lateriflorus are more or less troublesome in tle rice fields. 1847. Spike-rushes Eleocharis Slender reed-like plants without leaves growing very close together in shal- low water. They can be recognized by the small brown tapering head which ter- minates each stem. They make a soft, but rather poor quality of hay. 1848. Bull-rushes Scirpus Tall bluish-green stems about the size of a lead pencil, everywhere occupying immense areas in our marshes, particularly on the overflowed lands of the Sacra- mento and San Joaquin rivers. Of little value for forage, commonly called tule. 1849. Sedges Carex Probably the genus Carex contains the largest number of species of any plants known. There are about 1000 in the world, and 400 in North America. California has a good proportion of these and we find them in moist places where little drain- age occurs during the year. The bogs of the high mountains nearly always con- tain. sedges and they are frequently found on peat lands in great abundance. None are in cultivation, but native hay frequently contains a considerable por- tion of several different species of sedge. They are good feed, but not equal to the best grasses although superior to many of the poor grasses. 136 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1850. Cotton sedge Eriophorium gracile Swamps, Sonoma County, Sierra County 1851. Hemicarpha subsquarrosa Sacramento Valley 1852. Hemicarpha occidentalis Yosemite Valley and else- where in the Sierras 1853. Fimbristylis thermalis San Bernardino, Owen’s Valley 1854. Fimbristylis miliacea Reported as from San Francisco. 1855. Fimbristylis apus Clear Lake. 1856. Saw-grass Cladium Marciscus Swamp—San Gabriel, Los (var. Californicum) Angeles. . GRASS FAMILY GRAMINEAE Prepared by class in Agrostology, College of Agriculture, University of Cali- fornia. The Gramineae are a very large family, consisting of about 500 genera and 4,000 species distributed throughout the world. Of these, about 85 genera and 325 species are found in California. There is probably no other family of plants which has such a great number of individual plants, or which occupies so much land as the grasses. In California they are found growing under a wide range of conditions, from the low, moist places along the bays and rivers, to the desert regions in the central valleys, or the high tops of the Sierras. The grasses are more widely used by mankind to supply his needs and com- forts than any other family of plants. All the cultivated cereals and most of our cultivated forage plants are from this family. There are also immense areas of range lands in California and other western states covered with wild grasses which are valuable for pasture. In many places in the state these pastures are becoming depleted through too close grazing, the valuable native grasses being killed off and their place taken by weeds or less valuable grasses. The problem of increasing the number of these wild native grasses has become one of pressing importance. Grasses are often of indirect value in agriculture as soil and sand binders. Certain species are especially well adapted to growing in the sand dunes of the California coast, and thus covering them with a vegetation which prevents their shifting. The sand dunes just outside the city of San Francisco were planted with one of these beach grasses, Ammophila arenaria, and in this way converted into the Golden Gate Park. Some grasses are also especially adapted to holding the soil on steep hillsides and banks, due to their habit of spreading by means of root- stocks, thus forming a thick mat. There are very few troublesome weedy grasses in California. Even the so- called weedy grasses usually have some value for forage. Their chief injury to agriculture is in occupying land which should be occupied by more valuable grasses. A few are troublesome in irrigation ditches. The members of the grass family are comparatively easy to identify. The California species are all herbaceous plants, usually with hollow stems (culms), closed at the nodes, and two-ranked leaves. Leaves consist of two parts, the sheath and the blade, the sheath enveloping the culm with the margins usually overlap- ping, the blade with parallel veins, usually narrowly linear; the inflorescence or flower stalk, a panicle, or contracted into racemes or spikes; the flowers usually are per- fect, small without a distinct perianth, but subtended by small green bracts called glumes; glumes usually three, with delicate filaments, pistil one, usually with two styles and plumose stigmas. I. ANDROPOGONEAE 1857. Western Blady-grass Imperata Hookeri } : ; _ A short-lived perennial with dense, spike-like panicles covered with silky hairs. Desert regions of southern California. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 137 1858. Bluestem Grass Andropogon barbinodis f Two to four feet high, tufted culms. Panicles 2 to 3 inches long, consist- ing of several silky white racemes. Santa Barbara to San Diego. Dry hills. 1859. Johnson Grass Holcus halepensis : i An erect, glabrous, robust plant with extensively creeping rhizomes. 2 to 4 feet high with more or less spreading panicles 6 to 10 inches long. A valuable hay grass in the southern states. A weed in southern California. ll. ZOYSIEAE 1860. Wooly Galleta Pleuraphis rigida Felty-pubescent, numerous culms; 1% to 3 feet high, usually woolly around the top of the sheath. Mohave and Colorado deserts, east to Arizona and south to Mexico. 1861. Galleta Pleuraphis Jamesii Resembles some of the dwarf bamboos in habit, growing 2 feet high in great clumps; stems coarse, woody and much branched; stems and leaf sheaths are clothed in dense white-matted pubescence which gives a striking appear- ance to the grass. Driest regions of southern California and Arizona. Til; PANICEAE 1862. Crab Grass Digitaria sanguinalis An annual, usually much branched at the base. Culms 1 to 3 feet long, spreading at the base or creeping and rooting at the nodes. Inflorescence subdigitate, three to twelve racemes. A common weed in hoed crops. Excellent pasturage. Common in southern and central California. 1863. Knot Grass Paspalum distichum Resembles Bermuda grass. Culms erect from a decumbent rooting base with numerous creeping rhizomes 1 to 2 feet high. Two racemes in inflores- ence, one 1-3 to 1-2 inch below the other and sometimes a third below the second. Along the seacoast and in ditches in central and southern portion of the state. 1864. Panicum Arizonicum Jamacha, San Diego County. (The only California specimen.) 1865. Panicum dichotomiflorum Fresno. (The only specimen seen in California.) 1866. Old Witch Grass Panicum capillare Amador County. 1867. Barb-cushioned Old Panicum barbipulvinatum Witch grass Closely resembles Panicum capillare; annual, blades 4 to 10 inches, foliage papillose-hispid, long panicles large and diffuse, finally breaking away and rallying before the wind. Open ground and cultivated soil at moderate altitudes, British Columbia to Texas. 1868. Rough Stalked Panicum hirticaule Panic Grass Sierra Nevada and San Diego. 1869. Hog Millet (Broom- Panicum miliaceum corn Millet) . Sacramento Valley and southern California, scattered or escaped from cultivation. 138 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1870. Panicum Urvilleanum Plants robust, 2 to 3 feet high, perennial, from creeping rhizomes, culms solitary or few in tuft, pods densely bearded but usually hidden by the darkly villous sheath. Sandy deserts, southern California and Arizona. Binds drifting sands. 1871. Panicum Lindheimeri Rare in California, Sacramento, Three Rivers. 1872. Panicum huachucae Rare in California, San Bernardino Mountains. 1873. Panicum occidentale Vernal forms yellowish-green, culms slender 6 to 12 inches high, sparsely pubescent leaves tending to cluster at the base. Autumnal form branching from lower nodes forming a spreading tussock. Peat bogs and moist sandy soil. San Diego County to British Columbia. 1874. Pacific Panic Grass Panicum Pacificum Vernal form light green, papillose-pilose, 1 to,2 feet high. Autumnal form prostrate, spreading, repeatedly branching from the upper and middle nodes. Sandy shores and slopes and moist crevices in rocks. San Bernardino Mountains to British Columbia. Most common species of genus in California. 1875. Panicum thermale Vernal form grayish-green, densely tufted, velvety-villous, 4 to 12 inches high, nodes bearded. Autumnal form widely spreading, repeatedly branching, forming a dense cushion. Wet saline soil around hot springs. Sonoma County, Lassen Peak. 1876. Panicum Shastense Vernal form 1 to 1% feet high, papillose-pilose, Autumnal form spreading, rather sparingly branched from middle nodes. Meadows, Castle Crag (only known locality). 1877. Scribner’s Panic Panicum Scribnerianum Grass Vernal form erect, 1 to 2 feet high. Autumnal form branching from middle and upper nodes. Castle Crag; rare in California. 1878. Barn-yard Grass Echinochloa crus-galli Culms erect, spreading or prostrate, 1 to 2 feet high; panicles 5 to 10, inches long, consisting of several erect, spreading or drooping racemes; spikelets green or purple. Fields and cultivated soil, along irrigating ditchcs. 1879. Shama Barn-yard Echinochloa colona Grass Culms stout, rather succulent, 2 to 3 feet high, panicle dense, 4 to 10 dense racemes ¥% to 1 inch long. Reported from southern California. 1880. Foxtail Millet, Setaria glauca Yellow Foxtail A weed, annual, culms branching at the base, glades flat with spiral twist, panicle dense, oblong, 1 to 3 inches long. Rare in California. 1881. Green Foxtail Setaria viridis Annual, culms erect, 3 to 4 feet high, blades flat, not twisted, panicle oblong, ovate. Rare in southern California; found in waste places and culti- vated fields in the northern and eastern states. i882. Setaria gracilis Perennial; culms erect, 3 to 4 feet high, blades elongated, narrow; panicle slender. Fresno and Riverside. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 139 Py SOR YZEAER 1882a. Rice Oryza sativa ; } The cultivated rice now extensively grown in the Sacramento Valley. 1882b. Cut grass Homolocenchrus oryz- oides A tall grass with rough-margined leaves. Along creeks, Sacramento Valley. Rare. V. PHALARIDEAE 1883. Gnawed Canary Phalaris paradoxa Grass Annual, 1 to 2 feet high; panicle dense, oblong, narrowed at base, 1 to 2 inches long; fertile lemma smooth and shining. Occasionally found in grain fields; introduced. 1884. California Canary Phalaris Californica Grass Perennial, culms erect or bending abruptly; panicle ovoid or oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, often purplish tinged. Found in ravines and open ground, Coast ranges. 1885. Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea Perennial, with creeping rhizomes; culms erect, 2 to 3 feet high; panicle 3 to 7 inches long; found in swamps and moist places occasionally in northern and central California. A form with variegated leaves is cultivated under the name of Ribbon Grass. 1886. Small Canary Grass Phalaris minor Annual; culms erect, 1 to 3 feet high; panicle 1-2 to 2 inches long, glumes broadly winged on the keel. Found near the coast from Norman and Vaca- ville to San Bernardino and San Diego. Introduced from the Mediterranean region. 1887. Phalaris brachystachys Annual; culms 1 to 2 feet high; panicle ovate, about an inch long, glumes strongly winged on the keel. Introduced, only one specimen found in Cali- fornia, in Butte County. .1888. Canary Grass Phalaris canariensis Annaul; culms erect, 1 to 3 feet high; panicle 1-2 to 1-2 inches long; glumes broadly winged. Introduced; rare in California. 1889. Lemmon’s Canary Phalaris Lemmoni Grass Annual; culms erect, 1 to 3 feet high; panicle dense, 2 to 4 inches long; glumes not winged. Central and southern California, mostly near coast. 1890. Southern Canary Phalaris Caroliniana Grass, or Apache Timothy Annual: culms erect, 1 to 2 feet high; panicle oblong, 1 to 2 inches long: glumes narrowly winged. Apparently introduced in California; rare; found a Comptehe, Ojai Valley, San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and San Nicholas islands. 1891. California Timothy Phalaris angusta Annual; 3 to 5 feet high; panicle dense, 2 to 5 inches long. Found from California to Louisiana. ANTHOXANTHUM Spikelets with one perfect flower, glumes unequal; aromatic grasses with nar- row spike-like panicles. 140 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1892. Sweet Vernal Grass Anthoxanthum odoratum Perennial; culms slender, erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high; panicle 1% to 3 inches long, pointed. Occasionally cultivated, escaped in the cooler and more moist regions, as at Crescent City, Humboldt Bay. HIEROCHLOE 1893. Large-Leafed Van- MHierochloe macrophylla illa-Grass Culms few, erect, 2 to 3 feet high; blades crowded together toward the base; panicle somewhat open, 3 to 5 inches long. Found in the Redwood belt from Monterey northward into Oregon. VI. AGROSTIDEAE ARISTDA Spikelets one-flowered, in narrow or open panicles. Lemma with a hard, abconical pubescent callus, terminating in a usually trifid awn. Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow blades. 1894. Brome Three-Awned Aristida bromoides Grass Annual; culms much branched at the base, 4 to 12 inches long, erect or often spreadine or prostrate; panicle narrow, rather dense, 2 to 3 inches long. Found on open ground in southern California. 1895. Prairie Triple- Aristida oligantha Awned Grass Annual; culms erect, branched at base and all the nodes, 1 to 2 feet high, often woolly at the very base; panicles narrow, loosely few-flowered. Prob- ably introduced into California. 1896. Palmer’s Three- Aristida Palmeri Awned Grass Perennial; culms growing in tufts, erect, 1 to 2 feet high. Found in San Diego County. 1897. Texas Poverty Aristida divaricata Grass Perennial; culms growing in tufts, erect, 1 to 2 feet high. Southern California. Aristida Parishii Perennial; culms tufted, 1 to 2 feet high. Rarely found in southern California. 1898. Hare’s Grass Aristida Californica Perennial; culms growing in tufts, much branched at the base, 6 inches to 1 foot high; panicles numerous, loose, 1 to 2 inches long, the few branches few-flowered. The deserts of southern California. 1899. Purple Top Bunch Aristida purpurea Grass Perennial; culms erect, about 2 feet high; panicles 4 to 6 inches long, rather loose. Plains and deserts of southern California. 1900. Reverchon’s Three- Aristida Reverchoni Awned Grass Perennial; culms in dense tufts, erect, 1 to 2 feet high; panicle narrow, 4 to 6 inches long. Deserts and plains of southern California. 1901. Small Purple Top Aristida Fendleriana Bunch Grass ' Perennial; culms in dense tufts, usually less than one foot high. Deserts and plains of southern California. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 141 1902. Needle-and-Thread Stipa comata Long-Awned Por- cupine Grass A mountain grass widely distributed from Alaska south through the Sierras to southern California. Dry sandy soils. It is injurious to sheep because of long, stiff awns, but is of value for forage when young. 1903. California Porcu- Stipa coronata pine Grass From Monterey and Tulare counties into lower California. This species is distinguished by the very long silky hairs on the floret, which gives it a silvery luster. Mostly found on sandy plains and hills in ‘the Coast Ranges. 1904. Elmer’s Porcupine Stipa Elmeri Grass In the mountains, southern California to Washington. Found on rather dry, open situations at medium elevations in the Sierras. Awns feathery and stems pubescent. Stipa eminens 1905. Anderson’s Porcu- Stipa Lepidia, var. Andersoni syn. S. eminens var. pine Grass Found only in California; Coast Ranges, Mt. Shasta through the Sierra Nevadas to San Diego. 1906. Lemmon’s Porcu- Stipa Lemmoni and var. pine Grass Washington to California. Awn twice bent, with short appressed hairs to second bend. Dry, open situations in the mountains, yellow pine belt. 1907. Letterman’s Porcu- Stipa Lettermani pine grass Washington to California, Truckee and San Bernardino. On dry soils, up to 9000 feet. It is a good range grass and makes good forage. 1908. Sub-Alpine Porcu- . Stipa minor pine Grass This is one of the three commonest Stipas on the open mountain ranges, occurring on dry soils at high elevations; on lava beds in Modoc County. A good spring forage grass. 1909. Western Porcupine Stipa occidentalis Grass Usually found on dry, well drained soils in open foothills; southern California north into Washington. Good forage in spring when tender. 1910. Stipa Parishii A Stipa with densely long-villous lemma of -southern California and Nevada. 1911. Stipa pulchra A new species from Marysville. 1912. Southwestern Por- Stipa setigera cupine Grass Most common in the southwest from southern California to Texas; sparingly in northern California; Berkeley hills, Coast Ranges, Glumes nar- row, purplish, 3-nerved. Awn 2 to 3 inches long. 1913. Plumed Porcupine Stipa speciosa Grass; Desert Feather Grass From central California east to Colorado; Mohave, and elsewhere in arid region. A native of Chili. Also in Stanislaus County. Leaf sheaths felt- like at base; awn, once bent; feathery appearance because of long hairs. 142 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1914. Thurber’s Porcu- Stipa Thurberiana pine Grass Washington to central California, in mountains on well drained soil. Awn purplish, short, pilose to second bend. Leaf blades narrow or involute. 11S. Stipa Stillmanii A stout grass, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth, blades few, narrow; awn 1 inch long, scarcely 2; bent, rough. Placer County, Blue Canon only. 1916. Sleepy Grass Stipa Vaseyi A grass supposed to have a narcotic effect on horses. It occurs in the southwest, Arizona and New Mexico, and has been found in the southeastern part of California in the mountains. ORYZOPSIS 1917. Oryzopsis Bloomeri A tufted perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, occurring in dry regions. Washington south through California. Modoc County, Contra Costa County. 1918. King’s Mountain Oryzopsis Kingii Rice High Sierras, Nevada. A slender grass 5 to 15 inches high with numerous thread-like leaves. Eaten by all classes of stock—an important alpine park grass. 1919. Indian Mountain Oryzopsis hymenoides Rice; Indian Millet; Pinon Grass; Sand Grass Scattered, British Columbia to California, more abundant southward. It is best at 5000 feet, at higher elevations it becomes dwarfed. Occurs on dry locations and makes good feed for all classes of stock. Seeds were used by the Indians for food. 1920. Oryzopsis miliacea A native of Europe, but found introduced in several localities in Cali- fornia, Mendocino County, Santa Barbara and Los Angeles. 1921. Oryzopsis Webberi or Sierra Nevada, at high elevations, on dry gravelly slopes. Very rare; in herbarium, having been collected but few times due to grazing by sheep. A short, tufted grass with long glumes and densely pubescent lemma. Lassen County, Lake Tahoe region; Whitney region. MUHLENBERGIA 1922. Muhlenbergia Californica Southern California on Mt. Lowe, San Bernardino mountains, and San Diego. 1923. Wooly Muhlenber- Muhlenbergia comata gia Rather moist ground in mountains, Shasta south to San Bernardino mountains. Very palatable to all classes of stock, but not abundant. 1924. Slender Muhlenber- Muhlenbergia filiformis gia In moist locations at medium elevations, Siskiyou County south into mountains of northwestern Arizona. 1925. Mountain Muhlen- Muhlenbergia gracilis bergia Along the Pacific coast into Mexico. A densely tufted perennial occur- ring on gravelly to rocky soil at middle altitudes, mostly in open. August, September. Good when young for forage. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 143 1926. Jones’ Muhlen- Muhlenbergia Jonesii \ bergia Known only from northeastern California on dry soils; Shasta, Warner Valley; Placer County, etc. 1927. Muhlenbergia Lemmoni A perennial grass of the deserts of southern California. 1928. Small-seeded Muhl- Muhlenbergia microsperma enbergia An annual; often purple-colored, having two sorts of spikelets, Cleistoga- must spikelets being formed at base of the sheath, which have no glumes, and the seed is larger than that of the terminal spikelets. It occurs in open ground from middle and southern California to Arizona, limited distribution and of small importance from forage standpoint. 1929. Porter’s Muhl- Muhlenbergia Porteri enbergia; Mosqui- to Grass; Black Grama A much branched, tufted perennial with slender, weak culms, occurring under shrubs on dry mesas and foothills. Very good forage, but not abundant, so of minor importance because of over-grazing. 1930. Red Muhlenbergia Muhlenbergia repens ; A perennial from a woody creeping base, occurring on dry deserts or in moist places. Inyo County. 1931. Dwarf Muhlenber- Muhlenbergia squarrosa gia ’ A small perennial from numerous hard creeping rootstocks, occurring on dry ground in mountains of south, Lake Tahoe region to San Jacinto mountains, also northward. CRYPSIS 1932. Crypsis aculeata Prostrate grass, a few inches to a foot in diameter, occurring on over- flowed land or Interior Valley, Stockton and Colusa Counties. PHLEUM 1933. Alpine Timothy Phleum alpinum A widely distributed grass, found in the mountains throughout the Pacific Coast, in marshes and moist meadows. Also found in the Coast Ranges as far south as Mendocino County. A good feed for all classes of stock. 1934. Timothy _ Phleum pratense Found in California as an escape from cultivation. 1935. Short-Awned Fox- Alopecurus aristulatus tail A grass of wet places in the mountains of California, common in the cooler places of the United States. Culms dark brown at points, bent at base. 1936. California Foxtail Alopecurus Californicus A perennial grass, differing from preceding in the inflated sheaths with longer spikelets. Meadows and wet places. 1937. Water Foxtail Alopecurus geniculatus Rare in California. A rather low, sprawling grass, culms bent, often rooting at the nodes. Found in wet places, commonly banks of streams, ete. San Diego County. 144 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA SPOROBOLUS 1938. Alkali sacaton Sporobolus airoides A densely tufted perennial, forms large tussocks; bottom lands, often in alkaline soil, growing up to 11,000 feet elevation. Amador County to Tia Juana. Generally too coarse for forage. 1939. Rough-Leaved Drop- Sporobolus asperifolius seed A species which differs from the others of this genera in having more than one floret, specimens having been found with 1, 2, and 3 flowered spikelets. Lassen County to Death Valley and Riverside. 1940. Tufted Annual Sporobolus confusus Dropseed An annual. Found on open, sandy, usually moist ground, in Sierra Nevadas, Donner Lake, Mono Lake and Yosemite. 1941. Deer Grass Epicampes rigens A typically southwestern grass, found as far north as Butte County, mostly southern California, on “dry or open ground. Considered one of the best native dry land grasses. Arizona. 1942. Shore Polypogon Polypogon littoralis _ Introduced species from Europe, found in California in waste places. especially along irrigating ditches. Siskiyou County to San Diego County. 1943. Mountain Polypo- Polypogon monspeliensis gon Introduced from Europe, in Lower California north to British Columbia Common in California in waste places, along ditches, etc., and in foothills. CINNA 1944. Wood Reed-Grass Cinna latifolia A grass 2 to 4 feet high, with leaf blades % to 3% inch wide, and panicle 6 to 12 inches long; thread-like branches drooping. Found in moist places in woods and along streams in the Sierra Nevadas. Highly palatable to stock, but seldom very abundant. AGROSTIS 1945. Redtop Agrostis alba and var. This is an important hay and pasture grass. It is cultivated as a meadow grass and frequently escapes along roads and waste places. In wet meadows in the mountains. . 1946. Pacific Redtop Agrostis ampla This species is found from Washington to California, Mendocino County and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevadas. Prefers medium moist soil of interior valleys. 1947. Agrostis breviculmis Mendocino County. 1948. Spiked Redtop Agrostis exarata A widely distributed, erect, tufted perennial, sometimes dwarfed, or as much as 4 feet high. Very common on moist sites. Coast Ranges and in mountains up to 9000 feet. June, September. It is palatable to all classes of stock, especially cattle and horses. It remains green most of the season. Should be cultivated. 1949. Leafy Redtop Agrostis foliosa Meadows and open woods, from Humboldt County south along the coast and in the Sierra Nevadas north to the San Jacinto mountains, along most creek bottoms. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 145 1950. Agrostis exigua Only collected once in California, by Bolander. 1951. Agrostis glomerata Along the coast from Mendocino County to Monterey. Sheaths con- spicuously striate, often inflated. 1952. Hall’s Redtop_ Agrostis Halli ; Oregon and California near the coast. A perennial with rootstocks, spikelets without awns. Moist woods. 1953. Winter Redtop _ Agrostis hiemalis In the mountains, Sierra Nevadas, meadows and moist places. June to August. Not considered to be very good forage because of small amount of leafage. 1954. Idaho Redtop Agrostis Idahoenis In the mountains and meadows of Sierra Nevadas, San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and north to Washington. A slender grass 4 to 12 inches high, with loose, spreading panicles. Jemma awnless. Agrostis lepida A tufted perennial with short rdotstocks. Sequoia National Park, Kern Canon, in high meadows. 1956. Agrostis longiligula An erect grass about 2 feet high, with narrow, but loose panicle. In bogs and wet places, Mendocino County northward. 1957. Small-leaved Red- Agrostis microphylla top A Pacific species, found from British Columbia to Lower California along the coast and in the Sierra Nevadas. A bunch grass without rootstocks, very variable in appearance. Dwarf or up to 3 feet high. 1958. Seashore Redtop Agrostis pallens Washington and Oregon to San Francisco Bay region, along seashore. Not found in the interior. Stems erect, 8 to 16 inches high, from creeping rootstocks. 1959. Alpine Redtop Agrostis Rossae In the high mountains, Sierra Nevadas. Resembles Agrostis exarata, but smaller, 4 to 8 inches high. June and July in California. Palatable to all classes of stock, but usually at too high elevations for cattle. 1960. Mexican Redtop Agrostis Schiedeana A bunch grass with slender culm, 1 to 3 feet high. Grows in wet meadows, in high mountains. It is good forage, especially for cattle and horses, early in season. 1961. Creeping Redtop Agrostis stolonifera Occurs in California on moist ground, at low elevations, Mendocino County, south, near the coast, and in Mariposa County and Inyo County. Culms decumbent at base, sometimes with long rooting stolons. 1962. Thurber’s Redtop Agrostis Thurberiana A slender, tufted grass, 4 to 16 inches high, with soft, flat leaves, occur- ring on moist sites in the mountains. 1963. Nit Grass Gastridium lendigerum Spikelets one-flowered glumes much longer than floret. A native of the Mediterranean region. Occurs on dry hills and waste places at moderate elevations; Coast Ranges. 146 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1964. Aleutian Reed- Calamagrostis aleutica Grass Along the Pacific coast to central California. In bogs, swampy and marshy places near coast to Monterey. 1965. Brewer’s Reed- Calamagrostis Breweri Grass . Mountain meadows of high Sierra Nevadas. Calamagrostis Bolanderi Bogs and moist ground, Mendocino County and Hmboldt, along coast. A grass 3 to 4 feet high. 1966. California Reed- Calamagrostis Californica Grass A rare and little known species, having more rigid blades than C. canadensis and callus hairs only 1-2 as long as lemma. Sierra Nevadas. 1967. Bluejoint | Calamagrostis Canadensis Meadows and open woods in the high Sierra Nevadas, Lake Tahoe to Whitney, and north into Canada. Of low forage value. 1968. Dense Reed-Grass Calamagrostis densa Oregon and California; Marin County north along Coast Ranges, and in northern Sierra Nevada foothills into high mountains. Good forage in Trinity County. 1969. Calamagrostis crassiglumis Rare. Only collected in Mendocino County in swampy soil. 1970. Calamagrostis foliosa Leaves mostly basal; numerous. Blades involute and firm. Humboldt County and Mendocino County. 1971. Northern Reed- Calamagrostis hyperborea Grass In mountain meadows of the high Sierra Nevadas; along the Pacific Coast into Canada; in the Rockies; in damp soil. June, August. Good forage where abundant enough. 1972. Purple Reed Grass; Calamagrostis purpurascens Purple Pine-Grass Chiefly in the high Sierras in mountain meadows. Mt. Tamalpais and northward to Alaska. A deep-rooted grass, so is adapted to dry situations. Grazed in spring. 1973. Pine-Grass Calamagrostis rubescens Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties north into Canada. Common in low pinewoods, also in meadows and prairies. July, August. Grazed freely in spring, but later becomes tough. 1974. Beach Grass; Mar- Ammophila arenaria ram Grass; Sand Grass A stout perennial, with long blades and long scaly, creeping rootstocks, a few feet to 100 feet long. Occurs in sandy lands along the coast and forms one of the best sand binding grasses. Introduced on Pacific Coast in 1876 for binding sand at Golden Gate Park. 1975. Fuzzy Top Lagurus ovatus A low annual with flat blades and long woolly panicles. Berkeley and Pacific Grove. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 147 VII. AVENEAE 1978. Velvet-Grass Notholcus lanatus Plant grayish, velvety, pubescent. A native of Europe, introduced into California, first mentioned in 1880 as being found here. Fields and waste places. Of little value for forage. 1979. Silvery Hair-Grass Aira caryophyllea Occurs from British Columbia to southern California. In fields and waste places; Marin county. May, July. No forage value. 1980. Aira capillaris Similar to above, but more diffuse panicles and awnless florets. Hum- boldt County. 1981. Annual Hair-Grass Deschampsia danthonioides Occurs in open ground in California, not in higher mountains; Alaska to Mexico. A slender grass 6 to 15 inches high, with thread-like branches. It is palatable but not abundant enough to be of importance. 1982. Tufted Hair-Grass | Deschampsia caespitosa Along the Pacific coast to southern California in mountains. Common in bogs and meadows. Good forage for cattle and horses. 1983. Slender Hair-Grass Deschampsia elongata A slender, tufted perennial, annual in Alaska, and nearly always with the appearance of an annual because of shallow. roots. Generally in dry situations. July, August. Low forage value. 1984. Graceful Hair-Grass Deschampsia gracilis An annual, leaves smooth and thread-like. Occurs on moist, well drained meadows. 1985. California Hair- Deschampsia holciformis Grass Monterey County northward along coast in marshes, etc. 1986. Beardless Trisetum Tristeum Brandegei Mountain meadows of the Sierra Nevada. June and July. Very palatable to sheep and horses. 1987. Tall Trisetum Trisetum canescens Nodding Oat- Grass Mountain meadows, ravines, Coast Ranges, and Sierra Nevada south to Tulare County; Mt. Tamalpais. April to July. Well suited for forage for cattle. 1988. Nodding Tristeum; Trisetum cernuum In northern California in moist woods, Mendocino County. May, July. 1989. Trisetum Congdoni Meadows and slopes above timber line. Resembles T. spicatum, but has smooth sheaths and blades. 1990. Spiked Trisetum Trisetum spicatum In the Sierra Nevadas in the higher mountains. Very variable. Smooth to densely pubescent. A characteristic alpine grass mostly above timber line. Good forage for sheep. 1991. Prairie-Grass Sphenopholis obtusata var. lobata Rare in California. A tufted perennial of the oat tribe. 148 | WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 1992. Mountain June Koeleria cristata Grass Mostly in the Coast Ranges, on dry soils; prairies. June, July. A very common grass on most of the northern ranges. Not abundant in California. Good forage. 1993. Koeleria phleoides ; A short annual with dense spike-like panicle. Introduced into California. Lassen Peak (1882) and Butte County. 1994. Barbed Oats Avena barbata Widely distributed in California, especially in the Coast Ranges and south. In fields and waste slopes. Good spring feed for stock. Horses fond of the tops. 1995. Wild Oats Avena fatua and var. Common in California in grain fields and waste places; foothills, southern California, Coast Ranges. May, August. Good forage when young. 1996. American Oat- Danthonia americana Grass Wet meadows and moist places in rocks in mountains through the Sierra Nevada southward. Palatable to all stock early in season. 1997. California Oat- Danthonia Californica Grass Dry hills in the Coast Ranges to San Luis Obispo. Rare in the Sierra Nevadas. Palatable to all classes of stock. Eaten by sheep only when quite young. 1998. Timber Oat-Grass Danthonia intermedia British Columbia to southern California. A short mountain grass 4 to 16 inches high, with numerous basal inrolled leaves... Occurs in meadows and on mountain slopes. Not of much value above 9000 feet; at lower elevations it is good forage for sheep in spring. 1999. Single-Spiked Oat- Danthonia unispicata Grass Rocky hills, Modoc and Lassen counties northward. Rare at higher altitude. Moderate amount of good forage. Vill. CHLORIDEAE 2000. Bermuda Grass Cynodon dactylon Capriola dactylon In Sacramento Valley, especially along irrigating ditches; fields and waste places. Very palatable for stock. Makes a good lawn grass and sand binding grass and resists trampling well. 2001. Spartina foliosa Salt marshes, San Francisco Bay southward. Useful for reclaiming marsh land. One to four feet high, rooting from the nodes. 2002. Spartina gracilis Alkaline meadows. Washington south to eastern California. Two to three feet high, blades flat, becoming involute. 2003. Bearded Crowfoot Chloris elegans An erect annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with smooth sheaths. Occurs in waste places, southern California to Texas. Palatable to all classes of stock. BOUTELOUA GRAMAS The grama grasses are very nutritious. They form the principal part of the forage in the great plains region and in most parts of the southwest. About’ thirty- five species in western and southwestern United States. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 149 2004. Needle Grama Bouteloua aristidoides ’ Southern California. common on bottoms and desert mesas. Very drought resisting. When mature it is not eaten because of sharp awns. 2005. Bouteloua arenosa Prostrate or spreading annual in loose sandy soil. 2006. Tall Annual Grama _ Bouteloua barbata Southern California in deserts, usually under brush; up to 5,000 feet. A very variable annual. Good forage. 2007. Side Oats-Grama Bouteloua curtipendula Southern California on plains and dry rocky hills, up to 7,000 feet. An important forage plant in arid and semi-arid regions. 2008. Blue Grama Bouteloua gracilis A stout, smooth perennial with strong rhizomes forming a rough sod. Plains and prairies up to 8,000 feet. June to September. The most important erass of Great Plains and southwestern regions. Excellent forage; withstands trampling. 2009. Hairy Grama Bouteloua hirsuta A tufted, rigid, erect fibrous rooted perennial, 8 to 18 inches high, on dry sandy plains and high mesas. July. Excellent forage; especially valuable for winter forage. 2010. Purple Grama Bouteloua radicosa Upper foothills and mountains, southern California. A stout perennial with rhizomes, bunched. September. Excellent forage, but not abundant. 2011. Rothrock’s Grama Bouteloua Rothrockii Southern California to Mexico. A tufted, sparingly branched perennial on upper mesas and open slopes, 1,500-5,000 feet. Important as a forage grass in some localities. 2012. Slough Grass; Rat- Beckmannia erucaeformis tlesnake Grass; Caterpillar Grass Plants light green, 1 to 3 feet high, spikelets nearly circular. Swamps and ditches, San Francisco Bay north to Yreka and east. Truckee. 2013. Goose-Grass Eleusine indica Culms flattened, decumbent at base. A common roadside weed. Los Angeles. 2014. Red Sprangle-top Leptochloa filiformis Southern California, open ground; Imperial Valley. Florets, awnless glumes, long, mucronate. 2015. Leptochloa fascicularis Erect, 1 to 2 feet high. Sheaths smooth. Ditches and moist, especially alkaline places. Fresno County, Kern County. 2016. Close flowered Leptochloa imbricata Sprangle-top Southern California; a stout annual with erect, smooth, whitish-colored stems. Ditch banks. June. San Bernardino Mountains. IX. FESTUCEAE Spikelets 2—several flowered. Monanthochloe littoralis A creeping stoloniferous perennial, of salt marshes and tidal flats. Santa Barbara southward. 150 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 2018. Orcuttia Greenei Known only from Chico. Lemmas 5-toothed at apex. The nerves extending into the teeth. 2019. Giant Reed Arundo donax Introduced ornamental, frequently cultivated as a windbreak. 2020. Common reed Phragmites communis Culms as much as 12 feet high from creeping rhizomes. Fresh water swamps, marshes and around springs, Mendocino County, Suisun marshes, etc. 2021. Low Tridens Tridens muticus Tridens pulchellus (syn. Triodia) Dry slopes, central Sierra Nevada, South Mohave, etc. 2022. Dissanthelium Californicum An annual, known only from California, Tassajara Hot Springs; San Clemente Island. ERAGROSTIS Over 100 species are known in the world, the majority being in the Old World, chiefly in the tropics, closely allied to Poa, Blue grass, but with three- nerved instead of five-nerved lemmas. There are eight species in California, in- habiting chiefly, dry sandy places, fields, barren hills. These species are of little or no value for forage, except one species, Eragrostis lugens which is found in San Diego County where it is grazed. It makes good winter forage and is one of the earliest grasses to begin growth in the spring. 2023. Anthochloa colusana A low cespitose annual with flat blades and panicles partially included in the sheaths; only known from Colusa County in uncultivated alkali (goose- Aas MELICA About thirty species known, with eighteen in the United States, and fourteen of these in California. 2024. Bearded melic- Melica aristata grass Fertile lemmas, tipped with a short awn. Plant not bulbous, dry woods and slopes and meadows. In the Sierra Nevada from Fresno County north- ward. 2025. Onion grass . Melica bella Washington to central California, characteristic of rocky woods, ravines and hills in yellow pine belt, never in wet situations. Panicle narrow, branches short, erect; scattered, so not very valuable as forage. 2026. Bulbous-rooted Melica bulbosa melic grass Mountains and rocky woods, Ventura County, northward to Oregon. Spikelets small, tawny or purplish, glumes shorter than lemmas. 2027. Small onion grass Melica fugax Washington to California.’ In mountain valleys, open pine eaeds and dry mountain sides. Highly palatable to all classes of stock. 2028. Geyser’s onion- Melica Geyeri grass Oregon to central California. In pine woods along streams and moist canons. 2029. Tall melic-grass Melica frutescens Confined to California. In southern California at low altitude growing in dense clumps. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 151 2030. Harford’s melic- Melica Harfordii grass A Pacific sp. from British Columbia to Monterey County. 2031. Melica inflata Only found in California, Shasta County. 2032. Small flowered Melica imperfecta and vars. Melic-grass San Francisco southward; Marin County, and Berkeley. Dry open woods; often good forage. 2033. Showy onion-grass Melica spectabilis Washington to California, a stoloniferous grass of damp grassy meadows in the mountains. May, July. Good forage value. 2034. Few flowered melic- Melica stricta grass In the mountains of Sierra Nevada. April-July, growing in dry open sandy slopes, or among rocks, at high elevations. A good forage grass, but scattered. 2035. Alaskan onion- Melica subulata grass Along the Pacific Coast, Alaska to California. Lemmas prominently, 7 nerved—exceeding the glume. _ 2036. Melica Torreyana Culms loose from a decumbent base, thickets and banks at low altitude, central California, Mendocino County, Butte County, etc. 2037. Pleuropogon Californicus A weak annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with short blades, and long obtuse spike- lets. Wet meadows and marshy ground. Mendocino County, south to San Francisco Bay region, West Berkeley. 2038. Pleuropogon refractus A perennial similar to above found in northern part of state. Spikelets reflexed, lemmas long awned. 2039. Salt grass Distichlis spicata ' Common in salt marshes and alkaline soil, along coast and in interior deserts. Good feed for horses and cattle. 2040. Quaking grass Briza minor A native of Europe, rather common, Central California, north to British Columbia. Waste places. 2041. Briza maxima 2042. Briza media Introduced from Europe, not abundant. 2043. Orchard grass Dactylis glomerata A native of Europe, commonly cultivated in United States as a meadow grass. A fine forage grass relished by all classes of stock. It makes a good hay and withstands grazing well. 2044. Golden-top Lamarckia aurea (syn. Achy rodes aureum) A native of the Mediterranean region, naturalized in southern California, also found in Santa Clara County. 152 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA POA This genus is a member of the largest division of the grass family, the Festuceae. There are about one hundred and fifty species of Poa found in the World, of which seventy-nine are found in North America. Tufted or stoloniferous grasses with flat or folded leaves, and contracted or open panicles. There are thirty species in California, the most important of which are: 2045. Buckley’s Bluegrass Poa Buckleyana 2046. Canadian Bluegrass Poa compressa 2047. Fendler’s Bluegrass Poa Fendleriana 2048. Kentucky Bluegrass Poa pratensis 2049. Little Bluegrass Poa Sandbergii GLYCERIA The above are fairly abundant in California and are considered to be good forage grasses on all ranges. 2050. Glyceria borealis Occurs in shallow water, central and northern California. 2051. Glyceria elata A tall, succulent grass of wet meadows, shady, moist woods, Coast Ranges, and in the Sierra Nevada. 2052. Glyceria erecta Mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada to southern Oregon. 2053. Glyceria leptostachya In shallow water, Sonoma County. 2054. Glyceria pauciflora Sierra Nevada. A decumbent rooting base with creeping rhizomes. 2055. Glyceria plicata Mendocino County, northward, in wet situations; thick, succulent culms 4 to 5 feet tall, blades broad. 2056. PUCCINELLIA There are five species of Puccinellia in California, all being found on saline or alkaline soil. Along coast or in coast ranges, and northward. 2057. FESTUCA There are about 100 known species of which number there are thirty perennial and twelve annual species in North America. There are twenty-five species found in California, twenty-three being found in waste places, dry open hills, throughout California, and two species in moist situa- tions such as meadows. They are usually important in the West. One, Festuca elatior, Meadow fescue, is important, and valuable for pasturage and hay, while Festuca rubra, red fescue, is a good sand binder, also good for lawns. BROMUS There are over 100 known species of which sixty-four occur in the United States, nineteen of which are adventive, forty-five are native. California leads. with twenty-four species. They are annual, biennial or perennial grasses, with large nodding panicles. This genus is scattered throughout California, from the sand along the coast to the higher mountains. Very few are of importance as forage, because of coarseness and harshness of foliage and panicle. A few are weeds and pests. The most important from a forage standpoint are: WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 153 2058. Rescue grass Bromus unioloides 2059. Richardson’s brome Bromus richardsonii grass 2060. Large mountain Bromus marginatus brome grass 2061. Smooth brome Bromus inermis grass X. HORDEAE RYE-GRASS LOLIUM 2062. Italian Rye-Grass Lolium multiflorum Roadsides, fields and waste places. Good forage, agricultural crop. Well adapted to coast. Fields. Introduced. 2063. Perennial Rye- Lolium perenne Grass Not common except as a lawn grass. Good pasture. Introduced. 2064. Darnel or Califor- Lolium temulentum nia Cheat Weed, common in oat fields, poisonous only when seeds are affected by a fungus. Frequent in oat fields and waste places. Of some value for hay, but not worth cultivating. Not the cheat or chess of the eastern states. Introduced. Lolium subulatum Introduced. West Berkeley only. Rare. 2066. - Monerma cylindrica Salt marshes. Bay region to San Diego. 2067. Lepturus incurvatus Mud flats and salt marches. Bay region to San Diego. 2068. Scribneria Bolanderi Sandy or sterile ground. Yosemite region and occasionally elsewhere to Washington. Rare. A low, slender annual with short, narrow blades and slender spikes. WHEAT GRASSES AGROPYRON 2069. Agropyron junceum Rarely collected and perhaps not now on the coast. Introduced. Lake Merced near San Francisco. 2070. Quack Grass Agropyron repens Introduced but not as troublesome on the coast as in the east. It has persistent rootstocks difficult to eradicate. 2071. Smith’s Wheat Agropyron Smithii Grass Dry, alkaline soil, Modoc County. Useful forage grass. 2072. Agropyron subvillosum Lassen County. 2073. Parish’s Wheat Agropyron Parishii Grass San Bernardino County and Monterey County. 2074. Agropyron laeve Dunlap to Millwood. Rare. 154 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 2075. Smooth Wheat Agropyron tenerum Grass _ Abundant in Sierras and coast. An important bunch grass. 2076. Bearded Wheat Agropyron caninum Grass _ Dry hillsides, Sierras, and southern mountains. 2077. Vasey’s Wheat Agropyron Vaseyi . ] Grass Rocky hillsides, northeastern California. Agropyron scabrum Probably introduced. Eel Ridge only. 2079. , Agropyron flexuosum Mountain slopes, Modoc County. 2080. Agropyron Scribneri 5 4 High Sierras. 2081. Agropyron Pringlei Sierras, 7,000 to 12,000 feet. BARLEY GRASSES HORDEUM 2082. Perennial Barley Hordeum jubatum Grass; Foxtail; Tickle Grass Most troublesome in northeastern California. Alfalfa fields. 2083. Annual Barley Hordeum murinum Grass Common in interior valley and coast. Good feed when young, a pest when old. Introduced from Europe. 2084. Hordeum nodosum Frequent waste places. Introduced. 2085. Alkali Barley Grass Hordeum pusillum Annual, southern California. 2086. Hordeum gussoneanum Waste places. Introduced from Europe. LYME GRASSES ELYMUS 2087. Elymus caput-medusae Open grounds. Introduced. 2088. Elymus cinereus Lancaster only. 2089. Giant Lyme-Grass Elymus condensatus | Called rye grass in the range country. A valuable winter forage. Some- ’ times 10 to 12 feet high. Bay region and throughout the state, occurring in | several forms. 2090 Slender Wheat- Elymus triticoides Grass ; From the coast to the interior. A valuable native hay and pasture grass. 2091. Sea Lyme Grass Elymus arenarius Sand binder on the coast. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 155 2092. Hairy Lyme-Grass Elymus pubescens Along coast. < 2093. Smooth Lyme-Grass Elymus glaucus pee Extremely variable. Throughout state, woods and dry hillsides. Good range forage. FALSE BARLEY GRASSES SITANION 2094. Sitanion Hanseni Amador County and southern California. 2095. Sitanion jubatum Throughout California on brushy hillsides. Not troublesome in cultivated lands, although looking just like foxtails. 2096. Sitanion minus Dry hills and slopes at middle elevations. 2097. Sitanion glabrum Dry alkaline soil. Southeastern California mountains. 2098. Sitanion Californicum Sierras at high and low elevations. Frequent. 2099. Bottle-brush grass Hystrix Californica Woods and shaded banks. Bay region. XI. BAMBUSEAE There are no members of the bamboo tribe in California except those in culti- vation. The Arundinarias are frequently used as shrubbery and representatives of the genus Bambusa are occasionally seen in our parks. The common Giant reed . used extensively in the valley as a windbreak is not a bamboo. See Arundo donax of the Festucaceae. HORSE-TAIL FAMILY EQUISETACEAE 2100. Scouring Rush Equisetum robustum Near San Bernardino. 2101. Scouring Rush Equisteum variegatum Near San Bernardino and near Three Rivers. 2102. Scouring Rush Equisetum arvense Common in moist, shaded places in California. FERN FAMILY POLY PODIACEAE Contributed by Mrs. Carlotta C. Hall. 2103. Adder’s Tongue Ophioglossum vulgatum Siskiyou County. 2104. Adder’s Tongue Ophioglossum californicum Near San Diego, near lone, Amador County. 2105. Adder’s Tongue Ophioglossum nudicaule Near San Diego. 2106. Moon wort Botrychium simplex High Sierra Nevada. 2107. Moon wort Botrychium lunaria White Horse Lake, Modoc County, Sisson. 2108. Grape fern. Botrychium californicum Damp, densely shaded places in the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, Eighteenth crossing near Sisson, Fallen Leaf Lake, near Quincy, Plumas County. 156 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 2109. Polypody Polypodium falcatum On damp rocks or trees, Cazadero, Sonoma County. 2110. Polypody Polypodium hesperium Snow Canon, San Bernardino Mountains, 3,600 feet to 5,500 feet altitude. 2111. Polypody Polypodium Scouleri On rocks and trees, exposed or in shade along the coast. Point Reyes, Marin County, Pilarcetos Canon, San Mateo County, San Francisco. 2112. Polypody Polypodium californicum On damp rocks and steep banks especially along streams. Common im Coast Ranges and in the Sierra Nevada to 4,000 feet at least. 2113. Golden back Ceropteris triangularis Very common on rocks and banks at lower and middle altitudes. 2114. California Gold | Ceropteris viscosa Fern Teurecula; Santa Catalina Islands, dry hills near San Diego. 2115. Cloak fern Notholaena parryi Among rocks of the desert area; White Water; Pleasant Canon; Para- mount Mountains, 6,000 feet; Ord Mountains, Providence Mountains, Moun- tain Spring, San Diego County. 2116. Cloak fern Notholaena newberryi Among rocks in the coast mountains of southern California; Twin Oaks, San Diego County; San Bernardino; San Jacinto Mountain, Potrero Grade, San Diego County. 2117. Cloak fern Notholaena cretacea Spring Valley near San Diego and reported from Palm Springs and Slover Mountain. 2118. Cloak fern Notholaena tenera A rare fern of the desert area; Providence Mountains, Palm Springs. 2119. Venus Maiden Hair Adiantum capillus veneris Moist places, South Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada at first waterfalls in canons near Santa Barbara; San Gabriel Canon and Arroyo Seco; Los Angeles County. 2120. Maiden Hair Adiantum jordanii Damp places, lower altitudes in Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada; Catalina Islands, Berkeley hills, Sausalito. 2120a. Five finger A. pedatum L. Damp shady places of Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada; Yosemite; Glen Alpine; Santa Barbara canons; Marin County. 2120b. Brake or Bracken Pteris aquilina L. Common throughout California. 2120c. Cheilanthes californica (Nutt.) Mett. Lee of rocks, Coast Ranges and Sierran foothills; Santa Cruz Mts.; Ramona near San Diego; Monterey County; El Campo Road—five or six miles east of yee Diego; Hite Cove; Santa Barbara; San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles ounty. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 157 2120d. Cheilanthes viscida Dav. Palm Springs; Whitewater Canon; Pleasant Canon; Panamint Mountains, 4000 to 5000 ft. altitude. C. cooperae Eat. Crevices of rocks; Santa Barbara (type locality) ; Hite Cove, Mariposa County; Mt. Shasta; Mt. Slover near Colton, San Bernardino County. Lace Fern C. gracillima Eat. Crevices of exposed rocks, common in Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada; Yosemite Valley; Mariposa Grove; Mt. Diablo; Mt. Tamalpais. 212}. C. clevelandii Eat. Dry exposed hillsides among rocks in So. California; Ramona, near San Diego; Twin Oaks, San Diego County; El Campo Road from San Diego. 2122. Lip Fern Cheilanthes feei Providence Mountains. 2123. Lip Fern Cheilanthes parishii Andreas’ Canon, near Palm Springs. 2124. Lip Fern Cheilanthes fibrillosa San Jacinto Mountains. 2125. Lip Fern Cheilanthes myriophylla Common throughout the state. Near San Diego, San Gabriel Mountains, Yosemite, Mt. Diablo. 2126. Rock Brake Cryptogramma acrostichoides Crevices of rocks, high mountains of the Sierra Nevada; Sentinel Dome, Yosemite, Mt. Tallac. 2127. Cliff Brake Pellaea breweri Among rocks at high altitudes in the Sierra Nevada; Sonora Pass; Amador Pass; Mt. Dana; near Lundy, Mono County. 2128. Coffee-fern Pellaea andromedaefolia Common in partial shade in the Coast Range, foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and mountains of southern California; Berkeley hills; Pasachua; Waterman Canon. 2 2129. Cliff Brake Pellaea brachyptera Among rocks on dry hillsides at high altitudes in the north Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada; Snow Mountain, Lake County; Red Mountain, Lassen Peak, Trinity County; Plumas County; Little Yosemite. 2130. Bird’s-foot Cliff Pellaea ornithopus Brake “4 en among rocks on dry hillsides in the Coast Ranges and Sierra evada. 2131. Cliff Brake Pellaea wrightiana San Bernardino Mountains. 2132. Cliff Brake Pellaea densa Among rocks in north Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada; Yosemite; Marin County; Donner Pass; Lassen Peak. 2133. Cliff Brake Pellaea flexuosa San Diego County. 2134. Cliff Brake Pellaea bridgesii Common in middle altityides in Sierra Nevada; Yosemite Valley, near = raat Lake; near Lundy, Mono County; Glen Alpine, Long Lake, Plumas ounty. 158 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 2135. Ostrich Fern Blechnum spicant (struthiopteris) On swampy hillsides in the Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz northward; Sausalito; Crescent City; Pescadero, San Mateo County. 2136. Chain Fern Woodwardia spinulosa Moist places at low altitudes in Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada and southern California; Berkeley hills; Marin County; Yosemite; near San Ber- nardino. 2137. Spleenwort Asplenium vespertinum Under overhanging rocks, southern California; Ramona, San Diego County; Twin Oaks, San Diego County. 2138. Lady fern Asplenium felix-foemina Damp places; usually in or near running water; Laguna Puerca. San Francisco County; Lake Merced, San Francisco County; Glen Alpine; Butterfly Valley, Plumas County. 2139. Beech Fern Phegopteris alpestris At high altitudes in the Sierra Nevada; Pyramid Peak, Mt. Silliman; Mt. Shasta; Lassen Peak; Amador Pass. 2140. Oak Fern Dryopteris nevadensis Damp places in Sierra Nevada; Webber Lake; Berry Creek Canon; Butterfly Valley, Plumas County; Mariposa County. 2141. Oak Fern Dryopteris patens Damp places in the canons back of Santa Barbara, near Palm Springs; Santa Anita Canon. 2142. Oak Fern Dryopteris filix-mas Holcomb Valley in San Bernardino Mountains. 2143. Rigid wood-fern Dryopteris rigida Common in shady places in Coast Ranges. Sierra Nevada foothills, and’ southern California. 2144. Oak Fern Dryopteris spinulosa Moist woods of north Coast Ranges; Bear Valley, Marin County; Duncan Mills, Sonoma County; near Eureka, Humboldt County. 2145. Holly Fern Polystichum lonchitis Lifes Mountains of northern California; Long Lake, Plumas County; Siskiyou County. 2146. Sword fern-shield Polystichum munitum fern Very common in Coast Ranges, lower altitudes in the Sierra Nevada and southern California. 2147. Polystichum Polystichum munitum imbricans Near Ukiah; Red Mountain. 2148. Polystichum Polystichum scopulinum Snow Canon; near Nelson Point, Plumas County. 2149. Polystichum Polystichum californicum Shady canons in Coast Ranges; foothills of Santa Clara County, Tamalpais Mountain, 2150. Polystichum Polystichum lemmonii ae Among rocks in the north Coast Ranges; Dorleska, Trinity County; near Mt. Shasta, Mt. Eddy. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 159 2151. Prickly shield-fern Polystichum aculeatum Shady canons of the Coast Ranges; Berkeley hills; hills near Los Gatos; near Santa Cruz. 2152. Bladder Fern Cystopteris fragilis Common in damp, shady places in the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada. 2153. Woodsia Woodsia scopulina In the Sierra Nevada; Mono Trail at 9,000 to 10,000 feet altitude: Mt. Silliman; Kaweah Peak, Yosemite. 2154. Woodsia Woodsia oregana High altitudes in the Sierra Nevada; Lassen County, San Bernardino Mountains. CLUB MOSS FAMILY LYCOPODIACEAE 4 bo ef Lycopodium spp. To be looked for in cold, damp woods in mountains. SELAGINELLA FAMILY SELAGINELLEAE 2156. Resurrection plant Selaginella rupestris Sierras. 2157. Quillwort Isoetes bolanderi Ponds and shallow lakes. Sierras. 2158. Isoetes pygmea Deeply submerged in running water. Sierras. 2159. Isoetes braunii 2160. Isoetes melanopa Reported as from California. MARSILIACEAE 2161. Marsilia _ Marsilia vestita Near Visalia. Leaflets broadly cuneate. In swamps which become dry in summer. 2162. Marsilia Marsilia quadrifolia In Wahtoke Lake, Fresno County. In water, the leaflets which resemble those of oxalis, commonly floating on surface. Frequently cultivated. Intro- duced probably from Europe. SALVINIACEAE 2163. Ozolla Ozolla caroliniana : Common in intramountane California. San Bernardino Valley, Owen’s Valley, near Visalia, and at Three Rivers. 2164. Ozella Ozolla hedropidakum Lakes in Fresno County, Wahtoke Lake. Floating plants of small size which appear like moss on the water’s surface. On close examination the leaves seem fern-like. They are deep bronze above and sulphury below. A small and interesting family of plants without close affinity ~ to other groups. le 160 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCTERY The purpose of the Society ts to promote investigation of the life history, habits, classification and floristic distribution of Cali- formian and other plants. It plans to diffuse knowledge concerning them in a way calcu- lated to develop and strengthen interest in botanical science in California. The Society holds meetings for lectures and dis- cussions, arranges field meetings and indoor demonstrations, makes collections and publishes a journal. It takes an active interest in the conservation of the native life of California and co-operates with other organiza- tions in preventing threatened destruction of remarkable indi- vidual plants or plant societies in California. WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 161 SOME BOOKS ON CALIFORNIA WILD FLOWERS For those who are interested in acquiring a botanical library for the study of the Wild Flowers of California, we suggest that they secure as many of the fol- lowing books as _ possible. Some are out of print but can sometimes still be ob-— tained in second-hand book stores: Abrams, L. H. Armstrong, Margaret Behr, H. H. Chandler, Katherine Clock, Emma G. Davidson, Alice M. Eastwood, Alice Eastwood, Alice Gray, Watson, Brewer et al. Greene, E. L. Greene, E. L. Hall, H. M. Hall, H. M. and Mrs. Henshaw, Julia W. Jepson, W. L. Jepson, W. L. Jepson, W. L. Jepson, W. L. Jepson, W. L. Lemmon, J. G. New York Botanical Gar- den Parsons, M. Elizabeth Rattan, Volney Saunders, C. F. Smith, Emory E. Watsons, and D. C. Eaton White, James T. Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity. Field Book of Western Wild Flowers. Flora of the Vicinity of San Francisco, 1888. Habits of California Plants (rare). Wild Flowers from the Mountains, Canyons, and Val- leys of California. California Plants in Their Homes. Flora of the Pacific Coast. Flora of the South Fork of the Kings River. Botany of California, Vol. 1, 1876. Vol, 11, 1880, (rare). Flora Franciscana. Manual of the Bay Region. Compositae of Southern California. A Yosemite Flora. Mountain Wild Flowers of America. Flora of Western Middle California. A School Flora for the Pacific Coast. The Trees of California. The Silva of California. A Flora of California (in progress, many parts pub- lished). Western Cone Bearers (rare). North America Flora (in progress, many parts pub- lished). -The Wild Flowers of California. A Popular California Flora. With the Flowers and Trees in California. The Golden Poppy (illustrated, rare). Botany of the Fortieth Parallel (King’s Expedition, 1871, rare). ee from Arcadia (colored illustrations and poems, rare). rT ” “Ay iy 7 - Pa Mehl fier ey 2 oy ee are SS we 2% aa Mg { ha eine OS.) vi ly Pre oi? ee war i ; i 1 y Ss efit bs 3 *s Fe. > : Suit Gay” on iP ee a= - vt SY haa ° $ 4 tS nt eT OLSEN Pe PEON act Y y , au ’ \ ‘eo 7 Ne 5 P y ; (ct Ps ee - * =i - ¢ uk. ?@ om Peck Oe ees tf? se eeit. é ] ct? ey Wile AKT FAT, F iif: OT EES EL Te, , “", { erry » | en Avs ~~ pise/ ad Bho wykie: bis Weeyge-v Sei talld teak " eae 1, oe y ‘) ae S- f - a 5! ay? a" i y “ie Cee Ree SILA a ae eee ga * Py 4 re "i a 4 , i . ; 4 — ‘ + “ie ? * + ‘eee ce +224 j ie a4 eB 4 bai € a . APtovrOg BU ITA |} “-«:* - ey * a . -4 a pa. « t s &- att eet 4 hac to Cees — soe 4, ‘sen Tbats "4 ‘ a r ‘ . . ¥ 4 = ey 2 a . “es : 4 3 Pas a ve OR rae | ‘ ’ ¥ - as 5 - j UB j - ole ro " PL * 4 ‘ a > =] iy rd f epr aFan +P , t\ 4 r a) ¢ (se 4 ° “0 ent : Pies t ahi! 4 wR hes s eell gs rece ; ; we ] ’ a FPN t bs £ ron - Bad | J - 1 . Lie tips j \ ~ 7 =_— aM oe iz ’ -_ he > F ‘ r SB * -> A iit + « 7 - 4 en ’ “ S ‘ ' ‘ 4 an ar | ¢ . yn 7 x sa \ abil ~ 2 : > ‘ . < ( s i \ 4 z 1 3 ~ : ‘ vs . WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA INDEX FAMILY ee [AOU Re RES y oc) SC er a re eee Lee Aizoaceae (Ficoideae)..... Pee Ce oi. Stra mR ta a's 0-0-0 » hop KA» < ote BRO BEE OS yO ES ea ae ae eae ee ay eee Peeeetamtaceac, ............. RMMMMEIEU A 3. oJ tse ated gat Aire ch wae De oe NB td od sn Cac sacitvcnaes TSEC ESAs oe ews ah ads wees Ape Semueaeaiaceae ............ Pie aE. OIROTe A aie dis ecc cle «ncaa a > de OED Mepocymacedae ...........-. De aie TONSA. 5 EMR. bya ttc. sjtec e's o.« dam rare 0 PRMNMDE Se nc aisha UE eT ea ls's bie bv ha dows end eadie II oo ae .cn ae tn ose Lo ee gi ke ia a en ze Aristolachiaceae .......... TAPE NMONOMIE >| os cides fa ih a BRACE, 0's 27 29 ain wos be P egre Asclepiadaceae .......... EPA NIMM aia tye a hee ANU ENSS Lay y. ao airh 4 oe eee Be oe. ee eee 124 Orobanchateae’ 2° i... st Fein Broom-rape- «.'.-5. 93. tee. ee ee eee 109 Peimacene: si. tw wre kee Palin Tt... SS Men te ee. 135 Papaveraceae |.) .. tans ss 23s Poppy 2.205 eee ae ee 15 Plantavinaceaé--) 0... 208... Planta. . 62k a sees es) ee 112 Pat anacene oo. «6st. Poe Sycamore (20 ou. toe on ee re 116 Plumbaginaceae’ ......:... THREE o.oo s ee eos eee ee ee ee 97° Polemoniaceae ............ Phigey. 2230 So OO eee ee eee 100 Palyeulacese.< -un'lns sx nab Polypoila: 20. 05>. ond eee ne oe 22 Pelyvonacea@ oo... 55 .5see Buckwheat. \.s.%\. .. . oon tas « oe Oe 113 Palypodiaceae © 2...) 2,2 = Perey. 6535 300) oo ee Coe 2ae ee 155 Pontederiaceae ............ Pickerel Weed: 3. (6. oa oo ee eee 133 Portdlacaceae’. 22.02.62.» Purslade cS 4 ae ee eee 24 Prmiulaceae ... 2.) 2022.6. PHIMPORE. Ee oe ae Sais Se eee 97 Ranunchlaceae 2. ..'5 24.5 Buttercup 3... Seatbelt: Se eee eee 13 Resedaceae 2. meer: Mignonefte -.).... ce poke ie er eee ee 21 Riinmnacese’. 65.4. ae ee Bucktitiotn 5s «act esl ce Oo 30 asaceac so he eee BOSC. a.ho5 dk ed pis ek VE os eee 39 SPICER E. os. hob bee ees Madders .3... Ski calica fees cc Fee 63 seittarede “woo, Cee Git ee eee te ok Ue ee ee he 30 Prac aceae Soe os fe Willow. oe eo eB ee one ae 118° Sal yiMIAGEae Co. oe hi. oa tere os Dalvinta.'. 5 ob. Sean hen ~ fae oho ee 159 Santalaceae se 45 chiens Sandalwood: 5 sccm oa oe - wc CI oe 121 Sapindacea@ ... .. 4/6... «2s Buckege: ose eee be tee es oe ee 32 MALTACERIACERE aus. ee ae Pitcher Plane 2. act nee cence oe ee 15 paururactae” o.>osewesse cn: Lazard” ‘Tad SW. ioc a nee en eee 117 aRATTACACEAG. foc Sars ueapt es Saxiieaee Soe ee eae ee 45 Scrophulariaceae .......... PIB WOT. oo ss cee Cee eee 107 Silatareaes Sy scntae cera Potate eos adel issn Pleo ee eee ce eee 106 weNrtatarene (soho ce eh Stora. sain... ED. hehe eee ee 98 LAiaSsRCIwede.: tec ha es Damarise’ oN eos cn tee Cee eee 26 eRaCEAe eo SS eee Yew: <5. Ate vos.) . OSA os lee Cee 121 MAMACEAE Sch oir eo lee Linden. cones re. URS Ae eee 28 seiiyniclaceaes) .hiei ote t Sots Mezereum ’....3 2.0 22. ONE esl cmon ae 116 DS OPRAGERE §)25 +, te asus Cat-tail. 0. Saws sys PAY Ae os ee 133 Waretliferte. tS. o eos. Parsley... JEL Pes AA eae oe de 56 RictaesCede ) 8) are Nettle-< vos vs age. Fk Seas. aoe oe 116 Diincwiarecene Ose eer Bladderwort ~ ‘3... 3350 f0c. heise ee eee 110 BLOIerianacede he fu ce he so Valerian v5 ve cts ck eo eae ek ee ee O4 Werpenscede: 6653 elke Sse Vervaitt - . oc as vide denne sak hae Pee oe ee ee 112 EARS fs do Abo oie in tee Violet... .0c.5 sv mania: SEE Boe ee ek 21 PPMRCERE 8 o'6 Si os SU Ka Rae Kee Grape Vine... 0. i: ss < keine sia eee cae 32 WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 165 CONTENTS PAGES eeeoeNtA ANNUAL WILD FLOWER FETE................... $= 5 THE CHILD AND NATURE EE tench oe te Mae Fe. p pica ha be c's a sha ca aude’ 6 THE BOYS’ OUTING FARM re Sor Gai os ila Say fae ew hale wae be ae weave 7- 10 THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF CALIFORNIA’S FLORA ROR Sc ana ke oe tO i iat eta a be wins ws eaac'nvar 11 UN eas rh NE cen ala na Uae sd Pick gD m,> aarine Weed oes ss 12 ANNOTATED LIST OF THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA 13-159 Seeeear BOTANICAL SOCIETY 2. 2 on cin cn cesses eecewess 160 rai: — , : - LEVISON PRINTING co. 1540 CALIFORNIA ST. ‘ sey “Wey Din q ol ity ae ae Tin wii Mad 34°45 Re Sepia! peseseigiaes ere. ole ae mnelete Sheet