) CHICAGO

i

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

ANNUAL ADDRESS.

1878.

CHICAGO-

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ANNUAL ADDRESS

READ BY

E. W. BLATCHFQRD, A. M.,

PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY,

JANUARY 22, 1878,

WITH THE REPORTS OF THE

SECRETARY AND TREASURER.

CHICAGO:

PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY.

1878.

S

2

OFFICERS

OF THE

Chicago Academy of Sciences

FOR THE YEAR 1878.

President,
HENRY H. BABCOCK, A. M.

Vice- Presidents,
WILLIAM BROSS, A. M., HOMER N. HIBBARD, A. M.

Secretary,
SELIM H. PEABODY, PH.D.

Librarian,

Recorder,

General Committee,

H. H. BABCOCK,

E. W. BLATCHFORD, J. S. JEWELL, M. D.,

WILLIAM BROSS, J. H. HOLLISTER, M. D.,

H. N. HIBBARD, JAMES OTIS,

S. H. PEABODY, F. H. DAVIS, M. D.,

E. ANDREWS, M. D., S. W. BURNHAM.

Committee on Membership,

E. W. BLATCHFORD,
S. H. PEABODY. CHARLES ADAMS, M. D.

I

ADDRESS.

Members of the Academy, and Ladies and Gentlemen :

To-night we pass another mile-stone in the history of our insti-
tution. It seems appropriate that as we enter upon the new year,
a brief review be taken of that just closed.

According to the provisions of our constitution, the work of the
Academy is twofold — the collecting of objects of natural history
and of scientific interest in the Museum, and the study and devel-
opment of scientific knowledge by means of the essays and discus-
sions at the monthly meetings — the Library being a necessary aid
in each of these departments.

What has the year 1877 accomplished for the Academy in these
directions ? The report just read by our Secretary presents quite
fully the good work which has been done in connection with our
MUSEUM during the past year. Its results in the number and the
variety of the additions made, are gratifying. In the present incom-
plete condition of our museum catalogue, it is not possible to state
with accuracy the number of specimens we possess. We are safe,
however, in placing the number as follows :

MAMMALS 66

BIRDS — Mounted -. 765

Skins i,34O

2,105

OOLOGY — Eggs 1,800

Nests 75

1,875

FISHES 177

REPTILES 51

CRUSTACEANS 50

CORALS 300

SHELLS 15,000

INSECTS 6,000

SKELETONS 5

CASTS 150

BOTANICAL SPECIMENS 2,300

MlNERALOGICAL SPECIMENS 5OO

PALEONTOLOGICAL " 1,200

ARCHAEOLOGICAL « 270

Total number of specimens 30,049

Of this collection it may be said that the prominent mammals of
North America are here well represented. Of birds we have speci-
mens of all the orders but the ostrich, and of most of the families of
North American birds. We have a fair representation of the fresh-
water fishes of the country, also a good collection of shells, and a
very nearly complete collection of Florida corals.

In this connection we gratefully recognize, and not for the first
time, the valuable services of our faithful life member, Dr. J. W.
VELIE. In the winter of 1871 and 1872 Dr. VELIE accompanied
our lamented STIMPSON to the Gulf, and such time as could be
secured from his constant and kindly ministrations to the invalid in
his feeble and rapidly declining condition, was devoted to collecting
and preserving specimens, principally from the strait between Cuba
and Yucatan. Dredgings were also made off the Florida Keys,
from Key-West to Sombrero, which were sent to Prof. AGASSIZ, at
the Cambridge Museum. Dr. VELIE made a second trip to the
Gulf in January, 1875, when collections were made from the Gulf
Stream, from the Tortugas to Key Vaccas ; and upon the main-
land of Florida, from Cape Sable as far north as Charlotte's Har-
bor. The third trip was made in the winter of 1876 and 1877, when
the Florida coast was examined from Cedar Keys to Key- West, and
most of the rivers ascended, some as high as thirty miles. These
expeditions have been productive of rich results, and have added
largely to our collections of mammals, birds, eggs, shells, corals and
fish. Justice to Dr. VELIE'S work demands this statement in addi-
tion to the acknowledgements voted by the Academy and the grace-
ful tribute in our Secretary's report.

Our Museum secured valuable additions of shells through one
of our resident members, W. W. CALKINS, Esq., during his two
expeditions to Florida, in which both the eastern and the western
coasts were partially examined. The value of these services have
been previously recognized by the Academy.

THE LIBRARY.

The monthly statements presented to us by the Librarian have
prepared us for the favorable results detailed in the full annual
ivj... rt. \vhirh has heen made this evening. The present good con-
dition of the Library is due to the patient labor of our Librarian

and Secretary, who for the past fourteen months has been engaged
upon it, together with work connected with the Museum. While
much remains to be done, it has yet reached the condition when
every volume, pamphlet or document is so arranged and cata-
logued as to be readily found when needed. This work we hope to
have prosecuted ; and thus will our comparatively small collection,
thoroughly indexed, prove, for scientific aid, of more value than a
larger one not so carefully classified. Were we able to resume the
publication of our Transactions, our Library, and, indeed, our Mu-
seum also, would receive large and valuable accessions, both by
donations and exchange. In several departments of science we
could furnish material for such publications had we the means to
expend.

THE MONTHLY MEETINGS.

The second mode through which the influence of our Academy
is exerted, demands a brief consideration. In estimating the growth
of the Academy hitherto, and in forecasting its future development,
this is a most important element.

During the last year papers have been read before the Academy,
by its members, on the topics named :

Dr. EDMUND ANDREWS, three papers —

Soundings in Geneva Lake.

Memorials of Col. J. W. FOSTER, LL.D., former Pres. of the Academy.

Formation of Caves and Ravines.
Prof. ELIAS COLBERT, three papers —

On the Meteor of 1876.

Star Conflagrations.

The Perturbations of the Moon's Motion.
Prof. S. H. PEABODY, three papers —

On Cephalopterus Vampirus.

Memorials of Col. J. W. FOSTER.

On the Blue Ray.
Hon. WM. BROSS, two papers —

On Archaeological Remains at Morris, Illinois.

Notes of a Trip to Starved Rock and Deer Park.
Dr J. H. HOLLISTER—

On the Adoption of the Metric System.
S. W. BURNHAM, Esq. —

On Recent Observations of Double Stars.
Prof. A. D. HAGER—

On the Culture of Shad.
Prof. T. P. REINSCH—

On a Meteoric Stone Found in Illinois.
W. W. CALKINS, Esq.—

On the Geology of Alachua County, Florida.

1 s roNE, Esq. —

On Plant Distribution.

Dr. J. |jJl^^-Rescarches on the structure and Modes of Action of the

Brain.
I . S. CHKSI-.ROUGH, Esq.—

On the Davenport Tablets.

II. X. RUST, Esq.—

On Prehistoric Graves in the Vicinity of Nashville, I enn.

' A Report on the Third Florida Expedition for the Collection of Spec-
imens for the Academy.

A discussion was also held upon The Physical and Medical Influ-
ence of the Blue Ray, a paper being read by Dr. J. H. TUCKER.

This brief emumeration of these papers gives an inadequate
idea of the real value of the meetings. The discussions called out
at the time, and the subsequent discussions of these and kindred
topics among the members, indicate the purpose, the legitimate
influence, and the power of the Academy in this department of its
work. During the past year we are able to recognize a marked
increase in the interest and value of these meetings. It has shown.
itself in the larger attendance, in the increased number of carefully
prepared papers presented, and especially in the wider range of
topics discussed. The improvement of these meetings is a subject
that has occupied the careful attention of your officers ; and much
<»f what has been accomplished is due to the wise planning of our
Secretary. But in order to develop these interests yet more fully.
it is essential that all members, working in special lines of investi-
gation, should feel it their bounden duty to share with the Academy
s'Mue of the results of their study. We are greatly favored in hav-
ing among our resident membership an unusual number of spec-
ialists. Astronomy, Botany, Geology, Archaeology, Entomology.
Chemistry, Ornithology, Conchology, and Microscopy — each has
mm mil us, at almost every meeting, a representative. With such a
i-.iiiLro of talents and tastes, certainly our meetings should not
luck in interest. T am aware of the great inducement to the presenta-
tion of original papers which an ability to publish our proceedings
\\ould i' resent, both to our resident and corresponding membership.
I'Yom this stand-point is derived perhaps the strongest argument in
favor of n-Munin^ this work, to which allusion has previously been

Hi::

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The provision in our constitution for the encouragement of
specific investigation by the formation of Sections of the Academy,
has, perhaps, not received the attention it deserves. This is an
important means of securing thorough work in many different
departments of investigation, while making our Academy the center
of all, and the dispenser to each of whatever of value pertains to
our institution.

THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE.

After such a review of the year's work as has been presented,
I know you sympathize in the reflex wave of feeling, "How little
has been accomplished !" How little when contrasted either with
our hopes and purposes and aspirations, on the one hand, or the
vast field inviting to research, on the other. But in the grand
world-field of scientific investigation the working brotherhood is
large, and the smallest constituency may rightfully draw upon and
appropriate the strength and vitality of the whole. Advancing over
the world, in every zone, on land and on the sea, do we find this
fraternity, applying to nature's mysteries the wealth of intelligent
research and patient investigation. Sounding and dredging the
seas, and threading the rivers of tropical latitudes ; detecting and
measuring the force of the shoreless rivers of mid-ocean, and map-
ping for commerce their invisible pathways ; reducing to law the
wayward play of the winds, the phenomena of the upper air ; forc-
ing the barriers of ice and cold and darkness, which for ages have
safely guarded the mysterious polar centers : dauntlessly searching
the labyrinths of mines and caves, descending the sulphurous depths
of the volcano, and anon breathing the tenuous air of the loftiest
peaks of both hemispheres ; unearthing from bog and plain the
crumbling skeletons of animals and men, — fit contemporaries in
those prehistoric ages ; supplementing the discoveries of nature's
lenses with the microscopic treasures of the near, and the telescopic
revelations of distant worlds.

What answers have come to their toilsome quest ? Most briefly
may we allude to a few of the more noticeable among the many
responses.

In Astronomy. The location here of the Observatory, with
its grand telescope, and its great success as now employed, warrants
a first reference to this subject. Mr. S. W. BURNHAM occupies

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himself exclusively upon double stars, embracing two departments-
the search for new doublets, and the careful observation and meas-
uring of old objects, which had been neglected, or were supposed
to be single, and the correction of errors in former measurements.
His catalogue, now in course of publication by our government, an
issue which astronomers in this country and abroad are awaiting
with interest, will reveal the valuable results which have been here
accomplished— results which may be considered most honorable to
our young city. Mr. BURNHAM is in constant correspondence with
eminent astronomers engaged in the same field, in Europe and
America. HALL, of the Washington Observatory ; STONE, of Cin-
cinnati, and PICKERING, of Cambridge, the latter engaged largely
upon photometric work, may be specially mentioned in this country ;
while abroad, we may allude to FLAMMARION, of Paris, who is to
France, as a writer, what PROCTOR is to England ; to STRUVE, Di-
rector of the Pulkowa Observatory ; to DEMBOWSKI, of Milan ; to
WILSON, of Rugby, and GLADHILL, of Crossley's Observatory, in
England ; and to DOBERCK, in Ireland.

The great event in Astronomy of the past year, — and the most
important for many years, — the discovery of the two satellites of
Mars, on the 14th and 18th of August, by ASAPH HALL, at the
Washington Observatory, occurs to you all. I can only allude
to the discovery made by Prof. DRAPER, of New York, of oxygen
in the sun, — important as a step towards ascertaining the con-
stituent elements of this body. It is pleasant to note that our
country has the honor of these, the two important discoveries of
1877. Possessing two instruments, among the first in the world,
the one here with an object-glass of eighteen and one-half inches,
and that of the Washington Observatory of twenty-six inches in
diameter, we may reasonably hope to keep abreast of astronomical
discovery.

For acquaintance with the advances in the science of Electricity,
in it- manifold applications, Chicago affords admirable opportunities.
A visit to tin- extensive manufactory of electrical instruments, in the
North Division, and to the head-quarters of the Western Union Tel-
< _'r;ipli r.unpjmy. where the instruments may be seen in use, would
prove the assertion. I can but name a few of the advances made
in thi- department of science during the year.

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A practical application of the multiple system of telegraphy has
been made, by which, while terminal offices are using a wire, inter-
mediate offices may work it at the same time, without in the least
interfering one with the other. This improvement over the duplex
or the quadruple system, is the invention of ELISHA GRAY, of our
own city. I may also mention a practical application of the tele-
phone, by which the human voice, or several voices, with all their
individual peculiarities, may be transmitted over an ordinary tele-
graph wire, without the use of a battery ; also, the production of the
phonograph, by which the human voice may be recorded, and repro-
duced after the lapse of any period of time. Improvements in the
electric light are in progress, whereby former difficulties have been
to some extent overcome, the expense reduced, and larger results
attained.

In the department of Chemistry and Physics, the result of
Professor DRAPER'S investigations has already been alluded to ;
but the relation of these sciences to the varied metallurgical pro-
cesses, on which we base the future of our vast territorial posses-
sions ; the advance made in the study of the nature of light ; the
successful use of the spectrum ; the researches into the nature of
the gases, indicate the work going forward and the possibilities in
reserve.

In Geology and Mineralogy we may mention the valuable sur-
veys carried forward by our government, under the charge of
WHEELER, and COPE, and WHITE, and HAYDEN and KING, embrac-
ing large sections of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho,
Arizona and the western half of Wyoming. The results of these
surveys, conducted by men of ability and of large experience, with
an able corps of assistants, are looked to with eagerness. The meet-
ings of our own Academy have borne witness to the special interest
we have in many subjects which have received careful attention in
the progress of these surveys. We may remark, too, the progress
being made in our state surveys. The researches made in Europe
and Asia are also noteworthy. But the attractive details which
press upon us from various quarters, time forbids our entering
upon. We look with interest to the International Geological Con-
gress, which meets in Paris during the coming summer, and at
which I trust our Academy may be represented.

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In the department of Botany much is expected from the exam-
inations made during the past season by Sir JOSEPH D. HOOKER,
the accomplished Director of the celebrated Kew Gardens, and
Professor ASA GRAY, of Harvard University, having in charge the
Government Botanical Survey of the Territories of Colorado, Wy-
oming, Utah, Nevada and California. The brief and fragmentary
statements which have come to us of their work and some of the
results, lead the world to look with interest for the forthcoming full
report.

In connection with the various surveys which have been alluded
to, Zoological Science has been represented by men of known attain-
ments in its several departments. It has devolved upon them to
collect specimens, and study the habits of every form of animal life.
From these sources a vast amount of information has been secured,
and extensive additions have been made to the collections in the
various museums of natural history in this country. In Marine
Zoology, through the efforts of Prof. BAIRD, of the Smithsonian
Institution, who also occupies the important position at the head of
the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, large collec-
tions have been made, from which duplicates, by gift and exchange,
have been generously distributed to kindred organizations. It is
fitting that, on this occasion, mention be made of the obligations
our Academy is under to the Smithsonian, for its long-continued
liberality towards us.

I cannot omit mention of the great advance in Geographical
Science during the past year. Without time to enumerate the
Arctic expeditions dispatched from Europe and this country, I
must be content with briefly noticing the grand event of the year,
the successful exploration by STANLEY of the river Congo, from the
lake region of eastern Africa, through twenty degrees of longitude
to the Atlantic. Worn by sickness and famine, harassed by des-
perate fighting with hostile natives, with indomitable courage and
endurance he made his way through the five or six thousand miles
of the river's course, and his year's work was complete; — a high-
way was opened through a continent, — a highway for commerce,
for civilization, for Christianity ! Another has said, " Imagine the
whole descent of Niagara and the rapids below down to Lake
Ontario, to be doubled, and spread through a space of two hundred

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miles ; then pile the rocky cliffs on each side to a height of two
thousand feet, instead of two or three hundred, and through this
gorge pour a river with three times the volume of the Mississippi.
Now place two white men, with more than a hundred Africans under
them, all utterly ignorant of what lay before them, in half a dozen
rude canoes, and bid them make their way down this gorge, over its
rapids, and around its three score cataracts. This is what STANLEY
undertook to do, and did."

OUR SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITIES.

Thus, my friends, have we briefly considered subjects which
seemed especially appropriate to this occasion. Justice, however,
would not be done, either to you or to the Academy, did I not at
this time, in addition to a record of work accomplished, and a
sketch of the possibilities dawning upon us in the realm of scien-
tific investigation, indicate vital relations which this institution
bears to the citizens of Chicago. Every individual who apprehends
the value of scientific truths, sustains responsibilities to the Chicago
Academy of Sciences. It may seem superfluous, at this day, to
array arguments to prove the advantages of scientific pursuits ; and
yet, the comparatively recent introduction of science as a prominent
element in education may justify its consideration. Foundations
have been laid in this Academy, at the cost of years of effort and
self-denial, whose benefits, resultant to us and to our children, every
consideration proves to be of value.

I might speak, recalling to your minds the pressure upon brain
and muscle in this over-driven city, of the health-giving, recreative
power of scientific pursuits ; while to the necessity of the introduc-
tion of such an element into the business and professional life of
Chicago, our medical friends would bear united testimony. Espec-
ially in the natural history department of science is this true, where
the study of the habits of animal life and the collecting of specimens
are conducted in the free air and sunshine. And here let me speak
of the favorable location of Chicago for the prosecution of such a
taste ; for, unpromising as our environs may appear to the ordinary
observer, the region around us furnishes one of the richest fields in
our land for the collection of specimens of natural history. Allow
me to specify a moment.

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In Icthyology, we have at hand not only the fish of our great
inland seas, but the different varieties of the streams which flow into
the gulf of Mexico.

In Botany, the extensive herbarium of the Academy, destroyed
in the great fire, the life work of Dr. SCAMMON, and also the collec-
tions of our first Vice-President, Professor BABCOCK, bear testimony
to the exuberant flora of prairie and forest about us.

In Ornithology, in addition to the well known proximity of the
migratory lines of the vast flocks of waterfowl, as they pass to and
fro between their northern and their tropical homes, it may not be
generally known that we are located near the base of the triangular
forest area, extending from the southern line of our lake basin to a
point seventy or eighty miles to the north, which has furnished
some of the rarest specimens in this department found in our zone.
Indeed the birds of the arctic and tropical regions here meet. I
learn from our Secretary that the opportunities for collecting speci-
mens of Insect Life about our lake are equally good.

THE ACADEMY AN EDUCATOR.

Let it be borne in mind that our Academy is an educational
institution, in full sympathy with the schools and colleges about us,
and ever ready to aid in any investigations, or to distribute speci-
mens from our own collections. Did time permit, it would be stim-
ulating to effort to speak of many who are now valuable contributors
to scientific knowledge who received their first impulse or guidance
within its walls. Our primary object is to encourage thorough
scientific study. The Museum of mounted specimens delights the
popular eye, but this is not its chief value. Taken in connection
with the specimens unmounted and concealed from view, and the
Library, it furnishes to the student all appliances necessary for
accurate investigation. And it is this close observation and careful
comparison which is giving to the study of natural science its right-
ful place as a means of mental discipline. My friends, would not
this thorough study, were it the rule rather than, as oftentimes, the
exception, develop the unity and harmony between all departments
of truth ? Should we not hear less of the antagonism between
science and revealed religion, did the defenders of each thoroughly
investigate and fully comprehend the related truths ?

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Does not this practical line of thought quite naturally conduct
us to the influence upon character of scientific pursuits ? I need
not dwell, in such a gathering as this, upon the need there is in our
community of influences, elevating, controlling, permanent. The
very faces one meets in the busy thoroughfares tell of the want 01
that food for thought without which all true culture is unattainable.
There is an uplifting power in identifying ourself with a great
cause ; there is a transforming power in association with men
engaged in a noble pursuit. To many of us, in our busy lives, this
is all of science we can compass ; but from such practical sympathy
and intercourse with men of science — and we have found them in
this Academy — there comes a reflex influence of deepest value. In
the study of nature we are brought near to the God of nature, — to
eternal verities ; and in such presence, shams, pretence, policy, hide
themselves, and character tends to what is simple and true. Did
you ever see a river flowing over a broad and shallow bed, useless,
with all its wealth of waters ? Have you seen the same stream
when engineering skill had, with granite walls, arrested the current
and guided it into a deep, quiet channel, ready to turn the wheels
of the factory or float the wealth of commerce ? Thus, in our lives
is needed a power that shall arrest the tide of frivolity and turn
life's energies to noble ends.

There is, perhaps, no field upon which the influence of science
bears more directly than that of invention. The history of civiliza-
tion, since the revival in the fifteenth century, abundantly corrobo-
rates this statement. I am aware that some of the most noted
discoveries and inventions have been attributed to circumstances
purely accidental. The swinging of a cathedral lamp, it is affirmed,
suggested to GALILEO the laws controlling the movements of the
spheres ; the falling of an apple, to NEWTON, the law of gravita-
tion ; and the accidental juxtaposition of spectacle-lenses, to the
Dutch spectacle-maker, the telescope. But these incidents were the
occasion and in no sense the cause of these discoveries. They
revealed the men to themselves; made objective what had before
been subjective. It was previous profound thought and study
which gave to these trifling incidents their deep significance. Ab-
stract thought must precede the most valuable practical results.
The simplest movements, and processes, and machines, have re-

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quired long and patient study of nature's hidden laws to bring
them to their present state of perfection and usefulness. We may
consider each new discovery, even the most trifling, important in its
relations. It opens the way for another, and so, on and on ; each
point gained, a stepping-stone to a higher point beyond. It is need-
less to trace further the intimate necessary connection between sci-
entific training and these practical applications of the forces of
nature.

THE VALUE OF SCIENCE TO CHICAGO.

I may be permitted to add a few thoughts upon the economic
relations which science holds to our city, and, indeed, to the country
upon which we are dependent. Until within a few years, Agricul-
tural Chemistry, widely adopted in the older States, was practically
unknown here. Our western soil gave no indications of the need
of replacing those elements withdrawn by our abundant harvests.
Now the discussions of the Farmers' Clubs throughout the North-
west, indicate the vital importance of the intelligent application of
scientific principles to farming in all its different branches.

Arboriculture, in its climatic relations ; Insect Study, with its
vast results, beneficial beyond computation, are illustrations of the
scope of our subject, which I can only enumerate. A similar pro-
gress is observed if we look at the mechanical and manufacturing
interests of our city, as developed within a few years ; and here, did
time permit, could be found proof abundant and conclusive of the
necessity of uniting science with these pursuits, if we would suc-
cessfully compete with the skilled work of other localities. Personal
identification with these interests would lead me, were it possible,
to develop more fully this branch of the subject ; I can barely
allude, however, to what has doubtless already suggested itself to
you. Take away from our city its producing and manufacturing
interests in iron, steel, lead, copper, zinc, leather, glass, oils, chem-
icals, etc., and you rob her of a chief element of her present and
prospective power.

I have thus, my friends, endeavored to place before you, though
imperfectly, some of the claims which our Academy of Sciences has
upon you. You know its history ; you know something of its
work, — unselfish work, accomplished during the twenty years of its
existence, for this city, this State — yes, the whole Northwest. I

17

do not need to interpret the figures presented this evening by our
Treasurer ; they speak a language unmistakable. The Academy is
in pressing want of what this city can give. There are those among
us who need return but a tithe of the wealth which Chicago has
given them, to place the institution upon a basis strong and endur-
ing. There is no monument one can raise to perpetuate his mem-
ory, so enduring, so honorable, so beneficent, as connection with
such an organization. You need not journey to the distant cem-
etery to find his name upon an isolated shaft, you find it here —
in a Building, Library, Museum, Lectureships — perennial sources
of intellectual cultivation and power, which will cause it to be
spoken with reverence and affection, as the years roll on.

IN MEMORIAM.

Fellow Members of the Chicago Academy of Sciences :

In closing an official connection to which your partiality has a
second time called me, allow me to give a few moments to the mem-
ory of those gone from us ; whose feet tread no more these mortal
paths, but whose power is present to-day, and will remain a perpet-
ual legacy.

First would I recall him whose face looks down upon us from
yonder wall ; whose youthful enthusiasm furnished the inspiration
of the earliest efforts for the Academy, and who, at last, in distant
Arctic regions sacrificed his life, a martyr to science — ROBERT
KENNICOTT. There are some here, and among them one whose
means, generously supplied, rendered it a success, who have not
forgotten that first Arctic American Expedition. Novel in its in-
ception, and in the mode in which it was conducted, through his in-
domitable energy did KENNICOTT secure to the Smithsonian and our
own Academy, for the first time, a fair representation of the fauna of
the lower Arctic latitudes. We well remember, too, the second expe-
dition, in the spring of 1865, undertaken under the auspices of the
Western Union Telegraph Company, to Northwest America, into
which, in spite of delays and complications, unwrorthy opposition
and disappointments, he threw himself with all his wonted ardor,

18

and found — a grave ! Though he died at thirty, the halls of the
Smithsonian Institution, and his brief publications, bear testimony
to the value to science of the life of ROBERT KENNICOTT.

His successor, WILLIAM STIMPSON, whose portrait is before you,
came to us in his early manhood, already a ripe scholar ; and for
seven years, from 1865 to 1872, was our honored Secretary. With
educational advantages of the highest order, with rare facilities for
securing a practical as well as theoretical acquaintance with nature,
and with ability and perseverance to improve every opportunity, he
early won that world-wide reputation, which, on his coming among
us, at once gave our Academy an honorable position among kindred
organizations at home and abroad. The insatiable demon of Fire,
on that fatal October night, compelled no more precious sacrifice
than the broken heart of STIMPSON. His life-work, — the beautiful
drawings and manuscripts of an extensive treatise on Mollusks,
which for a generation would have been of universal authority, lay
in ashes ; and with failing health there was not courage to begin
again. A cruise in the Gulf, and the constant ministrations of
friends, failed to restore ; and he returned to wife and children but
to die. The Academy and this city lost, in STIMPSON, not only the
accomplished scientist, but also one who inspired in others the same
zeal which animated his own life. Of the close intimacy of his
friendships, I may not trust myself to speak.

To Col. JOHN W. FOSTER, LL.D., President of the Academy
during the three years from 1870 to 1872, I will only allude. The
worthy memorials of his life, presented in this room a few weeks
since, are fresh in your remembrance, and I could add nothing to
their weight. I would call your attention to the noble likeness we
have of him in marble, a recent gift to the Academy.

But, my friends, this hour of reminiscence would be incomplete
did I not go further back than the present incorporation of this
Academy, to the organization which preceded it, and to which we
owe more than appears upon the pages of our records. Many pres-
ent this evening will remember the genial face of one who, twenty
years ago, was elected its first President — JAMES VAN ZANDT BLA-
NEY. Occupying the chair of Professor of Chemistry in the Rush
Medical College, and conducting business also as an analytical
chemist, in which department he was authority, he was yet ever

19

prominent in forwarding the interests of the Academy. Up to the
time of his last illness, his was a well-known voice among us, giving
valuable information on an unusual range of topics, and often the
deeply interesting results of his own delicate experiments.

We are also reminded this evening of Dr. FRANKLIN SCAMMON?
for two years President of the Academy. Retiring from active
business in 1852, he devoted his time principally to botanical
studies ; and before his decease, which occurred in 1864, he trans-
ferred to the Academy his large and valuable herbarium, which
probably had no rival as a complete collection of the flora of the
lake basin and the prairies. Quiet, unobtrusive in his manners, his
voice seldom heard in our meetings, except on his favorite theme,,
his life work was not lost. He increased the domain of knowledge ;
he inspired many in the walks of science ; and in the transactions
of kindred societies, at home and abroad, his name holds an hon-
ored place.

One other name would I mention in this memorial list — Presi-
dent of the Academy for three years, from 1858 to 1861--JOSEPH
DANA WEBSTER. A few present will recall General WEBSTER
when, over thirty years ago, fresh from Dartmouth and West Point,
and his early successes as Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers,
he first made his home in our young city. With what was true in
science and art and literature, in those early days, he was promi-
nently identified. With others, he united, in 1857, in organizing
the first Academy of Sciences, of which he was the first Vice-Pres-
ident. He ever lent to it his cordial support; and found, in con-
nection with it, opportunities for intellectual culture and grateful
recreation. His thorough scientific training was displayed in what
was accomplished by him as President of our first Board of Public
Works. At the outbreak of the late war he volunteered his servi-
ces to his country; and his record, honorable alike to himself, hi&
city, his state, is known to all. When, at the close of the war, he
again returned to his home, it was to accept oflices in our city, the
highest trusts in the gift of the government ; and amid all the plot-
tings and briberies and intrigues of those trying days, he pursued
his even course, while never a breath of calumny tarnished his fair
name. In March, 1876, General WEBSTER passed away — our Cheva-
lier BAYARD — "A knight without fear and without reproach."

20

FINANCIAL REPORT.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

January 21, 1878.
E. W. BLATCHFORD,

President of the Academy of Sciences :

The Board of Trustees have directed the following report to be
made, for the past year :

RECEIPTS.

Cash on hand January 1, 1877, $ 399 24

Received from rents of store, 4,595 00

from initiation fees, - 60 00

for annual dues for 1877, 190 00

" previous years, 60 00

from annual subscribers, - 270 00

on subscription notes, - 1,350 00

for interest on same, 125 10

for cost of gas, etc., in library, for meetings, 15 00

Total receipts, $7,064 34

EXPENDITURES.

Paid Dr. J. W. Velie, - $1,325 00

'' Janitors, - 288 00

" Freight, 102 79

" Materials for taxidermy, 79 29

Coal, 69 50

Printing and stationery, 104 10

Sundries, postage, gas, etc., 189 44

Water rent, two years, - 44 48

Taxes, 574 90

Insurance on buildings, 369 91

" specimens and fixtures, - 111 09

u Interest, 3,661 26

Balance, 144 58

Total, - $7,064 34

Respectfully submitted,

GEO. C. WALKER,

Sec. of Board of Trustees.

21

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

ROOMS OF THE ACADEMY,
E. W. BLATCHFORD, Jan. 22, 1878.

President of the Academy :

Dear Sir — I have the honor to present the accompanying report
upon the Library and the Museum, for the year just closed.
Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

S. H. PEABODY, Secretary.

THE LIBRARY;

CORRESPONDENCE.

While the ashes were yet white upon the embers of the Academy,
Dr. STIMPSON addressed a circular to kindred societies in Europe
and in America, detailing the extent of our calamity, and inviting
sympathy and help. The responses were immediate and hearty.
Societies abroad, which had before exchanged only their current
publications, opened their reserved stores and sent entire series,
dating as far back as their issues were yet in print. In many in-
stances the gifts were accompanied by letters of condolence and of
encouragement, expressed in the kindest terms. Societies at home
were equally cordial and generous in the assistance which they lent
to the restoration of our library and museum. With few exceptions,
the correspondents of the Academy have continued to forward their
publications, to the present time. Their forbearance in keeping its
name upon their exchange lists, while it has made no response,

22

demands the liveliest gratitude on its part. The Academy has
incurred, in the reception of these gifts, a large indebtedness — a
debt of honor, to which it is keenly sensitive, and which it must
begin to pay at the earliest possible moment.

Before Dr. STIMPSON'S circular had elicited many replies he was
called to his rest. Members were engrossed in the arduous struggle
of rebuilding — not merely the Academy, but the city and their for-
tunes. It may not be generally known that the first part of the
second volume of the Transactions was in the hands of the binder
at the time of the fire. Publication was suspended ; at first, during
the rebuilding ; as the event proved, for years. The long vacancy
in the office of Secretary, prevented even the proper acknowledg-
ment of the donations received. When the present incumbent
entered upon his duties, in November, 1876, he deemed attention
to this defect a duty of paramount importance. The matter which
had accumulated was assorted and collated ; lists were made of that
from the several sources, and letters of acknowledgment and apol-
ogy were transmitted to

Societies, American 32

Individuals, " 28

Societies, Foreign no

Individuals, " 7

Total correspondents 177

This work gave opportunity for temporary arrangement of the
foreign publications in the convenient and spacious ' case loaned by
the President and now in the office.

Some outlay should be made for binding and for pamphlet cases,
to make these exceedingly valuable documents conveniently access-
ible. Still, every paper, pamphlet or volume in the possession of
the Academy is in a definite place, whence it can be quickly pro-
duced on demand.

CATALOGUES.

The bound volumes have been entered in the Catalogue of Acces-
sions. Parallel with these entries a card index has been written up.
In it, references are made in the usual manner, not merely to the
volumes on the shelves, but to each paper of scientific interest, as if
forming a volume by itself. Work upon these catalogues was sus-

23

pended in midsummer, on account of the preparation of museum
material for the Industrial Exposition. It will soon be resumed,
and continued as fast as circumstances will permit. In this way
the wealth of our Library, in some departments greater than before
the fire, will be brought within reach of members and others who
may desire to consult it.

The number of books will be exactly known when the Catalogue
of Accessions is complete. At present we must be content with the
following approximations :

Volumes, bound 800

" unbound 900

- i,7oo
Pamphlets 1,000

BUST OF COL. FOSTER.

At the first regular meeting of the current season, in October,
1877, the Library was graced by the reception, with appropriate
memorial services, of the bust of Col. JOHN W. FOSTER, LL.D.,
late President of the Academy. It is the work of our Chicago
sculptor, LEONARD W. VOLK. As a portrait, it is true ; as a work
of art, superb. The expense of the work has been defrayed by a
subscription, the chief donors being the artist and the late Col.
SAMUEL STONE, a life-member of the Academy. A worthy memo-
rial of a worthy man, its presence honors the givers, the artist, the
subject, and the Academy.

ACCESSIONS.

The Library has received additions during the past year from
the following sources :

FOREIGN.

The Royal Society, of London.

The Royal Society, of New South Wales.

The Public Library, of Melbourne, Australia.

The Cobden Club.

The Meteorological Office, of Toronto.

The Entomological Society, of Ontario.

The Royal Academy of Mauritius.

The University of Christiania, Norway.

24

The Royal Danish Society of Science, at Copenhagen.

The Royal Academy of Science, at Amsterdam.

The Society of Sciences, of Holland, at Harlem.

The Imperial Society of Naturalists, of Moscow.

The Natural History Society, of Bamberg.

The National History Association, at Bremen.

The Silesian Society of National Culture, at Breslau.

The Natural History Association, at Brimn.

The Natural History Society " Isis," at Dresden.

The African Society, at Dresden.

The Physico-Medical Society, at Dresden.

The Royal Academy of Leopold Charles, at Dresden.

The Geological Society, at Dresden.

The Natural History Society, at Danzig.

The Natural History Society, at Emden.

The Natural History Society, at Frankfort-on-the-Main.

The New Society of Natural Science, at Frankfort-on-the-Main.

The Royal Society of Natural Science, at Gottingen.

The Natural History Society, at Halle.

The Natural History Association, at Hamburg.

The Natural History Society, of Schleswig Holstein, at Kiel.

The Physico-econ6mical Society, at Konigsberg.

The Royal Saxon Academy of Sciences, at Leipzig.

The Association of Geologists, at Leipzig.

The Natural History Association, at Luneburg.

The Natural History Society, of Mechlenburg.

The Royal Bavarian Academy, at Munich.

The Royal Hungarian Society of Natural Science, at Pesth.

The Royal Observatory, at Prague.

The Royal Bavarian Botanical Society, at Regensburg.

The Zoological-mineralogical Society, at Regensburg.

The Zeitschrift for Entomology, at Stettin.

The Imperial Academy of Natural Sciences, at Vienna.

The Imperial Geological Academy, at Vienna.

The Physico-medical Society, at Wurzburg.

The Royal Academy of the " Lynx," at Rome.

The Royal Lombardic Institute, at Milan.

The Tuscan Society, at Pisa.

The Adriatic Society, at Trieste.

The Royal Observatory, at Madrid.

The National Museum, at Mexico.

The Natural History Society of Neuchatel, at Zurich.

The Society Vaudoise of Natural Sciences, at Lausanne.

The Natural History Society, at Bordeaux.

The Linnean Society, at Bordeaux.

The Society of Natural History, at Cherbourg.

The Society of Natural History, at Toulouse.

The Society of Historical and Natural Sciences of the Yonne, at Auxerre.

25

The Belgian Entomological Society, at Brussels.
The Belgian Conchological Society, at Brussels.
Dr. Alexis S. Ulrich, Bremen.
Dr. Frederic Roemer.

M. Melsens, Brussels.

Dr. Ferdinand von Miiller, Australia.
Count Leopold Hugo, Paris.
Prof. P. F. Reinsch, Erlangen.
Sr. Joaquin Manuel de Macedo.
Henri de Saussure, Geneva.
H. N. Moseley.

AMERICAN.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology.

The Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

The Boston Natural History Society.

The Essex Institute.

The Buffalo Academy of Sciences.

The Davenport Academy of Sciences.

The Torrey Botanical Club.

The Natural History Society of Wisconsin, at Milwaukee.

The Smithsonian Institution.

The Zoological Garden, at Philadelphia.

The American Philosophical Society.

The Illinois Museum of Natural History.

The Ann Arbor Scientific Association.

The Illinois State Microscopical Society.

The Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.

The Cincinnati Observatory.

The Peabody Institute, at Baltimore.

Silliman's Journal of Arts and Sciences.

The Canadian Naturalist.

The Canadian Entomologist.

The Science Observer.

The Gas-light Journal.

The American Book-seller.

The Pharmacist.

The Prairie Farmer.

The Standard.

The Geological Survey of Ohio,

The Geological Survey of Minnesota.

The Geological Survey of Wisconsin.

The Geological Survey of Michigan.

The Geological Survey of New Hampshire.

26

The U. S. Geological Survey, by F. V. Hayden.

The U. S. Geological Survey, by Clarence King.

The U. S. Geological Survey, by J. W. Powell.

The U. S. Naval Observatory.

The Bureau of Navigation.

The Coast Survey Office.

The Commissioner of Education.

The Library of Congress.

The National Museum.

The Patent Office.

The U. S. Fish Commissioners.

The Department of the Treasury.

The Department of the Interior.

The Department of War.

Col. S. B. Lowe, Chattanooga.

Dr. C. W. Hempstead.

Prof. E. D. Cope, Philadelphia.

Dr. W. E. Woodbridge, Washington.

S. H. Scudder, Cambridge.

Jno. M. Woodworth, M. D., Washington.

Rev. S. D. Peet, Ashtabula.

E. W. Nelson, St. Michaels, Alaska.

Lt. A. W. Vogdes, Charleston, S. C.

Francis A. Holmes, Charleston, S. C.

Prof. O. C. Marsh, New Haven.

Jas. W. Milner, Baltimore, Md.

E. W. Blatchford.

S. W. Burnham.

S. S. Bliss.

W. W. Calkins.

R. Blanchard.

S. H. Peabody.

Prof. C. Gilbert Wheeler.

Hon. Thos. Hoyne.

RECAPITULATION.

From Foreign Sources, Quartos, n Octavos, 108 Pamphlets, 72

From American Sources, . " 22 " 52 " 116

Totals, 33 1 60 188

27

THE MUSEUM.

COLLECTIONS.

Shortly after the opening of the year just passed, Dr. J. W.
VELIE left for Florida, to collect for the Academy. He was absent
from the 20th day of January to the 25th of May, during which
time he scoured the western coast of Florida, from Cedar Keys to
Key West, meeting with very marked success, sending and bring-
ing home a rich harvest of valuable specimens. The labor con-
nected with such collecting is no holiday amusement ; the toil is
arduous, the exposure severe, and the expense considerable — in
this instance borne largely by Dr. VELIE himself. Particular credit
is due him, and was recognized by resolution of the Academy, for
the patience, zeal, skill and success which rendered this expedition
notable.

The proceeds were :

Mammals 3 species.

Cetacea 2

Birds 24

Eggs 12

Fishes 21

Turtles 4

Reptiles 8

Crustaceans 12

Insects 15

Echini 5

Mollusca 130 some in large quantities.

Star Fishes 5

Corals and Gorgonias 12

Sponges 6

Archaeological and Ethnological 4

Total 263

28

This is an- under estimate, as much of the material is in alcoholr
and circumstances have prevented its full identification.

Since Dr. VELIE'S return, he has mounted and placed in the
Museum all the fishes, including the Ceratopterus Vampirus or
Devil-fish, a large and an infant porpoise, a large female saw-fish
and a Jew-fish; also, two large turtles, a fine rattlesnake, and
many other specimens of minor importance.

While Dr. VELIE was absent, Mr. W. W. CALKINS spent about
two months in Florida, devoting his time chiefly to scientific obser-
vation and to collection. He returned to the Academy, bringing a
large amount of valuable material, chiefly from the vicinity of St.
Augustine.

THE EXPOSITION.

v In midsummer, after some discussion, it was determined by the
Executive Committee that the Academy should once more exhibit
selections from its Museum at the Inter-State Industrial Exposition.
For this purpose Dr. VELIE hastened to finish the fish which had
been brought from the Gulf — one of which, the Devil-fish, was
admitted to be one of the most attractive objects in the entire dis-
play of the exposition. Advantage was taken of this occasion to
arrange and label all the conchological collection of the Academy,
found to number about 1,100 species.

The Academy placed on view at this time:

5 cases of Shells and Star-fish.

i " of Reptiles.

i " of Mammals.

3 " of Birds.

i <: of Corals, Gorgonias and Sponges.

I case and three large pyramids of Fishes.

This display was supplemented by the collections of members of
the Academy, including,

i case of Eggs and a very beautiful Albino Deer, from Dr. VELIE.

4 cases of Mound-Builders' Pottery and Implements, from H. N. RUST, Esq.

9 cases of Insects, from the Secretary.

From these sources came more than three-fourths of the entire
exhibit in the Department of Natural History. That this depart-

29

merit was inferior to none in interest and instruction, the officers of
the Exposition most cheerfully admit.

While other specimens were absent, opportunity was taken to
repair and refit the case containing the KENT collection of birds,
now in the best order.

CASTS.

During the summer it was determined that the Academy should
fulfill its contract with Prof. H. A. WARD, of Rochester, N. Y., by
returning to him from the collection of casts in its possession enough
to liquidate the debt remaining upon them. With the kind assist-
ance of Dr. ANDREWS, and the approval of the Executive Commit-
tee, casts were selected for this purpose. They were carefully packed
by Dr. VELIE, and have been received by Prof. WARD. Although
the majority of the pieces were sent away, the most instructive
remain. Some of those dismissed might have been kept with profit,
while others would hardly pay for the space which they would
occupy.

ARRANGEMENT.

Much labor has been expended upon the collections, to make them
more valuable to visitors and students, by the labeling of the shells
already referred to, and by the labeling and arrangement of the
eggs, minerals and fossils — the latter being placed stratigraphically,
as far as possible. Most of the birds, fishes and mammals are also
labeled ; and this work should be continued, until everything placed
on view shall give a succinct account of itself — shall present to the
visitor its own card of introduction.

The immediate wants of the Museum are,

1. Suitable cases for compact display of the shells.

2. Glassware, for the distribution and display of specimens in
alcohol.

With these it will be possible to place before the visitor nearly
everything which the Academy now owns. Its stock of exchange-
able material might soon procure very considerable accessions, which
would demand yet more room.

30

MUSEUM CATALOGUE.

A task of much labor and of great importance yet remains to be
performed upon the collection. Every specimen should be marked
in some legible and indelible way, with ink or paint, or even with
the point of a diamond. It should bear a number peculiar to itself,
or not found on any other specimen of its own class. This number
should refer to an entry in a Catalogue of Accessions, where all facts
of name, collection, donation and value should be on record. Then it
will be possible to know at any time what the Academy owns, what
has been its increase, and what becomes of the material. This
work, once brought up, may easily be made to keep pace with the
growth of the collection. The present work of labeling and arrang-
ing leads systematically and directly to that, and will greatly facili-
tate its execution.

DONATIONS.

The donations of the year have been as follows :

FLORIDA EXPEDITION— J. W. Velie, collector, already mentioned.

W. W. CALKINS — 80 botanical species ; 12 birds, mounted ; I box of ores ; I box

of pottery, from shell mounds; 3 boxes of fish, shells, and alcoholics.
E. W. NELSON — 48 species of fish ; 24 birds, mounted ; 2 boxes of fossils.
Dr. J. W. VELIE— 4 birds ; 1 1 species of eggs ; I fish ; 2 insects.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION — 82 specimens of fish, in alcohol.
HENRY K. COALE — I mammal; 2 birds.
Dr. EDMUND ANDREWS — i photograph; i cast.
S. C. CLARK — 3 fish; i specimen of wood; i egg.
ARTHUR PEABODY — i DOX of minerals and ores.
Dr. OLIVER EVERETT, Dixon, 111.— 2 boxes of Lower Silurian fossils, from

Dixon.
FRANK REILLY — i fish.

R. W. MdLVIANE— I fish.

C. N. HOLDEN, Jr.— I bird.

Dr. P. F. REINSCH — i meteoric stone.

A. D. DAVIS — Flints and 4 species of minerals.

GEO. P. WELLES — 2 birds.

31

H. C. FREEMAN, Alto Pass, 111. — 5 young foxes ; 2 birds.
PAUL BLATCHFORD — 2 reptiles.
Dr. F. O. C. RICHARDSON, St. Louis — 6 photographs.
O. S. WESTCOTT — i bird.

F. L. DsWiTT — 10 birds.

W. C. EGAN — 2 large slabs and 80 species of Chicago fossils.

C. J. RONEY — 21 species of minerals; 6 species of fossils.

Lt. A. W. VOGDES, Charleston, S. C. — 16 species of fossils.

JAMES W. MILNER, Washington, D. C. — 3 fish.

W. H. SUMMERS — I microscopical slide; i specimen of echinus.

W. N. BALLOU — Eggs, chick and head of Arctic tern.

GEO. F. CLINGMAN — 2 birds.

N. S. DAVIS, Jr. — i egg of South American ostrich.

RAY L. HARMON — 2 birds.

E. S. CHESBROUGH — 4 specimens of fossils.

A. S. TIFFANY, Davenport, Iowa — 10 species of Devonian fossils.

C. C. ABBE, Manatee, Fla. — i beak of fetal saw-fish ; i pair of jaws of whip-ray.

Rev. J. R. HIBBARD — i specimen of anatifera.

A. M. SIMMONS — I hairy calculus.

EMIL DREIER — 6 specimens of flint implements, from Iceland.

Dr. E. M. HALE — i stone pipe.

E. W. BLATCHFORD — i box of ores.

G. F. KIRBY — 7 specimens of Iowa marbles.

Pamphlet

Binder
Gaylord Bros,

Makers
Syracuse, N. 1

PAT. JAN 21, 1908

sciences.

A y\ YM t P T O /^
Xfcl-i, J t vtO* ww CA*\J

E. YiT. Blat

chf ord. . .

564S50

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY