ea a aah oN 2 ‘* ‘ a vUIVERS a maint ic, WIVERSITY ues NEW SERIES, VOI. XII, NO. Q. MARCH, “IgII i UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SUMMER SESSION ANNOUNCEMENT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL STATION P EIGHT WEEKS, JULY 3—AUGUST [25 ‘. THIRD SEASON, 1911 my) Ann Arbor PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY IQII AMONG THE BIG TREES. THE BIOLOGICAL STATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN A Station for Instruction and Research in Biology will be maintained by the University of Michigan, for the third season, as a part of its regular Summer Session, during the eight weeks from July 3 to August 25 inclu- sive, IQII. POCALTION. The Station will be located near the Bogardus Engi- neering Camp of the University on a tract of about 1,666 acres of land owned by the University and stretching from Douglas Lake to Burt Lake in Cheboygan County, Michigan, 17 miles south of the Straits of Mackinac. This region, diversified by hills and valleys, was formerly covered by primeval forest, and vestiges of this still re- main. It contains many lakes of clear water, unsurpassed in the state for size, depth and beauty of setting. The elevation of the camp, between two and three hundred feet above Lake Michigan, insures cool nights and makes the location favorable for hay fever sufferers. Six miles to the west of the camp on the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railway is the nearest railway station, Pells- ton, a town of some 1,300 inhabitants with a bank and a variety of retail establishments. Fifteen miles to the northeast is Cheboygan on the Michigan Central Rail- way. A state road connects these points and passes near the station. Except for two small summer resorts on Douglas Lake the region for miles about is almost unin- habitated. Douglas Lake is two and one-half miles wide and nearly four miles long. Its shores are everywhere wooded, in some places low and receding, in others rising in terraced bluffs 70 feet above the lake. The shore is of clean sand and the sandy lake bottom slopes gradually into deep water, affording ideal conditions for bathing and boating. The Bogardus Camp lies in the center of a circle of the famous summer resorts of northern Michgan. In clear view from the highest terrace of Bogardus Camp and a mile and a half to the south is Burt Lake, much larger than Douglas Lake and one of the chain of lakes and rivers which form the celebrated “Inland Route” from Petoskey on Lake Michigan to Cheboygan on Lake Hu- ron. Thousands of tourists traverse this route every summer and are charmed as the little steamer which car- ries them passes alternately through narrow, tortuous streams and broad stretches of open lake. Of the summer ‘resorts on the Inland Route, Topinabee on Mullet Lake is best known and is in summer a station of the Michigan ~ Central Kailway 8 miles from Bogardus Camp; all mail for the station should be directed to this place. A drive of 12 miles from Bogardus Camp to the west over the state road brings one to the resort region of Pe- otskey, Bay View, Harbor Springs and Harbor Point on Little Traverse Bay, while some 20 miles west of Petos- key is Charlevoix on Lake Michigan. Seventeen miles north of Pellston on the Straits of Mackinac is Macki- naw City, from which a ferry runs seven miles to Macki- nac Island, in historical association and scenic beauty the gem of the Great Lakes region. The topography of the region immediately about the Bogardus Camp is such as to afford a variety of floral and faunal conditions. The region is characteristically sandy and the home of the ground pines, wintergreen and trailing arbutus, but there are areas of broad leaf trees and shrubs with their usual accompaniments in flora and fauna. Deer, and foxes occur in the neigh- borhood. Among forms of especial interest to Zoologists. may be mentioned Lota (the fresh water codfish), Nec- turus (the mud puppy), the bald eagle and the ant- lion. A half mile south of the camp is a remarkable gorge which ends abruptly against a bluff some seventy feet high. From the bottom of the bluff there issue numerous springs which yield more than a million gal- os DOUGLAS LAKE FROM THE BLUIF, BIOLOGICAL STATION AL THE RIGHT. ONE OF THE LABORATORIES. lons of water a day and form a trout stream which fol- lows the gorge to Burt Lake. This gorge is several hundred feet wide and its bottom and sides present con- ditions for a great variety of plants and animals, from water and bog in the stream’s path through rich, moist ground on both flanks to the dry, sandy sides of the ascent. PLAN OF WORK. It is not the purpose of the station to duplicate the work offered at the University, but to provide facilities for field work of a sort that cannot be so well carried on under urban conditions or with the limitations im- posed by a university schedule. Instruction will be limit- ed to the courses announced, but qualified students may arrange to follow other lines by electing the special courses. A student may give his entire time to either botany or zoology or may divide it between these subjects, but no student will be permitted to take the work for more than eight hours University credit. Each of the four-hour courses is planned to take one-half the stu- dent’s time, the two-hour courses, one-quarter; the spec- ial courses may take any part or the whole of the time. Although a regular schedule of work will be adopted, this will be varied whenever the nature of the material or the weather conditions make this advisable. In all courses at least half the time will be spent in the field. The work of research students will be arranged in ac- cordance with the nature of the problem selected. FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION: The necessary scientific equipment for field and labor- atory work, a launch, row-boats, collecting apparatus, nets, traps, cameras, field glasses, microscopes and ac- cessories, and books are provided by the University. Indoor work will be done in a substantial log building and a tent laboratory. GRADUATE WORK. Graduate students, who are regularly matriculated in the University and properly registered with the Secretary of the Graduate School may carry on work at the station which will count toward an advanced degree. For full information concerning the requirements for advanced degrees, address the Secretary of the Grad- uate School, Ann Arbor, Mich. BOARD AND LODGING. Tents for the use of students and teaching staff will be pitched near the Bogardus Camp. Mrs. Frank Smith will have general supervision of the women’s quarters, and will be ready at any time to advise women students. Each tent, 14 x 14 ft., accommodates four persons and is covered by a fly, provided with a wooden floor and equipped with a stove, mosquito bed-canopy, pail, tub, washstand, pitcher, bowl, table, chairs and camp couches, or straw-filled bed ticks. Students will provide their own towels and bedding, and those who prefer to do so may bring their own tents. All tents must be pitched in accordance with the regulations of the Bogardus Camp and will be subject to daily inspection. First class table board will be provided at the Dining Hall of the Bogardus Camp, and students will not be permitted to cook their own meals. A list of the articles of clothing, bedding and other necessities for the work with instructions for reaching the camp and directions concerning registration and the payment of fees, will be sent in due time to those students who are accepted. FREES AND EXPENSES. Students, except as below, will pay the regular Sum- mer Session fee of $20.00 for the eight weeks and will then be entitled to take courses aggregating eight hours university credit, and to use the scientific equipment. A charge of $2.00 per week will be made to those students who use the tents provided by the station. Stu- dents may, however, provide their own camp equipment, of such sort as they may choose. Board at the Bogardus Camp Dining Hall will cost about $4.00 per week. Students not graduates of the University of Michigan who enroll in the Graduate School will pay, in place of the above fee of $20.00, a fee of $25.00. This fee of $25.00 includes the regular matriculation fee of the Uni- versity and the fee for the current summer. Low round-trip rates from any point in the United States to Pellston may be purchased over all railroads and are good for the summer season. ‘The round-trip rate from Ann Arbor to Pellston is $7.80. — REGISTRATION. Since the number of students that can be accommo- dated is limited, «immediate registration is necessary to insure admission and no registration will be accepted if received after June first. Applications for admission should be addressed to Professor Charles P. Wagner, Secretary of the Summer Session, Ann Arbor, Mich., and should indicate the courses that the student intends to pursue, his preparation for them, and whether he will bring his own camp equipment or use that provided by the station. STAFF. OF INSTRUCTION. Jacos REIcHARD, Pu.B., Professor of Zoédlogy and Direc- tor of the Zoological Laboratory and the Zoolog- ical Museum in the Umversity of Michigan, Di- rector of the Biological Station and Professor of ZOOlogy. FRANK SmitH, A.M., Associate Professor of Zoology in the University of Illinois, Assistant Professor of Zoology. Henry ALLAN GLEASON, PH.D., Assistant Professor of Botany in the University of Michigan, Assistant Professor of Botany. Frep Aaron Loew, B.S., Professor of Science in Central College (Indiana), Assistant in Botany. HoracE BurRINGTON BaAKeEr, A.B., Assistant m Zoology in the University of Michigan, Assistant in Zool- ogy. Dora STAMA'S SMITH, PH.B., Women’s Adviser. LD. 4 4 4 ® CLASS IN THE TH P FOR THE DAY. OF ZOOLOGY. 1. The Natural History of Vertebrate Animals, with special reference to behavior and evolution. ‘The fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals of the region will be collected and identified and as far as possible their habits will be studied in the field and laboratory. Stu- dents will thus learn to recognize the native vertebrates at sight. In the field special attention will be given to methods of work. The exact methods of the laboratory, not hitherto commonly used in the field, will be applied to the observation of animal habits and to the making of field records, both written and pictorial. Photography will be used whenever possible both for terrestrial and aquatic forms. The records made in the field will form the basis of written reports, reading will be required and conferences will be held for the discussion of the rela- tion of the observations to the general problems of ani- mal behavior and evolution. The attempt will be made to give to teachers and others a certain measure of that intimacy with living animals out of doors that forms the charm of Thoreau and Burroughs. At the same time modern methods of observation, record and interpretation will be utilized for scientific ends. Two half days of field or laboratory work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. PROFESSOR REIGHARD. 2. The Natural History of Invertebrate Anmals.— The protozoans, sponges, coelenterates, rotifers, bryo- zoans, worms, crustaceans, spiders, myriapods, insects and molluscs of the region wll be studied. Both aquatic and — terrestrial invertebrate animals will be collected and iden- tified, so that students will gain a general familiarity with them and learn to recognize the common species at sight. Especial attention will be given to exact methods of field observations and to the making of field records. The principles of fresh water biology will be studied, and practice will be given in the use of such apparatus as plankton pumps and nets, the thermophone, thermo- meter, turbidimiter and centrifuge. The field work will be supplemented by a more detailed examination of ant- mals in the laboratory; here the structural adaptations which make certain organisms suited to particular habi- tats will be studied. The records made in the field will form the basis for written reports, and reading will be required. In the conferences, the relation of observa- tions to general problems will be discussed. This course will attempt to give an intimate knowledge of out door life, to make one at home with invertebrates in the field. Exact methods will be used in making ob- servations, and an effort will be made to correlate the facts observed with the general principles of biology. Four half days of field or laboratory work, and one or two hours devoted to conference or lecture weekly. Four hours credit. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SMITH. 3. Ihe Natural History of Birds.—Birds will be studied with especial reference to their environment. Field work will include identification, observations on habitat preferences, food habits, nesting activities and the early autumnal migration movements. In the confer- ences attention will be given to the economic relations of birds to man, their seasonal distribution and the facts and theories of their annual migration movements. The bird fauna is abundant and includes many representatives of northern species. Two half days of field work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SMITH. 4. The Natural History of Molluscs——The molluscs of the region will be collected and identified and field studies made of their relations to environment and their meaning in the biology of the region. An opportunity will be afforded to become familiar with the literature of systematic conchology and to form individual collec- tions of properly determined specimens. Such collec- tions should be of great value to teachers. Two half days of field work and one conference weekly. Two hours _credit. Mr. BAKER. 5. Individual Course. Special and Research Work in Evolution and Behavior.—This course does not involve formal instruction but is intended for those who wish to take up special work or to do research under direction. Studies may be made in animal behavior, in the meaning of color in its relation to environment, in mimicry and the like. A number of problems in these fields have been already outlined and are awaiting solution. Two, four, six or eight hours. PROFESSOR REIGHARD. 6. Systematic and Faunal Zodlogy.—The identifica- tion and classification of special groups of animals and their distribution in the Douglas Lake Region. a. Ihe Fishes. PRorressor REIGHARD. b. The Oligochetes. Assistant PRroFEssoR SMITH. © c. The Molluscs. Mr. BAKER. Two, four, six or eight hours credit. — Those having special problems that they wish to in- vestigate should communicate with the Director of the Station concerning literature, apparatus and material. BOTANY. 1. Field and Forest Botany.—This course will be made of especial interest to those students who desire an acquaintance with the life and habits of plants in their natural surroundings, and with the correlation between the environment and the structure of the plant. The work will consist of field trips, laboratory exercises, and lectures. In the field the student will become familiar with the commoner trees, herbaceous plants and ferns of the vicinity, and with the plant associations in which they grow. ‘The various factors influencing the distri- bution of plants and their grouping into definite associa- tions will be considered as fully as the time will allow. The effect on the vegetation of certain external factors, such as the water content of the soil, the topography, and the light, will be studied. The topography of the region is so varied that a wide range in ecological factors is produced, and consequently a large number of habitats with varied flora is available for study. In the labora- tory, a study will be made of the structure of some plants of the region, with chief attention to the relation between the form of the plant and the environment in which it lives. The lectures will consist of a presentation of the general principles of plant ecology, as illustrated in the vegetation of the vicinity. Four half days work in the field or laboratory and one conference weekly. Four hours credit... ASSISTANT PROFESSOR GLEASON, Mr. LoEw. 2. Systematic Botany.—The chief aim of this course is to acquaint the student with the flora about the camp. The general principles of the classification of the higher plants will be considered with special reference to the local flora. The flora is very rich in species and family types. There is an excellent opportunity for the collec- tion and preparation of material for the herbarium. It is desired that students electing this course should have some previous experience, however slight, in the identi- fication of plants. Two half days field work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. ASSISTANT PRo- FESSOR GLEASON. 3. Individual Course: Special and Research Work.— Students who have taken either of the two preceding courses, or their equivalent, will find at the station ex- cellent opportunities for further study or research in many lines of botany. In every case students will receive individual direction and assistance as needed, and the nature of the work will be adapted to the personal need of the student. For the graduate, conditions are very favorable for study or research in various lines of ecology. For the undergraduate, there is a wide range of available subjects for study, sufficient to meet the individual tastes of every student. Two, four, six, or eight hours credit. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR GLEASON. PHOTOGRAPHY. While there will be no regular instruction in photog- raphy, a well equipped dark room is provided and all stu- dents will be given such individual assistance as they may need., The station is provided with a camera of the usual form, a reflecting camera and a unique apparatus for sub-aquatic photography. Although students may use the station apparatus for scientific purposes, they should bring their own cameras for other uses. Those exceeding 5 x 7 size are not suitable for the field and the best size is probably 4 x 5. ere developing outfits for films are to be preferred. NATURE STUDY. While no formal instruction will be given in the sub- ject matter or methods of nature study, it is the purpose of the work to bring the student into the closest possible contact with out-door nature. It is believed that teachers of nature study will find this the best preparation. PUBHICATION. The instruction offered is along the lines of the pub- lished researches of the members of the teaching staff and students will receive every encouragement to take up work that may yield results suitable for publication. Eyv- ery assistance will be given in preparing matter for pub- lication and in placing it in suitable scientific journals. EXCURSIONS. Saturday excursions may be arranged to the points of scientific, historical, and scenic interest that lie on every side. Such excursions afford opportunities to the student to broaden his knowledge of natural history and to collect natural history objects. Excursions to nearer points by boat and on foot will form a regular part of the work of the station. Week-end camping trips will be arranged during which informal instruction in camp- ing and woodcraft will be given. These are arts useful in many natural history investigations. RECREATION. Recreation will not be permitted to interfere with the regular work of the Station, but when the day’s work is done, opportunities for boating, swimming and fishing are to be found on every side. Those who wish will be given instruction in swimming and boating. The location of the station in the midst of the northern wilderness and within the circle of Northern Michigan resorts makes it possible to combine with study the pleasures of a summer outing in an invigorating climate. At the close of each of the previous sessions every student testified that, while he had gained in his studies as much as would have been possible at a regular university seat, he had at the same time improved in health. Many who had come to the station jaded by a year of teaching left it as much rested as though they had given the whole time to recreation alone. r Tue University Bui.etin 1s Issugp BY THE UNIvERSITY or MICHIGAN AS OFTEN as EwERY SIX WEEKS DuRING THE Unt VERSITY YEAR. re ENTERED AS SECOND-CrLASS MATTER AT THE a AT Any ARBOR, MICHIGAN. jas Tue BuLietin INcLUDES 1HE FOLLOWING Pupitcations: -~ The Annual Report of the President. The Calendar of the University. The Annual Announcements of the Department of ‘Lieve Science, and the Arts, the Graduate School, the Depart- — ments of Engineering, of Medicine and Surgery, aud -ob*. Law, the School of Pharmacy, the Homceopathic Medical College, the College of Dental Surgery, and the Summer Session. Other Announcements of the several departments of instruc- tion, Reports of University officers, etc. . | SS te The Ana (Arbor = Press a THE LIBRA AVERSITY Bwtioey PEN NEW SERIES, VOL. XIII, NO. 16. “MARCH, I9T2 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SUMMER SESSION ooo ANNOUNCEMENT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL STATION EIGHT WEEKS, JULY 2—AUGUST 28 FOURTH SEASON, 1912 Ann Arbor PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY IgI2 AMONG THE BIG TREES. THE BIOLOGICAL STATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN A Station for Instruction and Research in Biology will be maintained by the University of Michigan, for the fourth season, as a part of its regular Summer Session, during the eight weeks from July 2 to August 23 inclu- ‘Sye. TO12. LOCATION. The Station will be located near the Bogardus Engi- neering Camp of the University on a tract of about 1,666 acres of land owned by the University and stretching from Douglas Lake to Burt Lake in Cheboygan County, Michigan, 17 miles south of the Straits of Mackinac. This region, diversified by hills and valleys, was formerly covered by forests of hardwoods and conifers. Small tracts of the former still remain. It contains many lakes of clear water, unsurpassed in the state for size, depth, and beauty of setting. The elevation of the camp, between one and two hundred feet above Lake Michigan, in- sures cool nights and makes the location favorable for hay fever sufferers. Six miles to the west of the camp on the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railway is the nearest railway station, Pells- ton, a town of some 1,300 inhabitants with a bank and a variety of retail establishments. Fifteen miles to the northeast is Cheboygan on the Michigan Central Rail- way. A state road connects these points and passes near the station. Except for two small summer resorts on Douglas Lake the region for miles about is almost unin- habited. Douglas Lake is two and one-half miles wide and nearly four miles long. Its shores are everywhere wooded, in some places low and receding, in others rising in terraced bluffs 70 feet above the lake. ‘The beach is of clean sand and the sandy lake bottom slopes gradually into deep water, affording ideal conditions for bathing and boating. The Biological Station lies in the centre of a circle of the famous summer resorts of northern Michigan. In clear view from the highest terrace of the Station and a mile and a half to the south is Burt Lake, much larger than Douglas Lake and one of the chain of lakes and rivers which form the celebrated “Inland Route” from Petoskey on Lake Michigan to Cheboygan on Lake Hu- ron. Thousands of tourists traverse this route every summer and are charmed as the little steamer which car- ries them passes alternately through narrow, tortuous streams and broad stretches of open lake. Of the summer resorts on the Inland Route, Topinabee on Mullet Lake is best known and ts a station of the Michigan Central Railway 8 miles from the Station. A drive of 12 miles from the camp to the west over the state road brings one to the resort region of Petos- key, Bay View, Harbor Springs, and Harbor Point on Little Traverse Bay, while some 20 miles west of Petos- key is Charlevoix on Lake Michigan. Seventeen miles north of Pellston on the Straits of Mackinac is Macki- naw City, from which a ferry runs seven miles to Macki- nac Island, in historical association and’ scenic beauty the gem of the Great Lakes region. The topography of the region immediately about the Station is such as to afford a variety of floral and faunal conditions. The region is characteristically sandy and the home of the ground pines, wintergreen, and trailing arbutus, but there are areas of broad-leaf trees and shrubs with their usual accompaniments in flora and fauna. Deer and foxes occur in the neighborhood. Among forms of especial interest to Zoologists may be mentioned Lota (the fresh water codfish), Necturus (the mud puppy), the bald eagle, and the ant-lion. A half mile south of the camp is a remarkable gorge which ends abruptly against a bluff some seventy feet high. From the bottom of the bluff there issue numerous springs which yield more than — a million gallons of water a day and form a trout stream which follows the gorge to Burt Lake. This gorge is several hundred feet wide and its bottom and sides present conditions for a great variety of plants and animals, from DOUGLAS LAKE FROM THE BLUFF, BIOLOGICAL STATION. AT THE RIGHT. ONE OF THE LABORATORIES. water and bog in the stream’s path through rich, moist grounds on both flanks to the dry, sandy sides of the ascent. PLAN OF WORK It is not the purpose of the Station to duplicate the work offered at the University, but to provide facilities for field work of a sort that cannot be so well: carried on under urban conditions or with the limitations im- posed by a university schedule. Instruction will be limit- ed to the courses announced, but qualified students may arrange to follow other lines by electing the special courses. A student may give his entire time to éither botany or zoology or may divide it between these subjects, but no student will be permitted to take the work for more than eight hours University credit. Each of the four-hour courses is planned to take one-half the stu- dent’s time, the two-hour courses, one-quarter; the spec- ial courses may take any part or the whole of the time. Although a regular schedule of work will be adopted, this will be varied whenever the nature of the material or the weather conditions make this advisable. In all! courses at least half the time will be spent in the field. The work of research students will be arranged in ac- cordance with the nature of the problem selected. FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTIOgg® The necessary scientific equipment for field and labor- atory work, launches, row-boats, collecting apparatus, nets, traps, cameras, field glasses, microscopes and ac- cessories, and books are provided by the University. For indoor work there are two log buildings and a tent labora- tory. GRADUATE WORK. Graduate students, when regularly matriculated in the University and properly registered with the Secretary of the Graduate School, may carry on work at the Station which will count toward an advanced degree. For full information concerning the requirements for advanced degrees, address the Secretary of the Ce uate School, Ann Arbor, Mich. BOARD AND LODGING. Tents for the use of students and teaching staff will be pitched near the Bogardus Camp. Mrs. Anna M. Rhoades, Dean of Women, will have general supervision of the women’s quarters, and will be ready at any time to advise women students. Fach tent, 14 x 14 ft., accommodates four persons and is covered by a fly, provided with a wooden floor and equipped with a stove, mosquito bed- canopies, pail, tub, washstand, pitcher, bowl, table chairs, and straw-filled bed ticks. Students will provide their own towels and bedding, and those who prefer to do so may bring their own tents. All tents must be pitched in accord- ance with the regulations of the Bogardus Camp and will be subject to daily inspection. First-class table board will be provided at the Mess Tent of the Bogardus Camp, and students will not be permitted to cook their own meals. A list of the articles of clothing, bedding, and other necessities for the work, with instructions for reaching ithe camp and directions concerning registration and the payment of fees, will be sent in due time to those students who are accepted. FREES AND EXPENSES. Students, except as below, will pay the regular Sum- mer Session fee of $20.00 for the eight weeks and will then be entitled to take courses aggregating eight hours university credit. A charge of $8.00 is made for the use of the scientific equipment. A further charge of $8.00 is made to those students who use the tents provided by the Station. Students may, however, provide their own camp equipment, of such sort as they may choose. Board at the Bogardus Camp Mess Tent is provided at cost, about $4.00 per week. | Students not graduates of the University of Michigan who enroll in the Graduate School will pay, in place of the above fee of $20.00, a fee of $25.00. This fee of $25.00 includes the regular matriculation fee of the Uni- versity and the fee for the current summer. Low round-trip rates from any point in the United States to Pellston or Mackinac Island may be purchased over all railroads and are good for the summer season. The round-trip rate from Ann Arbor to Pellston is $7.80. REGISTRATION. Since the number of students that can be accommo- dated is limited, immediate registration 1s necessary to insure admission and no registration will be accepted if recewed after June first. Applications for admission should be addressed to Professor T. EF. Rankin, Secretary of the Summer Session, Ann Arbor, Mich., and should indicate the courses that the student intends to pursue, his preparation for them, and whether he will bring his own camp equipment or use that provided by the Station. STAFF OF INSTRUCTION. Jacop REeIGHARD, PH.B., Professor of Zoology and Direc- tor of the Zoological Laboratory and the Zoolog- ical Museum in -the University of Michigan, Di- rector of the Biological Station and Professor of Zoology. FRANK SmrtH, A.M., Associate Professor of Zodlogy im the University of Illinois, Assistant Professor of Zoology. Henry ALLAN GiLEAson, PH.D., Assistant Professor of Botany in the University of Michgan, Assistant Professor of Botany. AARON FRANKLIN SHULL, PH.D., Instructor in Zodlogy in the Umversity of Michigan, Research Assistant in Zoology. RotanpD McMiLwan Harper, PH.D., Research Assistant in Botany. Frep AARON Loew, B.S., Professor of Science in Central College (Indiana), Assistant in Botany. ARTHUR GrBson VeESTAL, A.B., Instructor in Biology, University of Colorado, Assistant in Botany. Joun Situ Dexter, A.M., Professor of Biology, Northland College, Ashland, Wisconsin, Assistant in Orintholocy. Pau, SmirH WetcH, A.B., Fellow in Zoélo gy, Umver- sity of Illinots, Assistant in Entomology. Frances J. Dunpar, B.S., Assistant in Zodlogy, Univer- sity of Michigan, Assistant in Zodlogy. ANNA MINER Ruoapses, Dean of Women. OFF FOR TIIE DAY. ZOOLOGY. 1. Ihe Natural History of Vertebrate Animals, with special reference to behawor and evolution. ‘The course will deal chiefly with fishes, amphibians, and mammals, but not with birds (see Course 3), and only incidentally with reptiles. As far as possible the forms occurring in the region will be collected and identified and their habits studied in the field and laboratory. Students will thus learn to recognize many of the native vertebrates at sight. In the field special attention will be given to methods of work. The exact methods of the laboratory, not hither- to commonly used in the field, will be applied to the ob- servation of animal habits and to the making of field rec- ords, both written and pictorial. The records made in the field will form the basis of written reports, reading will be required, and conferences will be held for the discus- sion of the relation of the observations to the general problems of animal behavior and evolution. The attempt will be made to give to teachers and others a certain measure of that intimacy with living animals out of doors that forms the charm of Thoreau and Burroughs. At the same time precise methods of observation, record, and interpretation will be utilized for scientific ends. ‘Two half days of field or laboratory work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. PROFESSOR REIGHARD. 2. The Natural History of Invertebrate Ammals.— The protozoans, sponges, coelenterates, rotifers, bryo- zoans, worms, crustaceans, and molluscs of the region will be studied. Both aquatic and terrestial inverte- brate animals will be collected and identified, so that students will gain a general familiarity with them and learn to recognize the common species at sight. Es- pecial attention will be given to exact methods of field observations and to the making of field records. The principles of fresh water biology will be studied, and practice will be given in the use of such apparatus as plankton pumps and nets, the thermophone, thermo- meter and turbidimeter. The field work will be supple- mented by a more detailed examination of animals in the laboratory ; here the adaptations which make certain or- ‘ganisms suited to particular habitats will be studied. The records made in the field will form the basis for written reports, and reading will be required. In the conferences, the relation of observations to general problems will be discussed. This course will attempt to give an intimate knowledge of outdoor life, to make one at home with invertebrates. in the field. Exact methods will be used in making ob- servations, and an effort will be made to correlate the facts observed with the general principles of biology. Four half days of field or laboratory work, and one or two hours devoted to conference or lecture weekly. Four hours credit. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SMITH. 3.* The Natural History of Birds.—Birds will be studied with especial reference to their environment. Field work will include identification, observations on habitat preferences, food habits, nestling activities, and the early autumnal migration movements. In the confer- ences attention will be given to the economic relations of birds to man, their seasonal distribution and the facts and theories of their annual migration movements. The bird fauna is abundant and includes many representatives of northern species. ‘Two half days of field work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. PRoFESSOR SMITH and Mr. DEXTER. | 4.* The Natural History of Insects—The insects of the region will be collected and identified and field studies made of their relations to environment and their meaning in the biology of the region. An opportunity will be afforded to become familiar with the literature of entom- ology and to form individual collections of properly deter- mined specimens. Such collections should be of great value to teachers. Two half days of field work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. PROFESSOR SMITH and Mr. WELCH. | 5. Individual Course. Special and Research Work in Evolution and Behavior.—This course does not involve formal instruction but is intended for those who wish to take up special work or to do research under direction. * Instruction in these courses will be given by the assistants under the general supervision of Professor Smith. Studies may be made in animal behavior, in the meaning of color in its relation to environment, in mimicry, and the ° like. A number of problems in these fields have been already outlined and are awaiting solution. Two, four, six, or eight hours credit. PROESSFOR REIGHARD. 6. Systematic and Faunal Zodlogy.—The identifica- tion and classification of special groups of animals and their distribution in the Douglas Lake region. | a. The Fishes. Proressor REIGHARD. b. The Oligochetes. Assistant PROFESSOR SMITH. Two, four, six, or eight hours credit. Those having special problems that they wish to in- vestigate should communicate with the Director of the Station concerning literature, apparatus, and material. BOTANY: 1. Field and Forest Botany—This course will be ‘made of especial interest to those students who desire an acquaintance with the life and habits of plants in their natural surroundings, and with the correlation between the environment and the structure of the plant. The work will consist of field trips, laboratory exercises, and lectures. In the field the student will become familiar with the commoner trees, herbaceous plants and ferns of the vicinity, and with the plant associations in which they grow. The various factors influencing the distri- bution of plants and their grouping into definite associa- tions will be considered as fully as the time will allow. The effect on the vegetation of certain external factors, such as the water content of the soil, the topography, and the light, will be studied. ‘The topography of the region is so varied that a wide range in ecological factors is produced, and consequently a large number of habitats with varied flora is available for study. In the labora- tory, a study will be made of the structure of some plants of the region, with chief attention to the relation between the form of the plant and the environment in which it lives. The lectures will consist of a presentation of the general principles of plant ecology, as illustrated in the vegetation of the vicinity. Four half days work in the field or laboratory and one conference weekly. Four hours credit. ASISTANT Prorrssor GLEASON, Mr. Loew. 2. Systematic Botany—The chief aim of this course it to acquaint the student with the flora about the camp. The general principles of the classification of the higher plants will be considered with special reference to the local flora. The flora is very rich in species and family types. There is an excellent opportunity for the collec- tion and preparation of material for the herbarium. It is desired that students electing this course should have some previous experience, however slight, in the identi- fication of plants. Two half :days field work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. ASSISTANT PRo- FESSOR GLEASON. 3. Individual Course: Special and Research Work.— Students who have taken either of the two preceding courses, or their equivalent, will find at the station ex- cellent opportunities for further study or research in many lines of botany. In every case students will receive individual direction and assistance as needed, and the nature of the work will be adapted to the personal need of the student. Those students who are beginning re- search in the field will normally devote one day per week to an introductory study of field methods. Practice will be given in the recognition of plant associations, the de- termination and description of their structure and succes- sional relations, and the measurement of some environ- mental factors. Such students may also devote one day or more per week to some individual problem. ‘Those students who have had experience in field methods may give their time entirely to special problems. For the grad- uate, conditions are very favorable for study or research in various lines of ecology. For the undergraduate, there is a wide range of available subjects for study, sufficient to meet the individual tastes of every student. A list of subjects suggested for research during the summer of 1912 will be sent on application. Two, four, six, or eight hours credit. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR GLEASON. PHOTOGRAPHY. While no formal course in photography is offered, a number of lectures and demonstrations dealing with pho- tographic apparatus and processes will be given by Miss Dunbar and will be open to all students. A well equipped dark doom is provided, and all students will be given such individual assistance as they may need. ‘The station is provided with a camera of the usual form, a reflecting camera and a unique apparatus for sub-aquatic photo- eraphy. Although students may use the station appara- tus for scientific purposes, they should bring their own cameras for other uses. Those exceeding 5 x 7 size are not suitable for the field and the best size is probably 4 x 5. Daylight developing outfits for films are to be preferred. NATURE STUDY. No formal instruction will be given in the subject mat- ter of nature study, but it is the purpose of the station to bring the student into the closest possible contact with out-door nature. It is believed that teachers of nature study will find this the best preparation. ASTRONOMY. The weather is usually favorable for astronomical obser- vations and much may be learned by the use of field glass- es or with the unaided eye. Assistant Professor Gleason will give instruction on one evening of each week to those who wish it. The knowledge gained is of much practical use. | MEDICAL ATTENDANCE. No illness has yet occurred among students at the sta- tion and none is expected. A physician is in residence at the camp and his services are free to students. Instruc- tion will be given in first aid to injured and in resuscitation of the apparently drowned. EVENING LECTURES. Each Wednesday evening an illustrated lecture will be given by a member of the staff or visiting naturalist. EXCURSIONS: CAMPING PARTIES. Students may arrange Saturday excursions to the points of scientific, historical, and scenic interest that lie on every side. Such excursions afford opportunities to the student to broaden his knowledge of natural history and to collect natural history objects. Excursions to nearer points by boat and on foot will form a regular part of the work of the station. Camping parties are sent out.at each week end and an opportunity is afforded every stu- dent to join one of these parties. Instruction in camping and woodcraft is given to each party by an experienced person. ‘These are arts useful in many natural history investigations. RECREATION. Recreation will not be permitted to interfere with the regular work of the Station, but when the day’s work is done, opportunities for boating, swimming, and fishing are to be found on every side. Those who wish will be given instruction in swimming and boating. The location of the station in the midst of the northern wilderness and within the circle of Northern Michigan resorts makes it possible to combine with study the pleasures of a summer outing in an invigorating climate. At the close of each of the previous sessions every student testified that, while he had gained in his studies as much as would have been possible at a regular university seat, he had at the same time improved in health. Many who had come to the station jaded by a year of teaching left it as much rested as though they had given the whole time to recreation alone. PUBEICATION. The instruction offered is along the lines of the pub- lished researches of the members of the teaching staff, and students wil! receive every encouragement to take up work that may yield results suitable for publication. Ev- ery assistance will be given in preparing matter for pub- lication and in placing it in suitable scientific journals. THE University BULLETIN Is ISSUED BY THE UNIVERSITY ‘OF MICHIGAN AS OFTEN AS Every 'Stx WerEKS DuRING THE Unt VERSITY YEAR. ENTERED AS ‘SECcoND-CLASS MATTER AT THE PosToFFIcE. At ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN. THE BuLLETIN INCLUDES THE FoLLOWwING PUBLICATIONS :— The Annual Report of the President. The Calendar of the University. The Annual Anouncements of the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the Graduate School, the Depart- ments. of Engineering, of Medicine and Surgery, and of Law, the School of Pharmacy, the Homceopathic Medical Seta the College of Dental Surgery, and the Summer ession. Other Announcements of the several departments of instruc- tion, Reports of University officers, etc. THE ANN ARBOR PRESS. MSSAZEbS. at Tis _ UNIVERSITY BULLETIN | ; ie i _ NEW SERIES, VOL. XIV, NO. 12. MARCH, 1913, ey, ~~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SUMMER SESSION ANNOUNCEMENT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL STATION ) EIGHT WEEKS, JULY 1— AUGUST 29 FIFTH SEASON, 1913 Ann Arhn PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 1913 STAFF OF INSTRUCTION Jacob Reighard, Ph.B., Professor of Zodlogy and Di- rector of the Zoological Laboratory and the Zo- dlogical Museum m the University of Michigan, Director of the Biological Station (not in resi- dence). Henry Allan Gleason, Ph.D., Assistant Prope of Botany and Curator of the Phanerogamic Herb-— arium m the University of Michiotn, Actmg Di- vector of the Biological Station and Assistant Pro- fessor of Botany. Frank Smith, A.M., Associate Professor of Zoology in the University of Illinois, Assistant Professor of Zoology. Max Mapes Ellis, Ph.D., Instructor in Biology m the University of Colorado, Instructor in Zodlogy. Harry Nichols Whitford, Ph.D., Instructor m Botany. Paul Smith Welch, A.M., Fellow in Zodlogy in the University of Illinois, Instructor in Entomology. Guy West Wilson, A.M., Research Assistant mm Bot- an). Bessie Rose Green, A.M., Assistant in Zoology in the University of Illinois, Research Assistant m Zo- dlogy. Margaret Vara Cobb, A.B., Fellow in Zodlogy m the University of Illinois, Research Assistant m Zo- Glogy. James Stephen Compton, A.M., Professor of Biology in Eureka College, Agsisiaus in Ornithology. Alvalyn Eunice Woodward, M.S., Fellow in Zoology in the University of Michigan, Assistant in Zodl- ogy. Frances Jewett Dunbar, A.B., Assistant im Zoilogy in the Umversity of Michigan, Assistant im Zool- ORM, Marion Durbin Ellis, A.M., Dean of Women. THE BIOLOGICAL STATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN —_—- A Station for Instruction and Research in Biology will be maintained by the University of Michigan, for the fifth season, as a part of its regular Summer Session, during the eight weeks from July I to August 22, inclu- sive, 1913. LOCATION: The Station is located near the Bogardus Engineer- ing Camp of the University on a tract of about 1,666 acres of land owned by the University and stretching from Douglas Lake to Burt Lake in Cheboygan County, Mich- igan, 17 miles south of the Straits of Mackinac. This region, diversified by hills and valleys, was formerly covered by forests of hardwoods and conifers. Small tracts of the former still remain. It contains many lakes of clear water, unsurpassed in the state for size, depth, and beauty of setting. The elevation of the camp, be- tween one and two hundred feet above Lake Michigan, insures cool nights and makes the location favorable for hay fever sufferers. Six miles to the west of the camp on the Grand Rap- ids and Indiana Railway is the nearest railway station, Pellston, a town of some 1,300 inhabitants with a bank and a variety of retail establishments. Fifteen miles to the northeast is Cheboygan on the Michigan Central Railway. A state road connects these points and passes near the station. Except for two small summer resorts on Douglas Lake the region for miles about is almost uninhabited. Douglas Jake is two and one-half miles wide and nearly four miles long. Its shores are every- where wooded, in some places low and receding, in others rising in terraced bluffs 70 feet above the lake. The beach is of clean sand and the sandy lake bottom slopes gradually into deep water, affording ideal conditions for bathing and boating. The Biological Station lies in the centre of a circle of the famous summer resorts of northern Michigan. In clear view from the highest terrace of the Station and a mile and a half to the south is Burt Lake, much larger than Douglas Lake and one of the chain of lakes and rivers which form the celebrated “Inland Route’ from Petoskey on Lake Michigan to Cheboygan on Lake Hu- ron. ‘Thousands of tourists traverse this route every summer and are charmed as the little steamer which car- ries them passes alternately through narrow, tortuous streams and. broad stretches of open lake. Of the sum- mer resorts on the Inland Route, Topinabee on Mullet Lake is best known and is a station of the Michigan Central Railway 8 miles from the Station. A drive of 12 miles from the camp to the west over the state road brings one to the resort region of Petos- key, Bay View, Harbor Springs, and Harbor Point on Little Traverse Bay, while some 20 miles west of Petos- key is Charlevoix on Lake Michigan. Seventeen miles north of Pellston on the Straits of Mackinac is Macki- naw City, from which a ferry runs seven miles to Macki- nac Island, in historical association and scenic beauty the gem of the Great Lakes region. The topography of the region immediately about the Station is such as to afford a variety of floral and faunal conditions. . The region is characteristically sandy and the home of the ground pines, wintergreen, and trailing arbutus, but there are areas of broad-leaf trees and shrubs with their usual accompaniments in flora and fauna. Deer and foxes occur in the neighborhood. ° Among forms of especial interest to Zoologists may be mentioned Lota (the fresh water codfish), Necturus (the mud puppy), the bald eagle, and the ant-lion. The flora is noted for the number of species of heaths and orchids, including several rare forms. About 550 species of flowering plants are known to occur in the vicinity. A half mile south of the camp is a remarkable gorge which ends abruptly against a bluff some seventy feet high. From the bottom of the bluff there issue numerous springs which yield more than a million gallons of water a day and form a trout stream which follows the gorge to Burt Lake. This gorge is several hundred feet wide and its bottom and sides present conditions for a great variety of plants and animals, from water and bog in the stream’s path through rich, moist grounds on both flanks to the dry, sandy sides of the ascent. PLAN OF WORK. It is not the purpose of the Station to duplicate the work offered at the University, but to provide facilities for field work of a sort that cannot be so well carried on under urban conditions or with the limitations imposed by a university schedule. Instruction is limited to the courses announced, but qualified students may arrange to follow other lines by electing the special courses. A student may give his entire time to either botany or zoology or may divide it between these subjects, but no student 1s permitted to take the work for more than eight hours University credit. Each of the four-hour courses is planned to take one-half the student’s time, the two- hour courses, one-quarter; the special courses may take any part or the whole of the time. Although a regular schedule of work is adopted, this is varied whenever the nature of the material or the weather conditions make this advisable. In all courses at least half the time is spent in the field. The work of research students will be arranged in accordance with the nature of the problem selected. FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION. The necessary scientific equipment for field and labor- atory work, launches, row-boats, collecting apparatus, nets, traps, cameras, field glasses, microscopes and ac- cessories, and books are provided by the University. For indoor work there are two log buildings and a tent labor- atory. GRADUATE WORK. Graduate students, when regularly matriculated in the University and properly registered with the Dean of the Graduate Department, may carry on work at the Station which will count toward an advanced degree. For full information concerning the requirements for advanced degrees, address the Dean of the Graduate De- partment, Ann Arbor, Mich. BOARD AND LODGING. Tents for the use of students and teaching staff are pitched near the Bogardus Camp. Mrs. Marion D. Ellis, Dean of Women, has general supervision of the women’s quarters, and is ready at any time to advise women stu- dents. Each tent, 14x14 ft., accommodates four per- sons and is covered by a fly, provided with a wooden floor and equipped with a stove, mosquito bed-canopies, pail, tub, washstand, pitcher, bowl, table, chairs, and straw-filled bed ticks. Students will provide their own towels and bedding, and those who prefer to do so may bring their own tents. All tents must be pitched in ac- cordance with the regulations of the Bogardus Camp and will be subject to daily inspection. First-class table board is provided at the Mess Tent of the Bogardus Camp, and students are not permitted to cook their own meals. A list of the articles of clothing, bedding, and other necessities for the work, with instructions for reaching the camp and directions concerning registration and the payment of fees, will be sent in due time to those stu- dents who are accepted. FEES AND EXPENSES. Students, except as below, will pay the regular Sum- mer Session fee of $20.00 for the eight weeks and will then be entitled to take courses aggregating eight hours university credit. A charge of $8.00 is made for the use of the scientific equipment. A further charge of $8.00 is made to those students who use the tents provided by the Station. Students may, however, provide their own camp equipment, of such sort as they may choose. Board at the Bogardus Camp Mess Tent is provided at cost, about $4.10 per week. Students not graduates of the University of Michigan who enroll in the Graduate Department will pay, in place of the above fee of $20.00, a fee of $25.00. This fee of $25.00 includes the regular matriculation fee of the Uni- versity and the fee for the current summer. Low round-trip rates from any point in the United States to Pellston or Mackinac Island may be purchased over all railroads and are good for the summer season. The round-trip rate from Ann Arbor to Pellston is $8.75. REGISTRATION. Since the number of students that can be accommo- dated is limited, wumediate registration is necessary to insure admission and no registration will be accepted tf received after June first. Applications for admission should be addressed to Professor ‘I’. FE. Rankin, Secretary of the Summer Session, Ann Arbor, Mich., and should indicate the courses that the student intends to pursue, his preparation for them, and whether he will bring his own camp equipment or use that provided by the Station. Inquiries concerning the instruction, equipment, or re- search at the Station may be addressed to the Acting Director or to the instructor in charge of the course. A STANDARD LIVINC-TENT oe INTERIOR OF Mess TENT i 3 Ay’s Work —., 3 LAUNCH | ; SHORE OF DoucLAs LAKE AT THE STATION ZOOLOGY, 1. Ihe Natural History of Vertebrate Animals, with special reference to behavior and evolution—The course deals chiefly with fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, but not with birds (see Course 3), and only incidentally with mammals. As far as possible the forms occurring in the region are collected and identified and their habits studied in the field and laboratory. Students thus learn to recognize many of the native vertebrates at sight. In the field special attention is given to methods of work. The exact methods of the laboratory are applied to the observation of animal habits and to the making of field records. ‘The records made in the field form the basis of written reports, reading is required, and conferences are held for the discussion of the relation of the obser- vations to the general problems of animal behavior, evo- lution, and taxonomy. An attempt is made to give to teachers and others a certain measure of intimacy with living animals out of doors. At the same time precise methods of observa- tion, record, and interpretation are utilized for scientific ends. ‘Two half days of field or laboratory work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. Dr. ELus. 2. The Natural History of Invertebrate Animals.— The protozoans, sponges, coelenterates, rotifers, bryo- zoans, worms, crustaceans, and molluscs of the region are studied. Both aquatic and terrestial invertebrate ani- mals are collected and identified, so that students will gain a general familiarity with them and learn to recog- nize the common species at sight. Especial attention is given to exact methods of field observations and to the making of field records. The principles of fresh water biology are studied, and practice is given in the use of such apparatus as plankton pumps and nets, the thermo- phone, thermometer and turbidimeter. The field work is supplemented by a more detailed examination of ani- mals in the laboratory; here the adaptations which make certain organisms suited to particular habitats are stud- ied. ‘The records made in the field form the basis for written reports, and reading is required. In the confer- ences, the relation of observations to general problems is ‘discussed. This course attempts to give an intimate knowledge of outdoor life, to make one at home with invertebrates in the field. Four half days of field or laboratory work, and one or two hours devoted to conference or lecture weekly. Four hours credit. Assistant Professor SMITH. 3. Ihe Natural History of Birds.—Birds are studied with especial reference to their environment. ‘The field work includes identification, observations on habitat pref- erences, food habits, nestling activities, and the early autumnal migration movements. In the conferences at- tention is given to the economic relations of birds to man, their seasonal distribution, and the facts and theo- ries of their annual migration movements. The bird fauna is abundant and includes many representatives of north- ern species. Two half days of field work and one con- ference weekly. Two hours credit. Dr. E1iis and Mr. COMPTON. 4. The Natural History of Insects—This course is intended to give the student a general acquaintance with the insects of the region and to afford opportunity for the study of the various forms in their native habitats. Field studies are made of the life histories, habits, and activities of insects belonging to various orders. Em- phasis is placed upon the relation of insects to their en- vironment, and their economic relations are also consid- ered. Some work on the morphology and physiology of insects is included. Opportunities are especially good for the study of aquatic forms, and considerable time 1s devoted to them. In connection with the field work at- tention is given to the methods of making accurate ob- servations and the proper recording of the same. In- struction is given on the approved methods of collecting and preserving insects in all stages of development. Col- lections are made in each of the various habitats, and the material identified in the laboratory. Opportunity is afforded to form individual collections of properly deter- mined specimens which should be of considerable value to teachers. ‘The identification of immature forms is in- cluded in the systematic work. Familiarity with the available entomological literature is encouraged. Two half days of field and laboratory work and one confer- ence weekly. Two hours credit. Mr. WELCH. 6. Special and Research Work m Zoédlogy—this course does not involve formal instruction, but is intended. for those who wish to take up special work or to do re- search work under direction. Students qualified to work independently may choose problems to meet their indi- vidual needs. Such students register under Dr. Ellis, who has general supervision of zodlogical research. Stu- dents who are beginning research, or who work under direction are recommended to choose subjects in the fol- lowing fields: a. The Fishes or Sporozgoa. Dr. Evuts. b. The Oligochetes or Fresh-water Sponges. As- sistant Professor SMITH. c. Ihe Insects... Mr. WELCH. Two, four, six, or eight hours credit. BOTANY. 1. Field and Forest Botany—The work of this course is designed to give the student a general familiar- ity with the plant life of the region, with the names and habits of the commoner species, and with the correlation between their habits and structure. ‘The work consists chiefly of field trips, supplemented by laboratory exer- cises and lectures. In the field the student becomes fa- miliar with the trees, the shrubs, the aquatics, the ferns, the insectivorous plants, the orchids, and some of the herbaceous plants of the region, and with the plant asso- ciations in which they grow. ‘The effect on the vegeta- tion of certain external factors, such.as soil, water, and light, the adaptation of plants to winter conditions, the cross pollination of flowers by insects, the dissemination of seeds, and other similar subjects are demonstrated. In the laboratory a study is made of the structure of some plants, with chief attention to the relation between the form of the plant and the environment in which it lives. Four half days work in the field or laboratory and one conference weekly. Four hours credit. Dr. Wurt- FORD. 2. Systematic Botany.—The chief aim of this course is to acquaint the student with the flora about the camp. The general principles of the classification of the higher plants are considered with special reference to the local flora. The flora is very rich in species and family types. There is an excellent opportunity for the collection and preparation of material for the herbarium. It is desired that students electing this course should have some pre- vious experience, however slight, in the identification of plants. ‘wo half days field work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. Assistant Professor GLEA- SON. ae 3. LEcoiogy.—This course serves as a general intro- duction to ecological field work and the methods of eco- logical research, with particular reference to the study of plant associations. Practice is given in the recogni- tion of associations, the determination and description of their structure and successional relations, and the meas- urement of some environmental factors. Particular at- tention is given to the dynamic factors of the environ- ment, to their effect on the present structure and future development of the plant community, and to the role of the individual plant in promoting or retarding these effects. Because of the large number of associations in the region, it is impossible to study more than the most important ones. ‘These include the aspen association, the hardwood forest, the tamarack and sphagnum bog, the arbor-vitae bog, and the sand dunes, lagoons, and beaches. along the lake shore. ‘The course is open only to students who have taken Courses 1 or 2 in the Biological Station, or have had equivalent botanical experience elsewhere. Two half days of field work and one conference weekly. Two hours credit. Assistant Professor GLEASON. 4. Special and Research Work in Botany.—Students who have taken Courses 2 or 3, or have had adequate botanical experience elsewhere, will find at the Biologi- cal Station excellent opportunities for further study or research in many lines of botany. Undergraduates, or eraduates beginning research and consequently needing personal direction, are advised to choose a problem along ecological or systematic lines. Advanced students or in- dependent investigators are free to choose. problems in any line of botany, and every effort is made to provide them with the necessary facilities and equipment for their work.