ROM | IFE SCIENCES CONTRIBUTIONS 145 An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of the Chagos Archipelago Central Indian Ocean Richard Winterbottom, Alan R. Emery and Erling Holm ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM LIFE SCIENCES PUBLICATIONS INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Authors should prepare their manuscripts carefully accord- ing to the following instructions; failure to do so will result in the manuscript’s being returned to the author for revision. All manuscripts are considered on the under- standing that they are not currently offered for publication elsewhere. 1. General Papers for publication are accepted from ROM staff members and research associates, and from researchers reporting on work done with ROM collec- tions. Monographs on the flora and/or fauna of Ontario may be considered for publication by authors not affiliated with the ROM. Financial contributions to- wards publication will be welcome. 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Authors are reminded that when illustrations are reduced magnification factors will change, and that they are responsible for the conver- sion. For details, see Guide to Authors. An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/annotatedcheckli0Owint LIFE SCIENCES CONTRIBUTIONS 145 An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean Richard Winterbottom, Alan R. Emery and Erling Holm ROM THE ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS IN LIFE SCIENCES The Royal Ontario Museum publishes three series in the Life Sciences. Contributions: a numbered series of original scientific publications. Occasional Papers: a numbered series of original scientific publications, primarily short and of taxonomic significance. Miscellaneous Publications: an unnumbered series on a variety of subjects. All manuscripts considered for publication are subject to the scrutiny and editorial policies of the Life Sciences Editorial Board, and to independent refereeing by two or more persons, other than Museum staff, who are authorities in the particular field involved. LIFE SCIENCES EDITORIAL BOARD Senior editor: E. J. Crossman Editor; J, Ee Eger Editor: C. Darling External editor: C. S. Churcher Manuscript editor: J. C. Barlow Richard Winterbottom is Curator, Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Royal Ontario Museum. Alan R. Emery is Director, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa. Erling Holm is Curatorial Assistant, Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Winterbottom, Richard, 1944— An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean (Life sciences contributions, ISSN 0384-8159; 145) Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-88854-329-8 1. Fishes — Chagos Islands. I. Emery, Alan, 1939-— . II. Holm, Erling, 1950-— III. Royal Ontario Museum. IV. Title. V. Series. QL636.7.C43W55 1987 597.0969'7 C86-095096-4 Publication date: 23 January 1989 ISBN 0-88854-329-8 ISSN 0384-8159 © Royal Ontario Museum, 1989 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Canada, M5S 2C6 PRINTED AND BOUND IN CANADA BY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Materials and Methods Contents Abstract Introduction 1 2 Checklist of Chagos Fishes + Ginglymostomatidae Odontaspididae a Alopiidae 4 Carcharhinidae 4 Sphyrnidae 4 Myliobatididae 5) Mobulidae 5 Dasyatidae 5) Albulidae 3) Moringuidae 5 Xenocongridae 6 6 11 Muraenidae Congridae Ophichthidae Clupeidae 11 12 18 13 Engraulididae Synodontidae Chanidae Gobiesocidae 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 Antennariidae Ophidiidae Bythitidae Carapidae Exocoetidae Hemiramphidae 15 15 16 16 Belonidae Atherinidae Berycidae 16 18 18 19 19 ZZ 22 22 Holocentridae Aulostomidae Fistulariidae Syngnathidae Scorpaenidae Caracanthidae Platycephalidae Dactylopteridae 4 Serranidae 22 Anthiidae 27 Pseudochromidae 28 28 28 28 33 33 33 33 34 55 Plesiopidae Kuhliidae Priacanthidae Apogonidae Malacanthidae Lactariidae Rachycentridae Echeneididae Carangidae Coryphaenidae Menidae B15) Bramidae 35 35 38 38 38 38 Lutjanidae Nemipteridae Gerreidae Haemulidae Lethrinidae Sciaenidae 40 Mullidae 40 Pempherididae 41 41 42 42 42 44 44 49 50 51 51 Kyphosidae Drepaneidae Ephippididae Chaetodontidae Pomacanthidae Pomacentridae Cirrhitidae Mugilidae Sphyraenidae Polynemidae Labridae Scaridae 51 57 Mugiloididae 59 28 Creediidae 59 Blenniidae 59 Tripterygiidae 62 Ammodytidae 62 Callionymidae 62 Gobiidae 62 Eleotrididae 62 Kraemeriidae 62 Microdesmidae 62 Acanthuridae 63 Siganidae 65 Scombridae 65 Xiphiidae 66 Istiophoridae 66 Nomeidae 66 Bothidae 66 Soleidae 67 Balistidae 67 Ostraciidae 69 Triodontidae 69 Tetraodontidae 69 Diodontidae 70 Discussion 71 Acknowledgements qZ Literature Cited 73 Figures 87 ERRATA AND ADDENDA P. 20, left column, preceding Parascorpaena aurita: A small inter- tidal collection made for us by L. Taborsky in June 1987 contains the following scorpaenid previously unrecorded from the islands. Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier) Pterois zebra Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829b:367 (Mauritius and Moluccas) Dendrochirus zebra—Allen and Steene, 1979:19 (“Indo—West Pacific’’) MATERIAL One lot, 3 specimens, 47-75 mm SL, 0.6—0.9 m, intertidal at Diego Garcia. Range unassigned. P. 24, right column, and p. 128, Fig. 135: The serranid identified as Epinephelus hexagonatus proves on further study to be Epinephelus spilotoceps Schultz, 1953:357 (Marshalls). Range unaffected by reidentification. SCHULTZ, L. P. 1953. Family Serranidae: Groupers, Sea Basses. Jn Schultz, L. P. and collaborators, Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands. United States National Museum, Bulletin 202(1):328-—388. P. 35, right column, and p. 146, Fig. 194: Aphareus furca (not furcatus). P. 44, right column, and p. 163, Fig. 249: Abudefduf coelestinus is a junior synonym of A. sexfasciatus (Lacepéde, 1801:477), as reported by Bauchot et al. (1978). BAUCHOT, M.-L., M. DESOUTTER, and G. R. ALLEN 1978 Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Bulletin du Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, 3° série, Supplément I:1—56. P. 56, right column, and p. 193, Fig. 338: Thalassoma hardwicke (not hardwicki). P. 59, left column, and p. 204, Fig. 370: Parapercis hexophtalma (not hexophthalma). P. 67, left column, and Pl. VIIIG: The soleid identified as “?2Monochirus sp.” proves on further examination to be the pleuronectid Samariscus triocellatus Woods, 1966:66. WOODS, L. P. 1966 Family Pleuronectidae. /n Schultz, L. P. and collaborators, Fishes of the Marshall and Mariana Islands. United States National Museum, Bulletin 202(3):66—74. ar Pie: 4 $ ‘fi : a ¢ i > foe J xiheks? Wh he ces rah meee tas SO Eee ene hd ABE-O2E2000 m) separates the atolls and banks; in other cases, they are separated by water less than 500 m deep (Fig. 1). The structure of the outer reefs at Chagos is generally as follows (Fig. 2): the spur-and-groove formation gives way to a gently sloping reef-top, usually 20-50 m in width, dominated by tabular forms of Acropora (P|. IA,B). The lip of the drop-off occurs at 8—15 m (PI. IC); the drop-off slope is initially very steep and, in some cases, vertical (Fig. 2A; Pl. ID). The more dendritic forms of hard corals are interspersed with gorgonians, and the sea-fans may occur in large numbers on the more gently sloping drop-offs (PI. IE). At about 25—30 m, the slope of the drop-off becomes sandier, with outcrops of dead coral, limestonelike rock, and patches of living coral. On the eastern side of Peros Banhos, off Isle Fouquet, the sandy slope gives way at about 40 m to a vertical, 8-m-high cliff (Fig. 2B). The cliff is riddled with caves (Pl. IF), some of which extend at least 10 m into the island base. Below the cliff, the sandy slope continues for as far as we were able to see (to about 75 m). In the lagoons, the bottom generally slopes gently from the intertidal region towards the centre of the lagoon, with occasional knolls and bommies (Fig. 2C; Pl. IG, H). On the southern and southwestern sides of Peros Banhos, how- ever, arich, coral-covered drop-off begins at about 5 m and ends on the sandy floor of the lagoon at about 20—25 m (Fig. 2D). Sea-grass beds are absent at Chagos except at the southern end of the lagoon at Diego Garcia, an area in which we did not collect. There are five atolls—Diego Garcia, Egmont, the Great Chagos Bank (with only a few islands, such as Eagle Island and Three Brothers, remaining on the western side and one island on the northern side), Peros Banhos, and Salomon (Fig. 1). The approximate distances to the nearest land are as follows: 500km to the north (Addu Atoll, Maldives); 1800 km to the west (Seychelles); and 3500 km to the east (Sumatra). The islands are bathed by the northern limits of the South Equatorial Current (westward flowing) during July, and by the Easterly Counter Current during January. Thus, recruitment of those organisms with pelagic larvae could come from the western Indian Ocean or from the western Pacific, although the large distances involved could be expected to filter out a fair proportion of those organisms with short pelagic stages. The FAO Species Identification Sheets for the western Indian Ocean (1984) record a total of 168 species of fishes from the Chagos Archipelago, 75 of which were not obtained by us (although 15 of the latter had been recorded from Chagos by other authors prior to the publication of the FAO sheets). In certain cases we have reservations about the distribution maps including Chagos as a locality, but we have listed the species as present with reference to the source. In 1967 Adair Fehlmann from the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center spent six weeks on Diego Garcia and made 27 collections of fishes and other organisms to a maximum depth of about 3m. These collections have been sorted and shelved at the Smithsonian Institution, and it is at present impossible to determine what species were taken without searching the major portion of the fish collection. Some records are available as a result of specialized studies. A fisheries feasibility study was con- ducted in the Indian Ocean (including Chagos) by the Japanese from 1971 to 1975. The published results (Kyushin et al., 1977) list 78 species from Chagos taken primarily by longline (mainly lethrinids, lutjanids, and serranids), the majority of which were not taken by us. Regan (1908) recorded 32 shore fish from the islands (some of which we examined), but part of this collection has been lost (Wheeler, pers. comm.) and the identities of a number of the species he recorded are suspect. Materials and Methods During 1978/79, the Joint Services Trust of the British Armed Forces supported a nine-month scientific and train- ing expedition to the Chagos Archipelago. Two of the authors (R. Winterbottom and A. R. Emery) joined the expedition for two-and-a-half months to survey the ichthyo- fauna, from the intertidal to a maximum depth of 48m. A total of 124 collections was made, of which 80 were in the lagoons, 21 on the drop-offs, and 23 on the reef-tops and reef-flats. Seventy-one of the stations were made using rotenone (37 in lagoons, 14 on reef-tops and reef-flats, and 20 on drop-offs), and in many cases these stations were supplemented by spearing. A total of 193 L of rotenone was used. Collections were also made with gill nets, trap nets, seines, and baited traps, by angling, and by hand. The first collection was made at Diego Garcia on 4 February 1979; the last at Peros Banhos on | April 1979. Fishes were thus collected for 57 days, with an average of 2.2 collections/day, resulting in approximately 1.5 tonnes of fish specimens. With the assistance of other expedition members, a total of 460 man-hours was spent collecting fishes. The single small collection from Diego Garcia was supplemented by seven rotenone collections made at the atoll by J. Ryther and P. C. Menzie in May 1980 (which were forwarded to us for identification by the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University) and one seine tO and two rotenone collections made by L. Taborsky in 1985. Wherever possible, an attempt was made to check the original descriptions of the species listed here. Cases in which we were unable to do so are marked with an asterisk at the end of the first mention of the species. We have also attempted to provide current geographical names for type localities. Species or subspecies that were positively identified are assigned a geographic range in one of the following categories: Indo-Pacific (western/central Indian Ocean to central Pacific plate, may include the eastern Pacific); Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate (may include the Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands, Gilbert Islands, and Samoa, as well as Palau, Yap, and the Marianas on the Philippine plate); Indo—west Pacific (western/central Indian Ocean to the Andesite line); western Indian Ocean (southern tip of India westwards); Indian Ocean (including the Andaman Islands, Cocos [Keeling] Island, and Christmas Island); central Indian Ocean (Chagos Archipelago, Maldives/Laccadive Islands, Sri Lanka); Indian Ocean and western extremity of west Pacific (eastwards to Gulf of Thailand); cosmopolitan (tropical and temperate waters worldwide); circumtropical (tropical waters worldwide); Indo-Pacific and western Atlantic (including the Caribbean); Indo—west Pacific and Mediterranean; endemic to Chagos Archipelago; and un- assigned. Most authors (e.g., Allen and Steene, 1979; Russell, 1983) have used “west Pacific” or “Indo—west Pacific” to denote an area extending as far east as Hawaii and French Polynesia. In cases where we could not find specific localities for a species, these terms are given in quotation marks to indicate that the range may, in fact, include Pacific plate localities. Usually we have been reluctant to categorize species that are at present known only from Chagos as “endemics”. The number of such species from small island groups has been shrinking rapidly in recent years, as more scuba collections are made, and will no doubt continue to do so in the future. We feel that Springer’s (1982) delimitation of the west Pacific is likely to prove more useful in studies of fish distribution. However, distributions of Indo—west Pacific fishes are in many cases complicated by what Springer (op. cit.) refers to as the Caroline conduit, and the Kuroshio extension, through which many Indo—west Pacific fishes appear to have invaded the Pacific plate. Thus the actual ranges of many species were difficult to determine, because there are few reliable checklists of Pacific-plate fishes and those that exist usually cover island groups on the western rim of the plate within the Caroline conduit (e.g., Guam, Marianas, Marshall Islands) or the Kuroshio extension (Hawaii). The ranges reported here are primarily from the litera- ture, with an emphasis on establishing the easternmost record for each species. For the FAO sheets (1984), we refer to the author of the relevant account. These accounts consist of unnumbered pages—the page number given is from the original FAO sheets and is derived by simply counting the number of pages until the reference referred to is reached. The inclusion in this checklist of species from the FAO sheets that we neither saw nor collected is usually based on the range map and is listed as an occurrence rather than a record. If the species referred to has been previously recorded from the Chagos Archipelago, we have cited that paper. If the title of a paper on the title page is not in agreement with the title heading in the text (e.g., Bleeker, 1856e, f, Smith, 1962a), the former is cited. The parenthetical addition of photo or photos at the end of many of the Material sections, for example, (photos: 44 and 110mm), indicates that one or more 35-mm colour slides of freshly dead specimens of that species are available in the Department of Ichthyology and Herpe- tology, ROM. Standard length of the photographed speci- men is given, except where otherwise indicated or where only a single specimen of that species was collected. The majority of the specimens listed under Material are housed in the Royal Ontario Museum. Some lots of common species have been sent to the following institutions: Australian Museum, Sydney; British Museum (Natural History), London; Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge; National Museum of Natural History, Washington; National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa; Northern Territories Museum, Darwin; Smith Institute, Grahamstown; and The Western Australian Museum, Perth. In the text, “SL” refers to standard length, “TL” to total length, “BL” to body length (used by Kyushin et al., 1977, as a synonym for standard length), “FL” to fork length, and “DW?” to disc width (batoids only). The colour plates are biased towards depicting undescribed species, species for which the description is based in whole or in part on Chagos material; species we did not collect, in under- water views; rare species; and finally those species that pre- viously have not (or have seldom) been illustrated in colour. Checklist of Chagos Fishes Ginglymostomatidae Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson) Fig. 3 Scyllium ferrugineum Lesson, 1830:95 (New Ireland; Waigeo) Nebrius ferrugineus—Compagno, 1984c:5 (Indo-Pacific east to Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 1100 mm TL, 0.5 min lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Although only a single specimen was collected, this species was occasionally seen in the lagoons (and once cruising the drop-off). A school of 20 to 30 adults (estimated to be up to 3m TL) occupied the lagoon at the northeast tip of Eagle Island while we were there, usually lying on the bottom (2—5m) in small compact groups. Identified by Dr L. J. V. Compagno. Indo-Pacific. Odontaspididae A large (ca 2.5m) odontaspid shark (possibly Eugom- phodus taurus) escaped from a trap net during our efforts to secure it. We were unable to identify it positively. Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre) Squalus vulpinus Bonnaterre, 1788:9 (Mediterranean) Alopias vulpinus—Compagno, 1984a:7 (cosmopolitan, including Chagos) No specimens collected; record based on Compagno (1984a). Cosmopolitan. Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Ruppell) Pl. HA Carcharias albimarginatus Rippell, 1837:64 (Red Sea) Carcharhinus albimarginatus—Garrick, 1982:116 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos, east to Mexico) MATERIAL One lot, 4 specimens, 1325-1910 mm TL, 20 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos. This shark was observed only along the drop-offs and on the reef-tops at all the islands (except Three Brothers). It was the most common carcharhinid observed, being seen on almost every dive made in this habitat. Indo-Pacific. Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 4 Carcharias melanopterus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:194 (Waigeo; Marianas) Carcharhinus melanopterus—Garrick, 1982:96 (Indo- Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Five lots, 10 specimens, 405—1100mm TL, 0-2.5m, lagoons at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 440 and 1100mm TL). The blacktip reef shark was the most abundant shark in the lagoons and was also common on the reef-tops. It was seldom seen on the drop-off. Juveniles were frequently seen patrolling the shoreline in less than 30cm of water, and three individuals were observed feeding on a school of the atherinid Atherinomorus lacu- nosus. Indo-Pacific. Carcharhinus wheeleri Garrick Pl. IIB Carcharhinus wheeleri Garrick, 1982:111 (Red Sea; also Gulf of Aden; Kenya; and Réunion) Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos—Kyushin et al., 1977:22 (four specimens from Chagos Archipelago) (non Bleeker, 1856) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 700-910 mm TL, 17—20 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos. The blacktail reef shark was the second most abundant shark, most commonly seen outside the lagoons. It was somewhat more inquisitive and aggressive than C. albimarginatus and C. melanopterus, sometimes coming within | m of divers. This was espe- cially true when fishes were being speared on the reef-top in the late afternoon; individuals less than | m in length would frequently escort the divers to the boats at this time. Western Indian Ocean. Prionace glauca (Linnaeus) Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, 1758:235 (“Oceano Euro- paeo”’) Prionace glauca—Compagno, 1984b:65 (cosmopolitan, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence based on Compagno (1984b). Cosmopolitan. Sphyrnidae Sphyrna sp. We did not see or collect any hammerhead sharks, but other members of the expedition reported seeing very large hammerheads (ca 5 m) on two occasions. These may have been S. mokarran (Rippell, 1837). Myliobatididae Eagle rays were seen in the lagoon at Peros Banhos on two occasions, but we were unable to approach them closely enough to identify them even to genus. Mobulidae Manta birostris (Donndorf)* Raja birostris Donndorf, 1798:876 (no type locality) Manta birostris—Fowler, 1941:483 (circumtropical) No specimens of this species were collected. Solitary manta rays were seen cruising along the edge of the drop-off at Peros Banhos on three occasions. Circumtropical. Dasyatidae Dasyatis purpureus (Miller and Henle)* Fig. 5 Trygon purpurea Miller and Henle, 1841:160 (probably South Africa) Dasyatis purpureus—Wallace, 1967:50 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 565 mm DW, 0.5 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). This species was occasionally seen cruis- ing in shallow water in the lagoon at Peros Banhos. Western Indian Ocean. Hypolophus sephen (Forsskal) Raja sephen Forsskal, 1775:17 (Red Sea) Dasyatis sephen—Fowler, 1941:415 (Indo—west Pacific) No material of this species was obtained. It was observed in the lagoons at Peros Banhos and Salomon. Identification was based on coloration and the well-developed ventral fin fold on the tail. Generic placement follows Compagno and Heemstra (1984). Indo—west Pacific. Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch and Schneider) _ Fig. 6 Raja asperrima Bloch and Schneider, 1801:367 (Bombay, Indian Ocean) Urogymnus africanus—Fowler, 1941:438 (Indo—west Pacific) (non Bloch and Schneider, 1801) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 540 DW, 0.3m, lagoon at Eagle Island (photo). No other specimens of this species were seen or collected. Identification as U. asperrimus rather than U. africanus follows Compagno and Heemstra (1984). Indo—west Pacific. Albulidae Albula glossodonta (Forsskal) Argentina glossodonta Forsskal, 1775:68 (Red Sea) Albula glossodonta—Shaklee, 1984:5 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos, east to Marquesas Islands) We did not collect this species, but specimens from Diego Garcia are housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, and have been identified and re- ported on by Shaklee (1984). We saw schools of Albula at both Diego Garcia and Salomon that were probably this species, but we were unable to catch any. Indo-Pacific. Moringuidae Species of Moringua are difficult to identify, and the separation of three species is based on a list of vertebral count differences supplied by Dr P. H. J. Castle. Virtually nothing is known of the biology of these eels, and they were seen only when they emerged from the sand in rotenone stations. The geographic ranges given are uncertain. Moringua ferruginea Bliss* Pige7 Moringua ferruginea Bliss, 1883:57 (Mauritius); Randall and McCosker, 1975:4 (Easter Island) MATERIAL Seven lots, 32 specimens, 119-296mm SL, 0-10m, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 126 and 182 mm). Vertebrae 120—130. Only a single specimen was taken in water deeper than | m. Indo-Pacific. Moringua javanica (Kaup) Fig. 8 Aphthalmichthys javanicus Kaup, 1856a:105 (Java) Moringua javanica—Randall, 1955c:24 (Gilbert Islands) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 414-675 mm SL, 0—7 m, lagoon and intertidal at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 675mm). Vertebrae 150-170. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Moringua microchir Bleeker Fig. 9 Moringua microchir Bleeker, 1853a:124 (Ambon; Kauer); Russell, 1983:18 (“Indo—west Pacific”’) MATERIAL Six lots, 12 specimens, 121—309 mm SL, 0-1 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 257 mm). Vertebrae 100-115. “Indo— west Pacific.” Xenocongridae The following identifications were provided by Dr D. G. Smith. Kaupichthys atronasus Schultz Fig. 10 Kaupichthys atronasus Schultz, 1953b:65 (Marshall Is- lands); Allen and Steene, 1979:10 (Christmas Island) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 54mm SL, 7m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Kaupichthys hyoproroides (Stro6mmann)* Fig. 11 Leptocephalus hyoproroides Str6mmann, 1896:39 (north of Bahamas) Kaupichthys hyoproroides—Bohlke and Smith, 1968:28 (Indo—west Pacific and west Atlantic); Randall, 1973:174 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Sixteen lots, 24 specimens, 62—183mm SL, 6—43m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salo- mon (photos: 136, 159, and 183 mm). Circumtropical. Kaupichthys nuchalis Bohlke Fig. 12 Kaupichthys nuchalis Bohlke, 1967:95 (Grand Bahama Island; also other Caribbean islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 58—200 mm SL, 18—43 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 58 mm). Circum- tropical. Kaupichthys sp. MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 107-144 mm SL, 13—25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon. Range un- assigned. Fig. 13 Powellichthys sp. MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 155mm SL, 18—24m, drop-off at Salomon. Range unassigned. Fig. 14 Muraenidae Since vertebral numbers and formulas are often important in muraenid systematics, this information is given for the 22 species for which it was gathered (Table 1). Anarchias allardicei Jordan and Starks Figst5 Anarchias allardicei Jordan and Starks, in Jordan and Seale, 1906:204 (Samoa) MATERIAL Four lots, 19 specimens, 43-128 mm SL, 0-1 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon. It is probable that A. fuscus Smith, 1962a, is a junior synonym of A. allardicei. Further studies (as part of a revision of the genus by E. Holm) are in progress to determine variation in these two nominal species. Indo- Pacific east to the Tuamotu Islands. Anarchias seychellensis Smith Fig. 16 Anarchias seychellensis Smith, 1962a:429 (Assumption Island; also Mahé) Anarchias leucurus—Schultz, Islands) (non Snyder, 1902) 1953c:144 (Marshall MATERIAL Eight lots, 19 specimens, 74-157mm SL, 0.5—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 130 mm). This species is very close to A. leucurus Schultz, 1953c, but apparently differs in having higher dorsal-fin ray counts (>35 vs <35) and vertebral counts (>120 vs <118). Indo-Pacific east to Pitcairn Island. Echidna leucotaenia Schultz Fig. hy, Echidna leucotaenia Schultz, 1943:22 (Phoenix Islands; also Samoa); Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Six lots, 6 specimens, 49-298 mm SL, 0—24m, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) Fig. 18 Muraena nebulosa Ahl, 1789:7 (East Indies); Regan, 1908:220 (Chagos Archipelago) Echidna nebulosa—Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Seven lots, 43 specimens, 35-421 mm SL, O0—1 m, inter- tidal and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 123 mm). This series of specimens exhibits a gradual transition in colour pattern from uniform brown with a white snout in juveniles to the typical adult pattern of two rows of about 23 large blotches on the body. The transition occurs between 40—75 mm SL. Indo-Pacific. Echidna polyzona (Richardson)* Fig. 19 Muraena polyzona Richardson, 1844:112 (no type locality); Regan, 1908:220 (Chagos Archipelago) Echidna polyzona—Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) TABLE 1. Vertebral counts for some Chagos muraenids, with comparative information from E. Boéhlke (1982—column headings suffixed with B) and McCleneghan (1976—column heading suffixed with M). Column headings: n—number of specimens examined by us; T—total vertebrae; PD—predorsal vertebrae; PA— preanal vertebrae; PC—precaudal vertebrae. T, PD, and PA were counted following the method outlined by E. Bohlke (1982). Precaudal vertebrae are the anterior vertebrae up to, and including, the first vertebra with a posteriorly directed haemal spine. Taxon n T TB ™ Anarchias allardicei 13 97-102 97 — A. seychellensis 19 121-128 — — Echidna leucotaenia 2 121-122 128-130 — E. nebulosa 4 122-125 — Gymnothorax buroensis 5 109-116 114 G. chilospilus 37 126-131 2 127 _- G. enigmaticus 3 126-130 — —_ G. fimbriatus 3. 128-133 a =e G. flavimarginatus 6 133-135 134 G. fuscomaculatus 4 117-123 118-122 — G. margaritophorus See Ses — — G. melatremus 6H133=13990137 — G. pictus 5 129-135 — G. pindae 3. 122-124 — — G. rueppelliae 8 128-134 125-126 — G. undulatus 6 131-133 — Uropterygius fuscoguttatus j Pome 0) 113-120 — U. kamar 2 135-143 134-139 — U. polyspilus 1 134 — — U. supraforatus 1 124 — — U. xanthopterus [Ws — a 120-128 110-119 134-138 127-133 125-130 PD PDB PA PAB PE 86-92 85 89-92 87 55-59 109-116 — 113-119 =— 57-—63* 6-7 6-7 50 50-52 55-56 5-6 — 55-59 — 65—69 (n = 2) 4-6 5 46-48 46 53-55 5-6 5 50-52 50 56-58 4-5 — 51-52 — 61-63 5-6 — 52-53 — 62-63 4-6 6 55-58 54 66-67 37-39 34-42 48-50 48-51 54-58 4-6 — 50-51 —_ 56-58 3-4 — 49-53 52 60-65 9-10 — 57-59 — 67-68 5-7 — 41-44 — 53 4-6 4-5 51-54 50 60-65 4-6 — 53-55 —_ 62-63 100 93-101 106 100-107 63 113-117 =109-116 §=124-128 120-126 66-69 125 — 126 — IE 103 — 108 — 66 1 — 1S —_— 66 *n = 9, last precaudal vertebra could not be determined with confidence in 10 of the X-rayed specimens. MATERIAL One lot, 2 specimens, 244-338 mm SL, 0-1 m, reef-flat, Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific. Echidna unicolor Schultz Fig. 20 Echidna unicolor Schultz, 1953c:106 (Marshall Islands); Smith, 1962a:424 (east Africa); Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 95mm SL, 23—25m, drop-off at Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Enchelycore bayeri (Schultz) Fig. 21 Gymnothorax bayeri Schultz, 1953c:124 (Marshall Islands) Enchelycore bayeri—Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 318-645 mm SL, 7—20m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 318 and 645 mm). Indo-Pacific. Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck and Schlegel) PlOME Muraena pardalis Temminck and Schlegel, 1842:268 (Japan); Allen and Steene, 1979:12 (Christmas Island); Randall, 1973:176 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 109-173 mm SL, 0—3 m, reef-flat and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 109 and 173 mm). The tooth pattern and red colour of the Chagos material are identical to that described by Schultz (1943), but our specimens have many vertical light bands on the body, rather than “white spots” (which appear to form the typical colour pattern of the Pacific variety). This species is included in Enchelycore on the advice of Dr J. E. McCosker. Indo-Pacific. Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker) Fig. 22 Muraena schismatorhynchus Bleeker, 1853b:301 (Sumatra) Enchelycore schismatorhynchus—Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens, 91—238 mm SL, 0—7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 151 and 238 mm). Indo-Pacific. Enchelynassa canina (Quoy and Gaimard) Rigeg23 Muraena canina Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:247 (Waigeo and Rawak) Enchelynassa canina—Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 630mm SL, 0—0.75 m, reef-flat at Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw and Nodder)* Fig. 24 Gymnothorax zebra Shaw and Nodder, 1797:pl. 322 (Pacific) Echidna zebra—Smith, 1962a:423 (western Indian Ocean); McCosker and Rosenblatt, 1975:420 (Galapagos Islands) MATERIAL Five lots, 6 specimens, 272—810 mm SL, 0-10 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 600 and 810mm). Generic placement is on the advice of Dr McCosker. Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker) Fig 25 Muraena buroensis Bleeker, 1857b:79 (Kayeli, Indonesia) Gymnothorax buroensis—McCosker and _ Rosenblatt, 1975:420 (Indo-Pacific to off Costa Rica and Panama) MATERIAL Twenty-one lots, 94 specimens, 63—274 mm SL, 0—25 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 112 mm). This species appeared in more collections than any other moray, although it was the second most abundant muraenid numerically. The largest collection contains 36 specimens and was made in the surf over the spur-and-groove formation on the south coast of Isle Boddam, Salomon. Three other collections contain S—10 specimens; all other collections contain fewer than this. Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax chilospilus (Bleeker) Fig. 26 Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker, 1865:52 (Benkulen, Sumatra); Randall and Sinoto, 1978:296 (Rapa) Lycodontis chilospilus—Smith, 1962a:438 (Malindi, Kenya) MATERIAL Four lots, 10 specimens, 88—186 mm SL, O—1 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Diego Garcia and Eagle Island. The only area in which we collected this species was at Eagle Island, the Diego Garcia specimens being taken by Ryther and by Taborsky. It is surprising that specimens were not obtained from the two atolls where most of the collecting took place (Peros Banhos and Salomon). Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker and Randall Fig. 27 Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker and Randall, 1982:18 (Palau; range: Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Five lots, 21 specimens, 47-340 mm SL, 0-1 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 298 mm). Juveniles of this species may be separated from G. rueppelliae (which has a similar banded pattern) by the lack of pigment on the snout (vs a brown snout). Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett) Fig. 28 Muraena fimbriatus Bennett, 1831:168 (Mauritius) Gymnothorax fimbriatus—Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Three lots, 11 specimens, 49—337 mm SL, 0—1 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 314mm). Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Riippell) Riga Muraena flavimarginata Ruppell, 1830b:119 (Red Sea) Gymnothorax flavimarginatus—Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Fifteen lots, 129 specimens, 38-903 mm SL, 0—20m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 172 and 903 mm). This was numerically the most abundant species of moray, although appearing in fewer collections than G. buroensis. Only two specimens were taken in water more than 2m in depth. The characteristic dark blotch surrounding the gill opening does not appear until specimens reach at least 830-100 mm SL. The smaller specimens were identified using the large developmental series represented in our collections, and by vertebral counts (132—134 total, vertebrae at anal-fin origin 54—57; n = 6 adult specimens). Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz) Fig. 30 Rabula fuscomaculatus Schultz, 1953c:147 (Marshall Islands, also Johnston Island) Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus—Winterbottom, 1978:43 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Eight lots, 11 specimens, 103—198mm SL, 1-—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 157 mm). Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepede) Fig. 31 Muraenophis grisea Lacepéde, 1803:629 (Madagascar) Siderea grisea—Smith, 1962a:441 (western Indian Ocean and Red Sea) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 342—408 mm SL, 0-1 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos (photos: 365 and 468 mm).This species is frequently cited as Siderea grisea. It is apparently confined to the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea (Randall, 1983b). Western Indian Ocean. Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker) Muraena javanica Bleeker, 1859:347 (Java) Gymnothorax javanicus—Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) Fig. 32 MATERIAL Nine lots, 11 specimens, 78—1600 mm SL, lagoon, inter- tidal, reef-flat, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 274, 755, and 1300 mm). The two largest specimens (1350 and 1600 mm) were both taken on an overnight setline baited with fish. Only the head of the larger specimen was preserved. Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker Fige/33 Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker, 1865:53 (Ambon); Randall, 1973:175 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Nine lots, 12 specimens, 50-315 mm SL, 0—10 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 118, 292, and 315 mm). Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz Pl. HD Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz, 1953c:120 (Marshall Islands); Kailola, 1974:40 (Madang, Papua New Guinea); Allen and Steene, 1979:12 (Christmas Island, Indian Ocean); Randall, 1985:466 (Marquesas Islands) MATERIAL Ten lots, 25 specimens, 60-195 mm SL, 18—43 m, drop- off only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 119mm). Schultz (1953c) does not mention the network of dark, fine lines on the body that are apparent in most of our specimens, although the rest of his description fits the Chagos material. These lines were mentioned in the subsequent description given by Kailola (1974). Our photographed specimen has a yellow anterior nostril; the black pigment around the eye is best developed along the posterior rim; a vertical, pupil-width bar passes through the eye; and the posterior regions of the dorsal and anal fins, as well as the caudal fin, are yellow. Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) Muraena picta Ahl, 1789:8 (East Indies) Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoides—Regan, 1908:220 (Peros Banhos) (non Bleeker, 1852b) Gymnothorax pictus—McCosker and Rosenblatt, 1975:420 (eastern Pacific) Siderea picta—Smith, 1962a:440 (western Indian Ocean) Fig. 34 MATERIAL Six lots, 21 specimens, 47—753 mm SL, 0-1 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 60, 101, 181, and 486mm). The specimen identified as G. pseudothyrsoides by Regan (1908) from Peros Banhos was examined and proved to be this species. The colour pattern of juveniles has been described by Smith (1962a). All but two of the specimens are from reef-flats. Specimens were observed during the day, and on one occasion an individual 40—50 cm long attacked, within a foot of us, a grapsoid crab that had been frightened into the water by our approach. Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax pindae Smith Fige'35 Gymnothorax pindae Smith, 1962a:430 (Pinda, Mozam- bique); Randall and McCosker, 1975:18 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tahiti) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 13 specimens, 49—280mm SL, 3-—43m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 182—189 mm). Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland)* Fig. 36 Dalophis rueppelliae McClelland, 1845:213 (Red Sea) Gymnothorax rueppelliae—McCosker and Randall, 1982:20 (Indo-Pacific east to Hawaii) MATERIAL Seven lots, 31 specimens, 53-537 mm SL, 0-1 m, inter- tidal and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 69, 76, and 537mm). Juveniles of this species have brown snouts; snouts are unpigmented in the closely related G. enigmaticus. Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede) Fig. 37 Muraenophis undulata Lacepéde, 1803:629 (no type locality) Gymnothorax undulatus—Randall, 1973:176 (Tahiti) Lycodontis undulatus—Smith, 1962a:439 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Seven lots, 74 specimens, 46—424 mm SL, 0-3 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 135 and 255 mm). The colour pattern of our specimens varies from dark brown with fine white reticulations to large dark blotches on a white background, with continuous variation in between. Indo-Pacific. Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale* Fig. 38 Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale, 1906:7 (Tahiti); Allen and Steene, 1979:12 (Christmas Island) MATERIAL Seven lots, 9 specimens, 51-360mm SL, 0.5—43m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 138 and 195 mm). Indo-Pacific. The following four records apparently represent discrete species, but we were unable to assign names to them and are reluctant to describe them as new in view of the limited material available. Gymnothorax sp. 1 Pl. HE MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 148mm SL, 23-25 m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). A pale, dusky-snouted moray with the tail 1.56 times in the snout-to-anus distance and with 10 predorsal, 40 preanal, 51 precaudal, and 126 total vertebrae (see Table 1 for definitions). Vomerine teeth biserial, maxillary teeth triserial; all teeth sharp and conical, the largest being the posterior median premaxillary tooth. We have examined one other specimen of this type, from Ponape, Caroline Islands, which has the following vertebral counts: 9, 43, 53, and 132, respectively. Distribution insufficiently known to categorize confidently, but, based on the above material, at least Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Gymnothorax sp. 2 Pl MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 50mm SL, 42m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). A pattern of chainlike dark brown markings on a white background; gill opening in a black blotch; iris yellow, as is basal portion of posterior region of dorsal and anal fins; 3 predorsal, 40 preanal, 51 precaudal, and 106 total vertebrae. Range unassigned. Gymnothorax sp. 3 Pl. IG MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 118mm SL, 18—24m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). Brown background peppered from head to tail with darker brown spots about one-third of eye diameter in size; two rows of maxillary teeth with six teeth 10 in inner row; 5 predorsal, 54 preanal, 70 precaudal, and 132 total vertebrae. We have examined two other specimens of this type from the Marianas, which had the following respective vertebral counts: 5—6, 57-59, 67-69, and 134-136. Distribution insufficiently known to categorize confidently, but at least Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Gymnothorax sp. 4 MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 47mm SL, 0—0.5m, intertidal at Eagle Island. A rich chocolate brown moray; 55 precaudal and 124 total vertebrae; the entire lower jaw and the lower part of the upper jaw immaculately white (similar to juvenile G. margaritophorus, but lacking the dorsal light streak of that species). Range unassigned. Fig. 39 In addition to the above, we have 7 lots, 29 specimens of small morays (<70 mm SL) that we could not identify, but which may represent a combination of G. undulatus, G. flavimarginatus, G. fimbriatus, and at least one other unknown. Uropterygius concolor Rippell Fig. 40 Uropterygius concolor Rippell, 1838:83 (Red Sea); Gosline, 1958:226 (central Pacific) MATERIAL Two lots, 5 specimens, 108—147 mm SL, 7—13 m, lagoon at Salomon and Three Brothers. Three of our specimens are females with eggs. Indo-Pacific. Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz Fig. 41 Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz, 1953c:156 (Marshall Islands); Gosline, 1958:224 (Johnston Island) MATERIAL Seven lots, 10 specimens, 77—180mm SL, 3-—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 161 mm). The darker mottlings that appear on the posterior part of the body may be faint or absent in small specimens (<100mm SL). This species differs from U. supraforatus in colour; in having 3—4 rows of maxillary teeth (vs 5—6); and in vertebral (117—119 vs 123 total), dorsal-fin ray (37—48 vs 67), and anal-fin ray (33-37 vs 48) counts. Our specimens appear to represent the first record of this species from the Indian Ocean. Indo-Pacific. Uropterygius inornatus Gosline Fig. 42 Uropterygius inornatus Gosline, 1958:225 (Hawaii) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 105 mm SL, 9 m, reef-top at Salomon. This appears to be the first record of this species from the Indian Ocean. Indo-Pacific. Uropterygius kamar McCosker and Randall Fig. 43 Uropterygius kamar McCosker and Randall, 1977:164 (Comoro Islands; also Indo-Pacific to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Four lots, 5 specimens, 56—200 mm SL, 10—25 m, reef-top and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon. The only difference from the original description observed in the above material was that, based on X-rays of two specimens, the dorsal fin originates more than a head length away from the tail tip (as opposed to half a head length away). Indo-Pacific. Uropterygius polyspilus (Regan) Fig. 44 Gymnomuraena polyspila Regan, 1909:438 (Tahiti; also Zanzibar) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 58-271 mm SL, 0-1 m, intertidal at Eagle Island only (photo: 211 mm). Indo-Pacific. Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan) Fig. 45 Gymnomuraena supraforata Regan, 1909:439 (Savaii, Western Samoa) Uropterygius supraforatus—Randall, 1973:176 (Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 269 mm SL, 3—7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. This appears to be the first record of this species from the Indian Ocean. Indo-Pacific. Uropterygius xanthopterus Bleeker Fig. 46 Uropterygius xanthopterus Bleeker, 1859:350 (Pajitan); Randall, 1973:176 (Tahiti) Uropterygius alboguttatus Smith, 1962a:427 (Assumption Island; also widespread in western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Eight lots, 12 specimens, 68—343 mm SL, 5—36 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 180 and 343 mm). Indo-Pacific. Uropterygius sp. 1 PL. MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 180mm SL, 40—43m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). This specimen could not be identified. It is plain brown; the tail 1.4 times in the snout-to-anus distance; depth at anus 35 times in total length; 4 rows of maxillary teeth; 50 dorsal-fin rays; 123 precaudal, 131 preanal, 75 predorsal, and 142 total vertebrae. Range unassigned. Congridae Conger cinereus Rippell Fig. 47 Conger cinereus Ruppell, 1830a:115 (Red Sea); Randall, 1973:176 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Nine lots, 34 specimens, 54—748 mm SL, 0—26 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 65, 157, and 183mm). Only two of our specimens (in two lots) were collected in water deeper than | m and in habitats other than the reef-flats and intertidal region. Indo-Pacific. Gorgasia maculata Klausewitz and Eibl-Eibesfeldt Fig. 48 Gorgasia maculata Klausewitz and _ Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1959:147 (Nicobar Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 3 specimens, 281—368 mm SL, 15—17m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 283 mm). The only place in which we observed this and the following species of garden eel was on a sandy bottom adjacent to a patch reef approxi- mately 500m south of the pass between Isle Poule and Petite Sceur, Peros Banhos. Gorgasia maculata is ap- parently confined to the Indian Ocean east to Cocos (Keeling) Island (Smith-Vaniz, pers. comm.). Heteroconger hassi (Klausewitz and Eibl-Eibesfeldt) Fig. 49 Xarifana hassi Klausewitz and Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1959:138 (Maldives) Heteroconger hassi—Myers and Sheppard, 1980:312 (Marianas) MATERIAL One lot, 5 specimens, 140-320 mm SL, 15—17m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 139 mm). We follow Bohlke and Randall (1981) in recognizing only two genera of garden eels (Gorgasia and Heteroconger). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Ophichthidae Brachysomophis crocodilinus (Bennett) Fig. 50 Ophisurus crocodilinus Bennett, 1833:32 (Mauritius) Brachysomophis crocodilinus—Randall, 1973:176 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 172—230 mm SL, 0-7 m, lagoon and intertidal at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photos: both). Identified by Dr J. E. McCosker. Indo-Pacific. Callechelys marmoratus (Bleeker) Bigs Dalophis marmorata Bleeker, 1853f:37 (Sibolga, Sumatra) Callechelys marmoratus—Randall, 1973:177 (Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 767 mm SL, 0.5 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Lamnostoma orientalis (McClelland)* Dalophis orientalis McClelland, 1845:213 (Coromandel Coast) Lamnostoma _ orientalis—Castle, 1984:9 (Indian Ocean including Chagos); Randall, 1973:177 (Tahiti) No specimens seen or collected. Castle’s (1984) distribu- tion map for this species includes Chagos, and he states that its distribution is “southern Africa to India, and probably most other parts of the Indian Ocean.” However, he lists the habitat as being “estuaries and inshore areas of turbid waters’ —conditions that do not occur at Chagos. Doubtful literature record, but assigned to the Indo-Pacific. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett) Fig 52 Ophisurus semicinctus Lay and Bennett, 1839:66 (Hawaii) Leiuranus semicinctus—Smith, 1962b:455 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Eight lots, 96 specimens, 114—471 mm SL, 0-1 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, and Peros Banhos (photo: 194 mm). Indo-Pacific. Muraenichthys laticaudata (Ogilby)* Myopterura laticaudata Ogilby, 1897:247 (Fiji) Muraenichthys laticaudata—Smith, 1962b:462 (western Indian Ocean); Randall, 1973:177 (Tahiti) Fig. 53 MATERIAL Six lots, 6 specimens, 53—184mm SL, 0—26m, lagoon, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 180 mm). Indo-Pacific. Muraenichthys schultzei Bleeker Fig. 54 Muraenichthys schultzei Bleeker, 1857c:366 (south Java); Gosline, 1955:444 (Johnston Island); Smith, 1962b:461 (Red Sea and western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Five lots, 7 specimens, 75-100 mm SL, 0-13 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Myrichthys colubrinus (Boddaert)* Muraena colubrina Boddaert, 1781:56 (Ambon) Ophisurus colubrinus var. semicincta—Regan, 1908:220 Fig. 55 (92 “ (Chagos Archipelago) Myrichthys colubrinus—McCosker, 1977:78 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Five lots, 7 specimens, 172—645 mm SL, 0-3 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 395 and 565 mm). Indo-Pacific. Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier) Fig. 56 Muraena maculosa Cuvier, 1817:232 (no locality given) Myrichthys maculosus—McCosker, 1977:78 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Nine lots, 27 specimens, 89-342 mm SL, 0—7 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, and Peros Banhos (photos: 230, 276, and 342 mm). Indo-Pacific. Ophisurus serpens (Linnaeus) Muraena serpens Linnaeus, 1758:244 (Atlantic) Ophisurus serpens—McCosker, 1977:82 (Indo—west Paci- fic; eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean) Fig. 57 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 83—233 mm SL, 3—36m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo: 233 mm). Distribu- tion anomalous, eastern Atlantic to Indo—west Pacific. Schismorhynchus labialis (Seale) Fig. 58 Muraenichthys labialis Seale, 1917:79 (Marshall Islands) Schismorhynchus_ labialis—McCosker, 1977:61 (Indo- Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, 4 specimens, 63—72 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, lagoon at Eagle Island (photo: 65 mm). Indo-Pacific. Schultzidia johnstonensis (Schultz and Woods) Fig. 59 Muraenichthys johnstonensis Schultz and Woods, 1949:172 (Johnston Island) Schultzidia johnstonensis—McCosker, 1977:62 (central and west Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 73mm SL, 7m, lagoon at Three Brothers. This is apparently the first record of this species from the Indian Ocean. Indo-Pacific. Clupeidae Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett) Clupea delicatulus Bennett, 1831:168 (Mauritius) Spratelloides delicatulus—Whitehead and Wongratana, 1984a:51 (Indo—west Pacific east to Samoa) Fig. 60 MATERIAL Nineteen lots, 1134 specimens, 16—48 mm SL, 0-13 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 39 mm). Identified by Dr P. J. P. White- head. Indo—west Pacific. Engraulididae Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet) Clupea setirostris Broussonet, 1782:unpaginated (Vanuatu) Thryssa setirostris—Whitehead and Wongratana, 1984b:26 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range map given by Whitehead and Wongratana (1984b). Indo—west Pacific. Synodontidae Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 61 Saurus gracilis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:224 (Hawaii) Saurida gracilis—Cressey and Waples, 1984:7 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Twenty-four lots, 59 specimens, 50-180 mm SL, 0—32 m, primarily lagoon (4 lots from drop-off, | from reef-top) at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 85, 115, and 149 mm). Only five specimens were collected in areas other than the lagoons. Within the lagoons, there were 4.2 specimens/lot in 0-5 m, 2.3 specimens/lot in both 6-15m and 16—25m, and one specimen from deeper water. Indo-Pacific. Saurida undosquamis (Richardson) Saurus undosquamis Richardson, 1844—48:138 (northwest Australia) Saurida undosquamis—Kyushin et al., 1977 (Chagos Archipelago); Cressey and Waples, 1984:3 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the above citations. Indo—west Pacific. Synodus binotatus Schultz Pl. WIA Synodus binotatus Schultz, 1953a:35 (Marshall Islands); Cressey and Waples, 1984:13 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Six lots, 10 specimens, 29-119mm SL, 3—15m, lagoon and reef-top (once) at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 53 mm). Specimens of this genus were identified by Dr R. Cressey. Indo-Pacific. Synodus englemani Schultz Pl. IIIB Synodus englemani Schultz, 1953a:41 (Marshall Islands); Cressey and Waples, 1984:15 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Ten lots, 21 specimens, 35—126mm SL, 0-40 m, mainly lagoon (1 reef-top, | drop-off) at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 35, 50, and 117 mm). Indo-Pacific. Synodus jaculum Russell and Cressey Pls MC Synodus jaculum Russell and Cressey, 1979:169 (Great Barrier Reef); Cressey and Waples, 1984:21 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Five lots, 6 specimens, 49-75 mm SL, 0—20m, lagoon only at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photos: 49 and 51 mm). Indo-Pacific. Synodus variegatus (Lacepéde) Fig. 62 Salmo variegatus Lacepéde, 1803:157, 224 (Mauritius) Synodus variegatus—Cressey and Waples, 1984:27 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Nine lots, 45 specimens, 31—125 mm SL, 0—10m, lagoon only at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 48, 65, 96, and 106 mm). The specimen of S. variegatus recorded from Chagos by Kyushin et al. (1977:24) appears, from the photograph, to be S. englemani. This is a shallow-water species; 66% of the specimens were taken in 0-5 m with a mean of 7.5 specimens/lot. Indo-Pacific. Chanidae Chanos chanos (Forsskal) Mugil chanos Forsskal, 1775:74 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Chanos salmoneus—Regan, 1908:219 (Diego Garcia) Chanos chanos—Whitehead, 1984:1 (Indo-Pacific) No specimens collected, but we saw a number of them on several occasions. At Eagle Island, a small school of large (ca 1 m) Chanos regularly fed by filtering the surface waters of the lagoon at about dusk. Approximately six similarly sized specimens were observed in a 50-m-diameter pool, separated from the sea by a vegetated sand-bar about 20 m wide and 2m above the high-spring-tide mark, on the southeast end of Petite Sceur, Peros Banhos. Gobiesocidae Material of this family was identified by Dr J. C. Briggs. Aspasmodes sp. MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 7mm SL, 0—3m, spur-and-groove formation at Salomon. Range unassigned. Lepadichthys bolini Briggs Fig. 63 Lepadichthys bolini Briggs, 1962:424 (Vanuatu); Briggs, 1969:464 (Seychelles) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 11-16 mm SL, 3—13 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 15mm). Indo—west Pacific. Antennariidae Antennarius coccineus (Cuvier) Fig. 64 Chironectes coccineus Cuvier in Lesson, 1830:143 (Mauri- tius) Antennarius coccineus—Regan, 1908:250 (Peros Ban- hos); Schultz, 1957:97 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 20 specimens, 7—65mm SL, 3—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 10, 18, 20, 21[X 2], 22, 32 [x 2], 35, 44, and 65 mm). The specimens were identified by Dr T. W. Pietsch. Indo-Pacific. Ophidiidae Brotula multibarbata Temminck and Schlegel Fig. 65 Brotula multibarbata Temminck and Schlegel, 1842:251 (Japan); Springer, 1982:66 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Seven lots, 8 specimens, 47—245 mm SL, 0—36m, reef-top and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 39, 86, and 105 mm). Indo-Pacific. Bythitidae Brosmophyciops pautzkei Schultz Fig. 66 Brosmophyciops pautzkei Schultz, 1960b:386 (Marshall Islands); Cohen and Nielsen, 1978:53 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Fifteen lots, 26 specimens, 7-53 mm SL, 4—43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 32, 34, 39, and 53 mm). Indo-Pacific. 14 Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Bleeker Fig. 67 Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Bleeker, 1855a:318 (Batu) MATERIAL Thirty-three lots, 150 specimens, 5-97 mm SL, 0—43 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photo: 91 mm). Identification of this species is tentative since the genus is badly in need of revision. As a result, a statement of recorded range may well be inaccurate and is not attempted. The species was most abundant in the lagoons, where the 20 collections had a mean of 6.5 specimens/collection. The four reef-top collections had a mean of 2.3 specimens/col- lection; the other habitats had means of fewer than 2 specimens/lot. Most specimens (91%) were collected at a depth of 0-15m, with a mean of 6 specimens/lot. The above analyses are dependent on there being only a single species in our material. Range unassigned. Carapidae Specimens of this family were identified by Dr D. F. Markle. Carapus homei (Richardson) Fig. 68 Oxybelas homei Richardson, 1844—48:74 (“Seas of Aus- tralia?”’) Fierasfer homei—Regan, 1908:220 (Diego Garcia) Fierasfer neglectus—Regan, 1908:220 (Salomon) Carapus homei—Arnold, 1956:273 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, 3 specimens, 75—125 mm TL, 7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 125 mm). The three specimens were taken from large (ca 40cm body length) sand-dwelling holo- thurians, which were a dirty white colour, sprinkled with dark specks (= Stichopus variegatus?). Arnold (1956) synonymized Fierasfer neglectus Peters, and, with less certainty, Oxybelus lumbricoides Bleeker with C. homei. Specimens of these two nominal species were recorded from Salomon by Regan (1908). The Gardiner collection contains two lots of carapids from Salomon at present identified as C. homei. One lot is correctly identified; the other represents the species below, to which we tentatively assign Regan’s (1908) record of Fierasfer lumbricoides. Indo-Pacific. Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker) Oxybeles gracilis Bleeker, 1856c:105 (Banda) ?Fierasfer lumbricoides—Regan, 1908:220 (Salomon) Encheliophis gracilis—Arnold, 1956:299 (Indo-Pacific east to Tahiti) Fig. 69 MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens, 73-136 mm TL, 0-1 m, intertidal at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photos: 73 and 136 mm). We follow Williams (1984) in regarding Jordanicus as a synonym of Encheliophis. Indo-Pacific. Exocoetidae No flyingfishes were collected during our expedition, and the following occurrences are based on the area shaded on the distribution maps in Parin (1984). Regan (1908:220) recorded ‘‘Exocoetus nigripinnis Valenciennes’’ from Salomon. The specimen appears to be a juvenile Hirundichthys with two unbranched pectoral-fin rays. The only species listed by Parin (1984) with this condition is H. rondeletii (Valenciennes), which has not been recorded north of 35° S in the Indian Ocean. Status and range have, therefore, not been assigned. Cheilopogon cyanopterus (Valenciennes) Exocoetus cyanopterus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1846b:97 (Bahia) Cheilopogon cyanopterus—Parin, 1984:7 (circumtrop- ical, including Chagos) Cheilopogon furcatus (Mitchill) Exocoetus furcatus Mitchill, 1815:449 (New York) Cheilopogon furcatus—Parin, 1984:9 (circumtropical, including Chagos) Cheilopogon nigricans (Bennett) Exocoetus nigricans Bennett, 1840:287 (Atlantic and Pacific oceans) Cheilopogon nigricans—Parin, 1984:11 (circumtropical, including Chagos) Cypselurus naresii (Ginther) Exocoetus naresii Gunther, 1889:36 (between Fiji and Vanuatu) Cypselurus naresii—Parin, 1984:15 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes) Exocoetus poecilopterus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846b:112 (New Britain) Cypselurus poecilopterus—Parin, 1984:19 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson, 1846:265 (Sea of China); Parin, 1984:23 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758:316 (Atlantic Ocean); Parin, 1984:21 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes) Exocoetus speculiger Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1846b:94 (Indian Ocean) Hirundichthys speculiger—Parin, 1984:27 (circumtrop- ical, including Chagos) Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson) Exocoetus brachypterus Richardson, 1846:265 (Tahiti) Parexocoetus brachypterus—Parin, 1984:33 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Prognichthys sealei Abe Prognichthys sealei Abe, 1955:185 (Miyako Island); Parin, 1984 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus affinis (Ginther) Fig. 70 Hemirhamphus affinis Ginther, 1866b:267 (South Seas) Hyporhamphus affinis—Parin et al., 1980:73 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 77 mm SL, 3—5 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Identified by Dr B. B. Collette. Indo- Pacific. Belonidae No material of the first three species listed was obtained; occurrences are based on the literature cited. Ablennes hians (Valenciennes) Belone hians Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846a:432 (Cuba) Ablennes hians—Collette, 1984a:3 (cosmopolitan, includ- ing Chagos) Platybelone argalus platyura (Bennett) Belone platyura Bennett, 1831:168 (Mauritius) Platybelone argalus platyura—Collette, 1984a:5 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) Tylosurus acus melanotus (Bleeker) Belone melanotus Bleeker, 1851a:94 (Java) Tylosurus acus melanotus—Collette, 1984a:11 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron and Le Sueur)* Fig. 71 Belone crocodilus Peron and Le Sueur in Le Sueur, 1821:129 (Mauritius) Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus—Collette, 1984a:13 (cosmopolitan) MATERIAL Five lots, 6 specimens, 303—700 mm SL, 0—2m, lagoon and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 303, 404, and 700 mm). The identity of the above material was confirmed by Dr B. B. Collette. Atherinidae The atherinids collected were identified by Dr W. Ivantsoff. Atherinomorus lacunosus (Schneider) Figey2 Atherina lacunosus Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:112 (New Caledonia) Atherinomorus lacunosus—ivantsoff, 1984:9 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Five lots, 108 specimens, 49—93mm SL, 0.5-2.5m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos, (photo: 85mm). A large school of this species was frequently observed in very shallow water (20—30cm) between the jetty and the northwest shore of Isle du Coin, Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific. Hypoatherina barnesi Schultz Fig. 73 Hypoatherina barnesi Schultz, 1953d:304 (Marshall Islands); Ivantsoff, 1984:13 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Four lots, 66 specimens, 15—45 mm SL, 3—15m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Berycidae No specimens of this family were collected; occurrences are based on the literature cited. Beryx decadactylus Cuvier Beryx decadactylus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829a:222 (locality unknown); Shimizu, 1984:3 (Chagos Archipelago); Woods and Sonoda, 1973:282 (cosmopol- itan) Beryx splendens Lowe Beryx splendens Lowe, 1833:142 (Madeira); Shimizu, 1984:5 (Chagos Archipelago); Woods and Sonoda, 1973:286 (cosmopolitan) Holocentridae Myripristis adustus Bleeker Fig. 74 Myripristis adustus Bleeker, 1853a:108 (Ambon); Ran- 16 dall, 1984d:5 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Seven lots, 7 specimens, 39—225 mm SL, 0—43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 171 mm). Indo-Pacific. Myripristis berndti Jordan and Evermann Riga 7> Myripristis berndti Jordan and Evermann, 1903:170 (Ha- wail); Randall, 1984d:7 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Fifteen lots, 42 specimens, 41—168mm SL, 0—43m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 78 and 146mm). This species was most abundant in depths of 6—25 m (74% of specimens collected). The breakdown by habitat showed 46% of the total number of specimens were taken in lagoons, 18% from reef-tops, and 28% from drop-offs. Indo-Pacific. Myripristis kuntee Valenciennes Fig. 76 Myripristis kuntee Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- nes, 1831a:487 (Mauritius); Randall, 1984d:9 (Indo- Pacific) MATERIAL Four lots, 11 specimens, 81-135 mm SL, 14—25m, reef- top and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Myripristis murdjan (Forsskal) Fig. 77 Sciaena murdjan Forsskal, 1775:48 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Myripristis murdjan Randall, 1984d:13 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Twenty-three lots, 213 specimens, 38—178mm SL, 0- 43 m, intertidal, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 98 and 158mm). This species was collected primarily on the drop-offs (78%, x/lot = 24 specimens) in depths of 16-35 m (70% of total specimens, x/lot = 49 specimens). Indo-Pacific. Myripristis pralinius Cuvier Fie 8 Myripristis pralinius Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829a:170 (New Ireland); Greenfield, 1974:22 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 90 specimens, 51—-149mm SL, 3—43m, lagoon, reef-top (1), and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 51 mm). This species was virtually con- fined to the lagoons and drop-offs (1 specimen from reef- top), but with little apparent depth zonation (x/collection = 8.0 in 0-5 m, 3.7 in 6—15 m, 8.5 in 16—25 m, and 4.0 in deeper depths). Indo-Pacific. Myripristis violaceus Bleeker Fig. 79 Myripristis violaceus Bleeker, 1851b:234 (Banda); Ran- dall, 1984d:15 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Seventeen lots, 79 specimens, 31—145mm SL, 0-25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Ban- hos, and Salomon (photos: 98 and 130 mm). In collections in which it was taken, this species was fairly evenly dis- tributed with respect to both habitat and depth (x/collection = 4.8 in lagoons, 7.5 on reef-tops, 3.2 on drop-offs, 5.2 in 0-5 m, 5.3 in 6—15m, and 3.2 in 16—25 m). No speci- mens were collected deeper than 25 m. Indo-Pacific. Myripristis vittatus Valenciennes Pl. IMD Myripristis vittatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1831a:492 (Mauritius); Greenfield, 1974:18 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Twelve lots, 218 specimens, 55—146mm SL, 15—48m, drop-off only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 91 and 105mm). The greatest numbers of this species were col- lected in caves on the drop-offs; it was somewhat more abundant at deeper depths (x/lot = 15.7 at 16—25 m, 20.7 at greater depths). Indo-Pacific. Neoniphon argenteus (Valenciennes) Fig. 80 Holocentrum argenteum Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a:502 (New Guinea) Neoniphon argenteus—Randall and Heemstra, 1985:3 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Society Islands) MATERIAL Three lots, 12 specimens, 29-125 mm SL, 0-10 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Neoniphon opercularis (Valenciennes) Fig. 81 Holocentrum opercularis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a:501 (New Ireland) Neoniphon opercularis—Randall, 1984d:17 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Seven lots, 7 specimens, 89-231 mm SL, 0—43 m, lagoon and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 161 and 212 mm). Indo-Pacific. Neoniphon sammara (Forsskal) Fig. 82 Sciaena sammara Forsskal, 1775:48 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Neoniphon sammara—Randall, 1984d:19 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Ten lots, 29 specimens, 30—164 mm SL, 0—48 m, lagoon and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 49, 70, 75, 92 [x 2], 144, and 164mm). This species was taken primarily in shallow lagoonal habitats (93% of specimens from lagoons, 90% in 0-5 m). Indo- Pacific. Plectrypops lima (Valenciennes) Fig. 83 Myripristis lima Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a:493 (Mauritius) Holotrachys lima—Gosline and Brock, 1965:144 (Hawaii); Randall, 1973:181 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 98-113 mm SL, 15—43 m, drop- off only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 113 mm). Indo-Pacific. Sargocentron caudimaculatum (Ruppell) Fig. 84 Holocentrus caudimaculatum Rippell, 1838:97 (Red Sea) Sargocentron caudimaculatum—Randall, 1984d:23 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Nineteen lots, 50 specimens, 43—151mm SL, 3—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 130 mm). This species was most abundant on the reef-tops and drop-offs (83% of specimens collected), in 6—25 m (92% of speci- mens collected). Indo-Pacific. Sargocentron diadema (Lacepéde) Fig. 85 Holocentrus diadema Lacepéde, 1802b:335 (South Seas) Adioryx diadema—Kyushin et al., 1977:54 (Chagos Archi- pelago) Sargocentron diadema—Randall and Heemstra, 1985:8 (Indo-Pacific east to Society Islands) MATERIAL Nineteen lots, 110 specimens, 39—123 mm SL, 0—32m, lagoon (except 2 reef-top, 2 reef-flat, 1 drop-off) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 50 and 54mm). This is primarily a shallow-water species (80% of specimens collected in 0—5m) and was more concentrated on the reef-flats (23.5 specimens/lot) than in the lagoons (4.2 specimens/lot). Indo-Pacific. Sargocentron inaequalis Randall and Heemstra Pl. HIE Sargocentron inaequalis Randall and Heemstra, 1985:8 17 (Chagos Archipelago; also Seychelles and Comoro Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen (holotype), 72mm SL, 6—10m, reef- top at Salomon (photo). Western Indian Ocean. Sargocentron macrosquamis Golani Fig. 86 Sargocentron macrosquamis Golani, 1984:40 (Amirante Islands; also Red Sea); Randall and Heemstra, 1985:11 (western Indian Ocean, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 65mm SL, 7—10m, reef-top at Salomon. Western Indian Ocean. Sargocentron microstoma (Ginther) Fig. 87 Holocentrum microstoma Ginther, 1859:34 (Ambon) Adioryx microstoma—Randall and Heemstra, 1985:13 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 92-147 mm SL, 3—17m, lagoon and reef-top at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photos: 109 and 147 mm). Indo-Pacific. Sargocentron punctatissimum (Cuvier) Fig. 88 Holocentrum punctatissimum Cuvier in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1829a:215 (Caroline Islands) Sargocentron punctatissimum—Randall and Heemstra, 1985:15 (Indo-Pacific east to Easter Island) MATERIAL Ten lots, 78 specimens, 45—103 mm SL, 0—20m, lagoon, reef-flat, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 93mm). Only a single collection was made in the spur-and-groove formation, and this would seem to be the preferred habitat of this species (55 speci- mens, 71% of total, the next largest collection containing 6 specimens). Indo-Pacific. Sargocentron seychellense (Smith and Smith) — Fig. 89 Holocentrus seychellensis Smith and Smith, 1963:9 (Sey- chelles) Sargocentron seychellense—Randall and Heemstra, 1985:18 (western Indian Ocean, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 166mm SL, 1—3 m, reef-top at Diego Garcia. Western Indian Ocean. Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskal) Fig. 90 Sciaena spinifera Forsskal, 1775:49 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Sargocentron spiniferum—Randall, 1984d:29 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) 18 MATERIAL Twelve lots, 16 specimens, 41-319mm SL, 0-25m, lagoon and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 135 and 295 mm). Indo- Pacific. Sargocentron tiere (Cuvier) Fig. 91 Holocentrum tiere Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829a:202 (Tahiti) Sargocentron tiere—Randall and Heemstra, 1985:20 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 200-222 mm SL, 7—25 m, reef- top and drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo: 222 mm). Indo- Pacific. Sargocentron tiereoides (Bleeker) Pl. TIF Holocentrum tiereoides Bleeker, 1853e:334 (Ambon) Sargocentron tiereoides—Randall and Heemstra, 1985:20 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tahiti) MATERIAL Six lots, 8 specimens, 29—129mm SL, 0—25m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 38 and 111 mm). Indo-Pacific. Sargocentron violaceum (Bleeker) Figs 92 Holocentrum violaceum Bleeker, 1853e:335 (Ambon) Sargocentron violaceum—Randall and Heemstra, 1985:21 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tahiti) MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens, 82-147 mm SL, 0—15 m, lagoon at Salomon (photo: 132 mm). Indo-Pacific. Aulostomidae Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus) Fistularia chinensis Linnaeus, 1766:515 (India) Aulostomus chinensis—Fritzsche, 1984a:3 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Fig. 93 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 158-179 mm SL, 18—43 m, drop- off at Salomon (photo: 158 mm). Indo-Pacific. Fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii Rippell Fig. 94 Fistularia commersonii Rippell, 1838:142 (Red Sea); Fritzsche, 1984b:5 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 137—254 mm SL, 0-1 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 137 mm). Indo-Pacific. Fistularia petimba Lacepéde Fistularia petimba Lacepéde, 1803:349 (New Britain; Réunion; equatorial Pacific); Fritzsche, 1984b:3 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence based on Fritzsche (1984b). Indo-Pacific. Syngnathidae The pipefishes were identified by Dr C. E. Dawson. Choeroichthys brachysoma (Bleeker) Fig. 95 Syngnathus brachysoma Bleeker, 1855a:327 (Batu) Choeroichthys brachysoma—Dawson, 1985:32 (Indo- Pacific, east to Society Islands) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 22—39 mm SL, 0—7 m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos (photos: 22, 37, and 39mm). Indo-Pacific. Choeroichthys sculptus (Ginther) Doryichthys sculptus Ginther, 1870:185 (Fiji) Choeroichthys sculptus—Dawson, 1985:34 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tuamotu Islands) Fig. 96 MATERIAL Three lots, 9 specimens, 33-56 mm SL, 0-1 m, reef-flat at Diego Garcia and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Rippell) Fig. 97 Syngnathus flavofasciatus Ruppell, 1838:144 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Corythoichthys flavofasciatus—Dawson, 1985:396 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 45 specimens, 50-121mm SL, 0-13m, lagoon at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 57, 108, and 115mm). This shallow-water species was often observed on corals. The mean number of specimens/ lot was 5.2 in 0-5 m and 3.3 in 5S—15 m. Indo-Pacific. Corythoichthys schultzi Herald Fig. 98 Corythoichthys schultzi Herald, 1953:271 (Marshall Islands); Dawson, 1985:46 (Indo-Pacific east to Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 80—128 mm SL, 3—20 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 128mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Cosmocampus banneri (Herald and Randall) — Fig. 99 Syngnathus banneri Herald and Randall, 1972:135 (Ryukyus; also Marshall Islands) Cosmocampus banneri—Dawson, 1985:51 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 30-39 mm SL, 10—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Doryrhamphus excisus excisus Kaup Fig. 100 Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856b:54 (no locality) Doryrhamphus excisus excisus—Dawson, 1985:61 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos, east to Galapagos Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 2 specimens, 44-49 mm SL, lagoon at Diego Garcia. Indo-Pacific. Doryrhamphus multiannulatus (Regan) Pl. HIG Doryichthys multiannulatus Regan, 1903:413 (Mauritius) Doryrhamphus multiannulatus—Dawson, 1985:67 (western Indian Ocean, including Chagos) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 119—126mm SL, 10—25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 119mm). Western Indian Ocean. Halicampus mataafae (Jordan and Seale) Fig. 101 Corythoichthys mataafae Jordan and Seale, 1906:213 (Samoa) Halicampus mataafae—Dawson, 1985:89 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Marshall Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 47mm SL, O-—3m, reef-flat at Salomon. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Scorpaenidae Dr W.N. Eschmeyer identified most of the scorpaenids and provided the geographic ranges. In addition to the following list of species, there are 13 lots, 34 specimens of small (14—26mm SL) scorpaenids that we were unable to identify. 19 Parascorpaena aurita (Rippell) Scorpaena aurita Rippell, 1838:106 (Red Sea) Fig. 102 MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 80mm SL, 3—5 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. The specimen collected agrees generally with the description of this species, but has 16, rather than the more usual 17—18, pectoral-fin rays. Indo—west Pacific. Pontinus sp. Pontinus macrocephalus—Kyushin et al., 1977:328 (Chagos Archipelago) (non Sauvage, 1882) No specimens collected. The record of Kyushin et al. (1977) is based on a single specimen, 228 mm SL, taken by vertical longline in 80-160m. Eschmeyer (1983) recognized three valid described forms of Pontinus from the Indo-Pacific, as well as several undescribed species. We were unable to place the specimen figured and described by Kyushin et al. (1977), but it is most unlikely to be P. macrocephalus which is apparently confined to the Hawaiian Islands (Eschmeyer, 1983). Range unassigned. Pterois antennata (Bloch) Scorpaena antennata Bloch, 1787:21 (Ambon) Pterois antennata—Randall, 1973:184 (Tahiti) Fig. 103 MATERIAL Eight lots, 10 specimens, 28—107 mm SL, 3—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 66 and 105 mm). Indo-Pacific. Pterois miles (Bennett) Scorpaena miles Bennett, 1828:30 (Sri Lanka) Fig. 104 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 147-173 mm SL, 0—4m, lagoon at Salomon (photo: 147mm). This species is generally referred to as P. volitans. However, Schultz (pers. comm. ) separates the Indian Ocean form from that of the west- central Pacific, based on the shape of the spots in the median fins and on certain meristic differences. It is confined to the Indian Ocean, but reaches eastwards to the west coast of Sumatra. Indian Ocean and western extremity of west Pacific. Scorpaenodes albaiensis (Evermann and Seale) Fig. 105 Hypomacrus albaiensis Evermann and Seale, 1907:102 (Philippines) MATERIAL Seventeen lots, 35 specimens, 19-73 mm SL, 5—43m, primarily drop-off (3 lots, 4 specimens from lagoon) at 20 Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 64, 66, and 73 mm). The majority of our specimens (86%) were collected on the drop-offs, with 84% of the total being collected in water 16m or more in depth. Indo—west Pacific. Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 106 Scorpaena guamensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:326 (Guam) Scorpaenodes guamensis—Randall, 1973:184 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Five lots, 15 specimens, 7-37 mm SL, 5—25m, reef-top and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 26 mm). This species differs from S. scaber in having a slimmer body and shorter dorsal spines (length of fourth spine equals snout length or less vs to mid-pupil, and fourth spine extends from coronal spine above mid-pupil to lower one-third of orbit vs to suborbital ridge); in having no spine on the posteroventral margin of the first suborbital vs such a spine being present at sizes >30 mm SL, or an acute margin being present at lesser lengths; and in having a more blotchy colour pattern vs being speckled (especially on the caudal fin). Scorpaenodes guamensis was collected only in depths greater than 5 m on the outer reefs, whereas S. scaber was taken only in less than 5 m, usually (92%) in the lagoons. Indo-Pacific. Scorpaenodes hirsutus (Smith) Fig. 107 Parascorpaena hirsutus Smith, 1957a:63 (Islo do Bazaruto) Scorpaenodes hirsutus—Eschmeyer and Randall, 1975:277 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Five lots, 8 specimens, 18—25mm SL, 0-25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Scorpaenodes kelloggi (Jenkins) Sebastopsis kelloggi Jenkins, 1904:492 (Hawaii) Scorpaenodes kelloggi—Eschmeyer and Randall, 1975:279 (Indo-Pacific) Fig. 108 MATERIAL Eight lots, 31 specimens, 8-26 mm SL, lagoon, intertidal, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon. Most of our specimens (72%) were collected on reef-tops in depths of S—10 m. Indo-Pacific. Scorpaenodes parvipinnis (Garrett) Fig. 109 Scorpaena parvipinnis Garrett, 1863:105 (Hawaii) Scorpaenodes parvipinnis—Eschmeyer and Randall, 1975:280 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 78 mm SL, 10—15 m, reef-top at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Scorpaenodes scaber (Ramsey and Ogilby) Pigs 110 Sebastes scaber Ramsey and Ogilby, 1885:577 (Shark Reef, Australia) MATERIAL Nine lots, 62 specimens, 14—67 mm SL, 0—5 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 25, 57, and 67mm). The geographic range of this species is not clear from the literature since it is frequently confused with S. guamensis. Range unassigned. Scorpaenopsis diabolus (Cuvier) Rigel Scorpaena diabolus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829b:312 (New Guinea) Scorpaenopsis diabolus—Eschmeyer and Randall, 1975:305 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Five lots, 6 specimens, 45-150 mm SL, 0—15 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-top at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photos: 45, 59, and 150 mm). Indo-Pacific. Scorpaenopsis fowleri (Pietschmann) Scorpaenodes fowleri Pietschmann, 1934:99 (Hawaii) Scorpaenopsis fowleri—Eschmeyer and Randall, 1975:297 (central Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 17mm SL, 33—43m, drop-off at Salomon. This species has now been found in the western Indian Ocean and eastwards to Pitcairn Island (Eschmeyer, pers. comm.). Indo-Pacific. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa (Schneider) Fisea2 Scorpaena gibbosa Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:192 (America) Scorpaenopsis gibbosa—Eschmeyer and Randall, 1975:305 (Indian Ocean) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 67mm SL, 0.5—1m, reef-flat at Diego Garcia. Western Indian Ocean. Scorpaenopsis oxycephala (Bleeker) Scorpaena oxycephalus Bleeker, 1849:7 (Java) Fig. 113 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 27-38 mm SL, 8—25 m, drop-off at Salomon (photo: 38 mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Scorpaenopsis sp. 1 Pie ni MATERIAL Eight lots, 9 specimens, 33—123 mm SL, 3—43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 44, 66, 88, 93, and 123mm). The material represents an undescribed species that will be described by Eschmeyer and Rama-Rao. Range unassigned. Scorpaenopsis sp. 2 Pl. IVA MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 250—270 mm SL, 10—24 m, drop- off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 270mm). The material represents an undescribed species that will be described by Eschmeyer and Rama-Rao. Range unassigned. Sebastapistes cyanostigma (Bleeker) Fig. 114 Scorpaena cyanostigma Bleeker, 1856g:385 (Indonesia) Sebastes strongensis—Regan, 1908:235 (Salomon and Egmont, Chagos Archipelago) (non Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829b) Sebastapistes albobrunnea—Schultz, 1966a:27 (Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Twelve lots, 45 specimens, 17-59mm SL, O0-—24m, lagoon, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 21 and 50mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. This species is usually referred to as S. albobrunnea (Gunther, 1873). Sebastapistes strongia (Cuvier) Fig. 115 Scorpaena strongia Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829b:323 (Caroline Islands) Sebastapistes strongia—Poss and Rama-Rao, 1984:13 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 28mm SL, 1—2m, lagoon at Diego Garcia. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Synanceia verrucosa Bloch and Schneider Fig. 116 Synanceia verrucosa Bloch and Schneider, 1801:195 (India); Eschmeyer and Rama-Rao, 1973:357 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 132mm SL, 0.5m, lagoon at Salomon (photo). Indo-Pacific. Taenianotus triacanthus Lacepéde Fig. 117 Taenianotus triacanthus Lacepéde, 1802b:303 (no type 21 locality); Regan, 1908:236 (Salomon); Randall, 1973:185 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 57-62 mm SL, 3—24m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: both). Indo-Pacific. Caracanthidae Caracanthus madagascariensis (Guichenot) Fig. 118 Crossoderma madagascariensis Guichenot, 1869:195 (Madagascar) Caracanthus maculatus—Regan, 1908:237 (Chagos Archi- pelago) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 32 specimens, 16—38 mm SL, 0—24 m, lagoon, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 27 and 38 mm). The species is confined to the western and central Indian Ocean (Eschmeyer, pers. comm.). Caracanthus unipinna (Gray) Fig. 119 Micropus unipinnus Gray, 1831:20 (Pacific Seas) Caracanthus unipinna—Regan, 1908:237 (Chagos Archi- pelago) MATERIAL Sixteen lots, 46 specimens, 13—32mm SL, 0-25m, lagoon, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 28 mm). The majority of our specimens (9 lots, 38 specimens) were collected on the reef-top (x/collection = 4.2); the other habitats had a mean of less than 1.3 specimens/collection in which this species was taken. Indo-Pacific. Platycephalidae The flatheads were identified by Dr L. W. Knapp, who also provided the geographic ranges. Rogadius serratus (Cuvier) Fig. 120 Platycephalus serratus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829b:259 (Sri Lanka) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 76mm SL, 7m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo—west Pacific (Pakistan to northern Queensland). Thysanophrys arenicola Schultz Fig. 121 Thysanophrys arenicola Schultz, 1966b:60 (Marshall Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 53mm SL, 4—7m, reef-top at Salomon. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Thysanophrys otaitensis (Cuvier) Fig. «122 Platycephalus otaitensis Cuvier, 1829:242 (Tahiti) Thysanophrys otaitensis—Knapp, 1984:4 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Twelve lots, 30 specimens, 29—244mm SL, 0-10m, lagoon and reef-top (1) at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 122 and 144 mm). Indo-Pacific. Dactylopteridae Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier) Dactylopterus orientalis Cuvier in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1829b:134 (Mauritius; also Waigeo, Vizagapatam) Dactyloptena orientalis—Gosline and Brock, 1965:290 (Hawaii); Poss, 1984:5 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, east to Japan) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range map given by Poss (1984). Indo-Pacific. Serranidae We here follow Johnson (1983) in including the Gram- mistidae and Pseudogrammidae in this family, but we retain (for the present) the Anthiidae, Pseudochromidae (which includes the Pseudoplesiopidae), and Plesiopidae as distinct families. Aethaloperca rogaa (Forsskal) Fig. 123 Perca rogaa Forsskal, 1775:38 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Aethaloperca rogaa—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:9 (Indo— west Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Four lots, 5 specimens, 215—338 mm SL, 3—15 m, lagoon only at Peros Banhos (photo: 291 mm). This species was seen only on rare occasions and was never sighted or collected outside the lagoons. Indo—west Pacific. Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes) Fig. 124 Serranus leucogrammicus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828:347 (Moluccas and Seychelles) Anyperodon leucogrammicus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:11 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 205 mm SL, 3—7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). The species appears to be rare at Chagos, as the above specimen was the only one seen during the entire expedition. However, Kyushin et al. (1977) report obtaining two specimens from Chagos by vertical longline in a depth of 28 m. Indo—west Pacific. Aporops allfreei Smith Pl. IVB Aporops allfreei Smith, 1953:553 (Kisiti Island and Pemba Island) MATERIAL Four lots, 10 specimens, 16-59 mm SL, 0—7 m, primarily reef-top (n = 9) and lagoon, Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 15, 19, 48, and 59 mm). This species appears to be confined to the western and central Indian Ocean: it is replaced by A. bilinearis from Taiwan (Shen, 1984) to the Great Barrier Reef (Russell, 1983) and on the western portion of the Pacific plate (Schultz, 1943), and by A. japonicus in Japan (Schultz, 1966c). Western Indian Ocean. Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler and Bean Fig 8125 Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler and Bean, 1930:182 (Sulawesi; Borneo); Randall, Smith, and Aida, 1980:2 (Indo-Pacific, east to Samoa and Marshall Islands) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 67mm SL, 20—25m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). This species was sighted on three occasions, usually at the interface of the reef-top and drop-off. The specimen collected was taken about 3m below the lip of the drop-off. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Cephalopholis analis (Valenciennes) Fig. 126 Serranus analis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828:307 (New Ireland) Cephalopholis analis—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:17 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Fifteen lots, 42 specimens, 31-145mm SL, 18—-48m, drop-off only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 128 mm). Randall (1985), in an addendum, states that the name for French Polynesian specimens reported as C. analis should be C. spiloparaea (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828:338). Since C. analis has page priority over C. spiloparaea, it seems better to await the publication of Randall’s results in more detail, and the name C. analis is tentatively used here. Indo-Pacific. Cephalopholis argus Schneider Fig. 127 Cephalopholis argus Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:311 (East Indies); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:19 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Twenty-two lots, 57 specimens, 41—282 mm SL, 0—43 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 239 mm). An earlier name for this species, C. guttata (Bloch), is currently under review by the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature, and we follow Randall and Ben-Tuvia (1983) in using C. argus. The majority of the specimens (61%; x = 8.8 specimens/lot) were collected in the intertidal region, with 77% of the total from less than 5m, and 89% from less than 15 m. Indo-Pacific. Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepéde) Fig. 128 Labrus leopardus Lacepéde, 1802a:450 (Indo-Pacific) Cephalopholis leopardus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:29 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to French Polynesia) MATERIAL Twenty-five lots, 159 specimens, 31—107 mm SL, 3—43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salo- mon (photo: 61 mm). This species is primarily an inhabitant of the drop-offs (68% of specimens, x/lot = 10.8), with 85% of the total number of specimens being collected in depths of 6—25 m. Indo-Pacific. Cephalopholis miniata (Forsskal) Fig. 129 Perca miniata Forsskal, 1775:41 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Cephalopholis miniata—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:13 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Five lots, 6 specimens, 68—290 mm SL, 6—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 68, 245, and 290 mm). Indo-Pacific. Cephalopholis nigripinnis (Valenciennes) Fig. 130 Serranus nigripinnis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1828:339 (no locality) Cephalopholis nigripinnis—Kailola, 1975:92 (New Guinea) MATERIAL Eighteen lots, 86 specimens, 36—-193mm SL, 4—26m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salo- mon (photos: 66 and 146 mm). Most of our specimens (76%; x/lot = 7.1) were collected from the reef-tops, with 77% of the total in 6—15m. Heemstra and Randall (1984:31) imply that this species is confined to the Indian Ocean. We note Kailola’s record (1975) from New Guinea, although we have not verified the identification of her single specimen. Distribution insuffi- 23 ciently known to categorize; range unassigned. Cephalopholis sexmaculata Riippell Rissuisil Cephalopholis sexmaculatus Ruppell, 1830a:107 (Red Sea); Randall, 1973:186 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Four lots, 6 specimens, 82—283 mm SL, 18—43 m, drop-off only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 97 and 283 mm). Indo-Pacific. Cephalopholis sp. JL IG MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 37mm SL, O—0.75 m, reef-flat at Salomon (photo). Neither we, nor Dr Heemstra, nor Dr Randall were able to identify this specimen. Dr Randall suggested (in litt.) that it could possibly be a juvenile of C. boenack or C. pachycentron—neither of which has yet been found at Chagos. Range unassigned. Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus (Bloch) Pipet32 Holocentrus caeruleopunctatus Bloch, 1790:94 (no locality) Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:59 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, east to Japan and Australia) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 184—315 mm SL, 0-25 m, inter- tidal, reef-flat, and drop-off at Peros Banhos (photos: 184, 223, and 315 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes) Serranus chlorostigma Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1828:352 (Seychelles) Epinephelus_ chlorostigma—Kyushin et al., 1977:206 (Chagos Archipelago); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:61 (Indo-Pacific east to Caroline Islands) No specimens seen or collected, based on record by Kyushin et al. (1977) of a specimen (or specimens) taken by vertical longline from Chagos in depths of 32—150 m. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskal) Fig. 133 Perca fasciata Forsskal, 1775:40 (Ras Muhammad, Red Sea) Epinephelus fasciatus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:47 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 98 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos (photo). This species was only seen on a search-and- recovery dive in the pass between Petite Soeur and Isle Poule at Peros Banhos and on another dive off the pass at 24 the north tip of Eagle Island in 10 m. On the latter occasion, numerous specimens were observed at the beginning of the dive (1300h), but none was observed one hour later. Indo-Pacific. Epinephelus faveatus (Valenciennes) Fig. 134 Serranus faveatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1828:329 (Mauritius and Sri Lanka) Epinephelus faveatus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:67 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Five lots, 14 specimens, 55—197 mm SL, O—1 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, and Peros Banhos (photo: 73 mm). This species is frequently referred to in the literature as E. megachir or E. macrospilos. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Epinephelus flavocaeruleus (Lacepéde) Holocentrus flavocaeruleus Lacepéde, 1802b:331 (Mauri- tius) Epinephelus flavocaeruleus—Kyushin et al., 1977:194 (Chagos Archipelago); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:69 (Indo-Pacific east to Marshall Islands and Gilbert Islands) This record is based on the report by Kyushin et al. (1977) of four specimens taken at Chagos, Andaman Islands, and the East Burma Sea by vertical longline in depths of 60—110 m. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Epinephelus hexagonatus (Schneider) Figsai3s Holocentrus hexagonatus Schneider in Bloch and Schnei- der, 1801:323 (Tahiti) Epinephelus hexagonatus—Kyushin et al., 1977:212 (Chagos Archipelago); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:71 (Indo-Pacific east to Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Twenty-one lots, 172 specimens, 45—224 mm SL, 0—25 m, lagoon, reef-flat, intertidal, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 112 and 162mm). Most specimens were taken in the intertidal (20%) and reef-flat (67%) regions (x/lot = 8.5 and 18.5 specimens, respectively), with 92% of the total number of specimens collected in 0—5m. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Epinephelus longispinis (Kner) Serranus longispinis Kner, 1865:27 (Madras) Epinephelus gaimardi—Kyushin et al., 1977:210 (non Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830b; Chagos Archipelago) Epinephelus longispinis—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:75 (western Indian Ocean) This record is from the figure and description of E. gaimardi given by Kyushin et al. (1977) based on 12 specimens obtained at five localities (one of which was Chagos). Their specimens were taken by vertical longline in 32-65m. As pointed out by Heemstra and Randall (1984), E. longispinis is frequently misidentified as E. gaimardi, which itself is a junior synonym of E. miliaris (Valenciennes). The colour figures given by Kyushin et al. (1977) leave little doubt that their specimens are EF. longispinis. Western Indian Ocean. Epinephelus merra Bloch Fig. 136 Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793:17 (Japan); Kyushin et al., 1977:214 (Chagos Archipelago); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:83 (Indo-Pacific east to French Polynesia) MATERIAL Ten lots, 459 specimens, 43—157 mm SL, 0—7 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Three Brothers, and Peros Banhos (photo: 63mm). This species was the dominant small serranid in very shallow water. Ninety-nine per cent of the specimens were taken in less than | m, with 73% from the intertidal zone and 26% from the reef-flat. Indo-Pacific. Epinephelus microdon (Bleeker) Serranus microdon Bleeker, 1856b:86 (Java) Epinephelus microdon—Kyushin et al., 1977:230 (Chagos Archipelago); Randall, 1973:186 (Tahiti) Ricestsy, MATERIAL Seven lots, 7 specimens, 170—417mm SL, 0-43 m, lagoon, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 201 and 353 mm). Indo-Pacific. Epinephelus miliaris (Valenciennes) Serranus miliaris Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830b:520 (New Guinea) Epinephelus fuscus—Kyushin et al., 1977:216 (Chagos Archipelago) Epinephelus miliaris—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:87 (Indo—west Pacific) No specimens seen or collected. Kyushin et al. (1977) record EF. fuscus Fourmanoir, 1963, from Chagos, and their photograph of this species corresponds to E. miliaris. Heemstra and Randall (1984) point out that both E. fuscus and E. dictiophorus (Bleeker, 1856e) are synonyms of E. miliaris. Indo—west Pacific. Epinephelus morrhua (Valenciennes) Serranus morrhua Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1833:434 (Mauritius) Epinephelus cometae—Kyushin et al., 1977:198 (Chagos Archipelago) Epinephelus morrhua—Kyushin et al., 1977:200 (Chagos Archipelago); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:91 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the reports of Kyushin et al. (1977) and Heemstra and Randall (1984). The latter authors synonymize E. cometae Tanaka, 1927, in E. morrhua. Indo—west Pacific. Epinephelus multinotatus (Peters) Serranus multinotatus Peters, 1876:435 (Mauritius/Sey- chelles) Epinephelus leprosus—Kyushin et al., 1977:226 (Chagos Archipelago) Epinephelus multinotatus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:93 (western Indian Ocean) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the report of Kyushin et al. (1977) of a specimen taken by vertical longline in 40-100m (as E. leprosus Smith, 1955a, which Heemstra and Randall [1984] treat as a synonym of E. multinotatus). Western Indian Ocean. Epinephelus poecilonotus (Temminck and Schlegel) Serranus poecilonotus Temminck and Schlegel, 1842:6 (Japan) Epinephelus poecilonotus—Kyushin et al., 1977:202 (Chagos Archipelago); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:97 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the above literature sources. Indo—west Pacific. Epinephelus radiatus (Day) Serranus radiatus Day, 1867:699 (India) Epinephelus radiatus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:103 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Heemstra and Randall (1984). Indo—west Pacific. Epinephelus retouti Bleeker Epinephelus retouti Bleeker, 1868b:339 (Réunion); Heem- stra and Randall, 1984:105 (southwestern Indian Ocean, including Chagos) ?Epinephelus truncatus—Kyushin et al., 1977:220 (Chagos Archipelago) No specimens seen or collected. Kyushin et al. (1977) to an obtained two specimens of what they identified as E. truncatus Katayama, 1957, from Chagos (vertical longline, 25—90 m). This species has been tentatively regarded as a synonym of FE. retouti by Heemstra and Randall (1984). Western Indian Ocean. Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg)* Perca septemfasciata Thunberg, 1793:56 (Japan) ?Epinephelus compressus—Kyushin et al. , 1977:224 (Chagos Archipelago) Epinephelus septemfasciatus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:109 (southwestern Indian Ocean, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected. Heemstra and Randall (1984) report it from Mauritius, Réunion, and Chagos, in addition to the type locality in Japan. Indo—west Pacific. Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskal) Fig. 138 Perca tauvina Forsskal, 1775:39 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Epinephelus tauvina—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:53 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Ten lots, 26 specimens, 45—245 mm SL, 0—7m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and pass at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 114, 128, 158, and 245 mm). Indo-Pacific. Gracila albomarginata (Fowler and Bean) Fig. 139 Cephalopholis albomarginatus Fowler and Bean, 1930:235 (Borneo) Gracila albomarginata—Randall, 1973:186 (Tahiti); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:119 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 287mm SL, 5—7m, reef-top at Salomon (photo). This species was occasionally seen on the edges of the reef-tops near the drop-off in 5—12 m. In natural light at these depths, the fish appears dark, with white vertical bars beneath the soft dorsal fin. The peduncle is white with a large, round black spot centred midlaterally. Indo-Pacific. Gracila polleni (Bleeker) Fig. 140 Epinephelus polleni Bleeker, 1868b:336 (Réunion) Gracila polleni—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:121 (Indo— west Pacific, including Chagos); Myers and Sheppard, 1980:317 (Marianas) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 168 mm SL, 42 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). 26 Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg)* Perca sexlineatus Thunberg, 1792:142 (Japan) Grammistes sexlineatus—Regan, 1908:224 (Chagos Archi- pelago); Randall, 1984c:5 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Fig. 141 MATERIAL Five lots, 22 specimens, 17-90 mm SL, 0-3 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 77 mm). Indo-Pacific. Liopropoma africana (Smith) Fig. 142 Chorististium africanum Smith, 1954b:866 (Tekomaji Island, Mozambique) MATERIAL Eight lots, 9 specimens, 27-56mm SL, 18-48 m, drop- offs only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 36 and 56mm). The genus is under revision by Randall and Taylor, to whom we have sent our specimens. The identification given above is tentative. Range unassigned. Liopropoma susumi (Jordan and Seale) Fig. 143 Chorististium susumi Jordan and Seale, 1906:256 (Samoa); Smith, 1954b:862 (East Africa) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 36—46 mm SL, 6—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 44 mm [x 2]). The remarks made under L. africana also apply to this species. Range unassigned. Plectropomus areolatus Ruppell Plectropoma areolatum Rippell, 1830b:index footnote (Red Sea) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 308—373 mm SL, 3—7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. This species is distributed from the Red Sea east to Samoa and the Phoenix Islands (Randall, pers. comm.). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Plectropomus laevis (Lacepéde) Figs. 144, 145 and Pl. IVD Labrus laevis Lacepéde, 1802a:431 (“grande golfe de l’Inde’’) Plectropomus melanoleucas—Randall, 1973:186 (Tahiti) Plectropomus laevis—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:127 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Plectropomus truncatus—Kyushin et al., 1977:186 (Chagos Archipelago) PLATE I B. Reef-top, south coast of Salomon. E. Reef-top near drop-off, Salomon. G. Lagoon floor at Peros Banhos. H. Lagoon floor at Salomon. PLATE II A. Carcharhinus albimarginatus. G. Gymnothorax sp. 3, 118 mm SL. H. Uropterygius sp. 1, 180mm SL. PLATE III A. Synodus binotatus, 53 mm SL. B. Synodus englemani, 117mm SL. C. Synodus jaculum, 51 mm SL. D. Myripristis vittatus, 91 mm SL. E. Sargocentron inaequalis, 72 mm SL. F. Sargocentron tiereoides, 38mm SL. ULL TY Tae n G. Doryrhamphus multiannulatus, 119mm SL. H. Scorpaenopsis sp. 1, 123mm SL. PLATE IV B. Aporops allfreei, 48 mm SL. 270 mm SL 2, is sp. Scorpaenopsi. A 1S Plectropomus laev D 37mm SL <9) is Sp Cephalophol e F. Anthias sp., male. . female Anthias sp., . B i. ias carberry Nemanth H hthys evansi. Ic irolabr M. G PLATE V A. Apogon abrogramma?, 93 mm SL. B. Apogon evermanni, 64mm SL. C. Caesio teres, 95 mm SL. E. Pterocaesio sp., 99mm SL. F. Parapriacanthus ransonneti. G. Amblyglyphidodon sp. H. Amblyglyphidodon sp., 85 mm. G. Dascyllus carneus, 43 mm SL. H. Pomacentrus sp. 1. PLATE VII taeeee ae B. Pomacentrus sp. 1, adult. C. Sphyraena nigripinnis, Salomon. D. Cheilinus undulatus, Salomon. E. Cirrhilabrus rubrisquamis, 41 mm SL. F. Halichoeres cosmetus, 62 mm SL. G. Halichoeres iridis, 45mm SL. H. Labropsis xanthonota, 40 mm SL. PLATE VIII 5 MEDS 5 gee poe E. Enneapterygius sp., Peros Banhos. F. Helcogramma fuscopinna, 32 mm SL. G. ?Monochirus sp., 19mm SL. H. Pervagor janthinosoma, 38 mm SL. MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 230-567 mm SL, 0.75—42m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos (photos: 230, 304, and 567mm). The specimen of P. truncatus from Chagos reported on by Kyushin et al. (1977) apparently belongs to this species (Randall, pers. comm.). Indo-Pacific. Plectropomus pessuliferus Fowler Plectropoma pessuliferus Fowler, 1904:520 (Padang) Plectropomus maculatus—Kyushin et al., 1977:184 (Chagos Archipelago); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:129 (Indo—west Pacific) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Kyushin et al. (1977). Indo—west Pacific. Plectropomus punctatus Quoy and Gaimard Plectropoma punctata Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:318 (Mauritius) Plectropomus punctatus—Heemstra and Randall, 1984:131 (western Indian Ocean, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Heemstra and Randall (1984). Western Indian Ocean. Promicrops lanceolatus (Bloch) Fig. 146 Holocentrus lanceolatus Bloch, 1790:92 (East Indies) Promicrops lanceolatus—Randall, 1985:470 (Society Islands) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, ca 900 mm SL (head only kept), 25 m, lagoon at Salomon (photo). Indo-Pacific. Pseudogramma polyacantha (Bleeker) Fig. 147 Pseudochromis polyacanthus Bleeker, 1856a:375 (Ter- nate, Indonesia) Pseudogramma polyacantha—Randall, 1973:187 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Thirty-five lots, 245 specimens, 7-49mm SL, 0—26m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 12, 13, and 37mm). This species was collected primarily on the reef-tops (x/lot = 10.6) and drop-off (x/lot = 7.8), which combined represented 86% of the specimens collected. It preferred a depth range of 6—25m (x/lot = 7.8; 92% specimens collected). Indo-Pacific. Variola albimarginata Baissac Fig. 148 Variola albimarginata Baissac, 1953:214 (Mauritius); Heemstra and Randall, 1984:141 (Indo—west Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, 2 specimens, 210—222 mm SL, 20 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo: 210 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Variola louti (Forsskal) Perca louti Forsskal, 1775:40 (Red Sea) Variola louti—Randall, 1973:186 (Tahiti); Kyushin et al., 1977:178 (Chagos Archipelago) Fig. 149 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 357—370 mm SL, 15—20 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo: 370mm). Indo- Pacific. Anthiidae Anthias squamipinnis (Peters)* Fig. 150 Serranus squamipinnis Peters, 1855b:429 (Mozambique) Anthias squamipinnis—Randall, 1983b:52 (Indo—west Pacific) MATERIAL Nineteen lots, 187 specimens, 19-74mm SL, 6—48m, drop-off, reef-top, and lagoon at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 3 specimens). Most of our specimens (68%; x/lot = 10.7 specimens) were collected on the drop-offs; 61% of the total (x/lot = 12.7 specimens) were taken in depths of 6—15 m. Indo—west Pacific. Anthias sp. Pi IVE-E MATERIAL Four lots, 16 specimens, 16—53 mm SL, 33—48 m, drop-off only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 5 specimens). The material has been sent to Dr Heemstra, who suspects that it represents an undescribed species. Distribution insufficiently known to categorize. Range unassigned. Mirolabrichthys evansi (Smith) PlaIVG Anthias evansi Smith, 1954a:1 (Shimoni, Kenya) Anthias (Mirolabrichthys) evansi—Randall and Lubbock, 1981a:4 (Indian Ocean, including Cocos[Keeling] Island) MATERIAL Seven lots, 16 specimens, 18—79mm SL, 15—43m, drop-off and lagoon (near pass) at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 3 specimens). Indian Ocean. Nemanthias carberryi Smith Pl. IVH Nemanthias carberryi Smith, 1954a:4 (Malindi, Kenya) MATERIAL Ten lots, 461 specimens, 19-65 mm SL, 15—43 m, drop- off and lagoon (near pass) at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 3 specimens). Indian Ocean. Plectranthias longimanus (Weber)* Bigalsl Pteranthias longimanus Weber, 1913:209 (Paternoster Island, Indonesia) Plectranthias longimanus—Randall, 1980:148 (Indo— west Pacific; Caroline Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 12mm SL, 33—43m, drop-off at Salomon. The above specimen was identified using Ran- dall’s key (1980). However, Randall states (op. cit., p. 151), “... this species seems more likely to be found on coral reefs of continental areas or large islands. By contrast, the closely related P. nanus, the color pattern of which is almost identical to P. Jongimanus, 1s more apt to be found around small oceanic islands.” Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Pseudochromidae Chlidichthys inornatus Lubbock Rigel s2 Chlidichthys inornatus Lubbock, 1976:169 (Sri Lanka; also Chagos Archipelago) Pseudoplesiops typus—Regan, 1908:228 (Peros Banhos, Chagos Archipelago) (non Bleeker, 1858) MATERIAL Fifty-five lots, 635 specimens, 10—34mm SL, 0-43 m, lagoon, drop-off, reef-top, reef-flat, and intertidal at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 19 and 23 mm). The only pseudochromid collected at Chagos, C. inornatus was very common. There were, however, certain patterns discernible in its distribu- tion. The main habitats were the lagoons (x/lot = 12.7) and drop-offs (x/lot = 14.5), together accounting for 87% of the specimens collected. The preferred depth range was the same as that for Pseudogramma polyacantha: 84% of the specimens were collected between 6—25 m. The species is recorded only from Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and Chagos (Lubbock, 1976). Central Indian Ocean. Plesiopidae Calloplesiops altivelis (Steindachner) Fige 53 Plesiops altivelis Steindachner, 1903:17 (Sumatra) Calloplesiops altivelis—Springer, 1982:72 (Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate) MATERIAL Four lots, 5 specimens, 49-69 mm SL, 3—25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 62 mm). Although this species has been recorded from the Tuamotu Islands, Springer (1982) remains sceptical of this record 28 and regards the species as being Indo—west Pacific in distribution with subsequent dispersal via the Caroline conduit onto the Pacific plate. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Kuhliidae Kuhlia mugil (Schneider) Fig. 154 Sciaena mugil Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:541 (Tahiti) Kuhlia mugil—Heemstra, 1984a:3 (Indo-Pacific, inclu- ding Chagos) MATERIAL Two lots, 24 specimens, 21—87 mm SL, 0-1 m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 87 mm). Indo-Pacific. Priacanthidae Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepéde) Rigas Labrus cruentatus Lacepéde, 1802a:452 (America) Priacanthus cruentatus—Starnes, 1984:5 (circumtropical, including Chagos) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 88—173 mm SL, 3—25 m, lagoon and drop-off (photo: 172 mm). Circumtropical. Apogonidae Apogon abrogramma Fraser and Lachner Pl. VA Apogon abrogramma Fraser and Lachner, 1985:5 (Indian Ocean, including Chagos, east to Philippines) MATERIAL Nineteen lots, 171 specimens, 22—86mm SL, 0—32m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 24, 57, 66, 72 [X 2], 76, and 85 mm). This species was most abundant in O-10m in the lagoons, where 91% of our specimens were caught. It is similar to A. exostigma, but lacks a well-developed caudal spot. Two specimens, 85 and 93 mm SL, are intermediate in several characters between A. abrogramma and A. kallop- terus. The specimens are generally pale in colour (see PI. VA). One of these two specimens has an obvious dark spot above the end of the lateral line; the other has a faint spot in this region. The leading edges of the caudal fin are black, more prominently so in the specimen with the faint caudal spot, and in both cases more prominently than in A. abrogramma. Dr T. H. Fraser examined a colour slide of one of the specimens and suggested that it could be a pale A. kallopterus. However, the interorbital width of the two specimens is narrower (6.5—7.1% of SL vs 7.5—8.2% of SL in A. kallopterus), and the body is less deep (34.9— 36.0% of SL vs 35.7—38.0% of SL; n = 7). The lengths of the first and second dorsal spines in the two specimens are intermediate between A. abrogramma and A. kallopterus, being 4.0-4.1%, 2.6—3.0%, and 4.2—5.0% SL for the first spine and 10.6%, 7.4—7.9%, and 11.8—12.1% SL for the second spine, respectively. Predorsal scale counts are 4—5 for the two specimens, with a mean of 5.6 in A. abro- gramma and 5.0 in A. kallopterus. The above data, coupled with the abundance of A. abrogramma and A. kallopterus at Chagos, suggest that these two specimens could be hybrids. Indo—west Pacific. Apogon angustatus (Smith and Radcliffe) Fig. 156 Amia angustata Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1912a:253 (Malanipa, Philippines) Apogon angustatus—Randall, 1973:183 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 39 specimens, 15—60mm SL, 5—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 28, 41, and 58mm). Sixty-seven per cent of our specimens were collected on the reef-tops, and 87% of the total were taken in 15-25 m. Indo-Pacific. Apogon apogonides (Bleeker) Figg k57/ Cheilodipterus apogonides Bleeker, 1856e:37 (Manado, Celebes) Apogon apogonides—Randall, 1973:183 (Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, 49 specimens, 29-54 mm SL, 10—15 m, reef-top at Peros Banhos (photos: 30 and 54 mm). Indo-Pacific. Apogon coccineus Ruppell Fig. 158 Apogon coccineus Riippell, 1838:88 (Red Sea); Randall, 1973:183 (Tahiti) Amia doryssa Jordan and Seale, 1906:245 (Samoa) MATERIAL Forty lots, 150 specimens, 10—38 mm SL, 0—43 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photo: 32mm). Apogon coccineus was fairly evenly distributed in four major habitats (lagoon 30%, intertidal 28%, reef-top 21%, and drop-off 18%). However, 82% of the specimens were collected in less than 15m of water depth, and 97% in less than 25 m. We tentatively regard A. doryssa as a synonym of A. coccineus, but feel that A. erythrinus is a distinct species. The above specimens have 12 pectoral rays (vs 13—14 in A. erythrinus). The shape of the head in Ruppell’s figure (1838, pl. 22, fig. 5) matches the more pointed head of our specimens (more blunt in A. erythrinus). The single photographed specimen was pale with red scale margins on the nape and anterodorsal half of the body. Gill rakers 7-12 developed, with a total of 13-18 (n = 14). Indo- Pacific. Apogon crassiceps Garman Fig. 159 Apogon crassiceps Garman, 1903:230 (Fiji); Schultz, 1943:96 (Samoa) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 45-81 mm SL, 3—10m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Three Brothers (photo: 45 mm). Indo— west Pacific. Apogon erythrinus Snyder Fig. 160 Apogon erythrinus Snyder, 1904:526 (Hawaii); Randall, 1955c:69 (Gilbert Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 7 specimens, 16-30 mm SL, 0—3 m, lagoon and reef-top at Diego Garcia and Salomon. This species is very similar to A. coccineus, but differs from it in the following ways: A. erythrinus has a shorter second dorsal spine (3.9—4.7 in SL vs 5.7—6.6 in SL); its melanophores on the predorsal extend onto the lateral body surface, cheeks, and opercles; and it possesses a vague dusky bar which passes posteroventrally from the posteroventral corner of the eye. Indo-Pacific. Apogon evermanni Jordan and Snyder PIAVE Apogon evermanni Jordan and Snyder, 1904:123 (Hawaii); Randall and Bohlke, 1981:131 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos; Caribbean) MATERIAL Two lots, 5 specimens, 41-69 mm SL, 18—43 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 64 and 68 mm). Indo-Pacific and western Atlantic. Apogon frenatus Valenciennes Fig. 161 Apogon fraenatus Valenciennes, 1832:57 (New Guinea and Guam); Fraser and Lachner, 1985:24 (Indo-Pacific, east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 8 specimens, 24—51 mm SL, 4—13 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific. Apogon kallopterus Bleeker Fig. 162 Apogon kallopterus Bleeker, 1856e:33 (Manado, Celebes); 29 Fraser and Lachner, 1985:8 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Thirty-two lots, 193 specimens, 23—92 mm SL, 0-43 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 26, 36, 46, 61, 76, 84, and 91 mm). No major patterns of habitat or depth associations were found. The mean numbers of specimens/lot for the habitats listed above were 5.3, 6.5, 13.5, 4.0, and 6.5, respec- tively. Although the reef-flat seems significantly higher than other habitats (x/lot = 13.5), only two reef-flat stations (of a total of five) yielded specimens. Indo-Pacific. Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker Fig. 163 Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker, 1856f:204 (Ternate, Indo- nesia); Fraser and Lachner, 1985:34 (Indo-Pacific, includ- ing Chagos, east to Marshall Islands and Samoa) MATERIAL Two lots, 288 specimens, 15—36mm SL, 1—15 m lagoon and reef-top at Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos. The vast majority of the specimens (n = 280) were collected by Ryther in the lagoon at Diego Garcia. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Apogon savayensis Ginther Fig. 164 Apogon savayensis Gunther, 1871:656 (Samoa and Cele- bes); Randall, 1973:18 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Twenty-seven lots, 146 specimens, 12—75mm SL, 0- 33m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 63 and 75 mm). A. savayensis is a quiet, shallow-water inhabitant. The lagoon and fringing inter- tidal region yielded 95.2% of our specimens, and 93.2% of our material was collected in water less than 15 m in depth. Indo-Pacific. Apogon semiornatus Peters Fig. 165 Apogon semiornatus Peters, 1876:436 (Mauritius); Allen and Steene, 1979:29 (“Indo—west Pacific’) MATERIAL Seven lots, 11 specimens, 11—23 mm SL, 5—26 m, reef-top and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 23 mm). “Indo—west Pacific.” Apogon taeniophorus Regan Fig. 166 Apogon taeniophorus Regan, 1908:226 (Maldives); Allen and Steene, 1979:29 (Indian Ocean to Christmas Island) 30 MATERIAL Ten lots, 84 specimens, 18-73 mm SL, 0-7 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 46 and 67mm). The species was most abundant on the reef-flats where 68% of the specimens were collected, with a mean of 11.4 specimens/lot. Indian Ocean. Apogon talboti Smith Fig. 167 Apogon talboti Smith, 1961:387 (Zanzibar); Russell, 1983:50 (Great Barrier Reef) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 38-53 mm SL, 18-43 m, drop- offs at Peros Banhos and Salomon. Indo—west Pacific. Apogon sp. 1 MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 48mm SL, 40—43m, drop-off at Peros Banhos. This specimen has the following characteristics: D VII 9; A 10(sic); P 13 (first ray rudimentary and unbranched); 3 + 13 developed gill rakers on the first arch with two undeveloped rakers both dorsally and ventrally; preoper- cular ridge entire, edge of preopercle serrated; about 24 lateral-line scales; a midlateral and a dorsolateral dark stripe; a thin horizontal stripe of melanophores in the soft dorsal and anal fins just distal to their bases; and a dark eye-diameter-sized spot covering the hypural region of the caudal peduncle. The presence of 10 anal rays and no anal spines 1s most unusual and may indicate that this specimen is aberrant. It may, in addition, represent a new species. If we ignore the anal-fin ray count and lack of anal spines, it keys out to Apogon (Nectamia) using Fraser’s (1972) key. It could represent the same species as A. sp. of Burgess and Axelrod (1975:1440) and of Hayashi and Kishimoto (1983:34), and A. sp. 1 of Masuda et al. (1984:146, pl. 130-M) from Japan. Range unassigned. Fig. 168 Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker Fig. 169 Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker, 1854b:321 (Flores Island, Indonesia); Smith, 1961:391 (east Africa and Red Sea); Randall, 1985:471 (Rapa) ?Apogon variegatus—Regan, 1908:224 (Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago—part) MATERIAL Five lots, 9 specimens, 15—26mm SL, 0—7m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos. One of the three specimens from Diego Garcia identified as Apogon variegatus by Regan (1908) appears to be an Apogonichthys. We were unable to identify it to species since the specimen is faded, but it seems likely to be A. perdix. Indo-Pacific. Archamia fucata (Cantor) Fig. 170 Apogon fucatus Cantor, 1849:986 (“Sea of Pinang’) Archamia fucata—Lachner, 1953:477 (Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Four lots, 251 specimens, 25—51 mm SL, 1—25 m, lagoon only at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 32, 49, and 50mm). Most of the above specimens (n = 240) were taken from a cave in a large (ca 7-m diameter) hollowed-out bommie that rose about 4m from a sandy bottom in 7 mat the east end of Isle du Coin, Peros Banhos. According to Lachner (1953), this species frequents the deeper waters of the lagoon, although we do have six specimens from 1—3m in the lagoon at Diego Garcia. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Cheilodipterus lachneri Klausewitz Figs 171 Cheilodipterus lachneri Klausewitz, 1959:260 (Al Ghar- daqua, Red Sea); Allen and Steene, 1979:29 (Indian Ocean, including Christmas Island) MATERIAL Eighteen lots, 95 specimens, 22—95mm SL, 0-—43m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 57 and 68 mm). Cheilodipterus lachneri was collected only in the lagoons and on the drop-offs, with 50% of specimens being taken in 6—15m, and 90% ina water depth of 6—35 m. This species is often difficult to separate from C. macrodon, but possesses more formed gill rakers (11—17 vs 8—11, the number decreasing with age). Indian Ocean. Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepéde) Figen 172 Centropomus macrodon Lacepéde, 1802b:252 (Mauritius and Réunion) Cheilodipterus macrodon—Lachner, 1953:484 (Indo- Pacific east to Gambier Islands) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 63 specimens, 15—141mm SL, 0-—24m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 32, 47, 65, and 141 mm). This species appears to prefer shallow lagoonal waters less than 10 m deep, where 89% of our specimens were collected. Indo-Pacific. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier Fig? 173 Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828:167 (Society Islands) Chilodipterus quinquelineatus—Regan, 1908:224 (Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago) MATERIAL Twenty lots, 102 specimens, 12—77mm SL, 0-—40m, lagoon and reef-top (1) at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 2 missing speci- mens). Thirty-nine per cent of the above specimens are from less than 10m, and 85% from less than 20m. Indo-Pacific. Foa sp. Apogon variegatus—Regan, 1908:224 (Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago—part) MATERIAL One lot, 2 specimens, 24—29 mm SL, 18 m, Diego Garcia, BM(NH) 1908.3.23.81—83. Two of the three specimens identified by Regan (1908) as Apogon variegatus (currently placed in Fowleria) had an incomplete lateral line, palatine teeth, and a smooth preopercular edge. These characters are diagnostic for Foa in Fraser’s (1972) key. The specimens could not be identified to species since the colour pattern has faded. Range unassigned. Fowleria abocellata Goren and Karplus Fig. 174 Fowleria abocellata Goren and Karplus, 1980:232 (Gulf of Elat, Red Sea) Foa abocellata—Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983:19 (Ryu- kyu Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 26(< 2) mm SL, 0—1 m, intertidal at Eagle Island (photo). Like most apogonid genera, Foa and Fowleria are in need of revision. Lachner (1953) recognized four species in this complex, while Smith (1961) recognized only Fow- leria aurita and remarked that a “few [specimens] lack the opercular ocellus” (p. 383). The above specimens differ from the original description in lacking the dark spot at the tips of the third to fifth dorsal spines (both in the photograph of the freshly dead and in the preserved specimens). In addition, the median fins lack any pigmentation other than iridocytes and scattered melanophores and are pale in the preserved material. The record by Hayashi and Kishimoto (1983) from the Ryukyu Islands may represent a different species. The Chagos specimens, and specimens from Fiji, lack palatine teeth and would, therefore, fall into Fowleria rather than Foa in Fraser’s (1972) key. However, Masuda et al. (1984) include this species in Foa because it retains the first suspensory infrapharyngobranchial. Since Fraser’s character, lack of palatine teeth, is apparently an apomor- phy, whereas Masuda et al.’s character, retention of the first pharyngobranchial, is a plesiomorphic one, we place this species in Fow/eria rather than Foa, with the hint that it may be the plesiomorphic sister group of the other species of that genus. Indo—west Pacific. 3] Fowleria aurita (Valenciennes) Figeal7S Apogon auritus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a:443 (Mauritius); Kami, Ikehara, and DeLeon, 1968:106 (Guam) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 37 specimens, 16—92mm SL, 0—32m, lagoon, intertidal (1), and reef-top (1) at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 24 [x 2], 29, 44, 68, and 92 mm). Within this material, there are two main colour patterns— plain and barred. The latter colour pattern is identified as F’. marmorata in Masuda et al. (1984, pl. 29-D), and other of our specimens are similar to what Masuda et al. (1984, pl. 29-C) identify as F. isostigma. No attempt has been made to separate the above specimens on the basis of colour pattern because of the intermediates which suggest that they are all one species. Randall (1985) records both species from French Polynesia. Whatever the resolution of the systematic problem turns out to be, it would appear that the distribution is Indo-Pacific. Fowleria variegata (Valenciennes) Fig. 176 Apogon variegatus Valenciennes, 1832:55 (Mauritius); Lachner, 1953:475 (Guam) MATERIAL Six lots, 26 specimens, 20—75 mm SL, 0—15 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia and Salomon (photos: 70 and 75 mm). This species was confined to the lagoons and was collected only in the two most sheltered lagoons sampled. A total of six rotenone stations was made in each of the lagoons, with 11 specimens collected from Salomon and 15 from Diego Garcia. The lagoon at Diego Garcia has openings to the sea only at its northern end, whereas Salomon, in addition to the main pass at the northwest corer of the atoll, has another 10 shallow, inter-island channels subject to tidal flow. The opercular blotch is sometimes obscured by a patch of silvery pigment and may be absent in juveniles. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Gymnapogon sp. MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 21—34mm SL, 0—9m, lagoon, reef-flat, and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Salomon, and Three Brothers. Fraser (1972) tentatively recognizes six species of Gym- napogon. Smith (1961) records G. africanus as the only member of the genus present in the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. His description is very similar to that of Henichthys philippinus Herre, and the two nominal species Fig. 177 32 may well be synonymous. In addition, Smith (1954c) felt that his series of specimens showed that the caudal fin changes from emarginate to forked with growth, and he cautioned against placing much emphasis on the degree of papillae development. Should these remarks prove valid, it would imply that the two above names would become synonyms of G. vanderbilti (Fowler). Range unassigned. Neamia octospina Smith and Radcliffe Fig. 178 Neamia octospina Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1912b:441 (Philippines) MATERIAL One lot, 3 specimens, 15—31 mm SL, 7 m, lagoon at Three Brothers. Indo—west Pacific. Pseudamia gelatinosa Smith Fig. 179 Pseudamia gelatinosa Smith, 1955b:690 (Aldabra Islands); Randall, Lachner, and Fraser, 1985:9 (Indo-Pacific east to Austral Island) MATERIAL Twenty lots, 54 specimens, 13-80mm SL, 0-32m, lagoon, intertidal (1), reef-flat (1), and reef-top (2) at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 24 and 57mm). The majority of the above specimens (70%) are from 6—15m in the lagoons, with 89% collected in lagoons (all depths combined). Indo- Pacific. Pseudamiops gracilicauda (Lachner) Fig. 180 Gymnapogon gracilicauda Lachner, 1953:497 (Marshall Islands) Pseudamiops pellucidus Smith, 1954¢:785 (Malindi, Kenya) MATERIAL Seven lots, 9 specimens, 22—29 mm SL, 0.5—15 m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 23 mm). There are several apparent differences between P. gra- cilicauda and P.. pellucida (see table in Smith, 1954c:785, and Fraser, 1972:31). All but one of these differences fall away on our examination of the above material and six specimens (16—39mm SL) from Fiji. Lachner (1953) mentioned that P. gracilicauda lacked scales on the head and body, whereas all our material possesses scales, as does P. pellucida. Ms Jewett reexamined Lachner’s type mater- ial at our request and found no scales, but did find evidence of scale pockets, particularly on the belly (in litt.). Fraser (1972) reported that P. pellucida has five suborbital bones and P. gracilicauda has six. Our material was not exam- ined for this character. Fraser also stated that the two species differed in the position of the first dorsal pterygio- phore, which lies anterior to the third neural spine in P. pellucida and posterior to that spine in P. gracilicauda. In the Chagos material the pterygiophore lies behind the third neural spine in all specimens, as it does in two of the six Fiji specimens. In the holotype of P. gracilicauda the first pterygiophore is inserted anterior to the third neural spine, but in four paratypes (15—19 mm SL) the pterygiophore is inserted posterior to the third neural spine. There appears to be some correlation between the position of insertion of the pterygiophore and size—in most specimens less than 29mm SL the insertion is posterior to the neural spine, while in most larger specimens it 1s anterior to this spine. Pseudamiops pellucida is supposed to have a single enlarged canine on the vomer, versus a single row of small vomerine teeth in P. gracilicauda (Fraser, 1972). Our material exhibits the latter condition, except for the largest of the Fiji specimens, which has two large canines on the vomer. P. pellucida has 14 pectoral-fins rays, a simple first dorsal-fin ray, 9 anal rays, and 5 lower gill rakers (Smith, 1954c), whereas corresponding data for P. gracilicauda is 15-16, branched, 8, and 7, respectively. Corresponding data for the Chagos material is 13—14, simple (but branched in largest specimen), 8 (once 7), and 6, respectively; and for the Fiji specimens, 13—16, branched, 8, and 6 or 7. We tentatively conclude that P. pellucida is a synonym of P. gracilicauda until a more detailed examination and addi- tional material make a reevaluation possible. Indo-west Pacific. Pseudamiops sp. Fig. 181 MATERIAL Nine lots, 16 specimens, 14—21 mm SL, 3—36m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon. This is a small species, with gravid females 17-18 mm SL, that apparently is undescribed. It is unique among apogonids in possessing only a single anal spine. It has many fine teeth on the vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; a rounded caudal fin; and a darkly pigmented peritoneum. It apparently lacks scales. We were unable to ascertain the position of the first dorsal-fin pterygiophore from radio- graphs, but it lies posterior to the third neural spine in our three cleared and stained specimens. Range unassigned. Rhabdamia cypselurus Weber Fig. 182 Rhabdamia cypselurus Weber, 1909:167 (Seram) Apogon cypselurus—Lachner, 1953:450 (Marshall Is- lands) MATERIAL Two lots, 353 specimens, 25—44 mm SL, 5—7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 38 mm). Indo—west Pacific and mar- ginally on the Pacific plate. Malacanthidae Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot Fig. 183 Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot, 1848:14 (Madagas- car; Réunion); Dooley, 1978:58 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 168mm SL, 13m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Malacanthus latovittatus (Lacepéde) Labrus latovittatus Lacepede, 1802a:455 (“Great Equa- torial Ocean’’) Malacanthus latovittatus—Dooley, 1978:60 (Indo-Pacific) No specimens collected; record based on a sighting of two specimens on the reef-top, west coast of Salomon. Indo- Pacific. Lactariidae Lactarius lactarius (Bloch and Schneider) Scomber lactarius Bloch and Schneider, 1801:31 (Tran- quebar) Lactarius lactarius—Kumaran, 1984:3 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Kumaran (1984). Doubtful literature record, range unas- signed. Rachycentridae Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus) Gasterosteus canadum Linnaeus, 1766:491 (Carolina, WESVAS) Rachycentron canadum—Collette, 1984c:3 (cosmopoli- tan, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Coliette (1984c). Cosmopolitan. Echeneididae Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus Fig. 184 Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758:261 (Indian Ocean); Lachner and Collette, 1984:4 (cosmopolitan, including Chagos) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 108—270mm SL, 1.5—10m, lagoon and reef-top at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 248 mm). Cosmopolitan. Carangidae Most of the carangids were identified by Dr W. F. Smith-Vaniz. Carangoides orthogrammus (Jordan and Gilbert) Bigesls5 Caranx orthogrammus Jordan and Gilbert, 1882:226 (Clarion Island) Caranx ferdua—Kyushin et al., 1977:266 (Chagos Archi- pelago) (non Forsskal, 1775) Carangoides orthogrammus—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:63 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 329-533 FL, 5—7m, reef-top at Salomon (photo: 533 mm). Indo-Pacific. Carangoides plagiotaenia (Bleeker) Caranx plagiotaenia Bleeker, 1857a:59 (Ambon) Caranx compressus—Kyushin et al., 1977:272 (Chagos Archipelago) (non Day, 1870) Carangoides plagiotaenia—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:65 (Indo- Pacific) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the report of C. compressus by Kyushin et al. (1977) from Chagos. Their specimens were taken by vertical longline in 22-120 m. Indo-Pacific. Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal) Fig. 186 Scomber ignobilis Forsskal, 1775:55 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Caranx ignobilis—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:73 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 56 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia. Indo-Pacific. Caranx lugubris Poey Caranx lugubris Poey, 1858:222 (Cuba); Kyushin et al., 1977:264 (Chagos Archipelago); Smith-Vaniz, 1984:83 (circumtropical) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the report and photograph of two specimens taken by vertical longline by Kyushin et al. (1977). Circumtropical. Caranx melampygus Cuvier Bigeal87 Caranx melampygus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833:116 (Waigeo; Rawak; Vanicolo; Buru; Mauritius); 34 Smith-Vaniz, 1984:75 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 70-519 mm FL, 0—17m, lagoon and reef-flat at Peros Banhos (photo: 519 mm). Indo-Pacific. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard Fig. 188 Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:358 (“‘Iles des Papous”); Smith-Vaniz, 1984:77 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) MATERIAL Six lots, 8 specimens, 60-594 mm FL, 0—25 m, lagoon, intertidal, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 70, 119, and 594 mm). Indo-Pacific. Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 189 Seriola bipinnulata Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:363 (“Iles des Papous’’) Elagatis bipinnulata—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:99 (circum- tropical, including Chagos) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 494-510 mm FL, 0—15 m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos (photo: 510mm). Circum- tropical. Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskal) Fig. 190 Scomber speciosus Forsskal, 1775:54 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Gnathanodon speciosus—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:101 (Indo- Pacific) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 30—173 mm FL, 0.5—2 m, lagoon and intertidal at Peros Banhos (photos: both). Indo-Pacific. Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus) Gasterosteus ductor Linnaeus, 1758:295 (“in Pelago’’) Naucrates ductor—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:107 (circumtropi- cal, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Smith-Vaniz (1984). Circumtropical. Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal) Fig. 191 Scomber lysan Forsskal, 1775:54 (Jiddah and Lohaja, Red Sea) Scomberoides lysan—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:115 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Five lots, 8 specimens, 27—465 mm FL, 0—2 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 83 mm). Indo-Pacific. Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) Bigt 192 Scomber crumenophthalmus Bloch, 1793:77 (Guinea, West Africa) Selar crumenophthalmus—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:121 (cir- cumtropical) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 77—123 mm FL, 0-1 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Diego Garcia and Salomon. Circumtropical. Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- nes, 1833:207 (uncertain); Smith-Vaniz, 1984:127 (circum- tropical) Seriola songoro—Kyushin etal. , 1977:278 (Chagos Archi- pelago) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the report in Kyushin et al. (1977) of S. songoro (Smith, 1959a) captured in 30—160 m by vertical longline. Circum- tropical. Trachinotus baillonii (Lacepéde) Fig. 193 Caesiomorus baillonii Lacepéde, 1802a:92 (Madagascar) Trachinotus baillonii—Smith-Vaniz, 1984:135 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Five lots, 30 specimens, 63—337 FL, 0—4 m, pass, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 194 and 224 mm). Indo-Pacific. Coryphaenidae Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758:261 (‘in alto Pelago”’); Collette, 1984b:5 (cosmopolitan, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 15mm SL, 0.5m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. Cosmopolitan. Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758:261 (“in Pelago”’); Collette, 1984b:3 (cosmopolitan, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Collette (1984b). Cosmopolitan. Menidae Mene maculata (Bloch and Schneider) Zeus maculata Bloch and Schneider, 1801:95 (Tran- quebar) Mene maculata—Heemstra, 1984b:3 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Heemstra (1984b). Indo-Pacific. Bramidae Brama dussumieri Cuvier Brama dussumieri Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a:294 (Indian Ocean); Haedrich and Nzioka, 1984a:5 (circumtropical, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the report of Haedrich and Nzioka (1984a). Circumtropical. Lutjanidae Aphareus furcatus (Lacepéde) Fig. 194 Labrus furcatus Lacepéde, 1802a:429 (Indian and Pacific oceans) Aphareus furcatus—Allen, 1984:15 (Indo-Pacific, includ- ing Chagos) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 261—262 mm SL, 0—20 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 261 mm). Indo-Pacific. Aprion virescens Valenciennes Fig. 195 Aprion virescens Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830b:544 (Seychelles); Allen, 1984:17 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 425—445 mm SL, 0—20 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo: 445 mm). Indo-Pacific. Caesio caerulaureus Lacepéde Fig. 196 Caesio caerulaureus Lacepéde, 1802a:85 (Moluccas) MATERIAL Two lots, 25 specimens, 34—101 mm SL, 3—7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photos: 89 and 101mm). The caesionin material was identified by K. Carpenter, who also provided the information on geographic ranges. Caesio caerulaurea is known from east Africa to Tahiti. Indo-Pacific. Caesio lunaris Cuvier Fig. 197 Caesio lunaris Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830b:441 (Indian Ocean; Red Sea; New Ireland) MATERIAL Three lots, 6 specimens, 32—171 mm SL, 3—10m, lagoon 35 at Peros Banhos (photos: 32, 153, and 166 mm). Indo—west Pacific east to Solomons. Caesio teres Seale PA WE Caesio teres Seale, 1906:44 (Shortland Island, Solomon Islands) MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens, 41—169 mm SL, 1—20m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 95 mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate (Gilbert Islands). Caesio xanthonota Bleeker PEVD Caesio xanthonotus Bleeker, 1853c:466 (Jakarta) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 129-169 mm SL, 1—20m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 166 mm). Indo—west Pacific (east to Philippines and Great Barrier Reef. Etelis carbunculus Cuvier Etelis carbunculus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828:127 (Seychelles); Kyushin et al., 1977:116 (Chagos Archipelago); Randall, 1973:190 (Tahiti). No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the illustration and report of three specimens taken by vertical longline in 12—160 m by Kyushin et al. (1977). Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus bohar (Forsskal) Sciaena bohar Forsskal, 1775:46 (Red Sea) Lutjanus bohar—Allen, 1984:27 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Fig. 198 MATERIAL Five lots, 7 specimens, 48—359 mm SL, 0-18 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 45 and 144mm).This species was second in abundance to L. gibbus at Chagos and frequently appeared at rotenone stations picking up stunned fish. It was also reported from Chagos by Kyushin et al. (1977). Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, 1790:115 (Japan); Allen, 1984:39 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Allen (1984). Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus fulviflammus (Forsskal) Sciaena fulviflamma Forsskal, 1775:45 (Red Sea) Lutjanus fulviflammus—Allen, 1984:29 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) 36 No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Allen (1984). Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus fulvus (Schneider) Fig. 199 Holocentrus fulvus Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:318 (Tahiti) Lutjanus fulvus—Allen, 1984:61 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Two lots, 5 specimens, 126—168 mm SL, 1-2 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia. Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskal) Sciaena gibbus Forsskal, 1775:46 (Red Sea) Lutjanus gibbus—Allen, 1984:31 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Fig. 200 MATERIAL Nine lots, 12 specimens, 96—289 mm SL, 0-33 m, lagoon, intertidal, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 96, 126, 260, and 285 mm). This was the most abundant species of Lutjanus at Chagos and was frequently seen in huge schools on the reef-top at the edge of the drop-off. Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal) Sciaena kasmira Forsskal, 1775:46 (Red Sea) Lutjanus kasmira—Allen, 1984:63 (Indo-Pacific, includ- ing Chagos) Fig. 201 MATERIAL Five lots, 66 specimens, 32—190 mm SL, 0—42 m, lagoon, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos (photo: 151 mm). The main lot of this species (n = 57) was taken from a large, hollowed-out bommie near a shallow inter-island pass in 7 m at the south end of Isle du Coin, Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, 1790:107 (Japan); Allen, 1984:37 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Allen (1984). Indo—west Pacific. Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider) Holocentrus malabaricus Bloch and Schneider, 1801:39 (Tranquebar) Lutjanus malabaricus—Allen, 1984:43 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Allen (1984). Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus monostigmus (Cuvier) Fig. 202 Mesoprion monostigmus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1828:446 (Seychelles) Lutjanus monostigmus—Allen, 1984:69 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) MATERIAL Nine lots, 22 specimens, 18—350 mm SL, 0—20 m, lagoon, intertidal, pass, reef-flat, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 134, 202, and 350 mm). The largest specimen (350 mm SL), which was identified by Dr G. R. Allen, is apparently anomalous in lacking vomerine and palatine teeth. When freshly dead, the head was red, grading posteriorly into light yellow on the body. There was no trace of the dark spot on the lateral line, and all fins were bright yellow. Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier) Diacope rivulata Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828:414 (Coromandel Coast; Java; Red Sea; Malabar Coast) Lutjanus rivulatus—Allen, 1984:73 (Indo-Pacific, includ- ing Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Allen (1984). Indo-Pacific. Lutjanus sebae (Cuvier) Diacope sebae Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828:411 (no locality given) Lutjanus sebae—Kyushin et al., 1977:86 (Chagos Archi- pelago) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the photographs and report by Kyushin et al. (1977) of specimens taken in 10—160 m by vertical longline and squid handline. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Macolor niger (Forsskal) Fig. 203 Sciaena niger Forsskal, 1775:47 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Macolor niger—Allen, 1984:77 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 180—452 mm SL, 3—26 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 180, 432, and 452 mm). This species was frequently observed in large schools high in the water column over the edge of the reef-top/drop-off interface and appeared to be feeding on plankton. Indo-Pacific. Paracaesio sordidus Abe and Shinohara Paracaesio sordidus Abe and Shinohara, 1962:163 (Oki- nawa, Japan); Kyushin et al., 1977:102 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the report by Kyushin et al. of specimens taken at Chagos by vertical longline in 26—120 m. Indo—west Pacific. Paracaesio xanthurus (Bleeker) Caesio xanthurus Bleeker, 1869:78 (Madagascar) Paracaesio xanthurus—Allen, 1984:79 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Allen (1984). Indo-Pacific. Pristipomoides auricilla (Jordan, Evermann, and Tanaka) Arnillo auricilla Jordan, Evermann, and Tanaka, 1927:668 (Hawaii) Pristipomoides auricilla—Kyushin et al., 1977:112 (Chagos Archipelago); Kami, Ikehara, and DeLeon, 1968:108 (Guam) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on six specimens (295—321 mm BL) collected by vertical longline in 25—90 m at Chagos, as reported and figured by Kyushin et al. (1977). Indo-Pacific. Pristipomoides filamentosus (Valenciennes) Serranus filamentosus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830b:508 (Réunion; Mauritius) Pristipomoides filamentosus—Kyushin et al., 1977:106 (Chagos Archipelago); Kami, 1973:107 (Indo-Pacific) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on a photograph and report in Kyushin et al. (1977) of speci- mens from Chagos taken by vertical longline in 24—130 m. Indo-Pacific. Pristipomoides multidens (Day) Mesoprion multidens Day, 1870:680 (Andaman Islands) Pristipomoides multidens—Kyushin et al., 1977:110 (Chagos Archipelago); Allen, 1984:87 (Indo—west Pacific) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the photograph and report in Kyushin et al. (1977) of this species taken by vertical longline in 10—169 m. Indo—west Pacific. Pterocaesio chrysozonus (Cuvier) Fig. 204 Caesio chrysozona Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830b:440 (East Indies) Pterocaesio chrysozona—Carpenter, 1984:19 (Indo—west Pacific) MATERIAL Two lots, 93 specimens, 32—76 mm SL, 5—10 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. The material of this genus was identified by K. Carpenter, who also supplied information on the geographic ranges of the species. Indo—west Pacific (east to Solomons). Pterocaesio marri Schultz Fig. 205 Pterocaesio marri Schultz, 1953e:545 (Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 12 specimens, 46—74 mm SL, 10m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 74mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate (to Marshall Islands). Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier) Fig. 206 Caesio tile Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830b:428 (Caroline Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 108—166 mm SL, 10—43 m, lagoon and drop-off at Salomon (photos: 108 and 166mm). Indo-Pacific (to Tahiti). Pterocaesio sp. Pie VE MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 89-99 mm SL, 10—25 m, reef-top and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: both). This new species will be described by K. Carpenter. Indo—west Pacific (east to Papua New Guinea). Tropidinius zonatus (Valenciennes) Serranus zonatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830b:509 (Mauritius) Tropidinius zonatus—Allen, 1984:93 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Allen (1984). Indo-Pacific. Nemipteridae Scolopsis frenatus (Cuvier) Scolopsides frenatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830a:343 (Seychelles; Mauritius) Scolopsis frenatus—Russell and Allen, 1984:33 (western Indian Ocean, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Russell and Allen (1984). Western Indian Ocean. 38 Gerreidae The material of this family was identified by Dr D. Woodland. Gerres acinaces Bleeker Fig. 207 Gerres acinaces Bleeker, 1854a:194 (Java); Woodland, 1984:11 (Indo—west Pacific) MATERIAL Nine lots, 44 specimens, 29-245 mm SL, 0-2 m, lagoon and reef-flat (1) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 245 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Gerres oblongus Cuvier Fig. 208 Gerres oblongus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830b:479 (Trincomalee, Sri Lanka); Woodland, 1984:15 (Indo—west Pacific) MATERIAL Two lots, 40 specimens, 47—107 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 50 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Gerres oyena (Forsskal) Fig. 209 Labrus oyena Forsskal, 1775:35 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Gerres oyena—Woodland, 1984:9 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Seven lots, 24 specimens, 25—148 mm SL, 0—5 m, lagoon and intertidal at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 46 and 148 mm). Indo-Pacific. Haemulidae Plectorhinchus orientalis (Bloch) Anthias orientalis Bloch, 1793:10 (Japan) Plectorhinchus orientalis—McKay, 1984:29 (Indo-Pacific) Figs. 210.210 MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens, 158—370 mm SL, 0—7m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photos: 158 and 315 mm). Indo-Pacific. Lethrinidae Gnathodentex aureolineatus (Lacepeéde) Rigs 212 Sparus aureolineatus Lacepéde, 1802b:42 (no locality) Gnathodentex aurolineatus—Sato and Walker, 1984:11 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 129-187 mm SL, 3—17 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photos: 129 and 187 mm). Indo-Pacific. Gymnocranius griseus (Temminck and Schlegel) Dentex griseus Temminck and Schlegel, 1842:72 (Japan) Gymnocranius griseus—Kyushin et a}. , 1977:124 (Chagos Archipelago); Myers and Sheppard, 1980:319 (Marianas) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the report of Kyushin et al. (1977) of specimens taken by vertical longline in 10—100m. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Gymnocranius robinsoni (Gilchrist and Thompson) Dentex robinsoni Gilchrist and Thompson, 1909:226 (Natal, South Africa) Gymnocranius robinsoni—Kyushin et al., 1977:126 (Indo— west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the photograph and description by Kyushin et al. (1977) of specimens collected by vertical longline in 15—160m. Indo—west Pacific. Lethrinus conchyliatus (Smith) Lethrinella conchyliata Smith, 1959c:292 (Pinda) Lethrinus conchyliatus—Sato and Walker, 1984:27 (In- dian Ocean, including Chagos) No specimens seen or obtained; the record is based on Sato and Walker (1984). Indian Ocean. Lethrinus elongatus Valenciennes Lethrinus elongatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830b:289 (Suez); Sato and Walker, 1984:23 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Lethrinus miniatus—Kyushin et al., 1977:150 (Chagos Archipelago); (non Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Two specimens, tentatively identified as this species, were seen chasing each other in the late afternoon on the reef-top at Salomon. No specimens were collected; the record is based on Sato and Walker (1984) and Kyushin et al. (1977). Indo-Pacific. Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker Fig. 213 Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker, 1873:326 (Sumatra; Java; Solor; Waigeo); Sato, 1978:22 (Indo—west Pacific, including Truk Islands, Caroline Islands) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 157—406 mm SL, 10—20 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 157, 256, 302, and 406 mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker, 1856e:47 (Sulawesi); Sato 1978:20 (Indo-Pacific to Marshall Islands and Marianas, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Sato (1978). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Lethrinus mahsena (Forsskal) Sciaena mahsena Forsskal, 1775:52 (Red Sea) Lethrinus caeruleus—Kyushin et al., 1977:158 (Chagos Archipelago) (non Valenciennes) Lethrinus enigmaticus—Kyushin et al., 1977:160 (Chagos Archipelago) (non Smith) Lethrinus mahsena—Sato and Walker, 1984:35 (Indo- Pacific to Tuamotu Islands, including Chagos) Fig. 214 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 190-264 mm SL, 1-10 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia and Eagle Island (photo: 264mm). The smaller specimen, from Diego Garcia, was keyed out to L. sanguineus in Sato (1978). That species was relegated to the synonymy of L. mahsena by Sato and Walker (1984). Indo-Pacific. Lethrinus microdon Valenciennes Lethrinus microdon Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830b:295 (Buru); Sato and Walker, 1984:37 (Indo—west Pacific) Lethrinella microdon—Kyushin et al., 1977:152 (Chagos Archipelago) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the reports of Kyushin et al. (1977) and Sato and Walker (1984). Indo—west Pacific. Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal) Sciaena nebulosa Forsskal, 1775:52 (Red Sea) Lethrinella choerorhychus—Kyushin et al., 1977:154 (Chagos Archipelago) (non Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Lethrinus nebulosus—Sato and Walker, 1984:39 (Indo— west Pacific, including Samoa) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on a report by Kyushin et al. (1977) of specimens caught by vertical longline in 10—90 m. Indo—west Pacific. Lethrinus reticulatus Valenciennes Lethrinus reticulatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830b:298 (New Guinea); Sato, 1978:53 (Indo-— west Pacific) Lethrinella sp. Kyushin et al., 1977:148 (Chagos Archi- pelago) 39 No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Kyushin et al. (1977). Sato (1978) records this species from the western Pacific, and from the Indian Ocean on the basis of the record of Kyushin et al. (1977). Sato and Walker (1984:9) list the species as being present in the area, but are dubious of its validity, feeling that it is “probably the young of some other species of the genus”. However, the Chagos specimen (caught by vertical longline in 23 m) is 306mm BL, and other material examined by Sato (1978) includes specimens up to 263 mm SL; so the validity of the species is provisionally accepted here. Indo—west Pacific. Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato, 1978:58 (Okinawa, Japan); Sato and Walker, 1984:43 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) ?Lethrinella variegatus—Kyushin et al., 1977:144 (Chagos Archipelago) (non Valenciennes) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Sato and Walker (1984). The specimen of L. variegatus figured by Kyushin et al. (1977) is of this species, but since they report collecting specimens at three localities in the Indian Ocean, and since their material apparently consists of more than one species, it is not possible to decide whether the figured specimen is from Chagos or one of the other two localities in the Indian Ocean that they mention. Indo—west Pacific. Lethrinus variegatus Valenciennes Lethrinus variegatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830b:287 (Massawa and Suez, Red Sea); Sato and Walker, 1984:47 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Sato and Walker (1984). Indo-Pacific. Lethrinus xanthochilus Klunzinger Lethrinus xanthochilus Klunzinger, 1870:753 (Red Sea); Sato and Walker, 1984:49 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Sato and Walker (1984). Indo-Pacific. Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskal) Fig. 215 Sciaena grandoculis Forsskal, 1775:53 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Monotaxis grandoculis—Kyushin et al., 1977:168 (Chagos Archipelago); Sato and Walker, 1984:51 (Indo-Pacific to Hawaii) MATERIAL Nine lots, 23 specimens, 28—196mm SL, 0.5-—15m, primarily lagoon (one reef-top) at Diego Garcia, Peros 40 Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 38, 42, 115, and 166mm). Indo-Pacific. Sciaenidae Otolithes ruber (Schneider) Sciaena ruber Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:82 (America) Otolithes ruber—Mohan, 1984:63 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Mohan (1984). Indo—west Pacific. Mullidae Mulloides flavolineatus (Lacepéde) Fig. 216 Mullus flavolineatus Lacepéde, 1802a:384 (no locality) Mulloides flavolineatus—Kumaran and Randall, 1984:5 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 47 specimens, 58—192mm SL, 0-10m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 81, 90, and 151 mm). Indo-Pacific. Mulloides vanicolensis (Valenciennes) Upeneus vanicolensis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1831a:521 (Vanicolo) Mulloides vanicolensis—Kumaran and Randall, 1984:7 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Kumaran and Randall (1984). Indo-Pacific. Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepede) Fig. 217 Mullus barberinus Lacepéde, 1802a:406 (near Moluccas) Parupeneus barberinus—Kumaran and Randall, 1984:11 (Chagos Archipelago); Lachner, 1960:16 (Indo-Pacific to the Low Archipelago and Hawaii) MATERIAL Three lots, 8 specimens, 80-160 mm SL, 0-1 m, lagoon only at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific. Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepede) Fig. 218 Mullus bifasciatus Lacepéde, 1802a:383 (no locality) Parupeneus bifasciatus—Kumaran and Randall, 1984:9 (Indo-Pacific to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 130-131 mm SL, 1—10m, reef-top and lagoon at Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos (photo: 130mm). Although only two specimens were collected, this species was frequently seen on the reef-tops, either singly or in small groups. Indo-Pacific. Parupeneus cinnabarinus (Cuvier) Upeneus cinnabarinus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829a:475 (Trincomalee, Sri Lanka) Parupeneus cinnabarinus—Kumaran and Randall, 1984:17 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, to Marshall Islands) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Kumaran and Randall (1984). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepéde) Fig. 219 Mullus cyclostomus Lacepéde, 1802a:383 (no locality) Parupeneus cyclostomus—Kumaran and Randall, 1984:21 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, to Hawaii and French Polynesia) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 79-159 mm SL, 3—17m, lagoon and reef-top at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 79 mm). Indo-Pacific. Parupeneus macronemus (Lacepéde) Fig. 220 Mullus macronema Lacepéde, 1802a:383 (no locality) Parupeneus macronema—Kumaran and Randall, 1984:13 (Indo—west Pacific to Philippines) MATERIAL Ten lots, 38 specimens, 34—126mm SL, 0—20m, lagoon and reef-top (1) at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 49, 52, 84, and 86mm). Indo—west Pacific. Parupeneus pleurostigmus (Bennett) Fig. 221 Upeneus pleurostigma Bennett, 1831:59 (Mauritius) Parupeneus pleurostigma—Kumaran and Randall, 1984:25 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, to Hawaii and French Polynesia) MATERIAL One lot, 2 specimens, 61—98 mm SL, 13 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 61 mm). Indo-Pacific. Upeneus taeniopterus Cuvier Fig. 222 Upeneus taeniopterus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829a:454 (Sri Lanka); Kumaran and Randall, 1984:39 (Indo-Pacific to Hawaii) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 184—196mm SL, 1—3 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific. Upeneus tragulus Richardson Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1846:220 (Phoenix Islands); Kumaran and Randall, 1984:37 (Indo—west Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Kumaran and Randall (1984). Pempherididae The pempheridids were identified by J.-M. Rose, who also provided comments on distribution. Parapriacanthus ransonneti Steindachner PIOVE Parapriacanthus ransonneti Steindachner, 1870:623 (Japan); Tominaga, 1963:271 (west Pacific east to Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 412 specimens, 28—52 mm SL, 10—15 m, reef- top (photo: 51 mm). This genus is in need of revision, and the identification is tentative. The Chagos specimens have a teardrop-shaped patch of translucent skin just anterior to the anus, but none anterior to the pelvic-fin base. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Pempheris schwenkii Bleeker Figs 223 Pempheris schwenkii Bleeker, 1855a:314 (Batu, Indonesia) MATERIAL Four lots, 236 specimens, 41—99 mm SL, 5—27 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 3 specimens). Indo-Pacific. Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier Fig. 224 Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1831a:305 (Vanicolo) MATERIAL Five lots, 38 specimens, 73—136mm SL, 3—33 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 3 specimens). Indo-Pacific. Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskal) Sciaena cinerascens Forsskal, 1775:53 (Arabia) Kyphosus cinerascens—Maugé, 1984b:5 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, to Easter Island) Fig. 225 MATERIAL Three lots, 6 specimens, 148—215 mm SL, 0-1 m, lagoon and intertidal at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 148 mm). Indo-Pacific. 4] Drepaneidae Drepane punctata (Linnaeus) Chaetodon punctatus Linnaeus, 1758:273 (Asia) Drepane punctata—Maugé, 1984a:3 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, to Japan and Samoa) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Maugé (1984a). Indo—west Pacific. Ephippididae Platax orbicularis (Forsskal) Fig. 226 Chaetodon orbicularis Forsskal, 1775:59 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Platax orbicularis—Maugé, 1984c:5 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, to China and Queensland, Australia); Randall, 1973:193 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 55—138 mm SL, 0—2 m, lagoons at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 75, 130, and 138 mm). Indo-Pacific. Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga Forsskal Rige227 Chaetodon auriga Forsskal, 1775:60 (Jiddah, Red Sea); Allen, 1980:322 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 60 specimens, 21-149mm SL, 0-13m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 130 mm). This species is primarily a very shallow water inhabitant, and all but two specimens were collected in the intertidal and reef-flat habitats. Indo-Pacific. Chaetodon falcula Bloch Fig. 228 Chaetodon falcula Bloch, 1795:102 (no locality); Allen, 1980:322 (Indian Ocean only, east to India) MATERIAL Four lots, 6 specimens, 123—166 mm SL, 0—15 m, lagoons only at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 123, 146, and 159 mm). Western Indian Ocean. Chaetodon guttatissimus Bennett Fig. 229 Chaetodon guttatissimus Bennett, 1832a:183 (Sri Lanka); Allen, 1980:322 (Indo—west Pacific east to Thailand) MATERIAL Fifteen lots, 23 specimens, 26-86mm SL, 0.5—30m, 42 primarily lagoons, also reef-top (2) and drop-off (5) at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photo: 69 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Chaetodon kleinii Bloch Fig. 230 Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790:7 (East Indies); Allen, 1980:322 (Indo-Pacific to Hawaii and Society Islands) MATERIAL Six lots, 6 specimens, 51—95mm SL, 0—26m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 77 and 89 mm). Indo-Pacific. Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a:40 (Mauritius); Allen, 1980:324 (Indo-Pacific to Hawaii and Society Islands) No specimens collected; occurrence is based on a sight record in 15m off the north tip of Eagle Island. Indo- Pacific. Chaetodon lunula (Lacepéde) Fig. 231 Pomacentrus lunula Lacepéde, 1802b:507 (no locality) Chaetodon lunula—Allen, 1980:324 (Indo-Pacific, to Hawaii and Marquesas Islands) MATERIAL Seven lots, 8 specimens, 68—208 mm SL, 0—24 m, lagoon, reef-flat, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 165 mm). Indo-Pacific. Chaetodon madagascariensis Ahl Fig 232 Chaetodon madagascariensis Ahl, 1923:162 (Madagas- car); Allen, 1980:324 (Indian Ocean to Sri Lanka) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 51—84mm SL, 9-18 m, reef-top and drop-off at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 51mm). Western Indian Ocean. Chaetodon melannotus Schneider Chaetodon melannotus Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:224 (Bay of Bengal); Allen, 1980:324 (Indo-Pacific to Hawaii and Society Islands) No specimens collected; the record is based on an under- water photograph taken by Ryther in the lagoon at Diego Garcia. Indo-Pacific. Chaetodon meyeri Schneider Fig. 233 Chaetodon meyeri Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:223 (Moluccas); Allen, 1980:324 (Indo-Pacific east to Marshall Islands and Marianas) MATERIAL Six lots, 6 specimens, 94-133 mm SL, 0—15 m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 126 and 133 mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Chaetodon mitratus Ginther Fig. 234 Chaetodon mitratus Ginther, 1860:16 (probably Mauri- tius); Allen, 1980:324 (Indian Ocean including Cocos[Keel- ing] Island and Christmas Island) MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens, 69—87 mm SL, 40—48 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo: 87 mm). Indian Ocean. Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy and Gaimard Fig.4235 Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:379 (Guam); Allen, 1980:326 (Indo-Pacific east to Hawaii and Rapa) MATERIAL Seven lots, 15 specimens, 42—127 mm SL, 3—20 m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 55 and 66 mm). Indo-Pacific. Chaetodon trifasciatus trifasciatus Park Fig. 236 Chaetodon trifasciatus Park, 1797:34 (Sumatra); Allen, 1980:326 (Indo-Pacific to Hawaii and Rapa) Chaetodon trifasciatus trifasciatus—Burgess, 1978:483 (Indian Ocean to west coasts of Sumatra and Java) MATERIAL Twenty-two lots, 45 specimens, 23—127 mm SL, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photo: 94 mm). Burgess (1978:478—486) recognizes two subspecies based on meristics and colour pattern, the disjunction between the two being the Sumatra/Java chain of islands, with one subspecies on the east and the other on the west coast. The Chagos material belongs to the Indian Ocean population, possessing an orange or yellow caudal pedun- cle. Indian Ocean and western extremity of west Pacific. Chaetodon unimaculatus interruptus Ahl\ Big. 237 Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787:75 (East Indies); Allen, 1980:326 (Indo-Pacific to Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands) Chaetodon unimaculatus interruptus Ahl, 1923:142 (Malay Archipelago to Africa) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 31-140 mm SL, 1-17 m, lagoon and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, and Salomon (photo: 111 mm). Burgess (1978:637—641) recognizes two subspecies, with approximately the same geographic distribution as that outlined for C. trifasciatus. Our specimens agree with the Indian Ocean form. Indian Ocean and western extremity of west Pacific. Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus Fig. 238 Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758:276 (‘“‘Indiis’’); Allen, 1980:326 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 48 mm SL, 0—3 m, lagoon at Salomon (photo). Indo-Pacific. Chaetodon xanthocephalus Bennett Fig. 239 Chaetodon xanthocephalus Bennett, 1832a:182 (Sri Lanka); Allen, 1980:235 (Indian Ocean east to the Mal- dives). MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 149—184mm SL, 1—25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 181 and 184 mm). Western Indian Ocean. Chaetodon zanzibarensis Playfair 7 Fig. 240 Chaetodon zanzibarensis Playfair, 1866:33 (Zanzibar); 1980:326 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 53-113 mm SL, 2—17m, lagoon and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 112 mm). Western Indian Ocean. Forcipiger flavissimus (Cuvier) Fig. 241 Chaetodon flavissimus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a:89 (Mauritius) Forcipiger flavissimus—Allen, 1980:326 (Indo-Pacific, including eastern Pacific) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 90—116mm SL, 7—43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 90, 99, and 108 mm). Indo-Pacific. Hemitaurichthys zoster (Bennett) Chaetodon zoster Bennett, 1831:61 (Mauritius) Hemitaurichthys zoster—Allen, 1980:326 (Indian Ocean to Sri Lanka and India) Fig. 242 MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 75—129 mm SL, 10—20 m, reef-top and drop-off at Eagle Island and Salomon (photo: 129 mm) Western Indian Ocean. 43 Heniochus monoceros Cuvier Fig. 243 Heniochus monoceros Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a:100 (Mauritius); Allen, 1980:326 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 95-310 mm SL, 0-—7 m, lagoon at Salomon (photos: both). Indo-Pacific. Pomacanthidae Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Cuvier) Fig. 244 Holacanthus trimaculatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1831a:196 (Moluccas) Apolemichthys trimaculatus—Allen, 1980:328 (Indo— west Pacific east to Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 96-150 mm SL, 0—15 m, lagoons at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photos: 96 and 150 mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Centropyge acanthops (Norman) Holacanthus acanthops Norman, 1922:318 (Natal) Centropyge acanthops—Allen, 1980:328 (western Indian Ocean) No specimens collected; occurrence is based on a sight record of three specimens in 12 m on the reef-top off Isle Boddam, Salomon. Western Indian Ocean. Centropyge bispinosus (Gunther) Fig. 245 Holacanthus bispinosus Gunther, 1860:48 (Ambon) Centropyge bispinosus—Allen, 1980:328 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 56mm SL, 33—43m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). Indo-Pacific. Centropyge multispinis (Playfair) Fig. 246 Holacanthus multispinis Playfair, 1866:37 (Zanzibar) Centropyge multispinis—Allen, 1980:328 (Indian Ocean to Thailand) MATERIAL Thirty-one lots, 84 specimens, 21—95mm SL, 0—30m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 31, 66, 69, and 78mm). This species was most common in depths between 6 and 25m, where 81% of the specimens were collected, and was almost equally abundant in lagoonal and outer-reef habitats. Indo—west Pacific. 44 Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch) Chaetodon imperator Bloch, 1787:51 (Japan) Pomacanthus imperator—Allen, 1980:330 (Indo-Pacific to Pitcairn Island) Fig. 247 MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 36—242 mm SL, 10—15 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photos: 36 and 240mm). Indo-Pacific. Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert) Fig. 248 Chaetodon diacanthus Boddaert, 1772, pl. 9 (Ambon; Moluccas) Pygoplites diacanthus—Allen, 1980:330 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Six lots, 8 specimens, 31—176 mm SL, 5—33 m, lagoon and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 31, 61, 142, and 163 mm). Indo-Pacific. Pomacentridae Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuvier) Fig. 249 Glyphisodon coelestinus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830a:464 (Indies; Mauritius; Malabar; Ulietea; Society Islands) Abudefduf coelestinus—Allen, 1975:114 (Indo-Pacific east to Rapa) MATERIAL Three lots, 28 specimens, 13-58 mm SL, 0-3 m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 32 mm). Indo-Pacific. Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier) Fig. 250 Glyphisodon septemfasciatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1830a:463 (Mauritius) Abudefduf septemfasciatus—Allen, 1975:115 (Indo-Paci- fic east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 114-138 mm SL, 1—2 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific. Abudefduf sordidus (Forsskal) Fig. 251 Chaetodon sordidus Forsskal, 1775:62 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Abudefduf sordidus—Allen, 1975:115 (Indo-Pacific east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Five lots, 10 specimens, 16—138mm SL, 0-1 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 31, 38, and 119 mm). Indo-Pacific. Abudefduf vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 252 Glyphisodon vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:391 (“Iles des Papous’’) Abudefduf vaigiensis—Allen, 1976:33 (Indo—west Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 32 mm SL, 0—0.75 m, lagoon at Eagle Island. Indo—west Pacific. Amblyglyphidodon sp. MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 176 specimens, 7-97mm SL, 1—24m, lagoon and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photo: 85 mm). This species is similar to A. leucogaster (Bleeker), originally described from Java. There appear to be at least three forms, one in Oceania, a second in the southwest Pacific Ocean, and a third in the Indian Ocean. Both Pacific forms have black bars on the caudal lobes and a yellow venter. The Oceania form also has a black spot on the pectoral-fin base and a black margin to the dorsal fin. The Indian Ocean form is uniform in colour with a pale belly. Systematics are insufficiently known to categorize distribu- tion. Range unassigned. PIP VGFH Amphiprion chagosensis Allen Pl. VIA Amphiprion chagosensis Allen, 1972:161 (Chagos Archi- pelago) MATERIAL Nine lots, 37 specimens, 22-69 mm SL, 10—25 m, prima- rily drop-off, also reef-top (1) and lagoon (1) at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 41, 62, and 63 [x 2] mm). The single collection from the reef-top contained seven specimens. The seven drop-off collections had a mean of 4.0 specimens/collection and comprised 76% of the total number of specimens, of which 81% were taken in 16— 25 m. Endemic. Amphiprion sp. 1 MATERIAL Six lots, 15 specimens, 19—74 mm SL, 3—20 m, lagoon and reef-top (1) at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 22, 36, 53, and 74mm). These specimens could represent an undescribed spe- cies, but they are very similar to A. chagosensis (possessing two white bands, interorbital scales reaching anteriorly to mid-orbit, 13—15 anal rays, and 19 pectoral rays). They differ from A. chagosensis in the following ways: the anterior white bar is wider, the horizontal width of the bar at the lower margin of the eye (B) always being greater than 10% of SL (vs always less than 11% of SL); the width of the bar in the midline of the nape (A) usually increases with SL (vs decreasing or absent); the ratio A/B is usually greater PEVIBSC than | (0.7—1.4) vs usually less than 1 (O—1.0); and juveniles (<25m SL) have black markings in the soft dorsal and posterodorsal part of caudal fins (vs no dark markings in these fins). A single 30-mm SL specimen (from a depth of 23—25 m on the drop-off at Salomon) appears to be an intergrade between these two forms. Only one station (20m in the lagoon at Peros Banhos) contained both forms (one specimen of each). Systematics insufficiently known to categorize distribution. Range unassigned. Chromis atripectoralis Welander and Schultz Fig. 253 Chromis atripectoralis Welander and Schultz, 1951:107 (central and western tropical Pacific); Allen, 1975:78 (Tuamotu Islands to Dampier Archipelago) MATERIAL Eight lots, 13 specimens, 26-69 mm SL, 4—29 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 45 and 64 mm). Indo-Pacific. Chromis atripes Fowler and Bean Fig. 254 Chromis atripes Fowler and Bean, 1928:43 (East Indies; Philippines); Allen, 1975:79 (Gilbert Islands; eastern part of western Pacific) MATERIAL Seventeen lots, 322 specimens, 22—55 mm SL, 15—48 m, drop-off only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 43, 44, and 46 mm). Sixty-nine per cent of our specimens were taken in 16—25 m, with a further 26% in water deeper than 36 m. Chromis atripes was recorded from the Indian Ocean for the first time by Allen and Steene (1979) at Christmas Island. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Chromis dimidiata (Klunzinger) Fig. 255 Heliases dimidiatus Klunzinger, 1871:529 (Red Sea) Chromis dimidiatus—Allen, 1975:86 (Red Sea and wes- tern Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Thirty-seven lots, 491 specimens, 14—51 mm SL, 0.5—36 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 34 and 37mm). This species was most abundant on the reef-tops (24%) and drop-offs (70%), which was reflected in the depth distribu- tion (31% in 6—15 m, 66% in 16—25 m). It was ubiquitous along the rim of the drop-off, where it formed large associations feeding on plankton in the water column. Western Indian Ocean. Chromis lepidolepis Bleeker Fig. 256 Chromis lepidolepis Bleeker, 1876:389 (Timor); Allen, 1975:83 (Indo-Pacific to Line Islands and Fiji) MATERIAL Twelve lots, 32 specimens, 12—53mm SL, 15—43m, lagoon (1), reef-top (1), and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 43 and 48 mm). Seventy-eight per cent of specimens were collected on drop-offs, where they showed a slight preference (53%) for depths of 16—25m. Indo- Pacific. Chromis nigrura Smith Chromis nigrurus Smith, 1960:325 (Inhaca) Chromis nigrura—Allen and Steene, 1979:42 (Indian Ocean to Christmas Island) Fig. 257 MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 194 specimens, 19-40mm SL, 0-—25m, lagoon (1), reef-top, and drop-off (1) at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 37 mm). Eighty-four per cent of our specimens were collected on the reef-top in 6-15 m (x/lot = 15 specimens). The single collection from 16-25 m on the drop-off contained 18 specimens. Indian Ocean. Chromis opercularis (Gunther) Pl. VID Heliases opercularis Ginther, 1866a:84 (Zanzibar) Chromis opercularis—Smith, 1960:325 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Nine lots, 10 specimens, 41—103 mm SL, 5—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 41, 80, and 103 mm). Western Indian Ocean. Chromis pembae Smith PleaViE Chromis pembae Smith, 1960:323 (Pemba, Mozambique); Allen and Randall, 1980:29 (Gulf of Elat, Red Sea) MATERIAL Two lots, 10 specimens, 77—96 mm SL, 40—48 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 77 mm). At Chagos, this species was confined to deep water, where it formed small schools close to the substrate. Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Chromis simulans Smith Fig. 258 Chromis simulans Smith, 1960:326 (Mozambique Island) MATERIAL Seven lots, 10 specimens, 65—80 m SL, 4—25 m, reef-top and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon. Western Indian Ocean. Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker) Bigs259 Heliases ternatensis Bleeker, 1856a:377 (Ternate, Indo- nesia) 46 Chromis ternatensis—Allen and Randall, 1980:31 (Indo- Pacific east to Marshall Islands and Gilbert Islands) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 50 specimens, 24-84mm SL, 3—36m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salo- mon (photos: 58 and 75mm). This species was most abundant in the lagoons and on the drop-offs, and it was evenly distributed in a depth range of 6-36 m. Although the correct name for this species is C. caerulea, we retain C. ternatensis pending a request for suppression of the former name (see Randall, Bauchot, and Desoutter, 1985). Indo— west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Chromis viridis (Cuvier) Fig. 260 Pomacentrus viridis Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830a:420 (Massawa, Red Sea) Chromis viridis—Randall, Bauchot, and Desoutter, 1985:411 (Indo-Pacific to French Polynesia) MATERIAL Twenty-two lots, 590 specimens, 7-54 mm SL, 0—20m, lagoon and drop-off (1) at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 40 and 42 mm). This species occurred primarily in the lagoons (97% of speci- mens collected), where it showed a slight preference for water 6—15 m in depth (68%), with 28% being collected in 0-5 m. It is a schooling species whose well-known habit of seeking shelter among the branches of Acropora no doubt accounts for the large number of specimens per lot (x/lot = 27). Up until the publication by Randall, Bauchot, and Desoutter (1985), this species was widely known as C. caerulea. Indo-Pacific. Chromis weberi Fowler and Bean Fig. 261 Chromis weberi Fowler and Bean, 1928:41 (Java); Allen, 1975:86 (Indo-Pacific to Pitcairn Island and Line Islands) MATERIAL Five lots, 29 specimens, 16—65 mm SL, 3—15m, lagoon and reef-top (1) at Peros Banhos (photo: 65 mm). There is some doubt about the geographic range of this species. Although the range given in Allen (1975) is unambiguous, a subsequent publication (Allen and Randall, 1980:39) gives the range as being Indo—west Pacific “at least as far as the Fiji and Marshall Islands”. The latter range is followed here. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Chrysiptera biocellata (Quoy and Gaimard) — Fig. 262 Glyphisodon biocellatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:389 (Guam) Glyphidodontops biocellatus—Allen, 1975:150 (Indo- Pacific to Marshall Islands and Gilbert Islands) MATERIAL Thirteen lots, 957 specimens, 10-77mm SL, O0-2m, lagoon and reef-flat (1 specimen) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 45mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier) Fig. 263 Glyphisodon glaucus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830a:475 (Guam) Glyphidodontops glaucus—Allen, 1975:154 (Indo-Pacific to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Thirteen lots, 1161 specimens, 12—64mm SL, 0-2m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 36 and 45 mm). Seventeen per cent of our specimens came from reef-flats, the remainder from very shallow lagoonal habitats. Indo- Pacific. Chrysiptera leucopoma (Lesson) Fig. 264 Glyphisodon leucopomus Lesson, 1830:189 (Caroline Islands) Glyphidodontops leucopomus—Allen and __ Steene, 1979:43 (Indo—west Pacific); Allen, 1975:155 (East Indies to Marquesas Islands) MATERIAL Eight lots, 81 specimens, 17-SO0mm SL, 0-3 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 44mm). This species was almost equally divided between the lagoons (55% of specimens collected, x/lot = 10.3 specimens) and the reef-flats (45% of specimens collected, x/lot = 11 specimens). Indo- Pacific. Chrysiptera xanthozona (Bleeker) Fig. 265 Glyphisodon xanthozonus Bleeker, 1853b:283 (Kauer, East Indies) Abudefduf xanthozonus—Smith, 1960:337 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Three lots, 111 specimens, 19-50 mm SL, 0-3 m, reef-top and reef-flat at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 44 mm). This species was collected only on the ocean side of the island—on the reef-flat and in the spur-and-groove forma- tion. Indo—west Pacific. Chrysiptera sp. 1 MATERIAL Two lots, 5 specimens, 39-46 mm SL, 0-1 m, lagoon at Eagle Island. This species, which may be new, is a pale-coloured fish, having a white opercle with a black spot Fig. 266 on it and having a black spot on the posteriormost dorsal-fin rays. Systematics insufficiently known to categorize dis- tribution. Range unassigned. Chrysiptera sp. 2 MATERIAL Three lots, 174 specimens, 13-48mm SL, 0-0.5m, lagoon at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, and Peros Banhos. This species is characterized by a pale overall coloration, a V-shaped line on the snout extending onto the dorsum, a dark spot in the spinous dorsal fin, and a dark spot on the posteriormost dorsal-fin rays. Systematics insufficiently known to categorize distribution. Range unassigned. Fig. 267 Chrysiptera sp. 3 MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 20 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos. This small juvenile possesses tricuspid teeth and may represent one of the above species. Systematics insufficiently known to categorize distribution. Range unassigned. Fig. 268 Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus) PiSVir Chaetodon aruanus Linnaeus, 1758:275 (“Indies”) Dascyllus aruanus—Regan, 1908:229 (Chagos Archi- pelago); Allen, 1975:103 (Indo-Pacific to Rapa and the Marquesas Islands) MATERIAL Twenty lots, 994 specimens, 7-54mm SL, 0—22m, lagoon, reef-top (1), and reef-flat (1) at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers. Ninety-four per cent of the specimens were taken in the lagoons, with 96% being from water less than 15 m deep. Indo-Pacific. Dascyllus carneus Fischer Pl. VIG Dascyllus carneus Fischer, 1885:71 (Mozambique); Ran- dall and Allen, 1977:368 (Indian Ocean, including Chagos, to Jakarta and west Thailand) MATERIAL Ten lots, 95 specimens, 16—48 mm SL, 5—20m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 19 and 43mm). Collections of this species from the lagoons had a mean of 15.3 specimens/lot, as opposed to 8.3 for the reef-top and 1.5 for the drop-off. Ninety-seven per cent of the specimens were taken in water less than 15 m deep. The distribution of D. carneus as reported by Randall and Allen (1977) is unusual, although they record both this species and D. reticulatus (Richardson), a closely related (possibly geminate) species, from the Gulf of Thailand. Randall and Allen (1977) report several colour differences between the western Indian Ocean population and those 47 from the Maldives, Thailand, and Java. The Chagos specimens fit the description of the former population, and it is possible that the two populations merit taxonomic distinction. Indian Ocean and western extremity of west Pacific. Dascyllus trimaculatus (Ruppell) Fig. 269 Pomacentrus trimaculatus Rippell, 1829a:39 (Massawa, Red Sea) Dascyllus trimaculatus—Randall and Allen, 1977:360 (Indo-Pacific to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Ten lots, 23 specimens, 11-82 mm SL, 5—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 80 and 82 mm). This species was mainly collected on the drop-offs (78% of specimens collected), but was nowhere particularly abundant. The largest lot contains six specimens. Indo-Pacific. Lepidozygus tapeinosoma (Bleeker) Fig. 270 Pomacentrus tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1856a:376 (Ternate) Lepidozygus tapeinosoma—Emery, 1983:1326 (Indo-Pacific to Marquesas Islands) MATERIAL Five lots, 27 specimens, 43—77 mm SL, 5—15 m, reef-top only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 60 and 61 mm). Indo-Pacific. Plectroglyphidodon dickii (Liénard) Glyphisodon dickii Liénard, 1839:35 (Mauritius) Plectroglyphidodon dickii—Allen, 1975:195 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) Fig. 271 MATERIAL Fifteen lots, 62 specimens, 12—71 mm SL, 0-10 m, lagoon and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 51 mm). Specimens of this species were more concentrated in the lagoons than on the reef-top (x/lot = 6.7 vs 1.8), and evenly distributed between 0-5 m and 6—15m (x/lot = 4 specimens at both depth ranges). Indo-Pacific. Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis (Sauvage) _ Fig. 272 Glyphisodon imparipennis Sauvage in Vaillant and Sau- vage, 1875:279 (Hawaii) Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis—Allen, 1975:195 (Indo- Pacific east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Two lots, 26 specimens, 37-43 mm SL, 0-3 m, reef-flat and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 42 mm). The specimens from the reef-top are from the spur-and- 48 groove formation. Indo-Pacific. Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Fowler and Ball Fig#273 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Fowler and Ball, 1924:271 (Johnston Island); Allen, 1975:195 (Pacific east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Nine lots, 11 specimens, 23-59 mm SL, 5—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 50mm). Allen (1975) suggests that P. nitidus Smith from the western Indian Ocean may be synonymous with P. johnstonianus, extending the range of the latter species into the western Indian Ocean. Indo-Pacific. Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 274 Glyphisodon lacrymatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:388 (Guam) Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus—Allen, 1975:198 (Indo- Pacific to Society Islands) MATERIAL Twenty lots, 117 specimens, 15—-79mm SL, 0—25m, lagoon, reef-top (1), and drop-off (1) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 31, 50, and 67 mm). Ninety-seven per cent of our specimens are from the lagoons, with 43% of the total from 0—5 m and 52% from 6—15 m. Indo-Pacific. Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus (Bleeker) Glyphisodon leucozona Bleeker, 1859:339 (Java) Plectroglyphidodon leucozona—Allen, 1975:198 (Indo- Pacific east to Pitcairn Island) Fig. 275 MATERIAL Two lots, 32 specimens, 45—68 mm SL, 0—3 m, reef-top at Salomon. All but one specimen were taken in a single collection from the spur-and-groove formation on the south coast of Isle Boddam. Indo-Pacific. Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis (Schultz) Fig. 276 Abudefduf phoenixensis Schultz, 1943:190 (Phoenix Is- lands) Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis—Winterbottom, 1978:46 (Transkei and Kwazulu, South Africa); Allen, 1975:198 (Pacific to Marquesas Islands, questionable from Mauritius) MATERIAL One lot, 19 specimens, 38—47 mm SL, reef-top at Salo- mon (photo: 47 mm). The single collection of this species from the spur-and-groove formation of the reef-top was the only collection made in this habitat. Indo-Pacific. Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks Bige277 Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks, 1901:383 (Japan); Allen, 1975:211 (Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) Pomacentrus pulcherrimus Smith, 1960:344 (Bazaruto north over east Africa to Seychelles) MATERIAL Twenty-three lots, 305 specimens, 13—56 mm SL, 0—25 m, lagoon, reef-top (2), and drop-off (1) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 34 and ? mm). Lagoon collections of this species had a mean of 15 specimens/lot and represented 98% of specimens collected; 84% of the total number of specimens collected were in 0-15 m. Indo-Pacific. Pomacentrus sp. 1 Pls. VIH, VUA,B MATERIAL Twenty-six lots, 356 specimens, 11—87 mm SL, 0—25 m, lagoon, intertidal (1), reef-top (2), and drop-off (3) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers. This undescribed species, similar to P. opisthostigma Fowler, is being studied by Emery. Sys- tematics insufficiently known to categorize distribution. Range unassigned. Pomacentrus sp. 2 MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens, 28—65 mm SL, 18—25 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon. Systematics insufficiently known to categorize distribution. Range unassigned. Fig. 278 Stegastes fasciolatus (Ogilby) Biges279 Pomacentrus fasciolatus Ogilby, 1889:64 (Lord Howe Island) Eupomacentrus fasciolatus— Allen, 1975:139 (Pacific east to Easter Island) Stegastes fasciolatus—Allen and Steene, 1979:44 (“Indo- west Pacific’’) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 73mm SL, O-—3m, reef-top at Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Stegastes nigricans (Lacepéde) Fig. 280 Holocentrus nigricans Lacepéde, 1802b:332 (no locality) Eupomacentrus nigricans—Allen, 1975:142 (Indo-Pacific east to Marquesas Islands) MATERIAL Twelve lots, 788 specimens, 17-89 mm SL, 0—7 m, lagoon only at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 51, 56, and 83 mm). This species is very similar to S. albifasciatus (Schlegel and Miller, 1839-44) from the western and central Pacific. The Chagos specimens agree with Allen’s (1975) distinction between S. nigricans and S. albifasciatus in the following ways: they have 16 (usually)—17 pectoral-fin rays (vs 15 [usually]—16 in S. albifasciatus); they seldom have a broad light bar over the body (vs such a bar being present); and the black spot on the soft dorsal fin lacks a light ocellus (vs at least half an ocellus being present). Indo-Pacific. Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus bimaculus (Jenkins) Fig. 281 Cirrhitoidea bimacula Jenkins, 1904:489 (Hawaii) Amblycirrhitus bimacula—Randall, 1963:427 (Indo- Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) ?Cirrhitichthys oxyrhynchus—Regan, 1908:224 (Salomon, Chagos Archipelago) (non Bleeker, 1858:205) MATERIAL Sixteen lots, 82 specimens, 23—64mm SL, 0-—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 53 mm). The majority of the specimens were taken on the reef-tops (66%; x/lot = 5.4) and lagoons (28%; x/lot = 5.8), most commonly in 6—15 m (62%; x/lot = 4.6) and in 0-5 m (32%; x/lot = 8.7). Regan’s (1908) report of C. oxyrhynchus appears to represent this species; specimens of A. bimaculus collected from Salomon on the Gardiner expedition are present in the British Museum. Indo-Pacific. Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker) Fig. 282 Cirrhites oxycephalus Bleeker, 1855b:408 (Ambon) Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus—Randall, 1963:437 (Indo- Pacific to Panama) MATERIAL Thirteen lots, 24 specimens, 25—49mm SL, 0—43m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 42 and 48mm). This species was collected primarily on the drop-offs (71%) and in 16—25 m (67%). Indo-Pacific. Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Schneider) Fig. 283 Labrus pinnulatus Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:264 (Tahiti) Cirrhitus pinnulatus—Randall, 1984b:5 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Two lots, 26 specimens, 56—126mm SL, lagoon (1) and reef-top at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 88 mm). This species appears to prefer areas of surge-and-wave 49 action, all but one of the specimens being taken in the single collection from the spur-and-groove formation on Isle Boddam. Indo-Pacific. Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker Fig. 284 Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker, 1857a:40 (Ambon); Randall, 1963:445 (Indo-Pacific to Baja California) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 44—54 mm SL, 20—25 m, drop-off at Salomon (photo: 44 mm). Indo-Pacific. Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier) Fig. 285 Cirrhites arcatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829a:74 (Mauritius; Tahiti) Paracirrhites arcatus—Randall, 1963:411 (lectotype designation, Mauritius) MATERIAL Twenty-one lots, 122 specimens, 27—84 mm SL, 4—26m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salo- mon (photos: 59, 65, and 66mm). The material includes specimens with and without the white lateral stripe. The species was most abundant on the reef-tops and drop-offs (92% of specimens collected). Indo-Pacific. Paracirrhites forsteri (Schneider) Fig. 286 Grammistes forsteri Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:191 (Marquesas Islands) Paracirrhites forsteri—Randall, 1984b:7 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Thirty-two lots, 50 specimens, 14-123 mm SL, 0-43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 29, 39, 67, 75, 83, 95, and 108 mm). The species was fairly evenly distributed among the habitats listed above, but 82% of the specimens were taken in 6—25m. Solitary individuals were frequently observed perched on the branches of Acropora corals. The speci- mens exhibit a tremendous variety of colour pattern, ranging from a red or brown dorsum with a light yellow belly and red spots on the head, to a red dorsum and white venter on a 39 mm SL specimen, and a red dorsum and black venter on a 29mm SL specimen (neither of the latter two specimens possessed any head spots). Indo-Pacific. Mugilidae Identifications of this family were checked by Dr. J. M. Thomson. Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskal) Mugil crenilabis Forsskal, 1775:73 (Red Sea) Crenimugil crenilabis—Thomson and Luther, 1984:13 (Indo-Pacific east to Hawaii) Fig. 287 MATERIAL Five lots, 37 specimens, 36—342 mm SL, 0—2 m, lagoon at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 54 and 309 mm). Indo-Pacific. Liza macrolepis (Smith)* Fig. 288 Mugil macrolepis Smith, 1849:none (South Africa) Liza macrolepis—Thomson and Luther, 1984:27 (Indo- Pacific to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Three lots, 6 specimens, 20—138 mm SL, O—1 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia and Eagle Island. The identity of a27-mm SL specimen is somewhat doubtful owing to its small size and somewhat damaged condition. Indo-Pacific. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758:316 (“European Ocean’); Thomson and Luther, 1984:41 (cosmopolitan, including Chagos Archipelago) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Thomson and Luther (1984). Cosmopolitan. ?Myxus elongatus Gunther Fig. 289 Myxus elongatus Ginther, 1861:466 (coasts of Australia) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 24 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. Dr Thomson commented on this specimen as follows: “The conformation of the teeth indicate elongatus, how- ever, as the specimen lacks scales and again head parts are not in adult proportions, it is possible that it may be a local species of Myxus.” The only species of this genus recorded from the western Indian Ocean is M. capensis (Thomson and Luther, 1984). Range unassigned. ?Valamugil seheli (Forsskal) Mugil seheli Forsskal, 1775:73 (Red Sea) Mugil caeruleomaculatus Lacepéde, 1803:385 (no local- ity); Regan, 1908:221 (Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago) No specimens seen or collected; the record is tentatively included on the basis of Regan’s record of M. caeruleomacu- latus, which Thomson and Luther (1984) regard as a junior synonym of V. seheli. There remains the possiblity that Regan’s identification is in error, especially in this taxo- nomically difficult group. Range unassigned. Sphyraenidae Material of this family was identified by J.-M. Rose, who also provided the geographic ranges. Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) Fig. 290 Esox barracuda Walbaum, 1792:94 (West Indies) Sphyraena barracuda—Allen and Steene, 1979:46 (cos- mopolitan) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 583-616 mm SL, surface waters of lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 616mm). Cosmopolitan. Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier Fig. 291 Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829a:353 (Tahiti); Kyushin et al., 1977:60 (Chagos Archipelago) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 433 mm SL, lagoon at Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific (east to Hawaii). Sphyraena nigripinnis Temminck and Schlegel Pl. VIC Sphyraena nigripinnis Temminck and Schlegel, 1842:34 (Japan) Sphyraena jello Kyushin et al., 1977:58 (Chagos Archi- pelago) (non Cuvier, 1829:349) Rose stated (in litt.) that there is some uncertainty as to the distinction between this species and S$. putnamiae Jordan and Seale. We have underwater photographs off the northern tip of Salomon of a large school of barracudas which appears to be composed of individuals of S. nigripinnis. The photograph identified as S. jello in Kyushin et al. (1977) seems to be S. putnamiae (Rose, pers. comm.), but since identification is not certain, we do not include that species as definitely present at Chagos. Indo-Pacific. Polynemidae Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes) Fig. 292 Polynemus sexfilis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1831a:515 (Mauritius) MATERIAL Three lots, 6 specimens, 103—313mm SL, 0.5—2.5m, lagoons at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 313 mm). The material was identified by R. M. Feltes, who also provided the distribution. Indo-Pacific (east to the Mar- quesas Islands) Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus Rippell Fig. 293 Anampses caeruleopunctatus Riippell, 1829a:42 (Tor, Red Sea); Randall, 1972a:160 (Indo-Pacific east to Easter Island) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 127mm SL, 1—2m, pass at Diego Garcia. The single specimen was collected by a gill net set in the pass by J. Ryther. Indo-Pacific. Anampses meleagrides Valenciennes Fig. 294 Anampses meleagrides Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1839a:12 (Mauritius); Randall, 1972a:166 (Indo- Pacific, sight record from Caroline Islands) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 56mm SL, 4—7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Anampses twistii Bleeker Figs 295 Anampses twistii Bleeker, 1856d:56 (Ambon); Randall, 1972a:182 (Indo-Pacific east to Austral Islands) MATERIAL Six lots, 8 specimens, 32—109 mm SL, 3—25 m, lagoon (1) and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 59 and 89 mm). Indo-Pacific. Bodianus anthioides (Bennett) Fig. 296 Crenilabrus anthioides Bennett, 1831:167 (Mauritius) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 88—115 mm SL, 10—25 m, drop-off at Salomon (photo: 97 mm). Indo-Pacific (Gomon, pers. comm.). Bodianus axillaris (Bennett) Figs. 297, 298 Labrus axillaris Bennett, 1831:166 (Mauritius) Bodianus axillaris—Randall, 1973:196 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Ten lots, 12 specimens, 43—118 mm SL, 5—33 m, lagoon (1), reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 44, 93, and 96 mm). Indo-Pacific. Bodianus bilunulatus bilunulatus (Lacepede) Fig. 299 Labrus bilunulatus Lacepéde, 1802a:454 (Pacific Ocean) Bodianus bilunulatus bilunulatus—Gomon, 1984:15 (Indo-— west Pacific, including Chagos) Bodianus hirsutus—Kyushin et al., 1977:298 (Chagos Archipelago) (non Lacepéde, 1802) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 22—201 mm SL, 18—27 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photos: 22, 95, and 189mm). Gomon (pers. comm.) divides this species into three subspecies, and the Chagos specimens represent B. bilunulatus bilunu- latus. Indo—west Pacific. Bodianus diana (Lacepede) Figs. 300, 301 Labrus diana Lacepéde, 1802a:450 (Pacific Ocean) Bodianus diana—Gomon, 1984:17 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Six lots, 7 specimens, 48—131 mm SL, 18—43 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 69, 78, 113, and 131 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Cheilinus arenatus Valenciennes Fig. 302 Cheilinus arenatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1839b:101 (Réunion) MATERIAL Seven lots, 10 specimens, 39-80mm SL, 18—43m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 54 and 56mm). Indo—west Pacific (east to the Philippines). Cheilinus chlorurus (Bloch) Sparus chlorurus Bloch, 1791:24 (Japan) Cheilinus chlorurus—Gomon, 1984:31 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the distribution map given by Gomon (1984). Indo-Pacific. Cheilinus digrammus (Lacepéde) Figs. 303, 304 Labrus digrammus Lacepéde, 1802a:448 (Pacific Ocean) Cheilinus digrammus—Gomon, 1984:33 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, east to Samoa) MATERIAL Twenty-two lots, 61 specimens, 17—163 mm SL, 0-40 m, lagoon, reef-top (1), and drop-off at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 22, 30, 145, 155, and 157mm). Eighty per cent of our specimens were collected in the lagoons, with 89% of the total being taken in 6—25 m. Indo—west Pacific. Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch) Sparus fasciatus Bloch, 1791:18 (Japan) Cheilinus fasciatus—Gomon, 1984:35 (Indo—west Pacific, east to Marshall Islands and Samoa) Fig. 305 MATERIAL Eight lots, 19 specimens, 12—173 mm SL, 5—40 m, lagoon a i) and reef-top (1) at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 53 and 150mm). This species was collected primarily in the lagoons (one specimen from the reef-top), with 68% of the specimens being taken in 6—15 m. Indo—west Pacific. Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker Fig. 306 Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853e:349 (Ambon); Ran- dall, 1973:196 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 23 specimens, 27-80 mm SL, 0—25 m, lagoon only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 37, 56, 62, 64, and 80mm). Sixty-one per cent of the specimens taken were collected in 6—15 m. Indo-Pacific. Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepéde Figs. 307, 308 Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepéde, 1802a:529 (Réunion; Mau- ritius; Madagascar); Gomon, 1984:39 (Indo-Pacific, includ- ing Chagos, east to Society Islands) MATERIAL Six lots, 33 specimens, 23—260 mm SL, 0—10m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, and Peros Banhos (photos: 50, 178, and 260 mm). Eighty-two per cent of the specimens were collected on the reef-flats, with 97% of the total being taken in less than 5m. Indo-Pacific. Cheilinus undulatus Rippell Pl. VIID Cheilinus undulatus Ruppell, 1835:20 (Jiddah, Red Sea); Gomon, 1984:41 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tuamotu Islands) No material collected; the record is based on Gomon (1984), as well as on underwater photographs and several sightings of adults in the lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Cheilo inermis (Forsskal) Fig. 309 Labrus inermis Forsskal, 1775:34 (Al Mukha, Red Sea) Cheilo inermis—Gomon, 1984:43 (Indo-Pacific, includ- ing Chagos, east to Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 43mm SL, 0.5m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Smith Fig. 310 Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Smith, 1957b:109 (Pinda; also Zanzibar and Madagascar); Randall and Shen, 1978:16 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Thirteen lots, 65 specimens, 12—56mm SL, 4—43m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 46 and 56mm). With a single exception, all specimens were collected in 6—25m, with almost equal numbers being taken in the three habitats listed above. Indo-Pacific. Cirrhilabrus rubrisquamis Randall and Emery Pl. VIIE Cirrhilabrus rubrisquamis Randall and Emery, 1983:21 (Peros Banhos, Chagos Archipelago) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen (holotype), 41mm SL, 41—48m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). Endemic. Coris aygula Lacepéde Coris aygula Lacepéde, 1802a:96 (no locality); Gomon, 1984:49 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Society Islands) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range map given in Gomon (1984). Indo-Pacific. Coris formosa (Bennett)* Labrus formosa Bennett, 1830:16 (Sri Lanka) Coris formosa—Gomon, 1984:51 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, east to Malay Archipelago) FigesLi MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 206mm SL, 0—1m, pass at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo—west Pacific. Coris gaimard africana Smith Figa3il2 Coris gaimard africana Smith, 1957d:119 (Seychelles); Gomon, 1984:53 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 190mm SL, 18—25m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). Gomon (1984) recognizes two sub- species, our material belonging to the western Indian Ocean form. Coris variegata (Riippell) Fig. 313 Halichoéres variegatus Riippell, 1835:14 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Coris variegata—Schultz, 1960a:183 (Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Five lots, 8 specimens, 31—94mm SL, 7—30m, lagoon only at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 31, 38, 67, and 87mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Cymolutes lecluse (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 314 Xyrichthys lecluse Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:284 (Hawaii) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 65 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) Sparus insidiator Pallas, 1770:41 (Java) Epibulus insidiator—Gomon, 1984:55 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tuamotu Islands) Fig. 315 MATERIAL Twelve lots, 33 specimens, 17-182mm SL, 0—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 47, 86, 131, 146, and 156mm). This species was most abundant in the lagoons, where 67% of the specimens obtained were collected, although 18 of these specimens were taken in a single collection made in 0-3 m on the sides and top of a bommie which had numerous caves. Indo-Pacific. Gomphosus coeruleus Lacepéde Fig+ 316 Gomphosus coeruleus Lacepéde, 1802a:100 (no locality); Gomon, 1984:57 (Indian Ocean, including Chagos) MATERIAL Thirty-one lots, 181 specimens, 14—113 mm SL, 0—20m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 67, 82, and 109mm) This species was most common in the very shallow water of the intertidal and reef-flat habitats (x/lot = 26 and 11, respectively), and 77% were collected in 0—5 m. Indian Ocean. Halichoeres cosmetus Randall and Smith Pl. VIIF Halichoeres cosmetus Randall and Smith, 1982:15 (Mal- dives, also western Indian Ocean, including Chagos) MATERIAL Six lots, 8 specimens (paratypes), 30-86mm SL, 13-— 25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 30, 36, 43, 62, and 86 mm). Only a single specimen was collected in the lagoons (13 m), the remainder coming from 16—25 m on the drop-offs. Western Indian Ocean. Halichoeres hortulanus (Lacepéde) Figs. 317, 318 Labrus hortulanus Lacepéde, 1802a:449 (Pacific Ocean) Halichoeres hortulanus—Randall and Smith, 1982:4 (Indo-Pacific) Halichoeres hortulanus centiquadrus—Gomon, 1984:59 (Indian Ocean, including Chagos) MATERIAL Eighteen lots, 35 specimens, 14—183mm SL, lagoon, intertidal, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 28, 30, 40, 42, 51, 136, and 53 137 mm). This species was most abundant in the lagoon and intertidal habitats (80%) in O—-15 m (91%). We tentatively follow Randall and Smith (1982) in not recognizing a western Indian Ocean and a Pacific subspecies, as Gomon (1984) has done. Indo-Pacific. Halichoeres iridis Randall and Smith Pl. VIG Halichoeres iridis Randall and Smith, 1982:17 (Mauritius, also western Indian Ocean including Chagos) MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens (paratypes), 40-—79mm SL, 13-43m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 45 and 79mm). Three of the four specimens are paratypes, the lone exception being the specimen from the lagoon at Peros Banhos. Western Indian Ocean. Halichoeres marginatus Riippell Figs. 319, 320 Halichores marginatus Riippell, 1835:16 (Mohila and Massawa, Red Sea); Randall and Smith, 1982:5 (east Africa to French Polynesia) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 133 specimens, 13-95mm SL, 0—26m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 19, 23, 33, 44, 60, 91, and 95 mm). Only two specimens (in two lots) were collected in water deeper than 5 m, and the majority of specimens came from intertidal (32%) and reef-flat (59%) habitats. Indo-Pacific. Halichoeres nebulosus (Valenciennes) Fig) 321 Julis nebulosus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839a:461 (Bombay) Halichoeres nebulosus—Randall and Smith, 1982:10 (Indo—west Pacific east to Ryukyus) MATERIAL Seven lots, 18 specimens, 20—64 mm SL, 0—3 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Three Brothers. Indo—west Pacific. Halichoeres scapularis (Bennett) Julis scapularis Bennett, 1831:167 (Mauritius) Halichoeres_ scapularis—Randall and Smith, 1982:5 (Indo—west Pacific east to Japan) Fig. 322 MATERIAL Seventeen lots, 818 specimens, 12—112 mm SL, 0—24m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 37, 50, 54, 84, and 110mm). This species was extremely abundant in areas subjected to tidal 54 variation, the intertidal and reef-flat habitats accounting for 93% of the specimens collected, with 99% taken in 0-5 m. Indo—west Pacific. Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch) Labrus fasciatus Bloch, 1792:6 (Japan) Hemigymnus fasciatus—Gomon, 1984:61 (Indo-Pacific including Chagos, east to Tahiti) Fig. 323 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 101—202 mm SL, 10—15 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: both). Indo-Pacific. Hemigymnus melapterus Bloch Labrus melapterus Bloch, 1791:137 (Japan) Hemigymnus melapterus—Gomon, 1984:63 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Polynesia) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range map given by Gomon (1984). Indo-Pacific. Hologymnosus annulatus (Lacepeéde) Fig. 324 Labrus annulatus Lacepéde, 1802a:455 (Pacific Ocean) Hologymnosus annulatus—Gomon, 1984:65 (Indo-Paci- fic, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 73mm SL, 13m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Labrichthys unilineatus (Guichenot) Figs 325 Cossyphus unilineatus Guichenot, 1847:284 (Guam) Labrichthys unilineatus—Randall and Springer, 1973:284 (Indo-Pacific east to Marshall Islands, Gilbert Islands, and Samoa) MATERIAL Seventeen lots, 33 specimens, 15—118mm SL, 0—25m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 36, 64, and 118 mm). The majority of the specimens (85%) were taken in the lagoons, with 70% of the total collected in 6—15m. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Labroides bicolor Fowler and Bean Fig. 326 Labroides bicolor Fowler and Bean, 1928:224 (Philip- pines); Randall, 1958:334 (Indo-Pacific east to Marquesas Islands) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 25—42 mm SL, 0.5—25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 25, 40, and 42 mm). Indo-Pacific. Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes) Bigs27 Cossyphus dimidiatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1839a:136 (Mauritius) Labroides dimidiatus—Randall, 1958:329 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Twenty-four lots, 47 specimens, 12—55 mm SL, 0-43 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 37 [ x 2], 54, and 55mm). This species was fairly evenly distributed among the above listed habitats, although 98% of our specimens were taken in less than 26m. Indo-Pacific. Labropsis xanthonota Randall Pl. VIIH Labropsis xanthonota Randall, 1981:138 (Samoa; also Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to the Marshall Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens (paratypes), 38-—40mm _ SL, 18—25 m, drop-off at Salomon (photo: 40 mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Macropharyngodon bipartitus bipartitus Smith Figs. 328, 329 Macropharyngodon bipartitus Smith, 1957b:104 (Pinda, Mozambique) Macropharyngodon bipartitus bipartitus—Randall, 1978: 756 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 39-75 mm SL, 7—33 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photos: 40, 58, and 75 mm). Randall (1978) includes M. varialvus Smith in the synonymy of this species (as the female form). Both colour forms were collected and photographed. Western Indian Ocean. Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepéde) Fig.) 330 Labrus taeniourus Lacepede, 1802a:448 (Pacific Ocean) Novaculichthys taeniourus—Gomon, 1984:69 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos, east to Society Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 40-177 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, reef-flat at Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos (photo: 177mm). Indo-Pacific. Paracheilinus mccoskeri Randall and Harmelin- Vivien Pl. VIIA Paracheilinus mccoskeri Randall and Harmelin-Vivien, 1977:332 (Comoro Islands); Randall and Lubbock, 1981b:23 (eastern Andaman Sea) MATERIAL One lot, 9 specimens, 20—40 mm SL, 20 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 40 mm). Indian Ocean. Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan and Evermann Fig. 331 Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan and Evermann, 1903:192 (Hawaii); Randall, 1973:197 (Tahiti); Smith, 1957b:108 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Eighteen lots, 46 specimens, 10—-56mm SL, 10—43 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 31 and 49 mm). Eighty-nine per cent of the specimens are from the drop-offs, with 83% collected in 16—25 m (only a single specimen from shallower water). Indo-Pacific. Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (Bleeker) Fig. 332 Cheilinus hexataenia Bleeker, 1857a:84 (Ambon) Pseudocheilinus hexataenia—Randall, 1973:197 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Fifty lots, 418 specimens, 8-54 mm SL, 0—36 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 33, 39, and 47 mm). This species was ubiquitous in the above habitats, and was taken in small numbers in virtually all rotenone stations. The mean numbers of specimens/lot were 7.9, 9.8, and 7.9 for the lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off, respectively. It seems to prefer depths of 6—15 m (x/lot = 11.0) and 16—25 m (x/lot = 7.7); the two depth ranges combined contribute 94% of the total number of specimens collected. Indo-Pacific. Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins Fig. 333 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins, 1901:64 (Hawaii); Randall, 1973:197 (Tahiti) Pseudocheilinus margaretae—Smith, 1957b:108 (Aldabra Islands) MATERIAL Six lots, 7 specimens, 44—82 mm SL, 15—26 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 44, 45, 62, and 82 mm). Indo-Pacific. Pseudocoris heteroptera (Bleeker) Pl. VIIIB Julis heteropterus Bleeker, 1857a:78 (Ambon) Pseudocoris heteroptera—Gomon, 1984:10 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 33—39 mm SL, 15-24 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 33 and 39 mm). Indo—west Pacific. vA) an Pseudocoris yamashiroi (Schmidt) Pl. VIIIC Julis yamashiroi Schmidt, 1930:85 (Japan) Pseudocoris yamashiroi—Gomon, 1984:10 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 57-61 mm SL, 18—25 m, drop-off at Salomon (photos: 57 and 61 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Pseudodax moluccanus (Valenciennes) Fig. 334 Odax moluccanus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1839b:305 (Moluccas) Pseudodax moluccanus—Gomon, 1984:71 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 127mm SL, 18—25m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). Indo-Pacific. Stethojulis albovittata (Bonnaterre) Fig. 335 Labrus albovittatus Bonnaterre, 1788:108 (no locality) Stethojulis albovittata—Randall and Kay, 1974:103 (Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Fifteen lots, 562 specimens, 16—93mm SL, O0-10m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 59 and 75mm). This species was extremely abundant in the intertidal region (x/lot = 83.3), and somewhat less so on the reef-flats (x/lot = 21.0). All but two of the specimens were collected in less than 5 m of water. Indian Ocean. Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett) Julis strigiventer Bennett, 1832b:184 (Mauritius) Stethojulis strigiventer—Schultz, 1960a:210 (Guam and Marshall Islands) Fig. 336 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 45—49 mm SL, 0-3 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia and Salomon (photo: 45mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Thalassoma amblycephalum (Bleeker) Fige337 Julis amblycephalum Bleeker, 1856b:83 (Malang, south- east Java) MATERIAL Five lots, 17 specimens, 20-60 mm SL, 0—24 m, reef-top and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 60mm). Indo-Pacific (east to Hawaii—Heiser, pers. comm.). 56 Thalassoma hardwicki (Bennett) Sparus hardwicki Bennett, 1830:12 (Sri Lanka) Fig. 338 MATERIAL Seven lots, 33 specimens, 27—113 mm SL, 0—10 m, lagoon and intertidal at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, and Peros Banhos (photos: 47, 103, and 104mm). Only three specimens (two lots) are from the lagoon, the rest being from the intertidal region in 0-1 m. Indo-Pacific (east to the Tuamotu Islands—Heiser, pers. comm.). Thalassoma hebraicum (Lacepeéde) Fig. 339 Labrus hebraicum Lacepéde, 1802a:454 (Pacific Ocean) MATERIAL Ten lots, 80 specimens, 33—127 mm SL, 0—15 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 48, 96, and 127 mm). Most specimens (79%) are from the intertidal region, and 98% of the total are from less than 5m. Western Indian Ocean (Heiser, pers. comm.). Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus) Labrus lunaris Linnaeus, 1758:283 (“Indies’’) Thalassoma lunare—Gomon, 1984:75 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Tuamotu Islands) Fig. 340 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 92-93 mm SL, 10—20 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: both). Indo-Pacific. Thalassoma purpureum (Forsskal) Fig. 341 Scarus purpureum Forsskal, 1775:27 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Thalassoma purpureum—Gomon, 1984:77 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Easter Island) MATERIAL Four lots, 10 specimens, 76—218 mm SL, 0—3 m, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 149 and 174 mm). Indo-Pacific. Thalassoma quinquevittatum (Lay and Bennett) Scarus quinquevittatus Lay and _ Bennett, (Loo-Choo) Figs. 342, 343 1839:66 MATERIAL Seven lots, 33 specimens, 19—100 mm SL, 0—3 m, lagoon, reef-flat, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 42, 70, and 100mm). Most specimens were collected on the reef-flats and reef-top (a single collec- tion of 13 specimens from the spur-and-groove formation at Salomon). Indo-Pacific (east to Easter Island—Heiser, pers. comm. ). Thalassoma trilobatum (Lacepede) Fig. 344 Labrus trilobatus Lacepéde, 1802a:454 (Pacific Ocean) Thalassoma fuscum—Gomon, 1984:73 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to French Polynesia) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 24—33 mm SL, 0-1 m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 31 mm). Identifications confirmed by Dr J. E. Randall. Indo-Pacific. Wetmorella nigropinnata (Seale) Fig. 345 Cheilinus nigropinnatus Seale, 1901:86 (Guam) Wetmorella nigropinnata—Randall, 1983a:879 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Fifteen lots, 38 specimens, 10—52 mm SL, 0—43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 36 and 39 mm). This species was most abundant in the lagoons (82% of specimens, x/lot = 3.4), and preferred depths of 6-15 m (71% of specimens, x/lot = 5.4). Indo- Pacific. Xyrichthys pavo Valenciennes Figs. 346, 347 Xyrichthys pavo Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839b:61 (Mauritius); Gomon, 1984:81 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, to eastern Pacific) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 16-139 mm SL, 7—25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 16 and 102 mm). Indo-Pacific. Xyrichthys pentadactylus (Linnaeus) Coryphaena pentadactylus Linnaeus, 1758:261 (India) Xyrichthys pentadactylus—Gomon, 1984:83 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, east to Taiwan) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range map give by Gomon (1984). Indo—west Pacific. Xyrichthys sp. MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 38mm SL, 7m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. Gomon (1984) records the presence of seven species of this genus in the western Indian Ocean. We were unable to identify this small specimen to species. Range unassigned. Fig. 348 Scaridae Identification of scarids was provided or confirmed by Dr J. E. Randall. In addition to the species listed below, there are 5 lots, 12 specimens of juvenile Scarus (11—35 mm SL) that we were unable to assign to species. Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) Fig. 349 Callyodon carolinus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1839b:291 (Caroline Islands) Calotomus carolinus—Bruce and Randall, 1984:7 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos, to eastern Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 190 mm SL, 0—5 mm, lagoon at Eagle Island. Indo-Pacific. Calotomus spinidens (Quoy and Gaimard) Scarus spinidens Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:289 (Waigeo) Calotomus spinidens—Schultz, 1969:38 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Revilla Gigedo Islands) Calatomus japonicus—Schultz, 1969:38 (Chagos Archi- pelago, partim) No specimens seen or collected, but 12 specimens in 3 lots from Diego Garcia are housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington. Indo-Pacific. Cetoscarus bicolor (Riippell) Fig. 350 Scarus bicolor Riippell, 1829b:82 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Cetoscarus bicolor—Randall and Bruce, 1983:6 (Indo- Pacific to French Polynesia); Bruce and Randall, 1984:13 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 420mm SL, 7—10m, reef-top at Salomon (photo). Indo-Pacific. Hipposcarus harid (Forsskal) Scarus harid Forsskal, 1775:30 (Red Sea) Hipposcarus harid—Bruce and Randall, 1984:15 (Indian Ocean, including Chagos, east to Sri Lanka) Fig. 351 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 224—370 mm SL, 0.5—7 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: both). Western Indian Ocean. Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Scarus vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:288 (Waigeo) Leptoscarus vaigiensis—Bruce and Randall, 1984:17 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Easter Island) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the reports of Schultz (1969) and Bruce and Randall (1984). Indo-Pacific. Scarus atrilunula Randall and Bruce Scarus atrilunula Randall and Bruce, 1983:9 (Kenya) ?Scarus rhoduropterus—Schultz, 1969:18 (Chagos Archi- pelago) (non Bleeker, 1861, partim) No specimens seen or collected; the record is tentatively based on Schultz’s (1969) report of two specimens of S. rhoduropterus from Diego Garcia. The latter species does not occur in the Indian Ocean, and specimens from east Africa identified as S$. rhoduropterus form the bulk of the type material of S. atrilunula. Western Indian Ocean. Scarus enneacanthus Lacepéde Fig. 352 Scarus enneacanthus Lacepéde, 1802b:2 (Mauritius); Bruce and Randall, 1984:29 (western Indian Ocean, including Chagos) MATERIAL Six lots, 14 specimens, 161—255 mm SL, 0—5 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 190, 221, 250, and 255 mm). Western Indian Ocean. Scarus falcipinnis (Playfair) Fig. 353 Pseudoscarus falcipinnis Playfair, 1867:865 (Seychelles) Scarus falcipinnis—Bruce and Randall, 1984:31 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 48mm SL, 15—20m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). Western Indian Ocean. Scarus frenatus Lacepéde Fig. 354 Scarus frenatus Lacepéde, 1802b:3 (Mauritius); Bruce and Randall, 1984:37 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 270mm SL, 0.5—4m, lagoon near pass at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Scarus ghobban Forsskal Fig. 355 Scarus ghobban Forsskal, 1775:28 (Jiddah, Red Sea); Bruce and Randall, 1984:43 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, to eastern Pacific) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 190 mm SL, 0.5—2 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Scarus gibbus Rippell Figs. 35657357 Scarus gibbus Rippell, 1829b:81 (Mahila, Red Sea); Bruce and Randall, 1984:45 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) 58 MATERIAL Eight lots, 10 specimens, 32—350mm SL, 0.5—20m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 32, 47, 175,270, 275, 280, and 350 mm). Indo-Pacific. Scarus niger Forsskal Fig. 358 Scarus niger Forsskal, 1775:28 (Red Sea); Bruce and Randall, 1984:51 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Polynesia) MATERIAL Eight lots, 10 specimens, 21—240mm SL, 0.5—20m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 45, 108, 185, and 240 mm). Indo-Pacific. Scarus psittacus Forsskal Figs. 359, 360 Scarus psittacus Forsskal, 1775:29 (Jiddah, Red Sea); Bruce and Randall, 1984:57 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Society Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 39—125 mm SL, 2—25 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 39 and 125mm). Indo-Pacific. Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker Figs. 361, 362 Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1847:162 (Jakarta, Java); Bruce and Randall, 1984:59 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, to eastern Pacific) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 270-370 mm SL, 0—25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 340, 350, and 370 mm). Indo-Pacific. Scarus scaber Valenciennes Fig. 363 Scarus scaber Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839b:239 (Mauritius); Bruce and Randall, 1984:63 (western Indian Ocean, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 117mm SL, 2—7m, lagoon at Salomon (photo). Western Indian Ocean. Scarus sordidus Forsskal Figs. 364, 365, 366 Scarus sordidus Forsskal, 1775:30 (Red Sea); Bruce and Randall, 1984:65 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Hawail) MATERIAL Twenty-three lots, 120 specimens, 16-247 mm SL, 0-22 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-top (1), and drop-off (1) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 30, 35, 111, 149, 155 [x 2], and 247 mm). This species was virtually confined to the lagoon and intertidal habitats (only two specimens from elsewhere), with 78% of the specimens collected in depths of 0-5 m. It should be noted, however, that the majority of the specimens are juveniles of less than 60 mm SL. Indo-Pacific. Scarus tricolor Bleeker Fig. 367 Scarus tricolor Bleeker, 1847:164 (Jakarta, Java); Bruce and Randall, 1984:67 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 206mm SL, 9-—13m, lagoon at Salomon (photo). Indo-Pacific. Scarus sp. MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 205mm SL, 10—20m, lagoon at Peros Banhos. This specimen was sent to Dr Randall for identification, but he was unable to do so and commented (in litt.): “It has 6 median predorsal scales, 16 pectoral rays, but only two rows of scales on the cheek. If you look at the tables of counts in Schultz and in Randall and Bruce, you will find all with 6 predorsal scales and 16 pectoral rays must have 3 rows of scales on the cheek. I don’t recognize the fish from color either though the line on the chin is naggingly familiar.” Range unassigned. Fig. 368 Mugiloididae Parapercis cephalopunctata (Seale) Fig. 369 Percis cephalopunctata Seale, 1901:24 (Marianas) Parapercis cephalopunctata—Randall, 1973:199 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Eighteen lots, 49 specimens, 33—-126mm SL, 0—24m, lagoon, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off (1) at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 63 and 100 mm). This species was most abundant in lagoons and on the reef-flats (71% of specimens), and was virtually always (92% of specimens) taken in water less than 15 m deep. Indo-Pacific. Parapercis hexophthalma (Ehrenberg) Fig. 370 Percis hexophtalma (sic) Ehrenberg in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1829a:271 (Massawa, Red Sea) Parapercis hexophthalma—Randall, 1973:199 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 48—168 mm SL, 1—20 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 63 and 168 mm). Indo-Pacific. Parapercis sp. Parapercis sp.—Kyushin et al., 1977:294 (Chagos Archi- pelago) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the colour photograph of Parapercis sp. given by Kyushin et al. (1977). There is some doubt as to the provenance of their specimen, for under “Fishing data” they record “Chagos, 80-160m, vertical long line”, but state “Sr Lanka” under “Distribution”. Range unassigned. Creediidae Identification of the material was undertaken by Dr. J. S. Nelson. Chalixodytes chameleontoculis Smith Fig 371 Chalixodytes chameleontoculis Smith, 1956:890 (Seychel- les); Nelson, 1978:363 (Indian Ocean east to Cocos [Keeling] Island) MATERIAL Five lots, 9 specimens, 17—33 mm SL, 0—10 m, lagoon and intertidal at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 31 mm). We tentatively retain this species as distinct from C. tauensis Schultz on the advice of Dr Nelson (in litt.). Indian Ocean. Limnichthys nitidus Smith Fig’ 372 Limnichthys nitidus Smith, 1958a:247 (Pinda, Mozam- bique); Nelson, 1978:360 (western Indian Ocean, possibly extending to Cocos[Keeling] Island) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 17mm SL, 7m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Tentatively assigned to the Indian Ocean. Blenniidae In addition to those species listed below, there are two species of blenniids recorded by Regan (1908) from Chagos: Salarias quadricornis and S. sumatranus (= Istiblennius periophthalmus, q.v.). The former nominal species is currently assigned to the genus /stiblennius (Smith-Vaniz and Springer, 1971), but we have not been able to locate Regan’s specimen to establish whether it is conspecific with any of the species of /stiblennius recorded here. Aspidontus taeniatus tractus Fowler Aspidontus tractus Fowler, 1903:170 (Zanzibar) Aspidontus taeniatus tractus—Smith-Vaniz, 1976:62 (Indian Ocean, including Chagos, east to Thailand and Java) Fig. 373 MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 47—79 mm SL, 3—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 79 mm). Indian Ocean and western extremity of west Pacific. Cirripectes castaneus (Valenciennes) Figs. 374, 375 Salarias castaneus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valencien- nes, 1836:324 (Mauritius) MATERIAL Seven lots, 17 specimens, 26—64 mm SL, 0—7 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 42, 48, and 61 mm). J. T. Williams identified the material of this genus and of Exallias, and provided the distributions. Indo—west Pacific. Cirripectes perustus Smith Fig. 376 Cirripectes perustus Smith, 1959b:238 (Malindi, Kenya) MATERIAL Ten lots, 42 specimens, 21—62 mm SL, 0—24m, lagoon, intertidal, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 36, 52, and 60 mm). Seventy-one per cent of the specimens collected were taken in two stations made in the intertidal region. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate (east to the Gilbert Islands). Cirripectes polyzona (Bleeker) Figas77 Salarias (Cirripectes) polyzona Bleeker, 1868a:278 (Ambon) MATERIAL Three lots, 117 specimens, 18—58 mm SL, 0—20 m, lagoon, reef-flat, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: specimen not located). Most of the speci- mens (101) were taken in the single collection made in the spur-and-groove formation off Isle Boddam, Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Cirripectes quagga (Fowler and Ball) Fig. 378 Rupiscartes quagga Fowler and Ball, 1924:273 (Wake Island) MATERIAL One lot, 6 specimens, 41-55 mm SL, 0-3 m, reef-top at Salomon (photo: 48 mm). This species was collected only in the spur-and-groove formation at Salomon. Indo-Pacific (east to Pitcairn Island). Cirripectes sp. Pl. VHID MATERIAL One lot, 6 specimens, 76—93 mm SL, 0-3 m, reef-top at 60 Salomon (photo: 83 mm). The only collection came from the spur-and-groove formation off Isle Boddam, Salomon. The species will be described by J. T. Williams. Indian Ocean. Ecsenius midas Starck Fig. 379 Ecsenius midas Starck, 1969:1 (Amirante Islands); McKin- ney and Springer, 1976:10 (Indo—west Pacific east to Fiji) MATERIAL Five lots, 18 specimens, 37-58 mm SL, 10—26 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 52 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Ecsenius nalolo Smith Fig. 380 Ecsenius nalolo Smith, 1959b:245 (Pinda, Mozambique); McKinney and Springer, 1976:11 (Indian Ocean west of Tank): MATERIAL Eighteen lots, 63 specimens, 15—47mm SL, 0.5—25m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off (2) at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 34 and 46 mm). Sixty-five per cent of the specimens collected were taken in the lagoons, with 68% of the total from 6-15 m water depth. Western Indian Ocean. Enchelyurus kraussi (Klunzinger) Fig. 381 Petroscirtes kraussi Klunzinger, 1871:497 (Koseir, Red Sea) Enchelyurus kraussi—Springer, 1972:6 (Indo-Pacific east to Marianas) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 18—27 mm SL, 0.5—1 m, lagoon at Eagle Island. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Entomacrodus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 382 Salarias striatus Quoy and Gaimard in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1836:309 (Mauritius) Entomacrodus striatus—Springer, 1967:73 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Three lots, 75 specimens, 20-53 mm SL, 0-3 m, reef-flat and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 30 and 57mm). The single specimen from the reef-top was collected from the spur-and-groove formation. Indo-Pacific. Exallias brevis (Kner) Fig. 383 Salarias brevis Kner, 1868:334 (Samoa) MATERIAL Two lots, 7 specimens, 57—78 mm SL, 0—5 m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos (photos: 71, 73, and 78mm). Indo-Pacific (east to Pitcairn Island). Glyptoparus delicatulus Smith Fig. 384 Glyptoparus delicatulus Smith, 1959b:249 (Malindi, Kenya); Smith-Vaniz and Springer, 1971:24 (Indo-Pacific) MATERIAL Four lots, 34 specimens, 15—25 mm SL, 0-1 m, lagoon at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos. Indo-Pacific. Istiblennius edentulus (Schneider) Fig. 385 Blennius edentulus Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:172 (Society Islands) MATERIAL Four lots, 867 specimens, 18—107 mm SL, 0-1 m, reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 58 and 65 mm). Indo-Pacific. Istiblennius gibbifrons (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 386 Salarias gibbifrons Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:253 (Hawaii) Istiblennius gibbifrons insolitus Smith, 1959b:242 (As- sumption) MATERIAL Two lots, 23 specimens, 45—97 mm SL, 0-3 m, reef-flat and reef-top at Salomon (photos: 75, 86, and 97 mm). As with all members of this difficult genus, identification is tentative. Smith (1959b) felt that the subspecies he erected for the Indian Ocean form could merit full specific distinction, echoing Strasburg’s (1956) opinion that the Hawaiian form is endemic. Indo-Pacific. Istiblennius periophthalmus (Valenciennes) _ Fig. 387 Salarias periophthalmus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Va- lenciennes, 1836:311 (Santa Cruz) Salarias sumatranus—Regan, 1908:250 (Salomon, Chagos Archipelago) Istiblennius periophthalmus—Smith, 1959b:243 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 539 specimens, 19-97 mm SL, 0—3 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 33, 52, 81, 88, and 91 mm). Regan (1908) recorded a single blenniid specimen from Salomon. The only such specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) bears a bottle label identifying it as “Salarias periophthalmus”. We assume this specimen formed the basis of Regan’s record of S. sumatranus. Indo—west Pacific. Meiacanthus smithi Klausewitz Fig. 388 Meiacanthus smithi Klausewitz, 1962:17 (Maldives); Smith- Vaniz, 1976:99 (Maldives east to western Borneo) MATERIAL Six lots, 7 specimens, 28—61 mm SL, 3—22 m, lagoon and reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 56mm). Indian Ocean and western extremity of west Pacific. Omobranchus elongatus (Peters) Fig. 389 Petroscirtes elongatus Peters, 1855a:249 (Mozambique) Omobranchus elongatus—Springer and Gomon, 1975:28 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, east to Philippines) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 23mm SL, 0.5—1m, reef-flat at Diego Garcia. Indo—west Pacific. Parenchelyurus hepburni (Snyder) Enchelyurus hepburni Snyder, 1908:110 (Japan) Parenchelyurus hepburni—Springer, 1972:12 (Thailand east to Marshall Islands and Samoa); Springer and Gomon, 1975:79 (Indo-Pacific east to Samoa) Fig. 390 MATERIAL Two lots, 5 specimens, 21—26mm SL, 0—1 m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos and Salomon. Indo—west Pacific and margin- ally on the Pacific plate. Petroscirtes mitratus Ruppell Petroscirtes mitratus Ruppell, 1830a:111 (Red Sea); Smith- Vaniz, 1976:32 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to the Gilbert Islands and Samoa) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on Smith-Vaniz’s (1976) report of seven specimens from Diego Garcia. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Petroscirtes xestus Jordan and Seale Fig. 391 Petroscirtes xestus Jordan and Seale, 1906:433 (Samoa); Smith-Vaniz, 1976:36 (Indo-Pacific east to Society Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 34—47 mm SL, 2—17 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 47 mm). Indo-Pacific. Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos (Bleeker) Fig. 392 Petroskirtes rhinorhijnchos Bleeker, 1852a:273 (Wahai, Seram) Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos—Smith-Vaniz, (Indo-Pacific east to Marquesas Islands) 1976:133 61 MATERIAL Five lots, 7 specimens, 39-63 mm SL, 7—43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 39, 50, 54, and 63 mm). Indo-Pacific. Plagiotremus tapeinosoma (Bleeker) Fig. 393 Petroskirtes tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1857a:64 (Ambon) Plagiotremus tapeinosoma—Smith-Vaniz, 1976:138 (In- do-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Eleven lots, 13 specimens, 36—73 mm SL, 3—25m, la- goon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 39 and 46 mm). Indo-Pacific. Tripterygiidae Specimens of this family were identified by W. Holleman. Enneapterygius abeli (Klausewitz) Fig. 394 Tripterygium abeli Klausewitz, 1960:11 (Red Sea) MATERIAL Five lots, 15 specimens, 14—19mm SL, 0-7 m, lagoon, intertidal, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 17 mm). Western Indian Ocean. Enneapterygius sp. Pl. VINE MATERIAL Seven lots, 21 specimens, 17-26 mm SL, 3—18 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo). This species is apparently undescribed. Range unassigned. Helcogramma fuscopinna Holleman Pl. VUIF Helcogramma fuscopinna Holleman, 1982:115 (Zulu- land, South Africa; also Indo—west Pacific including Chagos, east to Japan) MATERIAL Four lots, 8 specimens (paratypes), 22—33 mm SL, 0-7 m, lagoon and intertidal at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 25, 28, 29, and 32 mm). Indo—west Pacific. Ammodytidae ?Bleekeria renniei Smith Fig. 395 Bleekeria renniei Smith, 1957c:219 (eastern South Africa) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 61mm SL, 7m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). 62 The single specimen has the following characteristics: D 48, A 24, P 14, tubed lateral-line scales 103(L)—106(R), followed by 7(L)—10(R) untubed scales, dorsal transverse scales 2, gill rakers 4 + 22. The dorsal and anal ray counts are consistent with B. gilli and B. vaga, but the former count is low for B. renniei (50-51). In B. vaga there are vertical tubules on the scales in the row above the posterior part of the lateral line; these tubules are absent on other species of the genus. Bleekeria gilli has 7 + 8 gill rakers, whereas B. renniei has 10 + 21-22. In spite of the differences, it seems possible that B. gilli (range: California to Hawaii) is conspecific with B. renniei. Both of these species, like the Chagos specimen, have numerous small black spots in the membranes of the dorsal and anal fins, and a curved vertical bar on the caudal fin. Range unassigned. Callionymidae Specimens of this family were identified by Dr R. Fricke. Callionymus delicatulus Smith Fig. 396 Callionymus delicatulus Smith, 1963:557; Fricke, 1983:335 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Palau) MATERIAL Seven lots, 14 specimens, 12—29 mm SL, 0—10 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 16 and 29mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Synchiropus minutulus Fricke Fig. 397 Synchiropus minutulus Fricke, 1981:119 (Maldives; also Chagos Archipelago) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen (paratype), 13 mm SL, 5—7 m, reef-top at Salomon. Central Indian Ocean. Gobioidei The 100 species of gobioid fishes (families Gobiidae, Eleotrididae, Kraemeriidae, and Microdesmidae) from the Chagos Archipelago have been treated in some detail earlier in this series (Winterbottom and Emery, 1986) and will not be considered further. The ranges of 43 of these species could be established with some degree of con- fidence and are included in the zoogeographic analysis here. The ranges and the number of species in each range area as follows: Indo-Pacific, 23; Indo-Pacific and margin- ally on the Pacific plate, 3; Indo—west Pacific, 13; western Indian Ocean, 2; and Indian Ocean, 2. In addition, the microdesmid Paragunnellichthys fehlmani is known from a single collection from Diego Garcia and is considered an endemic. Acanthuridae Acanthurus bleekeri Ginther Fig. 398 Acanthurus bleekeri Ginther, 1861:335 (east Indian Archi- pelago); Randall, 1984a:5 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to French Polynesia) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 300 mm SL, 9-18 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Acanthurus guttatus Schneider Fig. 399 Acanthurus guttatus Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:215 (Tahiti); Randall, 1956:184 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 8 specimens, 131—198 mm SL, 0-3 m, reef-top to Salomon (photo: 173mm). The only collection of this species was made in the spur-and-groove formation. Indo-Pacific. Acanthurus leucosternon Bennett Fig. 400 Acanthurus leucosternon Bennett, 1832a:183 (Sri Lanka); Randall, 1984a:9 (Indian Ocean east to Sumatra) MATERIAL Nineteen lots, 67 specimens, 61—168 mm SL, 0.5—36 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-ofi at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 132 and 160mm). This species was most fre- quently collected in the lagoons (61%) and in a depth range of 6—15 m (66%). Indian Ocean and western extremity of west Pacific. Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus) Fig. 401 Chaetodon lineatus Linnaeus, 1758:274 (“Indies”’) Acanthurus lineatus—Randall, 1956:193 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands); Randall, 1984a:11 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Eight lots, 56 specimens, 36—207 mm SL, 0-10 m, lagoon, reef-flat, and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 198 mm). The single reef-top collection containing this species was made in the spur-and-groove formation and contained 43 specimens. Indo-Pacific. Acanthurus mata (Cuvier)* Fig. 402 Chaetodon meta (sic) Cuvier, 1829:224 (no locality) Acanthurus mata—Randall, 1956:218 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 45-59 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, intertidal and reef-flat at Peros Banhos (photo: 30 mm). Indo-Pacific. Acanthurus nigricaudus Duncker and Mohr Fig. 403 Acanthurus gahm nigricauda Duncker and Mohr, 1931:75 (South Seas) Acanthurus gahm—Randall, 1956:207 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 122mm SL, 0—0.5 m, intertidal at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forsskal) Fig. 404 Chaetodon nigrofuscus Forsskal, 1775:64 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Acanthurus nigrofuscus—Randall, 1956:190 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 58 specimens, 35-107 mm SL, 0-10 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 63 mm). Indo-Pacific. Acanthurus pyroferus Kittlitz Fig. 405 Acanthurus pyroferus Kittlitz, 1834:191 (Caroline Islands); Randall, 1956:196 (Indo-Pacific east to Tahiti) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 67-102 mm SL, 10—20m, lagoon and reef-top at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 67 mm). Indo-Pacific Acanthurus tennenti Ginther Fig. 406 Acanthurus tennenti Gunther, 1861:337 (Sri Lanka); Ran- dall, 1984a:13 (Indian Ocean, including Chagos, east to Sri Lanka) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 28—148 mm SL, 0—10m, lagoon and pass at Peros Banhos (photo: 148 mm). Western Indian Ocean. Acanthurus thompsoni (Fowler) Hepatus thompsoni Fowler, 1923:386 (Hawaii) Acanthurus thompsoni—Randall, 1973:205 (Tahiti); Allen and Steene, 1979:63 (Christmas Island) Fig. 407 63 MATERIAL Six lots, 7 specimens, 82-118 mm SL, 5—25 m, reef-top and drop-off at Eagle Island and Salomon (photos: 115 and 117mm). This species was frequently observed in large, loose aggregations above the lip of the drop-off, apparently foraging for plankton in the water column. Indo-Pacific. Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus) Fig. 408 Chaetodon triostegus Linnaeus, 1758:274 (“Indies’’) Acanthurus triostegus—Randall, 1984a:15 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Mexico) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 606 specimens, 21—132mm SL, 0—3m, lagoon (1), intertidal, reef-flat, and reef-top (1) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 87 mm). Indo-Pacific. Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes Fig. 409 Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835:215 (Seychelles); Randall, 1984a:17 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Mexico) MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 154—421 mm SL, lagoon at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 421 mm). Indo-Pacific. Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard) _ Fig. 410 Acanthurus striatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:373 (Guam) Ctenochaetus striatus—Randall, 1955a:155 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Twenty-two lots, 133 specimens, 27—169 mm SL, 0—25 m, lagoon, intertidal, reef-flat, reef-top, and drop-off (1) at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photo: 30mm). This species was most abundant in the lagoons, where 72% of our specimens were obtained. It was collected deeper than 15m on only two occasions (n = 7). Indo-Pacific. Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett) Acanthurus strigosus Bennett, 1828:41 (Hawaii) Ctenochaetus strigosus—Randall, 1955a:159 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) Fig. 411 MATERIAL Twenty-four lots, 71 specimens, 25—141 mm SL, 3—32m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 27, 35, and 101 mm). This species was fairly evenly distributed among the three habitats, although rather more abundant in the lagoons, with 61% (x/lot = 3.3) in lagoon, 15% (x/lot = 2.8) on reef-top, and 21% (x/lot = 2.5) on drop-off, and two 64 specimens without data. Indo-Pacific. Naso brachycentron (Valenciennes) Fig. 412 Naseus brachycentron Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1835:275 (Waigeo) Naso brachycentron—Randall, 1973:205 (Tahiti) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 464mm SL, 5m, lagoon at Eagle Island (photo). Indo-Pacific. Naso brevirostris (Valenciennes) Fig. 413 Naseus brevirostris Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1835:277 (Mauritius; Moluccas; New Guinea) Naso brevirostris—Randall, 1973:206 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Five lots, 6 specimens, 230—277 mm SL, 7—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 277 mm). Indo-Pacific. Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker) Fig. 414 Priodon hexacanthus Bleeker, 1855b:421 (Ambon) Naso hexacanthus—Randall, 1973:206 (Tahiti); Randall, 1984a:21 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, 2 specimens, 457—484 mm SL, 10—20 m, drop-off at Salomon (photo: 484 mm). Indo-Pacific. Naso lituratus (Schneider) Fig. 415 Acanthurus lituratus Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:216 (no locality) Naso lituratus—Randall, 1973:206 (Tahiti); 1984a:23 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Three lots, 5 specimens, 148—252 mm SL, 0-7 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 236 and 252 mm). Indo-Pacific. Naso unicornis (Forsskal) Fig. 416 Chaetodon unicornis Forsskal, 1775:63 (Jiddah, Red Sea) Naso unicornis—Randall, 1973:206 (Tahiti); 1984a:25 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 165mm SL, 0—0.5m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Naso vlamingi (Valenciennes) Fig. 417 Naseus vlamingi Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835:293 (Moluccas) Naso vlamingi—Randall, 1973:206 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 242—255 mm SL, 10—25 m, drop: off at Salomon (photo: 255 mm). Indo-Pacific. Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus) Teuthis hepatus Linnaeus, 1758:507 (“Indies”, partim) Paracanthurus hepatus—Randall, 1955b:408 (Indo-Pacific east to Gilbert Islands) No specimens collected; the record is based on the underwater sighting of a single individual in 7m on the reef-top off Isle Anglaise, Salomon. Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus) Fig. 418 Chaetodon cornutus Linnaeus, 1758:273 (“Indies”) Zanclus cornutus—Randall, 1973:204 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 114-150 mm SL, 3—15 m, lagoon and reef-top at Eagle Island and Peros Banhos (photo: 139mm). Randall (1973) pointed out that although Z. canescens (Linnaeus) has page priority over Z. cornutus, the latter name was selected by Cuvier, the first reviser of the genus (in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831a). Indo-Pacific. Zebrasoma veliferum desjardinii (Bennett) Fig. 419 Acanthurus desjardinii Bennett, 1835:207 (Mauritius) Zebrasoma veliferum desjardinii—Randall, 1984a:27 (In- dian Ocean, including Chagos, east to Maldives) MATERIAL Six lots, 10 specimens, 26—200 mm SL, 0-15 m, lagoon and reef-top (1) at Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photos: 21, 29, and 200 mm). We follow Randall (1984a) in separating the Indian Ocean form from that in the Pacific. Western Indian Ocean. Zebrasoma scopas (Valenciennes) Fig. 420 Acanthurus scopas Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, 1835:245 (Banda, Mozambique) Zebrasoma scopas—Randall, 1955b:405 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Eight lots, 12 specimens, 83-130mm SL, 0.5-—22m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 111 and 114mm). Indo-Pacific. Siganidae No specimens of this family were collected, but two individuals were seen on one occasion in the lagoon at Salomon. Positive identification to species was not achieved. They were dusky in colour, with a white spot just beneath the end of the dorsal fin, and other light spots on the belly. They became an overall silvery colour over sand. They may have been Siganus sutor (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835). Range unassigned. Scombridae Euthynnus affinis (Cantor) Fig. 421 Thynnus affinis Cantor, 1849:1088 (“Sea of Penang’) Euthynnus affinis—Collette and Nauen, 1983:33 (Indo- Pacific east to Marquesas Islands) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 465-565 mm SL, 12—17 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 575 mm). Indo-Pacific. Gymnosarda unicolor (Rippell) Thynnus unicolor Ruppell, 1836:40 (Red Sea) Gymnosarda_ unicolor—Collette and Nauen, 1983:40 (Indo-Pacific east to Pitcairn Island) No specimens collected, but this species was occasionally seen cruising the edge of the drop-off, at 20—30m, off Peros Banhos and Salomon. Indo-Pacific. Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) Scomber pelamis Linnaeus, 1758:297 (“in Pelago inter- tropicas’’) Katsuwonus pelamis—Collette and Nauen, 1983:42 (cos- mopolitan) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range maps in Collette and Nauen (1983) and Collette (1984d). Cosmopolitan. Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepéde) Scomberoides commersonianus Lacepéde, 1802a:50 (Mada- gascar) Scomberomorus commerson—Collette, 1984d:29 (Indo— west Pacific, including Chagos, east to New Caledonia) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range map in Collette (1984d). Indo—west Pacific. Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre) Scomber alalunga Bonnaterre, 1788:139 (Mediterranean) Thunnus alalunga—Collette and Nauen, 1983:40 (cosmo- politan, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range maps in Collette and Nauen (1983) and Collette (1984d). Cosmopolitan. 65 Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre) Scomber albacares Bonnaterre, 1788:140 (Jamaica) Thunnus albacares—Collette and Nauen, 1983:83 (world- wide, including Chagos) A single specimen, approximately Im in length, was hooked in the pass between Petite Sceur and Isle Poule, Peros Banhos. It was brought alongside the inflatable boat before breaking loose, and this afforded a good lateral view. Identification was based on the bright yellow, elongate, soft dorsal and anal fins. Cosmopolitan. Thunnus obesus (Lowe) Thynnus obesus Lowe, 1839:78 (Madeira Islands) Thunnus obesus—Collette and Nauen, 1983:88 (world- wide, including Chagos) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range maps of Collette and Nauen (1983) and Collette (1984d). Cosmopolitan. Xiphiidae Xiphias gladius Linnaeus Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758:248 (“in Oceano Eu- ropae”); Nakamura, 1984b:3 (cosmopolitan, including Chagos) No specimen seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range map given by Nakamura (1984b). Cosmopolitan. Istiophoridae No istiophorids were seen or collected during the expedi- tion; their inclusion here is based on the range maps given by Nakamura (1984a). Ranges as given in the citations below are included in the zoogeographic analysis. Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder) Xiphias platypterus Shaw and Nodder, 1791:none (Indian and Pacific oceans) Istiophorus platypterus—Nakamura, 1984a:5 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Makaira indica (Cuvier) Tetrapterus indicus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831b:286 (Sumatra) Makaira indica—Nakamura, 1984a:7 (Indo-Pacific, in- cluding Chagos) Tetrapterus angustirostris Tanaka Tetrapterus angustirostris Tanaka, 1914:324 (Japan); 66 Nakamura, 1984a:11 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Tetrapterus audax (Philippi) Histiophorus audax Philippi, 1887:568 (Chile) Tetrapterus audax—Nakamura, 1984a:13 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) Nomeidae Psenes squamiceps (Lloyd) Mulichthys squamiceps Lloyd, 1909:158 (Arabian Sea) Psenes squamiceps—Haedrich and Nzioka, 1984b:5 (Indo—west Pacific, including Chagos, east to Japan) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on the range map given by Haedrich and Nzioka (1984b). Indo— west Pacific. Bothidae Arnoglossus intermedius (Bleeker) Platophrys intermedius Bleeker, 1866:47 (Sulawesi) Engyprosopon intermedius—Regan, 1908:235 (Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago) Arnoglossus intermedius—Norman, 1934:197 (Indo—west Pacific east to Solomon Islands) No specimens seen or collected; occurrence is based on Regan’s (1908) report of a specimen taken in 10 fathoms (18.3 m) at Diego Garcia. Indo—west Pacific. Bothus mancus (Broussonet) Fig. 422 Pleuronectes mancus Broussonet, 1782:none (Pacific Ocean) Platophrys pavo—Regan, 1908:232 (Peros Banhos, Chagos Archipelago) Bothus mancus—Norman, 1934:230 (Indo-Pacific east to Mexico) MATERIAL Three lots, 9 specimens, 117—189 mm SL, 0—3 m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 117 mm). Indo-Pacific. Bothus pantherinus (Rippell) Fig. 423 Rhombus pantherinus Riippell, 1830b:121 (Mahila, Red Sea) Bothus pantherinus—Nielsen, 1984:5 (Indo-Pacific east to Hawaii) MATERIAL One lot, 4 specimens, 32—37 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo: 35 mm). Indo-Pacific. Soleidae Aseraggodes cyaneus (Alcock)* Fig. 424 Solea cyaneus Alcock, 1890:439 (Bay of Bengal) MATERIAL Two lots, 4 specimens, 12-38 mm SL, 7—25 m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 34mm). Indian Ocean. ?Monochirus sp. Pl. VIIIG MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 19mm SL, 18—25m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). This small specimen appears to belong in Monochirus, since the dorsal and anal fins are separate from the caudal fin, the right pectoral is well developed, and the left pectoral fin is absent. It does not seem to be conspecific with the only other Indian Ocean member of the genus, M. quadriocellata Bonde. A description of the specimen follows: D 68, originating at the level of the pupil of the left eye; A 55; pelvics subequal with five fin-rays; three dark- rimmed ocelli just ventral to the midlateral septum, the first in line with the tip of the pectoral fin, the third on the caudal peduncle, and the second midway between these two; scattered spots and blotches of dark pigment over the rest of the ocular side of the body. Range unassigned. Balistidae Abalistes stellaris (Schneider) Balistes stellaris Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:476 (Indian Ocean) Abalistes stellaris—Kyushin et al., 1977:344 (Chagos Archipelago) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the report of Kyushin et al. (1977) of a single specimen taken with a vertical longline in 28—100 m at Chagos. Indo—west Pacific. Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck)* Balistes scriptus Osbeck, 1765:145 (China Sea) Alutera scripta—Allen and Steene, 1979:66 (circum- tropical) The record is based on the sighting of a single specimen on the reef-top at Isle Boddam, Salomon, in 7m. The speci- men was a light tan ground colour with numerous light blue spots and was approximately 30cm SL. Circumtropical. Balistapus undulatus (Park) Balistes undulatus Park, 1797:37 (Sumatra) Balistapus undulatus—Randall, 1973:206 (Tahiti); Kyu- Fig. 425 shin et al., 1977:350 (Chagos Archipelago) MATERIAL Fourteen lots, 16 specimens, 30—223mm SL, 0—43 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 30 and 146 mm). Indo-Pacific. Balistoides conspicillum Schneider Fig. 426 Balistes conspicillum Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:474 (Indian Ocean) Balistoides conspicillum—Kami, Ikehara, and DeLeon, 1968:127 (Guam) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 183mm SL, 18—25m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Balistoides viridescens (Schneider) Balistes viridescens Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:477 (no locality) Balistoides viridescens—Randall, 1973:206 (Tahiti) No specimens collected; the record is based on several sightings of the species on the reef-tops at Peros Banhos and Salomon. We found it impossible to approach these fish (estimated to be 300—400 mm SL) closer than about 10m before they took flight. Indo-Pacific. Cantherhines dumerili (Hollard) Fig. 427 Monacanthus dumerili Hollard, 1854:361 (Mauritius) Cantherhines dumerili—Randall and Sinoto, 1978:304 (Rapa); Hutchins, 1984:9 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 219mm SL, 20—25 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Cantherhines fronticinctus (Ginther) Fig. 428 Monacanthus fronticinctus Ginther, 1866a:136 (Zanzibar) Cantherhines fronticinctus—Hutchins, 1984:11 (Indo- Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 98mm SL, 18—25m, drop-off at Salomon (photo). Indo—west Pacific. Cantherhines pardalis (Riippell) Fig. 429 Monacanthus pardalis Rippell, 1938:57 (Red Sea) Cantherhines pardalis—Randall and Sinoto, 1978:304 (Rapa); Hutchins, 1984:13 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos) MATERIAL Three lots, 4 specimens, 57-133 mm SL, 5—24 m, lagoon 67 and drop-off at Peros Banhos (photos: 57 and 133 mm). Indo-Pacific. Melichthys indicus Randall and Klausewitz Figs. 430, 431 Melichthys indicus Randall and Klausewitz, 1973:64 (Thai- land; also west to Seychelles) MATERIAL Three lots, 5 specimens, 145—190 mm SL, 5—25 m, reef- top and drop-off at Eagle Island and Salomon (photos: 166, 170, and 190 mm). The 170-mm SL specimen differs from the others in that the second dorsal fin is pure white with an eye-diameter-wide edging of black. This morph was seen on a number of occasions. Indo—west Pacific. Melichthys niger (Bloch) Balistes niger Bloch, 1786:27 (China Sea) Melichthys niger—Randall and Klausewitz, 1973:60 (cir- cumtropical, including Chagos) Fig. 432 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 199-217 mm SL, 7—10m, reef-top at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: both). Circumtropical. Odonus niger (Riippell) Xenodon niger Ruppell, 1837:53 (Red Sea) Odonus niger—Kyushin et al., 1977:348 (Chagos Archi- pelago); Randall, 1973:207 (Tahiti) Fig. 433 MATERIAL Two lots, 3 specimens, 71—173 mm SL, 9—25 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo: 71mm). Small schools of this species were observed apparently feeding in the water column on the sandy slope of the drop-off on the eastern side of Isle Fouquet. Indo-Pacific. Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Bloch and Schneider) Fig. 434 Balistes hispidus var. longirostris Bloch and Schneider, 1801:464 (no locality) Oxymonacanthus longirostris—Kami, Ikehara, and De Leon, 1968:126 (Guam) MATERIAL Five lots, 5 specimens, 38—72 mm SL, 3—17 m, lagoon and reef-top at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 57 and 60 mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Paraluteres prionurus (Bleeker) Fig. 435 Alutarius prionurus Bleeker, 1851b:260 (Banda, Moluc- cas; Neira) Paraluteres prionurus—Woods, 1966:98 (Marshall Islands) 68 MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 16—63 mm SL, 5—15 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: both). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. ?Pervagor janthinosoma (Bleeker) Pl. VIIIH Monacanthus janthinosoma Bleeker, 1854a:504 (Ambon) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 38mm SL, 18—24m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). The single small specimen was tentatively identified as this species by J. B. Hutchins. Indo-—west Pacific. Pervagor melanocephalus (Bleeker) Fig. 436 Monacanthus melanocephalus Bleeker, 1853d:95 (Solar; Lawajong) Pervagor melanocephalus—Gosline and Brock, 1965:296 (Hawaii) MATERIAL Six lots, 6 specimens, 61—77 mm SL, 1—43 m, lagoon and drop-off at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 77 mm). Gosline and Brock (1965) record a single specimen from Hawaii. Woods (1966:83) divided this species into three subspecies: one found in Indo—west Pacific, one from the Marshall Islands, and the third from Johnston Island. It appears that further work is necessary to clarify the nature of the variation in the Pacific plate populations. Tentatively assigned to the Indo-Pacific. Note: After this manuscript was typeset, a paper by J. B. Hutchins (1986, Review of the monacanthid fish genus Pervagor, with descriptions of two new species. Indo- Pacific Fishes 12:1—35) indicated that all our specimens of Pervagor were assignable to P. janthinosoma. Range: Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. This new information is not incorporated into the main body of the text. Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus) Fig. 437 Balistes aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758:328 (India); Regan, 1908:251 (Chagos Archipelago) Rhinecanthus aculeatus—Randall and Steene, 1983:45 (Indo-Pacific east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Five lots, 37 specimens, 37—176mm SL, 0—7m, lagoon and reef-flat at Diego Garcia, Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 133 and 151 mm). Indo-Pacific. Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch and Schneider) Fig. 438 Balistes rectangulus Bloch and Schneider, 1801:465 (Indian Ocean) Rhinecanthus rectangulus—Randall and Steene, 1983:45 (Indo-Pacific east to Pitcairn Island) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 101—104 mm SL, 0-1 m, reef-flat at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 104 mm). Indo-Pacific. Sufflamen bursa (Schneider) Fig. 439 Balistes bursa Schneider in Bloch and Schneider, 1801:476 (Indian Ocean) Sufflamen bursa—Randall, 1973:207 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 129-151 mm SL, 7—25 m, reef- top and drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photo: 129 mm). Indo-Pacific. Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch and Schneider) Fig. 440 Balistes chrysopterus Bloch and Schneider, 1801:466 (India) Sufflamen chrysopterus—Randall, 1973:207 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Four lots, 4 specimens, 31—154 mm SL, 3—24m, lagoon and drop-off at Peros Banhos (photos: 31 and 134 mm). Indo-Pacific. Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille)* Fig. 441 Balistes fraenatus Latreille, 1804:74 (Madagascar; Polynesia) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 274mm SL, 20m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Thamnaconus modestoides (Barnard) Cantherines (sic) modestoides Barnard, 1927:958 (Algoa Bay, South Africa) Navodon sp.—Kyushin et al., 1977:354 (Chagos Archi- pelago) Thamnoconus modestoides—Hutchins, 1984:19 (Indo— west Pacific east to Japan) No specimens seen or collected, and the record is based on the photograph and report of Kyushin et al. (1977) of Navodon sp. taken with vertical longline in 72—160m (305 mm BL). Indo—west Pacific. Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett) Fig. 442 Balistes auromarginatus Bennett, 1831:168 (Mauritius) Xanthichthys auromarginatus—Randall, Matsuura, and Zama, 1978:696 (Indo-Pacific east to Hawaii) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 102mm SL, 41—48m, drop-off at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Ostraciidae Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus Fig. 443 Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758:332 (India); Randall, 1972b:761 (Indo-Pacific east to Polynesia) MATERIAL Four lots, 11 specimens, 11—295 mm SL, 0-10 m, lagoon at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photo: 295 mm). Indo-Pacific. Ostracion meleagris Shaw and Nodder Fig. 444 Ostracion meleagris Shaw and Nodder, 1796:none (“‘south- ern ocean’); Randall, 1972b:765 (Indo-Pacific to eastern tropical Pacific) MATERIAL Three lots, 5 specimens, 93-148 mm SL, 0—30 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island and Salomon (photo: 132 mm). Indo-Pacific. Triodontidae Triodon macropterus Lesson Triodon macropterus Lesson, 1829:none (Mauritius); Kyushin et al., 1977:364 (Chagos Archipelago); Tyler, 1967:89 (Indo—west Pacific east to Japan) No specimens seen or collected; the record is based on the report of 4 specimens taken by vertical longline in 50—160 m (347-395 mm BL) by Kyushin et al. (1977). Tyler (1967) reported variation in the presence or absence of the dorsal spines: specimens from the Indian Ocean and a specimen from Ambon lack the spines, while specimens from other areas in the Moluccas as well as those from Japan possess them. Kyushin et al. (1977) do not explicitly state whether the Chagos specimens have or lack dorsal spines. Indo—west Pacific. Tetraodontidae Arothron aerostaticus (Jenyns) Fig. 445 Tetrodon aerostaticus Jenyns, 1842:152 (unknown) MATERIAL One lot, | specimen, 46 mm SL. 0.2 m, lagoon at Salomon (photo). This species is very similar to A. stellatus (Bloch 69 and Schneider). Possibly only one species is involved, but we tentatively retain A. aeroStaticus as distinct, based on dark spots on the caudal fin, as suggested by Smith (1958b). Range unassigned. Arothron meleagris (Lacepéde) Figs. 446, 447 Tetrodon meleagris Lacepéde, 1798:476 (“seas of Asia’); Regan, 1908:253 (Chagos Archipelago) Arothron meleagris—Randall, 1973:207 (Tahiti) MATERIAL Six lots, 12 specimens, 181—252 mm SL, 0-3 m, lagoon and reef-flat at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 209 and 243 mm). The specimens of this and the following species were identified by Drs J. Su and J. C. Tyler. One photographed specimen represents the yellow colour phase of this species. Indo-Pacific. Arothron nigropunctatus (Schneider) Fig. 448 Tetrodon nigropunctatus Schneider in Bloch and Schnei- der, 1801:507 (Tranquebar, India) Arothron nigropunctatus—Kami, Ikehara, and DeLeon, 1968:128 (Guam) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 164—200 mm SL, 0—4m, lagoon and reef-flat at Salomon (photo: 200mm). Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate. Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker) Fig. 449 Tropidichthys bennetti Bleeker, 1854¢:504 (Ambon) Canthigaster bennetti—Allen and Randall, 1977:488 (Indo- Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 63 mm SL, 0—0.5 m, lagoon at Peros Banhos (photo). Indo-Pacific. Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker) Fig. 450 Tropidichthys janthinoptera Bleeker, 1855b:429 (Ambon) Canthigaster janthinoptera— Allen and Randall, 1977:495 (Indo-Pacific, including Chagos, east to Pitcairn Island) 70 MATERIAL Ten lots, 15 specimens, 14—50 mm SL, 0.5—25 m, lagoon, reef-top, and drop-off at Eagle Island, Peros Banhos, and Salomon (photos: 15, 25, and 46 mm). Indo-Pacific. Canthigaster natalensis (Giinther) Fig. 451 Tetrodon amboinensis var. natalensis Ginther, 1870:303 (Durban, South Africa) Canthigaster natalensis—Allen and Randall, 1977:500 (western Indian Ocean) MATERIAL One lot, 1 specimen, 67mm SL, 0-3m, reef-top at Salomon (photo). Western Indian Ocean. Canthigaster tyleri Allen and Randall Fig. 452 Canthigaster tyleri Allen and Randall, 1977:497 (Mauri- tius; also Indo—west Pacific east to the Moluccas) MATERIAL Three lots, 3 specimens, 37-39 mm SL, 23—43 m, drop-off at Peros Banhos and Salomon (photos: 37 and 38 mm). Indo-Pacific. Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker) Fig. 453 Tetraodon valentini Bleeker, 1853a:130 (Ambon) Canthigaster valentini—Allen and Randall, 1977:484 (Indo-Pacific east to Tuamotu Islands) MATERIAL Twelve lots, 26 specimens, 12—49 mm SL, 0—30 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Salomon, and Three Brothers (photo: 30 mm). Indo-Pacific. Diodontidae Diodon hystrix Linnaeus Fig. 454 Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758:335 (India); Leis, 1978:545 (cosmopolitan) MATERIAL Two lots, 2 specimens, 245—365 mm SL, 0.5—2 m, lagoon at Diego Garcia and Eagle Island (photo: 365 mm). Cosmopolitan. Discussion Collections of Chagos fishes at the ROM contain representa- tives of 585 species (98 of which are gobioids). A further 12 species were identified in the field but not collected, and another 4 field identifications were at the familial or generic level. Two species (Paragobiodon echinocephalus and Foa sp.) not collected by us are represented in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). One hundred species not encountered by us are included here based on published records, for a total known fish fauna of 703 species belonging to 94 families and 314 genera. The Chagos fish collection at ROM contains a total of 3798 lots consisting of 31408 specimens. In addition, there are 25 lots with 75 specimens of juvenile muraenids, scorpaenids, and scarids that we were unable to identify to species. In a zoogeographic analysis, 50.4% of the fishes have an Indo-Pacific distribution, 12.1% are found in the Indo— west Pacific, 8.4% in the Indo—west Pacific and marginally on the Pacific plate, and 6.0% are restricted to the western Indian Ocean. Other categories are as follows: cosmo- politan, 2.6%; circumtropical, 2.3%; Indian Ocean, 2.3%; Indian Ocean and western extremity of the western Pacific, 0.8%; endemic to Chagos, 0.4%; central Indian Ocean, 0.3%; and “Indo—west Pacific”, 0.3%. Taxa not assigned a range constituted 13.9% of the total fauna and fell into the following categories: taxa not assigned to species; those in which systematic or literature problems precluded range assessments; and those for which systematic revisions have just begun or are pending, and distributions have yet to be worked out. Fifty-seven of these unassigned species (7.5% total fauna) belong to the Gobiidae. The above figures are not readily comparable to other faunal lists because of the different Pacific subdivisions used here, as discussed in Materials and Methods (pp. 2-3). The Chagos fauna, as is usual in coral-reef environ- ments, is dominated by gobiids, labrids, pomacentrids, serranids, and muraenids, which together account for TABLE 2. A comparative listing for the 19 most speciose families of fishes at the Chagos Archipelago, and percentages of total fauna represented by each family in other regions—Christmas Island (Allen and Steene, 1979); the Capricorn-Bunker group of the Great Barrier Reef (Russell, 1983); Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef (Paxton, Hoese, and Larson, 1978); and the Seychelles (Smith and Smith, 1963). Column headings: n—number of species in each family that are known from the Chagos Archipelago; n%—percentage represented by each family of total fauna at Chagos; c—number of species in each family seen or collected by us at Chagos; c%—percentage that “c” represents of total fauna seen or collected by us at Chagos; and percentages represented by each family of total fauna in other regions: Chr%—Christmas Island; the Capricorn-Bunker group; Liz%—Lizard Island; Sey%—the Seychelles. Family n n% c Cap% Gobiidae 91 13.0 90 Labridae 59 8.4 Sy1/ Pomacentridae 42 5.8 42 Serranidae 41 5.8 29 Muraenidae 38 5.4 38 Apogonidae 30 4.3 29 Lutjanidae 29 4.1 16 Acanthuridae 24 3A! 24 Holocentridae 22 3.1 22 Blenniidae 22 3.1 21 Balistidae np) 3)ol 20 Scorpaenidae 20 29 19 Chaetodontidae 19 De 7 19 Scaridae 18 2.6 IS Lethrinidae 15 2.1 4 Carangidae 13 tae) 9 Ophichthidae 1] 1.6 10 Mullidae 10 1.4 7 Exocoetidae 10 1.4 0 Chr% Cap% Liz% Sey% 15.0 6.8 12-1 18.6 7.1 OES) 10.7 8.0 10.2 Td 7.0 8.5 8.0 10.2 5:2 4.8 6.4 Spal 4.3 4.0 6.3 5.6 Dh ZT ee | 4.8 3.9 3.8 a5 4.1 Dell 1.9 1.6 22 4.1 4.0 4.8 2.9 2.6 a) Sei) 2.9 3 2.9 1.9 oi) 4.5 4.7 3.9 4.2 333 a7 2.8 2.0 2.6 322 2.9 2.4 9 LT 2 5.4 307 4.6 2.3 2.5 2:3 2.6 1.6 4.2 ad) 0.4 1.0 0.9 1.6 > 1.9 2.4 0.7 3.4 sil 0.8 a4 0.7 Mig 2 ie 0.8 0.7 1.9 0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.7 71 38.4% of the total fish fauna by species (Table 2). The most speciose | 1 families (each contributing more than 3% of the total fauna) comprise 60% of the total fauna known from Chagos, and the top 19 families make up 76% of that fauna. The blenniids at Chagos were in a tie with two other families for the ninth-most speciose family, whereas they were eighth at Christmas Island, fourth at the Capricorn- Bunker group, seventh at Lizard Island, and tied for fourth at the Seychelles (Table 2). The low percentage of gobiids at Christmas Island and at the Seychelles undoubtedly reflects collecting efforts and techniques, for most species are small and cryptic. The relatively high percentage of the total Chagos fauna made up of lutjanids, lethrinids, and exocoetids is not reflected in the percentage of the fauna seen or collected and is largely the result of fishery surveys using techniques not commonly employed by coral-reef ichthyologists (e.g., vertical longlines); the collected/seen percentage for each of these three groups is, however, comparable to the percentages from the other localities listed in Table 2, where collecting techniques and emphases more nearly parallel those that we employed. Acknowledgements The majority of the specimens reported on here were collected during the 1978-1979 Joint Services Chagos Research Expedition of the British Armed Forces. We would especially like to record our deep appreciation of Major John Griffiths and Dr C. Sheppard, who, as respective military and scientific leaders of the expedition, provided every conceivable type of assistance and equip- ment; and to Peter Winch, whose ketch made the expedition possible. Special thanks to those who helped with collec- tions or warded off sharks during these activities: H. Arnold, R. Crawford, S. Crellin, R. Crosby, J. Griffiths, J. Liptrot, P. Ormerod, R. Perry, A. Ryan, B. Simn, J. Smith, and S. Syson. Our participation was also made possible by the excellent transportation facilities offered by the British and Canadian Armed Forces. Fieldwork costs were defrayed by a grant from the University of Toronto and by the generous assistance of Benjamin Film Labora- tories Ltd., Toronto. The following colleagues kindly assisted us with iden- tifications in various groups of fishes: G. R. Allen, Western Australian Museum, Perth; J. C. Briggs, University of South Florida, St Petersburg; M. Burridge-Smith and S. J. Campbell, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; K. Carpenter, formerly of the East-West Center, Honolulu; P. H. J. Castle, Victoria University, Wellington; B. B. Collette, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington; L. J. V. Compagno, Smith Institute, Grahamstown; R. Cressey, Smithsonian Institution, Washington; C. E. Dawson, formerly of Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs; W. N. Eschmeyer, California Academy of Sci- ences, San Francisco; R. M. Feltes, Ohio State University, Columbus; T. H. Fraser, Environmental Quality Labora- tory, Port Charlotte; R. Fricke, Braunschweig; M. F. Gomon, National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne; P. C. Heemstra, Smith Institute, Grahamstown; J. Heiser, Cor- nell University, Ithaca; W. Holleman, Albany Museum, Grahamstown; J. B. Hutchins, Western Australian Mu- seum, Perth; W. Ivantsoff, Macquarie University, North Ryde; L. W. Knapp, Smithsonian Institution Sorting Center, Washington; D. F. Markle, University of Oregon, Eugene; J. E. McCosker, Steinhardt Aquarium, San Francisco; J. S. Nelson, University of Alberta, Edmonton; T. W. Pietsch, University of Washington, Seattle; J. E. Randall, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; J.-M. Rose, Ichthyological Laboratory, Pont de Briques; D. G. Smith, formerly of University of Texas, Galveston; W. F. Smith-Vaniz, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, Philadelphia; J. Su, Shanghai Fisheries College, Shanghai; J. M. Thomson, University of Queensland, Brisbane; J. C. Tyler, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton; P. J. P. Whitehead, British Museum (Natural History), London; J. T. Williams, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton; and D. J. Woodland, University of New England, Armidale. Thanks to Arthur Strange and Mary Burridge-Smith for photographing the preserved specimens for species of which we failed to take colour slides in the field, and to J. Ryther and L. Taborsky for additional collections of Chagos fishes. 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Proceedings of the United States National Museum 122:1—150. 1971 Revision of the fish genus Ecsenius (Blenniidae, Blenniinae, Salariini). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 72:1—76. 1972 Synopsis of the tribe Omobranchini with descriptions of three new genera and two new species (Pisces: Blenniidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 130:1-31. 1982 Pacific plate biogeography, with special reference to shorefishes. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 367:1-182. SPRINGER, V. G. and M. F. GOMON 1975 _—_ Revision of the blenniid fish genus Omobranchus with descriptions of three new species and notes on other species of the tribe Omobranchini. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 177:1—135. STARCK, W. A. Il 1969 ~— Ecsenius (Anthiiblennius) midas a new subgenus and species of mimic blenny from the western Indian Ocean. Notulae Naturae 419:1—9. STARNES, W. C. 1984 Family Priacanthidae. /n Fischer, W. and G. 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TEMMINCK, C. J. and H. SCHLEGEL 1842 In Siebold, P. F. von, Fauna Japonica sive descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiclis superiorum, qui summun in India Batavia imperium tenent suscepto, annis 1823-1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit P. F. de Siebold. Batavorum Lugduni. 323 pp. (reprint 1934, Tokyo). THOMSON, J. M. and G. LUTHER 1984 Family Mugilidae. In Fischer, W. and G. Bianchi, eds., FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes; Western Indian Ocean (fishing area 51). Rome, FAO. Vol. 3. THUNBERG, C. P. 1792 Atskillige forut okande fiskar af abborslagtet (Perca). Stockholm, Vetenskaps Akademie Nya Handlingar 13:141-143. 1793 Atskillige forut okande fiskar af abborslagtet (Perca). Stockholm, Vetenskaps Akademie Nya Handlingar 14:55-56. TOMINAGA, Y. 1963 A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, sect. 4 (10):269—290. TYUER, Jn C. 1967. 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Figures ‘Speakers ' Bank «~ + Peros Banhos— 4 { ea % v. - & ia : vy Salomon BY é? Islands Ps Three ,¢ Great Chagos Brothers ~S4 ytd, Bank ’ oe Eagle oven” Island f=. Egmont 7 Six Islands Pitt Bank Diego Garcia G2.E Fic. 1. Map of the Chagos Archipelago. Land black, reef margins with dotted outlines, areas below 500 m stippled. ‘UONPULIOJ 9AOOIS-pue-Inds—yoH ds ‘aspu [e3]P—]UYTV ‘suoneiAsiqqy ‘soyueg solo ‘UIOD np as] 3B UOOSe] ‘q ‘UOOSR] [eoIdAT, ‘-D ‘sT[oye Jo apts usa}sva ‘sane pue [JBM [POIA YIM JJO-doig “g ‘S[[Oe JO opis U1I]saM ‘JJO-doiq “Wy ‘soseyD ye posajunooua sayoid Jaay °Z ‘O14 NOODV1 O72 0 O02 m fs) vU m r 5 - =) ~~ OL ae JWOILYALNI TWaLuain anvisi7— > anys ; saat (@) TSAd1 UslVM NVIN O ‘a T3Aa1 USLVM NVAN @) 440-dOuG ae y io) oO im m Ms v0 = 4 2 zr = ~~ 3 3 dO1-433u S 2 ONVIS! lv ONVTS! Y9OdS ——s 1v14-4334 ivis-d39H—— -——_—“—~ pe v Oe a a 09 0S OV Of V 90 a & Oe ag ae Fic. 3. Nebrius ferrugineus, 1100 mm TL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 5. Dasyatis purpureus, 565 mm DW, Peros Banhos. 9] 92 Fic. 8. Moringua javanica, 675 mm SL, Per Banhos. 2 : . : Ye : 7 Fic. 7. Moringua ferruginea, 126mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 9. Moringua microchir, 257 mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 10. Kaupichthys atronasus, (preserved) 54 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. ot Fic. 12. Kaupichthys nuchalis, 58 mm SL, Fic. 13. Kaupichthys sp., (preserved) 107 mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. Peros Banhos. Fic. 15. Anarchias allardicei, (preserved) 97 mm SL, Eagle Fic. 16. Anarchias seychellensis, 130 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Island. Photo by M. Burridge-Smith. Fic. 17. Echidna leucotaenia, (preserved) 164mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. 94 oh Fic. 18. Echidna nebulosa, 123 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 19. Echidna polyzona, (preserved) 338 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 20. Echidna unicolor, (preserved) 95 mm SL, Fic. 21. Enchelycore bayeri, 645 mm SL, Salomon. Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 22. Enchelycore schismatorhynchus, 238 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by M. Burridge-Smith. Fic. 25. Gymnothorax buroensis, 112mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 24. Gymnomuraena zebra, 600 mm SL, Eagle Island. 96 Fic. 23. Enchelynassa canina, (preserved) 630mm SL, Salomon. | Fic. 26. Gymnothorax chilospilus, (preserved) 186 mm SL, Diego Fic. 27. Gymnothorax enigmaticus, 298mm _ SL, Peros Garcia. Photo by A. Strange. Banhos. FiG. 28. Gymnothorax fimbriatus, 314mm SL, Peros Fic. 29. Gymnothorax flavimarginatus, 172 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Banhos. 97 7 4 : ret a ee, Sie as “ Se : SUE : Fic. 30. Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus, 157mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 32. Gymnothorax javanicus, 274mm SL, Salomon. 98 Fic. 31. Gymnothorax griseus, 365 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 33. Gymnothorax margaritophorus, 292mm_ SL, Salomon. i | — Fic. 35. Gymnothorax pindae, 189mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 36. Gymnothorax rueppelliae, 69 mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 37. Gymnothorax undulatus, 255 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 99 Wie anhos. Fic. 39. Gymnothorax sp. 4, (preserved) 47 mm SL, Eagle Island. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 38. Gymnothorax zonipectis, 195 mm SL, Peros B Fic. 40. Uropterygius concolor, (preserved) 136mm SL, Fic. 41. Uropterygius fuscoguttatus, 161mm SL, Salomon. Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. 100 Fic. 42. Uropterygius inornatus, (preserved) 105 mm Fic. 43. Uropterygius kamar, (preserved) 168 mm SL, SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 44. Uropterygius polyspilus, 211 mm SL, Fic. 45. Uropterygius supraforatus, (preserved) 269 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo Eagle Island. by A. Strange. 10] Fic. 46. Uropterygius xanthopterus, 343mm _ SL, Salomon. Fic. 47. Conger cinereus, 157mm SL, Peros Banhos. in ee Fic. 48. Gorgasia maculata, 283 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 49. Heteroconger hassi, 139 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 102 1G. 50. Brachysomophis crocodilinus, 230 mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 52. Leiuranus semicinctus, 194mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 53. Muraenichthys laticaudata, 180mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 54. Muraenichthys schultzei, (preserved) 82mm SL, Salomon. Photo Fic. 55. Myrichthys colubrinus, 565 mm SL, Peros Banhos. by A. Strange. © oe a Fic. 56. Myrichthys maculosus, 276mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 57. Ophisurus serpens, 233 mm SL, Peros Banhos. — Fic. 58. Schismorhynchus labialis, 65 mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 59. Schultzidia johnstonensis, (preserved) 73 mm SL, Three Brothers. Photo by M. Burridge-Smith. Fic. 61. Saurida gracilis, 115 mm SL, Peros Banhos. FIG. 62. Synodus variegatus, 96 mm SL, Eagle Island. 105 Be aa Fic. 66. Brosmophyciops pautzkei, 53 mm SL, Salomon. 106 FIG. 68. Carapus homei, 125mm SL, Peros Banhos. 7 WR Fic. 71. Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus, 404mm SL, Eagle Island. 107 85 mm SL, Peros Beano Fic. 72. Atherinomorus lacunosus, Fic. 73. Hypoatherina barnesi, (preserved) 40 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. 171 mm SL, Salomon. , Fic. 74. Myripristis adustus 108 oe Fic. 75. Myripristis berndti, 146mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 76. Myripristis kuntee, (preserved) 127 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. FiG. 77. Myripristis murdjan, 98 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 109 Fic. 78. Myripristis pralinius, 51mm SL, Peros Banhos. 98 mm SL, Salomon. , Fic. 79. Myripristis violaceus Diego Garcia. Photo by M. Burridge-Smith. ’ (preserved) 93 mm SL Fic. 80. Neoniphon argenteus, 110 % math ) BAS AY Aa! Fic. 83. Plectrypops lim a, 113 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 111 Fic. 84. Sargocentron caudimaculatum, 130 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 85. Sargocentron diadema, 54mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 88. Sargocentron punctatissimum, 93 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 113 Fic. 90. Sargocentron spiniferum, 135 mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 91. Sargocentron tiere, 222 mm SL, Peros Banhos. ys # Fic. 95. Choeroichthys brachysoma, 37 mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 96. Choeroichthys sculptus, (preserved) 56 mm SL, Diego Garcia. Photo by A. Strange. 116 ee Fic. 97. Corythoichthys flavofasciatus, 115mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 101. Halicampus mataafae, (preserved) 47 mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. Ft-5 Gn . Bg ee a fs ghem 2 Fic. 102. Parascorpaena aurita, (preserved) 80 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by M. Burridge-Smith. a Sh we sont 7 AEA. ee ea rc Oe Fic. 104. Pterois miles, 147 mm SL, Salomon. 117 Mis Fic. 105. Scorpaenodes albaiensis, 73 mm SL, Salomon. s Fic. 106. Scorpaenodes guamensis, 26mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 107. Scorpaenodes hirsutus, (preserved) 25 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. 118 Fic. 109. Scorpaenodes parvipinnis, 78 mm SL, Peros Banhos. and. e Isl l Eag ’ L Scorpaenodes scaber, 25 mm S 110. FIG. 119 % \ Fic. 111. Scorpaenopsis diabolus, 150mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 113. Scorpaenopsis oxycephala, 38 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 112. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa, (preserved) 67 mm SL, Diego Garcia. Photo by M. Burridge-Smith. 120 Fic. 116. Synanceia verrucosa, 132 mm SL, Salomon. 122 hy ey, (hep < i . Fic. 119. Caracanthus unipinna, 28 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 120. Rogadius serratus, 76mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 121. Thysanophrys arenicola, (preserved) 53 mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. ar nN tae Fic. 122. Thysanophrys otaitensis, 122 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 124 Fic. 124. Anyperodon leucogrammicus, 205 mm SL, Peros Banhos. pv alae, Po — = Fic. 125. Belonoperca chabanaudi, 67 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 127. Cephalopholis argus, 239 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Lo) ee % y 7 Fic. 128. Cephalopholis leopardus, 61 mm SL, Salomon. 126 ahaa ast Fic. 129. Cephalopholis miniata, 245 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Yd He sa * Cephalopholis nigripinnis, 146mm SL, Peros Banhos. ee Banhos. een toe Fic. 131. Cephalopholis sexmaculata, 283 mm SL, Peros inephelus caeruleopunctatus, 184mm SL, Peros Banhos. Ep . RIG 152 , Peros Banhos Fic. 133. Epinephelus fasciatus, 98 mm SL Peros Banhos. , helus faveatus, 73 mm SL inep 134. Epi FIG 27 l Peros Banhos. Epinephelus hexagonatus, 112 mm SL, Fic. 135. Peros Banhos. 63 mm SL, Fic. 136. Epinephelus merra Fic. 137. Epinephelus microdon, 201 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 128 nes = Fic. 138. Epinephelus tauvina, 114mm SL, Salomon. i LLM lS _. Fic. 139. Gracila albomarginata, 287 mm SL, Salomon. het Fic. 140. Gracila polleni, 168 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 129 on t wee, A en Ta YE Bae Fic. 141. Grammistes sexlineatus, 77 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 143. Liopropoma susumi, 44 mm SL, Salomon. 130 - mal 131 WwW i) Od Fic. 147. Pseudogramma polyacantha, 37 mm SL, Peros Banhos. AOS Fic. 148. Variola albimarginata, 210 mm SL, Peros Banhos. De Fic. 149. Variola louti, 370mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 150. Anthias squamipinnis, 65 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 151. Plectranthias longimanus, (preserved) 12 mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 152. Chlidichthys inornatus, 23 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 133 oe see ¥ See +g ¥ ee ¢ qt meee « dad err ee Se 4 Oe ed A HO ERG 42 ~. o see Fe, oe etw,je * ee mm *% oe, Fic. 153. Calloplesiops altivelis, 62 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Vib Fic. 155. Priacanthus cruentatus, iD SL, Peros Banhos. ‘| Fic. 157. Apogon apogonides, 54mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 158. Apogon coccineus, 32 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 135 Fic. 160. Apogon erythrinus, (preserved) 27 mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 161. Apogon frenatus, (preserved) 51 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. FiG. 162. Apogon kallopterus, 84mm SL, Three Brothers. 136 Fic. 163. Apogon leptacanthus, (preserved) 35 mm SL, Diego Garcia. Photo by A. Strange. f? DLP = Fic. 164. Apogon savayensis, 63 mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 165. Apogon semiornatus, 23 mm SL, Salomon. 137 FIG. 166. Apogon taeniophorus, 67 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 167. Apogon talboti, (preserved) 45 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 168. Apogon sp. 1, (preserved) 48 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. 138 Fic. 169. Apogonichthys perdix, (preserved) 20 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 170. Archamia fucata, 50 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 171. Cheilodipterus lachneri, 68 mm SL, Peros Banhos. S59, 0° ma . @ ; - are wos ee ire | + 3 “oy oa ene ee pm, Ae 8 Es Nae Zig Fic. 173. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, specimen not located, Peros Banhos. Fic. 174. Fowleria abocellata, 26mm SL, Eagle Island. 140 —= _ Ds Fic. 175. Fowleria aurita, 24mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 176. Fowleria variegata, 75 mm SL, Salomon. FiG. 177. Gymnapogon sp., (preserved) 33 mm SL, Diego Garcia. Photo by A. Strange. 14] 142 Fic. 181. Fic. 180. Pseudamiops gracilicauda, 23 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Pseudamiops sp., (preserved) 21 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 182. Rhabdamia cypselurus, 38 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 183. Malacanthus brevirostris, 168 mm SL, Peros Banhos Fic. 185. Carangoides orthogrammus, 533 mm SL, Salomon. eee), aati 143 Fic. 187. Caranx melampygus, 519mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 188. Caranx sexfasciatus, 119mm SL, Peros Banhos. ; ae ; 1 AE RL EN dO Er Fic. 189. Elagatis bipinnulata, 510 mm SL, Peros Banhos. ’ ie Fic. 190. Gnathanodon speciosus, 173 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 191. Scomberoides lysan, 83 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 192. Selar crumenophthalmus, (preserved) 123 mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. | | i } } Fic. 194. Aphareus furcatus, 261 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 146 Fic. 195. Aprion virescens, 445 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 196. Caesio caerulaureus, 101 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 197. Caesio lunaris, 166mm SL, Peros Banhos. 147 ee pe : : : ¥ Fic. 198. Lutjanus bohar, 144mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 199. Lutjanus fulvus, (preserved) 141 mm SL, Diego Garcia. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 200. Lutjanus gibbus, 260 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 148 Fic. 201. Lutjanus kasmira, 151 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 202. Lutjanus monostigmus, 202 mm SL, Eagle Island. 149 150 Fic. 203. Macolor niger, 180mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 205. Pterocaesio marri, 74mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 206. Pterocaesio tile, 108 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 207. Gerres acinaces, 245 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 208. Gerres oblongus, 50mm SL, Peros Banhos. 151 Fic. 209. Gerres oyena, 46mm SL, Peros Banhos. FIG DIOePiccioriin chasionenialis. IS8mamisin Ecrasibanhoct Fic. 211. Plectorhinchus orientalis, 315 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 212. Gnathodentex aureolineatus, 187 mm SL, Peros Banhos. ae Fic. 213. Lethrinus hypselopterus, 256mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 214. Lethrinus mahsena, 264mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. Fic. 215. Monotaxis grandoculis, 166 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 216. Mulloides flavolineatus, 151 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 217. Parupeneus barberinus, (preserved) 155 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 219. Parupeneus cyclostomus, 79 mm SL, Eagle Island. wn 156 Fic. 221. Parupeneus pleurostigmus, 61 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 222. Upeneus taeniopterus, (preserved) 196 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. 99s ae {5 Xs SLE Fic. 223. Pempheris schwenkii, specimen not located, Salomon. ua UA A COWe , Fic. 226. Platax orbicularis, 138mm SL, Peros Banhos. - o:3) rer oe eh? ote? sae Fic. 228. Chaetodon falcula, 159 mm SL, Peros Banhos. - 158 YI Sree aUMIGhaeie donc 77 mmiSl) Poros Banos: Fig 231 Chacala: Lestat S I Salomon: 1G. 232. Chaetodon madagascariensis, 51 mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 233. Chaetodon meyeri, 133 mm SL, Peros Banhos. FIG. 234. Chaetodon mitratus, 87 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 236. Banhos. 160 Fic. 235. Chaetodon trifascialis, 66 mm SL, Peros Banhos. ting Chaetodon trifasciatus trifasciatus, 94mm SL, Peros FiG. 238. Chaetodon vagabundus, Fic. 237. Chaetodon unimaculatus interruptus, 111mm SL, Eagle Island. __ 48mm _ SL, Salomon. , : oe. Fic. 240. Chaeotodon zanzibarensis, 112mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 241. Forcipiger flavissimus, 90 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 242. Hemitaurichthys zoster, 129mm SL, Eagle Island. 161 Fic. 243. Heniochus monoceros, 95mm_ SL, Salomon. Fic. 244. Apolemichthys trimaculatus, 150 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 247. Pomacanthus imperator, 240 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 248. Pygoplites diacanthus, 142 mm SL, Salomon. ul 162 Fic. 251. Abudefduf sordidus, 31 mm SL, Salomon. 163 Strange. , (preserved) 32 mm SL, Eagle Island. Photo by A. 1glensts 252. Abudefduf vai Fic. is atripectoralis, 64mm SL, Salomon. . Chrom Fic. 253 , 43 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 254. Chromis atripes FIG 164 Fic. 256. Chromis lepidolepis, 48 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 257. Chromis nigrura, 37 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 165 Toe ee Fic. 259. Chromis ternatensis, 58mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 260. Chromis viridis, 40 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 166 ‘ 261. Chromis weberi, 65 mm SL, Peros Banhos. FIG Island. 45 mm SL, Eagle cellata, Chrysiptera bio 7 262, FIG 167 168 Fic. 264. Chrysiptera leucopoma, 44mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 265. Chrysiptera xanthozona, 44mm SL, Salomon. FiG. 267. Chrysiptera sp. 2, (preserved) 48 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. 169 170 171 Fic. 273. Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus, 50mm SL, Peros Banhos. idodon lacrymatus, 50 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 274. Plectroglyph FIG 17Z Fic. 275. Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus, (preserved) 59mm SL, Salomon. Photo by M. Burridge- Smith. Fic. 277. Pomacentrus coelestis, 34mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 279. Stegastes fasciolatus, (preserved) 73 mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 280. Stegastes nigricans, 83 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 174 Fic. 283. Cirrhitus pinnulatus, 88 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 286. Paracirrhites forsteri, 83 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 176 : he ef Va + dt pcalmletiehh Rf fo? Pie eel» “ : ‘a wet nal Midel & dite foment Fic. 288. Liza macrolepis, (preserved) 138 mm SL, Diego Garcia. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 289. ?Myxus elongatus, (preserved) 24mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. FiG. 290. Sphyraena barracuda, 616mm SL, Peros Banhos. 177 178 Fic. 292. Polydactylus sexfilis, 313 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 293. Anampses caeruleopunctatus, (preserved) 127 mm SL, Diego Garcia. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 296. Bodianus anthioides, 97 mm SL, Salomon. 179 Fic. 297. Bodianus axillaris, 44 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 298. Bodianus axillaris, 96 mm SL, Boros Benhos! Fic. 299. Bodianus ee bilunulatus, 95 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 180 4*O~h, ones “¢ og te er’. Fic. 301. Bodianus diana, 131 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 302. Cheilinus arenatus, 56mm SL, Salomon. 181 182 Fic. 303. Cheilinus digrammus, 22 mm SL, Peros Banhos. igh Fic. 304. Cheilinus digrammus, 157mm SL, Peros Banhos. : : Bs ; : ee . 2 Se ee ote Fic. 306. Cheilinus oxycephalus, 62 mm SL, Peros Banhos. x Fic. 308. Cheilinus trilobatus, 260 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 183 oy : ¥ : Fic. 309. Cheilo inermis, 43 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 311. Coris formosa, 206 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 184 Fic. 312. Coris gaimard africana, 190 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 314. Cymolutes lecluse, 65 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 186 eae Hi bin Ding So LTTE! Fic. 315. Epibulus insidiator, 131 mm SL, Salomon. e Fic. 319. Halichoeres marginatus, 19 mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 320. Halichoeres marginatus, 91 mm SL, Salomon. 187 188 Fic. Fic. 322. Halichoeres scapularis, 110mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 323. Hemigymnus fasciatus, 202 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 326. Labroides bicolor, 25mm SL, Salomon. “. Fic. 327. Labroides dimidiatus, 55 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 189 Fic. 329. Macropharyngodon bipartitus bipartitus, 75 mm SL male, Peros Banhos. Fic. 330. Novaculichthys taeniourus, 177mm SL, Peros Banhos. 190 Vie ee Fic. 331. Pseudocheilinus evanidus, 49 mm SL, Salomon. ey piers ‘ Mri Lae, Lie LORS gO: Fic. 332. Pseudocheilinus hexataenia, 39 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 333. Pseudocheilinus octotaenia, 44mm SL, Salomon. 191 Fic. 334. Pseudodax fraleanrans, 127 jie SL. Satomon: ete Fic. 335. Stethojulis albovittata, 59 mm SL, Peros Banhos. ee Fic. 336. Stethojulis strigiventer, 45 mm SL, Salomon. 192 Fic. 337. Thalassoma amblycephalum, 60 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 339. Thalassoma hebraicum, 127 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 193 Fic. 340. Thalassoma lunare, 92 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 342. Thalassoma quinquevittatum, 42 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 194 Fic. 344. Thalassoma trilobatum, 31 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 345. Wetmorella nigropinnata, 39 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 195 Fic. 346. Xyrichthys pavo, 16mm SL, Peros Banhos. i | FiG. 348. Xyrichthys sp., (preserved) 38 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. 196 Fic. 349. Calotomus carolinus, (preserved) 190 mm SL, Eagle Island. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 350. Cetoscarus bicolor, 420 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 351. Hipposcarus harid, 224mm SL, Salomon. 197 Fic. 353. Scarus falcipinnis, 48 mm SL, Salomon. 198 Fic. 355. Scarus ghobban, 190 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 357. Scarus gibbus, 270mm SL, Peros Banhos. 199 Fi. 360. Scarus psittacus, 125mm SL, Salomon. 200 Fic. 362. Scarus rubroviolaceus, 350 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 363. Scarus scaber, 117 mm SL, Salomon. 201 Fic. 365. Scarus sordidus, 111mm SL, Salomon. ie Fic. 366. Scarus sordidus, 155mm SL, Salomon. 202 ona seo oicciop 06 mS Salomon! Fic. 368. Scarus sp., (preserved) 205 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. FiG. 369. Parapercis cephalopunctata, 100 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 203 # Fic. 370. Parapercis hexophthalma, 63 mm SL, Peros Banhos. hos. eros Ban a a __ 0 Li li Vile Fic. 373. Aspidontus taeniatus tractus, 79 mm SL, P. 204 Fic. 374. Cirripectes castaneus, 61 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 376. Cirripectes perustus, 60mm SL, Salomon. 205 Fic. 377. Cirripectes polyzona, specimen missing, Salomon. Fic. 379. Ecsenius midas, 52mm SL, Peros Banhos. 206 Fic. 380. Ecsenius nalolo, 34mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 381. Enchelyurus kraussi, (preserved) 26mm SL, Eagle Island. Photo by A. Strange. ‘ oy) ~~ Fic. 383. Exallias brevis, 71 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 207 2( LU Fic. 387. Istiblennius periophthalmus, 91 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 389. Omobranchus elongatus, (preserved) 23 mm SL, Fic. 390. Parenchelyurus hepburni, (preserved) 25mm Diego Garcia. Photo by M. Burridge-Smith. SL, Peros Banhos. Photo by A. Strange. Fic. 391. Petroscirtes xestus, 47 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 392. Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos, wx 50 mm SL, Salomon. 209 210 Fic. 397. Synchiropus minutulus, (preserved) 13 mm SL, Salomon. Photo by A. Strange. sa Ee » Fic. 398. Acanthurus bleekeri, 300 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 399. Acanthurus guttatus, 173 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 400. Acadiana: leucosternon, 160mm SL, Peros Fic. 401. Acanthurus lineatus, 198 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Banhos. o ee ee a Fic. 402. Acanthurus mata, 30mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 403. Acanthurus nigricaudus, 122 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 211 im Fic. 404. Acanthurus nigrofuscus, 63 mm SL, Peros Banhos. | Fic. 405. Acanthurus pyroferus, 67mm SL, Peros Banhos. Yj 7 Le ; Sw Fe a I. Vi a = Fic. 408. Acanthurus triostegus, 87 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 409. Acanthurus xanthopterus, 421 mm SL, Eagle Island. aie J a Y Fic. 410. Ctenochaetus striatus, 30 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 411. Ctenochaetus strigosus, 101 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 413. Naso brevirostris, 277 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 416. Naso u nicornis, 165 mm SL, Peros Banhos. : ene Fic. 417. Naso vlamingi, 255 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 418. Zanclus cornutus, 139 mm SL, Peros Banhos. i) Fic. 419. Zebrasoma veliferum desjardinii, 200 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 420. Zebrasoma scopas, 114mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 424. Aseraggodes cyaneus, 34mm SL, Peros Banhos. 217 = Fic. 425. Balistapus undulatus, 146mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 426. Balistoides conspicillum, 183 mm SL, Salomon. ad ee Fic. 427. Cantherhines dumerili, 219 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 428. Cantherhines fronticinctus, 98mm SL, Peros Banhos. FiG. 429. Cantherhines pardalis, 133 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 430. Melichthys indicus, 190 mm SL, Salomon. 218 Fic. 431. Melichthys indicus, 170mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 433. Odonus niger, 71 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 219 220 Fic. 434. Oxymonacanthus longirostris, 57 mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 435. Paraluteres prionurus, 16mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 436. Pervagor melanocephalus, 77mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 437. Rhinecanthus aculeatus, 151 mm SL, Eagle Island. wet Fic. 439. Sufflamen bursa, 129mm SL, Peros Banhos. 221 Fic. 442. Xanthichthys auromarginatus, 102 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 222 Fic. 443. Ostracion cubicus, 295 mm SL, Eagle Island. Fic. 444. Ostracion meleagris, 132 mm SL, Eagle Island. = 445. Arothron aerostaticus, 46 mm SL, Salomon. ita 6 Ae! aoe Le | Faeaey* eee 8 at a SS tae of @, ee feos a Fic. 446, Arothron meleagris, 209 mm SL, Peros Banhos. 224 Fic. 451. Canthigaster natalensis, 67 mm SL, Salomon. Fic. 452. Canthigaster tyleri, 37 mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 453. Canthigaster valentini, 30mm SL, Peros Banhos. Fic. 454. Diodon hystrix, 365 mm SL, Eagle Island. ny! ISBN 0-88854-329-8 ISSN 0384-8159