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LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

no.6G - 299

Biological Notes No. 81

ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE

BUTTERFLIES
OF ILLINOIS

Roderick R. Irwin ¢ John C. Downey

ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
URBANA, ILLINOIS MAY, 1973

STATE OF ILLINOIS
DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION

CONTENTS

bY Fait (o) DTS ee ES ee EI oan coc Oe OC cio od odoocsomoac 3
DESCRIPTION ORGARBA Gs oo dteie ee © cies ciel ich ene ements otey oy ols) sneer ieee tenet ne rroM ls 4
FITSTORIGAT: URS UIE OE, o...«.<. Aeteuciexs dics s! RE Re SS are eee ae 4
SOURGES ANDIAGIGNOWLEDGMENTSUG «|. cele ilerene tietet iieter te) rel icteric nent: 4
BULTERELIES ORMUELINOIS) . <.ceteitus sis, c-s » eietoke ee eee eo et RR Renee “)
Despentidaewrcrrct«. «mite aes © eo are ane tale 6) 5s a en ae ere 5
Papilionidaesami rs cis + - ae eels eicc miro: neeeeete a ecentate ratio) coe eer eee a 14
NPA TES UGE V2 Bie ec os ere a Gito“s qDG-H0Id 000.9 15
IPG fofoleobtel-Veu 8 gy Mince Peed AERO MEIEOLD Gro Sob OOOO ETD o.oODooo oO N DOS 19
Diy Gaenidacy jie oigck s+. seen ocisrsns oes este essere keene eee eee et 19
Mirpbiyridaemeryaelsy 0 a.-- = areajeie o> «ce Senos non cre ek ee eee 24
iby theicacy crac cis > «+ ai eee ones «oer Meee rR Oost) ee 24
Nymphalidae ya amc:s + < <getdis cies stevie ene eiesien or trele kaeRARee 24
IDE NIENGEYS ale On REG CREE oe CR ERE enon eo cocoa 500.0. 0 ai00000%6 31
Satyridaepeaance cree. «+ geleldtehale.c +1. nesta esc ern eke een ee 31
BUTTERERIES OF POSSIBLE, OCCURENGE IN) [EHINOIS 4. 04 one aaa ntle 33
IESE AG tee rencteis «© » AeReMeierctois cua + aeatepeeeeeaa poet eka’ te ee ee ee 33
Papilionidaeterniec:.- +. suai. wo ne eee eeKee ee) cee O eater 34
LeAtevoto F:Vekness uk Hee Oy RRL Oe oe EO oe Soa OU OE DOO coos odo 6 34
IPG tofobbaital:\o a he enn, een Ree EG EG cg Shoo. 00.6 35
Iycaenidae sy cy eoeis +. dae vers os 2.0) Coe Rec eee ares 35
INymphalidae? j.seja. - . . <Getaye 0d e's '( 2 rete eae oe Re ee een 35
ERRONEOUS RECORDS saris « « «. csqielsimis: se ccs de dtl ie aie oie aie ieis Reena 36
LITERATURE, GITEDMo pigs cs « « « aie buerds a0 crealc ee aeRO oO OOo CCR enone 36
FIGURES 275, chev ctancncrn ce tveyele +s 6. « eat pedevionsh a. Saye vec eawOne es GRE Io eden ene Raa RRC eRe 41
SPECIESWDISTRIBUTIONDMIAPS Giese s «o.cet ne ee o OeOeSOeee 44

ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE

BUTTERFLIES OF ILLINOIS

Intrnors has undergone a vast amount of ecological
change since its settlement, and the pace of this change
has accelerated in recent years. Change has taken sev-
eral forms—in agriculture and industry, in metropolitan
areas, in highway development, and in the clearing of
land for residential subdivisions and shopping centers.
The widespread use of chemical insecticides and herbi-
cides is also strongly suspected of having contributed to
ecological change, and in particular, a decline in but-
terfly populations.

By the 1860’s, when continuous butterfly collecting
began in Illinois, agricultural development of the state
was already well advanced, and thus it is difficult to
assess its effect on the original butterfly fauna. The other
changes are more recent. We believe that at least three
butterflies have been extirpated within Illinois. On the
other hand, some species have been added to the Illi-
nois butterfly fauna.

Ecological succession, a concept well discussed by
Shapiro (1966), and in many cases a result of man’s
alteration of his environment, is discernible in localities
which have been studied for many years. At Streator, La
Salle County, where Irwin collected for more than 30
years, a species once locally common, Anaea andria, is
now rare and has not been taken since 1955, while
Chlosyne gorgone, not found there at all until 1964,
quickly became abundant.

With the increasingly destructive alteration of the
environment by man, it becomes ever more important
to record conditions as they now exist and to document
the record by the collecting and proper deposition of
specimens wherever possible. This is the principal ob-
jective of this study.

The present survey of Illinois butterflies began in
1962, when Downey canvassed the Illinois members of
the Lepidopterists’ Society, seeking distributional data
on Illinois Lycaenidae (Downey 1966). The encourag-
ing response by Illinois lepidopterists led the authors to
expand the survey to include all of the 146 butterfly
species that presently occur in the state.

This report is a distributional study, not a manual
for the identification of Illinois butterflies. Little de-
scriptive material is included, and then only if the IIli-
nois population of a species presents special problems not
discussed in popular butterfly manuals. One of the
most widely used manuals is Klots’ field guide (1951),
and we recommend that it be used in conjunction with
this publication. Nearly all listed species are illustrated
in this guide by Klots, and, for convenience, references
to his work are given in the svnonymies. Klots men-
tioned Illinois in the ranges of several species for which

This paper is printed by authority of the State of Illinois, IRS Ch.
127, Par. 58.12. _It is a contribution from the Section of Faunistic Surveys
and Insect Identification of the Illinois Natural Histo Survey. Roderick
R. Irwin is a Research Affiliate of the Survey, and eloncricey Curator of
Lepidoptera, Illinois State Museum. Dr. John C. Downey is Head of the
Department of Biology at the University of Northern Iowa.

Roderick R. Irwin and John C. Downey

there appear to be no Illinois records. Unfortunately,
he was unable to locate notes used in the preparation of
the field guide in order to support his statements.

At first glance, it might appear that the butterfly
fauna of Illinois is relatively uninteresting. However,
the great length of the state from north to south and
the presence within its borders of three life zones (Mer-
riam 1894), permit establishment of more widely diverse
faunae than in most other states. Many Illinois butter-
flies are statewide in distribution. Transition and even
Canadian Zone species such as Speyeria atlantis, Poly-
gonia faunus, and Nymphalis vau-album j-album occur
in extreme northern Illinois. At the southern extremity
of the state we find butterfles of distinctly Lower Austral
affinities. Some of them are infrequent, e.g. Atlides
halesus, whereas others are relatively frequent.

The apparent absence of many species in some sec-
tions of the state, particularly the northwestern counties,
is an illusion created by lack of intensive collecting. The
most concentrated collecting in Illinois has been in the
Chicago area, where many lepidopterists live. The south-
ern tier of counties has also had relatively good collecting
coverage.

METHODS

Our data are presented in the form of an annotated
checklist. The scientific name of the species is followed
by its common name according to Klots (1951). The
synonymy is not intended to be complete but includes
a reference to the original description and type-locality,
references to names preoccupied or cited in error (desig-
nated by double dagger), and references to Worthing-
ton (1880), Holland (1931), Klots (1951), and dos Pas-
sos (1964, 1969a, 1970). We also include references to
widely used synonyms not included in the other citations.

Early authors used the term “in Indiis” indiscrimi-
nately to indicate the habitat of species which they de-
scribed from either the East or West Indies. We consider
this term to refer to the West Indies when it applies
to Illinois butterflies.

The distribution of each species known in Illinois
from more than six localities is illustrated by a map. In-
dividual records, listed alphabetically by counties, are
given for species known from six or fewer localities.

No distinction has been made between records based
on specimens actually examined by the authors and those
submitted by collaborators or obtained from the litera-
ture. All of the latter were carefully evaluated before
being accepted, and those which appeared at all ques-
tionable were checked by examination of the specimens
involved; where this was not possible, the records were
not used. Critical determinations were made by special-
ists studying particular butterfly groups.

In some areas, due to the number and closeness of
localities, two or even three nearly adjoining localities

4

in the same county may be represented by a single dot
on a map.

All butterflies ever actually taken in Illinois have been
listed, including such obvious casuals as Timochares
ruptifasciatus, Eumaeus atala, Nymphalis californica,
Danaus gilippus strigosus, and Phyciodes texana. We
decided against segregating such forms, since they repre-
sent valid records. It is obvious that they are not perma-
nent components of the state fauna, but attempting to
segregate them would inevitably have resulted in errors
of judgment.

The arrangement and nomenclature of the list for
the most part follow the latest checklist of the Nearctic
butterflies (dos Passos, 1964) and its revisions (dos Pas-
sos, 1969a, 1970). Departures are explained in the dis-
cussion of the species in question. The species numbers
are included in the references to the checklist, for exam-
ple, “dos Passos 1964:3 (No. 24).”

In addition to distributional data, we have presented,
in condensed form, some information on ecological
preferences, number of broods per season, and dates of
earliest and latest capture in Illinois.

DESCRIPTION OF AREA

Early in the 19th century, when settlement of IIli-
nois began, much of the state was forest-covered, but
also prominent were vast areas of tall-grass prairie with
woodlands along the larger streams. Vestal (1931) di-
vided Illinois into eight vegetational divisions on the
basis of the original flora. Jones & Fuller (1955) as-
sembled distributional data and maps of Illinois plants
into a volume which, with the supplement by Winter-
ringer & Evers (1960), is indispensable to the student of
Illinois butterflies.

Nearly all of Illinois lies within the Upper Austral
life zone, but the southern tip of the state is ecologically
quite distinct. This consists of the floodplains of the
Ohio and Mississippi rivers in Alexander, Pulaski, and
Massac counties. Cypress swamps, formerly extensive,
are characteristic of this area, which is the most north-
erly outlier of the Austroriparian subdivision of the Lower
Austral zone. Its butterfly fauna has corresponding af-
finities.

HISTORICAL RESUME

The earliest recorded butterfly observation and col-
lecting in Illinois was done by Edward Doubleday, an
eminent English entomologist, who visited the state in
the late autumn of 1837. His account of the trip (Double-
day 1838) contains little entomological observation. The
insects which Doubleday collected during his journey
are now in the British Museum.

The earliest resident worker to make significant con-
tributions to the knowledge of the Illinois butterfly fauna
was Benjamin Dann Walsh. The first official State En-
tomologist of Illinois, he began his studies in 1860 and
continued them until his death. He was a correspondent
of W. H. Edwards, and supplied the latter with much
Illinois material, from which Edwards described at least
two butterflies. These descriptions are among the earli-
est specific references to Illinois butterflies. The main
portion of Walsh’s collection, following his death, was
deposited in the Chicago Academy of. Sciences, where

it was destroyed in the Chicago fire of 1871. Some of it,
however, had been retained by his successor, William
Le Baron, and became the nucleus of the present col-
lection of the Illinois Natural History Survey.

Le Baron and Cyrus Thomas, the second and third
State Entomologists of Illinois, published notes and in-
cidental references to butterflies in their official reports,
chiefly from an economic point of view.

Scudder (1869) reported 19 species from Marion
Township, Ogle County. |

French (1878) discussed 61 Illinois butterflies from
the economic standpoint, and in 1879 published the ear-
liest comprehensive state list. It is virtually unknown
and exceedingly rare. The copy recently found in the
archives of Southern Illinois University is the only one
known to us and probably one of very few extant. This
list is in the form of a rather primitive key to the IIli-
nois species, of which 113 are included. Ninety-nine of
these are considered to have been correctly attributed
to Illinois.

Worthington (1880) published a state list of 120
species, of which 109 appear to have been validly in-
cluded. Snyder (1896) listed 56 species taken at North
Evanston, Cook County, and Hart (1903) listed 50 of
the commoner Illinois species. Adams (1915) listed a
small number of butterflies in connection with an eco- |
logical study in Coles County. C. L. Remington (1943) —
published an account of the Rhopalocera of Principia
College, at Elsah, Jersey County. Wright (1951) listed
and figured 11 of the most common [Illinois butter-
flies in a popular manual. Downey (1966) discussed —
the distribution of Lycaenidae in Illinois. Cushing —
(1970) listed 56 species from the vicinity of Prairietown, —
Madison County (one species was incorrectly included).
Irwin (1971) gave several new records of Hesperiidae
from Illinois, most of which represented important ex-
tensions of known ranges.

The remaining papers on the Illinois butterfly fauna
(Riley 1870, Wyatt 1905, Frison 1919, C. L. Reming-
ton 1942, Conway 1956, Phillips 1961 and 1966, and —
Irwin 1968) have been limited in scope to one or few
species.

Between 1965 and 1969, Irwin prepared various pre-—
liminary lists of Illinois butterflies, reproduced by hecto-
graph and Xerox, which were distributed to the various —
collaborators in this project as a guide to the progress ©
being made. These were cited by Masters (1969). Some —
of the data they contain have subsequently been revised.

A number of recent Illinois records are contained —
in the various Field Season Summaries published by the .
Lepidopterists’ Society (C. L. Remington 1947; P. S. |
Remington 1948, 1949, 1951; and Heitzman 1968). .

A more comprehensive account of the history of but-
terfly collecting in Illinois and of the principal collectors —
and collections in the state will be published elsewhere
as an outgrowth of this study.

SOURCES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The principal institutions featuring collections of the
butterflies of Illinois are the Field Museum of Natural —
History in Chicago and the Illinois Natural History
Survey in Urbana. Smaller collections are found in
other museums and in various state universities.

Individual collections at the Field Museum are those

__

of S. Camras, A. Herz, D. H. Kistner, E. F. Lustig, A. L.
McElhose, A. Sala, A. J. Snyder, H. Strecker, and A. K.
Wyatt.

The most comprehensive collection of Illinois butter-
flies is at the Illinois Natural History Survey. Individual
collections deposited in the Survey collection are those
of R. M. Barnes (in part), E. Beer, A. Bolter, R. R.
Irwin, A. Mares, A. H. Mundt (via the Irwin and R. M.
Barnes collections), W. A. Nason, S. H. Peabody, O. T.
Plumb (via the Irwin collection), Charles Robertson,
and G. W. Wren (including the Margaret M. Cary
butterflies) .

The Illinois State Museum at Springfield contains a
small general collection. The major portion consists of
the bulk of the R. M. Barnes collection, together with
the Chicago area collection of J. W. E. Glattfeld and
some local material.

Southern Illinois University at Carbondale possesses
an excellent collection of southern Illinois butterflies.
There is no longer any G. H. French material at this
institution, despite his long service on its staff; the only
extant French butterflies are in other collections.

The above institutional collections cited, and others
from which fewer records were obtained, are abbreviated
as follows: AMNH (American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York City, New York) ; CM (Carnegie Mu-
seum, Pittsburgh, Pennsvlvania) ; FMNH (Field Museum
of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois) ; INHS (Illinois
Natural History Survey, Urbana) ; ISM (Illinois State
Museum, Springfield) ; SIU (Southern Illinois Univer-
sity, Carbondale) ; USNM (United States National Mu-
seum, Washington, D.C.).

The collaborators whose contributions constitute a
large proportion of the records obtained during the sur-
vey are identified by the following abbreviations: RAA
(Richard A. Arnold, Hinsdale, Illinois); JKB (John
K. Bouseman, Champaign, Illinois) ; JLB (Jackson L.
Boughner, Chicago, Illinois) ; TGB (Thomas G. Brady,
La Grange, Illinois); GC (Gary Christoph, Chicago,
Illinois) ; PJC (Patrick J. Conway, Chicago, Illinois) ;
JCD (John C. Downey, Cedar Falls, Iowa) ; TE (Theo-
dore Ellis Jr., Danville, Illinois); MOG (Murray O.
Glenn, Henry, Illinois); JRH (J. R. Heitzman, Inde-
pendence, Missouri) ; RRI (Roderick R. Irwin, Chicago,
Illinois) ; DL (Don Laibly, Rock Island, Illinois) ; RL
(Ronald Leuschner, Gardena, California) ; GMcC (Gary
McCoy, Park Forest, Illinois); GN (Gregory Nielsen,
Chicago, Illinois); LSP (the late Leonard S. Phillips,
Wheaton, Illinois) ; OAP (Owen A. Perkins, Royal Oak,
Michigan) ; CLR (Charles L. Remington, New Haven,
Connecticut) ; LS (Larry Schatz, Elmwood, Illinois) ;
NGS (Norman G. Seaborg, Lockport, Illinois); VGS
(V. G. Sasko, Chicago, Illinois) ; TT (Thomas Taylor,
Peoria, Illinois); AKW (the late Alex K. Wyatt, Chi-
cago, Illinois); CW (Colin W. Wyatt, Farnham, Sur-
rey, England). We express our very sincere gratitude
to these collaborators, and to the following other individ-
uals: Gordon L. Adams, Karl R. Gardner, David F.
Hess, Kurt Johnson, M. C. Nielsen, P. S. Remington,
Joseph Roberds, Frank Rutkowski, and Michael J. Smith.
Without their cordial assistance the completion of this
survey would have been impossible.

We acknowledge, with sincere gratitude, the as-
sistance of the following persons for determination of
specimens, information, many helpful suggestions, r-ad-

5

ing portions of the manuscript, and for permission to
examine the collections of their institutions: F. M.
Brown, J. M. Burns, H. K. Clench, W. J. Beecher, C. F.
Cowan, C. F. dos Passos, H.S. Dybas, R. L. Wenzel,
H. A. Freeman, L. G. Higgins, A. B. Klots, W. E. La-
Berge, R. W. Poole, N. D. Riley, H. H. Ross, M. Wr
Sanderson, P. W. Smith, L. J. Stannard, D. W. Webb,
E. A. Munyer, E. D. Cashatt,.P. W. Parmalee, R. W.
Macy, J. H. Masters, V. Nabokov, A. M. Shapiro, J. F. G.
Clarke, W. D. Field, and R. B. Selander.

Dr. C. L. Remington kindly allowed us to use freely
a manuscript, “Annotated check list of the Rhopalocera
of Elsah, Illinois,’ which he prepared as a result of
his observations on the campus of Principia College.
He had also published (Remington 1943) on these ear-
lier.

Mr. Louis D. McNeese of Centreville, St. Clair Coun-
ty, collected for us during the summer of 1966, and ob-
tained many new county records.

Mrs. Jane Merchant of Southern Illinois University
assisted us in locating a copy of French’s 1879 list of
Illinois butterflies.

In processing the manuscript for printing, at the
Illinois Natural History Survey, O. F. Glissendorf and
P. W. Smith did the final manuscript review and edit-
ing, and Lloyd LeMere designed the cover.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Illinois State
Academy of Sciences for the support of this project
through a research grant.

BUTTERFLIES OF ILLINOIS

HESPERITDAE

Panoquina ocola (Edwards)
Ocola skipper

Hesperia ocola Edwards 1863a:20 (type-locality “Geor-
gia, Florida and Texas”).

Prenes ocola: Holland 1931:398.

Panoquina ocola: Klots 1951:270; dos Passos 1964:3
(No. 24).

Illinois records—JERsEY County: Pere Marquette
State Park, September 10, 1935, Lauck (CW).

We have not seen this specimen, but we believe the
record to be valid. The species probably occurs at least
occasionally in the southern counties.

Calpodes ethlius (Stoll)
Brazilian skipper

Papilio ethlius Stoll 1782(4):212 (type-locality “Suri-
nam”).

Calpodes ethlius: Holland 1931:399; Klots 1951:269;
dos Passos 1964:3 (No. 27).

Illinois records —Coox County: Chicago, emerged
August 27 and August 29, 1923, from larvae found on
Canna, Dohmen (FMNH).

This skipper is probably not established anywhere in
Illinois, occurring only when introduced on Canna, or
perhaps occurring casually in extreme southern Illinois.

Lerodea eufala (Edwards)
Eufala skipper

Hesperia eufala Edwards 1869:311 (type-locality “Apa-
lachicola, Florida’’).

Lerodea eufala: Holland 1931:396; Klots 1951:267;
dos Passos 1964:3 (No. 29).

Illinois records—Kane County: Elgin, September
21, 1941, September 20, 1942, Wyatt (FMNH) ; Elgin,
September 20, 1942, Beer (INHS). Marsuatt Coun-
ty: Lacon, September 28, 1931, R. M. Barnes (INHS).
Putnam County: October 1, 1931, Glenn (INHS).

Apparently eufala is rare and casual in northern Tlli-
nois. It should also be found in southern Illinois, since
it is a species of southern affinities.

Amblyscirtes linda H. A. Freeman
Linda’s roadside skipper

Amblyscirtes linda H. A. Freeman 1943:19 (type-local-
ity “Hope Hill Farm, Faulkner County, Arkansas’’) ;
Klots 1951: 264.

Amblyscirtes aenus linda: dos Passos 1964:4 (No. 34b).

Illinois records.— Jackson County: Makanda, July
8, 1896, Snyder (FMNH).

We found the only known Illinois specimen of linda
in the series of A. belli H. A. Freeman in the Field Mu-
seum collection. It was sent to Freeman, who con-
firmed our determination. We separate linda from A.
aenus Edwards on the advice of Freeman (personal com-
munication). In the absence of additional records, it is
difficult to evaluate the status of linda and some of the
other species of the genus in Illinois. They may be es-
tablished elements of the fauna, or they may be casuals
from further south.

Amblyscirtes samoset (Scudder)
Pepper and salt skipper

Hesperia samoset Scudder 1864:176 (type-locality
“Massachusetts and New Hampshire”).

Hesperia hegon Scudder 1864:176 (type-locality “White
Mountains [New Hampshire]’).

Amblyscirtes samoset: Worthington 1880:49; Holland
1931:362; dos Passos 1964:4 (No. 37).

Amblyscirtes hegon: Klots 1951:263.

Illinois records.—Map 1.

Widely scattered records are indicative of statewide
distribution, but the species is apparently local and un-
common in Illinois. There are a number of records from
Cook County, but none is recent (FMNH). Snyder
(1896) found samoset “rare” at Evanston, Cook County.
There is one brood, April 12 through June 19.

Amblyscirtes aesculapius (Fabricius)
Textor skipper

Hesperia aesculapius Fabricius 1793:347 (type-locality
“North America’).

Pyrgus textor Hiibner “1818” [1827-1831]:
(type-locality “United States”).

Amblyscirtes textor: Holland 1931:363; Klots 1951: 263.

Amblyscirtes aesculapius: dos Passos 1964:4 (No. 40).

Illinois records.—Porr County:

Plate 580

Lusk Creek, near

Eddyville, July 7, 1967, August 9, 1967, August 30, 1967,
Downey (SIU). Union County: Pine Hills, August
21, 1966, August 25, 1966, September 1, 1966, Downey,
determined by H. A. Freeman (INHS) (Fig. 1).

As in the case of other species of this genus, it is dif-
ficult to assess the status of aesculapius in Illinois, but
the number of records suggests that it is established in
extreme southern Illinois.

Amblyscirtes carolina (Skinner)
Carolina roadside skipper

Pamphila carolina Skinner 1892:222 (type-locality
“south of Hamlet, Richmond County, North Caro-
lina’).

Amblyscirtes carolina: Holland 1931:362; Klots 1951:
263; dos Passos 1964:4 (No. 41).

Illinois records—Union County: Pine Hills, Sep-
tember 1, 1966, Downey, determined by H. A. Freeman
(INHS) (Fig. 1).

This record extends the known range of this skip-
per, recorded previously from Georgia to Virginia (Klots
1951) and Mississippi (Mather & Mather 1958).

Amblyscirtes vialis (Edwards)
Roadside skipper

Hesperia vialis Edwards 1862a:58 (type-locality “Rock
Island, Illinois; Lake Winnipeg”).

Amblyscirtes vialis: Worthington 1880:49; Holland
1931:362; Klots 1951:262; dos Passos 1964:4 (No.
45).

Illinois records.—Map 2.

A. vialis is apparently widely distributed in Illinois but
very local. It may be common where found, as at Elsah,
Jersey County (CLR) and Mason State Forest, Mason
County (TT). Elsewhere, however, it is scarce (Perry-
Township, Mercer County) (PJC) or absent altogether.
The dates of capture in Illinois suggest that there are two
broods: April 21 through May 30 and July 17 through
August 30.

Amblyscirtes belli H. A. Freeman
Bell’s roadside skipper

Amblyscirtes belli H. A. Freeman 1941:50 (type-locality
“Lancaster and two miles west of Vickery, Dallas
County, Texas”) ; Klots 1951:264.

Amblyscirtes celia belli: dos Passos 1964:5 (No. 46b).

Illinois records——Porr County: Lusk Creek, near
Eddyville, August 9, 1967, Downey, determined by H. A.
Freeman (INHS).

We give belli full specific rank on the advice of H. A.
Freeman, who said (personal communication to L. J.
Paulissen) that “there are no subspecies in that genus, as
... celia and belli fly together in Texas.”

Atrytonopsis hianna (Scudder)
Dusted skipper

Hesperia hianna Scudder 1868a:382 (type-locality
“Quincy and Dorchester, Massachusetts”).

Atrytonopsis hianna: Holland 1931:394; Klots 1951:
259; dos Passos 1964:5 (No. 50).

ae

Illinois records—Bureau County: Ohio Township
(G. M. Dodge?) (Scudder 1889). Cook County: Chi-
cago, May 24, 1896, Wyatt (FMNH) ; no date, West-
cott (INHS). Greene County: 2 mi. S Eldred, May
2, 1963, Sanderson (INHS). Jersey Country: Pere
Marquette State Park, September 16, Lauck (CW).
Pore County: Lusk Creek, near Eddyville, May 20,
1968, Downey (INHS). Scorr County: W of Glas-
gow, May 2, 1963, Sanderson (INHS).

This skipper is apparently single-brooded; the Sep-
tember record from Jersey County is unusual. We have
not seen the specimen on which it was based, and the
record may be erroneous. It appears from the available
data that hianna is widely distributed but rare and er-
ratic in I[llinois.

Euphyes dion (Edwards)
Dion skipper

Pamphila dion Edwards 1879:238 (type-locality “‘south-
ern shore of Lake Michigan, in Indiana; Hamilton,
Ontario”) ; Worthington 1880:49.

Atrytone dion: Holland 1931:388; Klots 1951:255.

Euphyes dion: dos Passos 1964:6 (No. 62).

Illinois records.—Coox County: Winnetka, July 28,
1958, Irwin (INHS) (Fig. 1); Teasons Woods Forest
Preserve, 3 mi. NW Palos Park, 14 6 ¢ 2 22, July 8,
1966, Arnold, Brady, and Irwin (RAA, TGB, INHS)
(Fig. 1) ; locality not stated, July 15, 1959, July 7, 1960,
July 4, 1962, July 7, 1962, Boughner (JLB). Cram-
PAIGN County: Urbana, July 3, 1891, Mitchell
(INHS). Laxe County: Waukegan, July 31, 1943,
Herz (FMNH).

This insect is apparently restricted to northeastern
Illinois and is mainly limited to marshes and boggy
meadows. It is local and generally scarce but may oc-
cur in some numbers where found. It is probably sin-

gle-brooded.

Euphyes dukesi (Lindsey)
Dukes’ skipper

Atrytone (Euphyes) dukesi Lindsey 1923:209 (type-
locality “Mobile County, Alabama’’).

Atrytone dukesi: Holland 1931:388; Klots 1951:255.

Euphyes dukest: dos Passos 1964:6 (No. 63).

Illinois records—Putaskt County: Karnak, Sep-
tember 2, 1924, Frison (INHS) (Fig. 1). Union Coun-
Ty: Pine Hills, September 10, 1966, Downey, deter-
mined by H. A. Freeman (INHS); Pine Hills, August
31, 1969, Irwin (INHS) (Fig. 1).

It appears that this distinctive skipper is established
in southern Illinois. The record from Pulaski County
was the first following its original description (Irwin
1971).

E. dukesi was once believed to be restricted to swamps
and their immediate vicinity, but it has recently been
found, in the southern portions of its range, in drier
situations as well. Two sedges, Carex lacustris and C.
hyalinole pis, are the probable hosts of dukesi. Both sedges
occur in Illinois, the former being more confined to true
swamp environments than is the latter. In the southern
portion of the range of dukesi, C. lacustris does not occur
and the insect utilizes C. hyalinolepis (Irwin 1972). Be-
cause of the rather wide occurrence of both sedges in the

7

state and the presence of dukesi as far north as Michi-
gan, it seems possible that the skipper may occur else-
where than in the extreme southern counties.

Euphyes conspicua (Edwards)
Black dash

Hesperia conspicua Edwards 1863a:17
“Lansing, Michigan’’).

Hesperia pontiac Edwards 1863a:17 (type-locality “Lan-
sing, Michigan’).

Pamphila pontiac: Worthington 1880:49.

Atrytone pontiac: Holland 1931:388.

Atrytone conspicua: Klots 1951:258.

Euphyes conspicua: dos Passos 1964:6 (No. 64).

Illinois records.—Map 3.

This is another species that is found mainly in marsh-
es and boggy meadows. It is local but may be common
where found. It is apparently limited to northern Tlli-
nois. There is one brood, June 20 through August 9.

(type-locality

Euphyes bimacula (Grote & Robinson)
Two-spotted skipper

Hesperia bimacula Grote & Robinson 1867c¢:433 (type-
locality “Philadelphia, Pennsylvania”’).

Hesperia illinois Dodge 1872:217 (type-locality “Bureau
County, Illinois”).

Pamphila bimacula: Worthington 1880:49.

Atrytone bimacula: Holland 1931:388; Klots 1951:258.

Euphyes bimacula: dos Passos 1964:6 (No. 66).

Illinois records.—Map 4. é

E. bimacula (Fig. 1) is sporadic but locally common.
Like other members of the genus, it occurs in bogs and
wet meadows, and it appears to be limited to the north-
ern portion of the state. See discussion of Oarisma
powesheik (Parker), below. The species is single-brood-
ed, June 19 through July 20.

Euphyes vestris metacomet (Harris)
Dun skipper

Hesperia metacomet Harris 1862b:317
“Massachusetts” ) .

Pamphila rurea Edwards 1862a:58 (type-locality “Rock
Island, Illinois”) .

Pamphila metacomet: Worthington 1880:49.

Atrytone ruricola: Holland 1931:388; Klots 1951:258.

Euphyes vestris metacomet: dos Passos 1964:6 (No.
67b).

Illinois records.—Map 5.

The dun skipper is common and generally distributed
throughout Illinois. Although Klots (1951) suggested
that there is but one brood and gave dates of flight from
June through August, we have records of the species
from April 28 through September 16. This extended
flight period strongly suggests that the species is at least
double-brooded in Illinois.

(type-locality

Poanes massasoit (Scudder)
Mulberry wing

Hesperia massasoit Scudder 1864:171 (type-locality
“Carver, Massachusetts; Connecticut, New Eng-
land’).

8

Pamphila massasoit: Worthington 1880:49.
Poanes massasoit: Holland 1931:389; Klots 1951:249;
dos Passos 1964:7 (No. 72).

Illinois records—Kane County: Elgin, many speci-
mens and dates, June 28 through August 15, Bristol and
Herz (FMNH, INHS). Iroguots County: 2 mi. NE
Beaverville, June 29, 1965, Irwin (INHS) (Fig. 1). Mc-
Henry County: McHenry Dam State Park, July 17,
1971, Christoph (GC).

Although massasoit is known from few localities, it
is doubtlessly found elsewhere in suitable habitats in the
northern half of the state. At Beaverville, Iroquois Coun-
ty, we found it flying in company with Euphyes bimacula.
Like that species, massasoit is an inhabitant of bog and
marsh environments. It is local but may be common
where found. There is probably only one brood.

Poanes hobomok (Harris)
Hobomok skipper

Hesperia hobomok Harris 1862b:313
“Massachusetts’’) .
Poanes hobomok: Holland 1931:390; Klots 1951:250;

dos Passos 1964:7 (No. 73).

Illinois records.—Map 6.

P. hobomok is generally distributed throughout IIli-
nois, although records are few and widely scattered. It
is common where found. The species has been con-
fused with P. zabulon, rendering many older records in
the literature unreliable. It is single-brooded. The ear-
liest and latest dates of capture are May 20 and July 4.

The females are dimorphic; most are similar to the
males, but the dark female form pocahontas is oc-
casionally found. The dark form does not appear to
be common in Illinois and may not occur throughout
the state. The only localities from which it has been
recorded are Palos Park (Fig. 1) and River Grove, in
Cook County, between June 2 and July 1.

(type-locality

Poanes zabulon (Boisduval & Le Conte)
Zabulon skipper

Hesperia zabulon Boisduval & Le Conte 1834:
76 (type-locality “North America”).

Pamphila zabulon: Worthington 1880:49.

Poanes zabulon: Holland 1931:390; Klots 1951:250;
dos Passos 1964:7 (No. 74).

Illinois records.—Map 7.

Like P. hobomok, zabulon appears to be distributed
throughout Illinois. It is, however, less common than the
foregoing species. Both hobomok and zabulon are less
restricted in habitat than their congeners and are not
confined to marsh environments. Unlike hobomok, za-
bulon is double-brooded. The first brood is smaller in
numbers than the second and has been recorded from
May 5 through July 8. The second brood is larger, ap-
pearing in early August and reaching maximum num-
bers 3 weeks later. Earliest and latest dates for the
second brood in Illinois are August 9 and September 13.

Plate

Poanes viator (Edwards)
Broad winged skipper

Hesperia viator Edwards 1865:202 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Goose Lake Prairie, Grundy County, Illi-

nois” by Shapiro “1970” [1971]:110 by designation
of neotype) (Fig. 1).

Pamphila viator: Worthington 1880: 49.

Phycanassa viator: Holland 1931:392.

Poanes viator: Klots 1951:249; dos Passos 1964:7 (No.
78).

Illinois records—Grunpy County: Goose Lake
Prairie, July 28, 1969, 1 6 1 2, Cashatt (INHS). Mc-
Henry County: McHenry Dam State Park, July 17,
1971, 2 6 6 2 22, Christoph and Nielsen (GC, GN).

Before the recent rediscovery of this skipper in north-
ern Illinois, the only indication of its presence in the
state was Edwards’ designation of “Northern Illinois and
New Orleans” as the original type-locality. Shapiro con-
ducted an extensive search of major institutional collec-
tions but found no syntypes or other Illinois viator. He
therefore designated the male specimen from Grundy
County listed above as the neotype of the species (Sha-
piro, loc. cit.).

Search for viator at the Goose Lake locality in 1970
and 1971 did not produce any additional examples, but
it was discovered in McHenry County. It may occur
in similar marsh habitats elsewhere in northern Illinois.
It is single-brooded and very local. The flight is said
by Conway (personal communication) to resemble that
of P. massasoit.

Problema byssus (Edwards)
Byssus skipper

Pamphila byssus Edwards 1880b:224 (type-locality “In-
dian River, Florida’).

Problema byssus: Holland 1931:386; Klots 1951:252; —

dos Passos 1964:8 (No. 83).

Illinois records.— JERSEY County:

Elsah (campus |

of Principia College), July 5, 1942, July 7, 1942, June ©

27, 1943, P. S. Remington (P. Remington 1956). La
SALLE County: Streator, July 20, 1963, McCoy
(INHS) ; Streator, July 20, 1964, Irwin (INHS) (Fig.
1). Mason County: Mason State Forest, July 11,
1963, July 19, 1963, Taylor (TT). Mercer County:
Perryton Township (“local, common when found, late
June-early July”) (PJC). Monroe County: 3 mi,
S Valmeyer, June 27, 1956, Sanderson (INHS). Prorta
County: Robinson Park, 10 mi. N Peoria, July 7, 1961,
Taylor (TT).

The lack of old records suggests that this may be a
comparatively recent addition to the Illinois fauna, prob-
ably adventive from west of the Mississippi rather than
from the South. It appears to be gradually increasing
its range in Illinois following the larger rivers, on or
near which most of the known examples of byssus in IIli-
nois have been found. Some authors regard this as a
prairie species, but its apparent prosperity in Illinois may
indicate that it is adapting to a more varied habitat.

Atrytone delaware (Edwards)
Delaware skipper

Hesperia delaware Edwards 1863a:19
“Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]’).

Hesperia logan Edwards 1863a:18 (type-locality “Lan-
sing, Michigan’’).

Pamphila delaware: Worthington 1880:49.

Atrytone logan: Holland 1931:387; Klots 1951:254.

(type-locality

dos Passos 1964:8 (No. 86).

Illinois records.—Map 8.

The Delaware skipper has been recorded from scat-
tered localities throughout Illinois. It probably occurs
over the entire state but is not common. Females super-
ficially resemble the male of Problema byssus. It is
probably single-brooded, June 17 through August 30.

Atrytone delaware:

Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval)
Sachem

Hesperia campestris Boisduval 1852:316 (type-locality
“California” ) .

Hesperia huron Edwards 1863a:16 (type- -locality “Thi-
nois, Georgia, Texas, Washington, D.C.”).

Pamphila huron: Worthington 1880: 49.

Atalopedes campestris: Holland 1931:385; Klots 1951:
243; dos Passos 1964:9 (No. 87).

Illinois records.—Map 9.

This insect is common and generally distributed
throughout Illinois. It is a characteristic species of late
summer and autumn. We have records from May 23
(probably overwintered individuals) through November
6, with maximum abundance in August and September.

Pompeius verna (Edwards)
Little glassy wing

Pamphila verna Edwards 1862a:57 (type-locality “Illi-
nois; Washington [D. C.]”).

Pamphila pottawattomie Worthington 1880:50 (type-
locality “Chicago, Illinois; Lake County, Indiana”).

Pamphila verna: Worthington 1880: 49.

Polites verna: Holland 1931:380; Klots 1951:245.

Pompeius verna: dos Passos 1964:9 (No. 88).

Illinois records.—Map 10.

P. verna is common and generally distributed
throughout Illinois. According to Klots (1951), verna
is single-brooded, but we have records from May 12
through September 9, indicating the possibility of a
second brood. The skipper becomes most common in
mid-June and remains numerous through mid-July.

Wallengrenia egeremet (Scudder)
Broken dash

Hesperia egeremet Scudder 1864:174 (type-locality
“Massachusetts, Georgia, Western States, New Eng-
land”).

— Pamphila egeremet: Worthington 1880:49.

Catia otho egeremet: Holland 1931:386.

Wallengrenia otho egeremet: Klots 1951:248; dos Pas-
sos 1964:9 (No. 89b).

Illinois records.—Map 11.

The broken dash is a common skipper throughout
Illinois. Most authors consider it a subspecies of W. otho
(J. E. Smith), but Forbes (1960) gave it full specific
rank and illustrated genitalic differences which appear to
| be distinctive. Dr. L. J. Paulissen informed us (personal
) communication) that otho and egeremet occur together
in Arkansas “‘with no apparent or obvious intergrading,
a criterion of speciation.” W. egeremet is single-brooded.
We have records from June 2 through August 17.

©

Polites coras (Cramer)
Peck’s skipper

Papilio coras Cramer 1775(1):51 (type-locality “Suri-
nam’).

Hesperia peckius Kirby 1837:300 (type-locality “North &
America’).

Pamphila peckius: Worthington 1880:49.
Polites peckius: Holland 1931:382; Klots 1951: 246.
Polites coras: dos Passos 1964:9 (No. 90).

Illinois records.—Map 12.

This skipper is exceedingly common and generally
distributed throughout Illinois. P. coras and the next
species are the most abundant skippers of the state. Ear-
liest and latest dates are April 16 and October 3.

Polites themistocles (Latreille)
Tawny edged skipper

{Papilio taumas Fabricius (nec Hufnagel) 1787:84
(type-locality ““North America’’) .

tPapilio thaumas Fabricius (nec Hufnagel) 1793:327.

Hesperia themistocles Latreille “1819” [1824]:769 (type-
locality ‘‘southern America’).

Hesperia cernes Boisduval & Le Conte 1834: Plate 76
(type-locality “North America’).

Pamphila cernes: Worthington 1880:49.

Polites taumas: Holland 1931:381.

Polites themistocles: Klots 1951:245; dos Passos 1964: 10
(No. 95).

Illinois records.—Map 13.

Like the preceding species, P. themustocles is very
abundant and occurs throughout Illinois. Records are
at hand from April 29 through September 29.

Polites origenes (Fabricius)
Cross line skipper

Hesperia origenes Fabricius 1793:328 (type-locality
“West Indies”).

Hesperia cernes Harris (nec Boisduval & Le Conte)
1862b:316 (type-locality ‘Massachusetts, Southern
States”).

Hesperia manataaqua Scudder 1864:175 (new name).
Pamphila manataaqua: Worthington 1880:49.

Polites manataaqua: Holland 1931:380; Klots 1951:245.
Polites origines: dos Passos 1964:10 (No. 96) (lapsus

calamt) .

Illinois records.—Map 14.

P. origenes is far less numerous than themistocles,
which it closely resembles, but is still of fairly frequent
occurrence. Records, although scattered, indicate a gen-
eral distribution throughout Illinois. Dates of capture
are from June 4 through September 1.

Polites mystic (Edwards)
Long dash

Hesperia mystic Edwards 1863a:15 (type-locality “Con-
necticut, Michigan, Canada West”).

Pamphila mystic: Worthington 1880:49.

Polites mystic: Holland 1931:383; Klots 1951:247; dos
Passos 1964:10 (No. 97).

I}linois records.—Map 15.

10

P. mystic is apparently limited to northeastern IIli-
nois. It is locally frequent. We follow Brown (1966c)
in ascribing the authorship of mystic to Edwards rather
than Scudder. The species is single-brooded, from May
22 through July 15. Most records are from mid-June.

Hesperia ottoe Edwards
Ottoe skipper

Hesperia ottoe Edwards “1866” [1867]:207 (type-local-
ity “Kansas”); Klots 1951:239; dos Passos 1964:12
(No. 112).
Erynnis ottoé: Holland 1931:374.

Illinois records—Lake County: Waukegan, July
28, 1946, 1 9, Wyatt (FMNH). Mason County:
Mason State Forest, July 19, 1963, 1 @, Taylor, deter-
mined by H. A. Freeman (INHS) (Fig. 1); Mason
State Forest, July 11, 1964, 1 2, July 19, 1964, 8
BG) 2) OS. Aleit (AU).

Irwin (1971) has noted the recent discovery of this
species in Illinois. The status of oftoe in Illinois is un-
certain. All specimens taken in Illinois have been found
in sand areas.

Hesperia dacotae (Skinner)
Dakota skipper

Pamphila sassacus dacotae Skinner 1911:412 (type-local-
ity “Volga, South Dakota’).

Erynnis dakotae: Holland 1931:374.

Hesperia dacotae: Klots 1951:238; dos Passos 1964:12
(No. 113).

H. dacotae was credited to Illinois by Klots (1951:
237, key to Hesperia). There are three specimens of
dacotae in the Carnegie Museum from Illinois. They
are a male, labeled in part “Ridgeland, 1895, W. E.
Longley,’ from the A. W. Lindsey collection; another
male, very dirty, labeled “‘sassacus ¢ /Ills.” in the hand
of W. H. Edwards; and a female, labeled in part “No.
Ill. 1889” and “Hesperia dacotae 2 Skin. det. A. W.
Lindsey 1940.” We assume that Lindsey also examined
the other two specimens listed and rely upon his de-
terminations. These specimens may have been the basis
for Klots’ record. Ridgeland, in 1895, was a station on
the Chicago and North Western Railroad, about one
mile east of Oak Park, Cook County. The status of
dacotae in Illinois at the present time is unknown. In
view of the great ecological change in the Chicago area
since the late 19th century, it would appear most un-
likely that a prairie species such as dacotae would have
been able to maintain itself there, but the recent find-
ing of Hesperia ottoe in the state may belie this as-
sumption. Perhaps it occurs elsewhere in northern IIli-
nois, especially in the extreme northwestern portion of
the state. Lindsey, Bell, & Williams (1931) did not
mention Illinois in their discussion of dacotae, but it may
be that Lindsey was unaware at that time of the ex-
istence of the Illinois specimens.

Hesperia sassacus Harris

Pamphila sassacus: Worthington 1880:49.
Erynnis sassacus: Holland 1931:373.

Illinois records.—Coox County: Evanston, June 22,
1896, Snyder (FMNH). H. sassacus should be of more
frequent occurrence in Illinois than the single record
indicates. Worthington indicated personal knowledge of
its capture in Illinois. We have numerous records from
nearby localities in northwestern Indiana.

Hesperia leonardus Harris
Leonard’s skipper

Hesperia leonardus Harris 1862b:314 (type-locality
“Massachusetts”’) ; Klots 1951:237; dos Passos 1964:
12 (No. 117).

Pamphila leonardus: Worthington 1880:49.

Erynnis leonardus: Holland 1931:376.

Illinois records—Cook County: Spears Woods
Forest Preserve, September 4, 1972, Irwin and Seaborg
(INHS, NGS). Mason County: Mason State Forest,
September 1, 1963, September, 1964, Taylor (INHS,
TT). Prorta County: Kickapoo Creek, 1956, Taylor
(TT). Vermiiion County: Danville, August 24, 1968,
Ellis and Irwin (TE, INHS) (Fig. 1).

This distinctive late-summer and autumn species
should be more numerous and widespread in Illinois
than these few records indicate. There is one brood,
flying exclusively in late August and September.

Hylephila phyleus (Drury)
Fiery skipper

Papilio phyleus Drury 1773(1):25 (type-locality “An-
tigua, St. Christopher’s, Nevis, etc.”’). /

Pamphila phylaeus: Worthington 1880:49.

Hylephila phylaeus: Holland 1931:377.

Hylephila phyleus: Klots 1951:243; dos Passos 1964: 13
(No. 122).

Illinois records.—Map 16.

Scattered records of this species are at hand through-
out Illinois. It is fairly common in late summer and
autumn. There are a few early season records, perhaps
representing overwintering individuals. It has been ob-
served May 14 through October 9, with most records
in September.

Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer)
European skipper

Papilio lineola Ochsenheimer 1808:230 (type-locality
“Germany ’).

Adopaea lineola: Holland 1931:366; Klots 1951:232.

Thymelicus lineola: dos Passos 1964:14 (No. 123).

Illinois records.—Map 17.

This introduced European species (Fig. 1) is a re-
cent adventive in Illinois. Much interest has attached —
to its spread in North America since its presence was dis-
covered in 1919. First found in the Chicago area in
1957, lineola is now well established in several localities —
there; new ones are found each year. The species ap-

Indian skipper

Hesperia sassacus Harris 1862b:315 (type-locality “Mas-
sachusetts”) ; Klots 1951:238; dos Passos 1964:12
(No. 114).

pears to be expanding its range beyond the Chicago —
metropolitan area and in time will probably spread —
throughout the state (Irwin 1968). It sometimes reaches —
enormous abundance in a very restricted locality, exceed- _

ing in numbers all other butterflies during the height of
its flight period. 7. lineola occurs in many habitats and
has been taken in vacant lots and along railroad tracks
within the city of Chicago. The species is single-brooded,
appearing shortly after the middle of June (earliest date
June 15). It quickly reaches a peak of abundance, then
gradually diminishes, and disappears about the middle of
July. The latest date of capture is July 14, but few speci-
mens have been noted after the first week of July. It
will be of interest to note the possible effect on our
native grass-feeding skippers of the increase and spread
of this species—comparable, perhaps, to that of Pieris
rapae on the native species of that genus.

Oarisma powesheik (Parker)
Powesheik skipper

Hesperia powesheik Parker 1870:271 (type-locality
“Grinnell, Iowa’) .
Oarvisma powesheik: Holland 1931:360; Klots 1951:231;

dos Passos 1964:14 (No. 127).

The only evidence of the occurrence of this skipper
in Illinois is found in Dodge (1872). In the original
description of Hesperia illinois (= Euphyes bimacula) ,
he said: “This species [illinois] was discovered by Mr.
E. A. Dodge, in Burcan [Bureau] County, Illinois. The
first specimen was taken June 20, 1872. It was quite
abundant upon grassy slopes on the high rolling prairie
that forms the divide between the Illinois and Rock
rivers. . . Two weeks later Hesperia Powesheik, Parker,
appeared abundantly in the same locality.” Klots (1951)
attributed O. powesheik to northern Illinois, possibly
on the basis of this record. Blatchley (1891) recorded
it from Whiting, Lake County, Indiana, saying that it
is “a western species not before recorded east of Illinois.”

French (1879) and Worthington (1880) did not list
powesheik from Illinois, despite the earlier record of
Dodge, but they did include “Thymelitus” garita (Rea-
kirt). The two species are congeneric and have been
confused in the past. We regard it as probable that these
authors referred to poweshezk; it is unlikely that true O.
garita occurs as far east as Illinois.

The area described by Dodge has not been well col-
lected, and powesheik may still occur in local colonies.
In the absence of specimens on which the Dodge record
was founded, the possibility that they were incorrectly
identified cannot be ruled out, although it is difficult
to imagine with what other insect Dodge could have
confounded this distinctly marked form.

Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius)
Least skipper

Hesperia numitor Fabricius 1793:324
“West Indies”).

Ancyloxypha numitor: Worthington 1880:48; Holland
1931:367; dos Passos 1964:14 (No. 130).

Ancyloxipha numitor: Klots 1951:231.

Ancyloxypha longleyi French 1897:80 (type-locality
“Ridgeland, west of Chicago, Illinois’’) .

(type-locality

Illinois records.—Map 18.

This diminutive skipper is common and generally
distributed throughout Illinois. It occurs principally
-among tall grasses bordering streams and roadside
ditches. There are at least two broods, with dates from

11

May 18 through September 28. French applied the
name longleyi to the color variety, frequently occurring
with typical numitor, having the fore wings solidly black.

Lerema accius (J. E. Smith)
Clouded skipper

Papilio accius J. E. Smith 1797:45 (type-locality “[prob-
ably Screven County,] Georgia”).

Lerema accius: Holland 1931:396; Klots 1951:260;
dos Passos 1964:15 (No. 134).

Illinois records.—Jackson County: Carbondale,
August 24, 1880, French (AMNH via A. B. Klots).

More intensive collecting in southern Illinois would
probably reveal that this species is found in the extreme
southern counties as a casual adventive.

Nastra lherminier (Latreille)
Swarthy skipper

Hesperia lherminier Latreille “1819” [1824]:777 (type-
locality “Carolina” ).

Hesperia fusca Grote & Robinson 1867a:2 (type-locality
“Atlantic District’).

Megistias lherminieri: Holland 1931:395.

Lerodea Vherminieri: Klots 1951:266.

Nastra lherminier: dos Passos 1964:16 (No. 137).

Illinois records.—Maptson County: Alton, July 26,
1941, Lauck, (CW). Pope Country: Lusk Creek, near
Eddyville, July 31, 1967, August 5, 1967, Downey, deter-
mined by H. A. Freeman (INHS). Vermition County:
Danville, August 20, 1967, Irwin, determined by H. A.
Freeman (INHS) (Fig. 1). :

This small and undistinguished species is probably
commoner in the southern portion of Illinois than the
few records would indicate. It may be overlooked be-
cause of its diminutive size and drab appearance.

Pholisora catullus (Fabricius)
Common sooty wing

Hesperia catullus Fabricius 1793:348 (type-locality
“West Indies’’).

Pholisora catullus: Worthington 1880:49; Holland
1931:345; Klots 1951:218; dos Passos 1964:17 (No.
148).

Illinois records.—Map 19.

This butterfly is common to abundant everywhere in
Illinois, even in urban areas. Its several hosts, princi-
pally lamb’s-quarter (Chenopodium), favor disturbed
soils (Shapiro 1966). It is double-brooded. Extreme
dates are April 24 through September 10, but most
records appear during the summer months of June
through August.

Pyrgus centaurae wyandot (Edwards)
Grizzled skipper

Hesperia wyandot Edwards 1863a:21 (type-locality
“Long Island [New York]; Washington, D. C.”).

Hesperia centaurae: Holland 1931:340.

Pyrgus centaurae wyandot: Klots 1951:215; dos Pas-
sos 1964:19 (No. 157b).

Illinois records.—Coox County: Chicago, no date
Schlieter, (FMNH ex A. L. McElhose collection).

12

This is “a very old record,” according to Wyatt (per-
sonal communication). It is probably casual, as Illinois
lies somewhat south of the normal range of this sub-
species of centaurae.

Pyrgus communis (Grote)
Checkered skipper

tHesperia tessellata Scudder (nec Hewitson) 1872:73
(type-locality “Pennsylvania, Maryland, Iowa, Flori-
da, Alabama, Texas, Missouri and California’”’).

Syricthus communis Grote 1872:69 (type-locality “Cen-
tral Alabama’’).

Pyrgus tessellata: Worthington 1880:49.

Hesperia communis: Holland 1931:342.

Pyrgus communis: Klots 1951:215; dos Passos 1964:19
(No. 161).

Illinois records.—Map 20.

The checkered skipper, common throughout Illinois,
is a characteristic species of autumn; early season records
are few. There is considerable color variation. Records
are available from March 22 through November 14, but
the species reaches its greatest abundance during late
August and throughout September.

Erynnis icelus (Scudder & Burgess)
Dreamy dusky wing

Nisoniades icelus Scudder & Burgess 1870:288 (type-

locality “New England”).

Thanaos icelus: Worthington 1880:49; Holland 1931:
350.

Erynnis icelus: Klots 1951:222; dos Passos 1964:20 (No
163).

Illinois records—Cooxk County: Palos Park, May
22, 1927, May 30, 1931, Herz (FMNH); Palos Park,
May 31, 1914, Gerhard (FMNH); Palos Park, May 7,
1922, May 30, 1923, Beer (INHS). Lake County:
“Beach” (Waukegan Dunes), May 21, 1922, Wyatt
(FMNH). McHenry County: Algonquin, June 8,
June 11, Nason (INHS). Maptson County: Alton,
April, 1948, Lauck (P. S. Remington 1948).

E. icelus is superficially similar to Erynnis brizo, but
the genitalia offer abundant distinct characters. Like
brizo, it is a single-brooded spring species, but appears
somewhat later in the season. It appears to be less
common than brizo: we have numerous records of the
latter, but the above are the only Illinois records of the
present species. We have not seen the material on which
the Alton record is based and suggest that there may
be a slight question as to its correctness since the locality
is widely disjunct from the remainder of the known
range of icelus in Illinois. It may, however, occur in
the intervening territory, havi ing been over looked or con-
fused with the following species.

Erynnis brizo (Boisduval & Le Conte)
Sleepy dusky wing

Thanaos brizo Boisdual & Le Conte 1834:
(type-locality “North America’’).

Thanaos brizo: Worthington 1880:49; Holland 1931:
349.

Erynnis brizo:

164).

Plate 66

Klots 1951:222; dos Passos 1964:20 (No.

Illinois records.—Map 21.

E. brizo is rather common, probably throughout IIli-
nois, although available records are widely scattered. It
is a single-brooded, early spring butterfly of woodland
roads and clearings. It has been recorded as early as
March 30 and as late as May 18.

Erynnis baptisiae (Forbes)
Wild indigo dusky wing

Thanaos baptisiae Forbes 1936:111
“Woods Hole, Massachusetts’) .
Erynnis baptisiae: Klots 1951:227; dos Passos 1964:20

(No. 167).

Illinois records.—Map 22.

This species and E. lucilius constitute a pair of near-
ly indistinguishable but biologically divergent siblings,
differing almost entirely in food-plant selection. Unlike
the other species of Erynnis in Illinois, these are in-
separable by means of genitalic characters. For this
reason, it 1s virtually impossible to separate them with
certainty when host plant association is lacking. The
species are monophagous, E. baptisiae feeding upon Bap-
tista (wild indigo), and E. lucilius on Aquilegia (colum-
bine). Burns (1964) stated that there are indications
of differences in larval morphology. Differentiation of
the adults is complicated by the presence in both species
of two differing temporal phenotypes.

The older literature is almost wholly unreliable be-
cause of authors’ failure to separate properly the species
comprising this complex. Before the recognition of bap-
tisiae as a separate species, it was lumped with persius
or lucilius; most old records of “E. persius” from the
eastern states, probably including that of Worthington
from Illinois, actually refer to baptisiae.

E. baptisiae is the dominant member of the com-
plex in Illinois. The existence of E. lucilius and persius
in Illinois has not been confirmed. Only records based
on specimens with positive food plant association data
have been accepted. H. A. Freeman determined a num-
ber of Illinois Erynnis as E. baptisiae (Fig. 1), and these
records have likewise been accepted. E. baptisiae is prob-
ably statewide in distribution and common, although
authentic records are few and widely scattered. The
record from Macon County is that of the allotype fe-
male from Decatur.

Host-associated material is greatly needed in order
to determine accurately the range of baptisiae in Illi-
nois, as well as to confirm the suspected presence of
lucilius. E. baptisiae is multivoltine, with dates of cap-
ture in Illinois ranging from April 17 through Septem-
ber 10, and develops differing spring and summer pheno-
types as above indicated.

Burns (1964) presented a monographic treatment of
the genus Erynnis. The persius species group received
special attention.

(type-locality

Erynnis zarucco (Lucas)
Zarucco dusky wing

Thanaos zarucco Lucas 1857:641 (type-locality

“Cuba’’).
Thanaos terentius:
Erynnis zarucco:

(No. 168).

Holland 1931:354.
Klots 1951:227; dos Passos 1964:20

Illinois records. Jackson County: Big Muddy
Game Refuge, October 3, 1971, Nielsen, determined by
R. R. Irwin (INHS).

The occurrence of £. zarucco in Illinois, previously
considered probable, was confirmed by the above rec-
ord, which represents a northward extension of its
range in the Mississippi Valley. According to Burns
(1964:167) E. zarucco is sporadic north of Tennessee,
and southern Illinois is probably the northern limit of
its range.

Erynnis martialis (Scudder)
Mottled dusky wing

Nisoniades martialis Scudder 1869:335 (type-locality
“New Jefferson and Dallas County, Iowa”).

Thanaos martialis: Worthington 1880:49; Holland
1931:352.

Erynnis martialis: Klots 1951:223; dos Passos 1964: 20
(No. 169).

Illinois records.—Map 23.

This easily recognizable species appears to be scarce
but statewide in distribution. There are two broods
with dates of capture from May 3 through August 21.
According to Burns (1964), E. martialis exhibits two
temporal phenotypes. The host plant is Ceanothus amer-
icanus (New Jersey tea) (Burns, loc. cit.).

Erynnis horatius (Scudder & Burgess)
Horace’s dusky wing

Nisoniades horatius Scudder & Burgess 1870:301 (type-
locality ‘““New England, Texas, Massachusetts”) .

Thanaos horatius: Holland 1931:353.

Erynnis horatius: Klots 1951:223; dos Passos 1964:21
(No. 173).

Illinois records.—Map 24.

Although horatius is widespread in Illinois, and
probably common, our records reflect only one or two
captures in each locality from which it has been re-
ported. This indicates that it must have been widely
overlooked or confused with other Erynnis, chiefly juve-
nalis. Nearly all of the material we studied was taken
from July to September. Although the species is dou-
ble-brooded, we have only two records of spring speci-
mens from Illinois. Burns (1964) stated that horatius,
like other multivoltine Erynnis, develops spring and sum-
mer phenotypes. Host plants include various species of
Quercus (oaks).

Erynnis juvenalis (Fabricius)
Juvenal’s dusky wing

Hesperia juvenalis Fabricius 1793:339
“America’’) .
Thanaos juvenalis:

OSHS:
Erynnis juvenalis: Klots 1951:226; dos Passos 1964:21
(No. 174).

Illinois records.—Map 25.

E. juvenalis is generally distributed throughout Illi-
nois and is rather common. All records are from mid-
April through early June. Late-season records are un-
confirmed and probably represent horatius, except for
one authentic male from Lee Center, Lee County, Oc-

(type-locality

Worthington 1880:49; Holland

13

tober 1, 1934 (INHS, ex Emil Beer collection). Since
Burns (1964) asserted that E. juvenalis is strictly univol-
tine except at the southern limits of its range, in Flori-
da, this anachronistic record is difficult to explain. Host
plants are oaks of various species.

Timochares ruptifasciatus (Plétz)
Timochares skipper

Antigonus ruptifasciata Plotz 1884:27
“South America’).

Timochares ruptifasciata: Klots 1951:228.

Timochares ruptifasciatus: Holland 1931:356; dos Pas-

sos 1964:22 (No. 179).

Illinois records.—JERseEy County: Elsah, August
29, 1941, C. L. Remington (P. S. Remington. 1956).

The individual was an obvious casual, perhaps wind-
borne.

(type-locality

Staphylus hayhurstii (Edwards)
Southern sooty wing

Hesperia hayhurstti Edwards 1870:22
“Missouri” ).

Pholisora hayhurstii:
1951:218.

Pholisora hayhursti: Holland 1931:346.

Staphylus mazans hayhurstii: dos Passos 1964:23 (No.
188b).

Illinois records.—Map 26.

This species is apparently absent in the northern
counties; it is “scarce” in Perryton Township, Mercer
County, at the apparent northern limit of its range in
Illinois (PJC) but is more common southward. At El-
sah, Jersey County, Remington found two broods. The
first, flying from mid-May throughout June, consisted
of “considerable numbers,’ and the second, in late
August, was smaller. We separate this species from
S. mazans (Reakirt) on the advice of H. A. Freeman
(personal communication).

(type-locality

Worthington 1880:49; Klots

Thorybes bathyllus (J. E. Smith)
Southern cloudy wing

Papilio bathyllus J. E. Smith 1797:43 (type-locality
“Tprobably Screven County,] Georgia’’) .

Eudamus bathyllus: Worthington 1880:49.

Thorybes bathyllus: Holland 1931:335; Klots 1951:
212; dos Passos 1964:25 (No. 200).

Illinois records.—Map 27.

This skipper is generally distributed throughout the
state and is common. It has been recorded from late
April through September.

Thorybes pylades (Scudder)
Northern cloudy wing

t£udamus bathyllus Harris (nec J. E. Smith) 18625:
312 (type-locality “Massachusetts’’) .

Eudamus pylades Scudder 1870:207
Worthington 1880:49.

Thorybes pylades: Holland 1931:335; Klots 1951:212;
dos Passos 1964:25 (No. 201).

Illinois records.—Map 28.
This species is distributed throughout Illinois. It

(new name) ;

14

is more abundant than bathyllus and has an earlier
flight period. The extreme dates of capture are May
14 and July 29.

Achalarus lyciades (Geyer)
Hoary edge

{Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith (nec Cramer) 1797:89
(type-locality “[probably Screven County,] Geor-
ia’).

Proteides lyciades Geyer 1832:
ity “Bahia’’).

Eudamus lycidas: Worthington 1880:49.

Achalarus lycidas: Holland 1931:336.

Achalarus lyciades: Klots 1951:210; dos Passos 1964: 26
(No. 207).

Illinois records.—Map 29.

Records of the hoary edge are widely scattered
throughout Illinois, indicating statewide distribution.
A. lyciades is single-brooded and comparatively scarce
in the northern portion of the state, double-brooded
and more common southward. The earliest and latest
dates are May 11 and September 1. At Elsah, Jersey
County, the first brood flies from mid-May to mid-June
and the second, fewer in numbers, in late August
(CLR). The second brood is absent in the north. The
skipper may be overlooked because of its resemblance
on the wing to the more common Epargyreus clarus.

Plate 599 (type-local-

Autochton cellus (Boisduval & Le Conte)
Golden banded skipper

Eudamus cellus Boisduval & Le Conte 1834: Plate 73
(type-locality restricted to “‘Jacksonborough, Screven
County, Georgia” by Clark 1936b:7).

Rhabdoides cellus: Holland 1931:338.

Autochton cellus: Klots 1951:211; dos Passos 1964: 26
(No. 211).

Illinois records—Union County: Pine Hills, July
26, 1966 (Fig. 1), August 21, 1966, September 1, 1966,
Downey (INHS, SIU).

The establishment of this scarce butterfly at the
locality cited is indicated by the fact that Downey en-
countered it there three times in one season. It may
occur elsewhere in southern Illinois.

Epargyreus clarus (Cramer)
Silver spotted skipper

{Papilio tityrus Fabricius (nec Poda) 1775:532 (type-
locality restricted to “Dayton, Rockingham County,
Virginia” by Dixon 1955:7).

Papilio clarus Cramer 1775(1):66 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Dayton, Rockingham County, Virginia”
by Dixon, loc. cit.).

Eudamus tityrus: Worthington 1880:49.

Epargyreus tityrus: Holland 1931:329.

Epargyreus clarus: Klots 1951:206; dos Passos 1964:
29 (No. 236).

Illinois records.—Map 30.

This large, strong-flying and robust skipper is com-
mon throughout Illinois. Records are from April 6
through September 28. It is at least double-brooded
in most of the state.

PAPILIONIDAE

Battus philenor (Linnaeus)
Pipe vine swallowtail

Papilio philenor Linnaeus 1771:535 (type-locality
‘““America”’) ; Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:
312; Klots 1951:179.

Battus philenor: dos Passos 1964:33 (No. 246).

Illinois records.—Map 31.

The pipe vine swallowtail is found throughout the
state and is locally common. There are two broods. A
spring generation flies from April 24 (Union County)
through May 31. The summer brood, consisting of
individuals that are larger than those in the spring
brood, has been recorded from July 2 through Septem-
ber 23.

Papilio polyxenes asterius Stoll
Black or parsnip swallowtail

Papilio asterius Stoll 1782(4):194 (type-locality “New
York, Virginia, Carolina”).

Papilio asterias: Worthington 1880:47.

Papilio polyxenes asterius: Holland 1931:314; Klots
1951:172; dos Passos 1964:34 (No. 248a).

Illinois records.—Map 32.

The black swallowtail is the most common member
of its. family in Illinois, and it is generally distributed.
Like other swallowtails, its spring brood consists of
smaller, brighter individuals than the later generations.
The earliest date is April 3 and the latest October 14.
There is a record from Evanston, Cook County, Febru-
ary 18, 1896, Snyder (FMNH) but this is probably the
result of premature emergence, perhaps from a pupa
protected by a heated structure or influenced by ab-
normal weather.

Papilio cresphontes Cramer
Giant swallowtail

Papilio cresphontes Cramer 1777(2) :106 (type-locality
“New York, Jamaica, South Carolina”) ; Worthing-
ton 1880:47; Holland 1931:317; Klots 1951:173;
dos Passos 1964:35 (No. 256).

Illinois records.—Map 33.

The largest of our butterflies, P. cresphontes has
been recorded from localities in all parts of Illinois,
but it is sporadic in occurrence and never common. Its
broods conform to those of other swallowtails in Illi-
nois, the first brood being smaller than the second
both in size and number of individuals. The -spring
generation flies from May 14 (earliest date on record)
through June and the summer brood appears near the
end of July. The latest date of capture of this species
is August 24, but the butterfly is probably on the wing
into September in the southern counties. The giant
swallowtail is often seen but less frequently captured
because of its high, powerful flight. It tends to follow
flight paths, but seldom rests except to feed upon flowers.

Papilio glaucus Linnaeus
Tiger swallowtail

Papilio glaucus Linnaeus 1764:190 (type-locality

“America”); Klots 1951:175; dos Passos 1964:36
(No. 262).

Papilio turnus: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:
318.

Illinois records.—Map 34.

This familiar and beautiful insect is moderately com-
mon and is generally distributed throughout the state.
Early-season individuals, like those of other species of
the genus, are on the average smaller in size than later
specimens. Yellow females are uncommon to rare. We
have seen only five specimens from Cook County, two
of which were taken by Irwin near Willow Springs on
August 8 and August 12, 1966 (INHS). There are
seven records of yellow females from the Streator area
in La Salle County (INHS, RRI) and only four other
state records. Ellis regarded yellow females as “very
rare” at Danville, Vermilion County. Only one speci-
men was taken there during a period of some 25 years
(TE). Remington, however, found the yellow females
“quite frequent” at Elsah, Jersey County (CLR). An
accurate picture of the ratio of yellow females to dark
ones cannot be determined from records obtained dur-
ing this study, however, because it is not known whether
or not all collaborators segregated their records of the
yellow females. Dates on record range from April 7
through September 12.

Papilio troilus Linnaeus
Spicebush swallowtail

Papilio troilus Linnaeus 1758:459 (type-locality sug-
gested as “lower Delaware River’ by Brown 1968:
81); Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:320;
Klots 1951:178; dos Passos 1964:36 (No. 267).

Illinois records.—Map 35.

Although there are no records from the northwest-
ern counties, troilus probably occurs throughout IIli-
nois. It is common in the southern half of the state but
seems to be less common or rare northward. Although
there are few records from Cook County, and most of
them are old, we have found the species numerous at
nearby Hessville, Indiana. At Streator, La Salle Coun-
ty, it was common only in 1955, having been found only
once previously and not subsequently during more than
30 years of collecting. This butterfly is double-brooded,
and the extreme dates of collection are April 2 and
October 5.

Eurytides marcellus (Cramer)
Zebra swallowtail

Papilio marcellus Cramer 1777(2) :4
“Virginia’”) ; Klots 1951:179.

Papilio ajax: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:321.

Graphium marcellus: dos Passos 1964:37 (No. 269).

Illinois records.—Map 36.

E. marcellus is locally common to abundant, oc-
curring in close association with its host plant, paw-
paw (Asimina triloba). Individuals of the large, dark,

(type-locality

_ summer brood (lecontei) are more apt to stray from the

vicinity of the plants than those of the smaller, lighter,
and brighter spring brood. Records are lacking from
northwestern Illinois and from the northernmost tier
of counties (except Lake County). Jones & Fuller
(1955) indicate the absence of Astmina from this gen-

15

eral area, thus predicating similar absence of the but-
terfly. Their distribution map of Asimina is nearly
identical to that of marcellus, as is to be expected from
the close host-plant association. As indicated by Klots
(1951), there is considerable overlapping of broods in
this species, but in general the individuals of the early
spring brood are smaller and lighter, and have shorter
tails, than the later butterflies. The earliest date for
this brood is April 2 in southern Illinois (Union Coun-
ty), and for the northern area it is April 20 (La Salle
County). The latest date of capture is September 20
(Greene County). In the generic placement of this
species, we follow Munroe (1961).

PIERIDAE

Pieris protodice Boisduval & Le Conte
Checkered white

Pieris protodice Boisduval & Le Conte 1829:45 (type-
locality “New York and Connecticut”) ; Worthing-
ton 1880:47; Holland 1931:280; Klots 1951:200;
dos Passos 1964:39 (No. 277).

Illinois records.—Map 37.

The checkered white is fairly common throughout
Illinois, notwithstanding the probable harmful effect of
competition with Pieris rapae. Early reports of the state
entomologist of Illinois (Thomas 1878, 1880, 1881) in-
clude both protodice and oleracea among insects of
economic importance as pests of cabbage and other
Cruciferae. They could scarcely be so ranked today,
protodice having been almost entirely displaced from this
status by rapae. Earliest and latest dates of capture of
protodice in Illinois are March 7 and October 5, respec-
tively. Maximum numbers are reached in late August
and early September.

Pieris napi oleracea (Harris)
Mustard white

Pontia oleracea Harris 1829:402 (type-locality “New
Hampshire and Massachusetts’).

Pieris oleracea: Worthington 1880:47.

Pieris napi oleracea-hiemalis: Holland 1931:281.

Pieris napi oleracea: Klots 1951:201; dos Passos 1964:
39 (No. 278d).

This species formerly occurred in northern [Illinois
but is now apparently extinct in the state. We have
not seen any authentic specimens of Illinois oleracea,
but the statements of French (1878), Thomas (1880)
and Middleton (1881) leave no doubt of its presence.
Thomas said, “This species is found only in northern
latitudes, its range in this stage not extending even to
the central portion so far as I am aware,” while the
words of Middleton were that it was then “found only
in the northern part of the state.” The species was
not listed by Hart (1903). The distribution map of
oleracea in Scudder (1889) shows the northern tier of
counties lying within its range, whereas Blatchley
(1891) listed it as found sparingly in northern Indiana.
The present range of napi, and its southern limits, were
discussed by Hovanitz (1962) and Mather (1964). E.
oleracea now reaches southern Wisconsin and southern
lower Michigan.

There are four specimens of oleracea in the INHS
collection from the Selim H. Peabody collection. They

16

lack data, but it is possible that they are Illinois speci-
mens.

The usual explanation for the range restriction of
oleracea is the harmful competition imposed upon it
by P. rapae. This has without doubt played an impor-
tant role in its decline. However, as pointed out by
Hovanitz (loc. cit.), the reduction of forest cover has
probably been of equal if not greater importance in
this respect, by virtually eliminating favorable habitats
from the portion of the state formerly occupied by the
species. Whatever the cause, there seems little ques-
tion that oleracea has been extirpated from the Illinois
fauna, although there is a possibility that it might oc-
cur casually in the extreme northeastern part of the
state.

Pieris rapae (Linnaeus)
European cabbage butterfly

Papilio rapae Linnaeus 1758:468 (type-locality restrict-
ed to “Sweden” by Verity & Querci 1923:20).
Pieris rapae: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931: 282;
Klots 1951:200; dos Passos 1964:40 (No. 280).

Illinois records.—Map 38.

This butterfly is abundant throughout Illinois, par-
ticularly in cultivated areas. Early spring individuals
are smaller than those in later broods and have less
heavy dark markings; these are sometimes reduced to
a mere apical black spot, but we have never seen a
specimen from [Illinois in which the dark markings
were entirely absent.

P. rapae is an introduced European species, as its
common name implies, and is known to everyone as
an exceedingly destructive pest on cabbage and other
crucifers. It is foremost among all butterflies in eco-
nomic importance. It is believed to have reached Illi-
nois about 1876, and the first definite record of its
capture appears to have been at “Maplewood, west
of Chicago” in September, 1877, by Worthington
(French 1878; Thomas 1880), although Scudder
(1889) reported unauthenticated records of the insect
in Illinois as early as 1874. Within a few years it
had occupied the entire state, to the detriment not
only of its hosts but of the native species of Pieris: proto-
dice and napi oleracea.

The earliest and latest dates for rapae in Illinois
are March 27 and October 6.

Colias eurytheme Boisduval
Alfalfa butterfly, orange sulphur

Colias eurytheme Boisduval 1852:286 (type-locality
“California”); Worthington 1880:47; Holland
1931:297; Klots 1951:183; dos Passos 1964:41 (No.
286).

Illinois records.—Map 39.

Abundant throughout Illinois, eurytheme is proba-
bly our commonest butterfly. Despite a great deal of
study in recent years, the relationship between this
species and philodice is unclear. We have assigned all
specimens having any orange to eurytheme, and all clear
yellow specimens to philodice; Klots (1951) indicated
the reliability of this procedure with respect to eastern-
area material. As he pointed out, however, white fe-
males of the two species are not always distinguishable

from each other with certainty; the spots in the border
of the fore wing are usually somewhat larger in eury-
theme.

Individual variants are frequently encountered, near-
ly all of them females. One consistently occurring

variation has the upper surface of the fore wings white, .

sometimes with a buff suffusion, whereas the hind wings
are a light yellow or greenish yellow. White females
occasionally have this buff suffusion on both wings with-
out any yellow or orange. The dark borders of the
fore wings are occasionally very wide, accompanied by
an enlargement of the basal dark area, so that the light
area of the fore wings is much restricted. Such a white
female was taken at Streator, La Salle County, Septem-
ber 26, 1946, Irwin (INHS). In this individual the
hind wings are dark greenish yellow. A female taken
at Highland Park, Lake County, in August, 1961, by
May (FMNH) has the primaries and secondaries on
the left side yellow with those on the right side white.
Wyatt recorded a similar specimen taken by Bristol at
Elgin, Kane County (AKW). A number of melanic
aberrations of varying degree and of both sexes have
been taken in Illinois (FMNH).

The earliest date of capture of eurytheme in Illinois
is March 27. The latest date is December 7, at Arling-
ton Heights, Cook County, McElhose (FMNH). This
is the latest recorded date of flight for any butterfly in
Illinois. On the day previous to this date, Irwin ob-
served the species on the wing at Streator, La Salle
County.

Colias philodice Godart
Common or clouded sulphur

Colias philodice Godart 1819:100 (type-locality “North

America, particularly in Virginia’’) ;

Worthington —

1880:47; Holland 1931:293; Klots 1951:185; dos —

Passos 1964:41 (No. 287).

Illinois records.—Map 40.

The clouded sulphur is common and generally dis-
tributed throughout Illinois, although it is less abun-
dant than eurytheme. Like that species, philodice tends
to produce frequent individual variants, especially in
the female sex. Some have white fore wings and yel-
low or yellowish hind wings, analogous to the variation
in eurytheme. Others may have the light spots in the
fore-wing border nearly or wholly obsolete; these have
been found in both the white and yellow phases of the
female. Still others are more or less unique in manner
of variation. An example is a female taken at Streator,
La Salle County, September 18, 1960, Irwin (INHS).
In this individual the black of the borders is projected
inwardly along the veins, especially those of the hind
wings, giving it an odd appearance somewhat resem-
bling Colias cesonia. It was regarded by F. M. Brown
as a possible hybrid with cesonia but more likely a
mere mutant philodice. Another unusual female was
taken at Streator, La Salle County, 1942, Plumb
(INHS). The dark borders of its hind wing are as
wide and heavy as those of the fore wings, but without
white spots or the. incursion of white ground color, giv-
ing it a superficial appearance suggesting Colias meadit
Edwards. We list these variants to illustrate the type of
divergence which may be anticipated in the species.
Records are from April 10 through November 18. Both
eurytheme and philodice are multivoltine; the autumn

broods usually emerge in numbers about the middle of
September, and, as indicated by the late dates of cap-
ture, fly until the end of the season, very late in some
years.

Colias cesonia (Stoll)
Dog face

Papilio cesonia Stoll “1791” [1790]:176 (type-locality
“Georgia” ).

Colias caesonia: Worthington 1880:47.

Zerene caesonia: Holland 1931:292.

Colias cesonia: Klots 1951:189; dos Passos 1964:44
(No. 299).

Colias caesonia, gen. aut. rosa M’Neill 1889:44 (type-
locality “3 mi. E Moline, Rock Island County, Ili-
nois”’).

IIlinois records.—Map 41.

Records of this species are from throughout Illinois.
It is common southward, rarer in the northern counties.
Occasionally considerable numbers of the species are
found in more northern localities, especially at the Wau-
kegan Dunes (Illinois Beach State Park), Lake County.
Snyder (1896) recorded cesonia as “abundant” at
Evanston, Lake County, in 1895. C. cesonia is prob-
ably an immigrant in most of northern Illinois, but a
breeding resident further south and no doubt occasion-
ally in the north as well. Irwin took two newly emerged
males at Cornell, Livingston County, on August 16,
1966 (INHS) ; the dog face is consistently uncommon
to rare in that area. The cold weather form rosa, de-
scribed from Illinois, is the predominant autumn form
of the species. Extreme dates on record are April 5
and October 15, and most records have been made dur-
ing late summer and autumn (rosa).

The flight of cesonia is fast and strong, and this
species seldom rests other than when visiting flowers.

Phoebis sennae eubule (Linnaeus)
Cloudless sulphur

Papilio eubule Linnaeus 1767:764 (type-locality ‘“‘Caro-
lina’).

Callidryas eubule:
1931:289.

Phoebis sennae eubule:

1964:45 (No. 302).

Illinois records——Map 42.

Although there are no records for the northernmost
tier of counties, the cloudless sulphur probably occurs
at least sporadically in all parts of Illinois. It is gen-
erally rare in the northern portion of the state but oc-
casionally appears in some numbers, usually in late sum-
mer or autumn and probably as the result of migratory
movements. Irwin observed such movements at Streator,
La Salle County, August 12 through 14, 1946, and again
August 11 and 12, 1953. P. s. eubule appeared in great
numbers at Ramsey, Fayette County, where L. S. Phil-
lips saw or captured a total of 58 specimens on August
29 and 30, 1953 (LSP). There was a similarly impres-
Sive appearance of the insect at Urbana, Champaign
County, in August 1925 when 28 specimens were taken
by T. H. Frison (INHS). P. s. ewbule is common to
abundant in southern Illinois. C. L. Remington re-
ported it in “great numbers” at Elsah, Jersey County,

Worthington 1880:47; Holland

Klots 1951:190; dos Passos

17

late July through October (CLR). On August 31, 1969,
Irwin observed many individuals along Illinois High-
way 3 between East St. Louis and the Pine Hills, Union
County.

All Illinois sennae are probably of the subspecies
eubule. C. L. Remington (1943) listed two newly
emerged examples of the mainland tropical subspecies
P.s. marcellina (Cramer) from Elsah, Jersey County,
but since Klots (1951) regarded the subspecific classi-
fication of sennae as “extremely complex and largely
statistical,’ we believe it best to consider these speci-
mens as only similar to marcellina. Both French (1879)
and Worthington (1880) listed sennae and eubule sep-
arately. Exactly what they were calling by each name
cannot, of course, now be determined with certainty,
although French (loc. cit.) characterized sennae as hav-
ing the “ground color pale dirty yellow, marks heavier,”
instead of “clear pale yellow” as in eubule. Inclusive
dates for ewbule in Illinois are April 19 through Novem-
ber with most records being in August and September.

Phoebis philea (Johansson)
Orange barred sulphur

Papilio philea Johansson 1763:404 (type-locality “West
Indies’) .

Callidryas philea: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:
289

Phoebis philea: Klots 1951:191; dos Passos 1964:45
(No. 303).

Illinois records.—Coox County: presumably Evan-
ston or vicinity, 18/0 or before (Riley 1870) ; Chicago
(Humbolt Park), August 10, 1937, Sasko (VGS). We
have seen the latter specimen, a male, in the Sasko
collection. P. philea can only be regarded as casual
in Illinois. In view of the foregoing records, it may be
expected anywhere in the state, although probability
would favor its occurrence in the extreme southern
counties.

Eurema mexicana (Boisduval)
Mexican sulphur

Terias mexicana Boisduval 1836:655
“Mexico’”’).
Eurema mexicana: Holland 1931:301; Klots 1951:196;

dos Passos 1964:47 (No. 312).

Illinois records—CuampaicNn County: Champaign,
October 18-19, 1911, Frison (Frison 1919). Coox
County: Chicago, October 9, 1904, Beer (INHS) ;
Riverside, October 13, 1910, Mares (INHS) (Fig. 2).
Du Pace County: Ingalton, October 13, 1911, Mares
(INHS). Jersry County: Elsah (campus of Principia
College), fall 1940, C. L. Remington (CLR). Kane
County: Elgin, September 18, 1925, Bristol (AKW).

This is a species of rare appearance in Illinois in
autumn, probably as the result of migratory movements.
Frison (1919) described such an occurrence at Cham-
paign, Champaign County, when 14 specimens were
taken and many more seen “flying in flocks.” A speci-
men of mexicana in the INHS collection taken by Frison
at Champaign, dated August 18, 1911, is believed to be
one of those discussed in his paper, but with an error
in labeling, as he stated that none had been observed
prior to the October 1911 migration. The specimen

(type-locality

18

taken by Mares at Ingalton, Du Page County, on Octo-
ber 13 of the same year may have been a member of
the same migration. Apparently such occurrences of
mexicana in Illinois are sporadic and irregular.

There are also two records of this butterfly from
Hessville, Lake County, Indiana, both at the same time
of year as most of those from Illinois: October 16,
1904, and October 7, 1917, Wyatt (FMNH).

Eurema lisa (Boisduval & Le Conte)
Little sulphur

Xanthidia lisa Boisduval & Le Conte 1829:53 (type-
locality “United States’’).

Terias lisa: Worthington 1880: 47.

Eurema lisa: Holland 1931:302; Klots 1951:198; dos
Passos 1964:47 (No. 315).

Illinois records.—Map 43.

The little sulphur is found throughout Illinois and
is common. Light yellow to white females are frequent-
ly found. Earliest and latest dates on record are April
24 and October 23, and the species is most numerous
from late July through early September.

Eurema nicippe (Cramer)
Sleepy orange

Papilio nicippe Cramer 1780(3) :31 (type-locality “Vir-
ginia”’).

Terias nicippe: Worthington 1880:47.

Eurema nicippe: Holland 1931:301; Klots 1951:197;
dos Passos 1964:47 (No. 319).

Illinois records.—Map 44.

We have records of nicippe from throughout IIli-
nois except the extreme northwestern counties, where,
however, it probably also occurs. It is rare in the Chi-
cago area, where there is only one recent record. Else-
where in northern Illinois it is intensely local but often
abundant where it is found. It is probably commoner
and more widespread in the southern half of the state;
Holland (1931) spoke of its abundance there. In north-
ern Livingston County, just south of Streator along
the Vermilion River, it occupies a locality only a few
acres in extent, where it has fluctuated in numbers from
extreme abundance (1943-1954) through a decline
(1955-1958) and period of apparent absence (1959—
1962) to reappearance in 1963 and a gradual increase
since then. Similar restricted habitats probably occur
elsewhere in northern Illinois, where the host plant wild
senna (Cassia) occurs. Its decline at the Streator local-
ity was probably attributable to the rarity of its host;
the plant was not seen during the period the butterfly
was not present.

Of the thousands of nicippe we have seen and cap-
tured, only one has been of the rare yellow form
flava, a male taken at the above locality south of
Streator in Livingston County, September 10, 1963,
Irwin (INHS). There is another form with the under-
side reddish instead of the normal yellow, which is un-
known to us from the state. A few dwarfs of both sexes
have been taken.

There are probably three broods, with the third
emerging in mid-August and flying through September
(Streator) being the largest. The earliest and latest
records are April 15 (Evanston, Cook County) and ear-
ly November (Elsah, Jersey County).

Nathalis iole Boisduval
Dainty sulphur

Nathalis iole Boisduval 1836:589 (type-locality “Mexi-
co”): Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:283;
Klots 1951:199; dos Passos 1964:48 (No. 320).

Illinois records.—Map 45.

This tiny pierid is found throughout Illinois. It
varies in numbers from season to season; in some years,
such as 1931 and 1944, it was very abundant and in
other years it has been completely absent. It is rare in
Cook County, where the only records are as follows:
Chicago, October 4, 1931, 10 specimens, Wyatt and
Lustig (FMNH) ; Chicago, November 13, 1931, Weed
(FMNH) ; locality and date not specified, two speci-
mens, Leuschner (RL). Frison (INHS) took 51 speci-
mens at Havana, Mason County, October 7, 1931. The
earliest date on record is July 4 and the latest is Novem-
ber 13. Most records are from mid-August through
mid-October.

Anthocharis midea (Hubner)
Falcate orange tip

Mancipium vorax midea Hibner “1806” [1809]: Plate
142 (type-locality restricted to “Wilmington Island,
near Savannah, Georgia” by dos Passos & Klots
1969:6 by designation of neotype).

Anthocaris genutia: Worthington 1880:47; Klots 1951:
181.

Euchloé genutia: Holland 1931:287.

Anthocaris midea: dos Passos 1964:49 (No. 325).

Illinois records.—Map 46.

Apparently locally common to abundant in spring
in southern Illinois, A. midea is rare or absent north
of the approximate latitude of East St. Louis. The
northernmost record was in Putnam County, May 7,
1939, Glenn (MOG). Nielsen took 14 ¢ 4 and 12 22
at Wolf Lake Swamp, Union County, April 24, 1961,
and reported that he saw ‘“‘a thousand or more” (GN).
The species was reported as common in open woods,
mid-March to mid-May, at Elsah, Jersey County
(CLR). It is single-brooded and appears from mid-
March through May 14.

Cowan (1969) pointed out that the generic name
is properly spelled as we have indicated. The Illinois
population may be referable to the recently described
subspecies annickae dos Passos and Klots (loc. cit.).

Euchloé olympia (Edwards)
Olympia

Anthocaris olympia Edwards “1871” [1872]:266 (type-
locality “Coalburgh, West Virginia; Dallas, Texas”) ;
Worthington 1880:47.

Euchloé olympia: Holland 1931:285; Klots 1951:182;
dos Passos 1964:50 (No. 329).

Illinois records.—Bureau County: probably Ohio
Township, G. M. Dodge (Edwards 1884). Coox Coun-
Ty: Chicago, May 13, 1917, Wyatt (FMNH). Jersey
County: Elsah, “local and rare” (CLR). Lake Coun-
ty: Waukegan Dunes (Illinois Beach State Park) (Fig.
2), well established, common to abundant; many rec-
ords, May 10 through May 28.

E. olympia probably occurs locally elsewhere in IIli-

nois but may be overlooked. It strongly resembles Pieris
rapae in flight; for this reason, a sight record from
Peru, La Salle County, cannot be accepted. It is single-
brooded, with a short flight period.

RIODINIDAE

Calephelis muticum McAlpine
Swamp metalmark

Calephelis muticum McAlpine 1937:43 (type-locality
“Willis, Washtenaw County, Michigan’).

Lephelisca muticum: Klots 1951:123; dos Passos 1964:
51 (No. 343).

Illinois records.—Kane County: Elgin, July 12,
1930, July 19, 1930, Herz (FMNH); Elgin, July 12,
1939, (INHS) (Fig. 2); Elgin, July 31, 1920, July 19,
1931, Bristol (AKW).

Scudder (1889:790) recorded Calephelis borealis
from the “Township of Ohio” in Bureau County, G. M.
Dodge. The record probably refers to muticum, which
was undistinguished from borealis at that time, but
Scudder’s date of May 7 is inconsistent with the known
flight periods of both muticum and borealis. Records
by Worthington (1880) and Holland (1931) of bore-
alis from Illinois are probably traceable to the same
source. There is one brood, flying in late July as above.
Bristol (personal communication) reported the larvae
on swamp thistle in June.

Specimens from the “Chicago, Illinois . . . area” tak-
en by Wyatt are mentioned in the original description.
Nothing further is known of these specimens; the local-
ity citation may refer to Elgin, which lies within the
greater metropolitan area.

The generic name Calephelis has recently been vali-
dated, and Lephelisca suppressed, by’ the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (McAlpine

ISA).

LYCAENIDAE

Harkenclenus titus (Fabricius)
Coral hairstreak

Hesperia titus Fabricius 1793:297 (type-locality “in
Anglia”).

Thecla titus: Worthington 1880:48; Holland 1931: 242.

Strymon titus: Klots 1951:134.

Harkenclenus titus: dos Passos 1970:28 (No. 355).

Illinois records.—Map 47.

It is likely that titus occurs throughout Illinois. It is
rather common. H. titus is single-brooded, with dates
of capture between June 2 and August 22.

Satyrium liparops strigosa (Harris)
Striped hairstreak

Thecla strigosa Harris 1862a:101 (type-locality “Blue
Hill, Massachusetts”) ; Worthington 1880:48.

Thecla liparops: Holland 1931:235.

Strymon liparops strigosus: Klots 1951:158.

Satyrium liparops strigosa: dos Passos 1970:29 (No.
361b).

19

Illinois records.—Map 48.

S. liparops strigosa is widespread in Illinois, but ap-
parently local and usually occurring only as single in-
dividuals. Occasionally one finds it in greater num-
bers, as in the forest preserves near Willow Springs, Cook
County. Even at such times and places, however, it
never reaches the abundance of some of its congeners.
As an example of the nature of its occurrence, in August,
1966, Irwin took one specimen of strigosa during each
of four visits to the above locality, on the 5th, 6th, 9th,
and 12th. There is one brood, with dates of capture
from June 10 through August 12, but the insect is sel-
dom encountered after the end of July.

Satyrium calanus falacer (Godart)
Banded hairstreak

Polyommatus falacer Godart “1819” [1824]:633 (type-
locality “vicinity of Philadelphia, North America’).

Thecla calanus: Worthington 1880:48; Holland 1931:
234.

Strymon falacer: Klots 1951:137.

Satyrium calanus falacer: dos Passos 1970:29 (No.
363b).

Illinois records.—Map 49.

Recorded from throughout the state, this and H.
titus are Our most common and widespread hairstreaks.
S. calanus fayors much the same habitat as S. edward-
su and is frequently found in association with it. This
hairstreak may be confused with edwardsii and also with
S. caryaevorus, from which it may not always be dis-
tinguished by superficial characters. S. calanus is ap-
parently also single-brooded but has a longer flight
season than edwardsii. We have records from May 24
through August 9.

Lafontaine (1969, 1970) has recently described Sa-
tyrium boreale, a new hairstreak very close to falacer
but apparently founded upon good superficial as well
as genitalic differences. Inasmuch as this description
appeared during an advanced stage of the preparation
of the present list, it was not feasible to re-examine all
Illinois falacer to determine the possible occurrence of
the new species in the state. Lafontaine (loc. cit.) re-
corded it from Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and
its presence in Illinois is a distinct possibility.

Satyrium caryaevorus (McDunnough)
Hickory hairstreak

Strymon caryaevorus McDunnough 1942:1 (type-local-
ity “Merivale, Ontario”); Klots 1951:137.
Satyrium caryaevorus: dos Passos 1970:29 (No. 364).

Illinois records.—Apams County: Quincy, July
1899, Poling, determined by Orley R. Taylor, Jr.
(USNM). Jackson County: Carbondale, June 9,
1963, determined by J. C. Downey (JCD).

Downey (1966) listed caryaevorus only from Cook
County. Subsequent genitalic study of the material on
which this record was based has proven it to be S. cala-
nus falacer. The above records, not listed by Downey
(loc. cit.), are the only authenticated ones of caryae-
vorus from Illinois, but it may be expected to occur
anywhere in the state. S. caryaevorus is often virtually
indistinguishable from falacer by superficial characters,
so that genitalic examination is essential for correct de-

20

termination. The species is single-brooded, temporally
and spatially associated with the other commoner spe-
cies of the genus. As the name implies, it is a hickory
feeder.

Satyrium edwardsii (Saunders)
Edwards’ hairstreak

Thecla edwardsii Saunders 1869:98 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Queenstown, Ontario” by Michener &
dos Passos 1942:4 by designation of neotype) ; Wor-
thington 1880: 48.

Thecla edwardsi: Holland 1931:234.

Strymon edwardsii: Klots 1951:136.

Satyrium edwardsii: dos Passos 1970:29 (No. 365).

Illinois records.—Map 50.

S. edwardsii is locally common to abundant in as-
sociation with the host plant, oak (Quercus). Confusion
with §. calanus falacer is possible. This is a single-
brooded, midsummer butterfly, with earliest and latest
dates of observation June 12 and August 1.

In Illinois, edwardsii appears to be limited chiefly to
the northern half of the state, principally the north-
eastern portion. It has been recorded only once from
Streator, La Salle County, during 30 years of collecting
there, and the work of Downey and his associates in
southern Illinois did not disclose its presence. Thomas
Taylor found it abundant at Mason State Forest, Mason
County, where the adults were present on butterfly-weed
(Asclepias tuberosa) .

Satyrium acadica (Edwards)
Acadian hairstreak

Thecla acadica Edwards 1862a:55 (type-locality “Lon-
don, [Ontario]”); Worthington 1880:48; Holland
195237.

Strymon acadica: Klots 1951:136.

Satyrium acadica: dos Passos 1970:29 (No. 368).

Illinois records.—Map 51.

Except for an unconfirmed record from Alton in
Madison County, all records of acadica are from the
northeastern counties. It is frequent to common locally,
where the host plant, willow (Salix) occurs. There is
probably one brood; the species has been taken from
June 14 through August 22.

Eumaeus atala Poey
Atala

Eumenia atala Poey 1832(1): Plate Eumenia + text
3 p. (type-locality “Havana, Cuba’).

Eumaeus atala: Holland 1931:223; Klots 1951:132;
dos Passos 1970:30 (No. 370).

French (1900:395) recorded this species from Car-
bondale, Jackson County. Since it seems inconceivable
that he could have confused this distinctive species with
any other, we do not doubt the accuracy of the record.
However, we rely on the usual explanation of such oc-
currences: that the insect, in some stage of develop-
ment, may have been transported to Illinois, perhaps
on the Illinois Central Railroad, which has a direct line
between Carbondale and southern Florida. The but-
terfly is not a regular part of the Illinois fauna.

Calycopis cecrops (Fabricius)
Red banded hairstreak

Hesperia cecrops Fabricius 1793:270 (type-locality
“West Indies’’).

Thecla poeas: Worthington 1880:48.

Thecla cecrops: Holland 1931:239.

Strymon cecrops: Wlots 1951:133.

Calycopis cecrops: dos Passos 1970:30 (No. 379).

Illinois records.—Map 52.

The Cook County record is apparently a casual
stray. In southern Illinois, cecrops is rare but occurs
consistently and likely has local populations.

Callophrys polios (Cook & Watson)
Hoary elfin

Incisalia polios Cook & Watson 1907:202 (type-locality
“Lakewood, New! Jersey”) ; Klots 1951:147.

Thecla polios: Holland 1931:227.

Callophrys polios: dos Passos 1970:31 (No. 382).

Illinois records—Cook County: Chicago, May 7,
1911, Wyatt (FMNH). Laxe County: Waukegan
Dunes (Illinois Beach State Park) (Fig. 2), many speci-
mens, dates, collectors, and sources.

C. polios is well established and often common to
abundant at Illinois Beach State Park in association
with its host, bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). It
flies at about the same time as Euchloe olympia, the
other butterfly virtually endemic to that locality in Tlli-
nois but appears somewhat earlier. On May 12, 1951,
Leuschner found it “numerous almost beyond compre-
hension” there (RL). It probably does not reach this
level of abundance in every season but does occur con-
sistently and is usually common. The flight is close to
the ground, and the butterfly often rests on the food
plant. It is single-brooded. The earliest and latest dates
of capture are April 25 and May 28. but the flight
season is short and in any one year probably does not
exceed 2 weeks within this general period.

Callophrys irus (Godart)
Frosted elfin

Polyommatus trus Godart “1819” [1824]:674 (type-
locality “America?”’) .

Thecla irus: Worthington 1880:48; Holland 1931:226.

Incisalia irus: Klots 1951:148.

Callophrys irus: dos Passos 1970:31 (No. 383).

Illinois records—Lake County: Beach, May 10,
1922, Liljeblad, determined by J. C. Downey (INHS).

The male and female specimens of the above rec-
ord, the only positively known specimens of irus from
Illinois, were damaged in a fire at the University of
Northern Iowa in March, 1970, while being studied
by Downey. A single-brooded, rare, and local species of
early spring, 7rus may easily be confused with I. henrici.
It should be found elsewhere in Illinois. We have records
from nearby Lake County, Indiana.

Callophrys henrici (Grote & Robinson)
Henry’s elfin

Thecla henrici Grote & Robinson 1867b:174 (type-local-

ity “Philadelphia, [Pennsylvania]”) ; Holland 1931:
226.

Incisalia henrici: Klots 1951:147.

Callophrys henrici: dos Passos 1970:31 (No. 384).

Illinois records.—Map 53.

C. henrici is extremely local in Illinois, but appar-
ently frequent to common where it does occur. C. L.
Remington found it “unusually.common” at Elsah, Jer-
sey County (CLR); Glenn has taken it regularly in
Putnam County (MOG) (Fig. 2); and Ellis has found
it numerous near Danville, Vermilion County, flying
about red bud (Cercis canadensis) (TE). There is one
brood, appearing March 30 through May 9.

The species should be sought around red bud trees
in early spring when the trees are in full color. Adults
may be observed pirouetting around the treetops, rest-
ing on the blossoms, and ovipositing on the young leaves.

Callophrys niphon (Hubner)
Pine elfin

Licus niphon Hiibner “1818” [1823]: Plate 527 (type-
locality ‘“Florida’).

Thecla niphon: Worthington 1880:48; Holland 1931:
227.

Incisalia niphon: Klots 1951:149.

Callophrys niphon: dos Passos 1970:31 (No. 388).

Illinois records.—Jackson County: Giant City,
May 5, 1957 (S{U) ; Carbondale, April 21, 1958, Yates
(SIU). Pore County: 2 mi. S Herod, April 12, 1968,
Bouseman (JKB). ;

In the absence of additional records, it is difficult
to determine the true distribution and abundance of
niphon in Illinois. It is probably not common in any
Illinois localities, but should be expected to occur
throughout the state.

Callophrys gryneus (Hiibner)
Olive hairstreak

{Papilio damon Stoll (nec Denis & Schiffermuller) 1782
(4):208 (type-locality “Virginia’’) .

Lycus gryneus Hiibner “1816” [1819]:74 (new name).

Thecla smilacis: Worthington 1880:48.

Thecla gryneus: Holland 1931:231.

Mitoura gryneus: Klots 1951:141.

Callophrys gryneus: dos Passos 1970:32 (No. 394).

Illinois records.—Map 54.

The host of this hairstreak, red cedar (Juniperus vir-
giniana), is found nearly throughout Illinois, but our
records of the butterfly are not as generally distributed
as this would indicate; the species is local and may
have been overlooked in many localities. As shown by
the distribution map, nearly all of our records are from
localities near the Illinois or Mississippi rivers, and
gryneus may not be present in all areas where red cedar
occurs. C. gryneus is double-brooded. The earliest and
latest dates for the first brood are April 22 and May
18; for the second, June 27 and July 19.

Thomas Taylor (personal communication) _ states
that gryneus is local but common when found. It flies
near the tops of the cedar trees and if disturbed it
darts out from the tree and returns quickly, often to
the same perch. The males are particularly inclined

21

to remain near the treetops. Taylor found the species
common at Mason State Forest, Mason County, and
at Jubilee College State Memorial, Peoria County, and
Downey considers the species common in southern Illi-
nois.

Atlides halesus (Cramer)
Great purple hairstreak

Papilio halesus Cramer 1777(2):3 (type-locality “Vir-
ginia’’).

Thecla halesus: Holland 1931:224.

Atlides halesus: Klots 1951:133; dos Passos 1970:33
(No. 408).

Illinois records—Union County: Pine Hills, Sep-
tember 17, 1966, Persons (INHS).

This hairstreak was attributed to Illinois by Hol-
land, Klots, and other authors, probably on the basis
of old published records which we were unable to
locate; the above is the only positive Illinois record
known to us. The specimen was taken while sweeping
for other insects and was severely damaged. A. halesus
is probably only a rare casual in the extreme south.
Shapiro (1966) says halesus is not resident north of
the range of live oak (Quercus virginiana), which lies
far to the south of Illinois.

Euristrymon ontario (Edwards)
Northern hairstreak

Thecla ontario Edwards “1868” [1869]:209 (type-local-
ity “Port Stanley, Ontario”); Holland 1931:235.

Strymon ontario: Klots 1951:135.

Euristrymon ontario: dos Passos 1970:34 (No. 412).

Illinois records.—Jackson County: Carbondale,
May 22, 196+, May 14, 1965, Downey (JCD). Jersry
County: Elsah, May 30, 1941, May 30, 1942, C. L.
Remington (CLR).

E. ontario is rare in Illinois but mav be expected
anywhere in the state. It should not be limited, as im-
plied by Downey (1966) on the basis of the few records,
to the southern portion of the state.

Panthiades m-album (Boisduval & Le Conte)
White M hairstreak

Thecla m-album Boisduval & Le Conte 1833:86 (type-
locality “Georgia’’) ; Worthington 1880:48; Holland
19317229)

Strymon m-album: Klots 1951:133.

Panthiades m-album: dos Passos 1970:34 (No. 414).

Illinois records.—Map 55.
This hairstreak (Fig. 2) is widespread but rare and
erratic in Illinois.

Strymon melinus humuli (Harris)
Gray hairstreak

Thecla humuli Harris 1841:215 (type-locality “Massa-
chusetts”) ; Worthington 1880:48.

Thecla melinus: Holland 1931:235.

Strymon melinus: Klots 1951:134; dos Passos 1970:34
(No. 417).

Illinois records.—Map 56.

22

Although melinus occurs throughout Illinois and is
abundant in the southern portion of the state, it is un-
common to rare northward. There are few records from
Cook County. At Streator, La Salle County, only seven
specimens have been taken from 1941 through 1969
(RRI). S. melinus is apparently double-brooded, with
earliest and latest record dates of April 21 and Octo-
ber 2.

Comparison of Illinois melinus with material from
other states indicates the need for much study of this
rather variable species to determine the validity of the
subspecies within the taxon. Pending such investiga-
tion we assign all Illinois populations to the subspecies
humuli (Harris).

Lycaena thoe (Guérin-Méneville)
Bronze copper

Polyommatus thoe Guérin-Méneville 1831: Plate 81
(type-locality “North America”).

Chrysophanus thoe: Worthington
1931: 248.

Lycaena thoe: Klots 1951:152; dos Passos 1964:60 (No.
433).

1880:48; Holland

Illinois records.—Map 57.

The bronze copper is generally distributed through-
out Illinois, and is locally frequent, sometimes com-
mon. Although generally regarded as a wet-ground spe-
cies, we have often found it in drier environments, even
on occasion within the limits of cities. The allotype fe-
male of the aberration wyatti Gunder, in which the dark
spots of the fore wings are elongated and coalesce, was
taken at Chicago, Cook County, September 15, 1907,
by A. K. Wyatt. There are two broods. Extreme dates
of capture of thoe in Illinois are May 17 and Novem-
ber 3. The second brood, appearing in August, seems
to be slightly larger in numbers than the first. It should
be sought near its food plant, curly dock (Rumex cris-

pus L.).

Lycaena xanthoides dione (Scudder)
Great copper

Chrysophanus dione Scudder 1868b:401 (type-locality
“Denison and New Jefferson, Iowa”) ; Worthington
1880:48; Holland 1931:248.

Lycaena xanthoides dione: Klots 1951:154; dos Pas-
sos 1964:60 (No. 435b).

Illinois records.—Map 58.

This butterfly (Fig. 2) is common in the northern
portion of Illinois but not recorded from the southern
third of the state, where it may not occur. Although
the species is listed by Worthington and there is a rec-
ord from Normal, McLean County, in 1873 (INHS),
most Illinois records are relatively recent, and there is
evidence that dione is increasing in numbers and distri-
bution in Illinois. Wyatt regarded it as a newcomer
to the Chicago area (AKW). We did not find it at
Streator, La Salle County, until 1954, when a very re-
stricted colony was discovered along the Santa Fe rail-
road tracks just east of the city. Since then, it has spread
into the city itself. L. x. dione is single-brooded. The
earliest date of capture is June 9, and the latest July
30, but the main flight season is from the third week
of June through the middle of July.

Lycaena helloides (Boisduval)
Purplish copper

Polyommatus helloides Boisduval 1852:291 (type-local-
ity “San Francisco, California’).

Chrysophanus helloides: Holland 1931:249.

Lycaena helloides: Klots 1951:153; dos Passos 1964:61
(No. 440).

Illinois records.—Map 59.

Although all of our records are from the northeast-
ern counties, L. helloides undoubtedly occurs through-
out at least the northern third of the state. It is unlike-
ly that there is a distributional break in northwestern
Illinois; its apparent absence probably reflects the gen-
eral lack of adequate collecting coverage in the area.
L. helloides is extremely local but is often common to
abundant where found. It occurs frequently in associa-
tion with L. thoe. The species was abundant at Goose
Lake Prairie, Grundy County, on July 18, 1970. There
were several exceedingly localized colonies, each only a
few hundred square yards in extent, in which helloides
abounded together with L. thoe. These colonies were
separated by areas in which no helloides were to be seen,
although thoe was present everywhere. There is a well-
established colony at Burnham, Cook County. The
southernmost records in Illinois are from Streator, La
Salle County, and Beaverville, Iroquois County. At the
former locality, only a single example of helloides has
been taken (October 1, 1950, Irwin, INHS), but Ir-
win Leeuw (personal communication) found it com-
mon at Beaverville in late July, 1970.

The earliest and latest dates for the species in Illi-
nois are May 19 and October 21, but the most records
are from late July through September. The butterfly
is double-brooded and the second brood, emerging near
the end of August, is somewhat the larger in numbers.

Lycaena phlaeas americana Harris
American copper

Lycaena americana Harris 1862b:273 (type-locality
“Massachusetts’’) .

Chrysophanus americana: Worthington 1880:48.

Chrysophanus hypophlaeas: Holland 1931:251.

Lycaena phlaeas americana: Klots 1951:151; dos Pas-
sos 1964:61 (No. 443a).

Illinois records.—Map 60.

This copper is locally frequent, sometimes common,
and is generally distributed throughout Illinois. Individ-
ual variants, including the aberration fasciata (Strecker) ,
are often encountered. The species has been taken from
April 27 through October 19.

Individuals tend to be local, and colonies may be
found in the same relative spot year after year. They
feed on curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) often in compe-
tion with L. thoe.

Leptotes marina (Reakirt)
Marine blue

Lycaena marina Reakirt 1868:87 (type-locality “Oriza-
ba and near Vera Cruz, Mexico”) ; Holland 1931:
272.

Leptotes marinus: Klots 1951:158.

Leptotes marina: dos Passos 1964:62 (No. 449).

Illinois records—Coox County: Forest View, near

Lyons, August 18, 1933, Mares (INHS) (Fig. 2). Mer-
cer County: Hamlet, September 5, 1953, Conway
(Conway 1956).

This species is probably only a rare casual in Illinois.

Hemiargus isola (Reakirt)
Reakirt’s blue

Lycaena isola Reakirt 1866b:332 (type-locality “near
Vera Cruz, Mexico”) ; Holland 1931:271.

Hemiargus isolus: Klots 1951:159.

Hemiargus isola: dos Passos 1964:63 (No. 453).

Illinois records.—Map 61.

C. L. Remington (1942) discussed isola in the Mid-
west with special reference to Illinois. He indicated
that isola is a breeding resident of the states east of the
Mississippi in which it is found. Although it is appar-
ently rare in these states, this rarity may be illusory rather
than actual, since isola is widely overlooked where it
does occur because of its close resemblance to Everes
comyntas in the field. Collectors should keep this species
in mind, and examine as many apparent “comyntas”’
as possible to locate it.

Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov
Melissa blue, Karner blue

Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov 1943:97 (type-local-
ity “Albany, New York’’) ; Klots 1951:165; dos Pas-
sos 1964:64 (No. 455e).

Lycaena scudderii: Worthington 1880:48.

Lycaena scudderi: Holland 1931:263.

The only known Illinois specimens of this species are
a male and female in the INHS collection, from the
Andreas Bolter collection, labeled only “N. Ill.” (Fig.
2). The species was attributed to Illinois by Klots
(1951). Nabokov (1949) said that samuelis may occur
on the “western side of the southern end of Lake Michi-
gan.” This may refer to the Waukegan Dunes (IlIli-
nois Beach State Park), an area apparently well suited
to the occurrence of the species. The Dunes have, how-
ever, been very well collected for many years, and we
know of no samuelis from there in any collection. The
host, lupine (Lupinus perennis), occurs in “sandy soil,
local, Northern III.” according to Jones & Fuller (1955).
If samuelis still occurs at all in the state, it must be in
very small, intensely localized colonies where the food
plant occurs. Such a colony still exists near Hessville,
Indiana, occupying an area only a few hundred square
yards in size, beyond which samuelis very seldom strays.
Shapiro (1966) regarded this as the most local butter-
fly of the northeastern states. Downey (1966) also dis-
cussed the occurrence of samuelis in Illinois. This is
another species which may have become extinct in IIli-
nois since the time of Worthington and Bolter, as a
possible result of ecological changes.

Everes comyntas (Godart)
Eastern tailed blue

Polyommatus comyntas Godart “1819” [1824]:660 (type-
locality “North America”).

Lycaena comyntas: Worthington 1880:48; Holland
1931: 269.

Everes comvntas: Klots 1951:163; dos Passos 1964:66
(No. 469).

23

Illinois records.—Map 62.

This is one of the commonest butterflies of Illinois.
It is abundant and generally distributed throughout the
state. The name meinersi Field applies to the spring
form of the species, in which females possess much blue
dorsally. We have records of comyntas from nearly every
county, more than for any other butterfly species. The
earliest date of capture is April 21, and it has been taken
as late as November 29 (Williamson County).

The species is multiple-brooded, and adults often
show a degree of seasonal variation. For example, spring
males are usually paler than summer forms, and females
show moderate to extensive blue scaling dorsally. Sum-
mer females are dark brown dorsally with little or no
blue scaling.

Glaucopsyche lygdamus couperi Grote
Silvery blue

Glaucopsyche coupert Grote 1874:185 (type-locality
“Anticosti Island”).

Lycaena lygdamas: Worthington 1880:48.

Lycaena lygdamus: Holland 1931:262.

Glaucopsyche lygdamus couperi: Klots 1951:168; dos
Passos 1964:68 (No. 479c).

Illinois records.—Map 63.

Apparently limited to extreme northeastern Illinois,
couperi (Fig. 2) has been locally common in the past
but is now believed to be confined to only a few locali-
ties. The principal colonies were at Palos Park, Cook
County, and near Elgin, Kane County. We believe the
species to be extinct at Palos Park, due to construction
in the very restricted area where it occurred; the last
known captures there were by Leuschner in 1951 (RL).
It apparently still survives near Elgin, where Bristol has
taken it as recently as May 2, 1963 (JRH). The only
other recent Illinois record is from near, Chain-o-Lakes
Park, Lake County, May 23, 1954, Perkins (OAP). All
other records are relatively old. There is one brood,
and the species has been taken from April 13 through
May 30.

Holland (1931) thought that lygdamus and couperi
were separate species, with the latter having a more
boreal distribution, and lygdamus applying to our pop-
ulation. Bower (1911) reported that the Palos Park
populations utilized two species of Lathyrus as a lar-
val food plant. Adults were on the wing in early May.

Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus
(Boisduval & Le Conte)
Spring azure

Argus pseudargiolus Boisduval & Le Conte 1833:118
(type-locality “United States”).

Lycaena pseudargiolus: Worthington 1880:48; Hol-
land 1931:256.

Lycaenopsis argiolus pseudargiolus: Klots 1951:169.

Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus: dos Passos 1964:69
(No. 481b).

Illinois records.—Map 64.

This species is common and generally distributed
throughout Illinois. It has exceedingly complex season-
al variation and brood relationships. Spring individuals
are smaller than those in the summer and tend to be
confined to woods. Illinois spring material appears to

24

represent the form violacea (Edwards). A single in-
dividual representing or approaching marginata (Ed-
wards) is in the INHS collection, labeled only “N. Ill.”
The larger members of the summer brood tend to
range more widely into open country and appear to
be neglecta (Edwards). F. M. Brown regarded speci-
mens taken at Streator, La Salle County, March 28,
1946, April 28, 1954, and June 15, 1954, Irwin (INHS)
as intermediates between violacea and neglecta. The
relationships between the various forms of this species
are much more complex than the above very general-
ized statements imply. Shapiro (1966) gave an account
of the species as it exists in the Delaware Valley of Penn-
sylvania; it is likely that similar relationships between
the forms of the species prevail in Illinois. All Illinois
material appears to be of the subspecies pseudargiolus.
We have seen nothing approaching C., a. lucia (Kirby)
from the state, nor do we regard its occurrence here
as probable, although it was listed as a separate species
by French (1879). Extreme dates of Illinois records
are March 28 and September 5.

In the Pine Hills, Union County, the immature
stages feed on New Jersey tea, Ceanothus americanus
L. var. pitchert Torr.

LIPHYRIDAE

Feniseca tarquinius (Fabricius)
Harvester

Hesperia tarquinius Fabricius 1793:319 (type-locality
“West Indies’’).

Feniseca tarquinius: Worthington 1880:48; Holland
1931:245; Klots 1951:150; dos Passos 1964:59 (No.
429)

Illinois records.—Map 65.

The harvester is probably generally distributed in
Illinois. The lack of records from many areas probably
reflects lack of collecting, or overlooking of the species,
rather than its absence. Although it is usually scarce
and sporadic in appearance, only one or two adults at
a time ordinarily being observed, records indicate that
it may occasionally appear in greater numbers—“many”
at Northbrook, Cook County, September 7 through
September 18, 1967 (Heitzman 1968) and “several”
at Elsah, Jersey County, July 14, 1943, Starrett (CLR).
The flight is slow, and peculiarly wandering with many
gyrations. Harvesters have been recorded from April
14 through November.

In placing this species in the family Liphyridae we
follow Clench (1955).

The larvae of tarquinius are carnivorous on various
species of woolly aphids and represent the only North
American butterfly with obligate animal-eating habits.
The aphid hosts show up readily on their host plants,
mainly alder (Alnus) and beech (Fagus).

LIBYTHEIDAE
Libytheana bachmanii (Kirtland)
Snout butterfly

Libythea bachmanii Kirtland 1851:189 (type-locality
“Mahoning County, Ohio”).

Libythea bachmanni: Worthington 1880:48; Holland
1931:210.

Libytheana bachmanniu: Klots 1951:121.

Libytheana bachmanu: dos Passos 1964:70 (No. 482).

Illinois records.—Map 66.

The status of this distinctive butterfly in Illinois is
parallel to that of the preceding species. It is probably
statewide in occurrence, although records are lacking
from the northwestern counties. L. bachmanii is spo-
radic and generally uncommon but occasionally appears
in large numbers in southern Illinois. According to
Klots (1951) it is multivoltine. Date records range
from May 8 through September 17.

NYMPHALIDAE

Anaea andria Scudder
Goatweed butterfly

Anaea andria Scudder 1875:248 (type-locality “Mis-
sissippi Valley westward to Great Plains; Texas”) ;
Holland 1931:173; Klots 1951:117; dos Passos 1964:
70 (No. 484).

Paphia audria: Worthington 1880:48 (lapsus calami).

Illinois records.—Map 67.

We have no records of this butterfly from the north-
western counties, and it may not be present there. Else-
where there are only scattered records. The species is
local and rare northward, becoming commoner south-
ward and abundant in southern Illinois. At Streator,
La Salle County, we found it one of the rarest of all
regularly occurring butterflies. There was a small col-
ony within the city limits which was destroyed about
1944; the species has been taken only twice since then.
At Elsah, Jersey County, however, Remington regarded
it as “one of our commonest nymphalid butterflies”
(CLR). These extremes illustrate the dramatic increase
in abundance of andria from north to south in the state.
There are two broods, the first in mid-July and the
second, in greater numbers, appearing in mid-August.
The second brood hibernates and reappears in the spring,
flying until the end of June. The earliest and latest rec-
ords for this species in Illinois are from April 5 through
November.

Asterocampa celtis (Boisduval & Le Conte)
Hackberry butterfiy

Apatura celtis Boisduval & Le Conte 1833:210 (type-
locality “Georgia”) ; Worthington 1880:48.

Asterocampa celtis: Holland 1931:168; Klots 1951:120;
dos Passos 1964:71 (No. 492).

Illinois records.—Map 68.

The hackberry butterfly is generally distributed
throughout Illinois and is locally common in associa-
tion with its host, hackberry (Celtis). A. celtis is double-
brooded. The extreme dates of capture are April 4 and
September 24, and the period of greatest abundance
is in August. Individuals show a marked tendency to
return to the same perch when sunning and will dart
out at any insect flying past. They are almost pug-
nacious at times and may return to the shoulders or
net of the collector if they once alight out of curiosity.

Asterocampa clyton (Boisduval & Le Conte)
Tawny emperor

Apatura clyton Boisduval & Le Conte 1833:208 (type-
locality “southern United States’); Worthington
1880:48.

Asterocampa clyton: Holland 1931:169; Klots 1951:
119; dos Passos 1964:71 (No. 494).

Illinois records.—Map 69.

This species occurs throughout Illinois. It is local,
usually associated with A. celtis and having the same
host plant, and is far less common than celtis. A. clyton
tends to fly and rest higher in the trees than does celtis
and may thus be overlooked. Dimorphism exists in
both sexes; some specimens having light hind wings
with prominent spots (typical clyton), others having the
hind wings heavily suffused with black (proserpina). A.
clyton is probably single-brooded in Illinois. The ear-
liest and latest dates of appearance are June 18 and
August 30.

Limenitis arthemis arthemis (Drury)
White admiral, banded purple

Papilio arthemis Drury 1773(2) :17 (type-locality “New
York”).

Limenitis arthemis: Worthington 1880:48; Klots 1951:
115; dos Passos 1964:74 (No. 516).

Basilarchia arthemis: Holland 1931: 164.

Platt & Brower (1968), on the basis of genetic studies
and genitalic characters, established that Limenitis
arthemis and L. astyanax, long considered separate spe-
cies, are actually conspecific. In the narrow belt of ter-
ritory where the ranges of the northern arthemis and
the southern astyanax meet, there appear various inter-
grades between the two subspecies. Northern Illinois
lies within this zone, and several such intergrades have
been taken there. Various names have been proposed
for these intergrades, principally proserpina Edwards
and albofasciata Newcomb, but we prefer to discuss the
Illinois intergrades in terms of the categories of inter-
gradation erected by Platt & Brower (loc. cit.) on the
basis of the degree of expression of the white band.
Such intergrades are rarely met within northern IIli-
nois, but the few that we have examined represent al-
most all categories in intergradation between arthemis
and astyanax.

A specimen taken at Chicago, Cook County, no date,
Selinger (FMNH) is indistinguishable from typical
arthemis except for the absence of red spots on the
dorsal hind wing, and the presence of two rows of
blue-green iridescent patches; the white bands are com-
plete and fully developed. Another taken at Oak Park,
Cook County, July 29, 1946, Solem (FMNH) is similar,
except that the bands, while complete, are slightly nar-
rower. This agrees closely with Platt & Brower’s Cate-
gory 2. A similar example was captured in a forest pre-
serve near Willow Springs, Cook County, August 23,
1966, Brady (TGB). Category 3 is represented by a
specimen taken at Streator, La Salle County, August
19, 1946, Irwin (INHS) (Fig. 3). Ancther from Chi-
cago, Cook County, June 15, 1902, Gerhard (FMNH)
appears to fall within Category 4. These are the only
Illinois intergrades we have examined. Others have
been reported to us during this study or recorded in

25

the literature, but in the absence of specimens it is im-
possible to determine the degree of intergradation which
they represent. We have not seen entirely typical ar-
themis from Illinois and doubt that it occurs, since the
state lies somewhat south of its normal range. French
(1879) listed proserpina as a separate- species, but
Worthington (1880) considered it a variety of arthemis.
Blatchley (1891) recorded arthemis from Lake Coun-
ty, Indiana, taken by Worthington, and Masters &
Masters (1969) listed it from Lake and Porter coun-
ties, Indiana. All these records may be based on ar-
themis-like intergrades, but the possibility of the occur-
rence of the nominate subspecies in extreme northern
Illinois as a casual cannot be entirely ruled out.

Limenitis arthemis astyanax (Fabricius)
Red spotted purple

Papilio astyanax Fabricius 1775:447
“America’’) .

Limenitis ursula: Worthington 1880:48.

Basilarchia astyanax: Holland 1931: 164.

Limenitis arthemis astyanax: Klots 1951:116.

Limenitis astyanax: dos Passos 1964:74 (No. 517).

(type-locality

Illinois records.—Map 70.

This, the southern subspecies of arthemis, is common
and statewide in distribution. Extreme dates of cap-
ture in Illinois are April 25 and September 9.

Limenitis archippus (Cramer)
Viceroy, mimic

Papilio archippus Cramer 1776(1):24 (type-locality
Jamaica”) .

Limenitis dissippus: Worthington 1880:48.

Basilarchia archippus: Holland 1931:165.

Limenitis archippus: Klots 1951:114; dos Passos 1964:
75 (No. 518).

Illinois records.—Map 71.

The viceroy is a common and familiar butterfly found
throughout Illinois. The earliest and latest dates of ob-
servance for this species are May 9 and September 20,
and it is most numerous in late July and August.

The larvae feed on willow (Salix) and poplar (Pop-
ulus), and adults are usually seen in open meadows
and roadsides, most commonly where the host plants
occur.

Vanessa atalanta rubria (Fruhstorfer)
Red admiral

Pyrameis atalanta rubria Fruhstorfer 1909:94 (type-
locality restricted to “Mexico” by Field 1971:17 by
designation of lectotype).

Pyrameis atalanta: Worthington 1880:48.

Vanessa atalanta: Holland 1931:153; Klots 1951:107;
dos Passos 1964:77 (No. 527).

Illinois records.—Map 72.

Another common butterfly statewide in distribution,
the red admiral is one of the earliest nymphalids to
appear in the spring. There are at least two broods,
and the long flight season suggests the possibility of an
additional brood. Extreme dates of capture are March
27 and November 4. Field (1971) showed that the

26

North American population of this Holarctic butterfly is
properly referred to the subspecies rubria (Fruhstorfer).

Cynthia virginiensis (Drury)
American painted lady
Papilio cardui virginiensis Drury 1773(1):10 (type-
locality restricted to “Virginia” by Field 1971:49).
Pyrameis huntera: Worthington 1880:48.
Vanessa virginiensis: Holland 1931:154; Klots 1951:
108; dos Passos 1964:77 (No. 528).

Illinois records.—Map 73.

This insect, formerly known as Hunter’s butterfly,
occurs throughout Illinois and is frequent to common.
Like V. atalanta, it is characteristic of spring when over-
wintered individuals appear, but it flies throughout the
season until autumn. Although Klots (1951) stated that
virginiensis is subject to the fluctuations in numbers
which are characteristic of the genus, Shapiro (1966)
disagreed with this statement. Our observations of the
species in Illinois lead us to concur with the latter au-
thor. Probably there are three broods in Illinois. The
earliest date of capture is April 13 and the latest is
October 2. In the generic placement of this species
and the next we follow Field (1971).

Cynthia cardui (Linnaeus)
Painted lady, cosmopolite

Papilio cardui Linnaeus 1758:475 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Sweden” by Verity & Querci 1924:42).

Pyrameis cardui: Worthington 1880:48.

Vanessa cardui: Holland 1931:154; Klots 1951:107;
dos Passos 1964:77 (No. 529).

Illinois records.—Map 74.

The painted lady, generally considered the most wide-
ly distributed butterfly in the world, has been recorded
from all parts of Illinois. It is, however, subject to
great variation in abundance from year to year, in some
seasons being common to abundant, and in others ex-
tremely scarce or virtually absent. The species is strong-
ly migratory, and it is believed that breeding popula-
tions are reinforced by immigration during periods of
abundance. The controlling factors of this fluctuation
are not known with certainty. As in other species of
Cynthia, there is also seasonal variation in size and color,
the ‘“‘wet” forms being large and brightly colored and
“dry” forms being smaller and duller. Exceedingly aber-
rant individuals also occur from time to time, but none
is known from Illinois. Records of capture range from
April 7 through October 5.

Precis coenia (Hubner)
Buckeye

Junonia coenia Hibner “1806” [1822]: Plate 245 (type-
locality restricted to “Cuba” by Comstock 1944:
453) ; Holland 1931:156; dos Passos 1964:78 (No.
Hil)

Junonia lavinia: Worthington 1880:48.

Precis lavinia coenia: Klots 1951:108.

Illinois records.——Map 75.

Although Klots (1951) stated that there is a lack
of complete understanding of the relationships of the
various forms of this species, the student of Illinois but-
terflies need not concern himself with this problem, for

all Illinois material appears to be homogeneous and
to represent the nominate coenia. However, the season-
al variation that characterizes the species, e.g. “wet”
and “dry” forms, does exist. We believe that P. coenia
occurs throughout Illinois, and probably breeds through-
out the state as well, but the resident population is
thought to be annually reinforced, especially north-
ward, by immigration from the south. The species ap-
pears to be less common northward. P. coenia is evi-
dently double-brooted, and the second (mid-August)
brood is larger in numbers than the first. It has been
taken from April 24 through October 29 but is most
numerous in late July through September. Adults are
wary insects, exceedingly difficult to approach. We
follow Tilden (“1970” [1971]) in uniting the genera
Precis and Junonia.

Nymphalis vau-album j-album
(Boisduval & Le Conte)
Compton tortoise shell

Vanessa j-album Boisduval & Le Conte 1833:185 (type-
locality “New York, Philadelphia, and New Har-
mony, Indiana’’).

Grapta j-album: Worthington 1880:48.

Aglais j-album: Holland 1931:152.

Nymphalis j-album: Klots 1951:105.

Nymphalis vau-album j-album: dos Passos 1964:78 (No.
533a).

Illinois records.—Map 76.

Recorded only from Cook, Lake, and Kane counties
in extreme northeastern Illinois, this distinctive but-
terfly occurs there consistently but usually rarely, prob-
ably at the southern limits of its range in the United
States. In some seasons, however, e. g. 1893 (Snyder
1896) and 1949 (P. S. Remington 1949) it appears
in greater numbers than usual. The species is notably
periodic, and it is probable that these seasons of com-
parative numbers coincide with its years of abundance
farther north in the main portion of its range. It
probably does not breed in our area. The species has
been recorded on March 27 (probably an overwin-
tered individual) and from July 15 through October 22.

Nymphalis californica (Boisduval)
California tortoise shell

Vanessa californica Boisduval 1852:306 (type-locality
“California’’) .

Aglais californica: Holland 1931:152.

Nymphalis californica: Klots 1951:278; dos Passos 1964:
78 (No. 534).

Illinois records—Coox County: Chicago, at light
inside building on Illinois Institute of Technology cam-
pus, August 20, 1952, L. S. Phillips (FMNH) (Phillips
1961, 1966).

Obviously casual, the specimen was probably trans-
ported here by artificial means in some developmental
stage. However, the species has also been found in
Michigan (Moore 1960), Iowa (Phillips 1966), Penn-
sylvania (Clench 1954), and New York (Klots 1951).

Nymphalis milberti (Godart)
Milbert’s tortoise shell

Vanessa milberti Godart 1819:307 (type-locality re-

stricted to “Philadelphia, Pennsylvania” by dos Pas-
sos 1938:72); Worthington 1880:48.

Aglais milberti: Holland 1931:153.

Nymphalis milberti: Klots 1951:106; dos Passos 1964:
78 (No. 535).

Illinois records.—Map 77.

Like N. v-a. j-albuin, milberti is a species of variable
numbers from year to year. In normal seasons it is
rare or absent in northern Illinois, but in years of
abundance it may be found in some numbers. One such
year was 1967, when it was taken in several localities,
especially at Freeport, Stephenson County in August
and September (RAA), and also at Streator, La Salle
County, where it had not previously been found. Also
abundant in 1949 in the Chicago area (P.S. Reming-
ton 1949). N. milberti is found much more frequently
than N. v-a. j-album and extends farther south in IIli-
nois. It has been taken from June 11 through Novem-
ber 11, but the majority of records are between late
August and early October.

Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus)
Mourning cloak

Papilio antiopa Linnaeus 1758:476 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Sweden” by Verity & Querci 1924:43).

Vanessa antiopa: Worthington 1880:48.

Aglais antiopa: Holland 1931:153.

Nymphalis antiopa: Klots 1951:106; dos Passos 1964:
79 (No. 536).

Illinois records.—Map 78.

The mourning cloak is generally distributed in Ili-
nois and is common. Shapiro (1966) stated that it is
subject to the same periodicity as its congeners, but our
observations of the species in Illinois seem to indicate
that this fluctuation in numbers, if present at all, is
much less noticeable ‘in this butterfly than in its rela-
tives. The species hibernates as an adult, emerging ear-
ly in the spring and flying throughout the season. The
insect has one of the longest seasons of any of the Illi-
nois butterflies, appearing as early as March 3 and as
late as November 20.

Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius)
Question mark

Papilio interrogationis Fabricius 1798:424 (type-locality
“North America”).

Grapta interrogationis: Worthington 1880:48.

Polygonia interrogationis: Holland 1931:149; Klots
1951:102; dos Passos 1964:79 (No. 537).

Illinois records.—Map 79.

The question mark is the largest, commonest, and
most familiar member of the genus Polygonia and is
statewide in distribution. It is seasonally dimorphic;
we have found the lighter winter form fabricii (= typical
interrogationis) a little less common than the dark sum-
mer form umbrosa. Earliest and latest dates of capture
in Illinois are April 13 and November 3.

Polygonia comma (Harris)
Hop merchant, comma

Vanessa comma Harris 1841:221 (type-locality “Massa-
chusetts”’) .

27

Grapta comma: Worthington 1880:48.
Polygonia comma: Holland 1931:149; Klots 1951:103;
dos Passos 1964:79 (No. 538).

Illinois records.—Map 80.

The comma is, like the question mark, found through-
out Illinois but is less common than that species. It ex-
hibits similar seasonal dimorphism. Overwintered adults
frequently appear in March and are among the earliest
butterflies on the wing in early spring. Records range
from March 17 to November 7.

Polygonia faunus (Edwards)
Green comma

Grapta faunus Edwards 1862b:222 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Hunter, [Greene County,] New York” by
Brown 1967:338 by designation of lectotype) ; Worth-
ington 1880:48.

Polygonia faunus: Holland 1931:150; Klots 1951:104;
dos Passos 1964:79 (No. 540).

Illinois records.—Carro.tt County: Palisades State
Park, July 20, 1963, Laibly (DL).

We examined the specimen on which the above rec-
ord is based. Laibly reported that two more were taken
at the same locality in 1964, but these were not seen.
From this record, Laibly’s statement, and the presence
of the species in Worthington’s list, it may be inferred
that faunus is a species of consistent but rare occur-
rence in extreme northern (probably only northwestern)
Illinois.

Polygonia progne (Cramer)
Gray comma

Papilio progne Cramer 1776(1):9 (type-locality “Ja-
maica and New York’).

Grapta progne: Worthington 1880:48.

Polygonia progne: Holland 1931:151; Klots 1951:104;
dos Passos 1964:80 (No. 546).

Illinois records.—Map 81.

This butterfly is local and uncommon in Illinois and
is not recorded from the southern portion of the state,
where it may not occur. The most southerly record is
from Elsah, Jersey County, where Remington found it
uncommon (CLR). It is very rare in the Chicago area,
recorded from Cook County, without definite locality,
by Schatz and Boughner (LS, JLB). A number, how-
ever, were taken in a forest preserve near Willow
Springs, in August, 1966, by Arnold, Brady, and Irwin
(RRI); it has been taken there also in subsequent
years. The species is rare at Streator, La Salle County
(RRI) but reported common at Danville, Vermilion
County (TE), and in Perryton Township, Mercer Coun-
ty (PJCG). Le Baron (1871) described damage to cur-
rant bushes by the larvae in Kankakee County. It has
been taken in April and between June 13 and October
26.

Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday)
Silvery checkerspot

Melitaea nycteis Doubleday 1847:181 (type-locality
“middle United States”) ; Klots 1951:98.

Phyciodes nycteis: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:
136.

28

Chlosyne nycteis: dos Passos 1969a:117 (No. 548).

Illinois records.—Map 82.

C. nycteis is a common, widely distributed butterfly
in Illinois. It is probably double-brooded throughout
the state with broods appearing approximately at mid-
June and mid-August in the north and earlier southward.
The earliest and latest record dates are April 23 and
September 17.

Chlosyne gorgone carlota (Reakirt)
Gorgone checkerspot

Melitaea nycteis Edwards (nec Doubleday) 1861:161
(type-locality “Illinois; Missouri’).

Eresia carlota Reakirt 1866a:141 (new name).

Phyciodes carlota: Worthington 1880:47.

Phyciodes gorgone: Holland 1931:139.

Melitaea gorgone carlota: Klots 1951:95.

Chlosyne gorgone carlota: dos Passos 1969a:117 (No.
549b).

Illinois records.—Map 83.

Although long known from Illinois, this checkerspot
(Fig. 2) has undergone a dramatic population explosion
in the state within the past few years. Previously it
appears to have been uncommon to rare. This increase
in numbers and distribution began in the early 1960's.
In 1963, Taylor found it common at Mason State For-
est, Mason County, between June 16 and June 23 (TT).
It was first taken at Streator, La Salle County, on July
22, 1964, by Gary McCoy (GMcC). The following two
seasons it abounded everywhere in that area. It was
reported as common at Perryton Township, Mercer
County (PJCG). A considerable number were observed
by Irwin at Cahokia, St. Clair County, on June 13-14,
1970. All records of carlota in Mllinois in our files date
from 1963 and later except one from Lacon, Marshall
County, September 13, 1925, R. M. Barnes (ISM), and
Elsah, Jersey County, May 9, 1942, C. L. Remington
(CLR). It has been taken between May 8 and Septem-
ber 13.

Chlosyne harrisii (Scudder)
Harris’ checkerspot

Melitaea harrisii Scudder 1864:167 (type-locality “Nor-
way, Maine; Pittsfield, New Hampshire; Princeton,
Massachusetts’) ; Klots 1951:94.

Phyciodes harrisu: Worthington .1880:47.

Melitaea harrisi: Holland 1931:126.

Chlosyne harristi: dos Passos 1969a:117 (No. 550).

Illinois records—Kanrt County: Elgin, June 21,
1931, Bristol (INHS) (Fig. 2). Vermimion County:
Danville, August 20, 1960, Ellis (TE).

We examined both of the above specimens. C. har-
ristt should be of more frequent occurrence in Illinois
than the few authentic records indicate. It may be over-
looked because of its superficial resemblance to C. nycteis.
The species was credited to Illinois by both Holland and
Klots.

Phyciodes texana (Edwards)
Texan crescent

Eresia texana Edwards 1863b:81 (type-locality restrict-

ed to “Neu Braunfels, Comal County, Texas” by
Brown 1966b:421).

Anthanassa texana: Holland 1931:141.

Phyciodes texana: Klots 1951:101; dos Passos 1969a:
119 (No. 563).

Illinois records.—JErsEY County: Elsah (campus
of Principia College), positive sight record of a male,
October 25, 1940, C. L. Remington (CLR).

The specimen was probably a windblown stray. The
species has also been taken at Cedar Hill, Missouri,
about 45 miles south of Elsah (CLR).

Phyciodes tharos (Drury)

Pearl crescent

Danaus tharos Drury 1773(1) :43 (type-locality “New
York’).

Phyciodes tharos: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:
135; Klots 1951:100; dos Passos 1969a:119 (No.
566) .

Illinois records.—Map 84.

One of our commonest butterflies, the diminutive
pearl crescent abounds throughout the state from late
spring through autumn. The seasonal variation char-
acteristic of tharos occurs in Illinois, and a number of
the aberrations which the species tends to produce, prob-
ably caused by cold weather, have been taken. Extreme
dates on record are April 20 and October 19.

Phyciodes batesii (Reakirt)
Tawny crescent

Eresia batesti Reakirt “1865” [1866]:226 (type-locality
“Winchester, Virginia; Gloucester, New Jersey”).

Phyciodes batesi: Holland 1931:136.

Phyciodes bates: Klots 1951:100; dos Passos 1969a:
120 (No. 567).

Illinois records.—La SaLLE County: Streator, June
28, 1965, Irwin (INHS) (Fig. 2).

We submitted this specimen to F. M. Brown for ex-
amination and he wrote us as follows: “I think it is
probably batesii. It is not really typical of either batesii
or tharos. The black marks on the fore wing (under-
side) are intermediate and the margin is tharos. The
under hind wing is strictly batesiti. The upperside of
the fore wing is definitely tharos, the hind wing inter-
mediate. The only clear evidence is the under hind
wing. The locality is outside the usual range for batesit,
being a little too far south. The date is OK (May-—
June).” We include batesti in the Illinois list solely
on the basis of this apparently intermediate specimen;
further evidence of its occurrence in the state is needed.

Euphydryas phaeton phaeton (Drury)

Baltimore

Danaus phaeton Drury 1773(1) :42 (type-locality “New
York’).

Melitaea phaeton: Worthington 1880:47.

Melitaea phaétona: Holland 1931:115.

Euphydryas phaeton phaeton: Klots 1951:93; dos Pas-
sos 1969a:122 (No. 592).

Illinois records.—Map 85.
Comparatively few specimens of this butterfly are

known from Illinois. It probably exists in widely scat-
tered, strongly localized colonies throughout its range.
From the limited material which has been available
for study, we have learned that there are two subspecies
of phaeton in Illinois. The nominate subspecies ap-
pears to be limited to the northern half of the state;
all specimens which we have seen from Ogle, Kane, and
Lake counties are clearly typical phaeton. Southward,
the subspecies E. p. ozarkae Masters occurs, and there
is an abrupt clinal separation between the two popula-
tions. A specimen from Peoria, Peoria County, June 6,
1959, Taylor (INHS) seems to be somewhat intermediate
but closer to E. p. phaeton. The butterfly is single-
brooded, and it has been taken in Illinois between June
6 and July 4.

Our distribution map depicts Illinois records of both
subspecies of phaeton, as well as records based on speci-
mens which were not studied, and which were there-
fore not determinable to subspecies, although from their
geographic location in the state this may be inferred.

Euphydryas phaeton ozarkae Masters

Euphydryas phaeton ozarkae Masters 1968:87 (type-
locality “Lynch Hollow, Camden County, Missouri’) .

Illinois records.—Map 85.

This recently described subspecies occurs in the south-
ern half of Illinois. It is readily separable from nomi-
nate E. p. phaeton by its larger size and reduction in
the red coloring. The marginal red spots are smaller,
and those in the fore-wing cell are reduced or absertt;
the red is paler and more yellowish than in E. p. phae-
ton. Masters (loc. cit.) indicates that there are striking
differences in the biology of E. p. phaeton and E. p.
ozarkae; the latter is associated with Aureolaria rather
than Chelone glabra, the host of nominate phaeton. It
flies on high, dry hillsides rather than in marshy areas;
the flight is faster and stronger, and the males tend to
stray farther from the host plant than do those of E. p.
phaeton.

Material which we have examined from Macoupin,
Jackson, and Union counties may be assigned to this
taxon. A female from Carlinville, Macoupin County,
with a fore wing length of 33 mm, was compared with
a paratype of E. p. ozarkae and found to agree well
with it, whereas a male taken in Giant City State Park,
Jackson County (Fig. 3), conforms to this subspecies
in all respects and lacks all trace of red in the fore wing
cell.

Dates of capture of E. p. ozarkae in Illinois are be-
tween May 30 and June 13, coinciding with the flight
period described by Masters (loc. cit.).

Boloria selene myrina (Cramer)
Silver bordered fritillary

Papilio myrina Cramer 1777(2) : 141 (type-locality “New
York’’).

Argynnis myrina: Worthington 1880:47.

Brenthis myrina: Holland 1931:105.

Boloria selene myrina: Klots 1951:89; dos Passos 1964:
89 (No. 598b).

Illinois records.—Map 86.
We have records of this species only from the north-
ern half of Illinois. Although Klots (1951) referred to

29

its presence in southern Illinois, we doubt its occur-
rence there. It appears to have increased in distribution
and numbers in recent years. It was first taken at
Streator, La Salle County, in 1968 and was locally abun-
dant there in 1968-1969. It was also abundant at Goose
Lake Prairie, Grundy County, in 1968-1970. Probably
three broods occur in Illinois. The earliest date of cap-
ture is May 12 and the latest is September 20.

Boloria bellona (Fabricius)
Meadow fritillary

Papilio bellona Fabricius (nec Cramer) 1775:517 (type-
locality “North America’).

Argynnis bellona: Worthington 1880:47.

Brenthis bellona: Holland 1931:111.

Boloria toddi ammiralis: Klots 1951:92; dos Passos
1964:89 (No. 599b).

Illinois records.—Map 87.

This fritillary is restricted primarily to northeastern
Illinois. Although locally common, it does not appear
to be as generally distributed as myrina. There are many
records of the species from Cook County, but none are
recent. We have records from Goose Lake Township,
Grundy County, and Streator, La Salle County, in asso-
ciation with the more numerous selene. It is locally
abundant near Danville, Vermilion County, but selene
has not been recorded from there. This species is a
denizen of wet meadows, the habitat also favored by
selene. It is probably triple-brooded. It has been record-
ed from May 1 through September 14.

The name bellona (Fabricius) was validated by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

in Opinion 516 of January 12, 1958.

Speyeria idalia (Drury)
Regal fritillary

Papilio idalia Drury 1773(1) :25 (type-locality restricted
to “New York City, New York County, New York”
by dos Passos & Grey 1947:9).

Argynnis idalia: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:
84.

Speyeria idalia: Klots 1951:86; dos Passos 1964:91
(No. 611).

Illinois records.—Map 88.

This species is exceedingly local but widely distrib-
uted and often common where found. It is apparently
limited primarily to northern Illinois. Its numbers are
subject to a certain amount of fluctuation from year to
year. In some areas it occurs very rarely, as at Streator,
La Salle County, where two have been taken and a
third observed between 1941 and 1971. As in most
species of Speyeria in Illinois, males tend to appear and
disappear earlier in the season than do females. We
have records of capture between June 5 and September

23.

Speyeria atlantis (Edwards)
Atlantis fritillary

Argynnis atlantis Edwards 1862a:54 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Hunter, [Greene County,] New York” by
dos Passos 1935:86); Worthington 1880:47; Hol-
land 1931:90.

30

Speyeria atlantis: Klots 1951:86; dos Passos 1964:94
(No. 618).

Illinois records.—‘‘Northern Illinois,” Gerhard (FM
NH). Coox County: Arlington Heights, June 26, 1930,
A. L. McElhose (FMNH).

Other reported records could not be verified and are
not accepted because of possible confusion with S.
aphrodite. These specimens were probably casual; the
species does not normally range as far south as Illinois.

Speyeria diana (Cramer)
Diana

Papilio diana Cramer 1777(2) :4 (type-locality restricted
to “Jamestown, James City County, Virginia” by dos
Passos & Grey 1947:6).

Argynnis diana: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:
84.

Speyeria diana: Klots 1951:86; dos Passos 1964:95 (No.
621).

Illinois records.—‘‘Southern Illinois,” no date, French
(FMNH); 1890, “B. F.” (USNM). Cray County:
Snyder (1900). Union County: Cobden 1869, Long-
ley (USNM). Vermition County: SE of Danville,
August 20, 1960, Ellis (TE).

We have seen all of the above diana from Illinois
except the Clay County record in the literature. The
status of diana in Illinois at the present time is uncertain.
Apparently it was formerly of regular occurrence in the
southern third of the state, but at present it must be
extremely rare and local, or more probably extinct.
Thorough collecting in southern Illinois in recent years
has failed to turn up this species, and it may well be
that ecological changes have extirpated it. Clark &
Clark (1951) mentioned the deforestation of parts of
Virginia as a cause of its decline in much of that state,
and it seems logical that this may have been a factor in
southern Illinois as well.

The only recent Illinois record is from the north-
ern half of the state, which seems peculiar. One may
hazard a guess that the Danville specimen, a female, may
have followed the nearby Wabash River from further
south, as diana has been recorded from Evansville, Indi-
ana (Blatchley 1891).

There are many references in the older literature to
Illinois diana. Edwards (1864) referred to a specimen
from southern Illinois in the collection of B. D. Walsh
as one of the few then known. Snyder (1900) said that
“its northern limit in Illinois is Clay County.” Skinner
(1896) and Clark & Clark (1951) stated that specimens
of diana from southern Illinois are larger than those
found farther east.

The state distribution map in the files of the Illinois
Natural History Survey shows diana from “Southern
Illinois, 1880,” but there are no Illinois specimens in the
collection.

Speyeria cybele (Fabricius)
Great spangled fritillary

Papilio cybele Fabricius 1775:516 (type-locality restric-
ted to “New York City, New York County, New
York” by dos Passos & Grey 1947:6).

Argynnis cybele: Worthington 1880:47; Holland 1931:
86.

Speyeria cybele:
(No. 622).

Illinois records.—Map 89.

S. cybele is common throughout Illinois. Klots (1951)
explained that there is a single, extended brood with
more or less continual emergence of the adults during its
long season. As is characteristic of the genus, the males
appear earlier than do the females. Extreme dates of
capture in the state are April 14 and September 9.

Klots 1951:87; dos Passos 1964:95

Speyeria aphrodite (Fabricius)
Aphrodite

Papilio aphrodite Fabricius 1787:62 (type-locality re-
stricted to “New York City, New York County, New
York” by dos Passos & Grey 1947:8).

Argynnis aphrodite: Worthington 1880:47; Holland
1931:88.

Speyeria aphrodite: Klots 1951:87; dos Passos 1964:96
(No. 623).

Argynnis alcestis Edwards “1876” [1877]:289 (type-lo-
cality restricted to “Galena, Jo Daviess County, Illi-
nois” by dos Passos & Grey 1947:8); Worthington
1880:47; Holland 1931:88.

Speyeria aphrodite alcestis: Klots 1951:88; dos Passos
1964:96 (No. 623c).

Illinois records.—Map 90.

S. aphrodite is apparently limited to the northern
half of Illinois. It is much less common and more local
than cybele and has a shorter flight season. We do not
consider that alcestis is a subspecies of aphrodite. It flies
in company with typical aphrodite consistently, not only
in Illinois, but in northern Indiana and southern Michi-
gan. It is therefore either a color variety of aphrodite
or a separate species. We have records of aphrodite from
June 15 through September 2. French (1879) listed

alcestis as a separate species.

Euptoieta claudia (Cramer)
Variegated fritillary

Papilio claudia Cramer 1776(1):109 (type-locality “Ja-
maica”).

Euptoieta claudia: Worthington 1880:47; Holland
1931:80; Klots 1951:84; dos Passos 1964:96 (No.
624).

Illinois records.—Map 91.

This essentially southern species is statewide in occur-
rence. It is somewhat irregular and less numerous north-
ward. There are at least two broods, and they have a
long flight season. The earliest and latest dates are April
24 and November 12, and most records are from late
July through September.

Agraulis vanillae nigrior Michener
Gulf fritillary

Agraulis vanillae nigrior Michener 1942:7 (type-locality
“Upper Matecumbe Key, Florida’) ; Klots 1951 :82;
dos Passos 1964:97 (No. 630a).

Agraulis vanillae: Worthington 1880:47.

ss”

/

Dione vanillae: Holland 1931:79.

Illinois records.—Map 92.

Turner (1963) described a colony of vanillae which
survived for three wintéers in west-central Missouri. The
species may therefore occasionally breed in southern
Illinois at approximately the same latitude. The finding
of larvae at Alton, Madison County, supports this belief
(P. S. Remington 1951). McNeese reported seeing sev-
eral vanillae at Centreville, St. Clair County (personal
communication) ; he took a newly emerged male on Sep-
tember 2, 1966 (INHS) (Fig. 3). Two species of the
host plant, passionflower (Passiflora) occur in southern
Illinois—P. incarnata as far north as St. Clair, Wayne,
and Wabash counties, and P. lutea throughout the south-
ern half of the state as far north as Champaign and Ver-
milion counties (Jones & Fuller 1955). The Kane
County record, and possibly the Cass and Champaign
County records, are probably of strays. Illinois vanillae
are assigned to the subspecies nigrior Michener on the
authority of Klots (1951).

DANAIDAE

Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)
Monarch, milkweed butterfly

Papilio plexippus Linnaeus 1758:471 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Pennsylvania” by the International Com-
mission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 282,
October 1, 1954).

Danais archippus: Worthington 1880:47.

Danais plexippus: Holland 1931:68.

Danaus plexippus: Klots 1951:77; dos Passos 1964:98
(No. 631).

Illinois records.—Map 93.

The monarch is familiar to nearly everyone. It is
usually common to abundant but sometimes variable in
numbers from year to year. The well-known migratory
pattern characteristic of the butterfly is frequently ob-
served in Illinois in the autumn. We refer all Illinois

. plexippus to the nominate subspecies on the advice of
* Klots (1951); the record by Clark (1941) of D. p.

melanippe (Hiibner) from Decatur, Macon County,
should probably be regarded as an individual variant ap-

_ proaching the appearance of melanippe. The species has
' been recorded from April 20 through November 13.

Danaus gilippus strigosus Bates
Queen

Danais strigosa Bates 1864:32 (type-locality “Guate-
mala’).

Danais berenice strigosa: Holland 1931:69.

Danaus gilippus strigosus: Klots 1951:78; dos Passos
1964:98 (No. 633b).

Illinois records——Cook County: Palos Park, in
field, September 9, 1928, Henderson (AKW).
_ Wyatt informed us that he had seen this specimen
‘and that it is an authentic record. Although undoubted-
ly a casual stray, not forming a part of the Illinois butter-
fly fauna, the species has also been taken in Ohio
_ (Gilbert 1960).

46.-.,

31
SATYRIDAE

Lethe portlandia anthedon (Clark)
Pearly eye

Enodia portlandia anthedon Clark 1936a:255 (type-
locality “Lava, Sullivan County, New York”).

Debis portlandia: Worthington 1880:48.

Enodia portlandia: Holland 1931:177.

Lethe portlandia anthedon: Klots 1951:66; dos Passos
1964:99 (No. 636c).

Illinois records.—Map 94.

This butterfly is extremely local, strongly limited to
woodland environments, and often common where
found. Exceedingly swift and wary, it is often difficult
to capture.

All Illinois material which we have studied, includ-
ing that from the southernmost portion of the state,
represents L. p. anthedon. The nominate subspecies had
been expected to occur in extreme southern Illinois, but
no Illinois specimens thus far known appear to be as-
signable to that taxon. L. p. portlandia is associated with
cane (Arundinaria), which occurs in the southern third
of Illinois; L. p. anthedon evidently utilizes other grasses
which are generally distributed throughout Illinois. Ex-
treme dates of capture are April 7 and September 14,
though the validity of the former date, a record from
Elk Grove, Cook County, appears questionable. The
next earliest date is May 24. The species is probably
double-brooded in Illinois, appearing in numbers in
early June and again about mid-August.

Lethe creola (Skinner)
Creole pearly eye

Debis creola Skinner 1897:236 (type-locality “Opelousas,
Louisiana”) .

Enodia creola: Holland 1931:177.

Lethe creola: Klots 1951:67; dos Passos 1964:99 (No.
637).

Illinois records.—FRANKLIN County: Benton, June
20, 1963 (SIU). Jackson County: Murphysboro,
August 4, 1963 (SIU). Pope County: Lusk Creek,
near Eddyville, August 12, 1967, Richardson (JCD).
SALINE County: Stonefort, July 3, 1954, July 4, 1958,
August 1, 1959, August 10, 1959, August 30, 1954
(SIU). Union County: Pine Hills, September 1, 1966,
Downey (INHS) (Fig. 3).

Most butterfly manuals include Illinois in the range
of creola, but apparently on the basis of a misidentified
specimen of L. anthedon reported by Clark (1935,
1936a) from Palos Park, Cook County (Irwin 1970).
The finding of true creola in southern Illinois, where it
is established, allows the state record to be retained. It
is associated with cane (Arundinaria), and restricted to
southern Illinois where the plant occurs.

Lethe eurydice (Johansson)
Eyed brown

Papilio eurydice Johansson 1763:406 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Morris Arboretum, Philadelphia County,
Pennsylvania” by Cardé, Shapiro, & Clench 1970:74
by designation of neotype).

32

Neonympha canthus: Worthington 1880:48.

Satyrodes eurydice: Holland 1931:178.

Lethe eurydice: Klots 1951:68; dos Passos 1964:99 (No.
638).

Illinois records.—Map 95.

Until very recently, this species and the following,
Lethe appalachia R. L. Chermock, were regarded as a
single entity, with the latter taxon a subspecies of the
former. However, Cardé et al. (loc. cit.) discovered that
they are actually distinct, widely sympatric, sibling spe-
cies. Although the same conclusion was reached inde-
pendently and almost simultaneously by dos Passos
(19695), the results of his investigation, including his
taxonomic assignments of the entities involved, differ
somewhat from those of the former authors.

Shapiro studied all material in the Field Museum
and Natural History Survey collections. He found that
both species exist in the state. L. eurydice, however,
is much more widespread than L. appalachia; the former
is locally common in northeastern Illinois, whereas appa-
lachia has thus far been recorded only from Cook
County. Only records based upon the material exam-
ined by Shapiro have been included herein. Records of
“eurydice” from a number of other localities in Illinois
were obtained during this study, but they have been
ignored because it was not possible to check the speci-
mens on which they were founded to determine their
true identity. :

Foremost among the biological differences between
the two species, which initially led to the discovery of
their distinctness, is their definite restriction to divergent
habitats. L. ewrydice occurs in open sedge marshes and
meadows, occasionally in dry grassy areas, whereas L.
appalachia inhabits wooded areas and shrub swamps
(Cardé, et al., loc. cit.; Shapiro, personal communica-
tion). None of the Illinois material which was re-ex-
amined was habitat associated, and thus this useful
additional confirmation of identity is lacking. Future
collections of eurydice and appalachia should be care-
fully labeled as to habitat.

Morphological differences between eurydice and ap-
palachia are not great. The genitalia differ somewhat,
and Cardé et al. (loc. cit.) described and figured them.
However, color and pattern characters are almost always
sufficient for the separation of the two species. One of
the most constant of these is the shape of the postmedian
lines on the undersides of both wings. In eurydice, these
lines are jagged and irregular with sharp points, especial-
ly near the anal angle of the secondaries, whereas in
appalachia they are straighter and less jagged, sinuate
rather than irregular. The dorsal ground color of eury-
dice is pale brown, the ventral somewhat yellowish; in
appalachia the dorsal ground color is darker, grayish
or mousy brown, with that of the underside tinged with
purplish or lilac iridescence. In both nominate eurydice
and in appalachia, there is considerable contrast between
the limbal and the basal and discal areas of the dorsal
primaries; in L. eurydice fumosa, unrecorded from IIli-
nois, there may be less such contrast, giving these wings
a more uniform ground color, which is usually darker
than in L. eurydice eurydice, especially in males.

L. eurydice is single-brooded in Illinois. The dates of
capture range from June 14 to August 1.

Lethe appalachia R. L. Chermock
Lethe eurydice appalachia R. L. Chermock 1947:32

(type-locality ““Conestee Falls, near Brevard, North -

Carolina’) ; Klots 1951:68; dos Passos 1964:99 (No.
638d).
Lethe fumosa appalachia: dos Passos 1969b:121.

Illinois records.—Cook County: River Grove, July
4, 1950, July 16, 1950, Kistner (FMNH) ; Edgebrook
[Chicago], July 4, 1913, Wyatt (FMNH); Elmwood
Park, July 8, 1934, Herz (FMNH) ; Schiller Park, July
13, 1940, Camras (FMNH) ; Palos Park, July 10, 1948,
Wren (INHS); Glenview, July 14, 1918, Mares (IN
HS) ; Chicago, July 6, 1913, Gunder (AMNH).

The recent elevation of this taxon to full specific rank
is discussed above, and the species is characterized in
relation to L. eurydice. All of the Illinois records quoted
above are based upon material studied by Shapiro, none
of which was habitat associated.

In addition to the pattern characters described under
L. eurydice, and those summarized by Cardé, Shapiro,
& Clench (1970), we have noticed that there is occasion-
ally a tendency toward obsolescence of one or more of
the ccelli of the upper side of the fore wings in appala-
chia, which does not seem to occur in eurydice.

Localities suitable for the occurrence of appalachia
exist in northeastern Illinois elsewhere than in Cook
County and ought to be investigated for its possible
presence.

Euptychia gemma (Hiibner)
Gemmed satyr

Neonympha gemma Hibner “1818” [1818]: Plate 493
(type-locality “Georgia’”’) ; Worthington 1880:48.
Euptychia gemma: Holland 1931:179; Klots 1951:70;

dos Passos 1964:100 (No. 639).

Illinois records.—Map 96.

This Lower Austral butterfly (Fig. 3) is an estab-
lished resident of the extreme southern counties of Ili-
nois. It is local but common where it occurs. We have
records of the species between April 24 and October 5.

Euptychia hermes sosybius (Fabricius)
Carolina satyr

Papilio sosybius Fabricius 1793:219 (type-locality not
stated).

Neonympha sosybius: Worthington 1880:48.

Euptychia sosybia: Holland 1931: 180.

Euptychia hermes sosybia: Klots 1951:69.

Euptychia hermes sosybius: dos Passos 1964:100 (No.
645b).

Illinois records.—“Illinois,’ 1412, no further data
(CM, ex Marloff collection).

We suspect that E. h. sosybius occupies the same
general range in Illinois as does E. gemma. It is proba-
bly not common and may be overlooked because of its
resemblance to the abundant £. cymela on the wing.

Euptychia cymela (Cramer)
Little wood satyr

tPapilio eurytus Fabricius (nec Clerck, nec Linnaeus)

TT S—

1775:487 (type-locality “Jamaica”).

Papilio cymela Cramer 1777(2) :55 (type-locality “Cape
of Good Hope”).

Neonympha eurytris: Worthington 1880:48.

Euptychia euryta: Holland 1931:180.

Euptychia cymela: Klots 1951:69; dos Passos 1964: 100
(No. 646.)

Illinois records.—Map 97.

This little satyrid is very common in and near woods
and is statewide in distribution. There is a single brood,
with dates of capture from April 3 to August 23. In
northern Illinois, the butterfly generally emerges about
the last week in May and is common until early July.
The August date quoted above is very late for the species.

Cercyonis pegala olympus (Edwards)
Wood nymph, grayling

Satyrus olympus Edwards 1880a:31 (type-locality re-
stricted to “Chicago, Illinois’ by Brown 1964:378).

Satyrus alcpe olympus: Worthington 1880:48.

Cercyonis alope nephele: Holland 1931: 189.

Cercyonis pegala nephele: Klots 1951:72.

Cercyonis pegala olympus: dos Passos 1964:102 (No.
656d).

Illinois records.—Map 98.

Because Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, is the type-
locality of C. p. olympus and following the advice of
F. M. Brown, we employ this name for the Chicago area
population of this species and for that of Illinois,as a
whole. Nearly all Illinois pegala have the fore wing
above dark, with little or no indication of a yellow patch
or band (Fig. 3). Occasional individuals occur, however,
in which this yellow band on the fore wings is nearly
as well developed as in C. p. alope. These are found in
association with the dark form, which usually predomin-
ates. C. L. Remington, however, indicated that the
yellow-banded form was predominant at Elsah, Jersey
County (CLR). The relationships between the various
clinal forms of this species are as yet imperfectly known,
and extensive breeding experiments will be required to
clarify them.

C. p. olympus is separable only by larval characters
from C. p. nephele (Kirby), the name usually applied
to non-yellow-banded populations from eastern North
America (see Brown, 1965, 1966a). Worthington (1880)
listed the insect as Satyrus alope Boisduval (sic), with
olympus as a variety of alope. This implies that both
yellow- and non-yellow-banded populations were in-
cluded. Edwards (1880a:113) discussed at some length
the occurrence of the various forms of this species in
Illinois, including the basis for Worthington’s inclusion
of yellow-banded alope in his list. Emmel (1969) offered
a good recent study of pegala.

C. p. olympus is common and widely distributed
throughout Illinois. It is most abundant in July and
August in open situations as well as in woodlands. It is
single-brooded, with the earliest date June 9 and the
latest September 12. Two very early dates from the
Chicago area, March 28 and May 10, are difficult to
explain and may be erroneous.

The alope-like yellow-banded individuals have been
recorded from the following Illinois localities, from all
of which olympus has also been recorded: Cook Coun-

33

ty: Chicago, September 12, 1947, Kistner (FMNH)..
FayveTTE County: Ramsey, July 15, 1948, Phillips
(LSP). Iroguots County: NE of Beaverville, August
3, 1970, Leeuw (INHS). Jersey County: Elsah
(CLR). Lrvincston County: S of Streator, July 16,
1966, Irwin (INHS). Mercer County: Perryton
Township, July 1, 1952, Conway (INHS) (Fig. 3).
Peoria County: Peoria, 1957, August 13, 1960, Taylor
(TT). RanpotpH County: Prairie du Rocher, June
27, 1956, Sanderson (INHS). Sancamon County:
August 12, 1939, unusually well-marked specimen,
Wright (ISM). The yellow-banded phase is thus seen to
occur in nearly all parts of the state.

BUTTERFLIES OF
POSSIBLE OCCURENCE IN ILLINOIS

In addition to those butterflies actually recorded
from Illinois, the following species are considered as
“possibles” for future inclusion in the state fauna. Some
have already been credited to the state, but sufficient
confusion exists about proper identity that we relegate
them to this probable list rather than to either positive
records or the erroneous records as given in the con-
cluding section. Most of the species cited occur reason-
ably close to our borders, or this state is located within
their known range of distribution.

In this section we omit citations of the original
descriptions, type localities, and references to Holland
(1931) and dos Passos (1964, 1969a, 1970), giving
only those to Worthington (1880) if any, and Klots
(1951). We omit date citations to these works in the
text for the sake of convenience and brevity.

HESPERIDAE

Oligoria maculata (Edwards)
Twin spot skipper

Oligoria maculata: Klots 1951:260.

O. maculata ranges from Florida to Georgia and
Alabama, straying to New York, Massachusetts, and
Texas, according to Klots, and may therefore occur at
least casually in southern Illinois.

Atrytone arogos (Boisduval & Le Conte)
Arogos skipper

Pamphila vitellius: Worthington 1880:49.
Atrytone arogos: Klots 1951:253.

This species may occur in the state, possibly as sub-
species iowa (Scudder). The range as given by Klots is
“Florida and Gulf States, n. to New Jersey, Minnesota,
Iowa, and Nebraska,” with A. a. iowa occupying the
northwestern portion of this area. This is the only species
listed by Worthington for which occurrence in Illinois
has not subsequently been either confirmed or adjudged
improbable. French (1879) said that “P. Vitellius is re-
ported from Iowa, but I do not know of it being found
in Illinois.”

34

Polites vibex (Geyer)
Whirlabout

Polites vibex: Klots 1951:247.

This skipper may occur northward at least as far as
southern Illinois. Klots gave Connecticut and Arkansas
as the northern limits of its range. It is generally distrib-
uted and quite common in Mississippi (Mather &
Mather 1958).

Hesperia metea Scudder
Cobweb skipper

Hesperia metea: Klots 1951:238.

Illinois lies well within the range of this skipper but
we have no records from the state. We see no reason why
it should not occur in Illinois.

Hesperia attalus (Edwards)
Dotted skipper

Hesperia attalus: Klots 1951:239.

The range as given by Klots was “Florida and Texas,
n. to Massachusetts, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Nebraska.”
It may be expected to occur in Illinois; if it does, it has
probably been overlooked or confused with other Hes-
peria.

Oarisma garita (Reakirt)
Garita skipper

Thymelicus garita: Worthington 1880:48.
Oarisma garita: Klots 1951:231.

As previously explained in connection with Oarisma
powesheik, we believe that the listing of garita by French
(1879) and Worthington (loc. cit.) must have been
based on confusion with the former species.

Erynnis lucilius (Scudder & Burgess)
Columbine dusky wing

Erynnis lucilius: Klots 1951:227.

E. lucilius almost certainly occurs at least in northern
Illinois, despite the lack of positive records. It is insepar-
able from E. baptisiae, by morphological characters, so
that host plant association is essential for its recognition.
None of the material labeled /ucilius which we examined
in the Field Museum and Illinois Natural History Sur-
vey collections was so associated. In view of this defi-
ciency, we do not feel justified in accepting the records.
Although Burns (1964) stated that he had examined an
undoubted Jucilius from the “vicinity of Chicago, Illi-
nois,” data for this specimen were unavailable. The term
“vicinity of Chicago” has sometimes been used to include
closely adjacent northwestern Indiana.

Burns (1964) indicated that E. lucilius and E. bap-
tisiae are predominantly allopatric, with the former hav-
ing a northern and the latter a southern distribution with
only a narrow belt of territory where they exist in sym-
patry. For this reason, it is to be expected that E. lucilius
will be confined to northern Illinois, since baptisiae is
believed to occur throughout the state. EL. lucilius feeds
upon Aquilegia (columbine), and any Erynnis found

Ovipositing upon or reared from this plant should be
very carefully host associated and the fact reported.

Erynnis persius (Scudder)
Persius dusky wing

Erynnis persius: Klots 1951:226.

This species may occur at least rarely in the state,
a belief shared by Burns (personal communication). E.
persius itself is separable from the other two members
of its species group (E. lucilius and E. baptisiae) by fair-
ly recognizable morphological characters of the adult,
and in addition is oligophagous in comparison with the
highly restrictive host specificity of the other two species.
The records of “persius’ by French (1879) and Wor-
thington (1880) are almost certainly based upon con-
fusion with the other members of the group, probably
E. baptisiae. Burns (1964) stated that E. persius is strict-
ly univoltine (May-July) in the eastern portions of its
range.

Thorybes confusis Bell
Confused cloudy wing

Thorybes confusis: Klots 1951:213.

Klots gave the range of confusis as “Florida to Texas,
n. to Kansas, Missouri, and Maryland.” It may occur
in southern Illinois. The record by Cushing (1970) of
confusis from Madison County was based on misidenti-
fied material.

Urbanus proteus (Linnaeus)
Long tailed skipper

Urbanus proteus: Klots 1951:207.

Klots indicated that the northward distribution of
this species in the Mississippi Valley is uncertain; since
it has been recorded from several northward localities as
a casual, it may occur in southern Illinois.

PAPILIONIDAE

Papilio palamedes Drury
Palamedes swallowtail

Papilio palamedes: Klots 1951:178.

This species may rarely stray northward as far as
extreme southern Illinois. Klots said, “In Mississippi
Valley uncommon, n. to Missouri (rare).” Mather &
Mather (1958) considered it “rare” in northern Missis-

sippi.
PIERIDAE

Pieris virginiensis Edwards
West Virginia white

Pieris virginiensis: Worthington 1880:47; Klots 1951:
201.

Although the species was listed by Worthington, we

doubt that it has ever occurred in Illinois and believe
that Worthington confused P. napi oleracea, or possibly
even spring specimens of P. rapae with this species.

Phoebis agarithe (Boisduval)
Large orange sulphur

Phoebis agarithe: Klots 1951:191.

This butterfly was listed by Klots as straying north
to Illinois.

Kricogonia lyside (Godart)
Lyside

Kricogonia lyside: Klots 1951:194.

The statement for the preceding species applies to
this one as well.

RIODINIDAE

Calephelis borealis (Grote & Robinson)
Northern metalmark

Charis borealis: Worthington 1880:48.
Lephelisca borealis: Klots 1951:123.

We believe that Worthington’s record of Charis bore-
alis referred to C. muticum, then unrecognized as a sep-
arate species, but true C. borealis may also occur in
Illinois. We have taken it in some numbers as far west
as Howard County, Indiana, and it has been reported
also from Montgomery County, Indiana, even closer to
Illinois. McAlpine (1971) recorded it from Missouri.

LYCAENIDAE

Phaeostrymon alcestis (Edwards)
Alcestis hairstreak

Strymon alcestis: Klots 1951:135.

A report of this species from Carbondale, Jackson
County, obtained during this project could not be veri-
fied. Its occurrence as a casual as far east as Illinois,
however, seems possible.

Satyrium boreale (Lafontaine)

This species was recently described (Lafontaine
1969, 1970 [Two dates because name was validated in
error and was redescribed.]). It was not practical to
re-examine all Illinois falacer to check the possible
presence of the new species among them, but in view of
its reported occurrence in Michigan, Ohio, and Penn-
sylvania, it may be found in Illinois as well. The most
conspicuous superficial distinction between boreale and
falacer is the reduction of the subterminal line on the
underside of both wings in boreale. On the primaries,
this usually consists only of two spots between veins M,
and Cu,; on the secondaries, it is reduced or absent

35

above vein M,. There are apparently good genitalic
distinctions also (Lafontaine 1970:84-85).

Callophrys augustinus (Westwood)
Brown elfin

Incisalia augustinus: Klots 1951:146.

The range of this species as given by Klots was
“Newfoundland w. to Manitoba, s. to Virginia, West
Virginia, Illinois, and Michigan.” It probably occurs
locally in the state. It was listed by French (1879), but
Worthington (1880) doubted its presence in Illinois.

Lycaena epixanthe (Boisduval & Le Conte)
Bog copper

Lycaena epixanthe: Klots 1951:152.

Klots included northern Indiana and “(?) Iowa” in
the range of epixanthe. Blatchley (1891) recorded it as
“rare” in Lake County, Indiana. However, Masters &
Masters (1969) rejected this record, suggesting that
Blatchley’s records may have been of L. helloides, which
he did not list. According to Klots, epixanthe is strongly
restricted to “acid bogs where the food plant, Cranberry,
grows.” Jones & Fuller (1955) recorded cranberry (Oxy-
coccus) from bogs in McHenry, Lake, Cook, and Will
counties. The well-known Volo bog in Lake County is an
acid tamarack bog, and the occurrence of epixanthe
there seems theoretically possible. L. epixanthe was listed.
by French (1879), but Worthington (1880) -doubted its
occurrence in Illinois.

Plebeius saepiolus (Boisduval)
Saepiolus blue

Plebeius saepiolus: Klots 1951:167.

Klots gave the range of saepiolus as “all of southern
Canada, s. into Iowa, Minnesota, Michigan, and Maine”
and stated that the species is extending its range. He
suggested that it may continue to do so southward, in
which case it might in time reach as far south as northern
Illinois.

NYMPHALIDAE

Limenitis archippus floridensis Strecker
Limenitis archippus floridensis: Klots 1951:115.

This butterfly was listed by Blatchley (1891) from
“TIlinois,” without authov~ity or further information.
Possibly an unusually dark individual variant of this
clinal species was so determined.

Phyciodes phaon (Edwards)
Phaon crescent

Phyciodes phaon: Klots 1951:99.

P. phaon was recorded by P. S. Remington (1956)
as having been taken in St. Louis County, Missouri, and
he told us (personal communication) that he saw no
reason why it should not occur in Illinois. Klots gave its

36

range as “Florida to Texas, n. to Georgia and Kansas;
s. into Mexico.”

Heliconius charitonius (Linnaeus)
Zebra

Heliconius charitonius: Klots 1951:82.

Although it would appear highly unlikely that this
subtropical species might occur in Illinois, Dr. L. J.
Paulissen informed us (personal communication) that
he had heard of the capture of a specimen on the
campus of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Klots
listed it as “straying n. to Kansas.”

Dryas julia (Fabricius)
Julia

Dryas julia: Klots 1951:83.

Of this likewise subtropical form, Paulissen (per-
sonal communication) said, “A fair possibility for Ili-
nois. There are Arkansas and Missouri records.”

ERRONEOUS RECORDS

Some species which have been attributed to the
Illinois fauna in error are discussed elsewhere in this
paper. In addition to those, the following apparently
erroneous records merit brief discussion.

In the Illinois Natural History Survey collection are
two specimens of Lycaena heteronea Boisduval labeled
“Centralia, Illinois, July 4 and July 29, 1893,” and three
examples of Speyeria mormonia eurynome (Edwards)
with labels reading “N. Evanston, Ill. A. J. S.” and
dates of July 27 and July 28, 1893, and August 3, 1896.
All these specimens are from A. J. Snyder of Evanston.
He is known to have collected both in southern Illinois
and in the western states at these periods, and it is almost
certain that he took these specimens in the West and
inadvertently mixed them with Illinois material or mis-
labeled them. We exclude these species from the Illinois
list.

French (1879) listed Grapta satyrus and G. gracilis
from Illinois. The basis for his inclusion of these species
is unknown, but we doubt their presence in this state.
The records may have been founded on misidentified
material, or, less probably, on casual strays; Illinois seems
too far from the range of these Canadian Zone species
for them to be accepted without question.

LITERATURE CITED

In the citations of original descriptions, the true date
of publication is cited in every case. If the date falls
within the period of publication of a work which ap-
peared over an extended period of time, the publication
referred to is that whose publication dates encompass
the date quoted. In the case of the three works of Jacob
Hiibner, which appeared nearly simultaneously, this pro-
cedure is obviously inapplicable; here, we have given
first the initial year of the reference in quotation marks,
followed by the true date of publication of the name in
brackets. Where a work appeared in more than one

volume, the pagination of which recommenced with “1”
with each volume instead of being consecutive, we have
given the volume number in parentheses following the
year of description, e.g. “Cramer 1777(2) :4.”

Some of the names proposed by Cramer, Stoll, and
Drury must be dated from the appearance of the indices
to their works. For the sake of brevity in these cases, we
have given the page references to the text descriptions,
but have dated the names from the indices.

References preceded by an asterisk have not been
examined by the present authors.

Apams, Cuarves C. 1915. An ecological study of prairie and
forest invertebrates. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural
History Bulletin 11:33-280.

Bates, Henry W. 1864. New species of butterflies from
Guatemala and Panama. Entomologists’ Monthly Maga-
zine 1:31-35.

BiaTtcHLey. W. S. 1891. A catalogue of the butterflies known
to occur in Indiana. Annual Report of the Indiana: State
Geologist 17:365-408.

BotspuvAL, JEAN ALPHONSE. 1836. Histoire naturelle des
insectes: species général des lépidoptéres. Vol. 1. Papil-
lons diurnes. Roret, Paris. 690 p., 24 pl.

1852. Lépidoptéres de la Californie. Annales Soci-
eté Entomologique de France, ser. 2, 10:275-324.

oe , and Joun M. Le Conte. “1833” [1829-1834].
Histoire générale et iconographie des lépidoptéres et des
chentlles fe lAmérique septentrionale. Roret, Paris. 228
p., 78 pl.

Bower, H. M. 1911. Early stages of Lycaena lygdamus
Doubleday (Lepid.). Entomological News 22:359-363.

Brown, FrepericK Martin. 1964. The types of satyrid but-
terflies described by William Henry Edwards. American
Entomological Society Transactions 90:323-413.

1965. Comments on the genus Cercyonis Scudder

with figures of types (Satyridae). Journal of Research

on the Lepidoptera 4:131-148.

1966a. Type locality for Cercyonis nephele Kirby

and “Upper Canada” insects collected in the 1820's.

ies of the New York Entomological Society 73:240-

242.

. 19666. The types of nymphalid butterflies described
by William Henry Edwards. Part II, Melitaeinae. Ameri-
can Entomological Society Transactions 92:357-468.
1966c. The authorship of Polites mystic, Edwards
or Scudder? (Hesperiidae). Journal of the Lepidopter-
ists’ Society 20:239-242.

. 1967. The types of the nymphalid butterflies de-

scribed by William Henry Edwards. Part III, Nymphalin-

ae, Limenitidinae, Apaturinae and Charaxinae. American

Entomological Society Transactions 93:319-393.

1968. Notes about North American butterflies de-
scribed by Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Systema Natur-
ae, 1758. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 22:77-88.

Burns, Joun M. 1964. Evolution in skipper butterflies of
the genus Erynnis. University of California Publications
in Entomology. Vol. 37. 214 p., 1 pl.

Carp£, Rinc T., ARTHUR M. SnHapiro, and Harry K. CLENCH.
1970. Sibling species in the eurydice group of Lethe
(Lepidoptera: Satyridae). Psyche 77:70-103.

Cuermock, Ratpw L. 1947. Notes on North American
Enodias (Lepidoptera). Entomological News 58:29-35.

Crark, Austin Hopart. 1935. In Minutes of the 464th
regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washing-
ton, April 4, 1935. Entomological Society of Washington
Proceedings 37:115-116.

1936a. Notes on the butterflies of the genus Enodia

and description of a new fritillary from Peru. United

States National Museum Proceedings 83:251-259.

19366. The gold-banded skipper (Rhabdoides cel-

lus). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 95(7) : 1-50,

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