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ANNUAL REGISTER:

or A VIEW oF THE ?
H b8 GeO: RY; -
T POLITICS ©:

LITERATURE,
For the YEAR 1804.

LON DO. Ne

,
PRINTED FOR W. OTRIDGE ANDSONS; LONGMAN, HURST, REES AND ORME;
CLARKE AND SON; B. CROSBY; J. BELL; R. FAULDER; CUTHELL
AND MARTIN; OGILVY AND SONS R. LEA; J. NUNN3
J. WALKER; EACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO. 3
E. JEFFERY 5; VERNOR AND HOOD ;

J. ASPERNE ; AND WYNNE

- AND SCHOLEY 3
~By J. Warcurt, St. Johns Square, Clerkenwell.

1806.

PREFACE.

In committing to the press this new volume of “The
Annual Register,” the Editor feels the anxiety of one
who looks to the favourable reception of his work, as
the best reward for so much industry and labour

_ bestowed upon it. He is sensible both of the diffi-

culty and importance of the task he undertakes.
The greatest of modern philosophers, himself an his-
torian of no vulgar class, has ranked such publications
as this among the most valuable of the materials of
history:—and those labours which Lord Bacon var
jued, what other man.shall venture to depreciate ?

‘The Compiler of these annual records of the
politics, the literature, and the manners of the British

- empire, does not, indeed, aspire to the station of an
__ historian.—Time must complete the lesson ;—Expe-

rience compare it ;—and Wisdom impart its method,
before these materials can assume the shape of “ Phi-

. - losophy teaching by example.” Yet the Editor of

- this work, (raised by the merit of those who have pre-
d ceded

iv PREFACE.

ceded him, to so high an eminence of reputation, ) feels
that he is, by no means, addressing himself only to the
present race of his countrymen. To this repository
of facts and arguments, of authentic documents and
contemporary opinions, future statesmen, historians, ~
and philosophers, will resort for those materials, which
must form the surest ground-work of all their labours,
And while its present Editor animates his exertions
with this reflection, he never ceases to recall to his
mind, that all the credit of his narrative, and conse-
quently all the utility of his labours, both now and
hereafter, must depend upon his industry in searching
for truth, and his candour and fidelity in its relation. .

That the readers of this volume will find in it
ample proofs of diligent and careful research, he has —
too much confidence in their justice, to allow hiniself
to doubt. He is equally conscious of the Sincerity of
his desire, to deliver faithfully what he has laboriously
collected.

He does not, however, attribute to himself the me-
rit, if merit it were ;—the dishonour, he would rather.
call it;—of that species of impartiality, which is the .
product of indifference. The fate and fortunes of:
his country; the measures which advance, and those
which impair her prosperity ; the conduct of her dis- :
tinguished statesmen ; and the result of her important °

transactions; are all to him matters of the highest:
. interest,

PREFACE... . Vv

interest. He is the annalist of a great Empire, but
he is, at the same time, the citizen of a free state,

Yet while he claims and exercises that liberty of
judgment, speech, and writing, which we consider as
the best safe-guard of our Constitution, he trusts he
shall not be found to have abused it. He has no wish
to calumniate those from whom he may happen to
differ in political opinion;—none, to misrepresent
their motives, to traduce their characters, or, least of
all, to falsify the record of their actions,

In those branches of the work which embrace the
literature and manners of the country, or which aim
solely at affording to the reader a liberal and not un-
profitable amusement, he has acted with the same
spirit of impartial selection and arrangement, though
applied to matters of much less importance. And he
has above all things been careful to maintain the uni-
form character of “‘ The Annual Register,” by con-
tinuing the exclusion of every word or sentiment,
which could be deemed, in the remotest degree, inju-
rious to the interests of morality.

On the whole, it'is the hope of the Editor, that,
as the historical portion of the work, while it faith-
fully records the fleeting transactions of the times,
may convey some information respecting them, even

to those who are best acquainted with their general
course

vi _ PREFACE,

course and progress; so its remaining parts may
afford to ingenious minds of every description, a
reasonable and liberal entertainment, together with
the opportunity of exercising their taste and. judg-
ment on subjects not wholly unsuited to them,

THE

ANNUAL REGISTER;
For the YEAR 1804.

-

THE

HISTORY

OF

OP E..

CHAP. I.

‘Preliminary Observations—Meeting of Parliament—Speech from the Throne
—Marquis of Sligo, moves the Address—Lord Limerick—Address unani«
mously carried.—Moved same Day in the Commons by Mr. Cropley Ash«
ley—seconded by Mr. Burland.—Questions put by Mr. Fox io the Minis-
try—answered by Mr. Addington —Address carried.—Mr. Windham’s
Speech on the Report of the Address—Debate in the House of Commonsy
on the Suspension of the Habeas Corpus and Martial Law Acts—and in

the Lords—Bills passed.

, = pressure of public affairs
x towards the end of the year
1803, arising, as well from the me-
**nacing position which France had
_ taken upon her shores, opposite to
_ that line of British coast, which pre-
sented the most obvious points of

__ invasion, as, from the necessity there
_ existed of speedily providing the
_ supplies of money and men, to meet

Vou: XLVI.

‘ * Vide “ State Papers,” p. 596,
B \

the exigencies of a moment the most
awful which the country had ever
experienced, induced the minister,
after a short recess, of little more
than three months, to call the
parliament together. Accordingly,
it met on the 22nd of Novem-
ber, and his majesty, in a most
gracious, speech,* after acknow~
ledging the wisdom of parliament in

providing

2 ANNUAL RE

providing the necessary measures
for the defence of the country, paid
a high compliment to the spirit ma-
nifested by the volunteers, and men-
tioned the capture of St. Lucie, To-
pago, St. Picre, Miquelon, Deme-
rara, and Essequibo, asa proof that
no exertions were wanting in mak-
ing an impression on the foreign
possessions of the enemy. His ma-
jesty also expressed his fixed deter-
mination to share the exertions and
dangers of his people in the defence
of the country (doubtless advert-
ing to the menaced invasion). To
the activity and valour of his fleets
and armies, and to the zeal and un-
conquerable spirit of his faithful
subjects, he confided the honour of
his crown, and all the valuable in-
terests embarked in the contest. He
concluded, by expressing his firm
conviction, that, if the enemy should
hazard an invasion, the consequence
to them would be discomfiture, con-
fusion, and disgrace, and to this
country the solid and permanent
advantage-of fixing its independence
on the basis of acknowledged

strength, the result of its own tricd -

energy and resources. Besides
these topics, his majesty alluded to
the suppression of the Irish insur-
rection, and declared his hope that
those of his subjects in that country
who had swerved from their allegi-
ance, were now sensible of their er-
ror, and would join heartily in re-
sisting an invading enemy. LHe also
informed the parliament of the con-
vention which had been entered into
with Sweden.

The marquis of Sligo moved the
address..in the house of lords: he
began by expressing his opinion,
that, if ever there was a moment for
peculiar pride in the name of Bri-
tain, it was at the present period,

GISTER,

1804.

when every individual, born to the
protection of equal laws, stood for-
ward, without distinction of rank,
class, or situation, to shed his blood
in the defence of their cOmmon
country. The measures which the
wisdom of parliament had adopted,
had been outdone by the zeal and
patriotism of the people themselves,
and Great Britain now presented to
the imitation of the world, the
sight of a nation of soldiers, volun-
tarily stepping forward to defend
their unequalled form of govern-
ment. France would in vain rely ~
on civil dissentions, by which she
had obtained such advantages over
other countrics; whatever divisions
religious distinctions might make in
another part of the united king-
dom, yet there were principles on
which all were animated with one
mind: all were equally determined
not to be dictated to by any foreign
power, but live as their forefathers
had done, an independent nation,
or not to live at all. After a very
warm acknowledgment. of the sen-
timents of personal magnanimity,
expressed by his majesty in his
speech, he concluded by moving the
address,

The earl of Limerick seconded
the address.: he pointed out to the
house, that the various fopics intro-
duced in the speech of his majesty,
were unconnected with any minis-
terial question, and were such as
he hoped would meet the unani-
mous approbation of the house. He
expatiated, with considerable ani-
mation, on the heroic patriotism
which induced such numbers of men
voluntarily to arm themselves for
the defence of the country. In.
stead of being ‘‘ a nation of shop-
keepers,” as we had been sneering-
ly termed by the foe, we were able

to.

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 3

to shew that enemy, who had con-
temptuously used the phrase, that
‘when we contended with them in
war, we were as far superior to them,
as when we contended with them in
trade or in manufactures: and if, as
yet, we had made no great efforts in
offensive warfare, it was because the
‘defence of the country was the most
important object of the war, and
must be attended to before any
-other consideration. Government,
however, had not been inattentive to
active operations, and had made im-
portant acquisitions of territory in
the West Indies. He considered
that the Irish volunteer force would
be sufficient to keep down the disaf-
fected in that country; and, upon
the whole, he was inclined to hope
that the situation of the country, at
present, and the measures the go-
vernment had pursued, would tend
to the attainment of a real, perma-
nent, and honourable peace, in
which the security of other nations,
and the balance of Europe, might
be preserved.

The question on the ‘address was
then put and carried unanimously.

In the house of comnions, on
the same day, after his majesty’s
speech had eis read from the
chair,

The Hononicatile Crepley Ashley
_ rose, to move the address. He

went over the several topics of his
Majesty’s speech, on each of which
he made a few observations, which
were principally to congratulate the
country on the present aspect of its
affairs, and concluded, by moving
the address.

Mr. Burland began by compar-
ing the situation of “the continent of
Europe, reduced nearly to the de-
pendence of a petty German state,
with the proud situation of this

country, which had preserved itself
from anarchy and despotism. He
confidently expected that the address
would be voted unanimously, as the
experience of the last session had
convinced him, that however gentle.
men might differ about past mea-
sures, or plans of defence, yet when
the welfare of the king, the consti- -
tution, and the country, were at
stake, the house had but one opi-
nion and one voice. He wished the
house and the country to be per-
fectly aware of the impending dan-
ger, in order that they might viewit
without contempt, or without dis-
may. He deprecated the opinion ©
which he had often heard repeated,
that Bonaparte knew the dangers
of an invasion too well to attempt
it. Such an opinion damped the
energy of. those who entertained it,
and was by no means warranted in
fact. Bonaparte had not as yet
threatened any thing which he had
not attempted. Those difficulties
which deterred others, did not deter
him. He was never afraid of the
sacrifice of his armies, as he ap-
peared entirely regardless of the
lives of his soldiers. If, like the
Swiss, the Dutch, or the Hanoveri-
ans, we were to wait in torpid secu-
rity, till the enemy were at our
gates, we must expect to share the
fate of those countries; whereas, if
we go forth with one heart and soul
to meet him on our coasts, we
should, doubtless, drive him back —
with ignominy. He then took the
opportunity of loudly applauding
the naval force of the country, on
the unexampled patience with which
they continued the blockade of the
enemy’s harbours, so that hardly a
gun-boat was allowed to skulk from
one port to another. He concluded,
by BerpnEnyy the motion for the ad
B2 ares?

4

4 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

dress, which he hoped would be
voted unanimously.

Mr. Fox rose, not te object to
the address, nor to dispute the
statements of the mover and second-
er, but merely to advert to two
points, one of which was omitted,
and the other particularly alluded
to, in the king’s speech. ‘The first
was, the mediation of Russia, re-
specting which, he thought, the
house was entitled to information.
In the Jast session of parliament, a
noble secretary of state (lord
Hawksbury) did expressly pledge
ministers not only to accept the me-
diation of Russia, if offered, but
even’ to solicit it, if it were not.
That noble lord had stated, that
ministers were ready. to hear the
ideas of the court of St.- Peters-
burgh, and to state their own opi-
nion of the means most likely to
bring about a good understanding
between the two countries. After
ministers had been so pledged, and
that such an interval had elapsed,
he expected some intimation in the
speech, of the success of these nego-
ciations; at least, it would be ne-
cessary to have such information be-
fore the time should come for the
discussion of that question. The
other point to which he had alluded,
was .the mention that had been
made of [reland. As to the hope
that was held out of its permanent
tranquillity being restored, he could
not entertain any sanguine expecta-
tion of its being realized, at least,
while the present system is perse-
vered in in that country. He could
not allow that the iate insurrection
had been brought about entirely by
French influence, when the leaders
of it expressly disavowed such no-
tions, and disclaimed any connexion
with France. -He should have felt

1

great and sincere pleasure, if theré
had been any thing mentioned in the
speech which could induce a hepe
that the system of Irish government
would be ameliorated. He warned
the house not to give too much
conlidence .to the general asser-
tions that were made respecting
the loyalty of that people. It
must be recollected that those
kind of assertions were frequently
made in the last session, even up to
the day of the breaking out of the
insurrection. He concluded, by de-
claring that it was not his intention
to disturb the unanimity which
seemed so much to be desired onthe |
present occasion.

The Chancellor of the Exche-
quer (Mr. Addington) admitted that
Mr. Fox had accurately stated the
pledge which had been given ona

former night by a noble friend of —

his (lord Hawkesbury). The fact
was, that Russia had offered its me-
diation, which was accepted, with
readiness and gratitude, on the part
of his majesty’s servants, Discus-
sions were accordingly commenéed,
but, he was sorry to say, that, in

‘their progress, they did not assume

such a shape as to afford the least
probability of bringing about an '
amicable arrangement with France.
As to the other point, respecting
Ireland, he was perfectly convinced
that, however some few of the lead-
ers of the insurrection might have
disclaimed French alliance, yet that
many of them did look to a French
invasion as the means of carrying
their purposes intoeffect. Hecould,
with satisfaction and exultation, as-
sure the heuse, that the conduct of
his majesty’s government in Ireland ©
had tended very much to improve
the loyalty of all ranks and de-
scriptions of people in that country.
Haring

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 5

Having made these observations on
the two points adverted to by Mr.
Fox, he expressed his ardent wish
that, on the present occasion, there
might be the most perfect unani-
mity.

After some observations of sir
Francis Burdett, on what he coa-
ceived dangerous and improper con-
duct in some of the volunteer asso-
ciations, the address was carried
without opposition.

On the following day, upon
bringing up the report of the ad-
dress, Mr. Windham said, he did
not rise for the purpose of retract-
ing the assent he had given the day
before, but for the purpose of ex-
plaining the grounds upon which he
gave that assent. He wished, by
the unanimity of the vote, to shew
thatit was the determination of the
house to give his majesty the most
unbounded support, and to main-
tain the cartse of the country to the
last extremity. He would be sorry,
however, were it supposed, that
unanimity in support of the coun-
try, implied a unanimity in support
of ministers. There were many
people who supposed, that, in times
of great difficulty and danger, there
ought to be the greatest acquies-
cence to ministry; but there are
others who think, that of the dan-
ger alleged, as the reason of sup-
porting ministers, the ministers
themselves form the principal part ;
that the preparations of the enemy
would have little terror, if met by
wisdom and ability ; that it is the

weakness. of the defence, and not the ’

vigour of the attack, which consti-
tutes the danger; and that Bona-
parte and his legions were not so
terrific to the country, as the little
band of ministers that occupied the
treasury bench, He did not mean

to speak slightingly of the talents
of many individuals who composed
the administration ; they were men
of cultivated minds, and liberal edu-
cation ; not unread in the history of
the country, nor unpractised in its
business. But yet, to speak of
them collectively, as a council, that
were not only to rule this coutitry,
at a crisis like the presént, but to
guide the affairs of the world, he
thought them weakness itself. He
considered them the Augustult, in
whose hands the empire would pe-
rish! About two years ago, he
had found it necessary to tell them,
that they had signed the death-war-
rant of their country; and he now
thought those forebodings had come
near their accomplishment. In the
speech itself, he disapproved much
the attaching great consequence to
our West India conquests, which
were objects of no importance, when
compared with the immense projects
of the enemy. He agreed with Mr.
Fox in the fears he had expressed,
of the hope held out of permanent
tranquillity for Ireland being disap-
pointed, unless other measures were
adopted; and concluded, by charg-.
ing the ministers with great inat-
tention to the defence of that part
of the country with which he was
most connected, the county of Nor- ,
folk.

The address was then read a se-
cond time, and agreed to.

On the 30th of November, sir P.
Stevens moved, in a committee of
supply, that 100.000 seamen be
voted for the year 1804, which was.
accordingly agreed to. Leave was
also given to bring in a bill for con.
tinuing the restriction on the bank
of England from the issue of specie.

On the next day, sir W. Scott
obtained leaye to bring in his clergy

B3 residence.

?

6 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

residence bill, and on the motion of
the chancellor of the exchequer, the
house voted a sum of 8Q0Ol. as a
temporary relief to those curates,
who should be deprived of their
cures by the operation of this bill.

On the 2nd of December, Mr.
secretary Yorke rose, to move for
the continuation of “ the Irish habeas
corpus suspension act,’’,and the re-
enactment of ‘‘ the martial law bill.”
He declared, that it was with great
regret he felt himself obliged to per-
form this painful duty; but that it
was the misfortune of the times in
which it was our lot to live, that
we were not permitted to enjoy our
lives, our liberties, and our posses-
sions, without being daily called upon
to make sacrifices of some of our pri-
vileges, for the preservation of the
remainder. ‘Those bills were past
in the last session, upon the actual
breaking out of an insurrection in
freland, and from all the evidence
that government -had receiyed re-
Specting that insurrection, it was
their firm conviction, notwithstand-
ing the declaration of one of the
rebels (Emmet), that it was princi.
pally stirred up by French agents.
He believed the number of traitors
in Ireland was much diminished,
but whether it were great or small,
the house would not compromise
with them, or suffer them to clothe
themselves with the whole armour
of the law, while they were attack-
ing the government, the senate, and
all loyal subjects, with the concealed
weapons of assassination.

The honourable colonel Hutchin-
son admitted the necessity of pass-
ing those bills, and bestowed great
" praise on the temperate and concili-
ating manner in which lord Hard-
wicke administered the government
of Ireland. He could not however

allow, that it was a complete reason

that the Irish peopleshould be satis.
fied, because their situation is not
yet as bad as that of either the
French people, or of those poor,
oppressed, plundered countries, that
are called the allies of France. He
could have wished much, however,
that the spirit of lord Hardwicke’s
government were supported by the
legislative power, and that the affairs
of Ireland should meet that atten.
tion in the united parliament, that
they must have done in the parlia,
ment of that country, were it notfor
the union. ,

General Loftus and Mr. Haw-
thorne supported the necessity of
the measure,

Lord Temple reminded those who
considered, that a time of war and
danger was not fit fer the discussion
of the affairs of Ireland, that it was
inatime of war and of danger nearly
equal to the present, that so im-
portant a measure as the act of
union was passed. He observed, that
the preamble of the bills passed last
session, stated, ‘* the spirit of re-
bellion and insurrection to be actu-
ally raging in Ireland.” If the ho-
nourable secretary asserted that it
were necessary to renew a Dill hay-
ing that preamble, he could not ob.
ject to it.

Lord Archibald Hamilton wished,
that ministers would declare whe-
ther they intended to bring forward
any specific plan for ameliorating
the situation of that country: if
they did not, he should think it
competent to any member to agitate
the question. He wished those who
objected to the question being
brought ferward at the present time,
would be good enough to inform the
house, what was the time they would
think proper for its discussion.
yen ; Mr,

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 7

Mr. Burrows approved of the sus-
pending the habeas corpus in Ire-
land, but did not at present see the
necessity of continuing the martial

law, at a time when parliament was -

sitting.

Lord Castlereagh asserted, that
no measure had contributed so
much to prevent the mischiefs of
- rebellion from extending, as that
measure which was now objected
‘to: There was aconsiderable body
of loyalty existing in Ireland, but in
order to attack and suppress rebel-
lion, it was necessary that govern.
ment should have extraordinary
powers. There was no reason to
suppose this power would beabused,
as, notwithstanding its existence
Jast year, the civil tribunals were
resorted to in almost every instance.
He considered the bills not only as
due to the loyal subjects for their
security, but even an act of mercy
to the rebels themselves; for there
was no other way of convincing
them how utterly hopeless all their
projects were, than to shew, that it
was in the power of government to
blast them in a moment. When
they were convinced their schemes
were hopeless, and must be destruc-
tive to themselves, they might be in-
duced to return to habits of peace-
ful allegiance. To refuse to arm
government with such power, when
there was no reason to suppose
it would be exercised with harsh-
ness, would be to raise the spirits
and hopes of the disaffeéted: but it
would paralize the exertions, and
augment thefears of the loyal friends
of their country.

The bill for suspending the ha-
beas corpus aét in Ireland was
brought in, and read a first time;
and, after some opposition, leave
was also given to bring ina bill for

the continuance of martial law in
that kingdom, which wasalso read a
first time.

On the question being put, on the
5th of December, for the second
reading,

Mr. W. Elliot said, that he felt
utterly unable, from want of infor-
mation, to form a correct opinion,
whether this bill ought or ought not
to pass. When the bill was first in-
troduced in the Irish parliament,
there were the most authentic docu-
ments of an actually existing rebel-
lion. When it was renewed in
1800 and 1801, the act was found-
ed on the report of a secret com-
mittee of the house of commons.
When it was passed last year, it was
immediately after the atrocious mur-
der of lord Kilwarden, when it
appeared probable that the conspi-
racy was most extensive. But when
it is now proposed to pass, there
was nothing of that sort appeared,
to justify the measure. There was
neither any actual rebellion, nor
was there any report of a commit-
tee, nor any authentic information,
to make it appear that such a mea-
sure was now necessary.

The only thing like official infor-
mation, which parliament had to
guide them, was the speech from
the throne, which expressed a hope
of tranquillity being perfeétly re-
stored, and the deluded returning
to their allegiance. Such informa.
tion as this did not appear to require
measures of such severity. As to
the mere general assertions of mi-
nisters, he could not place much
confidence in them. It was only a
week before the breaking out of the
insurrection at Dublin, that the
chancellor of the exchequer had con-~
gratulated the house on the tranquil
state of Ireland, wher no martial-

B4 law

: ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

Jaw bill existed ; and attributed this
tranquil state to his peace of Amiens!
So far from. feeling any confidence
in those declarations, he, on the
contrary, felt a sort of superstitious
foreboding of some great calamity
impending, whenever he heard the
confident boastings of ministers. It
must be recollected what a clamour
was raised against his right honour-
able friend, (Mr. Windham) for
saying, that the Irish government
had been taken by surprise on the
23d of July ; but; certainly, every
appearance warranted that supposi-
tion ; for, if they had any informa-
tion, they neither communicated it
to the chief justice, who last his
life for want of such information,
nor to the lord mayor, whose house
was that day plundered of a quan-
tity of arms, nor yet to any person
zo whom. it might be supposed na-
tural they would communicate it.
Although he could not give his ne-
gative to the bill, yet he wished
that it might not make any more
progress, until information was
given to parliament of its necessity.

Mr. secretary Yorke said, that
the information before the house
was, that although the insurreétion
had been suppressed, yet that mea-
sures of precaution were absolutely
necessary; especially, while we
‘were at war with an enemy that en-
couraged the disaffeéted to break
Out into insurreétions, in order to
support his plan of invading and
conquering these countries. These
grounds appeared to him simple,
clear, and satisfactory. As the
honourable gentleman had asserted,
that the Irish government was taken
by surprise, on the 23d of July, he
must now, and whenever he heard
that assertion, positively deny it —
The garrison of Dublin, on that

night, consisted of near 4000 vete<
ran troops, a number completely
adequate to suppress an insurre¢tion
ten times more formidable. It was
absurd to suppose the city of Dub-
lin, or the castle, to be for a mo-
ment in danger from that contemp-
tible mob ; and if the honourable
gentleman had any charge to bring
forward against the Irish govern-
ment, he was ready to meet it.

Colonel Crawford was averse from
the renewal of the bill without some
further information being given. He
could not but conceive that there
was great negligence, or want of
precaution, in the Irish government,
upon the occasion alluded to, es~
pecially, when the blowing up of a
gunpowder mill, belonging to the
rebels, ought to have put them com.
pletely on their guard.

Mr. Francis spoke against the
bill.

Lord Castlereagh replied to the
two last speakers. He did not think
the government could fairly be
blamed for not bringing before the
consideration of parliament, sub-
jects, which they could not produce
any specific legislative mode of
amending. If any other honourable
gentleman thought he could bring
forward any plan for the advantage
of any part of the united kingdom,
it was his duty to do so, and it would
be for the wisdom of the legislature
te decide on its policy. f there
were any charges to be brought
against the Irish government for
negligence and want of precaution,
he should wish those charges to be
brought fairly and openly, and not
by a sort of side wind. Hedid not
conceive that preparing a report of
the information which government
had upon the subjeét, would be pro-
duétive of any good purpose; but

that

A Gre See —* af
~ ‘

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 9

that, on the contrary, it would in-
terrupt the exertions of government
in tracing the different ramifications
of the conspiracy. While such in-
quiries were going on, it would be
a matter of great difficulty to pre-

* pare such a report as might not dis-

Close facts and information, that
would defeat the views of govern-
ment in prosecuting their inquiries.

Upon colonel Crawford’s stating,
in explanation, that his charge
against the Irish government, for
want of preparation, was founded
on the circumstance of Dublin
being almost destitute of ammu-
nition for its garrison, the honour-
able Mr. Pole warmly denied the
fact.

Mr. Windham thought it strange,
that it should appear almost a mat-
ter of course to pass such a bill as
this. There were some gentlemen
who seemed to think no more of
stopping the constitution, or letting
it have its course, than a miller
would of stopping his mill, or set-
ting it a-going. They would order
it to march, or to halt, with as little
ceremony as @ colonel would give
the orders to his battalion. From
the information the ministers pleas-
ed to give the house, no conclusion
could be drawn. Sometimes they
stated the insurrection of the 23d of
July, as a mere contemptible riot,
in which but a handful of men were
concerned; and at other times,
when it suited their purposes, they
described it of such formidable
magnitude, as to require no less a
measure than martial law to put it
down. It was true, that arbitrary
and despotic power might in some
cases haye their advantages, but as
it seldom fell to our lot to have an.
_ gels to exercise it, mankind was ge-
nerally content to forego these ad-

vantages, and take up the safer and
slower operation of laws and free
governments. In those ministers,
who now wished for those arbitrary
powers to be entrusted to them, he
could place no confidence at all, as
their representations, hitherto, of
the state of that country, had been
fallacious. They had continued to
represent it as in a state of perfect
tranquillity, up to the day that it
was announced that'an insurrection
had burst forth; that the lord chief
justice had been murdered ; and the
city of Dublin within an ace of be-
ing taken. The Irish government
appear to prefer the charge of neg-
ligence, to that of being taken by
surprise. . There was, however,
every appearance of a surprise. The
Jord lieutenant himself was at his
country house ; and surely his friends
would not say that he would have
quitted the capital if he expected an
explosion. He shou!d not, however,
oppose this bill, because, as he was
without information on the subject,
he was not prepared to say that it
was not necessary.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
conceived the necessity of the pre-
sent measure a question that ought
to be always kept separate, from
the conduét of the Irish government,
on the day that the insurrection had
broke out; but since that had been
introduced, he must say that he
considered the conduct of the Irish
government, on that day, as highly
laudable, and that they were not
at all taken by surprise. After
having made all the necessary ar-
rangements for defeating the insur-
reétion, the lord lieutenant retired, |
as usual, to his country house, to
prevent any public alarm or appre-
hension. He thought it very surpris-
ng, that the two right honourable

gentlemen

10

gentlemen (Mr. Windham and Mr.
Elliot, ) the one of whom had been so
instrumental in the first bringing in
the habeas corpus suspension aét in
Great-Britain, and the other in Ire-
land, without any report of seleét
committees, but upon the ground
ef obvious necessity, should now
seem to think it absolutely necessa-
ry to have a report of a secret com-
mittee, to prove the necessity of
the measure proposed. ‘The state.
ment in his majesty’s speech, that
tranquillity was restored in Ireland,
was perfectly correét, but it was
only to be preserved by the same
precautionary measures by which it
‘was attained. The insurrection of
the 23d of July, without magnify.
ing it into a business of such im-
portance as the right honourable
gentleman (Mr. Windham) had de-
scribed it, was certainly a symptom
of such a disposition, as must be
watched and guarded against by.
every measure of precaution. Before
the 23d of July, many persons of
great authority and - information,
among others the lord chancellor
of Ireland, thought such measures,
as are now proposed, were necessa-
ry; but, after the 23d of July, no
body could doubt the necessity.
‘This was not now denied, but the
gentlemen, on the other side, wish-
ed for the formality of evidence to
prove it. Toall such objections he
would answer, that public noto-
riety, combined with the prepara-
tions the enemy were making, and
their avowed objects, did afford
abundant grounds for calling for
ihe present measure. ‘The objections
to it, he considered not tenable,
upon sound principles of reasoning,
nor from the melancholy experience
of the last ten years.

Dr. Lawrence vindicated his right

4

ANNUAL REGISTER,- 1804.

honourable friend (Mr. Windham)
from the charge of inconsistency,
imputed to him by the chancellor of
the exchequer, The suspension of
the habeas corpus was but an act of
precaution, but the martial-law bill
gives extraordinary powers of pu-
nishment. So that his right ho-
nourable friend might, with perfeét
consistency, approve of one and not
of the other. ‘The court of martial
law, established, was the worst of
all that bear the name. Under the
mutiny bill,there were required thir.
teen officers to form a court-martial ;
and in no part of the empire, ex~
cept Botany Bay, or the slave coast,
was so small a number of officers
required to compose a court-martial,
as in Ireland. The impolicy of
continuing martial law longer than
it was necessary, was this: in the
common opinion of mankind, no
disgrace attached to those who fell
in war, whereas those who suffered
by the regular course of justice, were
supposed to have an ignominy at-
tached to their death. Emmet, the
rebel leader, was a proof of the
prevalence of this idea; when he
was hurt, at the time of arrest, he
said it was nothing, for all was fair
in war ; but when he was condemn.
ed to die, by a jury of his country-
men, he begged that nobody would
attempt to write his epitaph.

General Loftus approved highly
of the measure.

The Attarney General insisted,
that instead of being a violation of
the common law, martial law was
only an auxiliary of the common
law, when it was confined to such
distri€ts, and exercised at such times,
as would prevent the due execution
of the common law. He then ani-
madverted, pointedly, to the con-
duct and to the language of Mr.

Windham,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Windham, on a former occasion,
when he asked, ‘* who is it we are
to conciliate? Or for whom are we
called upon to relax the powers of
government? Isit for traitors noto~
riously conspiring against the go-
yernment, and against the loyal sub-
jects of that country?” From the
language used by that right honour-
able gentleman, at a former period,
he could sufficiently furnish himself
with arguments on the present occa-
sion. He was convinced the loyal
people in Ireland would not be sa-
tisfied, unless such a measure was
passed.

Mr. Windham, in explanation,
said, that he had given no opinion
of the propriety or impropriety of
the present measure, as he had not
sufficient information to judge ; but,
certainly, he had never made it a
reason against passing the bill, that
it might be disagreeable to those,
against whom it was to operate.

The honourable Mr. Hutchinson
said, it was with reluétance and
pain that he felt obliged to give his
assent to the measure proposed, and
to allow that there was a great dif-
ference between the state of this
country and of Ireland ; he, how-
ever, hoped that the united parlia-
ment would at length consider seri-
ously the situation of that country,
and devise such measures as en-
lightened policy might dictate for
securing its permanent tranquillity.
A good government should shew it-
self no less active in putting down

rebellion, than in removing the —

causes of discontent, and he con-
ceived it impossible for any honest
or thinking man, in [reland, to be
satisfied with the manner in which
its affairs were administered.

The bill was then read a second
time, and ordered to be committed.

1]

Upon the report of the ¢ommittee
being brought up, on the 7th of De«
cember, and the question being put
for the third reading,

Admiral Berkeley gave notice,
that he should, on an early day,
move for papers to exculpate the
Trish commander in chief (general
Fox) from the imputation thrown
on him by certain expressions of the
chancellor of the exchequer, whe
had stated, ‘‘ that the commander
in chief had early intelligence of the
intended insurreétion on the 23d of
July.” if

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
denied having ever used these words,
or intended to throw any imputation
on the conduét of that honourable
officer. What he had said was, that
early information had been sent to
the superintending magistrate. —

Admiral Berkeley reiterated his
assertion. ,

Mr. J. Beresford observed, that
the sphere of the insurreétion being
confined to two or three streets, and _
the night being excessively dark, it
might have happened without any
blame justly attaching either to the
commander in chief, or to the Irish
government.

Mr. secretary Yorke, in reply to
the observations of admiral Berke-
ley, said, that the chancellor of the
exchequer had correétly stated the
language he had used on the former
occasion, and had properly disavow-
ed any intention, either on-his own
part, or on that of any of the mem-
bers of his majesty’s government, to
asperse or throw any imputation on
the charaéter or conduét of the Irish
commander in chief, for whom he
felt a very sincere respect ; if, after
this explanation, the honourable ad
miral was resolved to bring it for-
ward, it should be as a distinét

charge

12

charge against the Irish government,
and not on the ground of removing
an aspersion which was never in-
tended.

The bill was, after a few obser-
vations from Mr. Windham, order-
ed to be read a third time, and both
bills were subsequently passed with-
out further opposition in the com-
mons. In the lords, the only de-
bate which they produced, was on
the 12th of December, when lord
Hawkesbury introduced the subject,
by saying, he thought ministers were
entitled to claim credit, as not in
general wishing that extraordinary
powers should be placed in their
hands, except in cases where impe-
rious necessity required it. ‘The
measures that were now proposed,
were what, upon nearly similar oc-
casions, had secured the salvation of
freland. Jn Great-Britain, when a
wicked and diabolical conspiracy
was detedéied against the life of the
sovereign, the offenders were hand-
ed over to the ordinary tribunals,
and suffered the punishment due to
their crimes. There was then no
occasion for any extraordinary mea-
sures, because ministers were satis-
| fied that the great majority of the
population of Great-Britain was
loyal. ‘The case was very different
in Ireland, where it was well known
that a considerable purtion of dis-
affection still existed. it could not
be supposed, that the spirit of all of
those who had embarked in the ex-
tensive rebellion of 1798, could
have been since completely chang-
ed. A. disposition ‘to revenge yet
remained ; for it could not be de
nied, but that, during the rebellion,
- there were savage and atrocious aéts
committed both’on the part of the
rebels, and of the friends of go-
vernment. Those a¢ts, however,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1304.

were not occasioned by martial laws
but, on the contrary, the martial
law armed government with such a
power, as prevented individuals
from giving way to their private re«
sentments. Since the time this
power was renewed, in consequence
of the insurreétion of the 23d of
July, there was only one instance
of a person being tried by martial
law; and, perhaps, that instance
was solitary, because it was known
to be in force. On these grounds,
he moved, that the first of these
bills, the Trish habeas corpus sus-
pension bill, should be read a se
cond time.

The earl of Suffolk rose, not to
oppose the bills, which he really
believed to be necessary, but to en-
deavour to obtain from ministers
some information on the state of [re-
land. He thought, when an insur-°
rection was put down, it was the
proper time for government to en-
quire what were the grievances in
whichithad originated. He consider.
ed the advice that one of the great.
est men who ever lived, (lord Ba-
con) gave to queen Elizabeth, was
applicable to the present state of
Ireland, as well as to the times in
which that advice was gwen. That
great man advised her majesty to
appoint a commission to enquire
into the existing grievances of that .
country, and to consider of the
most effectual means of redressing
them. His lordship thought, that
such a commission ought now to be
appointed. Force might put down
rebellion in the field, but lenity and
justice alone could recover the
alienated affections of a people.

Lord King complained, that the
house were called upon by ministers
to pass such bills as these, without any
evidence either of their expediency

er

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

or their necessity. The question
was not, how his majesty’s ministers
would use those extraordinary
powers, but whether there were a
necessity for putting four millions
of his majesty’s subjects out of his
peace. He thought the want of in-
formation on the affairs of Ireland,
‘and the different accounts, that mi-
nisters themselves gave of the insur-
rection of the 23d of July, were
reasons, abundantly suflicient, to
prove the necessity of a general and
systematic enquiry into the affairs
of Ireland.

Lord Grenville felt himself under
circumstances of peculiar embarrass~
ment, in giving an opinion on a
subjeéi where so little information
had been granted. He must agree
with the noble lord, (lord Hawkes-
bury) in the zeneral principle which
he had laid down, namely, that
there were times, when, in confor-

mity to the principles of the consti-

tution, extraordinary powers must
be giyen to meet extraordinary exi-
gencies. When these exigencies were
clearly and unequivocally made out,
he should never obje¢i to extraor-
dinary powers being given. It
could not be imagined that any no-
ble lord would be averse from the
measures necessary for the suppres-
sion of rebellion ; but it was a se-
rious matter to vote measures of
such magnitude, without any infor-
mation. ‘The only official informa-
tion of the state of Ireland, was in
his majesty’s speech ; and in that do-
cument parliament was assured, that,
since the 23d of July, there had been
moO appearance of insurrection; but
that, on the contrary, Ireland en-
joyed an undisturbed tranquillity !

The language used by ministers was
most contradictory: sometimes the
insurrection was represented as a

13

contemptible riot; and, at other
times, as a most formidable conspi-
racy. How were their lordships to
judge between such contradictory
statements? The bills were cer-
tainly introduced, at present, on
grounds very different from what had
made them necessary at former pe-
riods. Then, there were armies of
insurgents in the field, who disputed
with his majesty’s troops the pos-
session of the island. When those
bills were afterwards renewed, it
was upon the authority of,a report
from a secret committee of both
houses of parliament. As to the
habeas corpus suspension bill, he
saw no strong objections. The
character of those who were to aét
under it, was of importance, and
ministers, in every step they took
in consequence of this act, would be
open to future censure, and the most
direct responsibility ; but the mar.
tial-law bill was of a very different
nature: the persons who were to
put it in execution, were under no
such responsibility ; they might be
supposed to aét from prejudice, or
without adequate knowledge. When
first he supported the system of
martial law in Ireland, it was, when
a rebellion of the most formidable
nature was raging with the utniost
violence. ‘To the system of open
rebellion, a system of murder and
intimidation succeeded ; magistrates
were deterred from performing the
duties of their office; judges were
prevented from presiding at trials at
the peril of their lives; jurors were
deterred from giving true verditts ;
and witnesses from giving their evi-
dence. ‘The forms of law were thus
annihilated, and it became necessa-

ry to have recourse to extraordi-

nary measures, Martial law was,
therefore, adopted, and the happiest
elleéts

14
effects proceeded from it. There

was no longer any inducement to
obstruét the course of the common

law ; things reverted to their former |

order ; and so far from martial law
Superseding or destroying the com-
mon law, it afforded the most
powerful means of its restoration.
The case,however, now was widely
different. There was no rebellion
raging in the country ; there was no
system of intimidating judges, ju-
rors, or witnesses; there was, no-
thing to obstruct the operation of the
ordinary tribunals and the course of
common law. In this view of the sub-
ject, it did not appear to him that
the re-enaétment of martial law was
necessary, or adviseable ; but still,
as ministers, (who must be suppos-
ed to have more information on the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

subject) declared it was necessary,
he should not oppose either of the
bills.

Lord Limerick positively asserted,
that the re-enaétment of those bills
was absolutely necessary for the tran.
quillity of the country, and universal.
ly wished for by the well-disposed

part of the people of Ireland.

The lord chancellor (lord Eldon)
gave his hearty assent to the bills ;
and thought, that no fair inference
could be drawn from his majesty’s
speech, to suppose they were not
necessary.

After a few words from lords
Darnley and Hobart, both bills were
read a second time, and ordered to be
committed the next day, when they
finally passed into laws.

CHAP.

HISTORY OF EUROPE, |

CHAP. II.

Army Estimates— Debate thereon—Speeches of Mr. Windham—Y orke—G ren-
ville— Lord Castlereagh— Mr. Forx— Addington—Y orke—Corry—and Co-
lonel Hutchinson—Resolutions on the Estimates put and carried.—V olun-
teer Exemption Bill brought in—supported by Mr. Yorke—Alderman
Price—and Mr. Addington—opposed by Colonel Crawford—Mr. Wind-
ham—Sir W. Young and Lord Levison Gcower—passes the House of Come
mons—and Lords, after a slight Opposition.

ON’ the 9th of December, the
secretary at war (Mr. Bragge)
brought forward the army estimates.
He said, that he should not have oc-
- casion to trouble the house much at
Jength, in observing on the different
items of the estimate, as they dif-
fered very little from those of the
Yast year, with which it must be
supposed that the house was inti-
_ mately acquainted. He was, how-
ever, bound to inform the house,
that the estimates he should now
bring forward would not include all
that would be wanting for the year.
As to the number of men to be
voted for the present year, he should
state it to be, under the usual
heads of service, 278,149, exclusive
of 22,897 for India. ‘The total
expence of such an army, he esti-
mated at 10,904,755]. The diffe-
rence between the number now to
be voted for guards, garrisons, ‘and
plantations, and that which was
voted in the last session, was 58,768
men; but the greater part of this
difference would be supplied by the
army of reserve; and the remain-
ing part of the augmentation intend-
ed would be in the dragoons and

life guards. For the volunteer
corps he estimated an expence of
730,0001. besides the increased ex~
pence of the general staff, in conse-
quence of the number of brigade of-
ficers employed to discipline and
train them. The estimated number
of volunteers in Ireland were 70,000
men, a number which could be con-
siderably increased, if necessary.
Yhe accounts of the barrack de-
partments were not yet prepared,
but they would much exceed the ac-
counts of former years, on account
of the great expence of preparing
winter cantonments for the soldiers
on the coast. <
Mr. Windham said, that when the
subject for consideration, was, the
measures to be taken for the de-
fence of the country, at such a time
as the present, he could not lose
sight of the character of those men
to whom that defence was to be en-
trusted. He could not express his
opinion of ministers more apposite-
ly than by repeating the sentiment
of an excellent poet, who, compar-
ing the faults of men and women,
said :
*¢ Poor

—_—=- ~

is

16 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804:

“

Poor women have but two,

“There’s nothing good they say, or

“ right they do.”

They who had declared the con-
duct of France, from the moment of
the signature of the treaty of Amiens,
to be ‘‘ one continued series of vio-
tence, aggression, and insult,”—who
declared that none but one of ‘* na-
ture’s fools” could suppose that
peace likely to be durable; with
such a conviction on their minds,
they ought to have commenced their
precautions immediately after ~ they
had signed the treaty. Instead of

‘which, they immediately began to

reduce the army, and dismantle the
navy; they sold off the gun-boats at
the price of the old ironin them; re-
fused men at five guineas bounty,
that they would be now glad to get
at fifty, and discharged others that
they could not now get at all !!!—
From these causes it was, that, after
his majesty’s message came down,
the means of war were to be col-
ieéted again, with as much difficulty

.-as if we had never possessed them

He should, however, now only con-
sider their conduct since the eighth
of March last, when, the peace might

‘be considered as at anend. The

population of this country was fif-
teen millions; its financial powers
almost unlimited. There was no-
thing that the country was not will-
ing to do in the way of service, or
no sum that it was not content
to pay. When at length ministers
did make a call upon the ‘country,
it came forward with an alacrity for
which they were unprepared. Mi-
nisters no sooner tried for this pub-
lic zeal, than the national feeling
rose so fast upon them, that they
were alarmed ; they no sooner be-
gan to sink their well, than the
water came pouring in upon them.

They could not therefore plead, that
the country had kept back its means.
’ —It now remained to be seen what
they did with them. The creation
of the voluntéer army might cost
government one million, and it cost
the nation at least two more, from’
individual contributions. Thusaforce
was colleéted which was imposing in
its sound. Five hundred thousand
men in arms appeared a formidable
host, but if we were to examine the
construction of the fabricand sechow
much was solid masonry, and how
much mere rubbish, or lath and
plaister, it would sink miserably in
our ideas. A very small portion
were regular troops; a larger pors
tion were militia; another consi-
derable portion was the new formed
army of reserve; and by far: the
most numerous portion was the levy
en masse, moulded into the form of
volunteer corps. Of the regular
troops he could not speak too highs
ly. The militia had arrived to as.
great perfection as troops could do,
where neither officers nor soldiers
had the benefit of seeing aétual ser-
vice. ‘The army of reserve could
not for a considerable time be classed
with the regular soldiers; and as for
the 400,000 volunteers, when he
felt it his duty to’ speak of them, he
hoped it would be understood that
it was of the volunteer system he
spoke, and not of the individuals

of which it was composed. He could

not indeed pretend to speak slight-
ingly of 400,000 individuals, cone
taining a great proportion of the
zeal, patriotism, and spirit of the
country; but, he must say, that,
although such a number of men
could not be absolutely useless, yet
it must be allowed that they were
not at all fit for the services to which
they were destined. The attempt

was

_ volunteer force,

_ Service ;

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

was, to brigade them, and make
them regular soldiers, which he con-
sidered utterly impraéticable. It
was, he said, out of the nature of
things, that persons, who were oblig-
ed to support themselves and fami-
lies by the exercise of professions

and trades, could acquire sufficient

expertness to equal regular soldiers,
or become fit to be put in line with
them. It would be like putting
frigates and sloops in the line of
battle with three-deckers. He him-
self was an advocate for a very great
but he did not
dream of making regular soldiers of
them. It was also known, that a
considerable part of the volunteers
had joined that system, to shelter
themselves from the militia, the army
of reserve, and other more efficient
which services were in-
jured by the numbers that were ex-
empted as volunteers. He consider-

_ed, that the total addition the mi-

nister had made to our effective
force, as an increase of 7000 men
to the regular army, and a levy of

_ 25,000 men to what was called an

army of reserve. He also thought

_they had been culpably remiss in

not erecting such works and fortifi-
cations as would obstruct the enemy,

_ either in their landing, or in their

march upon the metropolis; and

_ strongly recommended Maréeilo tow-
ers for the defence of the coast.—
_ He thought, however, that the views

ise

of this country should not be direét-
ed merely to its own defence, but
that it should also possess a dispose-

_ able force, with which it might an-

noy its enemies: for this object,

_ they should make the profession of

the soldier as attraélive as possible ;

_ they should change the period of

_ Service from life, to that of a term
_ of years.—They should adopt some

ot. XLVI.

17

plan for rendering service in the
West Indies less necessary and fre-
quent. lLustead of such measures,
government appeared intent merely
on providing the means of defence,
and had but added 7000 men to
their regular force.

Mr. secretary Yorke was not
afraid that the country would ‘enter-
tain the same opinion, that the
right honourable gentleman had ex-
pressed of the incapacity of minis-
ters. In the last session of parlia-
ment, there were many good op-
position speeches, but, on the other
hand, there were of ministerial votes
the great majority of that house.—
As to the censure of the right ho-
nourable gentleman about disband-
ing the army, and dismantling the
fleets, he was convinced, they would
appear ill-founded, when it was re-
colleéted that we never had, at any
former period, a peace establish.
ment which could be at all compar-
ed to what we kept up during the
late peace. The army had been
nearly doubled since the last session,
having been augmented from 60,000
to nearly 120,000 men. As to the
system of the army of reserve, i#
was similar to that which ,was al-
most universally followed abroad,
that of having battalions of depét.
The militia were in excellent order,
and amounted to 70,000 men in
ingland, and 14,000 in Scotland.
The volunteers amounted to three
hundred and eighty thousand men,
three hundred and forty thousand of
whom were infantry, and were dis
ciplined almost as well as it was
possible for any equal number of
men in the same time. Although
they might net be able to meet the
enemy inline, yet there were many
situations in which they might aid
with the greatest advantage. As

‘to

13° ANN

to their clothing, he thought it much
better that they should be drest like
the regular soldiers, as the enemy,
atashort distance, might take them
for regulars. Ife then defended the
general conduét of ministers in those
points which had been arraigned by
Mr. Windham, and disapproved of
the plan, suggested by him, of
changing the period of service from
life to a term of years; a change
which would, in his opinion, dis-
organize the whole army.

‘Mr. Pitt did aot’chuse, upon the
present occasion, to go into the con-
duét of government generally; but
thought it sufficient to direét his at-
tention prospectively to the mea-
sures which were now necessary,
in order to establish a suitable na-
tional force, either for our own de-
fence, or the attack of our enemies ;
or for co-operating, if the occasion
should offer, with other powers,
for the purpose of securing the in-
dependence of Europe. He differed
with his. right honourable friend
(Mr. Windham) in many points,—
Although he entertained as high an
opinion as any man of the superi-
ority of our regular troops, yet he
Was convinced that it was necessary
to resort to some other subsidiary
force, to defend the country at the
present moment. ‘The regular army
would always be the rallying point
of national defence; but, with the
benefit of their example, and of
their instruction, he was convinced
that other descriptions of force could
be brought forward with great ad-
vantage.. He wished to see the
volunteer forces of the country
brought to tlic utmost possible pitch
of perfection, in order that the re-
gultr army might be used to its
full extent, in assailing the enemy
wherever they were vuinera Sh and

NUAL REGISTER,

1804.

thus contribute to the deliverance
of Europe from the tyranny and op-
pression under which it now groans.
Ile approved of the volunteer sys-
tem, and would have wished it to
be carried to a much greater extent
in the counties bordering upon the
sea coast, in order that the enemy
might be repulsed at the moment of
his landing, and not allowed to get
a footing in the country. He thought
the volunteer system capable of be-
ing made a permanent, solid system
of defence, and a, great source of
national energy. The improvements.
in the system, which appeared to .
him more immediately necessary,
were the assembling the small com-
panies into battalions, and giving
to each battalion a field officer and
an adjutant. He also considered
the number of days appointed in the
year for drills, as too small; and ~
that instead of receiving pay for
twenty, the volunteers should re-
ceive pay for forty or fifty days.
These alterations would certainty
cause an increase of expencv, but it
appeared to him, that it would be
money well bestowed.
Mr. secretary Yorke objeéted to
these proposed alterations, princi-
pally on the ground of ceconomy,
as they would bring on an increas-
ed expence of near &. 500,000,
without producing, as it appeared -
to him, any equivalent advantage.
Mr. 'T. Grenville expressed sur-
prise, that his right honourable
friend and relation (Mr. Pitt) should |
seem to think, that this was a time
only to look prospectively to mea-
sures to be adopted. for the future.
It appeared to him a proper time to
enquire, also, what use ministers had
made of those powers that were en-
trusted to them during the last ses-
sion. The regular army was alarm-
ingly

- 7 .
»

aa aribe

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ingly deficient: when stated by the
secretary at war to amount to one
hundred and twenty thousand, it
must be recolleéted, that severity
thousand were to be deduéted from

that number for the militia, which

would leave fifty thousand only, who
deserved the name of regulars ; and
a great proportion of which was iv
the army of reserve. He, by no
means, thought the volunteers likely
to become, of themselves, such a
force as the couutry could rely up-
on for its defence; and he thought
government had been to blame, in
applying themselves entirely to the
increase of the volunteer force, in-
‘Stead of placing the regular army
npon an effective footing.

_ Lord Castlereagh, at considerable

length, defended the conduét of go-

yernment in the measures that they
had taken for securing the national
defence. He said, that the right
honourable gentleman (Mr. Wind-
ham) unjustly disparaged and de-
preciated al] the efforts the country
had lately made. In condemning
the high bounties that were given

_ for the army, he had recurred to a

av

favourite opinion of his, the not al-
lowing the balloted man to serve by
substitute. ‘This would certainly
be a measure of most extreme ri-
gour. The faét, however, was that
of the 35,000 men raised for the

' _ army of reserve, 7,500 had already
_ entered for general service, within

the short space of two months, and
he therefore could not understand
how it had injured the recruiting
service. The next material objec-
tion made by that right honourable

_ gentleman, (Mr. Windham,) was

' fective descriptions of force.

to the volunteer system, which he
thought not only bad in itself, but
highly injurious to other more ef-

He

MS,

must deny that objection. It never
had been found, that it rendered
persons less disposed to enlist for
general service, they having been
originally in another description of
force; on the contrary, their mili-
tary spirit was thus more ripened.
There was nothing to prevent a vo-
lunteer from entering into the regu-
lar army, and it appeared to him
that the military spirit of the nation
would be much increased by the vo-
lunteer system. The state of the
army of the united kingdom was
this: there were 130,000 men in
Great Britain, and 50,000 in Ire-
land on permanent pay; of this to-
tal of 180,000 men the militia a-
mounted to 84,000, and the regu-
lars to 96,000; of which 27,000 are
for limited service, and 69,000 dis-
poseable for general service. The
volunteer force consisted of 340,000
in Great Britain, and 70,000 in
Treland, making a total of 410,000.
The sea-fencibles were 25,000.—
The gross force of the united king-
dom might then be considered as
700,000 men in arms: of which all
that were reckoned the more regu-
lar part of the army, might be
brought into the field against an
enemy. The total force in Ireland
consisted of 120,000 men all armed,
and the number could be consider-
ably increased. In Great Britain
there were about 120,000 of the
volunteers yet remained to be armed
with muskets, the arms that could
be spared having been first given to
the volunteers of the metropolis,
and of the counties on the sea coast.
As to the navy, the number of ships
of war amounted to 469, and ‘an
armed flotilla of small craft, to the
amount of 800, could be speedily
added. The ordnance and every
other branch of the public service

Cig had

~

20 ANNUAL RE

had been considerably augmented.
He felt it necessary, that the volun-
teer system should arrive at the
highest perfection, as, in the present
state of Europe, even should peace
be restored, it could only be pre-
serveél upon a basis of strong inter-
nal strength, which would put the
question of inyasion for ever at rest.
Our enemies would be more dis-
posed to leave us in peace when they
were fully convinced how little they
could effect by war, although our
unexampled prosperity must ever
excite their envy and jealousy.
Mr.F ox thought thatif, as the noble
_jord seemed to express, it was our
prosperity that would oblige us al-
ways to keep up such military estab-
Jishments as we have at present, he
should then think our prosperity
would be produétive of a great mis-
fortune.
his lordship, held out but a miser-
able prospect to the country. A
right honourable gentleman (Mr.
Pitt) had appeared to think, that
their considerations should be pro-
spective only ; it appeared to him
that a retrospect, formed as proper
a subjeét of examination, as any
speciation for the future. If one
were to determine to forget the past,
one must also determine not to pro-
‘fit by experience. If the system
adopted by parliament last session,
was found to be bad, why should it
be permitted to go on? For his
part he entirely agreed with the senti-
ments exprest by a right honourable
gentleman, (Mr. Windham,) re-
specting the volunteer system. Je
thought the machinery of it bad ;
that experience had proved, that
it did by no-means assist the go-
vernment in the vigorous prosecu-
tion of the war; and, that it would
have been much better to have

This singular opinion of-

GISTER, 1804,

increased the number of regular
troops, than have embodied such a
number of volunteers. He agreed
with that right honourable gentle-
man, in thinking the zeal and ar-
dour of such a number of men
might be better employed in some
other way, and that the number of
volunteers were rather so many
men taken away from our effe¢tive
force, than added to it. Another
right honourable gentleman (Mr.
Pitt) had considered the volunteer
system in a light, that it certainly
never was intended that it should be
viewed in, at the time of its forma-
tion; namely, that it should be
brought to such a degree of perfec-
tion, as, that the defence of the
country, might be entirely trusted to —
it, even if the regulars should be
withdrawn on foreign expeditions.
This view of the subjeét appeared
to nim to be quite erroneous, for
neither was it possible, that the vo-
lunteers should ever be brought to
that perfeétion of discipline, as to
be competent to oppose regular ar-
mies in the field, nor could it have
been in the contemplation of parlia-
ment, when they only required that ©
they should be drilled for 20 days in —
the year. If the rumour of an in-
vasion was to blow over, (which, by ©
the bye, he never thought so likely »
to be attempted, or so praéticable —
in the execution as some people |
supposed,) would any gentleman }
venture to propose or think it safe §.
to send the regular troops out of
the country, and depend upon the |
volunteers for its defence? He felt |
convinced, that the system, even —
aided by all the ability of that right 4
honourable gentleman (Mr. Pitt), ©
would not produce such a force as
he professed to hope from it. For
bis part, he should much prefer a2 9
general }

aw 2 oo * ae oe

SS 2

HISTORY

general array of the people when
the country was in danger. He a-
greed to the objeétion that had been
made to clothing the volunteers in
red, which looked as if it had been
the object of government to dress
them up like soldiers, merely to
frighten the French. He feared,
indeed, the whole system was fit
for little else than to be set upon a
hill and looked at. He agreed with
Mr. Pitt in the hope that we should
not long confine ourselves to de-
fensive “operations only; but that
we should be able to proceed ona
system of vigorous offensive war.
He thought that the proper measures
were not taken for making the vo-
lunteer force speedily etfeétive: a
great deal of time was taken up in
teaching them evolutions, which
great military authorities were of
opinion ought not to be praétised in
real action, and that, instead of
learning the punétilio of parade,
they would be better employed in
learning how to fire. As for him-
self, he was nota volunteer, because
his age disqualified him, and he
‘ would not undertake a task which
he felt himself incompetent to fulfil ;
but when so much was said of the
influence of example, and the mi-
nisters being all volunteers, he would
ask what sort of an example would
ministers set in case of an invasion?
They would be the first to desert ;
' for as they must cither quit their
ministerial situations or their corps,
it would be easy to guess which they
would prefer doing. The example

of ministers then would only encou-

rage others to frame excuses for
' quitting their corps in time of dan-

ger. He could by no means coin-

cide in the praises given by the noble

lord (Jord Castlereagh) to ministers,

for their exertions in increasing the

OF EUROPE.

Q1
ordnance and the other military de-
partments. As they profest to know
that the peace of Amiens could not
be lasting, and called those people
*¢nature’s fools” who thought o-
therwise, they should have made
greater exertions, and have had more
than 300,000 muskets ready. It
was no surprising thing that the
greater part of the nation should
demand arms, when they were told
the country was in danger. He
thought it necessary that there should
be a responsible military council,
to govern the whole afiairs of the
war department; although he felt
a great personal respect for the come
mander in chief, he should not so
far flatter him, as to say that he was
alone capable -of governing that de-
partment. It was evident, besides,
that his high birth put him almost
above responsibility. All the mili-
tary arrangements for the last year,
appeared to him unsteady, vaccilla-
ting, and capricious. He could not
avoid particularly mentioning the
incomprehensible conduct of govern-
ment to a relation of his (general
Fox), who was removed from the
chief command in Ireland, and al-
most immediately appointed to an
important command in the vicinity
of London. The Irish government
appeared to him to be much more
afraid of giving alarm, than ef avert-
ing danger, and the reason they
seemed to dread it so, was because
it would give the lie to the assertions
that were so constantly echoed in,
that house, of ‘all safe, all well.”
There was another subject in which
he thought the military administra.
tion of this country were still more
to blame.—The prince of Wales had
very handsomely made an offer of
his services, which were not only
not accepted, but nothing was done

C3 te

29

to soothe his mind on the refusal.
When so much stress was laid on
example, he must conceive that there
was no example, which could be of
greater service than that of the heir
apparent of the crown, coming for-
ward to share the exertions and the
dangers of others, who stand for-

~ ward to defend the country. While

all his brothers had high commands
in the army, it was no situation for
a prince of Wales to be merely co-
lonel of a regiment of dragoons.* He
concluded by hoping that justice
would be done to the public spirit,
zeal, and bravery of the people.
TheChancellor of the Exchequer,
(Mr. Addington) said, that of the
two opinions which had been offer-
ed respecting the volunteers, that
of Mr. Windham, who was averse
to their having the appearance of
soldiers; and, that of Mr. Pitt,
who wished them to receive as high
military discipline as possible, he
was much inclined to adhere to the
opinion of the latter gentleman. He
thought the efficiency of the volun-
teers was much under rated, when
they were supposed only fit to de-

fend villages, convey provisions, &c.

However highly he might yalue the
opinions of the honourable gentle-
men who advanced them, still, on
a military subjeét, he had a greater
value for the opinions of lord Moira,
and lord Cathcart; who said they
could confidently lead the volunteers
of the distriéts they commanded,
against any enemy. As tothe mi-
litary council that was suggested, he
disapproved of it, as interfering
with that station, of which the duke
of York held the sole responsibility.
With respect to the prince of Wales’s
offer, the subject was of such ex-
treme delicacy, that nothing but his
majesty’s express commands, or the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

united authority of that house,
should induce him to say a single
word upon the subjeét. As to the
removal of general Fox from the
situation of commander in chief of
Ireland, it was no imputation on his
professional charéter, as he was im~
mediately appointed to another im-
portant command,

Mr. Fox wished Mr. Addington
had preserved the same impenetrable
silence about general Fox, as he had
resolved to do about the prince of
Wales: his saying, that *‘ he saw ©
no complaint against that general,”
was not saying that the lord lieute-
nant of Ireland had not expressed a
wish for his recall, which certainly
was an implied censure on his con-
duct. If the rising was so serious,
as to require the re-enaétment of
martial law, blame must attach some-
where.

Mr. secretary Yorke -considered,
that the chara¢ter of his noble rela-—
tion, (lord Hardwicke) had been
wantonly aspersed by Mr. Fox,
and he felt ready to defend the Irish
goverument against any charge
which could be made against it upon
this ground. The faét was, that
government had not notice of an
approaching insurrection, until the
explosion of the powder-mill, on
the 18th of July. . Information was
then sent to the commander in chief,
who received it on the 20th. On
the 23d, the day the insurreétion
did take place, the lord lieutenant
took the commander in chief, in
his carriage, to the castle, where
they both heard the different re- —
ports, which made it probable, that
the insurrection would take place
that night. As the commander in
chicf was equally in possession of
the information, respecting the re-.
bellion, with the lord lieutenant, it

rather §

* Vide Correspondence on this subject in the Annual Register for 1803, p. 564.

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 23

rather appeared his duty to have
had the garrison in the best state of
preparation for putting it down.—
After the affair of the 23d of Ju.
ly, there was a coolness between
the lord lieutenant and general
Fox, which made it almost necessary
that one of them should resign.

After some explanations between
Mr. Fox, admiral Berkeley, and
Mr. secretary Yorke,

Mr. Corry, who had been in Ire-
land at the time of the insurrection,
and made the most diligent enquiries
concerning it, stated, that the in-
terview between the lord lieutenant
and the commander in chief, on the
93d of July, could be proved, when
the same information was laid before
both of them, and certainly it did
appear more the duty of the com-
mander in chief to take the military
precautions that were necessary.
Although the insurrection of that
day was contemptible, yet the con-
Spiracy existing was formidable, and
fully justified the measures which
had been taken.

Colonel Hutchinson spoke with
great warmth on the impropriety of
excluding the prince of Wales, at a
period like the present, from shar-
ing the danger and the glory of de-
fending the country.

The resolutions proposed by Mr.
secretary Yorke were then seve-
rally put and agreed to by the com-
mnittee.

On the 10th of December, Mr.
secretary Yorke moved for leave to
bring in a bill to regulate and ex-
plain the exemptions to be given to
volunteers from serving in the mili-
tia, orarmy of reserve. ‘The ob-

‘ject of the bill would be, to secure
‘exemptions to those who were en-
titled to them, and to preventabuses
in granting them to those who were
not. Leaye was accordingly given.

On the 19th of December, the
house of: commons resolved itself
into a:committee on the volunteer-
amendment bill. When Mr. secre-
tary Yorke observed, that a good
deal of the confusion with respect to
the right of exemptions, proceeded
from the commanding officers not
having made their returns at the time
appointed by law. Many of them
were prevented from making the re-
turns, for want of the arms being
distributed, which made it impossi-
ble to certify that the members of
their respestive corps attended, arm-
ed and accoutred. The present bill
was to remedy those defects. The
number of days which it would be
necessary to have attended, for the
purpose of claiming an exemption
from service, in the. army of reserve
or militia, would be twenty-five.

Mr. Pitt said, it was impossible
for a commanding officer to return
his men properly armed and effec-
tive, if, instead of muskets, they
were only armed with pikes or
pitch-forks.

Mr. secretary Yorke replied,
that if government should think
proper to change the mode of arm-
ing the volunteers, and give the rear
rank pikes, that the commanding
officers should still return them as
having attended properly armed.

Sir William Young thought there
ought to be a distinétion made be-
tween the two classes of volunteers.
Those who entered before the a¢t
for ageneral array, did so from pa-
triotic zeal ; whereas, the greater
number w ho came in after the a¢t,
were the peasantry of the country,
who joined the volunteers merely
to save themselves from more effec-
tive service ; of course, not entitled
to exemption.

Lord Granville Leveson Gower

C4 stated,

raw
ot

stated, that not a single firelock had
been given by government to the

* yolunteers of Staffordshire, so late

as three weeks ago.

Mr. Yorke, in reply, said, that it
was necessary first to arm the vo-
lunteers of the maritime counties.

Mr. Giles seemed to consider,
that an alteration of the laws, with
respect to the volunteers, was @
breach of good faith to that body.

He was replied to by Mr. secre-
tary Yorke, and the chancellor of
the exchequer.

After several observations from
different gentlemen, the bill went
through the committee, and was or-
dered to be reported the next day ;
when, the question being put for
the third reading of the bill,

Mr. Windham complained of the
hurry with which ministers proceed-
ed in this business, which certainly
was not a question of urgency. It
was their constant mode of proceed~-
ing. ‘heir crude ideas appeared
first in the shape of an act of parlia-
ment, and the legislature were to be
afterwards occupied in considering
how their a¢éts were to be made tole-
yably- correct. They seemed like
authors who composed in public ;
they wished for full credit not only
for their first conceptions, but for
the yarious changes and alterations
which afterwards took piace in their
ideas on the subject. As it was al-
lowed that many of the exemptions
now claimed, had got into the vo-
lunteer laws by mistake, and con-
trary to the intention of its authors,
he saw no rational motive for push-
ing the mistake further. Good faith
required that exemptions shonld be
given to those volunteers, who, by
the subsisting laws, should be en-
titled to claim them, but there was
no occasion for giving those exemp-

a

,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

tions in future to other volunteers,
who might offer their services. If
these exemptions continued in fu-
ture, the commandant of a volun-
teer corps, when the constitution of
it was monarchical, or the committee
a sub-committee when it was de-
mocratical, by the power of admit-
ting or rejeéting whom they pleased,
had the power of imposing or re-
lieving from the burden of the bal-
lot, which, to many, would be ab-
solute ruin. He thought either they
should do away the exemptions, or
else do away the volunteers. He
concluded by strongly contending,
that the high bounties given for the
army of reserve, must operate
powerfully against the general re.
cruiting service.

Mr. Hiley Addington, denied
that the bounty to substitutes was
501. as had been stated by the right
honourable gentleman. In his part
of the country it was not more than
half that sum. He expressed his as-
tonishment that the~ right honour-
able gentleman should, without any
adequate reason, set himself against
the universal opinion, and never
speak of the volunteers but in dis-
paragement of their exertions.

Mr. alderman Price said, that the
average of the bounty paid in the
city of London, for substitutes to
the army of reserve, did not exceed
26]. he believed 26 guineas was the
highest bounty ever given.

Colonel Crawford defended the
opinions of Mr. Windham, with re-
speét to the injury the volunteer
system did to the general recruiting
for the army. He objected altoge-
ther to the exemptions, which he
believed were only granted through
mistake.

His right honourable friend, how-
ever, had been much misunderstood,

te. when

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

when he was supposed to have said
that 400,000 men, armed and disci-
plined like the volunteers, would
be of no service. He only had con-
tended for the superior advantages
of regular disciplined troops. For
his part, although he had great reli-
ance on the native spirit and gallan-
try of the people, he would’ wish
to see them as well disciplined as
_ possible.

Sir William Young again advert-
ed to the two different classes of
volunteers, those who were volun-
teers before the 43d of the king,
and those who became so afterwards.
He observed, that as most of the
“young unmarried men, who were of
the first class, under the levy ex
masse aét, had gone into the volun-
teers, the ballot would fall princi-
pally on married men who had fa-
_tmilies, and who would be obliged,
at an enormous expence, to find
substitutes.

Colonel Calcraft, by no means
‘thought that the opinions delivered
by Mr. Windham, were of that dis.

couraging nature, or so disparaging —

to the volunteers, as they were
usually conceived to be. That gen-
tleman’s opinion, appeared to him
entirely just, Mm saying, that it was
never to be expeéted, that the vo-
Tunteers would be equal in disci-
pline, either to the regulars or the
militia.

Dr. Lawrence warmly defended
his right honourable friend (Mr.
Windham) from the misrepresenta-
tions which had gone abroad, of his
Opinions upon the subject of the vo-
lunteers. An honourable gentle-
man (Mr. Hiley Addington) had
expressed surprise at his rendering

imself so unpopular. Popularity
was certainly a thing which every
‘man would wish for, but it was not

25

a thing for which an enlightened or
dignified statesman would abandon
the course which his judgment
pointed out tohim. He rather dis-
approved of the conduct of ministers
in following the popular sentiment,
however wrong, instead of endeavour-
ing tolead the people to what was for
their permanent interest. He knew
his friend (Mr. Windham) was not
unpopular among intelligent men,
for the part that he had taken in
this business; on the contrary, he
was highly respected for it.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
denied, that ministers had ever
courted popularity in the manner it
had been insinuated; but, on the
contrary, had kept up large esta-
blishments, and imposed all those
taxes which were necessary to sup-
port the interest, or the honour of
the country.

The bill was then read a third
tine and passed.

On the 16th, it was introduced
into the house of lords, and read a
first time; on the question for the
second reading,

Lord Suffolk spoke, at considera-
ble length, in praise of the spirit
of the volunteers; who, as he
thought, without being perfectly
disciplined, would be a match for
their enemies. His lordship threw
out a variety of ideas for the better
defence of the country. He recom-
mended Martello towers on the
coast, and central depédts.

Lord Grenville said, that, upon
the present occasion, he should not
enter at large into the volunter sys-
tem, or the general defence of the
country, but confine himself mere-
ly to the bill before the house. At
present, there were three aéts in
force, all somewhat contradictory.
He should have thought it better to

have

26

have moulded them all into one clear
intelligible bill. At present, five
days drilling only is necessary for
the exemption from the militia, but
twenty-four days is required for the
army of reserve. What was the
reason of this difference he could
not comprehend. The aét of the
42d of the king differed most mate-
rially from the last act, about the
liability of a volunteer, who was
drawn by ballot, to serve as soon
as he should quit his volunteer
corps. The laws were so contra-
diétory, that it was impossible for
commanding officers to know how to
give in their returns; although he
was ready to admit the powerful as-
sistance and support that the vo-
lunteer system would give to the re-
gular army; yet he thought many
improvements ought to be made in
it: he thought it extremely wrong,
that committees and general assem-
blies should he allowed to meet for
the purpose of debating. It might
Jead to dreadful consequences,
Lerd Hobart, in reply, stated
that it was most certainly in the con-

ANNUAL: REGISTER, 1804.

templation of his majesty’s mini-
sters, to ameliorate the system as
much as possible, by considering
what improvements might be intro-
duced. .

Lord Hawkesbury allowed, that
the volunteer system still required
further improvements. It was, how-
ever, at present, much more efficient
than during the last war; and when
the nature of the contest was con-
sidered, # would be an additional
recommendation to it, that it was
one of the cheapest modes of na-
tional defence.

After the duke of Clarence had
expressed his sentiments, which were
perfectly in unison with those of

lord Grenville, the bill was read a

second time ; and was, on the day
following, with some slight opposi-
tion, from earl Fitzwilliam, (who -
proposed a re-commitment) read a |
third time and passed.’

This was the last public business
transacted in parliament in 1803;
both houses soon after, adjourned
till the 1st.of February, in the fol.
lowing year.

CHAP.

: HISTORY OF EUROPE.

CHA P,

27.

Iii.

Inilisposition of his Majesty—Great Alarm and Uneasiness of the Public—

Conduct of Government upon the

upon the Subject—Royal Assent gic

Occasion—Favourable Communications
en by Commission to several Bills—Hzs

Majesty appears in Public—Tranquility restored —Debates continued—
Volunteer Consolidation Bill—read a first Tine—Repeated Debates thereon
—State of the King’s Health required from Ministers in the House af Com-
mons—Their Answer not satisfactory—Mr. Pitt attacks the Naval Admi-
nistration— Debate on Sir John Wrottesley’s Motion fer an Investigation
of the Causes of the Irish Insurrection Dicision—negatized.

cheers we proceed farther in
our account of the parliamen-
tary session of the present year, it
‘becomes necessary to notice a cir-
cumstance of our domestic history,
which occurred early in the spring,
and which occasioned the most lively
sensation both within and without
the walls of parliament.

On the 14th of February, it was
publicly announced, by an oflicial
bulletin, at the palace of St. James’s,
that, on that day, his majesty was
much indisposed : and a succession
of similar notices, left little doubt
of the serious nature of the com-
munication. The alarm and con-
sternation thus excited, throughout
the metropolis, and the whole em-
pire, is more easily to be conceived
than expressed. The dreadful visi-
tation of 1789 on our beloved sove-
reign, was present to every mind.
The uneasiness of that period, and
the height to which the differences
of opinion both in the legislature
and the public, had proceeded, on
the mode to be adopted for supply-
ing the temporary suspension of the
_ executive branch of the constitution,
4

was recollected with increased dis-
may and apprehension. No provi-
sion had been suggested by the wis-
dom of parliament on that occasion
(or on the more recent alarm in
1801, when it was universally sup-
posed, that another attack of the
same nature, although in a slighter
degree, had been experienced), to
meet the inconveniences necessarily

‘attendant on a similar calamity.

But if the public mind were thus agi-
tated during a period of profound
peace, and during the administration
of a most popular ministry, how
must its anxiety be now increased,
when every exertion the country
could make, was employed to repel
the threatened invasion of the most
powerful and infuriate enemy Bri-
tain had ever encountered 3;—when
consolation was derived, and energy
excited, by the promise which the
speech from the throne had given,
of the personal appearance of our
gallant sovereign, in the ranks of his,
loyal and faithful people, should the
foe yenture to set his foot on Bri-
tish ground ;—when the reins of go-
yernment were in the hands of those,

to

28

to whom few looked with confidence
for holding them with skill and vi-
gour, and none, for a continuance
of their situation, which was obvi-
ously and hourly drawing to a pe-
riod ;—and when, in fine, the affairs
of the country, in every possible
event, required the utmost exertion
and ability of its rulers, to ward off
increasing evils, and impending des-
truction.

Under such circumstances, it can-
not be wondered at, that gloom and
distrust should universally prevail.
In the course of the following pages
will be seen, what were the senti-
ments of the best and wisest in
both houses of parliament upon so
interesting asubject. Nor can we,
in any words of our own, convey
to our readers so just a delineation
of the real state of the few facts
which guided public opinion thereon,
as the attacks made upon ministers
upon this occasion, and their de-
fence, will afford.

Upon the nature of the malady
which afflicted the best of sovercigus
and of men, we are precluded, by
the delicacy of the subjeét, from of-
fering the slightest conjecture; and
as there was no parliamentary com-
munication upon that head, nothing
sufficiently authentic remains, to es-
tablish any fact respecting it, or to
satisfy the solicitude of the public.
A more pleasing task remains for
us, which we proceed to execute
with the most heartfelt satisfaction;
that of detailing the different cir-

* No formal communication was made

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

cumstances which gradually dis-
pelled the general uneasiness, and
induced the universal hope in the.
perfect and permanent recovery
of our virtuous and beloved sove-
reign.

On the 27th of February, twelve
days after the notification of: his
majesty’s illness, the first dudletin
appeared, which could be said to
hold out any prospect of its favour-
able or speedy termination; it an-
nounced the opinion of the sub-
scribing physicians to be, ‘‘ that his
majesty was still better than he was
the day before, and appears to be
gradually advancing towards reco-
very.” Of this tendency, with
very little variation, were the com-
munications until March the ele-
venth, when they assumed a more
decided tone ; and the last, three
days after (the 14th), confidéntly
mentioned ‘‘ the daily recovery of
his majesty.’

The declarations in Parliament of
the chancellor of the exchequer, on
the 29th of February, that there
was ‘*no necessary suspension of
the royal functions,” and of the
lord ehancellor, on the 14th of
March, ‘‘ that the lords commis-
sioners were warranted in express-
ing the royal assent to several bills
which had already passed through
both houses of parliament,” tended,
in a great measure, to allay the fer-
ment in the public mind, and re-
store tranquillity to the bosom of an
affectionate and loyal people.*

to parliament of his majesty’s recovery,

as on the occasion of his first illness, consequently there were no addresses of con-
gratulation on the happy event: and it was considered as singular, that a form of
peers for the restoration of the king’s health, in which the hope and prospect of

18 majesty’s recovery is strongly alluded to, continued in use many weeks after the

king was declared, in parli

ent, competent to the exercise of his royal functions,

ang, indeed, after a total change of administration had taken place : it was, how-

ever, changed after the acceptance of office by Mr. Pitt.
of the form of prayer, “ Chronicle,” p. 390 of this vol.)

(Vide the 4st and 2d edit. —
On

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 29

On the 9th, 10th, and 11th* of
May, his majesty, to the infinite
“gratification of the inhabitants of
the metropolis, drove through the
principal streets of London and
Westminster, accompanied by her
majesty and the princesses. But it
was many months+ before his ma-
' jesty could enjoy the solace of his
‘domestic circle, or thatit was deem-
ed prudent to submit te him the re-
port of the prisoners under sentence
of death, a vast accumulation of
whom, the unfortunate calamity we
have just A a had unavoidably
’ occasioned.
The first birch ef importance
which occupied the attention. of
parliament, after the Christmas re-
cess, was the bill which Mr. secre-
tary Yorke brought forward in the
house of commons, for the consoli-
dation and explanation of the exist-
ing laws respecting the volunteers.
In introducing his motion, he de-
precated all party animosity in the
discussion of the question, and en-
tered onan historical account of the
origin of the plan. The system, he
said, was introduced under lord
Shelburne’s.administration, was re-
vived in 1794, and appeared still
more necessary now than at any for-
mer period. From thembment, that
this new system was considered by
the legislature, necessary to meet
’ the new circumstances of the times,
the exemptions were considered as
absolutely necessary to its cxistence.
_ The number of volunteers in Great

Britain amounted to 150,000 in the’

course of the last war, anda very
Short time after the act passed for
training and arraying his majesty’s
subjects, the voluntary offers of

service amounted to near 400,000,
and, consequently, the compulsory
clauses of that act were suspended.
If a doubt had been entertained of
the powers of the volunteers to re-
sign, that ‘doubt would be done
away by the present bill. There
was another point in which it was
absolutely necessary that the law
should be explicit. In the first for-
mation of the different corps, they
were usually allowed to elect their
officers, but the exercise of this
power, in filling up vacancies which
might afterwards occur, would be

‘highly dangerous, and was not re-

cognized by any act. It should
now therelore beclearly understood,
that the volunteers had no such
pewer. After pointing out a va-
riety of alterations which he propos-
ed, in the manner of granting the
exemptions, he submitted to the
house, whether it were not better,
under the present circumstances, to
continue the volunteer system, even
with all its necessary defects, than
to abandon it, in order to find out
something else that might sound bet-
ter in theory, but might turn out
much worse in practice.

Mr. Skeridan conceived it would
be quibbling with the judgment,
and violating the implied compact
with the volunteers, to insist that
they were not entitled to recom.
mend persons to be their officers for
the future, in the same manner that
they had done from the commence-
ment. ‘There were some of the
corps, who, in their original offers
of service, which were accepted un-
conditionally, expressly mentioned
this privilege of electing, or, rather,
recommending their officers. He

* On the 12th Mr. Pitt was appointed minister.
t Vide “ Chronicle” for November, p- 481.

hoped

r

50

hoped that the strictest good faith
would be kept with the volunteers,
both in matters of exprCsE and im-
plied compact. +

Lord Castlereagh thought that the
principle of chusing: officers by a
popular election, was contrary to
every idea of military discipline ;
and although it might be admitted,
in the first instance, yet it could not
be continued after the corps were
regularly formed as military bodies.
However important the principle
was, in some instances it might be
Felaxed. if good faith required that
those corps who had expressly sti-
pulated for this privilege, should
continue its enjoyment.

Mr. Whitbread stated, that the
corps he had the honour to com-
mand, had, as well as many other
corps throughout England, stipu-
lated for the election (as it was
called) of their officers. It was
given to most of the volunteers dur-
ing the Jast war. He should ask,
was it given them by law, or by
the connivance of the crown? If it
were by law, he thought it should
be general; if it were merely by
‘ the connivance of the crown, he
should ask, what mischief had re-
sulted from the practice? As to
the volunteer system in general, he
should confess, that it neither ap-
peared to him the cheapest, nor the
most effectual way of making great
military efforts. He had exerted
himself, as much as any man, to
promote the system, when it was re-
sorted to as the only means of de-
fence ; not that he ever considered
it either the only or the best means.
He considered the exemption sys-
tem as bad policy. It prevented
the filling up of the militia and the
army ‘of reserve, and impeded very

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

much the general recruiting for the
army.

Mr. Windham thought that a
great part of the speech of the ho-
uourable mover (Mr, Yorke) was a
sort of conflict, or running fight,
against three powerful antagonists.
Ist, The law officers of the crown; |
andly, the court of king’s bench ;
and, 3dly, his-own bill. THe had,
however, confessed some of the de-
fects which were inherent in the
system, and, perhaps, upon a closer
examination of the subject, he
might feel that this scrap, this rem-
nant of a measure would not be suf-
ficient to answer the urgent wants
and expectations of the country,
He might find his patching and prop-
ping up a fabric, raised on such
weak foundations, would never
make it a mansion agreeable to in-
habit, or one safe to be in the neigh-
bourhood of. ‘

Mr. Sturgess reprobated the prin-
ciple and detail of the bill. The
attorney gencral strongly pppponire
both.

Mr. T. Grenville approved fin
idea thrown out by Mr. Stur-
gess, of the necessity of appeal-
ing to a committee of the whole
house. They had too many proofs
of the versatility of ministers upon,
this occasion. He took notice of
the many differences of opinion on
the subject shewn this night be-
tween two of his majesty’s minis-,
ters (lord Castlereagh and Mr. se-
cretary Yorke).

Mr. Hobhouse obserred, that the
gentlemenwho wereso reall y to point
out faulis and deficiencié¢s in the vo-
lunteersystem, did not produce any
improvements. AII that he could
collect from their speeches, was,

that they thought themselves the

only

o

“HISTORY OF EUROPE.

enly fit persons to govern the coun-
try. -

“Dr. Lawrence vindicated his
friends from that aspersion. It
might be as well supposed that the
honourable gentleman (Mr. Tob-
house) who had been for many years
in opposition, was actuated only by
the desire of getting a seat upon the
minister’s bench. It appeared to
him, that ministers were bound to
consult the deliberate wisdom of the
house, before they procceded on
measures of such importance, and
that it was not suflicient to slide in
a little bill of this nature.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
denied that there was any precedent
in the journals, for submitting the
previous consideration of auy mea-
sure of this nature to a committce
of the house. The volunteer sys-
tem, when first it was presented, was
not introduced as a system of abso-
lute perfection, or as having been
at once brought to its full und final
maturity : several defects and in-
conveniences were admitted, and
the object of this bill, was princi-
pally to remedy the practical incon-
veniences that arose; first, in the
election of officers; secondly, in
the power of the committees ; and
thirdly, as to the right of resigna-
tion. As to the committees, it was

to be clearly understood, that they

must not at all interfere in any part
of the military regulation of the
corps; but might direct its financial
concerns. As to the business of the
election of officers, he made no
doubt but that point would under-
go so much discussion, that it would
be finally settled in a way that

_ would be perfectly satisfactory; but

as to the last point, the | ower of
resignation, he differed entirely from
the opinion of his learned friends,

‘months.

31

the attorney and solicitor general ;
and eyen if the court of king’s
bench had coincided with them, he
should have considered it his duty
to have advised a bill, expressly to
give the volunteers that power which
they conceived they had under the
original bill. The hand of the law
he thought should not coerce or
control their free agency, but, that
if in atime of great danger, any of
them should desert the glorious
cause that they had offered to sup-
port, he thought the infamy attach-
ed to such a traitorous desertion,
would be its proper punishment.—
The regulars and militia had been
increased more than was ever be-
fore known, in the period of eight
i However, he thought, the
house ought not to let itself be put
out of conceit with a system which
was such a proud monument of the
zeal and spirit of the people, and of
their attachment to their king and
constitution. He hoped that the
volunteer system would never be
considered as a. temporary measure,
but as a foundation on which the
future security and salvation of the
country must materially depend.
Sir William Young disapproved
of the whole of the system by which
the volunteer force of the country
was constituted and governed. Ue
thought the prerogative of the crown
was questioned by it, and almost
three-fourths of the people shelter.
ed from that exercise of it, which
was coeval with the monarchy,
namely that of calling out-the popu-
lation of the country to defend it
in time of danger. He even wished
to see the good old system revived,
by which the flower of the English
youth were to be seen on the Sab.
bath day, exercising with the mili-
tary weapons then in use.
Leave

$2

Leave was given to bring in the
bill.

On Mr. secretary Yorke rising to
move the second reading of the bill
for consolidating the volunteer laws,
on the 27th of February, sit Ro-
bert Lawley rose, and said, that
ever since the 14th of the present
month, the house, in common with
the public, had been in possession
of the melancholy information, that
his majesty had been confined by a
dangerous and doubtful illness.—
Without wishing to enquire minute-
ly into this delicate and distressing
subject, he thought, that parliament
had a right to some explicit commu-
nication. No hope was held out, in
the medical reports*, of a speedy
termination of the disorder. He,
therefore, wished some satisfactory
answer, or he should feel it his duty
to move, that the house do now ad-
journ.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer,
(Mr. Addington) denied that any
such communication could be at-
tended with the. effect the last
speaker hoped from it; and that
any proceeding, founded upon com-
munications, now made to the house,
by ministers, would be contrary to
the duty that parliament owed to
the king, and to the country; that
it would be indecent, unprecedent-
ed, and unwaerantable.

Sir Robert Lawley immediately
amoved, that the house should ad-
journ.

Mr. Fox did not see, that any
just notice of delicacy could be an
obstacle to a fair and liberal discus-
sion. He should, therefore, state
the reasons, why the answer of the
right hon. gentleman, (Mr. Adding-
ton) was not satisfattory. ‘lhe

* Vide the bulletins in the “ Chronicle,” for February and March.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

right honourable gentleman had
said, that it appeared to his majes-
ty’s confidential servants, that no
communication to. parliament was
necessary ;—that a commuuication
would be indecent ;—that no .pro-
ceeding could be grounded on it.
In answer to these extraordinary as-
sertions, he should say, that he
knew nothing, and that the consti-
tution knew nothing of any body of
men, calling themselves the, confi-
dential servants of the king. He
knew of persons employed in the
executive wices of government, and
holding high offices in his majesty’s
service, but he did not know who
these confidential servants were.
He did not know that there was a
distinction superior to that of the
privy council. While the sovereign

was in health, he consulted more

with his ministers, than with any
other privy counsellors, but when,
from illness, or any other cause, he
was unable to discharge the func.
tions of royalty, then, persons,call-
ing themselves confidential servants
of the crown, were no more than
ordinary privy counsellors. But it
was a matter of serious importance
to know, whether the opinion which
the right honourable gentleman
had professed about the propriety
of a communication, were, or were
not founded, on the knowledge of
his majesty’s present state of health,
or the probability of a speedy reco-
very? As to the probable duration
of his majesty’s illness, or his abili-
ty to resume the ordinary functions
of royalty, there was no informa-
tion given either to parliament or
the country. It wasclear, from the
reports that were published, that
the speedy recovery of his majesty’s

health

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

health was not expected, and that
it was not probable;that he would
be soon able to resume his functions.
An invasion of the country appear-
ed not improbable, and, in such an
event, its situation would be deplo-
rable, if the executive power were
suspended, and there should be no-
body to exercise the regal functions.
When the royal power ceased to
act, there was an end of that con-
stitutional control over the legisla-
ture, which was intended to watch
over it, and which could dissolve a
parliament at the shortest notice.
If the country had to contend
against the greatest dangers, at a
time that the functions of Royalty
were suspended, it would be but a
poor consolation to tell it, that mi-
nisters aéted on their own respon-
sibility, and, thatif the country were
ruined in their hands, they might be
punished for their errors or their
crimes.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer
denied, that there was any wish on

the part of ministers to conceal from -

the house, any information which
they could, consistently with their
duty, bring forward. He was aware
that ministers subjected themselves
to great responsibility ; but yet he
firmly believed, that the opinion and
the feelings of the great majority of
the house, would be against a par-
ticular communication, under the
present circumstances. On the aus
thority of the medical gentlemen
who signed the bulletin, ‘on com-
_ paring the symptoms of his majesty’s
" present indisposition, with those of
his two former ones, he had reason
to think the present disorder would
be but of short duration. In the
event of an invasion, his majesty’s
sign manual was not necessary for
calling out the volunteers, and plac-

Vor, XLVI,

35

ing them under martial law. He
could assure the house, however,
that if any extraordinary occasion
occurred for the exercise of the royal
functions, no obstruction now ex-
isted. He thought, therefore, it
would be very improper to adjourn,
or interrupt the regular business of
the legislature at this moment.

Mr. Pitt disapproved of the mo-
tion for adjournment. He did not
think that a mere apprehension that
the personal exercise of the royal
authority had been suspended, would
be sufficient to justify parliament in
deferring all their legislative func-
tions. He felt the very arduous
responsibility which ministers were
under, as to the time in which they
might think proper to make a com-
munication on the subjeét. He
hoped, however, that ministers
would not push those sentiments
of delicacy and reverence, which
they must feel for his majesty,
so far as to endanger, that which
was always the dearest consideration
to him, the safety of the people,
whose welfare was committed to his
charge. For his part, he did not
believe that ministers would push,
to a dangerous and criminal excess,
that responsibility under which they
aéted. As to the ordinary business
of parliament, he saw no reason
why it should be delayed ; and,
therefore, wished that they might
enter into the discussion of the
business, which was fixed for that
night. ,

Mr. Windham thought that mi-+
nisters called upon the house for a
greater degree of confidence than
any ministers were entitled to, when
they insisted that it was their pro-
vinice to judge when parliament
ought to interfere.. The chancellor’
of the exghequer had gone so far as
D to

3+

to contradict the official reports of
the physicians, and to tell the house
‘what it was they meant to say; and
even to assert, that his majesty was
fully adequate to the functions of
royalty. He hoped, that the phy-
sicians might have been mistaken :

but still, their report was the only
authority on which the house could
rely, as to his majesty’s state of
health. He had no personal objec-
tion to the discussion that was in-

tended for to-night, but still, it ap- *

peared to him strange, that sucha
discussion should be now pushed
forward by ministers, after all pub-
lic business had been suspended for
a fortnight, on account of his ma-
jesty’s state of health. ‘The chan-
cellor of the exchequer had spoken
of the ‘‘ indecency” of those dis-
cussions. Ife trusted, that, not only
in constitutional, but in personal
attachment and respect for his sove-
reign, he was not to be outdone
by any .of those who now called
themselves ‘+ his confidential ser-
vants,” and it appeared to him inde-
cent for ministers to insinuate, that
any measure, for the benefit of the
state, and the seeurity of the mo-
narchy, could be injurious to the
royal feelings. He, therefore,
thought the honourable baronet was
perfecily right in asking for infor-
mation upon this miost important
point.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
repeaicd, that he could assert, from
the authority of the physicians,
“¢ that there was NO NECESSARY SUS-

PENSION of such royal funétions,
as it might be necessary for his ma-
jesty to discharge at the present mo-
ment,”?
Mr. Canning said, the honour-
*able baronet deserved the thanks of
the house, and of the country, for

\

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

provoking this discussion. The ef-
feét of the motion had been to ob-
tain such information as would not °
otherwise have been given. As that
had been obtained from the decla-
rations of the chancellor of the ex~
chequer, he thought it would be
the better way to proceed in the
discussion that was fixed for the pre-
sent night,

Mr. Grey thought, there was an
ambiguity in the expressions of the
chancellor of the exchequer, which
he would wish to have removed. It
appeaxged to him, as if the right ho-

nourable gentleman had meant that

his majesty was competent to dis-
charge some of the functions of roy-
alty,, but incompetent as to others.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
again stated, that there was no sus-
pension of ‘the royal authority for
any act which might be necessary to
be done.

Sir R. Lawley then rose to with-
draw his motion. His. principal
object in it was, that he thought
ministers ought to be bound, in the —
exercise of their discretion on this
subject, by other limits, than what
they chose to impose upon them-
selves.

Upon the speaker’s putting the
question for withdrawing the mo-
tion,

Mr, T. Grenv ille declared, it ap-
peared to him that fuller informa-
tion was absolutely necessary. So
far from being satisfied by that,
which was called explanation, he
thought the subjeét was more clouded
by it. It appeared to him, that
ministers still took upon themselves
to judge, when the royal authority
was necessary, and when it was not.
He thought, that constitutionally,
parliament was entitled to informa-~
tion whenever there was a, suspen-

sion

:

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

sion of the royal authority ; and
that this information should come
from a report of the privy council,
or at least, that the medical gentle-
men should be examined at the bar
of the house. The information
ought to come from the best autho-
rity that could be had, and not
from the ‘* confidential servants’? of
his majesty.

The motion for the adjournment
was then negatived, and, upon the
question being put for the second
reading of the volunteer consolida.
tion bill, mee

Mr. T. Grenville approved of the
volunteers in one sense, and he

_ disapproved of them in another.—

He approved of that general display
of British spirit, which, if arrayed
and supported by a proportionate
regular army, would be impregna-
ble. On the other hand, when he
heard, from the secretary of state,
that there could be no great increase
_of regular troops, and that the vo-
lunteers must be made as like regu-
Jars as possible, he disapproved of
that system, which would go to ex-
haust that spirit, which ought to be
husbanded, at least as much as our
finances. As to the exemptions, he
, was sure, that, in the part of the
country he lived in, the volunteers
would have come forward very rea-
‘dily without any exemptions ; and
he understood the same spirit was
very general in the country. He
thought ministers had shewn great
incapacity in the contradictory
measures they had pursued with re-
spect to the volunteers, and in not
providing a sufficiency of arms, when
they had abundant notice of the
hostile designs of the enemy.
' Mr. secretary Yorke said, that,
the time the volunteer system was
adopted, it had become evident,

35

that either a voluntary, or a com-
pulsory system must be resorted to
for the defence of the country, and
the former was adopted with the
most general concurrence. He con-
sidered, that the volunteer system
assisted the recruiting service, by
giving military habits to persons who
otherwise would not have thought
of enlisting. He then stated the
numbers who had enlisted from vo-
lunteer corps. A grand objeétion
to the volunteers recommending of-
ficers was, that, in case the corps
should be called out upon duty, an
immense deal of time would be lost
in canvassing and balloting. He then
entered into a comparison of the
quantity of arms in the tower at
different periods, in order to prove,
that there never was a time when
government were so active as at that
time, that some gentlemen supposed
ministers to be remiss. He conclud-
ed by ‘panegerysing the spirit and
efficiency of the volunteer force.
Mr. Pitt took notice of the cala-
mitous destinies of the present times,
when a gigantic power threatened to
disturb the world, and desolate a
great portion of Europe. It was
the fate of this country to make re-
sistance to that power, and he trust-
ed it would be its glory to resist it
effectually. Whatever might be the
original imperfeétions of the volun-
teer system, it could not now be
dispensed with. The danger was
pressing, and did not admit of time
to change it; and, therefore, the
only questioa was about its improve.
ment. The idea of disbanding
400,000 men could hardly be enter-
tained ; and, therefore, it was only ©
necessary to consider, how they
might be rendered as effective as
possible. He thought ministers
should have beex more attentive to
D2 promete

36

promote the regulation of the diffe-
rent volunteer corps. Although he
thought far less had been done,
than ought to have been done, in
bringing the volunteers to a high
state of discipline, yet he felt no
fears respecting the result of an in-
vasion. He thought it, however,
necessary, not only that the coun-
try should repel invasion, but that
they should repel if in such a man-
ner as would make a lasting impres-
sion on Kurope, and set a bright
example to posterity. Our triumph
should be signal and decisive, but it
should be gained with as few sacri-
fices, with as little waste of British
blood, as possible. tle then pro-
ceeded to state those measures
which he thought necessary tomake
them as efficient as possible, which
were, principally, as to the opportue
nities of receiving regular instruc-
tion, the securing regular attend.
ance at drill, and steadiness when
at drill. He recommended encou-
raging the volunteers to go on per-
manent duty; pointed out the
means which appeared to him the
most effectual for the permanent
supply of the regular army ; recom-
mended that fortifications should be
more attended to; and declared
that he considered our naval defence
as very defective.

Mr, Windham thought the bill
inadequate to the object it profess-
ed, and that it would end in smoke.
He thought, that parliament were
called on to provide not only against
the danger of the present moment,
but against those dangers which the
country would be exposed to in fu-
ture. It was probable, that the at-
tempt of the enemy would not be
made immediately, but at some fu-
ture time. He certainly did not
wish for such a precipitate step, as

as

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

immediately to disband the volun- .
teer force, but he wished, for the
permanent defence of the country,
that the resources and strength of
its population should be arranged in
a manner more efficacious than un-
der the present system. His great
objection to the system, as it now
stood, was, that the numerous ex-
emptions from service in the militia,
and army of reserve, narrowed the
field of recruiting, and occasioned
the enormous bounties which are
now paid for substitutes, The con-
sequences of if, therefore, certain-
ly did prevent the recruiting for the
army. He then adsanced some rea-
sons to justify his preference of an
armed peasantry, and concluded by
strongly urging the necessity of
looking beyond the present mo-
ment, and providing a force which
the country could rely ¢ on for its
permanent security.

Lord Castlereagh observed, that

‘the armed peasantry of Suabia had

certainly given the French a good
deal of amoyance, but that the
French levee en masse, which bore
a greater resemblance to our volun-
teer force, was much more effica- —
cious. Some of the generals who
commanded the French soldiers of
the levce en masse, gave it as their
opinion, that our volunteers are

equal to them. He then, in answer to

Mr. Pitt, gave a very flattering state
of the naval defence of the country.
Mr. Whitbread thought it ex-
tremely injudicious to attempt to
introduce amongst the volunteers,
strict -discipline in minute things:
Their days of drilling should be re-
gulated by their own convenience.
If the country wereaétually invaded,
every other avocation would be at
an end, and the only business would
be, to repel the enemy. But, Ai.
the

HISTORY OF EUROPE. oe

the mean time, the people of this
country, even amidst their prepara-
tions, must not negleét their neces-
sary business. Mr. Whitbread con-
cluded by accusing ministers of in-
capacity, and an evident want of
system, in all their measures for the
defence of the country.

Mr. Fex rose to advert to some
things which had been said in the
course of debate. Mr. Pitt had
found fault with the naval defence
of the country, and, as he was ex-
tremely partial to the first lord of
the admiralty, he must say, he wish-
ed he had had a better defender than
lord Castlereagh. That nobie lord
spoke of thestate of our navy in 1755,
and at periods that had nothing to
do with the question of what exer-
tions were necessary at the present
moment. He could not but take
notice of the inconsistency of the
ministers, when they circulated, with
great profusion, the opinion of the
attorney general, that volunteers
could not resign, and now, when
they say that it was always their in-
tention to give them the power of
resignation ; and yet, although they
now said so, asecretary of state, in
the other house, had observed, that
the opinion of the attorney general
would be a suflicient guide for the
magistrates. He thought no severe
attendance or drills should be re-
quired of the volunteers, for fear of
disgusting them entirely. He dis-
approved of the language of Mr. se-
eretary Yorke, with respeét to
those volunteers who did not imme-
diately conform to the wishes of
ministers, and he hoped the yolun-
feers would never let themselves be
bullied out of their determination to
defend the country. He concluded
by expressing an opinion, that the

time must shortly come, when it

would be absolutely necessary to
take an entire review of the conduét
of ministers,with respeét to the sys-
tem they had adopted for the de-
fence of the country.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
was surprised, that those gentlemen
who found such fault with ministers,
for not clearing up this point of the
resignation of volunteers, did not
themselves take notice of it on for-
mer opportunities,

Mr. Grey disapproved of the
whole conduét of ministers, with
respect to the national defence.

Captain Markham, (one of the
lords of the admiralty) vindicated
those entrusted with the administra-
tion of the naval department, against
the charges brought by Mr. Pitt.

The bill was then read a second
time, and

On the 29th, Mr. secretary
Yorke, in moving for the house
resolving itself into a committec,
wished that every discussion on the
principle should be postponed, un-
til the report was brought up.

Mr. Francis did not rise to’ ope
pose the speaker Jeaving the chair,
but considered that such an insigni-
ficant bill as this, might well wait
until] the great principle of our se-
curity, and the great cause of our
danger, should be discussed. The
war, in its progress, had fallen mi-
serably short of its promise in the
commencement. ‘We went to war
for the purpose of preserving a bar-
ren rock in the Mediterranean, and
scarcely was the war three months
old, when ministers circulated a
plen for fortifying the city of Lon-
don,, Ever since that time, all our
boast was, that we had defended
Great-Britain and Ireland.: This
was no great degree of glory to
obtain, with a garrison of 600,000

D3 Men,

_

38

men. Thewar appeared to be on
our side purely defensive. Amidst
the dangers of this country, it was
a melancholy ¢ircumstance, that no
man knew whether we had an ex-
ecutive government or not: he con-
cluded by defending the right of
volunteers to recommend their own
oflicers.

Colonel Crawford opposed , the
speaker’s Iéaving the chair. He
was sure, that if parliament were to
pass this bill, ministers would con-
strue it into an acquiescence in their
system of defence. When he con-
sidered the formidable attack with
which this country was-threatened,
and the powerful means it possess-
ed, (if these means had not been
shackled and repressed by the imbe-
cility of ministers), he thought the
house ought to be occupied by more
serious discussion, than about this
insignificant bill. He did not abso-
lutely fear that the country would
be conquered, for, notwithsianding
the faults of ministers, he trusted it
would defend itself. fi wonld,
however, be disgraceful for the na-
tion to be always merely on the de-
fensive. The present bill was too
contemptible to build any thing
great upon. He considered, that
since the very commencement of the
war, the affairs of the country had
been grossly mismanaged ; and, if a
day was to be appointed for a dis-
cussion of that subjeét, he would
engage to prove it. He belicved,
that the naval defence of our coun-
try had been miserably negleécted,
aud he never heard a weaker de-
fence than had been set up by lord
Castlereagh, in support of the admi-
ralty. He thought that beginning
the war with an army so excellent
in spirit, who proudly recolleéied
the recent glory of the British arms

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

in Egypt, it would have been pos-
sible to have infused the same spirit
into a great mass of our population,
and that the regular army ought to
have been considerably increased.
He considered, that, instead of a de-
finite number of privileged volun-
teers, the whole aétive population
of the country ought to bein arms.
He contended that the French levy,
which assisted at the battie of Je-
mappe, were very different from our
volunteers. Hethought the strongest
illustration of the comparative me-
rits of the two systems, was to be
seen in the Vendean war, where a
mere armed peasantry often defeat-
ed armies of national guards, which
did resemble our volunteers, One

great advantage of an armed pea-

santry over the volunteer system,
would be, that they would be three
or four times more numerous ; their
dress would not be expensive, nor.
their instruction difficult. In faét,
the present, éactzque, which was bor-
rowed from the Prussian school,
although very fit for the great plains
that armies could aét on in Germa-
ny, was totally unfit to be practised
in this country, in real action. He
then took a general view of the
conduét of government since the war,
as far as it related to the means of
providing for the national defence,
in which he went over very nearly
the same grouuds as had before

been urged by Mr. Windham.
General Maitland was sorry to
perceive the view the honourable
colone! had taken of the subject.
When he spoke of the armies of
France, and their leader, he had
given them the most unqualified
praise for their military talents, but
when he spoke of the armies of his
own country, he seemed to forget
that we had regulars and militia,
who

tem.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

who were equal to any French sol-
diers, and that our yolunteers were
animated with a spirit far superior
to what could be expected from
French or Italian conscripts. He
thought it was impossible for the
ingeunity of the French to contrive
any thing which would be so effec-
tual to animate the spirit of their
troops, as the publication of many
of the speeches that were made in
that house. As to the charge so
often urged of the exemptions hurt-
ing the recruiting service, he thought
it a mere assertion, which was con-
tradicted by the fact. The value
of the exemption was no more than
the price paid to insure against serv-
ing, and the expence of becoming a
volunteer was far more than this in-
surance price. As to the objection
of their being clothed and disciplin-
ed like regulars, he should answer,
that the system of a ‘* smock-frock
army”’ had been tried in America,
which appeared to be peculiarly a-
dapted to it, but the Americans
~ were soon tired of it, and found it
was better to make use of regular
troops.

Admiral Berkeley could not per-
ceive how the administration of the
admiralty could fairly be introduced
in a discussion on the volunteer sys-
He felt a great degree of
friendship for the noble lord (earl
$t. Vincent) at the head of that de-
partment, but he was convinced,
that, during bis sickness, he had
trusted the business to very unskil-
ful and inexperienced hands. The

39

nayal preparations of defence were
not adequate to the object. The
enemy had now ships of the line
equal if not superior in number to
those that were blockading them,
and they bad at least 500 gun-boats,
while we had not more than twenty
to oppose them. If proper atten-
tion had been paid, we might by
this time have had as many gun-boats
as the enemy.*

Captain Markham (a lord of the
admiralty (said he should not boast
of his experience, but the experi-
ence of his colleague, sir Thomas
Trowbridge, was well known. He
should be glad to know where the
honourableadmiral’s(admiral Berke.
ley) foreign service had been? He
thought the idea most ridiculous of
attacking the enemy’s flotilla with
small craft. ‘The whole coast from
Boulogne to Cape Grisnez was pro-
tected by formidable batteries; and
where our frigates could not go in
safety; he could not see that small
craft would have better luck.

Colonel Eyre defended, with great
warmth, the system that government
had adopted. He thought it owing
to the vigor of his majesty’s coun-
cils and the energy of the volunteers,
that the enemy had not ventured to
carry into execution his menaced
invasion.

Mr. Fuller approved of the vo-
Junteer system ; but, as he thought
it very well as it was, he should
oppose this bill, which did not ap-
pear to him as likely to make it any
better.

* On the morning after this debate, there appeared, in a print entirely devoted
to administration, a most scandalous and defamatory libel upon admiral Berkeley,
for which he prosecuted the editor and publishers, and gained a verdict for

1000]. damages, and costs of suit.
Chronicle, p, 396.

For a more particular account of which, vide

D4

had

40

Mr. Fox denied that any party
had hesitated to give their ‘best as-
sistance to the government. The
people had every where shewed
their zeal for the defence of the
-country; and if their ardour had
been damped, it was by ministers.
Persons who were supposed to be-
long to thesame political party, ashe
did, were aszealous as others. He
should only instance the case of the
duke of Northumberland, who rais-
ed and clothed, at his own. expence,
a body of 1500 volunteers. There
‘was every where a perfeét union for
the country and the government,
but he believed there was nearly as
generala union of opinion against
his majesty’s ministers. The go-
vernment had, by their mismanage-
ment, brought the country almost
to the brink of destruétion, and
therefore they might, in some de-

.gree, claim the merit of bringing
about this union; and this was the
only way in which they had raised
the public spirit. An opinion seem-
ed to be suggested by an honour-
able general, (general Maiiland,)
that military matters ought not to
be discussed in that house; but left
entirely to the consideration of offi-
cers of experience. This was an
opinion to which he should never
subscribe. As to fit experience,
however, no one could deny the ex-
perience of his honourabie friend
(colonel Crawford); and it could
never be allowed, that not only the
monopoly of military power, but
of military knowledge also, should
be allowed to remain exclusively with
the persons of the highest rank in
the army. He thought the honour-
able colonel conveyed as much pro-
fessional information as ever he had
heaid in any speech, and that it was
exprest in the most perspicuous and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Juminous manner. If the volun.
teer system was praised, as’ giving
an army of 400,000 men, he should
say that an armed peasantry would
furnish an army of two millions, that
would require less drilling and be
more effective. As to the drilling
the volunteers received, it put him
in mind of the line in Pope;

“ A little learning is a dangerous

thing,”

Mr. Fox then argued with con-
siderable force on the superiority of
an armed peasantry, over such a
system as that of the volunteers.

Mr. Pitt agreed in the general
principle laid down by Mr. Fox,
that having provided against the
immediate danger, every effort ought
to be used to render our defensive
system permanent. He hoped, how-
ever, that the danger of the coun-
try would cease with the present
war, and that we would not lightly |
consent to make a peace with France
without adequate security for the
future. The system of France was
now different from what it had ever
been at former periods, and must
be met by corresponding exertions
on the part of this country: how-
ever painful those exertions might
be, they were inseparable from
those days in which it had pleased
Providence to cast our existence.—
Although he did not consider that
the volunteer system had arrived at
any thing like perfection, yet he -
approved the principles of it, and
supposed that, by some regulations,
which were not difficult to point
out, it might be made a foundation
of permanent security. ‘The volun-
teer spirit had risen principally from
the opinion of a pressing danger :
if that opinion was removed, the ef-
fect might also céase. Although

the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

‘the spontaneous zeal of the people
hhad hitherto made-legislative pro-
visions almost unnecessary, and had
counteracted the errors of the exe-
cutive government, yet the time

_ might come, when it would be ne-

cessary to adopt other measures for
the defence of the country. The
levee en masse bill, which might be
put in force the moment the num-
ber of volunteers was below that
which had been fixed as an equiva-
lent for it, would be a foundation
for permanent defence. Mr. Pitt
then went into a full comparison
between the volunteer system, and
that suggested on the other side, of

‘an armed peasantry. He did not —

consider that the latter system would
be adequate to stop such an army
as it must be supposed would be
employed on the invasion. As to
the peasants in Ja Vendée, they were
Ted by officers of great experience,
and were stimulated to the gallant
resistance they made by the atro-
cious crueliy of their oppressors,
‘who were desolating the country,
and massacring its inhabitants. If,
however, the enemy should land in
this country, they would doubtless
push direétly for the metropolis,
and the peasants of Kent or Sussex

would have nothing to stimulate

them tosuch terrible sacrifices as those

_ of la Vendée were obliged to make :
_ neither did the example of America

at all apply, for in that immense

_ country the irregular force could

always retreat in security, and had

_ abundance of time to acquire mili-

tary discipline, whereas, in this
country, the most incalculable mis-
chiefs might result trom not being

_able to oppose the enemy effica-
_ ciously at their landing.

Mr. Windham felt proud that the
pinions he had formerly delivered

4}

about the volunteer system, had
been confirmed by such a respeéta~ ,
ble military authority as that of his
honourable friend (colonel Craw-
ford). He well knew that it would
not be safe suddenly to disband a
considerable number of those who
are now armed for the defence of
the country. What he wished to
have done was, that the volunteers
should be put again upon the foot-
ing they formerly were, of a ser-
vice free from any degree of com-
pulsion, but, at the same time, de-
vested of any other inducement but
what sprang from zeal and patriot.
ism; in such a case, the volunteer
spirit would not operate to the in-
Jury of a force more valuable than
itself. It was in consequence of
the exemptions given to volunteers,
that the army of reserve, which was
intended to produce 50,000 men,
stopped at 36,000, and could get
n6 further. Without wishing again
to repeat the comparison that had
been so often made between the
volunteers and an armed peasantry,
he agreed with the honourable co-
Jonel in thinking it not only useless,
but dangerous, to attempt to train,
as regulars, men who can never
assist an army but by acting as ir-
regulars.

After a few observations from
Mr. Dent, the house went into a
committee on the bill, and having
made some progress, postponed the
further consideration of it in com-
mittee until the 2nd of March.

On the Ist of March lord Hawks-
bury, in the house of lords, moved
for the second reading of the Irish
bank restriction bill, on a future
day.

Lord King rose to demand infor-
mation ona subject of the utmost
importance: he alluded to the state

of

42

of his majesty’s health. He wished

to know whether that was true,°

which had been stated in another
place, that there was ‘‘ no necessary
suspension of the royal functions /”
The house had hitherto no informa-
tion on the subject, except from
the bulletins of the physicians ;
which were by no means satistfac-
tory, especially when it was con-
sidered, that there was a fifth per-
son of the medical profession who
attended his majesty, and whose
name was never subscribed to those
bulletins.

Lord Hawksbury expressly stated
that there did exist no necessary
suspension of his majesty’s royal
functions or authorities.

Lord Grenville trusted that minis-
ters were so far sensible of the great
responsibility under which they act-
ed, as not to bring forward any
measure of importance, or give it
the royal sanction, until it hed that
perfect comsent on the part of his
majesty, which alone could give it
any value in the eyes of the nation.
Upon a former occasion it had been
considered, what was the point of
convalescence which made the in-
terference of the legislature unne-
eessary, and then it was decided,
that it was when his majesty could
come to the parliament, and per-
sonally discharge his royal functions.
He hoped that no false.delicacy had
dictated the declaration that had
been made, and that ministers re-
colleéted that they had a duty to the
public as well as to their sovereign.

Lord King declared himself not
satisfied, as the opinion of the fifth
physician had not been laid before
the public.

Lord Hawsbury insisted that he
had made his statement on sufficient
authority.

Lord Carlisle considered that the

9°
“

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

silence of the fifth physician gave
reason to doubt that the medical
men were agreed on the subject.

Lord Fitzwilliam thought the an-
swer given by ministers was too ge-
neral, and wished for onemore ex-
plicit.

The Lord Chancellor perfectly
coincided with, and confirmed, the
statement of lord Hawksbury, as
to his majesty’s convalescence.

Lord Caernarvon thought it im-.
proper to think so much of personal
delicacy, at a period of national
danger like the present. He thought
that ministers should not presume
to exercise any part of the royal
functions ; he, therefore, wished to
know from them, whether they had
the usual access to his majesty, or
any actual knowledge of the state
of his health? He had often heard
the term ‘* responsibility” used, but
he thought it was of very little
consequence, compared to the na-
tional security.

After a short conversation, in
which ministers asserted that no fur-
ther communication was necessary,
the house adjourned.

On the 2nd of March Mr. secre-
tary Yorke stated to the committee
of the whole house of commons up-
on the vlounteer consolidation act,
the outlines of his plan, with re-
spect to his granting exemptions to.
those volunteers only who should |
have attended a certain number of
days on parade. He disapproved)
Mr. Pitt’s plan of attaching to them
a number of regular officers on per-
manent pay, as he considered that
such a measure would be far too
expensive. He also doubted the
possibility of requiring an attendance
of so many days, as that right ho.
nourable gentleman had suggested.

Mr. Pittsuggested that an express
clause should be inserted in the bill,

for

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 43

for empowering his majesty to call out
the volunteers upon permanent duty
when it should appear necessary.—
The bill was then ordered to be
taken into further consideration on
the Gth of March.

On the “5th of March the Lord
Chancellor informed the house of
lords that he had had an interview
with his majesty, who gave his royal
consent to a private bill, respetting
the duke of York’s estate, so far as
his majesty’s interest was concerned.
_ The long expected motion for in-
vestigating the causes Ot the late
Irish insurrection, came on in the
house of commons on the 7th of
March, when sir John Wrottesly,
who brought it forward, stated,
that he considered it as a subject of
the utmost importance, both as re-
Spefting the honour of the Irish
government, and the security and
happiness of that people. The in-
terests of Ireland, he said, were
formerly entrusted to its own Jegis-
Jation, but, since the union, it be-
came the duty of évery member of
the imperial parliament to pay at-
tention to them. He thought that
beneficial consequences must result
from the question which was then
to be discussed ; for if it appeared
that the Irish government had been
vigilant and active, and that they
had not suffered themselves to be
surprised, but were well informed
of every thing that was likely to
take place: in such case, those
doubts would be removed, that now,
in a great degree, lessen that confi-
ence which it were to be wished
at they possessed. If, on the
jother hand, these doubts and sus-
picions were well founded, it would
be incumbent to address his majesty
dismiss those persons from the
government of Ircland, After the

rebellion of 1798, the Irish govern-
ment communicated all the infor-
mation they were possessed of ; he
thought they should do the same on
the present oceasion. As far as he
was informed of the transaction, it
was as follows:—In the December
preceding, Mr. Emmet returned
from. the continent and joined a
conspiracy already formed. In the
same month depdis were established
in Dublin, under the eyes of the
Trish government. The preparations
for collecting arms and ammunition
went op, without interruption, till
the 16th of July, when the depdt
at Patrick-street exploded, and the
premises being examined, by a police
officer, were found to contain pikes
and preparations for making gun-
powder. After a faét so notorious,
and after gevernment had received
express notice of the intended in-
surrection, it was incumbent upon
them to shew that they had done
every thing, that was their duty, to
have Sroyeaiedl the insurrection.
Every circumstance, however, seem-
ed to shew that they suffered them-
Selves to be completely surprised.
The Jord lieutenant was at his lodge
in the park, guarded only by a
serjeaut and twelve men; almost
every cansiderable officer of the go-
vernment was out of town; and
there appeared to be as much su-
pineness and indifierence about the
event as if this savage insurrection
had really been only a contemptible
riot. He concluded by moving for
a committee to be appointed for
the purposes already stated.

Lord Castlereagh opposed the en-
quiry on two grounds. In the first
place, he thought it unnecessary,
as no imputation of blame attached
either to the civil or military go-
verument of Ireland, notwithstand-

ing

44

ing the honourable baronet appear-
ed to have taken it as a point con-
eeded, that blame must attach either
to the one or ‘the other. He also
opposed it, because it would be at-
tended with the greatest public in-
convenience, to bring the first civil
and military officers of Ireland, to
this country to be examined, when
-no sufficient reason was adduced for
the measure, and when their ser-
vices were much wanting in Ireland.
Lord Hardwicke had proposed to
government here, the renewing of
the habeas corpus suspension act,
befere the breaking out of the in-
‘surrection, which shewed he was
not so uninformed as some gentle-
men supposed, of the state of things
m that country. In fact, it was
perfectly known to government that
the north of Ireland, and the coun.
ties of the interior, would take no
part in the conspiracy ; and that
the garrison of Dublin was abun.
dantly strong to drive before them
any number of rebels which could
be collected in Dublin. ‘The gar-
rison of Dublin amounted to 4000
yeterans, and as for the castle, be-
sides a very strong guard, the 62nd
regiment of foot was stationed in a
barrack only one hundred yards
distant from it. Under such cir.
cumstance, the idea of taking the
eastle was as extravagant a one as
ever entered into the head of an en-
thusiastic person. Except for the
atrocious murder of lord Kilwarden,
the insurrection really did deserve
the name of a most contemptible
transaction, which had injured ma-
terially the cause and the hopes
of rebellion in Ireland. His Jord.
ship then vindicated, at considerable
length, the conduct of the Irish

® Vide Appendix to Annual Register for 1803.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

government, and conceived no par-
liamentary grounds had been stated
to make the proposed enquiry ne-
cessary.

Mr. Canning would not allow, that
the valuable time of parliament could
be better employed than in enquir-
ing whether the people were well or
ill governed. If the act of union
had not taken place, the conduct of
the Irish government on this occa-
sion must certainly have been amply
discussed in the parliament of that
country ; and it was but due to the
people of Ireland, to shew them
that their interests were not neg-
Jected in the parliament of the united
kingdom. If, after the explosion in
Patrick-street, on the 16th of July,
government still thought there was
no danger, they must have been ex.
cessively blind; and if they appre.
hended danger, and yet made no
preparations to avert it, they were
extremely culpable. The statement
of the noble Jord had been in some |
respects contradicted by what ap-
peared on the trial of the conspira-

tors; and lord Redesdale (the Irish ]

chancellor) made it a charge against —
3-4ths of the people of Ireland, that
they had furnished their quota to that —
army,Wwhich,according to lordCastle.
reagh, amounted only to 80 men. He
then condemned severely the senti-
mentswhich had been delivered by the |
Irish Jord chancellor, in the corres-
pondence (which had been publish-
ed) between his lordship and the
earl of Fingall*, and seemed to con. —
sider that a person entertaining such
sentiments ought not to continue in
such a high situation under the Irish
government, ]
Mr. Archdale thought it by no
means necessarily followed, that go. |

’
vernment

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

yernment must be deficient in infor-
mation and vigilance whenever an
insurrection broke out: he witness-
ed much more serious riots in Lon-
don, in the year 1780, and yet it
was never thought necessary to in-
stitute a committee of enquiry into
the conduct of the British govern-
ment at that time. ‘The murder of
lord Kilwarden was an event that he
deplored as much as any man, but
the circumstances attending it were
much exaggerated, when it was sup-
posed that a drunken mob, which
certainly did not exceed 400 men,
could put to serious ‘hazard a city
which had a garrison of 4000 regu-
_ Jars, besides the yeomanry. ~ He
» still considered all parties in Ireland
as hostile to a French invasion, and
_ deprecated the idea of considering
_ the sentiments expressed by lord
_ Redesdale, in the correspondence
_ alluded to, as the disposition of the
Irish government.

Mr. Dawson opposed the motion
_ ontwo grounds. If its object were
to throw censure or syspicion on the
conduct of the Irish government, he
disapproved of it, and he considered
the silence of the Irish members up-
on the subject as a proof that they
did not perceive the practical utility
of such a discussion. If, on the
other hand, this was brought for-
ward as an opposition subject,
merely with the view of attacking
the mini-ters of this country, he
thought it would be unfair and un-
- generous to make Irish connexions
_ and Irish interests serve as a stalking
_ horse for the purposes of any party
in this country. He thought the
attempt at rebellion in Ireland was
unnatural and premature, and that it
- was a sort of abortion which the

te

45

best doctor* could not have prevent-
ed. He hore testimony to the ami-
able character and conciliating mea-
sures of lord Hardwicke in general,
which had made the people of Ire-
land much more contented and hap-
py than they were before. He con-
sidered the Irish government to be,
upon the whole, a very good one.

Lord Temple thought the discus-
sion must be, at all events, attended
with one good effect, as it would
shew the people of Ireland that
some attention was paid to their in-
terests. When he had the honour of
bringing up the act of union to the
other house of parliament, he felt 2
strong hope, that, when the period
of peace should arrive, the wounds
of former animosities would be heal-
ed, and the affections of the people
of Ireland conciliated. Instead of
which, Irish ministers were now stu-
dying polemical theology, and sow-
ing fresh seeds of discontent. As for
the ministers of this country, there
was no knowing How to understand
their declarations. They had no
sooner asserted that the country was
in profound peace, than they came
forward, and spoke of the conduct
of France as a continued system of
aggression, insult, and _ hostility.
They had no sooner announced the
perfect tranquillity of Ireland, than
they stated an actual insurrection in
that country, which sometimes they
described as ‘* formidable,’* and at
other times as ‘* a most contempti-
ble riot.” He then censured the
want of vigilance and preparation
on the part of the Irish government,
especially after the explosion of the
powder-mill in the heart of the city
of Dublin.

General Tarleton said, that, hav-

ing

* Much mirth arose in the house, upon the honourable member's use of this term.

46

ing been appointed on the Irish staff
very shortly after the insurrection
had taken place, he had opportuni-
ties of learning the particulars of
what happened on the 23d of July,
from a great yariety of quarters.
The universal impression was, that
the Irish government was taken by
surprise. He considered that gene-
ral Fox ought not to have been de-
prived of such an important situa.
tion, when no charge could be
brought against him for misconduct.

Mr. secretary Yorke did not know
that general Fox had been recalled.
Differences had existed between him
and the lord lieutenant, which made
it necessary that one of them should
retire, and general Fox accordingly
resigned. His noble relation (Jord
Hardwicke) had accepted the go-
vernment of Lreland on the principle
of adopting asystem of conciliation ;
he was, therefore, not over ready to
give implicit credit to every story
that was brovght him of inicnded
insurrection. 4t was not to be ex-
pected that government should have
been accurately informed of the
precise time when Emmett resolved
to begin his insurrection; that was a
secret, of which Mr. Emmet alone
was the depository. Symptoms of
insurrection had appeared in the
county of Kildare, in consequence
of which fresh reinforcements of
troops were sent to that county.—
The garrison of Dublin, amounting
to 4000 regulars, were certainly
sufficient for the suppression of any
insurrection which could have taken
‘place in that city. The object of
the government certainly was to
take the precautions that were neces-
sary for the publie safety, but to
avoid all unnecessary alarm. After
stating a variety of cireumstances, to
shew that the Irish government was

*

ANNUAL REGISTER. 1804.

not surprised, he declared, that if it}
should be the sense of the house, he
felt no personal objection to the
fullest enquiry upon the subject.
Mr. Fox said he should yote,for
the enquiry. The Irish government
had certainly endeavoured to impute
biame to his honourable relation,
(general Fox) in order to screen
themselves. ‘The coolness which was
alledged to subsist between the lord
lieutenant and general Fox did not
take place until several days after
the 23d of July, and until the Irish
government were a second time sur-
prised, by finding themselves much
blamed for their negligence. \ ‘They
then attempted to shift the blame to
his honourable relation, and it was
signified to him, that the lord lieute-
nant wished him to resign. This
certainly could not be considered a
voluntary resignation, and did imply
acensure. Although the ministers
had expressly disclaimed the inten-
tion of imputing blame to general
Fox, yet the Lrish government still
took that course of justifying them-
selyés, and the *¢ Dublin Journal,” the _

. newspaper of the castle, continued

to insert scurrilous and defamatory
paragraphs against him. Through-
out all the letters, and extracts of
letters, which had been published on

‘this business, it was evident that the

great leading principle of lord Hard-
wicke’s policy was to avoid giving
alirm, and that he totally disbelieved
the intelligence which he had re-
ceived. General I’ox had been only
six weeks in the country, had no se-
cret service money, and had no
means of knowing whether any
information that was given was
worthy of belief or not. It was
clearly the business of the govern-
ment to determine that, and their
whole conduct shewed that they

did

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

did not belicve it.. If lord ilard-
wicke had believed an insurrection
would have broke out on the 23d,
he would not have gone to his coun-
try seat, neither would the lord-
mayor. it was clear that the go-
vernment gave no credit to the in-
formation they had received, and it
“was equally clear that it was for
them who were entrusted with a
large secret service money, amount-
ing to 60,0001. a-year, and not to
general Fox, who was a stranger in
the country, to determine what sort
of information was deserving of cre-
dit. He thought there was suflicient
prima facie evidence of neglect in
the Irish government to justify par-
liament in instituting the enquiry.
Mr. Dallas conceived it beneath
the dignity of parliament to institute
an enguiry on such _ insufficient
grounds. He saw no evidence of
culpable want of information. ‘There
were no means of discovering a se-
eret that had been entrusted to so
few. ‘The insurrection was cer.
tainly most contemptible in its
means, though not so in its object.
He thought that the Irish govern-
ment had gained every previous in-
formation that was possible from
their means, and that they had taken
every necessary precaution, and
were therefore in no degree blam-
able.
- Dr. Lawrence supported the en-
quiry, and complained of necessary
information being kept back from
the house. As to the darkness of
the night on which the insurrection
took place, he must observe, that
although the night was stated to be
80 dark, that it was hardly possible
to have seen one’s hand, yet a man
had been hanged upon the sole evi-
} dence of a person whe swore to have

47

distinctly séen him from a two pair
of stairs window !

THe Attorney Gencral did not
think such a prima facie case had
been made out as would justify an
enquiry. Although constant patroles
of foot and horse might possibly pre-
vent any insurrection breaking out
in the streets of Dublin, yet they
could not prevent rebellion from
lurking in the heart of the country.
He thought that; unless a grave and.
important case could be made out,
the house could not with consistency
or propriety agree to the motion.

Lord De Blaquiere supported the
enquiry, but seemed to consider that
the blame should fall principally on_
the English ministers, who refused to
give the lord lieutenant those powers
which were necessary, and for which
he applied. That system of not a-
larming the people, Jed to doing
what was worse than wrong 3; it led
to doing nothing at all! It was a
system that would have brought this
country to ruin, if it had not been
awakened by a right honourable.
gentleman (Mr. Windham) to ,a
proper sense of its dangers. It was
the same system that crossed over to
Ireland, like a pestilential disease,
and brought it to the brink of ruin.
He thought the government of Ire-
land could uot have acted the part
they did, unless under the immediate
control of the English cabinet.

Mr. Windham took notice of the
great length of time that gentlemen
on the other side took to make up
their minds, upon the grounds to
take in defending the Ivish govern-
ment. They seemed at a loss to
know, whether it were better to be
negligent, or to be ignorant ; whe-
ther in that transaétion they should
be bulls or bears. Sometimes they

wished.

48

wished to have it thought, that the
insurre¢tion was a thing of their own
choice ; that they wished the disor-
der to get toa head, and that they
did not like to use repellants. Those
who called this insurreétion, and
that in 1798, ‘* contemptible,”
should have the answer of the duke
of Marlborough parodied. ‘* If
the rioters were contemptible, how
much more so were those, who had
nearly. been beaten by them.’’ Lord
Redesdale asserted, that near three
fourths of the people were (concern-
ed in that imsurre¢tion, and what-
ever might be said of the impro-
priety of publishing such letters, he
thought there was a much greater
impropriety in writing them. No-
thing could be more absurd in the-
ology, or in politics, than to see a
Jord chancellor raking up the ex-
ploded controversies of more than
two centuries ago, for the purpose
of persecution. The letters to Dr.
Coppinger were still worse than
those to lord Fingall. There was no
pretence that they were confiden-
tial, and it appeared, that a person
who could write and speak as he
did of the case of Father O'Neil,
must have been lost to every legal
idea or feeling. What will be
thought of a person, who was the

first law officer in that country, who,

instead of being shocked at the hor-
rors of that case, and its illegality,
as well as its cruelty, should only
find fault at the audacity of the suf-
' ferer, for daring to complain!!!

Mr. Hawthorne spoke to order,
as thinking this matter irrelevant to
the subject.

A long desultory conversation
took place on the question, whether
Mr.Windham was in order or not.

Mr. Windham concluded, by ex-
pressing his opinion that a very se-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804 »

rious case had been made out for ents
quiry. f

Mr. Tierney said, the only obs
jeétion he should have expeéted to
hear from Mr. Windham, on the
subject of the Irish government,
was, that the traitors had been pu-
nished with a ‘* vigour,” within
*¢ the law,” instead of ‘‘ a vigour
beyond the law.” He considered
this question as one, that had been
chosen for the purpose of bringing
together parties, that could agree
on no other subje¢t; and to give an
appearance of unanimity against the
ministers. As for the late insures
rection, as it was called, he consi-
dered it a petty tumult, which acci-
dent had made of more importance
than it would otherwise have been.

Mr. Grey was surprised at the
Jeéture which Mr. Tierney had
given to Mr..Windham, on deco.
rum and consistency. He (Mr.
Tierney) certainly thought it quite
decorous for members to quit the
opposition side of the house, but a
strange indecorum to relinquish the
sweets of office. He concluded by
supporting the motion.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
contended, that the Irish govern-
ment were sufficiently apprised “of
a spirit of disaffection still lurking in
that country ; but that they were
also confident, that the general dis
position was to tranquillity and loy-
alty. ‘The deaths of lord Kilwarden’
and colonel Brown, which were the
prominent features of the late insurs
rection, must certainly be considers
ed accidental.

After some explanations between
general ‘Tarleton, Mr. Dent, an
Mr. Tierney, ;

Colonel Hutchinson said, he could
not approve of any motion, whos
object was to employ censure upon

lor

ee oe

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

For the motion 82

lord Hardwicke: but he should
gladly vote for an enquiry into the
general conduct of ministers, upon
their system of governing Ireland.

Sir John Wrottesley made a short
general reply to the arguments
brought against his motion, when
the house divided,

Vor. XLVI.

Against it....

Majority. .

49

178

—e

96 against

the motion, which was, of course,

lost, -

CHAP

50

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

C: B.A Pode

Lord Chaneellor’s Declaration on the State of His Majesty’s Health—Mr.
Pitt’s Motion on the Mal-administration of the Navy—Debate— Motion
negatived.—Various Debates in the Touse of Commons on the V olunteer

‘onsolidation Bill—in the Lords. —Irish Militia volunteer their Services—
King’s Message thereon—Debate on the Address in the Lords—and in the
Commons— Address carried.—Vote of Compensation to Lord Hood, and
the Fleet under his Command, for the Ships captured at Toulon.—

Adjournment.

Ox the ninth of March the royal
assent was given, by commission,
to several public and private bills :
before the commission was read, earl
Fitzwilliam expressed strong doubts,
founded on, he thought, good au-
thority, of his majesty’s health being ,
such as to allow of his reassumption
of the regal functions.

The Lord Chancellor declared,
that, having conceived it his duty to
have a personal interview with the
King, and having conversed with
him upon the subject of the bills now
about to be passed, the result upon
his mind was, that the lords com-
missioners were warranted in ex-
pressing the royal assent to them.

As the political history of the
year will be separately considered,
we shall not here interrupt the course
of our account of the parliamentary
proceedings, further than briefly to
remark, that, about this period, a
mutual good understanding was
perceptible between that party of
which. Mr. Pitt was the leader,
and those who looked to lord
Grenville and Mr. Fox as their
chiefs. Whether this accordance
was directed solely by the wish to.
subvert the present administration,

or by a Sincere desire to co-operate
in the preservation of the country, in
the present awful crisis, were points
upon which time alone could decide ;
certain it is, that it put the seal upon
the fate of Mr. Addington’s govern-
ment, and gave to the country the
flattering hope of one, which
should unite in it, the talent, the
wisdom, and the character of the em-
pire.

The first fruits of this union of
sentiment, was manifested in the
public conduct of Mr. Pitt, who, on
the 15th of March, made his pro-
mised motion, in the house of com-
mons, for an enquiry into the admi-
nistration of the navy. He began by
stating the object of the different
motions he had to submit to the
house. The first was, for an ac-
count of the number of ships of the
line, and armed vessels of all descrip-
tions, which were in commission on
the 3lst of December, 1793, on the ©
30th of September, 1801, and on
the 31st of December, 1803. The ©
object of this account would be to |
institute a comparison between the —
state of our naval strength at these —
different periods: and he thought, —
the result would be a conviction, —

that, _

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

that, considering the extent of the
danger which now threatens us, the

means of repelling it by our naval

efforts were more inadequate than at
any former period. ‘The present ad-
miralty seemed to consider, that the
sort of vessels which were pecu-

Jiarly serviceable for meeting the

threatened invasion, were those
of small burthen, and which would
run into shoal water ; and yet, in
the course of a year, he understood
they had only built 23 gun-boats,
while, in the same period, the enemy
had built nearly 1000. During the
last war, the danger was much less
pressing, and yet he was prepared
to shew, that far greater exertions in
that way had been made.

In 1794, 1797, and 1801, it was
thought necessary to build small

_¢raft, of the sort he had alluded to,
and a considerable number were got

“together in ten or twelve weeks ;

but even the 23 gun-boats, which
were built last year, were not finish-
ed in less than six months! He
Should, therefore, also move for an
account of the different gun-vessels
built, or contracted tobe built, at
those several periods, in order to in-
stitute a comparison between the
exertions of the former admiralty
(when the danger was less pressing)
with those of the present board. He
believed that it would be universally
allowed, that, from the commence-
ment of the present war, our navy
ought to have been increasing, in-
Stead of diminishing : notwithstand-
ing which, government had only
contracted, during the war, for the
building of two ships of the line at
the merchant yards, although it was
Known that, during a war, the
building of ships was always nearly
suspended at the king’s yards, which
were then wanting for repairing the

51

,damages our ships might meet on
service. It was also worthy of re-
mark, that, in the first year of the
last war, we began from a naval
establishment of 16,000 seamen,
which was increased in the course of
that year to 76,000 ;-whereas, we —
began the present war with an esta-
blishment of 50,000, which, in the
course of the first year, was only
augmented to 86,000 men, He
concluded, by moving his first resa-
lution.

Mr. Tierney considered the con-
duct of the right honourable geutle-
man as most extraordinary, and that
he had chosen a most extraordinary
time to bring forward his charges
against the administration of the na-
vy, when we had suffered no Joss at
sea, while the enemy were sealed up
in their ports, and while our com-
merce was flourishing beyond exam-
pie. That right honourable gen-
tleman had once thought most highly
of earl St. Vincent, when he recom-
mended him as the only person fit
for the situation of first lord of the
admiralty, and. yet the present mo-
tion was to declare Jord St. Vincent
utterly incapable.. ‘The country was
much indebted to Mr. Pitt, for his
exertions as a voluntcer, but he
thought the land service was enough
for him, and that he might leave the
sea service to abler hands. In an-
swer to the complaints against the
admiralty, he should state the num-
ber of vessels which we now have,
viz. ships of the line, frigates, sloops,
and other smaller vessels, amounted.
to 511; block ships, 9 ; lighters, and
small craft, fitted out in the king’s
yards, 373; and the flotilla, com-
pletely equipped, and fit for service,
amouuted to 624; making a total of
1536 vessels, equipped by this un-
worthy first, lord of the admiralty.

E2 As

52

As to: the building ships at the mer-
chants’ yards, in preference to the
king’s yards, there were many ob-
jections. The contract-built ships
were found not to be so good as
those built in the king’s yards. The
Ajax, which was built at a mer-
chant’s yard, in three years required
an additional sum of 17,000!. to be
laid out upon her in repairs. As.to
the increas¢ of seamen, in the first
year of the present war, it must be
recollected that the army of reserve,
ihe volunteers, and the great draught
on the population for the land ser-
vice, must necessarily injure the sea
service; notwithstanding which,
there were only 1700 men wanting
of the whole number of seamen voted
by parliament. He thought that
such an exalted character as earl St.
Vincent ought not to be attacked by
insinuations or unsupported asser-
tions ; and concluded, by moving an
amendment to Mr. Pitt’s first reso-
lution.

Sir C. Pole defended the conduct
of the admiralty, who had used, as
he conceived, uncommon vigilance
and exertion. In 48 hours after
hostilities were determined on, ad-
miral Cornwallis sailed for Brest;
and ever since that time, that port,
as well as Toulon, Flushing, and
Ferrol, had been kept in strict
blockade. As for building gun-
boats, he thought it would be much
better to fight the enemy’s gun-boats
with vessels of a superior descrip-
tion: those that were fitted out last
war he considered a mere job.

Admiral Berkeley denied the accu-
racy of Mr. Tierney’s statements :
it was by reckoning the marines
twice over, that he had supposed the
number of men to be deficient only
1700, when, in fact, they were defi-
eieut by about 20,000. As to the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

number of what he called the flo-
tilla, he was also mistaken, and

many of them were in such wretched
order, that they could not go from —
Portsmouth to Spithead, except in a
calm. Ile would contend, that if a
proper number of light vessels had
been constructed, to assist the ships
in the channel, the junction of the
enemy’s flotilla at Boulogne might
have been prevented, and a consi-
derable number of frigates and other
vessels spared for the protection of
our convoys. He by no means
thought light vessels to be despised.
lie perfectly agreed in the propriety
and necessity of the enquiry pro-
posed by Mr. Pitt, and if he had
any fault to find in it, it was merely
that it did not go as far as he thought
it ought, into. the investigation of
every branch of the naval depart-
ment,

Sir Edward Pellew praised the na-
val administration, and thought
there was no cause for alarm. Near
the enemy’s coast we had a light
squadron, at the Downs we had hea-
vier ships, and close to the beach we
had a flotilla of such vessels as, he
conceived, would give a good ac-
count of such of the enemy’s gun-
boats as should escape. We had thus
a triple line of defence, which he
did not see how the enemy could get
through.

Mr. Wilberforce supported the
motion for enquiry. He declared
most solemnly, that, in many con-
versations he had had with different
professional characters, and some of
them highly distinguished in the ser-
vice, every One appeared to agree in
being completely dissatisfied with the
conduct of the present admiralty,—
He felt as much respect as any man
for lord St. Vincent, on account of
the great services he had rendered

the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

the country in ‘another capacity ;
but he felt himself compelled, by his
duty, to support the motion of Mr.
Pitt.
Mr. Sheridan did not consider
that hearsay evidence, from officers
' who were on shore, and unemploy-
ed, was evidence sufficient to rest a
serious accusation against Jord St.
Vincent. He never knew any per-
son for whom every body profest so
much respect, and who was, at the
same timie, so much aspersed as that
nobleman. ‘The grounds, however,
of the respect which was profest
_were notorious to all the world;
whereas, the grounds upon which he
Was aspersed remained still in dark-
‘mess. He should not vote for a
scrap of paper to found an enquiry
on, when he was convinced that
there was no necessity for such en-
quiry. This was the first time he
had ever opposed an enquiry ; but
he was convinced that there were no
facts to warrant it, or to account
for the great change of opinion in
the right honourable gentleman
(Mr. Pitt) since the time when he
bestowed the warmest panegyric
upon the noble lord. Hesaw no good
purpose that it could answer, at pre-
sent, to institute a comparison be-
_ tween lord St. Vincent and lord
Spenser. As to the number of gun-
_ boats that the honourable mover
_ stated to have been very suddenly
_ equipped, during the last war, they
“were of such a quality, that naval
: men despised them, and thought them
_ good'for nothing, and the greater
_ part of them were sold for almost no-
thing, when the war was over. Such
_ gun-boats as those would be injuri-
ous to the service, by requiring men
which could be much better employ-
ed. Men of war and frigates were
_ better even for defence ; for it was

* Aw

Poe

53

well known, that from Pevensey to
Dungeness, a man of war might an-
chor close to the shore. He thought
it would be absurd, all at once, to
give up that species of naval force
which had been so long our pride
and glory, and substitute another,
which all naval men thought lightly
of. It was said, that the right ho-
nourable gentleman gave, about six
months ago, at a volunteer dinner,
the following sentiment: ‘‘ The vo-
lunteers of England, and may we
soon have a meeting with the enemy
on our own shores.” This senti-
ment might be much assisted, in the
execution, by substituting the ho-
nourable gentleman’s favourite gun-
boats, for our ships of the line and
frigates. Formerly the character of
the noble lord was attacked only by
disappointed and fraudulent con-
tractors. Such enemies as those he
despised; but, high as was the au-
thority of the mover, he trusted
that the character of the noble lord
stood too high, in the estimation of
the country, to be hurt by mere as-
sertions or opivions, from whatever
quarter they might proceed.

Mr. Fox, at the same time that
he professed to feel as much respect.
as any man for the professional cha-
raéter of lord St. Vincent, consi-
dered, that the best way thathe could
shew that respect, was to vote for
the present enquiry. He imagined,
that the result of such a proceeding
would be, to clear the charatter of
lord St. Vincent from all kind of
censure or suspicion. He was not
surprised at the course which minis-
ters‘had taken, in resisting the en-
quiry. They had wished to put the
character of lord St. Vincent-on a
level with their own, and to seta
precedent for resisting other enqui-
ries. For lord St. Vincent he not

KR 3 only

54

only felt a high respect, but a strong
personal friendship. He considered
the battle that he had to fight against
the corruptions and abuses of the
- nayal departments, was full as ardu-
ous, if not as brilliant, as the cele-
brated battle from which he took
his title. ‘lie considered, that it was
the merit of the noble lord in this
contest, against corruption, which
had excited so much obloquy. As
to the officers from whom an _ ho-
nourable gentleman (Mr. Wilber-
force) obtained his information, he
should have no objeétion to their
testimony, if they delivered it at
the bar of the house, as the house,
in that case, would know how to
appreciate it. He thought, that the
right honourable mover had made
out little or no case. It was not
enough to state the number of ships
of a certain description, built at
such a period; it was also neces-
sary to consider the circumstances
which called for those exertions. It
was also necessary to consider the
naval administration generally, as
an entire system, and not separate-
ly, inevery part. It was often ne-
cessary to sacrifice an object of in-
ferior consequence, for another of
greater importance; and, he be-
lieved, that species of defence, on
which the right honourable gentle-
man so much insisted, the flotilla,
was precisely that description of
force which could be the best spared.
He considered the motives of minis-
ters, in resisting the enquiry, to be
merely from a wish, on some future
day, to screen themselves by that
precedent. He, therefore, led both
by private friendship and public du-
ty, would vote for the enquiny.

- The Chancellor of the Exchequer
noticed it, as a common practice of
the honourable gentleman whospoke

-ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

last,to claim astrong personal friend.
ship with almost every person of dis-
tinguished charaéter; but he took a
mode of shewing that friendship,
which was direétly the reverse of
what was pra¢tised by other peo-
ple. When the thanks of the
house was once moved for lord
Cornwallis, he opposed it, on the
ground of personal friendship, and
now, when an enquiry was moved,
which implied suspicion of the con-
duét of lord St. Vincent, he sup-
ported it on the same ground! ‘As
for himself, out of personal friend-
ship to the noble lord, and a proper
regard for his chara¢ter, he should
oppose the enquiry, for which no
ground had been stated. As to
those gun-boats built in the last war,
most of them were found to be ut-
terly unserviceable, and could not
go, without danger, from Plymouth
to the Eddystone Light-house; and
as to annoying the enemy with small -
craft, it was perfeétly ascertained,
that, from the’ shallowness of their
coast, and their numerons batteries,
it was impossible to prevent their
flotilla from creeping along their
own shores.

Mr. G. Ponsonby, after highly
complimenting Mr. Fox, on the
warmth and steadiness of his friend-
ships, observed, thata charge against
him on that ground, could not come
with less propriety from any quar-
ter than from the chancellor of the
exchequer. If that right honour-
able gentleman would turn his head,
and look behind him, he would see
a gentleman (Mr. Pitt) who, per-
haps, would not be able to compli-
ment him on the steadiness of hzs
friendships and attachments. It was
allowed, that Ireland was one of the’
most vulnerable parts of the em- —
pire, and, for its defence, it was ne-
cessary

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

eessary to have largeships, and there
the right honourable gentleman's
small craft wouid be of no use. It
should be recollected too, that, dur-
ing that administration which he
(Mr. Pitt) praisedso much, a French
fleet, with a largearmy under Hoche,

- had Jain seventeen days unmolested

off the coast of Ireland, and nothing
but the winds prevented them from
making good their landing.

Mr. Sturgess Bourne, and sir W.
Elford, supported the motion.

Mr. Tyrwhit Jones defended the.

conduét of the admiralty, and of
the administration in general. He
considered the motion of Mr. Pitt
as inconsistent with his former
speeches, and that he had now
thrown away *‘ the camphor bug,”’*
and welcomed opposition.

Captain Markham insisted, that
Mr. Tierney was correét in his
statement of the number of men,
without twice counting the marines.
He contended, that the ships built
in the king’s yards were every way.
better than those built in the mer-

chant yards, and more wholesome

for the sailors to live in. He thought
it would haye been very improper
for the admiralty to have followed
the example of Bonaparte, in build-
ing a number of-vessels of green

wood, which are always leaky and
-unwholesome.

Sir W. Curtis bore testimony to
the protection which commerce re-

_ ceived under the present naval ad-
‘ministration.

Mr. Courtenay, Mr. Burroughs,
and Mr. Fonblanque also support-
ed the enquiry.

Mr. Pitt made a very long and
able reply. He considered, that to
refuse those papers for which he had

* Alluding to the declaration of Mrs. Lee, on the trial of the Gordons,

55

moved, would be the way to throw
doubts and suspicions on the con-
duét of the first lord of the admi-
ralty ; and, to refuse them, on the
ground of danger in granting them,
would throw a doubt on the
strength and security of the nation
itself. It would be a most dangers
ous degree of confidence indeed, to
repose in the admiralty, at such an
important crisis, if it were to be
said, that parliament, which had
voted such a liberal expenditure on
account of the navy, ought not to
enquire how that department was
administered, although the very exe
istence of the country might depend
upon the investigation. He did not
in the least wish to excite alarm, ov
apprehension ;. but he wished to re-
move the deception of a false secu-
rity, which was, of all things, the
most dangerous. He considered,
that while France had been making
the most gigantic and unremitting
efforts, our ministers had absolutely
done nothing. In speaking of the
attack from Mr. Sheridan, he ex-
cited much mirth, by compariug
that gentleman to a wandering light ;
a meteor, that was sometimes seen
at one side of the house, and some-
times on the other; which had theu
concentrated his rays against him;
but in whose blazing face he could
look without fear or terror.

After a few words from Sir W.
Pulteney, the question was put.

Forthe motion - 130
Againstit - - 20)
Majority against the motion 71

On the 19th of March, Mr. se.
cretary Yorke, after a few prelimt-
nary observations, moved the order
of the day, for taking into further

E4 consilleration

Vide

Chronicle, p. $72,

56

consideration the report on the vo-
lunteer consolidation bill.

(xeneral Tarleton said, it had been
Jong his opinion, that it, was abso-
lutely necessary for this country, to
keep up a large military establish-
ment. He thought the volunteers
might do well to repel a sudden in-
vasion; but that they could not be
depended upon for the permanent
defence of the country. He men-
tioned some strong instances of in-
subordination, which came to his
knowledge.

The proviso, which prevented
any volunteer from the power of
resigning, who belonged to a corps
*¢ that had offered its services dur-
ing the war,’”’ was omitted in the
amended bill, on the motion of Mr.
Cartwright.

After some conversation, in which
several members took a share, the
Speaker put the question on the se-
cond reading of the amendments.

Mr. Fox opposed the second read-
ing, not that he wished to throw
out the bill; he only wished that it
should be re-committed. Without
adverting to the volunteer system,
it appeared to him that ministers
had thought of no other ; and, al-
tho’ parliament had been sitting for
four months, the bill before the house
was the only measure ministers had
taken for the defence of the coun-
try : and what was there tovbe seen
in this bill? No steps had been
taken to reeruit the army, but every
thing had been rested on the volun-
teers. In faét, the chief merit of
this bill was, that it did nothing !—
He so tar liked the volunteer sys-
tem, that he approved of the cou-
rage, zeal, and spirit of those men
who composed it; but he defied any
body to say, that that courage and
zeal would be at all assisted by the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

present bill. He thought ministers
had done every thing to check and
damp the ardour of the volunteers,
and nothing to assist it. As to the
power of resignation, the chancel-
Jor of the exchequer, as usual, had
no opinion; he consulted the at-
torney general, whose opinion was a
wrong one,and that opinion ministers
immediately circulated through the
country, with uncommon diligence.
After the court of king’s bench had
decided that the opinion was a, wrong
one, then, and not before, they
said they did not mean to aét upon
it! When the insignificance of the
present bill was considered, people
would be apt to suppose, that the
story of invasion was a mere inven-
tion of ministers, and, that if they
really believed it, they would have
taken some measures to recruit their
regular army. Although he him-
self did not believe the danger so
great as was represented, yet, when
he compared the danger with the
preparations for defence, it was
enough to make him tremble. He
had, however, such confidence in
the spirit of the country, that he
firmly trusted, that, in spite of all
the opposition it met, it would rise
superior, not only to the efforts of
the enemy, but even to the weak-
ness, the incapacity, and imbecility
of the present ministers.

The Attorney General was against
the re-commitment of the bill, on
the ground of its haying been so
often discussed.

Dr. Lawrence, and sir John
Wrottesley, were for its being re-
committed.

Mr. Pitt owned, that the present
bill came very far short of his ex-.
pectations, or what he conceived to.
be the just expectation of the coun-
try. He hardly saw any advantage

to

!

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 57

to be derived from it, except from

‘the clause encouraging the volun-

teers to go upon permanent duty ;
but, however, such as it was, he

saw no necessity for its re-committal.

Mr. Sheridan was against the re-
committal, as he thought the Dill
had been very sufficiently discussed.

Mr. Windham thought it would
be impossible to form a correct opi-
nion of the merits or demerits of
the volunteer system, without ex-
amining all the other parts of the
grand system of our national de-
fence, in order to see how those
parts were combined together.

The vast importance of the sub-
ject appeared to him to consist in
this, that it was not relied upon as

‘a temporary expedient, but as a

permanent system: and that the ar-
gument, which had been hitherto so

much pressed, would apply. still

stronger in future ; namely, ‘* that

_we had gone too far to recede.”

Mr. T. Grenville was for recom-
mitting the bill, as he considered,
that there were so many, and such
glaring defecis in it, as could be
only remedied in the committee.

After a few words from the
chancellor of the exchequer, and

some other gentlemen, the house

divided.
For the re-committal 56
‘Against it ....... 173

_ Maj. againt the re-committal 117

-

Mr. secretary Yorke moved the

third reading of the bill on the 22d
of March.

Colonel Crawford found himself
again under the painful necessity of
expressing his dis-approbation of
the volunteer system, and, indeed,
of all the measures which ministers

_had taken for the military defence

of the country. He was aware,

that those who took so many
months to prepare a bill like the
present, would not be disposed to
listen favourably to those who
should tell them, that they had been
proceeding all the time upon false
principles. No man wished more
ardently than himself, to see the
military system of the country put
on such a permanent footing as
would give the nation that sort of
tranquillity, which arises from con-
scious Strength. Our regulararmy,
which should be the grand founda-
tion of our military strength, is
prevented from receiving its natural
increase, by the bounties and in-
ducements, that are given to men
not to enlist in it. Jn the militia
15 guineas, and in the army of re-
serve 30 guineas, are given to a man
to enlist for 5 years, for limited
service, and their families are pro-
vided for during his absence; where-
as 8 or 10 guineas was all that was
given for enlisting for life in the re-
gular army, and there was no pro-
vision for the families of regular
soldiers! He thought it also very
unwise to extend the militia system
so far beyond its institution. As
to the volunteer system, he highly
disapproved of if, as it excluded
the greater part of the flower and
the strength of the country, and
formed a sort of privileged body,
which was odious to the poorer
classes, even on account of the ex-
emptions which they claimed. The
basis of a permanent defence of
the country, should be as extensive
as its population. We were always
told, that the volunteer system was
a very delicate machine, but the
machine to be depended on in war,
ought not to be of very delicate
construction, but of rougher mate.
rials, that could endure a shock.

There

,

58

There was another species of de-
fence, which had been almost en-
tirely neglected, he meant fortifica-
tions. .The great objection that he
had to the volunteer system, was,
that, by the confession of ministers
themselves, it did not include one-
fourth of that class which princi-
pally formed the strength of a na-
tion. He then argued, at great
length, on the importance of hav-
Ing as large a regular army as pos-
sible, and of employing, as irregu-
jars, the armed peasantry of the
country, instead of a volunteer
force,

After a considerable cry of ques-
tion, question,

Mr. Windham rose, and said he
was not surprised at the ‘anxiety of
ministers to get rid of the business.
Perhaps, by their not attempting
to answer what had fallen from his
honourable friend, (colonel Craw-
ford) they might mean to imply,
that there was nothing new in the
arguments that he had adduced. It
might be true, that those arguments
were not altogether new ; but it was
equally true, that they had never
been refuted. As this was, per-
haps, the last time that the subject
would come before the house, he
could not avoid taking the oppor-
tunity of protesting against the
principle of it, as one which might
lead to our utter ruin. He utterly
denied, that the danger we had now
to provide against, was merely of a
temporary nature, and to be guard-
ed against by temporary expedients.
He considered it as a great and in-
creasing danger, which could only
be effeétuaily averted by a perma-
nent, well-organised system of mili-
tary defence. The most impor-
tant clause of this bill, the giving
exemptions ta the volunteers, cer-

I

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

”

tainly added nothing to their mili-
tary improvement, and was. only in-
tended as a means of continuing the
volunteer system; but, while this
clause gave men to the volunteers,
it withdrew them from other ser-
vices. He felt-convinced, that the
country would have been in a
greater state of security, if none of
those volunteer bills had passed.
He neither considered that the im-
provement of the volunteer system
was the best measure for the pre-
sent defence of the country, nor |
that the present bill was likely to
increase the force of the volunteer
establishment. Zeal was nota prin«
ciple which could be altogether de-
pended on. A permanent system
must be founded on interest and |
fear ; there must be inducements on
the one side, and penalties on the ~
other. He must still continue to
think, that it was extremely dange-
rous to leave Jarge bodies of armed
men on foot, that were not subjecét
to military law. The volunteers
had already so far shewn their
strength, as to gain a complete tri-
umph over ministers, who appeared
not to venture to stira step without
taking their opinions. The trea-
sury bench appeared to think, that
the best way of silencing a member,
was to excite a popular clamour -
against him, but, that should never
prevent him from delivering his opi-
nions. The exemptions had already
made the army of reserve stop»
14,000 short of the number it
was originally intended. The ad-
vantage of those exemptions was so
great, when it was considered what
classes of men the ballot usually felk
on, that it was a power too great
to lodge in the hands of the indivi-
duals, or committees, who managed .
the volunteer corps. The injustice
and

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

and hardship that were produced by

-those exemptions, was very great
upon those who were not fortunate
enough to enjoy them. Hedid not
conceive, that, even if the whole
volunteer force were to be dissolyed
the next day, that any very serious
-mischief would result tromit. The
same men would remain in the coun-
try, and the same zeal and ability
to serve it, although it might be di-
rected in another channel. He
thought. there was no example in
history to justify the experiment of
bringing the volunteers to fight
against regular troops. ‘The king-
dom was once conquered by a Ssi-
milar experiment under Harold.
The Vendean peasants never did
fight regular battles against the ene-
my,‘ except in one or two instances,
wherein they were completely de-
feated. They were obliged to let
their towns and villages be burnt.
He did not suppose that any species
of irregular troops could ever pre-
tend to engage in pitched battles
with regulars; he thought, how-
ever, that a numerous and well-or-
ganised irregular army would be a
powerful auxiliary to a large regular
force. The volunteers of France,
“who fought at Jemappe, were rais-
ed on a footing totally different.
_He considered the entire system as
abarren moor, from which it was
‘idle to expe a good crop, and
which it was ridiculous to resort to,
When we had such an abundant
field to till as the regular army.
‘He, therefore, decidedly protested
against the whole system.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
considered, that this strain of argu-
ment, from the right honourable
gentleman who spoke last, was en-

tirely inconsistent with his former
‘Sentiments and conduct. He now

59

found fault with the militia, and yet,
when he was secretary at war, he
carried it to a much higher pitch
than it is at present. He now”
found fault with the volunteers,
and yet it was under his administra.
tion that the volunteer system was
introduced. He found fault with
it now, as injuring the regular army,
and yet it was a fact, that the re.
gular army had increased faster
since the commencement of the pre~
sent war, than at any former pe.
riod. Although the right honour.
able gentleman had a poor opinion
of the efficacy of the volunteers,
yet, in opposition to his mere as~
sertion, there was the decided opi.
nion of lord Moira, lord Cathcart,
and general Simcoe. He consider-
ed the allusion, which the right hon.
gentleman had made to the Ven-
deans, as particularly unfavourable
to his own argument, as_ those
troops bore the nearest possible re-
semblance, or rather wore the mo-
del of that force, he so much recom.
mended, an armed _ peasantry.
There was no experience, or no
sound reasoning, to induce a pre-
ference of an armed peasantry to
such a body as our volunteers.
There had been already more res
cruits raised for the regular army,
than were raised for the seven first
years of the last war, under an ad-
ministration that the right honour-
able gentleman so properly extolled.
As to irregularities committed by
volunteers, it was impossible that
there should not be some where the
body was so numerous; but, it
must be recollected, that the pertod
when dissatisfaction was at the high-
est, was, when a number of offers
had been rejected. He thanked
God, that we had now a numerors
regular army, a numerous militia,
and

60

and 400,000 volunteers. These,.
combined, made one of the most
powerful armies that had ever been
raised for the defence of this, or
any other country.

Mr. Fox said, that the right hor.
gentleman (Mr. Addington) had com-
pletely misunderstood the argument
of Mr. Windham. That gentleman
had never asserted that the volunteers
were raised merely by the induce-
ment of exemptions: he had con-
tended, on the contrary, that we
would have a sufficient number of
volunteers without the exemptions,
and that they were therefore unne-
eessary. As for the raw troops,
which took the ficld in the begin-
ning of the war, between France
and Austria, they did not fight well:
20,000 of them ran away from 1500
Austrians, and then murdered their
own general ( Dillon). THeir next ex-
' ploit was to make another of their
generals Biron) a prisoner. The
same troops, however, after they
had seen some service, fought very
well. He did not recollect a single
instance in history, where raw troops
had been, in the first instance, suc-
cessfully opposed to regulars. The
great reason which induced him to
prefer an armed peasantry to the’
volunteers, was, that instead of
400,000, it would forma force con-
sisting of two millions.

Sir James Pulteney said, that when
the defence a¢t was introduced, he
was the first who strongly urged the
advantages of an armed peasantry.
He regretted that his advice was
not followed at that time, but still
it was necessary to make the most
of the system we had got. Not-
withstanding the maxim,

“* A little learning is a dangerous
thing,”

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

might do very well in poetry, yet,’
in the common’ occurrences of life,
every one would prefer a person
who knew something of his trade,
to one who was ignorant of its first
principles. He thought the volun-
teers might be extremely useful in a
desultory warfare, but did not con-
sider them as proper troops to be
opposed to an enemy immediately
upon his landing.

General Loftus approved of the
idea of blending the volunteers into
the regular army, and placing them —
under the command of general offi-
cers. He was glad to find that go-
vernment had resolved, in case of
invasion, to drive the cattle from the
sca coasts. He remembered, when
he served under Jord Howe, in Ame-
rica, this was a policy which was
uniformly followed by the Ameri-
cans, and it prevented his majesty’s -
army from penetrating to any dis-

. tance into that country.

Mr. C. Wymie took notice of the
small proportion of the volunteers
who knew any thing of ball firing.’

The bill was then past through
the commons, and ordered to the
lords ; and was discussed in that
house, for the first time, on the 27th
of March: upon the question for the
second reading,

Lord Hawkesbury, in introduc. _
ing the bill, stated the principle
upon which the volunteer system _
was founded, and the ancient and
undoubted prerogative of the crown
to call out all the liege subjects of
the realm, in case of invasion, or)

‘any strong appearance thereof.—

It was from that prerogative of the
crown whence the defence act
sprung, and it was from the defence
act that the present volunteer system
originated. He agreed perfectly ,
with what had fallen from lord
ake Gren-

Grenville, on a former night—
namely, that the volunteers ought
_enly to be employed as an auxiliary
or subsidiary force, assisting the re-
gular army. He was now proud to
say, that there was in the united
kingdom an army of troops of the
_ Jineand militiaamounting to 180,000
men, which was more by 40,000
than we had in 1801, when we had
many foreign colonies to garrison.
In addition to which,he should state,
distinctly, that the effective volun-
teer force, in Great Britain only,
amounted to 330,000 men, as ap-
peared by the returns of the in-
-specting officers. Heshould allow,
that if the object of the enemy were
the final subjugation of the kingdom,
anarmed peasantry might be the most
effectual means of frustrating the
attempt; but, as he could never
suppose the enemy could expect to
keep a permanent footing in the
country, and that their plan of in-
_-yasion would have for its object,
the doing the greatest possible quan-
tity of mischief, in the shortest
time, he thought an invasion of such
a description could be better resist-
ed by volunteers having some dis-
cipline, than by an armed peasantry
thathad none. He trusted that the
_ principle of the bill would be gene-
rally approved of, whatever objec-
tions might be found to particular
clauses. Many persons thought the
volunteer system had within itself
_the principles of its own dissolution.
_ He felt too much confidence in the
§spirit of the country to suppose so;
but should it turn out to be the
case, it would become the duty of
ministers to advise his majesty to
recur to the provisions of the gene-

_ ral defence att.
_. Lord Caernaryon disapproved of
_ the principle of this bill, as he did

HISTORY OF:EUROPE.

61

of that of the defence act; the lata
ter was hurried through the house
in two days, and set out with as-
serting that his majesty possessed a
prerogative of placing all his liege
subjects in the ranks of the army,
whenever the country was in a cri-
tical situation. By that law, the
prince of Wales, if he did not hap-
pen to be a colonel of a regiment,
might be compelled to serve as a
private soldier, and would be liable
to the punishment of ‘the halbards,
for any military offence. The pre-
rogative that was thus stated, was
most monstrous and unconstituti-
onal. He thought the present bill
quite as absurd, although less of-
fensive, he should therefore oppose
it.

Lord Ellenborough insisted that
the crown did possess that preroga-
tive from the earliest times: he
produced a copy of the commission
of array passed in the reign of Henry
the fourth, which expressly recog-
nized that prerogative, and which
sir Edward Coke declared to be the
law of the land in his, time; and it
had certainly never been altered
since, either direétly or by implica-
tion. He saw nothing monstrous
in the prerogative of. requiring the
assistance of every man in cases of
great emergency. ‘This was a pre-
rogative which, according to Vattel,
was inherent in those who exercis-
ed the powers of the executive go-
vernment in every. state.

Lord King denied that the king
ever did or could possess the prero-
gative that was asserted. It was a
monstrous doctrine, worthy of the
most jacobine period of the French
revolution. He disapproved of the
bill, and ofthe volunteer system.
The regular army and the army of
reserve were in opposition to each

other,

62

other, and the volunteer system
was in opposition to both.

The Bishop of Landaff thought
the volunteer system noble in its
principle; and he trusted it would
be successful in its effects. ‘The vo-
lunteer army was composed of all
ranks, and contained whatever was
respectable in society. ‘The ques-
tion was not now upon the priuci-
ple, for that had been adopted. It
‘was upon a bill which proposed for
its object the improvement of the
volunteer system. He thought, in
times like the present, the govern-
ment had not only a right to call
upon the services of every man, but
that every coach or saddle horse in
the kingdom should be put in re-
quisition, if necessary. He declar-
ed that, for his part, he should pre-
fer living on oaten bread and water,
to enjoying every luxury which af-
fluence could purchase in a subju-
gated country, that had the misfor-
tune to groan under French domi-
nation.

Lord Darnley thought it improper
to apply the word system to sucha
mass of incongruous regulations as
ministers had made respecting the
volunteers. He saw nothing in them
but the incapacity and inconsistency
of those who framed them.

Lord Fife supported the bill, and
spoke highly of the efficiency of the
volunteers.

Lord Romney thought that if the
day of trial should come, the volun-
teers would be found equal to en-
counter the troops of France; they
ought most certainly to be superior
to the forced conscripts in the French
army. He wished to see officers
that had seen service mix more a-
mong them. General Harris (who
commanded at the taking of Serin-
gapatam) had not thought it beneath

.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

him to accept the commission of
lieutenant coloncl of a volunteer —
corps. :
Lord Grenville professed to feel
as high a respect as any man for the
courage and zeal of the volunteers.
In the present circumstances of the
country, no one could entertain the
idea of disbanding 400,000 volun-
tary defenders of the country, or
deny that they might render impor-
tant service. When it was, how-
ever, considered that those troops
which threatened to invade us were
also of undisputed courage, and
had gained great military experience
during twelve campaigns that they
had fought against the best disci-
plined troops in Europe: -he thought
it was evident that ministers had
been shamefully negligent, in not
providing a sufficient force of that
description which was proper for
combating such troops. He consi-
dered that the regular army had
been sacrificed for establishments of
Jess importance, and every measure
which had been taken for increasing
it was thwarted and counteraéted,
by the effect of the exemptions given *
to the volunteers. When the noble
secretary (lord Hawksbury) talked
of the number of our army, he
should have distinguished what por-
tion of it was militia. As to the
army of reserve, it could be only
considered a depédé for recruits at
present ; and it was hardly fair to
reckon those that have been so re-
cently balloted for that corps, as
regular troops. He could not agree-
with a learned lord (lord Ellen-
borough), that the crown had the
prerogative of ordering the subjeéts
of the realm on military duty, with-
out the sanction of parliament.—
This formed the most tyrannical
feature of the French government,
and

and was utterly inconsistent with
the British constitution, as it now
stands. He did not think it worth
disputing how the prerogatives of
the crown might be understood in
the time of Henry the fourth; but
he thought they were now under-
stood very differently : and certainly,
since the period of the restoration,
no such power was ever claimed or
exercised by any sovereign of this
country. The militia laws were
supposed entirely to supercede the
necessity of recurring to such a pre-
rogative, even if it did exist. There
was, however, no precedent in mo-
dern times in favour of such a pre-
Fogative. In the beginning of the
civil wars, the crown lawyers con-
tended for it, but, even then, the
‘first law authorities determined that
did not exist.
_The Lord Chancellor observed
at the present discussion was not
‘regularly upon the volunteer system
that had been already adopted, but
‘upon a bill that profest to regulate
and amend it. He felt persuaded
that neither the talents of the noble
lord, nor all the united talents of
those connected with him in the late
administration, could have produced
any thing more perfect than the vo-
Tunteer system. Every body would
allow that a large regular force was
extremely desirable, but every one
‘must allow also, that that could not,
by any possibility, have been raised so
expeditiously as the volunteer force.
As to the question of prerogative,
The not only contended that the
erown had been always possessed
of it, but that, if it never had been,
‘it was necessary that it should now.
n invasion might take place when
“parliament was not sitting, and, in
such case, the country might be lost

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

63

unless such a prerogative was ex-
ercised.

Lord Grenville, in explanation,
said that he had never denied the
prerogative of the crown, in ex-
treme cases, to call upon all classes
of the people: what he denied was,
that the crown had a right to take
individuals, and send them into re-
giments of the line or militia.

Earl Spencer could not approve
of the volunteer system, although
he highly respeéted the volunteer
corps, and the individuals that coms
posed that body of men. He thought
administration had taken a wrong
course with the volunteers, if, as
they now said, they only intended
them as an auxiliary force.

Lord Hobart defended the con+ _
duét of administration generally, and
thought they had used exertions at
least eq #21 to any of their predeces-
sors. ‘There was now, in the united
kingdom, a force of 621,000 men
in arms, which was more than we
have had at any former period.—
The regulars were also really as nu-
merous as at any period in the last
war.

‘The Duke of Montrose did not
object to the volunteer system, or to
the principle of the bill; he disap-
proved, however, very much of some
of the clauses. He had a high opi-
nion of the efficiency of the volun-
teers, and he had been informed, by
officers of great experience, that
the first quality of a good soldier
was the disposition to fight. In
this quality, he was sure that it
would be allowed, that the volun-
teers were not deficient.

Lord Westmorcland would not
allow that the volunteers had hurt
the regular army, or the militia: al-
though it might have diminished the

num

64

number of balloted men, it increased
the numberof substitutes, bythe mi-
litary spirit that it diffused so gene-
rally.

Lord Auckland had by no means
such a gloomy idea of our prospects
in this war as some noble lords ap-
peared to entertain. He hoped the
war would end in abridging the
power of France upon the continent.
As to the defence of the country, he
thought abundant exertions had
been already made, and, both upon
the grounds of economy, and for
other reasons, he did not wish to see
the system extended beyond its pre-
sent limits.

The bill was then read a second
time, and ordered to be committed

‘the first day after the Easter re-
cess.

On the 28th of March, there was
a discussion in both houses on his
majesty’s message, informing his
parliament of the offers of several re-
giments of Irish militia to serve in
this country*.

Lord Hawkesbury, in the house
of lords, moved the address of thanks
to his majesty, for his gracious com-
munication. He did not wish, at
present, that the house should pledge
itself upon this subject. The time
for discussion would come more re-
gularly hereafter. He considered
this patriotic offer of the Irish mili-

tia, as likely to produce the most

important advantages. In the first
place, it would increase that unity
of sentiment and feeling, which
ought to prevail between the differ-
ent parts of the united kingdom. It
would also increase the strength of
every part of the empire, by mak.
ing its means more disposeable, and
by consolidating its forces.

_ * Vide “ State Papers.” |

ANN UAL REGISTER, 1804.

The duke of Montrose approved
highly of the spirit and loyalty from
which the offer originated, although
he generally disapproved of encou.
raging this sort of voluntary offers,
as it introduced the spirit of delibe-
ration among armed bodies of men.

The marquis of Sligo rejoiced in
the prospect that was now held out,
of reciprocal service between the
militia of Great Britain and Ireland.

The earl of Limerick considered
this offer of service as of great im-
portance. He thought it could have
only been obtained by a voluntary:
ofier, as it would be a positive
breach of faith, to compel those
who had enlisted for one service to
undertake another.

Lord Grenville agreed in what!
had fallen from the duke of Mon-
trose. It ought not to have been
left to the patriotism of particular
regiments, to offer a more extended
service. When it was recollected
that the Irish militia was raised by
bounty, and not by ballot, it must
be allowed that, at their formation,
it would have been easy to extend
their services to this country by law. J
Ministers were advised to do so, but.
rejected that wholesome advice.

The question on ‘the address was
then put, and carried without op-
position.

In the house of commons, on_ the
same day, the address was moved by
Mr. secretary Yorke, who observ-
ed, that he did not apprehend any
opposition to an address of thanks
to his majesty, for his communica-
tion, or to an expression of the ap-—
probation and satisfaction which the
house felt at the spirited and pa-
triotic offer of the Irish militia, He
thought this a proper opportunity |

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

“to give a detailed statement of the
‘military state of the country. The
total of the regular force, on the
“Ist of this month (including the mi-
jitia and artillery) amounted to
267,043 men; on the first of Octo-
ber, 1801, the effective strength of
‘the army amounted to 279,000,
‘which was about twelve thou-
sand more than it did at present,
although the war had only lasted
ten months. The force of the coun-
try in April, 1803, immediately
previous to the rupture with France,
was 124,343 men. After stating,
at some length, the exertions that
ministers had made for the defence
of the country, he went on to cvn-
sider the state of our offensive and
disposeable force. He admitted
that great pains ought now to be
taken, in recruiting for the regu-
‘lar army, and he so far agreed
with the arguments of honourable
gentlemen on the other side, that
all competition with the recruiting
for the regular army should be re-
moved. The militia was now nearly
filled up, and as the army of re-
serve had nearly accomplished all
that was expected from it, he

to suspend its operation. It must,
however, be recollected, that above
ten thoysand men had already vo-
Munteered from the army of reserve
‘into the. regular force. For the
‘purpose of encouraging the recruit-
Img sgrvice, he wished to suspend
for a time the army of reserve aét,
and at present, while he wished to
y cept of the services of the ten
ee Trish militia, he wished
to increase that body to the same
‘Humber that they were at in the
twar, namely, twenty-cight thou-
sand men.
_ Mr. Pitt said, that as to the num-
» Vou. XLVI.

thought it might now be necessary.

65

bers of men raised in the present
war, they were abundantly sufficient
to meet any reasonable man’s expec-
tations; but the degree of efficiency
that was given to the numbers so
raised, was a subjeét which might
be discussed on a future day.. He
was satisfied with the magnitude of
our force in a colleétive view, but
he thought it necessary to pursue a
better system, for the increase of
our disposeable force. He consi-
dered, however, that it would be
necessary to have some thing like
the army of reserve operating in
every county. It had been found
that many persons had been induced
to enter into the army of reserve,
because the service was limited,
and yet, after they had been in it
for some time, and had contracted
military habits, they were easily
persuaded to extend their services,
and enter into the regular army.—
He therefore thought that not only
as a temporary expedient, but asa
measure of permanent policy, it
would still be necessary, in some
degree, to keep up the principle of
the army of reserve. He concluded
by again throwing out the ideas he
had formerly stated, of uniting, as
much as possible, the battalions of
the army of reserve to the regulars,
so as to encourage enlisting from
limited to general service.

Mr. Windham was perfoétly dis-
posed to vote the address of thanks
to his majesty, and to express his
approbation of the conduét of the
Irish militia; but still he had great
objections to the adoption of the
plan proposed. In the first place,
he did not like encouraging those
voluntary offers of extending the
service beyond the original terms,
because it would operate as a breach
of faith, and as a compulsory mea-

F sure

»

66 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

sure to a great number of individu-
als. Besides: the breach of faith,
he did not like the idea of asking
favours from military bodies of men;
he thought it was subversive of dis-
-eipline: he also thought that I[re-
land. was in full as great danger as
Great Britain, and ought not to be
stript of such a large portion of her
natural means of defence. He cer-
tainly agreed with a great deal of
what had fallen from the right ho-
nourable secretary, as it was only
a promise of adopting many of those
measures which he had been recom-
mending for these twelve months
past, for the improvement of the
recruiting for the regular army.—
He wished, however, that the house
might not be tied down to adopt
the plan proposed, of accepting
this offer of the Irish militia, as it
appeared to him a measure worthy
of the most serious consideration.
He then concluded by -moving, as
an amendment, that parliament
should take the offer into its most
serious consideration:

Lord Castlereagh considered, that
the offer of the Irish militia pro-
ceeded from a wish to discharge the
debt of gratitude which that coun-
try owed to the English militia, for
extending their services to Ireland
at a very critical period. The aug-
mentation of the Irish militia was
easy, as recruits could be got for
four guineas a man, whereas the
price of substitutes in this country
was thirty or forty pounds.

Dr. Lawrence was surprised at
the idea of withdrawing ten thou-
sand disciplined troops from Ire-

land, which he always conceived ~

to be the most vulnerable part of
the empire.

Colouel Hutchinson disapproved
of withdrawing ten thousand dis-

ciplined troops from Ireland, in its
present situation ; he thought that
the loss would not be at all suppli-

ed by an equal number of raw les -

vies. If, indeed, the plan were to
exchange a certain number of the
English militia agaiust an equal
number of Irish, he should rejoice
at the exchange. ‘The gentlemen
of the Irish militia would probably
be struck with the habits of indus-
try and the comforts that they would

seein this country, among the lower '

orders, and might possibly wish,
upon their return, to introduce si-
milar habits aud similar comforts
among their tenantry: while the
officers of the English militia, that
should go over to Ireland, would
probably witness so much spirit and
zeal there, as would convince them
that that country ought not to have
been so much negleéted.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
opposed the amendment. He said,
it never was intended to take the
ten thousand men from Ircland at
one time, but he conceived the a-
dopting the measure would set at
liberty a consderable number of our
disposable troops. At the same time
it was by no means the intention of
government to diminish the strength
of Ireland.

Sir John Newport was proud of
the offer which had been made by
the [rish militia, and felt convinced,
that the great majority of the people
of that country would be found
ready, zealously to concur in the
defence of the empire.

Lord de Blaquiere supported the
original address, and approved of
the plan which had been proposed.
He could not help recollecting the
signal service which the English mi-
litia had rendered, in going over to
Ireland,’ during the rebellion. It

1 was

— ee

a

HISTORY OF EUROPE. . 67

was the opportune arrival of the re-

iments of the marquis of Bucking-

am, and the duke of Rutland,
which saved that country. He be-
lieved that the Irish militia would
fight better in this country than at
home, as they would not be opposed
to their near relations,

The address was then carried, as
it was originally proposed.

On the following day, the sum of
£.265,326 was voted to admiral
lord Hood, his officers and crews,
being the value of the ships destroyed
and captured at Toulon. The house
then adjourned till after Easter.

F2 CHAP.

68 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

CH A Pry.

Meeting of Parliament after,the Easter Recess—Volunteer Consolidation
Bill much debated in both Houses—Passed— Debates on the Lrish Militia
Offer, and Irish Mihtia Augmentation Bills—in the Commons—and Lords.
Mr. Fox’s Motion for an Enquiry into the State of the Defence of the
Country.—Lost— Debate on the Motion for the Suspension of the Army of
Reserve Act.—Small Majority of Ministers upon a Division—The Earl of
Cartisle’s Motion for. Papers respecting Admiral Rainier’s Conduct-—ecarried
against Government—Increasuig Weakness of Administration—Marquis
of Stafford moves for a similar Enquiry in the House of Lards, with Mr.
Fox's m the Commons—suspended at the Request of Ministers—Resignation
of Mr. Addington—succeeded as Minister by Mr. Pitt.— Volunteer Con-

solrdation Act passed.
OTIL houses of Parliament met
again onthe Sth day of April:
in the house of lords, the volun-
teer consolidation bill went through
the committee, which was oecupied
several days in the consideration of
its various clauses.

There were several amendments
proposed, by noble lords in the op-
position, which were mostly nega-
tived without a division. ‘The bill
was then read a third time, passed,
and ordered to the lower house.

On the 10th of April a motion of
the earl of Suffolk, ‘* that a com.
mittee be appointed to provide for
the defence of the country, and to
enquire into the preparations which
had been made to meet the menaced
danger,” was negatived without a
division.

On the same day, in the house of
commons, upon the question for the
house resolving itself into a com-
mittee on the “ Irish militia offer
pill,”

Mr. Elliot objected to the mea-

sure, as he considered, that it was
not consistent with good faith or
discipline to encourage those sort of
offers, and the deliberations which
must have preceded them. Fle dis-
approved of it also both as a mea-
sure that would reduce the defen-
sive strength of Ireland, and that
would increase the number of those
absentees, that drain so much mo-
ney from that country already.

Mr. secretary Yorke observed,
that in the year 1799, when that
gentleman was in office, and Mr.
Windham a cabinet minister, both
of them supported a bill exactly si-
milar to the present. ‘This measure
originated in the spontaneous gal-
lantry of the regiments which had
volunteered their services, and as
for the mighty danger which was
apprehended from military bodies
deliberating, he must say, that it
had not as yet been found, that
those deliberations had hurt the dis-
cipline of the regiments which had
volunteered, in the course of the last

war,

:
|

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 69

war, for general service, and who

- distinguished themselves so much in

Egypt. )
Colonel Calcraft opposed the
measure, as he thought there was no

. sufficient grounds laid of such an

expediency, as justified the aban-
donment of the great constitutional
principle by which the militia of
each country was raised.

Mr. Alexander supported the
measure. He said, that as the Bou-
logne flotilla could not be used for
the invasion of Ireland, that coun-

_ try might spare the number of men

who now oflered their services ; and
he considered, that if the offer was
accepted, it would be of the most
important advantage, in setting an
equal portion of the disposeable
force at liberty.

Mr. Bankes thought, that giving
much encouragement to such volun-
tary offers, would disorganize and
destroy the military system, by
making that service more irksome
and objectionable than it would
otherwise have been.

Colonel. Hutchinson supported
the measure, principally because he
thought it would be of great ad-
vantage to the individuals (whe-
ther officers or privates) who should
come over, to witness the superior
comforts of the people of this coun-
try: that, on their return, they
might endeavour to introduce simi-
Jar comforts into Ireland.

Mr. Canning denied, that Ireland

- could spare ten thousand militia, or

that England stood in need of them:
he therefore opposed the bill.
Colonel Vereker was confident,
that if Mngland were invaded, every
regiment of [rish militia would be
anxious to volunteer in its defence ;
but while Ireland was in, at least,
as much danger as Englacd, and

perhaps more vulnerable, he did not
see the great merit in -Irish regi-
ments volunteering for Nngland.

Mr. Windham said, that the case
of the English militia volunteering
in 1798, when a rebellion was rag-
ing in Ireland, was a case foto celo
different from the present; and al-
though he then thought, that the
constitutional principle of confining
the militia to limited service ought
to be relaxed, yet it did not follow,
that he was bound always to sup-
port a similar measure, especially
when there was no such exigency exe
isting. It was a marvellous effort
of ingenuity, to endeavour to create
a disposeable force, by merely trans.
ferring a portion of troops, that
were not disposeable, from one
island to the other! ‘The proposi-
tion of increasing the Irish militia,
by eight or 10,000 additional troops,
would also operate against the re-
cruiting for general service in that
country, by creating a competition.

Lord Castlereagh denied, that ex-
perience warranted the supposition
of the recruiting service for the
army being hurt by the increase of
the militia.

Mr. T. Grenville opposed the
principle of the bill, and thought
that the offer did not so much pro-
ceed from the spontaneous feeling of
the Irish militia, as from the sober
deliberation of the cabinet, who had
agreed to it asa government mea-
sure. He thought, that offers of
this nature might be procured by
means which differed little from ac-
tual violence.

Lord de Blaquiere was surprised,
that there could be a doubt about
the propriety of accepting the vo-
lantary offer of the Irish militia.
He thought, that the rejecting them
would appear like a contumelious

F 3 disdain

i

70

disdain of the services which Ire-
land could render to the empire.

The question was then put, for
the speaker leaving the chair, in or-
der that the house might resolve
itself intoa committee. It was car-
ried by a majority of 70. The
ayes being 124, and the noes 54.

On the 11th, the order of the
day having been moved for the
house to resolve itself into a com-
mittee on ‘¢ the Irish’ militia aug-
mentation bill,”

Colonel Crawford delivered his
sentiments at considerable length on
the whole of the measure, of which
he considered the present bill to be
buta part. Although he entertain-
ed great doubts about the policy of
accepting the offer of the Irish mi-
litia, yethe felt no hesitation in giv-
ing his decided negative to the pre-
sent bill. He disapproved generally
of increasing the local force of -ei-
ther country ; but, from particular
ercumstances, he hada still strong.
er objection to a large Irish militia
aéting in Ireland. Indeed, such
‘was his opinion of the militia forces
in general, that he was sorry they
made a part of the embodied force of
the country; and although the
{rish militia had evinced equal loy-
alty andspirit in the year 1798, yet
he could never approve of many
regiments being kept.up in Ireland,
that were composed exclusively of
Trishmen, for the most obvious rea-
sons. .It was inconsistent with

prudence, common sense, or huma-
nity, wantonly and unnecessarily to
expose Irish regiments to the dread-
ful trial, of being obliged ta, fight
against their nearest relations, when
the feelings of nature might come
in competition with the duties of a
soldier... We saw no reason for
not raising fencible regiments, in-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

stead of militia, which would be as
easily done, if the same provision
were made for their families, as is.
made for those of the militia. He then’
made several observations on the
statements, that had been made by
Mr. secretary Yorke, of thesituation
of the army; and concluded,. by
expressing a wish that the actual re.
turns of the state of the army
should be laid before the house, in
order to give them some real, offi-
cial information on the state of the
defence of the country.

Mr. secretary Yorke spoke in
high'terms of the formidable situa-
tion of our defensive preparations.
When he saw 20,000 cavalry, of the
same description as that of which a
handful in India had destroyed the
army of Scindiah; when he saw
700 pieces of artillery, manned by
7,000 well-trained Britons ; and
when he considered the zeal and spi-
rit with which the country prest
forward, in the formation of vo-
lunteer corps, he felt none of that
alarm which appeared to have taken
possession of the honourable colo-
nel.

Sir John Wrottesley opposed the
bill, on the same principles as colo-
nel Crawford had done. He did
not think the nation bad much rea-
son to be proud of those Indian vic-
tories which had been spoken of by
the honourable secretary (Mr.
Yorke), nor that our triumphs in
that part of the world contributed
any thing tothe security of the em-
pire. He found fault with the de.
fensive system of warfare which mi.
nisters had adopted, and thought it
was absolutely necessary to recur to
some active operations, in order to
give activity to the native gallantry
of our troops and seamen. Upon the
whole, he cansidered, that the nation,

: had

SRSA te SPOS

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

had been driven out of the peace,

“which ministers had made, and did

not know how to keep; intoa war,
they did not know how to conduct.
Sir J. Newport opposed the pre-
sent bill, although he had approved
of the accepting the offer of the Irish
militia: he had heped that the for-
mer might have produced an inter-
change of militia between the two
countries, which would give some
practical advantage from the union
between the two countries; his
hopes, however, were much dimi-
nished, from resolutions which he

' saw in the papers, signed by many

officers holdilg commissions in the
English militia.*

General Maitland defended, at
considerable length, the measures
taken by ministers for the general
defence of the empire.

Mr. Fox denied, that the resolu-
tions entered into at the Thatched
House Tavern, by several militia co-
lonels, &c. were at all founded on
views of personal jnconvenience ; but
merely on the conviction, that such
an interchange of militia was contra-
ry to the constitution of the militia
system, and to the spirit, as well as
the express letter of the a¢t of union.
As to the aét of union itself, he ne-

ver had been a friend to it, and he

did not know any benefit that Ire-
land had yet derived therefrom, un-
less it could be considered a benefit,

F

7!

to get rid of its legislature ; which
indeed, from some of the a¢ts which
it had passed, might, perhaps, he
considered as such. All that he
should, however, say at present, of
the union, was, that it had not met
with a fair trial, as it had not been
followed up by any measures for
improving the situation of Ireland.
He had always found that the union
could not be attended with any ad-
vantage, as he did not think it pos-
ble that Ireland should be ever fairly
represented in that house. While
there remained a lord chancellor in
Ireland, who told the people of that
country, that it was impossible for
them to be good or loyal subjects,
as long as they remained faithful to
the religion of their ancestors; so
long should he consider it impossi-
ble, that Ireland could be governed
in any other way than it was at pre
sent; namely, by force; by the
suspension of the habeas corpus ;
and by martial law. He would not
allow (as had been contended by
ministers) that more had been done
in the present year than in the first
year of other wars; and yet we
must recollect, that other wars,
such as the American and Dutch
wars, which began with equal suc-
cess, were concluded by a bad
peace. AS to the suspension of
<¢ the army of reserve act,” which
had been mentioned, all he should
4 say

- * On the tenth day of April, pending the discussion of the “Tvish militia

offer,” and “the Irish militia augmeatation” bills, in parliament, a meeting-~was
held at the Thatched House Tavern, composed of lords-licutenants of counties,
and members of parliament, holding commissions in: the militia of Great Britain,
who agreed to, and published, strong resolutions, hostile to the principle of both
these bills. Their resolutions conclude with the following passage :—“ That, even
“ ifit were wise and expedient to decide, at this moment, the question of reci-
“ procal service between the militias of Great Britain and Ireland, the magnitude
“ and importance of the question demanded a Separate’ and distnct consideration,
“and ought not to be introduced into discussion, collaterally and indirectly.”
’ 4

72

say, was, that when ministers came
forward to repeal their own acts,
he had no doubt but the repeal was
necessary. As to the ditliculties of
our present sjtuation, he thought
they naturally followed from minis-
ters choosing to go to war upon a
ground, that made it impossible for
us to have an ally on the continent.
Ministers appeared to be very sore
whenever they were accused of
want of energy. Heallowed, that
they had plenty of energies in do-
ing mischief, and he might apply to
them what the king of Brobdingnag,
said to Grildrig, ‘* If your power
of doing mischief was but equal to
your inclination, you would be the
most mischievous little animals that
erawl upon the face of the earth.”
The Chancellor of the Exchequer
(Mr. Addington) replied, that it
was not his wish to weaken the de-
fence of Ireland, but his object was,
to liberate a considerable portion of
the disposable force of the country,
which could then be applied as the
exigencies of the country might re-
quire. The increase of the dispos-
able force was the very measure
which gentlemen on the opposition
benches so strongly recommended,
and yet they objeéted to every plan
that was proposed for that purpose.
After taking a general view of the

defensive force of the united king-_

dom; he concluded, by expressing
his warm approbation of the bill
then before the house. ;

Mr. Francis strongly opposed
the bill, as did Dr. Lawrence and
colonel Vereker: it was as stre-
nuously supported by serjeant Best,
colonel Hutchinson, and Mr. Alex.
ander, when a division took place,
the bill was committed by a majori-
ty of 57, the noes being 37.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

On the 13th of April, Mr. secre.
tary Yorke moved the third reading
of the ‘ Irish militia offer’? bill,
when a short debate took place,
during which Mr. Fox took occa-
sion td observe, that local attach.
ments ought not to’ supersede gene-
ral principles, yet, on the other
hand, general principles should not
destroy local attachments. ‘The
feelings of mankind were regulated
more by habits, than by aéts of par.
liament, and it would be vain to ex-
pect that Lrishmen should not feel
a peculiar attachment to that part
of the united kingdom. He sug-
gested a clause, to prevent the ca-
tholic soldiers, who should come in-
to this country, in consequence of
this bill, from being compelled to
attend at protestant places of wor-
ship :—which was rejeéted, and the
third reading was carried by a ma-
jority of 58.

On the sixteenth, a discussion
arose on the question for the third
reading of the biil, for augmenting
the Irish militia.

Mr. Pitt strongly objected to it,
as it appeared to him, that ministers
had forgotten, that, in every force
to be raised, it should not only be
considered, how it would add to the
defence of the country, but also
how far it would contribute to the
increase of an efficient and dispos-
able force. He, therefore, much
preferred the army of reserve to the
inilitia; and considered that minis-
ters had too hastily abandoned that
system, and on no other ground,
than, that it did not {ill quite as
fast as they calculated.

Lord Castlereagh said, the rea-
son that an augmentation of the
militia was proposed in Ireland, was,
that it was found much easier in

that

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

that country to get recruits for the
militia, than for any other descrip-
tion of force.
Mr. Windham said, that he ne-
ver went so far as to wish govern-
ment to disband the militia, but, at

the same time, he must object to its’

’ further atgmentation. Govern.
ment had already got together
_ 400,000 volunteers ; 70,000 wili-
_ tia ; and 36,000 of army of reserve ;
and yet, notwithstanding this im-
-meuse number, raised only for li-
mmited service, they seemed to wish
Still farther to increase the force
that was not disposable. He did
not approve of such a circuitous
way of recruiting the army.

After several other members had
_brietly given their opinions on the
merits of the question, the house
_ divided, and the bill was carried by
_ a majority of barely 21; there be-

_ ing 128 for, and 107 agaiust it.
Upon this question, Mr. Pitt, and
_ most of his personal friends, voted
with the opposition, and the very
_ small majority in favour of minis-

_ ters, inclined the public to suppose
_ that Mr. Addington’s administra-
tion was drawing fast to a close.

On the next day, in the house of
_ lords, there was a majority against
‘ministers, upon amotion of the earl of
_ Carlisle’s, for papers respecting the
_ date of the instructions sent out to
_ admiral Rainier, commanding in
_ chief in the East Indies. It was
generally supposed that he did not
_ receive his orders until 17 days
after the war was known in India
__ by private letters; and until admi-
yal Linois had escaped. Lords
_ Hawkesbury and Hobart insisted
_ that he had reccived timely notice
_ of the rupture, and opposed the
_ motion, on the ground that public
_ Fumour was not a sufficient parlia-

ff SERRE SATE ES

73

mentary reason to alledge for the
production of papers. ‘The house
divided upon lord Carlisle’s motion,
which was carried by a majority of
31 to 30. A discussion then took
place on the second reading of the
[rish militia offer bill, when the
contents were 77, and the non-con-
tents 49, leaving a majority in fa~
vour of ministers of 28.

On the 23rd of April, Mr. Fox,
pursuant to notice, made his pro-
mised motion with respect to the
defence of the country.

He began by observing, that the
extraordinary zeal with which all
ranks were animated in support of
the war, was no sign that they ap-
proved either the principles upon
which it was undertaken, or the
manner in which it was conduéted.
fie, himself, had felt as much zeal
as any person for the defence of the
country, but, he never did approve
the mode of commencing the war,
or. of carrying it on. Ever since
hostilities were declared, they had
been followed up by an incessant
cry of immediate invasion, and
therefore it was no wonder, that the
people should shew a very ardent
zeal in the defence of their country,
their liberties, and their lives. But,
if it were attempted to be inferred
from this, that they approved the
conduct of ministers, the inference
would be, that whatever adminis-
tration brought the country into the
greatest danger, it would always
excite the strongest marks of this
kind of zeal, which they would,
doubtless, construe into approba-
tion of their measures. Ministers
sometimes charged those with whom
he acted, as feeling a panic of inva-
sion. As he understood the word

panic, it applied to those who would

fly from the danger, not those who
only

74

only considered about the best way
of ‘repelling it. That considerable
danger did exist, appeared not only
from the papers on the table, but
from the preparations ministers had
already made. He might say, with
the man in ‘ the Critic,”

«“ —___Oh pardon me, if the conjecture’s
rash,
“ But I surmise—the state

“ Some danger apprehends 44

He neither approved of the opinion
of those who wished to be invaded,
nor of those, who considered the
plan of invasion as given up, be-
cause it was not as yet carried into
execution. If the enemy had well
calculated the difficulties of the en-
terprize, it was of ‘no consequence
whether it were carried into execu-
tion the third, fourth, or fifth year
of the war, but the longer it was de-
layed, the more formidable it would
appear. It, therefore, was necessa-
ry to adopt a system of defence,
which would be adequate to repel
invasion, at whatever period it
might take place. His ideas of
the best military: defence of the
country depended principally on
the regular army, and on what
might be obtained from an armed
peasantry. Upon the aétual state’
of the regular army, the house had
no sufficient documents. It was
absurd to say, that it had not been
injured by the competition of high-
er bounties given to persons for
recruiting for a limited service. It
was almost inconceiveable with what
obstinacy government persevered in
the plan of raising soldiers for life,
when other powers that were pure-
ly military, recruited only for a
term of years, It wasstrange, that
it should be only in that country

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

that boasted of its superior liberty,
that the soldier was a slave for life,
and that, at a time of life, when a
boy is nibt permitted to dispose of
his person in marriage, or his pro-
‘perty by contra¢ét, he could be al.
lowed to dispose of his personal li-
berty Ay ever, by entering into the
army! He considered an armed
peasantry as the’ best permanent
means of security to the country,
and he feared that even the enor.
mous expence attending the volun-
teer system, would, in a »short
time, diminish its numbers. He
thought the preamble of the general
defence aét, asserted a prerogative
in the crown, which it would be
monstrous to suppose it really did
possess; and yet it was in conse.”
quence of this asserted prerogative,
that many had been terrified into
becoming volunteers. When he
proposed an armed peasantry, it
was not in substitution for the vo.
lunteer system, but as an additionat
force. He concluded by moving,
** that it should be referred to a
committee of the whele house, to
revise the acts past for the defence
of the. country, and to consider
what further measures were neces-
sary.”

The Chancellor of the Exche~
qner resisted the motion. Tle said,
that ministers had been sanctioned
in declaring war by the almost una-
nimous vote of that house. ‘There
was no precedent for the house of
commons resolving itself into a mi-
litary committee, as had been pro-
posed by the honourable gentle-
man, and it would be a step ex-’
tremely dangerous. He denied,
that ministers had ever pledged
themselves for the duration of the
peace of Amiens. It was because

they, thought the ambition of France

might

55s).
ae ee

¥

a

ined

«

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 75

might make it necessary to renew
the war, that they had kept up so
large a peace establishthent. He
then entered at considerable length
into the defence of ministers, from
the general charge of incapacity or
neglect: They had raised, for the

defence of the country, the most
_ considerable force that ever was

collected in so short a term: and

he felt confident, that in opposing

the motion, he should be supported

_ by a large majority of the house.

Mr. Pitt, by no means conceived
the motion as calculated to unite all
those, who differed in minute points
from the government, in its general
defence: but, on the contrary as
one, that would completely unite
those, who thaught the defence
which ministers had prepared, as
inadequate: and who thought it
necessary to take a serious and ra-

_dical review of the situation of the
country; and who supposed, that af-

ter twelve months had been allowed

to ministers to prepare every thing
‘whieh occurred to them,

and to
profit by the suggestions of others ;
that they had still brought forward
nothing, that could induce any
reasonable man to believe, that by
their measures, or under their admi-

-nistration, the country would even

have a fair chance of. obtaining
that weight in the scale of nations,
which it was entitled to hold. He
thought, that, if ministers were
permitted to go on longer in their
own course, there was no hope of
safety remaining for the country.
It appeared to him, that ministers
had fairly confest, that they had
no hope left of heing able. to sug-
gest any measure for the increase of
the regular army, and yet it was

allowed, on al] hands, that this was,

the measure, which of all others

would be of the most importance.
The honourable mover, had not
proposed an armed peasantry, as a
thing to be substituted for the vo-—
lunteer force 5 3 but, as a force to
be added to ‘tham : and where it
was considered that ministers had,
for six months past, spoke of an
invasion, as a thing that might hap-
pen, within the next twenty-four
hours, and when it was also consi-
dered, that the enemy had already
overcome, that preliminary difficul-
ty, which we had supposed insur-
mountable, by collecting in one
port a sufficient number of vessels,
to carry over their army, it was
certainly time to consider, most ses
riously, what preparation this coun-
try had made for its defence. He
thought the right honourable gen-
tleman (Mr. Addington) had even
forgotten the usages of the house,
when he represented it as an extra~
ordinary motion, that it should, be
referred to a committee of the whole
house, to consider a subject in
which the religion, the laws, the fi-
nances, the commerce, and every
question, that was dear-and valuable
to the country, was so much con-
cerned. Ministers could hardly
claim the merit of originating any
one of the measures which had hi-
therto been taken for the defence of
the country. ‘They had rather re-
tarded and enfeebled the volunteer
system, than contributed any thing
to its force and efficiency. When
ministers gave such a pompous de.
tail of the force of the country, they.
should have recollected that it pro-
ceeded from the resources and
spirit of the nation, and not from
their energy or wisdom: and he,
and other members of the house,
who had done as much as they
could to raise that energy and
spirit,

76

spirit, had full as good a right
as the ministers to hear the state.
ment with exultation. Ministers
had no right to boast much of what
others had suggested, or of what
public zeal had effected. Enough
had not been done for the defence
of the country, unless such prepara-
tions had been made as would en-
tirely defeat the invader, and in
such a manner as would for ever
deter him from renewing the at-
tempt. He thought ministers were
much to biame, in having prepared
so small a peace establishment, nd
in having made no preparations for
the renewal of a war, when, as

they have since published in a mani. _

festo, they had every reason to sup-
pose the renewal of war unavoid-
able, They should have availed
themseives of the period of peace to
ballot for the militia, and to make
such other preparations as would
have enabled them to .recommence
the war with effect. Mr. Pitt con-
cluded by pressing very strongly
the different measures he had often
proposed for the improvement of
the volunteers, and the increase of
the regular army. He thought mi-
nisters had been much to blame in
uot adopting his suggestions, and
that he had, therefore, abundant
right to complain of their conduct.
He should, upon these grounds,
support the motion for a committee.

Mr. secretary Yorke, opposed
the motion, as one which was by
no means called for by the present
circumstances. No misfortunes had
happened to the country, nor had
any advantage been gained by the
enemy, in consequence of the ima-
dequacy Of our preparations. As
to the volunteers; he would insist
that their progress in discipline had
been the astonishment of all Europe,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

as well as of this country, which
had never before known the strength
of which it was possessed. . As to
an armed peasantry, which had
been suggested, although it might
be useful in some other countries,
he thought it by uo means appli.
cable to this country, when the
majority of the peasants did not.
know the butt end of a gun from
the muzzle! He concluded by en-
tering into a general defence of the
system adopted by ministers.

The Attorney General, said,
that, it was evident that if the mo-
tion should be carried upon the
principles advanced by Mr. Pitt,
ministers must resign their situa-
tions ; although no direct charge
had been made against them.—
Gentlemen had been brought to
the house this night from the most
distant parts of the country, with
singular industry, and management.
There was at present a most extra-
ordinary coalition against ministers.
An honourable gentleman (Mr.
Fox) had approved of the peace of.
Amiens, as the best which, under
the then existing circumstances, the
country had a right to expect.—
Another honourable gentleman (Mr.
Windham) perpetually abused that
peace. How these two gentlemen
would reconcile their opposite opi-
nions at a council board, was be-
yond his comprehension. He
thought it would be most rash and
imprudent to address his majesty
for the removal of the present mi-
nisters, without considering who
were likely to be their successors.
One (Mr. Fox) would probably
propose immediately a peace with
France, through the mediation of
Russia: but, could it be agreed
to by his right honourable ally?
(Mr. Windham). Was it possible

: that

_ the same council

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

that Mr. Fox, who had so often
and so seriously arraigned Mr.
Pitt’s government, as unconstitu-
tional and tyrannical, should now
cordially acquiesce with that gen-
tleman, in formiug a new adminis-
tration? Tlow could they meet at
table, without
practising a degree of dissimulation
which would be degrading to each
of them? He conjured Mr. Wind-
ham, by the memory of his departed
friend (Mr. Burke), and by the
memory of his departed self, to
pause a moment before he would
sign and seal his own inconsistency,
by joining the advocates of French
principles. He considered the a-
doption of the motion would im-

_ mediately introduce a worse mi-

nistry, than that which now ex-

_ isted.

_ investigation,

Mr. Windham, gave the last

- speaker credit for singing the fu-
_ neral dirge of the administration, in

melodious strains ;

“Tie sang, Darius great and good

“ By too severe a fate

“Fall’n, fall’n, fall’n, from his high
estate.”

In another part of his speech he
appeared not to consider the cause
of ministers, as absolutely hopeless.
It appeared to him that nothing
could be fairer, than to move for an
before any direct
charge was made against ministers.
As the right honourable and learn-
ed gentleman’ had been so much
shocked at persons uniting in sen-
timent, who had differed on other

_ topics, he thought he would do

well to look at a gentleman, who
sat near him (Mr, Tierney), who
had been the friend and companion
ef the admirers of French princi-

77

ples, who had been the champion
of reform, and of ail those measures
which were so obnoxious to the
right honourable and learned gen-
tleman.

Mr. Tierney denicd, that he had
been guilty of inconsistency. As to
the question of parliementary re-
form, it was yet to be seen whether
he had or had not changed his sen-
timents. He had opposed the late
administration, and one very prit-
cipal reason of this opposition was,
that the right honourable gentleman
(Mr. Windham) made a part of it.
He believed the country was full as
well defended, as if that right ho.
nourable gentleman were still secre-
tary at war, and, he really believed
there was no circumstance that would
give the country so much alarm, as
his re-appointment. He believed,
that the feelings of the people were
generally with the present minis-
ters.

Mr. Fox, in his reply, observed,
that he never heard any motion op-
posed with so little ability, or an
opposition in which personalities
and ribaldry were so much substi-
tuted for arguments. Whenever
those who opposed him felt them.
selves worsted in the argument, they
immediately recurred to his sup-
posed attachment to French princi-
ples, or to the coalition administra-
tion. The learned gentleman (the
attorney general) had deciaimed fu-
riously against coalition, and union
of parties; but, for his part, when
the duke of Portland, lord Fitawil-
liam, and many other valuable
friends of his, had joined the late
administration, however sensibly he*
was affected by the loss, he never
imputed it to any principle, but an
honourable difference of opinion.—
The learned gentleman; however,

only

78

only found fault with those coali-
tions which went to disturb an ad-
ministration, of which he himself
formed a part. /When he was soli-
beral of his advice to Mr. Pitt and
Mr. Windham, he should have con-
sidered what his advice was worth,
before he was. so lavish of it. As
for himself, there was no sort of
coalition between him and Mr. Pitt.
Nothing had past between them
which might not be published at
Charing-cross. They both of them
agreed in thinking the present mi-
nisters incompetent to discharge the
duties of their situation, with honour
either to themselves or to the coun-
try, they therefore agreed in wishing
them turned out: but as to the
question, of who should be their
successors, that remained altogether
the prerogative of the crown to de-
termine. The house then divided on
Mr. Fox’s motion.
For the motion 204
Against it 256

Majority 52

The next day, in the house of
lords, the ‘‘ Irish militia offer”
bill was past by a majority of 91 to
49, and the “ Irish militia augmen-
tation” bill by 94 te 62.

On the 25th of April, Mr. secre-
tary Yorke moved, that the speaker
should leave the chair, in order, that
the house should go into a commit-
tee, on the army of reserve suspen-
sion bill.

Mr. Pitt opposed the motion : he
considered the suspending the ope-
ration of the army of reserve bill a
most unwise measure, especially at
a time when government proposed
to make a considerable augmenta-
tion'to the Irish militia. He thought
the army of reserve, had already
doue considerable good in increasing

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

the regular army : and he was con
vinced, that much more good might
be derived from it. It was the best
nursery for recruiting the army, and
it was perfectly well known, that
many persons who could never
be tempted to enter into the regular
army at once, could be tempted to
enter into a body for limited ser-
vice, and, after a short time, they
contracted military habits, and were
willing to extend their services.—
Mr, Pitt then stated, at very. consi-
derable length, the outlines of a plan’
for diminishing the militia, and ins

creasing the army of reserve,insuch

a manner as he thought must cons
duce much to the augmentation of
our regular and disposeable force.
Mr. secretary Yorke said, that
all the measures which ministers had
taken, had for their objects, Ist, to
Secure the internal defence and se-
curity of the kingdom, and 2dly, to
augment the disposable force, so as
to be able to attack the enemy in
their own possessions. ‘The first ob-
ject had been obtained, the second,
was what now remained to be con-
sidered. As to the plan which was
proposed by Mr. Pitt, it was only
to be considered as among the per-
manent means of recruiting the
army, whereas the objeét of the
present bill, as connected with the
other measures proposed by govern-
ment, was to add immediately 13000
or 14000 men to our regular force.
Mr. Whitbread, thought the in- .
consistency of ministers, in coming’
forward now to suspend the opera-
tion of their own bill, was a proof
of their incapacity. He approved
of the plan suggested by Mr. Pitt,
in preference even to the army of
reserve act of the ministers, but he
was decidedly of opinion, that that
plan ought to be discussed prior #3
the

the suspending the operation of the
_ army of reserve.

_ The secretary at -war (Mr.
Bragge) considered the bill now
_ proposed, as merely a temporary
" measure, arising from the présent
_ circumstances, and that it would be
_ wrong to postpone it until a new
plan, so fall of details, should be
_ discussed.
‘4 Mr. Fox conceiving, that the
__ army of reserve bill had been com-
pletely abandoned by its authors,
_ and that they had now no other
_ measure to propose, thought it
would be absolutcly necessary to
_ take Mr. Pitt’s plan into conside-
_ ration, before the suspension of the
army of reserve bili was adopted,
_ Ministers themselves confest that
_ Mr. Pitt’s plan was worthy of con-
sideration. If so, they ought not
_ to strike off the army of reserve
_ which was the very foundation of it,

which they allowed to be worthy
-. of consideration. He was astonish-
_ ed that ministers could expect any
i thing from the present bill; when
_ it was found impossible to get men,
for limited service, at a very high
_ bounty; how could it be expected
_ that they would find recruits for
unlimited service at a much smaller
_ premium ?
Lord Castlereagh said, it was now
_ fully proved, that the army of re-
serve act, which had, at the begin-
hing, produced considerable advan-
tages, had now, in a great measure,
to be operative, and there-
fore it became the duty of ministers
to propose its suspension. He cer-
_ tainly so far agreed with the general
_ principle of Mr. Pitt’s plan, as to
prefer a force, constituted like the
_ army of reserve, to the militia; and
_ that he would have no objection to
bs ‘

Vase

' HISTORY OF EUROPE.

79
a diminution of the militia, and an
increase of the army of reserve, if
the thing were practicable. But
whatever he might think of the plan
in general, it was evident, that it
could not be brought into operation
in less than three or four months,
and, in the mean time, consequences,
much to be deprecated, might fol.
low from.not suspending this act.—
He had no objection to the recruit-
ing by parishes, but he always
wished To HAVE TWO STRINGS TO
HIS BOW, in case one should fail.
Mr. Windham declared, that, he
was extremely glad to find the opi-
nion, he had so often delivered, of
the propriety.of reducing the mili-
tia, at length supported by the
powerful abilities of a right honour-
able gentleman (Mr. Pitt.) He
now found, that many of his ideas, ©
which were so violently censured
when first proposed, were in a fair
way of being adopted. In some
instances, ministers seemed to wish
to accommodate themselves to the
opinions of all parties, and some-
times to take advice. But in this
business of the army of reserve, they
did not seem to know, how they
should proceed, and would neither
suffer it to live nor to die; but kept
it like a ghost zn terrorem, for the
mere purpose of extorting money.
If the army of reserve act had com-
pletely failed (as ministers had con-
fest) it was by no means because
the country was exhausted, and men
could not be had. If that were the
case, there would be no hope left”
for the recruiting the regular army.
The real reason that it had failed,
was, that the measure was so tyran-
nical, the stomach of the country
loathed it; and no officer could be

found to put it into execution. It

was like those penal laws, which,-
when

80

when too severe, fail in their effect,
because no body can be found to
put them into execution. He con-
cluded, by condemning severely
the whole system pursued by minis-
ters; and expressing a wish that the
plan proposed by Mr. Pitt should
be taken into full consideration.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
(Mr. Addington) considered, that,
Mr. Windham had been altogether
inconsistent, in opposing the sus-
pension of a bill, which he had al-
ways ridiculed as a most ineffectual
one. ‘The suspension was now pro-
posed, merely for the purpose of
augmenting the regular army. He
should not consider at any length
the very complicated plan proposed
by Mr. Pitt; he objected, however,
to the principles of it, as leading to
a large permanent military esta-
blishment. He was not able to see
any thing in that plan, which could
induce him to postpone the present
measure.

Mr. Canning observed, that, the
chancellor of the exchequer was at
variance with the opinions of his
colleagues. They had all said, that
Mr. Pitt’s plan was worthy of seri-
ous consideration ; but the chancel-
lor of the exchequer appeared to
consider, that it was absolutely
good for nothing, and endeavoured
to throw every kind of obloquy on
it, as unconstitutional and oppres-
Sive. His colleagues in office, at the
same time that they allowed the
plan contained a great many things
they approved of, yet wished to
take away the very foundation upon
which it was to be built. He eon-
cluded, by alluding, with some
pleasantry, to the expression of lord
Castlereagh, who, he was perfectly
convinced, did like to HAVE TWo
STRINGS TO HIS BOW.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Lord de Blaquiere opposed the
motion, and Mr, Pitt said a few
words in explanation, when the
question being loudly called for, the —
house divided.

For the motion 240
Against it 203

Majority for ministers 37 .

This. was the last victory, if it de~
serve the name, of Mr. Addington’s
administration, in the house of com-
mons. Feeling that they could not

combat, with any chance of success, J

such a great and increasing opposi-
tion, they wisely resolved on_resig-
nation. {[t was then understood, on
all sides of the house, that such
being the intention of ministers, on
that account, no questions should be
discussed, which were likely to pro-
duce any great difference of opinion.
In the mean time the marquis of
Stafiord gave notice of a motion, si-
milar to that which Mr, Fox had
made in the house of commons ;
and it was the general belief, that,
upon that question, ministers would
be left in a minority, in the upper

-house of parliament, if they ven-

tured to meet it fairly.

On the 30th of April, the order
of the day having been read in the
house of lords, for the motion of
the marquis of Stafford,

Lord Hawkesbury rose, in consi-
derable agitation, and entreated the
noble marquis to postpone his mo-
tion. Tle was ready to pledge his
personal character, both as a minis- .
ter and a lord of parliament, that
the reasons which induced him to
make this application, were of such
a nature, as if known to the noble
marquis, would gain his ready ac-
quiescence : they were, however, of
that delicate nature, that he could

not,

}
|
|

_ quainted with them.

HISTORY

not, consistently with his duty, then
mention them,

_ The marquis of Stafford agreed,
under these circumstances, to post-
pone his motion.

Lord Grenville thought, that a
more distinct communication should

_ be made, of the reasons which his
lordship had hinted at. If they re-
spected the administration of the
country, he thought the house of
lords ought to have been made ac-

Nevertheless,
he should feel ready to acquiesce in
the delay proposed, but, under the
present circumstances, he thought
the house should adjourn to the day

' to be appointed for the motion of
the noble marquis. *

Lord Hawkesbury again repeat-
ed, that the reasons to which he al-
luded, were not light or trivial, but

_of great importance. He had said
all that he could, consistent with his
duty, to prevail upon the marquis
to postpone his motion. If he had
been unsuccessful, he was sorry for
it, and ready to meet the discussion.
He thought it would be very wrong
to stop the wliiole business of the
nation, by an unnecessary adjourn-
ment.’

The earl of Carlisle could not
see any reason, which should induce
the house to postpone the motion,
except the certainty of ministers be-
ing about to resign their situations.
This, indeed, would be an event
which must give the fullest satisfac-
tion to the house.

The marquis of Abercorn thought
the question already determined.
The marquis of Statford had agreed
to postpone his motion, aud he had
certainly a right to do so, without
asking the leave of the noble baron,

(Lord Grenville,) who had since ob- °

jected to it, with that degree of in-

‘flexibility, to which he was so prone.
Vor. XLVI.

OF EUROPE.

81

Lord Melville thought, that, at
least, it would be proper, that no
subject connected with the defence
of the country, should be brought
before the house, in the interval, be-
fore the motion of the noble mar-
quis should come forward.

Lord Grenville said, he should be
content, if this motion was to re-
tain the priority it now had, over
any other question connected with
the defence of the country.

Lord Hawkesbury replied, that
he should enter into no such en-
gagement. If noble lords wished
now to bring on the discussion, he
was ready to meet it: but he must
say, that he believed it was the first
time that ever a request, made in
the seyious manner, and accompanied
by the solemn declaration he had
given, was ever treated in such a
manner, in either house of parlia-
ment. It appeared'to be a faction:
pressing forward a motion, which

-was not necessary to be hurried in

that manner. ;

Lord Mulgrave and earl Spencer
condemned, severely, the applica-
tion of the term ‘‘ FActTIoN”’ to such
a number of most respectable neble-
men. They, however, felt content
to take the language of lord Hawkes.
bury as an implied pledge, that no-
thing likely to produce much disa-
greement of opinion should be
brought on in the mean time.

The motion was then postponed.

On the same day, in the house of
commons, Mr, Addington, as chan-
cellor of the exchequer, opened the
budget for the year. Ile began by
expatiating on the advantages which
had already been found to result
from the system of raising within the
year, the greater part of the money
wanted for its service, so as to pre~
vent an increase of the national
debt ; and then entered into a very

i detailed

82

detailed statement, to shew, that the
war taxes, which he had only calcu-
Jated, last year, at nine millions,
would probably produce, in future,
no less than twelve millions and a
half ; and they had already exceed-
ed the amount at which he had calcu-
lated them. He then stated, that
the permanent taxes had been as

roductive as in former years.—
The supplies necessary for the
year, amounted, in the whole, to
#. 36,283,348, to be defrayed by
Great Britain alone. Among the
ways and means, he proposed to add
a million to the war taxes, by again
increasing the duty on wine, from
#.12 to £.20 per ton, and by lay-
ing a duty of 124 on ‘all imports,
except tea, wine, “and cotton wool.
The produce of the censolidated

fund, he should reckon at five mil-,

lions, instead of six and a half, at
which he had hefore calculated it,
in addition to which he should pro-
pose a loan of ten millions, and a
vote of credit of two millions and a
half. Theinterest of the Ioan, and
the one per cent. for its extinction,
would amount, with the charges of
management, to £.736,190. To
meet this, he should propose an al-
teration in the stamp duties, which
would givean addition of £. 800,000
annually. After dwelling for some
time on the advantages of the system
of finanée which he had introduced,

of raising within the year a great
part of the war expences, he con-
cluded by proposing his resolutions,
which were agreed to in the com-
mittee.

Mr. Fox wished to’ know whe-
ther ministers would wish him to
postpone the motion, of which he
had given notice, for the same rea-
sons for which an important motion
in the house of lords was postponed.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

Mr. Addington wished it should
be postpened, and, in the mean

‘time, his majesty’s ministers did not

intend to bring forward any mea~-
sures likely to provoke considerable
difference of opinion.

On the 3rd of May, in the house
of lords, the marguis of Stafford
asked lord Hawkesbury, whether
the same reasons still subsisted for
postponing his motion to a later
day.

Lord Hawkesbury replied in the
affirmative,

Lord Grenvilie was ready to
agree to a postponement of the mo-
tion for a few days; but, unless
some information was given to the
house before that time, he could not
agree that the motion should be any
longer delayed.

On the same day, , uponthe motion
of Jord Hobart, the thanks of the
house was unanimously” yoted to the
marquis Wellesley, and the civil
and military officers in India, as
well as to the army, for the splendid
victories recently obtained, in ‘that
quarter of the world. Besides the
marquis Wellesley, lord Clive, go-
vernor of Fort St. George, Jona-
than Duncan, esq, governor of Bom-
bay, and generals "Lake; St. John,
aad Wellesley, were me -atioried in
the vote of thanks.

On the same day, lord Castle-

reagh proposed a similar vote in the
house of commons. He observed,
that the motion was carefully drawn
up, so as only to relate to the mili-
tary transactions in India, without
taking any notice of the politicat
administration of the noble marquis,
or the causes of the war. As to the”
victories which had been obtained,
nothing could be more splendid, or
more important. The army, and
the territory of Scindiah were eom-
pletely

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

pletely conquered, in the course of

three months, and such had been
the exertions used, in the war with

- Scindiah, in which we brought into

the field no less than 55,000 men.
Besides the importance of the con-
quests which those victories in India
had gained us, they were peculiarly
important, as adding to our glory
as a military nation. He believed
many of the exploits performed by
our troops in India, had been full
as brilliant as any thing done on the
continent last war, and our Indian
victories added to the renown our
armics had gained in Kgypt. With
such troops, he thought nothing
was to be feared from an invasion,

__ by the enemy tbat now threatens

us.

Mr. Francis thought the motion
ought to be postponed, as it would
be difficult, indeed, to go fairly into
the consideration of the policy and
justice of the war, after having first
given the governor-general the un-
reserved thanks of the house, both
for its plan and execution. Instead
of speaking with exultation of our
territories being extended, in con-
sequence of the war, it was a prima
Jucie ground te suppose the noble
marquis had violated that law, which
expressly forbids entering into wars
for the sake of extension of territo-
ry. He thought the great danger
that general Wellesley’s army was
exposed to, was no proof of the
prudence or precaution of the go-
vernor-general.

Mr. Addington said, it was pure-
ly an accidental circumstance, that
exposed general Wellesley to such
a superiority of numbers; for co-
lonel Stevenson’s reinforcement,
amounting to 10,000 men, we

only half a day’s march behind; if

they had previously effected their

4

83

junétion, there could have been no
reasonable doubt of the issue of the
aétion. .

Mr. Fox ‘objefted to it as a new
and unusual thing to return thanks
to any but the military persans ac-
tually engaged in those services :
upon such a principle, the lords of
the admiralty might expeét to be
thanked, in this country, for every
naval victory which might occur:
besides, as the marquis had onty the
title of captain-general, and had
neither the advantages of military
education or experience, it would
appear to be laughing at him, to re.
turn him thanks for military plans,
when it was perfeétly known that
he had not, military knowledge
enough to undertake, or be entrust-
ed, with the command of an army.
Ile, therefore, moved the previous

question on~ the resolution for
thanking his lordship.
Mr. Wallace stated several in-

stances, where the governors of the
different establishments had been
thanked for their share in military
successes, in that part of the world.
Mr. Johnstone said, it would be,
at least, time enough to wait till -
the campaign was over, before
any thanks were returned for the
victories in its commencement. Such
had been the practice in the case of
the duke of Marlborough ; and the
recent instances of the house voting
thanks to the commanders for the
success at Copenhagen; and the

‘first movements of the army in the

expedition to Holland, shewed,
that thé house might be too preci-
pitate and hasty in such measures.
Mr. Wilberforce wished, that the
question of thanking lord Wellesley
should be postponed, until the
whole of his conduét had been ex-
amined by parliament, in ortler
G 2 tha!

84

that he might be able to give it his
cordial and entire support.

Mr. Grey supported the previous
question. He could not bring him-
self{toreturn thanks even toour own
army, until it was first ascertained
that their bravery and alacrity had
been exerted in a just war.

Sir Theophilus Metcalfe defend-
ed the war in India, as a just and
necessary one, and pointed out
those parts of it in which our suc-
cess appeared owing, principally to
the excellent arrangement and com-
bination of the plan of the noble
marguis. In the course of his
speech, he was called to order for
entering, fully, into the grounds of
the war, when it was universally
understood, that they should not be
gone into on the present occasion.

The previous question was then
put and negatived without a divi-
sion, and the original resolutions
were carried.

On the 9th of May, Mr. Fox
moved for an account of the trans.
ports employed by government, for
the purpose of bringing the Hano-
verian army over to this country.
If it should appear, that ministers
had made no preparations, cither
to save Hanover, or bring away
the army, it would certainly be a
very Strong imputation on their con-
duct. ;

Mr. Addington did not resist the
motion. He considered, that the
treaties of Luneville and Ratisbon
ought to have been expected to be
suflicient security to the north of
Germany. As for not bringing
away the troops, it would be found
that their exertions, for that pur-
pose, had been defeated by circum-
stances, which could not have been
foreseen.

On the 11th of May, the mar.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

quis of Stafford rose, in the house
of lords, and said, that as he had
been informed, that a new admini-
stration had been appointed, which,
though not formed on the broad
and extensive basis that he could
have wished, yet as it included
a right honourable gentleman (Mr.
Pitt) who had turned his great mind
to the consideration of the best
means of national defence, he
should withdraw the motion, of
which he had formerly given nofice.

On the 12th, it was publicly an-
nounced, that Mr. Addington had
resigned the office of chancellor
of the exchequer, and that Mr.
Pitt had been appointed to succeed
him.

On the 18th of May, Mr. Pitt
took his seat in the house of com.
mons, upon being re-elected for the
university of Cambridge.

The first business, of any impor-
tance, which took place after the
appointment of the new administra-
tion, was, the passing of the volun-
teer consolidation bill, about which
parliament had been occupied the
greater part of the session, The
principal discussions were upon

some amendments made in the lords, -

which the house of commons consi-
dered as trenching on their privi-
leges.

It seemed to be the generally
prevailing opinion of parliament,
that, although no great advantages
were to be expeéted from the bill ;
yet, 2s it contained much unexcep-
tionable matter, particularly the
provision for calling out the volun-
teers upon permanent duty, it was
deemed better, upon the whole, to
pass it as it was, than to re-com-
mence, at so late a period, the revi-
sion of so many disputed and com-
plicated details,

CHAP.

—a

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 85

CH AiP.. VI.

Parliamentary Proceedings continued.—Debates in the House of Commons on
the Abolition of the Slave Trade—Bill brought in by a considerable Ma-
jority.—Additional Force Bill brought in by the Minister,— Debate thereon.
—Petition against the Lord Ade socate of Scotland—presented and ordered
to lie on the Table.—Debate on the second Reading of the Slave Trade
Bill—on the second Reading of the Additional Force Bill,—and on its:
Committal—Slave Trade Bill committed.—Debates on the ’ Amendments
of the Additional Force Bill—engrossed, and read a third Time—passes
the House of Commons by a small Majority. -

R. Wilberforce, in pursuance

of a notice he had formerly
given, on the 30th of May, in the
house of commons, submitted a mo-
tion relative to the slave trade. He
began, by saying, that he was much
afraid, a considerable portion of the
information which gentlemen had
possessed upon that odious and per-
nicious traflic, had vanished from
their minds, so long was it since it
was given in evidence at their bar ;
and so short-lived are the feelings of
humanity! He would not, howe-

ver, go into a recapitulation of that

evidence, but briefly state, how the
matter at present rested, both with
respect to the steps which had been
taken by parliament towards its ex-
‘tinction, and the complicated mass
of evil to which its existence gave
rise. After a long and serious in-
vestigation, that house, in the session
of 1792, had resolved to abolish the
slave trade; from the Ist of the fol-
lowing May, and that it should to-
tally cease in four years from that
period. This resolve had not, un~
happily, been followed up, and the
trade, with a few modifications, then

enacted, continued ever since.—
Thousands, therefore, of our fellow
subjects were continuing to suffer
from this pernicious system. Mr.
Wilberforce then entered into a de-~
tail of the various modes by which
the wretched natives of Africa were
reduced to slavery. Such, he said,
were the cupidity and eagerness of
our traders, in this infamous com-
merce, that they violated the most
sacred duties of mankind, and intro.
duced violence and iajustich, by
their incitements and example, into
these unfortunate countries, which
became, from ignorance, a prey to
their avarice. Those evils, to which
he alluded, were not extended over
a small tract of country, or they
might, perhaps, be less to be regret.
ted; but they are spread over a
tract of coast of not less than be-
tween three and four thousand miles,
and to a distance of nearly seven
hundred miles into the intérior of
the country. The manner of con-
veying the slaves, thus made, had
certainly been ameliorated, by thé
intervention of parliament, but yet _
little was done to remedy the vast
G3 mass

86

mass of human calamity, still prac-

tised, and even encouraged, by Bri-

tons. When these wretched crea-

tures arrived at their place of destina-

tion, they were not only doomed to

slavery for life, but the same fate

was entailed upon their posterity for -
ever! Nor was their treatment, un-
der this severe destiny, such as was
calculated to soften the cruelty of
their fate, or, indeed, worthy the
name and condition of man. The
principal argument made use of by
the partizans of the trade, was, that
the negro was no bettcr than a spe-
cies.of brute, and all who were wile
ling to consider them as men, w ere
stigmatised as euthusiasts, and their
pleadings in favour of their fellow
creatures set down as mere cant and
jargon. Another prominent, argu-
ment used to defend this sort of deal-
ing in human flesh, was the assertion,
that the African was, by nature, in-
capable of civilization, and merely
ona level with thebrute. Such is the
assertion which Mr. Long has deli-
berately placed in his History of
Jamaica. He had said, that the
blacks had no moral sentiment, no
feelings of the beattics of nature, and
that ‘* an Ouran Outang husband
would not disgrace a negro wo-
man!’ Such were the assertions in
books that were called histories ;
but they were assertions most oppo-
site to the fact. When, indeed,
they were obliged to shelter them-
selves in thy woods, and morasses,
Trom our violence and cruelty, it
was not to be expected, that their
villages were to be built in the most
beautiful situations. At the first
discovery of America, the-Kuropeans
were unwilling to acknowledge the
Americans to be men; but the pope,
in the year 1537, issued a bull, in
which he aeknowledged the Ameri-

1

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

cans to be real men, and admitted
them to the privileges of such! Our
historians appear now to entertain °
the same doubt about the Africans.
In St. Domingo, however, they have
lately shewn, that they are not only
men, but men who are capable of
courage, discipline, and resolution,
and not to be conquered in war,
even by the most warlike Euro-
peans. It has been often known,
and is mentioned by the French
voyagers, that, when an African
prince cannot make a sufficient
number of prisoners, from his ene-
mies, to satisfy the demands of the
Kuropean merchants, he will make *
no scruple of selling his own sub-
jects. In Africa, slavery was quite
mild, in comparison of what it was
in the West-Indies. It was not ea~
SY5 in Africa, to distinguish the slave
from the brabtar; as both enjoyed
nearly the same comforts. As to the

. arguments that were attempted to be

drawn from scripture, in support of
the slave trade, he considered them
as most profane; and that it was
abominable to say, that religion
countenanced such inhumanities as
had been proved to preceed from its
practice. The theories in support
of these ernelties had been found:
fallacious; for, though it had been
formerly contended, by the body of
West-India planters, that regulating
the manner of carrying over the
slaves, would transfer the trade to
other countries, experience shewed,

that, after these regulations had been

enacted, the trade, so far from being

ruined, or transferred to other
countries, was positively increased ;
so that those who were so com-
pletely wrong, in their former cal-
culations, might equally be wrong
in the clamour, they would probably
raise, against the bill he should pro-

pose

*

HISTORY OF EUROPE:

posé. He could not, however, al-
low it to be said, that’ experience

‘justified the necessity of this cruelty,
as, in the instance which he had

mentioned, it had been fully proved,
that the cruelties practised in the
middle passage, were contrary even
to the interests of the West-India
planters, and slave importers. If it
were attempted to be said, that this
trade gave us a great number of sea~-
men, he should prove; on the con-
trary, that it was more destructive
to the Jives of our seamen, than any
other in which this country was en-

_ gaged. As to the ill-treatment of the

slaves in the West-Indies, he thought
it was sufficiently proved, by the ne-
cessity of continual importations. In
every part of the world, excepting our

_ West-Indiaislands slavesmaltiplied,

in the natural’ way, instead of dimi-
minishing their numbers. Malouet,
the French author, who was forced,

_ by order of the first consul, to write

~ much confined to labour.

in defence of slavery, was obliged
to confess, that, since the revolu-
tion, the decrease of negro popula-
tion was less, on account of the
pregnant women being allowed more
rest, and the working men not so
In Ame-

rica, instead of decrease, there was

a positive increase of the negroes,
without recurring to importation.
Since he had moved ‘this question,

in 1792, there had been no fewer

aes

*

than 300,000 Africans imported in-
to our West-Indies,

140,000 of
whom were for Jamaica alone. This
would be suflicient:to, shew the
dreadful mortality among our slaves,

“whereas,all over the rest of the world,

the human race is increasing even in

‘slavery. He said, that he had, hi-
“ therto, been snpportedii in his exer-

tions, by almost every man of dis.

87

tinguished talents, and virtue, in the
country ; and he now called upon
the Irish members, who were added
to the house since the business had
been last agitated, to display that
benevolence and generosity which
were supposed to mark the Irish
character. He concluded, by mov-
ing *¢ for a committeé,”’ to.consider
the propriety of introducing a bill
for the abolition of the slave trade,
‘¢ after a time to be limited.”

Mr. Fuller contended, that thesitu~
ation of theslaves,iu the West- Indies,
was better than that of the Jabour-
ing poor in this country; they were
better lodged and fed, and their la-
bour was lighter. He insisted, that
the tyranny of the native princes in
Africa was much more, galling than
that of the slave owners in the
West-Indies. He asserted, that the
cause of the necessity of fresh in
portations continually, was, that it
was impossible to keep up the stock
in the natural way, on account: of
the scarcity of females.

Mr. Barham supported the mo-
tion, but, at the same time, was able
to state, from his personal know-
ledge, that the negroes were in ge-
neral treated by their masters with
kindness and humanity. He did not
consider, that the argument, of the
abolition leading ,to an emancipa-
tion of the slaves now in the West-
Indies, had much weight, or belong-
ed to the present question.

Mr. W. Smith complimented the
last speaker, on the liberality of his
sentiments, and wished, that.all the

other West-India merchants had

conceived such enlarged and > en-
lightened ideas, respecting their own
interest. He condemned severely
the slave trade, both in its "principle
and in its practice, and pointed out

G4 several

88

several gross absurdities in the evi-
dence, which was laid before the
privy council, in its support.

General Tarleton vehemently op-
posed the motion, as one that would
go to deprive the country of a yalu-
able part of its commerce and re-
sources,

Mr Manning moved, that the
other orders of the day be read, as
he conceived it contrary to justice,
to admit a motion which attacked

private property, without declaring,

at the same time, that a full indem-
nity should be given for every pe-
cuniary loss that might be sustained
by its adoption.

Mr. Addington considered the
question of abolition to be rather
a question of practicability, than a
question of expediency. He consi-
dered, that it would be, at present,
entirely impracticable to carry: into
execution a bill founded on such re-
solutions as Mr. Wilberforce had
described. Hie should, therefore,
oppose the motion.

‘The chancellor of the Exchequer
(Mr. Pitt) declared, that, if the
question was for the immediate abo-
lition, it should have his support, as
he thought, the first moment for
suppressing that inhuman_ traffic
was the best. Ileshould, however,
give his support tp any measure that
went even toa gradual abolition. As
to what was said by the last speaker,
about the practicabjity ofevena gra.
dual abolition, as that honourable
gentlemen (Mr. Addington) had as-
signed_ no reason for his opinion, it
“was not necessary for him to repeat
the reasons that had been adduced,
to shew that it was practicable.

Mr. Fox was surprised, that, so
many years after it had been re-
solved, that it should be abolished,
" we were now arguing, whether it

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

were practicable to abolish it or
not! He considered, that the ho.
nour and character of the nation, as
well as the consistency of parlia-
ment, were pledged on the carrying
into effect the resolution of 1792.
The acquisition of ‘Trinidad, made
the present time the most proper for
the abolition; as, if it were allow-
ed, that the trade was in itself an
evil, which ought not to be permit-
ted to exist, it was more peculiarly
necessary to interfere, when that
evil was likely to be extended, Af-
ter the solemn resolution, for the
abolition of the slave trade, it would
appear, to all Europe, that we only
loved talking about morality, hu-
manity, and justice, if we hesitated
to carry it into effect.

After some farther conversation,
the house divided, when Mr. Wil-
berforce’s motion, for a committee,
was carried by a majority of 75,
the noes being. 49.

On the 5th of June, the chancel-
Jor of the exchequer (Mr. Pitt,)
brought forward his plan for the
military defence of the country.—
He began, by stating, that he felt
considerable pleasure, in finding

‘that the house was almost unani-

mously agreed, that it was, at pre-
sent, a matter of the first necessity,
to consider the means of providing
not only for our internal security,
but for the increasing our regular
army, and gaining such a disposable
force as would enable us to interfere
with effect, in case any favourable
opportunities should occur on the
continent of Europe. ‘The first ob-
ject of his plan was, to remoye the
difliculties which now stand in the
way of recruiting for the regular
army, by destroying the competi- -
tron which exists between those who
recruit for limited serve, and those
who

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

who recruit for general , service.
The enormous bounties which grew
‘out of this competition, were among
‘the greatest obstacles to the increase
-of the regular army. Besides the
removing those obstacles, he intend-
ed to propose, that an additional
force should be created, for the per-
“manent increase of our regular ar-
my: he also wished, that this addi-
tional force should be of such a na-
ture and quality, as would render
the troops of the line more disposa-
ble. ‘There was, at present, a defi-
ciency of 9,000 in the number ap-
pointed to be raised under the army
of reserve bill. It should be his
first object to complete that num-
ber. His next would be, to reduce
the militia to its ancient establish-
ment of 40,000 for England, and
$,000 for Scotland. The remainder,
and what is now deficient of the
number voted, he would wish to be
transferred to the additional force.
This, he conceived, wonld lay a
_ foundation for a permanent esta-
blishment, which wonld yield 12,000
recruits annually to the regular ar-
my. He did not dispute the policy
of the army of reserve, as a tempo-
rary measure, but he wished to pre-
serve the advantages of it, as a per-
_ manent means of recruiting the ar-
| my. The disadvantages of the army
_ of reserve act, at present, were, that
its penalties induced such high
bounties to be given for substitutes,
as interfered materially with the in-
crease of the regular army. He,
therefore, wished to make the bal-
lot less burdensome on individuals ;
and both to encourage and oblige
the parishes to find the number of
_ men that was assigned as their pro-
portion. If the parishes failed, he
wished to impose on them a certain
and moderate fine, which was to go

89

into the general recruiting fund.—
This force he would wish to be
raised for five years, and not to be
liable to be called out for foreign ser-
vice, but to serve both as.an auxili-
ary force, to assist the regular army,
and to form a stock from which the
army could be recruited ; he wished
it to be joined to the regular army,
in the way of second battalions.-—
He considered, that the intercourse
arising from such a connexion must
induce a considerable number of
them to volunteer for the regular
army. After dwelling at great
Jength upon the genera! principle of
the plan he proposed, and on its
different details, he concluded,
by moving for leave to bring in 4
bill, for the creation of ‘* an addi-
tional force,” for the defence of the
realm.

Mr. Windham agreed in the ge-
neral principles laid down by the
right honourable member; but he
thought the plan, although in many
respects superior, still bore too
strong a resemblance to the system
hitherto pursued. He then pro-
ceeded to state, shortly, his funda-

,mental objections to some of the

parts of this plan. He considered,
that there was, in the present mea-
sure, an injudicious mixture of vo-
luntary and compulsory service,
which was the principal objection
he had to the army of reserve. ‘The
danger was not now so imminent as
to require compulsory levies ; and
we had sufficient leisure to con-
sider what measures should perma-
nently be adopted. Under arbi-
trary governments, such as Tur-
key, Russia, Prussia, er France,
compulsory levies are the simplest
and most efficacious mode of re-
cruiting ; but in afree country, like
this, it is not practicable, without

rT)

99

so many restrictions, and modifica-
.tions, that half the power of the
machine is lost in overcoming the
friction. In this country, there.
fore, the service should be volun-
tary. Although it would undoubt-
edly happen, that many who entered
in the force for home service, might,
by acquiring military habits, be per-
suaded to enter for general service,
yet it was likely, that there would

be as many who would have other- |

wise entered for general service,
finding another force for home ser-
vice only, and for a short term of
years, would prefer entering into
that. Although he approved of the
removal of the ballot, so far as it
was oppressive to individuals ; yet,
he thought the proposed mode of re-
cruiting, by parish officers, for this
additional force, might operate full
as strongly agaiust the recruiting for
the generalservice, by a competition
of bounties. He knew no legal
mode that the parish officers had, to
find the men; and he though that
they must have recourse to crimping
and high bounties. He did not be-
lieve, that the attaching battalions.
of men, so raised, to regular batta-
lions, would be any encouragement
to them to enlist, as it confined them
to the one battalion to which they
were attached. He did not think
the way to have a military nation
was to make every man a soldier,
but rather to have the regular ar-
mies on the best possible footing.—
He was perfectly certain, that if dis-
couragements were removed, our
army would always find plenty of
recruits. Wehada vast population;
and.as for trade, he was convinced
it was favourable to recruiting. He
thovght, upon the whole, the great
error of the plan was, in taking cir-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

cuitous modes to effect what might
be done directly.
Mr. Johnstone said, the plan was

-nothing more than the carrying into

effect the ideas of the Jate adminis-
tration, which had been so often
accused of inefficiency.

Mr. Addington objected to the
plan, as being of a compulsory nas
ture, and unfit for a country that
had a free constitution. He could
not approve of the reduction of the
militia, unless something more effec=
tual could be found in its place.—
The plan appeared to him, like that»
of the ** quota” bill, inthe last war,
which put the nation to great ex+
pence, without producing any bes
neficial object.

Lord Castlereagh supported the |
plan, which he could by no means
consider as a measure of severity.

Mr. Fox would not oppose the
bringing in the bill, although he
could not bring himself to approve
of the plan proposed. He disap-
proved entirely of the principle of
creating a limited force, for the pur-
pose of recruiting a general one :,
neither did he approve of those ar«
tifices, by which those who had en-
listed for limited service, were to be

enticed to serve in the regular army.

If, however, the house should con«
sider the bill as likely to be produc
tive of any good, the sooner it was
passed the better.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer,
(Mr. Pitt,) in his reply, declared,
that his opinion was decidedly ops
posite to that of the honourable
gentleman, who objected to the
principle of a limited force being
made the foundation of a general
one. <As to the suggestion, that
had often been throwniout, of al«
tering the term of service, there was

no

no indisposition in ministers to adopt
it, if it should be the opinion of the
first military characters, that, in the
peculiar circumstances of this coun.
ry, the measure was adviseable.—
"denied that there was any seve-
ity of compulsion in the plan he
had proposed: and after replying
fo several objections of different
sentlemen on the other side, he ob-
served that they diilered so much
rom one another, that, instead of
annoying him, they only hurt each
other, by their cross- firing.

~ Leave was then given, and the
bill was brought in and read a first

me.

_ On the 6th of June, Mr. Whit-
read, according to notice, madea
motion for papers, in order to give
house information respecting the
gnduct of the lord advocate of
Scotland towards a Mr. Morrison,
afarmer in Bamfishire. The lord
ddyocate had, from his official si-
aation, a very great power in
otland, and that power he ‘had
p ercised violently, if not tyranni-
cally. It was the bounden duty of
parliament to take care that public
authority should not be abused, and
fo petition his majesty to remove
Hose who exercised it an arbitrary
tyrannical manner. The trans-
étion which he had to state was
his :—Morrison had a servant
who, contrary to his desire, joined
he volunteers, for which he dis-
harged him. ‘The servant laid a
ase before the Jord advocate, who
in his legal opinion stated, ‘* how-
yer oppressive and anprincijled
the constuct of Morrison may have
been.” The lord advocate then
Ww ote a letter to the sheriff depute
of Bamiff, stating ““the conduct of
rison to be most atrocious ;”
he exhorted every onc around him

sc

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

9}

to treat-him with contempt and
scorn, and to have no dealings witl
him.
sheriff, in case of an invasion, to ar-
rest and imprison Morrison ; and
he desired that he (the sheriff)
should do all in his power to pre-
vent Morrison obtaining any com-

He went on to direét the,

pensation, in case his property was °

pillaged by the enemy, or taken by
the king’s troops.” After dweil-
ing forcibly on the tyrannical con-
duét of the lord advocate, in this
respect, he concluded, by moving
for a copy of the public records of
the county of Bamff, containing
that letter.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
did not oppose the, motion, but
hoped the house would come entire-
ly unprejudiced to the consideration
of the question, which he allowed to
be of great importance. He thought,
that if the motives of the lord ad-
vocate were considered, and that if
it appeared, that his condué pro-
ceeded from pure zeal, aéting upon
an ardent mind, ina critical period :
if his motives of aétion entirely pro-
ceeded from that ardour of mind,

this particular case ought not to be,

too much dwelt on, nor should the.
house be too eager to condemn him,
He had proved himself an ornament
to the public office he- held, to his
country, and to his friends.

Mr. Fox sineerely hoped, that
when the ‘day of discussion should
arrive, the lord advocate would be
able to make a much better defence
for himself, than the right honour-
able gentleman had made for him.
He hoped he would have a better

_ defence than merely to say, that his

conduét proceeded from the impulse
of a zealous and ardent mind, acting,
in critical’ times, contrary to the
law, It was strange, that this new

, doctrine

*

92

doctrine sheuld be broached in that
house (which had so often heard
complaints, of the extravagancies,
and atrocities, which marked the
different stages of the French revo-
lution) that, whatever was done
from the impulse of ardent minds,
was to be excused !

The motion was then agreed to.

On the next day, sir James
Stewart presented a petition from a
Mr. Hart, against Mr. justice Fox,
one of the Irish judges. The peti-
tioner was a gentleman of consider-
able estates, in the counties of Do-
negall, and Londonderry, and had
frequently served as one of the
grand jnrors for the said counties.
On his giving testimony in support
of the charatier of a person indict-
—ed, justice Fox had charged the
jury, ‘* but who, gentlemen, will
give a character of this Mr. Hart,

degraded and disgraced as he-was,

by this transaéiion, which must en-
tail eternal infamy and shame upon
his posterity ?” The petitioner fur-
ther stated, that Mr. justice Fox,
had had him arrested, on an infor.
mation drawn up under his own
special dircétion; that he ordered
him into the dock, and having him
placed in the situation where con-
demned felons are brought up for
judgment, he asked him, “* What
he had to say?” ‘That, afterwards,
he procured a Dill of indiétment' to
be sent up against the petitioner,
which the grand jury threw out;
that the petitioner conceived, that
the rights of the subjects of this
realm were grossly and wantonly
vielated in his person, by Mr. jus-
tice Fox; and that he had no re-
dress but by application to parlia-
ment.

The petition was then ordered to
lie on the table.

ANNUAL RE

_ the trade; and, in such case, h

GISTER, 1804.

On the 7th of June, Mr. Wilber
force’s bill for the abolition of t
slave trade, was read a second tiny
after a long discussion.

Lord Temple opposed the bill 7
toto. Me thought the emancipatio
of the negroes, in the West Indies
must, upon the same principles
follow, immediately, the abolition o

conceived, that the passing this bil
would be sealing the death warran
of every white person in thos
islands,

The Chancellor of the Excheque
(Mr. Pitt) denied, that an immediate
emancipation of the negroes w
the necessary consequence of abo
lishing the trade. It was, however:
one of the first consequences to b
expected, that the situation of those
who are actually slaves, would b
much ameliorated; and that, in
time, they might be brought to tha’
degree of improvement, as to be fi
for a condition of much less rigour,
than they are now exposed to. He
then, most ably, pointed out the
advantages which would result t
the planters themselves, from im-
proving the condition of their slaves.
Besides, it was evident, that th
danger of the West Indies was in-
creased by the prodigious increas
of the number of slaves, and th
planters themselves are coming, year
after year, to parliament, for relief,
from the censequences of their ow
conduét, in raising more sugar than
they could find purchasers for all
over the world. .To continue, and
extend the trade, would be to ex-
tend those evils and dangers. He
then pointed at the danger to which
our islands were exposed from the
emissaries of the blacks in St. Do-
mingo, and concluded by contends.

ing,

| HISTORY OF EUROPE.

baling, that if we were to abandon the
lWitrade, there was no other country
img that had the capital, or the means,
oftakingitup. - |

i) Lord Castlereagh, thought it was
in vain to argue it'as a question of
i, humanity, but rather as one of prac-
ticability. Unless we could find out
a mode, in which other powers
would engage to co-operate with
us, he thought the measure would
do infinitely more harm than good
in every point of view in which it
could be taken.

Mr. Fox, thought the abotition
was certainly pra¢ticable, if parlia-
ment chose to enaét the measure.
He did consider it as a question of
humanity, justice, and morality ;
and thought it was most disgraceful
te this country, that we should visit
Africa for the purpose of adding
i) Oppression, and aggravating the mi-
series of slavery, to all those whom
we should find already oppressed
and enslaved.

_ Mr. Windham opposed the bill,
from fearing, that other nations
| would take up the trade.

He was replied to by Mr. Whit-

bread and Mr. Wilberforce.
- Upon the division, the question
of the second reading was carried
by a majority of 58; the ayes being
100, and the noes-42.

i On the next day, upon the ques-
on of the second reading ‘‘ the
additional force” bill, (Mr, Pitt’s),

_ Colonel Calcraft was surprised,
that the right honourable gentle-
‘man, who had talked so much about
Vigour and-energy, should have pro-
duced a plan in which there appear-
ed so little of either quality. By re-
moving the ballot, he had taken
away the only means there was of
raising men with expedition and
efiect. The mode of officering was

93

extremely unjust, for, as it was
proposed, that the senior officers in
the second battalion, should be pro-
moted to the vacancies in the first,
it would often happen, that when
the first battalions had been bravely
serving abroad, their officers would
find their chance of promotion taken
from them by others who had been
living comfortably at home. He
then suggested, that if the West In.
dia service was a separate establish.
ment, the public force might be
very rapidly increased.

‘Mr. Yorke declared, that, in his
Opposition to this measure, he
should abstain from any thing like
a faétious opposition ; he could not
see how, at present, it was possi-
ble, without a ballot, to afford a
regular supply of recruits to the
army. In all the military countries
of Europe, compulsory modes of
recruiting were resorted to, and it.
appeared to him impossible to raise
sullicient armies without having re-
course to some degree of compul-
sion. ‘Lhe principle of the ballot
had been the foundation of the mi-
litia, which was always considered
as a constitutional force; and,
therefore, was that sort of compul-
sion which was recogttised as legal
and constitutional. We had now
500,000 men in arms; if they were
not sufficient to defend the country,
it was not worth defending: the
grand object, at present, therefore,
was to increase the regular dispos-
able force. The former admini-
stration had presented a plan for
forming second battalions, and wais-
ing ten new battalions in Ireland

‘and Scotland. Those plans, he sup-

posed, were now to be abandoned,
and it did not appear to him, that
the present bill was Jik.'y to pro-
duce the objeét so much desired, of

speedily

‘

94

speedily augmenting the regular
army. He, therefore, opposed the
second reading.

Mr. Sturgess Browne supported
the bill, upon nearly the same

grounds with the chancellor of the -

exchequer.

Mr. Bastard felt a considerable
deal of constitutional jealousy, of a
measure, which, like this, professed
to be permanent. He preferred
much, the constitutional defence of
the militia, to this new force, which
was to be put in its place,
a defensive force, commanded by
the independent gentlemen of the
country, better than a force com-
manded by officers, serving merely
for pay. He thought he could see
#8 much tardiness and inefficiency in
the present ministers, as they had
themselves imputed to their prede-
eessors.

Mr. Bankes supported the bill,
and particularly rejoiced, that the
edious and oppressive principle of
the ballot was to be done away.

Mr. Atkins Wright disapproved
of making the parish officers recruit-
ing serjeants, and of the circuitous
way of raising one kind of force, in
order to get another of a different
description.

Mr. Ellison and colonel Mitford
opposed the -bill, and sir John
Wrottesly supportedit. After seve-
ral other gentlemen had shortly de-
livered their opinions,

Mr. Windham replied, to the ar-
guments of the different members
who had upheld the measure. He
denied that the principle of compui-
sion was excluded from the present
bill, for the fines upon the parishes
acted as ascrew, to force them to
proper exertions, and to’ punish
them, if their exertions proved not
to be successful.’ When he was
called upon for his plan, he should

He liked»

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

again repeat, that his plan was’
merely to: get rid of the evils and
obstacles that now stand in the way
of recruiting for the regular army ;
and he was convinced that then we
should never want soldiers. He en-
tirely disapproved of the motion of
this limited force. He thought, that
to make a military nation, all mili-
tary decorations, honours, and ad-
vantages, should be given exclusively
to those who were to meet the dan.
gers of war ;
were to stay at home, and not see
the face of an enemy. He disap-
proved, also, of those second bat-
talions being formed, merely for the
purpose ot recruiting the first, or of
the electionecring sort of discipline
that must be used i in those battalions,
that are raised for such a purpose.
He had heard much of the connex-
ion between church and state, but
this plan established a new con-
nexion between church and army,
in making church wardens turn
crimps, and making recruiting the
subject of discussion at the parish
vestry. The best way of getting a
regular army was, to remove com-
petition, to allow the soldiers more
comforts, and to provide liberally
for those whom wounds, or length
of service, obliged to retire.—
Such was the practical plan that he
should propose, instead of the wild
and visionary theories which had
been adopted by others.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
replied, at some length, to the dif-
ferent objections which had been
made to this bill. He exprest some
surprise at the unqualified opposi-
tion given to it by Mr. Wind-
ham, when the two great objec-
tions which he had before made,
namely, the ballot, and the high
bounties were both, by it, com-
pletely done away, The reason of

his

and not to those who —

_ that served personally.
fore thought it right to remove the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Ahis laying aside the ballot was, that

he feund that of 40,000 men, raised
jn that manner, there were only
2000 of those who were drawn
He there-

pressure on individuals, and to
distribute it equally upon the coun-
ties and parishes. lie never had

- said, that the quantum of the force
raised was not sufficient,

he had
only found fault with its distribu-
tion. He thought the only fair
way to argue the merits of the plan
was, to pousider whether it were
not preferable to the ordinary mode
of recruiting. _ He should therefore
insist, in the first place, that local
exertion would powerfully assist
the regular recruiting; 2ndly, ex-

- perience had shewn, that men were
much readier to enter into a limited
Service, and afterwards were easily

induced to extend it ; and lastly,
that volunteers coming from such a
force, must be allowed to be much
more eflicient, than those who were
taken directly from the loom or
the plough. He defended the mode
of officering; as that, which would
be the most likely to procure -good
officers for the new levies, which
was, in his opinion, a point of the

_ very first importance.

Mr. Fox, thought the balance of
argument entirely against the bill :
he was surprised that it was now
objected to those who opposed it,
that they had produced no specific
plan. It was but a few weeks since
he moved for a committee of the

whole house, to consider the mea-

sures necessary for the defence of

the country, and then the right ho-
nourable gentlemen (Mr. Pitt), ap-
proved of his motion, because it

_ contained no specific plan, but left

‘the measure to the united wisdom

95

of the house. If the danger were
imminent, it appeared a matter of
more urgency to arm the maritime
counties, and improve the discipline
of the volunteers. He found fault
with the measure as not being likely
to operate soon, and as being full of
objections, if it were considered a
permanent measure. He _ never
could approve of the principle of
raising men for one kind of service,
and thereby inveigling them for ano-
ther. He thought, that this con-
duct was a downright fraud, and
a disgrace to the ppitiisid which
practised it. As to the officering,
he doubted whether good officers
could be had for such a force; but
he very much feared, that, in the
end, it would be officered by men,
who had no other connexion with
the country than their commissions
He entirely concurred in the opi-
nion of Mr. Windham, that the
best plan would be, to remove all
obstacles, and give the general re-
cruiting fair play. The house then
divided.
For the second reading 221
Against it 181
Majority for the bill 40

The ‘ additional force bill’? was
again debated on the 11th of June,
on the house going into a com.
mittee.

Mr. Jekyll opposed the commit.
tee. Instead of a vigorous and ef-
ficient plan, as he had reason to
expect from the great talents of the
right honourable gentleman, he saw
one in which there was no novelty,
except in making the parish officers
recruiting serjeants. He opposed
it principally on the ground, that.
it would diminish materially the vo.
lunteer force, as those who had
eutered on account of the exemp-

tions

96

tions would now retire; and the
real patriotic volunteers would find
themselves charged as well as others
for this new force.

Mr, Peter Moore knew of no mea-
sure in the history of the country
similar to this, except one, which
was proposed by James the second
to his parliament, for increasing the
standing army. Our ancestors, how-
ever, disclaimed the justice of his
majesty’s proposition, and refused
to grant it. He objected therefore,
on constitutional grounds, to alarge
permanent standing army, oOfficered
by the crown.

Mr. M‘Naghten saw no similarity
between the time of James the se-
cond and the present. Whatever
danger there might formerly be sup-
posed to be in standing armies, they
were now necessary to defend the
constitution and the country from
an upstart usurper. The annual
mutiny bill was sufficient to put a
stop to such a force when it was no
longer necessary.

Colonel Crawford opposed the
bill. He thought if was neither
one Which could speedily increase
our defensive or our offensive force.
Although it profest to be a perma-
nont measure, it would be so slow in
its operation, as to be hardly ap-
plicable to the present war. He
did not believe, that it would add
a single man to the army, who
could not be got as easily without
such a bill. He rejoiced, that the
ballot was done away, but he
must recollect that it was from

‘the suggestions of his right honour.

able friend (Mr. Windham), that
Mr. Pitt had been induced to aban-
don it. The present plan was vex-
atious and oppressive, although not
to such a degree as the ballot had
been. He was convinced, that if

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

government would listen to the
other suggestions of Mr. Windham, —
respecting the removal of compe-
tition, the enlisting for a term of
years, and improving the condition
of the soldiers, there would be no
occasion for any ¢ompulsion to be
used in this country, to procure
regular troops. He considered this
plan as neither one thing nor the
other. There was compulsion enough
in it to be vexatious to’the parishes,
but not enough to get men: nor was
there any additional inducement held
forth to encourage voluntary sere
vices. As to training and arraying
the nation, so that it should be able
to act immediately, in case of inva-
sion; in such a case, he thought
compulsion might be fairly used :
but as to the permanent means of
recruiting our regular, army, he
thought no degree of compulsion
should be hazarded, at least until
it had been fairly tried what could
be done by encouraging voluntary
enlisting. As to the principle that
men could be easier got to enlist
from limited service into the regu-
lars, he would not admit it. The
13,000 men who enlisted immedi-
ately from the army of reserve would
probably have gone into the regular
army without it, and only entered
the army of reserve in order to get
the bounties that were then given, He
thought the taking away the power
of chusing the regiment into which
they would. enlist, would prevent
the enlisting much more, than the
attaching this new force to particu-
lar battalions would tend to promote
it. He concluded by pressing strong
ly the exempting the regular troops
trom West India service, and con-
tended for the adoption of the sug-
gestions that had been frequently
made on that side of the house, for
the

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 97

the purpose of bettering the condi-—

tion of the soldier.

After several other members had
shortly given their opinions, the
house divided upon the propriety
of going into a committce on the
bill. ‘The ayes were 219, the noes
169—majority 50.

On the next day Mr. Wilberforce
moved that the house should go into
a committee upon the slave trade.

Mr. Fuller objected strongly to
the principle of the bill, and denied
that the slaves were treated badly
in the West Indies. He quoted
Mr. Park’s book, to prove that
slavery had been very long estab-
lished in Africa, and that the Afri-
can princes had a right to transport
out of their country persons con-
victed of crimes.

The bill was supported by Mr.
Francis, Mr. Barham, and Mr.
Somers Coxe ; and opposed by Mr.
Brooke, Mr. Ellis, Mr. Dent, and
Mr. Deverell.

Mr. Wilberforce replied to the
various objections that had been
made to the bill. He cited a num-
ber of authorities, to prove that
the situation of the blacks in Af-
rica was as he had before stated ;
and he had the testimony of Mr.
King, the Jate American ambassa-
dor, (one of the worthiest men liv-
ing,) to prove that the negroes in-
creased in America, so as to hold
out a fair prospect of doubling their
population in twenty-five years.—
As it had been proved that, in other
hot countries, the slaves increased
their population, there was no good
reason to be assigned why it was
only in our islands they should di-
minish.

After some observations from sir
William Young, against the bill,
and of Mr. William Qmith, in favour

Vor, XLIV.

of it, the house adopted the motion
for going into a committee, by a
majority of 79 to 20.

On the 14th of June, the addi-
tional force bill was recommitted,
and some amendments agreed to in
the committee.

On the following day, upon the
motion for the amendments being
read a second time,

Mr. Peter Moore objeéted to the
principle of the bill, which went to
keep up a large permanent standing
army. He thought that if ministers
would treat the Irish people as they
ought to do, they might bring over
to this country, agreat part of the
army which is now kept as senti-
nels upon that country.

Mr. Denis Browne denied that
the army in Ireland were kept as
sentinels upon the people, and as-
serted that the disposition of the
Irish had completely changed, and
that they were now warmly attached
to the government.

On a division, there were 69
against reading the amendments. a
second time, and 63 for it, being a
majority of 6 against the"govern-
ment.

The proceedings of this night
bore a very singular appearance.
The ministers’ friends, not having .
calculated on opposition, did not
come down to the house early, and,
for the beginning of the evening,
the opposition, as we have seen,
wore the majority. On Mr. Grey,
immediately after the division,
moving, that the amendments should
be read a second time on that day
three months, .the supporters of the
ministers made long and elaborate
speeches, to which the members of
the opposition made no reply, but
by calling loudly for the question.
As the evident object of the friends

u of

98

of adminisiration was merely to gain
time, to get together the ministerial
voters, it is unnecessary to detail
their speeches. By the latter end
of the evening, however, a ministe-
rial majority was collected, and Mr.
Grey’s motion negatived by 214 to
185, being a majority of barely 29
in favour of ministers. -’

On the 18th the amendments
were read a third time, and another
debate took place upon the qués-
tion, ‘* that the bill, with its amend-
ments, be engrossed.” _ -

Mr. Elliot objeéted to the mea-
sure, both in its principles, and from
the difficulty of its execution. He
thought one of these three things
must happen, if the men were to be
‘ had under it ;—either the parish offi-
cers must employ crimps, or they
must use oppressive means of oblig-
ing men to enlist, or else the whole
plan would turn out to be only a
parochial tax. He considered, that
the surest means of immediately
reinforcing the regular army, were
‘by the mode of recruiting proposed
by Mr, Windham, General Mait-
land opposed the bill, and suggested
the propriety of giving larger pay to
the soldiers who were employed for
general service, than was given to
those upon limited service.

General Gascoigne warmly sup-

ported the bill.

Mr. Canning considered the plan
as the best that had hitherto been
proposed, both for keeping up an

army in time of war, and in time of

peace. He said, the opposers of
the bill were so divided in their opi-
nions about the best mode of in-
‘creasing the army, that though they
might agree in their votes, they
would\ disagree in the lobby. As
to the formation of the present ad-
ministration, he confessed that he

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

was as much disappointed as any _
man, but did not think he ought to
relinquish the part he was. called
upon to a¢ét, merely because it was
an arduous one. ‘The principal
points in which he. had complained
of the late administration had been
changed.

Mr. Addington observed, that
when Mr. Pitt first proposed his
plan, the ballot was to ‘have been
retained; but, that since that time,
he had been induced to abandon it :
all he should say upon that point,
was, that it was only a change from |
a measure of rigour, to a measure
of inefficiency. He could not but
look with constitutional jealousy on
so large a force, that was not under
the direét control of parliament. It
had been his object to draw forward
as much efficient strength as possible,
without entirely altering the domes-
tic habits of the people. He consi-
dered the militia as our constitution-
al force, and therefore he objected
to its being reduced. He always
thought that it should be increased
in the same proportion that the re-
gular army was increased. For
home defence he should prefer the
old militia, to the force now pro-
posed. He, therefore, decidedly
disapproved of the bill.

Mr. Sheridan, considered the
argument of the right honourable
gentleman (Mr. Addington) as clear
and conclusive on the constitutional
ground. He thought that gentle-
man’s entering into office, was a sa-
crifice, and that his retirement was
a triumph. His opposition to the
minister, on this business, was man-
ly and constitutional, and he had
given him no insidious promises of
assistance and support. He thought
the manner of his retiring from of-
fice, did him much honour. When

he

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

he found himself opposed, by a very
formidable majority, he thought it
right to quit the helm, and he wish-
ed the present minister would act in
the same manner, now he found
that his majorities were still smaller.
Mr. S. here entered, at considerable
length, and with much pointed sar-
casm, on the composition of the pre-
sent administration. As to this plan,
which was expected to have come
forth as an armed Minerva from the
head of this great political Jupiter,
we found it, on the contrary,’ to
be a little puny, ricketty bantling,
which, though, sent to the parish
nurse, had not the stamina to arrive
at manhood. The man that had
produced it, was always vaunting,
gigantic in promises, and trifling
and miserable in performance. ‘The
objeét of the bill was merely taxa-

' tion, for it was ridiculous to sup-

‘

pose it could produce men. He ob-
jected to a great increase of the re-
gulararmy, because large armies were
always found destructive to civil li-
berty ; but, he approved of arming
the people, because there was no in-
stance of an armed people-aéting as
Jfelo de se'to the destruction of their
own liberties. In this country, the
rights of the people were to be at-
tended to, as much ‘as the defence
of the country.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
(Mr. Pitt) said, the question might
be resolved into these two heads:
Ist, whether we had a regular army
sufficient, under all the circum-
Stances in which we are placed ;
and, 2dly, whether the present
measure is not the best for supply-
ing the deficiency? As to the first,
it was universally admitted, that
our regular army was not sufficient.
As to the second head, he must ob-

99

serve, that he could not conceive
that it was at all unconstitutional to
keep up, in time of war, and with
the consent of parliament, what.
ever description of force might be
considered most necessary for the
defence of the country. This was
a force, which would be no expence
in peace, and which might be spee-
dily brought forward upon any
emergency. There was, certainly,
no idea of keeping this force embo-
died in time of peace. He was
sure, that no better mode of re-
cruiting the regular ‘army had, as
yet, been pointed out; and, he
really believed, none better could
be pointed out. As to the hint,
that had been kindly given to him
to resign, it was not broad enough
for him to take it. If even the pre-
sent bill was lost, he should regret
it, as he considered it would be the
loss of a measure likely to contri-
bute a great deal to the public ad-
vantage. But, even in that case,
he should not consider it his duty to
resign. His majesty had, undoubt-
edly, the prerogative of choosing his
Own servants, and it was now too
evident, that the wish for a change
of ministers, had a great effeét in the
opposition to the present measure.
He was a little surprised at meeting
such decided opposition from many,
with whom he had been in the ha-
bits of cordially uniting for such a
Jength of time. He was surprised,
that a noble lord (lord Temple) and
his friends, who ohce were so par-
tial to him, as to say, ‘* that if he
were once admitted into administra-
tion, their fears for the public
safety would be considerably abat-
ed,’? should now consider it their
duty to withhold their services from
the public, on aceount of the ex-

H2 clusion

100

clusion of Mr. Fox,with whom they
had been so little in the habit of
coinciding.

Mr. Fox said, that whatever per-
sonalitics had been brought forward
in this debate, were introduced by
the right honourable gentleman,
and by his friend, who sat near him
(Mr. Canning). As to the princi-
ple, that his majesty had the un-
doubted prerogative of choosing his
own ministers, it was universally
allowed; but, it mustalso be graut-
ed, that the house of commous had
a right to conduét itself in such a
manner as to convince his majesty,
that he ought to remove those mi-
nisters who did not possess its confi-
dence. Tle thoughtit anindecent ob-
servation of the righthon. gentleman
to say, ‘* that if they threw out his
bill, they should not get rid of him
so easily.”’ Asto the bill, he thought
. It was bad in itself, as being both
oppressive and inefficient. He also
opposed it for another reason, be-
cause he thought much better mea-
sures had been often recommended
by his right honourable friend (Mr.
Windham). He thought it ridicu-
lous to fine the parishes, for not
raising men, at a bounty that it was
impossible to get them for. He
doubted, very much, whether it
was possible to carry into execution,
a project contrary to the opinion of
the country, and those who were to
carry it into effect,

The house then divided upon the
question for engrossing the bill,
which was carried by a majority of
42, the noes being 223.

On the next day, upon the ques-
tien for the third reading,

Mr. T. Grenville, (who was not
in the house on the preceding day)
took this opportunity of vindicating
himself, and those with whom he

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

was most closely connected, from |

the inconsistent conduét that had
been imputed to them by his right
honourable relation, (Mr. Pitt).
They never did take such a view of
the situation of the country, as to
suppose, that the accession of any
one individual, whatever might be
his abilities or talents, would be
sufficient to work ‘out the salvation
of the country. He thought, in the
present times, a broad and compre-
hensive ‘administration ought to
have been formed, and, howeyer
highly he respected the talents of
his honourable relation, (Mr. Pitt)
it was with pain and regret he saw
him in the situation he now held.
‘The Chancellor of the Exchequer
said, he understood, that the noble
lord (lord Temple) had, on a for-
mer occasion, declared for himself
and his friends, that if he (Mr.
Pitt) was put at the head of the ad-
ministration, their fears for the pub-
lic safety would vanish. The ex-

pression was, indeed, so flattering |

to him, and perhaps so unmerited,
that, certainly, they must be at li-

berty to recal it, or explain it as,

they thought proper; but, as he
had understood them in that manner,
it was a great surprise to him, to
find them commence a systematic

‘opposition, from the moment his

majesty had placed him at the head
of the administration.

Karl Temple, utterly acts hav-
ing ever used such an expression,
and said, that however highly he
might value the talents of the right
honourable gentleman, yet, cer-
tainly, he could never conceive,
that the accession of one individual
could make a good administration,
of that which he had so long op-

osed. ‘

Mr, Windham observed, there

were

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

were different modes of construction
adopted in different cases ; penal
statutes were always construed
striétly, but he did not think, that

the same rule of construétion appli-:

ed to compliments and effusions of
friendship. In considering a mili-
tary measure, it was necessary to
have our whole military system in
one yiew. He was, therefore, sur-
prised, that no mention should have
been made of the volunteers upon
the present occasion. It was evi-
dent, that although many of the
volunteers had enrolled themselves
as such, purely from patriotic mo-
tives, yet, many others had enter-
ed on account of the exemptions.
This measure would set those men
entirely free, and the volunteer
force would be sensibly diminished.
The exemption which the volunteers

had hitherto as a privilege, was now ,

extended to every body. This most
material change had been made in
the plan without giving any notice.
When he was asked, what plan he

101

would propose in the place of it,
he must observe, that every thing
that was valuable in the plan, was
taken from those ideas which he and
his friends had so often suggested ;
but those ideas had been spoiled by
the honourable gentleman, in his
manner of using them. He must
always contend, that there was no-
thing more injurious to the military
spirit of the country, than keeping
up a great home army, which was
to have all the distinétion of real
soldiers, without sharing any of the
dangers of the. profession. As to
the comparison which had been
made between this measure and the
army Of reserve, the real difference
was, that the latter professed to be
only a temporary expedient, whereas
the measure now proposed, was an-
nounced as permanent.

The sense of the house having
been taken on the preceding night,
there was no division upon this’
question, and the bill was read a
third time, and at length passed.

H 3

CHAP.

102

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

CHAP. VII.

Parliamentary Proceedings continued and concluded—Debates in the House
of Lords on ‘ the Additional Force Bill’—carried by a considerable Ma-
jority.—Corn Trade Bill—Charge on the Lord Advocate of Scotland—
Proceedings on the Petitions against Judge For—Stamp Duty Bill—India
Budget—Aylesbury Election Bill—Speaker’s Address to the Throne—His
Majesty’s Speech—Close of the Session.

N the 25th of June earl Cam-
den brought ‘* the additional
force bill” forward, in the house of
lords: he stated, that it had been
found that the army of reserve bill
had failed in its operation, and in-
terfered considerably with the regu-
Jar army. The object of the pre-
sent bill, therefore, was to provide
such a force as should not interfere
with, but, on the contrary, pro-
mote the recruiting for the regulars.
The duke of Clarence conceived,
that some very strong reasons ought
to be assigned, for the introduétion
of a bill of so novel and extraordi-
nary a nature; and, that the mere
apse-dixit of a chancellor ef the ex-
chequer was not sufficient. ~ After
* commenting on several of the clauses
of the bill,he declared his general opi-
nion, that it would be found nuga-
tory and vexatious: he therefore
should vote against it.

Lord Spencer also opposed the
bill: there were some parts, how-
ever, to which he entirely agreed.
He approved of the reducing the
- militia to its original establishment ;
he also approved of the removal of
the ballot; and the high bounties;
but he disapproved of the compli-
cated machinery of the bill, which,
he thought, must render it ineflici.

ent. The objeét was professed to
be, to raise men; and he was con-
vinced, the effeét of it would be only
to raise money by the fines upon the
parishes. The tax that-would be so
imposed, would fall most unéqually
upon the proprietors of lands and
houses, instead of being raised in
the regular way, from the general
revenues of the country.

The duke of Montrose defended
the bill, which he said was likely to
raise a considerable number of men,
and to forward considerably that
objeét which was so much desired,
namely, the increase of the regular
army. If the objection that noble
lords had, were to the ministers who
proposed the bill, he would much
rather see them come forward di-
rectly, and move for an address ta
his majesty, to remove them.

The earl of Caernarvon insisted,
that the bill could not succeéd in
raising men, as there were none to
be got, at the small bounties it of-
fered: he thought it must turn out
merely an oppressive parochial tax.
Many rich men, who were now
obliged to find substitutes for the

-

militia, would be entirely exempt

from any share of the expence of the
present levy. He considered the
bill as unconstitutional and oppres-

Sie,

*

I ES er

ee

it professed.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

sive, and, therefore, felt himself
obliged to oppose it.

Lord Mulgrave contended that
this bill was much less oppressive
than the system of raising men by
ballot, which it destroyed; and that
it was likely to produce the objects
He was as sorry as
any man, that such an administra-

_tion could not be formed as had

been expected, but that was no ob-
jection to the present bill.
The earl of Moira said, it was

almost universally allowed that the

measure now proposed fell infinitely
short of what had been generally
expected, and which, in the pre-

--sent circumstances, appeared to be

necessary. .On the very face of the
bill, it appeared that the measure was

likely to be so very slow in its opera- _
_tion, as not to raise any consider-

able reinforcements for our regular

army, for a length of time; and
_ yet it was an object of the first im-

portance, that they should be rais-
ed without delay. Until we had a
regular force fit to enter into the
field, we could not expeét any in-
terference or co-operation of the
continental powers in our behalf.—
It was because the bill did not go
to the speedy creation of a dis-
posable force, that he should find
it his duty to oppose it. It was his

- decided opinion, that the recruit-

ing service of this country could
never go on with proper spirit, while
the custom prevailed of enlisting
men for life. His lordship, in the

‘course of his speech, took an ocp-
‘portunity of paying a high compli-

ment to the volunteers of Scotland,
who were men whom he would be

' proud to lead against any enemy,

with the fullest confidence of success.
Lord Melville strongly supported
the principle of raising men first for

163

a limited service, in order to tempt
them afterwards to enter into gene-
ral service. He said, that experi-
ence had always shewn the case of
prévailing on men to extend their
services. Ifthe present bill only
assembled a considerable force for
home defenee, it would do a great
deal; but there could be little doubt
that, when the men were colleéted,
many of them would enter for gene-
ral service.

The duke of Richmond thought
the measure much too feeble to op-
pose so mighty a danger as threaten-
ed us from our Gallic foe, who had
an army of 400,000 regulars under
his command, and an immense po-
pulation of fifty millions to recruit
from.

The earl of Limerick complained
of the noble duke, for over-rating
the power and resources of the ene-
my, and under-rating that of his
own country. ‘he population of
France was well known not to be
fifty millions, nor any thing like it.

Lord Hobart opposed the bill, be-
cause he thought it went to perpe-
tuate the principle of the army of
reserve, which could only be justi-
fied as a temporary expedient.—
The army of reserve was grievous,
but it produced men; this would
be equally grievous, and would pro-
duce none.

Lord Suffolk also opposed the
bill, and thought that a large regu-
lar army, assisted by an armed po- |
pulation, was the only system of
permanent safety for the country.

Lord Grenville disapproved high-
ly of the reflections that were thrown
out by some noble lords, on what
they supposed to be the motives of
those who opposed the bill: he
thought that he might safely say,
that he had been actuated by no

H4 pers

104

personal considerations upon a late
occasion, on which he sincerely la-
mented that the country was disap-
pointed in the expeétation it had
formed, of an administration which
should unite all the distinguished
talents that could be found in par-
liament or the empire. He objeéted
to the pill, first, upon the ground
of its going to establish a large per-
manent standing army in time of
peace ; he objected to it still more
strongly, because it did not seem
likely to increase our regular army
as expeditiously as it might be done
by other means, Te was astonish-
ed that neither the present minister
nor the last could, among the mul-
titude of military plans which en-
gaged their attention, bestow time
for the consideration of that very

simple plan, which had often been’

suggested to them, of trying the
experiment of removing the obstacles
and discouragements that now stand
in the way of recruiting for the
regular army ; and change the term
of service from that for life toa
term of years. This plan was not
the less valuable because it was sim-
ple. Jt appeared to him the go-
vernment, of late, had shewn a sort
of mania for manufacturing plans,
where the machinery was complicat-
ed, and that they despised what was
easy, simple, and natural,

Lord Hawkesbury insisted that the
army of reserve, upon the princi-
ple of which the present plan was
formed, was one of the wisest and
most efficient measures ever adopted
by parliament to meet a particular
crisis. That measure had produced
great benefit, but, haying answered
its purpose, the present bill went to
retain the most essential parts of it;
and iustead of imposing new bur-
thens, took away a great deal of

ANNUALR EGISTER, 1804.

the heavy and. unequal pressure of ~
the former act. He considered that
the force to be so raised would be
preferable to the militia in some re-
spects. It would be disposable
for the delence of every part of the
united kingdom, and it would be
commanded by experienced officers,
He could not see how this force
could be considered unconstitution-
al; as it would be as much under
the control of parliament as any
other description of force that was
to be kept up. As a permanent
measure of security, it would in
future free us from those embarrass-
ments which we always experienced
at the commencement of every new
war, for want of men.

The house then divided, and there
appeared, including proxies, for
the bill 154, against it 69.

This was the last question during
the session, in which the strength
of government and opposition was
tried. The remaining part of the
session was. principally employed
upon the corn laws; the’ charge
against the lord advocate of Scot-
land; and the proceedings on the
case of Mr justice Fox. The In-
dia budget was also presented by
lord Castlereagh, and the stamp
duty bill was passed with some mo-
difications.

The corn trade bill was intro-
duced by Mr. Western into the
lowér house. He stated its objeét
to be, to procure a fair price for
corn to the grower; and for that
purpose to regulate the importation
and exportation. The increase of
the poor rates, and of the price of
all articles of life, were at present
so much greater than at former pe-
riods, that it was impossible the
farmer eould continue to Sell his
cornat the same price. ‘The bill he
pro.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

proposed to enact, was to regulate
the importation and exportation,

by the average price of corn, grain,

and flour, in the twelve maritime
distriéts of England, and the four
maritime districts of Scotland.

Mr. Pattison thought the great
increase of the poor rates was prin-
cipally owing to the allowances to
the families of militia men; and
that, as to the high price of provi-
sious, he hoped that also depended
upon temporary causes, which would
soon beatanend. He wished both
the price of labour and the price of
corn to be left, in a great measure,
to find their own level.

Mr. Spencer Stanhope thought
the bill would fall heavily on Lan-
cashire, and other manufacturing
counties, which were accustomed
to besupplied with corn from abroad.
He was certain it would be better
to regulate the price at which it
should be exported in each ‘district,
by the average price of each district.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
replied, that, in such a case, we
should be exporting from some dis-
tricts, while we were importing in
others. From the great facility of
inland communication, by canals,
Lancashire, or any other distriét
which was deficient in corn, might
be easily supplied from other parts
of the country.

After a few words from some
other members, the resolution was
agreed to in the committee, anda
bill founded on it was brought up,
which, after afew observations, as
it past through the different stages,
was at length agreed to, and order-
ed to the lords.

Upon lord Hawkesbury moving
the order of theday, for the second
reading of the corn trade bill, in
the house of lords,

2

105

Lord Stanhope rose to propose
resolutions of an opposite tendency.
The objeét of the bill, was to en-
courage the growth of corn by in-
creasing the price of it. ‘The object
of his resolutions would be to pro-
duce the same effect, by decreasing
the price. Tle thought that, as the
farmers increased the price of their
corn, the poor rates and the price
of labour would increase in the same
proportion, and neither agriculture
nor the farmer would have any be-
nefit. Whereas, by his plan, every
body might be satisfied, and the
country would enjoy plenty. His
first resolution was for building pub-
lic granaries, which, at the same
time that they kept down the price
of corn, would ensure a market for
the farmer in years of plenty. His
lordship stated the many advantages
which all classes of people, in Swit-
zerland, experienced from those pub-
lic establishments. His second re-
solution would be to permit the
free warehousing of corn, the growth
of this country: and the third, that
farmers should be exempt from all
direét taxes, rates, cesses, dues or
tithes. After expatiating a long
time on the advantage of adopting
such resolutions, We concluded by
moving that the bill be rejeéied.

The duke of Montrose thought
it was, in the highest degree, mis-
chievous for the noble lord to
state that this was a bill to starve
the poor, when it was, in faét, a
bill to prevent famine and scarcity.
If all the taxes were taken from the
farmers, they must immediately fall
on the other classes of the commu-
nity, who would be little benefited
by adopting these resolutions.

The Lovd Chancellor, lords Mul-
grave and Hawkesbury highly con-
demned the resolutions moved by

lord

106

Stanhope, with the inflammatory
janguage in which they were intro-
duced, and supported the original
bill, which was then passed without
any further opposition. -

Ow the day appointed for the
discussion of the motion respecting
the lord advocate of Scotland,

Mr. Whitbread moved that the
clerk should read’ those letters ‘on
which he founded his charge. ‘The
first was from the lord advocate to
the sheriff substitue of Bamfishire,
stating, ‘* that the conduct of Mor-
rison was most atrocious, and that
every possible means ought to be
taken to stigmatize him, and to pu-
nish him, by the scorn and contempt
of all the respectable men in the
county, who ought to enter into a
resolution, to have no communica-
tion or dealings with him ;”’ and di-
recting the sheriff ‘‘ to apprehend
and imprison Morrison, upon the
first landing of a Frenchman in
Scotland ;” and concluded, by stat-
ing “ that he would do all in his
power, that Morrison should re-
ceive no compensation for any pro-
perty that might either be destroyed
by the enemy, or the king’s troops.”
This letter, so sent to the sheriff,
was entered in the records of the
county of Bamff.

Mr. Whitbread then said, that
those were the letters upon which
he intended to ground his accu-
sation of the lord advocate, (Mr.
Hope,) whom he was happy to
see in his place; for he thought it
right, in all cases, that the accused
should be confronted with his ac-
cuser. It was now incumbent upon
the house, to come to some decision
on the subject, as, if his charge was
substantiated, the people of Scotland
were exposed to great oppression
and injustice. ‘The first resolution

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. >

that he should move was, that “¢ the ©
conduct of the lord advocate, in
writing the said letters, was oppres-
sive, illegal, and contrary to his
professional duties.” -'The lord ad-
vocate had attempted, from his own
head, and without hearing the ac-
cused, to have Morrison cut off
from every comfort and advantage
of civilized society ; in a certain
case, to have him imprisoned con-
trary-to law; and to deny him com-
pensation for the loss of his pro-
perty. The plain statement of the
case was, that a servant of Morri-
son’s had, against his consent, left.
his work to attend a voluntcer in-
speétion, and therefore his master
discharged him, as he had a right
to do: and for so discharging him,
he was thus publicly calumniated
and oppressed by the lord advocate.
After dwelling forcibly and elo-
quently on the aggravated nature
of the oppression, in the present
case, he concluded by moving his
first resolution.
The Lord Advocate ¢f Scotland
(Mr. Hope) then rose in his defence:
he said, it had never before been
his lot to be charged with injustice
and oppression, and he was glad the
charge proceeded from a‘gentleman
who was unacquainted with him or
his charaéter. He was ready now
to admit that Morrison was a person
respectable in point of property,
and that there was not any charge
against his loyalty ; but, at the time
the letter was written, Scotland was
in a most critical situation, left with.
out regular troops, and the defence
of the northern parts rested entirely
upon the volunteers: in addition to
which, an invasion was daily expect-
ed. Under such circumstances, it
did appear to him a primd facie
evidence of disloyalty, to i
the

opinion, highly suspicious.

‘HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ihe volunteer service, as Morrison
had done. In the case, that had
been stated to him, it appeared that
the servant had been so anxious to
reconcile his volunteer attendance
with his duty to his master, that he
actually got up in the middle of the
night to finish the task which had
been assigned him, and offered to
atone by any extra labour for his
absence as a volunteer. Notwith-
standing this, Morrison discharged
him, without even paying him the
wages due at the time. Such con-
duét, at such a period, was, in his
The

' lord advocate then stated, that the

interference.
really been apprehended, the law

_ powers of his situation in Scotland

were almost unlimited: the whole
burden of the executive. government,
with its responsibility, rested upon
his shoulders: that he had no ma-
lice to Morrison ; but acted merely
from asense of what his duty re-
quired him to do in critical times.
If in so doing, he had gone beyond
the letter of the law, he relied upon
the candour of the house to deter-
mine upon his real motives.

- After a few observations from '

lord A. Hamilton, in support of Mr.
Whitbread’s motion,

The Attorney-General, (Mr.

Percival) said, there were certainly

many of the expressions in the let-
ter which were by no means justi-
fiable ;- but still, they did not lay a
Sufficient ground for parliamentary
If Morrison had

was open to him for redress ; but it
appeared to him, that he had acted
right in choosing this mode of ap-
plying, as he was convinced a jury
would have given him little or no
‘damages. Although, as Mr. Whit-
bread had stated, men were not to
he dragooned into being volunteers,

107

yet, on the other hand, they should
not be dragooned out of that ser-
vice. Heconcluded, by moving the
other orders of the day.

Mr. Grey supported, at consider-
ablelength, the motion of Mr. Whit-
bread. He thought the house was
bound to come to a decision on the
case that was laid before them; and
not get rid of the question in the
manner that was suggested by the
attorney-general.

Mr. Dallas would rather have re-
jected at once the motion of Mr.
Whitbread : he thought the conduct
of the lord-advocate justified by the
circumstances; and instead of cen.
suring him, he would be ready to
support a vote of thanks for that
very act.

Mr. Windham thought it abso-
lutely necessary, that when any
man was invested with such extraor-
dinary powers as the lord advocate
claimed, great care should be taken
that such power was exercised with
moderation and discretion. He
thought there was no ¢ase that de-
manded parliamentary interference
more, for it was ridiculous to send
the weak to their ac¢tions of law,
against the strong and powerful.
The lord advocate himself had stat-
ed, that he was so powerful in
Edinburgh, that even the life of the
man would not be safe, who would
charge him there with injustice or
oppression. - If so, it would be ri-
diculous to tell Mr. Morrison, that
his only redress was by an aétion in
the Scottish court of law.

Mr. Fox also contended, that it
was incumbent upon parliament to
interfere, and take care that no
such formidable authority, as the
lord advocate had described him-
self to ‘be possessed of, should be
used again in a similar manner. If

the

108

the only excuse were, that the lord
advocate was a very warm man, he
thought that was a very ample rea-
son why he should not be trusted
with those extraordinary powers.
In the present instance, he concciv-
ed, that those powers were most
grossly abused, and he should, there-
fore, support Mr. Whitbread’s mo-
tion.:

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
would not undertake to justify the
whole of the letter; but he would
contend, that Morrison’s conduét
could not be justified at all, either
on the ground of humanity, or of
common honesty. The lord advo-
cate was a man, who, in a high si-
tuation, had served the’state with
great zeal and ability for a consider-
able Jength of time; and if, as he
had before said, it should appear to
the house, that his conduét, on this
occasion, was diétated purely by an
ardent zeal for the defence of the
country, in a critical period, he
trusted he would experience some
indulgence from the house.

‘The house then divided on the at-
torney-general’s motion, for passing
to the other orders of the day, and,
an a division, Mr. Whitbread’s mo-
tion was rejected by a majority of
77. 3 ‘
‘The proceedings respecting the
Irish judge, Mr. justice Fox, also
eccupied some time in thé discus-
sions of this day in the house of
commons.

Colonel Cole, presented a petition
to the house from the persons com-
posing a petty jury at*Enniskillen,
complaining of Mr. justice Fox.
The petition stated, that the jurors
were impannelled to try three per-

sons on a charge of murder. Very

ANNUAL ‘REGISTER, 1804.

high rewards had been offered for
the discovery of the ‘murderers,
which might have proved a temp-
tation to false evidence, and the

_ witnesses not having, by any means,

identified the prisoners, they found
them—‘* Not guilty :’? upon which,
Mr. justice Fox was so angry at
their verdiét, that he had their
names posted up in the grand jury
room, and ordered, that they should
be handed down to every succeed-
ing judge and sheriff, as persons not
worthy of belief upon their oaths.
The petitioners felt extremely hurt
at this treatment; and, therefore,
prayed for such satisfaétion or re-
paration, a> might be thought meet.

The petition was ordered to lic
on the table.

On the 31st of May, the marquis
of Abercorn presented, to the house
of lords, a petition from Mr. Hart,
similar to that which had been pre-
sented to the house of commons.

On the 21st of June, lord vis-
count Carlton presented a petition
from Mr. justice Fox, praying, that
he might have a copy of this peti-
tion of Mr. Hart, in order that he
might be able to shape his defence.

The prayer of this petition was
immediately allowed.

On the 27th, the marquis of
Abercorn stated, that he did not
think that the business could be
fairly brought to a decision that
session, as many of the petitions
sent over to him, were put in lan-
guage so unparliamentary, that he
would find it necessary to send them
back again, to be altered. He un-
derstood also, that the learned judge
was not as yet prepared with his
defence. _ :

Lord Moira thought, it was a

punishment

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 108

punishment so severe to have so
heavy a charge hanging over the
head of any man, that he thought
the noble marquis ought, at least,
in the course of the session, to have
all the charges concluded in a pre-
cise form.

A long desultory conversation
then took place, which ended by
the interference of the lord chancel-
lor in point of order.

On the 5th of July, the marquis
of Abercorn brought up the articles
of accusation against Mr. justice
Fox, which were under four distinct
heads. ‘he ist was, that he had
urged the grand jury of the county
of Fermanagh, to address his ma-
jesty to remove the lord licutenant

-and government of Ireland, with the
intent of exciting discontent against
his majesty’s governmeut. ‘The 2d

-was, for endeavouring to induce the

commanding officer of a corps of
yeomanry, to procure an address
from his corps to that efleét: The
3d related to his misconduét on cir-
cuit, the high sheriff of a county
complaining of being fined 5001. by
him, in an arbitrary manner; and
the petty jurors, and Mr. Hart, of
being stigmatised by him as perjur-
ed persons. The last was for grossly
and wantonly insulting the marquis
of Abercorn, and publicly stating,
that he did so for the purpose of
vexing and annoying him. ‘These
articles were ordered to Jie on the
table, and a copy of the same to be
furnished to Mr. justice Fox.

Duriifg the remainder of the ses-
sion, the stamp-duty bill and the
India budget were the most impor-
tant matters that were brought for-
ward in parliament: as to the ques-

tion of the slave trade, it was so

late in the season before the bill
passed the commons, that it was

found too late to introduce it inte
the house of lords, where it was
probable that it would mect a strong
opposition, and that its opponents
would insist upon the examination
of. evidence. It was, therefore,
postponed to the next year.

The corn trade regulation bill
was also, on account of some amend-
ments, in the lords, to which the
commons could not agree, post-
poned till the next session.

On the 9th of July, the chancel-
lor of the exchequer moved, that the
stamp duties bill should be commit-
ted. This was the tax proposed by
the late minister, to cover the inte-
rest of the loan of the year,

Mr. Sheridan wished the business
to be postponed for some time
longer, in order to give the house
time to understand the nature of a
regulation so extremely compli-
cated.

Mr. Fonblanque complained se-
verely of the bill, as it would ope-
rate upon the administration of jus-
tice, by increasing enormously the
expence of legal proceedings.

Dr. Lawrence instanced a case in
the court wherein he praetised, in
which the stamps upon the plead-
ings amounted to 70l. but if this bill
had previously past, they would
have amounted to eleven or twelve
hundred pounds, at least.

The chancellor of the exchequer
(Mr. Pitt) stated, that, in the com-
mittee, all those great defects would
be remedied. The lawyers were not
such a helpless class of people, as
not to be able to defend their own
interests; and he had such a respect
for their profession, that he did not
wish in the least to injure them.

The bill was ordered to be com-
mitted.

When the order of the day was

moved

110

moved for its committal, Mr. Sheri-

dan strongly objected to that part of
it, which must sensibly affect the

. administration of justice—namely—

by enhancing the expence at which

it was to be procured. On this

subject, it had been said, by one of
the most acute men in the country,

Mr. Horne Tooke, “* The courts of

justice are open to every man, and

so is the ‘ London tavern ;’ but, un--
Jess one has plenty of money, it is

in yain to look for justice in the

one, or to expect a dinner in the

other.’ He considered, that it was

contrary to Macna Cuarta, which

stated nullé vendemus justitiam, to

fay such enormous taxes upon law

proceedings: he moved, that the

committee might have power to di-

vide this bill into two.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer
stated, that the gentlemen of the
profession generally acquiesced in
the regulations of this bill. So far
from the stamp duties being a tax
upon obtaining justice, it was a pe-
nalty on injustice, as the costs fi-
nally fell upon the person bringing
an unjust suit.

Mr. serjeant Best opposed the
tax, on nearly the same principles
as Mr. Sheridan, and was replied to
by the attorney-genéral.

Mr. Windham said, that, at pre-
sent, law proceedings were so ex-
pensive, that no liberal or conscien-
tious lawyer would advise a client
to come into court for any thing
less than 40 or 501. which bore a
great proportion to the whole for-
tunes of many persons in society. —
This afforded an extensive range, |
within which injustice might act
with impunity. He must, therefore,
. object to extending that circle,
which was already too wide.

The bill thea went through a

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. f

committee, in which many objece

tions, \and some alterations, were

proposed ; it was then read a third
time, and passed.

On the 10th of July, lord Cas-
tlereagh presented the India budget
to the house of commons. He called
it to the attention of the house, that
the affairs of the company had been
affected both by the European war,
and by the war against the Mah- ~
rattas. He then stated the detail of:
the accounts of the year, by which:
it appeared, that the debts of the
company had increased, in the last
year, by 1,229,821]. that their as-
sets had increased 1,959,396]. leav-
ing the nett improvement for the
year 729,575]. When he had be-
fore stated the prospect of the com-
pany being able to pay the annual
500,000I. to government, it was on
the presumption of the continuance
of peace, and of the general situa-
tion of affairs being very different
from what they are at present.

Lord Archibald Hamilton ob-
served, that the house was annually
amused: with splendid promises of
the extinction of the Indian debt,
and of India contributing to the ex-
pences of the empire. Ou the con-
trary, the debt was last year 18
millions, it is this year 19 millions,
and there was every prospect of a
still farther accumulation.

Mr. Johnstone also insisted, that
the affairs_of the company were
growing every year more and more
embarrassed, and considered the ac-
counts fallacious.

Mr. Francis said, that his opinion
of the situation of ouraffairs in India,
remained the same as he had ex-
pressed last session. He thought -
the mischief was in a state of pro-
gression, and that every year would
find our affairs still worse. It was

: . expressly

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

expressly stipulated, at the renewal
of the company’s charter, that the

- country shoald receive half a million

annually; and yet, after the first

_ year, this sum was never paid. It

was strange, that, out of a territo-
rial revenue of 13 Millions, and a
flourishing home trade, there was
not surplus enough to pay a sum so
comparatively trifling. ‘The com-
pany may say, ‘“* We have spent the
money, there is no surplus, and
therefore you can have no claim.”
Such an answer ought not, how-
ever, to satisfy the country. Par-
liament should enquire how they

spens their money, before they ad-
_ mitted such a plea.

Gur Indian

_ prosperity is always in hope,and in

* event justifies.

future prospects, and the estimates
are always made higher than the
This had been the
constant practice for the last 21
years, and appeared the system of

those who produce Indian accounts. -

He hoped, at a future day, that the
whole system of the administration
of the company’s affairs, in India,
would undergo that full examination
that its great importance deserved.
If no other gentleman, more com-
petent, would bring, the subject be-
fore parliament, he should consider
it his duty to do so.

_ Mr. C. Grant (deputy chairman

of the East-India company) admit-
ted, it was a national misfortune,

_ that the affairs of India were so little

_ known, or attended to.
ed, from his own positive know-

He assert-

ledge, that the company’s aflairs
Were in a much better situation
now, than they were in the year
1793. ; °

After a reply from Mr. Francis,
and some explanations from lord
Castlereagh, the resolutions were
agreed to in the commitiee.

4

111

On the day appointed for the dis-
cussion of the resolutions, lord Cas-
tlereagh entered into a very detailed
statement, to prove, that neither he
nor his predecessor had ever held
out any promises which would not
have been fulfilled, if it had not
been for wars, that could not have
been foreseen. He concluded, by
moving, that the proper ofiicer
should be directed to lay before the
house an account of the revenue,
and charges of India for the last 10
years, distinguishing each year.

This motion gave rise to a long
conversation, in which Mr. John-
stone, Mr. Prinsep, Mr. C. Grant,
and lord Castlereagh, were the
principal speakers. The motion was
at last carried, without a division.

Independently of the subjects of
great general importance, which
gave rise to the debates which we
have already detailed, the Ayles-
bury and Liskeard elections pro-
duced some eager discussions.—
Those in the Liskeard case were
confined to the house of commons ;
but in that of Aylesbury, there was
a bill of partial disfranchisement,
which produced warm debates in
both houses of parliament. The
committee, upon the petition on the
Aylesbury election, had reported,
that Mr. Bent had been guilty of
bribery.

Sir G. Cornwall, who was chair-
man of that committee, stated, from
the report, that many of the voters,
not being content with having only
two candidates, looked out for a
third, and accepted bribes of money
for giving him their suflrages. The
object of the committee was not to
prosecute nor disqualify those cor-
rupt voters, but to extend the right
of voting for. that borough to other
persons in the neighbouring hun-

dreds.

112

dreds. He, therefore, moved for
leave to bring in a bill for preveut-
ing bribery and corruption, at the
elections for the borough of Ayles-
bury.

The Marquis of Titchfield opposed
it. He had no objection to punish.
ing the guilty, but he thought it un-
fair to infringe upon the rights of
300 electors, because 50 of them
had been guilty of bribery,

Mr..C. Wynne begged to set his

noble friend right. Although but
50 names had been mentioned, at
least 200 had taken bribes. It was
a case of the most open profligacy
that he had ever heard.
_ Mr. Rose stated the fact to be,
that above 200 voters had been col-
Jected in one room; that at one end
of the room there was a bowl of
puirek, and at the other a bowl of
guineas, and that every man was
given his douceur.

Sir John Newport confirmed that
statement, aud thought it was a very
favourable moment to throw open
the borough ; and he thought, that,
for the purity of our representa-
tion, the house should be glad to
avail itself of such opportunities.

Sir George Cornwall then ob-

tained leave to bring in the bill.—
On its second reading, the marquis
of Titchficld renewed his objections,
and moved, that the second reading

should be postponed till that day

three months.

Sir John Newport, and the secre-
tary at war, opposed the motion,
and supported the bill.

Mr. Hurst, Mr. P. Moore, lord
Ossulstone, the master of the rolls,
and Mr. Fox, opposed the bill, as
quite unnecessary, and that the case
which had been made out was not
stronger than the common cases of
bribery and corruption, which were

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

punished in the ordinary manner.—
The house then divided, and the se-
cond reading of the bill was carried
by a majority of 19, the noes being

Every step of the bill produced
fresh discussions, on nearly the
grounds as have already been stated.
On the question, that the bill should
be engrossed, the ayes were 154,
the noes 126, being a majority of
28 in favour of the bill.

When the bill was introduced in
the house of lords, the lord chan-
cellor said, the bill appeared to him
unfair and unjust. If the measure
was right to be adopted, he thought
it should be a general measure, ex-
tending to the whole of our repre-
sentation; and he disapproved of. -
picking and choosing particular bo-
roughs, to try experiments on, of a
partial reform. ‘The common Jaw
of the country afforded a sufficient
and severe punishment against bri-
bery at elections, and he thought
this case should be left to that re-
medy.

Lord Grosvenor supported the
bill, conceiving the ease to be one of
such flagrant corruption, that it was
necessary to make a striking exam-
ple.

Lord Grenville strongly support-
ed the justice and necessity of the
bill. Tle thought, the interference
of the legislature, at present, would
be precisely on the same principles
as in the Shoreham case. He con-
sidered it one of the greatest excel-
lencies in the constitution, that any
striking evil could be remedied,
without recurring to wild theories ;
and thought, that when a case of fla-
grant corruption was proved, there
should be an example and a warning
given to the other boroughs of the
kingdom.

Lords

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Lords Auckland and Hawkesbury
supported the bill, and lord Ellen-
borough opposed it, as one, that
_ went to punish the innocent as well
as the guilty.

On the day appointed for the fi-
nal discussion, lord Grenville again
supported the bill, on the grounds

he had before urged.

The Lord Chancellor considered,
that this bill rested on principles
very like those of the corresponding
society, and reform clubs. He con-
sidered it most unconstitutional, and

unprecedented, as the punishment
was not intended to fall upon the
_ guilty, but upon all, indiscriminate-

After a pretty long discussion,

the house divided: for the bill 39,
against it 32. ee

Previously to the termination of
the session, Mr. Windham took an
opportunity of asking for informa-
_ tion from ministers, respecting the
ease of captain Wright, who was
_ made a prisoner of war, when com-
manding his majesty’s sloop ‘* Vin-
cego,”? and who had since been com-
mitted to close confinement in the
Temple, for refusing to answer in-
_ terrogatories put to him by the ene-
| wy, after his capture.
On the 31st of July, the session
closed. On that day the speaker,
_in presenting some bills for the royal

assent, addressed his majesty on the
_ throne*. He stated, “‘ that the

aea~

o

~( ae,

* Vide “ State Papers” page £9.
+ Vide “ State Papers,” pave 599.

11S

house of commons had the proud
satisfaction of seeing the national
debt diminished, and the resources
and prosperity of the country in-
crease ; that the commons had deli-
berated, with unceasing solicitude,
on the best system for military de-
fence ; and, that the voluntary zeal
of ail ranks of people, to obtain the
necessary discipline, had co-operated
powerfully with the measures taken
by parliament. ‘They trusted, that
with the blessing of God, this em-
pire would outlast the storms, that
had overwhelmed the continent of
Europe ; and that the other nations
might witness the destruétion of
a tyranny, founded on fraud and
violence, and cemented with inno-
cent blood, and that they might re-
cover their ancient power and inde.
pendence.”

His majesty then addressed his
parliament+. In the first part of
his speech to both houses collective.
ly, he praised the wisdom with
which they had direéted their atten.
tion to the encouragement and im-
provement of the volunteer force,
which the ardour and spirit of his
subjects had enabled him to carry to
an unprecedented height: he con-
cluded by noticing the additional
force bill. Ile thanked the house
of commons for the addition they
had made to his civil listt, and for
the extensive provision which they
had made for the exigencies of the

public

{ Mr. Addington, while. chancellor of the exchequer, moved certain resolutions
for the purpose of paying the debt on the civil list, and increasing its establish-
ment. The debt, that was to. be paid off, amounted to 590,000/. and the annual
imcrease he wished to make to the civil list was 60,000/, The debt had been two

rs anda half in contracting, and the necessity of incurring it had appeared,

mi various reports upon the subject, which had been before parliament during

last and present session, The causes of the debt, were the increased salaries

“Von, XLVI,

and

114

public service, and especially for
their prudent attention to the per-
' manent credit of the country, by
making such great exertions to pre-
vent an accumulation of the debt,
and to raise, within the year, a con-
siderable part of its expences.

He then informed the parliament,
that the preparations of the enemy,
for carrying into execution the
attempt they had so long menaced,
were daily augmenting, and it seem-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ed asif it were only delayed for the
purpose of obtaining increased
means. He had no doubt, however,
but, that by the blessing of Provi-
dence, it would end, not only in
repelling the danger of the moment,
but in establishing, in the eyes of
foreign nations, the security of this
country, upon a basis, never to be
shaken. He also inglulged a hepe,
tinat the exertions and example of

this country, might have such an
effect

and establishments of foreign ministers; the increased expences-of the royal house-
hold, ia consequence of the high price of provisions; and, lastly, occasional pay-
ments, such as the payments to French emigrants, foreign secret services, and law
charges: upon his proposing his first resolution,

Mr. Bankes disapproved of the custom of-coming to parliament with applications
like the present. He thought the expences of the crown ought to be kept within
the estimates which were presented. He wished that every possible economy
might be used in the different apartments of the state; and askedif the 4% per
cent. duties, which were applicable to the purposes of the civil list, had been paid
to that account.

Mr, Addington said, it was not in contemplation cither to increase the magnifi-
eence of the throne, or the indulgencies of the illustrious family that filled it; all
that was intended, was to support the monarchy in the same splendour, as the ar-
rangement in 1786 was meant to give. The increased prices of every thing since
that time, made it absolutely necessary to make an addition to the sum then
granted,

Sir Francis Burdett, did not think it right, that the high price of provisions, and
the pressure of the times, should be made an argument for imposing additional bur-
dens on the poorer classes of society, i order to relieve those who were more opu-
lent. He thought, that the pressure of the times should be proportionably borne
by every man: and even those who administered the government, should feel some
share of the inconveniencies to which the mass of the people was exposed. On
looking over the list of those whose incomes were derived from pensions and sine-
cure places, he saw, with grief, that scarce any of them were obtained by merit.
Lord Nelson, lord Hutchinson, and sir Sidney Smith, were poorly rewarded in com+
parison to many others, who had no claims but ministerial favour and patronage.
He could not consent to vote a farthing for the payment of debts, that had been
contracted contrary to law. He would not allow, that the country had at all im-
proved its situation during the present reign. He concluded, by giving his decided
negative to the resolution.

The resolution was agreed to.

On the question for the second reading the resolutions on the second of July,

Mr. Johnstone opposed them. He would by no means allow, that his majesty
had not been fully compensated for the loss of his hereditary revenue. He
thought, that with proper economy, the present allowance was sufficient.

Mr. Rosé, and colonel Calcraft, were of opinion, that the addition of 60,0001.
annually, was necessary to support the proper dignity of the throne.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer (Mr. Pitt) replied to the objections which had
been made, and the resolutions were agreed to without a division,

upon other nations, as might
to the re-establishment of such
system in Europe, as would op-
Bee an effecinval barrier to these
emes of unbounded ambition and

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

115

NEE eee that threatened to
overwhelm the continent of En-
rope.

The parliament was then pro-
regued, ‘

i2 CHAP.

116

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

‘ CHAP. VII.

State of Parties at the Close of the Session of Parliament in the Year 1803
, illustrated by an intercepted Letter, from Lord Grenville to the Marquis
Wellesley.— Account of that Letter—generally conceived an authentic
Document—and why.—Sityation of the grea tPolitical Parties at the Com-
mencement of the Year—Union in Public Conduct of the * Old” and

‘¢ New” Oppositions—gradual Accession of Mr.

Pitt and his Friends

thereto—Mr. Addington’s Administration draws toa Period—and termi-
nates—Mr. Pitt accepts the Office of Prime Minister—and forms a Go-
vernment, to the Exclusion of the Two Parties with which he had lately
acted—Great Disappointment of the Public thereon—Defence made for hom
—on what Grounds—Letter from Lord Grenville to Mr. Pitt.

A our last volume, we brought
down the narrative of the poli-

tical situation of the different par-

ties in parliament, to the close of
the session in 1803. ‘The publica-
tion of an intercepted letter, writ-
ten about this period, from lord
Grenville to the marquis Wellesley,
governor-general in India, enables
as to exhibit, for the information of
our readers, a general view of this
subject, such as it was then repre-
sented, by a person having a consi-
derable share in these transactions ;
and writing, in the most unreserved
manner, to his intimate friend.

The letter in question was pub-
lished by the enemy. Of the mo-
tive and practice of such publica-
tions, most men will, on cool re-
flection, be inclined to disapprove:
Dut as this, and a subsequent letter
to Mr. Pitt, from the same person,

were insert in all. the public pa-
pers of the day, and throw a consi-
derable light on the political trans-
actions of the times, our readers
will naturally expeét, that they
should find a place in this collec-
tion.

With respeét to the letter to lord
Wellesley, it seems just to ob-
serve, that the original has not yet
been published. A bald, and in
some places, evidently, an inaccus
rate translation of it into French,
was printed by the ‘government of
France; and this was again re-
translated into the English news.
papers. It is probable, therefore,
that there must be considerable va-
riation in the expressions, although
the sense has. perhaps not been ma-
terially altered.

‘¢ My dear Wellesley,*

“¢ Two days ago, I received your

letter,

* The letter here inserted, was one of eighty-four, from individuals in Great Bri-

tain, to their correspondents i in India

, found on board the Admiral Aplin, East In-

dia ‘Company's ship, bound to Madras, when captured by the French squadron,

under Admiral Linois.

It will be recollected, that this letter has undergone a double translation,

| HISTORY OF EUROPE.
Setter, of the 16th of February, and

I now reply to.it, though I am not
entirely certain when I shall have an
opportunity of transmitting to you
my answer. In regard to your stay

* in India, this question has been long

ago decided; and so great is the dis-
tance which separates us, that be-
fore this can reach you, the time
fixed for your departure will have
arrived. I am not certain whether
the event of the war which our wise
ministers have at last declared, may
not have induced them to beg you to
continue your stay in India some
time longer. No one was better
able than they to appreciate the cer-
tainty of this event, so that we ought
to suppose they have taken all those
measures which the moment requir-
ed; but every thing, however, shews
that they were taken as much tina-
wares, as if that event had been
little expeéted. It is consequently
not improbable, that when they
found war unavoidable, that is to
say, on the day when they declared
it, they may have dispatched orders
to you to remain in India. But as
lam entirely ignorant on this sub-
ject, I cannot reason on it. Should
this not be the case, I hope nothing
will prevent me from having the
pleasure of seeing you next year,
Supposing at’ that period that you
have still @ country to revisit.——
When I make use of this expression,
do not imagine that my dissatisfac-

tion with the conduét of the govern-
' ment has made any change in my

Opinion respeéting the means and
resources of this country; I have
never been among the number of
croakers on this subject. It is not
so much opinion (if 1 do not deceive
myself), as a perfeét knowledge
equivalent to a certainty, which in-
duces me to say, that the country

117

possesses not only abundant and am-
ple means of defence, but means suf-
ficient to make our enemy repent of
his hostile conduét, and to force him
to fear, and consequently to respect
us. . But hitherto there hasbeen so
much indecision, timidity, and slow-
ness, in all the measures taken to
call forth our resources, arid all our
courage at this moment exhibits so
much the impression of fear, that L
cannot speak with any satisfaction
of the talents which have been
called itito action, er of the disposi-
tions which have been made.—My
course of political conduét, as you
must have seen, differs more and
more from that of government. In
regard to the opinion 1 expressed on
the peace, I have the satisfaction to
find that justice is now done me in
every part of the country. Not
only have subsequent events proved
that the small body with whom I
acted in concert on this occasion,
were composed of the only persons
who then knew how to appreciate
this measure and its consequences ;
but it has been generally acknow=
Jedged, that we rightly foresaw what
would take place. All the infamous
calumnies of government have fallen
with double force on their own
heads. In every thing I have since
done, and in every thing I have ab-
stained from doing, you will, I hope,
perceive those sentiments, and those
principles, from which no opinion,
however unfavourable it may be to
the personal conduét of any indivi- -
dual, shall ever make me deviate.
Had I been certain of an opportu-
nity, I should have written you a
detail of what has taken place since
April last, in regard to the projected
change in the government, and would
have explained (as far as I have been
able to understand them) the grounds
13 of

i18

of the conduct which Pitt has since
observed. It gives me great plea-
sure to see, that while my ditlerence
with Addington becomes every day
more marked, all the motives which
made Pitt and me differ in opinion
and conduct, daily decrease.—We
have not, however, yet been able to
assimilate completely our plans of
political conduét. Our situation, in-
deed, in one essential point of view,
is entirely different—Though he
did not recommend Addington to
his present employment (and, in-
deed, who is there that knows him
would have done it?), he neverthe-
less gave him a certain portion of
influence, more active than my opi-
nion. would have permitted me to
grant, in the formation of the new
administration. He advised their
measures a long time after I had
ceased to have any intercourse with
them, and he approved of them in
different points, which appeared to
me the most criminal, and which
were indeed so,\as proved by the
event. He is consequently more
hampered in his conduct than I am,
and he does not at present enjoy the
inestimable advantage which I pos-
sess, of never having concealed nor
compromised my opinion, in regard
to matters of so much political m-
poriance; but, J believe that his
ideas on their political conduct are
not much different from mine, if
they differ at all, and to all this must
be added a resentment justly merit-
ed from the personal conduét of Mr.
Addington towards him. He does
not endeavour to conceal his senti-
ments. If he has written to you
(which he certainly must have done,
had he not contra¢ted the bad habit
of never writing to any one) he
must have expressed to you, I am
persuaded, all these sentiments with-
v

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

out reserve; and it is under thig
persuasion that I enlarge so much to
you on his opinions. ‘The measure,
indeed, which he has lately adopted
(I allude to his motion of adjourn-
ment, onthe vote of censure, ill
judged in itself, as I think it was,
and unfortunate in its result, since
it lessened his public influence), has,
at least, the merit of expressing, in
an unequivocal manner, his disap-
probation of the conduét of govern-
ment. I will npt hazard a conjec-
ture in regard to the new events
which may take place before your
arrival, and the only advice I wish
to give you is, what I have more
than once suggested, not to engage
for any thing until you return, butto
retain the liberty of aéting, accord.
ing to such motives as you shall
judge proper to direét your conduct
when you are on the spot, and ac«
cording as the different relations
between persons at the head of af.
fairs in the different subdivisions of
parties, shall have enabled you to
judge what suits you best. In re.
gard to the idea thrown out, in the
extraét you haye sent me from your
letter to Mr. Addington, you ought,
in my opinion, to consider it only as
a possible, though remote event.
As for eternal enmity, I detest the
idea; and, if I have an eternal en-
mity, it is against the partisans of a
principle so detestable. But much
is due to public opinion, as well as
to the personal situation and cha-
racter of individuals, which ought
to be respected long after they have
ceased to have resentment, or to
take pleasure in giving proofs of it ;
and nothing appears to me less, pro-
bable than to see Pitt and me, at any
near period (perhaps [ may say, at
any period of our lives), reconciled,
and disposed te re-establish with Ad-
dington

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

dington our former relations. The
papers, if you have them, will in-
form you, that all our conversation
at present turns on invasion, and
that we atlength begin to take mea-
sures for enabling us to face our
enemies, if they should be able to
effect a Janding, which, though very
improbable, is not, certainly, in any
Manner impossible. To speak of
congucring, or subduing ten or
twelve millions of men, if prepared
for the contest, and direéied by a
government desirous and capable of
animating their efforts, would be
completely ridiculous. But expe-
rience has shewn, that the number
of inhabitants alone, and even ad-
vantage of local situation, are no-
thing, if the direéiion of the defence
remains in the hands of men distin-
guished only by their imbecility and
weakness. In Holland even, and
still more in Germany, Italy, and
Swisserland, the countries were given
up by the weakness, not of the peo-
ple, but of their governments ; and
in like manner, if in this island, or
in Ireland, we should experienceany
considerable check, we shall owe it
not to the timidity or ignorance of
the nation, but solely to those of
government. You must be already
enabled to judge to what a degree
these qualities exist in the present
government, if (as I suppose) you
haye, before you receive this letter,
read the correspondence of lord
Hawkesbury with Otto and lord
Whitworth, and compared the dates
of the different counter-orders in re-
gard to the Cape, during the course
of our communications with France.
It would be superfluous to add to
the length of this letter, by expati-
ating on the pleasure which I ex-

_ perienced, on finding in your letter

those expressions of friendship which
belong to our old and uninterrupted

f

119

intimacy. I never did more for you
than you would have done for me,
on a like occasion ;. and if the in.
trigue planned against you is totally
without effect, and your measures
have been approved before they
were arraigned, 1 cannot flatter
myself with having contributed to
this result by my efforts ;—but you
may, in my opinion, consider the
aijair as terminated. It does not
appear that a single word of it was
mentioned in parliament before
Christmas, and I really believe that
you have nothing to fear. You can -
now have uothing further to appre-
hend on the subject, except perhaps
the trouble and unpleasantness of a
controversy of this description.
‘¢ T remain, &c. &e. &c.

(Signed) *¢ Grenville.”

Of the view of political affairs,
presented in this letter, the result
may perhaps shortly be stated to
be, that, while the sentiments both
of the * old” and of the $+ new”
opposition (as those parties were
termed, of which Mr. Fox and lord
Grenville were the chiefs) were
avowedly unfavourable to the mea-
sures of the existing government,
the predilection originally manifest-
ed in their favour, by the late mini-
ster (Mr. Pitt) had gradually sub-
sided, first into coldness and indif.
ference, then into an expressed dis-
approbation of some parts of their
conduct ; and, that at the period of
which we are now speaking, he was”
supposed to entertain sentiments not
much less hostile to administration,
than those of the parties by whom
their measures were directly op-
posed.

No material change appears to
have occurred in this respect in the
course of the autumn of the last
year; and, at the opening of the
following sessiou of parliament, the

14 four

120

four parties into which the public
men of the day were chiefly divided,
namely, the supporters of govern-
ment, the friends of Mr. Pitt, the
*< old” and the ‘** new” opposition,
were found nearly in the same rela-
tion to each other, as we have here
stated. A common sentiment, how-
ever, of the inadequacy of the ad-
ministration, to whom, in the most
¢ritical and alarming circumstances,
the safety of the British empire was
now confided; confessedly to the
exclusion of so many persons of all
descriptions, distinguished both by
experience and talent, appeared to
have led to more intercourse than
had hitherto taken place between
the *¢ old” and ** new”’ opposition:
and it was generally understood,
that, without any compromise of
their opinions, on points respecting
which they had formerly differed,
these parties were now disposed to
unite their efforts, for the accom-
plishing an object, on the necessity
of which they both perfectly agreed,
that of the substitution of as vigor-
ous and eflicient a government as the
talents of the country could supply,
in order to mect a danger, against
which no exertions could be consi-
dered as too powerful.

The course of the discussions
which took place in the earlier part
of the session, will be found parti-
cularly stated under the head of our
parliamentary proceedings. From
most of these, Mr. Pitt was either
absent, or took in them only such a
part, as did not convey any distinct
pledge of his sentiments respecting
the great question on which the
public opinion was now so much
agitated—that of the sufficiency of
the government to meet the urgency
of so difficult a crisis. At length,
hewever, early in the spring of the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

present year, Mr. Pitt came for-
ward, with a more decisive avowal
of his sentiments on this important
subject ; and not only declared his
total disapprobation of the particu-
lar measures for the national de-
fence, proposed by ministers, (and
then under the consideration of par-
liament) but also arraigned, in terms
of the bitterest sarcasm, and severest
invective, their general conduct of
the public interests, both at home
and abroad ; expressing, at the same
time, his absolute conviction,
grounded on experience, that the
safety of the country required the
formation of a more efficient govern-
ment. ‘This opinion, which had so
Jong been urged by the other parties
in opposition, was already very ge-
nerally prevalent in the public ; and
the declaration now made, of the
accession of Mr. Pitt and his friends
to the same sentiment, was at once
decisive, upon the existence of Mr.
Addington’s administration. It be-
came now manifest, that, with the
exception of the immediate adhe-
rents of that administration, ali
other parties were agreed, both as
to the necessity of a change, and as
to the means by which that change
might most speedily be effected—
namely, those of a strong opposi-
tion in parliament, avowedly di-
rected to produce, by constitutional
means, that great national object.
The strength of the government,
on the one hand, and, on the other,
that of the three parties thus united
for the purpose of compelling a
change of administration, were
found, by repeated divisions in both
houses of parliament, to be nearly,
balanced: but the weight of public
opinion, in favour of the latter, left
no doubt which scale must ulti-
mately preponderate,
It

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

It is to the praise of Mr. Adding-
ton, that to this state of things,
with such an opposition ranged

| against him, as could leave no ques-
‘tion of the real sentiments of par-
diament or the public, he yielded
without hesitation ; and instead of

attempting by a fruitless resistance,

to prolong a struggle, which, in a
moment of so much difficulty the
public interests could but ill endure,
he gave to his sovereign, that, which,
in such a case, was the only sound
- and constitutional advice—namely,
that a new ministry should, without
delay, be formed, possessing more
of the confidence both of parliament
and of the public ; and declarations,
amounting in substance to this ef-
- fect, although couched in terms of
some ambiguity and reserve, were

i made both in the house of lords and

_ house of commons.
_ When the resignation of Mr. Ad-

_ dington was thus announced, there

>

_ universally prevailed throughout the
_ country a greater degree of unani-
mity, as well of wish as of opinion,
as to the steps to be next taken,
than has, perhaps, ever been wit-
nessed in any other case of a similar
description. ‘The increasing dan-

_ gers of the country had produced a

general call for the union and co-
operation of all those, whose services
- could in any manner be useful to
_ the interests of the public. ‘This
sentiment had been echoed by every
_ party, and by every description of
people. The government had recom-
mended, that all political differences
‘should be swallowed up in an uni-
_ versal exertion for the common de-
fence, to be made under their united
auspices, The three parties which
had at length joined in opposition,
had successively shewn, both by
their Janguage and their practice,

121

that they also wished to bury in ob-
livion the memory of past diffe.
rences, and to unite in exertions for
the common security ; although they
deemed it essential to the success of
these exertions, that the direction of
them should be entrusted to such
hands as might, in the general opi-
nion of mankind, be reasonably
deemed adequate to such a task.—
The country at Jarge rejoiced to see
those great political leaders, by
whose divisions the public mind had
so Jong been distracted, now united
in the same course of conduct, and
acting in parliament with that com-
manding effect, which was naturally
to be expected from such a concur-
rence.

Whatever private predilections
were rumoured to prevail in ANY
QUARTER, no doubt was euter-
tained, but that the general wish
would be gratified by the formation
of a government, such as this new
state of things seemed to render
practicable, and as all men felt to
be desirable: a government, em-
bracing all that could be found in
the country most eminent in talent
and consideration.

Such was the course, by which,
in former periods of public danger,
(formidable at the period, though
little to be compared in magnitude
with that by which the country was
now menaced,) the public spirit
had been raised from dejection and
despondency to the highest anima-
tion and most vigorous exertion : and
a train of disgraces and defeats had
been followed by a long series of
triumph and victory. The hope of
a similar resuli, in the present in-
stance, was strengthened by the
public declarations of the most con-
siderable persons of every political
party, i by the uniform language

of

122

of their friends and adherents,
What the circumstances were which
prevented its accomplishment, we
are unwilling too minutely to en-
quire. It appeared, from repeated
assertions made, in Mr. Pitt’s vindi-
cation, both by himself and _ his
friends, that no man was more Stre-
puous than himself in declaring in
EVERY QUARTER, that the for-
mation of such a government, com-
prehending, without any exclusion
whatever, all those who could best
contribute to its efficiency and
weight, was imperiously required
by the present necessities of the
country. But those who give him
the fullest credit for entertaining
and urging this opinion, remarked,
that by the constitution of this
country, a minister is answerable,
not for his private sentiments or
secret counsels, so much as for his
public conduét;—that it is in the
aéts of government, that the advice
given by ministers to their sovercigns
ts to be looked for ;—that a public
man, who accepts any part in an
administration, much more who un-
dertakes to form and direét it,
pledges himself to his country for
his own conviction of the expedi-
ency and. the rectitude of the. prin-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804..

ciple on which it is established ;—~
and that all idea of public responsi-
bility would be overthrown, as well
as the dignity of the royal station
essentially compromised, if a minis-
ter were allowed to justify any part
of his conduct, either in forming or
conducting a government, not by
his own opinion and sense of right,
but by a submission to predilections
and prejudices, which he may al-
ledge to have found in ‘ the clo-
set,”’ and to have in vain attempted
to combat.

Under these circumstances the
public experienced the severest dis-
appointment, when they found, that
of the three parties to whose union
in their service it had looked with
so confident a hope, one only, that
immediately attached toMr. Pitt,com-
posed the new administration; which
was thought to be little strengthen-
ed by the addition of two or three
individuals belonging to the govern.
ment which he had overthrown,

-aud in which they~had held such

stations as had particularly exposed
them to the bitterness of his sarcasm
and reproachful scorn.*

By those who wished to justify
this step, it was universally said,
that it was not to be attributed to

Mr.

~

* Mr. Pitt was gazetted First Lord of the Treasury, and Chancellor of the Exche-

quer, on the 12th day of May, in the room of Mr. Addington.

For the dates of

the other sae ine which took place, vide the “ Promotions” of this vel.

Of Mr. Addington’ s administration, the following Cabinet Ministers, viz,
The Duke of Portland, President of the Council.

Lord Eldon, Lord Chancellor.

Ear! of Westmorland, Lord Privy Seal.

Ear] of Chatham, Master-General of the Ordnance.

And

Lord Castlereagh, President of the Board of Control.

Retained their several situations in the government formed by Mr. Pitt - ¢
Lord Hawkesbury, Secretry of State for Foreign Affairs, under the late minister,
also adhéred to the present, but his office was changed to the home department,

vice Mr. Yorke.

The

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Mr. Pitt, whom they represented
as sincerely lamenting it, but, on the
one hand, to objeciions said to pre-

_ vailin the ROYAL BREAST against

the admission of Mr. Fox te sta-

tiens such as those which Mr. Pitt

had. recommendeé to be offered to

him: and on the other hand, toa
determination, on the part of the
“new eoppesition,” te withhold,
without sufficient motive, those ser-
vices which both their screreign and
their country were entitled to de-
mand from them.

The public opinion appeared,
however, by no meaus te coincide
with those who sought to apologise
for the contracted and confessedly
inadeg uate scale on which a govern-
ment was now formed, destined to
replace that, which the new minis-

ters themselves had opposed in par-

123 ,

liament on no other ground, than
that ef its alledged insufficiency to
meet the dangers of the crisis. All
considerate men lamented te see the
sacred charaéter and person of the
severcign brought forward on such
an occasion, .and mixed in questions
of political discussion among his
sithjects. Ner could they avoid con-
demning the principle of resorting
to his name, as an apology for mea,
sures, which by that very use of it.
were confessed to be objectionable.
it was sufficiently ebvious, that if
this pra¢tice were once admitted,
no minister could be made respon-
sible for any part ef his public cons
duct; nor could the dignity of the
crown of itself be maintained in that
situation of sacred and inviolable
reverence in which the constitution
has placed it, when it has said,

that

The new arrangements stood, therefore, as follows:
Mr. Pitt, First Lord of the Treasury, and Chancellor of the Exchequer, vice Mr.
_ Addington._
Lord Melville (late Mr. Dundas) First Lord of the Admiralty, vice the Earl of St.

Vincent.

Lord Harrowby, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, vice Lord Hawkesbury.
Earl of Camden, Secretary of State for the Department of War and the Colonies,

eice Lord Hobart.

Aad Lord Mulgrave, Chancellor of the Dachy of Lancaster (with a seat in the

Cabinet) vice Lord Pelham.

Thus it will be seen that a majority of the late cabinet ministers were retained,
and formed a majority also of the present administration.

The government of Ireland continued.unchanged, with the exception of Mr.
_ Wickham, Chief Seeretary, who retired, frorn ill health, and was succeeded by Sir
Evan Nepean. Nor were there any changes made in the law departments of eithet

country,

The alterations in the different public offices were as follows :
The Right Hon. Wm. Dundas, Secretary at War, vice Mr. Bragge. .
Right Hon. George Canning, Treasurer of the Navy, vice Mr. Tierney.

Right Ifon. George Rose,
wht Hon. Lord Charles Somerset,

Joint Paymasters of § Mr. Steele,
the Forces, vice

Mr. Hiley Addington.

Duke of Montrose, Joint Postinaster-General, vice Lord Auckland.

William Huskisson, esq.
William Sturges Bourne, esq.

\ Scoretaries to the Treasury, vice

Mr. Vansittart.
Mr. Sargent.

With various changes in the high offices in the king and queen’s household. For
the particulars of which, we refer our readers to the “Promotions,” at the end of

the “Chronicle” of the present volume.

124

that the king himself can do no
wrong: but that in every exercise
of any part of his constitutional
authority, those servants who ex-
ecute his commands are considered
as advising them, and are responsi-
ble for them both to themselves and
to their country.

It was also agreed, on all hands,
that this principle, universally true,
is, nevertheless, most particularly
applicable to those aéts of sovereign
authority, which are of a harsh or
ungracious tendency. The person-
al proscription of any individual,
{much more, that of so great and
eminent a statesman as Mr. Fox,)
when his services were thought ne-
cessary by the ministers themselves ;
—by the parliament ;—and by the
people, was felt to be new to our
constitution, both in pra¢tice and in
principle: and it was remembered,
that in the instances of all the great-
est statesmen whom the country had
seen, their sovereigns had condes-
cended to dismiss all recollection
of the opposition made by sach per-
sons to the men and manners of
preceding administrations. Such had
been the pra¢tice ever since the Re-
volution : a praétice to which the
nation owed whatever advantage it
had derived from the services of sir
Robert Walpole, of lord Chatham,
and even of Mr, Pitt himself: and
the recolieétion of these circum-
stances naturally Jed the public to
ascrihe their present disappointment
to other causes, than those held out
by the supporters of the new admi-
nistration.

With respeét to the accusation
made by the friends of Mr. Pitt
against the ** new opposition,” for
declining to take a share in a go-
vernment so constituted, the pub-
ligation of the letter, to which

“¢ ing.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

we have before alluded, enables us
to state their defence in the fairs
est manner, that is, in their own
words,

it was understood, that when
Mr. Pitt consented to yield to the
principle of exclusion, in the case of
Mr. Fox, he was authorised to
propose to lord Grenville and his
friends, that they should form 2
leading part of the administration
to be thus established ; and that,
this proposition having been con-
sidered by them, the afiswer was
immediately returned in a letter, a
copy of which was published, tho’
without the authority either of lord
Grenville or Mr. Pitt, but which
has never been disavowed by them,
and is generally allowed to be au-
thentic. It is as follows:

“¢ My dear Pitt,

‘¢ { have already apprized you,
‘* that all the persons to whom, at
* your desire, | communicated what
“* passed between us yesterday,
“agree with me in the decided
*¢ opinion, that we ought not to
‘* engage in the administration which
‘¢ you are now employed in forms
We should be sincerely
“sorry if, by declining this pro-
*¢ posal, we should appear less de-
‘¢ sirous than we must always be,
‘¢ of rendermg to his majesty, to
‘¢ the utmost of our power, every
*¢ advice of which he may be graci-
** ously pleased to think us capable.
** No consideration of personal
“¢ ease or comfort, no apprehension
‘* of responsibility, nor reluétance
** to meet the real situation into which
** the country has been brought;
‘¢ have any weight in this decision :
‘“‘nor are we fettered by any en-
*¢ gagement on the subje& cither
** expressed or implicd; we rest

** our

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

eur determination solely on our
*¢ strong sense of the impropriety
of our becoming parties to a sys-
tem of government which is to be
** formed, at such a moment as the
*¢ present, on a principle of exclu-
6 sion.
_ Jt is unnecessary to dwell on
*¢ the mischiefs which have already
** resulted from placing the great
‘6 offices of government, in weak
** and incapable hands. We see no
** hope of any effectual remedy for
* these mischiefs, but by uniting
*¢ in the public service ‘as large a
“¢¢ proportion as possible of the
/© ‘weight, talents, and character
*¢¢to be found in public men of all
*¢ ‘descriptions, and without any
§* exception.’ This opinion I have
_ already had occasion to express
to you in the same words, and
“¢ we have, for some time past, been
*¢ publicly aéting in conformity to
“it; nor can we, while we remain
“impressed with that persuasion,
‘concur in defeating an object
*‘ for which the circumstances of
§* the times afford at once so strong
an inducement, and so favourable
§¢ an occasion. .
*¢ An opportunity now offers,
*‘ such as this country has seldom
_ * seen, for giving to its government,
_ * in a moment of peculiar difficulty,
_ * the full benefit of the services of
€ all those who, by the public voice
‘and sentiment, are judged most
“capable of contributing to its
** prosperity and safety. The wishes
_ € of the public, upon this occasion,
*¢ are completely in unison with its

125

‘Cinterests; and the advantages
‘¢ which, not this country alone,
‘¢ but all Europe, and the whole
“¢ civilized world, might derive from
‘6 the establishment of such an
‘¢ administration, at such a crisis,
*¢ would probably have exceeded the
** most sanguine expectations.
‘6 We are certainly not ignorant
‘© of the difficulties which might
‘“ have obstructed the final accom.
*¢ plishment of such an object, how-
“¢ever earnestly pursued. But
‘¢ when, in the very first instance,
*¢ all trial of it is precluded, and
*¢ when the denial is made the con.
‘¢ dition of all subsequent arrange-
* ments, we cannot but feel that
*¢ there are no motives, of whatever
‘¢ description, which could justify
*¢ our taking an active part in the
‘¢ establishment of a system so ad-
‘¢ verse to our deliberate and de-~
‘¢ clared opinions.
*¢ ] remain,
*¢ My dear Pitt, &c. &c. Ke.
(Signed) ‘* Grenville.’
We shall here conclude the pre~
sent chapter; once more referring
our readers to the ample detail of
the parliamentary proceedings, which
occupy the preceding pages, for the
few public measures which took
place after the change of govern-
ment ; and reserving to our next vo-
lume the account of the changes,
which, at the opening of the suc-
ceeding session, appeared to have
been made during the autumn, in
the relation in which the parties led
by Mr. Pitt, and the late minister,
stood towards each other*,

* An attempt was made, on the 19th of June, at a common council held in the
city of London, and which was very numerously attended, to pass a vote of thanks
to the late prinie minister (Mr, Addington) “ for the patriotism and public spirit
“ exemplified in his acceptance of that arduous situation, at a period the most event-
“ ful, and for ceconomical application of the national rescurcgs; and, above all, for

“the

126 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

% the steady attachment ta the principles of the constitution, and that miform
“ to the liberties of the people, which have so eminently distmguished his admimuistra-
* tion.” ‘To the substance_of this motion, it was objected by a warm opposition to »
its passing, that, at the ime of Mr. Addmgton’s acceptance of office, he was un-
known to the world as a statesman ; that he accepted the mmistry on a principle
of exclusion, and as the declaged enemy of the Jiberties of a great proportion of the
people, so far as respected the Cathelic question ; pots, for which x would be n-
diculous to thank him: That the people had spontaneously provided for the na-
tional defence, which his complicated and feeble measures rather impedod than put
into effect :—That his ccconomy could not be praised, as, during his admmistration,
no enterprise of glory had been undertaken or achieved; end, therefore, our ex-

aces could not be great, when our operations were solely confined te defence :-—
And, that his regard for the liberties of the people, and the constitution, were best
shewn by the operation of his income tax, and the late wmdow duty, (which last
gave surveyors the right of entering our houses) which were. direc? mfrmgements
upon both. An amendment was consequently moved on the original motion, whiels
was carried by a great majority, and was in the following terms ——‘ 'Vhat, however
* this court may regard the good intentions of his majesty’s late ministers, rt is their
* decided conviction, that the extraordinary circumstances of the times do impe-
* riously require a strong, extended and eflicient administration, combining men of
“the first talent and consideration in the country :-—They do, therefore, highly
“ approve of the conduct of the right hononrable Henry Addington, in resigning
* she important and responsible situation which he held under bis majesty’s govern-
“ ment, when he found he no longer enjoyed that confidence and sapport, se es-
“sential towards conducting the pablic affairs wath energy and success. They ~
* cannot, at the same time, but deeply regret, that the late partial changes im his
* snajesty’s councils, should appear so httle calcelated- to promote the great mte-
“ vests of the nation, and to secure the confidence af the parkament and the peer
* ple, sa necessary at this Inomentous crisis.”

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

127

CHAP IX.

- Retrospective View of the Situation of the Country.—Reduced State of the

_ Army and Navy— Causes theregf.—State of Europe at the Beginning of
the Year—Capture of Goree by the French—Kecapture.—Loss of the:
Apollo and her Convoy on the Coast of Portugal.—New Naval Adminis-
tration.—Conduct of Lord Melville, as First Lord of the Adnuralty.—
Unsuccessful Attempt of Sir Sydney Smith on the French Flotilla—Cap-
ture of Surinam by the British Force.—Farther unsuccessful Attempts on
the French Flotilla.—Defeat of Admiral Linois wm the Indian Seas by the
East India Company’s Honeward-bound Fleet.—Catamaran Project—
Total Defeat thereof—Capture of the Spanish Treasure Ships.—Con-

clusion.

E were unwilling, in the

course of our last volume,

too minutely to enquire into the
causes of that want of decision and

_ energy in the operations of the war,
which materially affected the cha-

racter of the nation abroad, and.

damped, in a considerable degree,
its spirit at home. ‘The want of in-
formation, on many points con-
nected with these subjects, induced
us to defer our investigation, until
time had afforded sufficient lights for
s0 important a branch of our duty ;
and we shall now proceed, before
we narrate the great events of the
year, to consider, retrospectively,
the circumstances which crippled our
national exertions, and which at
Jength indaced the country to call,
with irresistible effect, for a change
of government.

The immense pecuniary resources
of the empire, and the liberality
with which they were contributed
for every purpose of national de-
fence, gave the public aright to look
for armies and ficets, sufficiently nu-
serous not only to plage the coun-

try in a state of indubitable securi,
ty, but to give the enemy that ge-
neraland effectual annoyance, which
might induce him to curb his rest.
less ambition, and restore tranquil
lity to Europe.

In the application of these great
means, however, Mr. Addington’s
ministry were miserably deficient.—
To restore the reduced regular force,
disposable for every purpose of de-
fensive and offensive measures, no
direct means were taken: while to
raise an armed body, limited both
in respect of locality and duration of
service, the legislation were wearied
for the greater part of two sessions
of parliament, in ‘discussing and en-
acting bills for its encouragement,
to the extinction of any possible
means of recruiting the regular ar-
my. ‘To the individual who entcr-
ed inte the former service, the pre-
mium, for his life engagement, te
serve in every clime, was small and
bounded ; in the latter, as a sub.
stitute, he might demand and ob.
tain any sum, his principal was dis.
posed to give: and even the volun.

teer

198

teer system was rendered hostile to
the increase of the army, by the
doctrine of exemptions.

In yain did the advocates of ad-
ministration contend, that their va-
rious projects induced a military
spirit throughout the country, and
that thence the ranks of the regis
ments of the line would eventually
be filled. To these assertions were
opposed facts. And the government
was necessitated, for nearly two
years, to keep up, by the various
modes abundantly within its power,
the rumours of immediate invasion,
which, -while they prevented too
narrow a scrutiny into? their mea-
sures, afforded some colour for the
local force alone created, which,
making allowance for the rawness
of the levy, and its want of disci-
pline, would certainly be applica-
ble to.a war solely defensive.

To avoid recapitulation, as the
measures to which we allude were
strenuously attacked and defended
in parliament, we beg leave to refer
our readers to our account of its
proceedings during the last session, *
im the course .of which it will be
found that these fecble, complicat-
ed, and circuitous modes of natio-
nal defences are detailed at consi-
derable length ; that they were op-
posed by the united talent and weight
of the legislation; and were, final-
ly, among the principal causes of

’ the declension and overthrow of Mr,
Addington’s administration.

But it was on the subject of the
mal-administration of the navy, that
Mr, Pitt chose to put forth all his
Strength, and to come down io par-
liament, towards the close of the
last session, to move for an enquiry
into a comparative statement of

\

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

that force, during the periods of
his and Mr. Addington’s adminis-
trations, on which to ground an en-
quiry into the conduct of the ear] of
St. Vincent, then first lord of the
admiralty. On this point it was
that government was most vulnera-
ble. The moment that it was seen,
that the late prime minister was
prepared to substantiate charges, of
mismanagement and misconduct in
that great branch of the public de~
fence, the tide of popular opinion
turned strongly against Mr. Ad.
dington ; and but a short period en~
sued, between this formidable at-
tack, and his retirement from ofli.
cial situation.

It is not easy to conjecture with
any tolerable certainty, had the pro-
posed enquiry gone forward, what
would have been the result. The
change of ministers, from motives
which we shall not here enquire in-
to, suspended the blow. But it be-
hoves us briefly and impartially to
state, what the grounds were, on
which the admiralty were open to
aitack, and what the causes of the
want of popularity in the naval ad-
ministration, at the period to which
we allude.

When his majesty’s ministers, at
Jength assumed a lofty tone towards
France, and that a war seemed ine-~
vitable, they were doubtless led to
expect, from the high professional
character of the earl of St. Vincent,
then at the head of the naval de-
pertment, exertions far beyond those.
of any former period: and that the
formidable state of our navy, when
directed by him, would dazzle and
confound the projects of Bona-
parte. In cannot be denied, that,
in every light, his lordship must be

‘considered,

* Vide Chapters VI. and VIL.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

eonsidered, as well from his great
naval skill, as from the variety and
extent of his services, in which ma-
ny other. useful branches of know-
Jedge might have been learned, a
most valuable acquisition to a set of

men, new to oflice, whose talents

had hitherto been confined to the
narrow circle of our domestic po-
licy.

In this estimate, however, it
should seem, that government had
greatly over-rated the powers of the
noble person in whom they reposed
so great a trust, or at least, his

application of them to the duties of

this important station: but it was

the fate of Mr. Addington’s admi-

nistration, to fail in all its compo-

ment parts, and always most strik-
_. ingly so, in*those in which it was

Supposed lay its principal strength.
In the case before us, the truth of
this conclusion is eminently conspi-
cuous; and the thorough disorga-
nization, and impending ruin of
their favourite service, must have
painfully convinced ministers of the
erroncous judgment they had formed.

It was strongly impressed upon
the mind of the first lord of the ad-
miralty, that the most enormous
abuses and peculation existed in the
civil branch of the naval depart-

- ment; andalthough, in a consider-
able degree, these ideas might be

well founded; yet, unfortunately,
so little did he avail himself of those

acute powers of mind he was sup-

posed to possess, or so little was he

- acquainted with the nature of the

service over which he presided, as
to conceive that those evils admitted
of an instantaneous and radical

mode of cure. Dear bought experi-

ence could alone convince him, that

Vou, XLVI,

129

this objeét, however meritorious to
attempt, or desirable to attain,
could not be accomplished either in
the time, or by,the means which he
proposed; and that the knife which
amputated the mortified part, might,
when not used discreetly, prove fatal
to the patient. :

So deeply, however, was this im.
pression rooted in the mind of the
admiralty, that the ordimary pro-
gress of the naval system was entire-
Jy suspended, untii\(as it was as-
serted) its projected plans of reform
had taken place. A board of com-
missioners was appointed accord-
ingly, upon whose reports several
of the oldest and best officers of
the dock-yards, and a vast number
of artificers of every description,
were turned adrift, without being
heard in their defence; while, by
the orders of the admiralty, thenavy
board were forbidden to make any
contraét whatever for stores; nor,
during this period of interdiét, were
the usual and regular supplies of the
naval arsenals kept up. The con-
sequence of these measures (as in
every other, vast and complex en-
gine, where the failure of one wheel
in its duty, deranges the whole ma-
chinery) was dreadful, and was, in-
deed, prognosticated by all the
wisest and most experienced of the
naval profession. Our account of
the debates in the session of 1803-4,
will shew, that even then, an ho~
nourable gentleman, high in the na-
vy, apprized and warned administra~
tion of the ruinous system which
was pursuing ; but no pointed’ at-
tack was made in parliament upon
the subject, until the agitation of
the ‘* defence bill,”’ in the house of
commons,* when it gave rise to

: # Vide Chap. ill,

ie many

190 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

many severe and strong animadver-
sions, which finally induced Mr. Pitt,
as we have seen, to take up the mat-
ter in a far more serious manner.
But, even on the occasion to which
we allude, that gentleman seemed
unwilling to enter too minutely into
the most material errors of the
marine administration; doubtless,
through the apprehension of betray-
ing to the enemy (were official do-
cuments produced) the deplorable
and disastrous deficiency, which must
then appear to exist in all our nayal
equipments.

It had been the proud boast of
the minister who concluded the
peace of Amiens, and of every other
person who spoke or wrote in de-
fence of that ill-starred measure,
‘¢ that we might avert any threaten-
‘ing storm by the terrors of a na-
‘¢ val war, by which we could al-
<‘ ways humble the arrogance of
¢¢ France, and produce in her ade-
“¢ sire of continuing the peace.’
If such were the firm and unshaken
basis upon which England was to
build; if this were the elevated
ground, whence Mr. Addington
was to wave ‘* the olive-branch”
to the world ; miserably disappoint-
ed must the country and the mi-
nister have been, when they wit-
nessed the difficulties which at-
tended the equipment of a sufli-
cient armament to thwart the
views of France on the decla-
ration of hostilities, from the defi-
ciency of stores, the very nerves
and sinews of naval warfare. To
such a pitch had this wretched sys-
tem been carried, that even the
hemp, which the vigilance of the
former admiralty had amassed, was

sold upon the peace,* under the -
ceconomical idea of not paying the
expences of the warehouses in which
it was stored! i

By such, and other means, equal-
ly detrimental to the naval exertions
of this country, were the ministers
deceived, (for surely it is charity to
suppose Mr. Addington was deceiv~
ed, when he confidently promised
to the house of commons, that fifty )
ships of the life could be equipped
ina month), to the very moment
they had determined todeclare war,
when, instead of having a well-ap- |
pointed fleet, with a regular supply
of every necessary, to keep up its
equipment, they were equally asto-
nished and dismayed at finding the
royal arsenals thoroughly exhaust-
ed, even before the first part of the
intended armament was fitted out :
and such was the hurry and demand
for ships, and so urgent the want of
timber, and stores of every kind, that
many were sent to sea, which were
aétually in course of repair ! To
complete the calamitous situation of
the fleet, so strongly had the suspi-
cion of fraud and this principle of
mistaken reform, pervaded every
branch connected with the naval de-
partment, that not only the exer-
tions of the merchant ship-wrights
were totally suspended, (nor were
they allowed to finish the men of

‘war they had contracted to build,)

but even those which were upon the
stocks, in the king’s yards, were left

‘imperfect, as the hands employed

upon them were dismissed from
work! Thus, when his majesty’s~
message was delivered to -parlia~
ment, scarcely a ship of war was in
any forwardness, and not a new one

* Agents from France were the principal purchasers !

could

,

- tility.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

could be launched in time to replace
the casualties or occasional exi-
gencies of the service,

That hostilities had been foreseen
and decided upon, long before par-
liament or the country were so ap-
prized, may fairly be supposed ; yet
were not the naval preparations, as
we have shewn, calculated for such
an event, nor our measures such, as
to impress the enemy with awe, or
even respect, for-our means of hos-
In the military branch of
the naval department, the greatest
deficiency, both in measures of pre-

caution, as well as of offence, were

observable. The different convoys

_ were unprotected, even at the mo.

ment the admiralty were stating to
parliament the security which the
merchants derived from their exer-
tious, and they were:sent to their

_ respective destinations, under the

protection of vessels utterly in-
competent to the service. Among
many other proofs of this fact, may

_ be adduced that of the Newfound-

and fleet, which was taken, and

_ the vessel of war (the Wolverene,
_ of eight guns) sent as an escort, was
_ actually sunk by the paltry priva-

teer by which it was captured.
_.A far more serious disaster oc-

_ gurred, in the non-apprizal of admi-

ral Rainier (who commanded the
British fleets in the East-Indies) of
the certainty, or, at least, the pro-
bability, of a war with France,
whilst that event was in contempla-
tion, by an overland dispatch, From
this fatal neglect, the French admi-
ral, Linois, not only made his es-
cape from the very auchorage which
the English squadron occupied before
Pondicherry, but was enabled to cap-
ture, unmolested, not only many of

* Fort Marlborough,
K2

131

our most valuable India ships, butalso
to plunder the settlement at Bencoo-
len*! In fine, our trade, in every
part of the world, suffered much
more than in any former period of
war; and the incapacity of the ad-
miralty, either to protect it, or an-
noy that of the enemy, became-uni-
versally apparent.

As it was to the success of a naval
war (that trusty and well-tried spe-
cies of defence, which had so often
rescued Britain from the greatest
difficulties, and poured dismay and
confusion upon her enemies) that
the country looked with confident
eagerness, so was their disappoint-
ment bitter in the extreme, when it
became but too apparent, that little
chance existed of adding to the na-
tional glory, or even of protecting
ourselves, were the naval administra~
tion of the country entrusted to
such incompetent hands as those, in
whose direction it was now placed.
Tt was found, that, at the awful cri-
sis of a renewed war with France,

-who had, by force of arms, or insi-

dious negociation, enslaved or terri-
fied half Europeinto subjection to her
views; that, to combat this hitherto
unconquered power, we had an ex-
hausted, unrepaired, andill-equipped
fleet, and, worst of all, a system of
naval management which forbad any
hope of amendment or amelioration.
Nor was the evil confined to naval
equipment alone—it pervaded the
whole of the service. ‘The harsh
and tyrannical measures of the ad.
miraliy, from which they never de-
viated, were imitated. and adopted
by many officers, in the interior re-
gulations of their ships: and the
privations which the sailors endured,
in consequence thereof, induced

several

132%

several to fly to foreign service, in
complete disgust, rather than serve
on board the king’s ships ; nor could
bounties, nor the impress, procure
men for a service become odious to
them. .

It was in vain that the high pro-
fessional character which the first
lord of the admiralty formerly bore,
was urged by the minister, as a suf-
ficient refutation of the complaints
which were poured in against him
from every quarter: it was in vain
that the talents and the eloquence of
his best friends, the ‘* old opposi-
tion,” were exerted in vindicating
him personally from the accusations
levelled against him. ‘The tottering
situation of the navy, the disgust
and dissatisfaction of its officers,
and the total want of ships and men,
as well as the methods taken to em-
ploy those few which existed, flash-
ed conviction upon the most incre-
dulous, and the truth could not
much longer be concealed from the
public.

The war was scarcely determined
upon, and declared, when the naval
force of the empire, upon the exer-
tions of which ministry placed its
greatest dependence, to carry terror
and dismay upon the shores of
France, was called upon to execute
a project, which the inexperience of
the cabinet concluded would be fa-
tal to the views of Bonaparte.—
This was, the blockading the ene-
my’s ports, or, as it was more
quaintly termed, in some of the
speeches made in parliament, by the
partizans of government, ‘‘ the her-
metically sealing up their harbours
and trade.’ Itis but justice to the
noble lord, at the head of the admi-
ralty, to suppose that he was far
from really approving this ridiculous
and impracticable scheme of his col-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.
leagues:;—experiencehad tanght him

its futility. But that, whatever his
reasons might have been for not op-
posing it, he did not choose that either
his professional science or his former
conduct, when he commanded the

Channel fleet, should be implicated;

and, therefore, that while he sie
lently acquiesced in its execution,
it must have been the object of his
contempt. :

In placing admiral Cornwallis at
the head of the Channel fleet, the
first lord of the admiralty was well
aware that he entrusted it to a man
whose persevering character would
attract the eyes of the public: he
well knew that gallant officer would
never retire to Torbay; and, that
while it was possible to keep the
sea in his own ship, he never would
issue his orders to a second in com-
mand, to encounter and endure the
fatigue and hardships of a winter’s
campaign in the narrow seas. Well
and wisely, therefore, did he choose ;
nor could his election fall upon a
man better calculated, in every re- |
spect, to keep up the spirits of both
officers and men, on so irksome a
duty.

It is surely matter of wonder and
surprise, that it never occurred to

the promoters of this plan, that the

want of ships to prosecute it, and-of
the materials to repair them, would
be sooner or later severely felt. One.
of the lords of the admiralty had,
indeed, once intimated, in the house
of commons, that ‘¢ the enemy had
no fleet ;” which, if true, was cer-
tainly a happy circumstance for the
country, but certainly afforded no
reason that every ship which could be
equipped, should be dispatched to a
station in the blockading squadrons. -
It was urged, repeatedly, by every
professional man, whose experience

1 had

‘tims of erroneous opinion.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

had enabled him to judge of the expe-
diency of this measure, that utter
ruin to the navy must ensue from its
continuance ; and that while our ships
were wearing themselves fruitlessly
in the winter gales, the enemy would
equip his fleets in perfect security,
and which, when fit for sailing,
might put to sea at a moment when
our storm-shattered squadrons were
compelled to return and refit, How
true these predictions were, subse-
guent events have shewn; and it is
stated, (at the period at which we
write) as a matter of some surprise

and astonishment, that the French

have a fleet now ready for sea, and
equal, if not superior, to the Eng-
lish force, which was ‘‘ hermetically
sealing them up” in their harbours !

It was not on the great scale of
naval warfare alone, that the public
were to be made the dupes and vic-
In the
late war, our coasts had been guard-
ed and our commerce protected, by
the existing admiralty, whonot only
kept up our number of line of bat-
tle ships and frigates, but built a
considerable number of brigs and
vessels of war, which could go into
shallow water, and being armed
with heavy metal, and®calculated to
row in calms, were thus enabled to
annoy the enemy’s. eoasting trade,
convoy our own, and even bid defi-
ance to the batteries on the coast of
France. Protected by these gun-
boats, as they were termed, the
threats of invasion, by small vessels,
were held in contempt, and while
our Grand Fleet rode triumphant
and superior in the deep water, our
coasts were completely protected by
this flotilla. These vessels were,
however, on the peace, sacrificed at
the shrine of economy: but when
the present war was inevitable, and

133

Bonaparte not only declared his
intention to invade us, but¢made no
secret of the means by which he
meant to carry his'threat into exe-
cution, it raised the’astonishment of
every naval officer,- to find that this
species of defence was totally aban-
doned, and a sort of querulous at-
tack made upon those who ven-
tured to differ upon this subject
from the high authority of the
admiralty, whose opinion was said
to be decidedly hostile to the use
of such vessels. At the same mo-
ment, the admiralty made a most
ostentatious display of the number
of small boats, which they affirmed
could be fitted out, round the widely-~
extended coasts of the kingdom :—
a sort of Lilliputian fleet, which,
even if collected, was utterly in-
competent to act against the flotilla
of the enemy, and which, if the opi-
nion of the admiralty, on such a _
mode of defence were well founded,
must indeed, have been the worst
and most inefficient branch of the
gun-boat system.

The debates in the house of com-
mons upon this subjeét, (which
was warmly adverted to by Mr.
Pitt,) afford abundant proof of the
neglect of the board of admiralty
to the moment when the attack
was made upon their conduct:
but if the charge were not then sub-
stantiated, it was thoroughly con-
firmed by the steps afterwards ta-
ken for contraéting, building, and
equipping that sort of vessel which
had been so much decrie@; and as
had been loudly recommended’ by
Mr. Pitt and his friends, as the most
effectual mode of defence in the event
of invasion: and which (if those
gun vessels which the wisdom of eark
Spencer’s naval administration had
constructed and employed, had not

K 3

been ~

134

been broken up and sold for little
or nothing at the peace of Amiens)
would, inall human probability, have
prevented the junétion of the ene-
my’s flotillaat Boulogne, and in every
event have placed the possibility of
invasion, according to the plan at
present adopted by France, at a
period far more remote.

Thus, after reprobating a species
of defence as inefficient and expen-
sive, did the admiralty rush into
the opposite extreme, and, until
the change of government drove
them from office, did they hire,
build, and fit out an armament of
the very description they had so
much and so Jong neglected: and
thus have subjeéted themselves, in
whatever light they can be consi-
dered, as the most weak and inde-
eided, or the most remiss and cul-
pable naval administration Britain
has ever witnessed.

The want of decision and energy
in the councils of the British empire,
at the commencement of the present
year, had produced a considerable
degree of torpor and despondency
in the public mind. On the part of
England, the war with France had
assumed no decisive charaéter ; and
its immense resources seemed entirely
absorbed in providing means of de-
fence against the threatened inva-
sion. On the capture of a few ill-
defended French and Dutch West
India settlements, it appeared as if
the energies of the country could
~ go nofarther, or make the slightest
attempt to shake or produce any im-
pression upon the vast mass of ter-
ritory and power acquired by her
ambitious and encroaching rival.—
While, on the contrary, the ruler
of the French, although he appear-
ed unceasingly engaged in securing
advantages in Italy and Germany,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

much more than equivalent to any
which England could gain in colo-
nial warfare, yet pursued with un.
remitting exertion the equipment of
his armament at Boulogne, which
at once menaced the country with
invasion, and obliged us to confine
within our’own islands, for home de-
fence, a considerable portion of that
army which might otherwise have
been employed in foreign service. It
was in vain that the British govern.
ment attempted to raise the hopes - —
of the nation at home, or gain respect
abfoad, by suggesting the proba-
bility of coalitions being formed on .
the continent against France. Un-
fortunately, however, for such views,
the grounds which Mr. Addington’s
administration had assumed on coms
mencing hostilities, were fatal to
any rational hope of continental
co-operation. ‘the objects which
were known to govern Great Bri-
tain on that measure, were such as
totally disconnected her interests
from those of the other European
powers. In the king’s declaration,
indeed, some stress had been laid
upon the usurpations of Bonaparte,
and his attacks upon the liberties of
other nations, but a long period of
acquiescence to those arbitrary mea-
sures, hadsufficiently proved that they
would still have been submitted to, if
France had consented to have left
Malta in the possession of England.
To Austria and Prussia it was in-
deed, matter of indifference in whose
hands that island remained ; but
with Russia the case was different :
that power had. views of her own
upon Malta, and certainly could
not but see with displeasure, the
determination of Great Britain on
its retention. It, therefore, was
not matter of surprise, that we
should have begun the war, and

hitherto

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

hitherto continued it, without a
single ally, or the possibility of ac-
quiring one, if the restless vio-
lence of Bonaparte did not compel
the greater powers of Europe into
a system of common defence against
his encroachments.

The first military operations of
any consequence which occurred in
the course of the year, was the cap-
ture of the English settlement of
Goree, on the coast of Africa, by
a small French force, under the
command of the chevalier Mahe,
which effected a landing on the rocks
to the east side of the town, where
the surf raged with the least’ vio-
lence, on the morning of the 18th
of January: and having overcome
the small force which col. Frazer,
the commandant had posted there,
succeeded in penetrating through
the town, and in surprising the
main guard, of which he gained
possession, though with some loss,
and in the course of the day re-
duced colonel Frazer to the necessity
ef capitulating ; the force of the En-
glish being reduced to 25 white men,
and that of the enemy being consider-
ably augmented by the landing of the
whole strength of the expedition,
which had been fitted out at Cay-
enne for this purpose.*

This conquest, however, did not
long remain in the hands of the ene-
my. On the 7th of the March follow-

ing, captain Dixon, of his majesty’s

frigate Inconstant, with a store ship
and some sloops under his command,
having arrived off the island of
Goree, and suspecting the settle-
ment to be in the hands of the ene-
my, dispatched his first lieutenant

135

to ascertain the faét: who not re-
turning, nor making the signal
agreed upon, captain Dixon com-
menced hostilities by cutting out a
ship in the harbour, and stationing
his small force in such a position
as to cut off all succours from Sene-
gal. On the following morning, as
he was preparing to attack the
town, he was agreeably surprised
to see the English colours hoisted
over the French, and shortly after,
received information that the garri-
son had capitulated to the officer
sent on shore! He consequently
stood into the harbour, anchored,
and disembarked a sufficient num-
ber of troops to secure his conquest,
—Thus was the settlement recap-
tured, and 300 black and white
troops made prisoners, without a

blow being struck, +
Early in spring, a most heavy
calamity occurred to the country,
in the loss of the Apollo frigate, of
38 guys, captain Dixon, and the
greater part of her convoy off Cape
Mondego, on the coast of Portugal.
She had sailed from the Cove of
Cork, in company with his majesty’s
ship Carysfort, and sixty-nine sail
of merchantmen, bound for the
West Indies, on the 26th of March.
On the 2nd of April, the Apollo and
her convoy went on shore, and with
difficulty 29 of the latter were saved,
and proceeded with the Carysfort
frigate on their voyage. To what cir-
cumtance this disastrous event was
owing has never yet been fairly ac-
counted for; whether to the captain’s
not having kept a proper reckon-
ing, or to his having taken charge
of some vessels bound for Lisbon
K 4 and

* Vide Col. Frazer’s dispatch. Appendix to the Chronicle, p. 526,

+ Vide dispatch, Appendix, p, 529.

136

and Oporto: but whether it were
to private or public mismanagement,
certain it is, that the loss to the na-
tion was that of a fine frigate, her
captain, many of her oflicers, and
sixty of her crew, with forty sail of
merchant ships, richly laden, and
more than five hundred seamen.*
On the 15th of May, the acces-
sion of Mr. Pitt to the office of prime
minister, gave the country a new
naval administration. At this pe-
riod, the situation of the British
marine was indeed critical. The total
want of stores, the neglected state
of thedock yards, and the universal
dissatisfaction which pervaded both
its civil ‘and military departments,
called Joudly for new men and new
measures. ‘True itis, that the per-
severance and unshaken spirit of
loyalty in that service, gave just
cause for national exultation ; and the
blockading system wasstill continued
by those, whose shattered ships and
‘worn-out crews hardly enabled them
to obey orders, which, when exe-
«uted, could neither add to their
own renown, nor to the advantage
ef the nation. But deep and loud
murmurs daily broke forth at the
instances whieh occurred of the
inefficiency of that measure, which
nearly two years’ experience had
completely exposed; while, from
the abandonment of the gunboat
armament, the enemy sailed along
his own coast in perfeét security,
(with the exception of the capture
of two or three of his vessels, which
‘boisterous weather had driven into
deep water,) and assembled his
immense flotilla, destined for our in-
vasion, at Boulogne, in defiance of
the sort of force which the admiralty
had confidently boasted was the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

only class proper to be effectively
employedon such service. Scarcely
a wind that blew that did not bring
an account of losses at sea, origi-
nating in want of judgment. ie
fine, an opinion universally pre-
vailed, that the very existence of the
British navy depended upon a speedy
change of the admiralty.

A perfeét knowledge of the weak-
ness of this branch of the government,
induced Mr, Pitt here to direét his
principal attack, and may be assign-
ed as one of the means, which ena-
bled him, eventually, to overthrow
Mr. Addington’s administration.
Under the circumstances of ‘unpa-
ralleled difficulty in which our na-
val affairs were situated, it certain-
ly was matter of the utmost moment
to place at their head a successor
to the earl of St. Vincent, who
should, at once, be able and popu-
lar, and possess sufficient talents to
restore them to the prosperous con-
dition in which they had been left
by earl Spencer. The appointment
of lord Melville (heretofore Mr.
Dundas) as first lord commissioner
of the admiralty, appeared there-
fore, utterly strange and unac-
countable, as it was well known,
that although, as'a statesman, he had
filled almost every high office under
the various administrations of this
country for the last 20 years, with
the exception of that to which he
was now called, he was utterly un-
qualified, by his total ignorance of
naval matters, for his proposed si-
tuation. Whether this nomination
arose, from the want of some other
person of sufficient abilities in the
narrow e¢ircle of Mr. Pitt’s political
adherents to occupy so important
a trust, or, that it was his lordship’s

* Vide a parucular account of this event, Appendix, p. 530.

own

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

own ambition, certain it is, it at

’ the time was predicted (and which,
subsequent events but too fatally

proved) one, not founded in judg-
ment, nor likely to revive the
drooping laurels of the favourite

_ service of the country.

As subsequent events (which do
not come within the scope of this
volume) have not only necessitated
lord Melville to retire from his si-
tuation at the admiralty, but have
tumbled him headlong from the emi-
nence, where his abilities and good
fortune had placed him, ‘‘ never to

vise again,” we are glad to have
it in our power to state, to the cre-

dit of this fallen minister, that to
him the civil department of the navy
was indebted for measures at once
timely and decisive. If it must be al-
lowed, that, in nautical affairs, he
Was entirely unversed, yet in ac-
tivity of mind, and plenitude of re-
source, he infinitely exc&led his
predecessor; and he deserves no
small degree of praise for the care
and pains he instantly took upon
his entering into office, to repair
the dreadful breaches which the
economical system had made in

- every department of the naval ser-

vice. Nor, tm faét, was this an

easy task: for such was the muti-

Jated and shattered state of the fleet,
and to such an extent had this spirit
of parsimonious reform been car.
ried, that:when stores and timber
were offered at comparatively very
moderate terms, they were refused
by the late admiralty, and suffered

* to be sold to the agents of the ene-

mies of the country, rather than
deviate from their pernicious prin-
ciple, although at that moment our
dock-yards were in want of those
articles for their daily consumption.
Thus stripped and reduced, as our

137

arsenals were found by lord Mel.
ville, he was compelled to accept
the offers of timber, stores, and
masts, at whatever prices the con-
tractors chose to demand, and which,
under any other circumstances,
might,with justice, have been deemed
a most culpable and lavish expendi-
ture. Thus were the errors of the
late admiralty paid for by the pub-
lic, without its possessing any con-
fidence in its better government un-
der the present. The deficiency of
ships, which had been suffered
to rot at their moorings, without
the addition of a single new one
to replace them, was made up by
the purchase of East India ships,
and by contraéting for the repair of
others. And a sort of patch-work
fleet was thus created, which, in
numbers, were to tell against those
of the enemy, but which, in faét,
were very little intrinsic strength to
our fleet. But the principal service
which the new first lord of the admi-
ralty rendered to the navy, and to his
country, was by laying down new
ships of the line, and frigates, in the
king’s yards, and by restoring the
practice of contra¢ting for the build-
ing of others in these of the mer-
chants, which had been totally
laid aside ; and thus providing for
the future existence of our best and
surest defence.

On the appointment of lord Mel-
ville, much apprehension prevailed
in the navy, that those predilections
which he was supposed to entertain,
(in common with all those who come
from the same part of the world,)
for his countrymen, would have
filed up every subordinate station
with Scotchmen, It is, however,
but justice to declare, that in this
respect, much impartiality governed
his conduét during the period when

he

138

he presided at the admiralty ; and,
so great were his fears of incurring
this censure, that although sufficient
grounds existed (which, by subse-
quent failures, have been too fatally
confirmed) for the removal of some
very improper appointments, yet
he did not take advantage of his
power, but continued those men in
office and situations, much to the
disadvantage and discredit of the
country. It may also be asserted,
with truth, that during his adwini-
stration, mutual confidence, har-
mony, and satisfaction, were, in a
considerable degree, restored to the
Ravy-

To all those points of service,
{on which we have endeavoured to
render Jord Melville every credit)
the talents of the new first lord of the
admiralty were perfectly competent;
and his indefatigable turn for busi-
ness, enabled him to apply them
with ease to himself, and satisfac-
tion to others. But here his merits
end. Far other qualities did it re-
quire, than he was known to pos.
sess, to wield the power of the Bri-
tish fleets, and direct their thunder
in awful vengeance against the ene,
my. The few warlike events we
have to detail, which took place un-
der his direétion, shew him to have
been manifestly incapable of con-
duéting a naval war. They exhibit
as much deficiency im judgment
and imbecility in execution, in the
military department of his office, as
he was intelligent and vigoreus in
its civil branch: and another inac-
tive and inglorious year sunk the
British nation in her own eyes, and
in those of Surope.

On the 16th of May, an unsuc-
eessful attempt was made by com-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

modore sir Sydney Smith, in -the
Antelope frigate, and some sloops /

of war, to prevent the junétion of the |
enemy’s flotilla from Flushing with —

that atOstend. Thefailure of success
principally arose from the want of
gun-boats, which, from the depth
of waterin which these vessels move,
could alone a¢t against the enemy
with efiect. Fifty-nine sail of the
Fiushing division reached Ostend in
safety, and the English force, on
the falling of the tide, were obliged

to haul off into deep water, after

being nearly a whole day engaged,
and the loss of about fifty men in
killed and wounded*,

Intelligence of a far more flatter-
ing nature was received by Govern-
ment on the 22d of June, in dis-
patches from the commander-in-
chief of the land and sea service in
the Leeward islands, announcing
the capture of the Dutch colony of
Surinam, with very little loss én the
part of his majesty’s troaps. This

expedition sailed frem Barbadoes, |

under the command of Majur-gene-
ral Sir Charles Green, and Commo-
dore Samuel Hood, who hoisted his
broad pendant on board the Centaur.
On the 25th following, the squadron
came to anchor about ten miles off
the mouth of the river Surinam. On
the next day a corps of 600 men,
under the command of brigadier
general Maitland, was detached to
efiect a landing at the Warappa
creek, about ten leagues to the east-
ward of the Surinam river, where
the enemy occupied a post.- The
same day brigadier-general Hughes,
with the 64th regiment, took pes-
session of Braam’s Point, after some
stight resistance from the fort which
defends the entrance of the river Su.

* Vide “ Appendix,” page 540,

rinam,

HISTORY OF EUROPE. _ 139

rinam, and on that and the following
day the greater part of the fleet an-
chored in the river. The Dutch go-
vernor being now summoned, after
some short delay, refused to capitu-
late. On the 29th it was determined
to send two hundred soldiers and
seamen, under brigadier - general
Hughes, to try for a practicable rout
through the woods, to come in the
’ rear of the forts Leyden and Frede-
rici, which formidable defences of
the river it was considered unadvisa-
ble to attack in front. Accordingly,
abouteleven at night, this force land-
edat Resolution Plantation, and pro-
ceeded, led by negro guides. After
a most laborious march of nearly five
hours, by paths always difficult, but
then almost impassable, in conse-
quence of the great quantity of rain
which had fallen, the detachment ar-
rived in the rear of the I’rederici bat-
tery, which wasimmediately assaulted
and taken, the enemy flying to Fort
Leyden, first setting fireto the powder
_ whagazine, by which afew British ofli-
cersand men wereseverely wounded.
A repetition of the same gallantry at
Fort Leyden was attended with si-
milar success. ‘The success of bri-
gradier-general Maitland’s division,
in effecting a landing at the Warap-
pa Creek, was equally complete.
By these operations the junction be-
tween the latter corps and the main
army could always be effected, and
the command of the finest part of
the colony was secured. On the
3d of May, brigadier-general Mait-
land, having overcome every obsta-

cle, came up the Commewine River, .

and was reinforced by a detachment
from the main body. On the next
day headvanced through a wood, and
approached fort New Amsterdam,

* Vide Appendix, p, 543.

situated on the confluence of the Su-
rinam and Commewine Rivers, and
defended by eighty pieces of ord-
nance, but which formed the last de-
fence of the settlement. When on
the point of investing the fortress on
every side, a flag of truce arrived
from the commander-in-chief of the
Batavian troops, with proposals to
surrender on terms of capitulation,
which, after some modifications, were
agreed to, and Fort New Amster-
dam was taken possession of the
same evening, and with it the whole
of the colony, of which, general
Green writes, ‘* the inhabitants seem-
ed greatly to rejoice at the event
which had taken: place restoring
them to the powerful proteétion of
the British government, and the so-
lid advantages arising therefrom.”

On this occasion there likewise
fell into the hands of the captors,
the Proserpine frigate, of 32 guns,
and the Pylades sloop of war of 185;
the quantity of ammunition, ord.
nance, and stores taken, was im-
mense. The loss of the Knglish
force on this oceasion, did notamount
in killed and wounded to more than
sixty men, whilst the prisoners taken,
(navy included) exclusive of staff
and departments, exceeded two thou-
sand. In this affair, the only con-
quest Britain had to boast over the
enemy within the year, the valour
and perseverance of her soldiers
and sailors, were emimently conspi-
cuous *,

In the month of August an at-
tempt was made on that part of the
French flotilla, which lay at anchor
in the road of Bowlogne, by captain
Owen, of the Immortalite frigate,
and the sloops of war and cutters
under his command, but with slen~

der

—

140

der success *. And on the 24th of
July, and 2d of August, captain
Oliver, of the Melpomene, was
equally unfortunate in his attempt
upon the enemy’s vessels in Havre
Pier; some damage, however, was
done to the town, by the shells and
carcases thrown into it on that oc-
casiont.

We have already adverted to the
unfortunate circunistance of the
French admiral having escaped from
the roads of Pondicherry, in conse-
quence of the knglish commander-
in-chief, admiral Rainier, being ig-
norant of hostilities having com-
menced. Since that period admiral
Linois had carried on a predatory
warfare against the English com-
meree and possessions in that part of
the globe, to a considerabie extent.
Not only had he, in the Marengo line
of battle ship, of 84 guns, and some
frigates, captured several of the Kast
India Company’s ships, and others of
the private trade, but he had also made
asuccessful descent on Fort Marlbo-
rough (Bencoolen) and plundered
the settlement. Flushed with his
uninterrapted success, and in conse-
quence of a pre-concerted projeét of
the French government, he now de-
termined on a bolder game. About
the beginning of this year he cruized
with his whole force in the Indian
Seas, near the entrance of the
Streights of Molacca, with an inten-

tion of capturing or destroying,

at a single blow, the whole of the
homeward-bound China fleet. In
this measure, sufliciently well con-
certed, were his courage equal to his
views, severe indeed would have
been the consequence to Great
Britain.

An official letter from captain

* Vide Appendix, p. 548.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Dance, who acted as commodore, —
dated the 6th of August in the pre-
sent year, to the court of direétors
of the Kast India company, an-
nounced his defeat of the French
squadron, which had lain in wait for
him, and doubtless considered him an
easy and certain prey. On the 5th
of February, the fleet under his com-
mand, as senior captain, consisting
of fifteen company’s ships from Chi-
na, twelve country ships, a Por-
tuguese East Indiaman, and a fast
sailing brig, (destined to execute the
orders of the commodore till he had
passed he Streights of Malacca,)
passed Macao Roads, on the night
of the’ 5th of February, when the
Portuguese vesscl, and one of-the
company’s ships, the Rolla, parted
company and never joined the fleet
again. On the 14th the signal was
made by the headmost ship, of four
strange sail in the south-west, which,
upon reconnoitring, were perccived
to be an enemy’s squadron, consist-
ing of a line of battle ship, three
frigates, and a brig. ‘The signat
was immediately made, by the intre-
pid commodore, for his fleet to form
a line of battle in close order. At
sun-sect the enemy was close up
with the rear of the company’s
ships, and an immediate a¢tion was
supposed inevitable. The country
ships were then placed by the com.
modore on the lee-bow, for their
more perfeét protection. At day-
break on the 15th, the enemy was
three miles to windward, lying-to ;
at this moment both fleets hoisted:
their respeétive colours, when the
French displayed a rear-admiral’s
flag, and battle was offered to him by
the English, if he chose to accept
the challenge, At one inthe after-

+ Appendix, p. 549, 50.
noen,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

noon, commodore Dance, not wish-
ing to wait an attack, and fearful
that his rear might be cut off, cxe-
cuted a bold and gallant manceuvre,
which decided the fate of the day.
He made the signal to tack and
bear down on the French line, and
engage them in succession. This
order being correétly performed,
the company’s fleet bore down upon
the enemy, under a press of sail.
admiral Linois then closed his line,
and opened his fire upon the head-
most of the English ships, which
was not returned by them tillanearer
approach, but before the three lead-
ing ships of the latter could get well
into aétion, the enemy’s ‘squadron
hauled their wind, and stood away
to the eastward under all the sail
they could set. At two the commo-
dore made the signal for a general
chase, aud pursued his dastardly an-
tagonists for two hours. Thus did

the intrepid valour of a handful of ©

British merchant ships, and the gal-
lantry and presence of mind of cap-
tain Dance, of the East India com-
pany’s service, bring to action and
put to flight, a French admiral, com-
manding ships of war superior in
force and in men, to the indelible
disgrace of the French navy, and the
immortal honour of the British name.
Nor should it be forgotten that the
property, so rescued from the insa-
tiate gripe of France, was estimated
ata million and a half stirling! On
the arrival of commodore Dance in
England with his flect, rewards were
distributed with an unsparing hand,
by the Kast India company, to the
various commanders and their brave

crews; the wounded and the repre-

seulatives of the few killed in the

141

action were nobly remunerated;
and, to crown the whole, the gal.
Jant captain (now sir Nathaniel)
Dance, received the honour of
knighthood at his majesty’s hands,*

‘Towards the latter end of the year
a great proportion of the enemy’s
flotilla having assembled in safety
and in considerable force at Bow.
logne, the alarm of invasion univer-
sally prevailed. It was at this peo
riod, that a project for its destruc-
tion was set on foot, of the success
of which the greatest hopes were en-
tertained, as it was well known,
that Mr. Pitt and the first lord of the
‘admiralty had given it their entire
approbation,and that the partizans of
the government anticipated a result,
which should at once confound the
designs of France, and establish the
superiority of the present naval ad-
ministration over their predecessors
in office.

This plan, which some wretched
projector had influence enough to
induce lord Melville to countenance,
was one, which, to every experienc-
ed naval officer, appeared open to
the severest animadversion. It was
principally to be carried into effect
through the medium of copper ves-
sels, ofan oblong:form, containing
a quantity of combustibles, and so
constructed as to explode in a given
time, by means of clock work.—
These vessels were to be towed and
fastened under the bottoms of the
enemy’s gun-boats, by a small raft,
rowed by one man, who being
seated up to the chin in water, might
possibly escape deteétion in a dark
night. Fire ships of different con-
struction were also to be employed
in this projected attaek. The most

* For Commodore Dance’s narrative of this transaction, vide “ Appendix,”

. 551, and for further partic ulars, “ Chronicle,” p. 409,

active

(142

active and enterprising officers were
distributed in the different explosion
vessels, and the whole put under the
orders and direction of admiral lord
Keith, commanding in the Downs,
who was to cover the smaller force
with his powerful squadron. The
appearance of 150 of the enemy’s
flotilla on the outside of the pier of
Boulogne, determined the moment
of attack, and an early day in Oc-
tober was fixed upon for this impor-
tant operation. It is not easy to
describe the mingled sensation of
anxiety and confidence, which the
length of time, and the extent of the
preparation for this enterprise had
created in the public mind. The
latter, however, far predominated,
and was confirmed by the rumours
which were industriously spread that
the first lord of the admiralty would
himself superintend the execution of
his plan, and that Mr. Pitt and
other of the ministers were to be
witnesses of its success from the ele-
vation of Walmer castle. To such
a pitch had this infatuation risen,
that accounts in the public papers
were published, on the first moment
it was possible that the issue of the
contest could be known in the me-
tropolis, announcing, in the most
enthusiastic, and exaggerated terms,
its complete success in the utter de-
_Struction of 150 of the enemy’s ships
(the whole number on the outside of
the pier)and congratulating the coun.
try on the acquisition of such a naval
minister as lord Melville, for whom
they claimed the whole merit of the
plan, and no small share of that of
its execution! The joy and exulta-
tion to which those fabrications,
(which were, doubtless, written in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

anticipation of the event) gave birth, °
were lowered gradually by the non-
appearance of official statements ;
and when Jord Keith’s account ap-
peared some few days afterwards,
totally subsided, and gave way to
sentiments of a very opposite na-
ture.

On a comparison of the English
and French accounts of this affair,
it may, we think, be fairly stated
as follows. On the 2d of Oétober,
admiral lord Keith, with his formida-
ble fleet*,anchored at about a league
and half from the north to the west
of the port of Boulogne. In the
course of the day, a sufficient force
was thence detached to take up an
advanced and convenient anchorage
for covering the retreat, and to give
protection to wounded men, or to
boats which might be crippled ; or,
should the wind freshen, and blow
in shore, to tow off the boats in
general. While these preparations
were going forward, the enemy was
not inattentive or negligent in pre-
paring his defences: the batteries
were prepared, and the army drawn
up in readiness for what might hap-
pen. Ata quarter past nine, un-
der a heavy fire from the advanced
force, and which was returned by a
tremendous one from the shore, the
first detachment of fire-ships was
launched. As they approached the
French line, the vessels of the flo-
tilla opened to let them through,
and so effectually were they avoid-
ed, that they passed to the rear of
the line without falling on board of
any one of them. ©

At half past ten the first explo-
sion ship blew up; it produced an
immense column of fire; its wreck

* The French say 52 sail, of which 6 were of the line, 6 frigates, 16 corvettes

10 brigs, 12 cutters, and 2 luggers,

3 spread

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

spread far and wide, but not the
slightest mischief was done either to
theships or the batteries. A second, a
third, and a fourth, succeeded no
better: at length, after twelve had
been exploded, the engagement ceas-
éd about four o’clock. on the fel-

owing morning ; and the English '

smaller vessels withdrew in perfect
order, and without the loss of aman.

o mischief whatever was #scer-
tained to be done to the flotilla, but,
from the missing two brigs and some
smaller vessels in their line, the next
day, lord Keith thought it possible
_ they might be destroyed, ‘The
French reporis acknowledge the
loss of twenty-five men in killed and
_svounded. ‘lhus terminated, to the
confusion of the projectors, and the
bitter disappeintment of the public,
an enterprize, in the preparation of
_ which much time, expence, and in-
Benuity were wasted, and which
fully committed the reputation of
‘the government of the country to

‘derision and contempt, both at home
and abroad *.

The invention on which so much
reliance had been placed, was not
new: it had been experimented
- during the American war, by the
_ rebel force against some English

_ ships, in situations much more cal-

_ culated to secure success to sucha
_ mode of attack, than those at Bou-
logne, and had completely failed.

It evinced, therefore, a great ab-

sence of common knowledge, as
well as of professional information in
_ ‘the admiralty, to countenance, fora
Moment, this base and contemptible
species of warfare, which hencefor-
ward was, in derision, termed ‘‘ The

143

Catamaran Prosecr,” and which
mest deservedly fell into utter dis-
credit after the first attempt had
been made; nor were the public
surprised or disappointed when a
subsequent attack, by the same
means, upon Fort Rouge, and the
flotilla proteéted by it, in the har-
bour of Calais, was thoroughly un-
successfult. ‘The public were now
divided in sentiment, whether ‘* The
Stone Expedition,’’: of the last year,
er “ The Catamaran” of the pres
sent, had most imposed upon their
credulity, or were most deserving
of reprobation. Bat it was recol-
leGted, that the latter was planned
under the auspices of a man utterly
ignorant of nautical affairs, whilst
the former had its origin under those,
of one of the first naval characters of
the age.

It is scarcely necessary to detail
some further attempts which were
made, late in the year, to prevent
the junction of various portions of
the enemy’s flotilla at Boulogne, by
the British cruizers, as they were
not only ineffectual, but are given
in their official form in another part
of this workt. In those efforts,
the usual gallantry of the English
character was uniformly, though
unsuccessfully displayed, and many
valuable lives were fruitlessly sa-
crificed.

The last transaétion of the year
which we have to notice, was the
attack upon, and capture of the
Spanish homeward-bound treasure
ships, which was effeéted by capt.
Moore of the Indefatigable, and
three other frigates under his com-
mand, off Cadiz. On the 5th of

* Vide Appendix for lord Keith’s account, p, 553.

+ Ibid, p. 554.
t Ibid. p. 557.

October,

144

Oétober, captain Moore, who had
been detached from the channel
fleet for the purpose, fell in with
four large Spanish frigates, which,
upon being hailed (to induce them
to shorten sail) without effect, were
fired upon by the English force. A
parley then ensued, when captain
Moore informed the Spanish rear-
admiral, that he had orders to de-

tain his squadron, and earnestly

wished to exeeute them without
blood-shed, but that his determina-
tion must be immediate. The offi-
cer dispatched on this message, re-
turning with an unsatisfaétory an-
swer, an engagement immediately
ensued, each of the English frigates
taking an antagonist. In less than
ten minutes, ene of the enemy’s
frigates blew up with a tremendous
explosion. In half an hour more,
two more of the Spaniards surren-
dered, and the fourth, after an at-
tempt to escape, was captured long
before sun-set. The loss,. on the
part of the English squadron, was
very trifling ; that of the Spaniards
was (independently of 240 lives lost
by the explosion of the frigate)
nearly 100 in killed and wounded.
The ships thus captured, were con-
voyed to England in perfeét safety,
and their lading was found to be of
immense value, in coined and un-
coined gold and silver, and precious
merchandize, the produce of Spa-
nish America®,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

As no parliamentary enquiry took. —

place into the causes’ of this infrac-
tion of the peace with Spain with-
out any previous declaration of war,
we are precluded in our present you
lume, from taking further notice of
the transaction, reserving to the
following year our discussion (upon
a most important point to our nae
tional charaéter) whether it were
excusable, upon the
principle of the public law of Eu-
rope, or whether that law was, in
the present instance, grossly vio-
lated. In every event, as men, we
must deeply regret, that such a
force was not employed upon this
occasion, as the Spanish admiral
might have submitted to, without an
imputed stain on his own honour,
or that of his country. :

We shall here terminate our do-
mestic history for the year ; in the
transactions of which, with the soli-
tary exception of the capture of
Surinam, we haye little cause to
glory, and proceed (after bestowing
a few pages on the affairs of Ireland)
to consider those of France during
the same period, in which the spirit
of enterprise and vigorous councils
of her ruler, formed a striking con-
trast to the apparent supineness

spirit and ©

and want of resource of the English

government.

*Porcaptain Moore’s dispatch, vide Appendix, paze 557, and for a most affect-
ing and melancholy incident, attendant on this calamitous event, vide Chronicle, p.

424,

‘CHAP

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

145

CHA P.. x

State of Ireland.—Administration of Lord Hardwicke.—Discontents and
Meetings of the Catholics.—Difficulties in the Currency.—The City of
Dublin. deprived of the Supply of fresh Water.—Great Popularity of the

- Lord Licutenant.

N reviewing the state and cir-
cumstances of Ireland, we la-
ment to have still before our eyes a
‘ disgusting picture of besotted bigo-
try and faction.

_ The history of the present year is
the continued tale of these follies,
which, exploded and expelled from
every other quarter of the civilized
world, seem to have found a sort
of permanent asylum in that unfor-
‘tunate island: its government, state
of society, and condition, exhibit
the foulest, perhaps the only re-
proach, which has ever stigmatised
the name of Britain; for. it were
idle trifling to impute the distrac-
tions and general backwardness of
that country, toany other cause, than
the circumstances in which she has
‘been placed ; and the example or
wish of those; to whose management
she has been entrusted.

In our former volume, we had
occasion to mention the wild scheme
of the enthusiast Emmett ; who, with
an exchequer of not more sca 3000].
and an undisciplined, perhaps re-
luétant band of about cighty adven-
turers; conceived himself equal to
the enterprise of giving a new form
and constitution to the Irish nation.
The attempt was of course crushed

its own impotence; but it was

“Vou. XLVI.

fertile in consequences, which it be-
comes our duty to record under the
year which the present volume un-
dertakes to lay before the public,

In itself, the matter deserved no
further notice, than almost any
other trivial riot; but it became,
in the event, a very serious dis.
aster to the British empire, and an
incident peculiarly fortunate to the
enemy; it, inamoment, rendered
ineffectual the prudent measures by
which lord Hardwicke, the viceroy
of Ireland, had advanced in the de,
sirable work of conciliating and
harmonising the people, and of di-
reéting a general effort of zeal to the
service of the empire.

’ The union which took effect in
1801, tended essentially to im-
pair theconsequence, and manifestly
exasperated the feelings of that de-
scription of the Irish, who cherish-
ed protestantism as a political de-
signation, and a claim to pre-emi-
nence ; it considered itself to have
been over-reached; or, in the ea-
gerness of party spirit, to have been
self-betrayed to its ruin. Many
relinquished that principle altoge-.
ther ; and the fervour, with which it
had been pursued, abated very consi-
derably since lord Hardwicke assum-
ed the reins of government. Withowst

offending ©

146 ANNUAL RE
offending the prejudice, or exciting
the jealousy of the dominant party,
his lordship, as far as the informa-
tion, or vigilance of government,
could extend, afforded indiscrimi-
nate and efficient protection to all
the king’s subjects. He repressed
intemperate zeal, the excesses of
authority, the arrogance of pros-
perous faction, the follies of the
weak, and the vices of the wicked ;
which, covering themselves for a
few-years back under the cloak, of
loyalty, seemed, in Ireland, to
throw disrepute upon that elevated
principle of aétion. The Catholics,
for the most part a money-making
and industrious people, with very
little of political pretention, were
well pleased at their condition un-
der his auspices. The country be-
gan to feel the effects of this con-
duét, in the return and diffusion of
harmony, and, what seldom has oc-
curred, and, perhaps would not in
the present instance, if the union had
not left the viceroy atliberty to pur-
sue the course suggested by his own
policy and feelings, tHE GOVERN-
MENT OF IRELAND WAS GREETED
WITH THE BLESSINGS OF THE PEOPLE.

The faction to which we have al-
juded, and whose adherents, as well
to distinguish themselves from the
protestants of milder and more libe-
ral views, as from an affected reve-
rence for the memory of William the
3d, the modern conqueror of Sre-
Jand, were self-denominated, Orange-
men, and strenuously maintained the
policy of rendering the professors
of their religion a garrison of super-
intendance over the far more nume-
rous Romancatholic population. The
component parts of this faétion
were, a few gentlemen of fecble
minds, or narrow education ; some
others who sought an occasion to

GISTER, 1804.”

-minates for all the adherents of this

render their zeal conspicuous,inthe
hope of profiting by the fears, or —
from the reliance upon them, of ©
the English government; of malig- —
nant men fond of aéting upon the —
weak or wicked propensities of their —
neighbours, and of the whole lower —
classes of protestants, with inconsi- —
derable exception. If the Roman —
catholics are not to be reputed ene- —
mies, they are not to be guarded ©
against or watched, and thus fall to
the ground all the pretensions, by
which so many aétive or interested
individuals pursue the game of am-
bition or avarice, and thus the ©
dream of personal importance ter-

system. j
. The enterprize of Emmett, which —
the melancholy but unpremeditated —
murder of the chief justice had
swelled into a sort of affair of state,
occupying the thoughts, and reviv-
ing the apprehensions of the public, |
was by these persons seized on with ©
avidity. Although the tumult was —

obviously local, alarm and mistrust
were very gencrally extended. Not-_
withstanding it was concerted and —
conduéted by protestants, the first fer- —
vor of jealousy was made to include —
the total of the catholic body; and ©
rebellion and popery again became
a prevalent or fashionable combina-
tion of expression. ;
On the breaking out of the war ©
with France, in 1803, so faras pro- ©
perty extended, and as a deliberate ©
and refieéting mind was to be pre- —
sumed among the catholics, so far an
ardent zeal in the cause of their ~
country was conspicuous. When |
the peace of the metropolis was vio- |
lated, and that the external enemy
seemed to combine his exertions
with those of partizans at home, a
general and indiscriminate burst of
indignation

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

| indignation arose. All descriptions
were eager to enrol themselves in
the voluntary associations, which
had been disused since the peace of
Amiens: but the catholics were in
‘many places openly and avowedly
refused ; in most they were coldly
and hesitatingly accepted. These
two circumstances, the sentiment
of blame and jealousy on the occa-
sion of Emmett’s attempt, which
seemed to prevail among the pro-
testants, and the disinclination ob-
servable in the same quarter, to ad-
mit the catholics to the defence of
the country, rankled in the minds of
the latter with considerable aspe-
rity. Although the causes were laid
in the preceding year, the effeéts
_ became conspicuaus. in. the present ;

we are, therefore, less out of order-

in re-tracing matters which may
seem to have been disposed of un-
_ der the head of a former volume.
Another incident of the year
1803, on which we expressed some
sentiments, recurs also on this occa-
sion. The letters addressed to earl
Fingall, by thelord chancellor Re-
desdale, found their way, about Ja-
nuary, £804, into. the public papers,
and appearec to contain a wild, un-
qualified, and indiscriminate censure,
upon all ranks and classes of that
_ great body of the Irish, who conti-
“nue in religious communion with the
Latin Primate. This was, indeed,
the first regular attack which had,
‘since the revolution, been made upon
the superior catholics ; in faét, they
had hitherto been treated, by every
successive administration, with great
external appearance of decorum.
The sentiments contained in this cor
respondence, having been necessa-
_ fily divulged, had already been the
- Subject of indignant reprehension in
Private circles ; but, the resentment
Pearly exceeded all bounds, when,

147

by a complete disclosure, it was
found, that a minister of great trust
and power, the second person in
that part of the united kingdom, had
adopted, as the result of his delibe-
rate judgment, opinions thus ob-
stinately and irreconcileably hostile
to the great mass of the Irish public,
and that he sanétioned accusations,
which sate hitherto, more lightly,
because they were considered as the
giddy and ludicrous efftisions of a
few hot-brained enthusiasts.

It was the more extraordinary
that these charges should have been
preferred at that parlicular moment,
as the principal Roman catholics
manifested an extreme anxiety not
to distraét the attention of govern-
ment by their own immediate con-
cerns. Such, indeed, was the for-
bearance of that party, and such the
good temper diffused by Lord Hard-
wicke’s popular administration,
that this people were universally
disposed to wave the consideration
of its interests, and to submit to
the. privations which the law still
imposed upon iz, rather than per-
plex the public: conncils with what
was known to be an intricate and
embarrassing question, It was not
above. two. months previous to the
date of these invectives, and pre-
vious to. the disgusting doubts of
their fidelity, which we have no-
ticed, that the catholics of different
counties in Ireland, having been
convened for the. purpose of pre«
ferring applications, for thorough
emancipation (as it was termed)
to parliament, in every instance
refused compliance with the requi-
sition.

Like every strain of outrageous
violence, the letters of Lord Redes-
dale, when they came before the
public, produced the very temper
of which they seemed to deprecate

L2 the

148 ANNUAL RE

the existegce. The appearance of
a champion in their canse, so emi-
nent for his station, rallied all the
bigotry to be found among thre pro-
testants, and recalled “to this pha-
Janx many who were well disposed,
rather to seek the safety of their
country in the harmony and good
understanding of its inhabitants.
The catholics of Ireland do not re-
ally feel very keenly the laws by
which at present they are restricted ;
but, when they conceive themselves
ill treated, and when they are
out of temper, this grievance rises
before their minds, with every pos-
sible aggravation, Complaints in
Treland against the laws which inca-
pacitate Roman catholics, prove, not
so much the severity of these laws,
as the discontent of the country.
From an early period in 1804,
the people began to muriiur, and
stremuously challenged the investi-
gation of their condition ; still the
popular inclination was repressed
by partiality to the viceroy. As
the government was aware of insu-
perable obstacles, which must pre-
vent it from gratifying the wishes of
the great body of the people, it na-
turally was desirous that these wishes
should be repressed, and should
not arrive at that ‘degree of ‘eager-
ness, which might alienate the af-
feétions of the one party among its
subjects, and prove offensive to the
other. Matters fluctuated between
these various inclinations ; the more
considerable catholics, willing to gra-
tify the viceroy, the middle classes,
anxious to vent their indignation
against the chancellor. At length,
about the month of September, some
inhabitants of Dublin, eager to plaee
themselves at the head of ‘popular
proceedings, published a requisition
to the inhabitants of the Roman ca-

GISTER, 1804.

tholic communion, to asgemble, for
the purpose of considering the pros
priety of an application to partias —
ment, to relieve them from the seves —
ral incapacities by which they res —
mained affected. Even here, con- —
trary to what might be expected —
from assemblies, in their nature po-
pular, and composed of men not a
little uncasy and exasperated, the
proceedings were calm and delibe-
rate.
‘The earl of Fingall, at the head |
of the catholic nobility and gentry,
joined the meeting of the citizens.
t was probably owing to this cir- |
cumstance,'that so great a degree of
order was preserved, and the gene-
ral tendency of large and indiscri-
mminate bodies to rash méasures, com-
pletely counteracted. The conduét,
inideed, of this noble person, during
a period of some years, the most
critical and agitated of any im mos
dern times, is deserving of the high.
est panegyric. Representing one of
the oldest pecrages in the king’s dos
minions, his rank gave him a most —

decisive influence with a people ac+
customed highly to reverence anci«
ent honours. THeemployed this ad-
vantage to soothe and compose the
angry passions of his ‘countryimen,
and to divert the resentments of the
public from dwelling on privations,
in Which he was himself the most
eminent sufferer, and some of which
were, with respeét to him, his elose
conneétions, or his family, almost
personal injuries. He strongly re-
calls to our minds, in every step of
his political life, those eminent per-
sonages who were worthy to be im-
mortalized by the masterly pen of
lord Clarendon; his conduét pre-
sents to us, particularly, that of a
nobleman placed in circumstances of
striking similarity, the great and
‘ good

good marquis of Clanricarde. Dur-
ing the troubles which preceded the
usurpation, this latter noble person
was the first,in point of dignity among
the catholics of Ireland: neither per-
sonal insults, nor public injuries,
nor the threats or entreaties of those
- who sought to intimidate or soothe
him to compliance with their views,
could move him from the steady
course of loyalty and of honour.
He stood on high, a bright example
to all, an incentive to the good, a
reproach to the ill-intentioned.
Such, but with a happier star, was
‘the earl of Fingall, amid the dis-
conterts and disaffe¢étion which,
from the year 1796, made but too
extensive a progress in Ireland.

On the present occasion, his in-
fluence and popularity were exert-
ed, and the result of his efforts,

aided by the universal wish to con-
cede to the measures of lord Hard-
_ wicke, was, that the meetings of the
- catholics, from which great mischief
was foreboded, were conducted with
composure, and without offensive
ostentation ; and were neither cal-
culated to inflame the feelings of
_ those who pressed, nor to exaspe-
gate the opposition of those who
resisted the great measure, often,
adi inaccurately, denominated
2 emancipation. Four or five meet-
_ ings of this nature were held, for
the purpose of deliberating as to
. - the propriety of the mode and time
of application. The final decision
» did not take place until the winter.
_ of 1805; the account of it, toge-
_ ther with the proceedings in conse-
_ quence, will therefore properly
come under the arrangements of our
_, Subsequent volume.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

149

Another circumstance of consi-
derable importance agitated Ireland
about the same period. When the
issue of specie from the bank of
Iingland was stopped, the same pre-
caution was of course extended to
the bank of Jreiand, and certainly
with at least an equal necessity ;
the dread of impending commotions
had spread in Ireland so widely,

that the. praétice of concealing the

precious metals was resorfed to by
people in general, and circulation
was already drained to a consider-
able amount, for the purpose of pri-
vately hoarding. But in England,
the direétion of the bank was in the
hands of men of the first intelligence
and ability ; in Ireland, the directors
were respectable individuals, but
plain and limited traders, by no means
scientifically versed in that political
ceeconomy, of which they had be-
come (when their notes were ren-
dered the currency of the country)
very principal administrators. In
England, also, parliament preserved
a vigilant inspection over the issues
of the bank, which measure was to-
tally unheeded by the Irish legisla-
tion.* The bank, thus left to itself,
without control or superintend-
ance, regulated the issue of notes
by its own discretion,and extended its:
discounts to the widest range of
private attachment or interest. ‘The
quantity of its notes supplying the
circulating medium, shortly amount-
ed so high, as nearly to quadruple
the notesand specie employed in the
currency of Ireland, anterior to the
restriétion.* The private bankers,
encouraged by the facility of mak- -
ing good their payments in Bank of
Ireland paper, became liberal in a

L 3 propor-

* Mr. Forster, who has since stood forward as a grand accuser of the bank of
Treland, was, during the whole period of this reprehensible neglect, a principal
adviser ‘of the crown, and a leading member of the Irish house of commons,

150

proportionate degree ; and the trade
of discounting appeared so lucra-
tive, that the number of banking-
houses in Ireland speedily augment-
ed from, perhaps, twelve, to above
seventy. All these establishments
issued notes to a considerable ex-
tent, and, in the course of three or
four years, instead of the amount of
five millions in cash and paper,
which, before the restriétion in
1797, supplied the wants of barter
in Ireland, the circulating currency
in bank and private paper swelled
to the enormous amount of twenty
millions during the present year !
The silver coinage first fell be-
fore this inundation. For a great
part of the present reign, a scar-
city of silver had been felt in Ire-
Jand; but at present, that coin to-
'’ tally disappeared. In faét, in a cur-
rency so abundant, and the matter
of which was so easy to be procurcd,
a nominal guinea was out of pro-
portion below the value of twenty-
one shillings of sterling silver. The
private bankers stepped in, and in
the country parts of Ireland, sup-
plied the want of silver by notes of
eightcen-pence, half-a-crown, seven
shillings and sixpence, and nine shil-
lings. In Dublin, the affair fell
into the hands of professed coiners,
who issued flat pieces of silver, from
four-pence to eight-pence, in intrin-
sic value. Upon this depreciation
of the currency, exchange rose be-
tween [Fingland and Ireland, as
might be expected, to {the disadvan.
tage of the latter, fluctuating be~
tween fifteen and twenty pounds
per centum. ‘The members of par-
Hament, who reserted to England,
and the great Irish proprietors re-
siding there, were the first to become
sensible of this inconvenience, and
te raise.an outcry against it, al-
1

/

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

though probably their gain, in the —
advance of rent, was more thanequi+ _
valent to the less on remittances.x—
In Ireland there was little or no res |
pining ; absentees were at all times
unpopular in that country, and the
exchangers and bankers had the ad-
dress to inform the people, that the
high premium on remittance ope-

rated as a tax solely upon those who |

drew their rents out of the country.

But on the change of administration, — |

in the present year, Mr. Pitt having :
committed the Irish exchequer to 7
Mr. Forster, that gentleman under-
stood too well the importance, ina —
political point of view, of the par-
ties whom the high exchange affect-
ed. He directly applied himself to .
gratify them in this their favourite
object.

- It was, therefore, become neces-
sary to create, in Ireland, dissatis-
faction at the actual state of the
currency. Without any previous
notiee, the shillings hitherto current
were refused by the servants of the
post-office. ‘The alarm spread im-
mediately ; an universal stagnation
ensued, as to all inferior traflic. No
state of things could be more alarms
ing; the labouring poor could not
procure bread for the shillings (we
will not call them silver) which, a
few days back, they had received as
current; the petty traders in pes
rishable commodities could neither
venture to keep their articles, nor
dispose of them. Military patroles
were obliged to be called out, to
prevent the tumults apprehended at
the shops of bakers, and other small
retailers of provision. For two or
three Saturdays, successively, the
appearance of things continued to
create anxiety ; for, on these days,
the working people were accustomed
to lay in their weekly stock, and

receive

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

receive their wages. At length em-
ployers resorted to the expedient of
discharging small demands by orders
on the baker, or provision shops;
others provided quantities of half-
pence, which passed current in
rolls ; some silyersmiths issued silver
tokens, with the connivance of go-
vernment; a number of dollars
were also, at a high price, brought
into circulation, and the bank of
Treland opened an office, where the
depreciated silver was received, ata
fair value,

Apprehensions were likewise en-
tertained that the city of Dublin
would not patiently have sub-
mitted to another privation, in-
flicted upon it during the present
Season. <A large tax is levied upon
the city, for defraying the expence
of supplying fresh water to the in-
habitants ; this fund is managed by
the corporation, who contracted
with another corporate body, the
proprietors of the’ grand canal, to
furnish water to the city. The
period of the contract having ex-
pired, the parties could not agree
on the terms of a renewal ; and the
inhabitants, whilst two jobbing cor-
porations were contending for their

‘indispensible article.

15)

spoil, were left destitute of this most
The interpo-
sition of government was at length
provoked by the continuance of the
strife, by the danger to which the
town was exposed, exemplified in the
instance of a smail fire, which water
could not be procured to extinguish,
and by the dread that the city might
be visited by distempers, if the peo-
ple were suffered to continue under
this pressing necessity. At the spe-
cial instance of the Jord lieutenant,
whose popularity was unbounded,
the supply was restored by the canal
company. The patience manifested
on these several occasions, goes, in-
deed, very far to prove, that the
temper of the Irish is remote from
that promptitude to violence, and
that hostility to its government,
which had been represented as per-
vading the dispositions of the
people, and evinces the good effects
which are to be expected from a po-
pular and conciliating government.
By arts like these, the ear! of Hard-
wicke has safely conducted that
country through a period; in which
so many instances occurred of try-
ing and exemplary dificulty.

4 CHAP,

152 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

CHA. Sh
a

Affairs of France.—Retrospect to 1803.—Probable Views of Bonaparte, mn
a Rupture with England.—Flattering Statements of Affairs, at the Com-
mencement of the Year, by the Government.—Plot against the Govern-
ment of Bonaparte detected—-Generals Moreau, Lajollais, and other Con-
spirators, arrested and imprisoned—Report on this Transaction—Ad-
dresses to Bonaparte on his Escape from the menaced Danger—his Reply—
General Pichegru arrested—Consideration of the Government towards
Moreau—and why—found guilty—pardoned and transported.—Arrest of
the Duke. D’Enghten in the neutral Territory of Baden—his high Cha-
racter, and Reputation—conveyed to Paris—hurried before a Tribunal of
Bonaparte’s Creatures at Vincennes— Trial —Cruelties exercised to-
wards him—Condemnation and Death !—Indignation excited in Europe
by this T'ransaction—Conduct of Russia thereon—Resentment of Bona-
parte—angry Correspondence between those Powers.—Fresh Conspiracy
againt France announced by her Gocvernment—England. accused as fer=
menting it in foreign Courts.—Messrs. Drake and Smith obliged to quit
Munich and Stutgard, at the Requisition of France.—Fresh Accusations
against the English Government—Reply of Lord Hawkesbury, on its Part,
addressed to the different Courts of Europe.—Death of General Pichegra
én Prison, supposed to be by Assassination.—Execution of the other Con-
spirators.—Ronaparte’s Views upon the Crown of France.—The Senate
propose to elect him Empceror—his Answer—Addresses of different Bodies to
the First Consul, on the same Subject—Procecdings in the Tribunate on this
Point—Carnot opposes his Elevation to that Dignity— Replies to him—the
Measure of electing him Emperor carried—Decree to that Effect—adopted
by the Senate—* Senatus Consultum’’ thereon—Bonaparte Emperor—an-
nounces his Dignity to the Courts of Europe—Declaration of the Courts of
Russia and Sweden upon this Occasion.—Fresh Violation of the Germanic
Empire, by Bonaparte.—Seizure of the British Minister, at Hamburgh,
by the French—and carried a Prisoner to Paris—confined in the Temple—
released upon his Parole—french Treaty with Genoa—highly adoanta-
gcous to the former Power.—Bonaparte orders the Pope to attend his Co-
ronation at Paris-—Allocution of that Potentate, addressed to his Prelates
—arrives at Paris—and crowns Bonaparte—great Festivities at Paris
upon that Occasion.—Annual Report of the State of the Nation on the
last Day of the Year.—Conclusion.

big, esas epee ens the hostilities, against this country, de-
lofty tone of menace and in- voted, as it should appear from

sult directed by the French govern- their language, to be blotted from
ment, even before the renewal of the list ef independent nations ;
and,

and, notwithstanding the most un-
femitiing exertions on ,their part,
wherein no means were spared ei-
ther to be derived from their own
resourees, or from those of their
neighbours, to accomplish our de-
struction ; we have seen the preced-
ing year brought to a ciose, without
one of those mighty threats having
“deen realized. On the contrary, we
have had the satisfaction to witness
_ every attempt levelled against the
_ internal peace and prosperity of the
British empire, completely bafiied,
¥ ' by the unanimity, zeal, and energy
ft of our countrymen ; and the impla-
_ cable hostility of the enemy accom-
panied with no greater triumph
+ abroad, than the capture and deten-
_ tion ef unarmed individuals, in vio-
Jation of the rights of hospitality,
a together with the invasion and pil-
» lage of an electorate, which had
alone to trust to its neutrality, as a
member of the Germanic empire,
_ for security against the power of a
nation, which from her enormous
extent and prodigious military esta-
blishments, had arrogated to herself
the distinction of ‘The Great: whilst
we had to contemplate the success
of the British arms, against the
islands of St. Lucia and Tobago,
and the Dutch settlements in Ame-
rica, added to the discomfiture of
his immense armaments employed in
the reduétion of St. Domingo, and
that important colony wrested, per.
haps for ever, from the French do-
minion, by the joint exertions of
_half-disciplined negroes, and his
Britannic majesty’s naval force on
that station.
_ Such appears to be’ the result of
the hostile operations of the last
year, between the two nations.
___ Those of the year which we have
mow to record are still more insig-

shin —

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 153

nificant on the side of the enemy ;
whilst the internal occurrences of
France, and her transactions with
other powers, are oi a nature to ex-
cite considerable interest,

The great concessions subscribed
to by the British cabinet, in con-
cluding the treaty of Amiens, ap-
pear to have misled Bonaparte. The
inference drawn by his overbearins
mind, was, that the spirit of Great
Britain was so far broken, as te
suffer his arrogance and ambition
to range uncontrolled ; but, find-
ing that this country was not so far
reduced as implicitly to acquiesce in
all his projects, or base enough to
participate in them, as he has mere
than once ventured to suggest, he
seems to have considered the exist.
ing peace with England as an ebsta-
cle to his further aggrandizement,
and that a rupture, which he might
ascribe to the bad faith and ill-will
of this country towards France,
would furnish him with a more spe-
cious pretext, and more ample.
means, to consummate his views.—
By such an event, the French peo.
ple would again be thrown into a
state of uncertainty and dismay,
which would the better enable him
to increase his personal influence

and authority, by the augmentaticn

of his various establishments, civil
and military ; whilst all murmurs
would be silenced by the dread of
the reyival of those sanguinary
scenes which had occurred during
the course of the revolution, and to
which, it was very generally feared,
the overthrow, or the weakening of
the existing government, might lead.
These apprehensions were adroit-
ly inculcated,and kept alive by his
partisans, whilst the vigilance and
indefatigable attention of the sv-
preme head of the government were
loudly

154

loudly proclaimed on all occasions.
The minister of the interior con-
cluded his speech to the legislative
body, on the opening of their ses-
sion of the present year, in the fol.
‘Towing terms:

“The French people, proud of
* their government, confident in
‘¢ their resources, and happy in
“ their institutions, express but one
“* sentiment—love for the august
‘* head of the state—tree from fear,
“‘ from agitation, from disquietude,
*¢ they repose in him the care of
_ * their destinies.”

The flourishing state of France
was pourtrayed in the most cap-
tivating colours, in the official report
laid before the legislative body*.—
It is there represented, that although
the republic had been forced to
change her attitude,her situation was
in no respect deteriorated; and that
the consciousness of her strength
was a sure pledge of her prosperity
——that the internal tranquillity of the
country had not been disturbed
since the torch of war had been re-
Kindled by a jealous enemy—that
the public indignation against that
enemy was as much increased as the
devotion to the first consul —that
all danger of internal divisions was
at an end, in despite of every effort
made by the English to promote
them. In short, that the war had
not even interrupted the plans
formed for a time of peace, such as
the construction of roads, canals,
bridges, and harbours, and objects
of a similar nature; and that the go-
vernment had pursued, with con-
stancy, every measure that tended
to establish the constitution, in con-
formity to the genius and wishes of
the citizens, so as to attach all inte-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

rests and all hopes to its duration—«
that the finances were in a most —
thriving condition, and the revenues _
collected with the greatest facility —
that public credit had maintained
itself in the midst of shocks of war,
and that the sinking fund fulfilled,
with constancy and fidelity, its de-
stination—that out of two hundred ~
millions (of livres,) which might ~
have been captured by the enemy,
more than two-thirds had beer
saved—that the Hanoverian army,
to the amount of twenty-five thou- |
sand men, had laid down their arms ~
to them, and that their cavalry had
been remounted at the expence of a
possession dear to the king of Eng-
Jand, and which will be a security
in their hands of the justice which
he will hereafter be obliged to ren-
der them—that France will never
acknowledge less advantageous con-
ditions than those of the treaty of
Amiens—and, finally, that the most
perfect harmony subsisted between
France and the United States, Hels
vetia, Italy, the Ottoman Empire,
and that the tranquillity given to the
continent, by the treaty of Lune
ville, was secured by the last pro-«
ceedings of the diet of Ratisbon. —
Such is the substance of the re«
port made by the government, and
well calculated it was (allowing. its
truth to remain undisputed) to tran-
quillize the minds of the French
people, and inspire them with a firm
reliance on their ruler, But, admit. -
ting the general truth of this states
ment, and forgetting for a moment,
that, in all similar publications, every
unfavourable circumstance is sup-
pressed, we may venture to presume,
that the source of so much national
prosperity, like the overflow of a

* Vide “ State Papers,” p. 608.

mountain

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

mountain torrent, may be but of
short duration*.

_ The public mind being thus pre-
pared, by every artifice, to repose
implicit faith in Bonaparte, a new
‘event occurred, which materially
contributed to accelerate the com-
pletion of his projects.

Early in the month of February,
2 plot was detected, the object of
which seems to have been the over-
throw of the government. The
principal persons implicated in it,
were general Pichegru, Georges
Cadoudal, formerly a leader of the
insurgents in Britanny, Lajollais,
aconfident of the former, and se-
veral other individuals attached to
the latter. It likewise appears that

general Moreau had, to a certain
extent, entered into the views of
Pichegru, and had had some secret
interyiews with him since his return
to Paris. It was also positively as-
_ serted, that the conspirators had
‘come te the resolution of making
away, in the first instance, with
Bonaparte.

The first intimation of this intrigue
seems to have been given by a con-
fidential agent of the parties, who
had been arrested near Calais, on
his return from England.

Lajellais, Moreau, and several
ethers were, hereupon, arrested ;
but Pichegru and Georges, though

135

known to be at Paris, found means,
for a short time, to screen them-
selves from. the researches of the
police.

On the 17th of February, a long
and detailed report, relative to this
conspiracy, was made to the go-
vernment, by the grand judge, mi-
nister of justice. +

This paper having been read to
the tribunate, the president, after
making a few observations on the
subject, concluded ‘by declaring, in
the name of the assembly, that they
would be responsible for the life of
Bonaparte, which secured to France
her glory and her prosperity. He
then proposed that the tribunate
should, in a body, wait on the first
consul, in order to express their
detestation of the meditated attempt,
and to congratulate him on_ his
escape from the threatened danger.

Hereupon, the brother of general
Moreau, who was a member of this
body, testified his deep concern to
find that endeavours had been made
to traduce a man who had rendered
such important services to the re-
public, and who was deprived of
the liberty of exculpating himself.
He made a solemn declaration of
his brother’s innocence, and de.
manded that he should be brought
to trial before any ordinary tribu-
nal, for he could easily make it

appear,

* The whole of. this flattering representation being founded upon the supposition,

that the pecuniary resources of France were adequate to the maintenance of the
¥arious establishments therein mentioned, without touching upon the additional
expences occasioned by the war, it behoves us to observe, that extraordinary funds
to the amount of 150 millions towrnois, (about 6,250,000/. sterling) had been re-
ceived, in the course of the preceding year, from contributions levied on the United
States, Hanover, the Hanse Towns, Spain, and Portugal ; independently of which
aid, nearly a fourth part of the French army was maintained at the expence of
Italy, Holland, and Hanover.

For the happiness of the world at large, it 7s devoutly to be hoped, that this will
not be a perinanent revenue !

t+ Vide State Papers, p, 616.

156

appear, that the accusation against
him was an infamous calumny.

It was said, in reply, that the
defence of general Moreau should
have all the latitude, liberty, and
publicity of which so important a
cause was Susceptible.

Deputations from the senate, the
Jegislative body, and the tribunate
waited accordingly on the first con-
sul, and, in terms of strong indig-
nation, deprecated the conspiracy
which had been revealed: attribut-
ed it to the instigation of England,
and exhorted him to pay greater
attention than his natural courage
prompted him to do, to his personal
safety, which was so inseparably
conneéied with that of the nation.
The most memorable passage in
those addresses is the following,
used by Joubert, president of the
tribuzate.—

*¢ While we imagined, citizen
S¢ first consul, that you had nothing
*¢to dread but the dangers of le-
‘¢ gitimate war, the perfidy of the
«¢ English government surrounded
<< you with new snares. Whata humi-
* liating ayowal of its inability to
*¢ combat with open arms the re-
*¢ pairing genius of France.”!!}

Bonaparte replied to these ad-
dresses, that, ‘* Since he had at-
‘¢ tained the chief magistracy, many
€¢ plots had been formed against his
‘¢ life. Educated in camps, he never
‘* regarded, as important, dangers
‘¢ which caused in him no fear.—
s¢ But he could not avoid experienc-
** ing a serious and painful feeling,
*¢ when he refleéted on the situation
*¢ in which that great nation would
*¢ have been involved, had this last
** conspiracy succeeded: for it was
*¢ principally against the glory, the
** liberty, and the destiny of the
*¢ French people that it was planned.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

*¢ He had long since renounced the
‘¢ hope of enjoying the pleasures of —
“¢ private life. All his days were
‘* employed in fulfilling the duties
‘¢ which his fate and the will of the
“<¢ French people had imposed upon
“him. Heaven would watch over
‘¢ France, and defeat the strata-
“¢ gems of the wicked. The citizens
“might be free from alarm—his
“* jife would continue as long as it
‘* should be of utility to the nation,
‘¢ But he wished the French peo-
“* ple to understand, that without
* their confidence and affeétion,
“* existence would be to him with-
“‘ out consolation, and to them
** without an object,”

These measures were accompani-
ed by communications to the same
effeét, issued in general orders to the
French armies, and were followed,
of course, by corresponding, ad-
dresses.

That from the sailors, composing
what was styled the right wing of
the national flotilla, concluded thus :

“¢ Citizen first consul, we wait
‘¢ with impatience for the moment
‘<¢ when you shall proclaim the hour
‘* of vengeance.”

These events, together with the
extraordinary activity of the police,
created the greatest agitation and.
alarm.

On the 28th of February, Piche-
gru was arrested in a private house
at Paris, having been betrayed by
a person with whom he had lodged :
and on the 29th a law was proposed
and passed, in the course of a single
sitting, by which the punishment
of death was denounced against all
those who should conceal Georges,
or any of his accomplices; and 4
deputation was charged to commu-
nicate this law to Bonaparte.

Duvidal, their organ, on the

occa-

ee SAE sys eT,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

eceasion delivered the following
speech.—

*¢ Citizen first consul, the tri-
“bunate and the legislative body
« have adopted measures to cut the
Jast thread of the conspiracy.—
*¢ Pliese measures would be in vain,
“¢ if they were not prompt. Love
_** of the country dictated to the tri-
**bunate the wish it has expressed
*‘ for their being put in immediate
‘Sexecution. iivery thing is at
“¢ stake when you are in danger.
*¢ It is the repose, the glory, the
** existence of the republic which

_ *¢ must be saved by the preservation

*¢ of its chief from criminal attacks.

The French people have inti-

* mated to us their destinies ; you
“ owe it to them, and we require

_ © of ‘you fo take all means for pre-
_ serving him im whom centre their

** wishes, their affections, and their
_ *¢ hopes.”

The first consul answered, that
he would take the wish expressed
by the tribunate into early and
serious consideration.

At the same time a proclamation
was issued from the police office,
notifying the law which had just
passed—informing the mhabitants,
that Georges and his associates
were still at Paris, from whence
it was impossible for them to‘escape,
the barriers and roads being guar-
ded with the utmost vigilance ; and
Summoning all those who had, or

- did conceal them, to profit of the

period allowed by the law, for the
‘purpose of averting its axe. Mas.
ters of furnished houses, were or-
dered to examine all individuals
lodging with them. The drivers of
hackney coaches were apprized,
that such persons were in the habit
of using their carriages, and a re-
ward was promised to those wha

157

would assist the police, in securing
them. A report was likewise pub-
lished, describing the persons, to
the number of sixty, implicated in
this affair.

Accordingly, on the 9th of March
Georges, accompanied by a person
of the name of Leridan, the youn-
ger, was arrested in a cabriolet, at-
tempting, as it is supposed, to es-
cape from Paris, in the dusk of the
evening. He killed, with a pistol

‘shot, the peace officer who stopped

the horse, and wounded another,

who endeavoured to seize him.
Several others were daily taken
up. Madame Moreau, the wife of
the general, was however suffered
to remain at liberty ; and indeed, du-
rmg his confinement, she experi-
enced, notwithstanding the jealousy
of the government, open marks of
attention and compassion, from
the inhabitants of Paris. But this
lenity towards Madame Moreau, so
unusual on the part of the French
government, was more a measure of
policy, than of humanity. For
the high military reputation of her
husband, his probity, moderation,
and disinterestedness, had rendered
him the idol of a great proportion
of the army, and had gained him
the esteem of all well thinking per-
sonsin France. He was also con-
sidered as the natural rival of the
first consul, and looked up to as
the person most likely to deliver
France from his tyranny. He had
long excited the jealousy of Bona-
parte, but prudence had checked
the exercise of that passion by any
act of violence. A pretext for his
arrestation was consequently an ob-
ject of the greatest magnitude to
the first consul. However, it was still
judged expedient to proceed against
him with caution, lest any apparent
harshuess

138

harshness might cause a clamour,
and perhaps stronger marks of dis-
satisfaction on the part of the troops;
and although: he was found guilty
of the charges adduced against him,
by the tribunal before which he
was tried, his sentence was remitted
fon his having written a disculpa-
tory letter to Bonaparte | upon the
condition that he should retire to
the United States of America.

The conspiracy being thus defeat-
ed, and the principal persans con~
cerned, in confinement, Bonaparte
availed himself of an opportunity
which then presented itself, to get
rid of one of the princes of the house
of Bourbon, from whom it is pre-
sumed he entertained considerable
apprehensions. In this he was not
actuated solely by the spirit of re-
wenge, for he had been previously
heard to say that the only individu-
al of that unfortunate family who
could be deemed dangerous to the
existing French government, re-
sided in an obscure manner in a
small town in Germany. This
eould apply only to the duc d’Eng-
hien, consequently it is probable
that the seizure of that prince had
long been in contemplation.

In fact, the duc d’Enghien had
acquired the highest reputation.
During the whole of the preceding
war, he had served under his gal-
lant grandfather the prince of Con-
dé, and had. so much distinguished
himself by his skill and bravery as
an officer, added to his unbounded
‘generosity and humanity, as to be

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

adored by his followers, and ad~
mired by his enemies. Such con-
duét must have procured him nu-
merous friends and partizans in
France.

The violation of the territory of
an independant but weak potentatz,
was no impediment, and but a tri-
rvial consideration in the eyes of
Buonaparte, compared with the sa-
crifice of so illustrious and so valua-
ble a victim.

“* Nam regibus boni quam mall
“¢ suspectiores sunt, semperque his
*¢ aliena virtus formidolosa est.””

Shortly after the disbanding of
the army of Condé, his highness
fixed his residence at Ettenheim, in.
the electorate of Baden, where he
passed his time in the society of a
few selec friends. His principal
occupation was study, his recrea-
tions the culture of a small garden
and hunting. Besides, it is proba-
ble, that the locality of his retreat
furnished him with the, opportuni.
ties of receiving earlier intelligence:
of what was passing in France,
tl:an if he had been further removed. .
from the frontiers.

Thus situated, and little expeéting
any attempt upon his person, he was
seized, together with several other
snnilivadariling on the E5th of March,
by a body of French cavalry, who
had passed the Rhine on the pre-
ceding night, under the command of
general Caulincourt, aid-de-camp to
Bonaparte, and instantly conveyed.
to the citadel of Strasburgh.*

Qn the 17th he was sent forward

to

* The first intimation which the elector of Baden had: of this design, was the
following letter, dated the 10th March, from Talleyrand, French mimster for fo-
reign affairs, to baron Edelsheim, the elector’s prime minister, Caulincourt was the

bearer.
“ Sir,

«y had formerly sent you a note, the purport of which was to request the arrest

of

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

to Paris, in consequence of orders
received by the telegraph, and was
ebliged to continue the journey, a
distance of about 400 miles, with-
out the smallest intermission, es-
corted by relays of gens d’armes.
At six o’clock: in the morning of
the 20th, he arrived at Paris, and
was conducted, in the first instance,
to the Temple, as it were to wound
_ his feelings by the sight of a prison,
where so many of the royal family
had suffered such atrocious cruel-
ties ; even there he was not permit-
ted to repose, but was hurried away
to the castle of Vincennes, where a
_ tribunal, under the appellation of a
_ special military commission, com-
posed of persons devoted to Bona-
parte, seleéted by his brother-in-
law, gencral Murat, governor of
Paris, had been convened. At 9
o’clock in the evening of the same
day, almost exhausted from want of
rest and nourishment, he was forced
to appear before his judges, who,
in the course of two hours, passed
upon him the sentence of death.

He was accused, Ist, of having
borne arms against the French re-
public, 2ndly, of having offered his

159

services to the English government,
the enemy of the French people.—
3rdly, of having received and accre-
dited agents of the said government ;
of having procured for them the
means of maintaining an understand-
ing in France, and having conspired,
with them, against the internal and
external safety of the state. 4thly,
of having placed himself at the head
of an assemblage of French emi-
grants, and others in the pay of
England, formed in the countries
of Fribourg and Baden. 5thly, of
having maintained a correspondence
in the town of Strasburgh, tending
to stir up the neighbouring depart-
ments, for the purpose of effecting
there a diversion in favour of En-
gland. 6thly, of being one of the
favourers and accomplices of the
conspiracy planned by the English
against the life of the first consul,
and intending, in case of the success
of this conspiracy, to enter France
hostilely.

Upon each of these charges the
court found the prisoner guilty, and
judgment was pronounced in the
following words.

“© The special military commis.
. ** sion

of the French emigrants who were assembled at Offenburg, as the first Consul,
from successive arrests of the banditti which the English government has sent to
France, and from the resuit of the trials which haye been instituted, has obtained a
complete knowledge of the extensive part which the English agents at Offenburg
have had in those horrible plots which have been devised against his own person,
and against the safety of France. He was, at the same time, warned that the due
D’Enghien, and general Dumourier, were at Ettenheim. As it is impossible that
they should be in that city without the permission of his electoral highness, the
- first consul, therefore, could not see, without the deepest concern, that a prince,
whom he had distinguished by every mark of friendship, should give an asylum to
_ the most determined enemies of France, and permit them, so tranquilly, to project
such unprecedented conspiracies. From these extraordinary occurrences, the first
consul has found it necessary to order two small detachments of troops to repair to
Offenburg and Ettenheim, to seize the authors of a crime, the nature of which is such
as to place those, who are provedito have had a share in it, out of the protection of
the law of nations. It is general Caulincourt who is charged with the execution of
these orders of the first consul, and who, there is no doubt, will employ every
care and attention in fulfilling the same, which his electoral highness can wish, He
will have the honour to deliver the letter which | have been direeted to write.”

«

160

*¢ sion unanimously condemns to
“¢ the pain of death Louis Antoine
*¢ Henri de Bourbon, duc d’Eng-
*¢ hien, in atonement for the crimes
* of being aspy, of carrying ona
“ correspondence with the enemies
“¢ of the republic, and of an attempt
“6 against the internal and external
*¢ safety of the state.”

No evidence whatever was pro-
duced upon the trial, which was a
nrere formality, preparatory to the
execution of a sentence virtually
pronounced by the order for the
prince’s arrestation.

During the whole of this distres-

_ sing scene, the duc d’Enghien ma-

nifested the greatest calmness and
fortitude, a circumstance the more
surprising, when we consider how
much cause he had to be irritated
by the treatment he had experienced,
and to be enervated by the fatigue,
and want of proper noarishment,
which he had endured for the last
six days, Even the interval between
his condemnation and execution
was not undisturbed. Four gens
d’armes were posted in the dungeon
where he was confined; and it ds
said that he was not permitted to
communicate with the clergyman
who attended him on the occasion,
otherwise than in a tone of voice
loud enough to be overheard by his
guards.

In the course of the night, genc-
ral Murat arrived at Vincennes, un-
der an escort of mamelukes, accom-
panied by four aids-de-camp, toge-
ther with generals E. Mortier, Du-
roc, Hulin, and Louis Bonaparte.

The castle was surrounded, and
the avenues to that part of the wood
of Vincennes appointed for the exe-
cution, guarded by Italian troops
of gens d’armes, while each mame-

“¢ wound me.”

ANNUAL REGISTER; 1804.

luke was provided with a torch for

the occasion.
The duke, on being informed of

his sentence, tranquilly replied, “¢ L.

am ready and resigned.” It is
moreover asserted that, upon hear-
ing that the grenadiers commanded
to shoot him were Italians, of Bona-
parte’s guard, he said, ‘* Thank
‘“* God they are not Frenchmen !
‘¢ f am condemned by a foreigner,
** and God be praised that my exes
‘* eutioners are also such. It will
‘* be a stain the Jess upon my coun-
** trymen ;”? and that, at the place
of execution he lifted up his hands
to heaven, exclaiming, “* May God
‘6 preserve my king, and deliver
‘‘ my country from the yoke ofa
** foreigner.” :

It was proposed to bind a hand-

-

kerchief over his eyes, but he pre- °

vented it, saying, ** That a loyal
“6 soldier, who has often been ex-
‘* posed to fire and sword, can face
** death with open eyes, and with-
‘out fear.” ;

He then looked at the soldiers,
who had levelled their pieces, say-
ing, ‘* Grenadiers, lower your arms,
*¢ otherwise you will miss or only
Of the nine who
fired, seven hit him: two bullets
pierced his head, and five his body.
A cofiin, partly filled with lime, was
ready to receive his corpse, and a
grave had been dug in the garden
ofthe castle, where he was interred.

Thus perished in the prime of life
the only son of the duc de Bourbon,
a prince who inherited all the vir-
tues of the illustrious house of
Condé!!! _

By this foul deed Bonaparte ma-
nifested his determination (if it ad-
mitted of any question before) to
perpetuate, at all hazards, his do-

minion

mition. He has certainly got rid
of one formidable opponent, but
he has created many others, who
only wait for a favourable oppor-
tunity to declare themselves. Un.
fortunately for mankind, he has
such numerous accomplices in guilt,
whose fortunes, and perhaps ex-
istence, depend upon the uphold-
ing his authority, and whoare per-
fectly in possession of the means of
governing that ignorant and abject
people, namely, by severity and
corruption, and having those means
completely in their hands, that it
will require more than an ordinary
course of events, and a prodigious
‘reverse of fortune, to shake his
power.
This unjustifiable proceeding ex-
cited a general, but, in many cases,
a smothered indignation. Russia,
however, came forward with that
openness and intrepidity which so
well became her. His imperial ma-
jesty, conformably to that magna-
nimity which has long characterized
the court of St. Petersburgh, took
the earliest opportunity of testifying
the lively interest which he took in
the fate of this unfortunate prince :
and a spirited remonstrance upon
_this inhuman transaction, was ad-
— to the French minister for
preign aflairs,, through M. Oubril,
imperial majesty’s chargé d’
_Offaires at Paris.* A note was like-
_ wise presented on the 6th of May,
at the diet of Ratisbon, by the Rus-
_ sian minister resident there; where-
in the princes of the empire are
called upon to demand satisfaciion
for this unparalleled violation of
the neutrality of Germany. +
But it did pot seem expedient to
most of the powers to whom this

AY | * Vide State Papers, p. 642.
- Vor. XLVI.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

why not act openly?

161

exhortation was addresed, to take
up the subject with that earnestness
which their dignity and indepen.
dence seemed to, demand. So that
astep undertaken by Russia, from
such just and noble motives, termi-
nated in a feeble and fruitless cor-
respondence. It had; however, the
effect of producing a note from the
French government, composed with
so little management as to aggra-
vate, instead of palliating the of-
fence complained of. And, as it
gave rise to a most animated and
able discussion on the part of Rus-
sia, we think it necessary to cite
the most striking passages.

This note observes that the influ.
ence of the enemies of France has
prevailed in the cabinet of St. Pe-
tersburgh, and that the good un.
derstanding between the two coun-
tries is thus endangered. ‘That the
emperor of Germany and the king
of Prussia, most concerned in the
fate of Germany, had understood
that the French government were
authorised in arresting, at two lea-
gues from the frontier, French re- -
bels, who, from their conduct, had
placed themselves out of the protec-
tion of the law of nations. That
the first consul had no account to
render to the emperor of Russia,
ona point which in no wise con-
cerned his interests, but if the in-
tention of his imperial majesty were
to form a new coalition, what need
was there for empty pretences?
That the first
consul knows no man who could
intimidate France,—no man whom
he woild permit to interfere in the
internal concerns of the country.
lt is required that France should
employ the most efficacious means

y + Vide State Papers, p. 6546
t

162

to tranguillize the different govern-
ments of Europe, and to put an end
to an order of things too alarming
for their independence and security.
This very independence of the states
of Europe is attacked by the pro-
teétion afforded by Russia, at Dres-
den and at Rome, to the authors
of plots; by the Russian ministers
at most of the courts, pretendiug to
place under the safeguard of the
law of nations, natives of the very
country where those mininisters re-
side, as Mr. Marcoff attempted to
do in the instance of a Genevese,
and by not removing from their si-

~tuations French emigrants in the
employment of Russia. (Laying
aside all decency, the question is
then asked:) If, when England
planned the murder of Paul the first,
(supposing intelligence to have been
received that the authors of the plot
were at a league’s distance from
the frontiers,) would not pains
have been taken to arrest them?—
That the objeét of such persons was
to rekindle the flames of war, which
could only be advantageous to Kng-
jland. The first consul then de-
clares his repugnancy to. a war
with Russia, but that he should
prefer it to a state of things, which
did not place I’rance on an equality
with other great powers.*

The tragical Scetie to which we have
just adverted had scarcely closed,
when another intrigue was denounc-
ed by the grand judge. In hisreport,
which was accompanied by a vari-
ety of documents and intercepted
letters, it is stated that the British
minister, resident at the court of
Monich, was engaged in a clandes-
tine correspondence with certain in-
dividuals in the heart of France ;

* Vide State Papers, p. 642.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

with a view to overturn the goverri-
ment. That these agénts had been
supplied with large sums of money, —
which were to be employed in ob-
taining information of the measures
in contemplation, by establishing
an intelligence in the different pub-
lic offices ;—in gaining over those
employed in the powder-mills ;—in
having at their disposal a number of
printers and engravers ;—in procur-

ing a correct knowledge of the dif- |

fereat parties in France ;—and in
taking every means to disorganize
the armies.
Such is the substance of the in-
structions cited by the grand judge,
as given by Mr. Drake to his prin-
cipal correspondent, Mehée de La-
touche, who was supposed to be at
the head of a committee of malcon-
tents assembled at Paris. +
This M. Mehéé was a man of
notoriously infamous character, but
who, it appears, had had sufficient
hypocrisy and address to obtain a
degree of confidence from some
members of the British governmert,
and, through their introduction, to
have gained access to Mr. Drake,
to whom he made a tender of his
services.
No British subject, who had the
interests of his country at heart,
but particularly a British minister,
could well refuse, under similar cir«
cumstances, to receive any useful
intelligence which might be impart
ed to him. But this proposal from
Mehée, was merely a snare, in or-
der to discover the views and the
private means ‘of procuring infor.
mation, adopted by the English
cabinet, for he appears to have
been, from the beginning, in the con-
fidence of the French government.

+ Vide State Papers, p. 619,
: The |

The main drift of this publication
was to implicate Mr. Drake in a
Participation in the plans of Georges
and his adherents, and that was at.
tempted to be proved by a distortion
of Mr. Drake’s correspondence.
Not a syllable, however, appears in
any of the letters ascribed to him, to
justify such a construction. -
Copies of these papers were ad.
dressed to the several ministers from
foreign courts, residing at Paris,
with a circular note from M. Tal-
leyrand annexed. . The answers to
which are conceived in general
terms of compliment to the first con-
sul, with the exception of a few, of
which the writers, solely upon the
faith of the communication thus
made te them, ventured to repro-
bate, in the harshest terms, the con-
duét of Mr. Drake. Amongst the
latter the Danish minister, Mr. Dre.
yer, and the American minister, Mr.
Livingston, were the most conspi-
cuous*,
The originals were forwarded to
Munich, and on the 31st of March,
a note was addressed to Mr. Drake,
by baron de Montgelas, the ele¢tor’s
prime minister, wherein he ex-
presses the regret of his serene high-
ness, that his capital should have
been the central point of a corres.
-pondence, so inconsistent with the
mission with which Mr. Drake was
Invested at his court; and that he
owes it to thedignity and welfare of
his subje¢ts to declare, that from
that moment it became impossible
for him to have any communica-
tion with Mr. Drake, or to receive
him at his court.

After the delivery of this note, it

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

163

was impossible for Mr. Drake to de-
lay much longer his residence in the
Bavarian territories ; and Mr. Spen-
cer Smith +, British envoy to the
elector of Wurtemburg, who was
stated to have been concerned in
these transactions, was also under
the necessity of quitting Stutgard.

The papers published with re-
spect to the above transaction, had
been so widely distributed, and been
so generally read, throughout Eu~
rope, that it became necessary that
some notice should be taken of them
by the British government. Ac-
cordingly, a circular jetter on this
subject was addressed to each of the
foreign ministers, resident at the
couft of London, by lord Hawkes-
bury, his majesty’s principal secre.
tary of state for foreign affairs.

In this letter lord Hawkesbury
repels the charge of the king’s go-
vernment being parties to any pro-
ject of assassination, whilst he main.
tains the right of all belligerent
powers, to avail themselves of any
discontents existing in the countries
with which they may be at war. And
that this principlewas to beacted upon
with peculiar propriety, at a time
when all Europe felt an anxious desire
to see re-established in France an
order of things more consistent with
its own happiness, and with the se-
curity of surrounding nations. That
this principle, were it under any
circumstances doubtful, was, in the
present case, most fully sanctioned,
not only by the actual state of the
French nation, but by the conduct
of the goyernment of that country,
which, ever since the commencement
of the present war, had maintained a

_ * Vide the whole of these answers, and M. Talleyrand’s note. State Papers, p. 630.

+ Vide the 2d report of the grand judge, dated the 11th Apfil; containing the
Sanction of sitizen Resey’s mission to wg a and Mr, Smith, State Papers, p.622.
: 2 Come

164

‘communication with the disaffected
in his majesty’s dominions, and had
actually assembled on the coast of
France, a body of Irish rebels, for
the piirpose of aiding their designs.
‘And that if any minister, accredited
to a foreign court, had held cor-
respondence with persons in France,
with a view of obtaining informa-
tion of the projects of the French
government, or for any other legiti-
mate purpose, he had done no more
than ministers, under similar circum-
stances, had been uniformly consi-
dered as having a right to do, with
respect to the countries with which
their sovereign was at war *.

These positions of lord Hawkes-
bury were commented upon, some
timeafter, in a circular note from M.
Talleyrand, addressed to the several
French diplomatic agents +.

te observes, that the project con-
ceived by the British government,
for the last half century, gradually
to abolish the tutelary system of
public law, which unites all civilized
nations, developed itself with a
frightful progression, The British
government is arraigned of audacity
in sporting with the faith of oaths,
and the most solemn treaties—that
maritime nations daily experienced
its tyranny—No longer did there
exist a theoretical system of naviga-
tion—No convention which had not
been scandalously violated, on every
shore and on every sea; that neu-
tral states, in exercising their rights
with the most timid circumspection,
were exposed to insult, pillage, and
extermination ; that now it attacks
rights collectively, and directs a
blow against morality itself, against
the religion of public law.—Diplo-
matic agents had at all times been

* Vide State Papers, p. 600.

ANNUALR EGISTER, 1804.

considered as ministers of peace—
organs of conciliation—but
British government, wished them to
be the instigators of plots, the agents
of troubles, the directors of machi-+
nations, vile spies, cowardly se
ducers. They are ordered to fo-
ment seditions, to provoke and to
pay for assassinations ; and, itis at-
tempted to invest that infamous mi-
nistry with the. inviolability which,
belongs to the mediators of kings,
and the pacificators of nations.—
That it was time to putan end to
the disastrous career of principles,
subversive of all society.

The persons to whom these notes
were directed, were ordered to de-
clare to the governments where they
resided, that Bonaparte would not
recognize the English diplomatic
body in Europe, so long as the
British government did not abstain
from charging its ministers with

any warlike agency, and did not 7

restrain them within. the limits of
their functions.

On the 8th of April an article ap-
peared in the French official journal, |

purporting to be the result of the
depositions of six surgeons, appoint.
ed to inspect the body of general
Pichegru, who had been found
strangled two days before, in thé

place of his confinement; a la-'

boured attempt was there made to
prove that he had committed sui-
cide: but, even from the circum-
stances related in that report, it
seems almost impossible that he
could himself have been the cause of
hiS death, in the manner described ;
and, indeed, the general belief is,
that Bonaparte, apprehensive of the
sensation that-might be occasioned
by his trial or public execution, had

+ Vide State Papers, p. 687.
caused

the.

ee

7 HISTORY OF EUROPE.

etused him to be secretly dispatched
by a party of mamelukes *.

_It is, moreover, confidently pre-
tended, that he had previously been
put to the torture, in hopes of ex-
torting from him the crimination of
general Moreau.

_ Georges, and several of his ad-
herents, were publicly executed in
the Place de Greve. In their last
moments, as well as at their trials,
they conducted themselves with the
most heroic fortitude, and exemplary
resignation, such as could only be
inspired by a conscientious devotion
to the principles which they had
espoused.

dn order, as it were, to make a
deeper impression, and inflame the

public mind against England, and

consequently to weaken the indigna-
tion excited by the deaths of the
duc d’Enghien, and of general Pi-
chegru, together with the arresta-
tion of general Moreau, a second
report was published, on the 11th
of April, by the grand judge, ‘¢ re-
“* specting the plots of the person
“© named Drake, minister of Kng-
“land at Munich, and_of the per-
** son named Spencer Smith, minis-
“ter from England at Stutgard,

against France, and the person of °
© the first consul,” founded princi-

pally on the relation made by a per-
son of the name of Rosey, who re-
presents himself to have obtained an
interview with those gentlemen, un-
der the mask of being an agent of
the persons in correspondence with
Mr. Drake from France +.

This measure was not, however,
sufficient to satisfy the inhabitants of
Paris; for, on the 14th of April,
general Murat, the commandant,
deemed it necessary to recommend,

. * Vide State Papers, p. 638.

+ Vide State Papers, p.622.
M3 :

163

in general orders to the aides de
camp, officers, and non-commission-
ed officers of the garrison and na-
tional guard, to enlighten the citi-
zens, on the false rumours propa-
gated by the disaflected—namely —
that the death of Pichegru was no
the effeét of suicide, and that num-
bers of prisoners were shot every
night; and to acquaint them, that
military, as well as civil, justice was
in no case exercised without public
forms ; and that not a single indivi-
dual had been condemned, by the
military tribunals, without his sen-
tence having been printed, and post-
ed up immediately ; that whatever
had been reported, relative to the
facts of which the prisoners were ac-
cused, must be considered as false,
and that the subsequent arrests had
substantiated the guilt of general
Moreau, and that undeniable proofs
existed of every circumstance ad-
vanced by the grand judge,
‘Nothing could be more auspici- —
ous for Bonaparte’s personal ambi-
tion than the present state of things.
All ranks of /renchmen were more
than ever prostrate before him, and
ready to anticipate his wishes by
the most abjeét submission. Had
his vanity and presumption prompt-
ed him, in imitation of some of the
heroes of antiquity, to claim to be
recognised of divine origin, he would
probably have experienced no resist-
ance on the part of the nation. But
the crown of France was the object
to which he had long aspired. The
regrets of the people, for their an-
cient monarchy, rendered, indeed,
any system of government approach-
ing to it, even in the person of Bo-
naparte, to a certain degree palata-
ble: and we find this prevailing sen-

timent

166

timent used as a principal argument
to advance his pretensions.

The first decided step towards
the accomplishment of this long-
meditated measure, was an address
to the first consul, on the part of the
senate, dated the 27th March, pro-
posing to constitute him hereditary
emperor of France.

His answer was dated the 25th
April, from St. Cloud, and was
communicated, by a message, in the
following terms:

‘¢ Senators, your address of the
«6 @th of last Germinal has never
*¢ ceased to be present to my
‘¢ thoughts; it has been the object
‘* of my most constant meditation.
** You have judged the hereditary
*¢ power of the supreme magistracy
*¢ necessary, in order to shelter the
** French nation completely from
¢¢ the plots of our enemies, and from
*¢ the agitations arising from rival
‘¢ambition. It likewise appears
** to you, that many of our institu-
‘¢ tions require improvement, in or-
‘¢ der permanently to secure the
‘¢ triumph of equality and public li-
** berty, and present to 'the people,
*¢ and to the government, the dou-
‘¢ ble guarantee of which they stood
‘© in need. We have been con-
‘* stantly guided by this grand truth,
** that the sovereignty resides in the
** French people, in the sense, that
“ every thing, without exception,
*¢ ought to be done for their inte-
* rest, their happiness, and their
“‘ slory. It is in order to attain
€¢ this end, that the supreme magis-
*< tracy, the senate, the council of
“¢ state, the legislative body, the
*¢ electoral body, the electoral col-
“¢ leges, and the different branches
‘‘ of the administration, are, and
“* ought to be, instituted. In pro-
“* portion as I fix my attention on

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

‘¢ these great objeéts, I am the more
** convinced of the truth of those
*¢ sentiments which I have express-—
‘ed to you, and I feel more and
“* more, that, ina circumstance, as
‘* new as it is important, the coun-
*< sels of your wisdom aifd experi-
‘“ ence were necessary to enable me
*¢ to. fix my ideas. A Hitt you,
bi _, therefore, to make known to me

‘ the whole of your thoughts. ‘The
** French people can add nothing to
‘¢ the honour and glory with which

“ they have surrounded me: but
‘“my-most sacred duty, and that
“ dearest to my heart, is to secure,
“¢ to their latest posterity, those ad-
<< vantages which they have acquired
“ bya revolution that has cost them
<< so much, particularly by the sa-
“¢ crifice of those millions of brave
‘* citizens who have died in defence
of their rights. Fifteen years
“have elapsed since, by a sponta-
“ neous movement, you ran to arms;
“you acquired liberty, equality,
‘and glory. These first blessings
*¢ of nations are now secured to you
‘* for ever, are sheltered from every
‘¢ storm, they are preserved to you,
“¢ and to your children. Institu-
‘¢ tions, conceived and commenced
“in the midst of the hurricanes of
¢ internal and external wars, deve-
*¢ Joped with constancy, are just
*¢ terminated in the attempts and
«¢ plots of our most mortal enemies,
‘¢ by the adoption of such measures
*¢ as the experience of centuries and
“¢ of nations has demonstrated, as
*¢ proper to guarantee the rights
*¢ which the nation had judged ne-~
*¢ cessary for its dignity, its liberty
¢ and its happiness.”

This was echoed by the most ful-
some addresses from the armies, the
departments, and principal cities ;
two of which we shall here tran.

scribe,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

seribe, as specimens of those compo-
sitions. The first was the address
of the camp near Ostend, dated the
29th April, 1804.
“¢ General First Consul, a cry
** has been heard in the armies—
“that cry is re-echoed in every
- “heart. The soldiers of the first
“division of the camp at Bruges,
£* sensible of the dangers which you
have encountered alone in the
€* common cause, more sensible still
*© of the benefits which they have
_ derived from you, are eager to
“ decree to you a title august and
_ “worthy ofyou: You are already
*¢ their chief, and their father; but
*‘ these titles are not sufficient to
** express either their enthusiasm
* or their love. Let, then, that of
** emperor teach the world, that
“* France has known how to ex-
‘press her gratitude for all that
“you have done for her! Yeta
“ painful recollection mingles itself
¢ with our hopes—already have the
** poignards of your enemies more
“than once threatened your des-
** tiny, to which that of so many
’“ others is attached. “France was
‘*¢ on the point of being annihilated
*< in your person ! Jet her survive in
*‘ your illustrious family! and Ict
* posterity know what your great
*‘ aétions have been, and what has
*< been our gratitude. As the organ
* of part of your troops, I am hap-
“ py in having it in my power to
* express to you their sentiments.—
** Deign to accept, general first
* consul, the testimonies of love
** and respeét of the first division,
** and of mine.”

(Signed) The General of Divisi#a, -

Oudnot,

Followed by seyera) echer signa.
tures.

167

The next was that of the munici-
pal body of Paris, dated 30th April,
1804.

‘*¢ To-day, citizen first consul, all
“¢ France expresses the same wishes
*¢ we expressed two years ago. To-
“day, all France, happy under
*¢ your government, conjures you
*¢ to eternize the benefits of it. Let
** not this escape your memory,
“¢ citizen first consul. In 1789,
*¢ France, without doubt, demand-
*¢ ed a revolution—but she demand-
‘C ed it agreeably to the maxims of
‘¢ her government, and not in the
“‘ unity which constituted her es.
“¢ sence.

** The French, then free in the
*€ choice of their deputies to the
‘¢ states general, free in the delivery
*¢ of their sentiments and wishes,
*¢ expressly demanded that all the
** citizens, equal in rights, should
** be admissible, without distinction
“¢ of rank or birth, to all the public
*¢ functions. ‘They demanded, that
‘¢ the power of exercising arbitrary
‘* a¢ts.should no longer reside any
‘¢ where, and that no citizen should
*¢ be condemned without trial.—
*¢ They demanded liberty of consci-
“¢ ence, or, rather, the free exercise
*¢ of all forms of divine worship.—
‘¢ They demanded that the repre-
** sentatives of the nation should be
** called to deliberate upon the pub-
“lic burdens’ ‘They, in fine, de-
“¢ manded, as a guarantee of all the
“6 rights of which they invoked the
% restitution, that the executive
‘¢ power should be confided to the
* hands of a single person, and that
‘* this power should be hereditary,
** What the French demanded in
** 1789, thay again demand to-day.
“¢ They earnestly demand it. A
** long experience has too fully
‘convinced them, that whatsoever

M4 *¢ has

-
©

ANN

‘¢ has been done or attempted be-
‘* yond their first wishes, command-
“¢ed, perhaps, by circumstances
< Stronger than men, cannot con-
‘6 stitute either the duration, the
‘+ force, or the happiness of a great
“Cempire. We shall not, Citizen
<< first consul, point out the mode
“* most suitable to be adopted for
*¢ the accomplishment of. our wish.
¢¢ We trust, in this respect, to the
‘¢ wisdom of the first authority of
*¢ the state, and to your wisdom.
“¢ But let us be feariul of dissem-
¢¢‘biing the truth from ourselves.—
‘¢ The moments are pressing. Our
*¢ implacable enemies are observing
Sous, We know what frightful
** projecis they have shewn them-
S* selves capable of. They will ne-
‘¢ ver cease meditating our, ruin,
¢¢ before strong, generous, and last-
** ing institutions have convinced
*¢ them that our ruin is impossible.”
(Signed) The twelve mayors,
the twenty-four as-
sistant mayors, the
five members of the
council of prefec-
ture, the - prefect,
and the secretary
general.

Matters being so far prepared, a
proposition was submitted to the
tribunate, on the Ist May, by one
of Bonaparte’s creatures, named
Curée, for conferring on Napoleon
Bonaparte the rank and title of
emperor of the French, and of
making the said rank and title heret
ditary in his family, according te
the laws of primogeniture.

Carnot was the enly member of
that body who ventured to oppose
the proposition.

He began, by declaring that he
should preserve the same modera-
tien, im delivering his opinion,

168

NUAL REGISTER,

1804. ,

which had been exhibited by the
tribunes, who had spoken in favour
of the motion. He referred those
who might be inclined to put a bad
construction on his motives, to a
rigid examination of his conduét,
since the commencement of the re-
volution, He asked if it were to
grant the first consul a reward for
his services, to offer him the sacrifice
of liberty. If it were not to de-
stroy Bonaparte’s own work, to
make France his private patrimony.
*¢ | voted,” continued the orator,
‘¢ against the consulate for life, and
*¢ | will not this day pursue a dif-
** ferent course. I will be consis-
“* tent with myself. But the mo-
‘* ment that the proposed order of
** things is established, I will be the
“¢ first’ to conform. to “it, and yield
“‘ to the new authority proofs: of
** my deferenee. May all the mem-
“bers of the community follow my
‘* example.” He cited a number of
passages from the Roman history,
ta shew thata government placed in _
the hands of an individual was no
pledge of sits stability or tranquil-
lity. He drew the same inference
from the History of France, where
intestine commotions ,and civil dis-
cords existed under the government
of princes. ‘Afler the peace of
Amiens, Bonaparte had the choice
of a republic or a monarchy—but
he swore to defend the former, and
to respect the wishes of France, who
had made him her guardian. Now
it is proposed to render that power
a property, of which, :at| present,
only the administration is possessed. -
The Romans were most jealous of
treir liberty, and Camillus, Fabius,
ana’ Cincinnatus only saved the
countr; by relinquishing the power
which “hie been confided to them.
The liberty of Rome perished as

soon

soomas Cesar had usurped absolute
power. It was reserved for the new
world to teach the old the practica-
bility of a nation’s enjoying liberty
with the rising pr osperity of the
people. Will “the opinion of the
public funétionaries be the free wish
of the whole nation? Will there
not be inconveniencies attending the
avowal of opposite sentiments? is
the press so far restrained and de-
' graded, that it will be impossible to

_ make, in the public prints, respe¢t-
ful remonstrances against the pro-
posed arrangement? Does the ex-

_ pulsion of the Bourbons involve the
necessity of anew dynasty? May
not the establishment of that dynasty
place anal: in the way of a ge-
“meral peace? W ip ite recognized
_ by foreign powers? In case ‘of Te-
fusal to recognize it, must arms ne-
cessarily be resorted to? In that
case, the security of the French na-

_ tion would-be, perhaps, endangered
_ for an empty title. The means of
- consolidation consist in adherence to
justice. Far be it from him to
make any particular application, ‘dr
to cast any blame, on the opera-
tions of government. Is liberty,
then, disclosed to man, only that it
may never be enjoyed? He could
- mot, however, consent to regard it

_@s a mere chimera; and his heart

told him, that its government is
ele He concluded, by declaring
his readiness to sacrifice his personal
4 pinion to the interests of his coun-
# try. His respeét for the law would
- remain unalterable—his desire was
_ tosee every sentiment united against
_ their eternal, their implacable ene-
my; that enemy who is now medi-
tating universal oppression.
_ The speech of Carnot, temperate
agit was, and apparently delivered
‘ina tone of constraint, did not fail
2

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

169

to excite several vehement replies
and animadversions on his conduct.
He was asked, if he adopted the pro-
per meaus of manifesting his re.
speét for the laws, in reminding ~
them, that he had, on a former oc-
casion, voted against the consulate
for life, sanétioned by the suflrages
of more than a million of French-
men? If he had forgotten the re-
gimen of 1793, and that horrible de-
cemviral committee, which, in cold
blood, signed arrests for death and
proscriptions?» It was astonishing,
to hear of opposition to a measure,
which alone could prevent the re-
turn of similar miseries. ‘The ques-
tion was not concerning the interests
of individuals, but the interests of
the nation at large; a measure which
would realize the plan of govern-
ment, formed by the constituent as~
sembly in 1789. e
The discussion was resumed on
the ensuing day, and the proposi-
tion was principally supported by a
member, named Fayard, who, after
expatiating on the transcendent me-
rits and: services {of Bonaparte, and,
by laying down the principle that
nations have the right to enjoy that
form of government, for which they
are by nature best adapted, he pro-
ceeded, by observing, that in vain
political maladies affect and suspend
those principles for a moment—the
crisis ceases, and nature resumes her —
rights. It is in the nature of things,
that a country of vast extent, whose ,
security is not gquarantesd by its
physical position, and whose rela-
tions with its neighbours incessantly
menace its tranquillity, ought to be
governed by one head. Rome, at
her birth, had kings, because the sur-
rounding nations were ruled by
kings. Rome, after conquering her
neighbours, expelled the kings, and
created

170

created consuls. When her power
had gone beyond the limits of her
territories, when she had to combat
nations far removed from the centre
of her dominions, even the exces.
sive love of freedom could not pre-
vent the ruin of the republic, and
emperors were elevated to the throne.
Fortunate would it have been for
that great nation, if the first of their
emperors had, as he had it in his
power, made the government here-
ditary in his family. The scenes
which covered the throne with
blood ; the civil wars which dissoly-
ed that vast empire, aud precipitat-
ed its downfal, would not have sul-
lied the page of the history of thase
masters of the world. Onthe ruins
of amonarchy destroyed, an attempt
was made to substitute a monarchi-
eal government. France must have
been destroyed, if the genius of
Bonaparte had not erected the
consulate ta precede, fora few years,
the creation of the imperial dignity.
He is called to this elevated station
by the unanimous wish. He had, as
first, consul, the power of perform-
ing vast services, and you have seen
all his measures attended with a
success unexampled in the page of
the history of the world. This was
sufficient for his own glory, but not
encugh for the happiness of France.
If empires prosper under a great
man, the moment which deprives
them of their services, menaces them
with some dreadful explosion, if the
same monarch does not substitute in
his place, him who is to be his suc.
ecssor. Itis then that ambition be-
, comes inflamed, and long before am-
bition prepares in secret the means
of supplanting rivals. Long dis-
sentions, succeeded by civil wars,
agitate the minds of men, disturb,
for ages, the union of the citizens;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

and the people are oftenso unfortp.
nate as not to discern, amongst the —
rival candidates, the one most wor-
thy to receive the sceptre, of which
death has bereaved the object of their
regret. What can prevent these
disasters? A constitutional law,
which gives the line of succession,
and which gives to the family of the
chief the new dynasty. ‘This was
the objeét of the nation; and if the —
throne were to be the reward of the
virtues of the great man called tothe _
imperial dignity, the succession to it
by his family, would guarantee to
France ages of glory and repose.

lt was observed, by another mem-
ber, that absolute monarchy was
the most degrading of systems, but
that monarchy, connected with the ~
representative system, conciliated
political and civil liberty ; and that
was the system which Napoleon was —
about to establish.

The sitting concluded with the
motion declaring the discussion to
be closed, and that a report should
be made on the next day on the ori-
ginal proposition.

Accordingly, on the 3d of May,
the tribunate having heard the report
of the special commission appointed
to consider the proposition made by
citizen Curée, resolved, ist, ‘¢ That °
*¢ Napoleon Bonaparte should be
“¢ proclaimed emperor of the French,
‘¢ and, in that quality, be charged
with the government of France.
‘Cod. That the title of emperor,
*¢ together with the imperial pre-
‘¢ rogatives, should be hereditary in
‘¢ his family, in the male line, and
‘¢in the order of primogeniture.
*¢ 3d. That the constituted authori-
‘¢ ties, in forming the necessary re-
“¢ gulations for the establishment of
‘¢ the hereditary power, should
‘* make all due provisions for pre-

serving

-~
n

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

€£ serving equality, liberty, and the
‘rights of the people. 4th. That
** the present vote should be carried
* to the senate by a deputation of
§* six members, who were to explain
*< the motives which had induced
** the tribunate to adopt this resolu-
§¢ tion.”

Upon the above vote, the follow-
ing decree was passed :—
_ The tribunate considering that,
*< at the breaking out of the revo-
*< Jution, when the national will had
** an opportunity of manifesting it-
«self with the greatest freedom, the
** general wish was declared for the
*< individual unity of the supreme
‘power, and for the hereditary

succession of that power; that

“* the family of the Bourbons, hav-

“ing, by their conduct, rendered

** the hereditary government odious
*< to the people, forced them to lose

- £* sight of its advantages, and drove

** the nation to seek for a happier
*¢ destiny in a democratical form of
sovernment; that France hav-
*¢ ing made a trial of different forms
““ of goverment, experienced from
*¢ them only the miseries of anar-
*“ chy; that the state was in the
** present peril when Bonaparte,
«< brought back by Providence, sud-
«¢ denly appeared for its salvation ;
“¢ that under the government of a
“single individual, France reco-
“‘vered tranquillity at home, and
* acquired abroad the highest con-

“sideration and glory; that the

“plots formed by the house of
* Bourbon, in concert with a mi-
“nistry, the implacable enemy of
“ France, warned France of the
“danger whieh threatens her, if
*< losing Buonaparte, she continued
“exposed to the agitation insepa-
“ rable from an election ; that the
** consulate for life, and the power

171

‘¢ granted te the first consul, of
‘¢ appointing his successor, are not
‘adequate to the preventing in-
‘¢ trigues at home or abroad, which
“¢ could not fail to be formed during
‘¢ the vacancy of the supreme power;
‘¢ that, in declaring that magistracy
‘¢ hereditary, a conformity is at once
*¢ observed to the example of all
‘S great states, ancient or modern,
‘* and to the first wish of thé na-
“‘ tion, expressed in 1789 ; that,
‘¢ enlightened and supported by this
‘C experience, the nation now re»
¢* turns to this wish more strongly
‘‘ than eyer, and expresses it oi
“all sides; that, in all political
** charges, it has been usual for na-
*¢ tions to confer the supreme power
*¢ on those to whom they owe their
“safety ; that, when France de-
** mands for her security, an here-
“‘ ditary chief, her gratitude and
‘¢ affection call on Bonaparte ;
‘¢ that France will preserve all the
‘‘ advantages of a revolution, by
*¢ the choice of a new dynasty, as
‘* much interested for her benetit, az
*¢ the old one would be for her de-_
*¢ struction ; that France may ex-
6 peé&t from the family of Bona.
‘6 parte, more than from any other,
‘*¢ the maintenance of the rights and
‘¢ liberties of ihe people who chose
** them, and all those institutions
*¢ best calculated to support them.
*¢ But there is no title more suited
“to the dignity of the supreme
*¢ chief of the French nation than
*¢ the title of emperor.”

The tribunate, exercising the
right given them, by the 29th arti.
cle of the constitution, have come
to the following vote, [ reciting the
above mentioned vote |.

The foregoing decree having
been put to the vote by the pre-
sident of the tribunate, it was

earried

17% ANNUAL

carried by acclamation, with the
single exception of the only mem-
ber who delivered his semtingnts
against it.

_ Citizen Jard Pauvilliers was
named head of the deputation, for
presenting it to the conservative se-
mate. The other five members were
chosen by lot.

_ This decree was,accordingly pre-
sented to the senate on the 4th of
May, and the following speech was
delivered by the vice president on
the occasion,

‘¢ Citizens Tribunes, this day
€ will forma memorable zra. It is
** the day, on which, for the first
“time, you are called upon, to
exercise, with the conservative se-
“nate, the republican and popular
‘¢ privilege, which the fundamental
“ laws of the constitution have de-
“ Jegated to. yous You could not
© exercise this prerogative, at a
** more favourable moment, or ap-
** pty it to an object. of more im-
“ portance than the present. _Citi-
** 2en tribunes, you express to, the
** trustees of the national rights, a
“¢ wish truly national. I can not
** yemoye the veil which conceals
*¢ for a time, the labours of the se-
*¢ nate on this important subject.
*¢ | must inform you, however, in
“ the mean time, that since the 6th
** of Germinal, (March 27) thesenate
“has directed the attention of the
*< first magistrate to the same sub-
€ ject. ‘The senate has previously
“* sounded the public opinion, and
** has announced it to the govern-
“ment. But, you will find your
** advantages and privileges, when
€* you observe, that what we have
** been thinking of in -silence for
*<two months, the peculiar nature
“ of our institution, andthe place
** you hold in the constitution, has

REGISTER,

1804.

‘* enabled you at once to submit if
* to discussion in the presence of —
‘¢ the peeple. You have. served at
*“ once the people and the govern-—
*¢ ment by disclosing and enforcing
** this opinion, pregnant with so
‘* many advantages, and it was first
** secretly cherished in the bosom
‘* of this assembly, where you have —
** now so gloriously reported it,
‘“¢ The happy deyelopement which
‘* you have given to this grand idea, ©
procures to the senate which
‘* opened the tribune to you, the
“¢ satisfaction of being able to con-—
** gratulate themselves on their
af choice, and to approve what they
‘have done. In your public
** speeches we have found the basis
*¢ of our opinions. Like you, ci-
‘* tizens tribunes, we do not wish to.
“¢ return to the Bourbons, because
‘* we do not wish a counter-revolu-
“ tion, which is the only benefit we
** could derive from those unfortu-
“‘ nate exiles, who carried witlr

** them despotism, nobility, feudal

‘¢ tyranny, slavery, and ignorance;
‘* and who, still to augment their
‘+ crimes, have encouraged the hope
‘¢ that, their return to France might
“¢ he effeéted by the way of Eng.
“‘ land. Like you, citizens tri-
‘+ bunes, we wish to raise a new dy-
‘* nasty, because we wish, to secure
** to the French people, all their
*¢ rights which they haye re-con-
*¢ quered, and which the folly of
“their enemies would take from
“them. Like you, citizens, tri-
*¢ bunes, we wish that liberty, equa-
** lity, and knowledge, may no
‘¢ more have a retrograde motion.
*¢ | do not speak of the great man,
‘* called upon by his glory, to give
¢¢ his name to the age in which he
‘* lives, and who ought to, be called
6 upon by our wishes to consecrate

“<< to

*© to us his family and existence.
«It is not to himself, it is to us,
*¢ that he ought to devote himself.
What you propose in the ardour
“of enthusiasm, the senate will
“consider with cool deliberation.
“¢ Citizens tribunes, we are the
_ corner stone of the social edifice,
_ & bat it is the government of an he-
“ reditary chief that must constitute
“¢ the key-stone of the arch. You
“repose in your bosom the wish
_* that this arch may be at last con-
*solidated. In receiving this wish,
“the senate does not forget that

« what you Solicit is not so mucha
*“ change of the state of the repub-
Vic, as the means of perfecting
“and establishing it, and this cer-
“6 tainly is what we are most inte-
“¢ rested in. In this national temple
%< the constitution ought to repose,
‘in some measure, on the god
<* Terminus. If we are induced to
_ interfere in any respe¢t with this
- * sacred compact, the guardianship
*¢ of which is intrusted to us, it is
** only to add to its strength, and
““ to extend its duration.”

The senate then replied to Bona-
parte’s speech of the 25th April,
in an address sigued by the vice-pre-
sident Francois de Neufchateau,
“Moreau de Galles, and Joseph
Cornudet, secretaries, and the chan-
cellor of the senate, Laplace. But
as it is of great length, and contains
no new matier, we forbear its inser-
tion.

This measure was finally adopted
by the senate of the 18th May, on
Which day a decree, donominated an
_ © Organic Senatus-Consultum’’ was
passed, conferring the title of em-
peror on the first consul, and’esta-
blishing that dignity hereditary in
his family. It was likewise decreed,
that the members should immediate-

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

473

ly repair to St. Cloud, to commu-
nicate this decision to Bonaparte.
They accordingly set out at the
close of the sitting, escorted by a
body of troops. f
‘The senate were admitted to an
audience on their arrival, and their
president, consul Cambaceres, pre-
sented the ** Senatus Consultum” to
Bonaparte, accompanying it with
an oration. .
‘¢ Sire, the decree which the se.
‘nate has passed, and which it
“6 takes the earliest opportunity of
‘* presenting to your imperial ma.
“¢ jesty, is only the authentic ex-
“¢ pression of a will already mani-
s¢ fested by the nation, This de-
‘¢ cree, which confers on you a new
“ title, and which, after you, se-
‘cures the dignity hereditary in
*¢ your race, adds nothing to your
“¢ dignity or your rights. The love
‘Cand gratitude of the French peo-
6 ple have, for some years, entrust-
‘¢ed to your majesty the reins of
** government, and the censtitu-
*¢ tions of the state reposed in yeu
“¢ the choice of a successor. The
‘most august denomination, de-
*¢ creed to you, is then only a tri-
‘¢ bute which the nation pays to its
“¢ own dignity, and to the necessity
‘¢ jt experiences of giving to you
“¢ daily testimonics of respect and
*¢ of attachment, which every day
“increase. Pow could the French
“¢ people find bounds to their grati-
“¢ tude, when you place none to
“¢ your care and solicitude for them ?
‘¢ Preserving the remembrance of
“¢ the evils which they suffered when
‘¢ abandoned to themselves, how
‘6 could they refleét, without enthu-
*¢ siasm, on the happiness they have
*¢ felt since Providence inspired
“6 them with the idca of throwing
*¢ themselves into your arms? ‘Their
“< armies

;

174

‘armies were defeated; the fi-
<“ nances were in disorder ; 3 public
* credit was annihilated ; faétions
*¢ were disputing for the remains of
“our ancient splendour ; every
ides of morality, or even of reli-
* sion, was obscured; the habit
*¢ of giving and resuming power,
*¢ left the magistrates without con-
*¢ sideration, and even rendered
* odious every kind of authority.
*¢ Your majesty appeared ; you re-
*¢ called victory to our standards ;
‘* you established order and economy
*¢ in the public expences ; the na-
*€ tion, encouraged by the use you
6¢ made of your authority, resumed
** confidence in its own resources;
** your wisdom allayed the rage of
‘ party ; religion saw her altars
*¢ raised up ; ideas of justice and
“ injustice were awakened in the
*¢ minds of the citizens, when they
** saw crimes followed by punish-
“ment, and virtue signalized and
** rewarded with honourable dis-
** tinétions. In the last place, and
** it is, no doubt, the greatest of
“the miracles operated by your
*< genius, that people, whose civil
** effervescence had rendered them
impatient of every restraint, and
*< hostile to every authority, were,
** by your’ means, made to cherish
* and respeét a power which was
*< exercised only for their glory and
“repose. The French people do
“not pretend to establish them-
** selves judges of the constitutions
“‘ of other states; they have no
*¢ critical remarks to make; no ex-
** amples to follow; experience, in
*¢ future, will become their guide.
*¢ They have tasted, for ages, the
<¢ advantages attached to hereditary
*¢ power; they have made a short,
** but painful, trial of the contrary
** system; they return, by the effect

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

“¢ of free and mature deliberations
“* to a path suited to their genius;
“‘ They make a free use of their.
‘‘ rights, to delegate to your impes i
¢ rial majesty a power which your —
‘¢ interests forbids you to exercise —
“ by yourself. They stipulate for
‘¢ future generations ; and, by a so-
*¢ Jemn compact, entrust to the off-
“* spring of your race, the happiness
‘¢ of their posterity. The latter
¢¢ will imitate your virtues, the fors
‘¢ mer will inherit our love and our ~
‘¢ fidelity. Happy the nation
*¢ which, after so much trouble and
“¢ uncertainty, finds in its bosom a
‘¢man worthy of appeasing the
** tempest of the passions, of cons
*¢ ciliating all interests, and uniting
‘¢ all voices! Happy the prince who
‘*¢ holds his power by the will, the
*¢ confidence, and the affections of
“¢ the citizens! Ifit bein the prin«
** ciples of our constitution, and al-
“¢ ready several examples of this
‘¢ kind have been given, to submit
** to the sanction of the people that
‘¢ part of the decree which concerns ©
‘¢ the establishment of an hereditary
‘¢ government, the senate have
‘¢ thought that it ought to entreat
** your imperial majesty to consent
“that the organic dispositions
‘should be immediately carried
*¢ into execution; and that, for the
‘¢ slory as well as for the happiness
“¢ of the republic, Napoleon may be
‘¢ immediately proclaimed emperor
*¢ of the French.”

The emperor replied in the fol-
lowing terms :

‘6 Kvery thing that can contribute ©
‘to the good of the country is
‘¢ essentially conneéted with my
*¢ happiness. I accept the title
*¢ which you think necessary to the
‘6 glory of the nation. Isubmit to
S* the sanétion of the people the

<6 law

|) **nours my family.

| HISTORY OF EUROPE.

s

| “Jaw of hereditary suecession. I
hope France will never repent of
‘having surrounded with ho-

In all cases
“ my spirit will cease to be present
“ with my posterity, the day on

_* which they shall cease to deserve
“the love and contidence of the
* Great Nation.”

But as the measure of adulation
was not yet quite filled, the senate
requested an audience of her majesty
the empress, and, on being admit-
ted, the president addressed her as
follows :

“¢ Madam, we have just presented
to your august spouse the decree
** which confers on him the title of
“emperor, which establishes the
“ government hereditary in his fa-
** mily, and associates future gene-
“rations in the happiness of the
“ present race. A very agreeable
“< duty remains to be performed by
““the senate—that of offering to
“¢ your imperial majesty the homage
*¢ of its respeét, and an expression
“€ of the gratitude of the French.
** Yes, madam, fame proclaims the
*¢ good which you are constantly
*< doing ; it says, that being always
“ accessible to the unfortunate,
*‘ you employ your influence with
*< the chief of the state only to re.
“lieve distress, and that to the

_ pleasure of obliging, your ma-

“¢ jesty adds that amiable delicacy
“< which renders gratitude sweeter,
*C and the kindness more valuable.
*< This disposition presages, that
“the name of the empress Jose-
*¢ phine, will be the signal of con-
*‘solation and hope, and as the
** virtues of Napoleon wild always
“ serve as aw example to his suc.
** cessors, to teach them the art of

175

‘¢ governing nations ; the living re-
‘*membrance of your goodness,
“¢ will teach their august consorts,
‘¢ that the care of drying up tears,
‘¢ is the most effectual means of pre-
‘¢ serving an empire over all hearts.
* The senate thinks itself happy in
‘¢ the opportunity of being the first
** to salute you empress, and he
‘* who has the honour of being its
“ organ, takes the liberty to hope,
*¢ that you will deign to reckon
‘him among the number of your
*¢ most faithful servants.”

The “* organic senatus consultum”
was then proclaimed by the empe-
ror. It consisted of 151 articles,
forming a totally new constitution:

As the insertion of the whole of
this curious performance would
cause too great an interruption in
the thread of our narrative, we
shall, in this place, limit ourselves
to the substance of the principal
points relating to the emperor and
his family, and refer our readers,
who may be desirous of further in-
formation on that head, to another
part of this work*.

The government of the republic
shall be confided to Napoleon Bo-
naparte under the title of emperor,
and justice shall be administered in
his name by officers appointed by
him.

The imperial dignity shall be he-
reditary in the family of Bonaparte,
in the direét line of descent by or-
der of primogeniture to the exclu.
sion of females.

The power is given to Bonaparte,
provided he have no male issue, to
adopt an heir from amongst the chil«
dren and grand children of his bro-
thers, provided they have attained
the age of eighteen years. On the

* Vide “ State Papers,” p, 664,

failure

176

failure of this limitation, the impe-
rial dignity is to devolve first to Jo-
seph Bonaparte and his male issue ;
and, on failure of those, to Louis
Banaparte and his male issue; and
finally, on failure of those branches,
an emperor is to be nominated by
the senate. ‘The members of the
imperial family, in the order of in-
heritance, shall bear the title of
prince, and the eldest son of the
emperor that of imperial prince.

The education of those princes is
to be under the direction of the
senate. ‘They are prohibited from
marrying without the consent of the
emperor. Any marriage so con-
tracted incurs the privation of the
right of inheritance, both of the in-
dividuals and their descendants.

‘he minority of the emperor
ceases at the age of eighteen. Un-
til he arrives at that age, his func-
tions shall be administered by a
regent, the rules for whose appoint-
ment are prescribed, and his pow-
ers limited, from which office females
are excluded.

The first exercise of the imperial
authority was the nomination of his
imperial highness prince Joseph Bo-
naparte to the dignity of grand elec-
for: his imperial highness prince
Louis Bonaparte to that of consta-
ble of France: consul Cambaceres
to be arch-chancellor of the empire:
consul Lebrun to be arch-treasurer.
These persons then took the pre-
scribed oaths, in presence of the
emperor.

The arch-chancellor then pre-
sented the ministers and the secre-
tary of state, who likewise took
the oaths.

‘The constable presented generals
d’Avoust and Bessieres. General
Murat, governor of Paris, was also
presented ; and general Duroc, who

-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

took the oaths, as governor of the
imperial. palace. a
On the same day a letter had been ©
addressed to each of the consuls, —
Cambaceres and Lebrun, notifying
to them the change in their titles.
It was likewise ordered that the
French princesand princesses should
be addressed by the title of their
imperial highnesses, and the sisters —
of the emperor are of that namber. —
The great officers of the empire are —
to receive the title of their serene ©
highnesses ; and they, as well as —
the princes, are to be addressed —
monsetgneur. ‘The secretary of
state and the ministers shall haye the ©
titles of their excellencies. The
functionaries of the departments, —
and those who present petitions,
are to address them by the title of
monseigneur. The president of the
senate shall have the title of excel.
lency. And the marshals of the
empire, when addressed in writing,
are to have the title of monseigneur.
On the 20th May, the generals
Berthier, Murat, Moncey, Jour-
dan, Massena, Augereau, Berna-
dotte, Soult, Brune, Lasnes, Mor-
tier, Ney, d’Avoust, Bessieres,
Kellerman, Lefevre, Perignon, and
Serurier, were promoted to the rank
of marshals of the empire.
Bonaparte them notified his ele.
vation to the bishops of France, by
letters of a similar tenor to the fol-
lowing, addressed to the arch-bishop
of Paris.
‘* Cousin, the happiness of the
‘¢ French has always been*the dear-
“‘ est object of my thoughts, and
“¢ their glory that of all my labours.
“<¢ Called by Divine Providence, and
‘¢ the constitution of the republic,
“6 to the imperial power, — I see,- in
‘¢ this new order of things, only
‘¢ greater means of assuring, both
(Sat

_ use of the following prayer.

HISTORY- OF EUROPE.

* at hone and abroad, the prospe-
“rity and dignity of the country.
*°] repose with confidence in the
© powerful succour of the Most
“<High. He will inspire his minis-
“¢ ters with the desire ofseconding me
“by all the means in their power.
4 They will enlighten the people
*€ by instruction, in preaching to
-* them the love of their duties, obe-
_“ dience to the laws, and the prac-
¢ tice of all the christian and civil
“virtues. ‘They will call down the

-*benedictions of Heaven, upon
6 the nation, and upon the supreme
'** chief of the state.
_ this letter, that, as soonas youhave
© received it, you will cause Vené

I write you

* Creator and Te Deum to be sung

in all the churches of your dio-

“ cese, and that you may invite to

_“ the prayers at your church, those
authorities that have been in the

“habit of assisting at ceremonies
© of this kind; and that you may

» © order a sermen to be preached in
_ all the churches of your diocese,
- *£ on the subject of the organic se-

** natus consultum of the 28th Flo-
“ real last : and assuring myself
*¢ that you will, by your own ex-

‘ample, excite the zeal and piety
_ © of all the faithful in your diocese,
oes 1 pray God to have you, my
~ © cousin, in his holy and worthy

_* keeping.”

7 _ Anda circular Jettér was address-

ed to them, on the same occasion,
by cardinal Caprara, legate a Ja-

> ' tere, resident in France, “which was

~ thus :—
* My lord, Napoleon Boncparte

“having been appointed emperor

“of the French, you are to make

177

<¢ ¢O Lord preserve our emperor
‘¢ ¢ Napoleon,’ instead of that which
‘was ordained by the concordat
** nassed between the holy aposto-
‘¢ lic chair and the government of
‘¢ France, After this the follow-
‘* ing prayer may be recited, as it
*¢ has already been used in the im-
*« perial chapel: ‘O God, the pro-
‘6 ¢teétor of all kingdoms, and
‘¢ ¢ especially of the French empire,
‘6 ¢ grant unto thy servant Napo-
*¢ ¢ Jeon, ouremperor, that he may
*¢ ¢ know and further the wonders
‘¢ ¢ of thy power, to the énd that
‘6 “he whom thou hast appointed
‘¢ ¢ our sovereign, may be i cgaac i
*¢¢ powerful through thy grace ;?
*¢ which I accordingly notify to
*¢ your greatness, declaring myself,
‘¢ at the same time, your greatness’s
*< true servant.”

On the 28th May, this event
was officially announced by the
French chargé d'affaires to the diet
at Ratisbon, and a similar notifica-
tion was made to the several foreign
courts.

Regulations for the coronation
were laid down by an imperial de-
cree, dated from the palace of St.
Cloud, July 9th.

This ceremony was then appoint~
ed to take place in the month
of November following (the 18th
Brumaire), and certain of the pub-
lic functionaries from the several
departments, tegether with detach-
ments from the different military
corps (all which are particularly
specified), were summoned to at-
tend at Paris on the occasion.”’*

Whilst the French government
was thus seriously engaged in mak-
ing arrangements for placing the

crown

* The novelty and extraordinary nature of the above transaction, has induced
sos to be more particular in our relation of it, than the subject, Perhaps, merits, or

_ Vou. XLVI.

»- than

178 ANNUAL

crown of France on the head of
Bonaparte, the general conduct

of that power was looked upon,

with a jealous eye by many of the
cabinets of Europe. ‘Those most ex-
posed to the effects of the violence
of the new emperor, contemplated
his encroachments and their own
debasement in silence; but Russia
and Sweden openly avowed their
sentiments.

On the 21st of July a very dig-
nified and circumstantial note, cha-
racteristic of the honourable and
disinterested sentiments which have
long distinguished the councils of
the court of St. Petersburgh, was
presented, in reply to the evasive
and insulting note from Mr. Talley-
rand, of the 26thof May, (already
mentioned,) by M. Oubril, the
Russian chargé d’affaires at Paris.

it was there stated, that his court
had justly disapproved his having
received a paper which did not con.
vey an answer to his preceding offi-
cial communications, and was by
no means fit to be laid before his
augustsovereign. ‘That its contents
consisted of assertions not only un-
founded, but wholly unconne¢ted
with the note of the 22nd April.—
That the emperor, already moved
by the calamities by which a great
portion of Europe was oppressed,
and by the dangers: which threaten.
ed the German empire, whose in-
terests Russia was particularly bound
to support, in conformity to her
obligations, received intelligence of
another violation of the law of na-

than our readers will approve.

REGISTER,

1804.

tions, which was perpetrated at
Ettenheim. He, therefore, con-
ceived himself bound to incite the
assembled states of the German em- —
pire to concur with him, in pro-
testing against the conduct of the
French government, to whom his
majesty communicated the same sen-
timents, in hopes that reparation
would be offered to the German
league, and the fears entertained by
Europe, of a repetition of similar
outrages, allayed. The evasive re-
ply which was made to so plain a ©
declaration, was offensive to Rus.
sia, to the German empire, and to
France herself.—‘* We live no
longer in those barbarous times,
(recites the note, ) when every coun-
try regards only her immediate ad-
vantages ; modern polity has in-
troduced certain principles respect-
ing the interest of the whole com-
munity of states.” No state could

. view with indifference the-event al-

ready mentioned, which gave such
a dreadiul blow to the independence
and security of nations. By the
peace of Teschen, Russia undertook
to guarantee and mediate for the
German empire; in this quality, his
imperial majesty was not merely
justified in raising his voice on this
oceasion, but was absolutely bound
todoso. The French government,
being in a similar quality, assumes
the liberty of violating the neutrality
of Germany, and to aét arbitrarily
on that territory. It is difficultto
imagine how his imperial majesty
should be incompetent to assert the

rights

We have, besides, conceived it not amiss to insert,

at full length, several of the oficial publications which appeared upon the occn-
sion, the better to convey an idea of the language of the time, and the degree of
servility to which the French nation has bees reduced in the course of a few years,

from the most outrageous democracy.

e have, however, rejected whatever we

judged might be dispensed with arch ON to this view of the subject,

' HISTORY OF EUROPE.

_ fights Of the German empire, the se-

evtity and independence of which he
has guaranteed. It would be in vain
to attempt to explain otherwise the
condu& of Russia, whose motives
are so evident, or to discover there-
in the influence of the enemies of
France: her sole motive is the
wretched condition to which the
French government has reduced Eu-
rope. Should Russia propose to
establish a coalition, for the pur-
pose of renewing the war upon the
continent, it would not be necessary
to seek an unfounded cause for it.

The French government has long

given too much and too just cause
for breaking the bonds of harmony,
which the emperor has preserved
merely from his moderation, andé
which he desired to preserve for
ever. No person, and the French
government least of all, can mis-
take the views of the cabinet of St.
Petersburgh, since his imperial ma-
jesty so explicitly declared, even be-
fore the present war, how neces-
sary it was to labour for the conso-
lidation of peace; to prevent new
revolutions in Europe, to avoid
every cause of mistrust, and to suf-
fer every state to enjoy its indepen-
dence. At the same time Russia

expressed her earnest desire that

the French cabinct would, by mo-
deration and disinterestedness, give
a hope to the other states of Europe,
that every government might, at
dength, (after an unhappy war,
which cost so much blood,) devote
itself, in security, to the happiness
of the people entrusted toit. Far
from desiring to rekindle the flames
of war on the continent, his Rus-

sian majesty most ardently wished.

to stifle those flames every where ;
but his majesty more particularly
entertains the wish that the French

179

government would leave those na-
tions to themselves, who desire no-
thing more fervently than to avoid
taking a part in the present trou-
bles. Russia never deviated from
those principles; all her transactions
with the French government had no
other object. Upon the same ground
she proposed to aét as mediator be-
tween France and England, but
her offer was not accepted. Since
the renewal of the war, the Frenck
government has thought itself au-
thorised to occupy countries, and
deprive them of their commerce,
who in.vain appealed to their neu-
trality. His imperial majesty was
thereby alarmed, not indeed on his
own account, since, from the aétu-
al situation and power of his em-
pire, his majesty might remain a
quiet speétator of those distressing
scenes, but he was alarmed for the
security of the other states of Eu-
rope. His imperial majesty repeat-
edly urged, but always ineftectu-
ally, that those countries, at least,
should be permitted to remain neu-
tral, whose neutrality France and
Russia had guaranteed by mutual
treaties. His majesty also repeat-
edly disclosed his sentiments, with
respect to those states that are al-
ready in danger of sharing the fate
of Italy, of a part of Germany, and
of tlie other countries which France
has already in her possession. In
spite of all his remonstrances and
exertions, the emperor beheld the,
danger increasing daily. French
troops on one side occupying the
coast of the Adriatic, on the other
levying contributions on the Hane
Towns, and menacing Denmark ;
consequently, his imperial majesty
has resolved, as the theatre of war
approaches his fronticrs, to estab-
lish a military foree which shall be

N2 ade-

t

180

adequate to check further encroach-
ments. Never did a government
aét more candidly, or more up-
rightly. If such conduét be consi-
dered as hostile to Franee, or as an
attack upon the welfare and tran-
quillity of the German empire, there
no longer any difference exists be-
tween manifest encroachments on
the one part, and that just indigna-
tion which the other must feel ;
between attack and defence; be-
iween the oppression and the pro-
teétion of the weak. The under-
signed does not, in this place, ex-
amine, by the law of nations, the
question whether the French go-
vyernment be justified in persecuting,
in every country, those persons
whom it has exiled from their own,
and in prescribing to foreign pow-
ers the manner in which they shall
be permitted to treat, or to employ,
the late emigrants, whom they may
have adopted as their subjects, or
employed in their serviee. Such a
tenet is at variance with every prin-
ciple of justice, nay, with those
principles which the French nation
has solemnly proclaimed. To sup-
pose that Russia attacks the inde-
pendence of the states of Murope,
because she will not permit a per-

son, in her employment abroad, to,

be appointed somewhere else, at the
will of the French government,
were to confound all ideas and
words ; or because she claims ano-
ther person, who is a naturalized
Russian, and who has just now been
delivered up by another state, with-
out apy previous trial, and contrary
to every appearance -of justice.-—
Never did the émperor protect con-
spirators; his noble and upright
character is too well known to all
Rurope, te require an elaborate

Y donde

1

ANNUAL Rie hae 1804.

* Vide “ State Papers,” page 647,

false as it is indecent.
government itself is convinced or
the contrary ; it need only remems
ber that the emperor has frequently
declared, that, if such an accusation ©
were proved against any Russian in
his employment, he would hasten’
to punish him most severely, for a ~
crime which he considers of a most —
heinous nature. But the cabinet of
St. Cloud returned no answer to
this candid communication, nor did
it furnish any proof to support its
pretensions ; it has then no right to
complain of its unsupported demands 7
not being complied with. But, at
the present moment, when Portu-
gal was obliged to purchase her neu-
trality ; when Naples, to save her’s, —
was compelled to contribute, at an —
enormous expense, to the main.
tenance of French troops on her |
own territory ; when all Italy,
especially those republics that had ©
been promised independence and
happiness ; when Switzerland and-
Holland were considered merely ‘as |}
French provinces; when one part
of the German empire is occupied,
while in another part French detach- ©
ments execute arrests, in contempt
of the sacred law of nations; at_
such a moment, the emperor will
leave to all the states mentioned,
nay, to the impartial opinion of the
cabinet of St. Cloud itself, the de- —
cision of the question, which of the —
two, Russia or France, menaces
the security of Europe. Which of —
them acts on principles most favou-~
rable to the independence of other —
states. Which ‘interferes most in~
the government and internal police
of other countries, and practices
the most arbitrary acts against
them.* . Russia entertains not the
lest

|
' Yeast inclination for war, nor canshe
be benefited by it; her conduét will
alone be influenced by the pressure
of circumstances. It is the empe-
ror’s desire to preserve his former
relations with France, but upon no
other ground than that of. perfect
equality. The first condition is,
that the terms mutually agreed upon
shall be sacredly fulfilled, and on
this condition only can the two
States, after what has happened,
enjoy their former relations of good
will and amity. ©
“* The ‘undersigned has been or.
*‘ dered to declare, that he cannot
“ prolong his stay at Paris, unless
**the following demands be pre-
viously complied with.—First,
“ That, conformably to the 4th and
« 5th articles of the secret convens.
© tion of the 11th of Oétober, 1801,
“€ the French goverment shall cause
*Cits troops to eyacuate the king-
*¢ dom of Naples; and, when that
"is done, that it shall engage to
*C respect the neutrality of that
kingdom, during the present
“and any future war. Secondly,
«* That, in conformity to the second
** article of the said convention, the
“ French government shall promise
“to establish immediately some
*€ principle of concert with his Im-
* perial Majesty, for regulating the
basis upon which the affairs of
_® Ttaly shall be finally adjusted.—
“* Thirdly, That it sha!l engage, in
_** conformity to the sixth article of
the convention aforesaid, and the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ISI

*¢ promises so repeatedly given to
*¢ Russia, to indemnify, without de.
*¢ Jay, the king of Sardinia, for the
<¢ losses he has sustained. Fourthly,
‘Cand lastly, That, in virtue of
‘* the obligations of mutual gua-
“¢ rantee and mediation, the French
** sovernment shall premise imme-
** diately to evacuate, and withdraw
‘¢ its troops from the north of Ger-
‘¢ many, and enter into an engage-
** ment to respect, in the strictest
‘* manner, the neutrality of the
“Germanic body. The undera
‘¢ signed has to add, that he has re.
** ceived orders from his govern-
** ment to demand a categorical an.
‘¢ swer to these four points *.”’

This note produced a reply, dated
the 29th of July, abounding in in-
vective, and full as unsatisfactory as
the former one from the French go-
vernment +.

It is there repeated that France is
justified in reproaching Russia with
having neglected to perform her en-
gagements, contracted by the secret
convention of the 11th Vendemaire,
year 10, with having changed the
government of the Seven Islands,
without any concert or communica-
tion with France, and of having as-
sembled large bodies of troops at
Corfu ; with having patronized the
emigrants, and their projects against
France—with haying even placed
herself in a posture of direét de-
fiance to France, by ordering a court,
mourning, as a mark of respect to
the memory of an agent, in the pay

~ of

* Our readers will find, in the above-cited state paper, a most correct and tem-
_, perate exposure, of the dispositions manifested by the French government, and the
System of aggression uniformly pursued by that power.

And as no language which

we could have used, would have depicted the conduct of France towards other na-
tions more faithfully, we have thought proper, contrary to our usual practice, to 1n-
‘Wert the greater part of that able production in the body of our narrative.

+ Vide State Papers, p, 649.

182

of England, engaged in a criminal
design against France, after this
traitor had been condemned by the
just decision of a tribunal of the
French government, and had been
executed in pursuance of his sen-
tence. The glaring partiality ma-
nifested by Russia towards England,
and the perfidious conduét of cqunt
Marcoff, who had increased the dif-
ferences between the two govern-
ments, and had engaged in all the
wicked designs of the emigrants
and disaffeéted persams in France.
That these were the real causes of
the disposition lately evinced by
Russia towards France. That Rus-
sia must fulfil the stipulations by
which bpth powers were mutually
bound, before she could expect
France to comply with them. That
the conduét of Russia was that of a
conqueror to the vanquished. It
were to suppose that France could
be intimidated by menaces. The
history of the war which preceded
the peace with Russia, proves that
that power had no more right than
any other, to assume a haughty tone
towards France. But if, notwith-
standing all the solicitude of the
emperor of the French, to maintain
the relations of peace and amity be-
tween the two countries, the empe-
ror of Russia should join his armies
to those of England, the emperor of
the French, with the assistance of
Godand his arms, was not in a situa-
tion to fear any man.

This correspondence was termi-
nated by a note, dated the 28th of
August, presented to the French mi-
nister for foreign affairs, by M.
Oubril. The allegations contained
in the former Russian notes, are
forcibly. recapitulated, whilst the
recriminations made by the French
government, are triumphantly re-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

pelled. Itis stated that the totaline —
attention of the French government
to the just claims and remonstrances
of Russia, was evidence of the little _
value attached by the French go-
vernment to its relations with her,
and of its invariable determination —
to adopt for its conduét a Jine, ab. —
solutely contrary to the principles
of justice, and the laws of nations,
which could by no means harmonize ©
with the sentiments and principles
professed by his Russian majesty.
In short, nothing further remained
for the undersigned than to declare,
that all correspondence between the
two powers having, by these means,
become perfe@ly useless, must cease,
and that his majesty the emperor
only waited for intelligence of the
departure of his charge d’affaires
from Paris, to signify to the French
mission to quit his capital. As the
present state of affairs has arisen
solely from the conduét of the
French government, upon it would
depend the decision of the question,
whether or not war was to be the
consequence. In case: it should
compel Russia, either by fresh inju-
riesor by provocations, aimed against.
her or against her allies, or by still
threatening more seriously the ses
curity and independence of Europe,
his majesty would then manifest as
much energy in the employment of
those extreme means, which a just
defence requires, as he has given
proofs of patience, in resorting to the
use of all the means of moderation,
consistent with the maintegpance of
thehonour and dignity of his crown,
This important paper concludes, by
M. Oubril demanding the necessary
passports for his departure from
France, :
In the mean time a_ vigorous
protest, dated 27th July, was made
OR

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

en the part of the king of Sweden
against the conduct of France, in
violating the neutrality of the Ger-

) man empire, in the instance of the

duc d’Enghien.

The part which Sweden had taken
in these transaétions, was reflected
upon in language the most offeusive
and personal to his Swedish majesty,
ina paper which appeared in the
French official journal, the Moni-
teur, of the 14th August. He is
there accused of inconsistency and
folly ; of intermeddling in a thank.
less office, when he could do neither
good nor harm; of insulting his fa-
ther-in-lawin his capitalof Carlsruhe,
and of aéting in a manner highly
prejudicial to the interests of his
brother-in-law the elector of Bava-
ria, during his residence at Munich;
and of haying abandoned his allies,
the Danes, to their fate, before the
hombardment of Copenhagen. That
France was perfectly indifferent to
all his steps; but that she knew how

_ to discriminate between a loyal and -

brave people, justly called the
French ofthe North, and a young
man, led astray by false notions,
and unenlightened by refle¢tion*.
The etfeét of this indecent attack
was an immediate notification to M,
€aillard, French chargé d’affaires at
Stockholm, that his Swedish ma-
jesty could not, consistently with
his own dignity, and the honour of
his crown, after such an insult had
‘been offered to him, wherein a line
_ ef separation was perfidiously at-
tempted to be drawn between
his majesty and his subjects, per-
mit any further diplomatic inter-
course, eiiher public or private, to
subsist between the French legation

i83

at Stockholm, and -his majesty’s go-
vernment.

An order was likewise forthwith ts-
sued, whereby allk'rench journals, of
every description, and all future
French publications, were striétly
prohibited from being imported into
Sweden. .

It might well be observed that ‘‘the
*¢ french government had taken the
‘© determination invariably to adopt
‘¢ for its conduct, a line absolutely
‘* contrary to the principles of jus-
*¢ tice, and the law of nations :”’ for,
every remonstrance addressed to
that upstart cabinet, really seemed
an additional motive for trampling
upon all established . principles of
right. An adherence to the rules of
justice and decorum was considered
beneath the attention of that domi-
neering power; as the attribute o
weakness and pusillanimity; and un-
becoming the energy and greatness
of the regenerated nation. No ops
portunity was neglected where they
could be set at defiance.

The recent expostulations, far
from producing any change in their
offensive system, served only to pro-
voke further enormitics. ‘They had
scarcely been expressed, when the
neutrality of another independent
member of the Germanic body was
infringed, in the person of an accree
dited minister. F

On the night of the 25th of Oéto-
ber, a party of French troops passed
the Elbe, (in consequence, as it was
insultingly explained, of orders given
by the minister of police at Paris)
and seized sir George Rumbold, the
British chargé.d’affaires to the Circle
of Lower Saxony, at his country
house in the vicinity of Hamburgh,

* This latter observation was evidently intended to disseminate that discord, which

has so frequently subsisted between the crown of Sweden and the people,

i

N 4 under

184

under the pretext that he was con-
cerned in plans, similar to those at-
tributed to Mr. Drake, and Mr. S.
Smith.

This gentleman, together with the
papers found in his possession, was
forwarded, without delay, to Paris,
On his arrival there he was confined
in the Temple, and detained ‘two
days and asmany nights. Atlength,
on his being induced to sign a pa-
role, not to return to Hamburgh,
nor to within a certain distance of
the French territories, and having in
vain demanded the restitution of his
papers, he was conveyed to the
coast, and embarked at Cherbourg,

‘in a vessel carrying a flag of truce,

which put him on board of his ma-
jesty’s frigate Niobe, whence he was
Yanded at Portsmouth.

This aét of violence was the sub-
ject of an official note from lord
Hawkesbury to the cabinet of Ber-
Jin. But itappears, that that court
had previously made a remonstrance
on the subject to the French go-
vernment, to which the release of
sir George Rumbold is chiefly to be
attributed.

While the French government
was thus invading the liberties of the
Northern States, it was not unmind-
ful of its schemes of encroachment in
the south of Europe. On the 20th
of October, a convention was con-
cluded with Genoa, by which
France engages to procure a peace
for the Ligurian Republic, with the
Barbary States. Should her endea-
vours in that respect fail, she pro-
mises to allow the vessels of the re-
public to carry French colours for
their protection, and to permit the
importation of Ligurian commodi-
ties, subject to certain duties, into
Piedmont, Parma, and Placenza ;
and, in return for these equivocal
advantages, the Ligurian republic

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

engages to furnish six thousand sea~
men to France, during the present —
war: she likewise cedes the har-
bours, dock-yards, arsenals, &c. —
and places them at the disposal —
of the French government. And,
as itis intended to construct, in the
said dock-yards, ten ships of the
line for France, the Ligurian re-
public engages to enlarge, at her own
expence, the bason, sufficiently to
receive those vessels. A new ship
of the line, a frigate, and two cor-
vettes, all complete, are, at the same
time, placed at the disposal of France.

The period appointed for the
coronation now approached. The
preparations for that ceremony were
framed upon an immense scale.—
France was to be dazzled by its
splendour and magnificence: the
accomplishment of the measure it-
self was to establish the belief,
throughout the world, in the soli-
dity and permanence of Bonaparte’s
dominion. The arrogance of his
conduct whilst this affair was pend-
ing, his defiance and contempt of
other powers, might Hatter French.
men with the idea of their impor
tance under his government ; and, at
the same time, convey a more gene-
ral impression of his conscious se-
curity: and, the better to impose
upon the ignorant and credulous,
the pope was summoned to Paris, to
place the imperial crown upon his
head.

This humiliated potentate, on the
29th October, previously to his de-
parture from Rome, addressed an
allocution to a consistory,wherein he
extols the merits of Bonaparte, for
having by the ** Concordat” restored
the catholic religion over his vast —
and populous territory. “¢ The same —
‘¢ most powerful prince (continues
“¢ his holiness) our dearest son in
‘¢ Christ, Napoleon, emperor of the

French,

|
|

& French, who has so well deserved
“¢ of the catholic religion for what he
* has done, has signified to us his
strong desire to be anointed with
the holy unction, and to receive
* the imperial crown from us, to the
“ end that the solemn rights which
“are to place him in the highest
** rank, shall be strongly impressed
“with the character of religion,
“and call down more effectually
*< the benediction of heaven *.”

The necessary limits of this work,
even if the subject merited a minute
description, prohibit us from enter-
ing into a detail of the long cere-
mony of the coronation. Suffice it
to say, that, on the 19th Novemé
ber, Bonaparte, attended by a nu-
merous military escort, and followed.
by an immense train of equipages, as
brilliant as could be procured, filled
with persons of the highest rank in
the government, accompanied by
the pope, proceeded through streets
Strewed with sand, and lined by a
prodigious concourse of curious

spectators, to the cathedral church of

** Notre Dame,”’ which edifice was
decorated, for the occasion, both
within and without, with all thesump-
tuousness which French ingenuity
could devise. There his holiness
performed a solemn service, anoint-
éd the emperor with the sacred unc-

tion, and placed the crown upon his

majesty’s head. ‘To this ceremony,
in the evening, succeeded plays,

-pantomimes, singing, music, danc-
‘ing, fire-works, illuminations, foun-

tains flowing with wine; in short,

every thing that could amuse and
_ divert a giddy, inconsiderate popu-

lace. Impartial persons, however,
who were eye-witnesses of this ex-

Ribition, pretend that it was far

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

185

from exciting that degree of enthu-
siasm which so shining and costly a
spectacle might be expeéted te pro-
duce on a people who, more than
any other, delight in public shows :
that none seemed to take a sincere
interest in it, but those in power, or
who were immediately benefited by
the existing order of things; and
that the lowest classes made merry,
and danced, apparently from no
other motive, than because they
found themselves supplied, free of
expence, with the means of indulg-
ing in their favourite recreations.

To put the seal to this transaétion,
and to stamp it with still greater
weight, the conservative senate, in
pursuance of.a former resolution,
presented themselves in a body, on
the Ist December, at the palace of
the Thuilleries, and their president,
Francois de Neufchateau, addressed
the emperor in a prolix and turgid
complimentary oration, in point of
style and matter much resembling
those pieces which we have already
thought proper to cite, by way of
specimen. ‘I’o which his imperial
majesty replied :

‘¢ FT ascend the throne, to which
‘¢ the unanimous wishes of the se-
“nate, the people, and the army,
“have called me, with a heart pe-
“ netrated with the great destinies
‘¢ of that people, whom, from the
‘¢ midst of camps, I first saluted by
“the name of Great. From my
** youth, my thoughts have been
** solely fixed upon them, and [I
*¢ must add, here, that my pleasures
‘¢ and my pains are derived entirely

‘from the happiness or misery of

*¢ the people. My descendants shall
*¢ long preserve this throne. | In the
‘¢ camps they will be the first sol.

* Vide State Papers, p.' 686,

diers

e

186

* diers of the army, sacrificing their
*¢ lives for the defence of their coun-
“¢ try—as magistrates, they will ne-
“¢ ver forget, that contempt of the
*€ Jaws, and the confusion of social
* order, are only the result of the
‘‘imbecility and uncertainty of
*‘ princes. You, senators, whose
* coupsels and support have ne-
6¢ ver failed me in the most difli-
*¢ cn]t circumstances, your spirit
«will be handed down to your suc-
* cessors; be ever the props and
¢< first counsellors of that throne so
* necessary to the wefare of this
¢¢ vast empire.”

The tribunate harjng assisted at a
Similar solemnity, thus concluded
this memorable event.

The session of the legislative body
opened on the 26th December. On
that occasion, the members were as-
gembled in extraordinary state, to
receive the emperor, who was seated
om a thxone erected for the purpose ;
and, in his presence, an oath, in the
following terms, was administered
to each of the legislators, separately :
I swear obedience to the constitu-
** tions of the empire, and fidelity to
“<< the emperor.””

The emperor then rose, the legis.
Jators uncovered themselves, and
his majesty addressed them as fol-
lows: .

*¢ Deputies from the departments
* to the legislative body, and mem-
‘&bers of my council of state.— I
“* am come, gentlemen, to preside
“at the opening of your session.
«¢ My anxious desire is to impress a
*¢ more imposing and august charac-
“‘ ter on your proceedings. Yes,
*¢ princes, magistrates, soldiers, citi-
*¢ zens, we have all of us, in the
** course we have to run, but one

** objeét—the interest of the coun-

®try. If this throne, to which

ANNWAL REGISTER, 1804.

‘¢ providence and the will of the na-
* tion have raised me, be dear in >
‘“ my eyes, it is because that throne _
*¢ can only defend and maintain the
** most sacred interests of the French
“¢ people. Unsupported by a vi-
‘¢ gerous and paternal government,
“* France would have still to fear
*¢ those calamities by which she has
“¢ been afflicted. ‘The weakness of
the supreme power is the deepest
‘¢ misfortune of nations. Asa sol- |
*¢ dier, or first consul, I entertained
*¢ but one thought—as emperor, I.
*¢ am influenced by no other—and
“¢ that is, every thing which contri-
‘¢ butes to the prosperity of France.
*¢ 1 have had the good fortune to
“¢ illustrate France with victories,
“¢ to consolidate her by treaties, to
“¢ rescue her from civil broils, and
*¢ to revive among her inhabitants
*¢ the influence of morals, of social
*¢ order, and of religion, Should
*‘ death not surprise me in the
‘* midst of my labours, I fondl
‘¢ hope I may transmit to alee
*¢a durable impression, that must
‘¢ serve as an example or reproach
‘* te my successors. The minister
<< of the interior will submit to you
‘* a statement of the situation of the
‘‘empire. The deputation from my
*< council of state will present to
“< you different objeéts that are to
‘¢ occupy the legislature. I have
‘¢ given instructions that there be
‘laid before you the accounts
‘* which my ministers have given me
‘ of their respective departments ;
*¢ T am fully satisfed with the pros-
“€ perous state of our finances;
“* whatever may be the expenditure,
““ it is covered by the revenne.—
“¢ How extensive soever have been
‘¢the preparations imposed upon
“Cus, by the exigencies of the war
** in which we are engaged, I call
upoa

*¢ upon my people for no new sa-
crifice. It would have been highly
*¢ sratifying to me, on so solemn an
* occasion, to see the blessings of
“ peace diffused over the world ;
** but the political principles of our
“ enemies, their recent conduct to-
“wards Spain, but too strongly
* speak the difliculties that oppose
“it. I am not anxious to enlarge
“the territory of France, but to
“ assert its integrity. I feel no am-
*¢ bition to exert a wider stretch of
*‘influence in Europe, but not to
*< descend from that which I have
“S acquired. No state shall be in-
** corporated with the empire: but I
*¢ shall not sacrifice my rights, or
** the ties which bind me to the
** states that I have created. In
bestowing the crown upon me,
*¢ the péople entered into an engage-
*‘ ment to exert every effort which
* circumstances may require, in or-
*‘der to preserve, unsullied, that
** sptendour which is necessary for
* their prosperity, and indispensi-
** ble for their glory, as well as for
*© mine. I am full of confidence in
** the energy of the nation, and in
“‘the sentiments it entertains for
** me; its dearest interests are the
*€ constant objet of my solicitude.
__ ** Deputies from the departments
§ to the legislative body, tribunes,
**and members of my council of state.
* Your conduct, gentlemen, during
**the preceding session, the zeal
“with which you glow for your
“ country, your attachment to my
-** person, I hold as pledges of the
** assistance for which I call upon
** you, and which, 1 trust, I shall
‘receive from you during the
** course of the present session.”
_ On the 31st, the annual report,
on the state of the nation, was
made to the legislative body.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

187

This paper states that the inter.
nal situation of France is what it
was in the calmest times—every
where the improvements of publéc

-and private property attested the

progress’ of confidence and security
—that all classes of the community,
both military and civil, had testified
their love of order, even during the
absence of their immediate chiefs,
(adverting to their attendance at the
coronation)—that the sovereign
pontiff had, from the banks of the
Bo, to those of the Seine, expe-
rienced a religious homage, the ef-
feé&t of attachment to the ancient
doétrines, on the part of a people
reveripg a sovereign raised to the
throne by his piety and virtues—that
the diseovery of a plot, laid by an
implacable enemy, had awakened
the nation to her true interests, and
taught her the value of hereditary
power. After expatiating on the
flourishing state of the empire, both
at home and abroad, and constru-
ing, agreeably to their wishes, the
dispositions of various other pow-
ers, this representation concludes,
with observing, that, ‘* whatever
“¢ may be the movements of Eng-
‘¢ Jand, the destinies of France are
** fixed: strong in her union, strong
** in her riches, and in the courage
*S of her defenders, she will faith~
*¢ fully cultivate the alliance of her
*¢ friends, and will not aét soas either
“to deserve enemies, or to fear
‘them. When England shall be
** convinced of the impotence of
‘* her efforts to agitate the conti-
“¢ nent—when she shall know that
** she has only to lose by a war
‘< without end or motives—when
* she finds that France will never
** accept any other conditions than |
** those of the treaty of Amiensy
** aud will never consent to leave to
, % te

188

her the right of breaking treaties
“at pleasure, by appropriating
*¢ Malta, England will then have
* arrived at pacific sentiments.—
‘¢ Envy and hatred have but their
14 day.”

Here closes our account of the
affairs of France, during 1804, To
avoid repetition, we have abstained

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

from interrupting the thread of this —
portion of our narrative, by notic.
ing the few unimportant military —
events of the year. Those opera- —
tions, having been exclusively di. —
rected against the British posses.
sions, have already found their place.
in the preceding chapters.

4

CHAP.

ce | HISTORY OF EUROPE, -189

; CHAP. XII.

Situation of the greater Part of Europe at the Opening of the Year.—Great
Power of France.—Magnanimity of Russia.—Disputes in the Empire of
Germany on the Subject of the Equestrian Order.—Bavaria and Austria—
terminated.—Effects produced by the Murder of the Duke D’Enghien on
the Powers of Europe—on Russia.—Character of the Emperor Alewander
—remonstrates against the Conduct of France, at the Diet—ill seconded,
and why—V otes of Hanover and Pomerania—Baden and Brandenburgh.—
Great Opposition of Character between the Emperor Alexander and Bona-

parte—ili Understanding between them.—State of the great Powers of
Europe at the Close of the Year.—Conduct of Sweden.—Austria assumes

_ the hereditary Dignity of Emperor—Effects thereof—Disputes between
America and Spain, on the Subject of Louisiana—terminated.— Affairs of
St. Domingo—Murder of the remaining white Inhabitants—Dessalines,

a Negro, chosen Emperor—his Conduct—marches against St. Jago—

Jamaica.

HE course of the present year

is so barren in events of any
importance, save those in which
England and France were imme-
diately or indireétly concerned, that
having, in the preceding chapters,
bestowed much attention on the af-
fairs of those countries, (under the
head of the latter, those of Sweden
and Russia are necessarily inclu-
_ ded) little remains te be narrated
with respect to the remaining
powers of Europe. Indeed the
politics of the continent seem
to have undergone a complete
alteration since the revolutionary
war, which has given so great a
preponderance to France, that the
only doubt is, how much or how
little moderation she might think
proper to use in the farther exten-
sion of her already enormous do-
minions, By the treaties of Lune-
i

«

ville and Amiens, Switzerland,
Lombardy, Holland, and Tuscany,
were left in that state of dependent
alliance with the French nation,
that scarcely the appearance of
right remained to Austria or Russia
to question his conduét, should
Bonaparte choose to annex them to
his empire, separately, or altoge-
ther. With respect to Spain, and
even Portugal, his power over those
unfortunate countries seemed every
day to be more confirmed and abso-
lute. These states appeared to
have been abandoned to his disere~
tion by the treaty of Amiens ; and
if he did not take immediate posses-
sion of them, it was because he
knew, that he could at any
time effect this object, and that it
would create less alarm, among the
other powers of Europe, to subju-
gate them gradually, by the vari-

ous

190

ous aéts of intrigue and interfer-
ence, to which their weak govern-
ments but too much exposed them.

We hgve seen, however*, that,
unawed by such immensity of
power, the magnanimity of Russia
did not slumber. Jn pressing for
the execution of a treaty, which had
for its objects the guarantee of the
independence of Naples, and that of
procuring an indemnity to the king
of Sardinia for the loss of his domi-
nions, he had at once increased the
hitter enmity of the French ruler,
and acquired the confidence and
admiration of whatever yet remain-
ed independent in Europe, who
saw, in this generous and noble
conduct, a principle of aétion,
which might, at a future moment,
check the strides towards universal
monarchy of the restless Corsican.
The fruits of the line of conduct
which the emperor Alexander had
thus chosen, were perceptible in
some uneasy movements on the part
of France, and were not unuseful
to the cause of England, as it oc-
casioned the removal to Italy of
many of those battalions, whichsta-
tioned at Boulogne, were to form a
part of the invading army destined
to conquer Great-Britain.

At the commencement of the pre-
sent year, Austria appeared a¢tive-
ly employed in repairing the losses
which her armies had sustained in
the late war, and in placing her mi-
litary establishments on the best
possible footing. The Germanic
empire had, at this period, been for
some time agitated in consequence
of some very arbitrary measures re-
sorted to by the elector of Bavaria,
to oppress the equestrian order in
kis territories in Franconia, acquir-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ed by the indemnities. That body, ©
considering itself under the imme-

diate protection of the head of the
Empire, appealed to the emperor
of Germany, who immediately in-

terfered, and sent a most dignified §

and energetic remonstrance, in the
capacity of its supreme chief, to
the court of Munich; and also,
at the same time, assured the eques-
trian order of his support, by
ulterior means, against the ele¢tor.
There could be little doubt but that,
in this proceeding, the elector had
either been secretly stimulated by
France, or else had relied, with con-
fidence, on the support of that
power in any aggressive project he
might form, which should tend to
the diminution of the influence of
Austria; but, to his utter disap- '

pointment and mortification, a short

period had only elapsed, after the
delivery of the imperial declaration
in favour of the order, when the
French embassador to the Bavarian
government expressed the displea-
sure of the first consul, at the con-
duét of the eleétor towards the head
of the German empire; which, of
course, terminated the affair. In
the whole of this transaction, as
wellas upon the seizure of Ober-
haus, by the Bavarian troops,which
occurred the year before, Austria.
evinced a sufficient share of energy
and decision, to convince France,
that her spirit was not so broken,
nor her consequence at so low an
ebb, as to allow herself to be in-
sulted with impunity.. Bonaparte
had, in these instances, certainly en-
deavoured to ascertain how far that
power would bearthe attempt to di-
minish her weight-and consequence
in the Germanic body, without hav-

* Chapter 11.

3 ing

_ HISTORY OF EUROPE.

img recourse to the chances of war
ia their vindication. The resuit of
the experiment served to convince
him, that there was a line of aggres-
Sion which he must not pass, so
long as he should think it prudent
to continue at peace with Austria.
The perpetration of the murder
of the duke D’Enghien :—the tra-
gical and much-lamented fate of
that unfortunate prince ;—the cold-
blooded malice of the monster by
whose command it was executed ;—
and the shameful violation of the
law of nations, and of the rights of
the German empire, by which it
was attended;—made the deep-
est impression on every sovereign,
and on every Meling mind, in
Europe; but on none more than
that of Alexander, the youthful
and amiable sovercign of Russia,
From the moment of the emperor's
accession to his vast dominions,
his whole soul had been devoted
to the happiness of his own sub-
jects, and to the guarding the
peace and tranquillity of the other
nations of the world. The object
of all his public acts, appears
to have been the healing up those
wounds which Europe had received
in the long war by which she had
been desolated, aud to secure the
independence of such of her states
as had survived that terrible contest.
It is true, that, on the question of the
German indemnities,he had co-oper-
ated with France, but as it should
seem his motives were merely to bring
that complicated question to a spee-
dydecision, that the harmony of the
empire might be restored, and that
mo pretence should remain for dis-
turbing its tranquillity in future.
The violation of the German terri-
tory, therefore, necessarily gave
much pain on every account,

191

both as he was its solemn guarantee,
and as being an attack upona
country, which, so long as it could
proteét its own independence, must
form the most powerful bulwark to
Russia, against the immeasureable
ambition, and revolutionary projects
of France.

But, however deeply Alexander
must have felt, as a sovereign, at
this outrage, perhaps evert the con-
Sequences to which it manifestly
led, did not weigh more upon his
mind, than the moral turpitude of
the crime by which it was produced.
Not contented, therefore, with
causing his embassador at Paris to
remonstrate in the strongest man-
her upon the subject (the conse-
quences of which-we have already
stated in our review of French af-
fairs) he presented, by his minister
at Ratisbon, a formal note to the
diet of the empire there assembled,
inviting the states to unite their
endeavours with his, to take such
steps and.measures as their insulted
country and dignity required at
their hands; and called upon them,
in the first instance, to join with
him in requiring ample satisfaction
from the French government for
what had passed, and the assurances
of that power, that no such insult
should again be offered to the Gers
manic body. Great additional so.
lemnity was given to the represen
tations and remonstrances of the
court of Russia upon this occasion,
by its not only having put itself
into deep mourning, but by order-
ing allits ministers, at foreign courts,
to do the same, in memory of the
tragical fate of the duke D’Enghien;
a step which the French govern.
ment affeéted to consider a direct
insult, inasmuch as it silently, but
forcibly, expressed the respect and

attachment

192

attachment of the Russian emperor
for the blood royal of France, and
that he considered the execution
which had taken place, as a barba-
rous, ungualified murder !

It was evident, from the line
which the emperor of Russia had
taken, that he wished to commit
the German powers into such ex-
pressions of resentment against
France for her Jate conduct, as
might lead eventually to a renewal
of hostilities, or, at least, if she
submitted to the propositions that
were made, that her weight in Eu-
rope might be lessened by this
timely check to her insolence and
tyranny. But, in these views, he
was ill seconded by the greater of
these states: and the lesser were in-
adequate to any measures of such
weight and consequence. The king
of Prussia, whose influence in the
north of Germany was decisive,
had evidently attached himself so

closely to the views and politics of

Bonaparte, that little hope remaia-
ed of his being induced, upon any
principle of general polity, to give
up the narrow selfish system he had
adopted, or aét with spirit for the
general weal of Europe. ‘The same
principle of aétion applied, in a
greater or less degree, to those states
who were immediately attached to
him. In answer, therefore, to the
Russian’ note presented to the diet,
the representatives of Branden-
burgh, and of Baden, expressed
their hope, ‘‘ that the first consul
would, of himself, be inclined to
give such a full and satisfactory ex-
planation on the subject as might
entirely correspond to the expecta-
tion of his majesty the emperor of
Russia.” The great majority of
the other states of the German em-
pire, conscious of the insult offer-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

from which they could not hope ‘a

ed and injury sustained, yet, fears
ful of the renewal of hostilities, in
which they must risk much, and

derive any advantage (the seat ‘of —
war too, probably, in their own:
territories) preserved an inflexible
silence. Under these circumstances,
it is not surprising, that the votes’
of Hanover and Pomerania should
alone coincide with the sentiments
of the imperial note. That of the
former state, at the same time, res/
minded the diet, that a still greater
violation of the treaty of Luneville,”
and the independence of the em-
pire, had been committed by the
unjustifiable seizure and continued
occupation of the dominions of the
king of Great-Britain in Germany.
That of his Swedish majesty, as_
duke of Pomerania, was still |
stronger, in expressing his abhor
rence of the conduét of France,
which he considered as doub!y in-—
jurious to himself, both as being an —
estate of the German empire, and
in his sovereign capacity a guae
rantee of the treaty of Westphalia.
There was little charice of these
sentiments having any effeét upon
the determination of their co-ess
tates; and, indeed, they were de
livered under circumstances widely
different from those under which
the majority of the latter were situa-
ted. The elector of Hanover, whose.
dominions were already over-run
by, and in possession of, the Fr enchs
ran no risk in diétating such an ins
strument in London, and causing
his minister to deliver it at Ratis-
bon; while the king of Sweden,
whose territories, save a narrow slip
in Germany, were separated from
France by the Baltic, had little to
fear from her resentment, were he
to express his sense of her conduct,

in

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

in the most warm and pointed lan-
guage. The few remaining princes
of Germany, who took any part in
this transaction, adopted, with little
variation, the sentiments of Baden
and of Brandenburgh.
’ We have already, in the preced-
ing chapter, detailed at considerable
length the consequences of the con-
duét of Russia and Sweden upon this
memorable occasion, so far as they
relate to France. It may, however,
here be mentioned, that, on the re-
turn of count Marcoff, the Russian
embassador, (with whom Bonaparte
took occasion personally to quar-
rel, at this period,) he was reccived
with the most flattering and distin-
_ guished honours at the court of St.
Petersburgh; the emperor’s thanks,
returned to him in the most solemn
manner, were read in the dire¢ting
senate, anda pension of 12,000 rubles,
annually, was settled upon him:
undoubtedly these rewards were
meant, if not so designated, for the
Services which he had rendered his
master at Paris, inrepelling those in-
sults which were offered to him in
the person of his embassador, with
sufficient dignity and firmness.—
From this moment no apparent good
undersfanding subsisted between
France, on the one hand, and Russia
and Sweden on the other.

To the correspondence which en-
Sued between the governments of
Russia and France, the greatest in-
terest will necessarily attach*. The
State papers thence originating are
not only of the utmost importance
in themselves, but exhibit the most
marked and striking contrast be-
tween the personal character of
these “‘ great ones of the earth.”
In the expressions of the one, we

193

trace the God-like benevolence of a
Titus, or a Marcus Aurelius, the
friends and benefaétors of the hu-
man race ;—in those of the other,
the furious ebullition of a Zingis, or
a Tamerlane, the persecutors and
enslavers of mankind. ‘The one ap-
pears mild, just, and dignified, ex-
erting his yast means in the defence
of the oppressed nations of the
earth ;—his upstart rival, on the con-
trary, ferocious, inequitable, and
impatient of control, hardly con-
ceals his aspiring to the domi-
nion of the world. While it should
seem, that ‘* to lose a day,” (not
spent in a¢ts of beneficence to his
fellow-men,) would afford inexpres-
sible pain to the benevolent spirit of
Alexander ;—the universal sufirage
would affix the tyrant’s maxim of
‘¢ oderint dum metuant,’ as the
most appropriate motto, on the
blood-stained scutcheon of Bona-
parte. The efieét upon the great
powers of Europe, produced by the
hostile opposition of two such per-
sonages as we have attempted to de-
lineate, would naturally be, that
while Russia might fairly claim and
rely upon their co-operation, France
could expect no friendship or assist-
ance, save from those who were al-
ready in a state of trembling depen-
dence on her mandates,

But, at the period at which these
events took place, the contest, to
which we adyert, bore no appear-
ance of being speedily commenced.
Whatever animosity and ill under-
standing there might exist between
the courts of St. Petersburgh and
Versailles, Russia and France were
too remote from each other, to
commence effectual hostilities. —
While the latter power was engaged

* Given at length in Chapter XI.

. Vor. XLVL.

194

in war with England, it was impos-~
sible that her navy could aét against
that of the emperor; nor had Rus-
Sia, unallied with some intermediate
power, the means of conveying
troops suflicient, to make any im-

ression on the compact mass of the
7 ea territory. ‘The year, there-
fore, was passed by both powers,
in making warlike preparations,
and in the increase of their military
establishments. Prussia still seemed
warm in the interest of France, aud
Austria maintained a striét and
guarded neutrality.

The assumption of the imperial
dignity, by Bonaparte, gave a new
interest to the political concerns of
Europe. As soonas that event was
notified to the court of Vienna, the
emperor of Germany resolved im-
mediately upon conferring the he-
reditary dignity of emperor upon
the house of Austria. The patent
for the purpose, stated the object
of this measure to be, ‘‘ the preserva-
tion of that degree of equality which
should subsist between the great
powers, and the just rank of the
house and state of Austria, among
the nations of Kurope.”* As the
emperor and the Germanic body
had acquiesced, with scarcely an ex.
ception, in the inerease of title in
the French ruler; so, on the other
hand, did the self-appointed emperor
of France offer no opposition to the
head of the Austrian house assuming
the same hereditary dignity. The
measure, in itself, indeed, appear-
ed indifferent in the eyes of all the
sovereigns of Europe, except the
king of Sweden, who presented a
note thereon, at Ratisbon, declar-

ang, ‘* that he considered it as a.

matter that ought te be seriously
weighed and discussed at the dict
there sitting, and not as the subject

* State Papers, p, 695.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

of a verbal communication by the
Austrian minister.”’+ But this step,
however, excited some uneasiness in
the political circles of almost every

country in Europe, as it appeared

to be an aét undertaken in concert
with Franc : that this mutual
assumption of title was the fruit of a
perfectly good understanding be-
tween these powers, and many
feared that there was still a farther
connexion between them ; a conjec-
ture not disproved by any event
which took place within this year.
The French journals even insinu<
ated that Austria was extremely
jealous of the preponderant inilu-
ence Russia had gained over the
councils of the Porte, and of her -
approach to Dalmatia, by the eccu-
pation of Corfu.

But the power, in Europe, which
was most undisguisedly hostile to,
the French government, was the’
king of Sweden. All his notes on
the subjeét of the German empire,
of what nature soever, teemed with
expressions of the utmost severity
against France and her upstart em.
peror. In the spirit of retaliation,
Bonaparte thought proper to have
inserted, in his official public paper,
*¢ the Montteur,” an article of the
most offensive and galling nature to,
the feelings of that monarch. It.
treated with the utmost contempt
those notes which the king of Swe.
den wrote, with so much precipita-
tion, ** as he travelled post through
the different states of Germany;”’ it
ridicuJed his travels, and affected to
consider his Swedish majesty as a
very weak young man, deficientboth
in understanding and experience ;
it upbraided him with shamefully de-
serting the German empire, of which
he now boasted hewas the guarantee,
and with the making a separate

' peace
‘t State Papers, p. 697,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

peace for himself; it concluded,
by declaring, that France consider-
ed both him and all his movements
as unworthy of her attention. A

’ personal attack of this nature, in-

serted in a journal of authority,
eould not fail of irritating the Swe-
dish monarch to the greatest de-
gree : he immediately ordered a note
to be presented to the French
chargé Waffaires, at. Stockholm,
announcing, that, after an insult of
that nature, all intercourse must
cease between the French legation
and the Swedish government; and

_ declaring the offensive expressions in

* the Moniteur’’ to be ‘* the impro-

‘per, insolent, and ridiculous obser-

vations which Monsieur Napoleon
Bonaparte allowed to be inserted in
his journal.” After atransaétion of
such a nature, it was evident that
Sweden, as well as Russia, was pre-

_ pared, the first opportunity which

presented any prospect of success,
to commence hostilities with Bona-
parte.

We have already, in our account
of the progress of the war, during
the present year, detailed the me-
lancholy affair with which hostile
measures commenced between Great
Britain and Spain ; nor does the lat-
ter country, nor any of the remain-
ing powers of Europe, (save those
whom we have particularly noticed in
the preceding pages) present a single

_ other eyent worth recording in the

same period. In the western he-
misphere, history has almost as little
on which to dwell. Some uneasi-
mess appeared between the United
States and the Spanish government,
upon the subjeét of Louisiana,
which, at one moment, threatened
disagreeable consequences. This ex-
tensive tract of country was, as our
yeaders have seen in our last volume,

195

sold by France to the American
union. The Spanish minister, how.
ever, in the name of his court, pro-
tested against this transfer, on the
ground that France had not yet ful-
filled those articles of the private
treaty, in consequence of which
Spain had consented to cede Louisi-
ana to that power. Nor did the
Spanish government - confine itself
merely to remonstrances, but pre-
pared to resist, by force of arms, the
occupation of that country, by the
United States. Spain, however, in
the course of the year, reluétantly -
acceded to an arrangement agreed
upon by France and America, and
to which, dictated by such a combi.
nation, she could not refuse her ac-
quiescence.

In the once flourishing and happy.
island of Hispaniola, the French
settlement of St. Domingo was en-
tirely in the power of the black ina.
habitants, who consummated the

victory they had gained over the ce-.

lonists, by the slaughter of every
white person in that part of the
island, almost immediately after the.
English squadron had carried oif the
French government, and such of
the inhabitants as could and would
withdraw from that dreadful scene,
Too many, however, remained (con.
sisting of those who, either from a
wish to proteét the wreck of their
property, or those who could not
be accommodated in the debarka.
tion) to glut the revengeful spirit of
their unmerciful conquerors. They
were all butchered, with circume
stances of unheard-of cruelty, The
negro, Dessalines, who had suc-
ceeded Toussaint L’Ouverture in the
supreme command of the black po-
pulation, on the first interval of
leisure, had himself eleéted and pro-
claimed emperor of * Hayti,” (that

% being

196

being the Indian name of the
island) and in imitation of his pro-
totype in Europe, created his great
officers of state, established a ne-
Gessary etiquette, and conduéted
himself with the most unbounded
and unrestrained despotism. Some
of the authentic aéts of this sable po-
tentate will be found in another part
of the present volume*. The city of
St. Jago, in the Spanish part of His-
paniola, still remained unconquer-

* Vide “ State jel iaed

¢ Ibid. p.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

ed; and, at the close of the year,
was yet in the possession of the an-
cient inhabitants, though hourly
menaced by an attack from Dessa-
lines, in person, and a most formi-
dable black army.

In Jamaica, the’ disputes between
the governor and the house of as-
sembly still continued, but afford
too little of au interesting or deci~
sive nature to lay before our rea-
ders. +

page 716.

CHAP,

1S ee i

tas

ee

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 197

CHAP. Xiit.

MFairs of India.—Retrospect.—Some Account of the Makratta Stdtes—

Form of Government—Extent of their Empireand Strength—Ambition
und Intrigues of its several Rulers.—Policy of the British Government in
negociating with them.Treaty of Poonah.—Ambition of Scintiah—his
Hostility to the English—various Instances of —Marquis |Vellesley’s Pro-
jects to counteract it.—Treaty withthe Guckwar—proposed Treaty with
the Peithwa—Obstacles to it—probable Views of France.—Statement of
the Force under M. Perron.—Waur subsisting in the Makratta Empire
between Scindiah and Holkar—Causes thereof—March of Holkar to
Poonah—opposed by the united Troops of Scindiah and the Peishia—
the lutter utterly defeated—Flight of the Peisiwa—Claims the Protection
of the Bombay Government —Treaty of Bassein.—Assumption of the
Peishwa’s Government by Holkar—new Peishwa set up by him.—-British
Army of Observation assembled on the Mahratta Frontier. —Detachment
destined for the Restoration of the Peishwa put under the Command of Ge-
neral Wellesley—the Murch of the tatter—enters the Mahratta Territories
—Retreat of Holkarsaves Poonah from being burnt and plundered by
his activity.— Restoration of the Peishwa.—Proceedings of Colonel Collins
at Scindiah’s Camp—great Insincerity of the latter.—Junction between
Scindiah and Bhoousla—they negociate with Holkar—hostile Conduct—
Powers given to General Wellesley—fruitless Negociation between hin and
the confederated Chiefs—real Views of the Confederates penetrated by
Gen. Wellesley.—Negociations broke off—The Preparations for IVar
commenced by the British Government.

HE impossibility of obtaining

the requisite documents, from
possessions so remote as those which
constitute the British empire in In-
dia, within the year, necessarily
oblige us, to defer our account of
the transactions which take place in
that country, until such sources of
information can be resorted to, as
present themselves at a subsequant
period. We are now, therefore, to

eall the attention of our readers,

to the events, which took place in

the year 1803, and for some short

time preceding, in Hindostan;—
events which equal, in point of inte-
rest, any, that in the course of our
long service to the public, we have
had occasion to detail.

At the period when the great
and comprehensive plans of the mar-
quis Wellesley, governor general in
British India, had levelled the
throne of the Mysorean usurper with
the dust, and rescued the Nizam
from the dangerous and rapid in-
crease of the French interests in
the Deccan, (by compelling 14,000

03 welle

198

well-disciplined troops, officered by
Kuropeans, to surrender without
resistance to a British force, ) a con-
siderable degree of internal commo-
tion prevailed in the vast empire of
the Mahraita states.

This people, originally uniting,
as do the Tartar hordes, the pasto-
yal occupation with a warlike and
predatory spirit, had raised itself, in
the course of one hundred and sixty
years, to the first rank among the
nations of Asia. Happily for the
independence of the other powers

of India, its vast strength and re.

sources, both civil and military, are
scatcely ever directed by a common
principle of action, which is indeed
at once forbidden by the nature of its
government, and the individual and
often opposite interests of its rulers.

From a simple monarchy, found-

ed by the extraordinary abilities of.

an adventurer, in the short period
of five and twenty years, from the
weakness of two succeeding princes,
it became a federative body of inde-
pendent chieftains, who yet, how-
ever, both asa common point of uni-
on, and from that unalterable princi-
ple in the east of vencration for the
original strain of the royal blood, ac-
knowledged an honorary fealty to
the descendants of their first sove-
reign, the rajah of Sattarah. This
revolution left the hereditary mo-
narch nothing but the name. His
prime minister, (which office became
also hereditary) under the designa-
tion of the peishwa, was univer-
sally allowed, by the whole Mah-
ratta confederacy, as his represen-
tative and their supreme head: he
established his court at Poonah, in
the centre of avaluable territory, in
part wrested from the imbecility of
the rajah, and part the spoils
of the neighbouring princes, whose

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

dominions fell successively into the
hands of their more warlike neigh-
bours. Stimulated by the example ©
of the peishwa, the bukshi, or
commander in chief of the forces to
the rajah, made himself independent
in Berar. His family name was
Bhoonsla. Mular Rao Holkar, (a
military chieftain of note, among the
Mahrattas,) founded a dominion
upon the same principles, in part of
the fertile province of Malwa;
while the remainder of that territo-
ry, and the whole of Candeish, be-
camesubjeet to RanojeeScindiah,the
most distinguished warrior of his age
and country: a similiar usurpation
in the flourishing country of the
Guzerat, established that province
in the family of Guickwar. Thus,
among five chiefs, (whose represen-
tatives, at. the present day, enjoy
these territories as their birth-right)
namely, the Peishwa, Bhoonsla,
Holkar, Scindia, and Guckwar, was
the then Mahratta dominion divid-
ed, therajah ofSattarah being confin-
ed within the walls ‘of his capital,
where his situation was that of actual
imprisonment and subjection to the
courtof Poonah.

At the commencement of the pre-
sent century, however, a succession
of ableand warlike chieftains in the
great Mahratta families, and the fee-
bleness of the Mogul emperors, had
extended their possessions to a vast
extent. Their empire now compre-
hended all those western provinces
of the Deccan, which Hie between the
rivers Nerbudda and Krisna ; the
province of Berar, in the interior ;
that of Cuttack, on the eastern
shores of the peninsula, and the
whole of western Hindostan, ex-
eept the country of Moultan, the
Punjaub, and Sirhind. This exten-
sive dominion was, in length, from

Delhi

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Delhi in the northern, to the river
Tumbudra, their southern bounda-
ty, 970 British miles ; and its ex-
treme breadth, from east to west,
across the peninsula, from the bay
of Bengal to the gulph of Cambay,
about 900 miles. It was bounded
on the north, by the mountains of
Scwalie, which separated it from
Sirinigar and Cashmere; on the
north-east, by Rohilcund and
Oude; on the east, by the British
provinces of Benates, Bahar, Ben-
gal, part of Orissa, the bay of Ben-
gal, and the northern Circars; on
the south, by the dominions of the
nizam in the Deccan, the rivers
Krisna ‘and the Tumbudra; on
the west, by the Indian Ocean;
and on the north-west, by the des-
erts of Moultan, the river Sursotee,
and the province of Sirhind: the
whole containing a population of
nearly 40 millions, ‘and enabling
the different chiefs to keep on foot
a military establishment, of about
210,000 infantry, and 100,000 ca-
valry*.

It may easily be supposed, that va-

rious attempts have been made, by
some or other of the sovereign chief-
tans, to gain the supreme direction of
such an accumulation of strength
and resource, as this great empire,
collectively considered, presented to
the individual ambition of each :—
accordingly, we find, that the com-
paratively short period of Mahratta
history is, in agreat measure, made up
of their dissentions and intrigues of
their princes to acquire absolute do-

199

minion over the whole. Themost ob.
vious mode to ‘obtain this object, and
the most agreeable to the constitution
of the country, was by controlling
the councils of the peishwa, and
thus obtaining the sanction of his
name and office for the meditated
usurpation. The weakness of the
government of Poonah, during the
administration of several successive
peishwas, gave ample scope to the
execution of sucha design ; and the
natural timidity, and weakness of
mind of the present sovereign, left
him and his authority at the mercy
of the most enterprising or most

powerful of the Mahratta chieftains.
As it was the obvious interest of
the British government in India to
prevent such an accumulation of
power, as an union of the different
states of the Mahratta empire would
throw into the hands ofan individual,
and which might eventually be fa-
tal to the existence of the English
name in Hindostan; so it was-the
policy of the different governors ge-
neral to contract such alliances
with the pieshwa, as might preserve
him independent, and thus effec-
tually counteract the projects of the
more ambitious chieftains. It was,
therefore, on this principle, that the
marquis Cornwallis concluded the
treaty of Poonah with that prince,
as the acknowledged represen-
tative of the rajah of Sattarah, and
supreme head of the Mahratta
confederacy, without reference to
any of the subortlinate chiefs, at
the commencement of the war with
‘ Tippo

*This immense tract of country comprehends the provinces of Delhi, Agra,
Ajimere, Malwa, Guzerat, Candeish, Baglana, Visiapour, the Koukan, Berar,
Cuttack, and part of Doulatabad, of which a great proportion are highly ferule
and populous, rich in grain, and abounding in villages and towns, which carry on °
a considerable internal commerce: of the inhabitants, niue tenths are Hindvus, the

O14

Yemainder Mahometans,

ANNUAL RE

Tippo Sultaun, in the year 1789,—
Neither Scindia, nor Bhoonsla, (the
vajah of Berar,) were parties to this
alliance, which was, indeed. in op-
position to their separate designs.
‘Lhe former, hardly then concealing
his intentions of rendering the office
of the peishwa subservient to his
views upon the supreme authority,
and the latter claiming that great
office for himself, in right of his de-
scent from the family of Sevagee,
the ancestor of the rajah of Sattarah,
and founder of the Mahratta pow-
er.

On the division, therefore, of
Tippo Suitaun’s dominions and trea-
sure, which took effect after the
treaty of Seringapatam, in 1797, the
peishwa obtained a _ considerable
accession of territory, and a large
sum of money, withontthe consent
or participation of any of the other
' chiefs of the Mahvatta body; nor

when, in the course of the following
_year,. the marquis Cornwallis

proposed a general alliance to the
Mahratta power, did he make any
proposition to the several chiefs,
but addressed himself solely to the
constitutional representative of the
Sovereign executive authorily of the
Mahratta empire.

In the interval of time, between
the peace of Seringapatam and the
commencement of the marquis Wel-
Jesley’s administration in India, the
ambition and rapacity of Dowlut
Rao Scindiah, (who had succeeded
Madhagee Scindiah, in 1794,) had
impaired the authority of the peishs
wa, tosuch a degree as to frus-
trate every benefit, which the
treaty of Poonah was calculated to
secure to sheBritish interests :—At
the latter period, he was not only
im possession of the person, and pos-
sessed the nominal authority of the

200

GISTER, 1804.

unfortunate Shah Aulum, the de«
posed Mogul emperor, but had for
six years kept Bajee Rao, the
reigning peishwa, in a state of the
utmost degradation, and governed
the councils of the court of Poonah,
near which he had established him-
self with a powerful army, with al-
most absolute authority. By the
perverse and overbearing influence
ef that chieffain, notwithstanding
the apparent concurrence of the
peishwa in the necessity and jus-
tice of the Mysorean war, in 1798,
the Mahratta states not only af-
forded no assistance to tke British
government, in its prosecution, but
actually maintained a secret and
treacherous correspondence with
‘Tippo Sultaun, until the fall of Se-
ringapatam. And, even after that
memorable event, the emissaries of
their government, entirely subject~
ed to the dominion of Scindia, at-
tempted to excite the family and re-
maining officers,of the deceased sul.
taun to resist the settlement of My-
sore.

Again, when, on the division of
Tippo Sultaun’s dominions, a consi-
derable territory was offered to the
peishwa, notwithstanding the total

‘failure of the latter, in discharging
those obligations, imposed by the
terms of the alliance concluded be-~
tween the marquis Cornwallis and
the Mahratta power, he was induced
to decline the proffered grant ; as did
Scindiah himself propositions of the
most amicable nature, from the
same quarter, and at the same
peskod. :

In order to avert, as much as
possible, the consequences of such
au hostile spirit as was thus mani-
fested, and to effect such an arranges

‘Igent as should preclude the possi-
bility of any union of the Mahratta

states,

|
/
|
|

_ einpire.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

states, under circumstances which
might menace interruption to the
tranquillity of the British posses-
sions, aud to which the great and
increasing power of Scindiah mani-
festly led, the governor general con-
cluded a subsidiary treaty with the
Guickwar, in 1802, the operation
of which firmly attached that chief
to the interests of the company,
and secured to it 2 valuable and im-
portant territorial establishment in
the maritime province of Guzerat.
But the great objeét of marquis
Wellesley’s endeayours was, to
establish between the peishwa and
the British government sucha con-
nection as might secure the stability
and efficiency of his authority, under
the protection of the British power,
without injury to the rights of the feu-
datory chieftains of the Mahratta
An arrangement which,
if carried into effect, would be the
best security for preserving a due
balance between the several states
constituting the confederacy of the
Mahrattas, as well as for prevent-
ing any dangerous union or diver-
sion of the vast resources of that
empire.

To these wise and masterly mea-
sures, the comprehensive mind of

the marquis Wellesley was stimu-

lated by another powerful motive.
It had ever been a principle of the
British government to prevent the

“sovereign power of the Mahratta

State, or any great branch of its
empire, from passing into the hands
of France. Such an event was not
only possible, but even much to be
dreaded, from the situation in which

the dissentions of the different Mah-

ratta chieftains had placed their
country, at the commencement of
the year 1802, and which afforded
but too favourable an opportunity

201

to the government of France to
establish a dominion within the pe-
ninsula, by the introduction of
a military force, for the pur.
pose of aiding one of the con.
tending parties. In this object,
the views of France would have
been materially favoured by the
strength and eiliciency of the force
under M. Perron, a Frenchman in
the service and pay of Scindia, in
whose confidence he possessed the
first place, and over whose councils
he possessed unlimited influence.—
This formidable military establish
ment, consisted of 38,000 regular
infantry, 8000 cavalry, and about
300 Europeans, (of whom not more
than 30 were British subjeéts,) fur-
nished with a train of 120 pieces of
iron, and upwards of 150 pieces of
brass ordnance. This force was form-
ed into brigades, offieered by Euro-
peanadventurers,chieflyF'renchmen,
and disciplined on the Kuropean sys-
tem. it was farther established witha
great territorial dominion, extending
towards the left bank of the lndus
through the Punjaub, and compre-
hending Agra, Delhi, and a large
portion of the Douab of the Ganges,
on the most vulnerable part of the
British north western frontier in
Hindostan ; and to which also was
committed the custody of the de
posed Mogul emperor, Shah Aulum.
Under these circumstances it was,
that the governor general determined
to renew his negotiations, in the
month of June 1802, for the con.
clusion of an improved system of
alliance with the court of Poonah.
The increased distraétions of the
Mahratta state, and the successes
of Jeswunt Rao Holkar against the
forces of Scindiah, appeared to con-
stitute a crisis favourable to the
establishment of the British power .
in

202

in the Mahratta empire, without
. the hazard of involving it in any
contest whatever.

The war which had fora consi-
derable period desolated the Mah-
ratta states, originated in the ra-
pacity and thirst of acquisition in
Scindiah. On the death of ‘Tuckogee
Holkar, in 1797, a dispute arose
between his sons, with respeét to
the succession, in which Scindiah
interfered, and aétually, in a sud-
den and unexpeéted attack on the
younger, Mulhar Rao, slew him
and many of his adherents. . But
the present chieftain Jeswunt Rao
Holkar, an illegitimate son of
Tuckogee, having escaped, and
being possessed of considerable abi-
lities and resource, levied forces
in the name and behalf of the infant
son of Mulhar Rao, (then in the
custody of Scindiah, ) and carried on,
with various success, a severe con-
test with Scindiah until the middle of
the year 1802, when he sudden-
ly determined upon the measure
of marching to Poonah. The
weakness of the peishwa’s govern-
ment, and the entire annihilation
of his authority by Scindiah, had
left the former no means of oppos-
ing Holkar; and that chief na-
turally and wisely concluded that
the most severe blow he could strike
against the power of his antagonist,
was to destroy his ascerdency at the
court of Poonah, and to convert
the authority of the peishwa’s name
to his own projects of aggrandize-
ment. With these views, he pro-
ceeded with a large force to that
city, whence Scindiah had been com-
pelled to depart, nearly a year and

a half before, to defend his domi-

nions in Malwa; and who was at
Ougein, when Holkar commenced

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

his march towards the metropolis of
the peishwa. b
During this period, the discuss
sions between the British govern-
ment and that of the peishwa went
on but slowly. Although Scindia
was absent in northern Hindostan,
his opinions and views still continu-
ed to govern at Poonah, and the
peishwa declined the proffered pro-
tection and alliance of the company
until Holkar aétually reached the
vicinity of the capital. :
Scindiah in the mean time detached
a force, under the command of one
of his generals, named Suddashee
Bhow, which effe@ted a junétion
with the army of the peishwa, and
both united, gave battle on the 25th
day of October, 1804, to the force
of Holkar, which terminated in the
total defeat of the former,- with
considerable loss. After the action
the peishwa retired with a small
body of cavalry, to a fortress in
the vicinity of Poonah, whence he
prosecuted his farther retreat to
Mhar, a fort in the province of
Koukan. On the day on which-the
action took place, the peishwa sent
his minister to the British resident
at his court, with a written instru-
ment, containing the terms of a
subsidiary treaty, which he earnest-
ly requested might be immediately
executed, and the minister at the
same time assured the resident, that
a general defensive alliance should
be concluded, at the first practicable
moment, between his highness and
the company, on the principle of
that existing with the nizam. The
terms of that now demanded, were
the establishment of a force of six
battalions of sepoys, for the service
of the peishwa, with the usual com-
plement of artillery, and conveying
a

‘

*

a grant of territory to the annual a-
mount of 25 lacks of rupees, in per-
petuity to the honourable company,
for the payment of that force.—
This proposition was acceded to by
the resident, and a draught thereof
was immediately forwarded to Cal-
cutta, and was ratified by the go-
vernor general on the same day it
was received: and judging this a
favourable opportunity to extend this
alliance to all the members of the
Mahratta empire, colonel Collins
was dispatched to Scindia, as am-
bassador plenipotentiary, in order

to propose to him the terms on

which he might be included in the
engagement just contracted with the
peishwa.

In the mean time, the views of
Holkar became more clearly deve-
loped. Finding that the peishwa
had effected his escape, he detached
a force to Jegoary, a fort about 30
niles to the séuthward of Poonah,
to seize on the person-of Amrut
Rao, (the adopted son of the late
Ragobah) with the design of placing
his infant son on the musnud, at the
same time declaring Amrut Rao
prime-minister, and assuming to
himself the general command of the
troops of the state. In this projeét
he was successful, and although
Amrut Rao seems to have been
averse from the arrangement, the
affairs of government were thence-
forward carried on under the autho-
wity and name of the latter.

During these transaétions, the

* Cavalry.........
Artillery...

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

203

peishwa requested the protection of
the government of Bombay, and
was in the mean while conveyed, in
a British vessel, to Savendroog, a
place of considerable strength, also
in the Koukan, where his person
was likely to be secure from the at-
tempts of the usurpers.

In this state of the Mahratta em-
pire, it became indispensibly neces-
sary, as well for the protection of the
British possessions, as those of the
nizam, and rajah of Mysore, its al-
lies ; and for the repelling any preda~
tory incursion (which might, in the
course of the contest, be made by
any vagrant freebooter belonging to
either of the contending chieftains, )
to assemble a considerable army of
observation on the Mahratta fron-
tier. Accordingly lord Clive, the,
governor of fort St. George, with-
out waiting the arrival of direct in-
structions from the governor-gene-
ral, got together a considerable force
at Hurryhur, on the north-western
frontier of Mysore,* and governor
Duncan, of the Bombay presiden-
cy, adopted the same wise and salu-
tary measures of vigilance and pre-
caution, by preparing for immedi-
ate service the disposeable strength
of that government. While a con-
siderable detachment of ‘the subsi-
diary troops in the pay of the ni-
zam, was also ordered to hold itself
in readiness to take the field, in con-
formity to a requisition to that ef-
fect from the resident at Poonah.

At this period, both Holkar and

Scindia
wwe 3,581
390

European Infantry 2,845

Native ditto...

vena 2,182

——_ —

18,998

Witl, 800 pioneers, and 568 gun lascars, 4 iron twelve, and 4 iron eigh*een poun-
ders, 4 brass twelve-pounders, 40 field pieces, 12 long galloper guns, and four

howitzers.

204:

Scindia earnestly courted the friend-
ship and good offices of the British
government; and the peishwa had
actually repaired to the island of
Bassein, in the company’s domini-
ons, where the treaty of that name
between his highness and the Bri-
tish government was executed on
the last day of the year 1802, and
on the eighteenth of the March
following, its counterpart was deli-
vered to the peishwa, ratified by the
governor-general in council, and re-
ceived by the former with demon-
strations of the highest satisfaction.

Agreeably to the stipulation of
the treaty of Bassein, the main prin-
ciple of which was, that of perpe-
tual alliance both defensive and of-
fensive, a plan for the restoration
of the peishwa was adopted, and
immediately carried into effect. Or-
ders were dispatched to general
Stuart, commanding at Hurryhur, di-
recting him to detach from the main
body a considerable force, for the
purpose of advancing into the Mah-
ratta dominions. The command of
this detachinent was confided by lord
Clive, to major-general Wellesiey,
whose extensive local knowledge
and personal influence among the
Mahratta chieftains, (acquired by his
command in the Mysore, and victo-
ries over Doondiah, ) were peculiarly
calculated to ensure success to the
intended operations. In conformi-
ty to these instructions, a force,
amounting, in the whole, to 9,707
cavalry and infantry, with a due
proportion of artillery (and to which
was added 2,500 of the rajah of
Mysore’s horse), marched from
Hurryhur onthe 9th of March, 1803,
crossed the Tumbudra river on the
12th, and thus entered the Mahrat-
ta territories: at the same time, the
whole of the British subsidiary force

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

at Hydrabad, amounting to about
8,300 men, was ordered to advance
to Poraindah, a station on the wes.
tern frontier of the nizam’s domini-
ons, 116 miles distant from Poonah.
This force was strengthened by
6,000 of the nizam’s disciplined in-
fantry, and about 9,000 of his ca-
valry, the whole commanded by
licutenant-colonel Stevenson, an of-
ficer of the greatest reputation for
talent, intrepidity, and spirit.

Scarcely had general Wellesley’s
detachment entered the Mahratta
states, before the propriety of the
choice made, in seleéting him: for
this peculiar service, became appa-
rent. In his difficult campaigns
against Doondiah, he made the high
character of the British nation, and
his own, familiar to the petty chief-
tains and inhabitants of the distri¢ts
he had passed through, and, incon«
sequence, was received by them with
the most evident marks of confidence
and respect. Many of the former
accompanied him to Poonah; while
the admirable temper, and concili-
ating manners, which he evinced in
gaining the good will of the pea.
santry on his route, and the skilful
arrangements madé by him for the _
supply and movement of the troops,
as wellasfor the prevention of plun-
der and excess, enabled the British
army to perform a most tedious and
ditlicult march, at an inauspicious
season of the year, with compara-
tive ease and celerity.

On the 15th of April, the force
under colonel Stevenson having ap-
proached to within a short distance
of general Wellesley, at a position
within eight miles of the Neera ri-
ver, the latter detached the Scotch
brigade to join the subsidiary force ;
and as it was now known that Hol-
kar had left Poonah, and that he

retreated

HISTORY OF: EUROPE. 205

| retreated with precipitation before

|

the advancing British force, general
Wellesley ordered colonel Stevenson
to proceed to Gardoon, there to sta-
tion the whole of the nizam’s troops,
within his highness’s territories,
and to.occupy with the British sub-
sidiary force, a position on the Bee-
mah river, towardsPoonah, and near
its confluence with the Mota Mola;
the object of which movement was,
at once to secure future co-opera-
tion, and a constant supply of pro~
visions.

Ilaving concluded this arrange.
ment, general Wellesley proceeded
more rapidly for Poonah, and when
at the distance of about 60 miles
from that capital, received informa-
tion that Amrut Rao designed to
plunder and destroy the city, on
the approach of the British troops ;
and haying also received an earnest
request from the peishwa to detach
some troops to Poonah for the pro-
tection of his family remaining there,

_ the general at once resolved ona

forced march, at once to secure the
eapital from devastation, and the
family of his highness from insult or
danger. In consequence of this re-
solution, on the night of the 19th of
April, he advanced, at’ the head of
the cavalry, over a rugged, and, in
some places, an almost impassable
road, with incredible swiftness, and
performed this ever-memorable
march in thirty-two hours! ‘The
rapidity of this movement caused
Amrut Rao to abandon Poonah with
precipitation, without effecting his
design, if, indeed, he had it in con-
templation, and general Wellesley,
was welcomed by the few inhabitants,
who remained in the city, as their
deliverer. ‘Those, who had fled to
the mountains, during the usurpation
ef Holkar, soon returned, upon this

‘tranquillity.

reverse of fortune, and joined in the
general joy, not only for the resto.
ration of their rightful sovereign,
but for the prospect, which the al-
liance with the British govern-
ment presented, of future peace and
Preparations were
soon made, for the return of the
peishwa, who entered his capital, on
the 13th of May, amid the acclama-
tions of his subjects.

During these transactions at Poo-
nah, col, “Collins arrived at the camp
of Scindiah, at Boorhanpoor, where
that chieftain had arrived, with a
considerable force, for the ostensible
purpose, of opposing the ursurpation
of Holkar. The difficulties which this
minister found, in forwarding the
propositions of the governor general,
convinced him, of the truth and cer-
tainty of the information, he about
this time received, of Scindia’s se~
cret intentions to unite with Hol-
kar and the rajah of Berar, for the
purpose of subverting the treaty of
Bassein, just concluded upon be-
tween the British government and
the peishwa. Colonel Collins,
therefore, required an immediate
audience of Scindiah, and demanded
of him an explicit declaration of
his intentions, to which that chief
did not hesitate to reply, that it was
very remote from his wishes or in-
tentions, to impede the operations
of the treaty between the peishwa
and the company, and that it was
his ardent hope, that he might be
admitted to its benefits. So much,
however, was this declaration at va-
riance with actual appearances, that
the resident found it necessary tores
quire, as.a positive pledge of thesin-
cerity of Scindia, that he would, im-
mediately, countermarch the army
he had moved upon Poonah, because
the appearance of a force there,

could

206

could only tend to the purpose of
impeding the operation of the treaty
of Bassein ;—and would evince the
desire of Scindia, to regain by
force his ascendancy in the
councils of Poonah, and con-
sequently to force the peishwa
to a violation of his engagements
with the British government.—
At the same time, colonel Collins
‘required Scindia to state the nature
and objeéts of his preceding negoti-
ations with Holkar and the rajah of
Berar ; and apprized him, that if he
refused these requisitions, (which the
critical situation of public affairs,
no less than his own policy in per-
severing in his warlike preparations,
rendered it at once so reasonable,
as well as expedient to make) the
government he represented would
be complled in its own defence, to
adopt measures of precaution on
every boundary of Scindia’s domi-
nions. It must also here be added,
that colonel Close presented Scin.
dia, at this interview, with a copy
of the treaty of Bassein, for his pe-
rusal, which, when the latter had
attentively read, he explicitly de-
clared, *¢ that it contained no stipu-
Jations injurious to his interest.’
Yo these firm, but temperate, de.
mands, in a full court, and in the
midst of his courtiers and ministers,
Scindiah thought proper to reply,
‘¢ that he could not atiord the satis-
fagtion demanded, until a meeting
should have taken place between
him and the rajah of Berar, when he
(the embassador) should be inform-
ed, WHETHER IT WERE PEACE OR
WAR.

This menace, certainly unpro-
yoked, and not at ail justified by
any part of the conduct of the Bri-
tish government, necessarily induced
the governor-general, without the

me

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.
slightest deJay, to take effeétual

measures to vindicate the dignity of

his government,and for the prote¢ting
the dominions of its allies. Accord~-
ingly, private instructions were sent
to general Lake, the commander in
chief, at Cawnpore, to assemble an
army on the north-west frontier of
the province of Oude, in order to
check or counteract the obvious de-
signs of the Berar rajah, and of
Scindia. ‘The former chieftain had
actually arrived within one day’s
march of Scindiah’s camp, at Check-
ly, on the frontier of the territory
of the nizam, where, on the follow-
ing morning, these chiefs had an
interview ; after which, their con-
duét bore a decidedly hostile ap-
pearance, and their constant evasion
of the just demands of the British
goverument, too strongly evinced
their determination to resist them.

The Berar rajah and Scindiah now
briskly negociated with Holkar,
using every argument that bore up-
on his interests, or could work upon
his passions, ta induce him to join
the confederacy they wished to foym
against the company and its allies,
and, at the same time, used every
eflort in their power to detach the
peishwa and the nizam from their
alliance with the English. Nor did
their hostile spirit less appear in the.
orders which general Perron re-
ceived at this period, direéting him
to take such measures with his ar-
my, as to enable it to take the field
at the shortest notice, with a view
to-an eventual rupture with the
British government.

‘very hour brought fresh proofs
of the inimical disposition of the—
confederated chieftains. On the
17th of June, the governor-general.
received positive information, that
Scindiah had addressed letters to the

twa

* HISTORY OF EUROPE.’- 207

two officers exercising the chief au-
thority on the part of the peishwa,
in Bundelcund, requiring them, as a
matter of duty, to be prepared for
a co-operation with the armies of
the Mahratta empire, in hostile
Measures against the company’s
possessions; and that Dhurrum
Rao, an officer commanding a con,
siderable body of horse, and sta-
tioned on the right bank of the
Jumna, near the British frontiers,
_had received orders of a similar ten-
dency, from the same quarter. The
positive disavowal of these proceed-
ings, by Scindiah, afforded only ano-
ther proof of the insincerity of that
‘chief, as they were authenticated,
by subsequent events, beyond the
possibility of a doubt: it was also
ascertained, through a variety of

_ channels, that Scindiah had endea-

voured to excite the Robilla chief-
tain, Gholaum Khan, to disturb the
tranguillity of the British posses-
‘sions, by raising commotions in the
jaghire of Rampore, and earnestly
inviting him to proceed, with his
followers, to general Perron’s army,
and assuripg him of the most ample
Support, both from that force and
his own power. To this effect the

- Robilla was also préssed, with soli-

citude, by general Perron. Letters
of the same tenor were also address
ed to Bnmboo Khan, who occupied
a territory near Saharumpore, insti-
gating that chieftain also to co-ope-
rate with the forces of general Per-
ron, against the company. Indeed,
the complete state of preparation,

jn which that portion of Scindiah’s

army was actually placed, is the

strongest corroboration of the orders

received by general Perron, from

Scindiah, and of the determination of

the latter to employ every meaus of
u

aggression within his power against
the British government.

These various facts, reciprocally
confirming every pomt of the ad-
duced evidence of Scindiah’s hostile
designs, and the intelligence daily
received, of the aétual formation of
a confederacy between that chief-
tain, the Bhoonsla, and Holkar, the
objeét of which was the subversion
of the treaty of Bassien, presented a
crisis which determined the gover,
nor-general to unite the control of
all political affairs in the Deccan,
connected with the negociations
then depending with the confede-
rated chieftains, and the movement
of the army, under a distinct local
authority, subject, however, to the
governor-general in council; but,
possessing full powers, to conclude
upon the spot, whatever arrange-
ments might become necessary, un-
der the final settlement of peace, or
the active prosecution of the war.
This great trust was reposed in ma-~
jor-general Wellesley, on the 26th
of June, 1803. Nor could a better
choice haye been made. His estas
blished influence with the Mahratta
chiefs; his intimate knowledge of
the British interests in that empire,
and the military talents which he
was known to possess, and of which
he had given splendid and repeated
proofs, all justified the confidence
which was placed in him; and sub-
sequent events have proved, that,
in the performance of these impor-
tant duties, while he raised the cha-
racter of the British name, and esta-
blished his own reputation, he
evinced the profound sagacity of the
statesman, and the personal gallan,
try of the hero.

On the 18th of July, general Wel-
lesley, acting under his newly res

ceived

208

ceived powers, immediately directed
the British resident with Scindiah, to
state to that chief, and to the rajah
of Berar, the anxiety with which
the British government desired the
preservation of the relations of
peace and amity with those powers ;
and demanding, as the only pledge it
would accept of equally amicable
dispositions on their part, the
immediate separation and return
of their armies, from the nizam’s
frontier to their respeétive capitals ;
in which case, general Wellesley
would also withdraw his forces io
their usual stations: should this
Proposition, however, be refused,
that then the resident should quit
the camp of Scindiah without delay.

After much evasion, on the 31st
of July, the united chieftains pro-
posed to retire from the position
which they occupied, at the same
time that general Wellesley should
eommence his march to the usual
stations of the British army ; to this
proposition, however, they added
the condition, that on the same day
on which general Wellesley’s troops
should arrive at Bombay, Madras,
and Seringapatam, the united ar-
mies of Scindia and Bhoonsla would
encamp at Boorhanpoor, a city iu
the territory of the former! To
expose the absurdity and inadmissa-
bility of this condition, (which, at
least, affords no bad specimen of
the subtilty and wiles which belong
to Indian negociation,) it will only
be necessary to state, that while
Boorhanpoor is but fifty miles
trom the frontier of the nizam,
Bombay is situated 321, Seringa-
patam 541, and Madras 1049 miles
from Ahmednuggur, nearly the posi-
tion of general Wellesley’s army
on the above date.

This unreasonable proposition

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

being decidedly and instantly re.
jeéted by the resident, a second was
then made, namely, ‘‘ that the day
Should be appointed for the march
of the respective armies of the con-
federated chieftains from their en- —
campment to their usual stations,
and that the resident should pledge
the faith of the British government
for the retreat of general Wellesley’s
troops on the same day.” As this .
proposition was, obviously, incon-
sistent with the instruétions received
from general Wellesley, colonel
Collins, (the resident) was also
compelled to rejeét it; and it was —
again modified into a third, which
agreed, that ‘* those chieftains
would separate their armies, aud
commence their returns to their re-
spective territories in Berar and
Hindostan, on the same day that
the British force was withdrawn
from the station it then occupied.”
As the rajah of Berar and Scindia
both declared, that unless general
Wellesley acceded to this last pro.
position, they could not retire,
consistently with a due regard to the
honour of their respective govern-
ments, colonel Collins consented to
refer it to general Wellesley, pro-
vided letters to that effect were
transmitted to the resident, to be
forwarded to the commander in
chief before the noon of the next
day. It seemed, however, to be
very remote from the intentions of
the confederates to execute any such
agreement, for, on the Ist day of
August, they transmitted letters to
the resident, addressed to general
Wellesley, proposing, not to sepa-
rate their armies, and to commence
their return to Berar and Hindostan
on the day on which the British
force should be withdrawn; but,
“¢to continue the union of their

armies,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

armies, and to limit their retreat
to the neighbouring station of Boor-
hampore.” ‘Thus capriciously and
insultingly reverting to the terms of
the first proposition, which had been
positively rejected by col. Collins.
Upon this unprincipled and unquali-
fied conduct of the confederate chief-
tains, the resident made immediate
arrangements for quitting the camp of
Scindiah, and commenced his march
towards Aurungabad, on the second
day following.

From the whole scope and tenor
of this negociation, it was manifest
that the objegt of the chieftains was
to endeavour to form such a pacific
arrangement with general Wellesley,
as should induce him to withdraw

his army to its remote stations, in
which case, the periodical rains
would prevent its assembling at the
advantageous position it then occu-

pied for a considerable period ; whilst.

they could, from the proximity of
the post to which they agreed to
retire, have struck, at the most op-
portune period to them, a severe
blow against the peishwa and_ the
nizam, and thus have subverted the
British interests in the Deccan.—
Such being the views of the rajah
of Berar and of Scindiah, and with
the positive evidence that every
hour produced of their determined
hostility, it was impossible for the

209

British government, if at all alive
to its interests in India, or if aware
of the absolute necessity there exists
of preserving, undiminished and
without a flaw, the lustre of its
glory in that part of the globe, and
its decided superiority over the na-
tive powers of India, to avoid the
calamity of war.

At this most critical and impor.
tant conjuncture, there existed cir-
cumstances, independently of those
we have detailed, which if not of
themselves formingasuflicientground
for commencing hostilities, at least
greatly contributed. to establish the
necessity of the measure.

We have already had occasion
repeatedly to advert to the force in
the pay of Scindiah, and commanded
by M. Perron. This force, at the
present moment, was augmented to
48,000 efficient men, with a train
of 464 pieces of ordnance ready to
take the field, and stationed in a
commanding situation near Coel, on
the most vulnerable point of the
British frontier. This army it had
been for some time the practice of
general Perron, gradually and near-
ly totally to officer with French
subjeéts, to the exclusion of British
adventurers, and even removed many
of the latter description who had
held situations in it since its first
formation.* But formidable as the

con-

_ * The regular corps in Scindiah’s service were first formed by Monsieur de Boigne,
@native of Sayoy. In his early life, he had served as a subaltern officer in the ser-
vice of Russia. We find him, in 1783,‘ an officer in the body guard of lord Ma-
cartney, at Madras. Apprehensive that his being a foreigner would impede his pro-
motion; he relinquished his situation in the company’s troops; and, having pro-
cured letters to Scindiah (the father of the present chief of that name) he pro-
cured an appointment in his army. In process of time, M. de Boigne gained the
most.unbounded influence over his master, who bestowed upon him, for his ser-
vices, an extensive and valuable jaghire in the Douab, one of the provinces he had
subdued, principally by the aid of de Boigne’s brigade. From the death of Mad-

®, and the accession of Doulut Rao Scindia, M. de Boigne principally resided

n his own jaghire until 1798, when he returned toEurope with a princely fortune.

. Ms

Vor, XLIV He

210

connexion between a powerful na-
tive state, and an army such as we
have described, totally under French
government and influence, must al-
ways have proved to the British in-
terests, a danger far more urgent
arose out of this powerful military
establishment, from its reduéction of
Scindiah’s local authority in Hindos-
tan. A considerable portion of ter-
ritory belonging to that chieftain,
situated between the Jumna, Gan-
ges, and the mountains of Cumaon,
had been assigned by him to general
Perron, who had formed it into an
independent state, of which his re-
gular infantry might be considered
the national army. The natives con-
sidered M. Perron as their immedi-
ate sovereign, while the troops con-
sidered him the direct executive
authority from whom they were
to receive orders, subsistence, and
pay. Possessed of such means, it
is not to be wondered at, that he
diétated as a sovereign to the lesser
princes on the right bank of the
Jumna, held in abjeét submission
the Rajahpoot states of Jeynagur
and Judpore, together with the
Jauts and the Gohud, and extended
his influence even to Bundelcund,
and the country of the Seiks.

Here then was a French state ac-
tually formed, and, which, it must

be recollected, held possession of »

the person and the nominal autho-
rity of the mogul, maintained the
most efficient army existing in India,
with the exception of the English
troops, and exercised considerable
influence from the Indus to the con-
fluence of the Jumna and the Gan-
ges. In every point of view, there-

- quence to this object.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

fore, in which this establishment
could be considered, either as the
instrument to Scindiah, in his hostile
designs on the British power, or as
the means by which the vindictive
ruler of the French nation might
hereafter inflict the most deadly
wound on the British empire in
Asia, it imperiously called for re-
duction or total suppression.

That M. Perron’s views and prac-
tice were connected with, and re-
gulated by those of his native go-
vernment, there can be no doubt.
Well aware of the great superiority
of the British power, he knew that
it was alone by such an -establish.
ment as he had formed, that France ~
could ever regain her footing in the
east. To mature and perfect his
projects, it was most necessary to
him to strengthen and complete his |
army, by the annual supply of
French subaltern officers and artil-
lerists. The settlement of Pondi-
cherry was of the greatest conse~
During the
prevalence of the south-western -
monsoons, the common coasting-~
vessels of the country could thence’
convey recruits to the coast of Cut-
tack, in four days, without excit-
ing the suspicion of the British
cruizers. From Cuttack, belong-+
ing to Bhoonsla, the ally of Scin-
dia, the transit was safe and secret
to M. Perron’s head-quarters in the
Douab. ‘These views and circum-
stances were communicated by that
officer to the first consult, about the
period of the ratification of the
treaty of Amiens.

Among the many extraordinary
and novel features which that un-

fortunate:

LHe was succeeded in his command by M. Perron, a Frenchman, who had come out:
to India a midshipman in M. de Suffrein’s fleet, and who commanded one of ‘the
battalions under de Boigne for many years, ‘The latter now resides.in Paris.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

fortunate measure presented, was
that of its totally rejecting the men-
tion or recognition of any existing
treaties between Great Britain and
the other contracting parties. The
fatal consequences of such a renun-
ciation, we at the time adverted to
and predicted. Under the prove
sions of a treaty so constituted, not
only Pondicherry but every settle-
ment belonging to France and Hol-
land, on the continent of India,
were nnconditionally restored, with-

out the slightest reference to the -

former treaties between France and
England, which strictly confined
the troops to be sent by the former
power to her Indian possessions, to
a limited number. Al! preceding
compacts were now, however, done
away, and Bonaparte was too quick-
Sighted not to take immediate ad-
vantage of the greatest error exhi-
_ bited in the whole diplomatic history
_ of the world, from the earliest pe-
_viods. An armament was therefore
fitted out, consisting of six ships of
war, and 1400 of the best troops
of France, destined to Pondicherry,
for the ostensible purpose of garri-
soning that fortress. Bui, in ad-
dition to this force, there was like-
wise embarked two hundred young
gentlemen, regularly formed upon
the principles of military science,
and a numerous staff establishment.
_ This latter body were destined to
join M. Perron’s army, in the man-
ner we have already described. ‘This
armament, under the command of
admiral Linois, arrived at Pondi-
cherry during the critical period of

911

the negociations between the con-
federate Mahratia chieftains and the
British government. i
It was at this period, also, that
M. Perron had aétually determined
on obtaining an assignment . to
France of the districts within the
boundaries of his command, from
Scindiah, but confirmed and ratified
by the Mogul emperor, then a pri-
soner, and held in the most abject
state of degradation by that oflicer*.
But of these combined prejetts,
the profound sagacity of the gover-
nor general had taught him. to be
aware, and his unwearied vigilance
had satisfied him of the existence.
On admiral Linois arriving, there-
fore, before Pondicherry, he found
that place so well watched both by
sea and land, that he found it im-
practicable to forward the recruits
he had carried out to general Per-
ron; and, before any effectual step
could be taken to effeét this purpose,
intelligence arrived of the renewal
of the war between France and
England, and ‘the whole of the
troops landed by him, were conse-
quently made prisoners of war.
How the French admiral and his
squadron escaped, and the mischiels
which they effected te the British
commerce and settlements, we have
adverted to and detailed elsewhere.
Thoroughly acquainted with the
faéts here stated, which left no
donbt as to the views of France;
and combining these views with the
state of Perron’s army; with the
warlike confederacy between Scin-
diah and the rajah of Berar; with
2 ‘ the

__.* On the conquest. of Delhi, Scindiah, the father, compelled the unfortunate.
Shab Aulum to constitute the peishwa bis vaquel ul mutuluk, or regent, in the em-
pire of Hindostan ; and his influence at the court of Poonah procured him thie of-

ice of deputy to the peishwa in that high office.

In this he was succeeded by the

Present Scindiah, who, in that capacity, administered the whole affairs of the Mogul

ire,

‘212

the equivocation and duplicity of
these chieftains in their negotia-
tions with the British resident ;—and
with the critical state of health of his
highness the nizam, on whose suc-
cession as sovereign of the Deccan,
it was well known these chieftains
had the most serious designs ; the
marguis Wellesley found himself
obliged, upon eyery principle of po-
licy and justice, to demand the se-
paration of thearmies of the confede-
rates, and their retreat from the fron-
tiers of the British allies ; or, should
this temperate and moderate requi-
sition be refused, then to consider
them as unprovoked and dangerous
enemies to the general tranquillity
of India, as well as to the British
government in particular, and con-
sequently to employ every means
within his power for their chastise-
ment and humiliation.

No sooner, therefore, had the de-
parture of colonel Collins from the
camp of Scindiah, ascertained the ter-
mination of the negotiation, than
the various measures arranged and
combined by the governor-general,
(in contemplation of such an event, )
throughout the several parts of the
empire, and in profound secrecy for
the last four months, burst forth in
one general blaze, to the dismay and
confusion of the enemies of the Bri-
tish name, and cheering and ani-
mating its subjects and allies to the
contest.

The vast plan of operations, to
which the several armies of the Ben-
gal, Madras, and. Bombay Esta-
blishments were to be applied ; was
to commence by a general and com-

bined attack, as nearly as possible.

at the same time, and before the pe-
siodical return of the rains, on the
united army of the confederates in
the Deecan ; on Perron’s establish-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

ment in the Douab; and on every
assailable point of the vast territo-
ries of Scindia and the Berar rajah
in Hindostan;—on the plains of
Delhi; amidst the mountains of the
Deccan, on the shores of Cuttack,
and in the fertile province of the
Guzzerat, were the banners of
England at once to, be displayed.
To these great and various. objects,
therefore, four armies were held in
readiness to march.

The force under the command of
major-general Wellesley, which had
occupied during the negociation
with the confederated chieftaius, an
advanced position in the Deccan,
consisted of 16,823 men, and was
destined to oppose the combined
army under the command of Scin-
diah, posted at Julgong, near the
foot of the Adjuntee Pass. This
army was supported by a force at
Moodgul, a town about 14 marches
from Hydrabad, situated between
the rivers Krisna and Tumbudra,
under the command of major-gen.
Campbell, which consisted of 4,277
cavalry, 820 European, and 1,935
native infantry, with its proportion
of ordnance; it protected, effec-
tually, the dominions of the nizam, _
as well as the possessions of the Eng-
lish within the Peninsula, from the
insult or spoliation of the southern
Mahratta feudatories.

Colonel Murray, of the 84th re-
giment, was placed in the command
of the force in the Guzerat, amount-
ing in the whole to 7,352 men:
part of which was disposed in gar-
risoning Surat, Brodera, Cambay,
Kouah, Songhur, Purneerah, and
(eventually) Baroach; one portion
of the remainder was stationed in
front of the Guickwar’s capital, in
order to proteéi, his dominion ; and
the other, of 2,094 men, took a

strong

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

strong position south of the river
Taptee, between Songhur and Su-
rat, with the design, as opportunity
should occur, of annoying the ene-
my in that quarter.

On the eastern side of Hindostan,
lieutenant colone] Campbell, of the
74th regiment, was entrusted with
the command of a seleétion of vete-
ran troops from the armies of Ben-
gal and Madras, consisting of 5216
men, which was destined for the
conquest of the province of Cut-
tack, part of the territories of the
rajah of Berar; and, for that pur-
pose, was assembled at Ganjam, in
the northern circars. If this acqui-
sition were made, the only maritime
territory of the Mahratta states on
that side of the peninsula, would be
secured from all intercourse with
the French; a strong barrier added
to the Bengal frontier ; and the in-
tercourse of that government and
Madras secured from interruption.

The main body of the Bengal ar-
my was assembled under the com-
mander in chief of the British forces
in India (general Lake) at Cawn-
pore, in the north-western frontier
of the province of Oude, amounting,
it its various details, to 10,500 men.
In support of this force, 3,500
troops were assembled at Allahabad,
and for the purpose of invading the
distriét of Bundelcund ; about 2,000
men were also colleéted at Mirza-
pore, to cover the city of Benares,
and to guard the passes in that quar-
ter; and various measures of de-
fence, which our limits will not al-
low us to particularise, were adopt-
ed to proteét the whole frontier of
the British dominions in Bengal and
Bahar, from Mirzapore to Midna-
pore.

913

The operations of general Lake
embraced a most important branch
of the war; namely, first, the de-
struétion of ‘he power of general
Perron, establ:shed on the banks of
the Jumna; secondly, the extention
of the British frontier to that river,
with the possession of Agra, Delhi,
and a suflicient chain of ports upon
the right bank of the Jumna, for
the security of its navigation 5
thirdly, the proteétion of the person
of the emperor Shah Aulum ;
fourthly, the establishment of an
alliance with the petty princes, be-
yond the right bank of the Jumna,
from Jeynagur to Bundilcund ; and,
lastly, the annexion of that pro-
vince to the dominions of the com-
pany, in order the more effeétual-
ly to cover the rich eity and pro-
vince of Benares from the power of
the Berar rajah, and the other
Mahratta chiefs in that quarter.

In the mean while, the govern-
ment of Bombay were ordered to
seize on those ports in the Guzerat,
which belonged to Scindiah, the ope-
ration of which »ould exclude the
confederated chicftains from the
whole coast of the western side of
the peninsula,

Such was the masterly disposition
of the British strength in its eastern
empire, and such the comprehen-
sive system of hostilities by which
the marquis Wellesley prepared to
support the just rights of his coun-
try, and finally establish its perma-
nent power and influence in India*.

It may herealso be proper to men-
tion, that on the 6th of August, the
very day on which general Welles-
ley was apprised of colonel Collins
having left the camp of Scindiah, the
nizam breathed his last, and was

Pa peaceably

* In summing up the different details we have given, it will be found, that the

whole force employed against Scindiah, and the rajah of Berar, in the begusning of
August,

O14

peaceably succeeded by his eldest
son, Mirza Secunder Jahjah, as sou-
bahdar of the Deccan, who ascend-
ed the musnud on the following
day. The preservation of tranquil-
lity at Hydrabad, at this important
crisis, must be ascribed, principally,
to the position of the armies of ge~
neral Wellesley, and colonel Ste-
venson, and of the force under ge-
neral Campbell, at Moodgul.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Having thus laid before our rea-
ders the disposition of the several
armies, the plan of the campaign,
and its ultimate objects, we shall;
in the following chapter, detail the
more active operations of the field,
and carry them along with us
through a brilliant series of events,
finally crowned with victory and
triumph.

CHAP,

August, 1803, amounted to 54,918 men! Such armies set in motion nearly in the
same time, from so many distant parts, embracing so wide a tield of operations,
belonging to the same power, and directed against the same enemy, were never
before seen in Hindostan, fully equipped for the field in the short space of four

months,

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 215

C HAP; Aaty:

Transactions in India.—March of General Wellesley te Ahmednughur—
Capture of that City and Fort.—Operations of Colonel Stevenson.—Confe-
derate Army concentrated—and beaten at the Batile of Assye—brilliant
Victory—Colonel Steccnson pursues the Enemy—Scindiah makes Overtures
of Peace.—Success of the British Arms in the Guzerat—Storming of
Baroach.—Province of Cuttack surrenders to Colonel Harcourt.—Opera-
tions of the main Army under General Lake—M. Perron retreats before
him precipitately—desperate Storm of Ally Ghur—and Capture—Conse-
quences thereof.—M. Perron resigns his Command in Scindiah’s Army—
» Reasons thereof.—Disaster to Colonel Cunningham’s Detachment.— Battle
of Delhi gained by General Lake—splendid Fffects therefrom.—Release
of the Mogul Emperor, who puts himself under the Protection of the Bri-
_-tish Force.— Proceedings in Bundelcund, under Colonel Powel—who defeats
the Enemy—the whole Province submits to the British Arms,—Capture of
the City of Agra by the main Army—and Fort.—Battle of Laswaree—
great Loss of the Enemy—and complete Destruction of the French Force
in LHindostan—enumeration of Operations i that Quarter—General Wel-
lesley’s continued Successes—Colonel Stevenson storms Asseer Ghur—
General Wellesley pursues aud harasses Bhoonsla.—Scindiah again offers to
treat—Truce concluded with that Chieftain.— Retreat of the Berar Rajah
to his own Territories.—General iVellesley gains the Battle of Argaum.—
Description of the Fortress of Gawrlghur—Siege thereof—brilliant Enter-
prize of the British Force in stofming it—taken—Rajah of Berar’s con-
sternation—negociates and concludes a Treaty of Peace with the British
Government—Conditions—as does Scindia—Conditions.—Glorious Termi-
_ nation of the War, and happy Consequences thereoj—Proceedings at Cal-
_ cutta—Lonours conferred on Generals Lake and Wellesley —Con-
clusion.

N information being conveyed
to major-general Wellesley,
then stationed with his force at
_ Walkee,’' within a short distance of
Ahmednughur (a strong fort be-
longing to Scindiah, abeut 8 miles

from Poonah), that the negociation
with the coniederated Mahratta
chieftains was broken off, he im-
mediately took the field, and two
days after (the 8th of August, 1803)
proceeded towards Ahmednughur*,

P4 the

* The division of general Wellesley’s force with him, was composed of

European.
- Cavalry 384
Infantry 1,368
4 p
ears, and 653 Madras pionecrs.

Native. Total,
1,347 1,731
5,651 6,999

Grand total 8,903 with 357 artillery las-

216

he fortified, town belonging to
which, was, on the same day, at-
tacked and carried by escalade. On
the 10th, batteries were opened
against the fort, and, on the 12th,
it surrendered at discretion. ‘The
possession of this fortress at once
secured the communication with
Poonah, and afforded a depdt for
supplies of provisions and military
stores. Immediately upon its cap-
ture, general Wellesley proceeded
to take possession of the distriéts
dependant thereon, yiclding an es-
timated annual revenue of 634,000
rupees, and placed them under the
management of a British officer.
General Wellesley then put a re-
spectable garrison into Ahmednug.
hur, and moved towards the Go-
davery river, which he crossed on
the 24th of August. On the 29th,
he arrived at Aurungabad.

In the mean time, the confederates
had entered the territories of the
nizam, by the Adjuntee Pass, with
a large body of cavalry, having
passed between colonel Stevenson’s
corps (which had moved eastward
towards the Badowly Ghaut) and
Aurungabad, and reached, unmo-
_ lested, a small fort called Jalna-
pore, the capital of a distriét of the
same name, about forty miles east
of Aurungabad ; but they no sooner
heard of general Wellesley having
entered that city, than they imme-
diately advanced to the southward
and eastward, with the intention, as
it was believed, of crossing the river
Godavery, and advancing to Hydra-
bad. In this projeét, however, the
enemy was frustrated by the judi-
cious movements of general Wel-
lesley, who continued to proceed
to the eastward, along its left bank,
which measure obliged him to return’

to Jalnapore, and afforded the Bri-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

tish commander means to cover two
valuable convoys in the road to the
army, from Moodgul.

Daring these operations, colonel
Stevenson returned from the east-
ward on the Ist of September, and
the next day attacked and stormed
the fort of Jalnapore, from whence
the enemy had previously retired to
the northward. For several suc
cessive days, this officer endeavoured
to force the confederates to a generak
action, but without success. His
Spirit and aétivity were, however,
amply rewarded on the ninth, in
the night of which he succeeded in
surprising and beating up their
camp.

The united chieftains now de-
termined on a change in their
operations, and moved northward
towards the Adjuntee Pass, near
which they were joined by a de-
tachment of regular infantry, under
the command of M. Pohlman, and
of M. Dupont, consisting of 16 bat-
talions, with a large and well-equip-
ped artillery, in the whole amount-
ing to 10,400 men. ‘The whole of
their force was now concentrated
between Bokerdun and Jaffierabad.

On the 2tst of September, the
divisions under general Wellesley,
and colonel Stevenson, being united
at Budnapore, it was determined
that they should move, separately,
towards the enemy, and attack him
on the morning of the 24th: with
this view, the two corps marched
on the 22d, colonel, Stevenson by
the western route, and general Wel-
lesley by that of the east, round
the hills between Budnapore and
Jalna. Early on the morning of
the 23d, the latter division reached
Naulnair, at which place intelli-
gence was received, that the com-
bined force of Scindia and Bhoonsla

wero

=

_ Assye.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

were encamped at about six miles
distance from the ground which

general Wellesley intended to oc-

cupy.

With that decision and prompti-
tude, which have ever distinguished
general Wellesley’s military ex-
ploits, he immediately determined
upon attacking the enemy, without
waiting for the junétion of colonel
Stevenson’s corps on the following
morning. Had he aéted otherwise,
the confederate chieftains, in pur-
suance of the defensive system they
had adopted, would probably have
withdrawn. their guns and infantry
in the course of the night of the
23d, and thus have eluded a general

-a¢tion, which was so much to be
desired. The measure of attack,
therefore, was directed by prudence
as well as courage.

Having provided for the security
of the baggage and stores, general
Wellesley moved on towards the
army of the confederates, which he

found encamped between, and along

the course of the two rivers Kaitna
and Juah, towards their junction.
Their line extended east and west
along the north bank of the Kaitna,
which was steep and rocky, and
impassable for guns, excepting close
to the villages. Their right, entirely
of cavalry, was posted near Boker-
dun, and extended quite to their
infantry, encamped in the neigh-
bourhood of the fortified village of
The British army had
marched 14 miles to Naulnair,
thence to the enemy’s camp was six ;
thus it was one o’clock in the
afternoon before it came in view of
the combined army of the confede-
rates.

Although general Wellesley’s line
of march brought him in front of
the right of the enemy, he deter.

217

mined on attacking its left, where
the infantry and guns were posted.
He, accordingly, moved round to
the left flank, covering the British
column of infantry by the British
cavalry in the rear, and by the My-
sore and the peishwa’s horse on the
right flank.

The British army crossed the Kait.
na, at aford beyond the enemy’s
left, and were immediately formed
in two lines of infantry, with the
British cavalry as a reserve in a
third, in an open space. between
theKaitna and the Juah, where these
rivers run nearly parallel. The
peishwa’s and the Mysore cavalry
were stationed to the southward of
the Kaitna, on the left flank of the
British troops, and kept in check a
large body of cavalry which had
followed, though at a_ respectful
distance, general Wellesley’s route
from the right of their own posi-
tion. The first line consisted of the
advanced pickets to the right, two
battalions of Sepoys, and the 78th
regiment ;—the second, of the 74th
regiment and two battalions of Se-
poys;—and ‘the third, of the 19th
dragoons, with three regiments of
native cavalry, the whole amount-
ing to about 4500 men. From the
most accurate calculation that could
be made, the enemy consisted of
between thirty and forty thousand,
of which a third was commanded
by European officers,) and a train
of more than one hundred pieces of
ordnance. Under this vast dispro-
portion of force, the engagement
began.

When the enemy discovered the
intention of attacking him on the
left, he changed the position of his
infantry and guns, from the line
along the Kaitna, and extended it
from that river across to the village

218

of Assye, on the right of the British
army: a second line was formed
nearly at right angles, to the rear
of the enemy’s first line, with its
left towards the village of Assye,
and its rear to the Juah river, along
the bank of which it extended in
@ westerly direction from Assye.
General’ Wellesley immediately
attacked, and the British troops
advanced under a heavy fire from
the enemy’s guns, the execution of
which was terrible. ‘The British
artillery had opened upon the enc-
my at the distance of 400 yards,

_but finding that it produced little or

no effect, and that it could not ad-
vance on account of the number of
men and bullocks that wore disabled,
general Wellesley ordered the whole
line to move on, leaving the guns
behind: at the same time colonel
Maxwell, with the British cavalry,
was ordered to cover the right of
the infantry as it advanced. By
this prompt and spirited movement,
the enemy was compelled to fall
back on the second line, in front of
the Juah. In the advancing, the
right of the British first and second
lines suffered severely from the fire
of the guns on the left of the ene-
my’s position near Assye. The 74th
regiment was so thinned by the
dreadful cannonade, that a body of
the enemy’s cavalry was tempted to
eliarge it; but was charged in turn,
by colonel Maxwell, and pushed,
with great slaughter, into the Juah
river. At length, the steady ad-
vance of the British treops com-
pletely over-awing the enemy’s line,
it gave way in every direction,
and. the British cavalry, who had
crossed to the northward of the Juah

* In which the gallant colonel Maxwell was slain.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

river, charged the fugitives along
its bank with the greatest effect.
At this moment several of the ene-

my’s guns, which had been carried,

Dut coulil not be secured on adeeant

of the weakness of general Welles-
ley’s army, were turned against his
rear by individuals who had been
passed by the British line, under
the supposition that they were dead,
and who had availed themselves of
this artifice, (of throwing themselves |
upon the ground, often praétised—
by the native troops of India,) |
to continue, for some time, a very
heavy’ fire; nor could it be stop-
ped till the commander in chief
took the 78th regiment and the 7th
of native cavalry, to effect this ob-
ject. In'this operation the general
had his horse shot under him. The
enemy’s cavalry also still conti-
nued unbroken. Just then a part
of the enemy’s infantry, which had
again formed, on a charge of the
British cavalry,* gave way, and re-
treated, leaving 1200 men dead on
the field of battle, the whole coun-
try covered with the wounded, and
in the possession of the viétors 98
pieces oficannon, their camp equi-
page, seven standards, a great num-
ber of bullocks and camels, and
a quantity of stores and ammu-
nition,

The loss to the British army was,
on this occasion, very severe, it
amounting to about 600 killed and
1500 wounded. The action conti-
nued for more than three hours,
during which the enemy’s infantry
fought with the most determined
courage, and their artillery was serv-
ed with the utmost precision, steadi-
ness, and effect. Throughout the

For the official report of

this memorable victory, see our volume for 1803, p, 556,

whole

whole of this severe and brilliant
action, the conduct of general Wel-
lesley evinced a degree of ability,
prudence, and undaunted bravery,
seldom equalled and never surpassed ;
while the exemplary order, firmness,
and alacrity of the troops under his
command, compelled an enemy of
more than six times its number, to
fly before them, and abandon the
whole of their guns, stores, and am-
munition to the conquerors.
Colonel Stevenson with the corps
under his command, from several
oreseen impediments, did not join
general Wellesley till the evening of
the day of battle; and was immedi-
ly dispatched in pursuit of the
ing enemy.
~ On the 8th of Oétober, general
Wellesley received a letter from one
of Scindiah’s ministers, requesting
that he would dispatch a British of-
ficer to the enemy’s camp, to open
a negociation for peace; with which
the British general refused to com-
ply, as the letter had no direét re-
ference to the authority of either of
the confederate chieftains ; and be-
cause the presence of a British offi-
eer in the camp of the confederates,
would, at that juncture, raise the.
§pirit of their troops, and prevent
their dispersion, as it might be re-
presented by the enemy to be an
attempt of the British government
tos for peace: at the same time
he expressed his willingness to re.
Ceive, with every mark of honour
: respect, any person duly em-
owered by the direét authority of
indiah, or the rajah of Berar, to
terms of peace to the allied

owers.
an

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

219

The confederates, with the re-
mains of their broken army, now
moved to the westward, along the
banks of the Taptee, with a view
to take the route towards Poonah ;
in consequence of which, general
Wellesley determined not to de-
scend the Adjuntee Ghaut, but to
regulate his movements by those of
the enemy. But colonel Stevenson
was direéted by him to continue his
route to Boorhampore, and Asseer-

-ghur, the latter a hill fort of great

strength, and denominated the key
of the Deccan.

While general Wellesley was thus
engaged, the most severe blows
were received by the confederate
chieftains, from the successes of the
other divisions of the British force,
in their operations against the pro-
vinces of Guzerat on the western,
and of Cuttack, on the eastern side
of the Indian peninsula.

In conformity to the general plan
of the campaign, a proportion of the
Bombay army had marched to the
Guzerat, whence lieut.-col. Wood-
ington, with a strong detachment,
consisting of the 96th regiment and
a proportion of European artillery
and native infantry, marched on the
2ist of August from Baroda, and
arrived before Baroach on, the 23d,
of which fort the investment imme-
diately took place. A breach was
reported to be praéticable on the
29th,* and the assault was given at
three o'clock in the afternoon. The
enemy opposed a vigorous resistance
to the attack of the storming party,
but were soon compelled to retreat,
and to abandon the fort, which was
carried with inconsiderable loss on

2* The fort of Baroach was stormed and carried on the 29th of August, the day
which general Lake, at the distance of 600 miles, attacked and compelled
Perron’s forces'to quit the field of battle, at Coel,

the

-

220

the part of the assailants; that of
the enemy was nearly 600 in killed
and wounded. Together with the
town and fort of Baroach, the cap-
tors obtained possession of the dis-
triét of that name, which yields an
annual revenue of eleven lacks of
rupees. After this important ser-
vice, colonet Woodington proceed-
ed to reduce the distriét of Cham:
paneer, the only territory remain-
ing to Scindiah in the province, Lit-
tle difficulty ensued in the aceom-
plishment of this design, and the
judgment, spirit, and courage dis.
played by the Bombay army in the
Guzerat, at the same time that it
bereft the enemy of the whole of his
possessions in that province, reflect-
ed the highest honour on its state
of discipline, and its gallant leader.

Nor was the progress of the Bri-
tish arms in the province of Cut-
tack less distinguished by merit or
success. The total number of
troops destined for the reduction of
this province, amounted to 4916
men, of which number 3041 formed
the main body, which was to ad-
vance from Ganjam, under the com-
mand of lieut.-col. Harcourt, of the
12th regiment of foot, and who
was appointed to the general com-
mand of all the forces employed up-
on this service, (colonel Campbell,
for whom it was originally designed,
being incapacitated by illness from
assuming it.) Iive hundred Bengal
native volunteers were on their way,
under captain Dick, to reinforce
colonel Harcourt. A second de-
tachment of 521 native volunteers,
four field pieces, and a proportion
of artillery-men and stores, were to
embark from Calcutta, under cap-
tain Morgan, on the 13th of Sep-
tember, and to occupy Balasore, a

place belonging to the rajah of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Berar, situated on the coast of the
bay of that name, and distant about
25 miles from the river Subanreeka,
which forms in that quarter the
barrier between the British terri-
tories and the province of Cuttack.
Kight hundred and fifty four men
were placed under the command of
lieut.-col. Ferguson, at Jelasore,
a town situated on the English side
of the Subanreeka, 20 miles from
the sea; and was designed to form
a junction with the force at Bala-
sore, when the state of the interme-
diate country, and the progress of
the main division from Ganjam,
should afford a favourable oppor-
tunity; and 1300, of which 800
were Sepoys, and 500 Bengal na-
tive volunteers, remained at Mid.
napore, a military station in the
British dominions, 45 miles north
of Balasore, to supply the troops
at Balasore and Jeljasore, and at
the same time to protect the com-
pany’s territories against the incur-

sions of the rajah of Berar’s preda-

tory cavalry.

On the 14th of September, the
troops under the command of colo-
nel Harcourt, took possession of
Munick patam, a town in the Bhoon-
sla’s ‘territory, and on the 18th,
encamped at Jaggernaut, where the
Bramins of the celebrated pagoda at
that place, put it under British pro.
tection. After leaving Jaggernaut,
colonel Ijarcourt received kittle mo.
Jestation en his rout, from the ene-
my’s troops, and he took possession
of Cuttack without any opposition.
The detachment under capt. Morgan
was equally successful at Balasore
and Sooring, a post 20 miles to the
southward of that town, both
places being taken possession of
with little or no loss, on the 21st of
September, and the Ist of riage

Q-

‘7

|

‘

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Colonel Fergusson with his reserve,
moved from Jelasore on the 23d of
September, reached Balasore on the
4th of Oéober, and on the 10th,
proceeded to the southward, to
form 2 junétion with colonel Har-
court.

The storming and capture of the
fort of Barabuttee, was the last ex-
ploit of colonel Harcourt in the
Cuttack. This fort is of strength,
and has only one entrarce by a nar-
row bridge, leading over a wet ditch
20 feet in depth, and varying in
breadth according to the situation
of the bastions, from 35 to 135
feet. On the morning of the 14th

_ of October, a battery of one 12

pounder, 2 howitzers, and 2 six

‘pounders, opened its fire upon the

fort, about 500 yards from its out-
ward gate; by eleven o’clock in
the forenoon, the enemy’s guns were
silenced, and most of their defences
on the south face were destroyed,
where they now promised well for

an assault, and lieutenant colonel

Clayton was ordered to storm the
fort. The party sent on this ser-
vice, in passing the bridge, were ex-
posed to a heavy but ill directed
fire of musketry, and forty mi-
nutes elapsed before it succeed-

‘ed in blowing open the wicket,

the remaining part of the gate being
strengthened with great masses of

stone; having forced this obstacle,

although obliged to enter singly,
aud experiencing considerable resis-
tance in forcing 2 other gates, the
British troops were completely vic-
torious, and obtained possession of
the fort, which was immediately
abandoned by the enemy, whose
loss was cousiderable. This suc-
cess, brought with it the whole pro-
vince of Cuttack under the British

121

dominion, an object, the value of
which we have already stated, but
which was considerably enhanced
by having taken place at such a mo-
mentous period of the war. By
this conquest, the communication
betwéen the supreme government at
Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, general
Wellesley, and the residents at Poo-
nah, and Hydrabad was opened ;
and the whole line of coast from the
mouth of the Hooghly, to Pondi-
cherry, under the protection of a
British flag, presented a hostile front
to the fleets of France, with which
country the war had just been re-
newed in India.

Having thus brought into one
point of view all the transactions
connected with the military opera-
tions against the confederated ar-
mies in the Deccan, and those in the
provinces of Guzerat, in the western,
and Cuttack on the eastern side of
India, it will now be our pleasing
task to revert to the transactions in
the northern Hindostan, and to ex-
hibit the result of the operations en-
trusted to the personal direétion
and command of general Lake, the
chief in command of the British
troops in the peninsala. The vari-
ety and importance of the objects
to which that great officer’s exerti-
ous were to be exclusively direéted,
both in a military and political point
of view, induced the governor-ge-
neral to invest him with full dis-
cretionary powers, to conclude upon
the spot, whatever arrangements
might appear to be necessary for the
accomplishment of that plan of
operations, with the execution of
which he was entrusted.

Vested with this high authority,
the commander in chief moved from
the station at Cawnpore, on the 7th

of

-

122

of August, 1803, and arrived in the
neighbourhood of Coel,* with the
main body of the Bengal army on
the 28th. On his march thither, he
reccived advices from the British ple-
nipotentiary to Scindiah, informing
him of the rupture with that chief,
by the termination of the negotia-
tion: on this intelligence, general
Lake considered himself warranted,
as wellas from the tenor of the go-
vernor general’s instructions, to en-
ter the territories of that chieftain,
on the 29th, in order to attack M.
Perron’s army, then encamped at a
short distance from the fortress of
Ally Ghur. This position of the
enemy, was particularly advantage.
ous. His front was completely
covered by an extensive swamp,
which, in some parts is not forda-
ble ;—his right was protected by
the fort of Ally Ghur, and his left
by some villages, occupied by par-
ties of his troops. MM. Perron’s
force was estimated at about 15,000
horse, of which from four to five
thousand were regular cavalry.
General Lake having determined
on turning the left flank of M. Per-
ron’s force, the British troops were
formed into two lines, and advyanc-
ed to the attack supported by the
imfantry in three and four lines, as
the confined nature of the ground
would admit. The excellent front
displayed by the British cavalry,
and the determined countenance of
the whole army, so completely over-
awed M. Perron and his troops,
that they retreated with such rapi-
dity, as to preclude the possibility
of charging them with any effect.
This precipitate retreat, although at
the moment, a source of vexation
and disappointment to the com-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

mander in chief, was yet, in its cons

sequences, eminently beneficial to
the British interests, as M. Perron’s
military reputation received a shock
from the events of that day, which

it never recovered, and which was —
eventually, the cause of the loss to ©

hin, of the confidence of his troops ;
the defection of many of his best
officers ; and finally, of the disor-
ganization and: dispersion of the
French corps in India: at the same
time that the reputation of the

British troops, and of their undoubt- —

ed superiority, increased in the same
proportion, in the opinion of the

native powers as that of M. Perron

and his boasted troops had diminish-
ed. H
The commander in chief, in con-

sequence of the action, being in ~

possession of Coel, encamped to the
northward, between_that town and
the fort of Ally Ghur, to the re-
duction of which he
ately applied himself. This place,
one of the strongest in India, has
singular advantages ; it has a broad
and deep ditch, with a fine glacis,
and the country being, for a mile
round, perfectly levelled, is exposed
in every direction to itgyguns. It
has only one entrance, which is very
intricate, and over a narrow cause-
way, under which the enemy had
commenced mining; but fortunate-
ly had omitted to construct a draw-
bridge, and thus the assailants were
enabled to pass the ditch on the
causeway, and immediately to attack
the body of the place. General
Lake having made many attempts
to induce the governor M. Pedron,
to surrender, but in vain, ordered a
storming party, under the command
of the honourable colonel Monson,

* A town situated in Scindiah’s territory in the Douab.

immedi- ~

sae

ee ee en a

ee”

ee ee ee ee ee eee

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

on the morning of the 4th of Sep-
tember.

_ Colonel Monson conducted the
attack with the utmost degree of
gallantry and judgment. His party
moved on at half past four o’clock,
under cover of a heavy fire from the
British batteries, and arrived within
one hundred yards of the fort, be-
fore it was discovered. As soon,
however, as colonel Monson saw he
was perceived, he endeavoured, by
pushing on with the two Hank com-
panies of the 76th, to enter the fort,
along with the guard stationed out-
side its gates behind a strong breast-
work, which covered the entrance.
The colonel succeeded in passing the
breast-work, but found the first
gate shut: two ladders were imme-
diately applied, on which major
M‘Leod, of the 76th regiment, and
two grenadiers, attempted to mount,
hut they were forced to desist, by a
most formidable row of pike-men,
who menaced every assailant with
@er(ain destrpétion. A twelve-
pounder was then brought up, but
some time elapsed before it could be
placed opposite to the gate, whith
was situated in an inconvenient di-
rection, near the flank of a bastion.
Four or five discharges took place
before any efleét was produced,

- during which time (ncarly twenty
minutes) the storming party were
_ exposed to a most severe aud rak-
ing fire of grape, wall-pieces, and

-matchlocks. ‘The principal loss was

here sustained. Colonel Monson

was wounded by a pike, fired, it is
supposed, from a gun; at the spot
also fell four grenadier officers, the

_ adjatant of the 76th regiment, and
lieutenant Turton, of the 4th native
infantry. As soon as the first gate
_ was blown open, the troops ad-
Wanced, in a circular dire(tion,

‘

:
223

round a strong bastion of masonry,
along a narrow road, and through
two gate-ways, whiclt were easily
forced, to a fourth gate-way, lead-
ing into the body of the place ; dur-
ing which time they were much an-
noyed by a heavy cross fire in every
direGtion. It was some time, at-
tended with great difficulty and
danger, before the twelve-pounder
could be brought up, and when it
arrived, the gate could not be
forced. Upon this occasion, the
personal gallantry of major M‘Leed
was again conspicuous. In defiance
of all opposition, he burst open the
wicket, and the party entered the
fort with resistiess impetuosity, and
soon compelled the enemy to sub.
mit. The commandant, M. Pedron,
was here taken prisoner, and some
part of the garrison surrendered 5
but far the greater proportion en-
deavouring, as is usual in India, to
escape in every direction, numbers
leaped into the ditch, and were
drowned. This affair, which was
as brilliant as decisive, lasted more
than an hour, the besieged having,
during that time, offered a mest
galiant and vigorous defence. Their
loss was very great, amounting, in
killed alone, to more than 2,000.—
The fall of Ally Ghur was a cireum- .
stance of considerable importance
to the future prosecution of the
war; it was the usual place of resi-
dence of M. Perron, and the grand
depot of his warlike stores, a consi-
derable quantity of which, and some
tumbrils of treasure, fell into the
hands of the capters. The fatter
was divided, on the spot, among
the storming party, as the reward of
their bravery. General Lake hav-
ing garrisoned the fort, and applied
a draw-bridge to the gate-way, the
place’may now be considered as im-
pregnahle,

224
pregnable to any native power. On
the 7th of September, M. Perron
applied to the commander in chief
for permission to proceed, with his
family and property, to Lucknow,
under British proteétion ; he added,
that he had resigned his command in
Scindiah’s army. This measure was
probably in part owing to the sur-
render of Ally Ghur, but M. Perron
himself assigned, as his motive, that
he was about to be superseded by
Scindiah, and that the defecture,
treachery, and ingratitude of his
European officers, had convinced
him, that further resistance to the
British arms was useless and ineffec-
tual. General Lake complied with
M. Perron’s request, and he was
conduéied (escorted by the general’s
own body-guard) to Lucknow,
where, and upon his route, he was
treated with every mark of respect
and honour,

On the following day, the army
advanced to Koorjah, a fort of some
strength, about 30 miles from Ally
Ghur, and which had been evacu-
ated by its garrison, on intelligence
being received of the fall of that
fortress. It was here that the com-
mander in chief received advice of
the surrender of Jieutenant-colonel
Conyngham, with five companies of
Sepoys, and one gun, to a nume-
rous body of the enemy’s cavalry,
commanded by M. Fleury, (a
Frenchman) at Shekoabad. This
little force had only capitulated, af-
ter repeated attacks from a body far
more numerous, and after having
expended its ammunition. To coun-
teraét the impression which this un-
pleasant affair, (slight as the loss was
in reality,) might make upon the
mind of the enemy, the commander
in chicf immediately detached a
strong body of cavalry, and a bri-

1

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

gade of infantry, to beat up M.
Fleury’s quarters ; but before these

detachments could effect a junétion

with colonel Vandeleur, (with whom
they were to have co-operated,) at
Futty Ghur, the enemy had re-
crossed the Jumna, and afterwards
dispersed.

The main army, under general
Lake, reached Secundra on the 9th
of September; on the morning of
the 10th, it made a short march to
the westward, and on that of the
1ith, reached its ground of encamp-
ment near the Jehna Nullah, about
six miles from the city of Delhi. On
the march, intelligence was received
that Scindiah’s force, under M. Louis
Bourquien, (who had succeeded M.
Perron) to the number of 13,000
regular infantry, 6,000 horse, and
a considerabje train of ordnance,
had crossed the Jumna in the night,
for the purpose of attacking the
British army.

The troops, much fatigued with
a march of eighteen miles, had
scarcely time to pitch their tents,
when the enemy appeared in such
strength, in front, as obliged the
commander in chief to order the
grand guard and advanced picquets
to turn ont, while he proceeded in
person to reconnoitre with the whole
of the cavalry, (three regiments)
and found the enemy drawn up in
order of battle, and in full force.
Their position was taken very judi-
ciously on rising ground, each flank
covered by a swamp, beyond which
their cavalry was posted: their nu-
merous artillery covered the front,
which was further protected by a
line of intrenchments, nor could
they be attacked in any other direc-
tion. As the British cavalry ad.
vanced, the enemy began a most
heavy and destractive cannonade.

At

'

HISTORY OF EUROPE. |

At this moment orders were sent to
the camp, to order up the infantry
and artillery ; upon receiving which,
the line was dire¢ted to fall in, and
move to the front, by columns of
grand divisions from each battalion,
while the camp was left standing
under the protection of the advanced
-picquets, and a part of the 17th re-
giment of native infantry. The
whole of the British troops who
could be brought into aétion on this
ever-memorable day amounted to
about 4,500, of which number, the
27th of dragoons, the 76th of foot,
and the artillery, were European
alone.

Notwithstanding the alacrity and
expedition with which the British
troops were got under arms, an

hour elapsed before the infantry
could join the cavalry, who were
advanced two miles in front, and
had already suffered.a considerable
loss both in men and horses: during
this interyal the commander in chief's
horse was shot under him.

Finding that it would be difficult
to defeat the enemy in their present
strong position, general Lake, with
‘the most consummate judgment, de-

_ termined on a feint, to cause them
to quit their intrenchments, and ad-
vance on the plain. With this view
the British cavalry was ordered to

‘retire, both for the purpose of

drawing the enemy into a pursuit,
‘and to cover the advance of the in-
fantry. This movement was per-
formed with the greatest order and
steadiness, until the moment when a
_junétion was formed with the infan-
try, which, on a suflicient interval
being left for that purpose, advanced

valry, who had now faced about,
being in a second, about forty yards
in the rear of the right wing: the
* Vor. XLVI.

225

whole of the British force then ad-
vanced towards the enemy, the gal-
lant commander in chief leading it,
at the head of the 76th regiment.
As soon as the cavalry began to
retire, the enemy, conceiving this
movement to be a real retreat, im-
mediately quitted their strong posi-
tion, and advanced with the whole
of their guns, shouting, and display
ing every confidence in their future
triumph. They halted, however,
on the unexpected and steady ad-
vance of the British infantry, and
then commenced a tremendous fire
of round, grape, and chain-shot,
which did terrible execution. In the
mean while, the British line, led by
general Lake, with undaunted bra-
very and the utmost coolness, with-
out taking their muskets from their
shoulders, moved on towards the
enemy, until within a hundred paces
of their line, which then commenced
a general discharge of grape-shot
from all their artillery. Orders were
instantly given to charge the enemy
with bayonets: the whole British
line fired a volley, and; with their
illustrious commander in chief at
their head, rushed on with such im-
petuosity, as to force their opponents
to give way, and fly in every direc-
tion. Assoon as the British troops
halted, after the charge, general
Lake, with his accustomed judg-
ment, ordered the line to break into
columns of companies, to allow the
cavalry to charge through the inter-
vals with their galloper-guns, which
completed the victory. The enemy
was pursued to the banks of the
Jumna, and vast’ numbers were
driven into the river. While these
operations took place on the right,
those on the left, under major-gene-
rat St. John, were equally success-
ful. The enemy left the whole of
Q—Z their

426
their artillery, 68 pieces of ord-
nance, and 37 tumbrels laden with
ainmunition, in our possession: 24
tumbrels blew up during the action,
exclusive of which, many were lost
in the Jehna Nulla, and in the
Jumna. ‘Two.tumbrils, containing
treasure, were also taken on the field
of battle. The loss of the enemy
was estimated at 3,000 men, nearly
equal to three-fourths of the whole
British army !

This celebrated action was fought
within sight of the minarets of the
éity of Delhi, from which it is usu-
ally designated. During its conti-
nuance, it displayed to the greatest
advantage the judgment and gallan-
try of the commander in chief, and
the steadiness and valour of the Bri-
tish troops, who, om this glorious
occasion, were seventeen hours un«
der arms.

On the following day, the whole
army encamped close to the Jumna
opposite to the city” of Delhi.
On the 14th of September it began
to cross the river: that day, [M.
Bourquien, who commanded the
enemy’s forces in. the Jate action,
and four other French officers, sur-
rendered themselves prisoners to ge-
neral Lake; and on the 16th, the
commander in chief paid his first
visit to the unfortunate Shah Aulum,
in Delhi, to congratulate his majesty
on his release from the degrading
bondage in which he had been so
ong held by the French fa¢tion.—
Immediately after the battle of the
12th, that sovereign had seut to the
commander in chief, to express his
earnest desire of placing his person
and authority under the proteétion
of the British government, and had
now directed his eldest son and heir
apparent, the prince Mirza Akbar
Shah, to conduct geaeral Lake to

¢

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

his presence. The prince arrived at
the camp at half- past three in the
afternoon, when the cavalcade was
formed, and proceeded to the city
of Delhi, where it arrived about
sun-set.. The streets of the city
were crowded to such a degree, that
it was with difliculty the procession
could make its way to the palace ;
and even there fresh obstacles awaits
ed the cavalcade, from the numbers
of people who thronged its various
courts, eager to witness the deliver-
ance of their sovereign, and to hait
with transport the generous victors.

At length the British chief was
ushered into the royal presence, and
found the unfortunate and venerable
emperor, the descendant and repre
sentative of the Tamerlancs, the ~
Akhbars, and the Aurungzebes, op-
pressed by the accumulated calami-
ties of old age, degraded authority,
extreme poverty, and loss of sight !
His majesty was seated under a ca-
nopy, scanty and tattered ; all that
rémained to him of his former state,
with every external appearance of
wretchedness and misery !

It was the immediate obje@ of
general Lake, with united tender.
ness and respect, to sooth and coms
fort the royal sufferer; to assure
him of the future proteétion of the
British government, which would
immediately employ itself in the for-
nration of a permanent arrangement,
for the future maintenance of the
dignity and comfort of his imperial
majesty, and of the royal family ; and
that the nobility and great officers
of state at his capital, (whose
fortunes had been destroyed by the
usurpation of Scindiah, and the ra-
pacity of the French adventurers, )
should be restored to their posses
sions and revenues,

It is impossible to describe the

im:

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

impression which the conduét of the
commander in chief, on this interest-
ing occasion, made on the minds of
the inhabitants of Delhi, and of all
~ the mussulmans in India, who have
been made acquainted with the trans-
actions of the memorable 16th of
September, 1803. in the meta-
phorical language of the east, the
native news wyiters who describe
_ this extraordinary scene, have not
scrupled to declare that his majesty
Shah Aulum received his sight from
excess of joy. In addition to many
other marks of the royal gratitude
and favour, the emperor bestowed
upon his deliverer, the second title

__ in the empire.*
_ The result of general Lake’s ope-
rations, equally judicious and spirit.
ed at Coel, Ally Ghur, and Delhi,
_ were highly beneficial to the British
interests in India. While the French
officers, deprived of influence and
authority, became the objeéts of
_ the just indignation of the country
_ they had so long enslaved, and
_ found their best safety in the gene-
_ rosity and proteétion of the viéiors,
whose humane condué and order-
ly deportment caused them to
be regarded universally through-
out the conquered provinces, as
_ friends and deliverers. But these
_ victories, great and important as
_ they certainly were, would have lost
half their lestre, and all their effect,
_ did they not serve to enable the go-
_ vernor-general the more effectually
to extend his wise, just, and liberal

system of policy, over so greata por-

’ tion of the Indian peninsula. Already
advantageously known throughout
Asiaas the restorer of theancient roy-

__ al house of the Mysorean dominion ;

A

fomar.”

27
his raising from the dust the venerable
and unfortunate Mogul emperor, to
enjoy, in his latter days, those com-
forts and even necessaries of which
he had so long suffered the priva~
tion, and the dispersion or subjuga-
tion of the enslavers of that sove-
reign, established the reputation

‘for valour, clemency, and justice

of the British government throughout
the East. Its triumphs brought no
terror, save to the tyrant:—and its
alliance and friendship were consi-
dered by the native powers as the,
surest pledges, to their several states,
of happiness and tranquillity. Con-
sidering these eyents’ also in a view
purely political, it will be remem-
bered, that by their operation, the
Mogul emperor being now firmly
restored to his funétions, and un-
der the protection of the British go-
vernment, no other power could
now avail itself of the weight and
influence which his name must ever
possess amongst the Mahometan in-
habitants of Hindostan. :

The commander ‘in chief having
made the necessary ‘arrangements,
at once for the security of Delhi
and the preservation to the emperor
of those blessings of peace and inde-
pendence to which he had been re- |
stored, proceeded in pursuit of the
enemy towards Agra.

During these transaétions, the
force under colonel Powel, station-
ed near Allahabad, had formed
ajeaction with the cavalry of the
peishwa, commanded by Himmut
Bahader, his principal officer in the
province of Bundelcund. This unit.
ed army, amounting to near 17,000
men, reached the banks of the ri-
ver Cane, on the 10th of October,

_ _.* The Persian titles conferred on general Lake are in English, “ The sword
of the state, the hero of the land, the lord of the age, and the victorious in

and

Oe as

098

Faleeal

ANNUAL R

and found the enemy’s troops in
considerable force, encamped on
the other side, under the command
of Shumshere Bahadur, who though
in faét an officer of the peishwa,
had, from the weakness of the court
of Poonah, succeeded in making
himself nearly independent in Bun-
delcund. Afier some petty successes,
col. Powell crossed the Cane on the
12th, and having succeeded in forc-
ing the enemy to a general engage-
ment, entirely defeated them after
a short though sharp contest. In
consequence of this event the whele
province was freed from the armies
of Shumshere Bahadur, and the nu-
merous inhabitants of that valuable
. district became the warm friends
and supporters of the British cause.

On the 2nd of Oétober general
Lake reached the city of Mathura
(or Muttra), where he joined col.
Vandeleur, who had occupied it
with his detachment.* ‘Fo the latter,
some few days before, M. Doder-
naiguc aud two other French officers
(who had been detached by Scindiah
at the head of some regular batta-
Tions, to reinforce M. Perron in
July), surrendered themselves pri-
soners. At Mathura also colonel

Vandcleur had possessed himself of

one of M. Perron’s principal foun-
deries for casting cangon.

In two days, the whole army
reached Agra, which was immedi-

ately summoned to surrender, but’

no answer was returned, owing, as
it afterwards appeared, to the dis-
trust which the garrison had con-
ceived of their Kuropean officers,
whom they had put into close con-
finement. On a nearer view of the
defences of the place, it was found

REGISTER,

1804.

that seven baitalions of the. enemy’s
regular infantry, with some ord-

nance, were encamped on the out- .

side of the fort, and occupied the
town and the principal mosque of
Agra, as well as some ravines which
led through broken ground, from
the British camp to the ditch, on
the south side of the fort, and to
the Delhi gateway. ‘These ravines
genera! Lake determined to seize,
and to dislodge the enemy from the
town, before he proceeded further
against the fortress. Accordingly,
after a long and severe contest on
the morning of the 10th of Oétober,
both these objeéts were attained,
although with considerable Joss in
men and officers. ‘The enemy were
entirely defeated, having six hur
dred men killed, and losing twenty-
six guns with several tumbrils. of
ammunition. The ‘remainder of
their battalions, to the number of
2,500, agreed to surrender to gene-
ral Lake; and marched into the
British camp, prisoners of war on
the following morning. Aftersome
insidious attempts of the, garrison
in the fort to protraét the period of
negociation, and its treacherously
firing upon the British force, while it
was adtually depending,general Lake
determined upon taking the place
by storm: accordingly the breaching
batteries were opened on the morn.
ing of the 17th, and considerable
impression being made on the walls

in the course of the day, the fort

capitulated in the evening. At noon
on the day following the garrison,
consisting of 5000 men, marched
out, and the place was immediately
occupied by the British troops.—
An immense quantity of ammuni-.

_* Composed of the 8th and 29th regiments of dragoons, the 1st and 4th of na-
tive eavalry, three battalions and five companics of native infantry.

tion

ar ee oe

-

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

tion and stores, and many guns
were found in the fortress, together

_with tumbrils containing treasure, to

the value of twenty-four lacks of ru-
pees.* By this important conquest,
that of Delhi, and of Mathura, one
of the great proposed objects ef ge-
neral Lake’s operations was com-
pletely obtained, namely, of securing
the navigation of the river Jumna,
by a line of posts along its banks,
and the co-operation and alliance
of the independent chieftains in that
quarter.

The attentiou of the commander
in chief was now directed towards
the pursuit of a force of the enemy,
composed of 15 of M. Perron’s re-
gular battalions, (those which form-
ed the detachment under M. Doder-
naigue) and of two which had es-
caped from the battle of Delhi, with
a numerous and well-appointed train
of artillery. This powerful body,
during the siege of Agra, occupied
a position about 30 miles in the rear
of the British army, and it was now
supposed that its object was to at-
tempt the recovery of the important
post of Delhi. ‘To frustrate this
design, and to destroy so formidable
a force, general Lake moved from
Agra on the 27th of October, and
on the 29th, took up his ground on
the north-west,of Futtypore Sikree.

On the 30th, the army made a march |

of twenty miles, leaving their guns
and baggage behind, properly pro-
tected, in order to gain upon the
enemy. On the next day, another
march of 20 miles was made, and the
#ommander in chief encamped near-
Jy on the ground which the enemy
had quitted in the morning. | Ani-
mated to the greatest exertion by

299

this intelligence, the pursuit became
now much more eager, and gene-
ral Lake determined to push on the
whole of the cavalry, in the hope
of delaying the enemy by a light
engagement, until the British in-
fantry should come up; and also to
take advantage of any confusion
which might arise in the attack up-
on the enemy’s guns and baggage.
With these views, the commander
in chief, with the cavalry, proceeded
in the pursuit at 12 o'clock the same
night, and having marched a distance
of 25 miles in little more than six
hours, came up with the enemy
about seyen o’clock ‘the following
morning, whose force amounted to
about nine thousand regular infan-
try, seventy-two guns, aud from
four to. five thousand horse, Pre-
viously to this extraordinary march,
the infantry were ordered to follow
at three o’clock in the morning.
Vien the British troops reached
the enemy, the latter appeared to be
retreating in such confusion, that
general Lake was induced to try the
effect of an attack with cavalry
alone. The enemy, however, whose
operations were concealed by the
clouds of dust, raised by the move-
ment of so large a body of horse,
succeeded in preventing for a period
its rapid ady ance, by cutting through
a large reservoir of water, and thus
rendering the road nearl} impassa-
ble. In: consequence of which de-
lay, they were enabled to take up a
most advantageous position, having
their right in front of the village of
Laswaree, and thrown back upon a
rivulet, whose banks were steepand
difficult of access ; their left upon the
village of Mohaulpore, and their

* About 20,0001, the well-earned reward of.the activity and courage of the

army ‘

whole

Q3

230

and protected by a powerful line of
artillery. Unaware of this change
in the enemy’s disposition, General
Lake, therefore, proceeded in his
original intention, and directed the
advanced guard, and the Ist brigade
of cavalry, to move upon the point
where the enemy had beén observed
in motion, but which proved to be
the left of their new position. The
remainder of the cavalry was order-
ed to attack in succession, as soon
as they could form after passing the
rivulet.

In consequence of this order,
colonel Vandeleur, and major Grif-
fiths, at the head of their corps,
made a charge with the utmost
‘gallantry and effect. The enemy’s
Jine was forced, and the cavalry pe-
netrated into the village, and cap.
tured several guns; the successive

attacks of the other brigades of ca--

valry, were conducted with the same
spirit and equal success. But, the
fire from the enemy’s remaining ar-
tillery was so galling, that it was
found prudent to withdraw the ca-
valry out of its reach ; which was
effected with perfect order and
steadiness} some of the enemy’s ord-
nance still remaining im its posses-
sion. ‘The death of colonel Vande-
leur, upon this occasion, was very
justly deplored, as that of a most
brave, accomplished, and merito-
rious officer.

About noon on this ever-memo-
rable day, the British infantry ar-
rived (after a dreadfully fatiguing
march of twenty-five miles) on the
banks of the rivulet. As rest and
refreshment was absolutely neces-

sary, during the time that they halt-

ed for this purpose, the enemy sent
a message to the ‘tommander-in-
chief, offering to surrender their

ANNUAL REGISTER,

whole front concealed by high grass, -

1804.

guns on certain conditiens. Anx.'
ious to prevent the effusion of blood,
general Lake directed a reply to be,
written, in which he acquiesced to
the proposition, but limited them to
one hour to execate its terms. In
the mean while the following dispo-
sition of the whole force was made
for a general attack, should the ene-
my allow. the prescribed time to
elapse.

The British infantry was formed
into two columns on the left; the
first, composed of the right wing,
under major-general Ware, was des-
tined to assault the village of Mo.
haulpore, and to tun the enemy’s
right flank, which, since the morn-
ing had been thrown back, leaving
a considerable space bebwesth it and
the rivulet. The second, under ma-
jor-general St. John, was ordered
to support the first column. The
third brigade of cavalry, under co~
lone] Macan, was directed to sup-
port the infantry ; lieutenant-colo-
nel Vaudeleur, with the second,
was detached to the right of the Bri.
tish army, to watch the enemy’s
left, to avail himself of any confu-
sion in their line, and to attack them
should they retreat. ‘The first bri.
gade of cavalry, under lientenant-
colonel Gordon, composed the re-~
serve, and was formed between the
second and third brigades. As ma-
ny of the field-pieces as could be
brought up, and the galloper guns,
formed four different batteries to
support the attack. It must here
be observed, that since the morning
the enemy had formed their infantry |
into ‘two lines, with their right
thrown back, the first line to the
eastward, and covering Mohaul-
poor, and the second to the west- _
ward of that village. :

At the expiration of the time ©
: which

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

which general Lake had allowed
the enemy, no reply having been
received, the British infantry ad-
“vanced to the attack, moving along
the bank of the rivulet, through
high grass and broken ground,
which afforded some cover. As soon
as it became exposed to the enemy’s
guns, the four British batteries
‘commenced. their fire, and conti-
nued to advance, notwithstanding
the vast superiority of the enemy’s
artillery. The cannonade on both
sides was extremely severe, and
maintained with the greatest vigour
and spirit. The ar‘illery of the
enemy was extremcly well served,
and they threw grape from large
mortars, as well as from guns of a
very heavy calibre.

When the 76th regiment, which
headed the attack, had arrived
within one hundred and fifty paces
of the eriemy, it was so much ex-
posed, and men fell so fast, that
the commander-in-chief judged it
preferable to proceed to the_at-
tack with that regiment, and as
many of the native infantry as had
closed to the front, rather than wait
till the remainder of the column,
which had been much impeded in
its advance, should be able to form.
As soon as this small body of brave
men arrived within reach of the ene-
my’s cannister-shot, a most tre-
mendous fire opened upon them.
The loss sustained was severe, and,

under such a cannonade, it was im-
possible to make a regular advance.

e enemy’s cavalry now attempted

_ to charge, but was repulsed by the
fire of this gallant body of British
infantry ; it rallied, however, at a
short distance, and assumed so me-
Nacing an aspect, that the comman-

_ der-in-chief ordered it to be charged
in its turn, by the British horse,

?

931

which was executed with the ut-
most gallantry and success, by the
29th regiment of dragoons, under
the command of captain Wade, ma-
jor Griffith being at that instant un-
fortunately killed by a cannon shot.
The remainder of the infantry ar-
rived in time to join in the attack of
the enemy’s reserve, which was
fermed in the rear of their first line.

About this time general Ware
fell dead, by a cannon-shot; which _
event, from the courage and skill
which always distinguished that gal-
Jant officer, may well be regarded
as a public loss. The command of
his column devolved upon colonel
Macdonald, who, though wounded,
executed its important duties, at
this trying moment, in the most ex-
emplary manner.

‘the enemy opposed a vigorous
resistance to the last, and did not
abandon their position, until they
had Jost ajl their guns. Even then
their left wing endeavoured to re-
treat in good order, but they were
broken in upon by licutenant-colo-
nel Vandeleur’s division of cavalry,
which cut several of them to pieces,
and drove the rest in prisoners, with
the whole of the enemy’s baggage.

The loss sustained by the British
trocps, in the achievement of this
complete victory, was severe,
amounting to nearly two hurdred
killed, (in which number were in-
cluded several valuable officers) and
nearly seven hundred wounded.
Of the enemy, two thousand were
made prisoners, and by far the
greater number of the remainder
were destroyed upon the field of
battle !

There remained in the possession
of the British troops, after the bat-
tle, the whole of the enemy’s bag-
gageand camp cquipage ; all their ele-

Q4 phants

939

phants, camels, and bullocks; 72
pieces of cannon, serviceable, and in
excellent order; and a vast quan-
tity of ammunition. Three tum-
brils laden with treasure, were
likewise the fruits of the viétory,
and 5,000 stand of arms, which had
been thrown down by the enemy,
were found in the field of battle.
Thus terminated, at four o’clock
in the evening of the 1st of Novem-
ber, 1803, the battle of Laswarce,
in which British valour and steadi-
ness were so eminently conspicuous,
and which completely ‘subverted
Scindiah’s hostile power, and formi-
dable resources in Hindostan, and
those of the French force in that
quarter. Great part of the army had
been under arms for 16 hours, and
had marched, in the course of two
days. and nights, a distance of
more than 65 miles! This great
victory must, however, principally
beaittributed to the admirable skill,
judgment, hercic valour, and iat
ty of general Lake, who thus,
once consummated his ites 4
and terminated his campaign. Dn-
ring the heat of the aétion, he was
' exposed to one of the most severe
trials, to which providence has ever
put human - fortitude. On _ his
‘horse falling under him, pierced
by several shot; his son, (a most
promising young officer, who con-
stantly attended his father’s per-
son,) dismounted, and offcred his
horse to the general, who at first
refused, but on his repeated solici-
tations, mounted, and major Lake
mounted a horse from one of. the
troops of cavalry: in amoment, a
shot struck the son, and wounded
him severely., At this instant, the
commander in chief, found it neces-
sary to head the infantry in the ad-
vance, and to leave major Lake

ANNUALR EGISTER, 1804.

wounded on the field! A more affedt-
ing scene, can hardly be presented
to the imagination. Our readers
will rejoice, that, at the close of
the battle, the most agonizing
suspense was terminated, by the
gencral finding his son still alive,
and his wound not likely to prove
dangerous.

The operations of the British
arms, thus gloriously concluded, on
the north-western frontier of Onde
we shall now revert to the cam-
paign in the Deccan, where we
left general Wellesley eagerly fol-
lowing up his. splendid viétory, at
Assye. It will be remembered, that
colonel Stevenson had been detach-
ed in the begining of Oétober, to-
wards Boorhanpoor, and Asseer
Ghur, for the purpose of reducing
those places. The former was taken
possession of without resistance, on
the 16th, and the following day, he
proceeded to Asseer Ghur, whence
the enemy’s infantry precipitately
retired on his approach, and
which place, after some ineffeétual
attempts on the part of the garri-:
son to gain time by the usual artifices
of Indian negociation, consented to
surrender on terms indeed highly
advantageous to the besieged, but
not less so to the victors, if it be consi-
dered, that this fortress was deemed by
the enemy impregnable, and that its
fall was of the utmost importance to
aspeedy termination of the contest.

Whilst colonel. Stevenson was
thus successfully employed, the un-
ceasing activity of general Welles-
ley was productive of fresh tri-
umphs to the British arms, and of
apprehension and dismay to the
eneny. On the 25th of Oétober, the
division of the British army, com-
manded by him, re-ascended the Ad.
juntee Ghant, and marched to the

south.

ct HISTORY OF EUROPE.

southward ; intelligence being receiv-
ed, that the Berar rajah had passed
the hills which form the frontier of
the province of Candeish, and was
proceeding tow ards the river God-
avery. On the 29th, general Wel-
lesley arrived at Aurungabad, where
he learned that the Bhoonsla had
gradually advanced to the eastward,
and was at that moment at Lackee-
gaun, about 20 miles north from
Pulteim. The rajah finding him-
self thus hotly pursued, endeavour-
ed by various stratagems, to clude
the vigilance of the British com-
mander. Between the nights of the
99th, and 30th of October, he
changed his camp fivetimes. With
a further view to distract general
Wellesley’s attention, he detached a
body of 5,000 horse, to intercepta
valuable convoy of supplics for the
British army, which was distant only
a few days march. But his design
was seen through, and frustrated by
the sagacity and aétivity of ‘ the
British commander, who still conti-
nued to watch and harass the army
of the rajah, confiding in the
strength of the party under whose
_ escort the convoy was placed, and
the skill and bravery of its com-
mander. Nor was he disappointed ;
the convoy was attacked by the ra-
_ jah’s cavalry at Ambex, but captain
Baynes, who commanded the British
detachment, repulsed it with consi-
paeetle loss, secured the whole of
1 supplies, and conducted them in
iumph, a few days afterwards, to
he British camp. This success
still further encreased the rajah’s
¢fforts to avoid a general engage-
ment, by every means that activi-
fy and local knowledge could fur-
ish,
_ Tn the mean while, Scindiah, who
saw all his projects subverted, his

233

French establishment and alliance
utterly destroyed, his provinces
conquered, his fortresses in the Dec.
can captured, and even his capital
threatened by the victorious British,
found that his best policy was to ne-
gociate. Accordingly, on the 11th
of November, he sent an ambassa-
dor to general Wellesley’s camp at
Jaum, to propose a treaty of peace.
That officer, well aware that to
gain time, (the usual objeét of Mah-
ratta subterfuge,) was his purpose,
yet anxious to evince the sincere
wish of the British government for
the restoration -of tranquillity, re-
ceived him with every demonstrati-
on of respect and satisfaction. After
various conferences on the 23d of
November, a cessation of arms was
agreedupon, between Scindiah and
the British force in the Deccan, and
province of Guzerat. ‘The pvrinci-
pal condition. of this truce was, that
the army of the former should oc.
cupy a position 40 miles to the left
of Mlichpore, and that the British
force should not advance farther
into the territories of Scindiah.

While these negotiations were on
foot, the Berar prince had moved
tow re his own domivions, and ge-
neral Wellesley had descended the
mountains by Bajoorah, in order to
co-operate with colonel Stevenson
in the reduction of the strong for-
tress of Gawil Ghuryzou which ser-
vice that officer had been detached
after the fall of Asseer Ghur. On
the 28th of November, gencral Wel-
lesley came up with the greater part
of the Bhoonsla’sinfantry, strength.
encd by a considerable body of
Scindiah’s regular horse: And as
the latter had not fulfilled the con-
ditions of the truce, he had himself
demanded with such eagerness, ge-
neral Wellesley resolved, notwith-
stamding

234

standing the eager remonstrances
and protestations of Scindiah’s am-
bassador, (still in the British camp,)
to attack the enemy with all possi-
ble celerity. General Wellesley,
immediately moved forward to Par-
terly, where he was joined by col.
Stevenson’s division, and whence the
confederates had retired, although
their rear was still discernible from a
lofty tower near the spot. The
extreme heat of the day, and the
fatigue of the troops, disinclined ge-
neral Wellesley from a further pur-
suit of the enemy until the evening.
But the British troops were not
Jong halted, before large bodies of
horse were observed in front; and
upon advancing the picquets in con-
sequence, thewhole army of the con-
federated Mahratta chiefs was distin
Ty perceived, formed ina long line of
infantry, cavalry, and artillery, ex-
tending in front, nearly five miles
on the plains of Argaum. General
Wellesley, finding that the enemy
was thus prepared for a general ac-
tion, lost not a moment in advanc-
ing with the whole of his army in
one column ;—the British cavalry
leading, in a direction nearly paral-
fel to that of the enémy’s linc. On
a nearer approach to the confederat-
ed force, the British army was form-
edin two lines, the first of which was
composed of the infantry, the se-
cond of the horse: the right wing
was advanced, in order to press
upon the left of the enemy: the Brit-
ish Ieft was supported by the Mysore
cavalry. On arriving very close to
the enemy’s line, the 74th and 78th
regiments were attacked by a large
body of Persians, which, after a
desperate confliét, those gallant
corps succeeded in totally destroy-
ing ; ind Scindiah’s cavalry, being at
tic same time repulsed with great
loss by the 1st battalion of the 6th
1

‘

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

regiment, the whole line of the ene-
my gave way, and retreated with
the utmost precipitation and confu-
sion, leaving in the possession of the
victors 38 pieces of cannon and al}
their ammunition. T!-+: British ca-
valry immediately pursued, destroy
ed many of the fugitives, and captur-
ed the whole of their elephants and
baggage. ‘The loss onthe partof the
British forces was very inconsides

rable.
After this aétion, which, if not so
brilliant, was certainly not less de-
cisive than that of Assye, general
Wellesley immediately moved to-
wards Gawil Gliur in Berar, for the
purpose of investing that fortress,
considered, to be one of the strong-
~est in India, and hitherto deemed
by the natives to be impregnablé.
For this purpose, he arrived at
Elichpoor on the 5th of December,
and halted on the Gth, in order to
settle the plan of the proposed
siege with colonel Stevenson, and
likewise to establish an hospital
for the wounded in the battle of

Argaum. -s

The fort of Gawil Ghur is si-
tuated in a range of mountains, be-
tween the sources of the Taptee and
Poonah rivers. Itstands on a lofty
mountain in this range, and consists
of one complete inner fort, which
fronts to thesonth where the rock is
most stecp ; and an outer fort, which
covers the approach to it from the
north, by the village of Labada ; all
these walls are strongly built and
fortified by: ramparts and towers.
The communications with the fort
are through three gates; one to the
south, with the inner fort; one to
the north-west, with the outer fort;
and one to the third, with the north
wall. ‘The ascent to the first, is
very steep, and is pra¢ticable only
for men; that to the second, is by
aroad

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 235

a road for the communications of
the garrison with the countries to
-the southward, but the road passes
round the west side of the fort, and
is exposed, for a considerable dis-
tance, to its fire; it is so narrow as
to make it impracticable for regular
approaches, and the rock is scarped
on each side: this road also leads
_ no farther than the gate. ‘The com-

munication with the northern gate,

is direét from the village of Labada,
and here the ground is level with
that of the fort; but the road leads
through the mountains for about 30
miles from [lichpoor, and it was ob-
vious, that the labour and difficulty
of moving ordnance and stores,
thence to Lahada, would be very
great. Upon the most mature de-
liberation, however, the latter point
of attack was determined upon, and
as colonel Stevenson had long been
destined, and was indeed, equipped
- for that service, his corps was direét-
ed to make the principal attack by
Labada, and that under general
Wellesley was to cover the opera-
tion of the siege, and, if possible,
carry into effect attacks upon the
southward and westward.

On the 7th of December, both
divisions marched from Elichpoor,
_ and, from that day till the 12th, the

troops of colonel Stevenson went
__ through a series of laborious ser-
_ wice, such as had scarcely been ever
_ witnessed. The heavy ordnance
Were drageed up, over mountains
and throngh ravines, for nearly
thirty miles, by roads which it
had been previously necessary for
the troops to make for the pur.
pose. .
On the 12th, at night, colonel
Stevenson ereéted two batteries, for
_ brass and iron guns, to breach the
@uter fort and the third wall; and

one to clear and destroy the defen-
ces on the point of attack. A
fourth battery was opened by ge-
neral Wellesley’s division, on the
mountain, under the southern gate,
with a view to breach the wall near
that gate, or at least to divert and
distraét the enemy’s attention. On
the night of the 16th, the breaches
of the outer wall of the fort were
deemed practicable, and a storming
party was ordered for the attack, at
10 o’clock on the following morns
ing, under the command of lieute.
nant colonel Kenny. At the same
time, two attacks were to be made
from the southward, the one on the

‘south gate, by a strong detachment

under lieutenant colonel Wallace,
and the other of a similar force on
the gate of the north-west, under
lieutenant colonel Chalmers. These
latter dispositions were calculated
solely to draw the enemy’s attention
from the real point of assault. At the
appointed hour, the three parties
moved forward ;—that under colo-
nel Chalmers reached the north-west
gate just as the enemy were at~-

‘tempting to escape through it, from

the bayonets of the assailants, under
col. Kenny. A dreadful slaugh-
ter ensued, and colonel Chalmers en-,
tered without difficulty. The wall
in the inner fort in which no breach
had been made, was now to be car-
ried :' after some attempts upon the
gate of communication between the
inner and outward fort, a place was
at length found at which it was pos
sible to escalade the wall. Here
captain Campbell, with the light ia-
fantry of the 94th regiment, fixed the
ladders, scaled the wall, and opened
the gate to the storming party, who _
were quickly masters of the place ;
the garrison was numerous, and
numbers of it were slain,

By

936

By the success of this timely, vi-
gorous, and brilliant enterprize, the
war was brought to a speedy con-
clusion. The rajah of Berar,
awakened to a sense. of his danger,
determined upon an immediate and
separate pcace, without waiting to
cousult the wishes or opinion of his:
ally ; and, without the loss of_a
day, dispatched an embassador to
the camp of general Wellesley, at
Deogaum, in the vicinity of his re-
cent conquest ; and the negotiation
for a treaty of peace immediately
commenced, and was concluded
and signed on the part of the British
government, and the rajah of Berar,
on the 17th of Dec. 1803.

On the part of the rajah it was
agreed, first, to renounce all ad-
herence to the confederacy formed
against the British government, be-
tween Scindiah, himself, and other
chiefs; and to. engage to give no
assistance to those chiefs, should
they continue the war: secondly,
to cede to the company, in perpe-
tual sovereignty, the province of
Cuttack, including the fort and
district of Balasore; also all the
territories, the revenues of which he
had previously collected in conjunc.
tion with the nizam, together with
all those situated to the westward |.
of the river Wurdah: and lastly,
to engage never to take, or retain
in his service, any Frenchman, or
the subject of amy European. or
American state, the government of
which might be at war with the Bri-
tish government, or any British
subject, whether Indian or, Euro-
pean, without the consent of that
government.
~The British government agreed,
that the forts of Nornullah and
Gawil Ghur should be restored to
the rajah of Berar, together with

vy

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

the distriéts dependent upon them ;
that the river Wurdah, from its
source to the Godavery, should be,
the boundary between the domi-
nions of the nizam, and the rajah
of Berar; that no aid or counte-
nance should be given to any dis- >
contented relations or subjects of
the rajah, who might fly from, or
rebel against his authority ; and fi-
nally, it was agreed, that in order
the more efectually to preserve the |
relations of amity and good under-
standing between the eontraéting »
parties, that accredited ministers
from each government, should con.
stantly reside at the court of the
other.

This treaty, ratified by the raja
of Berar, on the 25th of December,
and transmitted to Calcutta, was

speedily followed by one with
Scindiah. ‘That restless prince,

finding that no chance existed of
gratifying his: ambition and revenge
at the expence of the British go-
vernment; having exhausted his
resources and expedients, and with-
out an ally ; sent instruétions to his
embassador, (who still followed ge-
neral Wellesley’s army,) seriously
to open negotiations for a durable
and definitive treaty of peace: to
which measure that, officer acceded,
By his firmness and decisive tone; }
the treaty was concluded in a few
days, and on the 30th of December, }
1803, a peace between the Bri-
tish government and Scindiah was}
signed in the English camp at Surge
Angengaum.. its principal condi-
tions were as follow. now? Sad
On the part of Scindiah it was

agreed, first, to cede to the com-|/
pany in perpetual sovereignty, all
his forts, territories, and rights im
the Douab, together with all his
forts, territories, rights, and-.inte-

: rests

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

rests, which lie to the northward

of the dominions of the rajahs of
_Jeypoor and Judpoor, and of the
_Ranah of Gohud: secondly, to cede
in like manner the fort and terri-
tory of Baroach, in the Giuzerat,
and the fort and territory of Ah-
-mednughur, in the Deccan, and
likewise all the territories which
_ belonged to him before the com-
-mencement of the war, which are
situated to the southward of the
Adjuntee hills in the Deccan, in-
eluding all the distriéis between that
' range of mountains and the Goda-
Yery river: thirdly, to renounce
for ever all claims upon the empe-
ror Shah Aulum, and to engage
never again to interfere with that
monarch: and lastly, not to take
-aity Frenchman, or the subject of
‘any European or American state,
the government of which might be,
at war with the British government,
or any British subje¢t, whether Ku-

sent of that government.

On the other hand it was agreed,
first, to restore to Scindiah the fort
of Asseer Ghur, and the city of
Boorhanpoor, in the Deccan, and

‘the forts of Dohud and Powan

~Ghur, with the territories in Can-

- deish and Guzerat, appertaining to

these forts: secondly, to allow

“Sciudiah, under the protection of

the British government, to retain

“eertain lands, which he had long
held in his family, by gift from the

kings of Hindostan ; and that cer-

tain other lands, situated in the
rovinces conquered by the English,
in Hindostan, which were held in

Saghire by persons belonging to the
family of the late Madhagee Scin-

‘diah, should remain in the posses-

sion of those persons: and further,

‘te prevent any individual from in-
t °

-ropean or Indian, without the con- ’

237
curring loss, or suffering distress by
this arrangement, that the company
should either pay pensions, or
grant lands in Jughire, to such
other persons as Scindiah should
name, provided the sum to be paid
did not exceed 17 lacks of rupees
by the year: thirdly, to restore to
Scindiah certain lands and villages,
situated in the peishwa’s dominions,
aud lately taken possession of by’
the British government or its allies,
and which the family of Scindiah
had long held as a personal estate :)
lastly, Scindiah was invited to par-
take of the benefits of the subsi-
diary treaties, existing between the
British government and the peishwa
and nizam; and it was stipulat-
ed, that for the future, accredited
ministers from each government
should, in future, constantly reside
at the court of the other.

The treaty was ratified by Scia-
diah, and returned to general Wel-
lesley for transmission to the seat
of government. On the 15th of
January, inthe present year, that
with the rajah of Berar was rati-
fied by the governor general in
council; and, on the 13th of Fe-
beuary, that with Scindiah was also
ratified by the marquis Wellesley,
who immediately caused the com-
plete restoration of peace with the
Mahratta princes, to be proclaimed,
with the usual forms, throughout
the British empire in lodia.

The news of this glorious event
was received in every part of the
company’s dominion in Hindostan,
with the most enthusiastic joy, whieh
was demonstrated by public rejoic-
ing in every town and sctilement.
The, inhabitants of Calcutta, who
had the best opportunity of wit-
nessing the unwearied solicitude of
margiuis Wellesley for the -pubdlie
interests

238

interests, presented him an address
on the 29th of February, in which
they expressed their entire concur-
rence in the justice and necessity of
the war, their admiration of the
plan of the campaign, the heroic
energy with which it was carried
into effect, and the wise, humanc,
and liberal policy which dictated
the conditions of peace. But, not
contented with this manifestation of
their respect and gratitude, in a
few days afterwards they voted,
that a marble statue of the governor
general should be ereéted at Cal-
cutta, as a lasting memorial of his
eminent public services. It was also
agreed. at the same time, to present
swords of considerable value to ge-
nerals Lake and Wellesley, as tes-
timonials of their high sense of the
distinguished merit evinced by these
officers in the late campaign ;—
measures were immediately adopt-
ed to carry these resolutions into
‘effect. .
At home, the public gratitude
was not less alive to the extraordi-
nary ability and exertions of the
marquis Wellesley, and the troops
in India. The thanks of parliament
were voted to the governor general,
and the commanders, officers, and
soldiers of the several armies, which
had shared in the glory of the con-
test. His majesty was also further
pleased to create general Lake a
peer of the realm, and gencral Wel-
lesley a knight of the Bath, to
mark, in the strongest possible

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.
manner, the royal approbation of
their signal services.

We have gone so much into des
tail in the preceding chapter, up.
on the origin atid policy of the Mah-
ratta war, that it is only necessary
here to observe, that every object
for which it had been found noces-
sary to contend, was obtained in
a campaign of five months, against
the two most powerful of the native
princes in India, without a single
reverse of fortune or serious disas-
ter befalling the British arms. In
the terms of peace, the British go.
vernment was as moderate as in war
its force had been irresistible ; every
point being abandoned and every
conquest restored, that did not bee
long to the principles of justice

and security upon which hostilities ,

had been resorted to. In a word,
the combined exertion of the ta-
lents and wisdom of the marquis
Wellesley, the true military ge-
nius of generals Lake and Welles-
ley, and the invincible courage of
the troops, have produced the
most lasting benefits to their native
country ; by their result, the best
interests of humanity have been
served ; our enemies discomfit-
ted; our allies proteéted; cur
inilitary superiority confirmed ; our
dominion enlarged; the subjects of
other European powers excluded
from the peninsula, and a secure
and durable peace, founded upon
the general good as wellas our own,
established throughout India,

CHRONICLE.

“d ’
pan eect Vis

SOLAS i a cd

a Se ee

nS tO, CESS

{26 a,

_ ruption.

{353 J

CHRONICLE.

JANUARY.

ist. MIDST the warfare in which
we are now engaged for our
preservation and existence as a Na-

tion, it is matter of exultation and
self-confidence to reflect, that the

most considerable and most import-
ant of our public works suffer, com-
paratively speaking, but little inter-
A scarcity of hands will
naturally rather retard the comple-
tion of them; and such materials as
are wanted must be purchased at an
increased price, particularly the ar-
titles of timber and bricks.

Tue Wesr [npr Docks, occupy-
ing a surface of 30 acres for unload-
ing all vessels coming from the West
India Islands and Colonies, have
been completed, some time since,
and there is now suflicient accom-
modation in the substantial and
extensive stacks of warehouses for
such merchants as wish to bond or

to house their commodities within

the walls, unexposed to fire or plun-
der, as no lights are suffered at

any time, nor any person allowed

to remain on board, or within the
walls after dark. he excavation of

_ the dock for loading, which is to oc-

cupy 24 acres, is proceeding in with
great spirit. In the mean while, it

is highly gratifying to the subscri-

‘¢

Vor. XLVI.

bers, and encouraging to these grand
national undertakings, that the pro-
fits warrant a dividend of 10 per cent.
on the sums already subscribed, and
which the subscribers have begun to
receive, '
Tur Lonpon Docks, forming in
Wapping, for the accommodation of ©
shipping, bringing wines, spirits, rice,
and tobacco, and for the whole trade
of the port (West and East India
shipping excepted) of such as choose
to avail themselves thereof, are in a
very advanced state of forwardness 5
and there is every reason to believe
that the Dock for Imports will be
ready to receive vessels in the course
of the ensuing summer. Immense
warehouses are forming ; and, in par-
ticular, a most stupendous stack for
housing bonded tobaccos, which Go-
vernment are to rent, besides giving
every encouragement in its power
to the concern, with a view to the
security and increase of the public
revenue,and to the safety and dispatch
of the property of the merchant.
Tue East Inpra Dock, for the use
of the East India shipping exclusive-
ly, is as yet in a state of infancy.
7 he Dock Company have purchased
Mess. Perry’sand Wells’s Wet Dock,
for the purpose of forming part of
the Dock for loading outwards; and
the Dock for unloading is excavat-
Aa ing

/

354

ing with all possible dispatch, ona
site or marsh above, and is to occu-
py a surface of about 18 acres, and
is likely to be completed in the
Spring of next year. The capital
‘subscribed is 200,0001. ‘There are
13 Directors, of which four must al-
ways be Directors of the East India
Company.

Commercrat Roap.
to these immense accommodations to
* trade, a wide road, called the Com-
mercial Road, is nearly payed and fi-
nished, commencing at the North-
west corner of the West India Dock,
and coming out into Whitechapel
near Aldgate. - This road has been
used since the opening of the West
India Dock, and the tolls received
weekly from 70l. to 80]. and are
daily increasing ; and, with the pro-
fits of houses and Jands purchased by
the trust and let, will very shortly
yield the subscribers their limited
10 per cent. profit on the capital of
50,0001. subscribed. The road is
intended to be carried on to the Kast
india Dock, and to communicate
with the London Dock.

Tur Granp Juxcrion CANAL, a
concern of immense importance to
the commerce of the country, is now
pretty well known to the public.
' The company have lately experi-
enced some impediment from the
drought during the summer; but,
on the other hand, it has enabled
them to repair and cleanse the bot-
tom in some parts where it want-
ed. The sum subscribed for this
concern is about 1,350,000I.; and,
when the tunnel and aqueduct at
Blisworth are completed, which,
it is expected, will be so at the end
of this year, this immense under-
taking may be considered as quite
complete, and well supplied with
water, without interruption; then
tie subscribers will begin to look

Tn addition.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

forward fer a gradual and rapid in-

crease of their dividends, which,
there can be no manner of doubt,
will very amply remunerate them for ~
their long patience and spirit of per-
severance in assisting a work of this
national consequence.

What a splencid contrast do these
proud facts furnish to the condition
of our enemy! France is driven to
acts of unqualified robbery to collect
the momentary means for carrying
on her war; her army is unpaid, and
held to its obedience by the hope of
plunder; her commerce is annihi-
lated; she has now no trade but that
of murder and rapine: while in En-
gland, the confidence and the wealth
of the people are such, that, after
every sacrifice which ‘the safety of
the empire demands, we find millions
embarked in commercial specula-
tions.

4th. The splendid and interesting
spectacle of the presentation of co-
lours to the Queen’s Royal Volun-
teers, which was this day displayed
at Ranelagh, fully answered the ex-
pectation which had been formed of
it. Its effect was greatly heightened
by the ease and adroitness with which
the Queen’s Royal Volunteers per-_
formed their part of the ceremony,
together with the great regularity
observed in all the other proceedings
of the day. At nine o’clock the_
Westminster Cayalry mustered in
Hyde-park: their accoutrements
were in excellent order, their horses
in high condition, and they exhibit-
ed a very striking military appear-
ance: they then proceeded to Ra-
nelagh, to take the different sta-
tions which had been appointed for
them. A party of them were sta--
tioned at the end of Ranelagh-lane,
close to the Green, and at the be-
ginning of it, and others patroled
the road leading from Ranelagh to)

Buck-

\

CHRONICLE.

Buckingham-gate. The corps being
thus judiciously disposed, no large

body of people could assemble, or

carriages accumulate, to obstruct
the general arrangements. ‘Lhe St.
Margaret and St. John's Volunteers
assembled at an early hour in West-
minster-hall, and thence proceeded
to Ranelagh-green. A detachment
of them formed a line across the
green, to keep the doors free from
the pressure of curious intruders;
another party was stationed to exa-
mine persons on foot, as they pass-
ed, to ascertain if they had tickets,
and to prevent those who were not
so fortunate from passing the line.
A small detachment was posted at
the carriage-gate leading into the
gardens, to prevent any person pas-
sing that way, and to keep a clear
passage for the royal carriages. At
a quarter past 12, the trumpet an-

_ nounced the arrival of the courtly

party in three of his Majesty’s car-
riages. They were preceded by two
noblemen’s carriages, and followed
by five. When they reached the
gate leading into the garden, which
it was necessary for them to pass
through, Major Rolleston rode be-
fore them uncovered, and ushered
them into it. As the first of the
royal carriages was passing through

the gateway, the horses became res-
_ tive for some time, tiJl one of the

St. Margaret and St. John’s volun
teers seized the bridles, and led them

along. The royal retinue having
reached the entrance at the west side
of the Rotunda, Major Rolleston

alighted from his horse, and handed
the countess of Harrington and her
attendants from their carriages. In
the first were Miss Vernon, Miss

_ Coleman, and Miss Digby, maids
_ of honour to her majesty; in the
_ Second,

the vice-chamberlain and

$55

Mr. Vincent; and in the third, lady
Harrington and her daughter, lady
Anna-Maria Stanhope, lady Cardi-
gan, and lady ame ssbury, two ladies
of the queen’s bedchamber. The
company haying all quitted their car-
riages, lady Harrington was con-
ducted-to her box by the vice cham-
berlain, and followed by her attend-
ants, in the same manner as the
queen would have been. Her lady-
ship was dressed in a black pelice,
and a scarlet sash. Her head-dress
was a rich velvet hat, highly deco-
rated, and with four very elegant
coquelicot feathers. Her ladyship
also wore an antique necklace of -
great value, and a fine cameo oi his
majesty, being a large beautiful o-
nyx, set as a medallion, which was
presented to her by her majesty a
few days ago, as a memorial of the
event. Lady Anna-Maria Stanhope
appeared in a dress of white satin,
ornamented with pearls. The com-
pany in the rotunda, assembled
as spectators, were numerous, and.
added to the splendour of the scene.
Ranelagh has seldom exhibited so
distinguished a display of beauty,
elegance, and fashion. On the ar-
rival of the countess in the box
fitted up for her reception, the
two regiments of the queen’s royal
volunteers, under the command of
lord Hobart, having taken their sta-
tion two hours before, presented
arms, with the bands playing. As
soon as the corps had shouldered
arms, two pair of colours were in-
ttoduced} and placed on each side of:
the royal box. The king’s colours
of each regiment was a plain union
standard; but the county or regi-
mental colour, which has been de-
signed and executed by the princesses,
was a superb piece of needle work.
The ground was a rich purple silk,

Aa? and

356

and in the centre of the colours were
her Majesty’s arms, embroidered and
surrounded with sprigs of variegated
colours and designs. At the lower
corners were the letters C.R.; and
under the coat of arms were the
words ** Queen’s royal volunteers.”
Prayers were read by the Rev. Wee-
den Butler; after which the Duke of
York’s band quitted its situation
before lady Harrington’s box, and
went to assist at the orchestra. At
this period,the coronation anthem
was sung by Incledon, Sale, and a
full chorus, the boys from Westmin-
ster-abbey attending. ‘The colours
were removed from lady Harrington’s
box to the pulpit; when the rev.
Mr. More delivered an animated and
appropriate discourse, from Nehe-
miah iy. 9: ** Nevertheless we made
our prayer unto our God, and set a
watch against them day and night.”
At the front of lady Harrington’s
box were assembled lord Ilobart,
general Burrard, lord Amherst, the
right hon. Mr. Secretary Yorke, and
several general officers. When the
discourse was concluded, Mr. Butler
stood ready, by the colours, to read
the consecration prayer, a copy of
which had been previously presented
to the countess of Harrington; but,
from some momentary inadvertence
in the very zealous and respectable
conductors of this interesting busi-
ness, no signal having been given to
Mr. Butler, the colours were taken
back to their former station; and
the officers from each battalion, who
were to receive them, were ordered
by lord Hobart to place themselves
before lady Harrington. The cham-
berlain then descended from the box,
and gave the colours to major Rolle-
ston, who was in the box with her
ladyship, and on his knees held them
by a piece of purple ribband, which

AN NNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

tied them together, two and two.
Her majesty’s representative then.
delivered the following address:

‘¢ Gentlemen, Her majesty having
been graciously pleased to confer
upon me the honour of presenting
to you these colours, J am anxious
to express how highly I am flattered

“by this distinguished mark of the

quecn’s favour. At a time of all
others the most awful, when our
country is threatened with the un-
provoked attack of a most implaca-.
ble enemy, and when you have e-
vinced your readiness to stand for-
ward in the defence of every thing
that is most dear to us all; what can
be more gratifying, or more honour-
ble to you, than being peculiarly
distinguished by her majesty, and
receiving your colours from her?
Animated as your hearts must be by
gratitude to the queen, in addition
to every other noble sentiment that
has guided you from the moment
of the first offer of your services, it ~
would not only be superflnous, but
presumptuous in me, to add any
thing upon the occasion, than the
expression of every fervent wish for
your success in the event of the ene-
my carrying his threats into execu-
tion ; confident that rio power, how-
ever strenuously exerted, will ever
wrest these colours from you, while
there is yet left a man in your corps
to defend them.” To which lord
Hobart replied in the following
words: *¢ Madam, in the name of
the corps, which I have the honour
to command, I am to convey our
humble and grateful acknowledg-
ledgments for the distinguished fa.
vour with which her majesty has
been pleased to honour us upon the
present occasion: and, encouraged
by so flattering an instanee of her
majesty” s oondescension, I am the
more

~ continuance.

CHRONICLE.

more confident in expressing a full
persuasion that those sentiments
which originally called forth our
services will uniformly govern our
conduct, so long as it shall be her
majesty’s pleasure to permit their
Stimulated to the dis-
charge of our duty by the most
powerful motives that can influence

_ the mind of man, the protection of

every thing that is dear to us in pri-
vate life, and every thing that is va-
luable in public estimation, our re-
ligion, our laws, our liberty, and
our king; I can venture to assure

_ her majesty, that the expectation

she may have formed of our exer-
tions, shall not be disappointed.
And, if the day should come, when
his majesty, actuated by that valour
for which his family has ever been
conspicuous, and by that affection
which he has always manifested to-
wards his people, shall think fit to
share their dangers ; if that anxious
and animating period should arrive ;
then, may these colours, the gift of
our most gracious quecn, prove a
shield to guard and defend the sa-
cred person of our bsloved sove-
reign against any hazard to which it
may he exposed, by the desperate ef-

forts of an inordinate and destruc-

tive ambition.” Major Rolleston

_ now untied the ribband, and gave

the golden cord which supported the
tassel into her ladyship’s hand, and

she gradually let the colours de-
_ scend to the ensigns, who were on

their knees ready to receive them :
they then arose and went to present
them to their regiments, who re-
ceived them with presented arms,
while the band played “ God save
the King.” After which Messrs,
Incledon, Sale, &c, with a full cho-
rus, sung ‘¢‘ God save the King.”
The regiments did not march past

357

her ladyship ; this part of the cere-
mony was rendered impracticable,
from the concourse of spectators.
Immediately on the countess receiv-
ing the royal salute, she, with her
attendants, returned in the same
manner as they came. The regi-
ments marched four deep to lord
Hobart’s, and lodged their colours.
They quitted them as they received
them, with presented arms, officers
saluting, &c. after which they were
dismissed. The earl of Harrington,
lord Hobart, and several general of-
ficers, dined with the officers of the
queen’s royal volunteers, at the Bri-
tish coffee-house, and spent the day
in the most convivial manner. A
number of loyal and patriotic toasts
were given; and nothing was omit-
ted, that could animate the mind to
perseverance in the glorious cause.
7th. This morning about two
o’clock, Mr. Salven’s cotton-manu-
factory, at Durham, which com-
prises a very extensive range of
buildings, near Elvet church, was
discovered to be on fire. These pre-
mises have long been admired by
strangers, en entering the town, for
their stupendous size, and contain-
ing exactly as many windows as
there are days in the year. The
Durham volunteers were immediate-
ly roused from their beds, and with
the greatest alacrity beat to arms ;
their example was followed by the
Lanarkshire militia, quartered at
that city. As fast as the military
assembled, they repaired to the spot,
where the fire was raging with incre<
dible fury; both officers and men
used their greatest exertions to ex-
tinguish the flames, by carrying
buckets of water to aid the fire-en-
gines which were collected from dif
ferent parts of the town; nothing,
however, could ayail, About four
Aa3 a’clock

358

o’clock, the conflagration had gained
too much power to admit of any
contro] ; its blazes were seen for
nearly 20 miles round the country,
particularly at Gateshead-Fell, Ham-
sterly,» and Houghton-le-Spring,
which had a grand and awful effect.
At seven in the morning, nothing
remained of the stupendous building
but the shell, which fell to the
ground in the course of the day. It
is understood that the loss sustain-
ed, after deducting what has been
insured, will amount to upwards of
20.0001.

12th. At a meeting of the anti-
quarian Society, this day, a letter
of Mr. Jackson’s was read on the
Antient Utica, which was next in
extent and magnitude to Carthage,
and in the same gulph. Here Mr.
Jackson visited the subterraneous
vaults, in which the ceilings were
covered with bats of an enormous
size, called, by Virgil, Harpies,
which being disturbed, left their
places, and nearly extinguished the
flambeaux ; and, but for a lanthorn,
the curious visitors might have been
lost in the dark. Inthe same place
Mr. Jackson found. foxes burrow-
ing in the under-ground ruins. ‘The
air in these cayerns was oppressive,
but by discharging fire arms was
much purified, and became respira-
ble with safety.

13th. This day Francis Smith,
Officer of excise, was tried at the
Old Bailey for the wilful murder of
T. Millwood. It appeared on the
evidence of Mr. Locke, wine mer-
chant, in Hammersmith, that, that
town had been infested with a pre-
tended ghost for five weeks previously
to the alledged fact being committ:d.
Several parties had gone out io tie
Purpose of discovering it. Its dress
had been described as sometimes in

ANNUAL REGISTER, i804.

white and sometimes as if in the skin
of some beast.
his own house on the night of the
3d of January, in company with
another person, about half-past ten
o'clock, when he met the prisoner
in wonderful trepidation, who in-
formed him that he had shot a man,
believing him to be the pretended
spectre who had so long terrified the
town, and wished to surrender him-
self immediately. He added that he
had challenged the deceased twice,
but who, instead of answering him,
marched up to him, which increased
the prisoner’s fear. Mr. Locke, his
companion, and the watchman, who
had now come up, all proceeded to
Limekiln-Lane, where they found
the deceased lying dead, and ob-
served that a shot had passed
through his under jaw. ‘The wit-
ness concluded his testimony by as-
serting his thorough knowledge of
the prisoner, and his conviction of
his mild disposition, humanity, and
generosity, and the general high es-
timation in which he was held by
the whole vicinage.

William Girdler, watchman, at
Hammersmith, met the prisoner,
with a gun in ‘his hand, about half-
past ten at night, who told him he
was going to look after the ghost,
and further corroborated the whole
of the preceding evidence.

The sister of the deceased said she
lived in her father’s house at Ham-
mersmith; on the 3d of January,
between ten and eleven at night, her
brother came in. He had been to
seck his wife, who was at a friend’s
in the neighbourhood. After re-
maining some time in the house, he
again went out for the same pur-
pose ; a minute or two afterwards,
standing at the door, she heard a’
voice exclaim ** Damn you, who or

what

He was returning to_

‘ed down to his heels.

€HRONICLE.

what are you? Speak, or PJI shoot
you.” And immediately the report
of a gun was heard, upon which,
from solicitude about her brother’s
safety, she ran out, and about hali-

_ way between her father’s house, and

that to which the deceased was go-

ing, she found him lying dead on the.

ground! no person was near him at
the time. The lane was very dark,
so much so, that although narrow,
it was impossible to see a person at
the opposite side of it. Her bro-
ther, at the time of his decease, was
all in white, and his trowsers reach-
She did not
believe that any animosity subsisted
between the deceased and the pri-
soner. They hardly knew each
other.

A surgeon of eminence ascertain-
ed the death of the deceased to have
proceeded from a gun-shot wound,
which had injured the spinal mar-
row.

The prisoner spoke as follows in
his defence. ‘‘ I can most solemnly

declare, that I went out with a per--

fectly good intention ; after calling
to the deceased twice, and receiving
no answer, I became so agitated,
that I knew no longer what I did:
but I was innocent of any malicious
intention whatever.”

The mother-in-law of the de-
ceased proved, that he had been,
from his white dress, taken once
before for the ghost, and she advis-
ed him, in consequence, to wear a
great coat.

Several most respectable witnesses
gave the prisoner the highest cha-
racter for propriety of conduct, hu-
manity, and benevolence. __

The lord chief baron not being
able to find, in the case made out by
the prisoner, any thing which could
take it off the legal definition of

359

murder, chargel the jury accord-
ingly ; who, however, after retir-
ing for an hour and five minutes,
brought in a yerdict of manslaugh-
ter! .

The judge hereupon reminded the
jury, on the oath they had taken,
that this was a verdict they could
not give—they must either find the
prisoner guilty or not guilty of mur-
der, and justices Rooke, Lawrence,
and the Recorder, concurring in
opinion, the jury, after a few mi-
nutes deliberation in their box, re-
turned their yerdict—Guilty of mur-
der.

The Recorder immediately pro-
nounced the judgment of the court,
sentencing the prisoner for death
on the following Monday, and
his body to be dissected, &c. The
lord chief Baron declared he would
immediately report the case, and in
consequence a respite was sent to
Newgate in the course of the even-
ing. (The prisoner has been since par-
doned, on condition of a year’s im-
prisonment in Newgate. At the
close of the trial, he was obliged to
be removed into the air, he was so
much affected: his case seemed to
excite universal commiseration. )

15th. This day two gentlemen,
(and one in deacon’s orders) bro-
thers, of the name of Gordon,
dined with Mrs. Lee, a lady of
considerable income, in Bolton-
Row, Piccadilly ; and in the even-
ing, her footman being absent, they
endeavoured to force her from her
house. She made much resistance,
and on being assisted by her two fe-
male servants, one of the gentlemen
drew a pistol, and threatened to
shoot them, while the other succeed-
ed in forcing the lady into a post-
chaise in waiting at a short dis-
tance, and instantly drove off. ‘The

Aa4 next

360

next day a hue and cry was raised
by the friends of the lady, and the
Bow-street officers apprehended one
of the brothers, who had returned
to Bolton-Row for Mrs. Lee’s
clothes.

- The pursuit was of course con-
tinued, and on Thursday night (the
19th) Miller, the officer, arrived in
London, with Mr. Landon Gordon
and Mrs. Lee, whom he had traced
to Gloucester. Ona further exa-
mination it appeared, that Mr. Lau-
don Gordon ordered his servant on
Sunday to prepare him linen for tra-
velling, and to hire a chaise for
Uxbridge. On Tuesday evening, a
letter was brought to Mrs. Lee’s
maid, in Bolton-Row, by a young
man, who said that it came inclosed
to him from his mother, who keeps
an inn at Tetsworth, Oxfordshire,
and where it appeared the parties
had stopped on Sunday night; but
from their strange behaviour to each
other, much astonishment was ex-
cited, especially as the Jady remain-
ed while her gown and stockings were
washed. Mrs. Lee’s letter, there is
reason to believe, was written pri-
vately and in great haste ; the words
were very few, and nearly as fol-
lows :—‘* No clothes, no money ;
death or compliance!” — Another
examination took place on Friday
the 20th. Mrs. Lee’s deposition
was first taken privately, and after-
wards on being confronted with the
Gordons, she stated that she had
been acquainted with them about
fourteen years, and that their ac-
quaintancé was renewed about two
months back. The Gordons were
again brought to Bow-street on the
27th, and, after a long examination,
the Bat fies were bound over to pro-
secute at the next assizes for Oxford-
shire, the offence havi ing been com-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

mitted in that county. Mr. Lock-
hart Gordon then applied to the
magistrates for permission for his
brother to be committed to Tothill-
fields Bridewell with him, which was
readily agreed to, both by the magis-
trates and Mrs. Lee’s solicitor, and
where they are to remain until trial.
The person who was the subject
of the outrage, is the illegitimate
daughter of the late lord le Despen-
cer, and, before her marriage, was
called Rachael Fanny Antonina
Dashwood. She was married in
1794, to Mathew Allen Lee, esq.
and after the marriage, a settlement
of her property was made by the
court of chancery, by which nearly
the whole was vested in the trust of
Mr. Parkin and three other gentle-
men, who were authorised to pay a
certain sum to Mrs. Lee for her own
and separate use, and in 1795, a
separation took place, when it was
agreed that Mrs. Lee should receive
1200]. per year for her life, which
has been paid to her ever since that
period, she continuing to live sepa-
rate from her husband, still living,

and by whom she has no children.
19th. This evening one of the
most tremendous storms ever expe-
rienced, was felt throughout the
whole kingdom; the following are
among the most remarkable of its
effects. At Falmouth the roof of
one of the stables of the new bar-
racks there, a building 178 feet in
length, though of the best possible
materials and workmanship, was
blown off bodily ; and even of the
walls little more than fragments re-
main. <A high wall of a new house
in Lemon-street was blown down,
which beat in the wall and roof of
another house, that of Mr. Almand
Hitchem, about 20 feet distant from
it. One of the pinnacles of the
tower

CHRONICLE.

tower of Camborne-church fell
through the roof, and has greatly
damaged it. ‘The roof of a large
barn between Penryn and Truro was
lifted whole and thrown upon the
turnpike road at several yards dis-
tance, which for a considerable time
prevented the passing of the mail-
coach. A very great number of
trees have been blown down at Car-
clew, Tregothan, &c. On the
south-western part of the coast the
storm was dreadful: Our channel
fleet has suffered considerably. ‘The
following ships came into Plymouth
with the loss of masts, yards, or
other damage: the Dreadnought of
98 guns, the Neptune of 98,. the
Terrible of 74, the Plantagenet of
74. Our little squadron has also
been driven in from off Boulogne,
but without damage. A preterna-
tural ebbing and flowing of the tide
happened at the same time .at Fal-
mouth and Plymouth. A tremen-
dous gale came on at Hull from the
south-east. Two sloops were sunk
in the Humber, at the south end,
and another off the Long Jetty,
During the night, a considerable
part of a house, building in Os-
bourne-street, fell down; and some
other buildings in and about that
town have received trifling damage.
At Scarborough the weather was
uncommonly tempestuous. live
sail of ships were sunk there close
to the harbour, all laden with coals;
but happily no lives were lost.—
Great numbers of dead bodies, how-
eyer, continue daily to be thrown
on shore by the waves along the
whole coast. At Brighton, the wind
blowing briskly from the south-
west, the tide, though at neap,
flowed as high, and more complete-
ly inundated the strand there, than
is altogether usual when at full
a)

361

spring. A large fragment of the
cliff, to the east of the half-finished
crescent, undermined by the water,
fell in, and was partly washed away
in the course of the night, leaving
a chasm in the road which leads to
Rottingdean, dangerous to pass, and
frightful to behold. At Birming-
ham, and in the neighbourhood,
considerable damage was done; at
Eagebaston, Hampstead, and other
places, several large trees were torn
up by the roots. Very great injury
was done to the roofs of several
houses and other buildings in Glou-
cester and neighbourhood; and in
various parts of the country, trees
have been torn. up by the roots, out-
houses unroofed, and a variety of
other losses. At Worcester, a stack
of chimneys falling on the roof of a
house occupied by Mr. Harris, at-
torney, in Kdgar-street, great part
of the roof was forced into one of
the upper rooms, where the nurse.
ry-maid was in bed, with two chil-
dren under her care, and who was
instantly killed, by a beam falling
upon her neck; but the children
were providentially taken out of the
ruins, without any material injury.
At Stapleton, near Bristol, a great
part of the wall of the French pri-
son was blown down; in conse-
quence of which, one of the loyal
Bristol light horse was sent off ex-
press to that city; and such was
the expedition of the courier, that
a reinforcement to the guard of 50
men arrived at the prison in the
short space of three or four hours.
—The orchards have sustained,
throughout the cyder counties, the
most material damage, and the mis-
chief universally done is incalcula.

ble!
24th. In the court of king’s bench,
Mr. Erskine moved for a writ of cer-
tiorari,

362

wzorart, to remove into that court the
conviction of Mr. Dowley before the
magistrates of Surrey, for certain
fines he had incurred while in the
Southwark cavalry. Mr. Erskine
admitted the legality of. the convic-
tion under the 43d of the king,
chap. 121, section 14; but thought
the case, taking the whole of the
facts into consideration, a fit subject
for their lordships’ decision. Mr,
Dowley admitted that he had enroll-
ed himself in the corps alluded to ;
but, in his defence, said, ‘‘ that he
was no longer a member of the
corps.”” He had received a letter
from hiscommanding officer, inform-
ing him, that, if he did not attend
certain drills, he would be dismissed,
Mr. Dowley, finding such attend-
ance wholly incompatible with his
business as a corn-dealer, was com-
pelled to write for answer, that he
could not comply with the letter of
instructions ; and therefore sent in
his resignation. This, however, was
not accepted; the fines for non-
attendance were imposed; and, a
conviction taking place, a distress
and sale was made of Mr. Dowley’s
property to the amount claimed.
‘¢ The question,” Mr. Erskine said,
‘¢ for their lordships to decide was,
whether or not Mr. Dowley, under
the peculiar circumstances of the
case, was subject to the fines; and
that,” said Mr. Erskine, ‘* will de-
pend upon his right to resign.” The
learned counsel then took a short
review of all the volunteer acts ;
concluding with “his firm conviction
that a volunteer, enrolled under the
acts alluded to, had an unquestion-
able right to resign; and that the
legislature considered the service
purely spontaneous, trusting to the
same motive for its continuance which

has operated to give it birth. At

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

the same time he was aware, that
the moment a member of a volunteer
corps withdrew himself, or was dis-
charged for neglect or other causes,
from that moment he became amen.
able to the compulsory statutes ;
and, though he should have been
previously exempted from the mili-
tia ballot by reason of his enrolment,
yet, if drawn under that exemption,
he was liable to be called on; and
if the vacancy that he should have fill-
ed but for his then exemption be fill-
ed up, he might be made to serve as a
supernumerary till a fresh vacancy
Should occur.” After alluding to
the necessity ministers had of check-
ing the volunteer service of the coun-
try, which, he said, had nearly swal-
lowed up the male population of the
kingdom, Mr. Erskine called their
Jordships’ attention again to Mr.
Dowley, who, he would affirm, had
withdrawn his services from no dis-
honourable motives. He was ready,
Mr. Erskine said, .to sacrifice his
life in the service of his country ;
but it was important that he should
not sacrifice his family. Mr. Erskiné

concluded by saying, that there was

no want of volunteers, nor any ne-
cessity of forcing a continuance of
their service longer than they were
disposed to give it. Lord Ellenbo-
rough desired Mr. Erskine to take
the certiorari.

A misunderstanding between Lieu-
tenaut-colonel ‘Tierney (treasurer of
the navy), and one of the compa-
nies of the Southwark volunteers,
has led to the establishment of a
principle applicable to the whole
volunteer system, The Resolutions
of the 3d company declared, ‘¢ That
as the choice of officers was vested
in them in the first instance, so
the right of election remained with

them at the present time; express--

ing

4

CHRONICLE.

ing their surprise and dissatisfaction
on the nomination, by the lieutenant-
colonel, of a stranger to a vacant
commission.” These « resolutions
were submitted for the opinion of
his majesty; and the king desired
Mr. Yorke to write to Lord Teign-
mouth, the lord lieutenant of the
county, to express his perfect ap-
probation of Lieutenant-Colonel
Tierney’s conduct, and his concern
that the company should entertain
so erroneous an opinion of the terms
on which the tender of their ser-
vices was accepted; it never having
been his majesty’s intention that the
yacancies which might happen
amongst the officers of corps should
be filled up in the manner which has
been supposed. It adds, ‘* The
corps once being established, his
Majesty expects that your lordship,
as vice-lieutenant in the county of
_ Surry, will recommend proper per-
sons to fill up the vacancies as they
may arise among the officers, in the
full confidence that the command-
ing officer of the corps will from
time to time be consulted as to the
merits and qualifications of such
persons as may have pretensions to
_ succeed.” Lord Teignmouth com-
municated this letter to the corps;
and farther observed, that it is his
majesty’s pleasure that theservices of
those individuals, who shall adhere
to resolutions so adverse to a pro-
per subordination, shall be discon-
tinued; in which case he requested
them to deliver up their arms, &c.
These letters being read at the head
of the regiment, the 3d company
still persisted in their objections.
They thought the letters of too seri-
ous a nature to be answered in a
few minutes, and wished to have an
Opportunity of considering them.
The company was then ordered to

363

be suspended until some future de-
termination of the question. Hach
man went individually to the cap-
tain’s house, and lodged his arms;
it being their determination not to
disband, if possible, but to hold
themselves in readiness toanswer any
call which the country may have
upon them. The light infantry
company has also been suspended 5
and the 3d company have come to
the determination of not returning
without gaining the exercise of what
they conceive to be their just privi-
Jeges. They deny. ever having heard
Mr. Tierney say, that after the re-
giment was formed he would allow
of no farther elections by the corps.
27th. A bill was filed by Lady
Augusta Murray, in the court of
chancery, against his R. H. the
Duke of Sussex and Mr. Coutts,
praying, among other things, that
the defendant, Mr. Coutts, might be
restrained, by an injunction of the
court, from paying to his Royal
Highness the Duke of Sussex a sum
of 4,000l. per annum, part of an
annual pension of 12,000l. settled
upon his royal highness ; and which
sum of 4,000]. had been settled by
deed upon Lady Augusta, in consi-
deration of her educating and main-
taining the children she already had,
or might have, by his royal high-
ness. It also stated, that Mr. Coutts
received the 12,000]. under the au-
thority of a power of attorney from
the Duke of Sussex, who was at
present at Lisbon, and out of the
jurisdiction of the court. The mo-
tion was resisted, upon the ground
that Mr. Coutts was merely autho-
rized to receive this money under a
letter of attorney, and accountable
to his constituent alone for the ap-
plication.of it. The Jord chancel-
lor said, that he never recollected a
similar

$64

similar case, where the grantor of
the deed was not before the court,
and who, if present, might set up
many objections, which might per-
haps be fatal to the existence of the
instrument. His lordship said, it
was impossible, in this stage of the
eause, to grant the injunction as
prayed; but that he saw no objec-
tion to restrain Mr, Coutts from re-
cciving the money at al] at present ;
and, if the plaintiff chose tomake any
other motion, he should certainly
hear it, assisted by the judgments of
the master of the rolls and the lord
chief justice of the common pleas.
28th. Some workmen digging to
repair the pipes in Leadenhall-Street,
opposite the Kast India House, ten
feet below the surface of the street,
struck upon something solid, which
proved to bea beautiful tesselated
pavement, forming, when entire, a
square of nine feet, in the centre of
which, within an elegantly-adorned
cirele of about three feet diameter,
was a figure of Bacchus, in a green
mantle, holding in his left hand a
Thyrsis dressed with ivy ; and in his
right a goblet: his brows crowned
with ivy; sitting on a tiger at full
speed, his head inclined to the neck
of the beast, who turns his head back
upon the rider. This circle is sur-
rounded by three circular borders of
different patterns, and in each angle
is a cup with two handles. ‘The
margin to the wall was filled up
with plain red tiles. The pavement
has been raised in pieces, under the
direction of Mr. Wilkins, librarian
to the Company, and deposited, for
the present, in a room adjoining to
the library, till it can be completely
arranged and put together; when
most probably the whole will be
communicated to the public, through
the medium of the well known taste

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

and patriotism of Mr. Wilkins. —
Fragments of an urn which con-
tained a few bones were found at ©
the same time. 4

31st. From the almost unprece-
dented mildness of the season, the —
crocus, snow-drop, polyanthus, and
garden daisy are in fall-bloom. The
jilac and seringa are spreading their
foliage, and the rooks and daws be-
ginning to build.

The magnificent library of the late
Thomas Astle, Esq. is, by the di-
rection of his will, to be sold in the
course of the spring; a collection
highly interesting to the lovers of
literature ingeneral, but particularly
to the lovers of English antiquity
and English history. It will be
matter of great gratification to those
who know how to appreciate that
splendid collection of Saxon cha-
racters, Saxon MSS. ancient regis-
ters, and other documents, tending
to the illustration of our early Con.
stitution and history (and to which
the public are so highty indebted for
many of the learned essays presented
to them by Mr. Astle), that they
are not to be separated; but are be-
queathed by him to his noble friend
the Marquis of Buckingham, to be
added to his magnificent library at
Stowe ; whieh will now have the
singular advantage of uniting in it,
and that of the venerable and learn-
ed Charles O'Connor, the Antiquary
of Ireland, the most valuable and
the earliest illustrations of lrish and
of Saxon antiquity. ‘Fhe condition of
the legacy is, that the marquis pay
500]. to Mr. A’s executors. Should
this be declined, the MSS. are to be
offered on the same terms to the
British Museum. Many of the an. |
cient Saxon rolls and charters have
been already communicated to the
public; and the specimens of the

Irish,

Irish MSS.* so far as they tend to
illustrate the remote history of that
kingdom, its laws, its customs, and
the progress of society and sciences
in it, have been for some years di-
gested, under the immediate eye of
the Marquis, by the grandson of the
very learned collector of these valu-
able materials, and will, we trust,
speedily make an inestimable addi-
tion to this mest interesting branch
of literature.
- Drrv.—3d. At Grantham, aged
100, Mrs. Dewie.

b FEBRUARY.

Ist. A robbery of an extraordi-
nary nature was lately committed in

Paris: it consisted of a tine coronet-

of emeralds, the property of a Ma-
dame Demidoif; and the robber
‘proves to be the Countess of Schwie-
chelt, a. young and beautiful lady
from Hanover. She had made her-
self acquainted with the place where
it was kept, and at a ball given by
its owner, the Hanoverian lady con-
trived to purloin it. ‘The theft has
been proved, and the beautiful thief
conducted to prison. Her youth and
rank in life have induced mauy per-
sons to solicit her pardon; but it is
generally believed that Buonaparte
will leave her to the punishment to
which she has been condemned.
The love of play, and to repair the
immediate loss of 50,000 livres, im-
pelled this lady to commit this cri-
minal act.
2nd. In the court of common pleas
@ cause was tried, in which a horse-
dealer was charged with having sold
“an unsound horse. The plaintiff, on
' putting the horse to his cart, todraw
‘aload of not more than fue Tiah-
“dred weight, heard him begin, when

CHRONICLE.

366

he had gone not more than twenty
yards, to roar most dreadfully, and
it turned out that he was, what is
called in the jockey phrase, a rogrer.
A conditional verdict was given for
the plaintiff, subject to the opinion
of the court. In the course of this
trial, Lord Alvanly, the Lord Chiet
Justice, told the following story:

‘¢ Some years ago,” said his
Lordship, ‘* an action was brought
against a gentleman at the bar, re-
specting a horse, which he had
bought to go the circuit upon. The
horse was taken home, and his ser-
vant mouuted him to shew his paces;
when he was on the animal’s back,
he would not stir a step; he tried to
turn him round and round, but he
was determined not to go the circuit.
The horse-dealer was informed of
the animal’s obstinacy, and asked by
the purchaser how he came to sell
him such a horse? ‘* Well,” said
the dealer, ‘ it can’t be helped, give
me back the horse, allow me five
pounds, and we'll settle the affair.”
The barrister refused, and advised
him to send the horse to be breke
in by a rough rider. ‘* Rough
rider,” said the dealer, ** he has
been to rough riders enough.”—
*¢ low came you to sell me a horse
that would. not go?” rejoined the
barrister. ‘‘ I sold you a horse
warranted sound, and sound he is,”
concluded the dealer,” ‘¢ butas to his
going, I never thought he would go.”

According to the last returns made
of the effective force in the united
kingdom, the total numbers are, in
Great Britain, 380,193; in Ireland,
82,911; making all ‘together a pa-
triot army of four hundred and sixty
three thousand one hundred and
thirty-four men! !!

4th. The following letter on the

* Vide the article in the Review of Books, p. 936, of our last Volume.

state

366

state of his affairs, was this day ad-
dressed by Alderman Boydell to his
friend Sir John W. Anderson, and
read by the latter in the House of
Commons, when applying for leave
to dispose of the paintings, &c. by
lottery :
Dear Sir, Cheapside, Feb. 4.
The -kindness with which you
have undertaken to represent my
case, calls upon me to lay open to
you, with the utmost candour, the
circumstances attending it, which I
will now endeavour to do as brieily
as possible. It is above 60 years
since I began to study the art of en-
graving, in the course of which time,
besides employing that long period
of life in my profession, with an
industry and assiduity that would be
improper in me to describe, I have
laid out with my brethren, in pro-
moting the commerce of the fine
-arts in this country, above 350.0001,
When I first began business, the
whole commerce of prints in this
country consisted in importing
foréign prints, principally from
France, to supply the.cabinets of
the curious in this kingdom. Im-
pressed with the idea that the genius
of our own countrymen, if properly
encouraged, was equal to that of fo-
reigners, | set about establishing a
School of Engraving in England ;
with what success the public is well
acquainted. Itis, perhaps, at present
sufficient to say, that the whole course
of that commerce is changed; very
few prints being now imported into
this country, while the foreign mar-
ket is priucipally supplied with prints
from England. © In effecting this fa-
vourite plan, [ have not only spent
along life, but have employed near
40 years of the labour of my ne-
phew, Josiah Boydell, who has been
bred to the business, and whose as-
1

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

sistance during that period has been
greatly ustrumental in promoting a

- school of engraving in this country,

By the blessing of Providence, these
exertions have been very success-
ful; not only in that respect, butin
a commercial point of view ; for, the
large sums I regularly received from
the Continent, previous to the
French Revolution, for impressions
taken from the numerous plates en-
graved in Kngland, encouraged me
to attempt also an English School of
Historical Painting. had observed
with indignation, that the want of
such a school had been long made
a favourite topic of opprobrium
against this country among foreign
writers on national taste. No sub-
ject therefore could be more appro-
priate for such a national attempt,
than England’s inspired poet, and
great painter of nature, Shakspeare;
and I flatter myself, the most pre-
judiced foreigner must allow that
the Shakspeare Gallery will convince
the world, that Englishmen want
nothing but the fostering hand of
encouragement to bring forth their
genius in this line of art. I might
go further; and defy any of the
{talian, Flemish, or French schools,
to show, in so short a space of time,
such an exertion as the Shakspeare
Gallery; and if they could have
made such an exertion, the pictures
would have been marked with all
that monotonous sameness which
distinguishes those different schools.
Whereas in the Shakspeare Gallery
every artist, partaking of the frec-
dom of iis country, and endowed
with that originality of thinking so
peculiar to its natives, has chosen his
own road to what he conceived to
be excellence, unshackled by the
slavish imitation and uniformity that
pervade all the foreign schools.

This

x

CHRONICLE.

Fhis gallery I once flattered myself
with being able to have left to that
generous public, who have for so

Jong a period encouraged my under-
takings; but unfortunately for those

connected with the fine arts, a Van-

~ dalic revolution has arisen, which,

in conyulsing all Europe, has en-
tirely extinguished, except in this
happy island, all those who had the
taste or the power to promote those

_ arts; while the tyrant that at pre-

- this unhappy revolution has cut up’
_ by the roots that revenue from the

sent governs France, tells that be-
lieving and besotied nation, that in
the midst of all his robbery and ra-
pine, he is a great patron and pro-

moter of the fine arts; just as if

those arts that humanize and polish
mankind could be promoted by such
means and by such a man. You
will excuse, my dear Sir, | am sure,
some warmth in an old man on this
subject, when I inform you, that

Continent which enabled me to un-

_ dertake such considerable works in

this country. Atthe same time, as
I am laying my case fairly before
you, it should not be disguised that
my natural enthusiasm for promot-
ing the fine arts (perhaps buoyed up
by success), made me improvident.

_ For had I laid by but ten pounds

“out of every hundred pounds my

aes produced, I should not now -

ave had occasion to trouble my

_ friends, or appeal to the public; but,

_ on the contrary, I flew with impa-

tience to employ some new artist

with the whole gains of my former

undertakings. I see too late my

error; for I have thereby decreased

my ready money, and increased my
Stock of copper-plates to such a
size, that all the printsellers in Eu-
rope could not purchase it, especi-

ally at these times so unfavourable

tothe arts. Having thus candidly

367

owned my error, I have but one
word to say in extenuation. My
receipts from abroad had been so
large, and continued so regular, that
I at all times found them fully ade-
quate to support my undertakings
at home—I could not calculate on
the present-crisis, which has totally
annihilated them—I certainly calcu-
lated on some defalcation of these
receipts, by a French or Spanish
war, or both; but with France or
Spain I carried on but little com-
merce—F landers, Holland, and Ger-
many, who, no doubt, supplied the
rest of Europe, were the great
marts; but alas! they are now no
more. ‘The convulsion that has dis-
jointed and ruined the whole Conti-
nent, I did not foresee—i know no
man that did. On that head, there-

fore, though it has nearly ruined me

and mine, I can take but littleblame
to myself. In this state of things, I
throw myself with confidence upon
that public, who has always been
but too partial to my poor endea-
yours, for the disposal of that which,
in happier days, I flattered myself
to have presented to them. I know
of no means by which that can be
effected just now but by a lottery ;
and if the legislature will have the
goodness to grant a permission for
that purpose, they will at least have
the assurance of the even tenour of a
long life, that it will be fairly and
honourably conducted. The objects
of it are my pictures, galleries,
drawings, &c. &c. which, uncon-
nected ‘with my copper-plates and

‘trade, are much more than sufficient

to pay, if properly disposed of, all
I owe in the world. I hope you,
my dear Sir, and every honest man,
at any age, will feel for’ my anxjety
to discharge my debts, but at my ad-
vanced age of 85, I feel it becomes
doubly desirable. { am, dear Sir.

with

368

with great regard, your obedient and
obliged servant, Joun BoypeL.

6th. ‘The court of king’s bench
came to a decision in the case of the
king v. Dowley,* in which was in-
volyed the question ‘¢ Whether a
volunteer had a right to resign or
not?” when Lord” Ellenborough
stated it as the opinion of the court,
that such right did exist; and that
the conviction of Mr, Dowley could
not besustained, and ought to be
quashed.

7th. Mr. John Pauley puta pe-
riod to his existence, by nearly se-
vering his head from his body at a
barber’s shop, Charles-street, Port-
man-square, whither he went on
pretence of getting himself shaved.
The barber’s wife being the only
person at home, the deceased got
possession of a razor, and effected
his purpose. Coroner's verdict—
Lunacy.

11th. The sun was this day visibly
eclipsed. The following were the
particulars for London:

u. M.
Begiuning of the
JSclipse « ..: «10 27
Greatest Obscu-

LAON: (. 5 i661 39
End of the

Eclipse. , . 12 bo
Digits eclipsed 8 deg. 36 min.

About half past six o'clock it
blew a most terrible storm, and
rained the whole moruing, and du-
ring the eclipse, particularly, it
poured a torrent.

14th. His majesty became so
much indisposed at the queen’s
house, as to require the close at-
tendance of Sic Franeis Milman,
Doctor Heberden, and Doctor Dun-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

das, of Richmond, during the whole
day. At12 o’clock the following
bulletin was issued, and shewn to
the nobility and gentry who came
to enquire after his majesty’s health :
Feb. 14, 1804.

‘* His majesty is much indisposed
to-day.”

A coroner’s inquest was held on

the body of Mr. Lacey, attorney, of) —

Bread-Street-Hill, who, the pre-
ceding evening, cut his throat with
a razor ina dreadful manner. By
the evidence it appeared that the
fact was committed during a pa-
roxysm of the gout in the head,
with which the deceased was se-
verely afflicted. Verdict—Lunacy.

An ewe, belonging to Mr. Tho-
mas LKyans, jun. of Eastington,
Gloucestershire, yeaned 6 lambs, all

of which appear healthy and are ©

likely to live. Whendropped, they
were nearly as large as lambs usually
are at their yeaning.

15th. The bulletin of the king’s
health was couched in the following
terms : .

** His majesty is to-day much the
same as he was yesterday.”

16th. This day Mr. Astlett+ was
pat to the bar; and the judge, af-
ter recapitulating the counts of the
indictment on which he was con-

victed, noticed the opinion of the —
twelve judges, the majority of whom ~

had determined that the embezzle-
ment of the bills by the prisoner had

subjected him to the penalty ofthe:
act of the 15th Geo. IL.; or, in~
other words, that he was guilty of —

felony as Jaid in the indictment.—

Gn the Monday following, the re-—

corder passed sentence of death upon
him.

* Vide Chronicle for January, p. 361,
+ Vide Chronicle of last year’s Volume, p. 4053.

The

sa A tte

ee ee

the cabinet

CHRONIL LE:

The bulletin of the king’s situa-
tion was as follows this day:

*¢ No material alteration in his
Majesty since yesterday.”

17th. At the recommendation of
ministers, two. more
physicians, namely, Sir Lucas Pe-
pys and Doctor Reynolds, were this
day called in to consult upon the
_king’s situation: their united report
was in these words:

-“ His Majesty has had several
hours sleep, and seems refreshed by
at.”’

18th. Brigadier General Picton,

‘ late governor of the island of 'T'ri-

chief justice, and gave bail,

nidad, appeared before the lord
himself
in 10001. and two sureties in 5001.
each, to answer toan indictment upon
which a bill was found the last day
of term, by the grand jury of Mid-
diesex, for the infliction of tortures
on Louisa Calderon, a free Spanish
girl, under fourteen years of age.
The bulletin of his majesty’s health,
signed by the four physicians, was
this day as follows :
*¢ His majesty is much the same as

' yesterday, and we do not appre-

hend him to be in danger.”
From this date till the 26th, there

was little variation in the daily

$
*

7.

to the greatest degree.

Statements, and the public solici-
tude about his majesty was excited
The alarm

_ experienced by all descriptions of
_ persons on this sudden, violent, and

_ calamitous indisposition, was com-

_ -mensurate with the high stake at

issue. “Every nian conceived his in-
Paividval interest implicated ; every
‘man sympathised in the sufferings,

and dreaded the loss of him who
was to his subjects a father and a
friend. On Sunday, the 26th, how-
hit the bulletins assumed a owe of

"gradual amendment, and the follow-

o Vou. XLVI.

369

ing form of thanksgiving and prayer
was offered up at the numerous
chapels and churches of the metro-
polis, including the limits of the
bills of mortality, upon the prospect
of his majesty’s speedy recovery
from his dangerous illness :

‘¢O Almighty God, we render
unto thee our unfeigned thanks and
praise, that thou hast vouchsafed to
be merciful and gracious to this
kingdom, in granting to thy servant,
our sovereign, the hope and prospect
of a speedy recovery from his dan-
gerous sickness, Confirm and esta-
blish, we beseech thee, O Lord, the
work which thou hast begun. Make
the light of thy countenance to shine
upon him, and renew in him his per-
fect strength. Grant that he may
long continue a nursing father to
thy church, and thy minister for
good to all his subjects ; and that,
in the present crisis, he may be thy
blessed instrument of restoring peace
to the distracted world, And when
thou hast lengthened his days on
earth, in theenjoyment both of do-
mestic happiness, and of public
peace and prosperity, crown him,
O Lord, with everlasting glory in
the life. to- come, through Jesus
Christ our’ Lord and Saviour.—
Amen.”

22d. Early in the present week,
after having received the compli-
ments of the different prisoners of
the French republic, at Ashburn, on
their parole, General Rochambeau
(captured at St. Domingo) gave an
elegant dinner at his lodgings, in the
market-place: at which were pre-
sent Generals Boyer and Puget, le
Capitain de fregate Mandelat (taken
early in the present war, off Marti-
nigue, by the Hon, Captain Paget,
in the Endymion), and several other
officers. ‘This has been followed by

Bb similar

370

similar complimentary parties by the
other generals, who frequently walk
with their general en chef. Their
appearance toa stranger is somewhat
singular, being a half-military un-
dress, consisting of blue ‘riding-
frocks, military ‘pantaloons, boots,
spurs, round hats, and a band of
tri-coloured ribbon, and cockade of
the same colour, of the size of a
half-crown piece. Gen. Rocham-
beau has solicited to be indulged
with a horse, fearing, by the depri-
vation of the accustomed exercise,
to add to the injuries his health has
already received by his fatigues and
hardships while in St. Domingo,
which appear, if one may attach
credence to his relation, to have
been dreadful in the , extreme.
*¢ Pressed almost to death by the
effects of absolute famine, and after
having, for some time, wretchedly
appeased the wasting calls of hun-
ger, by feeding on our horses, mules,
asses, and eyen dogs, we had no way
to escape the poniards of the en-
raged negroes, but by trusting our
fate to the sea, on which we were
taken by the English pirates.”
These are the captured general's
words, the last of which seems to be
a most ungracious term of acknow-
jJedgment to the brave commanders
of those vessels, who, though as
prisoners, bore him and his suite
with full swelled sails from the fury
of the most terrible and powerful
of enemies!”

25th. This morning a fire broke
out at Messrs. Wild and Barring-
ton’s, cheesemongers, Charing-
cross, in consequence, as is suppos-
ed, of a light having been left un-
extinguished in the shop. The flames
communicated to the house of Mr.
Thomas Butcher, which they also
consumed. ‘The houses of Mr, Four-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804,

drinier, Place, and Tapster’s baths,
were considerably damaged. A maid
servant perished in the flames.

28th. The public mind was still
farther assured in the probability of
his majesty’s convalescence by the
bulletin of this day, which stated
the opinion of the physiciansin these
words: j

‘We have the same favourable
opinion of his majesty’s progressive
amendment as we had yesterday.”

And by the declaration of the mi-
nister (Mr. Addington) in his place
in the house of commons, ‘‘ that
there is not at this time a necessary
suspension of the exercise of the
royal authority.”

At Carlisle, some eminently va-
luable and curious Roman sacrificial
vases have been discoveredinSewell’s-
Lane, Scotch-Street, which, both —
from their rarity, and from the ele.
gance of the workmanship, must
be extremely precious in the eyes of
the antiquary. The name that the
vase is generally distinguished by is
prefericulum, and it is understood
to have been appropriated to hold-
ing the incense, &c. used in the sa-
crifice. Many of these have been
brought from Greece and Sicily, and —
have been highly estimated by the ©
curious, for the elegance of the ©
workmanship, and the beauty of the ©
relief in the ornaments. But the —
Grecian vessels are principally of
fine clay, or bronze, These vases
we are speaking of, we believe, are —
the first which have been discovered
in Britain; and the sculpture of
such a vessel but once appears
among all the altars found in this

country : it is on a beautiful Ro-
man altar, discoyered at Ellenbo-
rough, which was removed to Flat-
hall, at Whitehaven, and is now in
the possession of Lord Viscount
Lowther:

CHRONICLE.

Lowther. This altar is inscribed,
“* Genio loci, Fortune reduci, Rome
Ziterne, et Fato bono,” &c. Itis
said to be the most curious Roman
altar that eyer was discovered in
Britain, and it is particularly de-
scribed both by Camden and Hors-
ley, who go into a long train of
conjectures respecting the instru-
ments sculptured on its sides, which
are the prefericulum, the patera, the
axe, and the knife——The metal
which the yases in question are
‘formed of, seems to be a composi-
tion of refined brass, capable of re-
ceiving a very high polish, and so
flexible that it allowed the artificer
to form them excessively thin. At
the top and bottom of the vases it
is evident that they have been turned
and finished ina lathe. From there
being no accompanying altar or in-
scription, we regret that we cannot
Suppose exactly the time of the em-
pire when these sacred vessels have

been used. The*only guide is the

elegant sculpture of the handles,
which consists of four tiers of
groupes of figures, in excellent
workmanship, and all apparently il-
Justrative of sacrifice. The upper-

most seems to be two persons hold. ~

ing, or preparing, a cow or bullock
for sacrifice ; the next, a person
taking hold of a hog for the same
purpose; the third, a priest clothed

in his robes, standing at an altar,

holding something on it; the lower
one, which is the most beautiful, is,
on the one side, a man clothed in
complete armour, holding a knife,
as if going to sacrifice a sheep or a
lamb, which another person below
holds for that purpose; on the
Other side the priest stands, with
another knife or sword, attending
the ceremony. These ¥ases are,
from their extreme rarity, and from

37 i

other cause’, unquestionably of
much greater value than was at
first set upon them.

Diep.—2d. At Wallace town,
Ayr, Jane George, aged 110 years
and 10 months. ‘This woman was
born at Edinburgh, never had any
illness, retained her faculties to the
last, and died without a struggle.

She attended the late Earl of Eg-
linton in his infancy, and has en-
joyed a pension from that noble fa-
mily ever since. In her 47th year
she had a son, who is: now in his
64th year.

11th. Mr. John Miller, of Lane-
End, Staffordshire, aged 106. He
was attended by thirty friends to
the grave, whose united agesamount-
ed to 1296!

13th. At Kingston, at the ad-
vanced age of 109 years, George
Gregory, supposed to be the last of
the crew of the Centurion, which
ship bore Lord Anson in his cir-
cum-navigation. He never knew a
day’s illness since he went to sea in
1714.

MARCH.

ist. This morning, between one
and two o’clock, a fire was disco-~
vered in the large factory at Garrat-
mill, in Manchester, belonging to
Messrs. Wood and Foster, and in
the accupation of several persons.
It was soon one immense blaze, and
in less than two hours the building
was reduced to a mere shell. The
damage is estimated at 20,000l.

This morning a fire broke out at
the house of Mr. Laperte, No. 21,
Winchester-Row, .Paddington, and
though the damage done to the pres
mises has been comparatively tri-
fling, it has been attended by dread-

Bb2 ful

372

ful consequences. Some persons
were alarmed by a smell of fire, and
soon observed whence it proceeded ;
on entering the room, two of the
children, one of five and the other
seven years of age, were found suf-
focated, and burnt almost to a cin-
der. <A third, aged 15, although
dreadfully burnt, was still living,
and medical assistance being immedi-
ately procured, there are strong
hopes of its recovery.

3d. This day at a hunt near
Kinswood, Northumberland, the
fox being hard pressed, took shelter
in a cleft of ahighrock. The hunt-
ers provided themselves with spades
and mattocks, wrought for a consi-
derable time, until they were upon
the point of reaching the fox, when
one of them, by putting in a lever,
gave a shock to the rock, which was
near 40 feet high, and it immedi-
ately gave way, and three men who
were on the top, with some hundred
tons of the rock, were hurled toge-
ther down the precipice. The pon-
derous load shivered several trees in
its way, and two of the men were
almost buried beneath the fragments;
the third was cast down to the bot-
tom, and in the act of recovering
his feet, when a large shiver of the
rock struck him lifeless. The for-
mer two were taken out much
bruised, and there are but slender
hopes of their recovery. .

5th. ‘This day the grand jury at
Oxford found a. true bill against the
Rev. Lockhard Gordon, ‘and Mr.
Laudoun Gordon :* it consisted of
several counts, and charged them
with haying, ‘‘ to the great displea-
sure of Almighty God, the dispa-
ragement of Rachael Fanny Anto-
nina Lee, and the evil example of

* Vide Chronicle, p. 359,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

his majesty’s subjects, forcibly car=-
ried away and defiled her, conta 3
to the statute. *

6th. The’ prisoners were put to —
the bar, and Mr. Mills, for the pros —
secution, opened the case, by de- ©
scribing it as the most violent and |
extraordinary outrage that had ever ©
been submitted to a jury, and ad- —
verting to the statute of Henry §
Vilith. shewed that the crime of —
the prisoners amounted to felony, |
without benefit ‘of ek Tn con~—

the amount of 70, 0001. She ran 4
away with Matthew Allen Lee, Esq. 4

ton, in Scotland, but parting with |
him, she resigned 1,200}. per an |

moiety. She had become acquainted —
with the Gordons from haying been |
at school with their mother at Ken — .
sington, and her intimacy was re
newed in December last. 4
day, the 15th of January, they din. |
ed together, and Mrs. Lee was car-—
ried off. a
Mrs. Westgarth, the first witness,
with whom the prisoners lodged in
Alsop’s buildings, proved the ex. §
treme embarrassment of their af- §
fairs. She had hired the chaise by @
their order.—Janet Davidsow prove
ed the forcibly carrying off of her
mistress, which testimony was
strengthened by the corroboratory,
evidence of William Martin, Sarah
Hunt, and others.—Two post-boys
were next called; one of whom
said, that Lockhart’ threatened to
shoot him if he did not make haste,
There was however not the slightest
appearance of force: the lady

laughed when she got into the
chaise.

- Mrs. Lee was last called.—She
very pointedly denied her acquies-
cence in being carried away, and
Said, she had frequently advised them
to desist; and that, in various parts
of the transaction, she was so much
agitated. as not to know what was
going forward. On her cross exa-
mination, Mr. Abbott asked her if,
~ when she left her house, she had not
a steel necklace about her neck, to
which was suspended a bag with
camphor init ? Whetherit were not
customary with some people to wear

such a thing as an amulet or chafm,
to stiile passions, more particularly
that of love ?—This sheadmitied. He
then asked her, ifshe did notremem-
ber throwing it out of the chaise-win-
‘dow, on some part of her journey,
with such an expression as this :—
© [have no more need of this charm;
“I have. given myself up, and now
_ welcome pleasure.”
Mrs. Lee.—‘* I had my common
~dress steel necklace on which I usu-
ally wear—I threw it out of the
window—I cannot say when, nor
‘ean I say that it was before we came
to Uxbridge.—TI said, that it was
"my char against pleasure—I had
no occasion for it now, at that mo-
_ ment i gave myself up—lI afterwards
_ expostulated. I believe the word
_ charm applies to the medical proper-
ties of camphor—I wore it as a se-
yh lative—it is supposed to calm the
passions and quiet the nerves.—I
_ Went up Stairs at Tetsworth, the
_ chambermaid asked me when.I shonld
bein bed, or when the gentleman
Should come up? I said, in about
_ 20 minutes.. I was then under the
“impression that my life was m dan-
from Lockhart, and also of some
rious scuffle at the inn, in which

7

CHRONIC LE.

373

blued might be lost. 1 recollect
inquiries were made as to the health
of Laudoun—don’t recollect giving
advice that the sheets should be well
aired. When I thought it inevitable
I gave myself up—my demeanour
might be such from desperation as
to give Landoun an idea that he
might approach my bed.”

Mr. Abbott asked her if her no-
tions of religion were not sceptical.
She answered yes, and that she had
not been to church for several years.

Here the trial was stopped. Judge
Lawrence entered into a conversa-
tion with Mr. Abbott, and the
counsel, on the part of the prosecu-
tion. The latter admitted that no
compulsion was used to bring her
into the county of Oxford, she hay-
ing declared her free consent, when
she threw away her charm. On
which, after a few minutés charge
to the jury, the prisoners were ac~
quitted.

7th. Atanumerous and respect-
able meeting of persons of various
descriptions and denominations, held
this day at the London Tavern,

ranville Sharpe, Esq. in the chair,
a society was formed for the circu-
lation of the Holy Scriptures, whose
objeci is grand and simple: viz.—
“¢ To promote the circulation of the
Holy Scriptures in the principal liv-
ing languages.” In such an object
all sincere christians of every de-
scription may cordially unite.

The society looks with confidence
to liberal support, both at home
and abroad, in pursuance of the
broad and extensive scale upon
which it is formed, and which
has commenced with a very hand-
some subscription. Three secreta-
ries of different religious persuasions
have been appointed, namely, the
Rev. Josiah Pratt, lecturer of the

Bb3 united

$74

united parishes of St. Mary, Wool-
noth, and St. Mary, Woolchurch ;
the Rev. Joseph Hughs, dissenting
preacher at Battersea; and the Rey.
Charles Frederick Steinkopfft, mi-
nister of the Lutherian church in
the Savoy.

10th. <A fatal event terminated
the life of Thomas Pitt, the second
Lord Camelford, (for the particu-
lars of which see ‘‘ the deaths” of
this month, at the end of the chro-
nicle. )

17th. ‘The members of the be-
nevolent society of St. Patrick held
their annual meeting this day at the
Crown and Anchor Tavern. At

about 6 o'clock Lord Hutchinson

took the chair, and the company sat
down to dinner; after which the
children supported by the charity
were introduced, and walked round
the room. Their appearance, which
bespoke cleanliness and sound nou-
rishment, and their natural concom-
itant, the bloom of health, was ob-
served by the society with the most
grateful satisfaction, ‘The treasurer
then reported the state of the funds
to the society, and the additions
made to them in the course of the
last year. Lord Darnley having
proposed the health of Lord Hutchin-
son, which was drank with every
expression of applause, his lord-
ship returned his cordial thanks. ‘¢ It
was his fate,”’ he said, ‘‘in succeed-
ing to his noble friend who filled the
chair last year, to recal to the re-
collection of the company the manly
and eloquent, exhortation in which
his predecessor had then addressed
them. His noble friend. had then
warned them, that they were ‘en-
gaged in a contest for every thing
that was dear and valuable to a na-
tions If the dangers which then
menaced the country were great and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

formidable, ' they were still more so
at the present moment; they being
immediately over us, they were ur-
gent and called for the most cautious
preparations—the most determined
resistance! It was doubtless un-
necessary to arouse their courage,
or stimulate their exertions on such
an occasion. His countrymen had
only to recolleét the cause in which
they were engaged, and the necessi-
ty they were under to support their
ancient fame. They should also recol-
lect that it was peculiar in their his-
tory, that they never had to contest.
against a single rival, when their ef
forts were not crowned with viétory. _
Such proud recolleétions should ful-
ly animate their hopes, and tell them
that, while they continue to be in-
fluenced by the same heroic senti-
ments, they must continue to be in-
vincible on their own shores. What-
ever then may be the difference of
opinion of those who heard him, on
religious or political points, he was
convinced that they must be all ani-
mated with one common sentiment,
in resolving to resist the encroach-
ments and ambition of a power that
seems to have sworn to embroil the
peace of Europe, and -who more
prominently betrays his rancorous
jealousy of the commerce and pros-
perity of this country, and of the
wealth and strength that redounds
from the commerce and _ prosperity
to the British empire at large. On

.these topics, however, he shouid not

now further dilate; but remind the
meeting of the object of the humane
institution which they were called
together to patronise. Such an in-
stitution could alone take its rise
from Christian charity, which em-
braces the interests of all mankind,
and which haye more particularly
directed its attention to the relief of

un-

mas

exe

» 6laim ;

CHRONICLE.

titioffending innocence and unpro-
tected youth, who were stratgers,
in some measure, in the land, and
who could look for no parochial as-
sistance.
those whose generosity was this day
called forth in behalf of those inno-
cents, not only to direct its benefi-
cial operation towards the particular
country to which they belong, but

_ to give it a2 wider scope, and make

it tend to the service and benefit of
the empire at large.” The noble

lord, after again assuring the meet-
ing of his own grateful feelings, pro-

posed the health of a noble friend,
which he was confident the compa-
ny would receive with the same sa-
tisfaction with which he gave it;
for they would feel with him, that
his noble friend was universally ac-
knowledged to be the boast and or-
nament of this country—it was un-

_ necessary to add, that he meant the

earl of Moira, It is impossible to
describe the ardour of enthusiastic
affection with which this toast was
received, or the eloquent effusion of
2 gratitude i in which the compliment
was acknowledged by the noble
_ earl. ‘* The noble president,” he hu-
_ morously observed, ‘‘ was anxious to
_ prove himself an Trishman, in re-
commending himself to their notice
by a blunder; for nothing but a
“Diunder could have made his noble
_ friend stumble upon such an extrava-

_ gant encomium as that which he was

pleased to bestow upen him. In-
deed, it evinced that generous dispo-
Bition which holds in abhorrence the
depreciation of merit, and which,
by a contrary impulse, prompts to
extol it by an extravagance of praise.
To such. praise he had but little
if, indeed, he were entitled
to the slightest shadow of such a
distinction, he was conscious that

It was for the wisdom of.

$75
the prominent motive in his mind;
and that which alone could endear
him to his countrymen, was the fear
of staining the shamrock, So far he
aspired to the distinction conferred
upon him by his noble friend; but
that distinction was applicable to
the whole company, as a national
assembly., But it should not be
merely national in its effeéis, it
should be made to extend to the de
fence and protection cf the whole
empire; and this, he trusted, would
bea principal object of the meeting,
whose charity would not be con-
fined to merely feeding and cloath-
ing tke children they patronised, but
infusing into them the spirit, and
those principles which might be dis-
played for the advantage and glory
of the empire. As to the fear of
staining the shamrock, it was a sen-
timent which not only glowed in his
breast, but which vibrated in every
heart of every individual of the
country to which he was proud to
belong, and of which he here stood
the representative. It was to that
sentiment he confidently looked, as
the parent of many heroic deeds in
the present moment of peril—it was
that sentiment which must prompt
his countrymen to the manly exer-
tions which their country’s cause
now required at their hands. The |
situation in which we stood remind-
ed him of an old saying which pre-
vailed in his part of the country,
viz. that ‘* an old castle of bones is
worth more than an old castle of
stones.” It was to the hearts and
energies of men, that the honour
and security of the empire was now
to be entrusted. ‘The fear of stain-
ing the shamrock must therefore
teach them to trample danger under
foot, and to arouse themselves from
any thing like sullen security and

Bb4 indolent

376

indolent repose. ‘The united ener-
gies of the three kingdoms were now
to be called into action, and he
hoped that Ireland would not be
the last to confribute her share,
assert her loyalty, and _ vindicate
her ancient fame.” The noble earl’s
speech was received with long-pro-
tracted peals of applause.

22d. This’ morning, a fire broke
out in a court near the obelisk, in
St. George’s ficlds, and a poor infirm
woman perished in the flames.

, 24th. This night, a fire broke out
in the upper part of the house of Mr.
Adams, of Charlotte-street, Blooms-

-bury; which consumed the same.
25th. This morning, a stage erect-
ed across the passage of St. George’s
dock, Liverpool, for the repairing
it, gave way, by which two work-
men were killed, and seven men and
two women dreadfully bruised. -
29th. The restoration of his majes-
ty’s health, may be said to be entire-
ly confirmed; by the discontinu-
ance of the oflicial bulletins respect-
ing it; and in the happy termination
of his illness, the prayers of a duti-
ul and loyal people have been heard.
Dirp.—7th. At Littleton, near
Wells, Samuel Curtis, aged 107.

“APRIL.

ist. Intelligence was this day re-
ceived in London of the murder of
the duke D’Enghien, (son of the
duke de Bourbon and grandson of
the prince of Condé), at Paris, by
erder of that scourge of the human
race, Bonaparte. The particulars,
as well as they can be collected from
the most credible sources of infor-
mation, are as follow:

On the 20th of March the Duc
B’Enghien having been apprehended,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

a special commission was formed by
general Murat, for the purpose of
bringing him te trial. The commis-:
sion was opened at the castle of Vin.
cennes, and included six charges, viz.

Ist, of having carried arms against |

the French republic ; Qd, of having
offered his services to the English go-,

’ vernment;3d,of receiving,andhaving,

with accredited agents of that go. '
vernment, procured means of ob-
taining intelligence in France, and
conspiring against the security of the
state; 4th, that he was at the head
of a body of French and other emi-
grants paid by England, formed on
the frontiers of France, im the dis-
tricts of Fribourg and Baden ; 5th,
of having attempted to foment in-
trigues at Strasburg, with the view
of ereating a rising in the adjacent
departments, for the purpose of o-
perating, a diversion favourable to
England; and 6th, that he was con-
cerned.in the conspiracy for the as-
sassination of the first consul. —The
prisoner was then introduced, and
interrogated as to his name, birth,
age, &c.; and was allowed to speak —
in his defence. The members were —
next asked if they had any thing to ©
say on the subject; when they all
answered in the negative, and theac- —
cused was conducted back to prison.
The court then deliberated for some
time with closed doors; and the re-
sult was, that they unanimously
found the prisoner guilty of all the
charges. Sentence of death was
immediately passed on him, on the
ground of having acted as a spy, and
corresponding with the enemies of ~
the republic. Thefollowing are the —
names of the commission, all of whom —
are chief officers: Guiton, Bazan- ©
court, Rayier, Barrois, Rabbe, d’Au- ~~
tancourt, captain reporter ; Molin,” i
captain register ; and Hulen, presi-

dent. —

dent... The sentence of the Duke
D’Enghien took place in the night
between the 21st and the 22d. He
was shot in the Bois de Vincennes
about 2 o’clock in the morning. The
prince was brought from Ettenheim
on the evening of the 20th, ina
eoach and six, under an escort of
50 gens d’armes, and carried to the
temple, but not imprisoned there,
_ his conductors finding an order to
_ convey him to the castle of Vincen-
nes. What is iermed amilitary com-
' missicn was immediately assembled.
_ The prince was so extremely fatigued
with his journey, that he could
Searcely refrain from sleep even in
_ this critical moment. He desired to
y speak with the first consul, but this
could not be permitted. He then
collected himself, and met death with
firmness. It is ‘said that he would
not suffer his eyes to be bound. Se-
_ yeral generals were present when he
was shot, [It is remarkable, that
: the intelligence of the above melan-
_ choly event is not given in the Pa-
é ris papers; but in the Hamburgh
™~.
:

L

- correspondenten, which, however,

_ der French influence, and would not
dare to insert a fabrication.| The
4 private accounts of the execution all
_ agree, that the duke refused to be
bound, and died with a degree.of
_ fortitude worthy of the descendants
of the ancient kings of France. it

appears that, for 24 hours after his
_ ‘murder, petitions for him were pre-
‘sented by the duke de Liancourt,
nd several other of his friends, thro’

consul to grant him a aati ob-
_ Serving in strong language on. the
_ danger of accustoming him to blood

in cévil causes. It is also asserted,

. castle.

is well known to be completely un-

(CHRON CLE. 377

that Bonaparte desired general Mor-
tier to be president of the military
commission which condemned the
duke, but he declined it. General
Hulen was then appointed, (the
son of a washerweman, and former-
ly a servant in the workhouses of
the court of Versailles.) Atter
sentence was passed, the duke asked
if he could see Bonaparte? ‘¢ Yes,’
said liulen, ‘if you have any dis-
coveries tomake.”’ ‘¢ Discoveries!”
answered the duke, with indignation
—‘* carry me to the place of execu-
tion.”? From the time of his arrest,
he had never been allowed to dress,
shave, or change his linen; and in
his dungeon he had nothing butsiraw,
The generals who attended his exe-
cution were Murat, Mortier, Hulen,
and Louis Bonaparte, escorted by 50
mamelukes, and 4 aids-de-camp.
Each mameluke held a flambeau;
and 200 gens d’armes, and 300 men
of the italian troops, surrounded the
Of the nine grenadiers who
fired at him, seven hit him. Imme-
diately after the execution, he was
buried in the garden of the castle.
He was 32 years of age. The man-
ner‘in which he was taken is ‘thus
detailed in private letters from Stras-
burgh: a party of emigrants had
been for some time assembling in
the neighbourhood of Ettenheim and
Offenbourg, territories of the elec-
tor of Baden; of which notice hav-
tng been sent to the first consul, he
dispatched M. de Caulincourt, his
aid-de-camp, who arrived on the 14th
ult.; and, ordering the gate leading
into Germany to be opened, marched
through it, with several general of-
ficers, towards the right bank of the
Rhine. The next morning they
crossed the river with a strong de-
tachment of troops; and, arriving at
Offenbourg,ordered the commandant

to

378

to point out the emigrants in the
town, of whom 15 were immediately
arrested. Besides the duke D’En-
ghien, it is said that two Englishmen
of distinction were taken; but this
report is not credited. Every exer.
tion is made by the French to con.
vince the inhabitants, whose terri-
tory they have violated, that the per-
sons apprehended were in the pay of
England, and that one of their ob-

_Jects was to gain possession of the
citadel, and turn the artillery against
the people.—Noresistance was made
to this irruption by the elector of
Baden; but an account of the out-
rage was dispatched to his son-in-
law, the emperor of Russia.—It is
said, that as soon as the news of the
duke being in custody reached Paris,
orders were received by the tele-
graph that he should be immediately
conveyed thither. The distance is
400 miles; and he was chained hand
and foot the whole way.

Letters from Paris describe, in
the strongest terms, the disgust and
indignation of the people at the late
inhuman murder of the duke D’En-
ghien. Bonaparte has appeared once
since at the theatre; but the moment

"he entered, half the audience with-
drew.

2d. Nearly 40 sail of the British
outward bound West India fleet, and
their convoy, the Apollo frigate, were
lost upon the coast of Portugal, in
the morning before day-break, be-
tween cape Mondego and Aveiro.
The Apollo sailed from the cove of
Cork on the 26th of March, in com-
pany with the Carysfort frigate,
whose original destination was to the
Madeiras. Among the persons who
have perished are the captain, the
third lieutenant, and about 100 of
the crew of the Apollo. The crews
and cargoes of many of the vessels

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

were saved ; and the rest of the fleet
proceeded with the Carysfort for ~
their original destination.

Two nests of coiners have been
discovered at Birmingham. At one
place the constables were obliged to
shoot a large mastiff, before they
could approach to the house; but
this act so intimidated the fellows
within, that they permitted them-
selves to be taken without resistance,
except throwing some bags of base

_metal out of the window upon the

party, to prevent them from being
found upon the premises. As many
implements however were discovered
as filled a cart; and a quantity of
finished coin was found between the
beds and sacking
A melancholy circumstance oc-
curred at Docking. Thomas Callaby,
who had been only a few days dis-
charged from Bethel-hospital in Nor-
wich (and who appeared to have re-
covered his senses), went to bed on
Saturday the 7th inst. apparently
composed and easy; but about 2
o’clock in the morning he arose from
his bed, under pretence of being
thirsty, when he secured a case~
knife which he had hid in his shoe,
and about 4 o’clock the same morn-
ing stabbed his wife in a dreadful
manner; cut the throat of his grand- ©
child, about 3 years of age; and
also stabbed his daughter, ,the mo-
ther of the child. The maniac was
at length confined by his neighbours,
to whom the alarm was given by the
son, who escaped from the house,
or the event might have been much
more dreadful. The child is since
dead, but the wife and daughter are
likely to recover.
5th. The lightning struck a house
at the Five Ways, near Birmingham,
entering down the chimney, and out
of the fire-place in a vivid flash,
which

CHRONICLE.

which burnt the muslin the lady
of the house was working, scorch-
ed the chair on which she was sit-
ting, and lifted a flower-pan through
the parlour window two or three
yards, bursting out two of the panes
of glass, and cracking three others.
The lady, though muchalarmed, pro-
_yidentially received no personal in-
jury ; but the room retained a strong
smell of sulphur for many hours.
No lightning was perceived out of
the house, nor any thunder heard
but what appeared to be very distant.
A man sowing oats in the neigh-
bourhood of Ingatestone, co. Essex,
_was this day struck dead by light-
ning: an oak tree was at the same
time completely stripped of its bark
and branches.
Of all the different species hitherto
discovered of the genus scolopax, or
‘the woodcock, belonging to the or-
der of Grate, one of the most ex-
traordinary was shot by the game-
keeper of the Rey. Mr. Stephens, of
“Ludgvan, Oxfordshire, in an inclo-
Sure near the parsonage-house, call-
ed Coopers Croft. The head, tail,
and extremity of the wings are of a
milk white, the bill and legs of a
light yellow, and the body a brown-
ish ash colour. It is altogether as
elegant in its shape, as singular in its
“Species. The celebrated Mr. Pen-
“nant has described this bird as very
‘Yarely seen in the Hebrides. The
_ bird has been carefully preserved,
and forwarded to the Leverian mu-
seum. e
7th. The following article ap-
peared in the Paris papers of this
date. The ci-devant general Piche-
ae has strangled himself in prison.
the following are the particulars of
the suicide: — his guards were at
night dismissed; and on the 5th,
having supped heartily, he retired

%.

379

to bed at midnight. He had previ-
ously taken a faggot from the bun.
dle with which his fire had been kin
died in the morning, and tying a
black silk handkerchief round his
neck, he twisted it close to the
glands by means of the stick, till he
had stopped respiration. He then
passed the stick behind his ear, and
throwing himself on the same side,
to prevent its removal, he was speedi-
ly suffocated. On the discovery of -
his death, eight physicians and sur-
geons were employed to make a re-
port of the state in which the body
wasfound. It was afterwards open-
ed in the hall of the criminal tribu-
nal; and the verdict was, ‘¢ Died by
strangulation.”’—He was buried in a
place appropriated to the remains of
those who commit suicide; and a
proces-verbal relative to the event
was ordered to be published through-
out the republic.—Notwithstanding
this specious statement, it is strongly
suspected, that the unfortunate and
gallant object of it, fell a victim to
the mean jealousy and fear of Bo.

naparte.
11th. The gazette of this night
contains the following letter from
capt. Hardinge of the Scorpion, off
Vlie, to Admiral Thornborough.—
‘*Sir, Having reconnoitred the po-
sition of the two men of war brigs in
the Vlie, I resolved to attempt the
outermost on the first favourable op- -
portunity.— When accidentally fall-
ing in with the sloop Beaver, in her
way to her station, on the 31st ult.
capt. Pelly volunteered the assistance
of himself and his boats.—The at-
tack was made the same night; the
intrepidity of British seamen over-
came every obstacle (she being in all
respects prepared with boarding net-
ting, &c.), and, after a sharp con-
test, we were in full possession of
her.

s *
380
her. She proves to be the Dutch
national brig Atalante, capt. Carp,
mounting 16 Jong 12 pounders, and
had on board 76 men.—She is one
of the largest brigs in the Dutch na-
vy, is a remarkably fine vessel, and,
in my opinion, admirably calculated
for his Majesty’s service.”

Killed and wounded—Scorpion,
hieut, Bluett; Mr, Williams, master ;
Mr. Jones, midshipman; J. Wilkin-
son (badly) and R...Tucker, seamen,
wounded.—Beaver, none killed or
wounded.—A talante.capt.Carp, and
3 seamen, killed. First lieutenant,
3 officers, and 8 seamen, wounded.

Admiral 'Thornborough, in his in-
troductory letter, observes, that the
Dutch captain refused quarter, and
fellin defence of his brig. —TheDutch
pilot and purser were liberated, and
sent on shore with the effects of the
captain, in consequence of the gal-
lant conduct of the latter.*

12th. Theanniversary of theliterary
fund, an institution which does equal
honurto the heart and understanding
of Englishmen, was this day kept at
the crownand anchor tavern, Strand;
Lord Pelham in the chair. After the
cloth was removed, the usual toasts,
the king, the queen, and royal fa-
mily, were given from the chair, and
received with the most ardent enthu-
siasm. ‘The noble president then in-
formed the mecting, that he should
take the liberty of proposing his roy-

al highness the prince of Wales as a |

subscriber to the institution. The
proposal was received with unbound-
ed applause. His lordship next ob-
served, that, as the proposal he had
the onade to make had been re-
ceived so kindly, he wished to add
to it, that his royal highness had in-

* Vide an admirable letter of captain feats to ee father on this capture, in 2

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

structed him to propose a subscrip=

tion on his: part of 1001. (tncreused

and prolonged plaudits.) Mis lord-—
ship, considering this unanimous ap-_
plause on the part of the meeting as _
an uneguivocal apprebation of what —

he had announced, thought it proper

to add, that he had moreover to pro. —
pose, that his royal highness be re- —

ceived as the patron of. the institu.
tion. The plaudits were here re-~

doubled, and the health of his royal —

highness was drunk with three times
three, as patron of the institution.
The recitations, as usual, formed a
principal part of the literary amuse-
ment of the evening; they were by
Mr. Fitzgerald, Mr. Pye, and Mr.
Kett. ‘The leading sentiments
these were strongly and happily ap-

plied to the present times, and as —
such were marked with very distin- —

guished applause; more particularly
a passage in which Mr. Fitzgerald
contrasted the condition of a tyrant

‘and an usurper with that of a legi-
The |
lines of Mr. Kett’s poem which made ~

timate and beloved sovereign.

the strongest impression, were those
which called up to the’ recollection

of the meeting the various virtues |
more particuldtly —
his unbounded benevolence towards —

of Lord Moira;

the French emigrants.—The ordina-
ry business of the institution was
then transacted,

satisfaction.

At the Westminster sessions Mary
Edwards, and Mary Anne Edwards,
mother znd daughter, were indicted
for feloniously stealing a quantity of |
wearing apparel,
Mr. Rogers, of Manchester-build-
ings, Westminster. It appeared, that

the Appendix to the Chronicle.

on

in |

and the meeting —
closed with the utmost easy and

the property of

ee aaa

,

4

én the 2d of March, about half past
1 o’clock, .the child of Mr. Rogers
‘was decoyed from the door of her
- father’s house, and was not heard of
until late in the afternoon of the
“same day ; when she was found nak-
ed on the flight of steps leading to
| the water, on the Surry side of West-
minster-beidge. On searching the
¥) house of the prisoners, in Brookes’-
ee Lambeth, the child’s bonnet
and shoes, with other parts of her
ae were found.—Both were
“found guilty, and sentenced to. be
_ transported for 7 years.
~The remains of the largest person
ever known in Ireland, at t least since
_ the days of the giant ‘of Hibernian
_ romance, Fion M‘Coul, were ine
Pe _ terred in the church- yard of Rose-
_unallis in the queen’s county. The
ip in, with its contents, weighed 52
MA hd which amounts exactly to
- 600!bs. “It was borne on a very
i; B tone bier by 30 strong men, who
a “were relieved at intervals. The
% ‘name of this extraordinary person
_ was Roger Byrne, whose residence
was near Burros in Ossory. He died
of suifocation occasioned by exces-
sive fat, which impeded the action
> of the lungs, and put a period to
his existence in the 54th year of his
age. He was 13 stone heavier than
_ the celebrated Bright of Maldon,
“whose waistcoat buttoned round 7
: Jarge men. —Byrne .was a married
_ man; his widow is a very small wo-
"man, by whom he has left 4 sons.
13th. Lady Glanville was found
dead in her bed-room, in Manches~

. Pdlithes ad taken fire, and were con-
sumed to her body, which presented

i a shocking spectacle.

_ Thesame day, as Mrs. Dawson,
Wi of Caldbeck, Cumberland, relict of

general Ri hi d D
a eral Richar at "formerly

CHRONICLE.

38t

lieutenant-governor of the Isle of
Man, was standing near the parlour
fire, immediately after dinner, part
of her muslin dress came in contact
with the fame, by which she was
dreadfully scorched : in this painful
situation, her distress being height-
ened by the most violent agitation
and terror, she languished until
Monday following, when she expir-
ed! She was 71 years of age.

16th. This night a fire broke out
near Sun Tavern Fields, Shadwell,
in the rope-ground and warehouses
of Mr. Cornwell. The warehouses.
were filled with cables, pitch, and
other combustible matter, to a very
great amount: of course the flames
burnt with great fury, and extend-
ed themselves with extraordinary
rapidity. They soon communicated
to the deal-yard of Mr. Miles, all
of which were instantly in a blaze.
‘The immediate scene of the confla-
gration was inaccessible to the en-
gines, and the volume of fire so
great, as to afford no hope that they
could, if within reach, make any
impression upon it. , In this extre-
mity, the firemen turned their at-
tention to the neighbouring houses,
and exerted themselves to cut off all
communication between them and
the burning premises. They played
the engines upon the dwelling-house
of Mr. Cornwell; but all their ener-
gy, as it was feared, was not able
to save it, as the wind blew the
flames directly upon it. A more
dreadful fire, or a more awful spec-
tacle, has not been scen for many
years in London. The damage is
estimated’at 20,0001. Happily no
lives were lost.

‘The earl of Strathmore’s valuable
stud-horse, Pipator, dropped dead
a few days ago. He was considered
worth 1000 guineas.

18th.

$82

18th. A spectacle more gratify-
ing, and at the same time more af-
fecting, cannot be imagined than
the anniversary festival of that truly
excellent institution, the Royal Hu-
mane Society, which was this day
celebrated at the London Tavern,
attended by upwards of 300 persons

~of the first distinction for beneyo-

Jence and opulence. The chair was
taken by Dr. Lettsom, having on his
right hand the bishop of St. David’s,
and on his Jeft Mr. Erskine. The
Messrs. Goldsmids were present,
and contributed with their accus-
tomed laudable liberality. At ten
the company separated, delighted
with the pleasing contrast, that
whilst tyranny and murder shed
their horrors on a neighbouring
country, it was the proud and pe-
culiar boast of Britons, not to mas-
sacre—but to save!

The celebration of high mass, and
a solemn requiem for the late duke
D’Enghien, took place this morning
at the French chapel, in King-
street, near Portman-square. The
bishop of Montpelier assisted on this
most solemn and affecting occasion,
as did the venerable archbishop of
Narbonne, the bishops of Arras,
Ayranches, Nantz, Angouléme,
Noyon, Rhodes, and Usez.

There were present many of the
English nobility ; and of the French,
Monsieur, the dukes of Berry,
Orleans, and Montpensier, compte
de Beaugolois, and the marquis di
Livarét.—The feelings of the prince
of Condé, the unfortunate grandfa-
ther of the murdered ‘and innocent
D’Enghien, would not admit of his
attendance.

It appears, by the accounts lately
delivered to parliament, that the
number of shipwrights and artificers
in his majesty’s dock-yards has been

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

increased, between the Ist of March
1803, and the Ist of March 1804,
from 5691 to 6967.—It likewise
appears, from the same documents,
that the number of vessels employed
in the defence of this country, ©
amounts to the enormous sum of —

1652! '
28th. Colonel Harwood applied
to the court of chancery for an in- |
junction to restrain the further ne-
gociation of a promissary note for
40001. given by him to Mr. Horne
Tooke. It appeared, from the colo-
nel’s statement, that the note had
been given as an accommodation,
note to Mr. Horne Tooke; but, by
the account of the latter, that an
agreement had been entered into
between them to share, reciprocally,
the bounty of Mr. Edward Tooke,
deceased ; and that the note was the
voluntary gift of colonel Harwood,
in discharge of his honour and good
faith. ‘The note was to be laid out
in the purchase of annuities for the
lives of Mrs. Tooke and her two
daughters, but Mr. Tooke changed
the disposition, by purchasing of sir
Francis Burdett, bart. an annuity
of 400]. for his own life, for 24001,
and taking a bond for 160U0l. the
residue of the note, which he con.
ceived would be more eligible, and
ultimately more beneficial to his fa-
mily. The chancellor, after taking
a comprehensive view of the case, —
said it would best answer the justice
and equity of the case, if colonel
Harwood brought the money into
court, and after some material points
were discussed, the court would
finally dispose of it. The money
was then ordered to be brought into
court within two months, and there
abide the final issue. It was at the
instance of the above-mentioned _
Mr. Edward Tooke, that Mr. John
Horne

Horne assumed the name of Tooke;
a coldness, however, afterwards
‘took place between them, subse-
quent to which, colonel Harwood
and Horne Tooke entered into the
agreement above-mentioned, to di-
vide whatever should he left to ei-
ther of them by Mr. Edward
Tooke.

_ The following is recorded as a
fact in a country newspaper :—At
Cadoxtown, near Cardiff, a young
‘mother died within a few “days after
child-bed. The child survived, but
there was no person to suckle ae
‘Its grandmother, merely to still its
‘ries, put it to her breast, and al-
though the aged nurse was 70 years
‘old, milk flowed upon the pressure
of the infant.

She continues to suckle the child,
and her breasts support a constant
supply of milk.

_ Alexander Davidson, esq. the
opulent banker and contractor ;

Hopping, gents. have been sen-
‘tenced, by the court of king’s
bench, for gross bribery and cor-
‘tuption at the late Ilchester elec-
tion, to twelve months confinement
in the marshelsea prison.

29th. This evening, about ten,
(@ young seaman, named Stoddart,
_ Was pursued by the press-gang down
the Broad Chace, in Newcastle,
when, to escape them, he jumped
to the Tyne, and attempted to
swim across the river to Gatehead.
One of his pursuers threatening to
re at him if he did not return, the
right and exertion took away his
“strength, and he was drowned !
__ 30th. This morning, between
five and six o’clock, the neighbour-
- of Maidstone was visited by a

mendous thunder storm, attend-
ed by lightning and much rain,

CHRONICLE,

fen White Parsons, and Thomas-

383

The lightning in the S. W. direction
was apparently the most vivid; a
tree on Barming heath was shivered
to pieces by it, and several houses
im the adjoining villages much das
maged.

According to a recent enumera-
tion, it appears that in the metropolis
there are 346 places of public wor-
ship; namely, 112 parish churches,
58 licensed chapels and chapels of
ease, 19 for foreign Protestants, 12
for Roman Catholics, 133 meeting.
houses and Methodist chapels of va-
rious sects, dissenting from the esta~
blished church, 6 Quaker’s meet,
ing-houses, and six Jew’s syna-
gogues.

Dip. —At Gateskead, near New-
castle, Mrs. Anne Parkin, aged
104.

MAY.

Ist. The following letter was re
ceived at the admiralty from Capt.
Shipley, of his majesty’s sloop of
war Hippomenes, dated 29th March.

Sir,

I have the honour to acquaint
you with the capture of L’Egypti-
enne French privateer, (formerly a
republican frigate) mounting 36
guns, twelves and nines, command-
ed by M. Placiard, aud having 240
men on board, on the evening of the
27th, after an arduous chace of 54
hours, and a running fight of three
hours and twenty minutes, by his
majesty sloop under my command,
for she struck the moment we fairly .
got alongside of her: I feel much
pleasure in saying the officers and
men behaved with that coolness and
intrepidity inherent in Englishmen.

The slight resistance she made, |
can only attribute to the fear of be-

ing

384
ing as severely beat as she had been
four days previous by the Osnrey,
who killed eight of her men, and
wounded nineteen, and whose gal-
Jantry astonished them, &c.
(Signed) Conway Shipley.

4th. The storm this afteynoon
was attended with more awful cir-
cumstances in the neighbourhood of
Bath, than ever accompanied any
elemental convulsion of the same na-
ture within the memory of the old-
est inhabitants. Tropical deluges
may equal, perhaps, the violence of
the rain; but in continuance it ex-
eéeded the customary duration of
tempests in the neighbourhood of
the Line. Unprecedented examples
of devastation appeared, when the
torrents ceased to fall; reads torn
up, gardens destroyed, and consi-
derable portions of’ land remoyed
from their situation. Among these
phenomena may be reckoned—a
vast body of earth from the summit
and declivity of Beecheen Clif,
which fell ** with hideous ruin.and
combustion,” (for it is doubtful
whether it was occasioned by the
action of the electrical fluid or wa-
ter), loaded with bushes and trces
on the field below ; the dislocation
of almost half an acre in a field be-
Jonging to the Rey. R. Warner, at
Hanging-land; and a slip of nearly
the same magnitude in a field on the
Prior-park estate. We hear of only
one life lost (the fatal consequence
of imprudence), the gardener of
Mr. Langton, at Newton, who was
drowned in attempting to cross at
the bottom of Penny-quick-lane.
Much damage was sustained in the
parish of Combhay. :

A most awful and tremendous
storm of thunder and lightning was
also experienced the same night, in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the counties of Lancashire and Che~
shire ; and the damage sustained is
almost incredible. The thunder was
succeeded by immense torrents o
rain and hail. Not far from War.
rington, on the Cheshire side, a bolt
fell, which did great injury, and by
which one person in particular suf=
fered severely in his property. Act
Bolton, and its vicinity, the people
experienced a most dreadful torna-
do ; and it is supposed that a wa-
ter-spout must have burst in that
neighbourhood, the river Irwell
having swelled to so great an height
as to sweep away many buildings,
and Jarge quantities of household
furniture, &c. The duration of the
Storm was upwards of two hours.—
At Houlton-park, a ball of fire fell
with such force as to split in shivers
and tear up an ash tree, which had
long been admired for its: strength
and beauty. Several bridges have
been thrown down.

5th. A verdict went against Mr.
Cromweil, brewer, of Hammersmith,
in the court of king’s bench, for
causing a man to be put into the
cold damp cage of that place, at
Christmas time, and there kept two
nights on an unfounded charge of
felony.—Damages 1501. and costs.

7th. A melancholy accident hap-
pened to an infant child of Mr.
Boyle, of Truro, at his grandfa~
ther’s, in the parish of Kea. The’
grandsire had become so fond of this
little boy, that he had taken him
from his father to reside with hin,
and he was the ‘* darling of his.
heart.” Late in the evening the
deceased, with another child, about.
six years eld, were playing in the)
yard, where was a butt placed on
its ends against a wall; which of
them meddiled with the butt does no

CHRONICLE:

appear; the butt was upset, and fell
on the head of the deceased, which
instantly killed him.

A court-martial was held on
board the Lilustrious man of war,
on the armourer belonging to the
Leda, for having thrust a red hot
iron into the left side of a seaman
belonging to the same ship, which
occasioned his death in about five
Minutes. The armourer was con-

-demned and executed.

- 9th, 10th, and 11. His majesty,
on each of these days, to the infi-
nite gratification of an affectionate
people, appeared in public: accom-
nied by her majesty and some of
the princesses, he drove through
the principal streets of London and
‘Westminster.
' 11th. This morning, about eight
o'clock, the eldest daughter of Mr.
Bell, confectioner, in Scarborough,
was found dead on the sea shore,
about a mile below the town, with
several marks of violence upon her.
‘The coroner’s jury sat on the body

on Saturday, and brought in a ver-
dict of wilful murder against some
ron or persons unknown.

‘Thomas Ellwood, a lad about 17

= of age, whose parents lived at

mpingham, was discovered float-
under an arch of the bridge over
‘the Welland at Stamford. He had
aa a week before from a
ilor, to whom he was apprenticed ;
being slightly reproved, he ex-
pressed a resolution to destroy him-
If; since which period he is sup-
ed to have been in the water.—
roner’s yerdict, lunacy.
12th. This day his majesty was
= to appoint the right hon.
illiam Pitt to the offices of chan-
‘cellor and under-treasurer of the ex-

| ‘hequer.

13th. The following melancholy
Vou. XLVI.

385

occurrence took place at Durley,
about two miles from Bishop’s Wal-
tham. Between one and two this
morning, a rookery, belonging to
Mr. Edward Houghton, was enter-
ed by some men armed with blud-
geons, for the purpose of stealing
rooks, when they were hailed by a
person of the name of Millet, sta-
tioned there to protect the rookery,
who endeavoured to persuade them
to desist and go away, which ey,
obstinately refused. Millet then
left them, and returned with Mr.
Houghton and his brother-in-law
Mr. Peter Barfoot; a scuffle ensu-
ing, one of the men, named James
West, received a wound from Mr.
Barfoot with a knife, which occa-
Sioned his instant death ; another of
them, Dowse, was wounded. The
coroner’s inquest has since set on
the body of West, and, after an in-
vestigation of two days, returned a
verdict of—wilful murder. Mr. Bar-
foot is in consequence committed for
trial.

16th. A fire broke out in the pre-
mises of Mr. Jordan, grocer, in
Spon-street, Coventry, which, with
nearly the whole contents, were in
a very short time reduced to ashes.
Providentially not a single life was
lost: Mr. Jordan, his wife, and six
small children, with the rést of. the
family, having fortunately escaped
through the windows from their
beds, a few minutes before the floors
fell in, whilst devastation and ruin
spread with a most awful effect in
every direction.

As some children were playing,
one of them fell into the New River,
near Hertford ; the cries of the rest
alarmed the neighbours, when two
women ran to its assistance: ‘the
first plunged in, but, being out of
her depth, she unfortunatel y sunk ;

Cc a man

386

aman recollecting there was.a long
pole with a hook, at a neighbour’s,
went for it, and, after some time,
brought up both woman and child,
toallappearance dead, ‘The means
directed by the gratuitous delivery
of the Royal Humane Society’s
plan was here providentially employ-
ed with success. An only child, in
about half an hour, was restored to
its fond parents ; and the young wo-
man, who had been deprived of life in
her humane efforts to preserve an un-
known child, was most happily re-
suscitated, to the great joy of the
spectators and her numerous family.

This morning a young woman,
who lived servant at a butcher’s in
St. James’s-street, put an end to
her existence, by throwing herself
into the bason in the Green-park.
It appeared that she was seduced
from her place by a gentleman’s ser-
vant, who took lodgings for her,
and afterwards deserted her. She
was turned out of doors by her
friends the night previous to her
fate.

17th. In a garden at Swire, iu
Tlolderness, in the occupation of a
Mr. Hesseltine, afew ancient silver
and copper coins were lately found,
turned up by the gardener with his
spade, one of which is precisely of
the same kind as the one figured in
the cuts of Roman coins in Cam-
den’s Britannia, (page 95. No. 18.)
and to which he alludes in his notes
upon them, (p. 104.) in the follow-
ing words: ‘* XVIII FLAVIVS CON-
STANTINVS MAXIMvs.AvGyvstvs. The
great ornament in Britain stamped
this coin in Constantinople, as we
are taught by these characters un-
derneath, coins with this GLoria
EXERCITYS, that is, the glory of the
army, to curry favour with the sol-
diers, m whose choice in those days,

ANNUAL REGYSTE R,

1804.

and not at the disposal of the em-_
peror, was the sovereign rule and
government.” It should be observ-
ed, that the figures representing the
head of Flavius on one side, and
two men in armour, with bows and
spears in their hands, standing on each
side, with two banners on the other
side, are remarkably legible, con-
sidering the very great antiquity of
the coin, which is upwards of 1350
years old. There was formerly an
abbey at Swire, a circumstance
which may, probably, account for
the discovery there of ancient coins.

As some workmen were lately
digging over the foundation of the
Roman wall, at Tarraby, about two
miles N, E. of Carlisle, they found
an altar one foot six inches high,
and seven inches broad, with the
following inscription upon it.

MAR. T COCM
LEG. It AVG
SANCTANA
SECVNDINI
DSOL. SYBCY
RA, AELIANIE€
]
CYRA, OPPIY
1
FELIX. OPO
Which is thus interpreted: ‘** The
second sacred Augustan legion, un-
dec the charge of A‘lianus, com-
mander in chief of the second le-
gion, Oppius Felix being his deputy
lieutenant, dedicates this altar to
Mars the great local deity, and
took care to have it set up.”

Every admirer of antique archi-
te¢tural grandeur will lament the
necessity there exists of immediately
taking down the truly venerable tow-
er, transept and chancel of the an-
cient church at Kirton on the Hill,
in Lincolnshire; its condition no
Jonger admitting of its existing wits

safety:

CHRONICLE.

safety. Proposals are this month
made for rebuilding it in a modern
manner.

Some labouring men lately digging
stones in certain quarries near the old
family mausion of Earl Fortescue, in
the parish of Ebrington, near Camp-
den, in Gloucestershire, discovered
about twenty skeletons, apparently
of warriors, with fragments of ar-
mour and several implements of war,

of various shapes and sizes ; the whole —

of very remote antiquity —Many
of the bodies were found laid with
their faces downward, and not more
than a foot in depth from the sur-
face of the earth. Among the dis-
turbed remains were those of a su-
perior officer or chief, at least sup-
posed so, as by his side were found

'. asword of excellent metal, and an

iron casque or head piece, the orna-
mented top and rivets of which were
plated with silver. The skeleton was
deposited at the depth of not more
than three feet in the ground, and,
notwithstanding the number of years
it must have lain thus buried, the
master bones were perfect and sound,
and the teeth in the highest state of
preservation.

A traditionary account prevails
in the neighbourhood of Campden,

_ ‘that that village and that of Ebring-

ton were once united, that some
signal battle was anciently fought in
this part of the island, and that the
ford at the end of Ebrington brake,
which now divides the above pa-
rishes, has, from that period, re-
tained the name of Battle Bridge.
The royal Jennerian society held
their anniversary dinner this day at
the crown and anchor tavern, his
‘grace the Duke of Bedford in the
chair. About 300 members were
present. After dinner, Non Nobis
Domine, iv good style, was sung.

387

After his majesty the patron’s
health was drank, God save the
king was sung by Mr. Hill. Among
the toasts were the health of Dr.
Jenner (who was not present), the
Duke of Bedford, &c. &c. Mr.
Travers, jun. recited, in a very ex-
cellent manner, an extract from a
poem lately published, by Mr.
R. Bloomfield, called, *‘ Good Ti-
dings, or News from the Farm.” It
was greatly applauded. Mr. Tra-
vers, sen. one of the trustees, in a
very elegant manner, gave an ac-
count of the great exertions that-had
been made by the society, and the
very liberal contributions of many
noblemen, gentlemen, and ladies.
fie, among other facts, stated, that
by the influence of vaccination,
communicated through the medium
of the different societies, the annual
deaths from the small-pox had been
most materially diminished. Through
this society, in co-operation with
others, the vaccine system had been
propagated in Asia and America.
At Constantinople the Turks, al-
though so much averse from innova-~
tion, had embraced the system with
the greatest eagerness. In India,
the Hindoos, from their religious
veneration of the cow, had most ma-
terially benefited by this mode of
inoculation; and he might almost as-
sert, that millions had already been
saved by vaccination. In America,
the Canadian Indians came down the
country many hundred miles, to get
the matter; and thus whole tribes
escaped the effects'of that malignant
and fatal distemper. Dr. Walker,
the resident physician at the Central-
house belonging to the society in
Salisbury-Square, read a letter from
Lady Louisa Broome, wherein her.
ladyship stated, that she had vacci-
nated 150 children in the neighbour-

C'e2 hood

388

hood of the family residence in
Suffolk, which had been attended in
every instance by the happiest ef-
fect; and that they had since been
all exposed to tbe small-pox in the
natural way without the least effect
being produced by the experiment.
Mr. Travers stated, that 34 persons
were now on the establishment of
the indigent blind, of whom no less
than 14 owed their blindness to the
small-pox; and it was to be hoped
that, by the introduction of vacci-
nation, that institution would ulti-
mately be rendered unnecessary.
Lords Somerville, Morpeth, and
Granville Levison Gower, Mr. A.
Goldsmid, Dr. Lettsom, &c. &c.
were present. The society broke
up about ten o’clock, with an una-
nimous determination to promote
vaccination by every means in their
power.

The Duke of York, with a pa-
ternal and becoming regard for the
welfare of the soldiery (no less cre-
ditable to his feelings as a man, than
to his watchfulness of their health
as a commander in chief), has caus-,

ed to be circulated throughout the-

army the following letter on the ad-
vantages resulting from the cow-pox;
which, for the honour of the im-
mortal Jenner, are now universally
known and acknowledged even in
the remotest and most barbarous
nations. By so general an adop-
tion of this useful and wonderful
process, as must necessarily arise
from the inoculation of his majesty’s
troops, the extermination of that
dreadful scourge of the human race
bids fair to be materially accele-
rated; and the prejudices against
such a safe, innocent, and eflicaci-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ous remedy, are likely to be consi-
derably diminished, if not altogether
removed.

« Sir; Forse Guards.

‘¢ The commander if chief’ hav-
ing observed, with infinite regret, the
fatal effects which the smalil-pox has,
in several recent instances, produced
in the army—his royal highness ap-
prehends that suflicient attention has
not been paid to the order respect-
ing the vaccine inoculation, issued on
the 18th of November last. His
royal highness, therefore, requests
that you will recal the order to the
recollection of officers commanding
brigades and regiments; and that
you will enjoin them to give it all
possible effect’ by explaining to the
men the beneficial consequences re-
sulting from the inoculation of ‘the
cow-pox, which has long been pror~
ed to the entire conviction and sa-
tisfaétion of those who have had the
best opportunities of observing the
mild and rapid progress of this im-
portant discovery.

(Signed) Harry Catvert.
Ad. Gen.*
18th. Colours were this day
presented with the utmost pomp and
solemnity by the city of London to
the loyal London volunteerst.

This' morning a young man, pri-
yate in the coldstream regiment of
guards, was tried by a court mar-
tial, charged with having committed
several acts of yagrancy, by begging
in the streets in a disguised dress,
pretending to beacripple, and there-
by defrauding passengers of their
money. The surgeon of the regi-
ment reported him to be in a per-
feét state of health, and no ways
disabled, and he was adjudged by the

_ * For the order alluded to, vide Chronicle in our vol. for 1803.
+ Aw account of whieh seein the Appendix.

- court.

CHRONEC LE: 389

court-martial to receive 300 lashes,
which were immediately inilicted
with the utmost severity,

This day the French senatus con-
sultum decreed the title of emperor
on Buonaparte, with different -modi-
fications of the imperial -dignity to
his consort, andthe other branches
of his family!!!

A young man, named Joseph Sla-
ter, late of W oe, near Wellin-
gore, Lincoln, aged 22, in attempt-
ing to leap from the shafts of a stage
waggon, of which he had the care,
entangled his clothes with some of
the tackle, and being thrown under
the wheels, was crushed in so dread-

-ful a manner as to occasion his death

the same night.

20th. A letter from Lord Keith
to the admiralty of this date, an-
nounces a vigorous, but unsuccessful
attack upon the French flotilla, by
Commodore Sir Sidney Smith.*

Captain Wright, of the Vincengo
gun-brig, was lately captured near
Morbihan, by some French gun-
boats, which surrounded him during
a calm; and was conveyed to his
old prison, the Temple, at Paris,
where he formerly shared the cap-
tivity of Sir Sidney Smith. He was
accused before the criminal court at
Paris of having landed most of the
conspirators against Buonaparte, in
France. He replied, that being a
prisoner of war, he was not compe-
tent to make any deposition; and,
asan English subject, he could not
answer any questions.

22nd. A notice appeared i in this
night’s Gazette, from the governor
and company of the bank of Eng-
Jand, stating, that, with the appro-
bation of his majesty’s most honour-
able privy council, they have caused

* Vide Appendix.
C

dollars to be stamped at Mr. Bol-

ton’s manufactory, Soho, near Bir-

mingham, with his majesty’s head and

ioscription, ‘* Georgius 1iJ. DeiGra-

tid Rex,” on the obverse: and Bri-

tannia, with the words ‘* Five Shil-

lings Dollar, Bank of England, ,
1804,” on the reyerse; which they

propose to issue instead of the dol-

Jars lately stamped at his majesty’s

mint at the Tower; the latter of
which, now in circulation, will not

be current, nor will be received at

the bank at the rate of 5s. each after

the 2nd. day of June. In the mean

time permission was given to ex-

change them for the dollars with the
new stamp, or for bank notes, after

the rate of 5s. for each dollar.

A beautiful coinage of half gui-
neas has been delivered from the
mint. In this impression the head
of his majesty is somewhat smaller
than in others, and the wreath is
twined round it more in the Romau
form. ‘The reverse is that of the
last coinage; the legend, ‘4 Fidei
Defensor, Britanniarum Rex.”

24th. This afternoon a fire broke
out at Darnford oil-mills, near Sta-
pleford, Norfolk, in the occupa-
tion of Mr. Charles Marsindale,
which raged with such fary, that the
whole premises were totally destroy-
ed in about an hour and a half; the
loss is supposed to be between 8 and
9,0001.

25th. This day was, by procla-
mation, observed as a general fasr
throughout England, ‘‘ for humbling
ourselves. before Almighty God, in
order to obtain pardon of our sins,
and in the most devout and solemn
manner to send up our prayers and
supplications to the Divine Majesty,
for Mo pig those heavy judgments

oe which

390

which our manifold provocations
have most justly deserved; and for
imploring his blessing and _assist-
ance on our arms, for the restora-
tion of peace and prosperity to
these dominions.”

The solemnity which pervaded the
metropolis and its environs was such
as suited the moral obligation indi-
viduals were called upon to per-
form. The sober silence of the
streets was only interrupted by the
bell of the parish churches, calling
the inhabitants to prayers. The
pause produced by a suspension of
the busy round of trade and shut
up shops was, however, lessened by
the early appearance of the volun-
teers gaily dressed in their uniforms,
who, pursuant to orders, proceeded
in all directions to their respective
churches, which were numerously
attended, and displayed awful gran-
deur. The new form of prayer
used upon this occasion appeared to
be fervently attended to; and gra-
titude filled the bosoms of the diffe-
rent congregations towards the Di-
vine Being, for his Majesty’s resto-
ration to health. In short, a gene-
ral sense of morality and loyalty
was every where conspicuous. Ma-
ny of the volunteers, after the after-
noon service, proceeded to their
drill-grounds, where they devoted
the remainder of the day to im-
provement. The public rejoiced at
the favourable alteration which was
made in the form of prayer. We
allude to the different state in which
his majesty’s health is represented
in the different editions.

FIRST. EDITION.

‘¢ Have mercy, we beseech thee,
upon thy servant our sovereign,
whom thou hast smitten for the
transgressions of his people. We
acknowledge, that for our manifold

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

sins we are worthy of the severity
of thy judgments ; yet we beseech
thee, incline thine ear to us, when
with penitent and contrite hearts we
turn unto thee; and remove from
our sovereign, and from us, this
dreadful vistation. We yield thee
thanks and praise, O Lord, for the
hope and prospect of recovery, which
thy mercy already hath afforded in
the abatement of his dangerous sick-
ness. Confirm and establish, we
beseech thee, O Lord, the work
which we trust thou hast begun.”
SECOND EDITION.
<¢ Have mercy upon thy servant,
our sovereign, whom thou hast re-
peatedly smitten for the transgres~
sions of his people. We acknow-
ledge, that for our manifold sins we
are worthy of the severity of thy
judgments ; yet, we beseech thee,
incline thine ear. to us, when with
penitent and contrite hearts we turn
unto thee; and remove from our
sovereign and from us, these dreadful
visitations. We yield thee thanks
and praise, O Lord, for thy great
mercy already manifested towards
us, in his recovery from his late dan-
gerous sickness. Confirm and estab.~
lish, we beseech thee, O Lord, the
work which thou hast begun.
William Cobbett, the celebrated
editor of the Political Register, a
weckly journal of high reputation,
was tried in the court of king’s
bench, on an information for a libel
on the Earl of Hardwicke, Lord
Redesdale, and other offcers of state
in Ireland, and found guilty.
26th. Another action was tried
in the same court, brought by Mr.
Plunkett, solicitor-general in Ire-
land, against the above Mr. Cob-
bett, for a libel. Damages were
given against him for 5001.
3ist. This day the anniversary
r meeting

CHRONICLE.

meeting of the charity children was
held at St. Pauls. The scaffolding,
aS usual, formed an amphitheatre
under the dome, with the pulpit in
the middle, covered with crimson
cloth. By twelve the children were

all seated, the boys on the higher.

seats, and girls below; their diffe-
rent devices were displayed with
pleasing uniformity ; and in other
respecis the arrangement was such
as presented a scene awfully grand,
and gratifying to a benevolent mind.
The procession of the children from
St. Pauls to their respective parishes,
afforded the same pleasing spectacle
as at their going; the beadles at
their head, and the flags which they
carried, made them the objects of
admiration. St. Paul’s church-
yard was so crowded by spectators
as to be almost impassable; the

_¢rowd in the church was also vast ;

on leaving it, the charity collected
at the gates was consderably aug-
mented by their donations.

Diep.— 5th. Mrs. Margaret
Holmes, of Sunderland-bridge, Dur-
ham, 103 years of age,

17th. At Walmesby Ford, near
Blackburne, aged 103, Mr. Richard
Heaten, farmer: within the last two
years he was able to go on foot
from his own house to Preston and
back again in one day, a distance of
not less than 29 miles,

JUNE.

4th. The following report has
been made and signed by Thomas
Henley, constable of St. Helier, in
the island of Jersey :—‘¢ On the
above date, being the anniversary of
the birthday of our gracious sove-
reign, all the forts in this island fired
& royal salute at noon, by order of

391

his excellency the commander in
chief. The cannon in the new fort
on the large hill were also fired. A
corporal of the invalid company of
artillery then received the matches,
and Jocked them up in the powder
magazine, at the top of the hill,
which is constructed in such a man-
ner as to be bomb-proof; it con-
tained 209 barrels of gun-powder,
charged bombs, caissons full of
cartridges of every kind, anda great
quantity of other combustibles. The
magazine was then shut, and the
keys carried out of the fort. About
six in the evening, while the officer
on guard was at dinner with the
brother officers of his regiment, the
soldiers on guard observed smoke
issuing through an air-hole at one
of the ends of the magazine, and
immediately ran from the fort. Mr.
P. Lys, the signal officer on the hill,
seeing from the watch-house the
soldiers in motion, and hearing them
calling out, Fire! ran out before
they had all set off, and approaching
the magazine, observed the smoke
issuing through the two air-holes at
the two ends. Having found Tho..
mas Touzel and Edward Touzel,
two brothers, and both carpenters,
employed by him in the town, who
had come to assist him te take downa
temporary ensign-staff, he sené them
to acquaint the commander in chief
of the danger with which the maga- ©
zine was threatened, and to Capt.
Salmon, of the artillery, to get the
keys. Touzel, before he set out,
used every effort to induce his bro-~
ther to quit the spot. IK. Touzel
replied, that he must die some day
or other, and that he would at-
tempt to save the magazine, and the
town, at the hazard of his life; and
seeing a soldier making his escape,
he proposed to him to remain to as-
Cc4 : sist

592

sist in breaking open the magazine,
which he refused to do.. He then
proposed the same thing to another
soldier, named William Ponteney,
of the light cbmpany of the third
regiment, who acquiesced, saying,
that lie was ready to die with him ;
aud they shook hands. Edward
Touzel then took a wooden bar,
with which he broke the barrier of
the pallisade which surrounds the
magazine, and finding at hand a kind
of axe, he got to the door of the
magazine, where he broke also two
padlocks, and having by these means
opened the door, he entered, and
addressing himself to Mr. Lys, who
was on the outside, said, ‘¢ ‘he ma-
gazine is on fire, it will blow up.
We must lose our lives, but no
matter, huzza for the hing! We
must try to save it.” With these
‘words he rushed into the flames, and
seizing the matches almost burnt
out, he threw them by armfulls to
Mr. P. Lys and W. Ponteney, who
had remained without. Mr. Lys
seeing a cask standing on one end,
‘filled with water in the neighbour-
hood of the magazine, and having
no other vessel than an earthen pit-
cher, he and W. Pontency made
use of their hats, and this pitcher,
to carry water to Edward ‘Touzel,
who was still in the magazine ; but
scarcely able to see, in consequeiice
of the thick smoke which surround-
ed him; observing, however, some
wood on fire, he extinguished it with
the water which was brought to him.
He then called out to Mr. Lys, that
he was almost suffocated, and re-
quested something to drink. The
fire had scorched his hands, and
even some part of his face. The
people now arrived in crowds,
bringing with them water ; and Mr.
Lys sent him a glass of spirits,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

mixed with water, which he drank.
At length the fire was entirely ex-
tinguished by the zeal and intrepi-
dity of Edward Touzel in particu-
lar, and of Mr. Lys and W. Pon.
teney. Captain Leith, of the 31st.
regiment, and Mr. Murphy, of the
same, the oflicer on guard, and se-
veral officers of his majesty’s troops,
repaired with soldiers to the hill,
and employed the utmost activity
to get the magazine entirely empti-
ed, in order to ascertain whether
any sparks remained in it. Two
caissons of wood, filled with ammn-
nition, were found, attacked by the
fire, and one in particular, in which
there were powder-horns, tubes,
and a flannel cartridge was half
burnt through. Near this caisson
stood an open barrel of powder,
to which the fire, had it not been
extinguished, must inevitably have
soon communicated. A rammer
was almost consumed, and some of
the beams which supported the roof
were on fire. Such was the state of
things when. Edward Touzel, Mr.
P. Lys, and W. Ponteney, displayed
heroic courage and bravery, ex~
posed their lives to the most immi-
nent danger, and thereby saved the
town of St. Helier and its inhabi-
tants from the most terrible disas.
ter! The constable therefore finds
himself impelled, both by duty and
inclination,..to request all persons
who have property in the town of
St. Helier, or its neighbourhood, ta
meet on the 13th inst. in the church
of St. Helier, at ten in the morn.
ing, to take into consideration the
means of testifying their gratitude
towards these three brave and ge- ~
nerous men.”

This providential and almost mi-
raculous escape, must have greatly
interested every reader. ‘The debt

of

_stant death or total ruin.

CHRONICLE.

of gratitude due to the brave men
whose names will be handed down

' to an admiring posterity, is, we are

happy to say, in the course of pay-
ment.—A general subscription is be-
gun in the island, and is of that
amount already, as sufficiently to
mark the gratitude of those, who,
by the individual heroism of these
gallant men, were saved from in-
But the
committee who are in the manage-
ment of the patriotic fund, view this
deliverance also as a matter of na-
tional importance. It has saved many

_ valuable lives; it has preserved one

of our principal depéts of strength
in the important island of Jersey ; it
is honourable to the national cha-

_ raéter, and worthy of the most dis-

tinguished notice, as an example to
posterity; therefore well entitled to
liberal reward from such a fund as
that which they have the honour
to direct. They have accordingly
voted to Lieutenant Lys, for him-
self and large family, five hundred
pounds ; to Edward Touzel, a young
man, who has a mother, and is ris-
ing in his business as a carperiter
in St. Helier, three hundred pounds ;
and at the request of William Pon-
teney, a private soldier, (to whom
his officers have voled a gold medal)
a life annuity of twenty pounds, as
he has determined that he will con-
tinue through life to serve his king

_ and country as a soldier.

This afternoon, as Lieut.-Col.
Hawker, with a party of the 14th
light dragoons, was fishing with a
drag-net, near Littlestone, in Row-
ney-bay, on the ebbing side, four
of the men who held the ends of the
net farthest in the sea, instanta-
neously sunk, and though all good
Swimmers, did not rise again. It
is supposed they must have been

393

drawn into a hole, and swallowed
up by the sand.
Dr. De Caro, now at Vienna,
has received letters. which state, that
the vaccine has met with the greatest
success in Persia. Dr. Milne and
M. Jukes, his correspondents at
Bassora, one of the most commer-
cial cities of the empire, state, that
all the Persians were desirous to
have their children inoculated with
the vaccine matter. ‘The Hospodar
of Moldavia has sent Dr. De Caro a
magnificent Indian shawl, and a
very obliging letter, with an account
of the efficacious measures he had
adopted for its propagation.

There is now in the barracks
at Woodbridge, occupied by the
royal Lancashire militia, a cat which
has brought up two young chickens.
The circumstances were as follows <
—Some days back a hen was ob-
served sitting upon two eggs, and
was frequently visited by one of the
soldiers, till the hen was missing,
supposed to have been killed by a
dog. He immediately took the eggs
and laid them under a cat with three
small kittens, and to the surprise
and admiration of a number of peo-
ple, four days after, two chickens
made their appearance, one of which
has five claws on each foot, and the
other four. The wiole have lived
in the greatest harmony for this
fortnight past;—when the chickens
wander from the cat, she brings
them back in her mouth, and is as
fond of them as she is of the kittens. |

13th. The recorder made a re-
port to his majesty of the following
18 prisoners under sentence of death
in Newgate, viz. George Smith,
Mary Anderson, George Donohon,
James Heath, John Smith (alias,
Lacey), Richard Anderson, John
Kemp, James Draper, Jeremiah

Corneille,

394

Corneille, James Nixon, William
Burnett, Robert Harris, Willian
Gill (alias Harris), Caroline Mat-
thews, Klizabeth Fisher, Mary Anne
Taylor, Edward King, and Louisa
Darney ; when they were all res-
pited during his majesty’s pleasure.
The cases of Robert Aslett and 15
ether prisoners were not reported.
During a violent storm about 2
o’clock this day, the church at
Edenham, in Lincoln, was struck by
lightning, and one of the pinnacles
on the tower was driven off. The e-
leétrical fluid descended by the clock

wire, and broke a part of the dial.

The Rev. Mr. Towers, curate of
that village, was thrown down in
his house, near the church, by the
concussion, but fortunately did not
receive any injury.

14th. A pike was taken out of
the great pool in Packington Park,
Warwickshire, the seat of the Earl
of Aylesford,with a carp stuck in his
throat that weighed 10lb, which had
choaked him: the pike when emp-
ty weighed 30lb.

16th. Four of 1010 journey-
men bootmakers engaged in a com-
bination against their masters, were
examined at Marlborough-street po-
lice office. Three of them were
sentenced to hard labour in_ the
house of correétion for two months,
and one for one month ; which
timely severity, speedily putan end
to a widely spread and dangerous
conspiracy.

19th. This morning two boys
who were bathing in the serpentine
river were drowned. The one
screamed on getting out of his depth,
which attraéted the other to his as-
sistance, and led him to the same
fate.

This morning a committee of such
ef the noblemen and gentlemen pre«

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

sent atWoburn Abbey, as aremem-
bers of the Smithfield society was
held, and the premiums for the en-
suing Christmas shew were deterini-
ed on. Soon after 11 o’clock, the
shew of South Down tups com-
menced; different parts of the com-
pany being at the same time em-
ployed in examining an experiment
in drilling turnips on his grace’s
farm ; others ‘were engaged in ex-
amining the different implements of
agriculture belonging to his grace,
and brought by others to. be exhibit-
ed. About 3 o’clock more than 200°
persons, principally consisting of
gentlemen of landed property, and
agriculturists of note, sat down to
an excellent dinner at the Abbey ;
they had, however, to lament the
absence of all the patrons of agri-
culture who are in the house of
commons; nor was the cause known
which so unexpectedly detained them
allin town. After dinner much in-
teresting conversation followed, en-
livened by several suitable toasts.
2ist. _ This day the literary fund
held their annual meeting at the
ship tavern, Greenwich. Lord Pel-
ham took the chair, and discharged
its duties with his usual assiduity.
The meeting was very well attended,
and passed off with that refined en-

joyment naturally arising from fes-

tivity founded on benevolence. Mr.
Fitzgerald indulged the company
with some of his animated recita-
tions, and added the following lines
impromptu, to one of his admired
effusions of loyalty and patriotism:
Consul, or emperor, what ambi-
tion will!
The blood-nurs’d Corsican’s a
tyrant still!
Imperial purple never can efface,
Jaffa’s base murders, Acre’s foul
disgrace.
22d.

CHRONICLE:

29d. The surrender of Surinam
to his majesty’s arms was this day
communicated in the following let-
ter from Earl Camden, (one of the
principal secretaries of state) to the
Jord mayor.*
‘¢ Downing-street, June 22d.
_ & My lord,
¢¢ ¥ have the satisfaction to ac-
guaint your lordship, that dispatches
were received late last night from
M. G. Sir Charles Green, com-
manding his majesty’s troops in the
Leeward Islands, dated Paramaribo,
May 13th. announcing the surren-
der of the colony of Surinam to his
Majesty’s arms, on the 4th of thet
month, with a very inconsiderable
Joss on the part of his majesty’s
forces.”
‘¢ I have the honor to be,
a
** Camden.”
23d. A dreadful fire’ broke out
yesterday morning at Grays, in E's-
sex. A labouring man who had been
drinking at a neighbouring public
house, on his return home with a
lighted pipe, incautiously knocked
out the ashes among some straw and
other inflammable matter that lay in
a heap close by the range of ware-
houses at the back of the town,
which had been long used as grana-
ries. ‘The consequence was, the
lighted tobacco smothered during
seyeral hours, and on yesterday
morning the inhabitants were alarm-
ed by the flames bursting from one
of the warehouses, which took fire
and communicated with the rest.
Before assistance could be procured,
the whole range was consumed,
with several thousand quarters of
wheat and flour, At ten o’clock
this morning the columns of smoke

* Vide Appendix for the details.

395

arising from the fuins were seen from
the Kentish hills, as far distant ag
Plumstead.

A Ludgershall tythe cause was
decided in the court of exchequer,
by which a verdi¢t was given for the
minister, originating in his being
rated to the poor, contrary to the
usage of the parish. It is the cus.
tom of the country for the minister
to be exempt from poor rates, when
he receives his tythes and dues by
composition; but when he takes
his tythes in kind, he then becomes
chargeable. In this case the court
decreed the repayment of the rates
for the respective’ years the minister
had been compelled to pay.

A thunderbolt fell at Newport,
which killed three horses and an ox,
and wounded three men.

24th. This day (Sunday), at
Hanslope, Bucks, was experienced
one of the most tremendous thunder
Storms, accompanied by lightning,
ever remembered by the oldest in-
habitant living. It seemed to gather
in the W.S. W, with most astonishe
ing rapidity, where it hung foracon-
siderable time in silent and gloomy
horror, when on a sudden, a dreade
ful peal of thunder broke over the
village with a tremendous roar,
which was succeeded by others still
more loud and awful. In faét, the
whole artillery of the skies seemed
to be let loose at once: and the
lightning that accompanied it wag
the most tremendous ever witnessed.
The elements seemed in one contie
nued blaze. About half past eight
in the evening, the storm was at its
height, and while the affrighted vil-
lagers were supplicating the Supreme
Power, they were alatmed by the
falling of the spire of the venerable

and

395

and ancient church, which was laid

in ruins with a most tremendous
crash. ‘This beautiful gothic struc-
ture, which the architeét seems to
have exerted his utmost abilities to
complete, and which was 186 feet
in height, was in a moment levelled
with the earth; and the greater part
of it being precipitated upon the
body of the church, sunk the roof
along with it in common devasta-
tion.

Providentially no lives were lost,
although some people were passing
near the church at the time, and
many large stones were projeéted,
with astonishing force in almost eve-
ry direétion, to the distance of 70
or 80 yards.

The same storm prevailed in the
metropolis and its neighbourhood :
2 poor woman was killed by the
lightning as she was crossing Mount-
street, Grosvenor-square. A gen-
tleman’s house at Woolwich was
set on fire by the lightning, which
was with great difficulty extinguish-
ed by the engines and the assistance
of the garrison: a bullock on the
Kent-road was struck blind, and
two horses at Uxbridge killed.

26th. This morning, about ten
o'clock, a fire broke out at the
melting-house of Mr. Littel, tal-
low-chandler, near Crispin-street,
Union-strect, Bishopsgate, occa-
sioned by the boiling over of a cop-
per of stuff, which consumed the
whole of the premises, Before the
engines arrived, the flames commu-
nicated to the house of Mr. Cam-
pion, and the two adjoining, which
were also burnt; when the flames
were got under by the engines and
firemen.

27th. The king held a grand
levee at the qneen’s house for the
first time since his recovery, at which

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

were present the foreign ambassa-
dors, all the great officers of state,
and a vast number of the nobility.
After the levee a privy council was
held for the purpose of receiying the
recorder’s report of 16 conviéts un-
der sentence of death; when Pro.
vidence Hansard, for forgery, was
ordered for execution on ‘Thurs-
day.

To the great satisfaétion of a
crowded court, the Honourable
Admiral Berkeley obtained a ver-
diét this day in the court of exche-
quer, against the editor and pub-
lishers of a periodical paper, entitled
‘*’The Royal Standard and Political
Register,” for a libel on hs profes-
sional character. This infamous pro-
duction insinuated that the admiral,
when captain of the Marlborough,
in the memorable action of the 4th
of June, had conduéted himself in
a manner unworthy of his high rank,
name, and reputation: than which,
according to the evidence, nothing
could be more unfounded, or mali-
ciously false ; as it appeared, most
uncontrovertibly, that his conduét
during that arduous confliét equalled,
if not excelled, that of any other
officer in the fleet, both in skill
and personal courage, and had met
with the most unbounded approba-
tion of his superiors. ‘The damages
awarded were one thousand pounds,
a sum humanely proportioned by
the jury to the narrow circum.
stances of the ostensible libellers.
Earl St. Vincent, Lord Bridport,
Lord Duncan, the venerable Sir Pe-
ter Parker, and several other dis-
tinguished naval characters, attend-
ed the trial, to have borie their tes-

-timony, if necessary, to the high

professional merit and character of.
the admiral, but from the course
pursued by his very eloquent advo~

cate,

Pi 5

CHRONIC LE.

eate, Mr. Erskine, they were not

called upon.

A fatal accident lately happened

_in the family ot G. E. Stanley, of

Ponsonby-hall, Esq. near Whiteha-
ven. A boy who was frequently at
Ponsonby-hall, had gone into the
servant’s hall with two of Mr. Stan-
Jey’s daughters (the eldest between

_ eight and nine years of age), and

stepping upon a box, took down a
loaded musket, to shew the young
Jadies how well ‘‘ he could go
through his exercise,” and which he
had been in tre habit of doing. The
piece went off; and the principal
part of its contents striking the
eldest sister, killed her on the spot,
and the younger was most severely
wounded.

Parliament has settled 1.2001. per
annum on the widow of the late
Lord Kilwarden, chief justice of the
court of king’s bench in Ireland,
who was murdered in the streets of

Dublin, and on her ladyship’s de-
cease, 800]. per annum on her son,

and 400l. a year on her two daugh-

Aers.

30th. The old houses which
choaked up the passage from Palace-
yard to the church-yard of West-
minster, and prevented the view of
the north side of Henry the VIIth’s.
chapel, are taken down, and the
space they occupied is to be railed
in, which will add very considerably
to the grandeur of that ancient and
most interesting edifice.

A boy purloined a throstle’s nest,
near Rocklifie, and exultingly bore
away his prize to Carlisle, where he
lived. The dam, who had recently
quitted her young, was not ignorant
of the theft, but, with unceasing so-
licitude, pursued them step by step.
The boy and his companion, per-
cciving this, repeatedly put down

“397

the nest, which she as constantly
dropped into, and maintained posses-
sion until almost grasped with the
hand. Thus they travelled. on to-
gether until the boy reached home,
when he deposited the nest’ within
the house. The disconsolate dam,
watching an opportunity, sprung in
at the window with as much alacrity
as another would have flew out;
again she claimed her progeny, and
could hardly be driven away !

Diep.—ist, At Egglestone Ab-
bey, after a short illness, possessing
her faculties to her death, Esther
Laine, aged 105, servant in the
families of Sir Thomas Robinson
and Colonel Morrett, of Rokeby.

17th. In his 100th year, which
he had attained without experienc-
ing a day’s illness, Mr. Benjamin
Overton, weaver, of Stamford, co.
Lincoln.

JULY.

2nd. This morning a cobler,
corner of Wimpole-street
Queen Anne-street West, fastened
himself in his stall, and cuthis throat
in so dreadful a manner, as to place
all hopes of his recovery out of the
question.

This day a fine boy, seyen years
of age, belonging to Mr. Kennedy,
of Edgeware-road, unfortunately
got entangled between a dray and a

‘coach. ‘The hind wheel of the coach

went over his loins, and killed
him. ;

The Middlesex election committee
reported, that Sir Francis Burdett
was not duly eleéted; that Mr.
Mainwaring was duly elected; but
that he committed aéts of treating,
whereby he was incapacitated te
serve in Parliament upon such elec.

Ut tion,

and .

398
tion. A new writ was in conse-
quence ordered to be issued.

7th. Mr. Tliff, of Narborough,
with three of his men, being in a
field near Enderby Mill, in Leices-
tershire, at the beginning of a storm
of lightning, repaired to a hovel,
taking with them two horses and
dogs, and in a short time there came
something like a ball of fire, and
burst amongst them, which gave
them a violent shock, and caused
one of the horses to fall. A fine
greyhound, which lay in-a round
posture, as is frequent with dogs
when asleep, was quite dead, and
appeared as if it had never stirred
after it was struck.

8th. This afternoon a man in
the service of Mr. Porter, of Felix-
stone, Norfolk, was struck dead
from the top of a hay-stack, during
a storm of thunder and lightning,
and a dog killed, which lay at the
foot of the latter. The stack was
set on fire, and another man near it
had his head singed. The storm
extended over the whole of Norfolk
and Suffolk, and did much injury in
different quarters, At Bury, a cow
was struck dead in a field belong-
ing to Mr. Butcher.—At Harwich,
during the same storm, another man
was struck dead, while assisting to
cover a haystack from the rain.
His watch was entirely melted, and
some halfpence in his pocket were
found run ina mass, as if melted in
acrucible, ‘The farmer, who was
‘Standing at the bottom of the Jad-
der, had his foot much burnt.

11th. A matter of very consi-
derable importance came on to be
tried at the quarter sessions of Bed-
ford:—An overseer of the parish of
Lidlington, in that country, was in-
_ diéted for dismissing of a woman

from his service, she being, at the |

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

time of such dismissal, aétually fa

labour, without making any provi-
sion for her relief. It came out in
evidence, that both the master and
mistress of the woman (the over-
seer and his wife) were well ac-
quainted with the state in which she
was; that they refused to receive
her into their house, upon her en-
treaty to be so received, and that
the overseer ordered one of his la-
bourers to walk with her as far as
Ampthill, a distance of three miles
and upwards, and there left her at
the first public house. The jury
found a verdiét of guilty, and the
court sentenced the overseer to an
imprisonment of two months, and a
fine of 201.

A thousand pound bank note,
one of those alledged to be lost by
Nowland, a bankrupt, who has been
in Newgate for nearly 12 years, for
not making a satisfa¢tory disclosure
and surrender of his effects, was
lately presented for payment at the
bank. The note being stopped, the
holders (foreigners) this day brought
an a¢tion for its recovery in the
court of king’s bench, and succeed.
ed; it appearing that they had given
value for the note in Germany, in
order to make a remittance to Eng-
Jand.

A Mr. Dinwiddie, the same day,
having given a false charaéter of one
Yarrison, to a Mr. Hutchinson, by
which the last mentioned sustained
a loss, by the acceptance of bills,
drawn by Harrison, to the amount
of 1,060]. 8s. 1d. A jury in the
court of king’s bench awarded Mr.
Dinwiddie to stand to the conse.
quences of his improper recommen-
dation of Harrison, and to pay Mr.
Hutchinson the whole amount of
said loss, and all his costs. _

12th. In the court of king’s

bench,

- James Minifie.

CHRONICLE.

bench, William Draper Best, Esq.
serjeant at law, was indi¢ted for an
assault on Rebecca, the wife of
The counsel for
the prosecution stated the case to
the court; in which he observed
that Minifie, the prosecutor of this
indiétment, was formerly a man of
some consideration, but misfortune
had reduced his station in the world.

' About nine years ago, his wife be-

ing entitled to some relation’s pro-
perty, an intercourse took place be-
tween the defendant and them upon
that subject, and from that time she
had been in the habit of calling upon
the serjeant at his chambers. Mrs.
Minifie being called, stated, that in
consequence of’ having received a
letter from Mr. Serjeant Best, by
his appointment she went to his
ehambers on the 23d of April last ;
but instead of business respecting
her estate, as she expected, he told
her it was a letter of gallantry ;
that he wished her to live with him,
and pressed her to make him happy.
He said that he saw her husband’s
circumstances made her uneasy ;
but he would remove that by getting
an appointment for him, which he
had often promised. She told him
in reply that she did not expect to
hear of such a proposition from him ;
that he already knew her sentiments
upon the subject; and that there
were many considerations and ties
ef duty and morality, which for-
bade such a connexion, ‘The ser-
jeant was not satisfied, but used vio-
dent language, and assaulted her by
thrusting his hands up her clothes.

= It appeared in evidence, that sub-
Sequently to the supposed offence,
the learned serjeant had been re-

* guired by the plaintiffs to lend them

an hundred pounds, which together
with a denial on the part of the de-
Py 3d

599
fendant that he had ever touched the
person of Mrs, Minifie, or even ap-
proached her with such intention,
and several othet ciftumstances, led
Lord Ellenborough to remark that
it appeared tuo be a wicked conspi-
racy, to extort money from Mr,
Best.

Mrs. Minifie was cross-examined
by Mr. Garrow, and from her an-
swers, and the testimony of coun-
sellor Ally, who had been consulted
on the part of the prosecutor, the
jury (without wishing to hear any
evidence on the part of the defen-
dant) declared their mind to be fully
made up on the subjeét: in conse-
guence of which Lord Ellenborough
said, that he should not trouble them
with any observations; and the
jury immediately pronounced a vere
diét of —Not Guilty.

At the Hertford assizes, an aétion
was brought by a Mr. Till, school-
master, who had most generously
lent 1,3001. on bond, toa Mr. Pol-
lard, a young farmer, who had been
his scholar. Pollard and his friends
had trumped up a bankruptcy, in
order to defeat Mr. Till of the effect
of his bond, the palintiff however
obtained a verdiét fdr the whole
amount and costs.

13th. A shocking accident hap-
pened to a poor washerwoman in
Market-street, St, James’s-market.
In hanging some linen to dry ona
line, that projeéted from. the two
pair of stairs window, by over-
reaching, she fell into the street,
and fraétured her skull. She was
taken up with but little appearance
of life, and conveyed to the Middle.
sex hospital.

Robert Howse, James Reynolds,
and John ‘Thodey, stood in the pil-
lory, at ‘the corner of Duke-street,
Smithfield market (pursuant to their
sentence,

400

sentence), for a. conspiracy to de-
fraud the public by assuming the
charaéters of merchants, drawing
bills of exchange upon each other,
some of which they got discounted
among manufacturers and_ shop-
keepers, whereas they were nothing
but mere swindling adventurers,
The concourse of people upon the
occasion was very great. After
standing the usual time, they were
carried back to Newgate, there to
‘be imprisoned 12 months.

About nine o’clock this night a
woman with a child in her arms
‘was run over by a stage coach, on
the west side of Fleet-market ; the
child was killed, and one of the wheels
went over the legs of the unfortu-
nate woman, who was taken to the
hospital without hopes of recovery.

14th. As a boat laden with
Portland stone was last week cross-
ing Portland Roads, at Weymouth,
a sudden gust of wind filled it with
water, by which it instantly sunk.
Two men, and a child four years of
age, were on-board at the time,
when one of the men, who could not
swim, was drowned; the other,
though two miles from the shore,
caught the child in his arms, and
plunged into the sea, when a boat,
with some gentlemen on a fishing
party, came to his assistance in time
to save him and his charge. His
boat, the produce of his earnings
in the navy, being totally lost, a
subscription was opened for him at
Harvey’s library, which, in a few
hours, produced 201.

16th. At Gwenddwr, Brecon,
as two men were close cutting a
piece of timber, a girl of about six-
teen or seventeen years of age was
sitting on the ground near them,
when a part of the tree fell upon

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

her, and crushed her in such a mane
ner that she instantly expired.

16th. ‘This day the frecholders
of. Middlesex, in the interest of Mr.
Mainwaring, jun. metat the Crown
and Anchor, to consider on the best
means of exempting him from ex-
pence, &c. and alter some introduc-
tory speeches, a subscription was
opened, which amounted to 5,5251.
On imparting this information to
Mr. Mainwaring, jun. he candidly
declared that unless the subscription
amounted to 10,000]. he should de-
cline the contest. The business of
the meeting was then deferred till
the Tuesday following, when the
subscriptions were much, increased,
and at the pressing solicitations of
his friends, the young gentleman
consented to stand the contest.

A young woman this evening,
crossing the road witha child in her
arms, near the Small-pox Hospital,
Pancras, was thrown down by a
gentleman’s carriage, that was driv-
ing along with great fury. The
child died almost immediately, and
the young woman was not expected
to live.

17th. A very affecting circum-
stance occurred about 20 minutes
before 7 o’clock in the morning.—
Two houses, No. 33 and 34, Dunk-
street, Mile End, New Town, sud-
denly fell to the ground, and bu-
ried in the ruins 35 persons. Both
the houses were let out to poor peo-
ple with small families. As soon as
the neighbours recovered from the
alarm, which so dismal an accident
necessarily occasioned, they set to
work to clear away the rubbish,
with the laudable intention of sav-
ing as many lives as possible. A _
person of the name of Richards was
the first who was so happy as to ree

lieve”
®

On

- found a female child, about nine

-

CHRONICLE.

lieye some of the unfortunate suf-
ferers from their dreadful situation !
The confusion of cries under the
ruins, rendered it almost impossible
at first to discern the exact spét
whence they issued: at length he
found one Royston, his wife, and
son, who had occupied a room up
stairs; they were all much bruised,

and sent immediately to the London

Hospital ; he next found four chil-
dren, two of whom were seriously
injured, and sent thither likewise ;
the other.two had the good fortune
to be screened from the crush by a
piece of timber, and escaped unhurt.
searching farther, Richards

months old, lying on its back,
playing with its clothes, unconsci-
ous of any danger. . She greeted her
deliverer with smiles, and was sent
to Mile End workhouse to be taken
care of. Further assistance arriving,
the search was continued with great
ardour; a man named Box, his

’ wife, and three children, were traced

by their crics to the cellar, where
they were dragged from the window
unhurt. It appears that this family
had occupied the ground floor, and
had fled into the cellar for safety on
first hearing the crash. Two old
women were found, one of ninety,
the other of eighty; they occupied
a back room up two pair of stairs.
The former had been confined to

her bed seven months, neither of

them received the least injury : not
so fortunate, however, was a poor
woman, who had lain in on the
preceding Sunday; both she and

_her child were materially hurt.

Before nine o’clock, such exer-
tion had been used, that the whole

of the persons (35) were found,
~ who were supposed to be missing ;

‘and, however miraculous it may ap-

Vor. XLVI.

401

pear, not one of them was dead, and
but few had broken limbs! A wi-
dow and her daughter, who dwelt
in a back room up two pair of
stairs, were among those who were
most hurt ; as were also a man and
his wife who occupied a garret.—
When the accident happened, nearly
all the people were in bed, conSe-
quently, when they were taken from
the ruins, they were entirely naked,
and had'not a rag to put on, except
what they obtained from the huma-
nity of their neighbours.

Providentially the party wall be-
tween the two houses did not give
Way, as, in that case, many persons
must have inevitably perished.

18th. About nine o’clock, whilst
the troops at Kastbourne were per-
forming their accustomed exercise,
on the right of the lines, an alarming
fire broke out in the centre of the
camp. It commenced in the tem-
porary mess-room erected for the
officers of the 48th regiment, and as
the fabric was composed chiefly of:
wood and straw, it was soon reduc-
ed to ashes. Fortunately, the fire
ceased where it commenced, This
accident excited a lively sensation in
the surrounding country, and along
the coast. The fire and alarm bea-
cons, on all the different hills, were
immediately lighted, and a con-
siderable alarm was the conse-
quence.

20th. At the common hall for the
election of a sheriff this day, John
Beadon, esq." having paid his fine
into the chamber, of 6001. and 20
marks, to be excused serving the
same), it was stated to the livery,
that Samuel Dowbiggen, esq. the
next in rotation (there being 38 re-
maining on the list in nomination)
was very old and infirm, and not
capable of fulfilling the duties of the

Dd office,

402

office, he was therefore passed over ;
and William Domville, esq. citizen
and stationer, was by the livery
elected, together with George Scho-
ley, esq. citizen and distiller, to
serve the offices of sheriffs of the city
of London, and sheriff of the county
of Middlesex.

Captain Barber, of the duke
of Cumberland’s sharp shooters,
brought a charge against Mr. Hand-
ley, the lessee of the tolls at the top
of Tottenham-Court Road, for
stopping and taking toll from him
when on horse-back at the head of
his corps. The charge was founded
upon a late act of parliament, in
which there is a clause of exemption.
Some difficulty arose on the ques-
tion, whether Captain Barber could
be considered as a_ field-officer,
agreeably to the words of the act ;
and still more when it was found
that Mr. Handley refused any com-
promise, and that the act inilicted
no penalty. Captain Barber pledged
himself, in consequence, to indict
Mr. Handley, for obstructing the
march of the king’s troops; and also
to bring an action, in order to try
the question of exemption.

22d. A fire broke out some days
ago, iu the turpentine warchouse of
Messrs. Bruce and Jacques, near
'Traitor’s-bridge, Bristol, which de-
stroyed those extensive premises.—
Three men were dreadfully burned ;
one of them dicd the day follow-
ing,
23d. The numerous tenantry of
Mr. Coke, of Holkham, this day
presented him with a superb vase,
valued at 700]. as a testimony of
esteem, for his judicious and liberal
conduct as a land owner and occu-
pier. The cup is extremely elegant,
and abounds in the most beautiful
emblematical devices, It weighs

2

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

700 ounces, and, from the beauty of
the workmanship cost as many
pounds sterling.
24th. During a thunder storm
this afternoon, the lightning struck
a large double barn near Eythane,
Kent, which immediately took fire;
two threshers, who were at work
at the time, gave an immediate alarm
to the inhabitants, but the whole
fabric was consumed, together with
fifty quarters of wheat, a sow, 16
pigs, 30 rabbits, and two favourite
dogs. ‘The howling of the latter
was truly piteous, when surrounded
by the fire. The tempest also fell
heavily on some parts of Sussex,
particularly at Loxwood, where the
houses were shaken by the violence
of the thunder, and a poor boy
struck dead by the lightning, The
deceased, with a man, his compa-
nion, were at plough together in a
field belonging to Mr. King. and to
avoid the peltings of the storm, left
their work, and ran to two neigh.
bouring trees, under which they |
were both struck down by the vivid
fluid. The man having received no
material injury, soon recovered,
and perceiving the condition of the
boy, hastened to his assistance, but
to ng purpose, .as he found him
quite lifeless, with the hair of his
head burnt to a coal, and his clothes
on fire!
25th. His majesty’s frigate Lively
was this day launched at Woolwich
dock-yard. Wer head is ornament-
ed by a, beautiful female figure,
playing a tambourine, finely carved,
and placed upon the cut-water, se
as to accord with her rate. The
stern is peculiarly neat, and quarter
badges, like those of all the river-
built fir-ships. Above her decks
were distended in the breeze, the
British union jack, and the St.
George’s

CHRONICLE

George’s blue and red English en-
signs. A great many persons were
on board. who shouted with the
Surrounding multitude, when the
vessel rushed into the Thames, on
whose bosom she rested in safety at
some distance from the dock-yard.
Her royal highness the princess of
Wales honoured the launch with
her attendance in a magnificent
yacht.

The Middlesex election commenc-
ed this day. So early as six o’clock,
vast crowds of spectators lined the
way along Piccadilly and the road
to Brentford. . About seven, sir
Francis Burdett set out for that
place in his carriage and four, pre-
_ ceded by seven out-riders, carrying
large banners of blue silk, on which
Were written, in letters of gold,

** Burdett and Independance.” The
baronet was hailed in every quarter
by the vociferations of the mob.—
About ten, George Boulton Main-
waring, esq. arrived at the hustings
in a chariot and six, with two pos.
tilions in scarlet livery, trimmed
with silver, followed by ten car-
riages filled with his friends, all of
whom wore sky-blue favours.—The
colours of sir Francis Burdett are
dark blue and orange. Mr. Main-
waring and his friends were in many
instances ill-used by the rabble in
the interest of his opponent, who
threw stones, and otherwise annoy-
ed his respectable party.—Peter
Moore, esq. member for coventry,
proposed sir Francis Burdett to the
electors for the representation of
Middlesex ; and was seconded by
Mr. Knight.—Mr. Mainwaring was
afterwards proposed by alderman
sir William Curtis, and the nomina-
tion seconded by colonel Wood.—
Each candidate endeavoured to ad-
dress the populace; but scarcely

405

any thing of what was advanced by
Mr. Mainwaring could be heard
above the incessant hissing.—The
shew of hands of course was much
in favour of sir Francis, when a
poll was demanded by the friends of
the opposite candidate, which at the
close on Monday evening stood thus:
for Sir Francis Burdett, 611; for
Mr. Mainwaring, 528.

26th. This day Mr. Pitt, attend-
ed by Mr. Long, Mr. Huskisson,
and Mr. Sturges Bourne, dined with
the company of grocers. On his
appearance a rapturous burst of ap-
plause took place. The company .
then sat down to a most sumptuous
dinner. After a patriotic song, and
toast or two, the master of the com-
pany said ‘* That he rose, not to
express the honour he had of having
the chancellor of the exchequer, but
the right hon. William Pitt, a bro.
ther grocer, at his right hand, and
to drink his health with three times
three.””. A spontaneous burst of
applause succeeded throughout the
company, which being subsided,
Mr. Pitt said, ‘‘ He thanked his
brother grocers for the honour they
had done him, and in return drank
their healths:” which was re-«
ceived with rapturous applause.

Joseph Jackson, and Thomas
Bucknell, were executed at the Old
Bailey for forgery, after having
made an ineffectual attempt to poi-
son themselves in Newgate.

A very neat chapel, in the.Gothic
style of architecture, calculated to
hold upwards of 1200 persons, is
ereéting in St. George’s-Fields, an
nexed to the buildings of the Phi-
lanthropic Reform, for the use of
that truly laudable institution. The’
shell or carcase is already covered
in, and its completion will be effect-
ed as soon as the society can pro-

Dd2 cure

404
cure sufficient funds for the pur-
pose, either by gift or loan: 40001.
have been already laid out upon it,
and it will require as much more to
fit it up.

There are at present in America,
two labouring men, named Hoag
and Parker, so. exactly alike, that
on one of them being lately tried on
a charge of bigamy, some of the
‘witnesses swore that they knew the
prisoner to -be Thomas Hoag, while
others as positively testified that he
was Joseph Parker. Upon this
contradi¢tory testimony the prisoner
was acquitted.

A man of the name of Samuels,
ordered for execution at Botany-
Bay, for burglary, was thrice hung
up, by virtue of his sentence, and
each time the cord broke. On the
fourth attempt to carry the law into
effect, the provost ordered it to be
suspended, and hastened to the go-
vernor to communicate the particu-
lars of the extraordinary scene he
had witnessed; the consequence of
which was, a respite to. the man,
who had so repeatedly trembled on
the very verge of efernity, and for
the. preservation of whose life so
many signal events had almost mira-
culously occurred:

3ist. His majesty went, with’the
usual procession to the house of
peers, and closed the session of par-
Jiament with a speech from the
throne*.

Drep.—7th. In St. James’s-mar-
ket, aged 100, Mr. Smith, but-
cher.

15th. Aged 102, Mrs. Mary
Bishop, of Newport-street, Wor-
cester.

19th. Aged 102, Mr. Whinech,
father of the late town-clerk of
Lynn.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

AUGUST.

Ist. This morning, about 10
o’clock, as one of the fife-boys be-
longing to the 4th loyal London vo-
lunteers, was sitting on the edge of
a boat in the Thames, he was acci-
dentally struck by the oar of ano-
ther boat,which knocked him into
the water, and he was drowned.

By the late flood and hurricane
on the banks of the Aar in Germa-
ny, it appears that 65 persons were
drowned, 147 houses and 190 stacks
or granaries carried. away; 20
mills, 8 forges, and 50.bridges com-
pletely destroyed by the current ;
A498 houses, and 239 out-houses so
much shattered that they must be
rebuilt. ‘There are heaps of stones
and mud left on the surface of the
ground, 8, 10, and 20 feet high. In
some places hills were swept away,
and whole villages buried,

East Indian intelligence, arrived
this day, informs us that at a public
meeting held at Calcutta, it was re-
solved to erect a marble statue to
Marquis Wellesley ; and to present
a sword of the value of 1,5001. to
General Lake, and one of 1,000l. to
Major-General Wellesley, for their
glorious achievements against the
Mahratta powers.

TheAmerican papers have brought
an account of a melancholy affair of
honour between the Hon. Aaron
Burr (Vice President of the United
States) and General A. Hamilton,
who was appointed to succeed Mr.
Livingston, ambassador at Paris..

The origin of the dispute was from
a pamphlet published by Dr.Cooper,
in which is the following passage: |
‘¢ General Hamilton and Dr. Kent
say, that they consider Coloxel Burr

as

* Vide State-Papers,

CHRONICLE.

as a dangerous man, and one unfit
to be trusted with the reins of go-
vernment.’’—In another place Dr.
C. says, ‘* General Hamilton has
expressed of Mr. Burr opinions still
more despicable.” This latter pas-
sage excited the resentment of Col.
B. who sent his friend with a letter
to General H. in which he demands
‘¢ a prompt and unqualified acknow-
ledgment, or denial of the expres-
sion which could justify this infer-
ence on the part of Dr. Cooper.”-—
General H. in his answer, admits
the first statement, the language of
which, he contends, comes fairly
within the bounds prescribed in cases
of political animosity.—He objects

~ to Col. Burr’s demand, by consider-

ing it as too indefinite, or as calling
on him to retrace every conversation

_which he had held, either publicly

or confidentially, in the course of
15 years opposition, and to contra-
dict that which, very possibly, might
have escaped his memory.—If any
thing more definite should be pro.
posed, he expresses his willingness
to give Col. B. all due satisfaction,

_ —Col. B. in his reply, insists upon

a general retractation, and says, it is
no matter to him whether his ho.
nour has been attacked loudly or in
whispers.—General H. rejoins by
calling for. something more defined,
and refuses either a general denial
or general acknowledgment.—-The
meeting was then demanded by the
Colonel.—Previous to the repairing
to the ground, the General drew up
his will, and iaclosed with it a pa-
per containing his reflections on the
mecting.—He says,

** On my expected interview with
Col. Burr, 1 think proper to make
some remarks explanatory. of my
conduct, motives, and views. I was
certainly desirous of avoiding this

405

interview, for the.most cogent rea-
sons.—1l. My religious and moral
principles are strongly opposed to
the practice of duelling; and it would
ever give me pain to be obliged to
shed the blood of a fellow-creature
in a private combat forbidden by the
laws.—2. My wife and children are
extremely dear to me, and my life is
of the utmost importance to them,
in various views.—3. 1 feel a sense
of obligation towards my creditors,”
who, in case of accident to me, by
the forced sale of my property, may
be in some degree, sufferers. 1 did
not think myself at liberty, as a man
of probity, lightly to expose them
to this hazard.—4. I am conscious
of no ill-will to Colonel Barr, dis-
tinctfrom political opposition, which,
as I trust, has proceeded from pure
and upright motives. Lastly, 1 shall
hazard much, and can possibly gain
nothing, by the issue of the inter-
view.”’ :

It also appears that General H.
had determined not to return Colonel
B.’s first fire; but that, on his receiv-
ing the shock of a mortal wound,
his pistol went off involuntarily, and
without being aimed at Colonel B.
This statement being denied by the
opposite party, search was made for
the ball, which was found lodged in
a cedar-tree, at the height of 11 fect
and a half, 14 paces from the place
where General H. stood, and more
than 4 feet out of the hne of direc-
tion between the parties. When the
General fell, Colonel B. walked to-
wards him, with apparent gestures
of regret; but he did not speak to
him, as he was hurried from th¢.
ground by his friends.

The funeral of the General was
observed at New York with unusual
respectand ceremony. All the pub-
lie Functionaries attended; all the
. Dds bells

406

bells in the city were muffled, and
tolled during the day—the shops, at
the instance of the common coun-
cil, were shut; all business suspend.
ed, and the principal inhabitants
engaged to wear mourning for six
weeks. After the funeral service,
Mr. Morris, the Governor of New
York, on a stage erected in the por-
tico of Trinity-church (having four
of General H.’s sons, the eldest a-
bout sixteen, and the youngest about
six years of age, with him) deliver-
ed, to an immense concourse in front,
an extemporary funeral oration, ex-
pressive of the merits of the deceas-
ed, and of the loss which America
has sustained in his death,

The New York Advertiser says,
that no death, since that ‘‘ of the
great and good Washington,” has
filled the Republic with such deep
and universal regret.

The coroner’s inquest held on the
body of General Hamilton, have
brought in a verdict of ‘* wilful
murder against Aaron Burr, Esq.
Vice President of the United States ;
and W. P. Van Ness, sq. Attor-
ney, and N. Pendleton, Esq. Coun-
sellor, as accessories.”

2nd. Advices of this date were re-
ceived from Capt. R. D. Oliver, of
his Majesty’s ship the Melpomene,
off Havre, with accounts of three
several attempts he had made on the
numerous vessels in Havre Pier, as
well as those which were moored
outside, with the squadron under
his command.* Considerable damage
was sustained both by the shipping
and the town, but the main object
of Capt. Oliver was unattainable.

7th. This day Richard Shaples,
about 9 years old, apprentice to
Whitfield, chimney-sweepet, Little

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Shire-lane, near Temple Bar, was
employed to sweep a chimney at the
house of Mrs. Sandwell, No. 18,
Devereux-court, Strand; in per-
forming which, “having climbed into
the chimney pot, it, with the up.
per part of the chimney, gave way,
and he fell into the yard of the ad-
joining house, Mr. Saville’s, tailor,
by which fall his head was very much
injured, and oné arm and one leg
broken. In this deplorable condi.
tion he was conveyed to St. Bartho-
lomew’s hospital, where he died in
the afternoon of the following day.
It is much to be lamented that the

_use of machines for cleaning chim-

neys are not universally adopted,
by which accidents of this fatal na~
ture would be entirely prevented.
A society has been formed tor the
humane purpose of superseding the
necessity of employing children in
this destructive and dangerous busi-
ness, and has voted 501. to Mr. G.
Mast, for his useful invention of a
machine, which has been most suc-
cessfully used in cleaning chimnies
for many years past.

8th. The poll for the county of
Middlesex was this day closed; but-
the official declaration of the num-
bers was adjourned till the follow.
ing day, that due consideration might
be had of several votes, which hav-
ing been objected to on one side or
the other, had been postponed for
further consideration. Many serious
accidents happened in the course of
the day. A gentleman, driving a
gig with one horse, in Oxford-street,
got jammed in between a cart and
a hackney coach, both of which
were proceeding to Brentford. By
the concussion the gentleman was
thrown out, and his skull fractured

* For the particulars of these dispatches see “ Appendix to the Chronicle.”

CHRONICLE.

im 4 dreadful manner: the chair was
dashed to pieces. Henry O’Hara,
esq. 2 gentleman well known on the
turf, who had just arrived in town
on horseback from Brighton, was in
Piccadilly on horseback, the horse’s
feet were close to the kirb-stone,
standing across the street near Moor-
house’s livery stable. He was in
conversation with one of his friends,
a Mr. Powell from Bath, whena
_ post-chaisedrove up, and though the
street was very wide, and no great
number of people present, the post-
boy rode against Mr.O‘Hara’s horse,
when the pole going between the
horse’s hind legs, tripped him up
with such force, that the rider was
pitched off, and fell with his side so
_ forcibly upon the kirb-stone, that
several of his ribs were broken and
bent into his body. He languished
in great agony for 3 days, when he
expired in the 53d year of his age,
leaving an amiable wife to deplore
his unfortunate death.

Towards night, some symptoms
of riot were manifested. About half
past five, a party of the mob at-
tacked Mr. G. Gibbons, second son
to sir William, as he was passing a-~
long Piccadilly, with the watch-
word, ‘‘ Thereis a Mainwaringer—
follow him up.” As they were very
violent in their threats, Mr. Gibbons
flourished his stick, and desired them
to keep off, at the same time pro.

‘ceeding quickly up Bond-street.
There, however, he was attacked
more closely, and with increased
fury, when he drew out a pair of
pistols, with which, having faced
about, he retreated backwards, and
took refuge in a tradesman’s shop.
The mob was soon re-inforced, and
became violent in their threats to
pull the house down, if the gentle-
man was not turned out. The guards
were sent for; but in the mean time

\

407

the police officers came and carried
off Mr. Gibbons in a-voach to Hat-
ton Garden police office, where he
was examined by Mr. Baker and two
other magistrates; when, after the
testimony of the officers, and Mr.
Gibbons’s own statement of the af-
fair, he was discharged. The inves-
tigation before the magistrates lasted
an hour. The house of Mr. Main-
waring, senior, in Tenterden-street,
was a few hours after attacked, and
would, in all probability, have been
much injured, had it not been for the
timely arrival of lord Amherst, at the
head of the grenadier company of the
St. James’s volunteers, who had been
out exercising. The windows of the
junior Mr. Mainwaring’s house, in
Weymouth-street, were broken, by
another division of the mob. Mr. :
Mainwaring’s servants, and a gen-
tleman who accompanied him to his
house, were severely struck with
brick~bats.

9th. After long consultation, and
hearing counsel on both sides, the
sheriff declared Mr. Mainwaring to
be duly elected. The numbers on
each day’s poll were as follows :

Mainwaring. _ Burdett,
istday - 598 611
Qi day - 399 361
3dday - 311 265
4thday - 257 187
Sthday - 193° 192
6thday - 152 102
7thday - 146 204
8th day - 108 108
9thday - 109 93

10th day - 106 99

lithday - 98 55

/12thday - 70 72

13thday - 109 150

14thday - 136 137

15th day 106 187
2828 2 823

Maj. in favour of Mr. Maiv

Dd4 vraring 5.

408

This night, about 8 o'clock, a
dreadful fire broke out in three ware-
houses in Ducks-foot-lane,. belong.
ing to Messrs. Whiting, Shillitto,
& Co. wholesale grocers, in Thames-
street. In a very short time the
whole concerns were in flames, and
the entire stock, consisting of teas,
sugars, &c, was consumed. ‘The
fire was not got under till near 11
o’clock, by which time the roof had
fallen in, and the insides of the build-
ings were completely destroyed. It
was reported that when the person,
whose business it is to shut up the
warehouse and see all safe, went
there for that purpose, on opening
what is called the lump-room, (a
place wherea fire is constantly kept, )
he found itina blaze. The property
which has been lost is very consider-
able. A great number of engines
attended ; and the volunteers turned
out with the greatest alertness and
promptitude.

M. Bonamy, who lately arrived
from St. Domingo, has authenticated,
in the Paris papers, the reports of
the cruelties committed by Dessalines
and the negro chiefs, and has stated
many other excesses of a nature al-
most too horrid for recital—He
vouches for the truth of the follow-
ing particulars:—M. La Caussade,
a merchant, who arrived from Bour-

deaux in April, with a valuable car-

go, gave a grand entertainment to
the negro chiefs, with a view to save
his property. Dessalines and 40 of
his general officers. were present ;
and after the repast, Dessalines drank
the health of his host. On this sig-
nal M. La C. was seized, stretched
upon the table, and the whole of
his guests buried their knives in his
body-—Ley then proceeded to the
uouse of "Madame George, whese
three beautiful daughters they poig-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

narded in the balcony; and, after
restoring the senses of the mother,
compeljed her to witness the dying
agonies of her children. They then
hung her from the balcony.

10th. A thunder storm took
place this day at Chipping Sodbury,
which seriously alarmed the inhabi.
tants of that place. Mr. James
Wickham, a butcher living there,
had three fine sheep struck dead
with the lightning, which was ex.
tremely vivid and awful. A young
man in the act of throwing a wheel.
barrow full of stones into a lime.
kiln, near Wotton-under-edge, was
in a moment struck dead on the
edge of the kiln, and precipitated
headlong to the bottom. Though
his cloaths were not singed, his _
body was burnt in a dreadful man.
ner,

As one of the judge’s servants
was walking in the street near the
White-hart, Taunton, (where he
stayed to refresh on his road to the
assizes at Wells,) a lad rode up a~
gainst him with such violence as
caused his instant death. He was
an old and faithful servant.—Vers
diét, accidental death.

An overlaud dispatch arrived this
day from India, announces the re-
newal of hostilities there. It ap-
pears that Holkar, submitting to
the intrigues of the French, who still.
remained about him, had expressed
his dissatisfaGiion at the treaty of
peace, andsmade some infringments
or the newly ceded territories. Ge-
neral Wellesley had set off for Poo-
nah, on the 17th of May, to take
the command of the forces. Colo-
nel Murray, who is stationed in the
Guzerat, had also received orders
to join the general with a consider-~
able body of troops, on Holkar’s
frontiers. -It is added, that a plan

CHRONICLE.

has been already arranged by our
government for the division of Hol-
kar’s territory between the Peishwa,
Scindia, and the. Borgels.

12th. This afternoon about 3
o’clock a most calamitous accident
occurred at Mr. Hoffman’s, confec-
tioner, in Bishopgate-street.—One
of the servants in his employ went
into the ice-house for the purpose
of preparing ice for a next day’s en-
tertainment, when some straw caught
fire: another man immediately fol-
lowed, when they were both suffo-
cated. A third made an attempt to
go to the assistance of the others,
but being unable to proceed was
taken out and saved.—The two first
died almost immediately.

This morning about two o’clock,
a young lady, of great personal ac-
complishments, and daughter of a
respectable merchant in the city of
London, in a fit of despair threw
herself out of a two’pair of stairs
window at her father’s house,and was
literally dashed to pieces. On the
fatal news being communicated to
her family, her mother, with whom
she had ever been a favourite, in-
stantly snatched up a knife which
Jay near, and, horrid to relate,
stabbed herself in such a manner
that her lite is despaired of; and
the unfortunate father lays under
the influence of mental derange.
ment.

This day at high water, a young
man in a sailor’s dress, while walk-
ing over the craft at Billingsgate,
fell between two vessels, and imme-
diately disappeared. The body was
soon found, but past all hopes of
recovery.

In the evening a young man threw
himself into the Thames, near Bat-
tersea, in the presence of several
people; it was some time before the

409

body was taken out, and too late
to be restored to life.

13th. This afternoon a most a-
larming riot took place amongst the
labourers at Poplar, who were prin-
cipally Irishmen. The dispute ori-
ginated in which was the best pro-
vince, and produced the best men,
Connaught or Munster. From words
they proceeded to blows; and there
being several hundreds of them arm-
ed with bludgeons, it became a
measure of safety to call in the civil
power, who took two of the princi-
pal rioters into custody, and the
rest dispersed, When brought be-
fore the magistrates, they expressed
much contrition for the error they
had been led into, and made pro-
mises of futuregood conduct; upon
which, the magistrate, after giving
them some proper admonitions, dis-
charged them,

14th. This day asa cart, laden with
sand, was coming up the lane from
the Bell Sand Wharf, in Upper-
Thames-street, (which is so narrow
that, except in a Space where a wares
house door is fixed, the wheels
graze the walls,) a young man, a
lighterman, metit as he was going.
down. The carman warned him of
his danger, and requested him to
go back, which he refused, but ran
on, hoping to gain the door-way ;
unfortunately his head and the wheel
came in contaét with the wall,
the poor young man’s head was
crushed entirely flat, and he was
left a shapeles and nearly head.
less corpse.

in consequence of the intelligence
received at the India house on the
Sth instant, of a most brilliant ac-
tion having taken place between the
homeward-bound Kast India fleet,
under the command of Capt. Dance,
of the company’s service, as senior

com-

410°

commander, and the French squa-

dron under Admiral Linois, consist-

ing of an 84-gun ship, three frigates
and a brig ;* in which the latter
was completely and shamefully foil-
ed. ‘Lhe committee of the patri-
otic fund held a meeting this day at
the merchant seaman’s office, over
the Royal Exchange; when it was
resolved, that a sword and a vase,
cach of 100}. value, should be given
to Captain Dance, who atted as
commodore to the fleet from China.
A sword and a vase.of the same va-
jue were also voted to Captain Tim-
mins of the Royal George; and a
sword of the value of 50. was or-
dered to be presented to each of the
other captains of the India ficet that
beat off Admiral Linois’ squadron.
A sword of 501. value was also
voted to Lieutenant Fowler, of the
royal navy, for his services on that
occasion; and a letter was written
to Captain Timmins to obtain the
name and an account of the family
of the seaman who was killed, and
the sailor who was wounded on board
his ship during the action.. And on
the following day, the directors of
the East India company, with a most
liberal gratitude for the noble service
performed by the Chinese fleet, voted
to the commanders, officers, and
seamen, the following sums, for
** their gallant conduct in beating off
the French squadron under Admi-
ral LLinois, in the Chinese seas.”
Captain Dance, 2000 guineas and
4 piece of plate value 200. © Captain
Timins, 1000 guineas anda piece of
plate value 100. Captain Moffatt,
500 guineas and a piece of plate va-
Jue 100 guineas. ‘t'o Captains II.
Wilson, Farquharson, Torin,Clarke,
Meriton, Wordsworth, Kirkpa-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

trick, Hamilton, Farrer, Prender-
gast, Browne, Larkins, and Lock-
ner, 500 guineas and a piece of
plate value 50 guineas, to each. To
chief officers, 150 guineas each: to
second and third ditto, 125 guineas ;
and to fifth and sixth ditto, 50. gui-
neas each. Fe

Pursers and surgeons 80 guineas
each; mates, boatswains, gunners,
and carpenters, 50 guineas each ;
midshipmen, 30; other petty officers,
15 guineas each; seamen, ordinary
Seamen, aud servants, 6 guineas
each.

To Lieutenant Fowler, passenger
inthe Camden, for the services ren<
dered Captain Dance during the
action, 300 guineas for a piece of
plate. ‘he whole remuneration will
amount to nearly 50,0001.!!! .The
value of the fleet thus gallantly
preserved, -as estimated by the
supercargoes, including the private
as well as the public investments,
appears to be above 8,000,000.
sterling.

Captain De Courcy, of his ma-

jesty’s ship Plantagenet, who cons

voyed from St. Helena home the
China fleet, has likewise been pre-
sented by the East India company
with 5001. for the pieemuse of a
piece of plate.

15th. Mary Champante, a beau-
tiful young woman aged about 20,
drowned herself this day in the ca-
nal in St. James’s Park. She had
been for a considerable time past in
a melancholy state, owing, itis sup-
posed, to a disappointment in love.
Her father, a wholesale stationer of
great respectability near theMinories,
thinking it proper to remove her
out of town for change of air, took
lodging at Chelsea, where she had

* Vide Appendix to the Chronicle for particulars.

resided ~

CHRONICLE.

resided during the last week with
her sister. At Aldgate church she
took a coach to Queen-square,
Westininster, where she got out,
and, after paying the coachman,
walked through the gate into the
park. It is supposed (for she was
not seen) that she got over the rail-
ing immediately opposite Queen-
square, and threw herself into the
water without any hesitation. A
gentleman who was passing saw her
struggling in the water, and imme-
diately gave the alarm; and with
the assistance of the waterman who
plies at the stand of hackney-coaches,
she was brought out, and immedi-
ately taken to an adjoining public
_ house, where every means were re-
sorted to for the purpose of restoring
‘animation, but unhappily without ef-
feét. Upon the inquest which was held
on this melancholyoccasion, Mr Whit-
row, a partner of the deceased’s fa-
ther, (Champante and Whitrow,
wholesale stationers in Jewry-street,
Aldgate,)said, that‘the father of the
deceased could notattend ; his feelings
having been so affeéted. The deceased
_ was Mr. Champante’s second daugh-
ter, and in the 21st year of her age.
On returning on the day of the fa-
tal catastrophe from Chelsea (where
she had been visiting) by the stage,
she ran to her father who sat writ.
ing at his desk, to communicate
something tohim. He being busy
settling some accounts, desired. her
rather hastily to withdraw; which
check had such an effect upon her,
that she ran out of the house, hav-
ing told the maid-servant she would
destroy herself. She went out when
it rained very heavy. The maid imma-
gined shehad gone to Mr. Whitrow’s
house, which was just opposite; in-
stead of which she turned round
George-streetintotheMinories, where

411

she took a coach, and drove as above
stated. The coroner returneda verdict
that the young lady ‘* was deranged
in her mind, and drowned herself
in a fit of insanity,” which verdict
was signed by the jury. She is de-
scribed as being ‘*‘ of the first order
of fine forms,” her skin of the pur-
est white, her cheeks of a lovely
vermillion tint, her hair auburn ;—
in short, as possessing every feme-
nine grace and attraction. She wore
a white muslin gown, chip hat with
a pink silk handkerchiet tied over
it, a red coral neck-lace with gold
locket, and pink coloured silk hose.
15th. The first regiment of the
Tower-hamlets militia had a grand
field-day at Blackheath ; and in the
course of the firing exercise, one
man unfortunately loaded his piece
five times; four times it had miss-
ed fire, but on the fifth attempt at
a discharge, it burst. ‘The frag-
ments of the musquet flew off in
every direétion; and the unhappy
man, most desperately wounded,
was conveyed tothe hospital inan ar-
tillery waggon, where he soon after
died, notwithstanding every medi-
cal assistance. Seven others of the
corps, all severely wounded, were

carried to the hospital.
16th. ‘Two sons of a gentleman
of Warfield this day returning in a
gig from spending part of their va-
cation in the neighbourhood of -
Sunning-hill, the horse suddenly
took fright, and having run away
for about the space of three hun-
dred yards, owing to the incapacity
of the driver, turned upon a post,
and dashed the carriage in a thou-
sand pieces. ‘The youngest son, a
promising boy of eleven years of
age, was killed upon the spot, and
his brother, aged fourteen, after
lingering in excruciating tortures, a
mangled

412

mangled and truly pitiable object,
expired on the evening of the third
day after the accident.

His Royal Highness the Duke of
Sussex arrived in London from Lis-
bon; he landed from Portsmouth on
Tuesday, whence he sect out on the
following day for town. In the af-
ternoon he paid his respects to his
royal parents at Windsor.

18th. At the assizes for the
county of Somerset, Mr. John Sou-
therton, attorney at law, of Wel-
lington, the well known prosecutor
of penal actions against the clergy
and others as a common informer,
was himself found guilty, upon an
information filed against him in the
court of king’s bench, for having
written threatening letters to a num-
ber of respectable druggists in Bir-
mingham, for the purpose of ex-
torting money from them, on a
charge of having sold patent medi-
cines without stamps.

19th. By advices from Germa-
ny, received this day, itis announc-
ed that Francis the IInd. empe-
ror of Germany, had assumed on
the 11th, by a formal instrument,
the rank and title of hereditary
emperor of Austria.

As five young men were passing
through London-bridge, the boat
upset, and two of them were unfor-
tunately drowned.

On the same day a young man was
unfortunately drowned at Wands-
worth.

- Qist. A scan-boat belonging to
Gorron, near Mevagizzy, was forc-
ed on the rock, when two men
jumped on shore, and were saved ;
but five sailors who remained in the
boat were drowned, in sight of ma-
ny speétators, one of whom, in his
eagerness to be of service, fell over

the cliff, and was killed.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Three waggoners were killed last
week, in the co. of Dorset, by neg-
ligent conduét. ‘Two fell from the
shafts on which they were riding,
and the third, by removing the
blind halter from the head of one of
the horses, occasioned it to take
fright and run over him.

25th. Never was before wit-
nessed such a concourse of people
as were assembled at the race-ground
at York, on this day, drawn together
by a match rode by Mrs. Thorn.
ton, the wife of colonel Thornton,
of Thornville Royal, well known to
the sporting world, against Mr. Flint,
for 500 guineas each, p. p. 1,000
guineas bye—four miles. The spec-
tators were estimated at 100,000 at
least; nearly ten times the number
that were present at Knaves-mire
when Bay Malton ran; or when
Eclipse went over the course, leav.
ing the two best horses of the day a
mile and a half behind !

About four o’clock Mrs. Thorn.
ton appeared upon the ground, full
of spirits, her horse led by colonck
Thornton, and followed by Mr. Ba-~
ker and Mr. H. Boynton. After-
wards came her antagonist. ‘They
started about ten minutes past four
o'clock. The lady took the lead
for upwards of three miles, in a
most capital style. Her horse how-
ever was perceived to have much the
shorter stroke of the two; when
within a mile of being home, Mr.
Flint pushed forward and got the
lead, which he kept. Mrs. Thorn-
ton used every exertion, but finding
it impossible to win the race, out
of humanity to her horse, she drew
up in a sportsman-like style, when
within about two distances. The
race was run in nine minutes and
59 seconds.

That Mrs. Thornton did not con-

sider.

CHRONICLE.

sider herself treated, in this novel
species of contcst, with sufficient
gallantry and complaisance by her
uncourteous competitor, may be
concluded from the following letter
‘to the editor of ‘‘ the York He-
rald,” which appeared a few days
after the race, and dated from
-Thornville Royal.

Mr. Editor :—Having read in
your paper, that Mr. Flint paid me
every attention that could be shewn
on the occasion of the race, I re-
-quest you will submit the following
elements of politeness to the gentle-

men of the turf, for them to sanc-
tion or reject, upon any future
match of this kind taking place. _

Element I. Mr. Baker, who of-
fered kindly to ride round with me,

on account of the dangerous acci-
dent I met with on the Wednesday
before, from my saddle turning

_ round, was positively and perempto-
rily xefused this permission.

Element 11. At the’ starting-
post the most distant species of
common courtesy was studiously
avoided; and I received a sort of
word of command from Mr. Flint,
as thus—‘* Keep that side, ma’am.”
For a morning’s ride this might be
complimentary ; but it was here de-
priving me of the whip-hand. I did
not expect Mr. Flint to shake hands
with me; that I understand being
the common prelude to boxing.

Element WL. When my horse
broke down in the terrible way he
did, all the course must have wit-

_ nessed the very handsome manner in
which Mr. Flint brought me in, i.e.
teft me out, by distancing me as

_ much as he possibly could.

Mf these should be received as

precedents, the ‘“* art of riding
against ladies” will be most com-
‘pletely ‘* made easy.”

413

After all this, I cuartence Mr.
Flint to ride the same match in all
its terms, over the same course,
next year ; his horse, Brown Thorn-
ville, against any one he may choose
to select out of three horses I shail
hunt this season.

Axicta THornton.
28th. This morning, about two
o'clock, a fire was discovered in the
back premises of Mr. Metcalfe, ca-
binet-maker, in Primrose-street,
Bishopsgate. As soon as the alarm
was given, the drums of the 6th.
loyal London beat to arms; anda
number of the corps attending, the
property of the sufferers was pre-
served from the depredations of the
ill-disposed. The fire was not got
under till the whole of the stock of
timber, mahogany, finished goods,
&c. at Mr. Metcalf’s were destroy. °
ed; and the interior part of the
house, together with the stock and
furniture at the Fox and Grapes
public-house, and part of that in the
next house, were very much injured.
The tools, benches, and whole work-
ing apparatus of 15 men were totally
consumed,

About four the same morning, a
fire broke out at the Fleur-de-lis
public-house im Blossom-street,
Norton Falgate, which raged with
great fury until that and the ad-
joining house were wholly destroy-~
ed, and a third much damaged. The
fire is supposed to have arisen from
a spark dropping from a candle
among some chips and shavings in
a closet im the tap-room, which
must have smouldered some hours at
least before it was discovered. ‘The
public-house is completely levelled
to the ground, but providentially no
lives were lost.

The Gazette of this night an-
nounces the capture of the Blonde.

frigate.

414:

frigate-privateer, belonging to Bor-
deaux, mounting thirty nine-pound-
ers, with 240 men, by his majesty’s
ship Loire, Capt. F. L. Maitland,
after a chase of twenty-four hours,
the last quarter of which was a run-
ning action. Six of the Loire’s men
were wonnded, two severely. The
Blonde is a very fine ship, sails re-
markably well, and in the opinion
of Captain Maitland, was well cal-
culated for his majesty’s service.
She had two men killed, and five
. badly wounded.

SEPTEMBER.

Ist. It appears by a detailed re-
port of the trial in Ireland of the
marquis of Headfort, for crim. con.
with Mrs. Massey,. that the offence
was committed while the reverend
husband was performing divine ser-
vice on the sabbath-day. The
ground of defence taken was the
general carelessness of the husband,
and the Jady’s open declaration of
her attachment to the defendant.
‘The damages obtained by the Rev.
Mr. Massey were 10,000I.

A uew oyster-bed has been disco-
vered in the river Medway ; and the
Jord mayor, attended by his suite,
went down the river, for the purpose
of claiming the property to the city
of London (notwithstanding a coun-
ter-claim of the mayor of Roches-
ter). They named the oysters
“¢ the native Perrings,” in compli-
ment to his lordship. Star-fish were
found in yast numbers in clusters on
the bed.

Mr. Greathead, the inventor of
the life-boat, has been presented
with a gold chain and medal for this
important and valuable discovery, by
the king of Prussia.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

7th. <A large meteor was ob-
served at Tunbridge-wells, in the
east, abont 30 degrees aboye the
horizon. When first seen it was
about the size of the moon; for an.
instant it was as light as day. It
flew rapidly towards the north, and
breaking into several parts, vanish-
edat once. It was visible three or
four seconds,

8th. Important dispatches were
this day received from India by go-
vernment and the East India com-
pany. The messenger came dver-
land; aud brought accounts of the
renewal of hostilities in the east.
The Mahratta chief, Holkar, who
remained neutral during the late
contest, has, since the signing the
peace with the British government
and those powers of his nation with
whom we were lately at war, shewn
evident marks of dissatisfaction. He
had infringed upon the boundaries
of the English territory, and war
had been declared against him. The
accounts left Bombay upon the 17th
of May last, on which day General
Wellesley set ont tor Poonah, to
take the command of the army. The
merchants. of Bombay had given,
upon the occasion, a very consi-
derable pecuniary aid to govern-
ment,

A curious reaping machine’ has
been invented by two Americans of
the names of Dawson and Coxe.
It is adapted to be cither moved by
men or drawn by horses; it cuts off
and colleéts the heads of wheat,
barley, and all other grain-bearing
plants, as they grow in the field,
without any loss of the grain, and
with a wonderful abbreviation of la-
bour.

The following charaéteristic let-
ter from the hero of the Nile'to the

lord

CHRONICLE.

lord mayor of London, appeared in
the public prints of this day, dated,
Viétory, August 1, 1804.

“© My Lord,

‘< This day Lam honoured with
your lordship’s letter of April 9th,
transmitting me the resolutions of
the corporation of Londen, thanking
me, as commanding the ficet block-
ading Toulon...

‘¢ | do assure your lordship, that
there is not a man breathing who
sets a higher value upon the thanks

_ of his fellow-citizens of London than
myself ; but I should fecl as much
ashamed to receive them fora parti-
cular service, marked in the resolu-
tion, if 1 felt that I did not come
within that line of service, as I
should feel hurt at having a great
victory passed over without notice.

“¢ | beg to inform your lordship,
that the port of Toulon has never
been blockaded by me; quite the
reverse: every opportunity has been
ofiered the enemy to put to sea; for
it is there that we hope to realize
the hopes and expectations of our
country ; and I trust that they will
not be disappointed.

*¢ Your lordship will judge of my
feclings upon seeing that all the ju-
nior flag oflicers of other fleets, and
even some of the captains, have re-

ceived the thanks of the corpora-
tion of London, whilst the junior
flag officers of the Mediterranean
fleet are entirely omitted. I own it
has struck me very forcibly; for
where the information of the junior
flag officers and captains of other
fleets was obtained, the same infor-
mation could have been given of the
flag officers of this ficet, and the

captains; and it is my duty to

State, that more able and zealous

‘flag officers and captains do not grace

the British navy, than those I have

415

the honour and happiness to com-
mand.

s¢ It likewise appears, my lord,
a most extraordinary circumstance,
that Sir Richard Bickerton should
have been, as second in’ command
in the Mediterranean fleets, twice
passed over by the corporation of
London—once after the Egyptian
expedition, when the first and third
in command were thanked; and
now again!

*¢ Conscious of high desert, in-
stead of neglect, the rear-admiral
resolved to Jet the matter rest, until
he could have an opportunity per-
sonally to call upon the lord mayor
to account for such an extraordinary
omission; but from this second
omission I owe it to that excellent
oificer not to pass it by.

‘¢ } do assure your lordship, that
the constant, zealous, and cordial
support I have had in my command,
from both rear-admiral Sir Richard
Bickerton and rear-admiral Camp-
bell, has been such as calls forth all
my thanks and approbation. We
have shared together the constant at-
tention of being fourteen months at
sea, and are ready to share the dan-
gers and glory of a day of battle.
Therefore it is impossible that I can
ever allow myself to be separated in
thanks from such supporters.

‘© [ have the honour to remain,
with the very highest respect, your
lordship’s most faithful and obe-
dient servant,

‘¢ Netson & Bronte.

6 To the right hon. the

lord mayor, §c. c.”

As soon as the above letter was
made public, Mr. Dixon sent to all
the newspapers an explanation,
which stated, that the “ vote of
thanks” to Admirals Cornwallis
and Thernborough, proposed by him-

self,

416

self, was amended by Alderman
Curtis, with a vote of thanks to
Lord Nelson. ‘The worthy alder-
man, it seems, whose good motives
cannot be doubted, did not happen
to recolleét the names of the officers
next in command.

The ancient village of Reculver
in Kent (the Regulbium of the Ro-
mans), has received serious injury
from the high tides of the autumnal
equinox. The wind blowing strong
from the north-west, and the tide
being at the full, the cliff, on which
were two houses, gave way, and
with the houses was precipitated in
ruins on the beach, carrying with
it the exterior walls of three adjoin-
ing tenements. One of them was an
ancient building opposite to the pub-
lic-house, which was supposed to
have been the remains of a monas-
tic edifice. Part of the church-
yard has been washed away.

A court-martial was lately held
on an officer of high rank for strik-
ing a private. .His majesty approv-
ed of the sentence (a very severe re-
primand), and directed ‘* that the
judge-adyocate’s letter should ex.
press the wish of his majesty, that
the lieutenant-colonel in his zeal for
the service, had conducted his com-
mand with more temper than in
some instances he appears to have
done:” as also, ‘‘ that it should de-
clare his majesty’s high disapproba-
tion of striking a soldier at any
time, but more especially when un-
der arms; although the blow, as in
the case adduced in the evidence, be
inflicted without cruelty, and with-
out any material hurt.

This evening one of the park-
keepers discovered a woman floating
in the Serpentine river; he drew her
to the bank, but she was lifeless.
The body was owned yesterday, and

1

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

lected Mayor of New Woodstock,

the deceased proves to have been an
elderly widow, who resided at
Brompton, and who has left a large
family. .

12th. The heat of this afternoon
was excessive. The thermometer,
in the shade, stood as high as 80 de-
grees of Fahrenheit’s scale, and the
streets were nearly as clear of pe-
destrians as at twelve the preceding
night.

14th. A melancholy accident hap-
pened at the lock, known by the ©

name of the Rye-house lock, near
Huddesdon, on the river Lea. As

the lock-keeper’s daughter, an a- .

miable young woman, was returning
from a message, across the lock, her
foot slipped, and she was precipi-
tated into the pool, and drowned.
15th. Alderman Metcalf was e-

for the 9th time. He served that
office exactly 50 years ago, and is

considered to be still fully adequate

to its duties.

There is a curious room in Hurst-
monceaux castle, of which the di-
mensions, which were very lofty and
spacious, are still traceable, and
from which the ‘¢‘ Drummer, or the
Haunted House,” had its origin.
The furniture and wood-work of
this apartment has been carried away
to the modern house in the park,
built by Mr. Hare, known by the
name of the Leveret.

Ferur omnia Jupiter Argos,
Transtulit, et nemo hic habitet nist
nocte coactus.

At Burlington, a person of the
name of Crosbie, an inhabitant of
Graystock in Cumberland, went,
amongst many others, to an enter-
tainment given by the Duke of Nor-
thumberland,where he ate and drank
so immoderately, that he was no
longer able to sustain it ; resi

in-

CHRONICLE.

lingering for some time, notwith-
Standing every medical assistance,
was at last relieved from his excru-
ciating agonies by the friendly inter-
' position of death! %
Mr. Raines, of Hull, returning
from Hesle in a gig, with his wife,
and two children, it caught with a
stage coach near Anlaby, by which
it was overturned ; when the young-
est child, a girl about 7 months old,
was killed in the arms of its mother,
by the coach wheel passing over it,

which also went over Mr. R. and’

the other child under him, but with-
out doing them material injury.
16th. A young whale, about 50
feet in length, was driven upon Tri-
nity Sand, in the mouth of the Hum-
ber. It has been taken into Grims-
by, having been purchased by the
captain of the Bernie greenlandman.
18th. This morning, a butcher in
Whitechapel, for a wager of 17
guineas, being all he had, engaged
to go 60 miles in 12 hours, on foot.
He started from Whitechapel turn-
pike,. walked 20 miles and back
again to the starting place. He
performed the journey in 3 quarters
of an hour less than the time al-
lowed : several hundreds of pounds
were depending on the’event.
A striking instance of remorse of
conscience, which exemplifies the
_ayenging hand of God against mur-
der, has just added to the many si-
milar impressive lessons, in the vo-
luntary surrender of a woman, who
this day appeared before a magis-
trate of the hundred of Longtree in
Gloucestershire, and confessed, that
8 years ago she had murdered her
bastard child, by cutting its throat
and throwing it intoa brook. She
declared, that such was the intoler-
able misery of her mind till she had
divulged the dreadful secret, that
Vor. XLVI.

417

she was inevitably compelled to
consign herself over to the sentence
of the law, to answer for the hor-
rid deed which embittered every mo-
ment of her existence.

20th. Ata general court of the
proprietors of bank stock, a reso-
lution was agreed on to grant the
holders of bank stock a bonus of 5
per cent. on the stock they hold ; and
the court also agreed to pay the pro-
perty tax in addition, which toge-
ther makes the bonus 51. 5s. per cent.
It was at the same time carried u-
nanimously, that the salary of the
bank directors should be raised from
150]. per annum to 300l.

Vipers have been unusually nu-
merous in the corn fields of Sussex,
during the present harvest. A few
days since, a young woman received
a bite from one of those reptiles, on
the ancle, while labouring in a bar-
ley field near Beeding ; and notwith-
standing surgical assistance was ob-
tained, soon after the accident, she
died on the second day.

Mr. Thomas Allen, of Eddentine,
in the parish of Colwall, Hereford-
shire, who had thrown together a
large quantity of furze and fern in
the corner of a field, to rot for ma-
nure, during the late warm weather,
killed 15 or 16 old snakes near the
spot. This circumstance led him to
suspect that there were many more
sheltered in the mixture, which in-
duced him to remove it, when, to
his great astonishment, he discover
ed a number of young ones, and a
great quantity of eggs, and by a vi-
gilant exertion he killed 150 young
snakes !

Qist. The following melancholy
event took place :—James Warre,
esq. and family, who were engaged
in a tour through the country, took
their departure from Ross, in Here-

Ee ford.

418 —

fordshire, on the above date, in one
of the pleasure boats in an excursion
down the Wye, and had proceeded
as fay as Coldwell, the usual place
of stopping to take some refresh.
ment.

After dinner, the two sons ex-
pressed a wish to bathe, which was
not objected to by their father,
as both could swim: before they
had been long in the water, the
eldest, a fine youth of 17, called
aloud for help, when one of the
boatmen instantly plunged in to his
assistance, and becoming entangled
together. they both sunk to the bot-
tom, in deep water. The waterman,

disengaging himself, rose to the sur-.

face, and being much exhausted,
with difficulty reached the shore,
but every effort to save Warre prov-
ed ineffeiual, and he was drowned
in the presence of his disconsolate
parents! :

At Gateshead a young woman died
in consequence of taking poison.
She had always declined giving any
account of herself; but it appears
she was seduced from her parents,
who reside at Grantham, by a per-
son belonging to one of the stage-
coaches travelling south, who kept
her atGateshead. Coroner’s verdict
pe ancdorg

: 27th, His grace the duke of Port-
land, as visitor to Pembroke Cot-
jege, Oxford, has given in his final
decision as to the vacant Guernsey
and Jersey fellowships.
ing maturely weighed and consider-
ed the pretensions of the two islands,
and examined the statutes relative to
the’ foundations of the fellowships,
and their order of succession, he has
decided that the turn of nomination
welonged to Jersey; but as by the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

After hay-

1804.

express tenor of the statutes, the

three fellowships could not be held ©

by three gentlemen of one island,
and Messrs. Hue and Dupré,. both
Jersey men, occupied the other two,
The vacant fellowship of Pembroke
is to be fitled up by a native of
Guernsey.

This morning, as W. Mi T. Ash
(father and son), W. Arnold; and
J. Fowler, shipwrights, were at
work in the magazine of the Belle-
rophon, lying in dock at Portsmouth,
a candle, (the place being secluded
from light) communicated itself to
some loose powder, and they were
in an instant rendered the most
shocking spectacles by the effect of
the explosion.

29th.
given to their majesties on board the
yachts at Weymouth, attended by
more than 260 of thenobility. Af-
ter dinner, a Dutch fair was held,
and several of the principal perform-
ers from the London theatres per-
formed parts in an interlude com-
posed for the occasion.

A common-hall was held for the
election of a lord-mayor; previous
to which, the aldermen attended at
the church of St. Lawrence Jewry,
where an appropriate sermon was
preached by the lord-mayor’s chap-
lain. The following aldermen were
announced as eligible: Peter Per-
chard, esq. James Shaw, esq. Charles
Flower, esq. and Sir Wm. Leighton,
knt. The shew of hands was greatly
in favour of aldermen Perchard and
Flower: on which the friends of
alderman Shaw demanded a poll.

Diep.—At Philadelphia, at the
house of Samucl Wheeler, esq. in the
100th year of her age, Ruth Wood,
a native of that place. She remem-

bered

A grand naval féte was

a ee

2 = “- =

ee ee ee

iF

CHRONICLE.

bered the city when the high forest
trees stood in Walnut-street, from
Fourth-street to the river.

OCTOBER,

Ist. This afternoon, about four
o'clock, a man in an outrageous pa-
roxysm of insanity, went into the
Goat public-house, near Vauxhall,
and entering a room, he there gave
himself several wounds with a small
knife, he next sallied forth in a
frightful bloody condition, and en-
tered the bar, where he found a
young woman, a servant of the
house, alone, whom he instantly
Stabbed twice in the throat, and

‘knocked down; on her attempting
to rise, he plunged the knife into
her shoulder. On quitting the bar,
he seized an old man in the tap-room
and struck him several times, but
the knife falling from his hand, the
poor man escaped without any ma-

terial injury ; going out of the door

to depart, he made an attempt to
. Stab the landiady, and struck a per-
son in conversation with her; but
they both providentially escaped.
One Joyce, in attempting to secure
the maniac, was stabbed by him in
the shoulder and compelled to quit
his hold; the disordered man,
still at liberty, ranged about the
road, endeayouring to wound every
person that came in his way, till at
length he was secured by stratagem.
His name is M’Kay, a surgeon’s-
mate in the navy. He was sent to
St. Thomas’s Hospital, with little
hopes of his recovery.
2d. Dorchester barracks were
nearly destroyed by fire, in conse-
quence of some of the German Le-

* Vide Lord Keith’s Letter . the Appendix to-the Chronicle.
Le2

41g
gion falling asleep, while smoking
their pipes.

Two gentlemen shot a badger in
a hedge-bottom, in the neighbour-
hood of Sex’s-Hill, Leicestershire 5 \
it weighed upwards of 401b. and was
remarkably fat: the skin was so
thick and loose as to resist many of
the.shot, and was found only in-
dented, and they were obliged to
fire three times before it was de-
stroyed. ;

3d. Advices from lord Keith, of
this date, brought the unpleasant in-
telligence of the total failure ofa
project (to be executed undér his
lordship’s direction) for destroying
the Boulogne flotilla. This under-
taking, commonly known by the
appellation of the CarAMARAN ex-
pedition, was to have been efiected
by navigating certain vessels, filled
with combustibles, beneath or level
with the surface of the water, into
the midst of the enemy’s craft, and
there exploded. Great expectations
were raised in consequence of its
being known that the minister and
the first lord of the Admiralty had
fully approved, and had the utmost
confidence in the success of the ex-
pedition ; but it is difficult to deter-
mine whether the Stone project of
the last year, or the Catamaran of
the present, has been mast unsuc-
cessful, or produced most disap-
pointment to the public*.

The French papers state that sir
James Crawford, who had leave to
drink the waters of Aix la Chapelle,
for two months, having broken his
parole, that privilege has been taken
from all British prisoners. Their
confinement at Verdun is conse-
quently much more strict than it used
to be: they sare very narrowly,

watched,

£20

watched, and a gens d’armes is pla-
eed in the apartments of some of
those who are of the greatestrank.

Sir J. Crawford has, however,
publicly disayowed having, by his
return to England, forfeited his ho-_
nour.—He observes, that, ** when
he quitied France, he was bound by
no tte whatever to remain there.”
die had remained, till a considerable
office, reserved a twelvemonth for
his acceptance, was given away to
another; and till the life of his
lady was endangered by her afilic-
tion.

A bricklayer and his man were
employed, some days ago, to repair
the villa of captain Duncan, of Lee-
som-row, near Fulham; and as
they proceeded to strip oif the old
tiles, they found a large silver cup,
containing 700 guineas, the coinage
of George the first, a great number
of antique rings and valuable trin-
kets, of which the honest bricklayer
and his servant immediately appriz-
ed their employer.

This morning, at three o’clock,
a fire took place in one of the old
wooden houses in Union-street,
Westminster, leading to Palace-
yard. The house was inhabited by
Mrs. Storr, hatter, and family,
which consisted of herself, two sons,
. two female servants, and a woman
lodger named Freeman, aged near
80 years. It originated from a rush-
light which had fallen against the
wainscot in the room of the old
woman, and there being no assist-
ance at. hand, the house was spee-
dily in flames. The sons conveyed
away their mother, bat the unfor-
tunate old woman and the two girls
were left surrounded by the devour-
ing element. The woman was burnt
to death, and the girls dropt from
the attic story into the street, by
which they were much injured, One

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of them died two days afterwards in
the hospital. ‘The tire burnt back-
wards, and consumed the house of
Mr. Godfree, upholsterer, in Pa-
lace-yard. ‘The Westminster vo-
lunteers attended, and were of great
service in preventing depredations.

5th. Margery Wood was fully
committed to Shepton-Mallet bride-
well for the murder of her infant.
She wasamost deplorablelooking ob-
ject, about 45 years of age, but her
looks bespoke her much older. Her
confession was ample, circumstan-
tial, aud most pitiable, and the ago-
nies of her mind, since the perpe-
tration of the horrid deed, must
have been truly acute and deplora-
ble. She carried the. little inno-
cent, naked, with no other cover-
ing for it but her apron, through
the streets of Bath, for a month
after her delivery, and at last
took the diabolical resolution of
cutting its throat, and throwing
it in the river! some minutes before
it sunk, it held up one of its little
hands, apparently praying for the
protection of its unnatural mother ;
who, at that moment, (she says)
would have given worlds to preserve
it; it sunk, and left hera prey to the
ceaseless tortures of a guilty con-
science; tortures which may be
conceived, in her dreadful case, but
cannot be expressed.

At the Surry sessions, in Horse-
monger-lane, Robert Howell was
found guilty, and sentenced to
transportation for seven years, for
stealing 71. 14s. and a quantity of
wearing apparel, from Francis
Cooke, a poor old blind sailor !

William Davis was indiéted for
violently assaulting Sarah Sadler, in

the parish of Bermondsey. The

prisoner was a poor unfortunate
barber, whom the counsel compared
to amonkey, or one of the miserable

looking

CHRONIC LE, 421

looking inhabitants of St. Jago. He
thought that Miss Sadler was in love
with him, and, on his part, to shew
his respect for her, whenever they
met, he tumbled, touzled, and rum-
pled her so much, that she appeared
as if she had been drawn through a
hedge, and her muslin torn by the
briars. For this aggression, the
prosecution was commenced by the
father of the girl, the issue of which
was, that the jury found the poor
barber guilty; but the court, in
consideration of adefect in his intel-
leéts, and of the resplendent charms,
(though relentless heart) of the fair
lady, discharged him on his giving
surety to keep his hands off in fu-
ture.

A hare was this day shot in
Surry, by the game-keeper of J.
Judson, esq. which, on opening,
was found to contain four young
ones, all alive; he wrapped them
up carefully, and brought them home
to his wife, who has succeeded in
rearing three of them perfectly well,
being all stout and strong, and
likely to live.

8th. This afternoon, two young
men belonging to the Inflexible,
captain Bayley, now lying in the
Downs, went into a field about a
quarter of a mile from Deal, to de-
cide an affair of honour. At the
_ first fire, one of them was mortally
wounded in the head, and died in
about half an hour after. His ad-
versary has made his escape, but
the two seconds are committed to
gaol. The deceased’s name is Saw-
yer, captain’s clerk of the Inflexi-
ble.

A farmer, at Hampton, for a
wager of 25 guineas, rode his poney,
a beast under 14 hands high, 90
miles, on the western road, in 12
hours andahalf, The rider weighs

at least 14 stone, and the beast per-
formed this extraordinary feat in
three quarters of an hour less than
the time allowed. A number of
sporting geutlemen were present on
this occasion, and were deeply taken
in by the performance of this extra-
ordinary little creature.

9th. This day, Mr. common ser-
jeant informed the livery, that the
sheriffs declared the votes given for
the several candidates for the office
of lord mayor were: for Mr. alder-
man Perchard, 1781 ; Shaw, 16525
Flower, 687; and that the choice
of the livery had fallen on Mr. Per-
chard and Mr. Shaw. ‘The sheriffs
then proceeded to the court of al-
dermen to make the return; and in
half an hour, came back, attended by
the lord mayor, with Mr. Perchard
ou his left hand as lord mayor elect,
followed by several aldermen. After
the usual ceremonies, the recorder
declared, that the eleétion of lord
mayor and alderman had fallen on
Peter Perchard, esq. alderman and
goldsmith, which was received with
the greatest applause.

13th. A singular accident hap-
pened at the new church, Dagen-
ham, Essex. The society of Cum-
berland youths were invited to open
the new peal of bells, which they
performed in the morning, by ring-
ing 7008 changes of Oxford treble-
bob-royal, in four hours and forty-
nine minutes ; but, in the evening,
Mr, Channon, master of the society,
wished to oblige the inhabitants of
the village with another peal, when,
unfortunately, his leg got entangled
in the rope, which drew him up to
the next loft, and falling thence on
his head, he was killed on the spot,
the upper part of the skull being
beat in so, that the brains oozed out
through the cavities,

Ee3 14t

422

14th. Ann Barker, 33 years of
age, and well dressed, was found
this morning in the New River, at
Islington, drowned, The surgeon
called in, declared her past all hopes
of recovery.

- 15th. Mrs. Hayes, about eighty
years of age, in Pall-Mall court,
retired to her chamber about ten
o'clock, her usual hour of rest:
her chamber was on _ the attic
story for the benefit of ‘the air.—
About 11 o’clock, the servants
heard a most dreadful crash, and
a groan. On running rts they
found their mistress in her night-
gown, fastened (by the spikes have
ing entered her thighs two inches
above the knees) to the railing, her
back broke, and her skull fractured
in two places. On being carried

into the house she expired.

It appears that she had for some
months been in a state of childhood,
and it is supposed that something,
as she slept, alarming her, she open-
ed the window and threw herself
out.

16th. Claudius Stephen Hunter,
esq. was sworn into office as alder-
man of Bassishaw ward, vice Ro-
bert Clarke, esq. resigned.

A singular escape from the most
impending danger, happened to
James Crow, esq. of Lakenham,
Norfolk. As he drove himself
throngh Catton, in his one horse
carriage, he passed under va tree at
that time felling ; the tree fell upon
the horse in the chaise, and instan-
taneously killed it, without Mr.
Crow’ ‘ receiving, any, the slightest
injury! ;

17th. This morning between 7
and 8 o’clock, a young lady gen-
teelly dressed, threw herself into a
eanal near Liverpool, and was un-
fortunately drowned. The body has

(

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

not been owned. A handkerchief
found upon her had the initials E. J.

A Roman sepulchre has lately
been discovered at Ashby-Puerorum
in Lincolnshire. It was found by
a labourer who was cutting a ditch,
and consists of a stone chest, which
lay three feet below the surface of
the earth. The chest is of free-stone,
of the kind found in abundance on
Lincoln heath. ‘The urn is made of
strong glass, well manufactured,
but of agreenish hue. The glass is

perfect in all respects, and the sur- -

face is as smooth as if just taken
out of the fire. This receptacle of
the ashes was nearly filled with
small pieces of bone, many of which
from the effeéts of ignition, were
white through their whole substance,
Among the fragments was discover-

eda small lacrymatory,
18th. ‘This evening an atrocious
robbery was committed ona female,
as amiable, as good, and as valuable,
as any society can boast, At about
a quarter past seven the right hon.
Dowager Lady Dacre was taking
her usual solitary walk near her
house at Lec, between Lewisham
and Eltham in Kent; whena ruffian
came up near the church, presented
a pistol, and, with horrid impreca-
tions, demanded her watch. She
told him, if he would take the pis
tol away, she would give,it him.
As soon as he got the watch, he put
the pistol again to her ladyship’s
breast, and demanded her purse.
This she also gave: it contained six
guineas, with which he departed.
Ever since the death of the late Lord
Dacre, his amiable widow has made
it an invariable practice to visit his
tomb at a certain hour in the even-
ing. No company, no engagement,
no inclemency of weather, neither
storms nor hurricanes, have ever.
prevented

A

-

CHRONICLE.

prevented her from executing this
pious office. It was on one of these
occasions, that the sacrilegious wretch
took the opportunity of perpetrat-
ing this crime.

A gentleman writes from Virgi-
nia, that they had been for 12 days
clouded with a dark smoke; and
that, on the day he wrote, the Clinch
mountain had sunk for many miles
to the depth of 50 feet, after which
clouds of smoke issued therefrom ;
so that the inhabitants at the dis-
tance of 20 miles from the place,
were not able to discover an objett
at 20 feet distance. ‘his, it is sup-
posed, was occasioned by the burn-
ing of the stone coal which is in that
mountain.

20th. A coroner’s inquest was
held at the ship tavern, Milbank,
on the body of Susannah Humphries,
a young lady who fell out of a boat,

and was drowned, at Chelsea reach.

She was in company on the preced-
ing day with Mrs. Sutler of Lambeth,
and her son, Mr.Sutler, with whom
she was on the point of marriage.
An inquest was also held on the
body of Elizabeth Woedcock, who
was burned to death the day before
in a garret, No.4, Lascelles’ place,
Broad-srect, Bloomsbury; an acci-
dent supposed to be occasioned by
lifting of a saucepan from the fire.
The verdicts were, in both cases—
Accidental death.

22d. About 8 at night, a most
dreadful fire broke out in the stables
of the Spotted Dog public house, in
Chelmsford. A party of Hanove-
rians, about 120 in number, march-
ed into the town about 2 o’clock

the same day, and were, for conve-

nience, lodged in the house and sta~
bles upon the premises. Fatigued
with their march, they retired to
rest at an early hour, seventy of

423

them in particular, in a large sta.
ble at the above public house, with-
out any other fastening to the door
than a latch. In the evening, an
alarm of fire was given, the drums
beat to arms, and the premises where
the 70 men lodged, among whom
were some women, were discovered
to be in flames; possibly unacquaint-
ed with the use of a latch, the Ha-
noverlans were some time before
they could open the door, which,
after a’short time, was effected from
without, and they (as was at first
supposed) all made their escape, but
not without many of them being
most dreadfully scorched, and their
clothes in flames. Every mind was
perfectly rejoiced, that providence
had saved, as they supposed, the
lives of those who were just before
the inhabitants of the buildings 5
but litle was it suspected, that 12
poor unfortunate fellow creatures
were left struggling under the ruins.
The fire had subsided about twelve
o’clock ; but next morning, on-re-
moving the rubbish, it was disco-
vered that 12 men had perished!
Their mutilated remains were drag-
ged out, in a state too dreadful te
describe. A number of horses be-
longing to the royal waggon train
were in the stables, all of which
were removed, but two, and they
were burnt to death.—One other
unfortunate Hanoverian died ‘the
next morning from the injury he
received. Every soul must have pe-
rished in the flames, had not the
corporal of the detachment, to whom
the alarm of fire had been given,
most providentially ran down ‘to the
stable, and extricated them from
their distressing situation.—Several
of ‘the survivors were shockingly
burnt. The coroner’s jury, which -
sat upon this melancholy event, af-
Ees tex

424

ter retiring for a considerable time,
brought in a verdict of accidental
death.

23d. Advices from Admiral Corn-
wallis, give the important intelli-
gence of a small squadron of British
frigates, under the command of capt.
G. Moore, of the Indefatigable,
having, after a short action, cap-
tured 3 Spanish treasure ships, and
blown up one, off cape St. Mary’s.
Independently of 3,200,000 dollars,
the captured vessels abound in the
most precious merchandize. This is
the first. act of hostilities with Spain,
and must doubtless be followed by
a war with that power. A most
melancholy circumstance took place
in consequence of the explosion of
‘the Mercedes, one of the Spanish
squadron. In it was embarked a
native of Spain, who was returning
from America with his whole fami-
dy, consisting of his lady, 4 daugh-
ters, and 5 sons. The daughters
were beautiful and amiable women,
the sons grown up to manhood.
With such a family, and a large
fortune, the gradual savings of 25
years industry, did this unhappy
man embark for his native country.
A short time before the action be-
gan, he, with one of his sons, went
on board the largest of the ships,
and in a few minutes became the
spectator of his wife, his daughters,
4 of his sons, and all his treasure,
surrounded with flames, and sink-
ing in the abyss of the ocean. This
victim of almost unheard-of calami-
ty, arrived at Plymouth, with the
only remains of so many blessings,
in capt. Moore’s cabin, who was
unceasing in his endeavours to ad-
minister all in his power towards
the alleviation of his sufferings.*

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

25th. Hyde Park exhibited a tri.
umphant display of the military re- |
sources of this great capital of the
empire, and confirmed the hopes
which were formed last year, of the
zeal, activity, and discipline of its
brave and loyal voluntary defenders.

Soon after 9 the following regi-
ments made their appearancesin the
park,and took their ground opposite
Grosvenor gate :—the hon. artillery
company, lieut. col. Le Mesurier,
with the company of yagers, com-
manded by capt. Bessell, were on
the right, two field pieces were at-
tached to the regiment; the 4th
loyal London, lieut. col. Price; the
7th ditto, major Pratt; the 8th dit.
to, col. Canning ; the 5th ditto, col.
Smith; the 2d ditto, ditto.

The regiments marched into line
by companies, and having taken
open order, awaited the arrival of
the reviewing general. The earl of
Harrington attended about half past —
10, and was received with the usual
honours ; the troops presented arms,
and the officers saluted, while the
different bands played, and the drums
beat. Gen. the earl of Harrington
then passed in front and rear of the
brigade, and afterwards placed him-
self opposite the centre. The light
companies and yagers were sent out
and skirmished, while the line ad-
vanced and fired several vollies. Af-
ter this the light troops were called
in by the bugles, and the whole com-
menced firing by companies, from
the centre to the flanks. Each re-
giment formed close column in rear
of the grenadiers, and marched in
the same order to the centre batta-
lion, and then performed the prin. _
cipal of the 19 manceuvres, parti-
cularly the change of position and

* For'capt. Moore’s account of the action vide the Appendix to the Chronicle,

‘ - from-

‘gularity and order.

CHRONICLE.

forming new fronts, executing every

movement with the utmost precision
and exactness; above all they me-

rited every praise for the manner in.

which they charged. These evolu-

tions occupied them till near two

o'clock, when the line wheeled back-
wards into columns upon the left,
passed the general in review, and
quitted the ground in quick time.
Lyery regiment mustered extremely
well; and the whole 2mounted to near
3000. While they were retiring,
the three regiments of the hon. the
East Indiacompany marched in thro’
the gate at the end of Oxford-road,
and occupied their ground. Thése,
amounting to nearly 3000, were
joined by the 3d loyal London, lieut.
col. Kensington, who mustered 580.
This formidable brigade marched
by companies into line, with 6 field
pieces in the centre. The earl of
Harrington reviewed them as he had
done the former brigade, and having
taken his station, attended by his
aids-de-camp, generals Grosvenor
and Burrard, lord Petersham, col.
Jenkinson, col. Gaitskill, and seve-
ral officers of volunteer corps, the
light troops were ordered forward
as before, and the line advanced.
Nothing could be more steady than
their march in ordinary time; not
a file was out of his dressing, and
the whole preserved the utmost re-
They were or-
dered to commence independent fir-
ing, which was so rapid and well
kept up, that the brigade was in a
few minutes involved in smoke. The
artillery men loaded and fired thrice
inaminute. The brigade then per-
formed all those manoeuvres, which
the former had gone through. It
was near dusk when they passed the
reviewing general, and marched to-
wards the city. Upon the whole,

A253

such an army as appeared in the field,
in the course of the day, must be not
only a theme of exultation to the
inhabitants of the first city in the
world, but to the people in general
of the only free country in Europe.
There were thousands of spectators,
and among them many persons of
distinction. It was upon the whole
a most splendid scene, and exceeded
every thing of the kind since the
grand review before his majesty.

A singular discovery was lately
made at Orchardliegh house, Somer-
setshire. The servants having fre-
quenily observed a large Muscovy
duck take wing from the lake below
the house, and hover round the
church which stands on an island
in the water, were led by curiosity
to watch its retreat, and, by a strict
seareh, discovered it to be in the
roof of the church, directly under
the only bell it contains, in which
the bird now comfortably sits upon
17 eggs; its only retreat being thro’
a small aperture near the roof.

A young lady possessed of 40001.
lately eloped from her father’s house
in the neighbourhood of Gray’sinn,
with a young Hibernian, a painter
and glazier, residing in the vicinage
of Soho. The parties met at the
late Croydon fair, for the first time,
and, on the morning following, the
lady eloped. The father, after much
anxious search, discovered her re
treat; but she refused to return
home, and has since given her hand
to the painter.

The court of directors of the East
India company, have come to a re-
solution to allow the passengers, who
were belonging to the navy on board
the Bombay Castle, capt. Hamilton ;
and the Earl Camden, capt. Dance,
for their services in the action with
Linois, the same gratuity as those

allowed

426

allowed to officers in similar situa-
tions on board the company’s ships.

Mellersh, a’butcher of Newgate
market, dropped a bank note for
100]. some time ago, at a settling
house in Smithfield. The note was
traced to-one Murray, a butcher,
of Plumstead, in Kent; who has
since been compelled to restore it,
with all the costs of an action insti-
tuted for its recovery. Murray was
present when the note was dropped
in Smithfield.

Mr. B. Knight undertook for a
wager of considerable amount, to
walk from Cardiff to Brecon, and
back, a distance of 86 miles, in 40
hours, which he performed with great
ease in 33.

27th. Henry Perfect, alias the-

Rey. Mr. Paul, alias the Rev. Mr.
Bennet, was indicted at the Middle-
sex quaxter sessions, for obtaining,
at different times, 12]. 15s. by false
pretences, from the earl of Claren-
don. It appeared from his lord-

ship’s testimony, that in the charac. -

ter of a clergyman, the prisoner had
written to him, to implore assistance
for a distressed lady, named Grant,
residing at Harlow in Essex, who
was represented as the daughter of
a gentleman in the West Indies,
newly married to a proud young
Scotchman, who had deserted her.
Several other letters, signed by Mrs.
Smith, came to his lordship’s hands.
The prisoner wrote in three different
hands, and carried on his plan of
fraud for a considerable time, until
at last the whole (with many other
impositions of a similar nature, to a
most extensive amount), was disco-
vered; and at the prisoner’s lodg-
ings, when taken up, copies of the
different letters, with the answers to
them, were found. The jury pro-
nounced a verdict of guilty, and the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

prisoner was sentenced to 7 years
transportation.
Three gentlemen of “Manchester,

‘shooting at Colne, near Burnley,

were for two days accompanied by
aman 82 years of age, who carried
a basket containing their provisions
with great apparent ease to himself,
though it is supposed that he must,
atanaverage, have walked 25 miles
aday. He told them that at the age
of 76 he walked thence to London
in 3 days, which was 55 miles a day,
stopped 4 days, and was 3 more in
returning to his native place. He
said he had several lads between 50
and 60. He frequently goes to
Preston and back in a day, which is
46 miles.—Nor did he think his ex~ —
ertions extraordinary, as he inform-
ed the same gentleman, that he re-
membered, a grandson, his father
and grandfather, residing in the
neighbourhood of Colne, the young-
est of whom was upwards of eighty
years old!
28th. As the wife of John Brew,
awatchman, in Lemon-street, White-
chapel, was reading the bible at the
fire side, a spark flew from it, and
sether clothes in a blaze. She call-
ed to her husband, who is nearly. 90
years old, and very deaf, for assist-
ance, but before he could give it she
was so miserably burnt, that she died
the following day.
29th. The anniversary festival of
thatexcellentand humane institution,
the society for the relief of the wi-
dows and orphans of medical men,
was held at the London tavern, and
very numerously attended. Sir Wm.
Blizard, one of the vice presidents,
was salted to the chair, and favour-
ed the society with his company to
a late hour ; during which many loy-
al and patriotic toasts were given,
and the company entertained by
songs

CHRONICLE.

songs and glees from the principal
performers at the theatres. One
toast excited particular attention.
It was given by the president with
his usual warmth of sentiment and
feeling, and excited a burst of ap-
plause from the company. ‘* The
health of that medical character,
who, at the risk of his own life,

_ withstood the orders of Bonaparte,

to destroy the sick soldiersin Egypt.”
Another of the vice presidents added,
*¢ 'That Desgenetts had formerly vi-
sited this country, and, in addition
to his native goodness of heart, had
here imbibed the independent spirit
of a Briton.” It must be pleasing
to every friend of humanity, and to
the medical profession in particular,
to learn, from the statements laid
before the meeting on that day, that

_ Since the institution was first set on

foot, about 16 years ago, the pro-

perty of the saciety has increased to’

13,0001. 3 per cent. consols; and
that 12001.’s have been distributed
out of the interest of the stock to
widows and orphans of deceased
members, most of whom were un-
fortunately not in a situation to make
a proper provision for their rela-
tives.

30th. This morning, an excise
officer, named Littlejohn, was found
dead in a vat of strong beer, in a
State of fermentation, at the brew-
house of Mr. Thornton at Horsham.
It came out, in evidence, before
the coroner’s jury, on a view of
the body, that the deceased went
to the brewhouse, on Monday night,
to make his accustomed survey ;
and that in leaning over the vessel,
the azotic gas, arising from beer in
such a state, might suffocate him,
and cause him to fall into the liquor ;
they therefore returned a verdict of
accidental death. The vessel con.

427

taining about 16 barrels of beer,
was by Mr. Thornton’s direction,
thrown into the common sewer.
3ist. ‘This day three bullocks
were killed by lightning at Temple
Bodmin. The flash struck a tree,
which stood in a hedge, and shivered
it from the top to the bottom, di-
vided the hedge into two parts, made
a deep furrow to the place where
the bujlocks stood, and killed them
upon the spot, without leaving the
slightest appearance of a wound.

A distressing event happened at
Newington, in Surry. John Rick-
etts, the sexton, was employed dig-
ging a grave for the remains of a la=
dy in the Kent-road, and the coffin
was just entering the church-yard,
preceded by the minister, when the
whole mass of earth on each side of
the grave fell in, and covered the
unfortunate deliver in a depth of six
feet, just as he was getting out with
his pick-axe and shovel. Within
five minutes after the accident hap-
pened, a number of persons ran to
assist the poor man, and began to
remove the earth ; their endeavours
were hawever much retarded by the
concourse of spectators, who rushed
to the brink of the grave, and nearly
an hour elapsed before they disco~
vered the body, which being taken
out, means were used by a profes-
sional gentleman to restore anima-
tion; but every effort proved inef-
feétual, and the body was borne
away lifeless on a shutter, amidst
the cries and complaints of a discon-
solate wife and five children, whe
were witnesses of the affecting
scene.

This day a violent storm of thun-
der and lightning pervaded the great-
est part of Cornwall. A violent gust
of wind passed through a part of
the parish of Kenwin, which over-

turned

428

turned mows of corn, a furze-rick,
apple trees and whatever else stood
in its way: and in the neighbour-
hood of Penzance many windows
were broken by hail stones of an
enormous Size.

Diev.—5th. At the age of 104
years, Mrs. Lovelin, relict of the
late William Lovelin.

6th. Mr. ‘Thomas Whittingham,
of Hillingdon, at the very advanced
age of 104.. He retained all his fa-
culties to the very last hour, as well
as he ever did at any other period
of his life, and could walk a distance
of two or three miles with perfect
ease. He was born im the reign of
king William, and had a most per-
feé& recolleétion of the person of Q.
Anne, of whom he often spoke. In
the rebellion of fifteen he was em-
ployed in coveying’troops and bag-
gage from Uxbridge to London.

NOVEMBER.

Ist. Monsieur, brother to Louis
XVIIL. accompanied by his suite,
returned to Yarmouth, from Swe-
éen, whither he had gone to meet
his royal brother, between whom
and him a most afleciing interview
took place at Calmar on the 7th of
last month.

Advices were received by govern.
ment of a most extraordinary and
atrocious violation of the law of na-
tions,in the seizing and carrying off Sir
George Rumbold, the British chargé
@ affaires, to the Hans Towns, and
the states of the circle of Lower
Saxony, on the night of the 25th
ultimo, by a detachment of French
troops. ‘The particulars are as fol-
Jow :—On the night of the 25th of
Octaber, a detachment of French
troops, consisting of 250 men, land-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804,

ed from three boats, on the Ham~
burgh territory. They had embark-
ed at Harburgh, a small town on
the left bank of the Elbe, in the
eleétorate of Hanover, and about a
mile distant from the city of Ham-
burgh. ‘They landed between the
cities of Mamburgh and Altona. A
part of the detachment to theamount
of 80 men, proceeded under the con-

duét of two guides to Grindel,

where Sir George had resided for
some time. Grindel is a village
composed of a sma! number of coun-

‘try houses, not far removed from

the Hamburgh gate, which is called
the Dammthor, a few hundred paces
only distant. ‘The detachment hav-
ing arrived at Grindel, commenced
its operations by surrounding the
house of the English minister at
about one in the morning. Sir
George Rumbold hearing a knock
at the door, jumped out of bed to
see what was the matter, and on
looking out of the window, saw the
house surrounded with soldiers, who
told him they had dispatches for
him. But on his refusing them ad-
mission, they instantly broke open
the doors, rushed into every apart-
ment, and pillaged the house of
whatever was portable. They then
seized Sir George, and conducted
him in a carriage to the banks of
the Klhe, across which river he was
transported a close prisoner to Har-
burgh: thence he was carried closely
guarded to Hanover; from which
city he was removed to Paris, and

confined there in the Temple!!!
The news from Gibraltar brought
by dispatches received this day is of
a most calamitous nature: it states
that a malignant and pestilential fe-
ver had broken out in the garrison
of that important place about the
middle of September, and stil] conti-
nued

-

CHRONICLE. . 429

nued to rage, though with somewhat
abated violence. ‘lhe following ex-
traét from a respectable medical cha-
ra¢ter on the rock, gives a circum-
stantial detail of its ravages: it is
dated Gibraltar, Sth of October,
1804.

‘¢ [had the pleasure, on the 21st
ult. of relating to you the favour-
able opinion of our medical com-
mittee on thé nature of the fever
that had broke out in our garrison;
Since that period it has had much
reason to alter its opinion: a great
and alarming mortality has taken
place, owing, in the first place, to
Sickness and filth, increased by
want of sutlicient medical attend-
ance, nourishment and nurses. ‘The
numbers that have fallen to its vio-
lence within this fortnight are sur-
prising: our reduced population
does not now consist of (inhabitants
and civilians) more than 3,000 souls.
On Monday last 114 were buried,

-and ali the week averaged nearly 90

per day! The number yesterday
was reduced to 57, and this day I
am hopeful it will not exceed 40, so
that we mend apace, and expect the
first heavy rains (hourly looked for)
will relieve us from its ravages alto-
gether. This mortality, from the
causes before recited, you will easily

conceive to have taken place prin-

cipally among the poor. Of Bri-
tish merchants, very few have fallen,
‘and those only in situations extreme-
ly prejudicial to health. The Jews
have however died in numbers;
and where the fever has broken out
in a dirty ill-aired house, it has ge-
nerally proved fatal to all its inha-
bitants. Many people have deserted
the garrison from fear, and the death
of many is ascribed to the same
cause, particularly among the wo-
men andJews. Among the British,

a committee of five has been chosen
to assist the government in apply-
ing the most likely measures to-
wards the promotion of the public
health ; relieving the distressed, bu-
rying the dead, &c. and it is vested
with the fullest powers. The mem-
bers are, Messrs. Ross, Smith,
Sweetland, Allardyce, and myself.”
2nd. A fire broke out in the ex-
tensive water corn-mills of Mr.
Pickering, at Frodsham-bridge,
Cheshire, which entirely consumed
the same. The damage done is very
considerable; many thousand mea-
sures of corn having been destroyed.
Among the principal sufferers are
Messrs. Chadwicke, Brereton and
Leadbeater ; the former of whom had
upwards of 3,000 measures of corn
upon the premises. These mills
are the property of Sir Peter War-
burton, bart.
5th. By intelligence received
this day from the West Indies, we
learn that atremendous hurricane had
lately taken place in the windward
islands: it blew from the 4th to the
6th of September, inclusive, without
intermission. At St. Kitts its fury
was most severely felt. It spread
likewise to Antigua, St. Bartholo-
mew, St. Thomas’s and Dominica:
The losses at the different islands
among the shipping are thus parti-
cularized:—St. Kitts 120; Anti-
gua 29; St. Bartholomew 50; Do-
minica 1; St. Thomas’s 44 ;—to-
tal, 274 ships, many of which are
Americans. Every vessel in the
roads of St. Pierre and Martinique
were driven on shore, and, with the
excepticn of five, were totally lost.
At Jamaica it was experienced on
the 29th of August, when the Pique
frigate was completely dismasted,
and two American vessels entirely
lost.
The

430

The effeéts of these hurricanes
have not, however, been confined
to the West Indies only. It appears
by New York papers, dated Sep-
tember 30, that the losses sustained
at Charleston, South Carolina,
amounted to one million of dollars.
In the beginning of September there
occurred at Savannah a more dread-
ful hurricane than ever was remem-
_ bered there; it continued to rage
during the whole of the night of the
Sth of September ; and next morn-
ing when the inhabitants ventured
out of their houses, they beheld all
the trees in and about the city lying
prostrate on the ground, the tops
of chimnies, and several houses
blown down. The wharfs, from
one end of the city to the other,
were torn up; and almost every
store near them, with their contents,
were destroyed. Every vessel in
the harbour which was not totally
Jost, was thrown upon the wharfs.
A man and two children were killed
by the falling of houses. ‘In Hut-
chinson’s island, and other rice
plantations near the place, all the
buildings were swept away-in the
general destruétion, and many over-
seers, and negroes with their fami-
lies, amounting to nearly 100, were
lost. Ata place called the Bluff,
damage to the amount of 100,000
dollars was sustained. The plant-
ers on Skemaway and Wilmington
isiands have also sufiered consider-
ably.

The same mails bring the intelli-
gence of Dessalines, the black .chief
of St. Domingo, having been pro-
claimed emperor of Hayti, that be-
ing the Indian name of Hispaniola.

The young gentlemen of Eton col-
lege had their annual rejoicings this
night, with fire-works, &c, A young
nobleman put a lighted squib info a

i

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

school-fellow’s coat pocket, about
nine years old, which set fire to his
clothes, and burned his side in so
shocking a manner that he died in
two days. Mis relations and friends,
who have to lament his loss, reside
at Petersburgh. The young noble-
man has absented himself from col-
lege, in consequence of his distress
of mind at this unfortunate circum.
stance. ;

6th. The coachman of Dr. Wil-
son, driving a cart from Bens
field to London, had not proceeded
above three miles before he fell from
one of his horses on which he was
riding, and, the wheel going over
him, was killed upon the spot.

Sth. The admirable gilt lion’s
head letter-box, which was formerly
at Button’s coffee-house, and in
which the valuable original manu.
script copy of the Guardian was re-
ceived, was yesterday knocked down
at the Shakespears-tavern, Covent.
garden, to Mr. Richardson, for
171. 10s.

9th. Lord mayor’s day was ob«
served with great display of civic
splendour. About one o’clock the
old and new lord mayors, aldermen,
and sheriffs, proceeded in procession
to Blackfriar’s bridge, where the
city barge conveyed them to West«
minster. They were attended by
the city companies in their barges.-
The lord mayor was sworn into of.
fice before the barons of the exche.
quer, and, having saluted the different’
courts, returned.to the barge, and
landed at Blackfriars, Mr. Pitt fol.
lowed the procession at some distance
along Cheapside, when a party of the
populace took out the horses from
his carriage, and drew it to Guild-
hall. The hall was brilliantly illu-
minated.. At each end was fixed a
large glass chandelier; and im the

centre

CHRONICLE.

centre was hung a great number of
_yariegated Jamps, which were, so ar-
ranged as to assume the form of a
balioon. About six o'clock the
company sat down todinner. At
the Lord Mayor’s table were, the
Lord Chancellor, the Earls of Har-
rington and Camden, the Lords
“Melville, Grantley, Leslie, Mul-
grave, and Castlereagh, Mr. Pitt,
the Hanoverian and Turkish Am-
bassadors, several of the Judges, Sir
John Colpoys, Admiral Peyton,
Sir John Nichol, and some foreign
officers, &c. &c. The ladies retired,
soon afternine, to the eemmon ceun-
cil room, where the crowd was very
great. The ball was opened by a
minuet between’ Alderman Hunter
and Miss Le Mesurier. Country
dances followed, and continued for
seyeral hours.
12th. This day the long-expect-
' ed interview between the sovereign
and the heir apparent took place at
one o’clock at Kew palace. The
queen and princesses were present.
The meeting of those two person-

ages, after a long interval, was

marked by every emotion of kind-
ness and conciliation on the one
part, and of the most profound filial
respect and veneration on the other.
13th. This day witnessed ano-
ther violation of the law of na-
_ tions by order of Buonaparte. Mr.
Wasstaffe, the British messenger,
_ was robbed of his dispatches, money,
_cloaths, &c. On the Gth he had set
_ out for Petersburgh, with dispatches
for Lord G..L. Gower; and on the
Alth, he took a carriage at Husum,
_ with intent to proceed through Ber-
lin on his destination. Arriving at
_ Nohrdoff, he proceeded to Lubec in
_ company with a Hanoverian mes-
Senger; at which place they were
joined by a Mecklenburgh merchant

>

451

going to Schwerin. The three car.
riages proceeded together for Schwe-
rin, in safety, until they arrived be-
tween Rhena and Schwerin, in the
forest within two German miles of
the latter city. Here the two mes-
sengers and postilions were alarmed
by the appearance of a horseman in
the uniform of an officer of French
light horse, who rode up with an in-
solent air, looked in at the window
of each carriage, and, having made
his observations, drew up; instantly
seven men, well mounted, rushed
from the wood and joined him.
They had the uniform and appear-
ance of French cavalry, and were
armed with carbines and sabres.
The men presented their pieces at
Mr. Wagstaffe and his companions,
threatening that, if the least resist-
ance were made, they would blow
out their brains. They then dragg-
ed the parties into a wood, about a
quarter of a mile from the road side.
Here they proceeded to tie the two
messengers, the Mecklenburgh mer-
chant, and the postilions, to the trees,
and left them, threatening to shoot
the first who attempted to disengage
himself. At length Mr. W. untied
himself, and released his compani-
ons; when, on reaching their car-
riages, they found that the banditti
had robbed them of every ‘thing.—
Mr. W. then returned to Husum,
and reached London on Sunday.—
This outrage took place upon the
territory of the Duke of Mecklen-
burgh Schwerin, within two German
miles of his capital.

The persons who robbed Mr.
Wagstaffe are discovered to be the
commandant of Ratzeburgh, and se-
ven Irench soldiers.

14th. This morning about half
past ten o’clock, his majesty arrived
at the queen’s house from Windsor ;

when

432

when, the arrangements having been
made for the disposal of the two
vacant red ribbons, Major-General’s
Mooreand Ludlow were introduced,
and with the usual forms, were eleéted
knights of the bath. After which
his majesty received the recorder’s
report in council, when Prentice and
Webb for horse-stealing, and J.
Lloyd, for uttering a forged bank
note, were ordered for execution.
Mr. Asilet, with other convicts, were
respited during pleasure.

This day came on at Holyrood-
house, the eleétion of one of the
sixteen peers of Scotland, vacant by
the death of the Marquis cf Twee-
dale. The Earls of Kellie and Lau-
derdale were the candidates: the
former was eleted.

‘The workmen at Messrs. Lloyds
forge, near Burton-upon-Trent,
having had the misfortune to break
the large hammer anvil steady, were
about to blow up that part which is
fixedin the ground; and as Samuel
Bamford (though repeatedly warned
of his danger) was driving’ iron
wedges to further the operation, a
spark communicated to the gun-
powder, which exploded, blew off
his head, and otherwise mangled
his body in a shocking manner.

15th.
accident happened at Southburne,
near Great Driffield :—three or four
warreners having been their rounds
in the rabbet-warrens adjoining, on
their return deposited their loaded
pieces in the house of one of the
party. Shortly afterwards one of
the guns was taken up by a boy of
eleven years of age, who levelled it
at the servant girl, aged fifteen, and
shot her through the head. She
died in great agonies.

16th. Part of Mr. Hazledine’s
iron foundery, Coleham, Cumber-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

The following melancholy’

1804.

land, was discovered to be on fire
this morning, which had been burn-
ing forsome time. The roof soon af.
ter fell in. It was got under between
three and four o’clock. The night
was fortunately calm; and a quan-
tity of salt, added to the water in
the engines, was observed to have
very great eflicacy in extinguishing
the fire. The damage is estimated
at near 15001.

One of the Leeds coaches broke
down near Sheffield, when one of |
the passengers (the housekeeper of
Edward Abney, esq. of . King’s
Newton, near Derby) was crushed
to death by the coach.

William Chivers, a collier, was
killed at the Rock Coal-work, near
Nettlebridge, by a chain of enor-
mous length, and upwards of a ton
weight, having broke by the force
of the fire-engine, and fallen upon
him. Almost every bone in his body’
was broken, just as if he had suf-
fered on the rack. Part of the
chain was so entagled round his
neck, that it became necessary to
cut through the links with chissels.
This poor fellow’s life had been a
series of deplorable accidents.
When a youth, his eye was struck
out by a stick in a scuffle. His bo-
dy was disabled seven years ago by
a quantity of rubbish falling on
him. He narrowly escaped being
killed by the falling of a picce of
timber three wecks ago. Since then
he escaped death by a great piece
of coal falling near him.

The Earl of Carlisle has pre-
sented to the dean and chapter of
York, for the embellishment of the
minster, a window of beautiful
painted glass, purchased during the
late troubles in France from the
church of St. Nicholas, at Rouen.
The subject is the visitation of the |

Virgin

CHRONICLE.

Virgin Mary; the figures as large
as life, admirably drawn, and al-
ways considered to have been de-
signed either by Scbastian de Pi-
ombino, or Michael Angelo.

John Harris, a private in the
royal waggon train, quarteréd at
the White Hart at Moulsham, in
Chelmsford, picked up a pocket-
béok in the inn yard, containing
bank notes to the amount of 941.
which he instantly deposited with
the landlord of the house, telling
him to deliver it to the owner when
enguired for. About three hours
after, arich old farmer, who puts up
at that house, missed his hook and
notes, and upon enquiry of the
Jandlord, had it, with the property,
safely delivered to him; when he
generously gave the soldier, who has
a wife and four children, a one
pound note as a reward for his ho-
nesty ! °

18th. To the great surprise of
the public, Sir George Rumbold (late
minister at Hamburgh, and whose
atrocious seizwre in his functions we
havealready mentioned inits place,*)
arrived in London from France.—
It appears, that on his arrival at Pa-
ris he was immediately carried to the
. Temple, and conveyed to a misera-
' ble apartment, where he was treated
_ with much rudeness. The keepers
having direétions to keep out of the
way all instruments of destruction, it
was with much difficulty he could
- prevail upon them to lend him a
knife to cut up a fowl which he had
for supper. He was then conveyed
to a wretched flock bed, with dirty
_ sheets and blankets; and in this si-
_ tuation he remained till ‘the follow-
_ ing evening, when he was waited
upon by an officer of the police, who

Vor. XLVI.

* Vide page 428.
Ff

433

informed him that there was na
charge against him personally ; that
the French government were satis-
fied with the possession of all his pa-
pers, which they were resolved to
keep; and that he must leave Paris
at a late hour that evening.—At the
hour appointed for his departure, he
was put into a coach, and, without
the least idea of his destination, was
conveyed to Cherbourg, where he
arrived on the 16th, and was imme- |
diately sent on board a French cut-
ter, which sailed with a flag of truce
for England.. The cutter soon fell
in with the Niobe frigate, which
received Sir George, and conveyed
him to Portsmouth. Not a doubt
exists, but that his prompt and most
unexpected deliverance waS owing
to the immediate and spirited de-
mand made by Prussia in his behalf :
his papers howegrer have all been de.
tained.

This day the Romney of 50 guns,
a fine ship, left Yarmouth -with bul-
locks for the Texel fieet, and carried
out letters for the officers; on the
following morning at nine, she was
wrecked on the South Haak Sand,
next the Texel, and on the 20th,
most of the officers and crew quitt-
ed her on rafts and in the boats.
They were made prisoners by the
boats of the Dutch fleet, and the
ship soon after went to pieces. "This
unfortunate accident originated in
the Romney mistaking three Ame-
rican ships, wrecked the night before
on the Haak Sands, for part of our
Texel fleet at anchor. A tribute of
gratitudeis due to the admiral, offi-
cers and crew of the Dutch men of
war in the Texel, wlfo sent out five
launches witha flag of truce, to the
wreck ; at the hazard of their lives,

they

434

they approached the Romney, and
by their humane exertions, the lives
of 300 British seamen were saved.
Captain Colville of the Romney, and
all his officérs, have since arrived at
Yarmouth. They were discharged
upon their parole, by the Dutch ad-
miral Kilkkert, who behaved to
them in the most humane manner.
The following instance of intrepid
humanity ina British naval officer
at Plymouth, among many other
Similar occurrences, deserves to be
recorded : Benjamin Nelson, a
seaman of the Colossus of 74 guns,
lying in Cawsand Bay, had been on
shore on liberty, and coming aboard
much intoxicated, fell out of the
boat alongside the ship. Lieutenant
Lothian, walking near the gang-
way, saw the accident, pulled off
his coat, and with great intrepidity
jumped from the starboard main-
chains into the water: after swim-
ming alittle time, he caught Nelson
by the hair, but in struggling to
bring him to the boat, Nelson be-
‘ing a powerful man, sunk, dragg-
ing the lieutenant with him :—lieut.
Lothian, by dint of superior swim-
ming, soon rose again, grasping
him firmly by the hair; they were
then taken on board the ship’s cut-
ter, but on taking Nelson to the
lower-gun deck, although every

means were taken to restore his life, °

he breathed his last, more owing to
suffocation from his drunkenness,
than from his immersion in the wa-
ter. Lieutenant Lothian was some
time before he recovered from the
effects which the fatigue and anxiety
of his humane exertions had occa-
sioned. The coroner’s jury return-
ed a verdict of—Accidental death.
A pumpkin of most extraordinary
stze and weight, and beautifully
laced like the finest Cantaloupe mee

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

lon, was cut in a garden, this day,
at Bathwick, belonging to Mr. Gra-
ham, fruiterer, of Bath. It weighs
112lbs. the girt round is two yards,
and it measures two yards and a half
in length. The sced of this extra-
ordivary production was given to the
gardener by a l’rench cook who was
at Bath Jast winter, and who highly
extolled its excellence for culinary
purposes,

20th. Mrs..Sowerby, the wile of
a pawnbroker, in Cannon-Row,
Whitechapel, threw herself into the
bason in the Green-park. She was
taken out alive, and confessed that
she had just before drank a quantity
of aqua-fortis out of a phial; being
earried to Mount-street work-house,
she there expired in the evening !
She has left three children. ‘The co-
roner’s inquest returned a verdiét of
—lunacy

A poor woman of Cotiaalam,
Yorkshire, having left a child a few
months old, in the cradic, alone,
while she went out upon some oc-
casion; and omitting to ‘shut the
door, on her return found the child

lying on the floor, with both its

hands nearly eaten off by a sow,
which had found her way into the
house.

Qist. Lord Eardley, on passing
through Windsor, saw a crowd col-
Ieéted ; and, on enquiring the cause,
found that it proceeded from a poor
clergyman’s goods being seized for a
debt of 471. which sum his lordship
immediately disbursed, and thus re-
lieved the fortunate “object of his
bounty from irreparable ruin.

24th. This evening, the signal be-
ing made at Torbay "for the whole
fleet to proceed to sea, the ships
were standing out of the bay, when
the Venerable, captain Hunter, in
endeavouring to weather one of the

ships

CHRONICLE

ships near her, missed stays, and went
on shore on some rocks, where she
beat violently. Signals of distress

were immediately hoisted, and guns.

constantly fired. The crew, con-
sisting of 555 souls, were all saved
except eight, by the boats of the
Impefueux and Goliah. The captain
_ and officers remained on board till

the last, with scarcely a hope of
saving their lives ; and when the surf
was breaking tremendously over
them, this scene of courage and
magnanimity is thus described by one
of the officers on board :—

‘¢ In this state, the officers per~
suaded their good and still undaunt-
ed captain to think of saving his life,
and with it their own, as they had
resolved, one and all, to share his
fate. After some time he consent-
ed, on condition that the officers
should go first. This point being
concluded, the hope of life, long
dismissed from our minds, began to
revive, when another difficulty
arose, which of the officers was to
Jead the way? The extinction of
this new reviving hope was, indeed,
dreadful, and the pause had nearly
been fatal to us all! At length,
one of the junior lieutenants, long
known to the crew, and as brave a
man as ever trod a quarter-deck,
agreed to lead, the rest solemnly
promising to follow. One after
another we now descended from
over the stern, (the only part above
water) by single ropes, cold, be-
numbed, and wet through, and in
this condition gained the boats, them-
selves in perilous attendance be-
neath. In this manner was it, that
the poor old Venerable was aban-
‘doned to her fate; and about six
o’clock we reached the Impetueux,
where, it is needless to say, that we
were treated with every attention

435

and kindness, that one ship’s officers
could shew to another in distress.”
The Venerable soon aiter went to
pieces, and next day there was no-
thing to be seen-of her, but her
bows; she was a very fine ship,
built in 1784, and bore lord Dun-
can’s flag in the ever memorable fight
of Camperdown.

A corporal and a private belong-
ing to the 81st regiment of foot, be-
ing part of the escort which arrived
at Exeter with Mr. Russell’s wag-
gons on the Wednesday preceding,
laden with treasure, were commit.
ted, the former to high-gaol, and
the latter to the county bridewell,
for breaking open one of the chests

-upon the road, and stealing there-

out a quantity of dollars, which
they sold. The serjeant of the party,
on their return to Plymouth, ob-
serving them to be in possession of
cash and bank notes, immediately
had them apprehended, when one of
them made a full confession of the
faét. They are fully committed for
trial.

In a parish, not 100 miles from
North Elmham, is a person whose
various professions and occupations
may he arranged as under:—shoe.
maker; blacksmith; whitesmith ;
gun-smith ; lock-smith ; bell-hanger ;
turner in wood, brass, and iron ;
teacher of music; constable of the
parish; auctioneer and appraiser ;
dealer in old cloaths; armourer to
the Elmham volunteers, and corpo-
ral to the same ; watch and clock.
maker; parish cook; small pox
and vaccine inoculator ; inspector
of weights and balances for the hun-
dred of Launditch; collector and
assessor of the king’s taxes ; sheriff's
officer and bailiff; shaver and hair-
dresser; surveyor of land,» and
teacher of mensuration; leader of

Ff2 the

436

the choir at church ; quondam jus-
tice of the pedce; and heir appa-
rent to the clerkship of the parish.

“As a person from Little Hayfield,
Derbyshire, was returning home
from Manchester, his horse took
fright and threw him off; in a vio-
jent rage, he drew a strong stake
from the side of a gate, with which
he beat the poor animal so unmerci-
fully wpon the head, as to occasion
instant death! after stripping it’ of
the saddle and bridle, he then walk-
ed home, a distance of seven miles,
very properly substituting himself
for the poor beast, although punish-
ed much too slightly for his barba-
rity.

25th. On this day, at noon, the
pope arrived at Fontainbleau, for
the purpose of officiating at the co-
ronation of the new emperor of the
French, which took place in the
following month. The. emperor,
who was enjoying the chace, (it
was on a Sunday) at the moment of
his arrival, being informed of the
approach of his holiness, niet him at
La Croix de Saint Herem. ‘The
emperor and the pope alighted, and
embraced each other. Six of his
majesty’s carriages then came up,
into one of which the emperor first
entered, and placed his holiness
upon the right. ‘They arrived at
the castle through two lines of
troops and the thunder of artillery.
Cardinal Caprara, and the great
officers of the househould, received
them at the bottom of the stair-case.
The emperor and the pope proceed-
ed together by the gilt stair-case, as
far as the place which separated their
apartments: his holiness having
there quitted the emperor, was con-
ducted by the grand chamberlain,
the grand marshal of the palace,
and the grand master of the ceremo-

i

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

nies, to the apartment prepared for
him: having rested some time, his ©
holiness paid a visit to the emperor;
and immediately afterwards to the
empress. Her majesty re-conducted
the pope as far as the second room
of her apartments. ‘The pope hay-
ing returned to his own apartment,
the minister and great officers of the
empire were presented to his holi-
ness. At four o’clock the emperor
sent notice to the pope that he in-
tended to pay him a visit, and re~
paired to the closet of his holiness.
‘The same ceremonies were observed
as on the visit of the pope to the em-
peror ; at each they remained alone
together, for about half an hour.

29th. A bird of the hawk or eagle
kind, was shot at Stockfield-park,
near Wetherby, by Mr. Cummins,
game-keeper to the countess of
Aberdeen, in the grounds near the
house, of such enormous size and
strength, as to receive the shot of
three discharges before it was se-
cured, and it then defended itself so
powerlully, as to elude every device
Mr. Cummins could exercise to
seize it, till he offered the muzzle of
his gun, which it seized with such
avidity, as to hang in that position
whilst he carried it home to’ the
house. At this date it was alive,
and measured nine feet four inches
between the extremities of the wings;
and its beak, legs, and talons, indi-
cate astonishing strength.

Diep.—5th. At Acton, Middle-
sex, aged 105, John Thomas, far.
rier.

22d. At Gloves, near Athunry,
Ireland, after a short illness, Mr.
Denis Coorobee of Ballendangin,
aged 117. He retained his faculties
to the last, and until two days pre-
viously to his death, he never re-
membered to haye any complaint or

sickness

CHRONICLE.

sickness whatever, tooth-ache only
excepted. Three weeks before his

death, he walked from his house to.

Galway, and back the same day,
which is 26 miles. He could, to the
last, read the smallest print without
the assistance of glasses, which he
never accustomed himself to, with
asmuch ease as a boy of sixteen.
Ti has been acknowledged by the
most intelligent men in his own
country, that, for his time, he was
a most experienced farmer, and
possessed the greatest genius for
agriculture.
years since he first propagated, and
brought into general use, that bless-
ing to Ireland, the black potatoe.
He was married seven times, the
last time he was 93: by all his
wives he had forty-eight children,
and he could number his posterity
as follows :—236 grand children ;
944 great grand children; and 25
great great grand children; the
oldest of the latter is four years of
age; and his own youngest son by
the last wife, is in his eighteenth
year.

DECEMBER.

Ist. This evening the public at-
tention was excited to a most extra-
ordinary degree, by the appearance,
on the boards of Covent-Garden
theatre, of a youth scarcely thirteen,
in the arduous and energetic cha-
racter of Selim in Dr. Browne’s
tragedy of Barbarossa.—On no for-
mer occasion has there been a stron-
ger or more ardent desire manifested
by all ranks and descriptions of peo-
ple to gain admittance to the theatre.
The extraordinary reputation which
had followed Master Betty, or ra-
ther, ‘“‘ the young Roscius,” (by

It is upwards of 70°

437

which latter appellation he is now
more universally désignated )through-
out a brilliant career of theatrical
exertions in the country, was the
harbinger of his appearance in the
metropolis. ‘That a youth, at so
green an age, should perform some
of the most difficult characters in the
range of the British drama, not with
the mere endurance only, but with
the vehement applause of crowded
audiences, is a circumstance in it.
self so much above common credu-
lity, that we require the evidence of
our own senses to be satisfied of the
fact; and it may easily be supposed
that the public curiosity on the pre-
sent occasion would be excited to 2
degree proportioned to the fame
which he had already acquired,

So early as one o’clock im the day
many persons had taken their sta-
tions near the doors leading to the
pit, boxes, and galleries; long be-
fore the usual hours of admission.—
The multitude stretched out in thick
close wedged, impenctrable columns,
to the extremity of the Piazzas, in
Covent-Garden, and quite across
Bow-street. Many who did not mean
to attempt getting into the theatre,
lined the streets and windows, con-
templating, with sentiments of awe
and fear, this tremendous accumula-
tion of numbers. ‘The proprietors
and managers, well aware. of the
public anxiety and impatience, had
provided a select body of peace ofli-
cers in the inside of the theatre,
and had procured a strong detach-
ment of the guards outside, in case
it should be necessary, from the
pressure of the crowd and the nar-
rowness of the space, to secure
egress for those who might not have
gained admission, or who might .be
taken ill, or otherwise injured, and

“who could not without such assist-

Ff3

ance

438

_ance get ont, having once got in;
and never was precaution more
necessary.

In the crowd before the doors,
(long before they were opened,) the
heat and pressure became almost in-
tolerable,—many persons fainted ;
and after the doors were opened,
\nany were in danger of suffocation
from the weight and force of the
numbers from without, who could
not be prevailed upon by the repre-
sentations or shrieks of the sufferers
confined within, to disist from at-
tempting to force the passage. The
danger now became so great, that
the guards were unanimously called
for by the terrified persons who
were included between the inner and
outer doors, and who could not
make good their retreat. The sol-
diers, with the utmost dexterity and
good temper,cleared the crowd from
without ; and lining the entrance,
permitted any one to retire, but no
one to enter. In the space of a
iew minutes the two galleries were
filled, and so closely wedged, that
not one more could get admittance.
‘The pit was. two-thirds filled, not
from the pit doors and passages, but
from the boxes: gentlemen who
Knew there were no places untaken
in the boxes, and who could not get
up the pit avenue, paid for admission
into the former, and poured from
the front boxes into the pit by
twenties and thirties at a time: still,
even after it was crammed, the gen-
tlemen crowded the front boxes,
and being unable to descend for
want of room in the pit, remained
where they were, nor could be dis-
joged by those whose right the boxes
were—having engaged them, per-
haps weeks before. Some ladies,
however, were permitted to occupy
the front rows. The police officers

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

vainly attempted to clear the other
rows for those who justly claimed ©
them; all their efforts were fruitless ;
twice were they under the necessity
of attempting force, and as often
they were overpowered by num-
bers and beaten back, and the for-
cible possession was triumphantly
maintained. The rush into the other
boxes was great, but order was
more easily preserved in them, for
it was impossible they could descend
from them into the pit. ‘The lobbies
Were as much crammed as any other
part of the house; and happy were
they who could get a station at the
small holes at the back of the boxes,
er who could procure a view of the
stage as the box doors were occa-
sionally opened. ‘The heat in every
part of the house became excessive
very soon after it was filled. What
air could be given was admitted.
The stage curtain was raised two
feet from the stage, but the num-
bers were so great that all the means
tried were insufficient. It was ob-
served however with satisfaction,
that but few females were exposed
to this distressing state in the pit,—
they were about twenty, and were
humanely placed in such situations
near the orchestra as to have the
full benefit of the air from the stage.
The utmost noise and confusion
universally prevailed during the
whole of this awful scene.

Master Betty’s appearance was to-
have been preceded by an occasional
address.—Mr. Charles Kemble came
forward to speak it; but the cla-
mour and uproar which prevailed,
rendered all his efforts to be heard
or to bespeak attention ineffectual.
A principal cause of interruption
arose from the people of the gallery,
who expecting that Master Betty
would himself speak the address,

called

audience.

CHRON

called clamorously for him: others
wanted Garrick’s original prologue
to:the piece, while many apprehend-
ing an apology for the appearance
of the young Roscius, were voci-
ferous in deprecating it. After en-
during the ‘* pelting of the pitiless
storm” for some minutes, Mr.C.Kem-
ble retired, and the play commenced.
No sooner, however, had the per-
formers appeared, than the tumult
increased, and they in their turn,
after having gone through half the
first scene, were obliged to yield to
the temporary disapprobation of the
Mr. C. Kemble again
came forward, and gesticulated the
address, for to have spoken it would
have been Jabour lost, as the per-
sons nearest the stage could not
possibly have heard a line of it: in
fine, the play was suffered to pro-
ceed, but of the first aét little could
be heard, as in it the character
which the young Roscius represent-
ed does not appear. At length, how-
ever, the second gave him to an en-
thusiastic and admiring audience ;—
an enthusiasm and admiration which
met with no abatement to the end
pf the piece, and has pursued him
through the whole of his first season
in London.*

2nd. On this day Bonaparte was

crowned by the pope, at Paris, em-

peror of tie French, with the ut-
most splendour and solemnity. At
the same time Madame Bonaparte

was inaugurated empress, and both
_were formally enthroned. And thus

evanishes every shade of | republi-
canism in France. +

The value of the new gold coin
which has been struck at Paris upon

NICLE. 439

this occasion is about 18s. On one
side is the head of Bonaparte, and
round it within the rim the words,
«¢ Napoleon, empereur;”’ on the re-
verse, in the centre, is a wreath of
laurel and oak leaves, and round it
a statement of the value, namely,
‘690 francs ;’’ at the first of the
branches appears the date, ‘‘ year
12;” and on the edge the words,
‘© republique Francaise.”

3d. A new eruption of Vesuvi-
us occurred in the night, which af-
forded nothing extraordinary till
about four in the morning, when,
after a loud and dreadful explosion,
a flame rose to a considerable height,
and was immediately followed by a
violent and rapid discharge of lava,
which in three hour's time overrun
all the former limits. The surprise
and terror of the inhabitants, espe-
cially those of La Foire del Greco,
may easily be imagined: it however
providentially slackened, and has
ceased to extend itself farther.

From the accounts laid before
congress, the American finances ap-
pear to improve in an astonishing
degree :—The documents prove, that
since the commencement of Mr.
Jefferson’s presidency, the sum exe
ceeding the annual expenditure aris-
ing from taxation was greater than
the whole of the sum to be paid to
France for the cession of Louisiana.
The estimate of the expenditure for
this year is not more (under the dif-
ferent heads of civil list, miscella-
neous services, expences of inter-
course with foreign powers, mili-
tary and naval establishment) than
3,375,435 dollars. It is calculated,
that there will be paid, before the

* For a more particular account of this theatrical prodigy, vide the article

“Characters,” in this volume.

+ Vide Appendix, for an account of the ceremony,

Ff4

clese

440

close of the year, 7,450,000 dollars,
applicable to the extinction of debts
arising ont of conventions existing
betwixt France, England, and the
united states.

The bill for making a farther pro-

vision for carrying into effect the..

treaty of commerce and navigation

between the united states and Great

Britain was passed in the house of

representatives on the 16th of No-

vember.

List of banks in the United States
of America, with the amount of
the respeétive capitals and the pe-
riod of their institution,

Instituted. Capital.

Bank of North

America - - - 1781 1,000,000
Massachu-

Setts- - - - +4 1784 400,000
New York 1791 950,000
Maryland - 1790 300,000
Ditto aug-

mented from

_ 1795 to 1801)\- 85,000

United States.1791 10,000,000
Providence bank 1791 400;000
Bank of Pensyl-

vania - - - - 1792 2,000,000

Albany - - 1792 170,000

——South Caro-

Ce 1792 675,000
Union bank of

Boston - ~ - 1792 1,200,000
Essex bank of i

Salem - - - - 1792 125,000
New Hampshire

bank - -.-- 1792 150,000
Bank of Alexan-

dria- - - - - 1792 500,000
Hartford bank - 1792 100,000
Union bank, New

London - - - 1792 100,000
Newhaven bank 1792 80,000
Bank of Colum.

Buy cat Oe 1793 407,000

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Bank of Newberry
Port= - -.. = 1795 225,000
—— Rhode Is. :
Inna ini 98 1795 100,000
Wilmington 1795 110,000
—— Baltimore - 1795 1,200,000
Gloucester bank
Cape Ann - - 1796 60,000
Newark bank - 1796 60,000
Middletown bank 1796 75,000
Manhattan bank 1799 2,000,000
Washington bank
Westerley - - 1800 50,000
Bank of Bristol,
BP atieatiars 1800 —- 80,000
Exchange bank of
Providence - - 1801 135,000
Farmer's bank of
Lansingburgh 1801 75,000
State bank of South
Carolina -- - 1801 800,000
Bank of Kentucky 1802 500,000
Merchants’ bank
Philadelphia - 1803 1,000,000
Merchants’ New
Warle:sxa! 2% 1,000,000
Union bank of
Maryland, if
the bank of
Baltimore does
not prevent
them, will have
a charter for.- 3,000,000
Totaf - - - dollars 28,002,000

5th. Accounts from Madras, re-
ceived this day, mention a most

Splendid embassy having been sent

from Buashire to the court of Tehran.
Mr. Manesty, the company’s resi-
dent, was the chief of the embassy.
His retinue consisted of upwards of
100 horses, 300 baggage mules, and
60 camels, with a multitude of ser-
vants and camp-followers. The pro-
cession moyed in the following or-

der:

der: En the van an elephant ; seve-
ral men on horseback, who admi-

\ nistered a constant supply of coffee
and hookahs during the march;
tome troopers, two of them carry-
ing union-jacks; nine led horses,
elegantly caparisoned in the Persian
fashion; 12 running footmen, two
gold sticks, and two silver sticks,

mounted; Mr. Manesty; the gen-
tlemen of his suite; a led horse be-
fore each; 40 gholams, or Persian
guards, dressed in orange-coloured
cloaths, and armed with shields,
swords, and carbines ; and the sepoy
guards. The whole made a most
splendid spectacle, and attracted the
admiration of all the inhabitants of
the villages and towns.

14th. This day the King of Spain
declared war with the usual ceremo-
niéS against the King of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land.*

John Prinsep, Esq. citizen and
skinner, and M. P. for Queen-
borough, was eleéted alderman of
Lime-street ward, in the room of
Sir Watkin Lewis, who succeeds to
Bridge-street Without, as father of
the city, vice Alderman Harley.

15th. Josiah Boydell, citizen and
stationer, was this day elected alder-
man of Cheap-ward, vice his late

‘uncle, of the same name.
17th. This day at Woolwich as
some men were filling a thirteen inch
shell, in ramming the shell it burst,
and wounded seven, three mortally.
One of the three died an hour after-
wards, the others in afew days.

18th. ‘This night at 11 o'clock a
dreadful fire broke out at a linen-
drapers in the market-place at Ply.
taouth, when seven dwelling and

CHRONICLE.

441

warehouses were burntto theground,
and several others materially da-
maged.

2ist. Pursuant to notice in “¢ the
Gazette,” a considerable rise took
place this day in the fares of hack-
ney coaches, on account of the high
price of oats, .

29th. There has not been known,
since the memory of man, so great
a flight of sea-birds to our coast as
in the present season. The number
of ducks, teal, widgeon, and other
birds of that kind, caught this year,
is out of all precedent, and they
have been proportionably cheap. It.
is accounted for by the extraordi-
nary severity with which the winter
has set in, in the northern latitudes,
which has obliged those birds to
take refuge in our more temperate
climate.

This day two young men were
found dead ina West Indiaman, out-
ward bound, lying off Woolwich ; it
is supposed that they had drank too
much spirits, and fell asleep, when
they became frost-bitten.

30th. <A lieutenant of the navy,
in shooting birds at Fratton, near
Portsmouth, as he inadvertently at-
tempted to divide the briars with the
butt end of the piece, it being on
full cock, the trigger caught to a
bramble, and the contents of the gua
were discharged through the officer’s
heart, who expired immediately.

An excellent sermon was preach-
ed at Saint Patrick’s chapel, So-
ho-square, for the benefit of the.
school bearing that name, which is
composed of the children of the in-
digent inhabitants of St. Giles’s,
when the colleétion amounted to up-
wards of 1001.3; a circumstance

* Vide State Papers of this Vol.

highly

449

highly gratifying, as this institution
provides for a number of objeéts,
who might, if not proteéted, become
unworthy members of society.

31st. A fire broke out in a
house in Goat-court, Queen-strect,
Horsley-down. The wife of one
Redner, a corn-porter, who resided
in the house, went from home a few
minutes before the accident happen-
ed, leaving a girl about four years
old behind her. The flames were
soon extinguished, without having
done any material injury : but when
the firemen burst into the apart-
ment, they discovered the little girl
burnt to death, stretched upon the
floor, from whence it was conclud-
ed, her cloaths had caught fire, and
communicated to the room.

The same evening, about eight
o'clock, an alarming fire broke out
in the stable of Messrs. Travers and
Esdaile, in Queen-strect, Cheapside.
It was discovered by the clerks, who
perceived an unusual quantity of
smoke issuing through the flooring
of the warehouse, immediately. over
the stables, while in the aét of shuat-
ting up and securing the doors. In-
calculable mischief must have fol-
lowed, but for the immediate at-
tendance of the fire-cngines; and
there also being an ample supply of
‘water, in about four hours the fire
was got under. .When the stable-
door was opened, four of the mill-
horses and a goat were found sufio-
cated, lying on the ground, two of
the horses were lying eover each
other, and the goat across both. It
is supposed to have originated from
a candle having been carelessly left
in a Janthorn.

Drev.—In his 127th year, Mr.
Robert #L‘Farland, farmer, of Do-
nyghmore, co. Donegal. He could
read the smallest print without spec-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

tacles, or the use of any glass, till
within a few days of his death.

At Laymore, near Ballymena, |
aged 119, Mr. William Simpson,
farmer. Fotiz days before his death,
he was walking through his farm in
his usual health. He often said,
that he was never sick one hour that
he remembered ; also, that he was
only twice drunk in his life. He
had the perfect use of his under-
standing to his death, and remem-
bered the battle of the Boyne.

At Rochford, aged 104, Joseph
Robinson, a native of that place.
His occupation was that of a hus-
bandman, and till within the last se-
venyears was capable of performing
his daily labour. Ife took great de-
light in following the hounds, and to
a very late period of his life joined
in the chace with all the vigour of
youth.

BIRTUS zr the Fear 1804.
Jan, 2nd. At Gantby, co. Lin-

coln, Jady ‘Theodosia Vyner, a
daughter.

3d. In Gloucester-place, Port-
man-square, the wife of capt. Butt,
R. N. of ason.

5th. The wife of captain William
Hienry Maxwell, 3d foot guards, a
daughter.

Gth, The wife of lieutenant-colo-
nel Dyke, of the coldstream guards,
a son.

8th. The lady of sir Thomas Dal-
rymple Hesketh, of Rufford Tall,
co. of Lancaster, bart. a son.

14th. In, Upper Grosvenor-
s‘reet, the wife or col, Roberts, a
daughter.

16th. At Redgrave-hall, Norfolk,
the wife.of rear-admiral Wilson, a
daughter.

At

CPRONLC LE:

At her house, in York, the lady
of sir Wiarton Amcotts, bart. of
Kiddlethorpe-park, a daughter.

17th. At Felbrigg, Norfork,
the wife of captain Lukin, R. N.a
son.

At Woodbourne, lady Downe, a
son.

18th. At Wormersley, co. York,
the lady of the hon. Edward Hervey
Hawke, lieut.-colonel of the West-
Riding yeomanry cavalry, a son.

19th. In Park-street, Grosvenor.
square, lady Harriet Lennard, a
daughter.

25th. In York-place, Portman.
square, the lady of sir Home Pop-
ham, a daughter.

At Betton, near Shrewsbury, the
hon. Mrs. fill, a son.

At her lodgings, in Bath-street,
Bath, the wife of colonel Monro, a
daughter.

At Croydon barracks, Sony! the
wife of colonel Hamilton, of the
Waggon corps, a daughter.

At Ridgeway, near Plympton,
Deyon, the wife of capt. Pym, R.
N. a son and heir.

29th. In Albermarle-street, lady
Elizabeth Halliday, a daughter.

Feb. 4th. At Rome, lady Clon-
curry, a daughter.

Lady Charlotte Duncombe, a
son.

At South-Hill park, the lady of
the right hon. George Canning, a
daughter.

At the earl of Harborough’s, the
wife of James Tuckington, esq. bar-
rister, a daughter.

In Manchester-square, the wife
of lieutenant-colonel Peacocke, a
daughter.

In Suffolk-street, Charing-Cross,
the wife of colonel Skinner, of the
royal engineers, sister-in-law to
sir Evan Nepean, bart. a daughter,

443

At Sunderland, the hon. Mrs.
Balders, second daughter of lord
Ennismore, a son and heir.

6th. At Blenheim, co. Oxford,
lady Frances Spencer, a son.

in Spring-gardens, the wife of
Joseph Jekyll, esq. M. P. ason.

7th. At sir John Sinclair’s, at
Edinburgh, the wife of James Col-
quhonn, esq. M. P. a son.

Sth. At Rochester prebendal-
house, the lady of the honourable
and Rev, Dr. Marsham, a son.

In Gerners-street, the wile of J.
Fonblanque, esq. M. P. a daugh-
ter.

At Streatham, Surry, lady Paget,
a daughter,

12th. At Stoke-Rochford, co.
Lincoln, the wife of Edmund Tur-
ner, esq. M. P. a daughter.

The wife of capt. Ogilvy, R. N.
a son.

24th. In New Norfolk-street,
Grosvenor-square, the wife of John
Hanmer, esq. M. P. a son.

27th. At his lordship’s seat, in
Norfolk, lady Petre, a still-born
child.

At Creves, in the Isle of Wight,
the lady of captain Popham, of 28th
foot, a daughter.

March 1st. In Grosvenor-place,
the wife of licut.-col. Anstruther, a
son and heir.

4th. At Paris, lady Elgin, @
son.

11th, At his house in Lincolns-
inn-fields, the hon. Mrs. Spencer
Perceval, wife of the attorney-ge-
neral, a ‘daughter.

18th. The wife of colonel Davis,
of Nottingham-place, a daughter.

At Cork, the countess of Cork
and Orrery, a daughter.

At Windsor, the wife of cap-
tain George Langford, R. N. a

501.
21st.

444

ist. At Little-Aston-Hall, co.
Stafford, lady Grey, a daughter.

24th. At Dromore-house, in the
county of Down, Ireland, the bishop
of Dromore’s youngest daughter,
wife of the hon. and Rev. Pierce
Meade, brother of the earl of Clan-
william, a daughter.

29th. At Tilehurst, near Read-
ing, Berks, the wife of lieut.-col.
‘Taylor, of the 20th light dragoons,
a son.

At Littleton, lady Caroline Wood,
a son.

At Edinburgh, lady Louisa Orde,
a ‘son.

‘At the house of her father, the

late Jord Clarina, in Brock-street,
Bath, the hon. Mrs. Stack, lady
of John Stack, esq. of the county
of Kerry, in Ireland, a son and
heir.

At Camberwell, Surry, lady Ca-
roline Barham, a son.

In Hereford-street, May-Fair,
the lady of W. Dickinson, esq. jun.
M..P. a son.

‘April 1st. In Beaumont-strect,
the wile of gen. Johnstone, a daugh-
ter.

_ At Hartsbourne-place, Herts, the
lady of sir Thomas B. Thompson,
R. N. a son.

At Armagh, in Ireland, the lady
of the hon. and Rev. the lord Pri-
mate, a son.

10th. At Dublin, lady Redesdale,
a daughter.

At her father’s house, in Devon-
shire-place, the wife of capt. M.-H.
Scott, R. N. a son.

In Welbeck-street, the lady of
sir Thomas Merion Wilson, bart. a
Son.

11th. In Dublin, the lady of sir
_ Robert Hodson, bart. a son,

At Gordon-lodge, in Scotland,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the lady of col. Gordon Cuming, of
Pitbury, a son.

At his lordship’s seat, at Pachiuge
ton, near Coventry, lady Ailesbury,
a son.

At Sutton-college, near Winches-
ter, the wife of Robert Ridge, esq.
M. P. a son.

At Bath, lady Charlotte Drum-
mond, a son.

At Beaumont-cottage, the lady
of the hon. cape Richard King, a
son.

Tn Haneverstiieiite: the lady of §

the hon. Henry Lascelles, M. P.
for the county of York, a daugh-
ter.

12th. In Duke-street, the wife of
Benjamin Hobhouse, esq. M. P. a
son.

18th. At his lordship’s house in
Queen-street, May-fair, lady Graves,
a son and heir.

19th. The countess of Euston, a
son.

21st. InGreat Cumberland-street,
lady Rous, a son.

The lady of the hon. and Rey.
William Capel, a son.

At Edinburgh, the hon. Mrs.
captain Hunter, a daughter.

At Godalmin, Surry, the wife of
captain S. Ballard, R. N. a daugh-
ter.

May ist. Atlady Caroline Leigh’s,
in Sloane-street, the honourable
Mrs. Leigh, a daughter.

Hon. Mrs. Maitland, wife of
lieut.-col. Maitland, of the Ist foot-
guards, a son.

2nd. -At Paddington, viscauntess
Folkstone, a daughter.

At the earl of Derby’s, lady Stan- —
ley, a daughter,

In Portland-place, the wife of
Jolin Denison, esq. M. P. a son.

In Berkeley-square, the lady -

r

CHRONICLE.
a ine eh Berks, the lady of the hon. G.

sir George Shee, bart.
ter.

At her house in Wayionliti:
street, lady Harriet Gill, a son.

8th. At Richmond, Surry, the
honourable Mrs. Smith, a daughter.

9th. At her house in Grosvenor.
Square, the duchess of Beaufort, a
daughter.

10th. Viscountess Morpeth,
daughter of the duchess of Devon-

Shire, a daughter.

1ith. In the stable-yard, St.
James’s, the duchess of Bedford, a
son. .
12th. At Moreton, co. Dorset,

lady Harriet Frampton, a son.

13th. At Haverfordwest,
Kensington, a daughter,

At the earl of Mansfield’s, in
Portland-place, the lady of the
hon. and Rev. Mr. Cathcart, a
daugiiter.

20th. At Bishop-Burton, near
Beverly, co. York, lady Mulgrave,

lady

a daughter.

23d. At Edinburgh, the hon.
Mrs. Oliphant Murray, a son.

25th. In North Audley-street,
the hon. Mrs. ‘Fhomas, a daughter.

30th. In Portugal-street, the lady
of the hon. John Dutton, a son and
heir.

Lately, in Ely-place, Dublin, the

lady of the hon. and Rev. the Dean

of Ardagh, a daughter.

445

Browne, capt. in the Bedfordshire
militia, a son.

8th. The ‘empress of Germany,
an archduchess.

In St. James’s-square, the coun.
tess of Bristol, a daughter.

10th. At Chatham, the wife of
Montagu Wynyard, esq. of the
coldstream regiment of guards, a
son.

11th. At Dover, the wife of bri-
gadier-general Manningham, a son.

15th. At Escot, Devon, the lady
of sir John Kennaway, bart. a
son.

16th. In Devonshire-place, the
hon. Mrs. Wingfield Stratford, a

daughtér, which died soon after

its birth.

At Ashford, Kent, the lady of
the hon. major-general Forbes, a
son.

The lady of the hon. Thomas
Kenyon, of Prado, co. Salop, ason
and heir.

In Great Ormond-street, the
wife of Mr. Serjeant Best, a daugh-
ter.

At Whitten, the hon. Mrs. Ste-
phenson, a daughter.

At her father’s, the hon. David
Anstruther, in Wimpole-street, Mrs,
Mitford, a son.

22nd. At Woodford, Essex, the
wile of George Smith, esq. M. P. a

At his house, at Shrewsbury, the ‘son.

lady of licut.-col. Chayter, a daugh-
ter.

At Bath, the wife of Broderick
Chinnery, esq. son of sir Broderick
Chinnery, bart. a son.

June 2nd. In Bruton-street, lady

. Elizabeth Palk, a son.

5th. In Bedford. -square, the wife

of James Langham, esq. M. P. a

_ son.

6th. At the cottage, Sunning-hill,

In Lower Brook-street, Grosve-
nor-square, the lady of lord Wm.
Beauclerk, a daughter.

30th. In Grafton-street, the lady
of sir Henry Peyton, bart. a son.

July 2nd. At his house, in Pic-
cadilly, the lady of sir Francis Bur--
dett, bart. a daughter.

4th. At Worthing, Sussex, the
wife of major Campbell, of the
king’s dragoon guards, a son.

The

446

The wife of Edward Jones Ro-
per, of John-street, Liverpool, 3
children,

The wife of Mr. George Bennett,
of the Norwich theatre, 3 children,
all likely to live.

6th. At Winchester-house, Chel-
sea, the lady of the hon. and Rev.
Thomas de Grey, a son.
| 7th. At Amport-house, Hants,
the marchioness of Winchester, a
son.

11th. In Tilney-street, lady Mary
Catherine Myers, a daughter.

At Caswick, near Stamford, co.
Lincoln, the lady of sir John Tro!-
lope, bart. a daughter.

13th. At Leven, co. York, lady
Charlotte Baillie, a son.

17th. In Hereford-street, May-
fair, lady ‘Charlotte Wellesley, a
son.

At Arundel-castle, the wife of
Henry lloward, esq. M. P. a daugh-
ter.

26th. At Horton, near North-
ampton, the hon. Mrs. Gunning, a
son.

30th. At his house, in Caven-
dish-square, the lady of sir William
Langham, a daughter.

The lady of sir Alexander Kin-
loch, bart. of Gilmerton, in Scot-
land, a daughter.

At Stow-hall Norfolk, the hon.
Mrs. Nares, a daughter.

At Wolford-lodge, Exeter, the
wife of lieutenant-general Simcoe, a
daughter.

Aug. Ist. At Clifton, near Bris-
tol, the wife of Capt. Ross, R. N.
a daughter.

14th. At Little Holland House,
Kensington, Lady Charlotte Wing-
field, a daughter.

At Liverpool, the wife of Lieut.
Colonel Hugh Baillie, a daughter.

16th. At Millmount, in Ross-

+ ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.’

shire, the wife of Colonel Robert
Mackenzie, a daughter. il

2ist. In Lower Brook-street,
Grosvenor-square, Lady Henry Stu-
art, a son. ;

At Brighthelmstone, the wife of
R. Dallas, Esq. M. P. a daughter.

At Cardross, in Scotland, the
hon. Mrs. firskine, a son.

25th. <At his lordship’s house in
Stretton-street, the lady of Lord.
Pelham, a son. ;

In, Welbeck-street, Cavendish-
square, the wife of Colonel Clinton, ©
a son.

At Maryfield, near Limerick, the
lady of the hon, George Massy, a
daughter.

Mrs, James, of Magherafelt, in
the north of Ireland, two sons and
a daughter.

At Kdinburgh, Mrs. Betty, of
Ilopton- Wafer, (mother of the cele-
brated young Roscius,) a daughter.

Lady Emily Wellesley, of New
Burlington-street, a son.

At Frome, Somerset, the wife of
Capt. O'Connor, R. N. a daughter.

At Liverpool, the wife of Licut.
Col Grimshaw, of the Preston vo-
lunteers, a son.

At Lidney-park, co. Gloucester,
the’ hon. Mrs. Bathurst, a son.

In Gardener’s-place,the lady of the
hon, Lieut.-Col. Crieghton, a son.

Sept. 1. In Grafton-street, the
lady of Sir Richard Sullivan, bart.
a son.

At Berwick upon Tweed, the
wife of Colonel M+Lean, a son.

2nd. At Broom, Kent, the lady
of Sir Ifenry Oxenden, bart. a
daughter.

In Pall Mall, the lady of Sir
Frederick Eden, bart. a son.
At Goodnestone, Kent, the lady
of Sir Brook Bridges, bart. a son.
4th. In Charlotte-streot, Edin.
burgh

CHRONICLE.

burgh, the lady of Sir John Sinclair,
bart. M. P. a son.

5th. At Ivy-cottage, Fulham,
the lady of Sir R. Barclay, bart.
M. P. a son.

At Rome, the lady of the hon,
Edward Plunkett, a son.

10th. At Ewell, Surry, the lady
of Sir George Glynn, bart. a son.

In Grosvenor-square, the wife of
Major-Gen. Calvert, a daughter.

1ith. The wife of Colonel Cur-
zon, of the Oxford volunteers, a
daughter.

12th. At Guernsey, Lady Tho.
Saumarez, a’son.

At Milton, Oxford, the honour-
able Mrs. Ryder, a son.

In Bedford-square, the lady of
Lieutenant-colonel Grifliths, 1st re-
giment.foot guards, a son.

16th. Lady Grant, of Monymusk,
in Scotland, a daughter.

17th. In Merrion-square, Dub-
lin, the lady of Major Ormsby, a
daughter.

_ At Middleton-hall, co. Carmar-
then, the lady of Sir Wm. Paxton,
bart. M. P. a son.

At Oxford, the lady of Sir Digby
Mackworth, bart. a son.

At Southampton, the wife of
Lieutenant-colonel Hutchinson, of
the 83d foot, a daughter.

19th. At Harewood, county of
Hereford, the lady of sir Hungerford
Hoskyns, bart. a son and heir.

2ist. In Great Cumberland-place,
the lady of Admiral Sir H. Parker,
a still-born son.

22nd. In Eans-place, the wife of
Admiral Campbell, of the Portu-
guese navy, a daughter.

26th. At his house in York-street,
the lady of the honourable Edward
J. Turnour, a son.

27th. At Kimbleton Castle, the
Duchess of Manchester, a daughter,

447

28th. At Boughton-place, the
lady of the earl of Southampton, a
sou and heir.

Oct. 2. In Charles-street, Berke-
ley-square, lady Margaret Walpole,
a daughter.

3d. The lady of sir Thomas
Pilkington, bart. of Chiviot, near
Wakefield, a daughter.

5th. In Upper Grosvenor-street,
the countess of Albemarle, a son.

6th. Atlord Ankerville’s, in St.
Andrew’s-square, Edinburgh, the
wife of David Ross, esq. a son.

7th. ‘The wife of capt. Paterson,
R.N. a daughter.

Sth. At Ards, co. Donegal, the
seat of Alexander Stewart, esq. lady
Mary Stewart, a daughter.

1ith. At Kenward, Kent, the
hon. lady Shaw, a son.

At Ochtertyre, in Scotland, lady
Mary Murray, a son.

15th. At Powerscourt-house,
Dublin, the viscountess Powers-
court, a daughter.

28th. At Roxton, co. Bedford,
the wife of colonel Onslow, a daugh-
ter.

29th. Lady Elizabeth Talbot,
wife of the dean of Exeter, a daugh-
ter.

At Brunswick, princess William of
Brunswick, a prince.

Lately. At Jewing-house, near
Welwyn, Herts, the wife of George
Galway Mills, esq. M. P. ason.

In Hanover-square, the lady of

‘sir. David Wedderburn, bart. a

son.
Nov. At Bristol, the wife of
capt. Beecher, R. N. a daughter.
3d. Lady Mainwaring, of Over-
peover, in Cheshire, a son and heir.
5th. At Herdmanston, in Scot-
land, lady Sinclair, a daughter.
At Charlton, in Kent, the seat
of her father, the earl of Suffolk, —
yiscountess

445
viscountess Andover, a son and
heir.

9th. The wife of Col. Cox, of
King’-mill-house, Sandford, co. Ox-
ford, a son.

15th, At Pitt, near Charing, in
Kent, the lady of the hon. John
Simpson, a son.

16th. At Thorsby-park, the seat
of her father, lord Newark, the
hon. Mrs. Bentinck, a son.

17th. At Calford-hall, Suffolk,
viscountess Brome, a daughter.

20th. In Bolton-row, Piccadilly,
viscountess Chetwynd, a son.

At his lordship’s house in Lower ~

Grosvenor-street, lady Bruce, ason

and heir.

. 22nd. At Baldon-house, co. Ox-
ford, lady of sir C. Willoughby,
bart. a daughter.

Lately, the hereditary princess of
Naples, sister to the queen of Etru-
ria, a princess, who was baptized by
the name of Louisa Caroline and
thirteen others.

In Lansdown-place, Bath, the
Jady of vice-admiral sir Charles
Knowles, bart. a dauthter.

At Rolleston-house, co. Stafford,
the lady of sir Oswald Mosley, bart.
a son and heir.

At Littlethorpe, near Ripon, co,
York, the wife of Major Brooke, a
daughter.

In Welbeck-street, the wife of
major Sabine, of the guards, a son
and heir.

25th. The lady of the rev. sir
Charles Anderson, bart. of Lea,
near Gainsborough, co. Lincoln, a
son and heir.

Dec. ist. ‘At Elie-lodge, in Fife-
shire, the lady of admiral Dudding-
ston, a son.

3d. At Sir David Ogilbie’s, near
Richmond, lady ae a son and
=

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

4th. In Harley-street, Caven.
dish-square, the lady of general Le-—
nox, a daughter, being her twelfth
child in the thirteenth year of her |
marriage.

5th. At Ealing, Middlesex, the
wife of capt. George Hopewell Ste-
phens, R, N. adaughter.

llth. At Pimlico, the wife of
col. Elliot, of the royal Westminster
cavalry, a son.

The wife of John Atkins, esq. of
Charlton, Kent, M. P. a son.

In Dominich- street, Dublin, the
lady of the bishop of Down, a son.

13th. Queen of Prussia, a prince.

23d. Viscountess Ashbrook, a
son.

3lst. At Lymington, Hants, la.
dy Charlotte Howard, a-daughter.

MARRIAGES for 1804.

Jan. 1st. At Edinburgh, Lord
John Campbell, second son of the
duke of Argyle, to Miss Campbell,
daughter of William C. esq. of Fair-
field.

At Fintray-house, in Scotland,
Robert Wallace, esq. to Miss Mar-
garet Forbes, daughter of Sir W. F.
bart. of Craiglevar.

5th. Ralph Caldwell, esq. of
Hilbrowe, co. Norfolk, to Louisa,
daughter of sir J. Isham, bart. of
Lamport, co. of Northampton.

At Dundas castle, sir William Pul-
teney, bart. of Westerhall, to the
widow of And. Stuart, esq. of Cas.
tlemilk and ‘Torrance.

At‘ Maitlandfield, in Scotland,
Alexander Ogilvy, esq. to Miss Mar-
cia Napier, daughter of the hon,
Gen. N.

11th. Atthe court chapel at St.
Petersburgh, the hereditary prince

of Sage- Weimar, to the grand du-
chess

CHRONICLE.

chess of Russia, Maria-Paulina, sis-
ter to the emperor.

12th. At Berlin, prince Willi-
am, brother to the king of Prussia,

_to the princess of Hesse Homberg.

23d. At Pancras church, C.
Armstrong, esq. surgeon on the
Bombay establishment, to Miss Do-
rothy Wood, sister of sir Francis
W. bart.

25th. At Tiverton, Montacue
Bere Baker Bere, esq. of Rill-
house, Morebath, Devon, to Anne,
youngest daughter of the late Ro-
bert Leigh, esq. of Bardon, co. of
Somerset. Mr. Bere was taken
suddenly ill, at his lodgings in Bath,
on the morning of the 29th, and
died in the evening of that day, in

his 30th year!

26th. At Navestock, co. Essex,
Nathaniel Micklethwait, esq. of
Beeston-hall, Norfolk, to Lady

~ Maria Wilhelmina Waldegrave.

" 28th. George Grimes, esq. of
Holborn-bridge, to Miss Catherine
Lawton, niece of sir Robert War-
ren, bart. of Crookstown, Cork.
29th. John Berkeley Burland,
esq. of Stockhouse, Dorset, M. P.
for Totness, to Mrs. Gordon, of
Leweston, in the same county, sis-
ter to the late sir Steph. Nash, of
Bristol.

31st. Sir Oswald Mosley, bart.

of Rolleston-house, co. Stafford, to
Sophia-Anne, second daughter of
the late sir Edw. Every, bart. of

Egginton, co. Derby.
At Hampton, rev. Dr. Birch, dean

of Battle, to the third daughter of

Charles Gordon, esq. of Woodhouse,
co. Aberdeen, and niece to Lord

_Glenbervie.

Feb, 1st. In Lincolnshire, the

chevalier d’Aragon, formerly of the

_ parliament of Normandy, to Miss

* Vor. XLVI,

449

Barbarina Mitchell, with a fortune
of 20,0001.

At Bath, Sir Edward Harrington,
knt. to Miss Wade, of the South
parade.

18th. Capt. Richard Curry, R.
N. to Miss Eliza Blachford, daugh-
ter of Daniel B. Esq. of ‘looting,
Surrey.

20th. AtGibraltar, Capt. Gard-
ner, of the royal artillery, son of
lord G. to Miss Eliza Fyers, dau.
of col. F. commanding engineer at
Gibraltar.

27th. Col. Elliot, of the West.
minster volunteer cavalry, to Miss
Lettsom, dau. of Dr. L. of Grove-
hill, Camberwell, Surrey.

22d. Edward Chamberlayne, esq.
Rolversden, in Kent, to Lydia,
third dau. of the late captain Wal-
ter. ft... BY;

Lieutenant-General Congreve, of
the artillery, to Mrs. Eyre, reliét of
General Eyre.

March 3d. Austin Bissell, esq.
captain in the royal navy, to Miss
Eykyn, of Smithfield-bars.

10th. Wm. Dacres Adams, esq.
eldest son of Wm.‘A. esq. M. P. for
Totness, Devon, to Miss Eliza Wy-
nell Mayow, daughter of M. W. M.
esq. of Ely-place, Holborn.

11th. At Castlemartyr, in Ire-
land, John Leslie, esq. of Cork,
banker, to Catherine, second daugh-
ter of the late John Hyde, esq. of
Cregg, co. Cork, sister to viscoun-
tess Boyle.

14th. At Edinburgh, Major
Dunsmore, of the 75th foot, to
Miss Jane Scott, second daughter of
Charles S, esq. of Wooll.

15th. At Plymouth, capt. Wynne,
R. N. to Miss Barton, daughter of
James B. esq. of that place.

25th. At Menlogh, co. Galway,

Gg Ireland,

450

Treland, by special licence, Thomas
Turner, esq. to Miss Blake, daugh-
ter of sir John Blake, bart. of
Menlogh.

26th. At St. Lawrence, Kent.
John Wheatley, esq. captain in the
Nottinghamshire militia, to the only
daughter of the late, and sister to
the present, sir John Riggs Miller.

April 3d. Captain George Mar.
tin, R. N. to Harriet,youngest dau.
of the late Capt. Bentinck, R. N.

7th. At St. George’s, Hanover.
square, capt. Thomas Wolley, R.N.
to Miss Franklyn, of Lansdown
crescent, Bart.

12th. At St. George’s, Hano-
ver-square, Charles Godfrey, Esq.
of the royal artillery, to Miss A.M.
Thurlow, third daughter of the late
bishop of Durham, and niece to
lord ‘Thurlow.

20th. Hon. col. Stuart, son of
the earl of Galloway, to Miss Doug-
lass, daughter of the hon. John D.
and grand-daughter of lord Hare-
wood.

24th. Capt. Charles Fielding,
R.N. nephew to the earl of Win-
chelsea, to lady Elizabeth-Theresa
Talbot, réliét of the late William Da-
venport I’, esq. of Lacock-abbey,
Wilts, and daughter of the late Hen-
ry earl of Hchester.

May ist.” In Buckinghamshire,
Louis Monitgaillard, esq. a French
emigrant, toMiss Arabella Norman,
a young lady of exquisite beauty,
with a fortune of 30,0001.

At Bristol, rev. George Thorold,

of Rauceby, son of sir John T. bart.
of Syston-park, co. Lincoln, to the
only daughter of Benjamin Baugh,
esq. of Portland-place.

5th. Bartholomew Jefferey, esq.
of ‘Throgmorton-street, to Miss
Molesworth, daughter of the late

ANNUAL REGISTER, i804.

Richard M. esq. and niece to lord

viscount Molesworth,
12th. At Milton, near Graves-
end, capt. Barlo Wilcken, of the

king’s German legion, to the barons |

ess Dorette de Bue.
16th. AtSt. George’s, Hanover-

square, by the bishop of Bath and

Wells, the hon. lieut.-col. De Grey,

eldest son of lord Walsingham, to ~

the eldest daughter of Paul Cobb

Methuen, esq. of Corsham-house,
Wilts.

23d. At the earl of Westmores _
land’s, in Berkeley-square, lord Vil- —

liers, son of the earl of Jersey, to
Jady Sarah Fane, eldest daughter of
the earlof Westmoreland. .

25th.

eldest son of sir James K. bart.

to Miss Jane Sharpe, daughter of —

James Sharpe, esq. of Hoddom.

26th. ‘At the earl of Fortescue’s,
in Grosvenor-square, lord King, to
lady Hester Fortescue, eldest daugh-
ter of the earl F.

29th. At Ashford, sir William ~
D’ Arley, capt. inthe Cambridgeshire —
militia, to Julia Frances, youngest ~
daughter of the late Thomas Hallett —

Hodges, esq. of Hampstead, Kent.

June 1st. Capt. William Hotham, ©
R. N. to Miss Jeynes, daughter of

sir Edward J. of Gloucester, and
sister to the lady of admiral ‘Thorn-
borough.

By special licence, at lord Yar-
borough's, in Arlington-street, Wil-
liam Tenant, esq. of Aston-hall, co.
Stafford, to the hon. Charoltte Pel-
ham, fourth daughter of lord Yar-
borough. }

‘At Troap-house, in Scotland,
John Burnett, Esq. of Countess-

Wells, to Miss Penelope Hayes, —
daughter of sir Harry Brown H.

Qnd.

At the lord advocate’s in —
Scotland, Thomas Kirkpatrick, esq. —

aca a eet ti Er i

CHRONICLE.

nd. Major Fran. Hastings
Doyle, to the eldest daughter of sir
William Milner, bart. of Nun-Ap-
pleton, co. York.

4th. At Knutsford, in Cheshire,
the hon. William-George Monck-
ton, eldest son of lord viscount Gal-
“way, to Miss Catherine-Elizabeth
Handfield, daughter of the late capt.
George H. and niece to the present
sir William Smyth, bart. of Hill-
hall, Essex.

5th. At Tiverton, sir John
Duntze, bart. to Miss Dorothea Ca-
rew, daughter of Sir Thomas C. of
Tiverton castle, Devon.

13th. Capiain Tobin, R.N. to
Mrs. Duff, of Richmond, co. York,
‘widow of the late major D. ef the
26th foot,

14th. At Bury, Mr. Richard

alford, merchant, of Watling-
Street, London, to Miss Berry, sise

ter of Sir Edward B.

_ At Greenwich, capt. Downman,
of the royal artillery, son of col. D.
of the same corps, to Lucy, third
daughter of William Holmes, esq. of
Westcombe-park, Black-heath, co.
Kent.

At Speen, Berks, capt. Charles
Pelly, R. N. of Upton, Essex, to
‘Mary, youngest daughter of the

~fate Francis Brownsword Bullock,

esq.
____ Liet.«co]. John Byng, of the 29th
Hl foot, and youngest brother of Geo.
iB. esq. M. P. for Middlesex, to
Mary, eldest daughter of Peter
ig cenzie, esq. of ‘Twickenham.
Lieut. Charles Bowen, R. N. to
_ Miss Hardy, of Charlotte-street,
~ Portland-place.
_ 19th. At Carlsruhe, the heredi-
tary prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, to
the princess Wilhelmina Louisa of
_ aden.
= 20th. By special licence, at lord

45\
Westmoreland’s house in Berkeley-
square, by the bishop of Cloyne,
lord Boringdon, to lady Augusta
Fane, second daughter of the earl of
Westmoreland.

23d. At East Sheen, Surry, John
Harrison, esq. of Mansion-house-
street, banker, to Miss Kay, niece
of sir Brook Watson, bart. ;

July 3d. Major Mitchell, of the -
26th foot, to lady Harriet Somerset,
daughter of the late duke of Beau-
fort.

4th. At Bathwick church, near
Bath, James Stephens, esq. of Ca-
merton-house, -to the widow of
Hugh Boyd, esq. M. P. for the
county of Antrim, and niece to yisc.
Gosford.

5th. At Edinburgh, lieut.-colo-
nel Nicholson, aid-de-camp to gen,
Lake, commander in chief in In-
dia, to Mary, eldest daughter of the
late John Russel, esq. clerk to the
signet.

At Edinburgh, the earl of Roden
to Juliana-Anne, youngest daughter
of John Orde, esq. of Weetwood,
co. Northumberland. _

7th. AtSt. Lawrence, near Rams-
gate, Majer Miller, of the royal re«
giment of horse-guards blue, to Miss
Frances Every, youngest sister of
sir Henry E. bart. of Eggington~
house, ce. Derby.

9th. Rey. Francis Lee, of duke-
street, Portland-place, to Miss Ball,
sister of Edward Hughes B. esq.
successor of the late admiral: sir
Edward Hughes. ‘

At lord Castlereagh’s house, in
Upper Brook-street, by special li-
cence, lord viscount Hinchinbrooke,
son of. the Earl of Sandwich, to
lady Louisa Corry, niece to, lord
Castlereagh.

12th, This evening, at the house
of lady Perth, in Grosyenor-square,

G g2 by

452

by special licence, the right honour-
able the earl of Moira, to the coun-
tess of Loudon. The ceremony
was performed by the bishop of
‘London; the prince of Wales gave
the bride’s hand; and the nuptials
were attended by a brilliant circle of
the nobility, their friends. After the
ceremony the noble earl and coun-
tess set off for the seat of lord Keith,
at Hampton-Court, where, and at
Donington in Leicestershire, the
happy couple passed the time
which the noble lord could be
spared from his duty as commander
in chief in Scotland. ‘The countess
accompanied him on his return to
Edinburgh.

17th. James Lake, esq. eldest
son of sir James Winter L. bart. to
Miss Maria Turner, daughter of Sa-
muel T. esq. of Upper Wimpole-
street,

19th. By special licence, at the
earl of Tankerville’s, in Portman-
square, by the archbishop of Tuam,
the rey. William Beresford, to lady
Anna Bennett.

August 2nd. AtTitchfield, rear-
admiral Purvis, to Mrs. William
Dickson, only daughter and heiress
of the late sir Archibald D. bart.

3d. At Bath, Anthony Chearn-
ley, esq. of Salter-bridge, co, Wa-
terford, to Miss Isabella Newcombe,
daughter of the late primate of all
Ireland.

4th. AtStapleton, Captain ba-
ron Schmeimen, of the king’s Ger-
man heavy drageons, to Miss So-
phia Elton, of Stapleton-house.

8th. By special licence at St.
George’s, Hanover-square, the hon.
col. Charles Stewart, son of the earl
of Londonderry, to Lady Cathe-
bee Bligh, sister tothe earl of Darn-
ey.

1ith, At Dawlish, Devon, sir

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

John Hawkins, bart. of Kelston,
co. Somerset, to the eldest daughter.
of William Surtees, esq. of New-
castle-upon-Tyne.

13th. At Fawsley-park, co.
Northampton, the seat of sir John
Knightley, bart. his nephew, John
Kington, esq. eldest son of the M.
P. for Lymington, to Miss Barrett,
late of Bath. :

18th. Mr. Weichsell, of the Opera-
house, brother to Mrs, Billington,
to Miss Rovedino, belonging to the
same theatre.

20th. AtSt.George’s, Hanover-
square, William Levison Gower,
esq. son of the late admiral Levison
G. to the only daughter of the late
sir John Gresham, bart. of Titsey-_,
place, Surry.

21. AtSt. James’s, Piccadilly,
sir William Pole, bart. of Shute,
Devon, to Sophia-Anne, only daugh-
ter of G. Templer, esq.of Mapwicke,
co, Somerset.

At Fulham, Middlesex, by spe-
cial licence, Jord viscount Ranelagh,
to Miss Stephens, daughter of sir
Philip S. bart. The ceremony was
performed by the bishop of Lon-
don.

Hon. Mr. Scott, eldest son of the
lord chancellor, to the only daugh-
ter of sir Matthew White Ridley,
bart. of Portland-place.

23d. By special licence, at
Grove, co. Nottingham, the hon.
Charles Herbert Pierrepoint, eldest
son of viscount Newark, and M. P.
for the county, to the eldest daugh-
ter of A. H. Eyre, also M. P. for
that county.

3ist. John Richardson, esq.
of the Middle Temple, to Miss Har
riet Hudson, second daughter of sir
Charles Grave H. bart. of Wanlip,
co. Leicester.

Sept, 5th. By special licence, at

Bran-

CHRONICLE.

Brandenburgh-house, the right hon.
Edward Broome, to the eldest daugh-
ter of the hon. col. Francis Down-
man.

6th. By special licence, at the
earl’s house, in Park-lane, Hylton
Joliffe, esq. M.P. for the borough
of Petersfield, to lady Elizabeth Rose
Shirley, daughter of earl Ferrers.

14th. Rev. Philip Egerton, M.A.
rector of the upper mediety of Mal-
pas, co. Chester, to the youngest
daughter of the late Josias Dupre,
esq. of Wilton park, Bucks.

15th. At Canterbury cathedral,
John Need, esq. of Sherwood-hall,
co. Nottingham, and lieutenant-co-
lonel of the Nottinghamshire militia,
to the youngest daughter of the

rey. Dr. Welfitt, prebendary of
Canterbury.
19th. Mr. Ashford, of Castle

' Cary, co. Somerset, to Miss Ara-
bella Bechinal, youngest daughter
of the late captain B. of the royal
navy, and sister to the duchess of
Roxburgh.

29th. At Downton, Sir Edward
Smith, bart. of Newland-park, co.

York, to Miss Susan Dewkins,.

youngest daughter of Henry Dew-
kins, esq. of Standlynch, Wilts.

October 1st. Rev. Dr. Pett, arch-
deacon of Oxford, to Miss An-
drews, of Butler’s Marston, co.
Warwick. ‘

The earl of Clonmell, to lady C,
Greville, daughter of the earl of
Warwick:

At Grétna-green, Mr. Curwen,
son of John Christian C. esq. M.P.
for Carlisle, to Miss Jane Stanley,
his cousin.

Captain A. W. Schomberg, R. N.
second son of the late sir Alexander
§. to Anne, youngest daughter of
rear-admiral Smith, of Poolton, in
Cheshire.

453

4th. Lieutenant-colonel Mack-
innon, of the Coldstream regiment
of guards, to the youngest daughter
of the late sir John Call, bart,

Sth. William Lloyd, esq. of As-
ton, co. Salop, to the eldest daugh-
ter of captain Eliab Harvey, R. N.
and M. P. for the county of Es-
Sex.
13th. Francis Wheeler Hood,
esq. nephew to lord H. to Miss Ca-
roline Hammond, daughter of sir
Andrew Snape H. bart.

15th. Edward Jerningham, esq.
son of Sir William J.. bart. to Miss
Middleton, daughter of Nathaniel
M. esq. of Town-hill, Hants,

97th. At the Abbey-church,
Bath, Lieut.-col. Smith, of the 83d
foot, to Miss Cantelo, of that
city.

Now. ist, By special licence,
captain sir Edward Hamilton, of the
royal navy, to Miss Macnamara,
daughter of John M. esq. of Ba-
ker-street, Portman-square.

2nd. By special licence, the hon.
Charles Bagnal Agar, brother to
lord viscount Clifden, to Miss Hunt,
of Llannydrock, co. Cornwall,

At Fast Dean, Sussex, Harris Biggs
Wither, esq. captain of the north
Hants militia, to the only daughter
of lieutenant-colonel Frith, of the
same regiment,

4th. William Everett, esq. son
of Thomas Everett, M.P. for Lug- »
gershall, to Miss Ellis, of Palatine
house, Stoke Newington.

At Edinburgh, lieutenant-colonel
Charles Pye, of the third (or king’s
own) regiment of dragoons, to Miss
Catherine Douglass, sister to the
late colonel Archibald D. of Rou-
hall.

5th. At Clifton, colonel Alex-
ander Kid, of the engineers, Bengal

Gg3 estab-

454

establishment, to the widow of Ed-
ward Hay, esq. of Bengal. -

6th. Honourable Herbert Gard-
ner, son of admiral Lord G. to the
youngest daughter of the late John
Cornwall, esq. of Henden-house,
Middlesex.

10th. At Bath, Dr. George Ha-
gelton, physician to the duke of
Kent’s household, to Miss Frances
Du Puy, of Taunton.

19th. Captain F. Cockburn, son
of the Jate sir James Cockburn,
bart.eto Miss Sandys, daughter of
the late Rev. Richard Sandys, and
grand daughter of the late, and niece
of the present, earl of 'Tankerville.

At Dublin, _ brigadier-general
Payne, to the hon. Miss Quin,
daughter of lord Adair.

At Bath, Wm. Hoare Hume esq.
M. P. for the county of Wicklow,
to the only daughter of the late
Samuel Dick, esq. of Dublin.

20th. At St. James’s, Piccadilly,
the Russian general Sablonkoff, to.
Miss Angerstein,

His excellency count St. Martin
de Front, many years embassador
from Sardinia to this court, to lady
Fleetwood, widow of the late sir
Thomas Fleetwood, bart.

29nd, At Dalkeith-house, in
Scotland, lord Montagu, to the eld-
est daughter of lord Douglas, of
Douglas.

24th. At St. James’s, Piccadilly,
the hon. Berkeley Paget, youngest
son of the éarl of Uxbridge, to
Miss Grimstone, daughter of the
hon. William Bucknall, and niece
to lord viscount Grimstone,

At Jersey, captain John le Gros,
R.N. to the widow of the late
George Lempriere, esq. and sister
to the duke de Bouillon.

25th. At St. George’s, Hanover-
square, Mr, Courtenay, eldest son

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

of the Jate bishop of Exeter, to the
hon. lady Henrietta Leslie, daugh- |
ter of the countess of Rothes.

28th. At Totnes, co. Devon,
major G. P, Adams, of the queen’s
dragoon-guards, second son of Wm.
Adams, esq. M. P. to Miss Elazabeth
Lovelace. -

29th. At Carlton-hall, co. Not-
tingham, John Sargent, esq. eldest
son of John Sargent, esq. M. P. for
Bodmin, Cornwall, to the only
daughter of Abel Smith, esq. and
niece to lord Carrington.

Dec. 3d. At Tunbridge, Kent,
James Eldridge West, esq. of Pos-
tern-park, to the only daughter of
sir William Ashburnham, bart. of
Broomham, Sussex. '

‘4th. At Winchester, Lynch Cote
ton, esg. captain in the 15th light.
dragoons, and second son of sir
Robert Salisbury Cotton, bart. ta
the eldest daughter of John Robins,
5 Fah il
5th. At the viscountess Duncan’s,
major Fergusson, of the Ayrshire
militia, to the hon. Henrietta Dun-
can, daughter of the late adm. lord
viscount Duncan.

6th. At the Abbey-church, in
Shrewsbury, Roger Kynaston, esq.
of the Grove, Essex, to Georgiana,
third daughter of sir Charles Oake-~
ley, bart.

1sth. James Cornwallis, esq. only
‘son of the bishop of Lichfield, and
M. P. for Eye, Saffolk, to the
eldest daughter of Francis Dickins,
esq. M.P. for Northamptonshire.

At. Charles-church, Plymouth,
the Rev. Thomas Hawker, curate
thereof, to Miss Vincent, niece of
admiral Nicholas Vincent.

At Canterbury, colonel Macken-
zie, of the 52d foot, to Miss An.
drews, of Hythe, Kent.

20th, At Oxford, Richard Spoo<

ner,

ner, esq. of Glindon-house, co.
Warwick, banker at Birmingham,
and fifth son of Isaac Spooner, esq.
of Elmdon, to Miss Charlotte We-
therel, one of the six daughters of
the dean of Hereford, and master
of university college, Oxford, with
a fortune of 10,0001.

By special licence, John Broadley,
esq. of the borough of Southwark,
to Miss Letitia Bloxam, daughter of
sir Matthew Bloxam, kunt.

22d. At St. George’s Hanover-
Square, captain Winthorp, of the
Ardent man, of war, to Miss Far-
brace, of Dover. Also, captain

Warner, aid-du-camp to the earl
of Harrington, to the eldest daugh-
ter of colonel Shipley.

Captain Foy, of the royal artil-
lery, to the hon. Sophia Courtenay,
sister of lord viscount Courtenay, of

-Powderham-castle. .

At Roberton, co. Pembroke,
Owen Phillips, esq. lieuwtenant-col.
commandant of the royal Pembroke
fuzileers, to the eldest daughter of
sed Scourfield, esq, of Roberton-

Ie

At Dungannon-park, Tyrone,
Treland, the hon. Charles Knox,
son of lord viscount Northland,
brother to the bishop of Derry, and
M. P. for the university of Dublin,
to Mrs. Fletcher, daughter of Ro.

‘Dert Bent, esq. late M. P. for Ay-

esbury.

_ James Talbot, esq. late secretary
of the embassy "to Paris, to Anne
‘ah, youngest daughter of Samuel
bard, esq. of Evercritch, co.
erset,

OMOTIONS in the Year 1804.

Jan, 3d. Hon. Cropley Ashley,
seri clerk of the deliveries of

ordnance of the united kingdoms
@
4

‘4

CHRONICLE. 455

of Great Britain and Ireland, vice
Hunt.

7th. To be brigadier-generals in

’ the army sérving in the Windward

and Leeward Caribbee Island sta-
tion: Col. Crofton Vandeleur of the
46th foot, col. W. ©. Hughes of the
87th ditto,

Capt. Henry Samuel Eyre, of the
12th battalion of reserve, to be ma~.
jor in the army.

Breyet-maj. James Murray Grant,
on half pay of the 3d foot guards,
and major James Brace, on half pay
of Goreham’s late provincial corps,
to be assistant barrack masters gene~
ral, with the rank of major, so long
as they shall continue in that depart-
ment.

Lieut.-col. Willoughby Gordon,
assistant quarter-master-general in
the Southern district, to be deputy
barrack-master-general to the forces,
vice M. G. Hewgill, resigned.

Col, John Delves Broughton, on
half pay of the 106th foot; lieut.-
col. sir R. T. Wilson, knt. on half
pay of Hompesch’s mounted rifie-
men; major Aubrey, on half pay ;
Charles Miller, esq. late lieutenant.
colonel of the Ist West India regi-
ment; Thomas Probyn, late lieut.-
col. of the 18th foot; John Storey,
late lieutenant-col. of the 2ist foot;
the whole with the rank of lieute-
nant-colonel in the army so long as
they are so employed, to be inspect-
ing field officers of yeomanry and
volunteer corps.

10th. Right hon. John carl of St.
Vincent, &c. sir Philip Stephens, and
sir Thomas Trowbridge, barts. James
Adams, John Markham, and Wm
Lemon, esqrs.and sir Harry Burrard
Neale, bart. appointed commissioners
for executing the office of lord high
admiral of the united kingdom of
Great-Britain,.

Gg4 Sth.

456

13th. Charles Price, esq. of Spring
Grove, Richmond, Surry, created a
baronet.

Samuel Lysons, esq. of the Inner
Temple, appointed keeper of the rolls
and records of the courts of Chance-
ry in the Tower of London, vice
Astle, deceased.

20th. Sir Evan Nepean, baronet,
sworn of his majesty’s most ho-
nourable privy council.

21st. Lieut.-colonel John James
Barlow, of the 61st foot, to be de-
puty-inspector-general of the re-
cruiting-service, and second in com-
mand at the army depot in the Isle
of Wight, vice Farquhar, deceased.

Major Henry E. Bunbury, assist-
ant quarter-master-general, to have
the rank of Jientenant-colonel in
the army, vice Gordon, appointed
barrack~master-general.

Captain Henry Darling, from the
68th foot, to be a permanent aisist-
ant in the quarter-master-general’s
department, with the rank of major
in the army, vice. Bunbury.

Colonel Walter Cliffe, on half pay
of the 9th foot; Colonel S. P. De
) Hoste, on half pay of the late 104th
foot; licut.-colonel James Hare, on
the half pay of the 28th light dra-
goons; major John Cooke, onditto ;
Nat. Webb, esq. late major of the
3d battalion of reserve; Jieutenant-
colonel George Armstrong, on half
pay of the late independent compa-
nies; Benjamin Williamson, esq.
Jate lieutenant-colonel of the Caith-
ness Highlanders ;
James Robertson, on half pay of
the 15thfoot; lieutewanrt-colonel
Erskine Fraser, on half pay of the
109th foot ; George Callender, esq.
Jate lieutenant-col. of the riflle corps ;
C. Machelle, esq. late major of the
15th foot; Andrew Corbet, esq.
Jate lieutenant-colonel of the royal

lieutenant-col. .

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

horse guards ; W. W. Maxwell, esq.
late lieutenant-colonel of the 32d
foot; and Major Hugh Maxwell,
to be inspecting field officers of yeo-
manry and volunteer corps, with
the rank of lieutenant-colonel in
the army, so long as they shall hold.
those appointments.

Major Edward B. Frederick, as-
sistant barrack-master-general, to
be principal assistant barrack-master
general, with the rank of lieutenant-
colonel in the army, so long as he
shall hold such appointment.

George Dennis, esq. late lieute-
nant-colonel of the 43d foot, to be —
an assistant-barrack-master-general, __
with the rank of major in the army,
so long as he shall hold such appoint-
ment.

24th. Lieutenant-general William
Myers, appointed commander of his
majesty’s forces serving iy the Wind-
ward and Leeward Caribbee Sta-
tion, véce Grinficld, deceased.

25th. Major-general John Stuart,
appointed lieutenant-governor of his
majesty’s island of Grenada.

28th. Hugh Horton, esq. late ma-
jor of the 85th foot, to be an inspect-
ing field officer of yeomanry and vo-
lunteer corps, with temporary rank
of licutenant-colonel.

31st. Rev. Robert Holmes, D. D.
appointed dean of the cathedral
church of Winchester, vice Ogle,
deceased.

Rev. Wm. Howley, M. A. to be
acanon of the cathedral church of
Christ, in the university of Oxford,
vice Holmes, resigned.

Rev. Henry Lewis Hobart, M. A.
to be prebendary of the metropoli-
tan church of Canterbuy, vice Storer,
deceased.

Mr. Robert Jameson, appointed
regius professor of natural history,
and keeper of the museum of natu.

ral

CHRONICLE. *

ral curiosities in the university of
Edinburgh, vice Walker, deceased.
. Feb. 4th. Right hon. Henry Wel-
bore, viscount and baron Clifden,
of Gowran, co. Kilkenny, Ireland,
and baron Mendip, of Mendip, co.
Somerset (son and heir of James,
late viscount and baron Clifden
aforesaid, and grandson of Henry
Agar, of Gowran, esq. by Anne
his wife, sister of the late right hon.
Welbore baron Mendip, deceased)
to assume the surname, and bear
the arms, of El/is only.
7th. To be inspecting field-officers
of yeomanry and volunteer corps:
Lieutenant-col. Thomas Bradford,
on half pay of the late Nottingham
fencibles ; lieutenant-colonel Hugh
Baillie, of the late Surrey rangers.
To be ditto, with the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonels in the army so long
only as they shall continue to be
employed: P. J. Taylor, esq. late
lieutenant-colonel of the 26th light
dragoons; John Sladden, esq. late
lieutenant-colonel of the 86th foot ;
John Gordon, esq. late major of
the 38th foot.
8th. Righthon. Nathaniel Bond,in
the absence of the right hon. Charles
earl of Liverpool, to be president
of the committee of privy council
appointed for the consideration of
all matters relating to trade and fo-
reign plantations.
11th. Thomas Dodd, esq. captain
in the royal artillery, to be secre-
tary to the governor of the garri-
son of Gibraltar, vice Raleigh,
_ resigned.
_ March 3d. Richard Brinsley She-
ridan, esq. appointed (by the prince
of Wales) receiver-general of the
duchy of Cornwall, vice lord Eliot,
deceased.
Rey. James Hunter, minister of
Denino, elected professor of logic

457

and rhetoric in the university of St.
Andrew, in Scotland, vice Barron,
deceased.

Rev. James Knollis, M.A. ap-
pointed historical and classical pro-
fessor in the royal military college at
Great Marlow, Bucks.

William Bolland, esq. admitted
and sworn one of the four common
pleaders of the city of London, vice
Knowlys, elected common-serjeant,
vice Silvester, recorder.

RobertSmirke,esq.elected keeper
of the royal academy, vice Wilton,
deceased.

Rev. H. Wintour, to a prebendal
stall in St. Paul’s cathedral.

Rey. William Coxe, M. A. rector
of Bemerton, eleéted a canon resi-
dentiary of Salisbury cathedral, vice
Cotton, deceased ; and the Rev. John
Guard, installed prebendary of Slape
in that cathedral.

Rev. Robert Gray, M.A. rector
of Craike, co. York, collated to a
prebendal stall in Durham cathedral.

The Rev. W. L. Bowles, to a pre-
bendal stall in Salisbury cathedral,
and the Rev. Charles Ellkins, M. A.
son of the dean of Salisbury, elect-
ed a canon residentiary of that ca-
thedral, all vice Ogle, deceased.

Rev. Mr. Pitchford, to be a minor
canon of Durham cathedral.

April 23d. Sir Richard Onslow,
bart. Sir Robert Kingsmill, bart.
Sir Hyde Parker, knt. Benjamin
Caldwell, esq. Hon. William Corn-
wallis, admirals of the blue, to be
admirals of the white.

Thomas Mackenzie, esq. sir
Roger Curtis, bart. sir Henry
Harvey, K.B. Robert Man, esq.
ChristopherHolmesEveritt Calmady,
esqe John Bourmaster, esq. sir
George Young, knt. John Henry,
esq. Richard Rodney Bligh, esq.
Alexander Greme, esq. G. Keppel,

esq.

458

esq. vice-admirals of the red, to be
admirals of the blue. f

Isaac Prescott, esq. John Bazely,
esq. ‘Thomas Spry, esq. Sir John
Orde, bart. William Young, esq.
James Gambier, esq. Sir Andrew
Mitchell, K. B. Charles Chamber-
Jayne, esq. Peter Rainier, esq.
vice-admirals of the white; and
Christopher Parker, esq. Philip Pat-
ton, esq. Sir Charles Morice Pole,
bart. vice-admirals of the blue, to
‘be vice-admirals of the red.

John Brown, esq. John Leigh
Douglas, esq. William Swiney, esq.
Charles Edmund Nugent, esq. Cha.
Powell Hamilton, esq. Edmund
Dod, esq. right hon. Horatio Vis-
count Nelson, K. B: Sir Charles
Cotton, bart. vice-admirals of the
blue; and John Thomas, esq.
James Brine, esq. John Pakenham,
esq. Sir Erasmus Gower, knt. John
Holloway, esq. rear-admirals of the
red, to be vice-admirals of the white,

George Wilson, esq. Sir Charles

Henry Knowles, bart. hon. Tho-'

mas Pakenham, Robert Deans, esq.
Cuthbert Collingwood, esg. James
Hawkins Whitshead, esq. Arthur
Kempe, esq, Smith Child, esq. right
lion. Charles Lord Lecale, Thomas
Taylor, esq. Sir John Thomas
Duckworth, K.B. Sir Robert Cal-
der, bart. rear-admirals of the red,
to be vice-admirals of the blue.
James Richard Dacres, esq. hon.
George Cranfield Berkeley, Thomas
West, esq. James Douglas, esq.
Peter Aplin, esq. Henry Savage,
esq. Bartholomew Samuel Rowley,
esq. Sir Richard Bikerton, bart.
George Bower, esq. Robert Mon-
tague, esq. John Fergusson, esq.
Kdward Edwards, esq. Sir, John
Borlase Warren, bart. and K. B.
Edward Tyrrel Smith, esq. Sir
Thomas Graves, K. B. Thomas
Macnamara Russell, esq. Sylverius

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Moriarty, esq. Sir Henry Trollope,
knt. rear-admirals of the. white ;
and hon. Henry Edwin Stanhope,
and Robert Macdouall, esq. rear.’
admirals of the blue, to be rear-ad.
mirals of the red.

Billy Douglas, esq. John Wickey,

esq. John Inglis, esq. John Fish,

esq. John Knight, esq. Edward
Thornbrough, esq. James Kemp-
thorne, esq. Sampson Edwards, esq. |
Geo. Campbell, esq. Henry Crom-
well, esq. Arthur Phillip, esq. sir —
William George Fairfax, knt. sir

James Saumarez, bart. and K. B.

rear-admirals of the blue, to be :
rear-admirals of the white.

Captains Thomas Drury, esq. Al«
bemarle Bertie, esq. right hon. Wm.
earl of Northesk, James Vashon,
esq. sir William Henry Douglas, bart,
Thomas Wells, esq. sir Edw. Pellew,

‘bart. Isaac Coflin, esq. to be rear-

admirals of the white.

Captains John Aylmer, esq. Sam.
Osborn, esq. Richard Boger, esq.
Jonathan Faulknor, esq. John Child
Purvis, esq. Theophilus Jones, esq,
William Domett, esq.Wm. Wolseley,
esq. John Manley, esq. George
Murray, esq. John Sutton, esq.
Robert Murray, esq. hon. Alex,
Forrester Cochrane, sir Thomas
Troubridge, bart. K.F. John Mark-
ham, esq. Henry D’Esterre Darby,
esq. Edward Bowater, esq. George
Palmer, esq. Wm. O’Brien Drury,
esq. William Essington, esq. sir
Thomas Lewis, K.F. and K.M.T.
to be rear-admirals of the blue.

George Martin, esq. sir Richard
John Strachan, bart. and sir William
Sidney Smith, knt, appointed colo-
nels of his majesty’s marine forces,
vice sir Edward Pellew, bart. Wm.
Domett, esq. and sir ‘Thomas Trou->.
bridge, bart. appointed flag officers
of his majesty’s fleet.

May 3. Charles Cameron, esq%

May

wppointed captain-general and go-
vernor in chief of the Bahamaislands,
90k the oaths appointed tobe taken
)y the governors of his majesty’s
jlantations.

_ 8th. Rt. hon. sir James Mansfield,
nt. appointed lord chief justice of
$ majesty’s court of common pleas,
ice lord Alvanley, deceased, sworn
if his majesty’s most honourable
rivy council.
12th. Right hon. William Pitt,
ppointed * chancellor and under.
reasurer of his majesty’s exche-
uer.—Right hon. Edward baron
ylive, created baron Powis, of Powis
astle, co. Montgomery, baron
Terbert, of Cherbury, co. Salop,
iscount Clive, of Ludlow, co. Sa-
op, and earl of Powis, co. Mont-
omery.

_ William Honyman, of Arma-
ale and Greenway, co. Orkney
md Linlithgow, esq.; Alexander
’enrose Cumming Gordon, of Altyr
ad Gordonsten, co. Elgin, esq, ;
Xichard Joseph Sullivan, of Thames
Ditton,. co. Surrey, esq.; Henry
ainwaring Mainwaring, of Over
Peover, co. Chester, esq.; William
liddleton, of Crowfield-hall, co.
uftolk,esq.; David Maxwell,of Can-
oness, co. Dumfries, esq.; Drum-
a6nd Smith, of Tring park, co.
Terts, esq. with remainder to Charles
mith, of Sutton, ‘co. Essex, esq. ;
Villiam Fettes, of Whagprey, co.

f Ormathwaite, co. ‘Cumberland,
md of Warfield, co. Berks, esq. ;
ad John Lethbridge, ‘of Westaway-
use, and Winkley- court, co. De-
a, and of Sandhil’t park, co. So-
et, esq. creat x] baronets.
4th. Right hon, George earl of
fv nchelsea and N pttingham, groom
f the stole to his, majesty, and the
ght hon, Geor ge Thynne, com-

CHRONICLE.

459

monly called Lord George Thynne,
comptroller of his majesty’s house.
hold, sworn of his majesty’s most
honosrable privy council.—Right
hon. Dudley lord Harrowby; and
the right hon. John Jefferies earl
Camden; sworn two of his majes-
ty’s principal secretaries of state.

Rey. Francis Swan, rector of St.
Peter’s, Lincoln, to a prebendal
stall in that cathedral, vice Brom-
field, deceased.

Rev. Cesar Morgan, to a prebena
dal stall in Ely cathedral, vice Gooch,
deceased.

Rey. J. Ellis, to. the Barnby-on-
the-moor prebend, in York cathe-
dral, vice Carey, resigned.

15th. Right hon. William Pitt,
George Percy, esq. commonly called
lord Louvaine, James Edward Harz
ris, esq. commonly called viscount
Fitz-Harris, the right hon. Charles
Long, and the hon. Henry Welles-
ley, appointed commissioners for
executing the office of treasurer of
his majesty’s exchequer.

Right hon. Henry viscount Mel-
ville, sir Philip Stephens, bart. James
Gambier, esq. vice-admiral of the
red, sir Harry Neale, bart. sir John
Colpoys, K. B. and admiral of the
blue, Philip Patten, esq. vice-ad-
miral of the red, and William Dick-
inson, jun. esq. appointed commis-
sioners for executing the office of
high-admiral of the united kingdom
of Great-Britain and Ireland.

15th. Dr. Samuel FoartSimmons,
sworn and admitted physician extra-
ordinary to the king. ==

19th. Isaac Coffin, of the Mag-
delaine Islands, in the Gulph of St.
Lawrence, British North Ameriga,
esq. rear-admiral of the white,
created a baronet.

Right hon. Wm. Dundas, appointed:
his majesty’s secretary at war.

Joseph

460

Joseph Frederick Wallett Des
Banes, esq.’ appointed lieut.-gov. of
the island of Prince Edward, in
America.

26th. Right hon. Robert Stewart,
commonly called viscount Castle.
reagh ; his grace William Henry Ca-
vendish, duke of Portland, K. G.
president of his majesty’s council ;
the right hon. Robert Banks, baron
Hawkesbury ; the right hon. John
Jeffries, earl Camden, K.G.; the
right hon. Dudley, baron Harrowby,
his majesty’s three principal secre-
tarics of state; the right hon. Wm.
Pitt, chancellor of his majesty’s ex-
chequer ; the right hon. Sylvester,

baron Glenbervie (of that part of

the united kingdom called Treland);
the right hon. Thomas Wallace ;
and Richard French, esq. common-
ly called viscount Dunlo; appointed
his majesty’s commissioners for the
management of the affairs of India.

Right hon. George Canning, ap-
pointed treasurer of his majesty’s
navy.

Right hon. Arthur Paget, his ma~
jesty’s envoy-extraordinary and mi-
nister-plenipotentiary at the court
of Vienna, appointed one of the
knight companions of the most ho-
nourable order of the Bath.

29th. Right Rey. Dr. Nathaniel
Alexander, bishop of Clonfert, and
Kilmacduagh, trausiated to the bi-
shopric of Killaioe and Kilfenora,
wice right Rey. Dr. Charles Lindsay,
translated to the bishopric of Kil-
dare.

June 5th. Charles Arbuthnot,
esq. appointed his majesty’s ambas-
sador extraordinary and plenipo-
tentiary to the Sublime Ottoman
Porte ; Benjamin Garlike, esq. en-
voy-extraordinary and minister ple-
nipotentiary to the court of Copen-
hagen ; Charles Stuart, esq. secre-

2

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

tary of embassy to the court of St.
Petersburgh; Edward Thornton,
esq. secretary of legation to the
court of Berlin; Augustus Foster,
esq. secretary of legation to the
United States of America; and Fre-
derick Lindeman, esq. consul at
Embden.

6th. Right hon. Henry lord Mul-
grave, sworn of his majesty’s most
honourable privy council.

Right hon. George earl of Dart-
mouth, appointed (on the 14th of
May) lord chamberlain of his ma-
jesty’s household, took the usual
oaths thereupon this day; as did
the right hon. George earl of Win-
chelsea and Nottingham, on being
appointed (May 10) groom of the
stole to his majesty.

Right hon. Henry lord Mulgrave,
sworn chancellor of the duchy and
county palatine of Lancaster.

liis grace James duke of Mon-
trose, and, in his absence, the
right hon. George Rose, appointed
this day, president of the committee
of council, appointed for the consi-
deration of all matters relating to
trade and foreign plantations.

Right hon. Mdward earl of Powis,
appointed lJord-leutenant of the
counties of Salop and Montgomery,
took thu usual oaths thereupon ; as
did the right hon. George Talbot,
lord Dynevor, on being appointed
lord-lieutenant of the county of
Carmarthen,

23d. David Rae, of Eskgrove,
co. Mid-Lothian, esq.; colonel si
William Clarke, of Crosses Green
house, in the city of Cork; Henr
Harvey Aston |3ruce, of Down-hill
co. Londonderry, clerk; Joh
Lees, of Blackrock, co. Dublin
esq. ; Samuel O’ Malley, of Rose
hill, co. Mayo, esq.3; and Willia
Myers, esq. commander of his ma

jesty’

- Jands ;

CHRONICLE.

jesty’s forces in the Leeward Is-
created baronets of the
united kingdom, with remainder to

their lawful heirs-male.

John Silvester, esq. recorder of
London, eleéted steward of the bo-
rough of Southwark, vice Fanshaw,
deceased.

Rey. J. Palmer, B. D. classical

tutor of St. John’s college, elected
professor of Arabic in the univer-
sity of Cambridge, and the Rev.
Browne Grisdale, appointed chan-
cellor of Carlisle, both vice Carlyle,
deceased.
_ Rey. John White, to be a pre-
bendary of Winchester, and to hold
the prebend of Yatminster-Prima,
in Dorsetshire, vice Hume, de-
ceased.

Rev. Canon Coxe, to the arch-
deaconry of Wilts, vice Rev. W.
Douglas, M. A. who is to be pre-
centor of Winchester cathedral.

27th. Right hon. William Drum-

_ mond, and right hon. Charles Ar-

buthnot, sworn of his majesty’s
most honourable privy council.

July 3d. Rey. Dr. Christopher
Butson, dean of Waterford, pro-
moted to the united bishoprics of
Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, vice
right Rey. Dr. Nathaniel Alexander,
translated to the bishopric of Killa-
Joe and Kilfenora.

11th. Right hon. John Thynne,

_ commonly called lord John Thynne,

vice-chamberlain of his majesty’s
household, sworn of his majesty’s
‘most honourable privy council.
Right hon. George Rose, and
right hon. lord Charles Henry So-

-“merset, appointed paymaster-gen.

_ of his majesty’s forces.,

13th. James duke of Montrose,

and lord Charles Spencer, appoint-

ed postmaster-general.

Hon. Cecil Jenkinson, appointed

ts

461

his majesty’s secretary of legation
to the court of Vienna.

19th. Right hon. Granville Le-
veson Gower, commonly called
lord Granville Leveson Gower,
sworn of his majesty’s most hon.
privy council.

Right hon. Granville Leveson
Gower, commonly called lord Gran-
ville Leveson Gower, appointed
embassador extraordinary and pleni-
potentiary to the court of St. Pe-
tersburgh.

2ist. Francis Seymour, marquis
of Hertford, appointed master of
the horse to his majesty.

28th. Charles Bishop, esq. ap-
pointed his majesty’s procurator in
all causes and matters maritime, fo-
reign, civil, and ecclesiastical, vice
Heseltine, deceased.

Rey. Mr. Dawbeny, to the arch-
deaconry of Sarum, vice Whitworth,
deceased. \

Rev. Phineas Pett, principal of
St. Mary’s-hall, Oxford, appointed
archdeacon of Carlisle, vice Paley,
resigned.

Rev. Edward Rogers, to a pre-
bendal stall in Salisbury cathedral.

Aug. \st. Right hon. John Fos-
ter, right hon. sir Evan Nepean,
bart. chief secretary to the lord
lieutenant of Ireland, or the chief
secretary to the lord lieutenant for
the time being, or, in the absence of
the chief secretary, the under secre-
tary for the time being for the civil
department of the said chief secreta-
ry’s office, the right hon. Lodge
lord Frankfort, the right hon. John
Loftus Loftus, commonly called
Jord viscount Loftus, and the right
hon. Maurice Fitzgerald, appointed
commissioners for executing the of-
fice of treasurer of his majesty’s ex-
chequer in Lreland.

The right hon, John Foster, ap-

pointed

462

pointed chancellor of the court of
exchequer in Ireland.

Sept. 1st. Gerard Lake, esq. ge-
neral and commander of his majes-
ty’s forced in the East Indies,
created baron Lake, of Delhi and
Laswary, and of Aston Clinton, co.
Buckingham.

Major-general the hon. Arthur
Wellesley, created a knight of the
Bath.

8th. Rev. W. Long, LL.B. ap-
pointed a prebendary of the free-
chapel of St. George, in the castle
of Windsor, vice Wilson, deceased.

“21st. John Leard, esq. appointed
consul at Ragusa.

29th. His royal highness the duke
of Sussex, sworn of his majesty’s
most hon. privy council.

Oct. 2nd. Robert Peat, D. D.
rector of Ashley cum Silverley, and
vicar of Kirtling, co. Cambridge,
permitted to accept and wear, in
his own country, the ensigns of the
order of St. Stanislaus, conferred
upon him Nov. 21, 1790, (by his
then description of Robert Peat,
esq.) by Stanislaus Augustus, late
king of Poland.

13th, Sir Robert Ainslie, of Great
Torrington, co. Lincoln, knt. late
his majesty’s ambassadorsat the Ot-
toman Porte, created a baronet of
the united kingdom, with remainder
to Robert Sharp-Ainslie, of Market
Stainton, in the said county of Lin-
coln, esq. nephew of the said Sir
Robert Ainslie, and son of general
George Ainslie, deceased.

William Burroughs, esq. late ad-
vocate-general of Bengal, created a
baronet of the wnited kingdom.

Rey. J. Jackman, of Catherine-
‘hall, Cambridge, and alternate
morning-preacher at Percy chapel,
appointed one of the domestic chap-
lains to the Prince of Wales,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804:

Rev. Thomas Wickham, vicar of —
Kirburton, co, York, Beaminster,
Secunda prebend, in Salisbury cas
thedral, vice Gilpin, deceased.

Rev. Dr. Ridley, of Whipping= ©
ham, in the Isle of Wight, to a
prebendal stall in Gloucester cathe-
dral; and Rev. Wm. Long, to a
eanonry of Windsor ; all vice Wil-
son, deceased.

Rev. John Williams, M. A. to a
canonry in St. Dayid’s cathedral,
wece Davies, deceased.

Rev. Thomas Methold, rector of
Stonham, Suffolk, to a prebendal
stall in Norwich cathedral, vice
Potter, deceased.

Rev. Robert Moore, second son
of the archbishop of Canterbury, to
a prebendal stall in Canterbury ca«
thedral, vice Benson, deceased.

DEATHS in the Year 1804.

Jan. 2nd. At Hyde-Park Cors
ner, lady Andrews, reliét of the late
Sir Joseph Andrews, and daughter
of col. Dalrymple.

3d. At Bath, sir William Man.
sell, bart. of Ishoed, in Carmar-
thenshire.

At Lullingstone-castle, Kent, in
her 71st year, Dame Philadelphia
Payne Dyke,» wife of sir John
Dixon Dyke, bart. She was the
only daughter and heiress of the late
George Horne, esq. of London.

At the Rookery, Woodford, Es-
sex, the wife of Peter Godfrey, esq.
and youngest daughter of the late
sir Joshua Rowley, bart. .

4th. Aged 84; Mrs. Charlotte
Lennox, a lady of considerable ge-
nius, and who has long been distin~
guished for her literary merit. She
may boast the honor of having been
the protegée of Dr. Samuel J ongne

an

‘Gee Ate a ne

+ Paleo

ORI tee s-

eee Eien.

~ ee

A

<a

:*
*

CHRONICLE.

and the friend of Mrs. Yates. She
published, so early as 1752, ‘“* The
Female Quixote,’ and ‘‘ Memoirs
of Harriet Stuart.” In the former
of these novels, the character of
Arabella is the counter part of Don

Quixote ; and the work was very

favourably received. In the follow-

ing year she published ‘* Shakspeare

illustrated,” in two volumes 12mo;
to which she soon afterwards added
a third. This work consists of the
novels and histories on which the
plays of Shakspeare are founded,
collected and translated from the
original authors ; to which are

‘added critical notes, intended to

prove that Shakspeare has generally
spoilt every story on which his plays
are founded, by torturing them in-
to low contrivances, absurd in-
trigues, and improbable incidents.

In 1756, Mrs. Lennox published

*¢ The memoirs of the Countess of
Berci,”’ taken from the Freuch, 2
volumes, 12mo; and ‘ Sully’s me-
moirs, translated,” 3 volumes, 4to.
which haye since been frequently
reprinted in 8vo. and are executed
with great ability. In 1758 she pro-
duced ‘‘ Philander, a dramatic pas-
toral,” and ‘‘ Henrietta,” a novel
of considerable merit, 2 volumes
12mo; and, in 1760, with the as-
sistance of the earl of Cork and Or-

_ rery, and Dr Samuel Johnson, she

published a translation of ‘‘ Father
Brumoy’s Greek theatre,” 3 vols.
4to; the merit of which varies very

materially in different parts of the

work. ‘I'wo years after, she pub-
lished ** Sophia,” a novel, 2 volumes,
12mo, which is inferior to her earli-
er performances; and then, after
an interval of 7 years, she brought

_ utat Covent-garden theatre, ‘¢ The
___ Bisters,”’ a comedy, taken from her

novel of Henrietta, which was con.
1

463

demned on the first night of its aps
pearance. In 1773 she furnished
Drury-lane theatre with a comedy,
intituled “‘ Old city manners ;” and
has only written, we believe, since
that time, ‘‘ Euphemia,” a novel,
1790, 4 volumes, 12mo ; a perform=
ance which by no means deviates
from the line of credit which she has
always traced. Her father was a
field officer, lieutenant-governor of
New York, who sent her over at
15 to a wealthy aunt, who desired to
have her, but who, unfortunately,
on the arrival of her niece, was out
of her senses, and never recovered
them; immediately after which the
father died, and the daughter from
that time supported herself by her
literary talents, which she always
employed usefully. Her latter days
have been clouded by penury and
sickness,—calamities at her time of
life peculiarly distressing. ‘These,
however, were in a considerable de-
gree alleviated by the kindness of
some friends, who revered alike her
literary and her moral character.

6th. At Rushbrook-hall, near
Bury, Charles Sydney Davers, esq.
(eldest son of Sir C. Davers, bart.)
late captain of the Active frigate.
His death was occasioned by the ef-
fects of the yellow fever, caught ow
the Leeward Island station during
the last war.

7th. At the palace at Wells, in
his 75th year, the Rey. John Gooch,
D.D. prebendary of Ely, and rector
of Ditton and Willingham, co. Cam-

“bridge ; the former in the bishop of

Ely’s gift, the latter in that of the
ardeacon of Ely. He was son of
Dr T. G. formerly bishop of Ely,
aud master of Caius college; and
admitted B. A. 1749, M. A.
1759, D. D. 1765. He was also
father of Mrs. Beadon, the lady

of

464

of the present bishop of Bath and
Wells.
8th. At her house in Clarges-
street, Berkeley-square, in her 74th
year, lady Anne Capel, sister to
the late and aunt to the present earl
of Essex, who comes into the pos-
session of Russell farm, near Wat-
ford, with most of her ladyship’s
property, to the amount of 4000l.
per annum. The farm came into
the Essex family from the late Earl
of Essex’s mother, she being daugh-
ter of the Duke of Bedford, and
was settled, in right of the mother,
upon his lordship’s two sisters dur-
ing their life-time. Hampton-court,
in Herefordshire, came to his lord-
ship in right of his mother, who,
was daughter of sir C. H. Williams
and grand-daughter of lord Co-
ningsby.

10th. At Kingston-upon-Thames,
Surrey, in her 12th year, after a
long illness, Miss Gabrielle-Mar-
tha Johnston, fourth daughter of
major-general Johnston, in the
service of the East India compa-
ny-
At Whitehall, the hon. Miss F.
Pelham, Jast surviving daughter of
the right hon. Henry Pelham, bro-
ther of the old duke of Newcastle,
and sister to the late lady Sondes.
Mr. P. was prime minister to his
late majesty. Miss P. died very
rich ; her seat and estate at Esher,
in Surrey, go to her nephew, lord
Sondes; an estate in Essex, to her
nephew, the hon. Henry Watson ;
and a very considerable personal
fortune to her nephew, the hon.
George Watson. She had, deserv-
_ edly, the character of a truly vir-
tuous, humane, and extensively cha-
ritable woman,

11th. At the Hot Wells, Bristol,
Charlotte viscountess Bolingbroke.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

In Audley-square, in his 79th
year, sir Francis Sykes, bart. M. P.
for Wallingford.

12th. In Saville-row, after an
illness of many months, aged 70,
her grace Mary-Anne duchess of
Ancaster, youngest daughter of the
late major Layard, and aunt to the
late dean of Bristol, who died last
year. She had by the duke one
daughter, born in 1771, married to
lord Milsington, and died about
1800. Her dissolution is universally
lamented, especially by those who
felt that, as a wife, a mother, a re-
lation, or a friend, her conduct was
most exemplary.

17th. At Rosehall, in Scotland,
Archibald Douglas, esq. colonel of
the late Angusshire fencibles.

At Pentonville, in his 34th year,
Mr. Mark Anthony Reyroux, a na-
tive of Switzerland ; whose irrepa-
rable loss to his friends will be to
them a source of painful and sincere
regret. He was aman of uncom-
mon talents and profound learning ;
and in his moral conduct, and in all
the various relations of social life,
an exemplary character. It is in
contemplation to give the world an

-ample account of this excellent

man, in authentic memoirs of his
life and character.

In Duke-street,Grosvenor square,
aged 49, after a few hours illness of
an obstruction occasioned by indiges-
tion, in consequence of coming to
town in wet cloaths, Charlotte
Countess-dowager of Talbot, born
March 15, 1754, youngest daughter
of Wills first Marquis of Downshire,
by the lady Margaretta Fitzgerald,
sister of the late and aunt of the pre-
sent Duke of Leinster. Her lady-
ship was sister to the late Marquis
of Downshire and the Marchioness
of Salisbury; and has left the pre-

sent

CHRONICLE,

gent earl Talbot, and his brother,
the hon. Mr. Talbot, her only chil-
dren. She had come to town on the
15th, from her tasteful villa in Coo-
per’s lane, leading from Potter’s-
bar to Northaw, for the express
purpose of chusing an elegant dress
for the queen’s birth-day. Her ex-
cellent Sense, distinguished accom-
plishments, and amiable and condes-
cending manners, were such as
must ensure lasting respect; and
her death will occasion general re-
gret. Her remains were interred
with those of the late earl in the fa-
mily vault at Ingestree, near Lich.
field, in Staffordshire. The mourn-
ful procession was followed by the
carriages of the noble family to
whom her ladyship was related, and
those of her more intimate and par-
ticular friends, and numerous ac-
quaintance.

19th. At Pest, in Hungary, aged
69, the Austrian general Kray, who
was opposed to gen. Moreau during

the greater part of the last campaign —

in Germany.

At his house in Cleveland-row,
aged 75, Robert Drummond, esq.
banker, at Charing-cross.

20th. Suddenly, at Tenby, the
hon. Mrs. Acland, relict of the late
Rev. Thomas Acland, of Broad Cliff,
Devon, and sister to the present
viscount Hereford.

21st. Found lying dead, face
downwards, in the ditch of a field not
far from his own house, with his
throat cut, Mr. W. Pavie, surgeon,
of Brentwood, Essex. In the morn-
ing he went out on horseback, as
usual, to visit his patients; called
upon Mr. Bush, of Soutweald,
dressed his foot, and afterwards set
off on the road to West Ham, ap-

_ parently in as good health and sound

mind as usual. About 1] o’clock

Vou. XLVI.

465

in the evening of the same day, John
Fairweather, of Brentwood, seeing
Mr Pavie’s horse run through the
town without his master, took it
home; from which time no tidings
whatever could be heard of the un-
fortunate man. The rivers were
dragged, and the most diligent search
made to no effect, until the morning
of the 24th, when the body was dis-
covered by Mr John Dew, post-
master of Brentwood, lying in a
ditch, in a field adjoining Brooks
street hill, on the high road leading
from London to Brentwood, near
the 16th mile-stone. The deceased
was lying at his length at the bot-
tom of the ditch, in which a slight
current of water was running, but
which did not touch his neck; his

‘hat and all his cloaths were on. Mr

Dew immediately gave notice to the
neighbourhood, that he had found
the deceased, and the body was ta-
ken out of the ditch. Upon exami-
nation, it was found that the deceas-
ed’s throat was cut very deep; his
cloaths were very wet, and only a
small quantity of blood upom the
Jappel of his coat, none even ape
peared upon the right hand or arm,,
nor had the wound much blood
about it: a large quantity of clotted
blood was, however, discovered
within 10 rods of the gate, in the
same field, which leads into the
road; which no doubt came from
the wounds of the deceased. But
what appeared most extraordinary,

‘there was a distance of near 300i

yards from the ditch where the de-
ceased was found to the spot where
the blood lay, and no marks could
be distinguished sufficient to war.
rant the supposition that the de
ceased ran or walked that distance,
after such a considerable loss of
blood. The deceased’s cloaths were:

Uh not

466

not torn, nor could any instrument be
found, notwithstanding the strictest
search was made. A surgeon of
Brentwood examined the body of
the deceased, and found the left
‘jugular and windpipe both divided ;
there appeared to be three cuts upon
the neck, two of them three inches
in depth and three in length, but
on no other parts of the body
were any marks of violence. The
evidence given by Mr. Finch, baker,
‘of Brentwood, before the coroner's
jury, would almost lead us to doubt,
at the time spoken of, the sanity of
the deceased. Mr. Finch was in
compavy with Mr. Pavie on the
‘Thursday and Friday evenings pre-
vious to his death, and observed
something unusual in his manner,
such as being very harsh and cross,
and did not take that notice of him
which he was accustomed to do.
Mr. Finch also saw the deceased the
morning. previous to his death,
when the deceased did not take any
notice of him until he spoke to him,
which was very different from his
former conduct: _ The jury, after
Spending a considerable time in con-
sultation, re-turned a verdict of wil-
ful murder, against some person or
persons unknown. In the pockets
of the deceased was a pocket-book,
containing a Ql. and six 11. notes,
a guinea, and two cases of. instru-
_ ments.
. 26th. At Paris, the Chevalier
D’Azzara, late Spanish ambassador
at Rome, and afterwards at Paris.
29th, At Aberdeen, in her 85th
year, Mrs Rebecca Ogilvie, widow
of the honourable John Forbes,
of Pitsligo.
Lately at Munich, in Bavaria,
Count Haslang, very many years
ambassador from thence to the court

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

of London; knight of the illustrious
order of St. George, and lord high
chamberlain of that electorate.

Feb. ist. At his scat in Cornwall,
in his 77th year, Edward Craggs, —
Lord Eliot, Baron Eliot, of St.
Germain’s, so created Jan. 30th
1784. His lordship in 1789, by
the king’s permission, took the name
and arms of Craggs. He married,
1756, Catherine, sole daughter and
heiress of Edward Ellison, esq. by
whom he had four sons; two of
whom dying young, he is succeeded
by the third, the hon. John Eliot,
M. P. Guith his brother, the Ron.
William E.) for the borough of
Liskeard, co. Cornwall. His lord-
ship was receiver-general (for the
prince of Wales) of the duchy of
Cornwall, in which he is succeeded
by R. B. Sheridan, esq.

2nd. At Wallacetown, Ayr,
aged 110 years and 10 months, Jean
George, who was born at Edinbro’ ;
never had any illness; retained her
faculties to the last, and died with-
out a struggle. She attended the
late earl of Kglintoun in his infancy,
and has.enjoyed a pension from that
noble family ever since. In her
A7th year she had a son, now 64
years old.

3rd. In New King-street, Bath,
aged 86, Mrs. Anne Catherine Beach,
only surviving sister of Thomas B.
esq. deceased, formerly attorney-
general and chief justice of Ja-
maica,

At his house at Thorpe Lee, Sur-
ry, aged 85, Sir Edward Blackett,
bart. of Matson, co. Northumber-
land.

In consequence of the rupture of
a blood vessel, the Rev. Henry Cox
Mason, M. A. rector of St. Mary,
Bermondsey, chaplain to Lord Ons-

low,

CHRONDC LE:

low, founder of the deaf and dumb
school, a celebrated and popular
preacher, and author of several ju-
dicious, well-written, and well-de-
livered sermons. [le has left a
widow and a numerous family ill
provided for.
6th. This morning, about nine
o’clock, captain Fitzgerald, of the
_ marines, came to the Northumber-
_ land coffee-house, where he was well
known and occasionally lodged, to
‘ask fora bed. On being shewn to
his chamber, he desired he might
not he disturbed till six in the even-
ing, stating that he had heen up the
whole of the preceding night.
When the waiter went to call him
at the appointed time, he found the
captain, though yet warm, quite
dead. A neighbouring surgeon was
instantly sent for by the master of
_ the house, who opened an artery,
but without effect. The coroner’s
jury, after a very minute investiga-
tion of the circumstances, pronounc-
ed a verdict of ‘* Died by the visita-
tion of God.” He had dined on
the 5th at the Northumberland cof-
- fee-house, in company witha friend,
in apparent health and spirits. He
was a native of Ireland, and is sup-
posed to have been about 33 years
of age.
_ 9th. At her house in Somerset-
_ ‘Sreet, aged 76, after an illness of
near three years continuance, which
_ She bore with unexampled fortitude,
the hon. Mrs. Rothe, widow of the
late count R. lieutenant-gencral and
colonel proprietor of the Irish re-
giment of his name, in the service
of his most Christian majesty. She
was the only daughter of Lucius
_ Cary, fifth lord viscount Faulkland,
by his second wife Laura Dillon,
sister to Henry, eleventh viscount

a

467

Dillon, and fo the present archbi-
shop of Narbonne.

1ith. At Batlenecanlig, near
Dingle, in Ireland, the wife of rear-
admiral Moriarty. —

In his 79th year, the reverend
Joshua Smith, of Holt, Norfolk, —
many years re¢tor of that parish,
and vicar of Gorleston, Suffolk.
He married Elizabeth, daughter of
Dr. Henry Briggs, who was 26
years rector, and chaplain to George
if. and died in 1741, and was suc-
ceeded by another of both his
names; on whose death, in 1750,
Mr. Smith was presented .by his
wife. ‘

13th. Miss O‘Hara was seized
with a fit in Drury-lane theatre at
nine o’clock of Saturday the 11th.
She was taken to Carpmeal’s house,
in Bow-street, where every atten-
tion was paid to her. Two medi-
cal men, Messrs. Rivers and Hunt,
were called, whose aid however was
without effeét: she expired this
morning about four o’clock. She
was a beautiful, accomplished wo-
man, and had scarcely attained her
22nd year.

15th. At West Woodhay-house,
co. Berks, lady Sloper, reliét of sir
Robert Sloper, K. B. and youngest
daughter of the late lord chief jus-
tice Willes.

At Grantham, co, Lincoln, much
lamented, on account of her bene-
volence to the poor, Mrs. L. C,
Cust, only remaining sister of the
late Sir John C. bart. speaker of
the house of commons, and aunt to
lady Brownlow.

16th. At Dover, John Smith, esq.
elder brother to the general, who,
when captain in the guards, and aid-
du-camp to the late lord Sackville,
by his valour and ability twice saved

Hh2 : the

468

the present duke of Brunswick
from being killed or taken by the
French. This gentleman, who was
alike distinguished for benevolence
and for an high sense of honour, to
which he sacrificed his fortune, com-
menced his military career with un-
common promise; but, displeased
at the manner in which he conceived
his friend, the commander of the
British forces at Minden, had been
treated on that occasion, he gave
up his commission in disgust, six
weeks before the death of George
the Second. To the feelings result-
ing from the exercise of benignity,
Mr. Smith added the happiness to
witness the high estimation in which
society held the family with which
he _ had enriched it. Sir Sidney
Smith being his second son, the pa-
ternal property devolves on colonel
Smith, of Walmer. Mr. Spencer
Smith, who so ably conduéted our
interests at Constantinople, and
who is now our minister at Stut-
guard, is the youngest son. During
many of the latter years of his life,
Mr. 5. resided in apartments exca-
vated in the cliff, at no great dis-
tance from Dover Castle.

‘At Brighthelmstone, aged about
50, in consequence of her muslin-
dress catching fire, in her bed-cham-
ber, in the evening of Sunday the
12th, lady Warren, widow of sir
George W. sister to the countess of
Liverpool, aunt to the duchess of
Dorset, and mother-in-law to vis-
countess Bulkeley. It appears, that
had her Jadyship given timely alarm
to the servants, her life would most
probably have been preserved ; but
so little apprehensive was she that it
was in danger from the accident of
her apron catching fire, she did not
conceive it necessary even to ring the
bell, The butler was first alarmed

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

by her screams, and on his entering
the room, finding her Jadyship in
flames from head to foot, he caught
her by the arm, and attempted to
wind the curtains around her; but
being linen, they immediately caught
fire, and the whole side of the room
was soon ina blaze. The servant
at last succeeded in extinguished the
flames, by rolling her ladyship in
the carpet ; but before this was ac-
complished, her arms, neck, and bo~
som, were burnt in the most dread
ful manner. ‘The man’s right arm
and both his hands were much burnt,

ed. Lord and lady Bulkeley reach-

ed Brighton in sufficient time to at-—
tend the last moments of their much. —

lamented relative. When formerly
a maid of honour, her name was
Bishopp. She was a very ami-
able woman; and her husband, sir
George Warren, has not been dead
quite two years. Though possessed
of. an income of 11,0001. a year, he
left her only with her jointure,

_and both his eye-brows were scorch- —

which was short of a 1000]. a year. ©

The liberality and opulence of her
family enabled her, however, to
maintain her usual splendour. It is
singular that the deceased lady and
her husband exhibited allegations
against each other in Doétor’s Com-

mons, and afterwards renewed all —

their conjugal endearments, and
lived together tiJl the death of sir
George. Her ladyship was buried
at Fareham, Hants, which has been
the burial-place of the Bishopp fas
mily for many years.

18th. At his house at Chelsea,

after a long illness, Mr. Topper, —

nearly 50 years footman to his ma-
jesty, and the person who prevented
Margaret Nicholson from hurting
his majesty when she made an at-
tempt on his life at St. James’s

garden

CHRONICLE.

arden-gate, 1786, and for which,
hough repeatedly solicited, he re-
_ fused to accept any reward.

2ist. At Kirchberg, after a very
short illness, both at the same hour,
Frederick Everard, the reigning
prince of Hohenloe, and the prin-
cess his consort, born a countess of
Castel Remling. ‘The former had
reached his 67th, and the Jatter her
“69th year.

22nd. At Montrose, Miss Ram-
say, sister to sir Alexander Ramsay
Irvine, bart. of Balmain.

23d. At her house at Richmond,
Surrey, sincerely regretted, Mrs.
Mary Ellis, reliét of James E. esq.
of North-street, Westminster.

At his seat of Tothill, near Ply-
mouth, aged 70, beloved, admired,
and revered by all ranks of peo-
ple, John Culme, esq. He was,
striétly and impartially speaking, a
venerable -old English gentleman;
hospitable and hearty in his house;
with his family, friends, and ac-
quaintance, open, friendly, cheer-
ful, and sociable; to his domestics
and dependents a good master,

At his lordship’s house in Gros-
yenor-place, Anne, countess of
_ Upper Ossory, daughter of the late
lord Ravensworth, and first mar-
ried to the present duke of Grafton,
from whom she was divorced, and
afterwards married to the earl of
Upper Ossory. By the duke her
Jadyship had lord Euston and other
children, She had likewise twe
daughters by the earl of Upper
Ossory. The errors of this lady’s
youth were, according to the best
of her endeavours, atoned for by a
subsequent exemplary conduét. Her
remains were interred in the family-
vault in Bedfordshire.

At Kilmurry, near Thomas-town,
in Ireland, aged 98, the countess-

469

dowager of Carrick, sister to the
earl of Shannon, and mother of
the present earl of Carrick,——
She was married to the late earl
of Carrick, 1745, and he died
1774.

25th. At Grenier’s hotel, in
Albemarle-street, Ralph Dutton,
esq. brother to lord Sherborne.

26th. At his house at Hyde-
park corner, the wife of Drummond
Smith, esq. Her death was occa-
sioned by grief for the death of her
sister, which brought on a violent
fever. Lady Cunliffe is inconsole-
able for the very recent loss of her
two daughters. ‘

At Elberfeld, in Germany, in her
25th year, and far advanced in preg-
nancy, lady Sykes, wife of sir Fran-
cis William S. bart. of Basildon-park,
Berks, niece to the duchess dowager
of Chandos, grand-daughter to the
late, and nicce to the present, lord
Heniker. Through her amiable
disposition, and motherly care of an

infant son affli¢ted with the scarlet

fever, her ladyship fell a victim, to
the great grief of her family, ‘rela-
tives, and numerous friends,

March ist. At Dresden, in her
34th year, the princess Maximilian
of Saxony, born princess of Parma.

Qnd. At Exeter, aged 100, Mrs,
Mackenzie, mother of lieutenant-
colonel M.

4th. AtSpringhall, in Scotland,
aged 84, sir William Maxwell, bart,

6th. At Bath, Archibald Swin-
ton, brother to the late lord Swin-
ton, one of the judges of the court
of session in Scotland.

At Brussels, aged 69, marquis
Goswin de Fierlaut, counsellor of
state to the emperor, formerly pre-
sident of the privy council in Bra-

bant, and knight of the imperial or-

der of St. Stephen.

Hh3 7th.

A70

7th. At Elberfeld,,in Germany,
of a scarlet fever, which he caught
by attending on his Jady, who died
Feb. 27, sir Francis William Sykes,
bart. leaving four infant children.
Their remains have been brought to
London, and thence conveyed to
Basildon park, Berks, where they
were interred in the family vault,
Sir William’s father died on the 12th
of January last.

At Cliiten, John Clootwik,
esq. formerly a governor in the
Dutch East India Company’s set-
vice, -and brother-in-law to lord
viscount Molesworth. His remains
were deposited in the Abbey-church
at Bath, near those of his wife.

fa Loudon, John Whitehead,
M. D. an eminent physician ; a ce-
lebrated preacher among the people
called methodists ; and author of a
Life of the late reverend John Wes.
ley.

8th. The reli¢t of Thomas Char-
ter, esq. of Lynchfield, near T'aun.
ton, and sister to sir Charles Warre
Malet, bart. of Willbury-house,
Wilts,

9th. At her house in Hill-street,
after a long illness of the bursting
a blood-vessel in her head, Mrs,
Blackwood, relict of Shovel B. esq.
maternal grandson of sir Cloudesley
Shovel, to whom she was married in
1767, and daughter of William,
youngest brother of sir Stephen
Theodore Janssen, bart. lord mayor,
chamberlain, and representative in
parliament of the city of London,
who died in 1777. Mr. J. died
1768, having purchased of the Bing-
tey family the manor of Cheshunt
eunnery; which he left to this his

hter by his first wife ; his daugh-
the second was married 1778
nel Damer, third son of the
tl ef Derchester, of Came-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

house, Dorsetshire, and only sur-
viving brother of the present earl,
to whom Cheshunt Nunnery goes by
her will; her house in town to Au-
gustus Pechell, esq. a relation, and
receiver-general of the customs;
and a valuable colle¢tion of about
50 pictures at Cheshunt, made by
her husband, to her nephew, W.R.
Cartwright, esq. of Aynho, knight
of the shire for the county of
Northampton, on his paying 2,000).
to his two sisters.

10th. At Brighthelmstone, after
a long and painful illness, in his
15th year, Henry Pomeroy, only
son of Jord viscount Harberton.

In his 29th year, Thomas Pitt,
lord Camelford, only son of Thomas
the firstlord Camelford, baron of Bo-
connoc in Cornwall (so created Jan.
5, 1784), and late a lieutenant in
the royal navy. He was born Feb,
25, 1775; and succeeded to his fa-
ther’s title and estates in 1793. This
very high-spirited young nobleman,
we are sorry to state, fell a viétim
to his own impetuosity, by a fatal
shot, in one of those rencontres
which the modern system of man-
ners scems unfortunately to encou-
rage ; leaving a fatal example of the
ill effects ensuing from that mistaken
sense of honour which impels its
votaries to acts never enough to be
condemned, and which has deprived
the world of many of its greatest
ornaments. Lord Camelford was
not only inclined to the more en-
lightened pursuits of literature, but
his chymical researches, and his ta-
lents as a seaman, were worthy of
the highest admiration, ‘* Before
the fatal meeting, I have been told”
(says the rev. William Cockburne,
in his ** Authentic Account” of his
lordship’s death), ‘* that several
overtures were made to lord Camel-

ford

_ ‘Tacy.

- person.

- meeting.

CHRONICLE.

ford to produce a reconciliation, but
they were rejected with some obdu-
The faét was, his lord-
ship had an idea that his antagonist
(capt. Best) was the best shot in
England, and he was therefore ex-
tremely fearful lest his reputation
should suffer, if he made any con-
cession, however slight, to such a
This was the probable
cause of the violent language which
he is reported to have used, and the
principal cause of the lamented
After he fell, he is said
to have expressed on the spot, what
he afterwards strongly expressed to
me, that he forgave his antagonist;
and to the man who was called by
his second to his support, he repeat-
ed several times that he was himself
the sole aggressor. A messenger

- came tome about 8 o’clock in the
- morning of the 7th, to inform me of

$

f

the sad issue of the contest, and of

the spot where his lordship was left.
After sending a short-account to the
marquis of Buckingham, and an ex-
press to lord Grenville, I hastened
towards the place, and found his
lordship ,already carried into Little
Holland-house by the generous man
who owns it.* Mr. Knight the sur-
geon, and captain Barry, his lord-

_ ship’s most intimate friend, were by

his lordship’s bed-side, and Mr.

_ Home arriving in a few minutes, we

cut off his cloaths; the wound was

_ examined by the surgeons, and im-

mediately pronounced to be mortal.
His lordship continued in agonies of
pain during the first day ; towards

_ the evening it pleased God to mode-
_ rate his torture; by the heip of lau-

danum he got some sleep during the
night, and awoke in the morning
much relieved. His hopes revived
considerably during the second day,
and he conversed with some cheer-

474

fulness. TWe surgeons, however,
who were unremitting in their atten-
tions, would never give bis friends
the slightest hopes. He lingered,
free from acute pain, till the evening
of Saturday the 10th, when, about
half past eight, he expired without a
pang. Thus died Thomas lord Ca-

-melford, in the prime and full vigour

of life. He was a man whose real
character was to the world but little
known; his imperfeétions and his fol-
lies were often brought before the
public; but the counterbalancing vir-
tues were buat seldom heard of.
Though too violent to those whom
he imagined to have wronged him,
yet, to his acquaintance, he was
mild, affable, and courteous; a stern
adversary, but the kindest and most
generous of friends. Slow and cau-
tious in determining upon any im-
portant step, and, while deliberat-
ing, most attentive to the advice o
others, and easily brought over to
their opinion: when, however, his
resolutions were once taken, it was
almost impossible to turn him from
his purpose. That warmth of dis-
position which prompted him, so
unhappily, to great improprieties,
prompted him also to the most lively
efforts of aétive benevolence. From
the many prisons in this metropolis,
from the various receptacles of hu-
man misery, he received unnum-

-bered petitions; and no petition

ever came in vain. He was often
the dupe of the designing and crafty
suppliant; but he was more often
the’ reliever of real sorrow, and the
soother. of unmerited woe. Con-
stantly would he make use of that
‘influence which rank and fortune
gave him with the government, to
interfere in behalf of those malefacs
tors whose crimes had subjected
them to punishment, but in whose

Hh 4 cases

* Mr, Otte.

472

cases appeared circumstances of al-
jeviation.’’—‘* Before lord Camel-
ford left his lodgings on Tuesday
night, the 6th instant,” continues
Mr. Cockburne, ‘‘ he inserted the
following paper in his will. It was
written, indeed, in amoment of per-
turbation, and is not, therefore, as
elegant and perspicuous as his writ-
ings usually were, but it strongly
marks, in my opinion, the nobleness
of his disposition. ¢ There are
© many other matters which, at ano-
© ther time, 1 might be inclined to
€ mention ; but I will say nothing
* more at present than that, in the
* present contest, I am fully and
* entirely the aggressor, as well in
Sthe spirit as the letter of the
* word; should I therefore lose my
© life in a contest of my own seek-
‘ing, I mostsolemnly forbid any of
‘ my friends or relations, let them
© be of whatsoever description they
‘may, from instituting any vexa-
‘ tious proceedings against my an-
* tagonist; and should, notwith-
* standing the above declaration on
“my part, the law of the land be
“ put in force against him, I desire
* that this part of my will may be
* made known to the king, in order
* that his royal heart may be moved
* to extend his mercy towards him.’
The principal part of his lordship’s
fortune he has bequeathed to his
sister, lady Grenville, to be entirely
at her own disposal, Her ladyship
is also appointed sole executrix.
His servants, though not mentioned
in his will, he recommended in a
very particular manner to lord
Grenville. He has left several sums
to be devoted to benevolent pur-
poses. Lady Grenville (who is in-
consolable) went twice to see her
much-loved brother; but on ac-
gount of the weak state of her

ANNUAL REGISTER, 18064.

health, the surgeons thought such a
meeting might be attended with sex
rious if not fatal consequences ; and
her good sense getting the better of
even her feelings, she acquiesced in
their determination, and returned
to Dropmore. Her lord scarcely
ever quitted the house till his noble
friend and relative died. On the
12th, the coroner held an inquest,
at the White Hart, near Holland.
house, Kensington; and after hear-
ing the evidence of some of lord
Holland’s servants (the only per-
sons who were within hearing or
sight of this melancholy transaétion),
and the report of the surgeon, the
jury returned a verdi¢t of ‘* Wilful
murder against a person or persons
unknown.” Mr. Simon Nicholson,
who opened the body, stated, that
he found the fifth rib broken, the:
right lobe of the lungs pierced
through, and the ball lodged in the
canal of the spinal marrow, having
penetrated through the sixth verte-
bre of the back. He also found on
the right side of the chest the quan~
tity of six quarts of blood, or rather
more, had lodged; this pressed on
the lungs, and consequently pre-
yented them from exercising their
ordinary operations. In his opi-
nion, this circumstance was the im-
mediate cause of his death. The
body was then removed from Little
Holland-house to Camelford-house,
in Park-lane. On the 16th, the
shop of Mr. Dawes, undertaker in
Dean-street, Soho, was surrounded
for several hours by the populace,
anxious to see lord Camelford’s ex-
terior coffin, The covering of it is
a beautiful crimson velvet, with
double rows of silver nails on the
lid; besides a multitude of eschut-
cheons and silver ornaments, a ba
ron’s coronet is placed at the head ;
i at

CHRONICLE.

nt the feet a smaller one; and be-
tween both a square silver plate,
with the arms of Camelford en-
graved upon it, and the following
inscription :
The Right Honourable
Thomas Lord Camelford,
died March 10th, 1804,
aged 29.

The sides of the coffin are superb-

Jy adorned with silver cherubim,
coronets, handles, and a variety of
ornaments: at 5 o’clock it was
carried to Camelford house, where
the body, shrouded in white satin,
and Jaid in a leaden coffin, was
placed within it, preparatory to its
being deposited, on the 17th, in a
vault of St. Anne’s church, Soho,
there to remain till it can be con-
veyed to Berne, in Switzerland,
agreeably to his lordship’s desire,
The day previous to his death, his
‘lordship wrote, with his own hand,
_ a codicil to his will; in which, in
the most particular manner, he de-
scribed the place where he wished
his body to be buried, and assigned
his reasons for this apparently ex-
traordinary request. He prefaces
his wish by stating, that persons in
general have a strong attachment to
the country which gave them birth,
and on their death-bed usually de-
sire their remains may be conveyed
to their native Jand, however great
the distance, to be interred. Altho’
it may appear singular, his desire is
the very reverse of this; and he begs
that his dying request may be fulfilled.
* J wish my body (says he) to be
removed as soon as may be conve-
nient to a country far distant!—to
a spot not néar the haunts of men ;
but where the surrounding scenery
may smile upon my remains.’ It
is situated on the borders of the lake
of St. Lampierre, in the canton of

473

Berne; and three trees stand in the
particular spet. The centre tree he
desires may be taken up, and his
body being there deposited, imme-
diately replaced.” ‘ Let no monu-
ment or stone be placed over my
grave.’ At the foot of this tree,
his lordship adds, he formerly passed
many solitary hours, contemplating
the mutability of human affairs. As
a compensation to the proprietors of
the spot described, he has left 1,0001.
In another part of his will he desires
his relations will not go into mourn.
ing for him.

14th. Miss Frances Stackpole
Turner, eldest daughter of Sir
Gregory Page Turner, bart.

17th. At Bath, after a lingering
illness, James Hare, esq. M. P. for
Knaresborough. He married, 1774, |
the only daughter of the late sir
Abraham Hume, bart. sister of the
present baronet, by whom he had
one daughter. This gentleman, son
of an apothecary at Winchester, so
celebrated for convivial wit, was
one of the most accomplished men
in our days. At Eton began, and-
at Oxford continued, that intimacy
which matured into indissoluble
friendship, and lasted to the close
of his life, between him and that
knot of eminentmen whoare thought
to be the nearest the heart of Mr.
Fox, whose patronage at Eton he

Tepaid by assisting him in his idle

hours.- A higher idea cannot well
be formed of the expectations ex-
cited by Mr. H.’s academical exer-
cises than was conveyed by Mr.Fox ;
who, when, on receiving the praises
which his first display in parliament
justly called forth, replied, ** Wait
<¢ till you hear Hare.” In all the
graces of conversation ; in vivacity,
in boundless wit, in social elocution,
gaiety of mind, happiness of allu-

sion

\

474

sion and combination ; in the bright-
est conversations of an imagination
fraught with the treasures of inge-
muity, erudition, classical discrimi-
nation, and sound judgment, Hare
was almost unrivalled ; yet, in pub-
fic speaking, he totally disappointed
the ideas which his school-compa-
nions entertained and diffused of him
in early life.-—Mr. Hare visited Pa-
ris on the conclusion of the late war,
and returned home in an il] state of
héalth, which terminated his lite.

At Ellingham, co. Northumber-
land, aged 71, Edward Haggerston,
esq. uncle to sir Carnaby Hagger-
ston, bart.

18th. At Totness, Devon, rear-
admiral Epworth. He was an of-
ficer in the late admiral Keppel’s
ship at the taking of the Havannah,
1760, and was present-at many of
the naval conquests during that war.

19th. At his house in St. James’s-
square, in his 64th year, John Duke
of Roxburgh, Marquis of Beau-
mont and Cesford, earl of Roxburgh
and Kelso, viscount Broxmouth, ba-
ron Kerr of Roxburgh, Cesford, and
Caverton, in Scotland, and also ba-
ron and earl Kerr of Wakefield, co.
York, principal groom of the stole
to the king, head lord of his ma-
jesty’s bed-chamber, K. T. and lord-
lieutenant of the county of Rox-
burgh. His grace was born in
April, 1740, and succeeded to his
titles and estates on the death of his
father, August 20, 1755. He is
succeeded in the dukedom of Rox-
burgh, the earldoms of Roxburgh
and Kelso, the viscountcy of Brox-
mouth, barony of Kerr, &c. by
Jord Bellenden, who is married to
a daughter of Mr. Bicheno, of
Wipdsor, and niece of sir John
Smith of Dorsetshire, but has no
issue. His grace has left two qai-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

den sisters, who were a distinguish-
ed part of the beautiful groupe of
bridemaids that attended the nuptial
ceremonies of their present majes-
ties. When a young man, he was
as remarkable for his personal figure
as for his mental accomplishments.
While on his travels he was attach-
ed to the eldest sister of her present
majesty ; and there is little doubt
but that he would have succeeded

‘in making her his wife, had not the

late princess of Wales, at the time,
brought about the match between
his majesty and the younger sister,
our present gracious and good
queen. Ktiquette then interfered ;
and it was deemed indecoronus that
the elder sister should be the sub-
ject of the younger. This, operat.
ing with some other reasons, broke
off the negociation ; but both par-
ties evinced the strength of their
mutual attachment by devoting their
after-lives to. celibacy.—When his
grace found himself draw near his
dissolution, he desired no one might
attend his corpse into Scotland but
his steward. and one old footman,
who had faithfully served him a
great number of years, and for
whom his grace has left a legacy of
601. per ann. Accordingly, those
two persons did attend; and, sin-
gular as it may appear, the footman
lived long enough to reach the place
of their destination, but was a corpse
himself before the interment of his
master took place.

At his house in Great George-
street, Westminster, after a very
short illness, the right honourable
Richard Pepper Arden, baron AJ-
vanley, of Alvanley, co. Chester,
(so created May 22, 1801,) and
lord chief justice of the court of
common pleas. He was the second
son of John Arden, esq. of Arden,

in

CHRONICLE.

in Cheshire. His christian name of
Pepper was given from respect to
his mother, who was the heiress of
that family in the north riding of
Yorkshire. He was educated at
the school of Mr. Lawson, in Man-
chester, and under the immediate
tuition of Thyer, the learned and
Joyal editor of Hudibras. From
thence he carried a large stock of
knowledge and literature to Trinity
college, Cambridge, where he early
distinguished himself by his public
exercises, and gained the prize for
the best declamation in the chapel.
He commenced B.A. in 1766, when
he was again successful, and was
amongst the wranglers in a year
conspicuously eminent for young
men of abilities, in which his own
college shone above the rest: and
took the degree of M.A. in 1769.
His merits were rewarded by that
learned society electing him one of
their fellows. In the intervals of
his studies in the Middle ‘Temple,
he constantly visited his friends in
college, whem he delighted by the
goodness of his heart, his amiable
disposition, and the pleasantry of
his manners and conversation. He
fixed his residence in Lincoln’s Inn,
after finishing his studies in the
Middle Temple; and it is said that
he there lived on the same staircase
with the late prime minister, and
that they used to associate very
much together. His diligence and
assiduity soon recommended him to
practice in the court of chancery.
He had not been many years at the
_ bar, when he contracted a suitable
_ Marriage with the daughter of Rich.
Wilbraham Bootle, esq. of Cheshire,
an opulent member of parliament ;
and by her he has left five children.
_ The influence of his ewn and his
_ Tady’s family brought him early into

475

the house of commons, He natu-
rally attached himself to his friend
Mr. Pitt, upon the great crisis in
administration after the American
war; and he is, said to have then
had influence to bring in an addition
of six votes into the house to the
side upon which he chose to range
himself. His practice at the bar
had, in the méan time, so increased,
as to give him, though no favourite
of lord Thurlow in the court of
chancery, very considerable respec-
tability in the public estimation as
a lawyer. By the zealons friend-
ship of Mr. Pitt, he was promoted
to the appointment of master of the
roils, upon the late lord Kenyon’
elevation to preside in the court of
king’s bench, He filled that impor-
tant office with great credit to him-
self, and much satisfaction to ‘the
public, till the zra of Mr. Pitt’s
resignation. Among the changes
which then ensued, he was advanced
to the office of chief justice of the
court of common pleas, in the room
of lord Elden, then made lord high
chancellor; and was also honoured
with a peerage. In the court of
common pleas, his arguments and
judgments have been such as not a
little to exalt the general esteem for
his talents and learning as a lawyer.
‘The court has been in his time filled
with suitors and with business; and
his sentences, even in the most dif.
ficult cases, have given an universal
satisfaction. In the house of come
mons he was distinguished for speak.
ing with spirit, wit, and intelligence,
rather than with commanding digs
nity. To his exertions as a speaker
in the house of peers, even dignity
of manner has not been wanting.
He has filled several eminent situa-
tions; and in them all has been
found more than equal to the duties

of

476 ~

of the place, and to the expecia-
tions of the public. His conduct in
private life has been uniformly up-
right and amiable ; and his death is
lamented as a loss to his country.
He is succeeded by his eldest son,
William, now lord Alvanley, an
ensign in the Coldstream regiment
ef guards. His remains were in-
terred, on the 26th, in the Rolls
chapel, Chancery-lane. The cere-
mony was performed by the Rey.
John Strachey, D. D.; and the bo-
dy was deposited in a vault on the
right of the communion-table. The
coffin was plain, but remarkably
neat, covered with fine black cloth,
adorned with a number of gilt orna-
ments, handles, and a plate inscribed,
Ricuarp Perrer ARDEN,
Lord Alvanley,
Lord Chief Justice of the Court of
Common, Pleas,
One of his Majesty’s Right Honour-
able Privy Council,
Died March the 19th, 1804,
aged 59.

19th. In his 61st year, univer-
sally esteemed and lamented, Philip
Yorke, esq. of Erthig, co. Den-
bigh ; a gentleman of superior en-
dowments and the most benevolent
disposition. His hospitality, friend-
ship, and charity, made the ample
fortune he inherited a common be-
nefit; whilst the peculiar mildness
and suavity of his manners endeared
him to his relatives and to every
one who had the honour of his ac-
quaintance. He loved his country,
and the constitution of its govern-
ment, from a conviction of their
excellence; and what he loved he
was always ready to support, both
in his public and private capacity,
although constitutional diffidence
would not allow him to speak in
the house of commons, where he

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

sat as burgess for Helstone and
Grantham. But Mr. Yorke had a
cultivated as well as benevolent —
mind, being well versed in most
branches of polite literature ; whic
an accurate and retentive memory
enabled him to apply with great ad-
vantage. Of late years he turned
his attention a good deal to Welsh
history and genealogy, in which,
from the specimens given in his
‘¢ Royal Tribes of Wales,” 1799,
4to. he appears to have made great
progress. This study, rather dry in
itself, was, in his hands, enlivened by
a variety of authentic and entertain-
ing anecdotes, many of which had
escaped preceding historians, as well
as genealogical discussions; and his
book was adorned with portraits of
eminent persons of Wales, well en.
graved by the late Mr. Bond. He
had collected materials for a longer
work of the same kind, which it is
hoped will hereafter see the light.
His taste for natural beauties was
very correct; the pleasure grounds
of Erthig are a decided proof of it.
Of a character so respectable and
amiable throughout, one of the most
distinguishing traits was his talent
for conversation; few equalled him
here. Whatever he advanced arose
naturally from the occasion; and
was expressed in such a happy man.
ner and choice of words as made
him the very life and delight of so-
ciety. As long as affection and
gratitude retain their influence, so
long will his memory be cherished
by those who had an opportunity
of knowing his worth. He was ad.
mitted fellow-commoner of Benet’s
college, Cambridge, 1765; created”
M.A. by mandamus, 1765; elected
F.A.S. 1768; married Elizabeth
youngest daughter of the late speak-
er of the house of commons, sir.
John

CHRONICLE.

John Cust, by whom he had a son,
1771, a daughter, 1772. She died
1779; and he took to his second
wife, 1782, the relict of Owen
Meyrick, esq. of Dyffrynales, co.
Denbigh.

At his house in Ely-place, Dub-
lin, sir Alexander Schomberg, knt.
the eldest captain in the royal navy,
his commission being dated in 1757.
During this extensive period he had
the honour of commanding his ma-
jesty’s yacht the Dorset, stationed
in the port of Dublin. He was an
experienced and gallant officer, dis-
played great bravery at the relief of
Quebec, and hada thorough know-
ledge of naval tactics. His remains
were interred in St. Peter’s church.
yard, Dublin, attended by his two
sons, the rev. George Schomberg,
and captain Alexander Schomberg,
of the royal navy, as the chief
mourners; admirals lord Lecale,
Hawkins, Whitshed, sir Chichester
Fortescue, captains Lambert Braba-
zon, and Edward O’Brien, were
pall-bearers.

At his house in Great George-
street, Westminster, general sir
William Fawcett, K. B. colonel of
the 3d regiment of dragoon guards,
and governor of Chelsea college.
He was of a very ancient and re-
spectable family ; and born at Ship-
den hall, near Halifax, in York-
shire, which, for. many centuries,
had been in the possession of his
ancestors, and is now the property
and residence of their lineal descen-
dant. His father dying when he
was very young, his education was
superintended by an uncle, a very
worthy clergyman. He was brought

up at a free-school in Lancashire, .

where he was well grounded in
classical learning, and became also
a remarkable proficient in mathema-

477

tics. He has very frequently been
heard to declare, that, from his
earliest youth, he always-felt the
strongest predilection for the army,
which his mother and nearest rela~
tions constantly endeavoured to dis-
suade him from; but, finding all
their arguments ineffectual, they
either bought, or he had an ensign
cy given him, in general Oglethorpe’s
regiment, then in Georgia; but the
war being then going on in Flan-
ders, he gave up his ensigncy, and
went there as a volunteer, furnished
with letters from the late marquis of
Rockingham and Mr. Lascelles (af
terwards lord Harewood), to the
commander and several others of the
officers. ‘This step was at the time
far from unusual for young men of
spirit, of the first rank and fortune, |
to take. He entered as a volun-
teer, but messed with the officers,
and was very soon presented with a
pair of colours. Some time after
he married a lady of good fortune
and family, and, at the pressing
entreaties of her friends, he most
reluctantly resigned his commission 5
which he had no sooner done, than
he felt himself miserable, and his
new relations finding that his pro-«
pensity to a military life was invin-
cible, agreed to his purchasing an
ensigncy in the third regiment of
guards. Having now obtained the
object of his most anxious wishes,
he determined to lose no opportu.
nity of qualifying himself for the
highest situations in his favourite
profession. With this view he paid
the most unremitting attention to
his duty, and every hour he could
command was given up to the study
of the French and German lan-
guages, in which (by the assistance
of his classical learning) he soon
became such a proficient as not only

to

478 AY

to understand and write both, grani-
matically and elegantly, but to speak
them fluently. When he was a
lieutenant in the guards, he trans.
ated from the French, ‘* The Re.
veries; or, Memoirs upou the Art
of War, by Field-marshal Count
Saxe,” which was published in 4to.
in 1757, and dedicated ‘ To the
General Officers.” He also trans-
lated from the German, “ Regula.
tions for the Prussian Cavalry,”
which was also published 1757, and
dedicated to major-general the earl
of Albemarle; colonel of the king’s
own regiment of dragoons. And
he likewise translated from the Ger-
man, “ Regulations for the Prus-
sian Infantry,” to which was add-
ed, ‘The Prussian Tacticks, ”
which was published in 1759, and
dedicated to lieutenant-general the
earl of Rothes, colonel of the third
regiment of foot guards. Hating
attained the situation of adjutant in .
the guards, his abilities and unre-
mitting attention soon became con-
Spicuous ; and, on the Jate general
Elliot’s being ordered to Germany
in the seven years war, he offered to
take him as his aid-de-camp, which
he gladly accepted, as it gave him
an opportunity of gaining that know-
ledge which actual service could
alone impart. When he served in”
Germany, his ardour, intrepidity,
and attention to all the duties of his
situation, were such, that on the
death of general Elliot, he had im-
mediately offers both from the Iate
prince Ferdinand, the commander
in chief, and the late marquis of
Granby, to be appoinfed aid-de-
camp. By the advice of a noble
earl now dead (who hinted to him
that the German war would not last
for ever) he accepted the offer of
the latter, after making due ac.
2

TNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ay

knowledgments for the honour in.
tended him by the former. . In this |
his new situation, his ardour and
attention were, if possible, increas-
ed, which gained him the friendship
of all those attached to lord Gran-
by, particularly of a noble lord
(now living, and highly conspicu.
ous both by his rank and talents),
who, being fixed upon to bring to
England the account of the battle
of Warburgh, gave up his appoint.
ment to capt. Faweett; an instance
of generous friendship which he al.
ways spoke of with the most heartfelt
gratitude. On his arrival in England
he was introduced by the then
great minister to his late majesty king
George the second, who received
him most graciously, and not the
less so, on his giving the whole ac-
count in German. Soon after, »he
was promoted to a company in the
guards, with the rank of lieutenant-
colonel in the army, and became
military secretary to, and the inti-
mate friend of, lord Granby, His
manners were formed with equal
strength and softness; and to cool.
ness, intrepidity, and extensive mi.
litary knowledge, he added all the
requisite talents of a man of busi-
ness, and the most persevering assi-
duity, without the least ostentation.
Notwithstanding the most unassum-
ing modesty, his abilities were now so
generally known, that he was fixed
upon as the most proper person to
manage and support the interests of
his country, in settling many of the
concerns of the war in Germany ;
and by that means necessarily be-
came known to the great Frederick
(that supereminent judge of merit
such as his) from whom he after
wards had the most tempting and
dazzling offers, which he declined
without hesitation, preferring the

service

?

_ number of general officers.

CHRONICLE.

service of his king and country to
every other consideration. The
“many eminent and honourable situ-
ations he has since held are too well
known, both in England and Ger-
many, to be here mentioned; and
the manner in which he performed
the duties of his several offices, will
‘long be gratefully remembered by
his country as well as every indivi-
dual who had business to transact
with him. The honors paid to his
memory by the most exalted charac-
ters in this kingdom are perhaps un-
paralleled, and bear the most ample
testimony to his merits. On Saturday
the 31st, at half past one, his body
_ -wasremoved from George-street; the
hearse was preceded by the horse
of the deceased, bearing his sword,
&c, &c. &c. followed by the prince
of Wales, dukes of Clarence and
-Kent, lords Jersey, Chesterfield,
and Curzon ; generals.Fox, Sir A.
Clarke, Hulse, Garth, Wynne, Bur-
rard, &c. in four royal carriages
and six or seven mourning coaches
and four. The procession passed
along St James’s-street, Piccadilly,
and Sloan-street. On reaching the
northern gate of the college, the
corpse was met by the dukes of
York and Cambridge, and a great
The

_ pall was supported by 8 generals.
' . 27th. At Brompton-grove, Maria

; :

Louisa Francoise D’Esparres La
_ Lusan, comptesse de Polastron. Her
remains were deposited in a vault

in St. Pancras church-yard, with

i great funeral pomp, the body being
first embalmed, and inclosed in a

‘ lead coffin, outside of which was

_ @ case magnificently covered with

bd crimson velvet, and ornamented with

4 very great taste and splendour.
_ The funeral was conducted with
~ mych elegance and taste, and moy-

479

ed along in the following order:
Two mutes, four priests in their
“robes, two men bearing an urn (in
which the heart of the deceased was
inclosed), the body with the pall
supported by friends of the deceas-
ed, eighteen mourners. Among the
latter were several relations of the
deceased, who was of the house of
Bourbon, and dame du palais to the
late unfortunate queen of France.
The funeral is of a temporary na-
ture, as the remains of the countess
are to be removed to Paris after the
war, to be interred in the vault of
her ancestors.

28th. At Montreal, the hon.
William Pitt Amherst, second son of
Lord A.

At his house, at Bath, Charles
Lord Dormer. He is succeeded by
his son the hon. Charles Dormer.

30th. At her house in Wimpole-
street, in an advanced age, Eliza-
beth, relict of Sir John Peachey, of
W estdean, Sussex.

In his 46th year, Sir Clement
Brydges Jacob, bart. of Bromley,
Kent.

April ist. In Austin-friars, about
one o'clock in the afternoon, after
a few hours illness, Mrs, Elizabeth
Le Mesurier, wife of Havilland Le

_M. esq. commissary-general to the

army late in Egypt and the Mediter-
ranean; leaying to her disconsolate
husband, and to six surviving chil-
dren, the example of amiable man-
ners and of unspotted purity of soul,
and the comforts of religious faith.
At the earl of Harborough’s, in
Leicestershire, Mrs. Monkton, wi-
dow of the late hon. Gen. M.
5th. In his 80th year, at Vicar’s
hill, Boldré, in the New Forest,
Hants, to which vicarage he was
presented by his pupil, col. Mit-
ford, author of the history of SIGE,
a

480

and brother of lord Redesdale, the
Reverend William Gilpin, M. A. of
Queen’s college, Oxford, and also
prebendary of Salisbury. He kept
for many years a respectable board-
ing school at Cheam, in Surry, in
a house built for the purpose, with
rooms 25 feet square, by his prede-
cessor the Reverend Daniel Sanxay.
This establishment he resigned to
his youngest son William, who yet
Keeps it. He first attracted notice
by his merit as a biographer, begin.
ning, 1753, with the life of his
lineal ancestor, the celebrated Ber-
nard Gilpin, commonly called ‘‘ the
northern apostle,” rector of Hough.
ton le Spring, co. Durham ; a strik-
ing instance of the effect of attention
and perseverance of an incumbent
on the reformation of an extensive
parish in the northern wilds. Mr.
W. Gilpin was a successful imitator
of his example; and there are not
wanting instances, in these modern
times, where patient waiting in an
incumbent ‘and his wife has been
followed by the same good conse-~
quence in southern parishes ; and
a conscientious incumbent will never
despond. This life was accompa~
nied, 1755, by that of Latimer,
and followed by others of John
Wiclifie, John Huss, Jerome of
Prague, and Zisca, 1765, and arch-
bishop Cranmer, 1784. Upon his
retirement into the country, he
took a strong propensity to drawing
its various scenery. He printed,
1788, two sermons preached at the
visitations of the bishop, 1788,
and the. chancellor of Winchester,
1780. ‘** Lectures on the Church
catechism,” 1779, 12mo, reprint-
ed 1792. ‘* Exposition of the
New Testament,’ 1790, reprinted
in two volumes 8vo. In the same
year, 1790, “ Observations rela«

ANNUAL BEGISTER, 1804.

tive chiefly to piéturesque beauty, |
made in the year 1776, on several
parts of Great Britain, particularly
the Highlands of Scotland,” 1789; a
second edition 1792. ‘* Observa-
tions relative chiefly to pi¢turesque
beauty, made in the year 1772, on
several parts of England, particu..
larly in the mountains and lakes of
Cumberland and Westmorland,”
1776, 2 volumes 8vo; two succeed-
ing editions: again, 1792, ‘ Re.
marks on forest scenery,” 1791, 2
volumes 8vo. ‘¢ Essays [three] on
picturesque beauty,” ‘* Piéturesque
travel, and the Art of sketching
landscape,” two editions,8vo. “ Fo«
rest scenery,” 2 volumes 8vo. 1791
and 1794. ‘+ Essay on prints,” 4
editions. ‘¢ Observations on the
river .\Wye, and several parts of
South Wales, &c. relative chiefly
to picturesque beauty, made in the
summer of the years 1770 and 1782,”
1793, 8vo. of which two more ~
editions.--. ‘* Piéturesque remarks.
on the western parts of England,”
1798, 8vo. ‘* Sermons to a coun.’
try congregation; and Hints for
sermons,” 1800, 2 volumes 8yvo. a
third 1803. ‘* Moral contrasts; or
the power of religion exemplified
under different characters,” 1798,
8vo. ‘* Amusements of clergy~
men,” 1796, 12mo. ‘* Life of
John Trueman and Richard Ate.
kins, for the use of servants’-halls,
farm-houses, and cottages.” ** Ace
count of Wm. Baker.”

Mr. G. having appropriated a
collection of his sketches for,the en-.
dowment of a parish school at Bol-
dré, under the inspection of certain
of his friends, of which an account
may be seen in the second report of
the society for bettering the con-
dition of the poor; they were sold.
by auction by Mr. Christie, in May

1802,

CHRONICLE

180%, and produced 15601. The
principal purchasers were, sir Ro-
bert Hervey, Ladies Tankerville,
Beauchamp Proétor, Lords Ossul-
ston, and De Blaquiere, Messieurs
Vansittart, Locke, Legge, Mait-
Jand, Davenport, Forbes, Alexan-
der, Rogers, Dr. Monro, and col.
Mitford. Independent of repre-
senting Nature not as she really ap-
pears, but as Mr. G. conceives she
ought to appear, to form picturesque
_ scenery, his language on these sub-
jects, is justly liable to the strong re-
monstrance of the author of the
** Pursuits of Literature’? in his
Part LV. p. 225 & seq.

Mr. G.’s brother Sawrey has long
been distinguished as a painter of
animals. He etched a complete set
for his brother’s Forest Scenery.
Besides these there were in the auc-
tion several others. ,In the removal
of the effects after the death of Mr.
Blamire, who first published Mr.
G.’s picturesque works, the plates
from which these animals were ta-
ken were irrecoverably lost. To
the copy of Mr. G.’s three essays on
picturesque beauty, &c. were added
the drawings whence the prints were
etched, and the remarks given by
Sir Joshua Reynolds to Mr. Mason
1776, on the first essay, and Sir
Joshua’s letter to Mr. G. 1791.
To the catalogue were annexed the
author’s account of the principles
on which the drawingsare executed.

9th. In Berkeley-square, Lord
Viscount Bury, eldest son of the earl
of Albemarle. His remains were in-
terred in the family vault near Quid-
denham-hall, Norfolk. ‘Vhe coffin
was covered with grey cloth; and
on the plate was the following in-
scription :

The Right Hon, Wm. Vise. Bury,
Died the 9th of April, 1304.
aged 11.

Vou. XLYI.

481

At Kilbeggin, in Ireland, of a fe-
ver, Robert Pigott, esq. brother to
sir George P. bart. of Patshull, co.
Stafford, and lieutenant-colonel of
30th foot. ©

At Geneva, in an advariced age,
after a short illness, Mons. ‘Necker,
formerly minister of finance, in
France. Madame Stae! Von Hol-
stein, now residing at Berlin, is his
only child, and inhérits all'her fa-
ther’s property, which is calculated
to amount to five millions’ of livres.
Since the death of his wife, in 1796,
he regarded lite with disgust, and
passed regularly every day some
hours by the side of the cotlin con-
taining Madame Necker. He de-
sired, in his will, that both their bo-
dies should be buried together in a
vineyard on his estate.
11th. In Dean-street, Andley-
square, Mrs. Hales, sister of sir
Philip H. bart. ety

12th, At Dupplin-castle, in
Perthshire, after a lingering illness,
Robert Auriol Drummond Hay,
eighth earl of Kinnoull, viscount
Dupplin and baron Hay. He suc-
ceeded his father in 1758, having
been M. P. for the University of
Cambridge in the parliamént of
1741, 1747, arid 1754, in the two
last of which he was chairman of
the committee of privileges and elec-=
tions. In 1741 he was appointed
one of the commissioners of the re-
venue in Ireland; in 1746, one of
the commissioners of trade and plan-
tations; in 1754 one of the ‘com-
missioners of the treasury, and joint
paymaster of the forces with the
earl of Darlington; in 1757, first
lord of trade; and, in 1758, chan-
cellor of the duchy and county pa-
latine of Lancaster, and one of his
Majesty’s most honouraljle privy
council; in 1759, ambassador to
the king of Portugal, at whose

Li court

482
court he resided only a few months,
and returned to England the follow-

ing year. In 1741 he married Con-
stantia, daughter of John Kerle-

Emly, esq. of Whetham, co. Wilts,
who died in 1753, without any sur-
viving issue. Ile was the eldest son
of George, seventh earl of Kin-
noull, created by queen Anne, 1712,
a barou of Great Britain, by the
title of lord Hay, baron Hay of
Pedwardin, co. Ilereford, who, by
Abigail, daughter of Robert earl of
Oxford, lord treasurer, had three
other sons: Robert, archbishop of
York, died 1776; John, reétor of
Epworth, co. Lincoln, deceased ;
and Edward, consul at Cadiz and
Portugal, and embassador plenipo-
tentiary, %

At Malta, after a long and tedi-
ous illness, lady Georgiana Stew-
‘art, daughter of the earl of Gal-
loway.

At the vicarage, aged 45, the rev.
Joseph Dacre Carlyle, B. D. vicar
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, chancel-
lor of Carlisle, professor of Arabic
in the university of Cambridge,
chaplain to the bishop of Durham,
and F. R. S$, E.; a gentleman of
eminent abilities, distinguished learn-
ing, taste, and genuine goodness of

heart. He was educated at Queen’s
college, Cambridge; B.A. 1779,
M..A... 1783). B.D. 1793 ;.some

time fellow of that society, and
chosen: Arabic professor on the re-
signation of Dr. Crayen, 1795; in
which year he also succeeded Dr.
Paley as chancellor of the diocese
of Carlisle.

His publications are,

‘¢ Mauret Allatafet Jemaleddini
filii Togri Bardii seu rerum Egypti-
acarum Annales ab A, C. 971. usque
ad A, 1453. KE. codice MS° Bibli-
othece Academice Cantabrigie tex-
tum Arabicum primus edidit Latine

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

vertit notisque illustravit,” 1792.”
Ato.

‘¢ Specimens of Arabic Poetry,
from the earliest Time to the Ex-
tinétion of the Khalifs; with some
Account of the Authors, 1796,”
Ato.

‘¢ History of Egypt, from an in-
edited Arabic MS. and accompanied >
by a critical and elegant Commen-
tary, pronounced a ‘Treasure of ap-
propriate Worth.”

He published a Proposal for
printing the Bible in Arabic, in one
quarto or two oétavo yolumes,
price about 12s. for the benefit of
the Negroes, which work he offered
to undertake. ¢

‘¢ But though the produétion of the
work of Jemaleddin, in the present
neglected state of Arabic literature,
was highly meritorious, it is far from
being fraught with the most useful
matter. Grateful too as the lover
of that literature must be for what
Mr. C. has aétually done, he wil
probably be inclined to Jament the
entire omission of that part of the
work which relates to the Khalifs of
Bagdad. ‘To the Specimens of Ara-
bic Poetry the originals are prefixed,
in a beautiful Arabic charaéter ; but
we are of opinion that Mr. C.’ssuc-
cess in transfusing the spirit of these
originals has been such as to increase
the reputation of his taste and ingenu-
ity.” New Catalogue of living Au-
thors, I.419.—He accompanied lord
Elgin to Constantinople, as chaplain
to the embassy, and for the purpose of
obtaining access to the library of the
Seraglio. Religion, as well as lite-
rature, has sustained a severe loss in
his death; since it will at least sus-
pend the correét edition of the Ara-
bic Bible, which he had undertaken
at the request of a most respe¢table
society, composed of many eminent
persons (among whom the bishop of

Durham

of the room.

CHRONICLE:

Durham is one of the most ative),
and for which every preparation had
been made at Newcastle; and must
put an entire stop to his great and
favourite projeét of giving a com-
plete edition of the New Testament

‘in Greek, which was to contain the

various readings collected by Mill,
Bengelius, Wetstein, Griesbach, and
Matthac, but also those of more
than thirty Greek manuscripts,
which he had colleéted during his
residence and travels in the Turkish
empire, together with a new and ac-
curate collation of the Syriac and
other ancient versions. With his
dissertation on Jrood, and observa-
tions made during his tour through
Lesser Asia, Syria, and Egypt,
the public may hope to be gratified.
During the short period of his re-
sidence at Newcastle his extreme
sufferings, from a painful and distres-
sing malady, have prevented his en-
gaging in generalintercourse ; buta
few friends who had the happiness
occasionally to visit him, have seen
enough of the extent of his acquire-
ments, the vivacity of his conversa-
tion, and the ardour of his literary
pursuits, to render the unlooked for
event of his death a subject of the
most sincere regret.
13th. Found burnt to death, at
four o’clock in the morning, lady
Glanville, of Manchester-street, wi-
dow of sir John G. The chair on
which she had been sitting was
partly consumed; but the fire had
not communicated to any other part
It is supposed she

sat down in the chair for the pur-

pose of reading, and sleep over-
powering her, that the candle had
set fire to her cloaths, and produced

_ the fatal effeéts.

14th. In Portugal-street, Gros-

_,¥enor-square, the wife of major-

general Brownrigg>

483,

In her 21st year, after a very
long illness, which afforded no hope
of recovery, lady Harriet Fitzroy,
seventh daughter of the duke and
duchess of Grafton.

17th. At his sister’s at Stornton-
castle, aged 56, beloved and respect-
ed by all ranks of people who knew
him, Edward Carver, esq. lieute-
nant-colonel in the Warwickshire
militia. It is but a just tribute to
his memory to observe, that the an-
nals of private life have seldom re-
corded the characier of a man more
endeared to society by affability of
deportment, gentlemanly manners,
and universal benevolence. The
whole of the military in the neigh-
botrhood, regulars, yeomanry, and
volunteers, anxious to testify their
respect for his memory, request-
ed to attend his faneral; the offer,
however, was handsomely declined
by his relatives.

19th. In Hinde-street, Man-
chester-square, Eleanor viseountess
Wenman, reliét of the late Philip,
seventh viscount Wenman, who
died at Bath in 1800, to whom she
was married July 7, 1766, fifth
daughter of Willoughby earl of
Abingdon, and aunt to the present
earl, On the 26th, her remains were
removed from her house in Hinde-
street, for interment, to Thane-
park, Oxfordshire, in an elegant
coffin covered with velvet, gilt fur-
niture and coronet, with a crucifix.
They proceeded along Oxford-street
in the following order:

Six horsemen, two and two.
Plume.

Hearse and six,
Two mourning coaches and six.
Three gentlemen’s carriages.
Two gentlemen’s chariots.
. 20th. Atthe Hot-wells, Bristol,

the hon. Mrs. Hobart.

His serene highness the reigning

1i2 duke

484

duke of Saxe-Gotha; born Jan.
30, 1745. He forbade, in his will,
all ceremony at his burial, except
such as is usual for his lowest sub-
jects. He desired to be buried in
his English garden, at the feet of the
coffins containing the bodies of two
of his already deceased children.
No. speech or sermon to be pro-
nounced, and no monument to be
erected over him; but he desires his
second son, prince Frederick, to
place a tree upon his grave. To
this prince he bequcaths his English
garden, which is to be open, as for-
‘merly, to all visitors. The simple
burial ceremony of this sovercign
took place on the night of the 25th,
according to the wish he expre sed
in his will. The grave was dug on
the island, in the English garden, at
the foot of those of his two deceased
children. The reigning duchess,
with her child on her arm, had,
the evening before, strewed flowers
round the grave, The midnight-hour
struck, when the body entered the
garden, carried by the servants of the
ate duke. The walk to the island
was laid with black cloth, with the
boat that carried it over. A dark
but quict night favoured this melan-
choly performance.» The ceremo-
ny was only interrupted by the
sighs and tears of all present, which
ran_in abundance on the coffin, The
grave had been dug by the late
duke’s courtiers, and was filled by
the hands. of the members of his
highness’s family. Prince Frederick
planted a tree on the grave. No
drums were beat, no sermon was
pronounced, no cannons were fired,
no bells were tolled.
24th. At his house in Gosport,
Thomas Larcom, esq. a captain in
the royal navy. The corpse of this

=)

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

truly valuable officer was followed
to the grave by many distinguished
naval characters.
service, the time captain L. has
spent on shore was little more than
two years.

29th. At his mother’s house in
Somerset-street, Portman- square,
lieutenant-colonel Hunter, of the 3d
regiment of foot-guards.

May 1st. At his house in Princes-
street, Edinburgh, the lady of the
honourable Henry Erskine.

At Dorchester, of a broken
heart, sincerely regretted by all who
knew her, Mrs. Gordon, wite of the °
reverend Lockhart G. On the 9th,
her remains were interred (at the ex-
pence of a few charitably disposed
people) in Holy ‘Trinity church-
yard, Dorchester. ‘The history of
this unfortunate lady affords suflici-
ent matter to rouse, in the syimnpa-
thetic mind, a spirit of indignation
against the cruel authors of her suf-
ferings. Suffice it only to say, that
she was a branch of a very respect-
able and opulent family in Shrop-
shire, and that, by her union (which
took place about two years ago, at
St. Mary-la-Bonne church, as ap-
pears from a copy of a register
found in her possession) she incurr-
ed the displeasure of all her friends,
and was renounced by them for
ever ; and, notwithstanding her per-
sonal attractions, sensibility, and en-
gaging manners, she shortly after
arrived at Dorchester, unprotected ;
where she took an obscure lodging,

living in a pitiable state, but sup-

porting the charaéter of a true
Christian, till the idea of being thus —
abandoned, and the shock she res
ceived-by the sad recent transaétion
in Oxfordshire,* preyed so forcibly
on her delicate feelings, that she fell —

a victim,

* Vide pages 859 and 372,

During 40 years —

CHRONIC UE.

a victim to inconsolable grief, in her
21st year.

-Qnd. At Pembroke- house, in
Privy-gardens, Whitehall, aged 51,
Henry Cecil, marquis of Exeter,
tenth earl of Exeter, baron Bur-
leigh, joint hereditary grand almo-
ner to the king in fee, LL. D.
F.R.S. vice president of the society
of Antiquaries, and recorder of
Stamford, co. Lincoln, which, by
his death, loses a most liberal pa-
tron. He was son of the hon.
Thomas Chambers Cecil (son of
Brownlow eighth earl of Exeter)
by Charlotte Gonner, who died
Jan. 3, 1803, and was born at Brus-
sels in 1754, married 1776, Emma,
heiress of Thomas Vernon, esq. of
Hanbury, co. Worcester, by whom
he had two sons, who died infants,
and a daughter, born 1779, married
- 1797, to John Chaplyn, esq. of
Blakney, co. Lincoln. From this
Jady he was divorced; and married,
secondly, 1791, Miss Higgins, who
died at Burleigh, Jan. 18, 1797,
and, thirdly, Aug. 19, 1800, Eliza-
beth, duchess-dowager of Hamilton,
daughter of sir Peter Burrell, bart.
He succeeded his uncle 1793, and is
himself succeeded by his eldest son
by his.second marriage, Brownlow,
born July 2, 1795. His lordship
was making great improvements at
Burleigh, in the splendid colleétion
of piétures which are attached to the
house by the will of his lordship’s
predecessor, which, by its rigid li.
Mifations, rendered. them unalien-
able. He was a nobleman whose
_ memory will fade only when the ob-
jeéts of his extensive and: a¢tive cha-
rity cease to exist. His remains
were removed from Pembroke-
house, Privy-gardens, on the.9th of
May, in order to their being depo-
sited in the family vault of his lord-

483

ship’s illustrious progenitor, lord
Burleigh, in St. Martin’s church at
Stamford. After the hearse and six
horses followed .three mourning-
coaches and his lordship’s carriage,
each drawn by six horses. Upwards
of 30 noblemen and gentlemen’s
carriages joined the procession,
which reached Burleigh-house about
9 in the morning of the 12th, where
the Stamford Volunteer Infantry
joined at 11, the six senior officers
of the corps acting as pall-bearers.
After the funeral service three yo}.
leys were fired by the corps, the
last tribute of respe¢t to their de~
ceased noble commasdant ; and the
whole ceremony was awfully grand
and impressive, Atleast 3000 spec~
tators, it is supposed, were in the
park.

5th. In Great Pulteney-street,
Mrs. Bathurst, reli¢ét of Poole Ba.
thurst, esq. of Lidney-park, co. of
Gloucester. By her death, Charles
Bragge, esq. member of parliament
for Bristol, succeeds to very valu.
able estates, for which he chaages
his name to Bathurst.

In Great Cumberland-street, the.
infant son of lord Rous.

8th. In Dover-strect, Piccadilly,
the hon. Mrs. Priscilla Marsham, of
Bloxley-hall, near. Maidstone, eldest
daughter of the late Robert lord
Romney.

At Verdun, in France, the mar-
chioness of T'weedale.

9th. At Hammersmith, Cathe~
rine, fourth daughter of the late
sir John Hales, bart. of Mundell,
co. Lincoln.

12th. At Stilton, co. Hunting-
don, aged 78, the rey. William
Whitworth, M. A. archdeacon of
Sarum, and re¢tor of Stilton.

17th. At Paddington, in childbed,
viscountess Folkeston, only child

Lis of

486

of the late earl of Lincoln; marri-
ed, Oét. 2, 1800, to Jord viscount
Folkstone, with a fortune of
60,0001.

At his lordship’s house in Bath,
the right hon. Eyre Massey, Jord
Clarina, general in his majesty’s ser-
vice, marshal of the army in Ire-
Jand, colonel of the 27th or Ennis-
killen regiment, governor of Lime-
rick, and of the royal hospital of
Kilmainham. His lordship was
younger brother of Hugh lord Mas-
sey, of Ireland; was born in 1717 ;
and married, in 1767, Catherine
Clements, sister of the earl of Lei-
trim, by whom he has left issue, 1.
William-Nathaniel, a lieutenant-co-
Jonel in the army, now lord Clari-
na; 2.Emily; 3. Catherine. This
noble veteran had served his king
and country for 70 years, great part
of which he was activcly employed ;
and, in consideration of his long and
faithful services, his majesty was
graciously pleased to confer on him
the dignity of apeer. Having been
constantly employed in his military
protession, he had seen great and
arduous service. In 1745 he was
~ wounded at the battle of Culleden;
was at the head of the grenadiers
who stormed and took the Havan-
nah, where he was again wounded;
also, at the taking of Martinico.
He was one of the last of Gen.
Wolfe’s companions. His lordship
died, as he lived, beloved, honoured,
and respeéted; and is succeeded in
his title and estate by his only son,
the hon. col. Massey.

At Dnauschingen, aged 33, of
apoplexy, Charles Joachim, the
reigning prince of Furstenberg. He
is succeeded by prince Charles
Egon. ;

At Plymouth, aged 26, capt. Co-
syndoa Boger, of the royal navy,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

and commander of the Fowey Sea
Fencibles. His death was occa-
sioned by a consumption, the effect -
of wounds received four years since
in the late war. Whenin the Gyp-
sey schooner, of ten 4-pounders and
36 men, which he commanded in the
West Indies, he gallantly brought
to action, and after a severe conflict,
obliged to-strike, a French corvette,
of ten 9 and 12-pounders, and 130
men, including troops from Guada-
lope, which she carried into Anti-
gua. In this unequal contest he re-
ceived a dreadful wound in the side,
which for some time baflled the skill
of the surgeons; though naturally
of a delicate constitution, he at
length recovered, and returned to
his native town, to the house of his
father, rear-admiral Bb. At the
breaking out of the present war he
was appointed one of the captains
of the Sea Fencibles at Fowey; and
it is supposed, from his active exer-
tions on that service, his health be-
came again impaired, as he was
obliged, for medical advice, to re-
turn to Plymouth on leave, but had _
not been at home many days before
death snatched him from those who
best knew his worth.

26th. At the house of John
Ellis, esq. at Huslingham, near Ful-
ham, after a long and painful ill-
ness, which he bore with the utmost.
fortitude and resignation, in the
43d year of -his age, Christopher
Parker, esq. vice-admiral of the red,
and only son of admiral sir Peter
Parker, bart. admiral of the fleet.
By his death the public service has
lost amost active and valuable officer.
In the early part of his life, during
the war with America and France,
he distinguished himself on several

‘occasions in the West Indies, but

particularly at the siege of Omoa,
where

CHRONICLE.

where le Jed the attack against the
fort as captain of the Lowestoff, in
the most gallant and spirited man-
ner. Ile likewise, in the command
of the Diamond, engaged the La
Fee, a French frigate of equal
force, and, after a sharp action,
compelled her to take refuge under
the guns of one of the enemy’s bat-
teries at St. Domingo. One trait,
amongst many others, deserves re-
cording: having, by orders of lord
Rodney, reconnoitred the harbour of
Curagoa, within a short distance of
the forts, he observed two of the
enemy’s cruisers in the offing, a
Dutch frigate and an armed schoon-
er, to which he gave chace, and
soon brought them to action, but
‘the schooner made off on receiving a
few shot.. At this time a Dutch
line-of-battle-ship, having slipped
her cables in the harbour, was in
chace of the Diamond; capt. Park-
er, however, continued the action
until the enemy had struck her co-
lours; he took out some of the pri-
soners and did not relinquish his
capture until several shot from the
Dutch line-of-battle-ship went over
the Diamond. Lord Rodney ex-
pressed great regret that Capt. Par-
ker’s account to him should have
‘been so slight as {o prevent his stat-
ing the circumstances to Govern-
ment in the high terms it merited.
At the commencement of the late
war with France he commanded the
Blanche frigate, on’ the Windward
Island station; and, upon the cap-
ture of St. Lucia, was sent home
with dispatches by earl St. Vincent.
He next served under earl Howe as
_ ¢aptain of the Valiant in the Chan-
W rnel fleet; afterwards as rear-admi-
ral, he served in the same fleet under
sir John Colpoys; and lastly with

487

the rauk of yice-admiral, as second
in command to admiral Dickson,
in the North Scas, till the conclusion
of the war. Te received the most
flattering marks of approbation and
esttcm from earl Howe; and the
earl of St. Vincent, lord Gardner,
admiral Cornwallis, sir John Gol-
poys (his commanders at different
times), will unite their willing testi-
monial of his desert. His ship was
always in the best state of discipline,
and for this simple reason, there was
no needless severity towards the
men, no offensive haughtiness to the
officers ; he supported the dignity of
a commander upon deck; and exhi-
bited the easy manners of a gentle-
man in the cabin; thus did he con-
ciliate the regard of all; they obey-
ed with the cheerfulness of affection,
and were as anxious for his fame as
if each individual partook of it.
His whole system evinced a compre-
hensive mind, and a philosophical
knowledge of the kind of men he
had to command. His courage was
of the best sort, as free from rash-
ness as devoid of. fear: when amo.
ral duty was to be performed, there
was no labour which he would not
undertake, no danger that could ap.
pal him. He was the early compa-
nion and intimate friend of Lord
Nelson. When this great man (the
hero of Aboukir and Copenhagen)
was receiving the meed of well-earn-
ed applause at a royal table, he ob-
served (with the generosity which
ever accompanies genuine merit),
that his successes were owing to his
good fortune, which had placed him
in those stations; ‘‘ for,” said he,
*¢ there are many other officers who
would have done as much under si-
milar circumstances, one I will yen-
ture to name—Christopher Parker,”

Ti4 Ilis

438

His remains were deposited in a
vault of his family at St. Marga-
ret’s church, Westminster,

29th. In the castle of Bracke,

aged 75, the countess Sophia Cle-
mentine de Lippe, abbess of Cap-
pel and Lemgo.
_ In the castle of Wertheim, aged
56, the countess Sophia Carolina de
Lowenstein Wertheim ; in her youth
supposed to be the most beautiful
woman in Germany.

Near Bergen-op-zoom, the fa-
mous Henry Vander Noot, who
acted such a conspicuous part in the
Belgic insurrection against the em-
peror Joseph II.

June 2nd. Of a long and deep
decline, in her 52nd year, Frances,
wife of Charles Chadwick, esq. of
New-hall, co. Warwick, and daugh-
ter of the Jate Richard Green, esq.

of Leventhorp, in Yorkshire, by.

Frances his wife, sister of the late
sir Henry Cavendish, of Doveridge,
bart. She was buried, on the 8th,
in the family-yault at Sutton-Cold.
field.

At Egremont-house, Piccadilly,
(the town residence of his brother-
in-law, James Milnes, esq. in his
45th year, Richard Slater Rich,
esq. of Fryston, co, York, M. P.
in the last three parliaments ‘for the
city of York, and provincial grand
master of Free Masons for the pro-
vince of York.

3d, At Wrotham, Kent, after a
Tingering illness, aged 33, Lady
Maria Elizabeth Moore, daughter
of James, late earl of Errol, born
April 30, 1771, married Tune 29,
1795, to the rev, George M. eldest
son of the archbishop of Canter-
bury, and reétor of Wrotham.

At Dursley, the rev. James Web-
ster, LL.B, archdeacon of Glouces-
ter, rector of Dursley, and vicar of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

Stroud, co, Gloucester, and rector
of Much Cowarne, in the diocese,
of Hereford.

4th. In Upper Brook-street,
aged 84, Mrs. Ellerker, ‘widow of
the late Eaton Mainwaring E. esq.
of Risby, co. York, and mother of
the late countess of Leicester.

At Capernochin, in Scotland, sir
James Kirkpatrick, bart.

6th. At Bath, aged 77, the hon.
and rererend Robert Cholmondely,
youngest son of George, third earl
of Cholmondeley, and great uncle
to George James, fourth and present
earl: born Nov. 1, 1727; some time
an officer in the army ; but after the
battle of Dettingen, preferring an
ecclesiastical to a military life, en-
tered into holy orders, and was pre-
sented by the king, as duke of Lan-
caster, to the united rectories of St.
Andrew, St. Nicolas, and St. Mary,
Hertford, and to the reétory of
Hertingfordbury, besides which, he
enjoyed the place of auditor-gene-
ral of his majesty’s revenues in Ame-
rica till the separation of that coun-
try from Great Britain. He mar-
ried Mary, daughter to Woffington
the player, by whom he had issue
three sons and four daughters,
George-James, born Feb, 22, 1752,
first commissioner of the excise.
Horace, born in 1753, died young;
Robert Francis, born 1756; Har-
riet, born 1758; Jane Elizabeth,
bern 1758; Mary, born 1761,
which three died infants; and Hes-
ter Frances, married to sir Wil-
liam Bellingham, of Bellingham-
castle, Ireland, born in 1763,

9th. Drowned on the coast of
Jamaica, Henry Baker, esq. com- —
mander of his majesty’s brig the —
Pelican, of 18 guns, and second
surviving son of William Baker,
esq. of Bayfordbury, in Hertford.

shire,

=

CHRONICLE.

shire, member in the last and pre-
ceding parliaments for that county.
This young officer, whose merit had
raised him at an early age to the
yank he bore in the royal navy, fell
a victim to that benevolence of heart
and contempt of danger which so
strongly characterise the British
sailor. The particulars of this dis-
astrous event are detailed in lieut.
Foley’s letter to admiral Duck.
worth; suffice it here to say, that
¢aptain B. his first lieutenant Mr.
Davis, and four seamen, were un-
happily lost by their generous and
successful, though to themselves fa-
tal, exertions to saye from destruc.
tion the crew of a foundering Spa-
nish schooner. Captain B.’s elder
brother Edward, then a midshipman
on board the Leviathan, died at Ja-
maica of the yellow fever in April
1796. These two young men, in
the opinion of their superior officers,
promised to become distinguished in
their profession; to their family
their loss is irreparable; for never
did two sons merit or enjoy a greater
share of parental affection and soli.
- citude.

At the seat of lord Frederick
Campbell, at Croombank, Kent,
Anna Margaretta viscountess Cur-
zon, third lady to Asheton Curzon,
created baron Curzon of Penn 1794,
and viscount Curzon 1802. She
was daughter of Amos Meredith,
esq. sister to sir William Meredith ;
and reliét of Barlow Trecothick,
‘esq. in whose right she was, in
1770, lady mayoress of London.

17th. At the marquis’s house, in

Arlington-street, aged 13 months,
nae L. Gower, youngest son of
the marquis of Stafford.

At Prague, the duchess-dowager
~ of Parma, daughter of the celebrated
queen of Hungary, Maria-Theresa ;

439

born Feb. 26, 1746; and married
to the late duke of Parma July 19th,
1769.

24th. In Harley-street, aged 83,
the hon. Jady Sarah Salusbury, of
Offley-place, Herts, and of Brans-
bury, ca. Middlesex, widow and
relict of sir Thomas S$. formerly
judge of the high court of admiralty,
who died Oétober 28, 1777, aged
66, and was buried in Offley chan-
cel, where is a handsome monument
by Nollekins, ereéted by his lady.
Under an old oak, of white marble,
is a sarcophagus, of black marble ;
before which are statues of sir John
and his first wife. His second re-
sided at Wilsden, where she was
lessee of the prebends of Wilsden
and Bloomsbury by purchase, 1788,
and had a vault in the church.

The Rev. Thomas Collins, B. D.
late second master of Winchester-
college; reétor of Gratfham and
Coombe ; a name for ever dear to
his contemporary Wickhamists ; well
known for his literary attainments,
and not less loved and respected for
his generosity and noble disinterest.
ed spirit, than admired for his forti-
tude and Christian resignation under
the severest trials. Within the short
space of about 12 months, the vene.
rable old man had lost no less than
three of his descendants ; his daugh-
ter, Charlotte viscountess Boling-
broke, and two of her children, the
hon. George and Mary St. John.—
He had fixed his residence in Bath
since the death of his daughter. ~

July 1st. At Park-gate, Mrs.
Mainwaring, of the Welshow,
Nantwich, mother of sir Henry
Mainwaring Mainwaring, bart. of
Over-Peover, in Cheshire.

3d. On his estate, about six versts
from St. Petersburgh, count Vale-
rian Suboff. ‘fis remains were ine

terred

499

terred with great ceremony in the
eleister of Mergoff. Tis imperial
Majesty, who had visited the count
in his last illness, attended in per-
son.

At Berwick, aged 75, Mrs.
Margaret Purves, daughter of the
Jate sir William P. bart. of Purves-
hall.

7th. After a long illness, general
Anslie, colonel of the 13th regiment
of foot, and licut.-gov. of theScilly
Islands.

8th. The infant daughter of John
Fonblanque, esq. M. P. for Camel-
ford.

In New Cayendish-street, the se-
cond son and youngest child of Re-
ginald Pole Carew, esq. M. P. for
Fowey.

At Greenock, aged 37, Mrs.
Elizabeth Conyers, wife of sir Ar-
chibald Campbell, and daughter of
the late sir Nicholas Conyers, bart.
— 10th. At,Paris, in his 74th year,
Francois Ambroise Didot, the cele-
brated French printer, leaving two
sons, Pierre and Firmin Didot.—
The elegant editions published by
order of Louis XVI. for the educa-
tion of the Dauphin, were the pro-
duétion of Didot’s press, as well as
the Theatrical Seleétions by Cor-
neille, the works of Racine, Tcle-
machus, Tasso’s Jerusalem, two
superb bibles, and a multiplicity of
other inestimable works; each of
which, on its publication, has e-
vinced fresh beauties, and made
nearer approaches to perfeétion. At
the age of 73, Didot read over five
times, and carefully correéted, be-
fore it was sent to the press, every
sheet of the Stereotype edition of
Montaigne, printed by his sons.—
About 18 months since he projected
an alphabetical index of every sub-
ject treated upon in Montaigne’s

ANNUAL RE

GIST ER, 1804.

Essays. H[e had colleéted all his
materials, at which he laboured un-
ceasingly ; and perhaps too strict
an application to this favourite study
accelerated the death of this eminent
artist.

At Rothbury, in Northumber-
land, sir Ernest Gordon, bart. of .
Park, co. Banif, in North-Britain.

On Ham common, co. Middlesex,
Henry-Theophilus Metcalf, esq.
youngest son of sir Thomas-Theo-
philus M. bart.

Ilth. At Liverpool, aged 22,
George Dunbar, esq. second son of ©
sir George D, bart. of Mockrum, in
North-Britain.

12th. At Clifton, sir Edward
Williams, bart. of Llangoed, co.
Brecon.

Aged 82, Henry Lee Warner,
esq. of Walfingham-abbey, co.
Norfolk, one of the most singular
characters of his own or any other
times. Ife was a lineal descendant
and representative of the eminent
and worthy John Warner, formerly
bishop of Rochester (whose large
estates he possessed, as well as those
of sir James Howe, bart. of Ber-
wick, Wilts, and of Henry Lee,
esq. of Dane John, in Kent), and
who, among other good and great
works, built and endowed the col-
lege for the benefit of clergymen’s
widows at Bromley, in Kent, an
institution much enlarged since the
time of: bishop Warner. He was
the polite scholar, the complete
gentleman, and the sincere friend ;
and although from a series of ilf-
health, and a natural love of retire-
ment, he early withdrew from fill-
ing those public stations in which,
with his ability, fortune, and inte-
grity, he would have made a very
distinguished figure, yet in private
life he was universally respected for

his

so) CHRONICLE,

his steady adherence to the rules of
justice and moderation, and his
constant practice of those leading
duties of the Christian, humanity
and benevolence. In many respects

| ke perpetuated in his family the be-

nevolent qualities of his illustrious
ancestor; at the same time his mind
was strongly tin¢tured by peculia-
rities which separated him from a
comparison with almost any other
human being. His chara¢ter, as
4drawn by Mr. Pratt, in his “« Glean-
ings,” we shall extraét, as we un-
derstand it is not exaggerated: ‘¢ At
the abbey here resides a gentleman
‘in the possession of a once finely-
wooded domain, of great politeness
and urbanity, much reading, of
sound understanding, who, never-
theless, has allowed almost every
tree, which his domain had to boast,
to be deliberately cut down and car-
ried away without so much as mak-
_ing any manner of enquiry after the
offenders, or entering into any re-
monstrance as to their past, present,
or future depredations, though this
went to the loss of twenty thousand
_ pounds !”——“+ [ suppose,” says Mr.
Pratt, ““ you would think I must
_be fibbing, were I to inform you
_ that whoever has a mind to it goes
_ into his stable, saddles or harnesses
a horse, and rides or plows with
him, brings him home at night, or
keeps hima week or a fortnight toge-
ther, without so much as a question
being asked by the ’squire ; and,
What is worse, they not only steal
wheat, barley, and other grain,
_ from the field where it is sheaved,
‘to save themselves the trouble of
cutting it, but they are wicked
enough to cut off the corn-ears, by
whole acres, before they are halt
Tipe.” It would exceed our limits

‘to go into the minutie of this extra-
o,.

* quainted.

491

ordinary person, who, with all
these peculiarities, was rich in a
thousand qualities that do honour
to the heart of man. Notwithstand-
ing these deep drawbacks upon his
property, Mr. Warner died ex-
tremely rich. Tis Walfingham and
othex estates go to his nephew, and
other relations of the same family,
in and near Norwich ; and, with all
his shades of character, in which,
however, there was no mixture of
vice or immorality, he will long be
remembered asa man of very tender
feelings, a scholar, and a gentle-
man. His remains were conveyed
in a hearse, from his venerable
mansion to the parish church of that
town for interment, preceded by a
number of his tenants on horseback,
and followed by several of the most
distinguished gentlemen of the
neighbourhood in their carriages,
and a great concourse of spectators.
At Grotto-house, Margate, in
his 16th year, J.P. Oldiicld, a
youth of most extraordinary genius.
‘At the age of five years ‘and a half,
he had a scarlet fever, which
brought on him a paralysis of the
lower extremities, and debilitated
his body for the rest of his life; but
his mind presented the finest display
of human perfection. Whatever he
read he instantly had by heart; his
favourite pursuits were mathematics,
philosophy, astronomy, geography,
history, and painting, in all of
which he had made great proficien-
cy. His favourite authors were
Locke and Newton; and his reten-
tive faculties were so strong, that
he never forgot a single incident
with which he had been once ac-
He could’ relate eyery
circumstance of Grecian, Roman,
and English history ; was master of
astronomy, and had pursued it up
im

492

in all its recent discoveries ; had the
finest taste for drawing and paint-
ing, and would frequently take ad-
mirable likenesses of persons which
struck him from memory. He wrote
a hand like copper-plate; and, at
a very early period of his life,
had made himself master of arithme-
tic. He was never known to be out
of temper ; and, though he suffered
an illness of ten years, which‘ ter-
minated in a dropsy and bursting of
a blood-vessel upon the lungs, he
wasS never once known to repine or
be impatient. His wit was brilliant
and refined ; and his less will ever
be regretted by those who had the
happiness to know him.

At Clifton, aged 70, Mrs.
M‘Cumming, wife “of capt. Bryce
M‘C. to whom she had been 44 years
married. She was twice brought to
bed at sea; twice lost every thing
by shipwreck ; and twice on short
allowance of provisions and water.
She was born in the great earl of
Crawford’s family, who fought
against the Turks both in the Rus.
sian and German armics. She had
perfect recolle¢tion of lady Jane

Douglas calling on the countess of

Crawford in Brussels, when on her
way to Paris to lay in, and the
countess at parting wishing her a
happy hour. She was in Pensacola
during the Douglas cause, or it is
probable she might have been called
on as a corroborating evidence.
25th. At his house, in Charles-
street, Berkeley-square, colonel Da-
_ vid Woodburne, of the Bengal ar-
tillery.
27th. At his house in Gubisbibk
square, after a lingering illness of
many months, in iis 72d year, be-
ing born 1732, Robert Clements,
earl, viscount, and baron Leitrim,
of Manor Hamilton, co, Leitrim, in

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

Ireland, and one of the Irish’
peers in the parliament of the united
kingdom. He served in parliament
for the county of Donegall till he was
created a baron, Sept. 20, 1783; a
viscount Dec. 20, 1793; and an earl
Oct. 6, 1795. He was ranger of
the Phoenix-park, and appointed a
governor of the county of Donegall.
He married, May 31, 1765, Eliza-
beth Skeflington, daughter of the
late carl of Massareen, and had is-
sue two sons and three daughters.
His remains were deposited in the
family vault at St. Michan’s, Dub- —
Jin. He is succeeded by his son,
Robert lord viscount Clements, M,.
P. for the county of Leitrim.

At Cork, Mr. O’Brien, the.cele-
brated Irish giant. His body was
interred, on the 31st, at the church
of St. Finbar ; the concourse of peo-
ple who attended the funeral was so
great and so clamorous as to oblige
the mayor to have the attendance of
several peace-oflicers. Mr. O’Brien
had a small property in the county
of Kerry, of about 150]. a year,
which had been mortgaged, and to,
clear which he exhibited himself as
a show for some years past,

29th. In his 84th year, James.
ford Forbes, premier baron of Scot.
land. He married Catharine,_ only
daughter of sir Robert Innes, of
Orton, bart. He is succeeded by
his eldest son, the hon. major-gen.
James Forbes, of the coldstream
regt. of guards, now lord Forbes.

30th. At Bath, having survived
the truly inhuman murder of her.
much-lamented husband 12 months
and 7 days, the dowager viscountess.
Kilwarden.

Lately, at his house in Dublin,
Otway Cuffe, earl, viscount, and
baron of Desart, in the county of
Kilkenny, Ireland, In 1767, on

the

the death of his elder brother John,
without male issue, his lordship suc-
-eeeded to the barony of Desart, was
created a viscount in 1780, in 1785
.an earl. He married in 1785, Anne,
eldest dau. to the late earl of Alta-
mont, and sister to the marquis of
Sligo, by whom he has one daugh-
ter and four sons. The present earl
was born Feb. 28, 1788: by his
lordship’s death, and that of the
earl of Leitrim, two vacancies occur
in the Irish peers who sit in parlia-
ment.

August 3d. At the Black Rock,
near Dublin, sir Henry Cavendish,
bart. husband to lady Waterpark,
and father to the countess of Mount-
morris and lady Kilmaine. He is
‘succeeded in title and estates by his
eldest son Richard, married to Miss
Cooper.

At Corn-hill, in his way to Edin-
burgh, in his 73d year, of the gout
in his stomach, the gallant admiral
— lord viscount Duncan.

At his son’s house, at Segrave,
near Loughboreugh, aged .77, the
Rey. Robert Ingram, M. A. vicar of
Wormington and Boxted, co. Essex,
formerly of Corpus Christi college,

Cambridge, of which he was some
time fellow; B. A. 1749; M. A.

1753. Mr. J. was of the same fa-
_mily which was ennobled, in 1661,
by the title of Irwine. He was said
to be of an older branch, and near-
ly allied to the title; and probably
_ was the only surviving male relative
“in the Ingram line, as the title is now
extinct, or in abeyance.

Much and most deservedly re-
spected, John Reilly, esq. of Scar-
~ va, co. Down, in Ireland. He had
_ been many years an upright and re-
_ speciable representative in parlia-
ment, and first commissioner for
publig accompts of that country.

CHRONICLE.

495

About 5 o’clock this afternoon,
as Mr. and Mrs. Jones, and their child
about 15 months old, of Park-place,
Kennington-lane, were comingdown
the river in a boat with a sail, for
their amusement, the boat heaved
suddenly to. one side, opposite So-
merset-house, and the child was
thrown from its mother’s arms into
the river. ‘he father plunged into
the river to save it, and, after much
exertion, handed it to Mrs. J. into
the boat, when, being exhausted,
he sunk and disappeared. Mrs.
Trotter, wife of Mr. T. of the na-
vy-oflice, perceived the accident
from her window, and ordered that
every assistance should be given.—
Dr. Stanton, of the Strand, one of
the medical assistants of the Humane
Society, attended immediately, and
succeeded in restoring the child to
life. The body of Mr. “Jones was not
found till Wednesday noon, the 8th,
when it was taken up by two water
men at London bridge, through
which it was seen to pass by a per-
son from the ballustrades. Mrs,
Jones is far advanced in pregnancy.

6th. Aged 70, the Rev. ‘Vhomas
Twining, of Sidney-college, Cam- |
bridge; B. A.1760, M.A. 1763;
rector of White Notley, Essex, in
private patronage, 1788, and of St.
Mary’s, Colchester, to which he was
presented by the bishop of London,
on the death of Philip Morant, 1770.
Sound learning, polite literature, and
exquisite taste in a!l the fine arts,
have lost an ornament and defender
in the death of this Scholar and wor-
thy Divine. His translation of the
‘¢ Poetics of Aristotle’? must con-
vince men of learning of his know-
ledge of the Greek language, of the
wide extent of his classical erudi-
tion, of his acute and fair spirit of
érlticism, and, above all, of his good

taste

494
taste, sound judgment, and general
reading manife: ted in his dissertations,
Mr. T. was the only son of the eminent
tea-merchant of that name, by his first
marriage, and intended by ‘his fa-
ther to succeed ‘him in that house,
which he had so well established ;
but the son, fecling an impulse to-
wards literature and science, en-
treated his father to let him devote
himself to study and a classical edu-
cation; and, being indulged in his
wish, he was matriculated at Cam-
bridge. Mr. ‘IT’. was contemporary
in that university with, Gray, Ma-
son, and Bate; and’so able a mu-
sician, that, besides playing the
harpsichord and organ in a masterly
manner, he was so excellent a per-
former on the violin as *to lead all
the concerts, and even oratorios,
that were performed in the univer-
sity during term time, in which Bate
played the organ and harpsichord,
His taste in music was enlarged and
confirmed by stucy as well as prac-
tice, as few professors knew more
of composition, harmonics, and the
history of the art and science of
music, than this intelligent and po-
lished amateur. Besides his fami-
liar acquaintance with the Greek
and Roman classics, his knowledge
of modern Janguages particularly
French and dtatian, was such as not
only to enable him to read but to
write those languages with facility
and idiomatic accuracy. His friends
and correspondents wifl deplore bis
Joss with no common grief. — Ilis
conversation and letters, when sci-
ence and serious subjects were out
of the question, were replete with
wit, humour, and playfulness. In
the performance of his ecclesiastical
duties, Mr.T.was exemplary,scarcely
atlowing himself to be absent from

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

his parishioners more than a fort.
night in a year, during the last 40
years of his life, though, from his
learning, accomplishments, pleasing
character, and conversation, no man’s
company was so much sought. Dur-
ing the last 32 or 14 years of his
life he was a widower, and has left
no progeny. His preferment in the
church was inadequate to his learn-
ing, picty, and talents. But such
was the moderation of his desires,
that he neither solicited nor com-
plained. . The Colchester living was
conferred upon him by the present
bivhop of London, very much
his honour, without personal ace —
quaintance or powerful recomigen-
dation: but, from the modesty of —
his character, and love of a private
life, his profound Jearning and lite.
rary abilitics were little known till
the publication of his Aristotle.

At Paris, general Reubell.

7th. At kis house at Homerton,
near Hackney, Timothy Curtis, esq.
eldest brother to alderman sir Wm.
Curtis, bart. one of the largest men
in the kingdom, his weight, some
years ago, exceeding 34 stone. Un-
der the medical superintendance of
his friends, he reduced himself 10 —
stone within the last 15 years.

8th. At his house in Hammer-
smith, aged 70, Robert Macfarlane, ©
esq. Lis death was occasioned by —
the bruises he received from a car-
riage which ran over him,,and which —
he survived only half an hour, Heg
was educated in the university of ©
Edinburgh, and came to London at —
a very éarly period of life; +and —
was well known in the literary world
as the author of many celebrated
productions, The first volume of
his History of George IIE. was pub.
lished in oy the fourth in nee 4

e

to —

CHRONICLE.

He published the first book of Ti-
mora, by way of Specimen, in
1796. Mr. M. possessed a reten-
tive memory, and an elegant style
of composition, which enabled him
to give the world with fidelity, some
of the finest speeches in parliament
during lord North’s administration
‘and the American war; in which
laborious duty he was snccceded by
the Jate Mr. Wm. Woodfall. Until
within a few years back he kept an
excellent seminary at Walthamstow,
at which some of the ablest men,
now in yarious professions of the
Jaw, church, army, and the mer-
cantile world, received their educa-
tion. For, the two last years, he
was engaged in translating into Latin
the poems of Ossian, now printing
by Mr. Bulmer. His last work, of
which he received the first proof
sheet only a few hours before he
died, is intituled, ‘(An Essay proy-
*‘ing the Authenticity of Ossian
*¢ and his Poems.”

Gth. Found dead in his bed,
at Lowestoft, of which he was
vicar, aged 83, the rev. Robert
Potter, of Emanuel college, Cam-
bridge, B. A. 1741, M.A. 1788,
and prebendary of Norwich. His

first preferment was the vicarage of

Scarning, Norfolk. He was a cha-
‘ra¢ter of the highest distin¢étion as
@ classical scholar. ‘The literary
world is most intrinsically indebted
_to him for exccllent poetical versions
of the three Greek tragedians. He
published, 1774, an octavo volume
of poems, most of which had before
appeared separately, many very
pretty compositions, particularly a
g eautiful farewel hymn to the coun-
Y; in imitation of Spenser. Three
“years after this, his translation of
#schylus made its appearance in a
‘quarto volume, and bas since been
ny 2

495
reprinted with the addition of notes,
in two volumes octavo. , Of the ex-
cellence of this translation it is hard-
ly possible to say too much; many
of the parts are so exquisitely beau-
tiful as to leave us in doubt whether
any poet could have accomplished
the task with greater success. . In
1781 he published the first volume
of his translation of Euripides, in
quarto; and the following year the
second ; and, 1788, that of Sopho-
cles, in the same size. ‘These last
mentioned versions are on the whole
inferior to his first produétion; yet
they are each of them excellent
performances, and even superior
to those of Mr. Wedhull and Dr.
Franklin. Besides these very labo-
rious works, Mr. P. published in 4to.
1783, ‘* An Enquiry into some pas-
sages in Dr. Johnson’s Lives of the
poets;” and, in 1785, in quarto,
** A Translation of the Oracle con-
cerning Babylon, and the Song-of
Kxultation from Isaiah, chap. XIIT.
and XIV.” ‘*A Sermon on the
Thanksgiving for the peace, 1802.”
‘¢ Tn his weightiest chara¢ter, as
translator of the Greek tragedians,
we must allow that Mr. P. was
of very singular service to the
literary world. It was an under-
taking which to many would have
appeared too great for the life of
man; and, considering the success
with which so much labour has been
accomplished, and the amiable cha-

_ra¢ter Mr. P. bears as a member of

society, we may well be surprised
he had not earlier attracted the no-
tice of those who are able and wil-
ling to confer honors and prefer-
ments, when they meet with peculi-
ar desert.”—Memoirs of living au-
thors, II. 153. By his death the
republic of letters has Jost one of
its best and most unassuming orna-

ments,

496

ments. His manners were simple,
and his life exemplary; he was a
scholar of the old school, and no-
thing tempted him to relinquish di-
vine and polite literature. It was
not till after he had compleated his
last translation, (that of Sophocles, )
that Mr. Potter obtained any pre-
ferment in the church higher than
that of vicar of Lowestoft. He had
been a school-fellow of Lord Thur-
low, and had constantly sent his
publications to that great man with-
oat ever soliciting a single favour
from him. On receiving a copy of
theSophocles, however, his lordship
wrote ashort note to Mr. Potter,
acknowledging the receipt of his
books from time to time, and the
pleasure they had afforded him, and
requesting Mr. Potter’s acceptance
of a prebendal stall in the cathedral
of Norwich, which, with his vicar-
age, rendered him comfortabte for
the remainder of a life devoted to
those pursuits which best become a
profound scholar and a true chris-
tian. The vicarage of Scarning is a
mediety in the gift of the Warner
family; the vicarage of Lowestoft
in the bishop of Norwich; and
the prebend of Norwich in the
crown.

lith. AtShuckburgh park, co.
Warwick, aged 53, sir George
Augustus William Shuckburgh Eve-
lyn, bart. elected, 1802, for the
fifth time, one of the members for
the county of Warwick. He suc-
ceeded his uncle, sir Charles Shuck-
burgh, in 1773; and married, first,
1782, Sarah-Johanna, one of the
two daughters of John Darker,
esq. treasurer of St. Bartholomew’s
hospital, in London, and many
years representative of Leicester in
parliament, who dying the year
following without issue, sir George

“ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

married, secondly, 1785, Julias
Annabella, one of the two daugh-
ters, and at length sole heiress, of ~
James Evelyn, esq. of Felbridge,
Surry; on whose death, 1793, sir ©
George took his name, in addition ©
to his own. He has left one daugh-
ter, Julia Evelyn Medley, born
Oct. 5th, 1791. Sir George was —
elected F.A,S. 1777, and was also
F.R.S. In the Philosophical trans-
actions are the following papers by
him :—‘* Observations made in Sa-
voy, in order to ascertain the height
of mountains by means of the ba-
rometer, being an examination of
M. De Luc’s rules delivered in his
Recherches sur les Modifications de 0’
Atmosphere,” 1777.—‘* Comparison
between his and colonel Roy’s rules
for the measurement of heights with
the barometer,” 1778,—‘* On the
temperature of boiling waters,””1778.
—‘* An account of the equatorial
instrument,” 1793.—** An account
of some endeavours to ascertain
a standard of weight and measure,”
1798.

Mrs. Egerton, wife of William
Tatton E. esq. of Tatton park, in
Cheshire, and only daughter of
Thomas Watkinson Payler, esq. of
Ileden, Kent. Among the catalogue
of unfortunate events, none could
produce a more general sensation
than the Joss of this amiable woman,
whose death was occasioned by pre-
cipitately jumping from a low chair
(in which she was taking her usual
airing in the park), in consequence
of the horse becoming restive. By
the fall she became senseless, and
expired without uttering a word.
Besides those near and intimate con-
nexions, to whom her loss is irre-
parable, a numerous acquaintance
sincerely share the sorrow which it
infliéts; aud a still more extensive

‘circle

CHRONICLE.

circle feel the loss which society
sustains. Whether we contemplate
her youth, her recent marriage, her
beauty, her accomplishments, her
unaffected and amiable manners,
few occurrences in private life could
excite a more general interest; while
it imports an awful lesson.of the
uncertainty of life: Her mother
was. daughter -of the late William

- Hammond, esq. of St. Alban’s, ‘in

Kent, by Charlotte, daughter: and
co-heir of William Egerton, LL.D.
great-uncle to her husband. Her
grandfather, whose paternal name
was Turner, changed his name*to
Payler, for an estate in Yorkshire.
See Manning’s Surry, I. 171..
At Clifton, Miss Susan: Proby,
laughter of the dean of Litchfield:.”:
15th. ‘At Edinburgh, Georgé
Mattocks, esq. formerly of Covent-
sarden theatre, afterwards manager’
if Liverpool theatre, and lastly stage
anager at Edinburgh. He was
me of the handsomest men and one
f{ the best vocal: performers of his
me, as wellas a very judicious’
Stor in parts adapted to his talents ;
ad a worthy, intelligent, social cha-
i¢ter in private life. Though there
re some comedians still living who-
we attained a greater age, none
.f them have been so long upon the
- age; and therefore, for aconsider-

ble time, he has had the appellation

Father of the drama.” About

“iL years ago, he, as the original
_ ord Aimworth, married the present

_ ind long celebrated Mrs, Mattocks,

__ ais the original Patty, in Bickerstaff’s
_ pleasant opera of the ‘ Maid of the

_ Mills’ and has left a daughter, a

__ very accomplished young lady, mar-

ried to a gentleman of ‘the bar.
_ His remains, attended by a number

_ of respeétable friends, and all the
_ theatrical persons in Edinburgh,
meee vou. XLVI. ‘

497

were interred in the Calton burying-
ground.

17th. In her 29th year, while
on a visit at the rev.: Mr. Dash-
wood’s, at Downham, Norfolk,
after a few days’ illness, Miss Mary
Knollis, eldest daughter of the hon.
and rey. Francis K. of Burford, co.
Oxford.

18th. In Great Quebec-street,
aged 80, Lady Elizabeth Gallini,
wife of the Chevalier John G. and
eldest sister to the late Earl of
Abingdon.

At his house at Aéton, Middle-
sex, after a limgering illness, aged
72, John Way, esq. chief clerk of
the court of king’s bench,- to which
he was appointed in 1778. This
very lucrative office is in the gift of
Lord Ellenborough. The bulk of
his fortune he has left to Mr. Lewis
W. of Denham. Be"

21st. AtSidmouth, Devon, af-
ter a lingering illness, the wife of
James Amyatt, esq. M. P. for
Southampton. ' :

At Chapel, Miss Elizabeth Hall,
daughter of the latesir James H. bart.
of Douglas.

24th. In Harley-street, after a
short illness, major-general Ross,
M. P. for Horsham. ;

In Park-street, after a long ill-
ness, aged 75, Elizabeth dowager
lady Harrowby, daughter of bishop
Terrick, and sister to the lady of
Dr. Hamilton; married to lord H.
1762, by whom she had six sons
and two daughters.

25th.. In Dublin, aged 82, Mrs.
Marsden, relict of the late John

.Marsden, esq. and mother of the

secretary of the admiralty, and of
the under secretary of state in Ire-
land.
27th. At her son’s house in Soho.
square, aged 84, Mrs, Sarah Banks,
Kk relict

~ 498

reliét of the late Willim B. esq. of
Revesby Abbey, co. Lincoln, and
mother to sir Joseph Banks, bart.
She was daughter of William Bate,
esq. by a daughter and ceheiress of
Tho. Chambers, esq.

28th. Miss Eliza Baillie, daughter
of lieutenant-col. Baillie.

30th. At Keith-hall, Scotland,
Anthony Keith Falconer, earl of
Kintore, and lord lieutenant of the
county of Kincardine.

At Verdun, in France, George
Hay, sixth marquis of 'I'weedale,
one of the sixteen representative
peers of Scotland, and lord lieute-
nant of the county of Haddington.
He succeeded his. nephew George,
the fifth marquis, who died in Oét.
1770, at the age of 13.

At his estate near Chaueney, ge-
neral Scherer, who commanded the
French army in Italy when Suwar-
roff opened his victorious campaign
in that country,

At Toulon, admiral La Touche
Treville.

At Paris, in his 73rd year, car-
dinal De Boifgelin, archbishop of
Tours. This personage had the
singular fate of having preached the
coronation sermon of the ever-to-be
Jamested Louis X1TVth. and of the
execrable Buonaparte.

At Frescati, near Rome, in his
6th year, young Le Clerc, son of
the Jate general, and of the princess
Borghese, sister to the emperor
Buonaparte.

At his house at Manchester, aged
63, Thomas Percival, M.D. F. RS.
dvservedly respeéted in every de-
partment of life. Though princi-
pally addiéted to the studies of his
profession, which he cultivated with
great success; he did not confine
the exercise of his talents to a single
object, but made many deviations

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

into the paths of literature and phi-
losophy ; and what does him much
greater credit, employed his elegant
genius in explaining and enforcing
the domestic and moral duties of
life; which he has not recommended
with that coldness of speculation,
or the harshness of men who censure
with acrimony any failure in duties
which they neither do, nor mean to
practise themselves; but with the
tenderness of one conscious of the
imperfection of human nature, but
who was nevertheless to a great de-
gree himself the example which he
taught.

Sept. 1st. At her house in Chelsea, —
Mrs. Aufrere, widow of George A.
esq. formerly M.P. for Stamford,
and mother-in-law of lord Yarbo-
rough. By the death of this vener-
able old lady his lordship will come
into possession of 50,0001. ready
money, and one of the finest col-
lections of paintings in this country.
The late sir Joshua Reynolds fre-
quently said, that it contained agreat-
er variety of pieces by the first
masters of the Italian, Dutch, French,
and Flemish schools, than any other
private collection in England, and
estimated it at 200,000l. value. It is
supposed, that the deceased, im con-
formity with her promises frequent-
ly repeated, has left, besides, a le-
gacy of 10,0001. to each of his
lordship’s six daughters. His lord-
ship’s two sons, it is also supposed,
will enjoy 20,Q00l. each, besides the
Chelsea estate. Jer remains were
interred in the family vault at
Brocklesby, co. Lincoln.

2nd. At his seat at Stanstead,
Sussex, aged 63, Richard Barwell,
esq. late M-:P. for Winchelsea.
From a regular gradation of service
on the civil establishment of the East
India company, he brought to Eng-

land

_ Brand Hollis,

CHRONICLE.

Jand, about 25 years since, one of
the largest fortunes ever accumulat-
ed; soon after which, he purchased
the beautiful demesne of Stanstead
from the executors of the deceased
earl of Halifax.

At Ingatestone, Essex, Thomas
esq. F.R.A. SS.
and formerly M.P. He was the
only son of Timothy Brand, esq.
(who died in 1734, aged 51), of

_ the Hyde in Ingatestone, where he

built a very good house, and was
sheriff of Essex in 1721, by Sarah
daughter of Thomas Mitchell, esq.

_ of Rickling ; by whom he had also

two daughters: one married, 1744,

_ to Richard Grindall, esq. surgeon,

separated from him, and died of the
small pox 1781. Mr. Brand made
the tour of Europe with the well-
known Mr. Hollis, who died in
1774, and left him his fortune and
his name. ‘Their tastes were con-
genial, but not their principles ;
for whereas Mr. H. would hardly
have accepted of a seat in Parlia-
ment, his friend applied hs fortune
to acquire a seat for Hindon, and
was convicted of bribery, and con-
fined in the King’s Bench several
ears. Karly in the administration
of lord North, and conjointly with

the duke of Richmond, he was in-
stitutor of the constitutional society,
of great celebrity in those days.

1

He has left his estates in Dorset and
Essex to his friend Dr. Disney. Mr.
Brand Hollis’s sister kept his house,
_and he has left_her GOOI. a year for
life. Mr. Thomas Hollis, having
_ quarreled with his cousin Timothy,
made a will in Mr. Brand’s favour ;
and when Mr. Harrison, the solici-
tor of the Million Bank, who drew
it up, went, at alate hour, to in-
form Mr, B. of his good fortune, he
_ was long in gaining admittance, and

499

when, after frequent knocking, he
had gained it, was met by the mas-
ter of the house and his servants
armed for resistance as against house
breakers. Mr. B’s library and col-
lection of antiques are left to the
British museum or Antiquarian soci-
ety.

3rd. Found dead in his bed, in
Enniskillen, in his 31st year, the
hon. and rey. W. Montgomery Cole,
third son of the late earl of Ennis.
killen, and brother to the present
earl ; a young gentleman of the most
amiable qualities. He had been re-
cently appointed by his excellency
lord Hardwicke to the deanery of
Waterford, vacant by the promo-
tion of Dr. Butson.

5th, At the Royal Hotel, in Pall
Mall, sir Charles Style, bart. of
Wateringbury, near Maidstone, in
Kent.

10th. At Dumfries, general sir
Robert Laurie, bart. colonel of the
Sth regiment of dragoons, 30 years
M.P. for the county of Dumfries,
and knight marshall of Scotland.
He is succeeded by his son Robert,
captain of the Cleopatra frigate.

11th. AtSouth-End, Jn. Ibbetson,
esq. Jate under secretary to the
Admiralty; who, in consequence
of violent agitation, occasioned by

‘an altercation between him and lieut.

Norman, commander of the signal
post at that place, fell down in a fit
of apoplexy, from which he never
recovered, After a deliberation of
nearly five hours, during whichit ap-
peared that Mr. I. had been. previ-
ously afflicted with two apoplectic
fits, the coroner’s jury returned a
verdict, Died by the visitation of
God.

11th. At Malton, Charles Locke,
esq. who was minister at Naples,
and who went out thither, a few
Kk2 months

500

months ago, on his way to Egypt,
where he was appointed consul-ge-
neral and also in the Mediterranean.
It is supposed that his death pro-
ceeded from a bad fever, which was
occasioned by excessive fatigue, in
visiting the plains of Troy. The
fever had entirely left him, when he
landed from his majesty’s ship An-
son, from Smyrna; but it left such
a debility, that he never recovered ;
and Mr. Locke died without speak-
ing a word alter he had landed,
which was about ten days.

13th. On board the Centaur, off
the Diamond Rock, Martinique,
capt. Reynolds, son of capt. Carthew
Reynolds, of his majesty’s sloop
Curieux ; who obtaimed the com-
mand of her, for his gallant con-
duct, in cutting her out from under
fort Edward, Martinique, having
received seven wounds in the con-
flict. This brave promising young
man was ill of the fever, in prince
Rupert’s bay, Dominique, and on
his arrival at Barbadoes, was re-
moved on shore, but finding he got
worse, was taken on board the Cen-
taur, to go out the cruise, in hope
change of air might bring him about,
but every thing proved ineffectual.
His remains were deposited on the
Diamond Rock, where a stone will
be erected to perpetuate his memo-
ry. The funeral was conducted with
as much ceremony as time and cir-
cumstances would allow.

14th. At Ham-house, Surrey,
aged 59, Anna Maria countess of
Dysart. She was eldest daughter of
David Lewis, esq. of Malvern, co.
Warwick, and sister to Magdelena
countess of Dysart (lady of Lionel
the last earl), and was married, in
1777, to Wilbraham Tollemache,
the present earl; who having no is-
sue, sir William Manners, bart.
(the eldest son of lady Louisa Man-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ners, his lordship’s sister) is pre-!
sumptive heir to the title. Her re-:
mains were interred, on the 24th,
in the family-vault in Suffolk.

Drowned, in the sight of his af-
flicted parents, while bathing in the
Wye, at Coldwell, John, the third
son of J. Warre, esq. of Hendon-
place.

At Geneva, Gilbert Ainsley, esq.
of Baker-street, Portman-square,
son-in-law to sir Henry Blackman.

16th. This afternoon, at two
o’clock, the rev. William Tindal,
M.A. F.S.A. and chaplain of the
Tower, shot himself, with a mus-
quetoon strongly charged, at. his
house on the parade in that fortress..
He had in the morning waited on
the governor to request his permis-
sion of absence from chapel that
day, on account of indisposition ;
which was granted, under circum-
stances of polite and even of kind
consideration. No immediate cause
seems to have instigated the act.

17th. At Vienna, the ‘countess
Zamoiska, sister to the late king of
Poland. She did not leave behind
her more property than was suffici-
ent to bestow some legacies on the
poor, and the exaét amount of what
she inherited from her parents. Her
unfortunate brother, king Stanis-
Jaus, was equally generous, patri-
otic, and disinterested; and, in-
stead of enriching himself or his re-
lations, lived the last years of his
life upon alms at St. Petersburgh,
where he died a pauper. The love:
of Catherine II. from a nobleman
made him a king; and afterwards
her ambition reduced him from a

_ king to a pensioner.

19th. At her cottage, near
Chertsey, Surrey, after a long and
painful illness, which she bore with.
the greatest fortitude and resigna-
tion, in her 44th year, lady Mary
Stawell,

CHRONICLE.

Stawell, one of the ladies to the
princesses Augusta and Elizabeth ;
by whom, and by all who knew her,
She is much regretted. She was se-
‘cond daughter of. Asheton lord
Curzon; married, 1779, to Henry,
present and fifth lord Stawell, by
whom she had one daughter, Mary,
born 1780.

At the house of Mr. Fox, in
Arlington-street, after a long illness,

_ endured with patience and piety,
_ which baffled all the powers of the

medical art, and rendered ultimately

' fruitless the constant tenderness of

an affectionate and afflicted family,
William Dixon, lord bishop of
Downe and Connor nineteen years,
having been promoted to it 1785.
Dr. D. went through his academic

- exercises with great credit, and was

mT Oe

I EE

‘an excellent scholar. If his natural
modesty had not, in a great degree,
kept his mind from expanding itself,
his understanding and cultivation
were capable of great things. No-
thing could be executed with more
happiness than his ready, eloquent,

_ and energetic answer to the late earl
of Clare, in the Irish House of

Lords, upon a subject unexpectedly
started upon him by that noble per-
‘son. It is hardly possible to con-
ceive any man to be more, what is

understood by the world, amiable,

than the late bishop of Downe; and
it is assuredly impossible for any
man to be more beloved than he was.
There was a charm in his manners;
and the gentleness of his domestic
life was exemplified in the discharge

of his ecclesiastical and political

%

&)
ae

¥

8
i

4

functions. All religious denomina-
tions regarded him with the pro-
foundest admiration. From that

' poison of social life; from that eter-

nal’ curse upon Ireland, religious in-
tolerance ; that fatal frenzy, which

501

makes that miserable country be
devoured, like the pelican, by her
own ofispring, never was mortal
more free than was this virtuous
prelate. The rare fortune was his,
to be bishop of the diocese in which
he was born, and to contradict, in
his own person, the popular max-
im, ‘* that no man can bea prophet
in his own country ;” for, through-
out his distriét, there was not aman,
whatever his mode of faith, who did
not revere this admirable person, ex-
cepting the remorseless bigot, the
disciple of the fire and the faggot, of
the whip, the picket, and the tor-
ture. ‘The friendship between Mr,
Fox and the bishop of Downe be-
gan with their studies at Eton; and
Jasted till the close of the prelate’s
life. There, too, commenced, and
in like manner continued, the bi-
shop’s indissoluble connexion with
most of Mr. Fox’s nearest friends, of
whom one, and one who bears many
resemblances to his departed friend,
lord Robert Spencer, is the bishop’s
executor. He was a. cotemporary
at Eaton with Mr. Fox, lord Ro-
bert Spencer, Mr. Hare, &c. and
owed his promotion to the prelacy
to the former, being the only bi-
shop made under his administra-
tion. He married Miss Symmes, a
lady every way deserving, from her
sweetness of temper, and elegance of
manners, of the blessing of such a
mate. By her he had six children.
Two of his sons are field officers in
the army, and the two eldest dangh-
ters (not long introduced to the po-
lite world) are distinguished by the
superiority of their mental and per-
sonal accomplishments.

22nd. At Edinburgh, Mrs. Do-
rothy Hay, widow of John Hay,
esq. of New Mill, and mother to
the late marquis of Tweedale.

Kk 3 27th. At

502

27th. At Clifton-hall, Penelope
Madan Maitland, second daughter
of Alexander Charles. Maitland
Gibson, esq. of Clifton-hall:. and
on the following day, at the same
place, Alexander Maitland, fourth
son of brigadier-general Frederick
Maitland.

29th. At Hampton-court Pa-
Jace, Frances, eldest daughter of the
late earl of Ludlow.

Lately, sir James Cockburne,
of Langtown, bart.

October 1st. At his housein Upper
Gower-street, of the repeated at-
tacks of a paralytic disorder, aged
73, George Wilson, esq. formerly
an eminent solicitor in the high court
of chancery. The chambers which
he occupied in Symond’s inn had
been successively tenanted, during
the period of a century, by his fa-
ther and grandfather; and he dis-
charged the duties of his profession
with hereditary reputation and in-
tegrity. He married Sarah, daugh-
ter of John Cox, and sister and
heiress of George Cox, of Fair-
seat, co. Kent, esqrs. by whom
(who died 1796) he had four chil-
dren, Sarah, Mary, George-Cox,
and George-Cox, One only sur-
vives him, Mary, now the wife of
sir Hugh Inglis, bart. M. P.

2nd, Suddenly, at Exeter, in her
80th year, Mrs. Elizabeth Elliot,
daughter of the late col. Ducket, of
the Horse-guards, and reliét of the
late Granville E. esq. a general in
the British service.

Mrs. Lewis, wife of Mr. David
Lewis, jun. of Carmarthen. The
circumstance: that occasioned her
death is remarkable. She dreamt
that she met with two men carrying
a coffin, and enquiring whom the
coffin was for, they. replied it was
for her, ‘This had such aneffect. on

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

her mind, that it brought on a mis.
carriage, which terminated her life.

At Jersey, much regretted, Mr.
Pleydell Dawnay Le Geyts, third
son of Charles-William Le Geyts,
esq. He was midshipman on board
his majesty’s ship the Severn, and
descended from one of the first fa-
milies in that island. He was avery
promising youth, much beloved by
his captain and near relation, his
serene highness the duke de Bouil-
lon, by the rest of the officers and
men of the ship, and by all who had
the pleasure to know him. His
loss is most severely felt by his dis-
consolate parents.

5th. Of the goutin his stomach,
in his 43d year, Thomas Seddon,
esq. of Aldersgate-street, colonel of
the 11th regiment of loyal London
volunteers. His remains were in-
terred on the 12th with military ho-
nours.

At her house in Spa-fields, aged
65, lady Anne Erskine, sister to the
eari of Buchan, and the hon. Tho-.
mas Erskine. * She was a trustee for.
the late countess of Huntingdon’s
chapels, and superintended their
management,

At his house in Bury, after a
severe and lingering illness, which,

_ he supported with much’ fortitude,

lieutenant-colonel Thomas Rockley,
of the 7th battalion of the royal,
army of reserve.

6th. Aged 60, sir William
Kemp, bart. of Bristow, co. Nor-
folk. He was riding on a hobby,
from which he fell, and expired on
the spot.

6th. At his lodgings in Bristol,
after a long illness, the rev. John-
William Hamilton, -brother to. sir
Frederick H. bart. and nephew to
Jieutenant-general sir John Cra-
dock, K. B.

7th. Ip

) tle, ‘co.

-whom he had three sons:

CHRONICLE.

7th. In London, aged 72, Fran-
eis Eyre, esq. of Warkworth-cas-
Northampton. He mar-
ried, 1. Lady Mary Radcliffe,
daughter of Charles Radcliffe, be-
headed on ‘lower-hill 1746, and
sister to the earl of Newburgh, by
t. Fran-
cis Eyre, esq. of Hassal, co. Derby ;
2. ason, now abroad; 3. Charles;
and a daughter, who married Serj.

_ Arthur Onslow, counsellor at law,

and died s. p, Lady Mary Fyre
died about 1799; and Mr. Eyre,
about three years ago, married, 2.
Miss Sarah Hernon, who survives
him. Mr. E. was the author of the
following works: 1. ‘‘ A few Re-

_ marks on the History of the De-

cline and Fall of the Roman Em-
pire, relative chiefly to the two last
ehapters. By aGentleman. Lon-
don, 1778. 8vo. 154 pages. 2. A
short Appeal to the Public. By
the Gentleman who is particularly
addressed in the Postseript of the
vindication of some passages in the
15th and 16th chapters of the de.
cline and fall of the Roman Em.
pire. London, 1799. 8vo. 4t
pages. 3d. A short Essay on the
Christian Religion, &c. the whole
proposed as a preservative against
the pernicous doctrines which have

- overwhelmed France with misery

and desolation. By a sincere
Friend of Mankind. London, 1795.
8vo. 140 pages... On Mr. Churton,
Rector of Middleton Cheney, to
which parish that of Warkworth
adjoins, addressing to his parishion-
ers, at his first coming amongst

them, A Defence of the Church of

England. Mr. Kyre published, 4. A
Letter to the Rev. Mr. Ralph Chur-
ton, &c. from Francis Eyre, of
Warkworth. London. 1795. 8vo.
454 pages, which occasioned a short

503

Postscript by Mr. Churton, and
there the controversy ended. ‘The
estate of Warkworth was bequeath~
ed by ——. Holman, esq. to his ne-
phew, the late Mr. Eyre and his
brother, who sold his moiety many
years ago.

7th. Aged 70, Richard Free-
borough, of Lincoln. He was
known to his’ neighbours by the
name of *¢ The Old Bachelor,”’ and’
resided in a small dwelling by him-
self, notsuffering any person to, assist
him im his: household affairs. He
was continually swearing about the
taxes, and complaining of’ poverty ;
yet, since his death, 100 guineas in
gold have been found’in his house ;
and he has likewise left other pro-
perty to a considerable amount:

At his house in Green-park place,
Bath, aged 73, George Paul Monck,
esq. a lineal descendant of gen.
George Monck, duke of Albemarte.
He married lady Araminta Beres-
ford, sister to the ‘late marquis -of
Waterford, and was father to Mr.
R. Dawson, Dublin, and the wife of.
the rev. Gustavus Hume, of the:
county of Wicklow.

8th. At Derby, in the 80th
year, Mrs, Denby, mother of lieute-
nant-colonel Denby.

Henry Wickham, esq. of Cot-
tingley, in the commission of the
peace: for the West Riding of York-
shire, and upwards of 26 years a
partner in the bkanking-house of
Messrs. Wickham, Field, and Co.
of Leeds. He was formerly licute-
nant-colonel in the third regiment
of guards, and father of the right
hon. William W. late chief secre-
tary in Ireland,

At Vincenza, in Italy, after an
illness of some days, Bertie, only
son of Samuel Greathead, esq. of
Guy Cliff, near Warwick, He was

Kk4 gran

504

grand nephew to the present duke
of Ancaster.

12th. _ At Mr. Phillips’s, in
Thornhaugh-street, Bedford-square,
James Barton, esq. of Penwortham,
co. Lancaster, brother-in-law to
KE. M. Mundy, esq. M. P. for Der-
byshire.

Mr. Carter, a celebrated com-
poser of music,
many ballads, among which were
“© OQ, Nanny, wilt thou gang with
me.” ‘¢ Tally-ho!” &c. &c.

13th. At his- country-seat, Ab-
beyleix, in Queen’s County, Ire-
land, most sincerely and deservedly
Jamented, Thomas Vesey, viscount
De Vesci, so created in 1776. He
is succeeded in his title, &c. by his
eldest son the hon John Vesey, who
is married to Miss Brownlow, sister
to the countesses of Darnley and
Powerscourt, and daughter of the
Jate. right honourable William
Brownlow...

At Clifton, the hon. col. George
Napier, comptroller of army ac-
compts in Ireland. A better or a
braver soldier never served -his
country; a more upright or more
diligent servant of the public never
filled an office of trust. He was
married to lady Sarah - Bunbury,
sister to the duke of Richmond.

17th. At Berlin, in his 70th
year, M. de Struensee, Prussian mi-
nister of state. He had served un-
der three different kings.

19th. At his house in Suffolk.
street, Charing-cross, aged 63, the
facetious Mr. Charles Bannister,
formerly, for many years, of Dru-
ry-lane and Coyent-garden theatres,
but latterly ‘of the Haymarket-
theatre, and father of Mr. John B.
the celebrated comedian. He had
Jong been the life of every company
into which he was introduced; his

2

ANNUAL REGISTER,

and author of

" procession.

1804.

gaiety and conviviality never failed —

to set the table in a roar; mirth
flashed from his eye, and care dared
notintrude. In his manners he was
unofiending and unassuming. ‘¢ Live
while we can,’ was his motto
throughout his mortal career; and
few men ever enjoyed, or was more

beloved by, a more extensive and

respectable circle of friends. A
long attachment to society and his
bottle impaired his constitution ; so
much so, that it was latterly neces-
sary to revive him with comfortable
cordials before he could take dinner,
or preside at the festive board. He
was eyer considered a -respectable
performer; his vocal talents were
for many years of the first celebrity ;
and the public never missed an op-
portunity of testifying their esteem
for so deserved a fayourite and re-
spected individual ; of which Mr. B.
experienced their last testimony at
his benefit at the Haymarket theatre
on the 16th, only three days before
his death, when the house overflow-
ed in every part, and hundreds
were disappointed, lis remains
were interred, on the 25th, in. the
family-vault, under the communion-
table in. St. Martin’s church. The
hearse was drawn by four horses,
and followed by six mourning-
coaches, in which were Messieurs
Barrymore, Moody, Waldron,
Holland, Wroughton, Pope, John-
stone, Kelly, Incledon, Munden,
Lewis, Bartley, Collins, Cherry,
Dowton, Suett, Fawcett, Truman,
Caulfield, and Hill. Mr. J. Ban-
nister was in the first coach, with
some of his children. Many other
friends of the deceased joined the
The coffin was. placed
on those of the deceased’s mother

and brother...
20th. At his chambers in the
Temple,

ae ee oe a ee oe a)

Temple, aged 76, John Wynne,
esq. a bencher of the Middle ‘Tem-
ple, and brother to sir Wm. W. of
_ Doétors Commons.

At Wickham, Hants, after a short
illness, in his 38th year, the rey.
George-Andrew Thomas, rector of
that place, and of Deptford, Kent,
prebendary of Lichfield, and ne-
phew to the late bishop ‘Thomas, of
Rochester, whose works he publish-
ed, with memoirs of his life, and
had just published a sermon of his
Own, on the king’s recovery, inti-
tuled, ‘‘ The Case of Hezekiah.”
"He was of St. John’s college, Cam-
bridge; B.A. 1789, M.A. 1795.
—tInafew minutes after him, his
mother-in-law, Mrs. Ford, relict
of col. F. who had long resided
_ with him.

After a long illness, Thomas
Hughes Phillips, esq. of Pont-y-
Wall, co. Brecon.

At Carton, co. Kildare, in Ire-
land, aged 56 years, 7 months, and
7 days, William Robert Fitzgerald,
duke of Leinster, so created in
_ 1766, marquis of Kildare, and
K.P. He married Amelia-Olivia
St. George, only child of the late
_ lord St. George, who died in 1798,
_leaying a numerous family to regret
_her loss, of whom the eldest son,
_ Augustus-Frederick, now 13 years
of age, and to whom the Prince of
_ Wales stood sponsor, succeeds to the
“titles, honours, and estates. His
_ grace’s disorder was a stranguary,
d his sufferings were extremely
vere. When told what would pro-

bably be the result of his illness, he
burst into tears, and exclaimed,
_* What will become of my poor
...., This last attention to the
f _ existence and welfare of many inva-
workmen, whom he had employ-
ed from pure compassion, was
i *

CHRONIC LE:

505

strongly characteristic of his humane
heart; he feared that others, less
feeling than himself, would hesitate
to employ persons whose incapacity
rendered them unfit for laborious
occupations ; and the thoughts of
their sufferings when he should be
no more, seemed to agitate him as he
quitted this transitory world for one |
of eternal glory. Although he did
not possess those shining abilities
that confer instead of receive dig-
nity from rank, he was good-tem-
pered, good-natured, and affable; a
fond father, indulgent Jandlord, and
kind master. The county of Kil-
dare neyer exhibited a greater gloom s
theshopsin Maynooth were entirely
closed the whole of the 22d, and no
business carried on. The town of
Leixlip also, and, in fact, all the
villages in the vicinity of Kildare,
partook of the. heartfelt sorrow
evinced by the county at large;
among the rest, 46 poor old men
and women, who have experienced
his grace’s bounty for many years.
Every Christmas they were com-
pletely cloathed, and in seasons of
scarcity they were comfortably fed,
and provided with every thing their
situation required. At eight o’clock
in the morning of the 25th, the fu-
neral commenced, which was at once
superbly-elegant and awfully-im-
pressive. As the procession (con-
sisting of all the nobility and gentry
in the county) reached the avenue
of Maynooth, 180 students of the
Catholic college at Dublin drew up
in two rows, in their academical
dresses, and, when the body had
passed through them, walked in the
rear two miles, two by two. When
the procession veached the Curragh
of Kildare, it was joined by 300
of his grace’s tenantry, and as many
other yeomen and tradesmen on

horseback,

506

horseback, all wearing white scarfs
and hatbands. The whole | pro-
ceeded thence, in great solemnity,
to the Old Abbey-church at Kil-
dare, where his remains, after the
usual church-service was performed
by the rector, were finally depo-
sited in the ancient family vault, ex-
a¢tly at half past four o’clock in
the afternoon, amidst the unfeigned
sorrowings of thousands of specta-
tors. The bells of the cathedral of
Christ church, Dublin, chimed muf-
fled, night and day, till the iuter-
ment was over. His grace’s execu-
tors are, his two brothers, lords
Hlenry and Robert Fitzgerald. The
guardians appointed for the minor
duke, under his grace’s will, are,
his son-in-law, Mr. Henry, and the
hon. Charles-James Fox.

23d. At Eskgrove, the right.
hon. sir David Rae, bart. chief jus-
tice of Scotland.

At Inverary-eastle, the seat of
the duke of Argyle, sir W. Hart,
knight of the Polish order of St.
Stanislaus.

26th. Athis lodgings, in Jermyn.
street, St. James’s, Major Lawrence
Parsons, of Pembroke-place, King’s
County, Treland, lately one of the
royal fusileers, and brother. to. sir
L. Parsons, M. P. for the said
county.

29th. Mr. Goatea Morland, the
celebrated English painter.

30th. At his house in the pre-
eincts of Canterbury, aged 74, sin,
cerely Jamented by those who knew
his worth, W. Gostling, esq. capt.
of the invalids in the royat artillery.
He had been more than 50 years in
the service, was in the action at
Minden, and, among others, hac
the thanks of the commander in chief
on that memorable day.

Nov. ist. By the accidental dis-

1

ANNUAL REGISTER,

“739.

1804.

charge of a fowling-picce, Mr.
George Willis, eldest son of the —
Rev. W. Willis, of Stirling. He
was amusing himself with his gun on
board a® vessel in the Forth, near
Alloa; had laid it out of his hand
upon the deck, and was sitting on
the hatches eating a biscuit, and
conversing with the master, when
the motion of the vessel, or some
ropes near which the gun lay, made
it go off, the contents lodged in his —
arm and left side, and he almost in-
stantly expired. .

2nd. After a few hours illness, at
Stock-house, Dorset, John. Berke-
ley Burland, esq. sonand heir of the
late judge Burland, and one of the
representatives in parliament for
Totnes, in Devonshire, colonel of
the eastern regiment of Somerset vo-.
lunteer infantry, and@ in the com.~
mission of the peace for that coun.
ty, of which he was an active and
very highly-respected magistrate.
He married to his first wife the
daughter and sister of the Butlers,
successively rectors of Ochford: Fitz
Paine, who died Feb. 2, 1802.3; and
to his second, 1804, the relict of
Mr. Gordon of Leweston, sister to.
the late sir Skipton Nash, of Bris-.
tol.

At Keynsham, near ’ Presteign,
after a short illness, in her 77th.
year, Susannah dowager-countess:
of Oxford, relict of Edward third
earl, and daughter of William Ar~
cher, esq. of Welford, Berks, which.
county he represented till his death,
‘Fo the poor: she was a: libe-
ral benefactress, and her death will
Jong be regretted by every one who.
knew her. Her ladyship was a li-
neal descendant of the ancient fami-
ly of the Archers, of “Welford,
Berks, and aunt, by marriage, to.
the. present earl of Oxford. By. her

decease.

decease about 60001. per annum de-
yolyes to her sister, Mrs. Blundell,
of Bath, and about 2500l. per ann.
to her late lord’s nephew, the pre-
sentearl. Iler remains were inter-
red at Brampton-Bryan.
5th. At St. Petersburgh, field-
marshall count Muschin Puschin,
who some time commanded the Rus-
sian forces, in the last war with
Sweden.
_ After a long illness, aged 74,
Abraham Winterbottom, esq. an
eminent attorney in Threadneedle-
‘Street. At the close of a long and
irreproachable life, he sunk under
the infirmities of ill-health, and the
loss of his wife, who had _ herself
lingered under the confinement of
long illness and blindness, and by
| whom hehadnoissue. By this and
other privations, left almost alone
in the world, he had not the forti-
tude of mind to prevent him from
terminating his life by ‘a pistol, at
his house at Highbury-place, Isling-
ton. He was secretary and solici-
tor to the Magdalen charity, and
solicitor to the South-Sea company.
8th. Captain Huby, going on
shore from his vessel lying in the
river at Selby, co. York, together
with captain Ellis, employed in the
Same trade, the latter fell off the
plank into the water. Captain
Huby jumped im after him, and,
wing to his exertions, capt. E}lis’s
e was preserved, but he himself
was unfortunately drowned. Capt.
Huby had been married to Miss
Martin, of Reedness, in the Marsh-
Jand, near Selby, only three days
before.
9th. At Newcastle, lieut.-col.
Blakeney, late inspecting officer of
“3 yolunteer corps in that distriét.
He was dreadfully wounded in the
‘Battle of Bunker’s-Hill,

North-

CHRONTC LE:

507
America, and was always considered
an intelligent and brave officer.

10th. At Bristol, Miss Louisa
Anne, fifth surviving daughter of
sir Edmund Cradock Hartop, bart.
of Fouwr-Oaks-Hall, co, Warwiek,
one of the representatives in parlia~

‘ment for the county of Leicester.—
Her remains were interred on the
22d, in the family vault at Aston
Flamville.

12th. At her house, in Lower
Seymour-street, Mary, countess-
dowager of Shaftesbury. She was
second surviving daughter of Jacob
Bouverie, viscount Folkstone, full
sister to William Bouverie, late earl
of Radnor, and second wife of An-
thony fourth earl of Shaftesbury,
married to him March 26, 1759,
by whom she had two sons, the
present earl and Cropley Ashley, te
whom, by her death, a considera-
ble accession .of fortune accrues 5
and a daughter, Mary Anne. She
was interred in the family fault at
Wimborn-St. Giles, Dorset.

The hon. capt. Paget Bayly, of
the royal navy, fourth brother to
the earl of Uxbridge. He was bora
in 1753.

14th. At his seat at Noéton, near
Lincoln, in his 70th year, George
Hobart, earl of Buckinghamshire,
baron Hobart, of Blickling. He
was the fourth son of John first earl
of Buckinghamshire, being eldest
son of the second wife, Elizabeth
Bristow ; succeeded his half-brother
John 1793, and was before that
event, conductor of the epera en-
tertainments. He was M. P. for
Beer-Alston, and secretary to his
elder brother, when embassador to
Russia. He married,,in 1757, Al-
binia} eldest daughter of lord Vere
Bertie, eldest son of Robert first
duke of Ancaster, by his second
marriage

508

marriage, by whom he has left two
sons and three daughters. His re-
mains were deposited, with great
funeral solemnity, in the family-
vault at Noéton. His numerous te-
nautry assembled on the occasion,
to pay their last tribute of-gratitude
and affection to a nobleman who
possessed many virtues, and who
had never, in the whole course of
his life, and amidst the most trying
exigencies of the times, raised their
rents, but always held out to the
Jast that excellent maxim, ‘+ Let the
poor man live.” He is succeeded
by his son, Robert lord Hobart, late
his majesty’s primcipal secretary of
state for the department: of the war
and colonies.

15th. At his lordship’s house, at
Colchester, the infant daughter of
lord Stanley.

At his seat, Wingerworth, in
Derbyshire, in his 81st year, uni-
versally lamented on account of his
many amiable qualities, sir Henry
Hunloke, bart. fourth baronet of his
family. He married Miss Coke,
eldest daughter of Wenman Coke,
esq. of Longford, Derbyshire, by
whom he has left a ‘numerous family.
Sir Henry, the first baronet, testi-
fied his loyalty by lending to king
Charles 1. a considerable sum of
money, in his most pressing neces-
sity, even at a time when there was
- little probability of ever being re-
paid. But his support of the royal
cause stopped not here, for he, at
his own expense, levied and accou-
tred a troop of horse in the regiment
of col. Frecheville (afterwards lord
Frecheville) whereof he himself was
lieut.-col. and this young hero, not
then 22 years of age, at the battle
of Edge-hill, so signalised hiniself,
that king Charles knighted him in
the field of battle, and soon after-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

-Thomas Windsor Hunloke,.

'Tanois, a clerk in the French trea- |

“

1804.

wards created him a baronet... Not
long after, making an attempt upon i
the enemy near Bestwood-park, in
Nottinghamshire, in. a skirmish
with some of the adverse party, in-
ambush, he received a cut of asword
in his elbow, which so disabled his —
right arm, that it hung useless in a
scarf to his dying day; and for his By
loyalty to his sovereign was fined By
17481]. hy the sequestrators. The §
late baronet is succeeded in his ti- By
tles and estates by his eldest son sir
His”
second son survived him only seven n
days.
16th. At Conway, in Wales, in ,
her way to Ireland, with the coun. ©
tess her mother, lady de Stewart, —
3rd daughter of the earl of London- 9
derry. i
17th. At Peterborough, in her fy
64th year, Mrs. Bertie, of that ci- -
ty, sister of gen. B. M.P. forStam-—
ford, co. Lincoln.
19th. Near Bangor, in Wales, §
where she was ona visit, of a-ra~ §
pid decline, lady Georsina Canning, §
sister of lord Castlereagh, and niece
to earl Camden. i |
At Paris, aged 88, M. Francis ff

=e = =

sury. He has Jeft no less than ten
widows, though he was a bachelor ©
until 1792. In his will he declares —
he never intended to marry, had not
the national convention passed the —
law for easy divorees.. He leaves,
to each of his widows an annuity §

of 1200 livres (501.), as, he.says, —
they were all equally dear to him.”

Not one of them is yet 30 years
old. .
20th. Mrs.Sowerby, wife of a —
pawnbroker, the corner of Cannon.
street, and the Commercial Road, —
Shadwell. About 11 o’clock, as_—
baron seas was standing at the
dravr-

drawing-room window of his house,
the corner of Clarges-street, Pic-
bond he observed a lady ihe
elf into the Queen’s Basin in
Green-park. He immediately
Brivea out, accompanied by two of
is domestics; and on his arrival at
the basin plunged in, and, after
considerable exertion, bore the un=
happy female to. the bank, from
whence she was conveyed to a pub-
Tic-house, where a surgeon was
sent for, and, in a short damnit ani-
mation was restored. The first words.
which she uttered were, “ Oh! my
children! my children! my mother!
I have poisoned myself with the
contents of the bottle!” She soon
} after fell into convulsions, which
lasted for some time. Upon exa-
‘mining her pockets, a four-ounce
phial was found in one of them,
with some agua-fortis, supposed to
be the phial a servant saw her drink
of before she plunged into the wa-
ter. Between 5 and 6 o'clock she
was removed to Mount-street work-
| house. The violence of her con-
_ vulsions increased, and she foamed
shockingly at the mouth. These
Symptoms convinced the medical
‘men of her having taken the fatal
draught before she jumped into the
water ; and at 8 o'clock at night she
Je pired i in great agony. Under her
left breast there was a large wound,
s if caused by a sharp instrument ;
also another upon the left thigh,
p ade some violent bruises on the
breast, apparently occasioned by
‘blows. The first witness before the

her husband, who deposed, that
his master and mistress did not live
happily ; that she had been of a
very indifferent temper, and was

m in a state of delirium. The

CHRONICLE.

ted to drinking, and very of-.

509

brother of Mr. Seventy deposed
nearly to the same effeet. He said,
that'on the 17th he visited his bro-
ther and the deceased; that they
were then at words, and that they
lived unhappily ; he attributed it.to
her unsettled state of mind, being
of a jealous turn, and sometimes
betraying symptoms of phrenzy, as
well as of liquor. The surgeon was
clearly of opinion that her death
was produced by drinking the con-
tents of the phial, being aqua for-
tisy which brought on suffocation.
The jury returned their verdict, Lu-
nacy. She appeared to be about
26 years of age, of a middle stature,
and a beautiful woman; was ele-
gantly dressed. She has left three
children. Her husband was at the
workhouse, but did not attend the
jury.
At Bath, where he took refuge
8 years since from the troubles of
the continent, ‘the venerable Dr.
Archibald Maclaine, 50 years mi-
nister of the English church at the
Hague, and well known as_ the
translator of Mosheim’s Ecclesias-
tical History, the author of Letters
to Soame Jenyns, of Sermons, &c.
Endeared to a numerous and re-
spectable acquaintance, his memo-
ry seems the less to require the tri-
bute of a public eulogy ; but, in
deploring the loss of departed worth,
sincerity and friendship may be per-
mitted briefly to state its claims to
imitation and praise. Suffice it then to
say, that, in a probationary course of
82 years, Dr. Maclaine’s superior en-
dowments of mind and heart,—his
genius, learning, and industry, con-
stantly directed by a love of virtue’
and truth, by piety and charity,
diffused a beneficial influence over
the whole of his professional and
domestic sphere. As a scholar, a |
gen-

510

gentleman, and a divine, uniformly
displaying a judicious taste, an
amiable deportment, and instructive
example, he was admired and loved
_ by all who courted and enjoyed his
society; especially those of whom
he was a distinguished archetype—
_ the man of education, the polished
companion, the benevolent friend,
and pious Christian. Cloathed in
the invincible armour of the latter,
he received with triumph the assaults
of the last enemy of mankind; and
it is no small consolation to his
mourning friends, that great as had
been the excellence and utility of
his life, they were surpassed by the
fortitude he displayed, and the hap-
piness he enjoyed, in the hour of
impending death, He was a native
ef Scotland, and son of a minister
in Ireland. He published, 1752,
a sermon, preached Dec. 5, 1751,
on the death of the prince of Orange,
Lam. iii. 28, 29. In 1765, his mas-
terly translation of Mosheim’s Kc-
elesiastical History made its first
appearance, in 2 vols. 4to. dedi-
cated to William prince of Orange.
It experienced a most favourable
reception, and was reprinted, 1758,
in 6 vols. 8vo. in which form it has
had several subsequent editions. The
additions to the quarto edition were
‘ published separately. the same year.
Few publications, on their first ap-
pearance, have been more generally
read than Mr. Soame_ Jenyns’s
** View of the Internal Evidence
of the Christian Religion.” Dr. M.
addressed to that gentleman a series
of letters, 1777, in 12mo. written
to serve the best purposes of chris-
tianity, on a due consideration of
the distinguished eminence of Mr. J.
as a writer, of the singular mixture
of piety, wit, error, wisdom, and
paradox, exhibited in his publica-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

tion, and of his defence of christis
anity on principles which would lead
men to enthusiasm or to scepticism, ~
according to their different disposi-
tions. His only publications since
are 2 fast sermons, 1793 and 1797.
It will be no reproach to this wor
thy man’s memory to add, that he
was brother to the highwayman who
went by the name of ‘*''he Gen-
tleman Highwayman,” and had been
a grocer in Welbeck-street, and
was executed at Ty burn Oct.3, 1752,
attended by Dr. Allen, a presbytes”
rian minister, who published an ac- |
count of his behaviour. His bro-
ther early renounced him, though
he made all the interest he could for
him, and wrote a letter to him af-
ter condemnation. Dr. M. was sup-
posed to be, for many years, the
principal editor of the foreign arti-
cles in the Monthly Review,

At Winchester, the rev. James
Bandinell, D. D. rector of Nether-
bury, with Bedminster, co. Dorset,
worth 600l. a year. ;

20th. At Bath, the hon. George
Browne, captain in the Bedford-
shire militia, and brother to lord
Kilmaine.

About 3 o'clock in the afternoon
of the 24th, Charles Birch (late
servant to Mr. Leadbetter, of Little
Dalby, near Melton Mowbray) was
found near the foot-path leading
from the latter place to Scalford,
with his skull fractured in so shock-
ing a manner, that a considerable
quantity of the brain issued from
the perforation, and he was other-
ways much bruised: one of the
pockets of his breeches (which is
supposed to have contained a 101.
Stamford bill and some cash) was
cut out and taken away. At the
time he was found, the blood was
flowing copiously Feed his wounds,

which

which left no doubt but he had very
recently been treated in the above
inhuman manner, and left for dead
by the perpetrators. The unfortu-
nate young man Janguished till the
“morning of the 26th, but, being
speechless all the time, was in course
unable to give any aeniers of his
‘murderer.
_ Mary Pippet, 80 years of age,
_ was burnt to death at the house of
Mr. Middleton, Great Vine-street,
“a eo She was his aunt, and
had been confined to her apartment
for above 18 months. Between 2
and 3 o'clock Mr. M. heard an in-
cessant scream up Stairs, and, on
is approaching the deceased’s room,
eard her cry out ‘*‘ Mary! Mary!”
_ the name of her attendant; on open-
_ ing the door of her apartment, he
_ was nearly suffocated by smoke that
tushed out. Not knowing the cause,
“he threw up the window, and, when
the air was admitted, perceived the
eceased sitting at a table, with her
head reclined, a smoke arising from
her as well as the bed. and blankets ;
he immediately put the mattress on
her, and extinguished the fire, and
went for Mr. Ford, surgeon, of
Golden-square, who did not arrive
till after the death of Mrs. P. who
was a most affecting spectacle. It
#8 supposed a spark had flown from
the fire and caught her cloaths.
+ 29th. Mrs. Bowden, wife of the
rey. Richard B. of Over-Durwin,
near Blackburn, co. Lancaster, re-
turning from a visit on horseback,
_ passing a small brook, which was
_ touch increased by heavy rains, she
was forced down the stream, and
owned in sight of her husband
two sisters.
_ At his house in Russell-street,
ath, the rey. sir James Stronge,
rt. of Tynan, in Armaghshire, and

CHRONICLE,

S11

Thornhill, co. Dublin, so created
in June 14, 1803.

30th. Much lamented, in St.
James’s-street, at her daughter’s,
the duchess of "Roxburgh’s, aged 66,
Mrs. Bechinne, relict of capt. B. of
the royal navy, and sister ,to sir
John Smith, bart. of Sydling, co.
Dorset, whither her remains were
conveyed for interment in the fami-
ly vault.

Lately, at Hackwood park, the
hon. Miss Anne Orde Powlett, 2nd
daughter of lord Bolton.

At Gainsborough, aged 107,
Elizabeth Bullard, alias Winfrey,
widow. She remembered Geo, Ist
coming to England ; could sew with-
out spectacles; and died without
pain, being literally exhausted and
worn out.

At Wolverhampton, co. Stafford,
in the 67th year of her age, after a
long and painful illness, Catherine
Nickins, a maiden lady, daughter
of Catherine Nickins, late of ‘Tet.
tenhall, in the said county, wha,
died on the 18th December, 1795,
in the 82d year of her age, and the
55th of her widowhood. The said
Catherine, the mother, before mar-
riage, was Catherine Hale, one of
the daughters of Gabriel Hale, who
was the youngest son of Robert
Hale, which Robert Hale was the
eldest son of that truly distinguish-
ed character sir Matthew Hale, lord
chief justice of the king’s bench. -
The said Catherine Nickins, ‘spin-
ster, has, by her will, given to the
infirmary for the county of Stafford
100]. old south sea stock, and 300].
sterling, after her sister Mrs. Ann
Mee’s decease ;_ to the Birmingham
hospital 1001. old south sea stock ;
to a charity-school, at Tipton, co.
Stafford, 100]. old south sea stock,
and 50]. sterling after her said sis-

ter’s

512

ter’s decease; and legacies to the
poor of Tipton, Wolverhampton,
amd Tettenhall, at the discretion
of the minister of each parish, and
which is intended to be laid out in
the purchase of linsey petticoats
for poor widows. On the decease
of Mrs. Mee, the distinguished fa-
mily of Hales will be extinét.

Dec. 1st. At his seat at Berring-
ton, near Leominster, co. Hereford,
in his 75th year, the right hon.
Thomas Harley, father of the city
of London, president of St. Bartho-
lomew’s hospital, lord lieutenant
of the county of Radnor, one of his
majesty’s most honourable privy
council, and uncle to the earl of
Oxford. He was alderman of Port-
soken ward, 1761, sheriff 1763,
lord mayor 1767.

At his house, the park at Her-
tingfordbury, Samuel Baker, esq.
late M. P. for the county of Hert-
ford, and third son of the late sir
W. B. alderman of London.

2nd. At Mount Clere, Roe-
hampton, Surry, in his 85th year,
sir John Dick, bart. and knight of
the Russian order of St. Alexander
Newski, which he received from
the late empress of Russia, for his

services to her fleet while he was.

English consul at Leghorn. He
was likewise, for several years, one
of the commissioners for auditing
public accounts. He is said to have
died worth upwards of 70,0001.
the whole of which he has left in
equal divisions to Mr. Carr, Mr.
Simons of Carlisle-street, Soho, his
apothecary, the rev. Mr. Cleaver,
and Dr. Vaughan, his physician,

after a reservation of annuities of

1601. per annum each to his house-
keeper and the servant who attend-
ed his person, and one of 200l. per
annum to col. Pleydell, in approba-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804,

tion of his attachment to the cues
of Gloucester.

At Brithelmstone, in her 5th
year, the eldest daughter of the
duke of Rutland. Her1 remains were
interred in the family vault at aie
tesford, co. Leicester.

3rd. At Bath, the lady of sir
Francis Baring, bart,

6th. At his apartments in De-
vonshire-street, Michael Marcus
Lynch, esq. of Mallow, co. Cork,
in Ireland, late of the royal north_
Lincoln regiment of militia, and
brother-in-law to the right hon. J.
Hi. Addington.

At his seat, at: Kedleston, co.
Derby, in his 78th year, Nathaniel’
Curzon, Lord Scarsdale, a baronet,
LL.D. and a vice-president of the
Middlesex hospital. He was the
eldest son of the late Sir Nathaniel
Curzon, bart. whose family came
to this country with William the
conqueror. We find them seated
at Kedleston ever since the reign of
Edward the first. This family first
represented the county of Derby in
parliament, in the second year of
the reign of Richard II. and con.
tinued to do so, with some intervals,
until the twelfth of William III. ;,
from which period they uninterrupts
edly continued to represent it till
the year 1761, when his present
majesty was pleased to call the late
lord up to the house of peers. is
private worth will be long in re-
membrance : and the poor of the
surrounding villages will recolleét
with gratitude his continued bene-
volence. His exquisite taste for the
fine arts is universally known and
acknowledged by those of the pre-
sent age, and his noble mansion at
Kedleston will remain a monument
of it to posterity. He is succeeded -
by his eldest son, the hon. Nathaniel

Curzon,

CHRONT CIs. 513

Curzon, who represented the county
of Derby in two successive parlia-
ments.

8th. At Edinburgh, Miss Char-

lotte Augusta Colquhoun, daughter
of the late Sir George C. bart. of
Tillygquhoun.

_ At her house in Upper Sloane-
street, Lady Caroline Leigh, daugh-
_ter of Henry Duke of Chandos, by
his first wife Lady Mary Bruce,
- daughter of Charles Earl of ‘Ayles-
_ bury; ; and married to John Leigh,
esq. of Addlesthorpe, co. Glouces-

ter, in 1755.
10th. At Stonehouse, near Ply-
mouth, Miss Elizabeth Langton,
‘ “daughter of the late Bennet L. esq.
ef Langton, co. Lincoln, and the
f dowager countess of Rothes.

Lith. Sir Edward Nightingale,
bart. of Kneesworth, co. Cambridge,
He was only son of Gamaliel N.
_ captain in the royal navy, by Maria,

_ daughter of Peter Clossen, merchant
at Hamburgh, who died in 1789.
i‘ Sir Edward proved his claim to the
title, 1797, as heir male of sir Tho.
_ the first baronet. He married Elea-
Ea nor, daughter and heiress of Robert
__N. of Kneesworth, his uncle, by
whom he had six sons and four
_ daughters.
__ At his house in Cheapside, aged
86, John Boydell, esq. alderman
wot Cheap ward ; to which he was
- elected i in 1782; ‘shevitft 1785; lord
_ mayor 1790. He attended his duty
_ as alderman at the Old Bailey ses-
sioas on the 8th, when it is sup-
Boose he caught cold. On the 10th
he found himself much indisposed ;
on the 11th he was pronounced by
_ the physician to be in danger, and
the next morning expired without a
groan. The history of this worthy
alderman affords an extraordinary
" instance of what a life of spicited
Vor, XLVI.

exertions is able to accomplish. It
appears almost impossible that an
individual, who began the world in
humble circumstances, could have
efleéted so much for the improve-
ment of the arts, and of the nation-
al taste. When more than 20, he
was pul apprentice toa Mr. Tomms,
an engraver, at a time when there
were no eminent engravers in Kng.
land. He saw the necessity of forc-
ing the art of engraving, by stimu-
lating men of genius with suitable
rewards. He himself mentioned,
that the first means which enabled
him to encourage other engravers,
were the profits he derived from the
sale of a book of 152 prints, en-
graved by himself; and he very mo-
destly allowed, that he himself had
not at that time arrived at any emi-
nence in the art of engraving, and
that those prints are now principal
ly valuable from the comparison of
them with the improved state of the
art within the last 50 years. With
the profits of this book, however,
he was enabled to pay very liberally
the best engravers then in the coun-
try, and presented the public with
English engravings of the works of
the best masters. ‘The encourage-
ment he experienced from the pub-
lic was equal to the spirit and pa.
triotism of the undertaking, and
soon laid the foundation of an ample
fortune. The alderman had the
satisfaction to see in -his life-time
the effeét of his labours: though he
never himself made great. progress
as an engraver, yet he was. the
greatest encqurager of the art that
this country ever saw. “he English
epgravings, which were before con-
sidered much inferior to those of
foroign nations, began from that
time to be highly prized; and the
exportation of them became a va-

Ll luabie

S14

Juable article of commerce. Having
done so much for the art of en-
graving, he resolved to direét his
efforts to encourage the art of paint-
ing in this country. To this effect
he undertook that superb edition of
Shakspeare, the originals of which
were exhibited in the Shakspeare
gallery. The expense of these
paintings was prodigious, and more
perhaps than any individual had
ever before embarked for such an
object. It was rather singular that
he should live just long enough to
see the Shakspeare lottery disposed
of; for, on the day he paid the
debt of nature, nota single ticket
remained unsold.* Of his unbound-
ed liberality let the council-cham-
ber of the city of London, the
court-room of the stationers’ com-
pany, and the dining-room at the
sessions-house loudly speak. To
every benevolent institution he was
a generous benefactor and attentive
guardian. Witness, particularly,
« The royal Humane Society,” and
the ‘‘ Literary fund for the relief
of distressed authors ;’? to both of
which he was for many years a
most worthy vice-president, and a
frequent attender at their meetings.
Of his private charities, were they
to be brought before the public,
the list would be abundant. His
remains were interred in great fu-
neral state, in the afternoon of the
nineteenth, in the church of Saint
Olave Jewry, where an excellent
funeral sermon was preached by
the rev. Robert Hamilton, LL. D.
vicar of that church, and rector of
St. Martin, Ironmonger-lane. The
following is a corre¢ét statement of
the procession :—
Twelve city constables.
Mace-bearer’s attendant.
Warden.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Two pages with wands,
Beadle of school.
A painting of St. Anne,
Two boys.

Two masters.
Twenty-five girls.
Mistress.

Two house-stewards.

Two porters.

Ward Beadle.

Twelve gentlemen of the common
council,two and twa,with 8 pages.

‘ Two marshalmen.
Two ditto.
Two ditto.
Two marshals.
Mace and sword-bearer.
Two porters.

Lord mayor's chaplain (rey. Manly
Wood).
Rev.J.B.Sanders, Rev. Dr.Hamilton.
The lid of feathers.

The Recorder, Sir Cha. Price.
Sir John Eamer, Sir Wm. Staines.
BODY.

Sir John Anderson, Mr. Alderman
Le Mesurier.

Mr. Ald. Newnham, Lord Mayor.
Mr. Ald. Boydell elect.

Mr. Leigh Thomas, Mr. Jos. Boydell.
Mr. Jones, Mr. Nicol.

Mr. Harrison, Mr. W. Nicol.
Sir W. Leighton, Mr. Ald. Shaw.
Mr. Ald. Flower, Mr. Ald. Ansley.
Mr. Ald. Smith, Mr. Ald. Hunter. -
Mr. Ald. Lea, Mr. Ald. J. J. Smith,
Mr. Duxbary, Sir M. Bloxham. —

Mr. Sloane, Mr. Moreland.
Mr. Lavie, Mr. Clarke.
Mr. Parker, Mr. Braithwaite.
Mr. Salt, Mr. Miller.
Mr. Blumer, Mr. Cread.
Artists. Artists.
Mr. Young, Mr. Smith.
Mr. Ryder, Mr. Rouse.
(The above gentlemen were sup-
ported by 32 pages, and were
followed by)

* Vide Chronicle, page 366, for his admirable letter to Sir J. W. Anderson on

" this subject.

Mr.

CHRONICLE.

Mr. Reading, Mr. Williams.
Mr. Bull, Mr. Smith,
and ten servants, two and two.
15th. Interred in St. Andrew’s
church-yard, Dublin, the remains of
lady Catharine Stopford, sister to

__ James earl of Courtown. The fune-

ral was attended by a great number of
noblemen’s and gentlemen’s carriages,

At Croydon, Surry, aged 49,
Mr. Thomas Levins, many years
clerk of the parish church there.—
Some few years back, haying a nu-

merous family, he filled the follow-'

- ing offices in Croydon and its neigh-

_ pourhood to maintain them:

he
was parish-clerk, barber, and pub-

jican ; having many years kept the

_ white horse, on Dubben-hill, near

the church; provided music for
dinners, balls, &c. taught the vio-
din, flute, bassoon, French-horn,

_ and psalmody, at home and abroad;
was headborough, and bumbailitt to

the court of conscience, and many

_ years one of the wardens of the

royal Mecklenburgh free-mason’s

lodge, at Croydon.
me 16th.
_ months illness, aged 71, M. de

In London, after twelve

_ Conzies, bishop of Arras, in France,
born a nobleman and educated for
the prelacy. He did equal honour

_ to his rank and his station ; faithful

to his king as to his God, a long

life was never polluted by a single
_ aétion which did not prove the

are

standard merit of a good man and a
‘sincere Christian. ‘The loyal, as
well as- the religious, in imitating
his conduct, may be sure to possess

an

_ the esteem of their contemporaries,

and the admiration of posterity.
That such a charaéter should parti-

_ cularly attraét the hatred of Bona-
_ parte might justly be expected.—

The name of the bishop of Arras
was upon the same Jine of the same

515

list of proscription with that of the
hero of loyalty Georges. The Cor-
sican assassin, who pierced the
hearts of an Enghien, Pichegru, and
Georges, has long pointed his dag-
ger at the bosom of this prelate,
who preferred poverty and exile in
England to the Roman purple and
the Parisian arch-episcopacy ; both
offered him in 1801, by the first
consul of France and the pontiff of
Rome. Unalterable in his attach-
ment to the house of Bourbon, -his
royal highness Monsieur, brother
to the king of France and Navarre,
made him one of his principal coun-
sellors and confidential advisers ;
unprofitable offices indeed, for those
who, confounding fortune with jus-
tice, regard money more than ho-
nour; but advantageous to him who
has a conscience, follows its dic-
tates, and feels the honourable dif-
ference between the disinterested
counsellor of a lawful prince, and
the despicable accomplice of a bar-
barous usurper. ‘The bishop of
Arras had from nature a constitu-
tien strong enough to resist the ra-
vages of time to the farthest limits
assigned to the life of man, had not
Providence also bestowed upon him
a mind virtuous and feeling to the
highest degree. The deplorable
state of Christianity, the misfor-
tunes-of his king, and the degrad-
ation of his country, were the dis-
ease which deprived the world,
prematurely, of one of its best and
brightest ornaments. From the
scandalous journey of Pius VII.
and the sacrilegious coronation of
Napoleon the first, this prelate re-
ecived his death-blow. He surviy-
ed but for a few days the news of
the Corsican assassin’s and poison-
er’s anointment, and was one of the
first victims of this horrible aé,

L12 whieh

516

which has opened a tomb for true
religion as well as for lawful mo-
marchy. Asin health he had been
an example of piety and constancy,
during his illness he was a model of
devotion and resignation. He ex-
horted his countrymen and fellow-
sufferers, like himself, unfortunate
exiles, not to deviate from that
glorious though painful path of
thorns they had dutifully and con-
scientiously entered. He preached
submission to the decrees of the Al-
ynighty, in shewing the justice of
that noble cause to which they had
sacrificed rank, property, country,
and every thing else except their
honour. He told them never to
forget the gratitude they owe to
England, should religion and royal.
ty once more prosper in France,
His constant prayers were, on_ his
death-bed, that Christ may again
save his church in France, restore
there the rightful and faithful to
power, and convert, but not punish,
the undutiful and unbelieving. It
is often more glorious to deserve
than to occupya throne. Ilis royal
highness Monsieur, with an huma.
nity worthy of better times and bet-
ter fortune, refused himself even
the necessary rest to attend this
trusty and affectionate servant, who
had the consolation to breathe his
last in the arms of his good and
generous prince. Some few mo-
ments before he shut his eyes for
ever, he pressed the hand of Mon.
sieur to his bosom, and with a faint
voice faultered these his last words :
é¢ My kind prince, death is terrible
to the wicked only !”

16th. At her house in Chester.
field-street, May-fair, aged 83,
dame Hannah Hales, widow of sir
Edward II. bart..of Breamore-house,
Hants, who died December Ist,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

1800, aged 85. Her remains were
interred in the family vault at Wel-
mington, near Dartford.

At Ashe, in Hampshire, by a fall |
from her horse, which she survived
only 12 hours in a state of insensi-
bility, aged 56, Mrs. Lefroy, wife
of the rev. John Lefroy, reétor of
that parish and of Compton, in Sur-
ry, and eldest daughter and co-heir
of the late Edward Bridges, esq.
of Wootton, in Kent, by Jemima
daughter and co-heir of William —
Egerton, LL.D. prebendary of
Canterbury, and grandson of John,
second ear! of Bridgewater.

19th. At her seat, Hillingdon-
house, near Uxbridge, Middlesex,
Mary, marchioness of Rockingham.
She was daughter and heir of ‘Thos.
Bright, esq. of Badsworth, co.
York, uncle to Henry Liddell, lord
Ravensworth ; and married Feb. |
26th, 1752, to Charles second mar-
quis of Rockingham, who died in
1782. Her remains were conveyed
through York in funeral procession
to the cathedral, and deposited in
the vault belonging to that ancient
family. ‘The corpse was met at the
iron gate within the cathedral by
the rey. archdeacon Markham and
the rev. James Richardson, by
whom the funeral service was read.
The coffin was covered with crimson
yelvet, ornamented with rich gilt
tire. ;

At Holyrood-house, Edinburgh,
the hon. Mary Murray, only daugh-
ter of the late lord Edward Murray,
and sister to the hon. and rev. M.
Murray, dean of Killaloe, in Ire-
land, c

Q2ist. At his house, at Lauries-
ton, Edinburgh, in his 77th year,
colonel James Riddell, son of sir
Walter Riddell, of Riddell, and
uncle to sir John Buchanan, knt.

22nd,

CHRONICLE.

22nd. An inquest was this night
held at the king’s-head, Limehouse,
on view of the body of Wm. Locke,
esq. a captain in the second regi-
_ ment of ‘T'ower-hamlets militia. Af-
ter the coroner (Mr. Unwin) had
given the jury their charge, they
retired to view the body, which
presented a sight awfully affecting
and picturesque, being wrapped up
in the English colours, with the
uniform which the deceased wore,
and watched by two grenadiers in
their regimental dress: The first
witness called was captain Bartlett,
of the West India Dock volunteers.
He stated, that he had frequently
seen the deceased on guard at the
dock; he had called that evening
by accident at the house of Mr.
Tobin, where the deceased was
spending the evening ; at supper’‘he
observed him to be a good deal in-
toxicated, and his voracious manner,
of eating much surprised him. About
the middle of supper he observed
the deceased turn pale and faint,
and advised he should be taken into
the air. He got worse, and medical
‘aid was sent for. Mr. Tobin, of
Limehouse, deposed, that the de-
‘ceased had come to his house with
a friend; he had seen him often
_ before, but was not intimate with
him. He stated, that he supported
him a considerable time on his knee
till a,surgeon came ; that he gradu-
ally observed his pulsation diminish,
till he was quite gone. The surgeon,
Mr. Wedgborough, stated, that he
came too late to render any assist-
ance; that life was totally extinct.
He believed the deceased did not
die of apoplexy, though he could
not trace his death to any particular
fause. Verdict, died by the visi-
tation of God.

517

23rd. At her apartments at Chel-
sea, in her 8ist year, the celebrat-
ed signora Galli. She was some
years since a performer of consider-
able celebrity on the stage of the
king’s theatre in the Haymarket,
and was the last of Handel’s scholars ;
and that celebrated musician com.
posed several of his most favourite
airs expressly for her, both:in his
operas and oratorios, in which she
sang with great applause; and appear.
ed so lately as the year 1797, at Mr.
Ashley’s oratorios at Covent-garden
theatre. After quitting the stage,
she resided as a companion with the
unfortunate Miss Ray, and was in
company with her at Covent-garden
theatre on the evening she was shot
by the rev. Mr. Hackman, April
7th, 1779. Being thus deprived of
her situation, and not having made
any provision for her declining years,
she has subsisted entirely on the
bounty of her friends, and an an-
nual benefaction from the royal
society of musicians.

25th. At the house of the secre-
tary at war, in New Norfolk-street,
Mary-la-bonne, col. Hamilton, of
Pencaithland.

27th. In her: 62nd year, Mrs.
F. Glover, who had lived 50 years
in the same cottage at Honnington,
Suffolk, where she gave suck to that
much admired rural poet Robert
Bloomfield, author of the ‘ Farmer’s
Boy,’ &c. which poem was first
written with the sole view of pleas-
ing his mother, by the recital of
scenes long passed; but by its un
precedented success, on being in-
troduced to the world, he was en-
abled to contribute much towards
the comfort of her declining years ;
and on hearing of her last illness,
with that true filial piety which

L13 breathes

518

breathes throughout all his produc-
tions, he went to her from London,
and with unwearied patience watch-
ed her rapid decay, till death closed
a well-spent life.

At Lazarus-hospital, in lereford,
aged upwards of 100, Elizabeth
Garrett, who for a long period sold
fruit in that city. She was born in
the reign of queen Anne, and was
found, when but a few days old, at
the south.end of the street where
she kept her apple-stall, and from
this circumstance obtained the name
of Street. However, having at an
early age, engaged the affections of a
barber of the name of Garrett, he
married her; and from this circum-
stance it became a common obser-
vation, that Bet had mounted from
a Street to a Garrett. She walked
out till within a few days of her
death, and her faculties were unim-
paired to the last. She was carried
to her grave by six hair dressers, to
each of whom she bequeathed a ra-
zor.
In Magherabeg, near Dromore, in
Treland, the self-taught poet, Wil-
liam Cunningham; who, while he
was a poor weaver-boy, having re+
ceived the first rudiments of edu-
cation at one of, the bishop of Dro-
more’s Sunday schools, kad, by read-
ing such books as he could borrow,
made so considerable a progress,
that in the autumn of 1800, he pre-
sented his lordship with a copy of
verses, requesting the loanof books.
The bishop, struck with the marks
of genius displayed in this poem,
rescued him from the loom, and
placed him at the dioclesian school
of ‘Dromore, where his application
was so diligent that, in about two
years and a half, he had read the
principal Latin and Greek Classics.
Being thus qualified to superintend

3

7

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the education of youth, which had
been the object of his wishes, he
was received, early in. 1804, as an
assistant-teacher in the academy of.
the. rev. Dr. Bruce, of Belfast,
where he was distinguished for his
diligence and skill in preparing the
boys under his care to be examined
before the last summer vacation.
But, by this time, such strong symp-
toms of a consumption had appear-
ed_in his tall, thin, and slender
frame, that he could not any more
return to his charge, and his declin-
ing health confined him to the house
of his poor mether, near the turn-
pike-gate between Hillsborough and
Dromore, where he continued to
experience the kindness of his for- —
mer patron, and was most’ gene-
rously attended by sir George At-
kinson, an eminent physician in -
Hillsborough; but his case was be-
yond the reach of medical aid, and
terminated fatally. He was inter-
red in Dromore church-yard en the
29th, having nearly completed his
24th year, being born March 19,
1781.—Cunningham, though very
unlike, in his bodily frame, to Dr. —
soldsmith, who was short and not
slender, so strongly resembled him
in face, that, when he stood near
the profile of the doctor, his por-
trait seemed to have been drawn for
him.

28th. Suddenly, the bishop of
Noyon, one of those dignified ec-
clesiastics of France who remained
attached to the house of Bourbon, |
and was also one of the ancient
French nobility.

At Dyke, co. Lincoln, in conse- —
quence of a fright experienced on

_the preceding day from accidentally

letting an infant fall out of her
arms, Miss Diana. Howes, of
King’s Cliffe, co. Northampton, an —

amiable

|

.

CHRONIC LE.

amiable young lady, aged only

18.
30th. In Park-street, Grosve-
for-square, in his 80th year, gen.
Patrick Tonyn, colonel of the 58th
foot, and late governor of the pro-
vince of East Florida.
At Reddish’s hotel, in his 39th
year, George Evans, Baren Car-
berry, of the kingdom of freland,
‘and M. P. for the county of Rut-
land. In 1792 he married Miss
Watson, daughter of col. W. who
amassed a considerable fortune in
India. The first baron was created
by George I. in 1715. He was con-
sidered the finest man of his day;
and the king bestowed this honour
on him on account of his extreme
' beauty and manliness. The late
lord was truly amiable, and a man
of the mildest and most gentlemanly
manners. About two years since,
_ his lordship was hunting on ‘his
estate near Northampton, and had
' the misfortune to burst a blood-
vessel, and was considered at the
time in extreme danger. About 15
months ago he broke his arm, which
brought on a lingering complaint,
* considered by the faculty as a de-
cay of some internal part. A few
weeks since, his lordship came to
town, and has “been under the care
of Dr. Bailie and other eminent
physicians, who considered him so
far recovered as to sanction his re-
turn to the country, and Friday,
Dec. 28, was the day fixed for his
departure with lady Carberry for
_his seat in Northamptonshire. Pre-
-paratory to the journey he rode in
yde-park. On the 26th and 27th
he was in good spirits, and saw

_ company each afternoon; but in

the morning of the 28th he propos-
_ ed to lady Carberry to postpone
their departure to the 31st, to which

519

she acquiesced. About one o’clock
in the morning of the 29th,- he was
seized with a violent sickness ‘in
his stomach, and rang the bell for
his servant, who immediately at-
tended, and, on finding his lordship
had again burst a blood-vessel, sent
for Dr. Bailie, who administered
some medicine, which relieved his
patient so much, that he sat up,
dined, conversed, and was in tole-
rable spirits; but in the evening of
the 30th a relapse took place, which
terminated fatally at nine o’clock in
the evening of the 31st. Dying
without issue, he is succeeded by hig
uncle, the hon. John Evans, of
Dublin. His estates in the counties
of Cork and Kerry amounted to
15,0001, a year. All his personal
property is bequeathed to lady Car-
berry. His remains were interred
in the family-vault at Laxton, co.
Northampton. ‘The funeral pro-
cession was grand, and joined by his
lordship’s tenarts.

Lately, at Barbadoes, in the
West Indies, of the yellow fever,
lord viscount Proby, commander of
the Amelia frigate, of 38 guns,.and
most of his officers. His lordship’s
death. occasioned a vacancy in par-
liament for the town of Bucking-
ham. t

On board the Carysfort frigate,
of the yellow fever, lieut. John
Bellamy, of the R.N. son of the
late Mr. alderman B. of Leicester.
This gallant young man was with
lord Duncan, when he defeated the
Dutch fleet off Camperdown ; had
been in much other desperate ser-
vice; and was promoted entirely for
his great personal courage and nau-
tical abilities,

At Ulm, Huber, one of the most
celebrated writersin Germany.

At Vienna, im his 79th year,

L14 the

520

the celebrated musical composer,
Haydn.

James Baden, professor of elo-
quence and the Latin tongue in the
university of Copenhagen. Hlis
death is a serious loss to the literary
world. He began his conneétion
with that institution in 1779; his
Jabours were not confined to the pu-
pils at the National college; he de-
voted a great portion of his time to
advance the Danish language to its
highest state of improvement; and
his translation of ‘Tacitus rivals the
original for precision, taste, and
purity of diction. He also publish-
ed a German and Danish Diétion-
ary, known to every modern lin-
guist. In the latter years of his
life he found himself inadequate to
the active duties of his public situa-
tion, and retired, but not without an
honourable proof of the approba-
tion of the Danish government.

At St. Petersburgh, whilst play-
ing at billiards, Jarnowick, the ce-
lebrated performer on the violin.

At Bantry, in Ireland, of a vio-
lent fever, Hamilton White, esq.
brother to lord viscount Bantry.

At Stoneville, co. Dublin, in her
20th year, Miss Pratt, only daugh-
ter of major-general P.

In Merrion-square, Dublin, John
Mercier, esq. of Portarlington, late
lieutenant-colonel of the 39th regi-
ment of foot.

In Aungier-street, Dublin, in his
70th year, Lundy Foot, esq. one of
the aldermen of that city.

In Dominick-strect, Dublin, aged *

92, Mrs. Graham, reliét of col, G,
of Coolmaine, co, Monaghan.

In Tipperary, John Power, esq.
col. of the Tipperary militia.

At Kgleton-castle, in Scotland, a
few hours after his birth, the son
aud heir of lord Montgomery.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Charles Ferguson, esq. son of the
deceased sir J. Ferguson, bart. of |
Kilkergan, late one of the senators
of the college of justice in Scot-
land.

SHERIFFS appointed by his Ma-
Jesty in Council for the Year 1804.

Bedfordshire.
of Henlow, esq.

Berkshire. Richard Mathews, of
Wargrave, esq. .

Buckinghamshire. James Nield,
of Stoke-Hammond, esq.:

Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon-
shire, Benjamin Keene, of Wistow-
lodge, esq.

Cheshire. Sir John Fleming
Leicester, of Nether Tabling, bart.

Cumberland. John De Whelps
dale, of Penrith, esq.

Derbyshire, Sir Wenry Every, of
Eggington, bart.

Devonshire. Thomas Porter of
Rockbear, esq.

Dorsetshire. Robert Williams, of
Bridgehead, Little-bridge, esq.

Essex. William Palmer, of Na-
zing, esq.

George Edwards,

Gloucestershire, Nathaniel Clit
ton, of -Frampton-upon-Severn,
esq.

Herefordshire. Richard Stukely:
Fleming, of Dinmore-hill, esq.

Hertfordshire. Edward Garrow,.
of Totteridge, esq.

Kent. Sir Walter Stirling, of |
Shoreham, esq. .
Leicestershire. Henry, Otway, of

Stanford-hall, esq.
Lincolnshire, Robert Viner, of |

Godby, esq.
Monmouthshire, William Adams

Williams, of Llangibby, esq.
: ~ Norfolk.

——

| CHRONICLE.

| Norfolk: Wenry Styleman, of
Snottisham, esq.
Charles Tib-

Northamptonshire.
bitts, of Barton Seagrave, esq.
Northumberland. Sir Thomas
Henry Lyddell, of Effington, bart.
Nottinghamshire. Thomas Webb
Edge, of Stretty, esq.
Oxfordshire. John Langston, of
Sarsden-house, esq.
Rutlandshire. © Cotton Thomp-
son, of Ketton, esq.
Shropshire. Robert Burton, of
_ Longner, esq.
_ Somersetshire.
_ Yarlington, est.
_ Staffordshire. Richard Jessar,
of West Bromwich, esq.
Southampton. Sir Charles Mill,
of Mottesfont, bart.
Suffolk. Sir Robert Pockling-
ton, of Chelsworth, knt.
Surry. William’ Borradaile, of
Streatham, esq.
Sussex. John Dennet, of Wood-
_mancott, esq.
Warwickshire. Roger Vaughton,
of Sutton-Colfield, esq.
Wiltshire. Wadham Locke, of
ry " Rowdford, esq.
__ Worcestershire. Thomas Holmes,
of Beoly, esq. =~
Yorkshire. James Fox, of Bram-
ham-park, esq.

John Rogers, of

"y
x
Lh

521.

SOUTH WALES,
Brecon. Penry Williams, of Pen«

pont, esq.

Carmarthen. John Simmons, of
Llangenah, esq.

Cardiganshire. John Bond, of

Kesney-Cold, esq.
Glamorganshire. “Richard Tur-
berville Picton, of Ewenny, esq.

Pembrokeshire. Sir Hugh Owen,
of Orielton, bart.
Radnor. ‘Yhomas Frankland

Lewis, of Harpton-court, esq.

NORTH WALES.

Anglesea. Charles Evans, esq.
of 'Trefeiling. ¢

Caernarvon. Owen Molineux
Wynne, of Penmachno, esq.

Denbigh. Robert William Wynne,
of Garthewin, esq.

Flint. Richard Garnons, the
younger, of Lutwood, esq.

Merioneth. ~ Sir Edward Price
Lloyd, of Park, bart.

Montgomery. Charles Hanbu-
rey Tracey, of Greginnog, esq.

Sheriff appointed by his royal
highness the prince of Wales in
council for the year 1804:

‘ounty of Cornwall. John Tre-
yannion Purnell Betterworth Tre-
yannion, of Carhais, esq.

522

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE,

Proceedings of the Association for
promoting the Defence of the
Frith of Forth, and Scotland in
general. The Right Honourable
the Lord Chief Baron in the
Chair.

Digs committee having, at a for-
mer meeting, appointed Mr.
Campbell of Clathick, Mr. Mac-
kenzie of the exchequer, and Mr.
Porter of Troguhain, a sub-com-
mittee, to draw up an account of
the proceedings of the association ;
a report was prepared. accordingly,
and read by Mr. Porter, this 19th
Dec. which, being approved of by
the general committee, was ordered
to be printed ; and a copy, as fol-
lows, to be sent or delivered to each
of the subscribers.

RepoRT OF THE SUB-COMMITTER.

When the association for promo-
ting the defence of the Frith of
Forth, and of the country in gene-
ral, was originally formed in the
month of July last, the resolutions

_then published by the constituent

‘

members informed the public of the
motives that had given rise to it,
and pointed out the leading objects
that were meant to occupy their at-
tention, and to which the money
that should be subscribed was in-
tended to be applied.

The then defenceless state of this

part of the coast, and the unaccount-
able and alarming apathy at that
time much too prevalent, and to
which the present spirit and ardour
of all ranks present a pleasing con-
trast, justified the apprehensions
entertained at the time, by those
who seriously considered the situa-
tion of the country, and the cha-
racter of the foe by whom it was
menaced with inyasion, and all its
attendant calamities.

‘To awaken the people to a sense
of their danger—to rouse their sleep-
ing energics—to prepare them to
expect without dismay, and to com.
bat without apprehension of the
issue, an enemy their ancestors had
always vanquished, seemed objeéts
of primary importance; and to
promote these, their best endeavours
were employed. With this view
they began—

Ist. By printing and dispersing
throughout the country numerous
popular and patriotic publications
and placards, calculated to attract
the notice of the middle and lower
classes of society, and designed to
warm their breasts with the honest
zeal and dignified sense of superiority
which become a free and loyal peo-
ple.

The committee, in the mean time,
was bestowing its attention in find-
ing out, and fixing upon. certain

specific

| :

|
| specific obfeets within the limited
com pass of thefunds of the associ-
| ation, which, in their epinion, were
best addpted to the purposes of ex.
| citement and preparation, conse-
quently most likely effectually to
promote the defence of the Frith,
as well as of the country in general.
What these objects were, the sub-
‘seribers will naturally expect to
know. They have certainly a right
to be fully informed of it; and to
_eonvey this information to them, in
the shortest and most satisfactory
manner, is the chief design of the
present report.
- Qnd. After the publications above-
“mentioned, the next thing to which
the attention of the committee was
called, was the means of rendering
-more speedily useful a branch of the
Service in itself most important, butin
_ danger of being, fora time atleast, less
efficient than could have been wish-
_ ed, from want of skill in the use of
the weapons that were to be em-
ployed in it. © The sea fencibles
were to be armed with pikes; but
- the pike exercise was little known
_inScotland, and no person had been
_ then sent down to instruct those in
_itwho had volunteered their services
in that line. To supply the want
of this appointment, the committee
_ appropriated a certain sum, to be
given to any person duly qualified
who should come forward and teach
the sea fencibles the pike exercise,
to the satisfaction of captain Cle-
i ments, who has the command of
that body, within the district to
which the association had particu-
larly directed their attention; and
_@ premium was added for each of
_ the first 12 men who should acquire
"such a degree of skill as to be able
_ to undertake the instruction or drill
of others. Suchadrill-master was,

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 523

after some enquiry, found; and the
pike exercise is now understood,
and practised in a style of expert-
ness, superior to what might other-
wise have been the case for months
to come.

3rd. By general Lloyd’s calculas
tion, only one shot out of 400, from
troops not accustomed to take aim,
takes effectin battle. This admitted as
a faét, shews the vast importance
of a soldier’s being trained to ball
practice; but the provision made
for such praétice in the service is so
limited, that little progress towards
proficiency in this point can be ex-
pe&ted._—To promote a spirit of
emulation among the volunteers in
this useful acquirement, the com-
mittee ordered a considerable num-
ber of honorary silver medals, of
different sizes and value, to he
struck off, with appropriate inscrip-
tions, and to be lodged with the
commanding officers of each bat-
talion of the volunteers in the six
counties adjacent, or approaching
towards the coast from Berwick to
Fifeness, to be distributed by them, _
in a gradation of three medals in
each company receiving pay, to
the best shots of those compétitors
whose regularity of conduét, and
punctuality of attendance at drill,
were approved of by the command.
ing officer,

The committee, in suggesting this
idea, was far from ascribing to
itself any particular merit beyond
that of contributing in a certain de-
gree to animate and increase the
acknowledged zeal and honourable
emulation of our volunteer forces ;
in consequence of which, many of
the companies in this distriét have
by pra¢tice acquired so great a de-
gree of proficiency, that in their
exercise every 5th or 6th shot is |

made

524

made to take place in a target of 3
feet diameter, at the distance of
about 100 yards. ‘This, with the
common battalion firelock, is a high
degree of precision; and if accu-
racy ona proportional scale may be
expected from them in battle, the
efficiency of the military defence of
the country will thereby, it is evi-
dent, be greatly augmented.

4th. It being impossible, on so
extensive a line of coast, to have a
stationary force at every place where
a landing may be attempted, the
commodicus and expeditious con-
veyance of troops from a distance
to the point of attack becomes of
greatimportance. With this view,
colonel Crichton, one of the com-
mittee, contrived a machine, of sim-
ple construction, to be made at a
small expence, and easily fixed, on
either coach or chaise-wheels, and
which, when so fixed, should be
equal to the conveyance of ten or
twelve men, with their arms and
accoutrements, to be drawn by two
horses only, and to go at the rate of
from five to seven miles an hour.
Of those machines (after a full and
satisfactory experiment, as publish-
ed in the newspapers) the committee
caused upwards of a hundred to be
made, at the expence of the associ-
ation, and have delivered them over
to the lord-lieutenant of the city,
with the necessary complement of
rope, &c. for fixing them on the car-
riages that have been volunteered
for their reception. A certain num-
ber of these, of nearly a similar con-
struction, have also been made and
sent down to Dunbar, for the use
of the artillery. The utility of these
general Don acknowledges in the
handsomest terms in his letter to the
secretary of the association ; and his
royal highness the commander in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

chief has also honoured the plan
with his approbation, and given rea~
son to expect that the adoption and
use of it will soon become general
in England and elsewhere.

5th. 'To render this plan more ef.
fective: when the emergency calls
for putting it in practice shall ar.
rive, the committee set apart a sum, —
to be proportioned out in premiums
of Ist, 2d, and 3d classes, to be
given to the coach and chaise hirers
who shall have the greatest number
of wheel-carriages mounted with
frames, and ready on the shortest
notice for the Conveyance of troops:
and to the conduétors of carts who
shall first reach the place to which
they may be called, by signal or
otherwise, by divisions of not less
than ten each, due regard being had
to the distance from whence they
started. Premiums also were ap-
pointed, in similar classes, to the
farmers or others, who shall first ap-
pear with their own carts at the
place of rendezvous.

6th. The equipment of a naval
force of any magnitude appeared to
the association (how much soever it |
was to be wished for) so far beyond
the compass of their funds, that they
refrained, for atime, from any at-
tempt of this sort. But when lord
Hobart’s letter of the 15th August,
transmitting ‘“‘'The plan of a Vo-
luntary’ Naval Armament for the
protection of the coast,’? and re-
commending it to the attention of
the lord-lieutenants of the maritime
counties, was received, the associa-
tion immediately allotted 10001. of
their funds, to be applied in aid of
the plan. - And, conceiving that the
money might be more ceconomically
employed, and the plan more expe-
ditiously carried into full effect, by
an unity of direction, the committee

offered

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

| effered to deliver over this part of
' their funds to the lieutenancy of the
| county; to be added to whatever
sums they (the lieutenancy) might
otherwise raise for that purpose.
The proposal was received by the
‘lieutenancy with expressions of ac-
knowledgement, but declined for
reasons unnecessary to be mention-
ed in this report. The lord advo-
cate, however, having afterwards
given the committee to understand,
that his majesty’s ministers anxious-
ly wished the equipment to be pro-
ceeded in, a plan that had been pre-
viously presented to, and approved
of by the navy board in London,
was adopted as a model by the com-
mittee ; and, conformably thereto, a
contract was immediately entered
into with respectable ship-builders at
Leith, for the equipment of a cer-
tain number of decked vessels, from
70 to 50 tons burden, to receive on
board carronades of various cali-
bres, and to serve as an auxiliary
force when called for. Of these
there are now prepared 10 vessels,

‘completely fitted with slides, chocks,

iron-bolts, sweeps, powder-chests,
-&c. ready for the reception of car-
‘Tonades, the largest to carry two
24 and two 18-pounders; the rest
two 18 and one or two 12-pounders
each. Beside these, there is a deck-
ed vessel of 40 tons burden, fitted
up on adifferent plan, as an experi-
‘ment, and the slides, chocks, &c. all
accurately marked and numbered
‘with the names of the vessels to
which they respectively belong, are
delivered over to his majesty’s offi-
‘cers, and deposited in the naval
yard at. Leith, ready for the ser-
vices to which they were destined.
uthority was given, at the same
time, for preparing twelve herring-

525

boats, on a plan recommended by
his grace the duke of Buccleugh,
and sir James St. Clair Erskine, of
which the committee undertook to
defray the expence.

7th. Lieut.-gen. Vyse, whose at-
tention to the concerns of the asso-~
ciation, and to whatever promises
any addition to the means of nation-
al defence, has been uniform and
unremitting, having recommended
to the committee’s notice the descrip-
tion of a newly-invented or impror-
ed gun, which? of the same calibre
asa 6-pound carronade, and pos.
sessing, with half the charge of pow-
der, nearly an equal projectile pow-
er, should weigh one-half less, and
cost three-fourths less, than the guns
or carronades of like power hitherto
in use; the committee, to enable
Mr. Roebuck the inventor to estab-
lish by experiment the reality of a
fact which (if well ascertained) pro-
mised to become of so much im-
portance to the service, eaused a
gun to be made at Glasgow, under
his direction, and had it brought to
the fort at Leith for trial. . A com-
parative trial of this piece of ord-
nance has been made in the presence
of competent judges; and it ap-
pears, from their report, that there .
is every reason to conclude that,
with a fewsmall improvements, sug-
gested at the time of the experiment,
aud approved of by our distinguish-
ed commander-in-chief for Scot-
land, it will fully answer the expec-
tations of the inventor.

8th. ‘The committee, finding that .
the above objects had not yet whol-
ly exhausted the funds of the associ-
ation, were of opinion, that nothing
could more effectually contribute to
the defence of the Frith of Forth,
and of the country in general, than

providing

526

providing for the health and com-
fort of its defenders; and a sub.
scription having been opened, to
raise a*fund for furnishing great
coats, &c. to the volunteers receiv.
ing pay, the committee transferred
3001. of the cash remaining at the
credit ef the association, to that
fund.

From the money expended in
those and sundry other incidental
disbursements, as stated in the books
of the association, it appears that of
9,755). 10s. 6d. the total amount of
the money subscribed, there remains
only a balance of 309]. 14s. 3d. ;
against which itis possible, notwith.
standing all the care that has been
taken, some unsettled items may
still be brought forward.

When the importance of the
above-recited objects, and the con-
Sequences resulting from them, are
fairly considered, and compared
with the limited amount of the funds
the association were enabled to em-
ploy, it is hoped that the subscrib-
ers will not be of opinion that their
contributions have been idly wasted,
or unprofitably applied :—And
should it be thought expedient to
proceed in attending to, and pro.
moting measures of a similar ten-
dency for the general safety, their
past conduct, it is to be presumed,
will be deemed the surest pledge of
their future care, to economise, and
prudently to direct the appropria-
tion of whatever sums shall be rais-
ed by the voluntary contributions of
those who approve of what has
been already done.

Ar. Campbell.
Henry Mackenzie.
Wm. Porter.
Alex. Dick, Sec. to the Associ-
ation.
No.9, St. James’s-squ. Jan. 1, 1804.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1304. ,

Dispatch from Col. Frazer, Come
mandant of the Settlement at Go=
ree, on the Coast of Africa, con- |
taining an Account of the Capture
of that Settlement by a French
Force. To the Right Honour.
able Lord Hobart, one of the
principal Sccretarées of State, &c.

Gorce, Africa, Feb..5, 1804.
My Lord,

On the 17th of January, about
noon, a negro arrived from Yoft,
and reported that a fleet had been —
seen from thence that morning at
day-light, and appeared to be stand-
ing for Goree ; before two o’clock
vessels were seen from the hill be-
hind cape Emanuel ; near four they
came round the cape. ‘The squadron:
consisted of one ship carrying a com--
modore’s pendant, and five armed
schooners, with pendants, all shew-
ing French colours, and with large
boats towing after them. The com-
modore fired a gun, and hoisted a
red flag at his foremast head, which ©
we have since learmt was meant as a

‘Signal to us, that in case of attack

during night, ho quarter would be
given. About sun set the squadron
tacked, and before dark was near_
the anchorage, standing-in. The in-
habitants having agreed to assist in
defending the island against any at-
tempt that should be made front Se-
negal, and being of opinion that the
present force was of that nature,
such measures were taken as ap-
peared most likely to prevent the
enemy from landing during the night:
all the arms that could be procured
were accordingly issued to the inha~
bitants, who, with the garrison, were
stationed at the different posts round
the island. The moon set at eleven,
and affairs remained in the situation |
described, until about 3 o’clock on

the ~

,

. low, she drifted on shore.

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

the 18th, when, shortly after I had
returned tothe breach battery, from
visiting the posts, a fresh firing com-
menced on the east side of the island,
from boats, and at the same instant
aschooner came in sight, standing
directly for the beach ; a strong and
well-directed fire of great guns and
musquetry was immediately opened
upon her, and the people on board
being either wounded or driven be-
In the
mean time the boats, to the number
of eight, full of troops, had unfor-
tunately effected a landing on the
rocks, to the east side of the town,
where the surf happened to be un-

usually low; and having overcome

the force which was opposed to
them, they had penetrated through
the town as far as the main guard,
of which, after having been once re-
pulsed, they gained possession,
making some prisoners. The inha-
bitants having given way, nearly on
all sides, and the enemy being now

in such force on our right, it ap-

peared advisable to form a junction
with the soldiers in the north-point
battery, where we should retain the
eommand of the beach, and be ready

_to check any further attempt to

land, until some information could

_ pe received of the strength and situ-

ation of the enemy, to enable me to
judge what ought to be done.

_ Yhe firing continued till towards
six o’clock, “when, being yet uncer-
tain what number had landed, and
‘in hopes that the main guard was the
only post held by the enemy, I di-
rected that it should be attacked by
the soldiers I had with me; which
was executed with great alacrity,
and the post carried with considera-
ple loss on the part of the enemy.
On our side it was less as to num-
bers, but I lost the assistance of a

527

very gallant officer, Doctor Heddle,
being shot through the breast in the
attack, when capt..Lloyd was also
slightly wounded. We now learn-
ed that the enemy had possession of
the hills, where capt. Lloyd pro-
posed to attack them, a measure [
should gladly have adopted, but the
day beginning to break, we had the
mortification of seeing them appear
in such numbers, as left no room to
suppose there was any probability
of success, our force being reduced
by killed, wounded, and prisoners,
to about twenty-five soldiers, capt.
Lloyd, lieut. Christie, and myself.
At this.time the enemy’s vessels wers
standing in closer, apparently to
Jand a reinforcement ; and the inha-
bitants seeing French colours on the
hill, came to me, asking leave to
treat. Under these circumstances,
and exposed to the enemy’s fire on
all sides, farther resistance appeared
vain; I therefore felt it my duty to
comply with the request of the in-
habitants, and sent an officer with
them, proposing terms of capitula-
tion for the garrison. The officer
who commanded the storming party
having been killed, the terms of ca~
pitulation were virtually agreed ta
with the senior who survived, to be
communicated to the commandant
of the squadron: until his answer
should be received, firing ceased,
and we continued to occupy the
battery.

The terms of capitulation being
confirmed by the chevalicr Mahé,
the soldiers grounded their arms,
and the place was surrendered. We
were informed that the enemy’s
force consisted of four schooners,
which had been fitted out at Cay-~
enne, and supplied with soldiers for
the purpose of attacking Goree;
that they had touched at Senegal,

where

528

where they had been furnished with
additional boats, pilots, and a rein-
forcement of soldiers, and another
schooner ; and where they had been
joined by the ship, which happening
to call at Senegal, was put in requi-
sition for the expedition. The
squadron altogether carried up-
wards of sixty guns, and six hun-
dred men, two hundred and forty of
whom had been Janded ; the whole
under the command of M. Mahe,
lieutenant de vasseau. The commo-
dore’s pendant having been hoisted
only while coming in, by the cap-
tain of the ship having held that rank
during the late war. On the even-
ing of the action we had fifty-four
white men, including officers ; and
although the-serjeant major was the
only one who was not able to come
upon the batteries ; when it is con-
sidered, that several of the men,
worn out by disease, and, disabled
by accidents, were incapable of
making any greatexertion ; that un-
certain where an attack might be
made in the night, it was necessary
to divide our force very much, to

occupy the different posts: I hope .

and trust it will appear to our king
and to our country, that the garti-
son [had the honour to command did
not submit, without discharging its
duty like British soldiers. Gur loss
consists of 1 drummer, 8 rank and
file, killed ; 2 officers, 8 rank and
file, wounded, total 19.—Of the
enemy, according to the most cor-
rect accounts | can procure, 3 off-
cers and 40 men killed, or since
dead ; 2 officers and upwards: of 30
men, wounded, total 75.—Captain
Lloyd, who has already, upon seve-
ral occasions been mentioned as a

* This vessel was afterwards burnt by his majesty’s sloop Penguin, capt. Mor- —
ris, on the 17th of March, oif Senegal Bar.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

deserving officer, both here and at_
Sierra Leone, continues to merit —
very great praise. Doctor Heddle —
haying proposed some time back to —
do military duty, I gladly accepted —
his offer, and he has given me great
assistance. His wound, which was —
at first thought to be mortal, has —
since taken a favourable turn, and —
I am happy to add, I think he will
recover ; and earnestly wish to re- —
commend him to your lordships’ no-
tice, as distinguished by his conduct ~
upon this occasion, and also by his —
attention to his medical duties, since
we came to Africa. . (
On the 18th of January, in the
evening, the British soldiers were
embarked on board the French
squadron, until a cartel should be
made ready for them. On the 23rd —
the oflicers and soldiers went on
board a sloop which ‘was sent asa —
cartel to Senegal, where a larger
vessel was preparing to ‘carry them
to Iingland. J am sorry to add, —
that, notwithstanding the articles of
capitulation, the inhabitants, officers, —
and even soldiers, have been shame-
fully pillaged. y
Lam, &c. John Fraser.
List of the French Force.—Di- —
vision from Cayenne, having on
board troops from the eighth demi-
brigade, and from the Cayenne vo-
Junteers. Schooner La Vigie, M.
Mahe, licutenant de vaisseau, com-
mandant. 2 guns, 4 swivels and 90
men. Schooner la Renommee, citi-
zen Renaud, 14 guns and 85 men.*
Schooner |'Oiseau, 10 guns and 80
men. Division from Senegal with a
detachment of the 46th brigade,
La Rosalie; Ducraneau, enseign de

APPENDIX to

vaisseat, 2 guns and 80men. Di-
vision from Rochelle, the ship
POncle Thomas, Papin ci-devant
capitaine de vaisseau, 20 guns and
230 men.

Dispatch addressed to the Secretary
of the Board of Admiralty, dated
March 15th, Goree, announcing

the re-capture of that Setilement,
from Capt. Dickson, of his Ma-
_ jesty’s Ship the Inconstant.

Sir,

I have the honour to acquaint
you, for the information of my lords
commissioners of the Admiralty, of
the arrival of his majesty’s ship un-
der my command, and the vessels
named in the margin,* off the island
of Goree, on the morning of the 7th
March, but, conceiving it possible
that it might be in the possession of

the enemy (although English co-
lours were hoisted on the citadel,
and sentinels cloathed in red placed
on the different batteries), I brought
to with the convoy, and direéted
Mr. Charles Pickford, my first lieu-
tenant, to proceed on shore in the
cutter, and, if he found it in the
hards of the English, to make the
signal | established for that purpose.
At sun-set, not any signal having
been made, nor the appearance of
the boat, I came to anchor with the
convoy a little out of gun-shot; and,
deeming it highly necessary to gain
Some information with respect to
the garrison, I ordered, at 10 0’clock,
P.M. three boats, manned. and
armed, ander the direction of Mr.
Ranciman, midshipman, to proceed
to the harbour, and cut out any of
the vessels he could find, which he

Bor. XLVI.

the CHRONICLE.

did in a gallant manner, by bring-
ing outa ship, under a heavy fire
from the batteries, which sunk our
cutter, and wounded one man.
From her I learned, that the French
had been in possession of Goree
since the 18th of January, and that
they had 300 black and white troops
in the garrison. On the 8th inst. at
daylight, | weighed and stood to the
westward of the island, to prevent
ay succours being thrown in by sea
from Seiegal, and, on the evening
of the same day, being determined
to attack it, having ordered scaling-
ladders to be made for that purpose,
at nine P. M. anchored, and order-
ed all the boats of the convoy to be
sent on board the Inconstant, and
after embarking as many troops as
they could possibly stow, I found
they would not carry a sufficient
number to promise success ; I there-
fore postponed the attack until thear-
rival of one of our convoy, which was
in sight, standing into the bay, as her
three boats could carry from 30 to
40 more men. At daylight on the
morning of the 9th instant, we were
agreeably surprised by seeing the
English colours hoisted over the
French ; and shortly after I reeeiv-
ed information from lieut. Pickford,
that the garrison had capitulated
with him. I instantly stood into
the harbour with the conyoy ; an-
chored, and disembarked the troops.
Conceiving it of importance that his
majesty’s ministers should be made
acquainted as soon as possible with
the recapture of this island, I have
purchased a small brig, and sent my
first lieutenant, Mr. Charles Pick-
ford, an intelligent and deserving
officer, to England, who will have
the honour to present my dispatches ;

529

* Eagle store-ship, Hamilton, Venus, Jenny,
M

m

530

and I beg leave to recommend him
in the strongest manner to their
lordships’ favour. I have appointed
captain William Myrray, senior of-
ficer of the troops, to be command-
ant of Goree, till his majesty’s
pleasure is known; and Mr. Wm.
Arnold, master’s mate, to be lieut.
of the Inconstant, vice Pickford,
and hope it will meet their lordships’
approbation. The moment I can
get a sufiicient supply of water and
provisions landed, and put the island
into’ a proper state of defence, I
shall proceed, and put their lord-
ships’ orders into execution. I can-
not conclude my letter without as-
suring their lordships that the great-
est cordiality existed between the
officers, seamen, and soldiers; and,
had an attack been found necessary,
from the handsome manner they vo-
lunteered their services, I am per-
suaded they would have done ho-
nour to their country.
E. 8. Dickson.

[ Next follow the articles of ca-
pitulation, in which there is nothing
particular; and a list of the ord-
nance on the island of Goree, when
taken possession of by the English. |

‘Interesting narrative of the loss of
his majesty’s ship the Apollo, J.
W. T. Dixon, esq. captain, with
about forty sail of her convoy,
on the coast of Portugal, three
leagues north» of Cape Mondego,
when on her passuge for the West
Indies, on the 2nd of April 1804.

Monday the 26th of March, sail-
ed from the Cove of Cork, in com-
‘pany with his majesty’s ship Carys-
fort, and 69 sail of merchant-men,
under convoy for the West Indies.
Twenty-seventh, were out of sight

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of land with a fair wind, blowing 2
strong gale, and. steering about
W.S.W. The 28th, 29th, and
30th, weather and course nearly
the same. ‘Thirty-first, the wind
came more to the westward, but
more moderate. Sunday the ist of
April at noon, observed in latitude
40 deg. 51 min. north longitude, per
account, 12 deg. 29 min. west. At8
o’clock on Sunday evening, the
wind shifted to the sout-west, blow-
ing fresh; course $.S:E. At ten,
up mainsail and set the main-stay-
sail, split by the sheet giving way ;
called all hands upon’ deck. At
half past ten, strong breezes and
squally ; took in the fore topsail
and set the foresail. At half past
eleven the main-topsail split ; furl-
ed it and the mainsail. The ship
was now under her foresail, main
and mizen storm-staysails; the wind
blowing hard, with a heavy sea.
About half past three on Monday
morning, the 2nd, the ship struck
the ground, to the astonishment of
every one on board, and by the
above reckoning, we then conjec-
tured upon an unknown shoal. She
continued striking the ground very
heavy several times, by which her
bottom was materially damaged,
and making much water, the chain-
pumps were rigged with the utmost
dispatch, and. the men began to
pump; but in about ten minutes
she beat and drove over the shoal.
On endeavouring to steer her, found
the rudder carried away; she then
got before the wind. The pumps
were kept going, but from the
quantity of water she shipped, there
was every probability of her soon

foundering, as she was filling and —

sinking very fast.
After running about five minutes,
the ship struck the ground again
with

q

- Notice of danger.

_ over her.
-of the main and mizen rigging, and

the gunwale under water.

ship a perfeét wreck abaft:
_ four or five guns could possibly be

with such tremendous shocks, that
we were fearful she would instantly
go to pieces, and kept striking and
driving further on the sands, the
sea making breaches completely
Cut. away the lanyards

the masts fell with a tremendous
erash over the larboard side, .with
. The vio-
lence with which she struck the

_ ground, and the weight of the guns

(those on the quarter-deck tearing
away the bulwark) soon made the
only

fired to alarm the conyoy, and give
On her striking
the second time most pitiful cries
were heard every where between
decks, many of the men giving them-
selves up to inevitable death. I was
told that I might as well stay below,
as there was an equal likelihood of
perishing if I got upon deck. I was

' determined to go, but first attempt-

ed to enter my cabin, and was in
danger of having my legs broken
by the chests floating about, and
the bulk heads were giving way. -I

therefore desisted and endeavoured

to get upon deck, which I effected

after being several times washed

down the hatchway by the immense

volume of water incessantly pour- ’
‘ing down. The ship still beating

___ the ground very heavy, made it ne-

cessary to cling fast to some part

of the wreck, to prevent being

_ washed by the surges or hurled by

the dreadful concussions over-board ;
the people holding fast by the lar-*
board bulwark of the quarter-deck,

and in the main channel, while our

good captain stood naked upon the

cabin skylight-grating, holding fast
by the stump of the mizen mast,

and making use of every soothing

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

531

expression which could haye been
suggested to encourage men in such
a perilous situation. Most of the
officers and men were entirely naked,
not having had time to slip on even
a pair of trowsers. Our horrible
situation every moment became more
dreadful until daylight appearing
about half past four o’clock,’ dis-
covered to us the land at about two
cables’ distance ; a long sandy beach
reaching to Cape Mendego, three
leagues to the south of us.. On |
daylight clearing up we could per-
ceive between twenty and _ thirty
sail of the convoy ashore, both to
the northward and southward, and

- several of them perfect wrecks.

We were now certain of being on
the coast of Portugal, from seeing
the ahove Cape, though I am sorry’
to say.no person in the ship had the
least idea of being so near that
coast. It blowing hard and awery
great swell of the sea, (or what is
generally termed, waves running
mountains high,) there was little
prospect of being saved. About
eight o’clock, there being every like-
lihood of the ship going to pieces,
and the after part laying lowest,
captain Dixon ordered every person
forward, which it was very difficult
to comply with from the motign of
the main mast working on the lar-
board gunwale, “there being no
other way to get forward. Mr.
Cook, the boatswain, had his thigh
broke in endeavouring to get a boat
over the side. Of six fine boats not
one was-saved, being'all stove and
washed over-board with. the booms,
&c. Soon after the people got for-
ward the ship parted at the gang-
ways. The crew were now obliged
to stow themselves in the fore chan-
nels, and from thence to the bow-
sprit end, to the number of 220;
Mm 2° for

532

for, out of 240 persons on board,
when the ship first struck, 1 sup-
pose 20 to have previously ‘perished
between decks and otherwise. Mr.
Lawton, the gunner, the first per-
son who attempted to swim ashore,
was drowned: afterwards lieute-
nant Wilson, Mr. Runcie, surgeon,
Mr. M‘Cabe, surgeon’s mate, Mr.
Stanley, master’s mate, and several
men, shared the same fate, by rea-
_ son of the sea breaking in enormous
surges over them, though excellent
swimmers. About thirty persons had
the good fortune to reach the shore,
upon planks and spars; among
whom were, lieutenant Hervey and
Mr. Callam, master’s mate. Mon-
day night. our situation was truly
horrid, the old men and boys dying
through hunger and fatigue; also
Messrs, Proby and Hayes, midship-
men. Captain Dixon remained
all this night upon the bowsprit.
Tuesday morning presented us no
better prospect of being relieved
from the jaws of death,’ “the wind
blowing stronger and the sea much
more turbulent. About noon this
day, our drooping spirits were
somewhat raised by seeing lieute-
nant Hervey and Mr. Callam hoist-
ing out a boat from one of the
merchant ships, to come to the as-
~ sistance of their distressed shipmates,
They several times attempted to
Jaunch her through the surf; but
being a very heavy boat, and the
sea on the beach acting so power-
fully against them, they could not
possibly effect it, though assisted
by nearly 100 of the merchant
sailors and Portuguese peasants, Se-
veral men went upon rafts this day
made from pieces of the wreck, but
not one soul reached the shore ; the
wind having shifted, and the current
setting out, they were all driven to

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

sea; among whom was our captain,
who, about three in the afternoon,
went on the jib-boom with three
seaman ; anxious to save the re- —
mainder of the ship’s company, and
too sanguine of getting safe on
shore, he ventured upon the spar,
saying, on jumping into the sea,
‘¢ My lads, I'll save you all.” In
a few seconds he lost his hold of the
spar, which he could not regain:
he drifted to sea, and perished.
Such was also the fate of the three
brave volunteers who chose his for-
tune.

The loss of our captain, who,
until now, had animated the almost
lifeless crew ; as well as the noble
exertions of lieutenant Hervey and
Mr. Callam to Jaunch the boat not
succeeding ; every gleam of hope ©
vanished, and we Jooked forward
for certain death the ensuing night ;
not only from cold, hunger, and fa-
tigue, but the expectation of the re-
maining part of the wreck going to
pieces every moment. Had not the
Apollo been a new and well-built
ship, that small portion of her could
never have resisted the waves, and
stuck so well together ; particularly —
as all the after-part from the chess-

trees was gone, the starboard-bow

under water, the fore-castle-deck
nearly perpendicular, the weight of
the guns hanging to the larboard-
bulwark on the inside, and the
bower and spare anchors on the
outside, which it was not prudent to
cut away, as they afforded resting-
places to a considerable number of
men, there being only the fore-
chains and cathead were it was pos-
sible to live in, and about which
were stowed upwards of 150 men ;
it being impracticable to continue
any longer in the head, or upon the
bowsprit, by reason of the breakers

washing

APPENDIX. to the CHRONICLE.

washing completely -over those
places. The night drawing on, the
wind increasing, frequent showers
of rain, the sea washing over us,
and looking every instant for the
fore-castle giving way, when we
must have all perished together,
afforded a spectacle truly deplora-
ble; the bare recollection of which,
even now, makes me shudder. “The
piercing cries of the dismal night,
at every sea coming over us,
which happened every two minutes,
were pitiful in the extreme; the
water running from the head down
all over the body, keeping us con-
tinually wet. ‘ihis shocking night
the remaining strength of every per-
son was exerted for his individual
safety. From the crowding so close
together in so narrow a compass,
and the want of something to moisten
their mouths, several poor wretches
were suilocated ; which frequently
reminded me of the black-hole, with
this only difference, that these poor
sufferers were confined by strong
walls, we by water; the least move-
ment without clinging fast, would
have launched us into eternity.
Some unfortunate wretches drank
salt water, several their own urine,
some chewed leather, mysclf and
many more chewed lead, from
which we conceived we found con-
siderable relief, by reason of its
drawing the saliva, which we swal-
lowed. In less than an hour after
the ship struck the ground, all the
provisions were under water, and
the ship a wreck, so that it was
impossible to procure any part.
After the most painful night that it
is possible to conceive, on day-light
appearing, we observed lieutenant
Hervey and Mr. Callam again en-
deayouring to launch the boat. Se-
yeral attempts were made without

533

success, a number of men belong.
ing to the merchant ships being much
bruised and hurt in assisting. Al-
ternate hopes and fears now per-
vaded our wretched minds: fifteen
men got safe on shore this morning
on pieces of the wreck. About
three in the afternoon of Wednes-
the 4th, we had the inexpressible
happiness of seeing the boat launched
through the surf, by the indefatiga-
ble exertion of the above officers,
assisted by the masters of the mer-
chant ships, with a number of Por-
tuguese\ peasants, who were encou-
raged by Mr. Whitney, the British
Consul, from Figuiera. All the
crew then remaining on the wreck
were brought safe on shore, praising
God for their happy deliverance
from a shipwreck, which never had
its parallel. As soon as I stepped
out of the boat, I found several per-
sons whose humanity prompted them
to offer me sustenance, though im-
properly, in spirits, which Lavoided
as much as possible. Our weak
state may be conceived, when it is
considered that we received no
nourishment from Sunday to Wed-
nesday afternoon, and continually
exposed to the fury of the watery
element. After eating and drink-
ing a little, I found myself weaker
than before; occasioned, 1 appre-
hend, from having been so long
without either. Some men died soon
after getting on shore, from impru-
dently drinking two large a quan-
tity of spirits. All the crew were
in a very weak and exhausted state,
the greater part being badly bruised
and wounded. About forty sail of
merchant ships were wrecked at the
same time on this dreadful beach.
Some ships sunk with all their crew,
and almost every ship lost from two
to twelve men each; yet the situ.
- Mm3

.

554

ation of the remainder was not
equal to that of the frigate’s ship’s
company, as the merchant ships
drawing ‘a less draught of water,
were mostly driven close on the
shore, and no person remained on
board them after the first morning.
‘The masters of the merchant ships
had tents upon the beach, and some
provisions they had saved from the
wrecks, which they very generously
distributed, and gave every assist-
ance to the Apollo’s ship’s com-
pany. Thus was lost one of the
finest frigates in the British Navy,
with sixty-one of her crew. The
number of souls lost in the mer-
chants’ ships was also considerable.
_Dead bodies were every day floating
“ashore, and pieces of wreck covered
the beach upwards of ten miles in
extent.

Interesting Account of the Capture
of the Atalante Dutch National
Brig, mounting 16 Long Twelve-
pounders, and 76 Men*, in a
Letter from Captain G. N. Hard.
inge, to his Father, Mr. Justice
Hardinge.

Scorpion, April'7, 1804.

My ever dearest friend,—I am on
my way to the Nore, after six days of
severe, but unrepented fatigue, and
have sixty Dutch prisoners on board:
we are accompanied by the A talante,
a Dutch war brig of sixteen guns,
prize to us. I was ordered on the
28th to reconnoitre at Vlie, and
perceived a couple of the enemy’s
brigs at anchor in the roads. — Dis-
’ pairing to reach them with my ship,
on account of the shoals that sur-
rounded the entrance, I determined
upona dash at the outermost one in

_him.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the boats, if a good opportunity
could be made, or found. It came
unsolicited March 31. Preparing —
to embark, we accidentally were
joined by the Beaver sloop, who-
offered us her boats to act in con-
cert with ours. We accepted the
reinforcement, under an impression,
that it would spare lives on both
sides, and would shorten the con-
test. At half past nine in the even.
ing, we began the enterprize in three
boats from the Scorpion, and two
from the Beaver. Captain Pelly (a
very intelligent and spirited officer)
did me the honour to serve under me
as a volunteer in one of his boats.
We had near sixty men, including
officers, headed by your humble ser-
vant in the foremost boat. As we
rowed with tide flood, we arrived
along-side the enemy at half past
eleven. I had the good fortune, or
(as by some it as been considered)
the honour, to be the first man who
boarded her. She was prepared for
us, with board-nettings up and with
all the other customary implements
of defence. But the noise and the
alarm, &c. so intimidated her crew,

-that many of them ran below in a

panic, leaving to us the painful duty
of combating those whom we re-
spected the most. The decks were
slippery in consequence of rain, so
that grappling with my first oppo-
nent, a mate of the watch, I fell,
but recovered my position,—fought
him upon equal terms, and killed
TI then engaged the captain,
as brave a man as any service ever
boasted ; he had almost killed one
of my seamen. ‘To my shame be it
spoken, he disarmed me, and was
on the point of killing me, when a
seaman of mine came up, rescued

me,

* Vide Chronicle, Page 379,.

‘zette my letter to him.

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

me, at the peril of his own life,—
and enabled me to recover my sword.
At this time all the men were come
from the boats, and were in pos-
session of the deck. Two. were

1 _ going to fall upon the captain at

once. Iran up—held them back,
_ —and then adjured him to accept
_ quarters. With inflexible heroism he
> disdained the gift,—kept us at bay,
_ and compelled us to kil! him—he fell,

_ Covered with honourable wounds.

_ The vessel was ours, and we secured
_ the hatches, which, headed by a
lieutenant, who has received a des-

_ perate wound, they attempted re.

| peatedly to force. ‘Thus far we had
been fortunate :—but we had another
enemy to fight; it was the element.

A sudden gale, and shifted against .

us, impeded all the efforts we could
make. But, as we had made the
_ capture, we determined at all events
to sustain it, or to perish. We
made the Ditch below surrender—
put forty of them into their own
irons,—and stationed our men to
their guns ; brotight the powder up,
and made all the necessary arrange.
ments to attack the other brig.

_ But as the day broke, and without

abatement of the wind, she was off,
at such a distance, and in such a po-
_ Sition, that we had no chance to
_Feach her. In this extremity of pe-
ril we remained eight and forty
hours. Two of the boats had
_ broke a-drift from us; two had
Swampt alongside. The wind shift-
d again, and we made a push
) extricate ourselves, but found
‘Navigation so difficult, that it
uired the intense labour of three
days to accomplish it. We carried
_ the point at last, and were com-
a mended by the admiral for our per-
_ Severance. Yodu will see in the Ga-
ue aimed at
_ modesty, and am a little afraid that

‘indefinite, if not obscure.

’

535

in the pursuit of this object I may
have left material facts a little too
The
Atalante’s captain and four others
were killed; eleven are_ wounded,
and so dreadfully that our surgeon
thinks every one of them will die.
To the end of my existence I shall
regret the captain—he was a perfect
hero; and, if his crew had been
like him, criticalindeed would have
been our peril. The Atalante is
much larger than my vessel; and she
mounted 16 long twelve pounders:
we have not a single brig that is_
equal to that calibre. Her intended
complement was 200 men ;—but she
had only 76 on-board. I expect
your joy by the return of the post.
P.S. In two days after the cap-
tain’s death, he was buried with all
the naval honours in my power to
bestow upon ‘him; during the cere-
mony of his interment, the English
colours disappeared, and the Dutch
were hoisted in their place. All the
Dutch officers were liberated—one
of them pronounced an ¢loge on the
hero they had lost—and we fired
three volleys over him as he de-
scended into the deep.
Ever affectionately,
and gratefully yours,
Geo. N. Hardinge.

Ceremonial of the Presentation of
Colours to the Loyal London Vo-
lunteers, May 18th, 1804.

At'eight o’clock this morning the
different regiments repaired to the
places appointed for their embarka-~
tion, which was thus arranged: In
the first boats, ‘the commander and
field officers, adjutants excepted.
2d, The band. 3d, The Regiment.
4th, Theadjutant and quarter-mas-

Mm 4 ter.

* Vide Chronicle, p. 379,

536

ter. After the embarkation, some
of the boats having to pass through
London-bridge, it was ten o’clock
before they all reached the place of
rendezvous off the Tower. Pre-
cisely at a quarter before 9 o’clock,
the earl of Harrington arrived at
the Mansion-house, accompanied by
‘lady Harrington, lord Petersham, and
lady Anne Maria Stanhope, cual his
stait. About the same time arrived
the sheriffs of London. ‘The whole
party immediately set off to the Tow-
er-stairs,in orderof procession as they
arrived, preceded by the lord may-
or’s carriage and six horses, in
which were his family. Having
reached the water-side, the earl of
Harrington and the lord mayor
alighted, and repaired to the gover-
nor’s of the ‘ower, where they met
his royal highness the duke of York,
and his four aides-de-camp, with
whom they returned, and embarked
immediately, together with the rest
of their party, under a royal salute
from the ‘Tower, and proceeded
without further delay, accompanied
by the committee’s barge for the
day, aud the lord Nelson barge, in
which were several. persons of dis-
tinétion. As this part of the flo-
tilla moved along, they were pre-
ceded and followed by some hun-
dreds of boats, many of which were
elegantly decorated. An equal num-
ber still remained with the river
fencible boats, containing the volun-
teer regiments,- which was attended
with a happy effect; for, had the
whole of the flotilla moved off to-
gether, the attraétion would have
been confined to one spot, and the
river would have been blocked up
from the immense number of boats.
The shores on each side of the river
were crowded with people. The
tops of the houses were covered;

ANNUAL REGISTER,

‘was well manned.

1804.

nor was there a spot in the whole
distance to Greenwich unoccupied.
The ships in the river vied with each
other on the occasion, in their fanci~
ful decorations. All the way as the
flotilla passed, it was saluted with
incessant discharges from temporary
batteries on shore, and the ships in
the river. The whole of the busi-
ness on the river was conducted with
the greatest regularity. Four river
fencible boats preceded the barges,
to keep a clear stage, and each boat
mounted an 18Ib. carronade, and
On the lord
mayor’s barge arriving opposite the
Thames police office, the volunteers
belonging to that establishment were
drawn out in boats and saluted it.
The same attention was paid by the
volunteers at the West India docks,
who appeared on the banks in mili-.
tary array, and fired three vollies
with great precision. At Deptford
the militia of the ‘Tower Hamlets
saluted. The several divisions of
boats did not proceed from the
Tower until near half an hour after
the lord mayor’s barge. Each di-
vision was commanded by an oflicer
of the river fencibles; and space of
about 150 yards was allowed be-
tween each division. The first divi-
sion, which comprised the Ist regi-
ment, was contained in 9 boats.
The second regiment occupied 12
boats; the 4th 11, and the rest
about the same proportion. The
bands of each regiment played all
the way, and produced a most
charming effect upon the water.
The same good order which had hi-
therto prevailed, existed at the dis-
embarkation at Greenwich. The
company in the lord mayor’s barge
landed at the centre stairs, and were
all Rospiaey, received at the gover.
nor’s house until it was time to re-
pair

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

pair to the heath. The other two
city barges, and the duke of Man-
chester’s yacht, landed their compa-
nies at the same place. The disem-
barkation having thus taken place,
the Greenwich pensioners lined the
different corners of the hospital in
_ their holiday cloaths. ‘The park of
artillery from Woolwich, placed on

- the left of the Janding, gave its re-
peated discharges ; and the different
corps belonging to the neighbour-
hood lined the shore from right to
left, and presented arms to each re-
iment. On their arrival at the bot-
tom of Greenwich-hill, the whole
formed into a kind of close coiumn,
in order to proceed to Blackheath.
The river fencibles, under the com-
mand of commodore Lucas, assisted
by a detachment of the Westminster
light horse, formed an opening
through the crowd, from the bot-
tom of the hill to the gate leading
on tothe heath. The committee led
the van, preceded by a band, with
the ten pair of colours, and stand-
ards for the cavalry, On their ar-
rival at the top of the hill, they
drew up on the right of the gate,
and the regiments passed them in
companies, according to seniority of

_ number, headed by his royal high-

ness the duke of York, attended by
“his staff, to the heath, and took up
their ground, which extended for full
two miles, being the whole extremity
of the spot. On their being formed

_ they stood nearly in the following

order:—On the right of the line
were the London volunteer cayal-
ry, with their ficld-pieces, dismount-
ed, in their flying cars, &c. which,
with 1st and 2d regiments, formed
on their left, with their backs to-
wards Woolwich, at the extremity
of the heath that way: 4th, 5th,
Gth, 7th, 8th, and 9th, formed an

537

angle on the Ist and 2d, and ex-
tended across towards the London-
road; the 10th and 11th forming
another angle on them, facing the
Ist and 2d. They being now in
full readiness to receive the lord
mayor, committee, and attendants,
his royal highness dispatched an
aid-de-camp, to acquaint the mayor
and members of the corporation,
that the troops were ready to receive
them; on which his lordship headed
the colours, and proceeded to the
centre of the troops, when, on a
gun being fired, the whole line pre-
sented arms, officers saluted, drums
beat, &c. On another gun being
fired, a standard guard from the
London volunteer cavalry, and the
grenadiers, accompanied by the en-
signs who were to receive the co-
lours, and preceded by their respec-
tive bands, advanced to a position
which lord Harrington had marked
for them in the centre, and where
his royal highness and the lord may-
or had placed themselves. ‘The ele-
ven companies of grenadiers, and
the standard guard of the cavalry,
formed a circle round them, in which
were her royal highness princess
Charlotte of Wales, the, lord may-
or’s party, and from 6 to 700 per-
son’s of rank and distinction. The
colours were now unfurled, and con-
secrated in the most solemn manner
by the rev. John Perring, chaplain ;
alter which the ensigns came for-
ward, and, kneeling down, received
them with a speech from the right
hon. the lord mayor, which was
alike creditable to his lordship’s
manly feelings and just understand.
ing. ‘* I cannot (said his lordship)
but consider myself peculiarly for-
tunate in being called on, by my of-
ficial situation, to discharge a duty
so oe as that which, on the

present

538

present occasion, has devolved on
me. Gentlemen, it would be a vain
attempt for me to describe the sen-
sations to which this sublime specta-
cle gives birth.—Powers, far supe-
Tior to mine, could not do justice to
the scene which here presents itself
_—could pay but an inadequate tri-
bute of applause to those gallant and
patriotic bands, who, roused by the
voice of honour, yield their plea-
sures and their occupations a willing
sacrifice at the shrine of their coun-
try. Yes, it remained for the pre-
sent age to prove, that the citizens
of London inherit the same ardent
spirit, glow with the same devotion
to the sacred cause of freedom and
independence, as distinguished their
immortal ancestors, who, in the
proudest periods of Britain’s fame,
were still most conspicuous in the
career of glory. It was reserved
for the present age to prove the false-
hood of the imputation, that the ge-
nius of commérce had subdued the
fire of freedom in our breasts; and
to evince that those, who by civiliza-
tion and industry best learn to ac-
quire wealth, by their intrepidity
and exertions best know how to
preserve it. Gentlemen, to your
perseverance and attention, as well
-as to the ardour of those you com-
mand, are to be attributed their high
state of discipline and appearance.
Your own feelings, and the appro-
bation of your country, are the
most honourable, and, I am sure, to
you the most gratifying reward.
Gentlemen, in presenting to you the
colours, a tribute of the gratitude
of your fellow citizens, and the
best mark of their attachment to
‘their brethren in arms, allow me to
say, | rely with confidence, thatyou
will receive them as the most sacred
deposit which can be entrusted to
i

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

your care: and, that as the city of
London is the first in the united
kingdom, its citizens will be the first
to afford a bright example of devo-

tion, in a cause of which they have

already shewn themselves so wors
thy.” This speech being finished,
the ensigns kneeled down, and each
received the colours of their re-
spective regiments. Colonel Birch,
of the.1st regiment, as superior co-
Ionel, then replied to the lord may-
or, in the following very elegant
and excellent speech :

‘¢ My Lord—In the name, and
on behalf, of the ten regiments of
loyal London volunteer infantry, I
enter upon the grateful and distin-
guished office assigned me with pe-
culiar pride, to return your lordship
thanks for the handsome way in
which you have, in the name of the
corporation of the city of London,
conferred this high honour gpon
them. ‘The sublime and interesting
ceremony of presenting these co-
lours from the first city in the world
to her sons in arms, in token of their
approbation, confidence and esteem,
in the presence of so august and
numerous an assemblage, over-
whelms the mind with sensations
which it cannot but proudly feel;
and robs the tongue of that power
of utterance which is adequate to
the glorious subject. ‘The foe with
whom we have to contend, with un-
wearied boasting, threatens to sub-

due a loyal and united people, af-

fectionate to the best of kings, at-
tached to the reverend constitution
handed down to them by their an-
cestors, born to the purity of free-
dom, and inheriting an imdepend-
ence unknown to other countries.
My lord, he may calculate upon a
mad attempt to desolate our fields,
depopulate our villages, despoil us of

our

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Our possessions, and, in the despe-
rate phrenzy of bafiled ambition and
an intercepted career of universal
dominion, may vainly hope and
R rashly prepare for the overthrow of
= that constitution which has been our
_ glory for ages. But it is that con-

: stitution itself which is at once out
citadel and treasure. It cements
i our liberties ; is the sacred deposit
& _ of all our possessions; furnishes our
best means of defence; is the grand
Shain of connexion by av hich all

; ie ranks are upheld, harmonized, and
' respected, and in defence of which
i all orders unite with one hand and
one heart. It is the security of our
homes; by which the sweetest, most
endearing, and most einoblihe cha-
e rities of social and domestic life are
hallowed and preserved. Can then
- that constitution be endangered by
¥ the extravagant and formidable
threats of this desperate invader ?—
Never! Never! I trust; for the
palladium of British liberty is the
bosom of every Briton born. He
_ must first extirpate the human race
_ from this island, before he can hope
' tosubdue that unextinguishable spi-
\ rit which animated our forefathers
_ to those successful deeds, which ob-

_ tained for us all the blessings which -

wenow enjoy. The volunteer force

the notice, and. yaa the affeét-
_ ed derision and mockery of this
consular tyrant; but the volunteers

railing, and too high-minded to
Doast of untried services. Their
as swer, when the occasion demands
* ‘it, will be given once for all. The
_ pledge they have offered of their
# and industry to acquire the
Rone nowledge of the use of arms, is a
safe one—that in the conflict they
Be will i themselves like men and

=

,

ES are too well trained to return railing

539

Britons. It will be ever our pecu-
liar glory to reflect, that the metro.
polis of Britain can record its thou-
sands armed for the general safety,
and ready to perish whenever or
wherever called upon in defence of
their beloved king and country.
‘The city of London has deposited a
sacred charge to their keeping,
which they will never forsake while
life remains, They are sensible of
the honour conferred ; and I picdge
myself, in the hour of trial, they
will prove themselves not unworthy
the confidence reposed in them.”
Whis. was followed by an animated
reply from colonel Anderton, on
behalf of the loyal London cavalry.
The ensigns then placed themselves,
with their colours, in the centre of
their respective companies, who
faced to the right-about, and march-
ed in ordinary time to their regi-
ments. This was a grand sight in-
deed; in every direction was to be
‘seen standards bearing down to their
regiments, supported by compa-
nies of grenadiers. On the colours
being paraded in front of each regi-
ment, the word was given to form
circle of battalions, when the com-
manding officer of each, addressed
his regiment in a short speech on the
occasion. The corps here gave
three cheers, and being, by another
signal gun, thrown into line, they
fired three volleys of battalions,
from right to left of the line, ina
masterly style. On another gun
being fired, the whole line wheeled
backward by companies, and by
andther signal gun being fired, step-
ped Off altogether in ordinary, time,
to pass the royal party in review
order, er royal highness princess
Charlotte of Wales, ima closé car-
riage, was on the right about three
hundred yards; and by order of his
royal

540,

royal highness the duke of York,
received from each company, as they
passed, a royal salute. The colours
of each waved on the ground, as they
passed her highness ; which compli-
ments she returned with a wave of
her hand from her bosom, ina very
attractive manner. The duke of
York received also, as the regiments
passed, a royal salute. After the
London regiments were passed the
royal party, the royal artillery
company with their field pieces, the
cities of London and Westminster
light horse volunteers, with their
dismounted cavalry, and fiying cars,
and the Deptford volunteers, passed
by their highnesses. The ground
‘was kept in an admirable manner by
the following corps: London light
horse volunteers, Westminster vo-
lunteer cavalry, St. James’s volun-
teers, the custom-house regiment,
the Blackheath volunteer cavalry,
the Greenwich volunteers, the Dept-
ford yolunteers, and the royal artil-
lery company. ‘The two latter re-
giments embarked with their band
on board the boats that brought the
others down, and, under the com-
mand of the naval oflicers and capt.
Lucas, were safely landed in Lon-
don. The ten London regiments
marched to town under the command
of their respective colonels. ‘The
captain of the marine society’s ship,
in order to add to the interest of the
scene, and to display the object of
that excellent institution, arranged
the boys in the most judicious man-
ner in the rigging, wherethey cheer-
ed the duke of York, the lord
mayor, and the respective regiments,
as they passed. Several governors
and gentlemen were on board. It
is with pleasure we add, that no ac-
cident occurred to interrupt the ge-
neral satisfaction.—After the busi-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804:

ness of theday was concluded, the lord
mayor and lady mayoress set off in
their coach and six, escorted as far
as Deptford, by sir Thomas Wilson
and the Blackheath volunteer ca-.
valry. In the evening, the lord
mayor gave a grand dinner to the
duke of York, lords Harrington
and Amherst, generals Burrard and
Leslie and their suite; sir Brook
Watson and the London staff, the
sherifis of London, colonel sir John
Kamer, Le Mesurier, and the com-
mandants of the volunteer regiments
who came homein time. His royal
highness remained at the Mansion-
house until past twelve o’clock,.
highly delighted with the spectacle
of the day, -as well as the attention
of the-chief magistrate.

Dispatch from Commodore Sir Sidney
Smith, containing an account of —
his attack upon the French flotilla,
lated Antelope, at anchor off

~ Ostend, May 17th, addressed to
Lord Kieth, K, B. &c. §e. ¢.

My Lord,

Information from all quarters,
and the evident state of readiness in
which the enemy’s armaments were
in Helyoet, Flushing, and Ostend,
indicating the probability of a gene-
ral movement from those ports, I
reinforced captain Manby, off Tel-
voet, with one ship, and directed
captain Hancock, of the Cruizer,
stationed in shore, to combine his
operations and the Mattler’s with
the squadron of gunboats stationed
off Ostend. The Antelope, Pene-
lope, and Amiable, occupied a cent-
ral position in sight both of Flush-
ing and Ostend, in anxious expec-
tation of the enemy’s appearance.
Yesterday at half past five A. M. I

received

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

received information- from captain
Hancock, then off Ostend,. that the
enemy’s ilotilla was hauling out of
that pier, and had already 21 one-
masted vessels, and one schooner
outside in the roads; and at half
past seven the same morning I had
_ the satisfaction to see the Flushing
flotilla, of 59 sail, viz. two ship-
rigged praams, 19 schooners, and
38 schuyts, steering along shore
from that port towards Ostend, un-
der circumstances which allowed me
to hope [ should be able to bring
them to action. The signal was
made in the Cruizer and Rattler for
an enemy in the E.S.E. to call their
attention from Ostend; the squa-
dron weighed the moment the flood
made, and allowed of the heavier ships
following them over the hanks; the
signals to chase and engage were
obeyed with alacrity, spirit, and

_ judgment by the active and experi-
_ enced officers your lordship has done

me the honour to place under my
orders. Captains Hancock and

_ Mason attacked this formidable line
' with the greatest gallantry and ad-

dress, attaching themselves particu-
Jarly to the two praams, both of

them of greater force than them-

Selves, independent of the cross fire
from the schooners and schuyts; I
sent the Amiable by signal to sup-
port them. The Penelope (having
an able pilot, Mr. Thornton), on
Signal being made to engage, capt.
Broughton worked up to the centre
_ of the enemy’s line, as near as the
shoal water would allow, while the

_ Antelope went round the Stroom

‘Sand to cut the van off from Ostend.
Unfortunately our gun-boats were
not in sight, having, as I understood
since, devoted their attention to
_ preventing the Ostend division from
‘Moving westward. ‘The enemy at-

541

tempted to get back to Flushing ;
but being harrassed by the Cruizer
and the Rattler, and the wind coming
more easterly against them, they
were obliged to run the gauntlet to
the westward, keeping close to the
beach under the protection of the
batteries. Having found a passage
for the Antelope within the Stroom
Sand, she was enabled to bring
her broad-side to bear on the
headmost schooners before they got
the length of Ostend. ‘The leader
struck immediately and the crew
deserted her: she was however re-
covered by the followers. The ar-
tillery from the town and camp,
and the rowing gun-boats from the
pier, keep up a constant and well-
directed fire for their support; our
shot, however, which went over the
schooners, going ashore among the
horse artillery, interrupted it in a
degree; still, however, it was from
the shore we received the greatest
annoyance ; for the schooners and |
schuyts crowding along could not
bring their prow guns to bear with-
out altering their course towards us,
which they could not venture; and
their side guns, though numerous
and well-served, were. very light.
In this manner the Penelope and
Antelope engaged every part of their
long line from four to eight, while
the Amiable, Cruizer, and Rattler,
continued to press their rear. Since
two o’clock the sternmost praam
struck her colours and ran on shore:
but the artillery-men from the army
got on board, and she renewed her
fire on the Amiable with the pre-
cision of a land battery, from which
that ship suffered much. Captain
Bolton speaks much in praise of
lieutenant Mather, who is wounded.
Several of the schooners and schuyts
immediately under the fire of the
ships,

5A

like manner, and recovered by the
army. At eight, the tide falling
and leaving us in little more water
than we could draw, we were re-
luciantly obliged to haul off into
deeper water to keep afloat, and
the enemy’s vessels that were not on
shore, or too much shattered, were
thus. able to reath Ostend,—these
and the Ostend division have hauled
into the bason. I have anchored in
such a position as to keep an eye
on them; and I shall endeavour to
close with them again if they moye
into deeper water. I have to regret
that, from the depth of water in
which these vessels move, gun-boats
only can aét against them. with
efiect : four have joined me, andl
have sent them in to see what
they can do with the praam that
is on shore. I have great satisfac-
tion in bearing testimony to your
lordship of the gallant and steady
conduct of the captains, comman-
ders, officers, seamen, and marines,
under my orders. Captains Han-
cock and Mason bore the brunt of
the attack, and continued it for six
hours against a. great superiority of
fire, particularly from the army on
shore, the howitzer shells annoying
them much.’ These officers deserve
the highest: praise | can give them.
They speak of the conduct of their
lieutenants, officers, and crews, in
terms of warm panegyric. Messrs.
Budd and Dalyell, from the Ante-
lope, acted in the'absence of two
lieutenants of those ships. , Lieute-
nants Garrety and Patful, com-
manding the Favourite and Stag

cutters, did their best with their.

small guns against greater numbers
of greater calibre. Lieut. Hillier,
of the Antelope, gave me all the as-
sistance and support on her quar.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ships, were driven on shore in the.

ter-deck his ill-state of health would.
permit. Lieut. Stokes and ‘Mr.
Slesser, acting lieutenants, direéted
the fire on the lower and main- ©
decks with coolness and precision.
It would be the highest injustice if
1 omitted to mention the intrepid
conduét of Mr. Lewis, the master,
Mr. Nunn and Mr. Webb, pilots,
to whose steadiness, skill, and atten-
tion, particularly the former, I shall»
ever feel, myself indebted, for hay-
ing brought the Antelope into ac-
tion within the sands, where cer-
tainly the enemy could not expect
to be met by a ship of her size; and
for having allowed her to continue.
engaged with commodore Verhceuil,
to the last minute it was possible to
remain in such shoal-water, with a
falling tide. It is but justice to say,
the enemy’s commodore‘ pursued a
steady course notwithstanding our
fire, and returned it with spirit to
the last. I could not detach open:
boats in the enemy’s line, to pick
up those vessels which had struck,
and were deserted, mixed as they
were with those still fring. Capt.
Hancock sent me one schuyt that
had hauled out of the line and sur-
rendered. She had alieutenant and
23 soldiers of the 48th regiment,
with five Dutch seamen on board.
She is so useful here, I cannot part
“with her yet. Inclosed is a‘list of
our loss, which, though great, is
less than might have been expected,
owing to the enemy’s direéting their
fire at our masts. ‘The Rattler and
the Cruizer have of course suffered. ~
most in the latter respect, but are
nearly ready for service again. The
smoke would not allow us togee the
effect of our shot on the enemy ;
but their loss, considering the num-
ber of them under our guns for so
long, must be great in proportion,
@

)

v)

f

We see the mast-heads above water
of three of the schooners and one of
the schuyts which were sunk.
ey W. Sidney Smith.
Lord Keith. K. B.
ma ge: &c. Sc.

- Return of Killed and Wounded cn
board his Majesty's Ships and
_ Vessels in Action with the Enemy's
_ Flotilla, May 16, 1804.
Antelope: 2 seamen and 1 pri-
_ yatemarine, wounded. Penelope:
_ 3seamen, killed; and 4 seamen,
_ wounded. Amiable: Mr. Christie,
_ master’s-mate, Mr. Johnson, mid-
_ shipman, four seamen, and 1 boy,
gilled; liewt. W. Mather, Mr.
_ Shawell, purser, Mr. Connor, mid-
shipman, and 11 seamen, wounded.
Crnizer: 1 seaman killed; Mr.
_ George Ellis, clerk, and 3 seamen,
_ wounded. Total: 2 petty officers,
- 10seamen, and 1 boy, killed; 1
- lieut. 1 purser, 4 petty officers, 25
_ seamen, and one private marine,
wounded.

x

SIR ae

Saal

W. Sidney Smith.

| Account of the success of the British
arms at Surinam, from the dis-
patches of M..G. Sir Charles
_ Green, and received by Earl
| ~ Camden, June 22d,1804. Dated
+ Paramaribo, May 13.

_ My Lord,

It is highly gratifying to me to
have the honour of informmg your
lordship that the colony of Surinam
has surrendered to his majesty’s
arms; and I have the further satis-
faction to acquaint your lordship,
_ that this valuable acquisition to the
_ British dominions has been made
_ with very little loss on the part of
his majesty’s troops. In my dis-

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

543

patches from Barbadoes of the 2d
of April, I had the honour to res.
peat to. your lordship that the ar-
rangements for proceeding on the
expedition against Surinam being
nearly completed, I had reason to
expect we should be enabled to sail
from Barbadoes in the course of
three or four days ; and commodore
Hood having previously signified-to
me that every thing in the naval de-
partment was ready, I directed the
final embarkation of the troops,
stores, &c..on the 6th of the same
month. . The following day the
whole fleet weighed anchor and
sailed. On the 25th, his majesty’s
ship Centaur, having the commo-
dore’s broad pendant, and on board
of which I was embarked, came to
anchor about 10 miles off the mouth
of the river Surinam, and during

‘that and the next day the greater

part of the fleet also anchored. On
the 26th, a corps, consisting of the
flank companies of the 16th and
64th regiments, the rifle company
of the 2d battalion 60th regiment,
made up by detachments from the
battalion companies of the 16th,
64th, and 6th West-India regiments,
to about 600 men, and the first bri-
gade of royal artillery, besides arm-
ed seamen, was detached in different
vessels under convoy of his majes-
ty’s ship Hippomenes, captain Ship-
ley. This corps was commanded
by brigadier-gen. Maitland, who
was directed to effeét a landing at
the Warappa Creek, about ten
leagues to the eastward of the Suri-
nam river, where the enemy occu-
pied a post. The object of this
operation was to obtain a water
communication with the Comme- _
wyne river, to procure plantation
boats in sufficient number to trans-
port the troops down that river to-
wards

544

wards its junétion with the Surinam,
and thereby facilitate our approach
to take a position in the rear of Fort
New Amsterdam; and also with a
view to cut off a considerable detach-
ment of the enemy stationed at Fort
Brandwacht, on the mud creek.—
On the same day preparations were
made for landing a body of troops
to take possession of Braam’s Point,
where there is a battery of seven
18-pounders, which defends the en-
trance of the river Surinam. Briga-
dier-general Hughes undertook to
superintend this service ; the wind
proving favourable, his majesty’s
ships Emerald, Pandour, (having
the 64th regiment on board), and
Drake brig of war, got under weigh
to attaek the battery ; when a fire
was opened on the ships, which,
however, was soon silenced by a
few broadsides, and the enemy
Strick their colours. A detach-
ment of troops, under brigadier-
gen. Hughes, immediately landed,
and took possession of Bram’s Point,
making prisoners a captain and 44
men, ‘Fhe entrance being thus se-
cured, the commodore made signal
for the ships to go into the river as
soon as possible; in the course of
that and the following day, the most
considerable part of the fleet an-~
chored in the river. At this period
the commodore shifted his pendant
to the Emerald, and I accompanied
him on board that ship. We then
judged it expedient to send a sum-
mons to the governor of Surinam,
with proposals for the surrender of
the colony. Captain Maxwell of
the royal navy, and capt. Drum-
mond, of the 6th regiment (acting
as my aid-de-camp) proceéded up the

river with a flag of truce, and hay- .

ing delivered our summons to the

governor, returned in the night with
9

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

information that an answer would

be sent next morning. On the 28th, »

we received the governor’s answer,
refusing to capitulate. It was then
determined that we should lose no
time in endeavouring to make some
impression on the enemy’s posts,
but I must here beg leave to observe
to your lordship, that the coast of
Surinam is of very difficult approach,
shallow and full of banks; that a
landing is only to be attempted at
the top of the tide, and at particu-
lar points; the coast is uncleared ;
and from wood, and the marshy
uature of the soil, it is impossible to
penetrate into the interior, except
by the rivers and creeks. The
shores on both sides of the river Sn-
rinam, are equally difficult of access,
for the same causes, until you reach
the battery Frederici, with the ex-
ception of one spot on the eastern
shore, where a plantation, called
Resolution, has been lately esta-
blished. Our points of attack
were therefore confined; and the
enemy, by means of their forts,
ships of war, and other armed ves~
sels, were completely masters of the
navigation of the river Surinam
above Fort Amsterdam. The de-
fences of the river, after passing
Braam’s Point, are Fort Amsterdam,
situated on the confluence of the
rivers Surinam and Commewynne ;
upwards of SO pieces of ordnance
are mounted in this fortress. Fort
Leyden is armed with twelve heavy
guns, and situated on the right bank
of the Surinam, where it meets the
Commewynne, is opposite to, and
commanded by Fort Amsterdam,
at the distance of about two thou-
sand yards. ‘The battery Frederici
is about 200 yards lower down,
and armed with twelve heavy guns.
On the left bank of the river, near-

ly

_

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

ly opposite to Fort Amsterdam is
Fort Purmurent, having ten guns
mounted, its rear and flanks pro-
tected by impraéticable marshes and
woods. ‘The fire of all these works
and batteries intersect in the chan-
‘nel for ships going up the river.
The town of Paramaribo is defend-
ed towards the water by a battery
of about ten guns, mounted in Fort
Zelandia, a place otherwise of no
defence. The 28th, the ships of
war and other vessels proceeded up
the river as fast as the tides would
admit of. A plan was formed for
making an attempt on Fort Purmu-
rent; a detachment of the 64th re-
giment, under captain Burton, ac-
_ companied by captain Drummond,
my aid-de-camp, with a body of
armed seamen, commanded by capt.
Jervis, embarked at eight o’clock
at night for that purpose, but on
approaching the fort they found the
tide was unfavourable for the un-
dertaking, and returned. On the
29th, lieut.-col. Shipley, command-
ing engineer, went on shore at the
plantation before stated, below the
enemy’s batteries, to endeavour to
procure intelligence; and on return-
ing, reported, that he had every rea.
son to believe that there was a
practicable way through the woods,
by which a body of men might be
conducted to the rear of the Forts
Leyden and Frederici. Lieutenant
colonel Shipley was indefatigable in
_ ascertaining the accuracy of this in-
formation, in which he was ably
assisted by lieutenant Arnold, of
the royal engineers, and Mr. Hobbs,
acting engineer, and the result was
such, thata detachment of 140 men of
the 64th regt. under the command of
the hon. Jicut.-col. Cranstoun, with
‘major Stirke, of the 6th W. I. regt.
10 menof the 6th W. I, reg. withside~
Vou. XLVI

‘545

arms, having felling-axes; twenty
of the artificers’ corps provided in
the same manner ; and about thirty
armed seamen, commanded by cap-
tains Maxwell, Ferris, and Richard-
son, of the royalnavy, the whole un-
der the command of brigadier- general
Hughes, accompanied by lieut.-col.
Shipley, lieut. Arnold, of the royal
engineers, and Mr. Hobbs, aéting
engineer, whose local knowledge
proved extremely useful on this oc-
casion, landed between the hours
of ten and eleven at night, at Re-
solution Plantation, and proceeded
through the woods with negro
guides, A great quantity of rain
having recently fallen, it was found
that the -path, at all times difficult,
had become almost impassable ; but
no obstacle could damp the enter-
prising spirit of our seamen and sol-
diers, who, with persevering cou-
rage, after a laborious march of five
hours, arrived near the rear of
Frederici battery. The alarm hav-
ing been given, a considerable fire
of grape shot was made upon the
troops before they quitted the wood,
whilst forming for the attack, and
of musketry as they approached. the
battery. The assault of our intre-
pid seamen and troops with fixed
bayonets was so animated and vi.
gorous as to prevent any further
resistance. ‘The enemy fled to Fort
Leyden, having set fire ta the paw-
der-magazine; by the explosion of
which a few British officers and men
were severely wounded.— Brigadier-
gen. Hughes used no delay in mov~
ing on to the attack of Fort Ley-
den, but being under the necessity
of marching by a narrow road,
which was enfiladed by four or five
guns, received a considerable fire
of grape shot on his march, and of
musketry on his nearer approach 5,

Na which

546

which however was soon put a stop
to by a repetition of the same impe-
tious attack on our part} and the
enemy, after some firing, called for
quarter, which was generously grant-
ed by the conquerors, although in
the moment they were highly exas-
perated at the conduct of the Bata-
vian troops in blowing up the pow-
der magazine at Fort Frederici,
after it had been in our possession.
A captain with some other officers
and 120 men were taken at this
post, about 30 having made their
escape across the river Commewyne
to Fort New Amsterdam. By this
brilliant affair a position was secur-
ed, by which a heavy fire could be
brought on Fort New Amsterdam,
a communication’ with the river
Commewyne opened, the means of
forming a junétion with brigadier-
gen. Maitland’s corps established,
and the command of the finest part
of the colony, abounding with re-
sources of all kinds, obtained.—
Brigadier-general Hughes’s exertions
upon this occasioh were highly me-
ritorious, and by his animating ex-
ample contributed much to the
success of the day. On the 30th in
the morning, the commodore and
myself went on shore at the captur-
ed forts, and direétions. were given
for covering the troops and guns
from the fire of Fort New Amster-
dam, to which they were greatly
exposed, and for pointing the fire
of the forts towards the enemy.
The troops underwent great fatigue
in executing these works, which,
however, they cheerfully submitted
to, under the direétion of lieut.-col.
Shipley, who as usual was unceasing
in his exertions. Brigadier-general
Hughes remained in the command
there, giving every necessary sup-
port and countenance. ‘The enemy

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

fired from time to time from Fort ~
New Amsterdam, by which three.
men at Fort Leyden were wounded,
but some shells being throw in re-
turn from two mortars, which we
had got on shore at Fort Leyden,
the firing on the part of the enemy
ceased. Qn the same day I receiv-
ed a report from brigadier-general
Maitland, that a landing had been
effeGted at the Warappa Creek by
the first division of his corps, under
the command of major Hardyman,
of the Ist battalion of the royals,
who took possession of the enemy’s
posts, where there were two guns,
after a short resistance; andthe
brigadier-gen. further stated, that
he was proceeding to land with the
whole of his corps. Under these
circumstances, no time was lost in
disembarking at Fort Leyden the
rest of the troops, and pushing .
them on by the north bank of the
Commewyne to nearly opposite
Zooland’s plantation, where it was
intended to cross the river to form

‘a junction with brigadier-general

Maitland’s corps on its expeéted ar.
rival there. ‘The artillery, stores,
and provisions were also conveyed
in boats by the indefatigable ex.
ertions of the navy into the Com-—
mewyne river, and an armed naval
force established therein. On the
3rd May, brigadier-gen. Maitland
having with great diligence procured
a number of plantation boats to
convey his corps, appeared coming
down the Commewyne in very good
order, and landed at a plantation —
on the south side of that river. On
the same evening part of the 16th
regiment crossed the Commewyne
to join brigadier-general Maitland,
and were followed the next day by
the remainder of that regiment :
orders were also given for all the

troops

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

troops to pass as quickly as possible.
_On the 4th, between two and three
o'clock, brigadier gen. Maitland’s
corps moved onthrougha wood, and
“approached Fort New Amsterdam
within a mile to reconnoitre, with
a view to extend their position to-

- wards the river Surinam, and therc-
by invest that fortress. Some shots
were fired by the enemy’s advanced
centinels, who retired. At this time
commodore Hood being with me at
head-quarters on the Commewyne,

_ _wereceived a flag of truce from the
~ commanding officer of the Batavian
troops, with proposals to surrender

_ on terms of capitulation, a copy of
_ which is herewith enclosed ; orders
_ were in consequence issued to sus-
pend hostilities until the conditions
should be finally agreed upon. Lt.
col. Shipley and capt. Maxwell of
_ the royal navy; were sent to settle
the terms. They returned early on
_ the morning of the 5th, with two
_ separate capitulations, signed by It.
_ col. Batenburgh, commanding the
Batavian troops, and commodore
Bloys, chief of the naval depart-
_ ment; but an article in the one signed

_ ing sufficiently clear, brigadier gen.
_ Maitland was employed to arrange
__ the business, which being compleated
to our satisfaction, at five o’clock, on
thesame evening,the advanced corps,
under the command of brigadier gen.
_ Maitland, marched in and took pos-
session of Fort New Amsterdam.
_ The Batavian frigate and sloop of
War were also taken possession of
at the same hour. Having thus de-
tailed the particulars of our short,
but active operations, it is a very
_ pleasing part of my duty to state to
your lorship, the names of those
officers whose situations enabled
them to come forward with distin-

Tighe

jen

_ by the military commandant not be-.

547

guished honour and credit to them-
selves.—[ Here general Green ac.
knowledges his obligations to as
dier gens. Maitland and Hughes ;

It. col. Shipley, major Wilson, of the
Artillery ; major Robertson, acting
adj. gen.; acting com. gen. Glas-
furd: capt. M‘Geachy, assist. q.'m.

gen.; capt. Drummond, of the
60th reg. ; and to com. Hood, and

all the captains and other officers of
the squadron: particularly to capt.
Maxwell, of the Centaur, and capt.
Kempt, agent of transports, ‘The
general concludes his letter with the
following paragraph: |—I have the
pleasure to assure your lordship,
that the principal inhabitants of the
colony appear to be extremely re-
joiced at the event which has taken
place, restoring to them the pow-
erful protection of the British go.
vernment, and the solid advantages
arising therefrom. Captain Camp--
bell, my aid-de-camp, will have
the honour to deliver this dispatch
to your lordship: he is a very old
and deserving officer, and I beg leave
to refer your lordship to him for
further information.

On the 27th of April, gen. Green
and com. Hood proposed terms of
capitulation to the gov. of Surinam,
according to which he was to sur-
render up the colony in twenty-four
hours. The inhabitants were to
enjoy their property ; the exercise
of their religion, &c.; the laws of
the colony to remain in force; all
ships of war, artillery, stores, &c.
to be delivered up; the Batavian
troops to surrender prisoners of war,
&c. These terms the governor re-
fused to accept, and hostilities con-
tinued until the 4th of May, when
the commanding officer of the Dutch
troops proposed a new captulation.
A negociation was then commenced

Nn 2 witl

548

with him, and withthe Dutch com-

mander Van Treslong, which ter-

minated at last in articles differing
only in some slight modifications
from those originally proposed by the

British commanders.

Total Return of Killed and Wounded
of the Troops under the Command
of Major General Sir Charles
Green, at the Assault and Capture
of the Forts Leyden und Frederici,
én the Colony of Surinam,.on the
30th of April.

Total—3 rank and file killed ;

1 field officer, 3 subalterns, 1 staff,
1 serjeant, and 7
wounded. Officers wounded—Lt.
col. the hon. George Cranstoun, of
the 64th regiment; lieut. Arnold,
of the royal engineers; Mr. Hobbs,
assistant engineer; lieut. Ross, of
the 64th regiment; lieut. Brown-
rigg, of the 87th regiment; bri-
gadier gen. Hughes,

Total Return of Killed and Wounded
of the Royal Navy, under the Com-
mand of Commodore Hood, at the
Assauli and Capture of Fe orts Ley -yden
and Frederici, onthe 30th of April.
Centaur—1 lieutenant, 1 petty

officer, and 2 seamen, killed; 2

lieutenants, and 4 seamen, wound-

ed. Drake—1 warrant oflicer,
killed --Pandour--1 seaman, wound.
ed.—Unique—1 lieutenant, wound-
ed. Total—1 lonteanns 1 war-

rant officer, 1 petty officer, and 2

seaman killed; 3 lieutenants, and 5

seamen wounded. Officers killed.—

Lieut. Smith, first of the Centaur,

mortally wounded: died the follow-

ing day; W. Shuldham, midship-

man. of the Centaur; Mr. q

doatswain of the Drake.

Total Return of Batavian Prisoners
taken at the Conquest of the Colony
of Surinam,

1 Lieutenant-general ;

1 lieutc-

rank and file

-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

nant-colonel, 1 major, 19 captains,
22 first lieutenants, 30 second lieu-.
tenants, 1 surgeon-major, 6 first
surgeons, 10 second surgeons, 2
serjeant-majors, 79 serjeants, 110
corporals, 24 drummers, 1434 pri-
yates. 13 women, and 11 children.
——N.B. Total number of pri- .
soners (navy included) exclusive of
staff and departments, is 2001.

There fell into our hands, on this
occasion, the Proserpine of 32 guns,
and the Py lades of 18.—The quan.
tity of ordnance, ammunition, and
stores taken is immense.

Accounts of the different Attempts
made upon the Enemy's Flotilla by
the Immortalité and Melpomené
Frigates, in Letters addressed to
Lord, Keith, K. B. &c. §¢.—Ad-

méiral Louis, &€.

Immortalité, Boulogne E, seven or
eight leagues, July 21st.

Sir,

The wind yesterday set in strong
from the N. N. E. and N. E. by N.
and made so much sea, that the ene-
my’s vessels in the road of Boulogne
became very uneasy ; and about eight
P. M. the lee-most brigs began to
get under weigh, and work to
windward, whilst some of the lug-
gers ran down apparently for Eta~
ples; their force was then 45 brigs,
and 43 luggers. I made a signal ta
look out on these vessels, which was.
immediately obeyed by the Harpey,
Bloodhound, and Archer, who closed
with them, giving their fire to such .
as attempted to stand off from the
land; the Autumn was at this time
getting under weigh, and lost no

time in giving her support to the

vessels already on this service, and
continued with them during the whole
- weather

wry

- destruction.

is hopeless.

SF a SATS TA Tm GREE se IIRL Fe ANAT

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

weather tide, ‘to fire, from time to
time, on such of the enemy’s vessels
as gave them opportunity. At day-

light this morning there were nine- |

teen brigs and eight luggers only
remaining in the Bay; and alwut
six o’clock these began to slip single
and run to the southward, for Eta-
ples or the river Somme, the Autumn

and brigs being then too far to lee-

ward to give them any interruption.
As soon as the tide permitted this
ship and the Leader to weigh, we
stood in with Boulogne, when I

_ perceived that a brig, a lugger, and

several large boats, were strand-
ed on the beach west of the harbour,

‘the enemy were shipping and en-

deavouring to save from them what
they could, but I have no doubt
the rising tide would complete their
Three other brigs and
a lugger were on the rocks near the
village of Portée, totally destroyed,
a brig and two luggers remained at
anchor close to the rocks with wefts
up, and the people huddled toge-
ther abaft: the brig had lost her

topmast, topsail, and lower yards,

and one of the luggers the head of
her mainmast; the sea was making
a perfect breach over them, and if
the gale continues, their situation
The merits of captains
Jackson and Heywood, as well as
those of lieutenants Richardson and
Price, are so well known to you,
that I need only say, they acted on
this occasion with the same decisive
promptness they havealwaysshewn;
and though the night prevented my
seeing all that passed, there cannot
be a doubt. but that their well-timed
attack caused the enemy’s confu-
sion, and occasioned much _ loss,
which, taking every circumstance,

is, I doubt not, far beyond what
fell within our observation. Ihave

549

not yet been able to collect the re-
ports of these officers, but will for-
ward them the moment that they join
me. E. W. C. R. Owen.

Rear Admiral Louis.

Letter to Lord Keith from Capt.

LR, D. Oliver, of the Melpomene,
off Havre, July 24.

My Lord,
Since my letter to your lordship
of the seventeenth instant, we

had very light and variable winds
for three days, which were succeeded
by a gale from the northward, when
the bombs: had some difficulty to
keep clear of the shore. Yester-
day the wind having got to theS.
W. I stood in with the squadron,
and at eleven made the signal for the
bombs to try their range; they
placed themselves with the utmost
precision immediately off the pier
heads, and at a quarter past eleven
began a most tremendous fire of
shells and carcasses, which was con-
tinued without intermission for an
hour and a half; in a very few mi-
nutes the town was observed to be
on fire, and as the pier was very full
of vessels, it is impossible but they
must have suffered considerably.
The vessels which had been outside
the pier, during the bombardment
of the 16th, were so much annoyed
as to retire, some into the pier, and
some up the river; one of them was
towed on shore under the batteries,
and has been since taken to pieces.
The enemy’s mortar batteries have
been very considerably increased
since the attack of the 16th, and al-
though the fire from them on the
bombs was as great as, I will ven-
ture to say, was ever experienced,
they being considerably within the
range, yet it is with the most inex-
pressible pleasure I acquaint your
Nas lordship,

550

lordship, that not a man has been
hurt. <A shell passed through the
mizen stay-sail of the Zebra, another
earried away the spare topsail-yard
of the Merlin, and two chain plates,
and grazed her side ; anda 42-pound
shot cut the spare topmast and some
other spars, and lodged in the booms
of the Hecla; this is all the damage
done, It is impossible for me to
find words to express my admi-
ration of the conduct of captains
Sykes, James, Paul, and Beau-
champ, and the other officers and
crews of the bombs, for the able
manner in which they placed and
managed their vessels; and also to
the officers and men of the Royal
Artillery embarked on board of
them, for the judicious manner in
which they fired the shells. Some
luggers came out of the pier during
the bombardment and fired their
guns; but they were made to keep
at a respectful distance by the vici-
nity of the Merlin, Pluto, Locust,
and cutters, which were always
ready to give assistance where want-
ed, as were the other ships in the
squadron in the situations assigned

‘to them.
R. D. Oliver.

A Letter from Capt. Robert Dudley

Oliver, Commander of the Mel-

~ pomene, to William Marsden, Esq.

dated off Havre, the 2d Instant,
incloses the following:

Melpomene, off Havre, Aug. 2.

My Lord,

The wind having changed yester-
day to the N. E. I determined to
make another attack on the nume-
rous vessels in Havre pier, as well

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. -

as those which were moored outside,
amounting to 28 brigs, and as many
luggers, and stood in with the squad.
ron, as permargin*. At half-past se-
ven P. M. the bombs were well placed
off the Pier Heads, when they be-
gan a well-directed fire, which was
kept up with great spirit for about
anhour and a half. The town was
very soon observed to be on fire in
two places; and seven brigs, which
were on the outside of the Pier,
found it necessary to move; one lost
her main-mast. As the wind came
more off the land, and a strong ebb
tide setting out, | ordered the bombs
to discontinue firing. At half-past
nine we anchored with the squadron
about five miles from the Light- .
houses. As the Explosion had fired

away all her shells, and the Zebra
most of her powder, I had them
supplied from the Meteor; and at
half-past five this morning got under
weigh, and stood in with the squad-
ron again. Before eight the bombs
took up their position near the Pier
Heads, and kept up a constant fire
for near three hours with shells and
carcasses ;s0 many shells burst on
and about the Piers, that the ene-
my’s fire was observed latterly to
slacken considerably, and it was
evident they were in the greatest
confusion ; some brigs and luggers,
however, got under weigh, and
came out to endeavour to annoy the
bombs, but all the other ships
and vessels of the squadron were
so well placed as to give chase to
them immediately ; and it was only
by cutting away their boats, which
were astern, and retreating very
speedily into shoal water, that they

1 Melpomene, Ariadne, Trusty, Magnanime, Merlin, and Favourite ; Hecla,
Meteor, Explosion, and Zebra bombs; King George, Hope, Naucy, Countess

ef Klgin, and Locust eutters.

escaped,

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

eseaped, but not before they had
run the gauntlet of all the ships and
cutters, and were very closely en-
_ gaged for a considerable time by
the Merlin, Favourite, Locust gun-
brig, and Hope cutter; and on this
occasion I feel particularly indebted
to the exertions of captains Brenton
and Foot, and lieutenants Lake and
Dobbins, whose vessels were very
often, during the action, in very
shoal water, with a falling tide; in-
deed nothing but the bad sailing
of the Merlin prevented captain
Brenton from cutting off the stern-
most brig. ‘The Locust lost her

main-topmast, but I have not heard.

of any other loss. The conduct of
the captains Sykes, James, Paul,
and Beauchamp, commanding the
bombs on both these occasion, was
highly meritorious; and although
their ships were frequently struck,
it gives me great pleasure to add that
noliveshave beenlost. What damage
may be done to the enemy by near
500 shells and carcasses thrown into
the town and bason last evening
and this morning, itis impossible to
calculate ; but | may without vanity
say, that, if the exertions of the
enemy’s flotilla be not much greater
on our shore than on their own, we
have little to dread from them. I
cannot conclude without expressing
my obligations to every officer and
man employed in this squadron.
lam, &c. R. D. Oliver.

Commodore Dance’s Account of his
defeating the French Squadron

55

under Admiral Linois in the Indi-

an Seas, ina Letter addressed to

the Honourable the Court of Di-

rectors of the East India Com-

pany. Dated Earl Camden, -Au-

gust 6th, 1804*.

For the information of the Ho.
nourable Court,, I beg leave to ac-
quaint you, that the Earl Camden
was dispatched from Canton by the
Select Committee the 31st of Janu-
ary last ; and the ships noted in the
margin+ were put under my orders,
as senior commander; also, the
Rolla Botany Bay ship, and the
country ships, as per margin ft,
were put under my charge, to con-
voy as far as our cozrses Jay in the
same direction. I was also ordered
to take under my protection a Por-
tuguese Europe ship, that was lying .
in Macao Roads, whose Supercargo
had solicited it from the Select Com-
mittee.

Our passage down the river was
tedious, and the fleet much dis-
persed; the ships being under the
directions of their several Chinese
pilots, I could not keep them col-
lected as I wished.

The Ganges, a fast-sailing brig,
was put under my orders by the
Select Committee, to employ in any
manner that might tend to the safe-
ty or convenience of the fleet, till
we had passed the Straits of Ma-
lacca. I was then to dispatch her
to Bengal.

We passed Macao Roads on the
night of the 5th of February, andi
conceive the Rolla had anchored so
near Macoa, as not tq see the fleet »

-* For an account of the honours and rewards bestowed upon sir N. Dance, and
the officers and men of his fleet, vide Chrovicle, page 409.

+ Warley, Alfred, Royal George, Coutts, Wexford, Ganges, Exeter, Earl of
Abergavenny, Henry Addington, Bombay Castle, Cumberland, Hope, Dorsetshire,

Warren Hastings, Ocean.

t Lord Castlereagh, Carron, David Scott,
ship, Shaw, Kissaroo, Jahaungeer, Gilwell, Neptune.

Minerva, Ardasier, Charlotte, Friend-

Nui get

»

532

get under weigh and pass through ;
although at the time I had no idea
that could be possible, especially as
1 saw the Ocean in shore of us get-
ting under weigh, burning blue
lights, and firing agun; the Portu-
guese ship, I suppose, must have
been in fhe same situation as the
Rolla. During the night of the 5th
of February | carried an easy sail,
aud on the following day hove-to
for above two hours, hoping to see
those ships; but there was no ap-
pearance of them, nordid they ever
join the fleet.—On the 14th Feb.
at day-break, we saw Pulo Auro,
bearing W. S. W. and at eight A.
M. the Royal George made the sig-
nal for seeing four strange sail in the
S. W.: I made the signal for the
four ships noted in the margin*, to
go down and examine them; and
lieut: Fowler, of the royal navy,
Yate commander of the Porpoise,
and passenger with me, having
handsomely offered to go in the
Ganges brig, and inspect them
nearly, I afterwards sent her down
likewise, and from their signals I
perceived it was an enemy’s squa-
dron, consisting of a line of battle
ship, three frivates, and a brig.

At one P.M. [recalled the look-
out ships by signal, and formed the
line of battle in close order.

As soon as the enemy could fetch
in our wake, they put about; we
kept on our course under an easy
sail. At near sun-set, they were
close up with our rear, and I was
nN momentary expectation of an at-
tack there, and prepared to sup-
port them; but at the close of day
we perceived them haul to wind-
ward. Isent lieut. Fowler in the
Ganges brig, to station the country
ships on our lee-bow, by which
means we were between them and

a

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the enemy ; ‘and having done so, he
returned with some volunteers from.
the country ships.

We laid to in line of battle all
night, our men at their quarters ; at
day-break of the 15th, we saw the
enemy about three miles to wind-
ward, lying to; we hoisted our co-
lours, offering him battle, if he
chose to come down. ‘The enemy’s
four ships hoisted French colours,
the line of battle ship carrying a
rear-admiral’s flag; the brig was
under Batavian colours.

At nine A: M. finding they would
not come down, we formed the or-
der of sailing, and steered our
course under.an easy sail; the ene-
my then filled their sails, and edged
towards us.

At one P.M. finding they pro-
posed to attack, and endeavour to
cut off our rear, I made the signal
to tack and bear down on him, ‘and’
engage in succession, .the Royal
George being the leading ship, the
Ganges next, and then the Earl
Camden. This manceuvre was cor-
rectly performed, and we stood to-
wards him*under a press of sail.
The enany then formed in a very
close line, and opened their fire on
the headmost ships, which was not
returned by us till we approached
him nearer. ‘The Royal George bore
the brunt of the action, and got as
near the encmy as he would permit
him; the Ganges and Earl Camden
opened their fire as soon as the guns
could have effect; but, before any
other ship could get into action,
the enemy hauled their wind, and
stood away to the eastward, under
all the sail they could set. At two
P. M. I made the signal for a gene-
ral chase, and we pursued them till
four P. M. when, fearing a longer
pursuit would carry us too far from

\ the

* Alfred, Royal George, Bombay Castle, Hope,

TO alt 2
9 Se a Oe pe

2 ~ + - .' ) a +
‘ee > a es
PE ae oe ee Feet oe

APPENDIX to

the mouth of the Straits, and consi-
dering the immense property at
_ stake, I made the signal to tack,

and at eight P. M. we anchored in

-asituation to proceed for the en-

trance of the Straits in the morning.

As long as we could distinguish the
enemy, we perceived him steering to
the eastward under a press of sail.
The Royal George had one man
killed, and another wounded, many
shot in her hull, and more in her
sails; but few shot touched either
the Camden or Ganges; and the
fire of the enemy seemed to be ill-
directed, his shot either falling
short, er passing over us. Capt.
Timins carried the Royal George
into action in the most gallant man-
ner. In justice tomy brother com-
manders, I must state, that every
ship was cleared and prepared for
action; and,-as I had communica-
tion with almost all-of them during
the two days we were in presence of
the enemy, I found them unani-
mous in the determined resolution
fo defend the valuable property en-
trusted to their charge to the last ex-
tremity, with a full conviction of the
successful event of their exertions ;
and this spirit was fully seconded by
the gallant ardour of all our officers
and ships’ companies. From Ma-
lacca I dispatched lieut. Fowler, in
the Ganges brig, to Pulo Pinang,
witha packet from the seleét com-

mittee to the captain of any of his

majesty’s ships, soliciting their con-
voy to this very valuable fleet. On
arrival at Malacca we were informed

‘that the squadron we had engaged
_ was that of admiral Linois, consist-

CHRONICLE. 553

we fell in with his majesty’s ships
Albion and Sceptre. I was then in
a very poor State of health; and Mr.
Lance went on board the Albion,
and, by his very able representation
to capt. Ferrier of the great national
consequence of the hon. company’s
ships, he was induced to take charge
of the fleet. On the third of March
I dispatched the Ganges brig with a
letter to the right hon. the gover-
nor-general, giving an account of
our action, to be conveyed to the
hon.court. We arrived at St. He-
Jena the 9th of June, under convoy of
his majesty’s ships Albion and Scep-
tre, and sailed the 18th under convoy
of his majesty’s ship Plantagenet,
with the addition of the Carmar-
then, capt. Dobree, and five whal-
ers. Accompanying this I send a
chart of the entrance of the Straits
of Malacca, with the situations of
the fleet on the 14th and 15th Fe-
bruary, which will, I trust, convey
amore distinét idea of the action
than any written description.

Iam, &c. N. Dance.
Earl Camden, Aug. 6, 1804.

Names of the Whalers.—W iMiam
Fenning, Brook Watson, Thomas,
or Young Tom, Betsey, Eliza, and
the Blackhouse, from the Coast of
Guinea, joined us at sea.

Account of the Failure of the Cata-
maran Expedition against the
French Flotilla outside the Pier of
Roulogne, in a Letter from the
R. UH. Lord Keith, K. B. &c. to
W. Marsden, Esq. dated on board
the Monarch, off Boulogne, the

ing of the Marengo, of 84 guns,
_ the Belle Poule, and Semillante,
Ie _ heavy frigates, a corvette of 28, and
the Batavian brig William, of 18
a a The 28th February, in’ the
_ Streights of Malacca, lat. 40° 30’ N.

3rd October, 1804.

Sir
Their lordships are aware that my
attention has, for some time’ past,
been direéted to the objeév of ascer-
iaining

554

taining the most effectual mode for
annoying the ecnemy’s flotillas at
their anchorages in front of their
ports, under protection of their
land batteries. Having, on the af-
ternoon of the Ist inst. arrived at
this anchorage, and finding the wea-
ther promising to be favourable, and
about 150 of the flotilla on the out-
side of the pier, I resolved to make
an experiment, on a limited scale,
of the means of attack which had
been provided. The final arrange-
ments for this purpose were made
on the morning of yesterday. The
officers named below* were put in
charge of the principal vessels which
at this time were to be used. The
armed Jaunches, and other boats of
the squadron, were appointed to ac-
company and protect them. ‘The
Castor, Greyhound, and some small-
er vessels, were directed to take up
an advanced and convenient ancho-
rage for covering the retreat, giving
protection to men who might be
wounded, and boats that might be
crippled, and for towing olf the
boats in general, in the event of the
wind freshening and blowing upon
the coast. The operation commenc-
ed at a quarter past nine o’clock
Jast evening, and terminated at a
quarter past four this morning; dur-
ing which time, severalvessels, pre-
pared for the purpose, were explod-
ed amongst, or very close to, the
flotilla ; but, on account of the very
great distance at which they lay
from each other, no very extensive

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

injury seems to have been sustained,
although it is evident that there has
been very considerable confusion
among them, and that two of the
brigs and several of the smaller ves-
sels appear to be missing since
yesterday at the close of day. I
have great satisfaction in reporting,
that, notwithstanding a very heavy
discharge of shells, shot, and mus-
ketry, was kept up by the enemy
throughout the night, no casualty
whatever, on our part, has been sus-
tained. ‘The enemy made no at-
tempt to oppose their rowing-boats
to ours. Uheir lordships will not
expect, that, at the present moment,
I am to enter much into detail ; but
I think it my duty to state to them
my conviction, that, in the event of
any great accumulation of the ene-
my’s force in their roadsteads, an
extensive and combined operation of
a similar nature will hold forth a
reasonable prospect of a successful
result. The conduét of the officers
and men, who have been employed
on this occasion deserves my highest
commendation: I cannot more for-
cibly impress their merits upon their
Jordships’ attention, than by re-
marking that theservice was under-
taken, not only in the face of, but
immediately under, the whole line
of the enemy’s land batteries, and
their field artillery and musguetry
upon the coast, but also under that
of upwards of 150 armed vessels,
ranged round the inner side of the
bay ; and that the officers and men,

* Officers in charge of the explosion vessels above referred to :—Captains—
Macleod, of the Sulphur; Jackson, of the Autumn; Edwards, of the Fury; Col-
lard, of the Railleur; Searle, of the Helder Defence ship.—Lieutenants—Stewart,
of the Monarch; Lowry, of the Leopard; Payne, of the Immortalité; Templer, of
the Sulphur—Midshipman—Mr. Bartholomew, of the Inflexible-—Captains Win-
throp, of the Ardent, and Owen, of the Immortalité, most zealously and usefully
superintended the operations from the southward, and the hon. capt, Blackwood,

of the Euryalus, from the northward,

4

whe

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

who could so deliberately and reso-
lutely advance inte the midst of the
flotilla, under such circumstances,

_ must be considered worthy of be-

ing entrusted with the performance
of any service, however difficult er

* dangerous it may appear to be, and

consequently to be highly deserving
of their lordship’s protection.
Keith.
William Marsden, Esq.

Dispatch from Capt. Moore, of the
Indefatigable, announcing the
Commencement’ of Hostilities
against Spain, by the Cupture and
blowing up of four Treasure Ships ;
addressed to Admiral Cornwallis,
dated Indefatigable, at Sea, Oc-

_ dober 6, 1804.

Sir,

I have the honour to acquaint
you, that I have executed the ser-
vice you did me the honour to
charge me with. On the morning of
the 29th of September, the Indefa-

‘tigable got off Cadiz; on the 30th

we fell in with the Medusa; captain

_ Gore having informed. me the Am-

phion was in the Streight’s mouth,
and that the Triumph was off Gib-
raltar, and that sir Robert Batlow
meant to gointo Cadiz for the trade

_ there, on his way to England; i
thought fit to. send the Medusa to
apprise sir Robert Barlow of the

nature of my order, that he might

_ then judge whether or not he should

go into Cadiz, and I dire¢ted capt.

_ Gore to rejoia me with the Amphi-

on as soon as possible off Cape St.
Mary. On the 2d inst. I was joined
by the Lively, and on the 3d. by the
Medusa and Amphion; the latter

. is having communicated what I thought

555

necessary to sir Robert Barlow.
Yesterday morning, Cape St. Mary
bearing N. E, nine leagues, the Me-
dusa made the signal for four sail ‘W.
by S. I made tke signalfora general
chace; at 8 A. M. discovered them
te be four large Spanish frigates,
which formed the line of battle
a-head on our approach, and conti-
nued to steer in for Cadiz, the van-
ship carrying a broad pendant, and
the ship next to hera rear-admiral’s
flag; capt. Gore, being the head-
most ship, placed the Medusa on
the weather-beam of the commo-
dore; the Indefatigable took a si-
milar position along-side of the rear-
admiral; the Amphion and Lively
each taking an opponent in the
same manner, as they came up; af-
ter hailing to make them shorten
sail, without effect, I fired a shot
across the rear-admiral’s fore-foot,
en which he shortened sail; and I
ent lieutenant Ascott, of the Inde-
fatigable, to inform him, that -my
orders were to detain his squadron ;
that it was my earnest wish to exe-
cute them without bloedshed; but
that his determination must be made
Minstantly: after wailing some time,
i made a signal fer the boat, and
fired a shot a-head of the admiral,
As soon as the oflicer returned. with
an unsatisiactory answer, I fired
another shot a-head of the admiral,
and bore down close on his wea-
ther-bow ; at this moment the admi-
ral’s second a-stern fired into the
Amphion; the admiral fired into
the Indefatigable ; and J made the
signal for close battle, which was in-
stantly commenced with all the ala-
crity and vigour of English sailors.
In less: than ten minutes, La Mer-
‘cedes, the admiral’s second a-stern,
blew up along-side the Amphion,
with

556

with a tremendous explosion.*
Capt. Sutton having with great
judgment, and much to my satis-
faction, placed himself to leeward
of that ship, the escape of the Spa-
nish admiral’s ship was rendered al-
most, impossible ; in less than half
an hour she struck, as did the oppo-
nent of the Lively. Perceiving at
this moment the Spanish commodore
was making off, and seeming to have
the heels of the Medusa, I made the
signal for the Lively to join in the
chace, having before noticed the su-
perior sailing of that ship. Capt.
Hammond did not lose an instant;
and we had the satisfaction, long be-
fore sun-set, to see from our mast
head that the only remaining ship
had surrendered to the Medusa and
Lively. As soon as our boats had
taken possession of the rear-admi-
ral, we made sail for the floating
fragments of the unfortunate Spanish
frigate which blew up ; but, except-
ing forty taken up by the Amphion’s
boats, all on board perished. This
squadron was commanded by Don
Joseph Bustamente, knight of the
order of St. James, and a rear-ad-
miral. They are from Monte Vi-
deo, Rio de Ja: Plata, and, from
the information of the captain of the
flag-ship, contained about four
millions of dollars, 800,000 of
which were on board the Mercedes
which blew up. Other accounts
state the quantity of specie to be
much greater, public and private;
and there is besides much valuable
merchandize on board the captured
ships. Our loss has been very tri-
fling. Ihave not yet had the re-
turns from other ships, but the In-
defatigable did not lose a man. The
Spaniards suffered chiefly in their

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

rigging, which was our object. The
captains of the different ships con-—
ducted themselves so ably, that no
honour accrues*to me but the for-
tunate accident of being senior of-
ficer. — G. Moore.

Force of the Spanish Squadron.

La Medée (flag ship) 42 guns,
18-pounders, and 300 men, taken;
2 men killed and 10 wounded.—
La Fama, 36 guns, 12-pounders,
and 280 men, taken; 11 killed, and
50 wounded.—La Clara, 36 guns,
12-pounders, and 300 men, taken;
7 killed, and 20 wounded.—La
Mercedes, 36 guns, 12-pounders,
and 280 men, blew up; second cap-
tain and 40 men saved.

Statement of the Goods and Effects
on board the Spanish Squadron.
On account of the king, total 75

sacks of Vienna wool, 60 chests of

cascarilla, 4732 bars of tin, 1735

pigs of copper, 28 planks of wood,

and 1,307,634 dollars in silver.—

On account of the merchants, 32

chests of ratinia, 1,852,216 dol-

lars in silver, 1,119,658 gold, re-
duced into dollars, and 150,011 in-
gots in gold, reduced into dollars.

—On account of the marine com-

pany, 26,925 seal-skins, and 10

pipes of seal oil—On board the

Mercedes, which blew up, were 20

sacks of Vienna wool, 20 chests of

cascarilla, 1139 bars of tin, 961

pigs of copper, and 221,000 dol-

lars in silver.

Killed and wounded on board his
Majesty's squadron.—Indefatigable,
none.—Medusa, return not receiv-
ed.—Amphion, lieut. W. Bennett,
wounded; three seamen and one

* For a most affecting and melancholy incident attendant on this calamitous

event, vide Chronicle, page 424.

marine,

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

marine, wounded, badly.—Lively,
two killed, one wounded,

Further Attempts of the British
Cruizers against the French Flo-
tilla, detailed in Letters from

_ Captains Owen and Hancock.

Inmmortalité, off Boulogne, Oct. 23.
Sir,

Being off Cape Grisnez, and
“proceeding to my station before
Boulogne, I this afternoon, about
half past three, discovered a divi-
sion of the enemy’s vessels, con-
sisting of three praam ships, seven
brigs, and 15 luggers, which soon
after bore up to the westward,
keeping close to the beach, under
cover of their batteries, and accom-
panied by horse artillery, making

_ the best of their way to shelter.

themselves within the Blanc de
Laine. By making all sail to wind-
ward I was enabled to close the
praams (which kept together) about
a quarter before five, and to open
my fire upon them within the dis-
tance of grape-shot, under the high
land of Cape Blanc Nez, the ene-
my still pushing to the westward,

and returning at first a brisk fire,

but it latterly slackened much. This
running fight continued till near six,
when, having been thrice obliged to
sheer outinto deeper water, wefound
ourselves still within the end of the
Blanc de Laine, where the ‘falling
tide prevented us from following
them, and obliged us to haul off.

- Our little Calais squadron was to

windward following the enemy, of
which the Orestes and Basilisk join-
ed me in the first attack, giving me

' every support and assistance during

the whole of the action ; their com-
Manders gave me much satiafaction

557

in conduéting them. The other vés-
sels of that squadron did not get
within gun-shot ; capt. Browne will
of course make his report to vice-
admiral Holloway ; but I spoke him
in passing, and was pleased to learn
he had sustained no damage. I en-
deayoured to close the enemy again
as they passed from behind the Blane
to round Cape Grisnez, and did get
sight of a few of the vesse!s; but.
though we passed within half gun-
shot of the Cape, the enemy were
so effeétually screened from our

Sight by the dark shade of the land,

that I could do nothing, and am
unable to say whether the whole
number got down to Boulogne, or
whether (as I suspeét).a part of
them anchored in Whitsand-bay,
Lieut. Payne, though ill, was upon
deck, and afforded me, as he has
done in every instance, the greatest
aid; and it is not possible for me to
speak too highly of. the conduct of
every Officer and every man; each,
in his station, gave me the fullest sa-
tisfaction ; but it gives me serious
pain to add, that of these brave fel-
lows one was killed and ten wound-
ed (three mortally), besides the
third lieutenant, Charles Burrough
Strong, of whose assistance I was
deprived before a shot was fired by
us, and whose loss I feel the more,
as two years service with me in this
Ship has fully proved to me his
worth ; his wounds, however, are
not dangerous, My thanks are due
to Mr. Henry Thornton, our pilot,
for his steady attentive good con-
duét and alacrity, and regretting
that the nature of the coast, in that
part where we closed the enemy,
enabled them to skulk from our fur-
ther pursuit. Iam, &c.
E. W. C, R. Owen.
P,S, From the manner in which
our

558

our grape-shot covered the enemy’s
vessels, their Joss in men must be
very great. | never saw -guns point-
ed better, or so coolly.

Killed and wounded on board the Im-
_ mortalité, October 23.
Killed, J. Wilson, seamen.—

Wounded, C. Burrough Strong, 3d

Hieutenant; G. Baker, J. Dawal,

and W. Terrent, since dead; D.

Brown, W. Hamilton; Pp Humes,

J. Watson, and W. Robinson, sea-

men; J. Allen and W. Cubbett,

privates of marines.

(Signed) E.W.C. R. Owen.

Another letter transmitted by
ford Keith from captain Hancock,
of the Cruizer, states, ‘¢ that part
of the enemy’s flotilla, consisting of
two praam ships, bearing the flag of
chief of division, and both under
French colours, with eighteen
schuyts, put to sea from Ostend, on
the 23d. At this time the Crnizer
sloop, the Blazer, Confiitt, ‘Vigress,
Admiral Mitchell, Griffin, and Es-
eort gun-brigs, were standing in to
reconnoitre that port. The Cruizer
brought the headmost praam ship to
elose action at fifteen minutes past
five, supported by the gun-brigs
and cutters, and continued it with
great apparent effect, till thirty-five
minutes past six. It falling derk,
and: being in less than three fathom
water, the Conflict took ground,
aud the tide left her so rapidly that
every effort Jieutenant Ormsby used
to set her afioat was unsuccessful,
and he was under the necessity of
quitting her with his people, who
came on board the Cruizer. Capt.
H. immediately ordered him with
his people back to the Conflict, to
use every exertion to get her a-
float when the tide made, or

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.’

to destroy her. He
and proteét him; and the Cruizer’s
boats were sent under M. Fother-
gill, master of the Cruizer, who
very commendably volunteered his
services, The ebb-tide prevented
the boats getting in for a consider-
able time; when they had got neary
they had the mortification to find
the Confliét high and dry on the

beach, and in complete possession

of the enemy. His boats accord.
ingly returned to the Cruizer at two
A.M. making their report of the
state of the Conflict. Capt. Han-
cock, still determined to prevent
the Conflict from getting inte the
hands of the enemy, sent a party
under lieutenant Forbes to attack
her; but the enemy had got her up
on the beach; and the party re-
turned. On this occasion the cut-
ter received very considerable da-
mage, in standing in, from the
howitzers and field artillery, which
the enemy had collected on the beach
during the night, by which one mar
was killed, and several wounded.
Amongst the latter, lieut. A. Gar-
Jand, acting lientenant of the Cruiz-
er, lost his right leg, very high up ;
he was, with admirable gallantry,
with his party, getting into the boats
to board the enemy, even under the
discouraging circamstances of her
being still aground, when he recciv-
ed the wound.”

Capt. Hancock then says :—‘* I
have direéted lieutenant Hinton, with
the gun-brigs, to watch the Conflict ;
and, should they succeed in getting
her afloat, to attack her; but, from
the-appearance of the weather, and
the wind being to the northward, I
am of opinion she will go to pieces
on the beach. I herewith inclose
alist of the killed and, wounded ;

none

sent the
Admiral Mitchell cutter ‘to assist —

but she got off,

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

‘none of the gun-brigs have suffered

in their. masts, &c. nor has the
Cruizer received any material inju-
ry, except her sails, and standing
rigging, which are much cut.
of the praams was observed by the
boats to be high and dry on the
beach at ten o’clock this morning,
to the westward of the Conilict,
I apprehend, at
high water, and preceeded to the

_ westward.

_ wounded.—

J. Hancock.

List of killed and wounded.
Cruizer, 1 lieutenant, 2 sea~

-~ men, and 1 marine (badly) wound-

ed.— Biazer, none killed or wound-
ed.— Conflict, one seaman killed, 5
sedmen wounded.—Griffin, 2 sea-
men wounded.—Tigress, no report.
—Admiral Mitchell, none killed or
wounded.—Escort, none killed or
Total, 1 seaman killed;

_ Ilieutenant, 9 seamen, and 1 ma-

rine, wounded, Name of officer
wounded—Lient. Abraham. Gar-
land, of the Cruizer.

Next follows in the Gazette which
contains the above dispatches, a let-
ter from lieutenant Ortnsby, stating
the loss of the Conflict, and which
he thus concludes Lalas loss in the

evening was cne man badly wound-.

ed, one slightly; in the night one
killed, and three wounded. The
officers and crew in general behaved
as brave men.

C. C. Ormsby.
J. Hancock, Esq. Cruizer.

Account of the Capture of Tue Con-
tre-Admiral Mugon French Pri-
vateer, commanded by yy the noted
Captain Blackman, in a Letter

from Captain Hancock, of his
Majesty's Sloop Cruizer, to Lord

One .

559

Keith, &c. dated at Sea, off Yar-
mouth, 10 A.M. October 17.

My Lord,

I have the honour to acquaint
your lordship, that being last night
at nine P. M. with his majesty’s
sloop under my command, and the
gun-brigs Bold and Ann, and Flo-
rence cutter, close in with Ostend,
in five fathoms water, which station I
had taken from the moment the wind
came to the eastward, to follow with
every possible efficacy and energy
your lordship’s instruétions in the
important duty entrusted to me, of
watching the enemy’s movements at
that port and Flushing, we observed
a strange sail standing in shore,
which, on discovering us, wore and
made all sail, steering at first with
the wind abaft the beam: we imme-
diately made all sail in chace, whicly
continued during the whole night, in
which the stranger displayed much
skill and ability in all his ma-

Neeuvres, and tried us on every

point of sailing, with various suc-
cess; he sometimes gaining on us,
and we in our turn nearing him, till
five A. M. in which time (eight
hours) we had run 97 miles, by the
log: during the latter part of the
chace the wind freshened consider-
ably ; but this gave us not the ad-
vantage I expected, as he preserved
his distance till a quarter before five
A. M. when both his top-masts went
away; he then attempted a mas-
terly manceuvre to escape, which the
haze, the darkness of the morning,
and the Jee tide, gave him a fair
prospect of succeeding in, by clear-
ing up his remaining sails, and com-
ing instantly to an anchor, although
in twenty-five fathoms water, in
hopes we should pass him unper-
ceived, or get to leeward. Although

I was

\
~

560

I was not aware, to the full extent,
of this accident and manceuvre, I
never lost sight of him; and at the
time it happened I observed we were
nearing him so very fast, that I had
begun to reduce the sail ; but, as we
were going then at more than eleven
knots, I had but a few minutes
time before I was up with him, and
the wind blowing so fresh as to risk
the loss of all our, masts, if I at-
tempted to haul to wind with the
sail 1 had then set, I was under the
necessity of passing him, which I
did, however, within hail, and to
windward, and not receiving any
answer, except that he was from
Philadelphia, in bad English, I or-
dered three guns to be fired into
him. I then plainly discovered him
to be a large armed brig, with nine
ports ona side. Having in a few
minutes taken two reefs in the top-
sails, and- cleared the decks of
wrecked spars and split sails, we at-
tacked, and ranged up within ten
yards of his lee-quarter, he having
cut his cable, and again attempted
to make sail, when, just as 1 was
on the point of hailing him, prepa-
ratory to giving him our broadside,
he called out, and begged us not to
fire, as he had struck. On board-
ing him, I was pleased to find my
opinion confirmed, that 1 had cap-
tured captain Blackman, so well
Known during the late and present
wars in these seas, having received
information he was at sea in a brig.
Theship he commanded proved to be
Le-Contre-Admiral Magon French
privateer brig, quite new, this be-
ing her first cruize, pierced for 18,
and mounting 17 guns of different
calibres: viz. 14 long six-pounders,
two 18-pound carronades, and one
Jong nine-pounder, and manned

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

with 84 men, French, Danes,
Swedes, and Americans; had been
out from Dunkirk eighteen days,
and had captured during his cruize
the ship Belisarius, of Newcastle,
Matthew Hunter, master, on the
3d instant, off Tynemouth; the
brig Scipio, Richard Robertson,
master ; and the Content’s Increase,
George Bell, master, both laden
with coals, off Foley Bridge, on the

10th instant; the two former were |
immediately dispatched for Dun-
kirk. but the latter was re-captured
about two hours after by an English
man of war brig: she was proceed-
ing for Dunkirk or Ostend, and
had been laying to for some hours
in the evening, waiting for water to
cross the bank, and, 1 apprehend,
little expecied to find English cruiz-
ers within the Stroom Sand. The
brigs and cutters in company, whe
bore up with the cruizer in chace,
were run out of sight by 12 A.M.
I beg to recommend to your lord~
ship’s netice lieut. J. Pearce, senior
lieutenant; Jliewtenant Lusk, se-
cond; and Mr. Lash, master, with
the whole of the warrant and petty
ofiicers, seamen, and marines,through
whose united exertions. this active
and enterprising enemy has been
prevented making farther depreda-
tions, which, from his local know-
ledge of our coasts, added to the
ample means he possessed in this
brig, from her superior sailing and
ferce, must have been highly detri-
mental to the trade of this country 5
nor can I, in justice, omit availing
myself of this opportunity to ex-

‘press to your Lordship my thanks ta

Johannes Whymmer, pilot, of the
Cruizer, who, on this and all for-
mer occasions, by his correét know-
ledge of the coast and shoals, and

zeal

APPENDIX to the CHHONICLE.

zeal for his majesty’s service, has af-
forded me the most essential confi-
dence and assistance.

I am happy to add, that the mas-
ters of the captured vessels, as also

their crews, amounting to twenty

English seamen, were on board the
Contre-Admiral Magon at the time
of capture, and are now on board

_ the cruizer.

John Hancock.

Particulars of the Attempt to de-
stroy Fort Rouge and the Flotilla
protected by it in the Harbour of
Calais, contained in the following
Letters from Lord Keith. &c. &c.
‘to Mr. Marsden, Secretary to the
Board of Admiralty.

Monarch, off Ramsgate,

Sir, Dec. 11, 1804.
Divisions of the enemy’s flotilla
passing from the eastward towards

- Boulogne having frequently, when

pursued by his majesty’s ships and
vessels, taken shelter in the harbour

of Calais, their entry into which

has been particularly covered and
protected by the advanced pile bat-
tery of Fort Rouge, I considered it

an object of some importance to ef-

fect the destruction of that work;

_ and lately direéted capt. Sir Home

Popham, of the Antelope, amongst

_ other objects, to hold in view a fa-
' yourable opportunity for making

this attempt.

T now transmit, for
their lordship’s information, a letter,

_ and the inclosures to which it refers,

which I have received from that of-

ficer, reporting the result of an as-
sault which he direéted to be made
upon it early on the morning of the
9th instant; and from which there
is reason to conclude that the fort

has sustained material damage; but

Vor. XLVI.

561

that, from the unfortunate circum-
stance of ifs not having been possi-
ble, under the existing state of the
weather and tide, to carry up two
of the explosion vessels to the
point of attack, theinjury has been
far lese extensive than might have
otherwise been expected. ‘The con- —
duct o! fieutenant Hew Stewart, of
the Monarch, on this recent occas
sion, will not fail, | amsure, to ex-
cite their lordships’ admiration and
praise. I have great pleasure in
conveying to their lordships capt.
sir Home Popham’s testimony to his
distinguished merit, and to the zea-
lous and active assistance which he
received from capt. Brownrigg,
lieut. Lake, and Mr. Bartholomew.
Keith.

Antelope, Downs,
My lord, Dee. 10.
I avail myself of the first moment

‘of my return to the Downs, to ac-

quaint you, that towards noon on
Saturday the 8th, the wind promis-
ing to come to the S. Kk. and know-
ing it to be your lordship’s intention
to attack the enemy at every assail-
able point, I sent the Dart, on the
close of the evening, to an assigned
station between Sengate and Fort
Lapin, accompanied by the Susan-
nah explosion vessel, and two car-
casses, with a view of making an.as-
sault against Fort Rouge. Lieut.
Stewart, of the Monarch, com-
manded the explosion vessel; Mr.
Bartholomew, acting lieutenant of
the Antelope, had the charge of the
first carcass intended to be applied,
and capt. Brownrigg requested to
take the other. Your lordship is
aware how difficult it is to ascertain
the precise injury done to the ene-
my in an enterprise of this nature,
which in most cases must be under

Oo taken

ANNUAL RE

taken in the night; but, that you
may be possessed of the best infor-
mation in that respect, I sent the
Fox cutter, whose master is an ac-
tive intelligent man, and well ac-
quainted with Fort Rouge, to re-
connoitre the place as close as pos-
sible without risk ; and I annex his
report to lieut. Stewart's, as the
clearest account that can be given of
the able and officer-like manner in
which the Susannah was placed, and

562

the evident cousequences of such an:

application, even under. ciicum-
stances of considerable disadvantage,
{ very much regret that Mr. Bar-
tholomew could not fetch the port ;
for J am positive he would have
lashed the carcass to the piles; le,
however, very prudently returned
with it to the Dart; and, although
something prevented the second car-
cass from going off, which evidently
had been striking against the piles,

from the indention at one end, yet

he recovered and brought it also on
board. Jam most perfeétly satis-
fied with the zeal and aétivity which
captain Brownrigg manifested on
this occasion ; the’ Dart was admi-
rably placed, and every assistance
afforded from her that could ensure
the success of this service, which
must now be considered as confined
to the etiorts of the Susannah: and
1 take this opportunity of most par-
ticularly recommending licut.Stewart
to your Jordship’s notice ; which, I
hope, will also be extended to Mr.
Bartholomew, notwithstanding he
eould not fetch the battery ; and
your lordship must be alive to the
enterprising conduét of these two
_ officers on former occasions. I can-
not conclude my report without as-
suring your lordship, that lieut.
Lake, of the Locust gun-brig, who
Was appoinicd to cover the boats,
9

~

GISTER, 1804.

behaved in a most exemplary man-
ner, by keeping so close in as to
draw all the fire upon his own ves-
sel; and I have great satisfaction in
stating, that not an officer or man
was hurt in this operation. I have
the honour to be, &c. &e.

H. Popham.

Sir, Dart, Dec. 10.

In pursuance of your instructions,
and according to the arrangement
you made for the attempt on Fort
Rouge only, I left this ship at two
A, M. and proceeded in shore with
the explosion vessel in my charge,
until the water shoaled to two and
a half fathoms, when I tacked, and
stood off so as to enable me to fetch
the battery, which I did about half-
past two, and, placing her bowsprit
between the piles, left her in that
situation. In a few minutes I ob-
served her swing with her broadside
to the battery, in consequence of
the bowsprit being carried away ;
and as an anchor was dropped the
instant she struck the piles, [ had
not the smallest doubt of her remain-
ing there until the explosion took
place, which was in afew minutes ;
I could not fetch the covering brig,
and as it had every appearance of
coming on to blow from the S$. KE.
in which quarter it was when I left
the Dart, [ hope you will excuse
my running in the galley to the

Downs, H. Stewart,
Fox Cutter, off Calais,
Sir, Dec. 9.

According to your order, I pro-
ceeded off Fort Rouge, and examin-
ed it very striétly. As I proceeeded
towards the shore, I saw a great
quantity of plank and timber float-
ing, and would have picked up some
but was afraid I should lese the tide,

as

=) APPENDIX to

as I wished to examine it at low
water. In standing in, I could dis-
cern a great number of people
standing all round the S. W. end of
the fort, and from the West head
all the way to the Sand-hills. I did
not discover any alteratiou on the
east side of the fort; but when I
got to the westward of the fort, I

O02

the CHRONICLE. 563
could plainly discover the most part
of it to be damaged, and the breast-
work knocked down; and | have
every reason to believe it was very
much injured, by such a number of
people being assembled there, and
seeming at work upon it.

W. Blake.
Sir Home Popham.

A GENERAL

-

564

A GENERAL BILL

OF

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

CHRISTENINGS AND BURIALS,

From Drcemser 13, 1803, to Decemser 1

1, 1804,

. Males......11890 = . Males......8605
Christened Pie teria (2 Buried 4 pemales.8 ey 17038.
Decreased in Burials this Year, 2544.
Died under 2 years ........ 4881 | 40 and 50........1935 | 100.00... 0
Between..... DANG Diersesaue 1924 | 50 and 60........ 1599 |
5 and 10........ 676 | 60 and 70........ 1198 |
* 10 and 20........ 458 | 70 and 80........ 810 |
20 and 30........ 1237 | 80 and 90........ 413 |
30 and 40........1824 | 90 aud 100........ |
DISEASES. ae caddies tiauets 24.|Palpitation of CASUALTIES,
792 | Heart e.cs:catcs 0
Axportive and ns Ss ere 146 | Broxen Back... 1
still born.......601 | ‘Al Fiche eh He #7O2)+ Piles scicccvssescness 0| Broken Limbs... 2
Suareaceenvaees 2 | Pleurisy...........e 20 | Broken Neck..... 1
dosietsseen ants 13 | Quinsy............. 1} Broken Ribs.,.... 3
sek 69 | Rheumatism..... 10 | Bruised.............. 2
sdabshecaes tote A 5B) SCUnG yi. cchcsseccter o, Ly DAUM senareercaseesne reo
sudden.,......... 413 | Gravel, Stran- | Small Pox.......... 622 | Choaked........... sid:
Asthma and guary, and | Sore Throat....... 20 | Drowned... 126
Phthisic......4.. DATe. SEOME cevavesersets 8 Sores and Ul- Excessive Drink-
Bedridden......... | GTI cctesarscess iste Oey (CONS ecsircse once 5 GES pay (Tee eS 4.
Bie. pissricees 4 | Head-ach .......... 1\St. Anthony’s Executed*...... 6
Bleeding.......... 12 |Headmouldshot, MCCS cotati 4 | Found dead..... 18
Bursten and rup- Horshoehead, =| Spasm.........00000++ , 6 | Frighted ......... ee
CUTE weeesesevees .. 14] and Water in Stoppage in Sto- Killed byaBoar’ 1
Cancer....ccciccoosee 56| the Head.......448] mach............. 10 ae by Falls,
Chicken Pox...... 3 | Jaundice........... 93 St.Vitus’sDance 2 Evuwaecssa> 55
Childbed............ 230 | Inflammation....603 Surfeit...........0+ 1 Killed by Fight-
Wolds arn ctersesss P| Reet terrca sas eeasteses ~» 1) Swelling.........0.. 3 INP sesese> Soto 1
Colick, Gripes, LEprosy...s.-..c0000 B | Westhy 2. .:3.c3-1000 404 | Killed them-
oS Ree 4 | Lethargy... 2) FUSES yssezsesseess> 102| selves.......... 23
Consumption..3447 | Livergrown........ 5|}Tumourinwomb 1} Murdered........ 1
Convulsions....3115 Lumbago pescachee - 1]Vomiting and Poisoned......... 2
Cough & Hoop- Lunatic........00008 141| Looseness...... 0 | Scalded.......... cf
ing-Cough.....697 | Measles.........0++ 619 | Worms........s000 10 | Shot...-23.,.000 eu
Cow Pox........... 1 Miscarriage... sodas 0 Smothered...... 2
Cramp iene tone 2| Mortitication.....568 Suffocated....... 6

* Thers have been executed in Middlesex and Surrey 10, of which number 6 only have beer
reported te be buried (as such) within the bills of mertality.

Table

565

NICLE.

APPENDIX to the CHRO

36 78
? | 2?

——— aa

ydag ysnsny Ane yudy | ‘qoreyy

‘aaisnpour “pogt “doquiavagy 0} Arenuep Wo.ry SuOpuo’y UI Jrory UAIIENY ay} JO Seg oF JOA TAVL

566 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Account of the Produce of the Permanent Taxes in Great Britain,
in the Years ending the 5th Jan. 1803, and 5th Jan. 1804, respec-
tively.— Dated 27th April, 1804.

In the Years ended
5th January, 1803.'5th January, 1804.
|

TorTAts. &. See § &£. &. d.

Total of customs, excise, stamps, } ’
and incidents, prior to the 12084333 16 5 | 11925320 15 5
year 1793 — — é
Add proportionate part of su-

2055803 10 63} 1792846 11 64

gar, now annually granted 2 <
Additional duty on malt ditto} 842830 6 2i| 814396 17 3
Duty on tobacco ditto — —| 442922 0 O 451940 0 O
Total of duties, pro anno 1793) 310412 9 2 321280 16 4
Ditto — — 1794) 796688 18 4 832477 15 42
Add proportionate part of su- 444498 1 911 387642 10 02
gar, now annually granted 2 +
Total of duties, proanno 1795| 1473577 2 113) 1546315 7 113
Ditto — — 1796} 1376892 9 73] 1429797 18 Of
Ditto — — 1797| 2761616 15 82| 2603065 10 17
Add proportionate part of su-) 416716 18 82 363414 16 112
gar, now annually granted f 2 sg
Total of duties, proanno 1798); 683757 10 61} 708945 3 3
Ditto — — 1799 133689 12 32 103128 14 O
Ditto —- — 1800 697451 18 Of 821309 O O
Ditto — — 1801} 1730753 19 10 1850377 7 3
Ditto — — 1802} 1957340 12 103] 4584445 7 8
Ditto os —_ 1803 — — 139436 17 8

28209286 2 5+) 30676141 8 102

Amount of custom duties out-
standing ae we 997903 1 O 1003609 7 10.

Ditto of excise duties ditto —}] 3057486 15

i>.)

4163757 16 102

6 | 5167367 4 8:
51] 30676141 8

4055389 16
Mem.—The computation of | 28209286 2
the excise duties in Scotland §=|_-—-—————|———__——__—-
not having been received, their | 32264675 18 114] 35843508 13 7
amount is included in the con-—_§ |_———-——____ | ——__—___-
solidated excise, except the ar-
ticles of wines, British and fo-
reign spirits, and salt, which
are apportioned in the same
proportions as in the year 1802.

,

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 567

An Amount of the Notes of the Bank or Enexann, in Circulation on
the 1st of June; 1st August ; 1st October ; and 25th November, 1803 ;
—distinguishing the Amount of those that were below the Value of Five
Pounds. '

Amount of Bank of England Notes of Five Pounds each, and upwards,

including Bank Post Bills payable Seven Days after Sight.

On Ist June..1803 2€.12,847,540 | Ist Ot... . 1803 £.12,570,500

Ist Aug. ..1803...13,013,180] 25th Nov. 1803-'- 13,502,690

Amount of Bank of England Notes of 2/. and 1/. each.

On 1st June._ 1803... 3,253,600 Ist Oct. ..1803.. £.4,052,010
Ist Aug...1803.... 3,721,330 25th Nov. 1803 .... 4,429,240
Bank of England, 2d Dec. 1803. W. Walton, Acct. Gen.

re ee et eS

General Return of the ‘Royal Army of Reserve ; made up from the latest
Returns received by the Inspector General.
Inspector General’s Office, Dec. 1803.

NT ig oth ES eee
: a= 5 g

a ee Ee 3 |82]28
WALES. TARA ee tl ES hel RAE fs

ict A 3 O° ao

ro) fad Q = aw ia oe

COUNTIES. 7, a éa

oe

ePICReA wae us dos A) 2 Al 68
os peep ee 173} 2 2 169 87
Buckingham --..---.-- 348) 9 3 rR aN gee ts la! fe 4
Berks ._...- ALES a ona 0} 392| 32 5 36 | 319] 124
MerOWi e022 Ss don 106} 1 2°} 208 44
Rampridge 2. ------- 318| 17 1 12 | 288 64
Sheshine 22.2. 2.t 2.2: 594, 2 2 28 | 540} 162
Cumberland......-.---- 306! 35 2 39 | 230] 176
Meemnwall 222 2) 570} 49 2-| 29} 490 85
5 ee ee 7a | sl eae gg 2 3
Carmarthen .....--..--- 230) 2 3 os 225 25
oraarvon ..-)..-.'.. 3..- 85| 1 84 44
RS A balls Ss Sl ine aed 444| 17 2 24} 401 77
Thy afer a el aR al 1216) 69 4 10 | 1133 | 124
| 53 aS lig eats EA 332) 2 3 21 324 61
1, ERR 587 53 | 530 84
PEIDIPR poo on bap le do: 130) 8 122 | 104
“Leia Sarai SP Dota a ae 819} 31 19 77) 692 | 287
Ree. de 83] 2 1 80 55
Reinncester ot esse 675| 3 3 7 | 662| 114
Glamorgan ......--4--- 199 3 2 |. 194 $1
tovtford .ccc ccc cadees 307! 13 4 1g | 272| 129

003 Huntingdon

568 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

General Return of the Royal Army of Reserve for England and Wales—continued,

"3 oe
ENGLAND 3 Pepa et =o
o M 3 Sos St
and S 3 io 2 Se | aS
aa fs Se > | Aa BY |e
S) cs Eyic4 ge | sc
COUNTIES. Z, / eS 62
| Z —
Figtngdon ag 123} 4 i A aa so | 62 on
Hiner ce ase eed 597| 2 12| 48| 535 | 253
Herttordiek ee coe ees 418s} 4 2| 68 344 76
Keentisuntstine's va. wate 1040} 26 7 73 | 934] 492
Laneaster Jue oe cen 2303] 82 2 53 | 2106.} .258
ge ec 1376| 28 4 34 | 1260 | 1883
Leitester sso 2 ees 510) 29 1 10 | 470 59
Laoolns 2p rd) es RF 639 2 3 10 624. 132
Mertmnipth. 5.1) 255055 86 9 ) 82 45
Monmouth -........... 127 2 125 52
Montgomery.......-.-. 160} 1 2 1. ee. 11
Northampton .......... A452) 7 3 1| 442 166
Nortolk oes yok ers: £02} 32 14 22 | 734) 193
Northumberland ........ 530) 45 1 14 470 155
Wettngham 205.2). 505 519} 32 24 | 463 97
Western nd se es 337| &7 1 G6 2308 121
Rembroke ..._....--... 7a 10} 166 2
Siptaad ea 49 2 1 39 15
Radnor .20¢5 4. rel LOY 53 1 52 22
Shropsiiiress=3-...-./... 4 571; 40 13 12 | 506] 286
Suifoll tiga ot aos ee 713| 53 296 12 622 Q45
SOMO b waked ews wah ce 571! 10 3/ 103 | 455.) 508
Smee 2 sons ae ae S710 1g 5 19 | 345 | 276
Somersét’ ou... Sts ope 890! 33 72 785 198
Siaftordeeis ecg 745 1 3 741 170
Warwitlise 2.5562 OU: 595 3 J 8 583 130
Worcester....-..-.2-- 565 4 1 14} 546 42
Westmoreland... .- 166 2 6 | tos 22
Wt as Cue og 683) 42 ,| 7 10 | 624] 103
West Riding... _. 1844| 113 3 28 | 1700 | 289
York East Ditto -.2. 2. 343 1 2] 340] 237 4
North Ditto.....| 304 1 303 | 149

Total for England :
and Wales . | 26739} 952 178 | 1129 | 24480} 9004

General
|
|
|

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 569

General Return of the Royal Army of Reserve for Scotland.

SCOTLAND. F : = zg

s | 8 |) S hee iss

Oo 3 e 2 o ey. S

ie |; zr 2 5 2 |s2|]83

: o jan a of | ES

5 feos a) Pa ied

COUNTIES, A es 6 2

Z, —_
Teale ma 154 4 150 | 350
a Le 6 70 | 203
«La as 986 | 2 Til ae | athe Rees (a bal a
Ee ee 29 29 105
eal Na ga 94 2 1 16 75 41
a laa Ea 3 3 43
Va 84 2 1 81 10
Slackmannon .._....... ay 41 1
ME eS 9 9 3
Dumbarton __.......... 87 2 13 72 8
a ae EE | 177 1 35 141} 72
Edinburgh._.........-- | 358°} 16 39 303 | 180
SI ae ce 64 1 63 | 40
Ls Teles eee 348 14 354 9
ey See ea a 293 2 2 289 94
Haddington ............ 75 9 60 56
DES aes ee 122 122 166

Semcaine:. 2525. oe . 70 4 66 3
| aval DA eae a 24 24 2
Gesecudbright...-...._.- 66 1 m1 2 a8 55
shale RES Se rae 509 sap 483 75
Banlithgow ............ 67 6 7 54 16
ee a1 2 19 13
ae ee 31 1 2 28 6
BEE Se cis o 462 25 457 53
PW oo. s---5-.22- 279 1 25 253 50
ee ae 171 3 3 105 38
Seoepurgh ....-..-.=>... 100 5 6 89 45

DERE RETES Rae 19 19

Gea Pe 173 6 16 151 46
SS nee 61 1 60) 15
Se 82 2 80 9
Total for Scotland .. | 4435 | 58 Sor 4103 | 1897

General

570 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

General Return of the Royal Army of Reserve for Ireland.

IRELAND. 2 v ‘s a. #4
as « = = $ 28 | gus
3 g Z 33 Tes
COUNTIES. E x 3 A ge | 33 5

A a a°
Pentrimg SLs oh kek, 4 245 [ES am 16 229 51
Mama she xsi t oe oes ae IAs & — 21 220 60
Carlowo ae cele ay or 87. ae eR — 9 78 132
he aie, I CU ROR Ia Rang 203 jae a 93 180 30
ELI Ie A eee ine bety 44183 — 1 43 | 167
ork: (Oity) cate Lona 299 (8 5 = 31 198 82
Do. (County) -......- 310 |z 8 = 19 291 | 279
Bisneraly)* 89" S04 108 |="= — 19 89 | 261
ECL al RNY Sate SL EG kati Gr aa pape 10 359 66
Dublin (City).........- 283 23 —_ 28 255 25
Do. (County) ........ 134 ]§ —_ 12 122 88
Fermanagh. t cc las5. 1s9 |2 = —_ 9 180 30
abi re tata 166 23 _ 11 A 195
BERG L<et Cent oe Meee 5 BS — 11 0; 220
Bildort ee See oe ho 29 — | 22 108 | 102
Kilkenny ....-......... se | | og ie eee
AEE ag aed 9 a eine 206 42°56 -- 7 199 81
Pir. ee es aN 111 |= a — 14 97 113
Limerick (City) .... 2... 110 | ., — 6 104 | 176
Do. (County) .-....--. 109 |Es —_— 23 86 | 124
Mondonderry 2.0052. 240 \3' 2 — 17 223 | 127
Bongiavrd).. 08. ano .tre 175 |o8 — 16 159 51
CAT thal loti a 239 |. & | — | 40 | 199] 116
ABV Obi one ie ae eee ' 349 123 — 42 507 | 193
fe Ry eta tata NR re ag I 206 |= 9 ae 31 175°| 105
MIQUBPHER.« -'ale-acel pele a 240 |S ; — 18 wae 58
recente ate site ee eke 151 |e 8 — 16 Vo 75
Roscommon: mes ei-)s ee 80 |2 2 _— 12 68 | 312
Sligo ------------.- 207 |e = line ane ey Pe
aga --------e- 181 | 5 == Sk 142 | 208
‘EVTON@ == as S'= me & i o\= F13 ee) a 21 292 58
Waterford------.--.- 125 & 6s — 14 = 169
Westmeath’ ---.-.--.- 166 \&8 — 16 150 60
Wiextord cer aieee =e eee 17 ES = 2 15 335
Mistldwine 0s se Os 34 iz, — 34] 176
Total for Ireland - - - - - - 6189 | | 610 | 5579 | 4521

ReEcaPriruLATION.

England and Wales - - - -126739 | 952 178 | 1129 {24480 | 9004 “
Megiang sve eae ee 4435 58 3 271 | 4103 | 1897
Ireland------------ 6189 610 | 5579 | 4521

Total for United Kingdom|37363 | 1o10 | 181 | 2010 [34162 115422

G. Hewitt, Lieut. Gen.
Abstract

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 571

Abstract of a List of such Yeomanry and Volunteer Corps as have been aé-
cepted, and placed upon the Establishment in freland.
Dublin Castle, Dec. 5, 1803.

a ce a 6 {Establishment.
COUNTIES: € 1 3 | & | & |Rank and File.

CS) a is S
e a wa Bd Cave ts kate

Q
Antrim 66} 131 144 54} 314 | 4674
Armagh 2 63 | 138 20 | 108 | 2670
Carlow Z : 17 30 55 14, 142 | 1008
Cavan : 37 75 134, 30 190 | 2505
‘Clare . - « 17 ray | 41 14 335 499
Cork (County) . 73,)° 143°). 211 70 | 960 | 3382
Cork (City) at 43 77 20 | 360 | 1120
Donegal 28 61 123 28 | 330 | 2250
Down “ 2 . 79 12 233 58 285 | 4589
Dublin (Country) A 37 79 102 36 443 | 1700
‘Dublin (City). - 87. be A7Oct. 492 66 | 440 | 3682
Fermanagh 4 é 39 75 160 25 188 } 3050
Galway : : 33 76 90 31 | 427 | 1413
Kerry : 3 2 13 25 39 12} 148] 556
Kildare 5 17 34 49 Tbe al Yad kL of) 02

Kilkenny . -
King’s County

Pad 41 60 21 225
32 58 85 29 | 275

Leitrim . 4 12 31 58 12 180 950
Limerick . - z a7. 54 90 25 | 558 | 1244
Londonderry . 25 55 | 137 46 | 266 | 2630
Longford . 14 24 37 11 | 102] 680
Louth 3 3 oo ae 17 38 76 20 | 247 | 1140
Mayo : é ae 22 43 65 20 120 | 1140
Meath A : Toh te 46 76 20 | 263 | 1239
Monaghan . ; oy eee 46 99 23 170 | 1800
Queen’s County . ae 33 51 92 26 | 337 | 1490
Roscommon ; o ey LA 29 38 1B. 265") Sit
RSS SR RR aes tea Es) 35 46 17} 115] 892
Vipperary . : Bee ot BQ 93 | 172 56 | 796 | 2618
Tyrone. : Wt oe OF Fs ABO. by 270 67 | 274 | 5372
Waterford . 3 pi al WHOL 6) 45 80 19 | 361 | 1216
Westmeath e PALS GPe Fo) 33 61 15 139 | 1022
Wexford . cae ate 67 | 138 Bia. S11 2262
Wicklow . ek 50 90 135 40 270 | 2466
1126 |} 2906 | 3573 | 1003 110977 64756

——_—————— ee

Grand Total...........- 82241
~

Whitehall, Dec, 13, 1803.

572

Edinb. city

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Abstract of a List of such Yeomanry and Volunteer Corps us have been accepted and

piaced on the Establishment in Great Britain.

4858) 415) 4757 |

Whitehall,

9th Dec. 1803.

Rank Rank
Cav. | Infan.\ Art. i | Cav. | Infar.\ Art. pie
ae ile.
Aberdeen . 3400] 120) $520 | London nae 560}13388 12460
Anglesea. 1000 1000 || Middlesex . 82} 8299 8370
Argyll 2028] 63) .2091 || Man, Isle of 695 693
Ayr 92°). 244) 2677 2691 |) Merioneth 464 464
Banff. . 960} 80} 1922 || Monmouth 125} 1624 1656
Bedford n 177) 1801 1978 || Montgomery . .| 120; 1560 1680
Berks . 634} 3006 3484 || Naim . . 7 320 320
Berwick . 160| 772 911 || Norfolk’. . ./1120} 6511) 180} 6918
Brecon . 1196 1196 |! Northampton . ./1037} 34380 4089
Bucks . 1122] 2426 2121 |, Northumberland | 517] 4411 4726
Bute 4 - 38 90 | ‘Nottinghain -| 472) 3635 4107
Caithness. 1272 1320 || Oxford . . 591) 3322 3516.
Cambridge .| 163} 2485 2500 || Orkney & Zetland
Cardivan 567 584 || Peebles . 5 52| 480 532
Carmarthen . | 120) 2316 2347 || Pembroke ~. .| 440; 2852} 70] 2701
Carnarvon 1100 LOTS || Perth cope -& 160] 3897; 63] 4036
€ hester 732| 4844; 105) 5372 || Radnor . . . 4000 1000
€iackmannon 40) 206 $36 || Renfrew . . 2704 2414
Cinque Ports RORS 08. tis ce 1620 1620
Cornwall $83] 5482 2328|- 7772 Roxburgh ‘ 198) 960 4060
Cromarty. 160 164 || Rutland A60| 335 495
Cumberland. | 56) $431). $30, 3736 Salop He epee 940) 5022 5852
Denbieh 194, 2344 2464 || Selkirk... 50| 100 142
Derty 330. 5277 5852 || Somerset (1544! 7747 9080
Devon ‘ HAT coh 1325 15212 || Stafford . 11690) 5425 6072
Dorset 515, 2201 2340 || Stirlmg . . «| 308 $318) 65 1667
Pitnbarten -| 88] 605! 630 || Suffolk .. . . 769) 6837) 7332
Dumiries «| 84) 1875 1879 || Sutherland: . 1092 1092
Durham . 573] $814] 300, 4440 || Surrey . | 944) 7801 8105
Elgin . 779 784 || Sussex . . -|1024) 6114) 637] 6198
Fssex . . . [1252] 6335 7033 || Tower Hamlets 41473 372
Fife . . .| 350) 2613) 100, 2906 || Warwick . . 708) 3874 4146
Fhnt. .) .2).}) 270-2499 | 2698 || Westminster - 260 10438 10684
Forfar AT! 2692) 70 2717 || Westmoreland 1420 1420
Glamorgan .| 218} 2488 | 2301 || Wight, Isle of . 120 1732) 184} 2030
Gloucester .| 644| 6436] 176, 7161 || Wigtown . 105) 624 729
‘Hants . (12521 7164! 8386! 9509 |] Wilts . . 2 850] 4524 5176
Hereford 180} 3720} | 5532 || Woréester . . .| 494] 4046 4304
Hertford . 625) 2319; 50) 2762 || York, N. Riding .| 267| 4381 4683
Huntingdon .| 166) 840 Becae York, E. Riding .| 382 $473) 61; 3890
Inverness 3666) 3320 York, /W. Riding ./1606|12990, 50,14006
Kent . . . (4530) 8804] 253/10295 | el oe
Kincardine . 824 S24
Kinross 280 280 || Total of effectivé Rank
Kireudbright | 200, 746 946 | and Files. %4 8 . 341,687
Lanark 65| 4448 45i3 || Fteld Officers : 1,246
Lancaster 586 18740; 56014278 | Captains 2 : 4,472
Leicester 622| 2946! 3488 Subalterns . . : 9,918
Lincoln 713) 4560 7866 | Staff Officers s 1,100
Linlithgow 0} 800 638 || Serjeants . . . -) 14787
Lothian, East } 205] «700 905 Drummers . . - 6,733
Lothian, Mid.) 300) 1574 1843 —
Loth. oe Grand Total .. 379,943

Reginald Pole Curew.

ore eee? ee ee rr

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

575

An Atcount of the MEN for the ROYAL ARMY of RESERVE, in each Month since the
Commencement of the Act passed for that Purpose; of the Nunber of ite same who have
engaged for general Service, and of the Number ef ballotted Men and Subsiclutes who have
been enrolled for the said Army; as far as the same can be ascertained.— Dated Inspector

General's Office, 1st May, 1804.

I. ENGLAND AND WALES.
E| = = mo | | ses 8
ae _ Bees | Number!) 254 |3ag2
PERIODS. ze |. a |Paee ces i cee
BE (exes) | 28 |22e2
a ad 2 |F E58
ist August AGOS: v5 os 103 18 85| 38795
AstSeptemher —— . . | 19453} 212 2, 1473 | 17745, 16029)
dst October . —— .. 5168} 260 | 36) 1132 | 3740! 12299 1747
1st November —— . . 2117| 374 | 74) 371 1298); 10991 2014
ist December -—— .. 1496} 172 | 84) 259 981| 10010) 2747
ist January . 1804 . . 956, 101 | 83! 181 591| 9419) 706
ast February . —— .. 647) 111 | 81, 186 269). 9150) 235
ist March ._—.. 7O7| 205 | 67, 147 288] 8862) 565
AstApril . .——.. 673) 82 | 58) 245 288| 8574) 348
astMay . . ——-+ - 438) 235 | 45} 105 53). 8521] 874
|
| a ee, eS ae
Total . . . | 31758} 1752 | 580} 4117 | 25359}, 8521) 9236
‘Number of ballotted men . | 2531 258 . || 2273 ||
Number of substitutes . 29227| x CIAL). 23086},
. iI. SCOTLAND.
Ast August . 1803 . . |
ist September -—— .. 2984 8 1}, 104 | 2874]| 3126
Ast October . —— .. 999 4 Be kd Ws OF 2209
ist Nevember —— .. 359 = 1 53}; 302)| 1907
ist December —— .. 227 52 1 52 142|| 1765
dst January . 1804 .. 959| 12 2} 20 a1si| 1547
past February . —— . . 915 7 21 187|| 1560] 482
dst March. . —— . . Q34| 14 Bhs ae 193|| 1167} 371
AistApril . . ——.. 193] 53 Shin, 28-0 112) 1055} 56
May... 3. 7H. 8 | 10 56|| 999] 63
Total . . 5537| 161 | 11 364 | 5001} 999} 972
Number ballotted . . . gos. Be 67) llc. 286,
Number substitutes . OAS. 6 decor abe lal shar th 4715!
& fil. IRELAND.
Bist August . 1803 . . |
AstSeptember —— .. 1508) 29 1486} 8514
istOctober . —~ .. 294141 25 53 | 2063) 6451
ist November ~—— , . 1367 82 200 1135} &316
ist December -—-— .. 1099} 37 140 922| 4394
4st January 1804. . 658, 19 1} 176 462) 3932
ist February . —— .. 497 20 | 117 || 360) 3572) 1444.
ast March . —— . . 830] 18 | 34) 201 || © 77|} 3495)" 24
1st April _—.. 282} 25 3} 52 202| 3293] 191
‘astMay .. —-.. 915} 7 | 10] 109 || 69] 3224) 140
I tn dete peciorncint | exmee maiorieeens |acemseemmedoean | | me: mimmanguy> | ete ea—cienie
Total . . ~ | 8197] 203 4s| 1170 || 6776||_ 3224 1799
~ . Ballotted =. | 48
N.B, Number of effective men . . 4 Substitutes . 6528)
Recruited . 200

574 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Abstracts of the Subdivision Rollsin Great Britain. —Dated Whitehall, 7th May, 1804.

oo Fh Ah Sieeo baeee nee
a B . : & |i galas af
Og $ S Wee Q |peesl[gaal g als)
22 | ve] Ss oie ad ESS lS .6 2 i
25 es] Oe | 8 z FA EAS) | Oh al pa sie
s2| S] & iS = |e |ee3] 4 | Be
i 2 |) Be era 3s
3 Ss EB jogs ae
ve <7 a ra]
Aberdeen = - + - | 8210/1897] 1734] 7388'| 2585|| 31621 190| 1461] 6
Anglesea - - - - | 1889] 386] 779] 2499/1 1729]| 1729] 133] 137
Argyll - =~ - --- | 5061) 952} 1176} 6215!
Ayr - - - = = = 4885/1130} 1582! 5600! io
Rant Canto = Det 1491} 393) 154) 1944 SF
Bedford +'- - - 3511] 678) 1582} 5226,
Berks = (=) = "a0 \- 6721/1771] 23809] 8617 23
Berwick - -) - - 1810} 128] 445] 2505
Brecon = -/- = 2709} 673) 672) 2605
Bucks =) {3 /-/\=, = 5557/1241] 2448} 8895 8
Bute’ ==) "le = 792) 84) 175) 1005
Caithness - - - - 1010} 160} 294] 1649 159
Cambridge - - - | 4991/1189] 2669] 8260 Yee,
Cardigan -- = 1858] 445) 794] 2802 489 618} 224] 315)
Carmarthen - - - S771| 751} 1225) 4862 531 871} 179} 357
Carnarvon - - - | 2829) 689] 939] 1989]| 652/| 1804] 75| 195
Chester - - ~ - |10917;2386] 5807 15689]| 7211]| 2641] 499] 2384) 365
Clackmannan- - - 396| 77} 209] 678
Cinque Ports - - - 3279) 626) 1470} 4830 445}| 4998] 142} 690 53
Cornwall - - - - 9466 2178) 2814/12363]| 3213]} 4816] 198] 844
Cromarty - - - = | 393] 50} 88] 5410|! 180]/ 209/ 8| 31]
Cumberland - - - | 7160,1875| 2092] 8556|| 1615 76| 188} 706
Denbigh a ails) = 3641} 868] 950] 3987 518 oe a Be 107
Derby me cee Vee 9242/1996 3785}129241/14985 319] 308} 2179 2
Devon - - = = ~- 1181143457 5675/28855|}15919)|10312)1308] 4674 2
Dorset- - - = - 6347/1503] 2469) 9747)| 4853]| 2306} 451] 1590 20
Dumbarton - - - 1377) 387) 367) 1714|| 716)| 554 Ti doe 3
Dumfries - - - - $442| 677} 842) 3409,
Durham - - - - 7787/1816) 3047/10873)] 1101|} 6325] 900] 1768
Elgin tpn, Megha ee. 4! 1433) 368] $00] 1980 CRON, (ont 267 1
Essex - - - = = [1107912838 §087/16439|} 3391)| 3926) 504} 2835 838
Fife - - = - 3942! 951) 1116 6269) 8673}|| 3035] 171} 1092 8
Flint - - - - - | 2861] 640] 921} 2498)| 718!'| 2564] 128] 270 49
Forfar - - - - - | 4627/1060} 1230] 8019|| 1021]] 1238] 126] 735
Glamorgan - - - | 5049/1268! 2153} 62861/14441)| 234] 53] 250
Gloucester - - - |12845/3612 5217/15546]117440}! 3906118 7
Hants }=) =.) 5-1" = 9 |79099 3099) 4190)14537}}18457)| 2412] 576] 2813 35
Hereford) = 4;.=:)- 4945}1574| 1180} 5912)| $494 502} 283]. 1030) 59
Hertford -- - =. - 6085}1421| 2578) 8174|| 6618 447| 240] 1232 oes
Huntingdon’ - - - | 2u69} 395] 1070) 8857|] 753|| 133] 195} 646
Inverness. = =<!) =) = 5159] 486} 1258] 4776 830]} 716| 93 163
Kent - = - = - {12319|3159 4872)17579}| 4233}/14873| 566} 4157 38
Kincardine - - - 1475) 422) $860) 1891]} 1397]; 266] 10] 307
Kanrossy ie) = f=. = 372| 1241 67) 549 18}, -52|. 18%
Kirkcudbright - - 997| 334] 274] 1561 906} 95] 263
Liye ae Eh 8154]2226} 8548/14689|| 7356
Lancaster - - - ~~ /89210 7997 |22097 16223 11/277 281/18846 |1053| 14782 ;
Leicester - - - - | 6749/1780] 2998 93581 8755 918! 445 2211] 28

aes

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Abstract of the Subdivision Rolls, §&c. §c. continued.

~ Cornwall Stanner

Total

4th

3d
effective.

effective.

4543/14795
223| 1158
181, 1020
1019) 4041
867| 3824
2766) 9848

12138)44593

531) 1673

1179} 3609
759| 3546

87| 431
7284 23186
2829'10295
1588} 7528
2568 12111
2269| 8873

140
955
1273
417|
1322
820

708
3996
9238
1441
5806
3215
532| 2527
475| 1837
3551 12580

98, 400
4905 17433
625819141
831) $421
481718016
521) 555
506% 19231
3947\12627
3730,10117

4514117757

-lincluded in Middlesex.

Ei ae
Cv >
2B | a3
Bo howe
"3
Zi
a | a en)
Lincoln - - - 710449) 3161
‘Linlthgow- - - -| 738) 181
Lothian, East- - -) 492) 86
‘Lothian, Mid, (co.)-| 2539) 534
‘Lothian, Mid. (ci.) -| 2519) 833
maondon - - - ~| 7241| 2621
~Middiesex- - - -/24625) 9949
- Man, Isle of -‘- -
~Merioneth - - -| 1609} 479
“Monmouth - - -| 4236| 1320
Montgomery - - -| 3426) 643
SINainn, - -. - - | 212 66
Norfolk, - - - -|15727) 3128
Northampton —- -| 6579) 1557
Northumberland -} 4842) 1869
Nottingham - - -| 8847| 1815
| Oxford- - - - -| 6585} 1642
Orkney and Zetland
Peebles -*= - - =| 693] 155
Pembroke -' - - -| 2733) 531
Perth. =.= -- =} 76341-2024.
Radnor «-- - - -~| 1514) 7319
Rentrew - - - -| 3259] 766
Ross - - - - -| 2142! 397
Roxburgh - - - -| 2205) 586
' Rutland - - - -| 1008} 269
Bealop - - - - -|10853}-2812
Srselkirk = = -0- 7} 873) 88
_ Somerset - ~ - 714644! 2896
Stafford - - -, -|13256 3296
Stirling - - - -| 2904 713
"Suffolk- - - - -112392 2297
Sutherland - - -| 1616 741
'Surrey- - - - ~-|11209 3909
_ Bussex - - - = -| 9285 2029
Tower Hamlets - -| 3966 2351
| Warwick -. - - -|10689 2743
- Westminster - -
Westmoreland - -| 1334] 439
White, Isleof - -| 619} 245
| Wigtown - - - ~ 1530] 391
mS Wilts - - - - -| 9760) 218«
' Worcester - - -| 8537] 1846
~ York, (north rid.) -| 9456) 2322
~ York, (east rid.) -| 7688] 1886
~ York, (west rid.) — -31257

365

410] 2426
285) 1232
369} 1962
3540 13829

2743) 1069)

2588 11032
9828) 9984

6624113792 50854
764) 3391]!

-_— | | |

~|5526191138'152'345653)794291 | 482761

|

Voluntary Service.

5122)
541)
2037

1011
957!
191299'

1457
1867

- 39611

767
15458
5494.
6916
3079
8184

2584.
9980

va ae 2
pin SS az
gealacs BLE
eU9}° #0 e Ag
@se\Rsa| 4 | =
Pao | oid ss
Se P| ete ae
4968] 7389 15
459 3. 2
685 24
97
2553) 180} 10841495928
7657| 525 ) 412
13200} 1200 962
260} 13 3
1 1
A473 30
3019; 813 33
562) 415 31
4649) 293 171
1916) 294 1
36 :
460 i
737| 283 ‘
614) 374 7
Q4T 6
394) 271 2
100
182} 102 5
QO Ta 3) 13
150 1
8249] 611 5
780| 430 AS
491 ( 1
2195| 299 21
1080} 104
10337| 530 safe)
3109) 5 38
2951) 233 1118
213) 258 9
3 1
2435) 128 4
137
909) 467 AG
216} 142 11
1356} 367 6
803) 479 i:
1396) 1440) 26
88

res

176780| 29978/118322) 1553

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Oo Ot sti t9¢ | tos fop ts [sip -salzts1 | 2 86 |——| trZ | £s¢ | Fos 1991]
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Qo 2 ei TOS £48 ‘op 79 ‘SIP *83] LI | 3% 46 | #68 | #32 | $Zo | foe |F191 :
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wn ze¢ | 748 ‘op%g | ‘op 1 i691 | —— ¥6 | $36 | $12 | ——| f¥¢ _|Fo9T ;
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> 0 LT Zt foo | fe8 [op Fe javd ‘set CLI 76 c6 | t06 | tez | 29°] 29¢ | rea} fs PPN
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7%, | z ‘ a Prd z d T TVS Z¥G [¢T Bh “a2
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ZS 0 0 og) zs¢ bg rad Eq raed sghredt 6 51 06 | tet | 29¢ 1 ze al} ys
“SPILL | Waedg | yQsodg¢ | “sift ‘yong | ‘uuw “£ “108 *fosuc on pay |*
~ AimjoyT | pemodmy] yqsuy |Moarg spee BIpuy | yloyg ae “lapealaepecte eae ud 5 iede aaa se §
ide) rg ~ IIS
i
Yo) ‘SMOOLS WO WHOLYd

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 77

Or

SUPPLIES granted by. Parliament for
the Year 1804.

NAVY, &e.

December 1, 1803.
‘That 100,000 men be employed for the sea service,

for the. year 1804; eeehnne 22,000. marines. £, 8 vee
For wages for ditto 2 . - 2,405,000 0 0

For vidtuals for ditto - - - 2,470,000 0 O

For wear and tear of ships in which they are toserve 3,900,000 O O

For ordnance sea service on board such ships - ° 325,000 @ Q

December 3.

For the ordinary of the navy for 1804 - - 1,020,670 9 9
For the extraordinary establishment of ditto - 948,520 0 O
December 6.

For hire of transports for 1804 — ~ - - 709,249 9 §&
For prisoners of war in health - - 220,166 8 1
For sick prisoners of war - 3 - 42,000 0 O
July 3, 1804.

F or increasing the naval defence of the country .- 310,000 0 O

ss

£. 12,350,606 7 6

a

iq ARMY.

December 12, 1803.
That 129, 039 effeétive men be employed in Great
Britain ‘and Ireland, from 25th December, 1803,
__, to 24th December, 1804.
or eerie, garrisons, and other land forces, in Great
Britain and Ireland - =
For forces in the plantations, including those serving
_ atGibraltar, in the Mediterranean, and New South
_. Wales a 2 2 ~ 1,174,509 16 6.
Vex, XLVI. Pp For

4,276,624 12 ¢

578 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

For five troops of dragoons, and. seventeen companies

of foot, stationed in Great Britain for Recnanie £,

regiments serving in India - - 29,859
For recruiting and | contingencies for the land spaces in

Great Britain u ' 180,000
For general and staff officers, and oflicers of the ;

hospitals, ditto . - - 154,647

April 28, 1804.

For the charge of recruiting and contingencies for

land forces in Ireland, from 25th December, 1803,

to 25th December, 1304 - - - 98,635
For general and staff officers ditto - - - 61,037
For full pay to supernumerary officers - - 33,464
For allowances to the principal ofiicers of several

public departments - - - - 167,059
_For the increased rates of sadtaitenes toinnkeepers,&c. 455,464
For half pay and allowances to reduced officers - 189,215
For military allowances to ditto - B - 5,665
For half pay and allowances to reduced officers of

American forces - = 50,000
For officers late in the service of his! states general - 1,000

For the in and out pensioners of Chelsea and Kilmain-

ham hospitals - - - 245,048
For pensions to widows of officers vf the land forces

in Great Britain and Ireland -

- 27,801
For the barrack department in Ireland - ~ 461,887
For general and hospital expences in Ireland - 23,538
For foreign corps in the service of Great Britain

and Ireland - - = =) JoesZow
For the royal military college * = - 11,280
For‘the royal military asylum - 32,600
For garrison service in the West Indies sid America 8,884
For an augmentation to the military establishment of

Great Britain aud Izeland - - 200,000
For the barrack department in Great Brita: - 2,183,930

For the extraordinary expences of the Army for 1803 ~ 339,207
Towards the extraordinary expences of the army for

Cy a 5 : 3 - 1,400,000.
Ditto....in Ireland - = - 600,000
£.12,993,625

Sade
14 9
0 0
Bete
1
3% 9
7. OH
1 NS 3
6 ae
1a aes
8 6
Oo O
Oo 0
15-8
i hi eae
61049
9. 3e
19CLE
LS ae 4
0 o8
19.3
0 9
0 O
1S'A
oO 70
0 O
At

MILITIA AND FENCIBLE CORPS, &c.

December 12, 1803.
For,the embodied militia and corps of fencible in«
1

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 579

fantry in Great Britain and Ireland, from 25th Ee s. d-
December, 1803, to the 24th December, 1804 - 2,791,623 7 6
For cloathing for the embodied militia of Great
Britain - - = ‘915,793 14-6
For contingencies for the embodied auilitea and corps
of Fencible infantry in Great Britain and Ireland - 61,128 :'7°" 0
For the voluntcer corps in Great Britain and Ireland 2,020,567 13 11
April 16, 1804.
“Making provision for the pay and ‘loathing of the
militia of Great Britain, for 1804.
For making allowances to adjutants and serjeants of
the militia disembodied, for 1804.
Ditto....to subaltern officers of the militia in time
of peace.
_ Making provisions for the pay and cloathing of the
militia of Ireland, and of allowances to subaltern
officers in time of peace, for 1804.

April 28.
For the further charge of volunteers in 1803 - - 500,000 0 O
For the further charge of volunteers, from 25th of
December, 1803, to 24th December, 1804 - - 670,000 0 O

#£.6,159,114 212

————

ORDNANCE.

December 12, 1803.

For ordnance land service in Great petit for 1804 2,954,141
Ditto. .--in Ireland - - - 304,615
For defraying the expences of services performed by +

the office of ordnance in Great eee and not

_ provided for in 1803 - ~ s 413,719:<4'°2

To replace the sum advanced by the ere in

Ireland, for ordnance services, to 31st December,

1803 - - - - ~ - 64,615 7 8

bs
no.

£. 3,737,091 4-6

re
a

a | MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES.

December 13, 1803.
‘For defraying the probable amount of bills drawn,
and to be drawn, from New South Wales, for
me04. > i z ¥ - 28,000 0 0
P p 2 For

580 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

For relief) of the suffering clergy and laity of
France, Toulonese, Corsican, and Dutch emigrants,
and American loyalists - z I

For defraying the expence of donde: maintaining,
and employing convicts at home - - -

To make good money issued for expences at the par-
liament office in session 1802—3 - - -

Ditto... to Mr. Clementson for one year’s rent of a
house, in lieu of his apartments at the house of
commons - - - -

Ditto. ..-for additional allowances to the clerks in
the oflice for auditing public accounts - 4

Ditto. __.to the chairman of the committees of the
house of peers - =

Ditto.__.to defray the Hepledees of a isi for the
more perfect security of Shipping in the. port of
London - = - 6 ~ Z

Ditto... .to pay a bill drawn by lieutenant-general
Vyse, for the repairs of port Patrick - -

Ditto...-for making an index to the journals of
the house of lords - : Fe =

Ditto ---- pursuant to addresses ~ -

To be paid to the board of first fruits in Tieleate 2

For defraying the pe of civil buildings in
Ireland - - -

Ditto - - - - of printing phir penteral bts of the
fourth session of the united parliament - -

Ditto - - ~~ of proclamations and advertisments in
the Dublin Gazette - - - -

For defraying the expence of printing, stationary,
and other disbursements for the ie oflices in

Treland - - cS
Ditto - - - - of treasury ‘eidete in Tieland ~
Ditto ----of apprehending public offenders in

Ireland . a 5 e

Ditto - - - - of criminal prosecutions, &c. in Ireland
Ditto - - - - of pratique in the port of Dublin - -
Ditto----of the gold mine in the county of

Wicklow - e z . d
To the accountant general for prehaeaid and stating

the public accounts of Ireland = - - -
To the deputy accountant general for ditto - -
To the examinator of corn bounties - - -
To the inspector general of prapors and exports of

Ireland for ditto - - ~
To the first clerk in the oflice of. ‘ditto - -
To the examinator of excise . = - - -
To the assistant examinator ditto - = - -

Leon) vai
149,121 O
40,847 9

433 19

219 6
5,300 9

2,701 9

Ri

—

HYohhon PROF

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

{

To the clerk in the office of auditor of the exchequer
For cloathing the battle axe guards in Ireland’ «~
Ditto - - - - the heralds, pursuivants, and state trum-
peters for Ireland, for three year, from the 17th

of March 1804 - a4 # : 5
For defraying the charge of the ucarparated soci-
ety for promoting English mnigtan schools in
Ireland - - - : = .
Ditto - - - -of the office of commissioners of Hibsehs
donations c = is = = - =
Ditto - - - - of the society for promoting the know-
ledge and practice of the christian religion - =
Ditto - - - - of the female orphan house, near Dublin
Ditto - - - - of fitting up and supporting a_peniten-
tiary in Dublin for young criminals” - -
Ditto - - - - of the foundling hospital in Dublin “
MDitto.-.-.- of the Hibernian marine society in

Dublin - = - ape mee
Ditto....of the Hibernian school for soldiers’ chil-
dren - ”
For defraying the charge of aeaioride a Westmore-
land Lock hospital in Dublin - = a
_ Ditto - - - - of the fever hospital in Dublin - -
Ditto ~~ - - of the house of industry in Dublin
Ditto - - - - of the Roman catholic semEIAT, in Ire-
land - Z
To be paid to the commissioners for making aie sn
__ convenient streets in Dublin -
Ditto----to the ie Aine for paving, ke,
Dublin = si

_ Ditto---- to the society for DrOmeaNE, husbandry
___and other useful arts in Ireland
To be applied towards compleating sadiGeual buildings

at the repository of the Dublin society - -
For defraying the arrears of the farming aosiely in
Ireland a
)Ditto - - - - of the lying-in hospital i iad abiin 7

December 19.
AF or the linen and hempen manufactures of Ireland ~

f March 29, 1804.

To be distributed to the officers, seamen, and marines
on board the fleet under the command of lord
Hood, being the value of ships taken at Toulon -

5

Pp3

581
£.. s. d.
184 12 4
- 683 1 6E
1,002 9
18,580 18 2
369 4 7%
993° (126
1,118 12 82
1,615 7 8
20,769 4 75
1,788 13 62
4,153 16 11
6,671 1 62
475 16 23
16,984 8 gi
7,384 12 4
4,153 16 11
9,230 15 5
5,076 8 6
4,153 16 11
1,846 3
2,136 18 112
19,938 9 3
265,336 14 104
For

582 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

April 16.
For foreign and other secret services = 7
¥or defraying sums awarded to be paid pursuant to
seventh article of American treaty
For the British museum 4

April 28.
For defraying the expence of printing Journals, &c.
of the house of commons
Ditto... of printing the 57th volume of ditto
Ditto....of reprinting journals, &c. of ditto
Ditto... of publishing records in 1803 -
Ditto... of the superintendance of aliens =
Ditto----of prosecutions relating to the coin in
1803 = -
Ditto ---- in 1804 . ¢
Ditto ----of the works and repairs of the military
roads in North Britain
‘Towards defraying the expence of: the Scotch Tafind
Navigation - = =
For defraying the expence of works done at the two
houses of parliament, and the speaker’s house, be-
tween 31st May 1803, and 24th April 1804
Ditto....at the Old Chapter House, Westminster
Ditto. ...of repairs at the king’s bench prison

Ditto....of completing the works at Chetney Hint
Lazaret -

For the board of atreuninite

(For civil establishment of Upper Canailt in 1804
Ditto....of Nova Scotia ps
Ditto....of New Brunswick

= | Ditto..._.of Prince Edward’s island 2 =
=} é Ditto. ...of Cape Breton - < =
<= Ditto... of Newfoundland z u
= | Ditto._._of the Bahama islands. are 2
FH | Ditto. ._.of the Bermudas & ib 4
Ditto... of the island of Dominica = rs

| LDitto... of New South Wales - u

July 3.

To make good the deficiency of money granted for de-
fraying the expence of conviéts, for 1803: -
For affording relief to the inhabitants of the Shetland
islands = E =
Ditto... of the Orkney sues - - -
‘To be applied towards repairing and maintaining roads
and bridges in the Highlands of Scotland

&
150,000

412,000
3,000

10,000
10,000

10,000

i) coo tS)

°

moooocoocooceocs owe

So OS oie sone Ge

mooscoocoooceo ooo

=)

mo oO

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

To make good money issued for making further
provision for the Presbyterian ministers of Ulster
and Munster - - - 2

Ditto. ...for expences attending the digesting aha ab-
stracting poor returns -

Ditto....for additional allowances to elocka in the
office for auditing public accounts -

Ditto... -for the furniture of a house lately used as an
Trish office, given ap to the commissioners of naval
abuses - -

Ditto... for peeeniea of the Thames poke ities <

To make good money issued for publishing the average

price of sugar - - - .
Ditto.._.to pay fees on passing public accounts =
Ditto... .to the first commissioner under the sixth ar-
_ ticle of the American treaty ~ =
Ditto... .for contingent expences in the Peecption of

act for enquiring into naval abuses - =

Ditto....in consequence of orders from a select com-
mittee for the improvement of the port of London -
For maintaining and supporting British forts and set-
‘tlements on the coast of Africa 4 =
For support of the veterinary college - =
For making compensation for the purchase of lands
at Weedon Beck for the service of the ordnance -
To the executors of the late sir James Wright for his

losses as an American loyalist - - s
July 10.
To make good the like sum issued pursuant to ad-
dresses - - 7 -
For supplying exchequer court and officers wile sta-
tionary - -
For printing and stationary for the houses of parlia-
ment for 1804 - = =
For defraying law charges for 1804 “ es
To be paid to officers of houses of lords and com-
mons - - - = = le
For the expence of the public office in Bomcsvaes ~
For protestant dissenting ministers «

For defraying the extra charge of messengers of drt
secretaries of state = = x
For contingencies for three secretaries of state -
To be paid to sheriffs for conviction of felons =
For the ministers of the Vaudois churches =
For the British museum F ES

For the civil establishment of Gistra Tieade
Pp4

&

Ss.

583

d.

4,160 13. 6

1,100
5,285
2,099

649

454
3,000

5,387

1,060

0)

18

19
+

» OO

10

asta R=)

11

_—
ooowco ooo oo i>)

_

9)

min OY . OO. Osx OF Oo 6.0.4.6 ,0

Mo Ogee ooo oo

584 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

To enable his majesty to take such measures as the #£ s. de

exigency of affairs may require oy - - 2,500,000 O O
For making compensation for purchase of lands at

Woolwich and Charlton, for the use of the ord-

nance - - © ~ - 57,066 6 1
4,217,295 14 82

For paying off and discharging treasury bills in Ire- Irish Currency.

Jand - 2 = “ ~ 1,700,000 O O
To enable his majesty to take such measures as the
exigency of affairs may require, for Ireland - 800,000 0 O

EXCHEQUER BILLS.

April 16, 1804.
For paying off exchequer bills issued per act of last

Session for raising £5,000,000 - - 5,000,000 0 @
Ditto... for raising 4,000,000 - - 3,000,000 0 O
Ditto... .for raising 1,500,000 - - 1,500,000 0 O
Ditto....for raising 2,000,000 - - 1,500,000 0 0

——-

11,000,000 0 O

ee

CIVIL LIST.

July 3, 1804.
To discharge arrears and debts upon the civil list on
5th July, 1804 i c - 591,842 3 104
For granting ‘the additional yearly sum of 60,000
out of the consolidated fund of Great-Britain, for
the better support of his majesty’s household.

—

RECAPITULATION.
Navy 2 f “ 12,350,606 7 6
Army P 3 a BS ua 12,993,625 4 1
Militia and fencible corps inate - 6,159,114 211
Ordnance - - = 3,737,091 4 6
Miscellaneous services - - - 4,217,295 14 82
. Ditto extra ~ - - 2,500,000 O O
Exchequer bills 2 = ve 11,000,000 O O
Civil list Si B z 591,842 3 102
Additional, annual, to his majesty - 60,000 O 0.

Totalof supply - =<£53,609,574 17 62

——— ——

WAYS

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 585
WAYS and MEANS for raising the SUPPLY.

GRANTS.

December 3, 1803. we s. de

For continuing the duties on malt, mum, cyder, and

perry - 4 ~ 4
For raising four shillings in the pound upon pensions,

officers, and personal estates - -

_ For continuing certain duties on sugar, malt, to-

bacco, and snuff

For raising £.5,000,000 by yee or eee bills 5,000,000 O O

March 13, 1804.
Foy raising £,2,000,000 by loans or exchequer bills 2,000,000 O O

March 22.
For applying -€.1,370,664 4s. 84d. being the surplus
of the grants for 1803 ® - - 1,370,664 4 8
April 20.

For raising £.8,000,000 by loans or exchequer bills 8,000,000 0 O
For raising £.1,500.000 by loans or exchequer bills 1,500,000 O O
That the charge of the pay and cloathing of the mi-
litia of Great Britain be defrayed out of the land
tax.
That the charge of allowances to adjutants and ser-
jeant majors of the militia of England, disembo-
died, be defrayed out of the land tax.
That the allowances to certain subaltern officers of the
_ militia in Great Britain be defrayed out of the land

tax,
That the charge of the pay and cloathing of the militia
of Ireland, and allowances to subaltern officers, be
defrayed out of the consolidated fund of Ireland.

1

bf April 28.

For raising £.1,153,846 3s. 1d. by annuities or de-

__ bentures for the service of Ireland - - 1,153,846 3 1
if May 2.

For raising £.14,500,000 by annuities, wilierbae
_ &£.10,000,000 are to be defrayed on the part of
i Great Britain, and &, icici OOO!. on the part of
Ireland. - 14,500,000 0 0
or applying £. i: ,000,000 ng of fhe, monies that

: shall arise of the surplus of the consolidated fund 5,000, 600 0 0
For

La

86 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.
July . #3 Pee At

For raising a certain sum of money ‘ ate lotteries,
to be applied to the services of Great Britain and
_ Ireland, in the proportion of two-thirds for Great
Britain, and one-third for Ireland.

July 10.
For raising -£.2,500,000, by loans or exchequer
bills, to be charged on the first aids in the next ses-
-sion for Great Britain = - - 2,500,000 O O
For raising £.800,000 (Irish curreacy) by treasury Trish currenc
Bille, pttan 2. ote for lreland 800,000 O 0
Estimated duties, land tax, &c. - - 11,585,064 9 9%

Total ways and means - £.53,509,574 17 63

ot

Taxes imposed in the Year 1804,

May 2, 1804.

For charging additional duties of customs on goods, wares, and mer-
ehandize, imported into Great Britain, not being imported by the
Kast India Company.

CEO 252 222 imported by the East India Company. ;

Bitto cio. vce carried coastwise.

For allowing additional drawbacks and bounties on the exportation. of
sugar.

For charging additional countervailing duties on “refined sugar, manufac.
tured in Ireland, imported into Great Britain.

For allowing additional drawbacks and bounties on refined sugar, manu-
facétured in Great Britain exported to Ireland.

For charging additional duties and drawbacks of excise upon wine.

June 22.

For charging additional duties in Ireland upon spirits, malt, sugar, wine,
tea, tobacco, snuff, stamps, advertisements, licences, and imports, and
the same, together with certain other duties composing part of the pub-
lic revenues of Ireland, to be paid in British currency ; and also, for
granting certain countervailing duties on goods, me product or manu-
faéturé of Great Britain.

July 3.

For repealing the several duties a the management of the commission«
ers of Stamps in Great Britain, and granting other duties in liew
thereof.

July

be warehoused for exportation.

A List of the Public Bills which re-
ceived the Royal Assent in the
Course of the present Session of
Parliament, from its opening on
Tuesday, Nov. 22, to the 30th of
July, when it ter “minated, inclu-
sive.

December 15, 1803.

An aét to continue, until six
_ months after the ratification of a de-
finitive treaty of peace, the restric-
tions contained in several acts made
in the 37th, 38th, 42d, and 43d
years of the reign of his present
majesty, on payments of cash by
the bank of England.

An act for granting to his ma-
jesty the sum of 8,000I. for the re-
lief of certain curates in England.

An act to regulate the bonds is-
sued by the East India Company,
_ with respect to the rate of interest,
_ and the duty payable thereon.
| <Anact to continue several laws
_ relating to the suspending the ope-
_ ration of two acts of the 15th and
17th years of his present majesty,
for restraining the negociation of
promissory notes and bills of ex-
change, under a limited sum, in

ngland, and to the prohibiting the
importation from, and permitting
_ the exportation to Great Britain, of
corn; and for allowing the impor-
tation of other articles of provi-
sion, without payment of duty, until
_ the 25th day of March, 1805; and
_ to the regulating the trade and com-

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

July
For charging certain duties on stamps in Scotland. __
For charging a stamp duty on medicines in Great Britain.
For charging a duty on spirits distilled from corn in Ireland, whick shal

587

10.

merce to and from the island of
Malta, until 6 months after the ra-
tification of a definitive treaty of
peace.

An act to continue, until the
25th day of March, 1805, an act,
passed in the last session of Parlia-
ment, for discontinuing certain
drawbacks and bounties on the ex-
portation of sugar from Great Bri-
tain, and for allowing other draw-
backs and duties in lieu thereof.

An act for suspending, until the
last day of August, 1804, the ope-
ration of an act, made $i the last
session of parliament, to continue
and amend two acts, made in the
last parliament of Ireland, for re-
straining the negociation of pro-
missory notes and inland bills of ex-
change, under a limited sum, within
Treland.

An act to indemnify such persons
in the united kingdom as have omit-
ted to qualify themselves for offices
and employments; and for ex-
tending the times limited for those
purposes respectively until the 25th
day of December, 1804; and to
permit such persons in Great Bri-
tain as have omitted to make and file
affidavits of the execution of inden- ~
tures of clerks and attornies and so-
licitors, to make and file the same on
or before the first day of Michael-
mas term, 1804.

An aét to continue, until six
weeks after the commencement of
the next session of parliament, an

act

588

act made in the last session of par-
liament, intituled ‘¢‘ An aét to em-
’ power the lords lieutenant, or other

chief governor or governors of Ire.’

Jand, to apprehend and detain such

persons as he or they shall suspect, .

for conspiring against his majesty’s
person and government, until six
weeks after the commencement of
the next session of parliament.”

An aét to continue until six weeks
after the commencement of the next
session of parliament, an act pass-
ed in the Jast ‘session of parlia-
ment, intituled, «‘ An aét for the
suppression of rebellion in Ireland,
and for the proteétion of the per-
sons and property of his majesty’s
faithful subjeéts there, to continue
in force until six weeks after. the
commencement of the next session
of parliament,” .

An aét to continue until the 25th
day of March, 1805, several acts
of the 41st, 42nd, and 43rd years
of his. present majesty’s reign, for
regulating the bounties and draw-
backs on the exportation of sugar
from Ireland.

An aét for enabling the lord lieu-
tenant or other chief governor or
governors of Ireland, to prohibit,
until the 25th day of March, 1805,
the distillation of spirits from oats
or oatmeal in Jreland; and for
indemnifying such persons as have
aéted in advising or carrying into
execution a proclamation of the
lord lieutenantand council of Ireland
for prohibiting such distillation.

An aé to continue until the 25th
day of March, 1805, so much of an
aét made in the 41st year of his
majesty’s reign, as relates to the pro-
hibiting the exportation from Ireland
of corn or potatoes, or other pro-
visions; and to the permitting the
importation into Ireland of corn,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. .

fish, and provisions, without pay-
ment of duty. :

An aét to prevent the desertion
and escape of petty-officers, seamen,
and others from his majesty’s ser-
vice, by means, or under colour of
any criminal or civil process.

An act to amend two aéts passed
in the 4ist and 43rd years of his
present majesty, for permitting
Portugal wine to be landed and
warehoused in the united kingdom ;
and to allow Spanish wine to be so
landed and warehoused.

An eét for raising the sum of five
millions, by loans or exchequer
bills, on the credit of such aids or
supplies as have been or shall be
granted by parliament for the ser-
vice of Gecat_ Britain, for the year
1804.

An a& for continuing and grant.
ing to his majesty certain duties
upon malt, in Great Britain, for
the service of the year 1804.

An aét for continuing and grant-
ing to his majesty a duty on pen-
sions, offices, and personal estates,
in England; and certain duties on
Sugar, malt, tobacco, and snuff,
in Great Britain, for the service of
the year 1804.

An aét to explain and amend two
aéis passed in the 42nd and 43rd
years of his present majesty, relat-
ing to volunteers and yeomanry
corps in Great Britain.

March 9.

An aét for punishing mutiny and
desertion ; and for the better pay-
ment of the army and their quarters.

An aét for the regulation of his
majesty’s royal marine forces, while
on shore.

An aét to continue until three
months after any restriétion impos-
ed, by an aét of the present session

of

of parliament on the bank of Eng-
land from issuing cash in payments
shall cease. An aét madein the parlia-
ment of Ireland in the 37th of his
present majesty, for confirming and
continuing the restrictions on pay-
ments in cash by the bank of Ire-
land, and also an act made in the
43rd of his present majesty for
amending the said act.
Anakct to indemnify all persons
who have been concerned in issuing
or carrying into execution an or-
der of the lords commissioners of
his majesty’s treasury, for permit-
ting the exportation of seed corn to
Portugal, from Great Britain.
An act for allowing vessels em-
ployed in the Greenland whale-
fishery, and clearing out from any
“port in Great Britain, to complete
their full number of men at certain
ports for the present season.
_ An aét for further continuing,
until the 25th of March 1806, an
act made in the 33rd of his present
majesty, for rendering the payment
of creditors mere equal and expedi-
tious in Scotland.
An aét to enable his majesty to
pennt the inheritance in fee-simple,
_ of certain manors, messuages, lands,
% and hereditaments, in the parishes
Weybridge, Walton,
Valton Leigh, and dard i in

7

March 23.

An aé for charging, until the
2$th day of March, 1805, certain
ates and drawbacks, and for al-

lowing certain bounties and draw.

backs upon goods, wares, and mer-
chandize, imported into and ex-
ed from Ireland; and also, for

APPENDIX, to the CHRONICLE.

589

charging certain inland duties of ex-
cise and taxes in Ireland, in lieu of
former rates, duties, taxes, boun-
ties, and drawbacks.

An act for charging, until the
25th day of March, 1805, certain
increased countervailing duties on
the importation into Ireland of the
several goods, wares, and mer-
chandize therein mentioned, being
the growth, produce, or manufae-
ture of Great Britain; and for al-
lowing increased drawbacks on the
exportation to Great Britain of the
several articles therein mentioned,
being the manufa¢éiure of Ireland.

An att for granting to his majesty
a duty upon malt made in Ireland,

for the year 1804.

An act for permitting, until the
5th day of May, 1805, the impor-
tation of hides, ealve skins, horns,
tallow, and wool, (except cotton
wool,) in foreign ships, on payment
of the like duties as if imported in
British or Irish ships.

An act to revive and continue,
until eight months after the ratifi-
cation of a definitive treaty of peace,
an act made in the 42nd of his
present majesty, for repealing seve-
ral acts relating to the admission of
certain articles of merchandize in
neutral ships, and to the issuing
orders in council for that purpose,
aud for making other provisions in
lieu thereof; amd also, to indemni-
fy all persons who have been con-
cerned in issuing or carrying into
execution orders of council for per-
mitting the importation of certain
goods from America in neutral
ships.

An aét for raising the further sum '
of two millions by loans or exche-
quer bills, on the credit of such
aids or supplies as have been or
shall be granted by parliament for

the

590

the service of Great Britain, for the
year 1804.

\ May 3.

An act for empowering his ma-
jesty, for a time and to an extent
therein limited, to accept the ser-
vices of such parts of his militia
forces in Ireland as may voluntarily
offer themselves to be employed in
Great Britain.

An act for empowering his ma-
jesty to direct the augmentation of
his militia forces in Ireland, to an
extent therein limited.

An act to amend an act passed in
the last session of parliament, for
making provision for the wives and
families of militia-men in Treland.

An aét to amend and continue
several laws relating to the allowing
the importation of rape seed and
other seeds used for extracting oil,
whenever the prices of middling
British rape seed shall be above a
certain limit; to the allowing the
importation of seal skins cured with
foreign salt, free of duty, to the
24th June, 1809; and to the en-
couragement of the Greenland whale
fisheries, to the 25th December,
(1806; and to continue several laws
relating to the allowing the use of
salt, duty free, in the preserving
of fish in bulk or in barrels; and to
the discontinuing the bounty payable
on white herrings exported, to the
25th March, 1809; to the permit-
ting sir William Bishop, George
Bishop, and Angles Bishop, to
varry on the manufacture of Maid-
stone geneva, to the 5th July 1809;
and to the admission to entry of oil
and blubber of Newfoundland,
taken by his majesty’s subjects car-
rying on the fishery from and re-
siding in the said island, to 25th
December, 1809.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

An act to amend and continue
until the 25th March 1807, so much
of an act made in the 41st year of
his present majesty, as relates to
allowing plantation sugar to be
warehoused.

An act to repeal so much of an
act, passed in the last session of par-
liament, for granting to his majesty
a contribution on profits arising
from property, professions, trades,
and offices, as requires attornies,
agents, and factors, to retain and
pay the duties chargeable upon pub-
lic annuities; and to extend the
times for hearing appeals on assess-
ments or surcharges made in pur-
suance of the said act.

An act for increasing the rates of
subsistence to be paid to innkeepers
and others on quartering soldiers.

An act for defraying the charge
of the pay and clothing of the mi-
litia in Great Britain for the year
1804. o

An act to revive and further con-
tinue, until the 25th March 1805,
and amend so much of an act, made
in the 39th and 40th years of his
present majesty, as grants certain
allowances to adjutants and ser-
jeant-majors of the militia of Eng-
land, disembodied under an act of
the same session of parliament.

An act for defraying, until the
25th of March 1805, the charge of
the pay and clothing of the militia
of Ireland ; for holding courts mar-

tial on serjeant-majors, serjeants, -

corporals, and drummers, for of-
fences committed during the time
such militia shall not be embodied ;
and for making allowances in cer-
tain cases, to subaltern officers of
the said militia during peace.

An act to amend an act, made in
the 42nd year of his majesty, to

amend the laws for the better regu- ,

lation

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

‘Yation of the linen manufacture of
Ireland.

An act to enforce the due obser-
vance of the canons and rubrick
‘respecting the ages of persons to be
admitted into the sacred orders of
deacon and priest.

An act to exempt vessels in the
Newfoundland trade from the pro-
‘visions of an aét passed in the last
Session of parliament, for regulating
_vessels carrying passengers from the
United States.

_ An aét for raising the sum of
ight millions by loans or exchequer
bills, for the service of Great-Bri-
: tain for the year 1804.

Bi An aét for raising the sum of one
niillion five hundred _ thousand
pounds, by. loans or exchequer
Dill, for the service of Great-Bri-
tain for the year 1804.

4 * May 16.

_ An aét for raising the sum of
fourteen millions five hundred thou-
sand pounds, by way of annuities.

An act for raising a certain sum
of money by way of annuities or
“debentures, for the service of Ire-
dand.
_ An act for granting to his majes-
ty, until twelve months after the
“ratification of a definitive treaty of
> eral duties of exe

i '

«ti act to revive and continue,
‘until the ratification of a definitive
treaty of peace, an aét, made in
‘the last session of parliament, for
providing for the more speedy com-
pletion of the establishment of offi-
cers in the militia of Great-Britain ;
and for facilitating the filling up of
vacancies therein.

_ An att for making allowances, in
“eertain cases, to subaltern officers of
-

ates

591

the militia in Great-Britain while
disembodied.

An aét to alter and amend so
much of an aét, passed in the 34th
year of his present, majesty, as re-
lates to the amount of the sums to
be paid by persons compounding
for the performance of the statute
duty.

May 18:

*

An aét for granting to his majes-
ty, during the present war, and for
six months after’ the expiration
thereof by the ratification of a defi-
nitive treaty of peace, additional
duties on the importation of certain
goods, wares, and merchandise,
into Great-Britain; and on goods,
wares, and merchandise, brought
or carried coastwise within Great-
Britain.

June 5

An aét to consolidate and amend
the provisions of the several acts re-
lating to corps of yeomanry and
volunteers in Great-Britain ; and to
make further regulations relating
thereto.

An act for more effectually pre-
venting the sale of exciseable liquors
in Scotland by persons not duly li-
censed ; and for altering the times
of granting licenses to sell such ex-
ciseable liquors by retail,

June 29.

An aét for establishing and main-
taining a permanent additional force
for the defence of the realm; and
to provide for augmenting his ma-
jesty’s regular forces¥ and for the
gradual reduction of the militia in
England.

An act to exempt from duties on
export all linens of the manufacture
of the united kingdom.

An

592

An até for direéting certain pub-
lic accounts of Ireland to be laid an-
nually before parliament.

An aét to indemnify solicitors,
atturnies, and others, who have
neglected to enter certificates within
the time limited by an a¢t made in
the 37th year of his present majes-
ty; and to amend so much of the
said aét as relates to the entering
such certificates.

An aét for the preventing of bri-
bery and corruption in the election
of members to serve in parliament
for the borough of Aylesbury, in
the county of Buckingham.

An aét to amend two aéts, made
in the 18th and 39th years of his
present majesty, for the ereéting a
court-house for the holding of ses-
sions of the peace in the city of
Westminster; and for purchasing
certain buildings and grounds be-
tween St. Margaret-street, Union-
street, and King-street in the said
city, for the use of the public.

An aét for making further pro-
vision for making and maintaining
an inland navigation, commonly
called the Caledonian Canal, from
the eastern to the western sea by
Inverness to Fort William, in Scot-
land.

An att for vesting the capital
messuage, with the appurtenances,
situate in Kevin-street, in the city
of Dublin, called the palace of the
archbishop of Dublin, at St. Sepul-
chre’s, in his majesty, his ‘heirs,
and his successors; and for apply-
ing the purchasc-money, together
with another sum therein mention-
ed, in manner and for the purposes
therein mentioned.

June 30.

An aé to continue, until the Ist
of July 1805, the operation of an

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

aét, passed in the last session of
parliament, to suspend proceedings
in aétions, prosecutions, and pro-
ceedings under certain acts relating
to the woollen manufacture; and
also under an act of the reign of
queen Elizabeth, so far as the same
relates to certain persons employed
or concerned in the said manuiac-
ture.

July 3.

An aét to continue until Ist July
1805, an act passed in the last |
session, for continuing two acts,
the one passed in the 42d of his
majesty, for regulating the prices at
which grain, meal, and flour, may
be exported from Great-Britain to
Ireland, and from Ireland to Great-
Britain; and the other, made in the
last session, for permitting the ex-
portation of seed corn from Great-
Britain to Ireland, and the impor-
tation of malt into Great-Britain
from Ireiand.

July 10.

An aét for establishing and main-
taining a permanent additional force
for the defence of the realm, and to
provide for augmenting his majesty’s
regular forces ; and for the gradual
reduction of: the militia of Scot-
land.

An aét for granting to his majes-
ty, until 25th March 1805, certain
duties on the importation of the
goods, &c. herein mentioned, into~
Ireland, and also certain duties of
excise on spirits, malt, and tobacco,
in Ireland; and for the increase of
certain public revenues in Ireland,
by making the same payable in Bri-
tish currency. :

An act for granting to his ma-
jesty certain stamp duties in Ire-
Jand,

An

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

An aét to amend the laws for re-
gulating the linen manufacture of
Treland. ,

-An aét to enable his majesty to
authorise the exportation of the ma-
chinery necessary for erecting a
mint in the dominions of the king
of Denmank.

An-aét to prevent the counter-
feiting of silyer coin issued by the
governor and company of the bank

of England, called dollars, and sil-

ver coin which may be issued by the

governor and company of the bank

of Ireland, called tokens.

- An aét for allowing the sale of

certain Kast-India prize goods in the
_ port of Liverpool.

An aét to enable the lords com-
missioners of the treasury of Great-

_ Britain to issue exchequer bills on
the credit of such aids or supplies as
‘have been or shall be granted by
parliament for the service of Great-
‘Britain for 1804.

July 14.

An att for establishing and main-
taining a permanent additional force
to be raised in Ireland, for the de-

fence of the realm, and to provide
for augmenting the regular forces.

An aét for enabling subjeéts of

foreign states to enlist as soldiers in
his majesty’s service, and for ena-
bling his majesty to grant commis-
sions to subjects of foreign states to
Serve as officers or as engineers, un-
der certain restriétions.

An aét for settling and securing
— annuity on the viscountess

ilwarden, and on the family of the

late Jord Kilwarden.

An aét to render valid certain
Marriages. solemnised in certain
churches. and chapels in which banns
had not usually been published be-
fore, on, or at the time of passing

Vor. XLVI.

593

an aét, made in the 26th of George
II. intituled ‘‘ An aét for the better
preventing of clandestine marriages.”

An aét for making compensation.
to the proprietors of certain lands
and hereditaments situate at Weedon
Beck, in the county of Northamp-
ton, purchased for the service of
his majesty’s ordnance.

An aét to vest certain messuages,
lands, &c. in trustees, for better
securing his majesty’s docks, ships,
and stores, at Chatham, and for
the use of his majesty’s ordnance -
at Warley common and Woolwich.

July 20.

An aét for the better support of
his majesty’s household, and of the
honour and dignity of the crown
of the united kingdom; and for
preventing aceumulation of arrears
in the payments out of the civil list
revenues.

An act for enabling his majesty
to raise the sum of two millions five
hundred thousand pounds, for the
use and purposes therein mentioned.

An aét to obviate certain incon-
veniences which have been experi-
enced in the accountant-general’s-
office in the court of chancery, in
the execution of an act for grant-
ing a contribution on the profits
arising from property, professions,
trades, and offices.

An aét for regulating the ap-
pointment of commissioners tg a¢t
in the execution of anaét for grant-
ing to his majesty a contribution on
the profits arising from) property,
professions, trades, and offices.

An aét to permit certain persons
in the office of ordnance, and the
quarter-master-general, to send
and receive letters free from the
duty of postage ; and to enable the
board of ordnance, the adjutant-

Qa general

594

general, quarter-master general, and
barrack-master general, to autho-
rise persons in their offices to send
letters free from the said duty.

An a& for further continuing for
Seven years, an aét, made in the
12th year of his majesty, for en-
couraging the manufacture of lea-
ther, by lowering the duty payable
upon the importation of oak bark.

An aét for reviving, amending,
and continuing several laws relating
to the more effeétual encourage-
ment of the British fisheries, until
5th April 1806, and to the encou-
-ragement of the trade and manufac-
tures of the Isle of Man, to the
improving the revenue thereof, and
the more effectual prevention of
smuggling to and from the said
island, until 5th July 1805.

An aét to amend an act passed
in the 39th and 40th of his majesty,
intituled, *¢ An aét for settling dis-
putes that may arise between mas-
ters and workmen engaged in the
cotton manufactory of England.

An aét for explaining and amend-
ing several aéts relating to hackney-
coaches employed as stage-coaches.

_ An aét for confirming the provi-
sions of an aét, made in Ireland’in
the 32d of his majesty, so far as
the same prohibits the import of
malt into Ireland; and for repeal-
ing the power given to the lord
lieutenant and council of Ireland,
prohibiting the use of oats and oat-
meal in the distillation of spirits in
Treland.

An aét to continue, until seven
years after the passing thereof, an
aét, made in the parliament of Ire-
land in the 27th of his majesty, in-
tituled, ‘‘ An act for the better ex-
ecution of the law and preservation
ef the peace within the counties at
large.” '

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

An aét to permit the issue and
negociation of certain promissory
notes, under a limited sum, by re-
gistered bankers in Ireland; and to
restrain the issue and negociation of
certain other notes.

An aét to render more easy the
apprehending and bringing to trial,
offenders escaping from one part of
the united kingdom to the other.

An aét for granting to his majes-
ty a sum of money to be raised by
lottery.

July 28.

An aét to explain an aé& of the
present session, for consolidating
and amending the provisions of the
several acts relating to corps of yeo-
manry and volunteers in Great-Bri-
trin, so far as respeéts the account-
ing for monies received by volunteer
officers.

An aét to amend certain of tive
provisions of an aét, made in the
43d of his majesty, to enable his
majesty to provide for the defence
and security of the realm, which re-
spe¢t the purchase of lands and he-
reditaments for the public service.

An aét to alter, amend, and ren-
der more effeéiual, an aét, passed ir
the present session, intituled, “*An —
act for establishing and maintaining
a permanent additional force for the
defence of the realm, &c.” so far as
the same relates to the city of Lon-
don.

An aét for raising the sum of eight
hundred thousand pounds Irish cur-
rency, by treasury bills, for tlie
service of Ireland, for 1804.

An aét to repeal the several du-—
ties under the commissioners for
managing the duties upon stamped
vellum, parchment, and paper, in
Great-Britain, and to grant new and
additional duties in lieu thereof. <

2

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. |

An act for granting additional
annuities to the proprietors of stock
created by two acts, passed in the
37th and 42d of his majesty.

An att for warehousing goods
within the limits of certain docks
made under an act, passed in the
39th and 40th of his majesty, inti-
tuled, ‘‘An aét for making wet
docks, basons, cuts, and other
works, for the greater accommoda-
tion and security of shipping, com-
merce, and revenue, within the port
of London; and to make regula-

tions relating to the said docks.

An act for permitting, until the
Ist of August 1807, the exportation

‘of salt from the port of Nassau, in

the island of New Providence, the

port of Exuma, and the port of

Crooked Island, in the Bahama
Islands, in ships belonging to the
inhabitants of the United States in
America, and coming in ballast.
An aét for the more effectual ad-

‘Ministration of justice in those parts

of the united kingdom of Great-Bri-
tain and Ireland called England and

Treland, by the issuing of habeus

corpus ad testificandum, in certain

_ tases.

An aét for making further regula-

tions fer the better collection and

security of his majesty’s revenue of
customs and excise in Ireland, and
for preventing frauds therein.

An aét to permit, until 25th

‘March 1805, the warehousing of

595

spirits in Ireland for exportation ;
for charging a duty on the same
when taken out for home cousump-
tion, and to regulate the exporta-
tion to Great-Britain of such spirits
as shall not be warehoused.

Anact to continue, until 29th Sept.
1805, several acts for the better
colleétion and security of his majes-
ty’s revenue in Ireland, and for pre-
venting frauds therein.

An act for appointing, until Ist
August 1805, commissioners to in-
quire into the fees, gratuities, per=
quisites, and emoluments, which
are or have been lately received in
the several public offices in Ireland
therein mentioned ; to examine into
any abuses which may exist in the
same; and into the present mode of
receiving, collecting, issuing, and
accounting fer public money in Ire-
land.

An act for making compensation
to the proprietors of certain lands
and hereditaments, situate at Wool-
wich and Cbkarlton, in the county
of Kent, purchased for the service
of his majesty’s ordnance.

July 30.
An aét for the relief of certain
insolvent debtors.
An aét to regulate the importa-
tion and exportation of corn, and
the bounties and duties payable

thereon.
Qq2 STATE.

596

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

-

STATE PAPERS.

\

His Majesty’s Speech to both Houses
of Parliament, on the Meeting of
the second Session of the second
Parliament of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland,
and of the Kingdom of Great Bri-
tain the nineteenth ; on the 22nd
Day of November, (44th of the
King, ) 1803.

My lords and gentlemen,

Sasi, I last met you in parlia-

ment it has been my chief ob-
jeét to carry into effect those mea-
sures, which your wisdom had
adopted for the deience of the
united kingdom, and for the vigo-
rous prosecution of the war. In

these preparations I have been se-,

conded by the voluntary exertions
of all ranks of my people, in a man-
ner that has, if possible, strength-
ened their claims to my confidence
and affection: they have shewn that
the menaces of the enemy have only
served to rouse their native and
hereditary spirit; and that all other
considerations are lost in a general
disposition to make those efforts
and sacritices which the honour and
safety of the kingdom demand, at
this important and critical conjunc-
ture. Though my attention has
principally been direéted to the great
object of internal security, no op-
portunity has been lost of making
an impression on the foreign posses.

sions of the enemy. The islands
of St. Lucia, of Tobage,. of St.
Pierre, and Miquelon, and the
settlements of Demerara and Issi-
quibo have surrendered to the Bri-
tish arms. In the conduct of the
operations by which these valuable
acquisitiong have been made, the .
utmost promptitude and zeal have
been displayed by the officers em-
ployed on these services, and by my
forces acting ander their command by
sea and laud. In Ireland the lead-
ers and several inferior agents in the
late traitorous and atrocious con-
spiracy, have been brought to jus-
tice, and the public tranquillity
has experienced no further inter-
ruption. Lindulge the hope that
such of my deluded subjeéis as have
swerved from their allegiance, are
now convinced of their error; and
that having compared the advantages
they derive from the protection of
a free constitution, with the con-
dition of those countries which are
under the dominion of the French
government, they will cordially and
zealously concur in resisting any at-
tempt that may be made against the
security and independence of my
united kingdom.

Gentlemen of the house of commons,
I have a perfeét reliance on your
public spirit for making such pro-
vision

SEAT E, PAPERS.

vision as may be necessary for the
service of the year. The progres-
sive improvement of the revenue
cannot fail to encourage you to per-
severe in the system which has been
adopted for defraying the expences
of the-war, with as little addition
as possible to the public debt, and
to the permanent burthens of the

' state.—I lament the heavy pressure
which, under the present circum-
stances, must unavoidably be ex-
perienced by my people: but I am
persuaded that they will meet it with
the good sense and fortitude which
so eminently distinguish their cha-
raéter, under a conviction of the
indispensable importance of uphold-
ing the dignity, and of providing
efleétually for the safety of the
empire. .

My lords and gentlemen,

I have concluded a éonvention
with the king of Sweden, for the
purpose of adjusting all the differ-
ences which have arisen on the sub-
ject of the 11th article of the treaty

of 1651. I have direéted that a
copy of this convention should be
laid before you; and you will, I
trust, be of opinion that the ar-
rangement, whilst it upholds our

- maritime rights, is founded on those

principles of reciprocal advantse
which“are best calculated to main-
tain and improve the good under-
standing which happily subsists be-
tween the two countries. In the
prosecution of the contest in which
we are engaged, it shall be, as it has
eyer been, my first objeét to exccute
‘as becomes me the great trust com-
mitted to my charge. Mmbarked
with my brave and loyal people in
one common cause, it is my fixed
determination, if the occasion should
arise, to share their exertions and
their dangers in the defence of our

597

constitution, our religion, our laws,
and independence. To the activity
and valour of my fleets and armies,
to the zeal and unconquerable spirit
of my faithful subjeéts, I confide
the honour of my crown, and all
those valuable interests which are
involyed in the issue of this momen-
tous contest.—Adctuated by these

‘sentiments, and humbly imploring

the blessing of Divine Providence,
I look forward with a firm convic-
tion, that if, contrary to all just
expectation, the enemy should elude
the vigilance of my numcrous fleets
and crnizers, and attempt to exe-
cute their presumptuous threat of
invading our coasts, the conse-
quence will be to them discomfiture,
confusion, and disgrace; and that
ours will not only be the glory of
surmounting the present difficulties,
and repelling immediate danger,
but the solid and permanent advan-
tage of fixing the safety and inde-
pendence of the kingdom, on the
basis of acknowledged strength, the
result of its own tried energies and
resources,

Message from his Majesty to the
House of Commons, March 26th,
1804, on the voluntary Offer of
the Trish Militia.

| His majesty thinks proper to ac-

quaint the house of commons, that

the officers, non-commissioned offi-
cers, and privates of the several
regiments of the militia of Ireland
have made a voluntary tender of
their services, to be employed in

Great Britain during the war. His

majesty has received with great sa-

tisfaétion this striking proof of their
affection and attachment. towards
his person and government, and of
their patriotic zeal for the general

Qq3 interests

598

interests of his united kingdom, and
conceiving that his being enabled to
avail himself of this distinguished
instance of public spirit may be at-
tended with the most important ad-
vantages at the present conjuncture,
he. recommends it to his faithful
commons to adopt such regulations
as may enable him to accept the
services ‘of such parts of the militia
forces of Ireland as may voluntarily
offer themselves to be employed in
Great Britain, for such time and to
such extent as to the wisdom of par-
liament may seem expedient.

His Majesty’s Message to the House
of ‘Commons on the 7th of July,
1804, for a Supply by Way of
Vote of Credit.

‘¢ His majesty, relying on the ex-
perienced zeal and aifection of his
faithful commons, and considering
that it may be of the utmost im-
portance to provide for such emer-
gencies as may arise, is desirous that
this house will enable him to take
all such measures as may be neces-
sary to disappoint or defeat any en-
terprize or design of his enemies,
and as the exigencies of affairs may
require.”

Address of the Right Hon. the
Speaker of the House of Com-
mons to his Majesty, on the Pro-
rogation of Parliament, July 31,
1804.

Most Gracious Sovereign,
We, your majesty’s most dutiful
and loyal subjects, the commons of
Great Britain and Tveland in parlia-
ment assembled, approach the foot
of your majesty’s throne with senti-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ments of unfeigned joy and reve.
rence. The bill which I hold in
my hand completes the supply of the
present year. These, sire, we have
appropriated to the farther support
of your majesty’s household, and
the honour and dignity of your
crown, to the military and naval de-
fence of the realm, and to the vart-.
ous services of your extended em-
pire. In providing for these grants,
large in their amount, and commen-
surate with the extraordinary de-
mands of the times in which we live,
we have, nevertheless, steadily per-
severed in our former course, by
raising a large proportion of our
supplies within the year; and we
bave now the proud satisfaction to
see, that the permanent debt of the
nation is rapidly diminishing. at the
same time that the growing prospe-
rity of the country has strengthened
and multiplied all its resources.—
Contemplating the war in which we
are engaged, the character and the
means of our enemy, and the pos-
sible duration of the contest, al-
though we are fearless of its issue,
we have nevertheriess deemed it our
indispensable duty to deliberate with
unremitting solicitude upon the best *
system for our military defence ; and
the voluntary spirit of your people, .
seconding the views of parliament,
has at the same time animated alt
ranks of men with an active desire
of attaining to such a state of disci-
pline in arms as may enable them
successfully to co-operate with your
majesty’s regular and veteran forces,
Thus formidably armed and power-
fully sustained, we trust, that, with
the blessing of God, we shail victo-
riously maintain your majesty’s
throne, and transmit, unimpaired,
to our descendants, the most perfect
form of government which the

world

=” ~~ -@

STATE PAPERS, 599

world has ever experienced for the
practical happiness of mankind ;
firmly persuaded that this empire
will long outlast the storms which
have overwhelmed the continent of
Europe; and earnestly hoping that
other nations, now fallen, may wit-
ness the destruction of a tyranny
founded on fraud and violence, and
cemented with innocent blood, and
again recover their ancient power
and independence, as the best gua.

- yantees for the future welfare and

tranquillity of the civilized world.

Speech of his Majesty on the Proro-
gation of Parliament, July 31, 1804.

_ My Lords and Gentlemen,

Before I put an end to the present
session of Parliament, I am desirous
of expressing my entire approba-
tion of the zeal and assiduity with

- which you have applied yourselves

to the great objects of public con-
cern which have come under your
cousideration. You have wisely
continued to direct your attention
to the encouragement ‘and improve-
ment of that respectable and power-

ful force, which the ardour and spi-

rit of my subjects have enabled me
to establish to an extent hitherto
unexampled. You hayeat the same
time endeayoured to combine an ad-
ditional establishment for our do-
mestic defence with the means of
augmenting our regular army, and
of maintaining it on such a scale as
may be proportioned to the circum-
stances of the times, and to the rank
which this country ought ever to
hold among the powers of Europe.
Gentlemen of the house of
commons,
_ You are entiled to my warmest
acknowledgments for the fresh proof

which you have given me of your
constant and affectionate attach-
ment to my person and family, and
your regard to the honour and dig-
nity of my crown, by the liberal
provision which you have made for
the payment of the debt on my ci-
vil list revenues, and for furnishing
me with the additional means of de-
fraying the increase which has una-
voidably taken place in different
branches of my expenditure.

I must also return youmy warm-
est thanks for the extensive provi-
sion which you have made for the
exigencies of the public service;
and especially for the just and pru-
dent attention which you have
shewn to true economy, and to the
permanent credit and welfare of the
country, by the great exertions you
have made for preventing, as far as
possible, the accumulation of debt,
and for raising so large a propor-
tion of the expences of the war with-
in the year.

My lords and gentlemen,

I have now only to recommend
to you, to carry into your respec-
tive counties ‘the same zeal for the
public interest which has guided all
your proceedings. Jt will be your
particular duty te inculcate, on the
minds of all classes of my subjects,
that the preservation of all that is
most dear to them requires the can-
tinuance of their unremitted exer-
tions for the national defence.

The preparations which the ene-
my has long been forming for the
declared purpose of invading this
kingdom are daily augmented, and
the attempt appears to have been
delayed only. with the view- of pro-
curing additional means for carrying
it into execution.

Relying on the skill, valour, and
discipline of ‘my nayal and military

Qq4 force,

600

force, aided by the voluntary zeal
and native courage of my people, I
look with confidence to the issue of
this great conflict; and I doubt not
that it will terminate, under the
blessing of Providence, not only in
repelling the danger of the moment,
but in establishing, in the eyes of
foreign nations, the security of this
country on a basis never to be
shaken.

In addition to this first and great
object, I entertain the animating
hope that the benefits to be derived
from our successful exertions will
not be confined within ourselves;
- but that, by their example and their
consequences, they may lead to the
re-establisment of such a system in
Europe, as may rescue it from the
precarious state to which it is re-

duced; and may finally raise an ef- ~

feétual barrier against the unbound-
ed schemes of aggrandizement and
ambition which threaten every inde-
pendent nation that yet remains on
the Continent.

———

Extract of a Letter from Lord Har-
roby, his Britannic Majesty's Sc-
cretary of State for the Foreign
Department, to P. Colquhoun Graf,
Esq. relative to the Navigation of
small. Craft, between Tonningen
and Hamburgh.— Dated Down-)
ing-street, July 8, 1804.

That the lighters be permitted to
navigate between the rivers Weser
and the Elbe. Orders have ac-
cordingly been sent to his majesty’s
ships of the blockade, to permit thé
passage of lighters, barges, and
other small craft, answering the
above description, and carrying un-
exceptionable goods for neutral ac-
count, and to suffer the same to pass

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

without molestation to and fro,
along the Danish side of the Elbe,
through the Watten, between Ton.
ningen and Hamburgh. His ma-
jesty hopes, that this permission
will be properly attended to, and
not abused, and that no unfair ad-
vantages shall be taken of it, by
which his majesty should see him-
self forced to order the blockade to
be resumed with greater strictness.
I have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) Harrowby.

Circulur Note from Lord Hawkes-

bury, principal Secretary of State
for Forcign Affairs, to the Minis-
ters of Voreign Courts, resident at
‘the Court of London.

Downing-street, April 30, 1804.
Sir,

The experience which all Europe
has had of the conduct of the
French Government would have in-
duced his Majesty to pass over in
silence, and to treat with contempt,
all the accusations which that go.
vernment might have made against
his majesty’s government, if - the
very extraordinary and unautho-
rized replies which several of the
ministers of the foreign powers
have thought proper to make to a
recent communication from the mi-
nister for foreign affairs at Paris,
had not given to the subject of that
communication a greater importance

than it would otherwise have pos-

sessed.* His majesty has, in conse-
quence, directed me to declare, that
he hopes he shall not be reduced to
the necessity of repelling, with me-
rited scorn and indignation, ‘‘ the
atrocious and utterly unfounded ca-
lumny, that the government of his
majesty have been a party to plans

“of

* Vide the replies complained of in the subsequent pages of the State Papers.

’

-

ST:AATE PAPERS.

-

ef assassination :””—an accusation
already made with equal falschood
and calumny by the same authority
against the members of his majesty’s
government during the last war; an
accusation incompatible with the ho-

_ nour of his majesty, and the known

‘character of the British nation; and

#0 completely devoid of any shadow

of proof, that it may be reasonably

_ presumed to have been breught for-

_ ward at the present moment for no -

other purpose than that of diverting

the attention of Europe from the

contemplation of the sanguinary
_ deed which has recently been per-
_ petrated, by the direct order of the
first consul, in France, in violation

of the right of nations, and in con-

tempt of the most simple laws of

humanity and honour.*
That his majesty’s government

_ should disregard the feelings of such

of the inhabitants of France as are
justly discontented with the existing

_ government of that country, that
_ it should refuse to listen to their

designs for delivering their country
from the degrading yoke of bon-

_dage under which it groans, or to

give them aid and assistance, as far
as those designs are fair and justifi-
able, would be to refuse fulfilling
those duties which every wise and
just government owes to itself, and
to the world in general, under cir-
cumstances similar to the present.
Belligerent powers have an acknow-
ledged right to avail themselves of all

_ discontents that ‘may exist in coun-
_ tries with which they may be at

war. The exercise of that right
(even if in any degree doubtful)
would be fully sanctioned in the pre-

sent case, not only by the present
_ state of the French nation, but by
the conduct of the goverment of
~ that country, which, since the com-

601

mencement of the present war, has
constantly kept up communications
with the disaffected in the territories
of his majesty, particularly in Ire-
land; and which has assembled, at
this present moment, on the coasts
of France, a corps of Irish rebels,
destined to second them in their de-
signs against that part of the united
kingdom.

Under these circumstances, his

majesty’s government would be un-
justifiable if they negle¢ted the right
they have to support, as far. as is
compatible with the principles of the
law of nations, which civilized go-
vernments have hitherto acknow-
ledged, the efforts of such of the in-
habitants of France as are hostile to
the present government. They ar-
dently desire, as well as all Europe,
to see an order of things established
in that country, more compatible
with its own happiness, and with
the security of the surrounding na-
tiens; but, if that wish cannot be
accomplished, they are fully autho-
rised by the strictest principles of
personal defence, to endeavour to
cripple the exertions, to distract the
operations, and to confound the
plans of a government, whose sys-
tem of warfare, as acknowledged
by itself, is not ouly to distress the
commerce, to diminish the power,
and to abridge the dominions of its
enemy, but also to carry devastation
and ruin into the very heart of the
British empire.

Ju the application of these prin-
ciples, his majesty has commanded
me to declare, besides, that his go-
vernment have never authorised a
single act which could not stand the
test of the strictest principles of jus-
tice and of usages recognised and
practised in all ages. If any mi-
nister, accredited by his majesty at

a foreign

* The murder of the Duke D’Enghien.

602

a foreign court, has kept up cor-
respondence with persons resident
m France, with a view to obtain
information upon the designs of the
French government, or for any
other legitimate object, he has done
nothing more than what ministers
under similar circumstances have al-
ways been considered as having a
right to do with respect to the coun-
tries with which their sovereign was
at war; and he has done much less
than that which it could be proved
the ministers and commercial agents
of France have done towards the
disaffected in different parts of his
majesty’s territories: thus, in car-
rying on such a correspondence, he
would not in any manner have vio.
Iated his public duty. A minister
ina foreign country is obliged, by
the nature of his office, and the du-
ties of his situation, to abstain from
all communication with the disaf-
fected of the country where he is
accredited, as well as from every
other act injurious to the imterests
of that country ; but he is not sub-
ject to the same restraints with re-
spect to countries with which his so-
vereign is at war. His actions to
them may be praiseworthy or blame-
able, according to the nature of the
actions themselves; but they do not
constitute any violation of his pub-
fic character, except in as far as
they militate against the country, or
the security of the country, where
he is accredited.

But of all the governments which
pretend to be civilized governments,
that of France is the one which has
the least right to appeal to the Jaw
of nations. With what confidence
can it appeal to that law? a go-
yernment which, from the’ com-
mencement of hostilities, has never
ecased to violate it! it premised

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

protection to the British subjects re« 9)
sident in France, and who might be
desirous of remaining there after the
recal of his majesty’s ambassador.
It revoked that promise without any
previous notice; it condemned those
same persons to be prisoners of
war; and it detains them still in
that quality, in contempt of its own
engagements, and of the usages uni-
versally observed by all civilized na~
tions. It has applied that new and
barbarous law, even to individuals
who had the authority and protec-
tion of the French ambassadors and
ministers at foreign courts, to travel
through France on their return to
their own country. It commanded
the seizure of an English packet-
boat in one of the ports of Holland,
though its ambassador in that coun.
try had previously engaged to let
the packet-boats of the respective
countries pass in perfect safety until
notice should be given to the con-
trary. It has detained and con-
demned in one of the ports of
France, a vessel which had been sent
thither as a matter of indulgence, in
order to carry to France the French
governor of one of the different
islands which had been conquered
by his majesty’s arms. Its conduct
relative to the garrison of St. Lu-
cia has not been less extraordinary :
the principal fort of that island had
been taken by assault ; yet the gar-
rison had been allowed all the pri-
vileges of prisoners of war, and had
been permitted to return to France,
with an understanding, that an
equal number of English prisoners
should be released. Yet, notwith-
standing that indulgence on the part
of the British commander, to which,
by the nature of the case, the
I’rench garrison could not have the
slightest pretension, not a single pri+

sonep

STATE PAPERS.

soner has been restored to this coun-
try.

Such have been the proceedings
of the French government towards
_ the power with which it is at war.

What has its conduct been to those
powers with which it remained at
peace? Is there a treaty which it
has not broken? Is there an ad-
_ joining territority whose independ-
ence it has not violated? It is for
the powers on the continent to de-
termine how long they will tolerate
_ these unexampled outrages. Yet is
it too much to say, that, if they do
suffer, without controu! or resist-
ance, the continuance of such a
eourse of proceedings on the part
of any goyernment whatever, they
will soon see an end to that salutary
system of public right, in virtue of
_ which the societies of Europe have
maintained and enforced for ages the
sacred obligations of humanity and
| justice? :
(Signed) Hawkesbury.

Circular Letter from Lord Hawkes-
bury to the Lords Lieutenants of
Counties in Great Britain, dated
Whitchall, Aug. 20, 1804.

My Lord,

I have received his majesty’s
commands to communicate to your
‘lordship the inclosed particulars of
an arrangement to be adopted in the
several counties of Great Britain,
in the event of the invasion of the
country in force by the enemy.
His majesty relies on your zeal and
exertions in giving effect, within
the county committed to your
' eharge, to those regulations, which
in the supposed crisis may become
indispensable, for the purpose of
preventing the confusion which, in

603

the first moment of alarm, might
otherwise arise, and of the utmost
importance with a view to the ope-
rations of his majesty’s army, fo the
protection of individuals, and tothe
internal peace and tranquillity of
the country. I request that your
lordship would inform me, with as
little delay as possible, of the names
of the magistrates to whom you
would propose to entrust the differ-
ent divisions of the county of °
and that you would communicate to
them the heads of the proposed ar-
rangements, and concert with them
as to the most effectual means of
carrying them into complete execu-
tion. Itis essential, that the ma-
gistrates who are thus employed,
should, if possible, be persons not
holding commissions as volunteer
officers, nor liable on any other ac-
count to be removed from the county
in which they reside. His majesty
has the fullest reliance that, in the
event of the enemy succeeding in
making good a landing on the coast
of this kingdom, the loyalty and pub.
lic spirit of all classes of his subjects
will induce them to submit to every
sacrifice, and to concur in every ex-
ertion which the safety of the coun-
try may render necessary ; and that
they will be impressed with the con-
viction that the peace and good or-
der of those districts which shalt
not be attacked by the enemy, will
contribute most effectually to assist
the exertions of his forces in those
parts of the country which may be-
come the theatre of the war, and of
enabling him thereby to bring the
contest in which we may be engaged
to a speedy and glorious termina-
tion. I have only to add, that di-
rections will be given to the general,
or other officer commanding the dis~
trict in which the county of-—~
i

)

604

is included, to communicate with
. your lordship on the subject of these
regulations, and to afford you every
assistance in carrying them, if ne-
cessary, into execution. I have
the honour to be, &c.
Hawkesbury.

Regulations for the Preservation of
good Order, to be adopted in case
of actual Invasion, in each County
in Great Britain, dated Aug. 12,
1804.*

The magistrates of each division
of the county remaining at home,
to sit daily at a place to be appoint-
ed in each division for that pur-
pose. To procure the trust-worthy
housekeepers and others to enrol
themselves to serve as special con-
stables under their orders, where
the same has not been already done
pursuant to the secretary of state’s
circular letter of the 8th of Novem-
ber last. To be attended at the
place appointed for each division by
an officer of the volunteer force, if
any should remain in that division,
and by.the chief or superintendant
of the special constables curolled for
that division. Such volunteer efh~
cer and chief of the special consta-
bles to receive and execute the or-
ders of the magistrates, in prevent-
ing and quelling disturbances, in
taking up and conveying offenders
to prison, in ‘supplying escorts for
all military purposes required by the
general or other officer left in com-
mand of the district, and in fur-
nishing a guard for the county
gaol or other prisons, if required.
if, contrary to expectation, any im-
pediments should occur in the regu-
lar supply of the different markets,
every assistance to be afforded ta

* Referred to in the preceding article.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the persons who are accustomed or
who offer to supply them, and es-
corts to be granted in cases where
it may be necessary for the secure
passage and conveyance of cattle
and provisions. The constables
within each division, assisted by pa-
troles of volunteers, if requisite, to
see that all public houses within the
same are orderly and regularly con-
ducted, and, if thought necessary by
the magistrates, to be shut up at
such hours as they may direct ; and
to bring all unknown persons, who
cannot give a satisfactory account
of themselves, before the magis-
trates. A certain portion of the
constables and volunteers, in rota.
tion, to go such different rounds in
the night, as shall from time to time
be prescribed by the magistrates of
the division, to whom they are to

make their report each morning.

The magistrates of each division to
report daily to the lieutenant of the
county, or deputy lieutenants with-
in the division appointed to receive
the sane. ‘The lieutenant, or de-
puty licutenants so appointed, to re.
port all matters ef importance im-
mediately to the secretary of state
for the home department, and to the
general or officer who shall be left
in command of the district, or to the
officer who shall be appointed by
him within the county to receive the
saine, to whom they are to apply in
case of wanting further military
aid.

Speech delivered hy Governor Nugent
to the Legislature of the Island of
Jamaica, in December 1808.

Gentlemen of the council,—Mr.
speaker and gentlemen of the assem-

bly,—I am happy to have it in my ——

power

;

STATE PAPERS.

power to grant you a recess at this
season of the year, when your pre-
sence is so essentially necessary
upon your respective properties.—
Mr. speaker and gentlemen of the
assembly,—I am much concerned

_ that you have not given me an op-

portunity of thanking you fer the
supplies required at this eventful

period in aid of the mother-country,

for your own defence; but I trust
that, upon more mature consider-
ation, you will feel the propriety
of supporting government in the
most effectual manner at your next
meeting, and thereby restore to
yourselves its fullest confidence in
your loyalty and patriofism,—Gen-
tlemen of the council, Mr. speaker
and gentlemen of the assembly,—I
have to recommend to you, in the
most particular manner, on your
return to your several parishes, the

‘pursuit of such provident measures

as may best promote the security
and tranquillity of the istand.——i
do therefore now, in his majesty’s
name, prorogue this general assem-
bly to the 24th January next ; and
it is hereby prorogued accordingly.

Treaty of Peace between the Honou-
rable the East India Company and
ats Allics on the one Part, and
Ragogee Bhounsla on the other ;
seltled by Maer Se Wellesley
on the Part of the Company and
its Allies, and by Jeswoumb Rao
Ranchunder on the Part of Senah
Saheb Subah Ragogee Bhounsla,

who have each full Authority from
their respective Powers: daled in
the Camp at Deogaun, December
17th, 1803.

a That there shall be perpetual
peace and frieudship between. the

605°

Fast India company and Senah Sa-
heb Subah Ragogee Bhouusla, rajah
of Berar. Il. Senah Saheb Subah
Ragogee Bhounsla cedes to the
company in perpetual sovereignty,
the province of Cuttack, including
the port and district ef Balasore.—
{ll. He likewise cedes to the com-
pany and their allies, in perpetual
sovereignty, all the territories of
which he has colle¢ted the revenues
jointly with the soubah of the De-
kan, and those of which he may’
have possession, which are to the
westward of the river Wufda.
IV. Itis agreed that the frontier of
Sanah Saheb Subah Ragogee Bhoun-
sla towards the territories of his
highness the soubah of the Dekan,
shall be formed to the west by the
river Wurda, from its issue from
the Injardy hills to its junétion with
the river Godavery.—V. ‘The hills
on which the forts of Nernaliah and
Gawalghur stand, are to remain in
possession of Ragogee Bhounsla;
and all places to the'southward of
those hills, and to the west of the
westward of the river Wurda, to
be given up to the British govern.
ment.—VI. Distriéts amounting to
four lacks of rupees per annum, con-
tiguous to, and to the southward of
the above-mentioned forts, are to
be given up to the rajah, and to be
given up at the same time as the
forts.— VII. Senah Saheb Subah
Ragogee Bhounsla, on the part of

‘himself, his heirs and successors,

entirely renounces all claims of every
description on the territories of the
British government ceded as above,
and upon all the territories of the
soubah of the Dekan.—VIII. The
East India company engages to me-
diate and arbitrate any disputes that
now exist, or may hereafter exist,
between the company’s allies, Seum-

der

606

der Jah Bahauder and Rao Pundit
Purdham Bahader, and the rajah of
Berar.—IX. Senah Saheb Subah
Ragogee Bhounsla engages never to
fake or retain in his service any
Frenchmen, or the subjeéts of any
other European or American power
that may be at war with the British
government, or any British subjects
either European or native, without
the consent of the company.—X.
The East India company engage on
their part, that they will not assist
or countenance any discontented
relations, rajahs, zemindars, or
other subjects of the Senah Saheb
Subah Ragogee Bhounsla, who may
fly from, or rebel against his au-
thority.—XI. In order to secure
and improve the relations of peace
and friendship hereby established,
the respective governments agree,
that accredited ministers from each
shall reside at the court of the other.
—KXII. And whereas certain trea-
ties have. been made by the British
government with feudatories of Se-
nah Saheb Subah Ragogee Bhounsla,
it is hereby agreed, that the said
treaties shalt be confirmed. Lists
of these treaties to be delivered over
when the treaty is ratified by the
governor general in council.——
XIII. The Senah Saheb Subah Ra-
gogee Bhounsla hereby renounces
for himself, his heirs and successors,
all adherence to the confederacy
formed by him and Dowlut Row
Scindia, and other Mahratta chiefs,
to attack the company and their
allies, and engages not to assist
those chiefs, if the war between
them and the honourable company
should still continue.—XI1V. This
treaty of peace and amity to be ra-
tified by Senah Saheb Subah, within
eight days from the present time,
and the ratification is to be deliyer-
1

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

ed to major-gen, Wellesley, at which
time the orders for the cession of
the ceded territories are to be de-
livered over, and the troops are to
withdraw.—XV. Major-gen. Wel-
lesley engages that the treaty shall
be ratified on the part of the hon.
company, by his excellency the most
noble the governor-gen. in council,
and that the said ratification shall be
delivered two months from this date.

Treaty of Peace and Amity between
the Maharqah Ali Jah Dowlut
Rao Scindia, on one Part, and
the hon. the East India Company,
on the other Part. Dated Dec.
30th, 1803.

I.-That there shall be perpetual
peace and friendship between the
honourable the East India company
and their allies, on the one part,
and Maharajah Ali Jah Dowlut Rao
Scindia on the other part.——II.
That Maharajah cedes to the hon.
Kast India company and their allies,
in perpetual sovereignty, , all his
forts, territories, and rights, in the
Dooab, and country situated bes
tween the Jumma and the Ganges,
and all the forts, territories, rights,
and interests in the countries which
are to the northward of the rajahs
of Jeypoor and Joodepoor, and of
the rajah of Gohud, such countries
formerly in the possession of Maha
rajah, situated between Jeypoor
and Joodepoor, and to the south
of the former, are to belong to the
Maharajah.—IiI. The Maharajah
likewise cedes to the hon. East In-
dia company and their allies, in
perpetual sovereignty, the fort of
Broach and the territory depending
thereon, and the fort of Ahmed-
nhugger and territory depending

thereon,

es

STATE PAPERS.

thereon, excepting those Jands which

“itis hereafter agreed that the Ma-
harajah is to retain.—IV. The Ma-

harajah likewise cedes to the hon.
East India company and their allies,
all the territories which belonged to
him previous to the breaking out of
the war, which are situated to the

_ southward of the Adjuntee hills,

including the fort and distriéts of
Jalnapoor, the town and distri¢t
of Gandapoor, and all other dis-

tri¢ts between that range of hills

and the river Godavery.—V. The
Maharajah Ali Jah Dowlut Rao
Scindia, for himself, his heirs and

' successors, hereby renounces ail

claims to the forts, territories, rights,
and interests ceded by the foregoing
articles, and all claims of every de-
scription upon the British govern-
ment and their allies, the soubah
of the Dekan, the peishwa and
Anaud Row Guickwar.—VI. The
fort of Asser Ghur, the city of Ber-
hampore, the forts of Powanghur
and Dohud, and the territories “in
Candeish and the Guzerat, depend-
ing ov these forts, shall be restored
to Maharajah Ali Jah Dowlut Rao
Scindia.—VII. Whereas the Maha-
rajah Ali Jah Dowlut Rao Scindia

has represented that his family have

Jong held an Enaum as a gift from
the king of Hindostan, the distriéts
of Dhoolpoor, Baree, and rajah
Kerrah, which are situated to the
northward of the countries of the
rajahs of Jeypoor and Joodepoor,

- and of the rajah of Gohud, and that

lands in Hindostan, ceded by the
articles" in this treaty to the hon.
Kast India company and their allies,
are held in Jacquin by the family
of the late Mahadgie Scindia, and

others, who would suffer much dis-

tress if deprived of the advantages

they enjoy ia that country; it is

607

agreed the Maharajah shall continue
to hold in Enaum the Jands of Dhool-
poor, Baree, and rajah Kerrah,
and that Balah Baye Sahel, and
Munsoor Sahel Moonsha Ravel
Nyne, Boogagee Jamdah Amragie,
Jadhoo, and Wurda Charie, shall
continue to hold their lands in Ja=
ghir, under the protection of the
company; and farther, in order
that no individuals may incur loss,
or even suffer distress in conse-
quence of these arrangements, it is
agreed that the honourable East In-
dia company shall either pay pen-
sions or grant lands in Jaghir, ac-
cording to the plan laid down by
the British government, for certain
other sirbans and others to be nam-
ed by Maharajah, provided that the
total amount of the sums paid, and
Jaghirs granted, does not exceed
seventeen lacks;of rupees per ann.
—VIiII. That the following lands,
villages, &c. in the territories of
Rao Pundit Pundham, in Enaum,
lately taken possession of by’ the
British government, be restored to
the Maharajah, provided that no
troops are introduced there on the
pretence of colieéting revenues, or
any other pretence whatsoever, viz.
Choomargondy Purgunnah, Jam-
gaun, Ranjengaun, half of Sien-
gaun Purgunnah, six villages im
Umbir Purgunnah, five villages in
Pytan Purgunnah, five villages in
Newag Purgunnah, five villages in
Kurloh Purgunnah, six villages in
Poona Purgunnah, two villages in
Wahy Purgunnah, six villages in
Palwood Purgunnah, five villages
in Pandy Peergaum Purgunnah,
five villages in Pagoon Purgunnah,
two villages in Parnena Pargunnah.
——IX. Whereas certain treaties
with feudatories of Maharajah have
been made by the British govern-

ment,

608

ment, it is agreed that the same
be confirmed. Maharajah hereby
renounces all claims on the persons
with whom such treaties have been
made, and proclaims them to be
independent of his Government,—
X. No person whatever is to be
molested on account of the part
which he may have taken in the
present war.— XI. Itis agreed that
the rights of his highness, the peish-
wa, to cultivate certain lands in
Meluah and elsewhere, Shall be
established as heretofore ——XII.
The Maharajah hereby renounces
all claims upon Shah Allum, and
engages not to interfere any further
in the affairs of his majesty.
XIII. The Maharajah agrees never
to engage in his service any French-
man, or other European, or nations
at war with Great Britain — XIV.
For the better carrying into execu-
tion this treaty of peace and amity,
it is agreed that accredited ministers

reside at each court from each of

the contracting powers.—X V. ‘This
treaty of peace and amity to be ra-
tified by the Maharajah Ali Jah
Dowlut Rao Scindia, within cight
days from the present time, and the
ratification is to be delivered to ma-
jor-gen. Wellesley, at which time
the orders for the cession of the
ceded territories are to be delivered
over, and the troops are to withdraw.
+ XVI. Major-gen. Wellesley en-
gages that the treaty shall be rati-
fied on the part of the hon. com-
pany, by his excellency the most
noble the governor-general in coun-
cil, and that the said ratification
shall be delivered two months from
this date.

Orders of Councilrelative to the De-
tention of Spanish Ships, anal Ships

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

bound to Spain. Dated at the
Court at theQueen's Palace, the 9th
of Dec. 1804. Present the King’s
most excellent Majesty in Council.

Whereas information has been
received that an embargo has been
ordered to be Jaid upon all British
ships in the ports of the kingdom of ~
Spain: it is this day ordered by his
majesty, by and with the advice of
his privy council, that no ships or
vessels belonging to any of his ma-
jesty’s subjeéts be permitted to en-
ter and clear out for any of the
ports of Spain, until further orders:
and his majesty is further pleased

_to order that a general embargo or

stop be made of all ships and vessels
whatsoever, now within, or which
hereafter shall come into any of the
ports, harbours, or roads, within
the united kingdom of Great Bri-
tain and Ireland, together with all
persons and efiects on board the
said ships and vessels; but that the
utmost care be taken for the pre-
servation of all and every part of
the cargoes on board any of the said
ships, so that no damage or embez-
zlement whatever be sustained.
(Signed)
S$. Cottrell.

Exposé of the State of the French
Republic, laid before the Legis-
lative Body, on the 25th Nivese,
12th Year (16th Jan. 1804).

The republic has been forced to
change its attitude, but it has not
changed its situation; it continues to
preserve in the consciousness of its
strength the pledge of its prosperity.
Every thing was calm in the interior
of France, when, at the commence-
ment of the last year, we still en-

tertained

7 STPWTLE oP AP ERS,

tertained the hope of a durable
peace. Every thing has remained
calmer since a jealous power has
rekindled the torches of war; but
in this last epoch, the union of in-
terests and sentiments has shewn
itself more full and entire; the
public mind has developed itself
with more energy. In the new de-
partments which the first consul
has traversed, he has heard, as well
as in the old, the accents of a truly
French indignation; he recognized
in their hatred against a government
hostile to our prosperity, even more
than in the bursts of public joy and
personal affection, their attachment
to the country, and their devotion
to his destiny. In all the depart-
ments, the ministers of worship have
exerted the influence of religion to
consecrate this spontaneous move-
ment of the minds of individuals.
Depéts of arms, which fugitive re-
bels had committed to the earth, in
erder to take them up again at a
future opportunity, which a cul-
pable foresight suggested to them,
have been disclosed at the first
signal of the danger, and delivered
to the magistrates for the purpose
of arming our defenders. The
British government will attempt to
throw, and perhaps has already
thrown, on our coasts some of these
monsters whom it nourished in its
bosom during the peace, in order
to tear in pieces the land which
geve them birth; but they will no
longer find in it these impious bands
which were the instruments of their
former crimes; terror has dissolved
them, or justice has purged our
territory of them; they will find nei-
ther that credulity which they abus-
ed, nor that animosity the poniards
of which they whetted. Experience
has enlightened every mind; the
Vor. XLVI.

609

moderation of the laws, and the
administration of them has recon-
ciled every heart. Surrounded every
where by the public force, over-
taken every where by the tribunals,
these dreadful men will in future
neither be able to make rebels, nor
to re-organize with impunity their
hordes of brigands and assassins. —
It is but now that a miserable at.
tempt has been made in La Vendée;
the conscription was made the pre=
text for it; but citizens, priests,
soldiers, all classes exerted them-
selves for the common defence ;
those who in other times were the
movers of disturbances, came to
offer their aid to the public autho-
rity, and to give their persons and
their families, as pledges of their
fidelity and devotion. Finally, what
characterizes, above all things, the
security of the citizens, the return of
social] aifeétions, is that, beneticence
displays itself every day more and
more. On every side donations are
offered to the unfortunate, and
foundations are made tor useful
establishments. The war has not
interrupted the intentions of the
peace ; and. the government has
pursued with constancy every thing
that tends to establish the constitu.
tion in the manners and disposition
of the citizens, every thing likely
to attach all interests and all hopes
to its duration. Thus, the senate
has been placed in that elevation to
which its institution called it; an
endowment such as the constitution
had fixed, encircles it with an im.
posing grandeur. The legislative
body will no longer appear, ex-
cept surrounded with the majesty
which its funétions demand ; it will
no longer be looked for in vain,
except in its sitting. An annual
president will be the centre of its
Rr motion

610

motion and the organ of its thoughts
and its wishes, in its relations with
the government. This body will
have at length that dignity which
could not exist with forms change-
able and undetermised. ‘The elec-
toral colleges have conduéted them-
selves every where with that calm-
ness and wisdom which secures
happy eleétions. The legion of
honour exists in the higher parts of
its organization, and in a part of
the elements which are to compose
it. These clements, still equal,
await from a final choice, their
functions, and their places. How
many honourable traits have been
displayed by the ambition of being
admitted into it, What treasures
will the republic have in this insti-
tution to encourage and recompense
service and virtues. In the council
of state, another institution pro-
poses for the choice of the govern-
ment men for all the superior
branches of administration: audi-
tors are formed there in the labora-
tories of regulations and laws; they
perpetuate themselves there with
the maxims and principles of pub-
lic order. Always surrounded with
_ witnesses and judges, often under

the eyes of the government, often
on important missions, they will
arrive at the public functions with
the maturity of experience, and with
the security which is given by a
charaéter, a conduét, and a skill
proved by repeated trials. Lycenms
and secondary schools are ere¢ting
on every side, and are not yet
erected with sufficient rapidity to
satisfy the impatience of the citizens.
Common regulations, a common
discipline, the same system of in-
struétion, are forming in the gene-
rations which will support the glory
ef France by their talents, and its

~

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

institutions by their principles and.
their virtues. <A single prytaneum,
the prytaneum of St. Cyr, receives
the children of those citizens who
died for their country. Education
already breathes forth there a mili-
tary enthusiasm. At Fontainblean,
the special military school, numbers
many hundreds of soldiers who are
rendered pliant to discipline, and
inured to fatigue, and who acquire :
with the habits of the profession
the knowledge of the art. The
school of Compiegne presents the
aspect of a vast manufaciory, where
five hundred young persons pass
from their studies to the workshops,
and from the workshops to their
studies. After a few months they
execute with the precision of skill,
works which could not have been
obtained from them alter years of
a common apprenticeship; and in
a short time commerce and industry
will enjoy the benefit of their la-
bour, and of the cares of the go-
vernment. The engineers and the.
artillery have now but one school,
and one.common institution. Me-
dicine is.every where submitted to
the new regime, which the law pre-
scribed toit. By a salutary reform,
means have been found to simplify
the expence and to add to the in-
stru@tion, The exercise of phar-
macy has been put under the care
of skill and probity. A regulation
has placed between master and
workman judges who terminate their
differences with the rapidity which
their interests and their wants .re-
quire ; and at the same time with
the impartiality which justice de-
mands. ‘The civil code is approach-
ing to completion ; and-in the
course of this session the last pro-
jects of laws which are to complete
it altogether, will be in a state to
be

STATE PAPERS.

be submitted to the deliberations of
the legislative body. ‘The judicial
code, called for by every wish, is
az this moment undergoing the dis-
cussions which are to conduét it to
its maturity. The criminal code is
in a state of advancement; and that
part of, it which circumstances ap-
pear to call for most imperiously,
are in a condition to receive the
seal of the law in the next session.

New chefs d’euvre are come to

embellish our museums ; and, whilst
the rest of Europe envies our trea-
sures, our young artists continue
still to go into the bosom of Italy

-to kindle the fire of their genius,

with the view of its great monu-
ments, and to respire the enthusi-
asm which produced them. In the
department of Marengo, under the
walls of that Alexandria, which
will be one of the strongest bul-
warks of France, the first camp of
our veterans is formed. There they
will keep up the recollection of
their exploits, and the pride of their
victories. ‘They will inspire their
new fellow-citizens with love and
respect for that country which they
have extended, and which has re-
warded them. They will leave in
their children heirs of their courage,
and new defenders of that country
whose benefits they will enjoy. In
the ancient territory of the repub-
lic, in Belgium, old fortifications,
which were no longer any thing
but useless monuments of the mis-
fortunes of our forefathers, or of
the progressive growth of France,
will be demolished. The lands which

had been sacrificed to their defence,

will be restored to culture and com-
merce ; and with the funds arising
from these demolitions, and these
lands, new fortresses will be con-
structed on our new frontiers. The

611

tax for the suppert of the pub-
lic roads has received a new in-
crease, under a better system of
adjudication. Farmers, from year
to year, were without emulation ;
farmers of too small portions were
Without fortune, and without secu-
rity. Triennial adjudications, and
adjudications of a number of bar-
riers together, have invited a greater
number of bidders, richer and more
enterprising. The tolls on the high-
way have produced fifteen millions
in the year eleyen: ten millions
more have been appropriated within
the same year to the repairs and
completion of the roads. ‘The old
roads have been kept up and re-
paired: some of the roads have
been conneéted with others by new
roads. From this year forth car-
riages can pass the Simplon and
Mount Cenis. Three broken arches
have been rebuilt in the bridge at
Tours... New bridges are erecting
at Cabeil, Boanne, Nemeurs, and
on the rivers Isere, Roubion, Du-
rance, and Rhine. A communi-
cation is to be opened between
Avignon and Villeneuve, by a bridge
undertaken by a private company.
Three bridges were begun at Paris
with funds contributed by some of
the citizens ; two have been in part
completed with the public money $
and the tolls to be colle¢ted thereon
afford a security for the payment
of the interest and principal of the

‘sum advanced in a certain number

of years. ‘The third, the most in-
teresting of all (that of the botanic
garden), is in progress, and will
soon be completed. It will, relieve
the interior of Paris from a fatiguing
circuitous communication, and will
lead to a splendid space or square,
a long time ordered for sale, which
is to be ernamented with planta-~
Rr2 tions,

612

tions, and the waters of the river
Ourcq, and on which the street St.
Antoine, and that of its suburb, are
to terminate in a direct line. ‘The
bridge alone will constitute a source
of expence, which the tolls pro-
posed to be collected on it will ra-
pidly cover. ‘he square and all its
appurtenances will cost the state only
the ground and the ruins on which it
is to be formed. The works of the
canal of St. Quintin are carrying on
in four different points at the same
time. A subterraneous cut, a thou-
sand meters in extent, has already
been completed, two locks are
finished, eight more are in astate of
forwardness, some others are rising
from their foundations, and this
. vast undertaking will in some years
afford a complete navigation. The
canals of Arles, Aigues-Mortes,
the Soane, and the Yonne, the canal
that is to connect the Rhone with
the Rhine, and that which is to ex-
tend the navigation by the Blavet
to the centre of ancient Britany,
are all begun, and will all be com-
pleted within a period propor-
tioned to the labour they require.
The canal which is fo connect the
Scheldt, the Meuse, and the Rhine,
is yet only in contemplation of the
government: compensation has been
made for the scite: funds are al-
ready provided for the execution of
an andertaking, which will open
Germany to us, and restore to our
commerce and industry such parts
of our own territories as were by
their situation consigned to the in-
dustry and commerce of foreigners.
The junction of the Ranee with the
Vilaine, will connect the channel
with the ocean, will convey pros-
perity and civilization to districts,
in which agriculture and the arts
languish, in which their rustic man-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ners are still unacquainted with
our refinements. From this year,
considerable sums are appropriated
to this operation. The draining of
the marshes of Rochfort, often un-
dertaken, and as often abandoned,
goes on. without interruption. -A
million will be applied this year to
promote the salubrity of this port,
which used to destroy our sailors
and its own inhabitants. Culture
and population will extend them-
selves over tracts devoted for ages
to diseases and desolation. A pro-
ject of draining, in the centre of
the Cotentin, no less important,
the plan of which is formed, and
the expence of which, calculated on
a great scale, will unavoidably be
repaid by the result of the under-
taking, will transform into rich
pasture lands other marshes of a
vast extent, which ‘are at present
only an everlasting source of con-
tagion. The funds requisite for
this operation are comprehended in
the budget for the year twelve.
At the same time a bridge over the
Vire will unite the departments of
La Manche and Calvados, will put a
stop to a passage always dangerous, ~
and often fatal, and will shorten
the route from Paris to Cherbourg
by some myriameters. A canal is
planned in another guarter of the
department of La Manche (the
Channel), which will convey the sea
and land fertility to a barren district,
and wili yicld to public buildings,
and to the marine, timber, that now
decays without being used a few my-
riameters from the coast. On allthe
canals, on every part of the coast of
Belgium, the banks which had been
undermined. by time, or impaired
by the sea, are in a state of repair,
of being extended and strengthened.
The bank and bason of Ostend are
secured

STATE: PAPERS.

secured from waste: a bridge will
Open a communication of import-
ance to the city; and agriculture
will draw riches from a valuable
tract recovered from the sea. Ant-
werp has seen a military post, an
arsenal, and ships of war upon the
stocks, produced at once by a de-
cree. Two millions, secured on
the sale of national domains situ-
ated in the departments of the
~ Scheldt and Deux-Nethes, are ap-
propriated to the restoration and
augmentation of its ancient port.
On the credit of this security, com-
merce makes advances, the works
are begun, and will be completed
next year. At Boulogne, at Havre,
in every point of this coast, which
our enemies have heretofore called
an iron coast, great works are in
progress or completed. The Mole
of Cherbourg, a long time given
up, long the object of solicitude
and doubt, rises at length from the
bosom of the waters, and is already
a source of destruction to our ene-
mies and a protection to our own
mariners. Under shelter of this Mole,
at the extremity of an immense
road, an haven is now digging,
where, in a few years, ‘the republic
will have its arsenals and its fleets.
At Rochelle, at Cette, at Mar-
seilles, and at Nice, the ravages of
carelessness and of time are repaired
with well secured funds. It is in
our maritime cities in particular,
where the stagnation of commerce
has multiplied misfortunes and
wants, that the wisdom of govern-
ment has employed itself in creating
resources by useful and necessary
works. The navigation in the in-
terior was in a state of decay, from
a forgetfulness of principles and re-
gulations ; it is henceforth subject
to a tutelary and conservative re-

613

gime. A duty is appropriated to
its support, to the works it re-
quires; to the improvements which
the public interest demands: sub-
mitted to the superintendance of
the prefects, it has also in the
chamber of commerce useful guar-
dians, witnesses, and estimators of
the proper application of the funds
it produces; in short, enlightened
men, to appreciate the plans formed
for its preservation or extension,
The right of fishing in navigable
rivers has again become, what it
ought always to be, a public pro-
perty. It is committed to the care
of the administration of the forests 5
and the triennial adjudications give
it, in the farmers, still more active
guardians, because they are more
interested. The last has been a
year of prosperity for all our fi-
nances: the collection has happily
disappointed the calculation that had
been made before-hand of their
produce. The direct contributions
have been collected with more ease.
The operations which were to esta-
blish the respective proportions of
the tax on property of the different
departments, proceed with rapi-
dity. The subdivision will become
invariable. We shall never again
witness that opposition of different
interests which corrupte¢t public
justice, and that jealous rivalship
which threatened the industry and
prosperity of all the departments.
The pretects, the general council,
have requested that the same ope-
ration should extend to all the com-
munes of their departments, for the
purpose of ascertaining amongst
them the grounds of a proportional
subdivisiow. An arréte of govern-
ment has authorised this general ope-
ration, become more simple, more
economical by the success of the

Rice's partial

614
partial operation. Thus, in a few
years, all the communes of the re-
public, which have each, in a par-
ticular table, the plan of its terri-
tory, the divisions are the propor-
tions of the properties that compose
it; and the general councils, and
the councils of the arrondisements
will find in the junctions of all those
plans, the elements of a division
just in its principles and consiant in
its proportions. ‘fhe sinking fund
fulfils with constancy and fidelity
its destination. Already in posses-
sion ofa portion of the public debt,
it every day accumulates a treasure,
which secures to the state a speedy
liquidation: a rigid responsibility
~ and inviolable fidelity have rendered
the administrators worthy of the
confidence of government, and in-
sures to them the interest of the
citizens. The melting down of the
coin is Carried on without bustle or
shock ; it was a scourge while the
principles were misunderstood ; it
is become the most simple operation,
since public faith and the rules of
good sense have adjusted its con-
ditions. At the treasury, the pub-
lic credit has maintained itself in
the midst of the shocks of war, and
the rumours of interested individu-
als. ‘the public treasury supplied
the expences of the colonies, either
by direct remittances, or by opera-
tions on the continent of America.
The administrators were enabled, if
the remittances proved insufficient,
to obtain a supply by drafts on the
public treasury ; but conformable
to prescribed forms, and to a limited
extent. A mass of drafts (amount-
ing to two millions) had been sud-

denly created at St. Dominge, with-

out the consent of government, and
out of all proportion to present
or future wants. Men without

ANNUAL REGISTER; 1804.

character have hawked them at

the Havannah, at Jamaica, in: the
United States ; they have been every
where exposed in the markets to
shameful reduction, delivered up to
men who had not deposited either
money or merchandize, and who
were not to furnish value till the
payment should have been made at
the public treasury. Hence a scan-
dalous reduction in America, hence
a jobbing still more scandalous in
Europe. Here the government im-
poses on itself a rigorous duty, to
put a stop to the course of this im-
prudent measure, to save the nation
the losses with which it was me-
naced, and above all. to redeem its
credit by a just severity. An agent
of the public treasury was dis-
patched to St. Domingo, charged to
check the books, and the chest of
the pay-master general; to ascecr-
tain how many drafts had been cre-
ated, on what authority, and in
what form; how many had been
negociated, and on what conditi-
ons: whether they had been nego-
tiated for real value, or without
effective value; or whether to dis-
charge real debts, or to fulfil feigned
contracts.—Eleven millions in drafts

which were not yet in circulation»

were cancelled; some information
has been obtained as to the others.
The drafts whose full value had
been received, were paid off with
interest from the day they became
due to the day of payment. Those
that were issued without effective

value, have been proved false, in

as much as the bills bear the words

’ for money advanced, though the pro-

cés-verbal of payment proves that
none had been advanced: these
have been submitted to a severe ex-
amination. Thus the government
will satisfy the justice which it owes

to

STATE. PAPERS.

-to the lawful creditors, and which
‘it owes to the nation, whose rights
it is bound to defend. Peace was in
the wishes and in the intentions of
the government. It had wished for
it amidst the yet uncertain chances
of war; it had wished for it in the
midst of victories. It was to the
prosperity of the republic that it
henceforth- attached all its glory.
At home it awakened industry, it
encouraged the arts, it undertook
either useful works, or monuments
of national grandeur. Our vessels
were scattered over every sea, and
reposed on the faiih of treaties.
They were employed only in re-
storing our colonies to France and
_ to happiness; there was no ‘arma-
ment in our ports, nothing me-
Nacing on our frontiers. And this
was the moment which the British
government chose to alarm its na-
tion, to cover the channel with
ships, to insult our commerce by
injurious inspections, and our coasts
and. ports, as well as those of our
allies, by the presemce of its me-
nacing forces.—if on” the 17th
Ventése of the 11th year (March
8, 1803), there existed an extraor-
dinary armament in the ports of
France and Holland; if a single
preparation was made in them to
which the most remote suspicion
could give a sinister interpretation,
then we are the aggressors; the
message of the king of England, and
his hostile attitude, have been ren-
dered necessary, by a legitimate
precaution ; and the English peo-
ple had a right to-belicve that we
threatened their independence, their
religion, their constitution: but if
the assertions of the message were
false, if they were contradicted by
the opinion of Europe, as well as
by the conscience of the British

65

government, then that government
have deceived their nation; they
have decvived it by precipitating it,
without reflection, into 4 war, the
terrible efects of which now begin |
to be felt in England, and the re-
sults of which may be decisive of its
future destiny. ‘The aggressor, how-
eyer, ought alone to answer for
the calamities which affliét hamanity,
Malta, the cause of this war, was
in the power of the English; it
remained with France to arm to
effect its independence; France
waited in silence for the justice of
England ; and it was England who
began the war, even without a de-
claration.—By the dispersion of our
ships, and the security of our com-
merce, our losses might have been
immense: we foresaw these circum.
stances, and we would have sup-
ported them without discourage-
ment or weakness, but happily
they have been Jess than we ap-
prehended: our ships of war have
returned to European ports, one
only excepted, which had long been
employed merely as a transport, has
fallen into the hands of the enemy.
Of two hundred millions, which the
English cruizers might have ravished
from our commerce, more than two-
thirds have been preserved. Our
privateers have avenged these losses
by important captures, and they
will complete their revenge by others
more important. Tobago and St.
Lucia were defenceless, and were
obliged to surrender to the first
force which appeared; but our
great colonies are yet preserved,
and the attacks made against them
by the enemy have proved fruitless.
Hanover is in our power; 25,000
of the best troops of the enemy
have laid down their arms and be-
come prisoners of war. Our ca-

Rr4 valry

616

valry has been remounted at the ex-
pence of that of the enemy; and a
possession which was dear to the
king of England, is in our hands, a
pledge of that justice which he will
be compelled to render to us.—On
the seas, British despotism daily
* adds ‘to its usurpation; in the Jast
war it struck terror into the neutral
nations, by arrogating to itself an
inimical and revolting pretension of
declaring whole coasts in a state of
‘siege: in the present war, it has
augmented its monstrous code by
the pretended right of blockading
rivers and canals.—If the king of
England has sworn to continue the
war fill he shall have reduced
France to sign such dishonourable
treaties as ill fortune and weakness
formerly signed, then the war will
‘be long. France consented in the
treaty of Amiens to moderate con-
ditions ; she will never acknow-
ledge any less favourable—nay more,
she will never acknowledge in the
British government the right of ful-
filling its engagements only as may
suit the progressive calculations of
its ambition, nor the right of re-
quiring further guarantees after the
gvarantee of Jaith plighted. But if
the treaty of Amiens has not been
executed, how can we expect, in
regard to a new one, a faith more
holy, or oaths more sacred? Loui-
siana is henceforth united to the
American states ; we shall preserve
friends there whose remembrance of
a common origin will always attach
them to our interest, while favour-
able commercial relations will unite
their prosperity with ours. The
United States are indebted to France

for their independence; they will

henceforth owe to us their strength
and grandeur. Spain remains neu-

tral. Helvetia is re-established in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

her constitution, which has suffered
no change, but what has been ren-
dered necessary by lapse of time,
and change of opinions. The re-
treat of our troops from that coun-
try is a proof of its internal security,
and of the end of its dissentions.
The ancient treaties have been re-
newed, and France has regained
her oldest and most faithful ally.
Peace reigns in Italy: a division
of the army of the Italian republic
is at this time crossing France to
encamp with our own on the sea
coast. These battalions will there
meet with innumerable vestiges of
that patience, bravery, and heroism
which distinguished their ancestors.
The Ottoman empire, fatigued by
undermining intrigues, will gain
by the interests of France the sup-
port which ancient alliances, 9 re-~
cent treaty, and its geographical
position give it a right to demand.
The tranquillity given to the Conti-
nent by the treaty of Luneville is
secured by the last acts of the diet
of Ratisbon. The enlightened in-
terest of the great powers, the fide-
lity of the French government, in
cultivating with them relations of
good will and friendship; the jus-
tice, the energy of the nation, and
the forces of the republic, will
guarantee it.
(Signed) Buonaparté.
By order of the First Consul,
H. B. Maret.

Report of the Grand Judge, Minister
of Justice, to the Government,
17th February, 1804.

Citizen First Consul,

New plots have been hatched by
England; this was the case even
amidst the peace which she swore

to

STATE’ PAPERS.

to maintain, and when she violated
the treaty of Amiens, she counted
Jess on her strength than on the
success of her machinations. But
government was vigilant; the steps
of the agents of the enemy were
followed ‘by the eye of justice: the
people of London were no doubt
‘expecting to hear the explosion of

that mine which had been dug under

our feet. At any rate, the most
ominous reports were spread, and
they were indulging the: most cri-
‘minal hopes; ona sudden the agents

of the conspiracy were arrested ;
proofs have accumulated, and they

are so strong and so evident, that
they carry with them convictions to
every mind. Georges and his band
of assassins had remained in the pay
of England ; their agents were still
trayersing La Vendée, Morbilian,
the Cotes du Nord, and were en-
deavouring, but in vain,

_ partisans of whom they were de-

prived by the moderation of govern-
ment and of the laws.—Pichegru,
unmasked by the events which pre-
ceded the 18th Fructidor, year 5,
(Sept. 5, 1797), and unveiled, in

particular, by that correspondence

which general Moreau had addressed
to the directory, had carried with
him to England his hatred against
his country. In the year eight he
and Villot were in the train of the

_ armies of our enemies, in order to
unite with the brigands of the

~ south.

In the year nine he con-

_Spired with the committee of Ba-

4

‘reuth, and since the peace of
Amiens he has still been the hope
and the counsellor of the enemies
of France. The British perfidy

_ associated Georges with Pichegru,

:

the infamous Georges, with that

_Pichegru whom France had esteem-

ed, whom she wished for a long

time to consider as incapable .of

to find ~

617

treachery! In the year eleven a
criminal reconciliation united Piche-
gru and Moreau, two men between
whom honour ought to place eter-
nal hatred. The police seized at
Calais one of their agents, at the
moment when he was returning a
second time from England. This man
had in his possession documents
which confirmed the reality of a re-
conciliation at that time inexplicable,
had not the bonds which united
them been formed by criminality.
On the arrest of this agent, general
Moreau appeared for a moment to
be agitated. He took some private
steps to ascertain whether govern-
ment was informed of it; but it was
passed over in silence, and he him-
self, when he recovered his tran-
guillity, concealed from government
an event which could not but
awaken its vigilance. Ife observed
silence even when Pichegru was
publicly admitted into the councils
of the British ministry, when he
united in a notorious manner with
the enemies of France. Govyern-
ment was disposed to consider his
silence as arising from the dread of
a confession, which would have
humbled him, as it considered his
retirement from public affairs, his
suspicious connexions, and his im-
prudent language, as the effect of
peevishness and discontent. Ge-
neral Moreau, who could not fail
of being suspected, since he main-
tained a Secret corréspondence with
the enemies of his country, and
who, in consequence of this suspi-
cion, which was too well founded,
would at any other period have
been arrested, was suffered to enjoy
in tranquillity his honours, an im-
mense fortune, and the kindness of
the republic. Events, however,
rapidly succeeded each other: La-
jollais, the friend and confidant of

Pichegru,

618

Pichegru, went privately from Paris
to London, returned to Paris, car-
ried to Pichegru the ideas of gene-
ral Moreau—carried back to Mo-
reau the ideas and designs of
Pichegru and his associates; the
brigands of Georges were preparing,
even in Paris, every thing that was
necessary for the execution of their
common designs. A place was as-
signed between Dieppe and Treport,
at a distance from molestation or the
eye of vigilance, where the brigands
of England, brought over in Eng-
lish ships, landed without being
observed, and where they found
corrupted men to receive them
men paid to conduct them during
the night from fixed stations, pre-
viously agreed on, and thus to
convey them to Paris.—At Paris
lurking places were procured for
them in houses hired before-hand,
where they had confidants to pro-
teét them: they had some of these
‘in different quarters and streets at
Chaillot, in the Rue de Bacq, in
the Fauxbourg St. Marceau, in the
Marais.. A first debarkation was
effected, consisting of Georges him-
self, and eight of his brigands.
Georges returned to the coast to
assist at the landing of Coster St.
Victor, condemned by a sentence
passed in the affair of Nivose 3, and
of ten other brigands. In the com-
mencement of the present month a
third landing was effected, it con-
sisted of Pichegru, Lajollais, Ar-
mand, Gaillard, brother of Raould,
John Marie, one of the first confi-
dants of Georges, and some other
brigands of the same stamp. Georges
with Joyau, called d’Assar, Saint
Vincent and Picot, went to receive
this. third debarkation: the whole
assembled at the farm de la Poterie.
A fourth landing was expected ; the

,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

vessels were in sight, but contrary
winds prevented them from ap-
proaching :
were still making signals. ‘
and Pichegru arrived at Paris, where
they lodged in the same house snr-
rounded by about thirty brigands,
under the command of Georges; an
interview took place between them
and Moreau: the place, the day,
and the hour, were the first con-
ference was held, are known—a
second was agreed on, but did not
take place; a third and a fourth
took place, even in the house of
general Moreau. ‘The presence of }}
Georges and Pichegru at Paris,
these conferences with gentral Mo.
reau, are confirmed by incontesta- j}
ble and numerous proofs. Georges}
and Pichegreu have been traced
from house to house. Search has
also been made for those who assisted
at their landing ; those who, under
the cloud, conducted them from
post to post; those who gave them
an asylum at Paris: their confidants
and accomplices. Lajollais, their
principal agent, amd general Mo-
reau, are arrested ; the effects and
papers of Pichegru have been seized,
and the police is employing the
greatest activity to find him. Eng-
land wishes to overthrow our go-
vernment, and by this overthrow
to effect the ruin of France, to de-
liver it up: to ages of civil war and
confusion. But to overturn a go-
vernment, maintained by the affec-
tion of thirty million of citizens,
and surrounded by a brave, power-
ful, and faithful army, was a task,
not only superior to the strength of
England, but of all Europe. Eng-
land, therefore, had no hopes of
accomplishing her design, but by
the assassination of the first consul,
and by covering this assassination

under

under the shadow of a man who
was still protected by the remem-
brance of his service. IJ must add,
that the citizens need be under no
‘uneasiness. The greater part of
‘the brigands have been arrested ; the
Test have fled, and are closely pur-
“sued by the police. No suspicion
“attaches to any class of citizens, or
to any branch of administration. |
“shall not give any further details in
- this report; you have seen all the
‘papers; you will, therefore, give
orders for their being laid before the
“eyes of justice.—Signed by the grand
dudge, minister of justice,

e

x Regnier.
- Certified in due form, the secre-
tary of state,
4 H. B. Maret.

First Report of the Grand Judge

_ Regnier to the First Consul, on

: the alledged Conspiracies against.

_. him, fomented by the English Am-
bassador at Munich.

Citizen First Consul,

I think it my duty to separate
from the information respecting the
vile conspiracy, which public justice
' wiil shortly bring to public view and
punish, those pieces of additional

correspondence, which, in this great

affair, and, as far as concerns the
police, is but trifling; but, in its

political point of view, scems to me
of a nature that cannot fail to open
the eyes of Europe to the despicable
character of the English ministry,
the meanness of its agents, and the
miserable expedients it has recourse
_to for accomplishing its views.—An
English minister is accredited at a
court bordering on France: the
“Manners of the people attach diss
-tinctions and privileges to this place,

STATE PAPERS.

619

and not without reason. The resi-
dence of a foreign minister is every
where designed for the ascertaining
and maintaining those bonds of
friendship, confidence, and honour,
that unite states, and whose preser-
vation constitutes the glory of a
government, and the happiness of
the people.—But these are not the
views of the diplomatic agent of the
British government. I shall lay be-
fore you, citizen consul, the direct
correspondence which Mr. Drake,
the English ambassador tp the elec-
tor of Bavaria, has held for these
four months with agents sent, paid,
and employed by him in the heart
of the republic. This correspon-
dence consists of ten original letters,
written in his ewn hand.*—I shall
also lay before you the instructions
which that gentleman is charged te
distribute to his agents, and an
authentic account of the sums al-
ready paid, and of those promised,
as an encouragement and reward of
crimes, which the mildest laws every
where punish with death. It was
not as the representative of his So-
vereign that Mr. Drake came to
Munich, with the title of plenipo-
tentiary. This is merely his osten-
sible character, a pretence for send-
ing him: the genuine object of his
mission is to recruit for agents of
intrigue, revelt, and assassination :
to stir up a war of plunder and mur-
der against the French government,
and to wound the neutrality and the
dignity of the government where he
resides.—It is premised, though Mr.
Drake appears ostensibly as a pub-
lic character, he is in reality (as his
private instructions prove) the secret
director of English machinations on
the continent; the sinews of which
are gold, corraption, the foolish
hopes of those concerned in the

* Those pieces which follow in the original, it is impossible from their length

to insert here,

plot,

620

plot, and of all the ambitious peo-
ple of Europe. His aim is plainly
pointed out in the 18 articles of in-
structions with which Mr. Drake
furnishes his agents, and which form
the first of the pieces added to this
report. Art. 2, The principal
point in view being the overthrow
of the present government, one of
the principal means of accomplish-
ing this is, the obtaining a know-
ledge of the plans of the enemy;
for this purpose it is of the utmost
importance to begin by establishing
a correspondence with the different
bureaus, for the obtaining particular
information of ‘all the planus, both
as to the exterior as well as to the
interior. The knowledge of these
plans suggests the best mode of
rendering them abortive, and the
want of success is the most effectual
means of discrediting the govern-
ment, the first, and most important
step towards the end proposed.—7.
To gain over those employed in the
powder-mills, so as to be able to
blow them up, as occasion may re-
quire.—8. It is indispensibly neces-
sary to gain over a certain number
of printers and engravers, that may
be relied on, to print and execute
every thing that the confederacy
may standin need of.—9. It is very
much to be wished, that a perfect
knowledge may be gained of the si-
tuation of the different parties in
France, and particularly in Paris:
—13. It is well understood, that
eyery means must be tried to disor-
ganize the armics, both in and out
of the republic. Thus yousee that
the real objects of Mr. Drake’s mis-
sion are to bring fire and flames into
the republic, to blow up the pow-
der-mills, to procure trusty printers
and engravers for the purposes of
forgery,’ to penetrate into the heart

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of every assembly, to arm one party
against the other; and, in fine, to
disorganize the armies. But, hap-
pily, this evil genius is not so pow-
erful in its means, as it is fertile in
illusions and sinister projects; were
it otherwise, there would be an end
of society. Hatred, craft, gold,
and a total indifference as to the
means employed, are neither want-
ing to Mr. Drake nor the immoral
policy of the government whose
agent he is. But they do not pos-
sess power enough to shake the or-
ganization of France, which is of
the strongest nature, haying its
foundation in the affections of thirty
millions of citizens, cemented toge.~
ther by their joint strength and in-
terest, and animated by the wisdom
and genius of the government.—
Those who consider nothing of any
value besides gold, whose only abi-
lities consist in low intrigue, are not
able to conceive the strength and
power of a combination of circum-
stances, the result of ten years of
sufferings, and ten years of victo-
ries, of a concurrence of events, and
of the establishment of a noble na-
tion, founded on the dangers and
efforts of a glorious war, and a ter-
rible revolution.—In the midst of —
these means, Mr. Drake sees nathing +
but opportunities for intrigue, and
the efforts of spies: ‘* During my
stay in Ltaly,’’ he says to one of his _
correspondents, (Munich, Jan. 27.)
‘6 {| had connection with the inte~
rior of France:—I should continue
to have them, as I am at this mo-
ment, of all the English ministers,
the nearest to the frontiers.”,—This .
is his pretence for exercising his ut-
most endeayours for the overthrow
of France. But his means are not
better than his right.—He has agents
in whom he dares not confide. His
doubtiuk

STATE PAPERS. 621

doubtful correspondents write to him
via Swisserland, Strasburg, Kehl,
Offenburg, and Munich. He has su-
balterns in these cities, to take es-
pecial care of his correspondence.
He makes use of forged passports, of
fictitious names, of sympathetic ink.
These are the modes of communica-
tion through which he transmits his
ideas, projects, and rewards ; and,

' by these means, he is informed of

the schemes planned by his orders
for raising insurrections, in the first

lace, in four departments; for
s i > 2

raising an army, increasing the num~-
ber of the disaflected, aud over-
throwing the consular government.
—These efforts and promises are too
mad, and the vile miseral:le methods
employed are too disproportioned
to the diflicuities of the enterprize,

“to give any uneasiness as to their

success. But it is not with regard
to what may occasion fear, nor
with a view of punishing; that the
operations of that interior arrange-
ment, called the police, aéts; its
principal object is, not alone to pre-
vent crimes as that of the exterior is
to confine ambition, but to remove
even the very occasion of vice and
weakness.—In those countries that
are the best governed, there are al-
ways to be found certain persons
who sufler themselves to be led astray
by a sort of innate inconstancy. In
the best regulated commonwealths
there are to be found perverse and
weak men. It has always been con-
sidered by my predecessors as a du-
ty to watch over such persons, not

in the yain hope of rendering them
_ good, but to stop the developement
_ of their vices; andas, on this head,

all civilized nations have the same
interests to watch over, and the
same duty to fulfil, it has always

_ been a received maxim, that no go-

vernment should sudfer a standard to
1
.

be created, around which hirelings
of every country or profession might
gather, for the purpose of planning
a general disorganization, and much
less should they permit an infamous
school for bribery, and recruiting,
to the prejudice at once of the fide-
lity, constancy, affections, and con-
science of the citizens.—Mr. Drake
had an agency at Paris; but other
ministers, the instruments of discord,
and exciters of mischief, like him,
may also have agencies. Mr. Drake,
in his correspondence, unmasks all
those that exist in France, by the
very measures he takes to deny that
he knows any thing of them.
‘*T repeat, that I have no knowledge
of the existence of any other society
besides yours. But I repeat to you,
(he observes in several places) that
if there does, Ido not doubt but
that your friends will take the neces-
sary measures, not only sot to embar-
rass one another, but to be mutually
serviceable to each other.”’ In fine,
he adds, (Munich, Dec. 9, 1803)
with a brutal fury, and worthy of
the part he plays—“‘ It is of very
little consequence by whom the
beast is brought to the ground, it is
sufficient that you are all ready to
join in the chace.”>—Pursuantto this
system, on the first breaking out of
the conspiracy, that now employs
the hand of justice, he writes: ‘If
you see any means of extricating any
of Georges’ associates, do not fail
to make use of them;” and as his
evil geniusis never discouraged, even
in his disgrace, Mr. Drake will not
have his friends give themselves up
for lost in this unexpected reverse of
fortune.——** I earnestly request
you,” he writes (Munich, 25th Feb.
1804,) ** to print and distribute a
short address to the army, immedi-
ately (both to the officers and sol-
diers.) [The main point is to gain

partisans

‘

ANNUALRE

partisans in the army; for I am
thoroughly persuaded, that it is
through the army alone that one
can reasonably hope to gain the
change so much desired.” How
vain these hopes were, is sufficiently
charaéterized by the striking unani-
mity that prevails every where, now
that the danger is discovered with
which France was menaced.—but
_ the attempt to commit a crime, the
bare idea of which is an outrage to
humanity, and the execution of
which would not only have been a
national calamity, but, { may add,
a calamity for all Europe, demands
not only a reparation for the past,
but a guarantee for the future.——
A solitary scattered banditti, a prey
to want, without harmony, and
without support, is always weaker
than the laws which are to punish
it, or the police which ought to in-
‘timidate it. ‘But if they have the
power of uniting, if they could cor-
respond with each other, and the
brigands of other countries, if in a
profession the most honourabie of
all, in as much as the tranquillity
of empires and the honour of sove-
reigns depend thereon, there should
be found men authorized to make
use of all the power their station
affords, to practise vice, corrup-
tion, infamy, and villainy, and to
raise from out of the refuse of hu-
man nature an army of assassins,
rebels, and forgers, under the gom-
mand of the most immoral and most
ambitious of all governments; there
would be no security in Europe
for the existence of any state, for
public morality, nor even for the
continuance of the principles of
civilization. It is not my duty to
discuss the means you may possess
to secure Europe, by guaranteeing
her against such dangers, J con-
3

622

GISTER, 1804.

tent mysclf with informing and
proving to you, that there exists
at Munich an Englishman, called
Drake, invested with a diplomatic
charaéter, who, protiting of this
guise and of the vi¢inity of that
place, direéts dark and criminal cf-
forts to the heart of the republic ;
who recruits for agents of corrup-
tion and rebellion; who resides be-
yond the environs of the town,
that his agents may have access to
him without shame, and depart with-
out being exposed; and who di-
reéts and pays men in France,
charged by him with paving the way
to an overthrow of the government.
—This new species of crime, escap-
ing, from its nature, the ordinary
means of suppression, which the
laws put in my power, I must con-
fine myself to the unmasking it to
you, and pointing out to you, at the

same time, the sources, circum.
stances, and consequences. Health
and respect.

Regnier.

Second Report of the Grand Judge,
respecting the Plots of the Person
named Drake, Minister from Eng-
land at Munich, and of the Per-
sonnamed Spencer Smith, Minister

- from England at Stutgard, against
France and the Person of the
First Consul : dated Paris, Aprit
11th, 1804, and signed Regnier.

* Citizen First Consul,

My conjectures are verified ; Mr.
Drake is not the only agent of Eng-
land, whose political mission is
merely the plausible mask of a
hidden ministry of seduétion and
insurreétion. I have the honour
to place before your eyes, papers,
which prove that Mr. Spencer Smith,

diplomatic

STATE PAPERS.

diplomatic agent of England in the
states of Wurtemburgh, after the
example of Mr. Drake, has occu-
pied himself since his arrival at his
place of residence, only in prosti-
tating his public charaéter, his in-
fluence, and the gold of his govern-
ment, to that infamous ministry.—
Mr. Spencer Smith has suffered a
“discovery of the secret part which
formed the real object o% his diplo-
“matic mission. i present to the
first consul an enigmatical letter,
which this minister has written to
_M. Lelievre de Saint Remi, one of
his agents in Holland; this agent,
“spy, emigrant, and who has re-
ceived his pardon, was already
_ known to the police; but before I
had any of the parts of his corres-
_pondence with Mr. Spencer Smith,
_ I knew, by other reports, that when
_he was about to obtain his amnesty,
which he procured in Pluviose,
year 11, he quitted Seez, his place
“of birth, in Nivése, the same year,
in order to go to Cambray; and that
_on the 2nd of last Frimaire he had
_ gone to Holland, there to serve tin-
der the name of Pruneau, and to
follow there the double direétion
of a Frenchman and aspy, named
Le Clerc, whom the British minis-
try supported at Abbeville, and
that of an accredited spy, named
Spencer Smith: whom, for the pur-
ef covering his designs, that
same ministry had invested with a
diplomatic character. I further
knew, by papers equally numerous,
and not less instructive, seized on
the spy at Abbeville, that Mr.
neer Smith, before he quitted
zondon, had entered into such in-
“timate connexions with a general
_ committee of Espionage, established
by the above administration, and
the direétion of which was entrusted

623

to the Abbé Ratel, that he had de.
manded and obtained of that -com-
mittee a confidential secretary nam-
ed Pericaud, who was to follow
the secret correspondence, and to
receive and communicate all the ne-
cessary documents to the agents in
Holland, the spies on the coast,
and the conspirators in Paris. The
letters to Lelievre, the credit for
2000 louis d’ors given on the house
of Osy at Rotterdam, the cypher,
the enigmatical letter, are of the
hand writing of this Pericaud; and
thus it will be seen that Mr. Spen-
cer Smith is gone to his residence
with all the exterior of a diplo-
matic minister from England; that
is to say, with sympathetic inks,
watch-words to communicate with
all the spies, bills of exchange to
reward their services, and a confi-
dential intermediate agent, to fol-
low up their proceedings and to
direét them, without committing
himself.——It is necessary to recur
once more to Mr. Drake. The two
reports which I lay before you,
citizen first consul, will give you
an account of a mission to that mi-.
nister, by citizen Rosey, captain
and adjutant-major of the 9th regi-
ment of the line, in garrison at
Strasburgh, whom Mr. Drake was
very willing to employ as agent of
a pretended general, who was to
stir up four departments, to draw
around him the French army, to
overthrow your government, to in-
stal in its stead a democratic direc-
tory, and, finally, to put this phan-
tom of power and all France at the
discretion of the English govern-
ment,—I should hesitate to present
to you these monstrous absurdities,
if 1 had not to lay before you an
original letter from Mr. Drake,
backed by considerable sums of

gold,

624

gold, counted by Mr. Drake and
deposited at my office by citizen
Rosey. This letter serves as a proof
of the accuracy of the reports of
the French agent, and ought to be
published, because the odious par-
ticulars which it contains, give ad-
ditional colouring to the picture of
infamy which Mr. Drake has him-
self delineated of his incendiary di-
plomacy, in the first part of his
correspondence.—— Mr. Drake re-
plied to the pretended general. He
acknowledges the receipt of his
envoy with his credentials. He con-
gratulates him on the harmony sub-
sisting between him and the com-
mittee of disorganization, over which
the general presides. ‘ Your views,’
Says he, complacently, ‘are quite
conformable to mine, and I need
not enlarge further on this point?—
But he requires, (and here he fol-
lows the first vagaries of his prede«
cessor Wickham) that provisionally
they should secure two strong places ;
Huningen by al! means, and Stras-
burgh if possible. By this means
only could they depend upon a sure
communication. Then would Mr.
Drake take his residence near the
Rhine, and it will suffice to inform
him immediately of the moment
fixed for commencing the opera-
tions, and of the precise periods
when farther assistance will be ne-
cessary, as well as of the amount
of the succours required, that he
may have time to take measures to
provide for the same, and that the
operations may not fail for want of
support. However, the most im-
portant point is not the taking of
places, and securing stages for the
safe arrival of subsidies. First of
all, we must disorganize the army.
Mr. Drake complains of being left
uninformed of the progress which the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

agents of the committee may have
made to gain over some among them 5
but he trusts to their zeal. He sup-
poses, with confidence, that the
attempts tried with this view have
completely succeeded, and that they
are certain ef a powerful diversion
from that quarter; without this
aid, he solemnly declares your oper-
ations will be confined to cause
three or four departments to rise,
which can never succeed upon the
long run, on the supposition that
the first consul retains a power over
his troops suflicient to make them
march against you.——The disquie-
tude, it will be easily believed, is
the prevailing idea of Mr. Drake ;
it seizes him, it occupies him cons
tinually ; however, he has found
an admirable expedient to recover
his courage.
he, ‘offer the soldiers a small ins
crease of pay beyond what they re-
ceive of the present government.’
—Worthy discovery of a corrupt
minister, of a government which
weighs with gold every a¢tion,
and every human affection! No-
thing, according to them, can res

sist this gold, which is above every ©

thing ; and the French army, mak-
ing honour its idol, attached to it
by the glory of a thousand battles,
and of ten years viciories; this
army, which spurns seduétion, be-
cause the seducers and seduced are
the greatest cowards: this army, I
say, yielding to the attraétion of a
wretched increase of pay, shall sa-
crifice whatever is most dear to it,
all its most honourable recolleétions ;
in short, its government, its liberty,

to the irreconcileable enemy of

their country! What horror! what
madness !——-I shall not be more
prolix on these disgusting details ;
besides, to insist long on the indig-

nation

‘ You should,’ says —

STATE PAPERS.

ration which the political and mili-
tary projects of Mr. Drake inspire,
is to do them too much honour;
they are both ridiculous and absurd
in an eminent degree; and I think
it isa very appropriate punishment
for him, to give up to the contempt
and ridicule of the public the en-
terprises of this minister, still more
credulous, more awkward, and more
weak than wicked.—An English
minister, such as Mr. Drake, can-
not be punished by obloquy. ‘This
can only mortify men who feel the
price of virtue, and know that of
honour; but Mr. Drake is proud
and vain. ‘The proiits of his secret
missions must have made him weal-
thy and covetous. He will be pu-
nished, when he shall, know, that
the revolt of the four departments,
the capture of Huningen, the se-
' duétion of the army, the liberation
of Pichegru, Moreau, oi Georges
and his confederates ; the existence
of the diplomatic committee, in
short, the talents, the credit, and
projects of this demagogue general,
by nature endowed with a sublime
eloquence, au imposing figure, and
who is quite disposed to effect, at
his call, the overthrow of France,
are chimeras with which the pre-
feét of Strasburgh has liked to feed
_his simple credulity. He will be
punished when he learns that all
his bulletins which were sent to
London by extraordinary messen-
gers, communicated to every court,
hawked about by the English mi-
nisters as far as Constantinople,
and of which traces are found even
in the discussions of parliament,
were fabrications, and contained
nothing either true or probable ;
that before they were transmitted to
him, they had been communicated
to the agents of the police of Paris,
Vou, XLVI.

625

who blushed on reading them: and
could not recoyer from their sur-
prise on seeing, that fables, framed
with so little care and trouble,
could charm Mr. Drake, and serve
as a basis for the operations aud
calculations of the cabinet Mr.
Drake will be punished when he
shall know, that his bills, bis gold,
his correspondence, those of his
colleagues, the spies at Rotterdam,
Abbeville, Paris, and Munich, are
the sport of men, who, by ap-
proaching him and his colleague
at Stutgard, by watching their
steps, and by studying their cha-
raétér, have learned and can teach
Europe, that a ministry which ren-
ders itself despicable by the choice
and by the conduét of its diplo-
matic agents, cannot inspire either
fear or confidence in the govern-
ments of the continent; and that
the insolence and corruption, which
that ministry employ as weapons
to intimidate or lead astray the
councils of sovereigns, do now find
a powerful antidote in the discovery
of the meanness, the immorality,
and stupidity of their diplomacy.—
Concerning Mr. Spencer Smith, I
have strong reasons to think that
the operations entrusted to him are
not confined to these plots; that he
direéts the events which are taking
place in the canton of Zurich; and
that the disturbances, by which that
miserable distriét is again agitated,
are owing to his gold and his in-
trigues.—Citizen first consul, per-
haps I transgress the bounds of my
function ; but I must tell you, with
that truth which you love to hear,
France cannot suffer a hostile pow-
er to establish on neutral territory,
accredited agents, whose principal
mission is to: carry discord to the
bosom of the republig@ Youare at

Ss the

626

the head of a nation great enough,
strong, and brave enough, to obtain
as your right an absolute neutrality.
-, You have constantly commanded
me not to suffer, that conspiracies be
framed in any part of our immense
territory, against any existing go-
vernment; and already, during the
short space of time elapsed since I
have been entrusted with the ad-
ministration of the police, have I
repeatedly annulled machinations
which threatened the king of Na-
pies and the holy see; I have pur-
sued as far as Strasburgh the forgers
of Vienna bank notes. All these
facts have proved how sincere your
wish is to secure established govern-
ments against every kind of propa-
gandas and plots. Why should you
not have the right to demand an
entire reciprocity from the states
of the Germanic empire? Why
should Munich, Stutgard, Etten-
heim, and Friburgh, have the right
of remaining the centre of the con-
spiracies, which England never ceases
to form against France and Helve-
tia ?——These objeéts deserve your
utmost solicitude, citizen first con-
sul, and J dare to tell you so, be-
eause this privilege belongs to the
chief of justice, and the most seri-
ous attention in this respect forms
part of your first duties. It may
be objcéted, I know, that England
as a friendly power has a right to
send ministers to the eleétors of
Bavaria, Baden, and Wirtemburgh.
But English diplomacy is composed
of two sorts of agents, whom all
the continent well know how to
distinguish. Such ministers as Corn-
wallis aud Warren, are never ac-
credited but for honourable mis-
sions, to maintain a good under-
standing between nations, and to
regulate the Zrand interests of po-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

licy or of commerce ; whilst the
Wickhams, the Drakes, and the
Spencer Smiths, are known through-
out Europe as the artificers of
crimes, whose cowardice is proteét-
ed by a sacred charaéter: I will
say more ; the presence of these
contemptible agents is very mortify- .
ing to the princes in friendship with
France; and the courts of Munich
and Stutgard cannot support, with-
out disgust, Drake and Spencer
Smith, whom numberless reasons
render suspected of a very different
mission from that which is announce.
ed by their official title. In con-
sequence of the demand that you
have made of them, the electors of
Bavaria and Wirtemburgh have dri-
ven from their states the impure
remains of the French who are ene-
inies to their country, and whose
hatred has survived the calamities
of civil war, and the pardon which
you have granted them. Let them
equally drive away these artificers
of conspiracy, whose mission has
no other objeét but to reanimate

the intestine dissentions of France,

and to sow fresh discord on the con-
tinent. Ought not our neighbours
to suffer an equal alarm with our-
selves at the return of political trou-
bles, and of all those horrors of
war which can be profitable only to
that nation which is the enemy of
every other! I demand in the most
earnest manner ;—and every duty f
owe you, citizen first consul, im-
pels me to make the request, that
the cabinet may take such effectual
measures, that the Wickhams, the
Drakes, and the Spencer Smiths,
may not be received by any power
in friendship with France, what-
ever may be their title or character ;
men who preach up assassination,
and foment domestic’ troubles; the

agents

SPAT PAP ER S.

agents of corruption, the mission-
aries of revolt against all establish-
ed governments, dare the enemies of
all states, and of all governments,
The law of nations does not exist
for them. I have fulfilled my duty,
citizen first consul, in exposing to
your view, the facts, which prove,
that Drake and Spencer Smith ex-
ercise upon the continent the same
mission with which Wickham was
charged during the last war. Your
Supreme wisdom will do the rest.*

Account of the Arrest of the Duke
DEnghiien, from the French
Official Paper, the Moniteur.—
Strasburgh, March 16, 1804.

On the evening of the 14th in-
stant, genera] de Caulinconrt, aid-
de-camp of the first consul, lately
arrived here, caused the gate leading
into Germany to be opened, and
passed through it with general Le-
vat, of the fifth military division, to-
wards the right bank of the Rhine.
A little before this a body of infan-
try, and a strong division of the re-
giment of cavalry lying in garrison
at this city, besides a division of the
national guard, had been stationed
on the banks of the Rhine. They
crossed this river in the night, and’
directed their march through Kehl
to Offenbourg, which was immedi-
ately perceived by our troops.
Their commandant ordered to be
pointed out to him the habitations
of the emigrants who resided there,
whom they wished to seize. ‘They
were immediately put under arrest.
Somie of this description were arrest-
ed also at Kebl. ‘This expedition

627

was conduéted in the greatest order,
and executed with the greatest pro-
priety. Itis reported that general
de Caulincourt and Levat have
themselves returned to Offenbourg.
During the whole of the morning of
yesterday the passage of the Rhine
was shut. Nobody was permitted
to cross the river, even with pass.
ports. About mid-day the column

of Offenbourg again entered our

city by the citadel, alter having
committed to the commandant their
prisoners, the number of whom
amounted to’about fifteen. ‘They
are provisionally detained. Among
them are the baron de Reich, and
the abbé d’Eymar. On the same
night another column of our troops,
composed of infantry, of cavalry,
of artillery and gend’armes, crossed
also the Rhine at Rhenan, about six
leagues distance from this upon the
road to Brisack. We are assured,
that their objeét was to reconnoitre
the city of Kttenheim, and to arrest
such conspirators as might be found
there. Besides, by the consent of
the court of Baden, a counsellor of
Baden arrived here the day before
yesterday ; and during the two last
days, several couriers had been dis-
patched to Carlsrhue, and had re-
turned, Kehl is already evacuated
by our troops, and the communica-
tion has been again established since
yesterday. Yesterday morning were
arrested here about ten persons, who
are said to be implicated in the conspi-
racy. Among them are the ci-de-
vant count of ‘Toulouse Lautree, ma-
dame de Klengling, sister-in-law of
the general of that name, the curé
of Ernbheim, and others, mostly
emigrants who had returned. There

* Mere follows, in the original, the proofs referred to, but which, from their great
length, we cannot insert.

§s2 was

628

was also arrested here about mid-
day, general Desnoyes, who had pre-
sided three years ago in the council
of war, which acquitted the accom-
plices of Pichegru. Madame La-
jolais, the brother of the ex-general
Lajolais, Demongés and his wife,
have been conducted to Paris under
the escort of the gendarmerie. The
most conspicuous person arrested on
this occasion is the duke d’Enghuien,
son of the duke of Bourbon,-and
grandson of the prince of Condé.

Official Report of the Trial of the
Duke d Enghuten, at Vincennes,
Paris, March 24, 1805.

Special military commission con-
stituted in the first military division,
in virtue of a decree of the govern-
ment, dated the 29th Ventdse (20th
of March) in the year twelve of
the republic, one and indivisible.

Judgment.—In the name .of the
French republic, this 30th Ventdse
(March 21) in the 12th year of the
republic.—The military and special
commission formed in the first mili-
tary division, in virtue of a decree of
the government, dated the 29th
Ventédse (March 20), composed,
agreeably to the law of the 19th
Fructidor, (Sept. 6), in the year
five, of seven members, consisting of
citizens Hulen, gen. of brigade,
Guiton, col, com., Bazancourt, col.
com., Ravier, col. com., Barrois,
col. com., Rabbe, col. com., d’Au-
tancourt, capt. Major, Molin, capt.
—The whole of these were named
by Murat, the general in chief, go-
vernor of Paris, and commander of
the first military division, The said
president, members reporting, capt.
and register, neither being relations
nor persons connected within the
degrees of aflinity prohibited by the

_a handsome figure.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.”

law, met according to appointment,
By the orders of the general in
chief, governor of Paris, the com-
mission was opened at the castle of
Vincennes, in the house of the com-
mander of the place, for the purpose
of proceeding in the trial of Louis
Antoine Henry de Bourbon, duke

‘d’Enghuien, born at Chantilly the

2d day of August, 1772; of light
hair and eye-brows, black eyes,
small mouth, aqueline nose, and of
The accusa-
tions. against him included six
charges; which six charges were as
follows :—He was accused, First:
of having carried arms against the
French republic. Second: of hav-
ing offered his services to the Eng-
lish government, the enemy of the
French people. Third: of receiv-
ing and having, with accredited
agents of that government, pro-
cured means of obtaining intelli-
gence in France, and conspiring
against the internal and external se-
curity of the state. Fourth: that he
was at the head of a body of French
and other emigrants, paid by Eng-
land, formed on the frontiers of
France, in the districts of Fribourg
and Baden. Fifth: of having at-
tempted to foment intrigues at Stras-
burgh, with a view of producing a
rising in the adjacent departments,
for the purpose of operating a di-
version favourable to England.
Sixth: that he was one of those
concerned in the conspiracy planned
by the English for the assassination
of the first consul, and intending, in
case of the success of that plot, to
return to France. The commission
being opened, the president ordered
the officer appointed to conduct the
accusation, to read all the papers
which went either to the crimina-
tion or the acquittal of the prisoner.
Afier the reading of these papers

was

STATE PAPERS.

was finished, the accused was intro-
duced by the guard, free and unfet-
tered, before the commission. He
was interrogated as to his name,
surname, age, place of birth, and
abode. In his answer, he stated,
that his name was Louis Antoine
Henry de Bourbon, duke d’Eng-
huien, aged 32 years; that he was
born at Chantilly, near Paris, and
that he had left France in the year
1789.—After the president had
finished his interrogatories respect-
ing all the points contained in the
accusation, and after the accused
had urged all that he could alledge
in his defence, the members were
next asked if they had any observa-
tions to offer on the subject?) They
all replied in the negative, and the
accused was ordered to be taken
- out of court, and conducted back
to the prison. The officer con-
ducting the prosecution, and the re-
gister, as well as the auditors, were
then ordered to withdraw by the
president. ‘The court deliberated
for some time, with closed doors, on
the respective charges as already
stated. The question was put by
the president on each of the charges
separately. Lach of the members
in succession delivered his opinion.
The president was the last in deli-
vering his judgment. ‘The result
was, that the court unanimously
found the prisoner guilty of all the
six charges. The next question
put was to the punishment to
be inflicted. The question was
here again put in the same way as
before, and the following was the
sentence of condemnation:—The
special military commission con-
demns unanimously to death Louis
Antoine Henry de Bourbon, duke
@’Enghuien, on the ground of his
being guilty of acting as a spy, of
Garrespgndence with the enemies of

629

the republic, and of couspiracy
against the external and internal se-
curity of the republic.—This sen.~
tence is pronounced in conformity
to the second article, title four, of
the military code of offences and
punishments passed on the 11th of
January, in the year 5, and the se-
cond section of the first title of the
ordinary penal code, established on
the 6th of October, 1791, described
in the following terms:—Art. LI.
(11th Jan. year 5). Every indivi-
dual, whatever be his state, quality,
or profession, convicted of acting as
a spy for the enemy, shall be sen-
tenced to the punishment of death.
Art. I. Every one engaged in a plot
or conspiracy against the republic,
shall, on conviction, be punished
with death.—Art. II. (6th Octo- -
ber, 1791). Every one conneéted
with a plot or conspiracy tending to
disturb the tranquillity of the state,
by civil war, by arming one class of
citizens against the other, or against
the exercise of legitimate authority,
shalk be punished with death.—Or-
ders were given to the officer who
conduéted the accusation, to read
the above sentence to the prisoner,
in presence of the guard drawn up
under arms. It was at the same
time ordered, that a copy of the sen-
tence should, as soon as was consis-
tent with the forms of law, be trans-
mitted, signed by the president and
the accuser, to the minister at war,
to the grand judge, minister of juss
tice, and the general in chief, gover-
nor of Paris.—Signed and sealed the
same day, month, and year, afore~
said,

Guiton, Bazancourt, Ravier,
Barrois, Rabbe, d’Autan-
court, Captain Reporter ;
Molin, Captain Register ;
and Hulen, President.—

Moniteur.

Copy

‘

$s3

630

Copy of the Requisition transmitted
by the French Minister for Fo-
reign Affairs to Baron Edelsheim,
Minister of the Eleétor of Baden,
for the Purpose of arresting the
Duke D’ Enghuien.—Signed, C.
M. Talleyrand, and dated at Pa-
ris, March 10, 1804.

Sir,

I had formerly sent you a note,
the purport of which was to request
the arrest of the French emigrants
which met at Offenbourg, as the first
consul, from the successive arrests
of the banditti which the English
government has sent to France, and
from the result of the trials which
have been here instituted, has ob-
tained a complete knowledge of the
extensive part which the English
agents at Offenbourg have had in
those horrible plots which have been
devised against his own person and
against the safety of France. - He
has at the same time learned that
the duke d’Enghuien and general
Dumouriez were at Ettenheim. As
it is impossible that they should be
in that city without the permission
of his electoral highness, the first
consul, therefore, could not see,
without the deepest concern, that a
prince whom he had distinguished
by every mark of friendship, should
give an asylum to the most deter-
mined enemies of France, and per-
mit them so tranquilly to project such
unprecedented conspiracies. From
these extraordinary occurrences the
first consul has found it necessary
to order two small detachments
of troops to repair to Offenbourg
and Kittenheim, to seize there the
authors of a crime, the nature of
which was such as to place those
who are proved to have had a share
in it out of tHe protection of the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

law of nations. Itis general Cau-
lincourt who is charged with the
execution of those orders of the
first consul, and who there is no
doubt will employ every care and
attention in fulfillmg the same,
which his electoral highness can
wish. He will have the honour to
deliver your excellency the letter I
have been directed to write you.
Accept, sir, the assurance of my
high consideration,

Circular Letter of the French Mi+
nister of Foreign Affairs to the
Foreign Ministers resident at Pa-
ris.— Signed C, M.Talleyrand, and
dated at Paris, March 24, 1804,

The first consul has ordered me
to address to your excellency, a
copy of the report presented to him
by the grand judge on the incidental
conspiracy planned in France, by
Mr. Drake, minister of his Britan-
nic majesty at thecourt of Munich,
and which, as to its object and date,
was connected with the infamous
plot that is now before the tribunals.
The printed copy of the letters and
authentic papers of Mr. Drake, is
annexed to the report. The origi.
nals will be immediately sent, by
order of the first consul, to his se-:
rene highness the elector of Bava-
ria.—Such a prostitution of the
most honourable trust which could
be confided in man, was unexam-
pled ia the history of civilized na-
tions. It will astonish and affliét
Europe as an unheard of crime,
and which, until the present mo-
ment, the most perverse govern. --
ment had not dared to attempt..
The first consul is too well acquaint.
ed with the sentiments and good
qualities which distinguish the mem-

bers

STATE°-PAPERS.

bers of the diplomatic body, accre-

dited by him, not to be convinced

that they will behold, with profound

sorrow, the profanation of the sa-

ered charaéter of ambassador, so

basely metamorphosed into an agen-
_ ey of plots, stratagems, and cor-
_ ruption.

Answer of the Imperial Minister.
Citizen Minister,

I return many thanks to your
excellency for the communication
which you have been pleased
to make me of the report of the
grand judge, of which you have
sent mea copy, and which I shall
immediately transmit to Vienna,
for the information of my court.
The opinion manifested by the first
consul of the sentiments and good
qualities of the diplomatic body,
which has the’ honour of be-
ing accredited to him, proves the
justice he does to all the members
of whom it consists; and unques-
tionably, he is not deceived iu
thinking that there is not one among
us who does not decidedly condemn
every thing which a diplomatic
agent and his government undertake
contrary to the laws of nations, and
the rules of right and good faith ge-
nerally adopted among civilised na-
tions. (Signed) Count Cobenzel.
Paris, March 25, 1804.

?

Answer of the Russian Chargé d’ Af-
; Sairs.
Sir,

I have the honour of acknow-
ledging the receipt of the letter
which you addressed to me by order
of the first consul, and of the re-
port which was presented by order
of the grand judge, and I have has-
tened to transmit it to my court.

- His imperial majesty will see with

631

satisfaction, that his agents to tke
French government participate in
the justice which the first consul
does to the diplomatic bedy accre-
dited to him, and that their care to
observe, on all occasions, the most
rigorous principles of the rights of
nations, are honourably appreci-
ated by the chief of the govern-
ment. (Signed) Pierre d’Qubril.
Paris, March 25, 1804.

Answer of the Prussian Minister.
Citizen Minister,

I took the earliest opportunity
of transmitting to my court the let-
ter your excellency did me the ho.
nour of writing to me on the 4th
instant, and the copy of the report
of the grand judge on the inciden-
tal conspiracy fortunately discover-
ed by the vigilance of the police.—
You know, citizen minister, the
lively interest with which the king,
my master, is inspired for the pre-
servation of the life of the first
consul, and for the maintenance of
order and tranguillity in the state
of which he is the worthy head.
You may therefore anticipate the
effeét which this communication will
have on the mind of his - Prussian
majesty, whoever may have been
the authors and agents of this con-
spiracy ; and your excellency will
easily foresee all the satisfaction
which his majesty will feel at the ens
tire cessation of so many subjects
of alarm for the friends of France.
For in discharging the commission
entrusted to me, I have considered
it my duty to assure his majesty of
the perfeét union existing between
the august chief of the republic and
all the servants of the state, be-
tween the whole nation, and its re-
presentatives or defenders.—Itis by
such a conduct that I shall endea»

Ss4 your

632

vour to conciliate for the sacred
character with which I am invested,
the confidence and the regard of the
government to which the king, my
master, has been graciously pleased
to send me.

(Signed) Marquis de Lucchesini.
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Danish Minister.
Citizen Minister,

I have the honour to acknow-
ledge the receipt of the report of
the grand judge, respecting the con-
spiracy carried on in France by Mr.
Drake, and I have hastened to
transmit it to my court. The pe-
rusal of the letters and authentic
papers issued by Mr. Drake, must
sincerely affliét all the members of
the diplomatic body. It is a sub-
ject of concern, to observe that a
minister has practised those in-
trigues which ought to be foreign to
his chara¢ter, and to the dignity of
his functions. Every foreign mi-
nister must regret with me, that a
public man can be accused of such
conduct; and do not doubt but all
the foreign ministers will partake
my sentiments and opinions respect-
ing the conduct of Mr. Drake.—

(Signed) Dreyer.
March 25, 1804.

Answer of the American Minister.
Sir,

I have received the note which
you did me the honaur to address
to me, with a copy of the report of
the grand judge, relative to papers
which prove that Mr. Drake, the
British minister at Munich, has held
a culpable correspandence with
traitors, for objects which all civi-
lized nations must regard with hor-
ror; and that horror must be re-
doubled, when we see that it is a

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

minister that thus prostitutes his sa-
cred character. When a subaltern
agent commifs a base or atrocious
act,it may be supposed that he is
influenced by personal interest, but
the actions of a minister are gene-
rally attributed to the government
he represents; and even~ when he
acts against his orders (which I
hope is the case in this instance)
his conduct is so much identified
with his government, that such acts
tend to overturn social order, and
to bring back nations to barbarism.
I beg your excellency to offer to
the first consul, in the name of my
government, the most sincere feli-
citations for having happily escaped
the attempts of his enemies, di-
rected not only against his life, but
against an object more dear to his
heart, the happiness of the nation
of which he is the chief; a happi-
ness which is the result of his no«
ble labours in the field of honour,
and in the cabinet, and which is
not yet sufficiently ‘established, not
to be deeply shaken by his loss. —

(Signed) Livingston.

Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Bavarian Minister.
Citizen Minister,

I have received the letter by
which you have communicated to
me the report of the grand judge on
the scandalous and criminal intrigues
of Mr. Drake, minister of his Bris
tannic majesty at my court. I do
not hesitate to assure your excel«
lency, that the elector will mani-
fest, by measures the most severe,
the most efficacious, and most con.
formable to his personal friendship
for the first consul, the grief and
indignation which this prince must
feel, in consequence of the vile and
iniquitous designs which haye been

§Q

ee.

STATE. PAPERS.

so daringly meditated and followed
up, within his states, under the
mask of a sacred character.—I
should in vain endeavour to express
to you, Citizen minister, how deep-
ly I deplore the outrage resulting
from the transaction against the re-
spectable functions which I exercise.
It impresses me, however, with the
strongest sense of your attention,
in informing me of the justice done
by the first consul to the sentiments
' of all those who have the honour of
being accredited near his person.
_ I shall ever be ambitious to obtain
his approbation, as a flattering re-
compense for my zeal, and as the
most honourable means of meriting
the regard of my sovereign.
(Signed) Cetto.
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Minister of the Ligu-
rian Republic.
Citizen Minister,

The communication, which by
order of the first consul, you have
done me the honour to make me
of the letters and authentic papers
of the correspondence in France of
Mr. Drake, his Britannic majesty’s
minister at-the court of Munich,
has caused so great an astonishment,
that I have hardly recovered from
it.—I trust, without such con-
vincing proofs, it was hardly pos-
sible to conceive that a person re-
presenting at a respectable court
his sovereign, could debase the most
honourable functions with which a
man can be invested, in making
them the instruments of fomenting
and organizing secret and perfidious
plots, which tended to nothing less,
than to overturn, if possible, the
republic, to replunge France into
all the horrors of internal divisions,

and to overwhelm Europe with

633

those misfortunes which would ine-
vitably have succeeded this fatal re-
yolution in France.— Every man to
whom, by his government is con-
fided the honour of representing
it‘at foreign courts, ought to be,
as well as myself, justly irritated
by the proceedings of Mr. Drake,
and to denounce him to Kurope,
as unworthy of being counted a-
mong the number of those persons
called by their government to exercise
the sacred functions of diplomacy.
—This sentiment ought: to be gene-
ral, especially among the distin-
guished members of the diplomatic
corps, who have the honour of
being accredited near the first con-
sul, to whom, I pray you, citizen
minister, to submit the particular
expression of the profound grief
which I have felt, from the com-
munication which you have deigned
to-make me in his name.—My go-
vernment, to whom I have trans-
mitted your letter, with the report
of the grand judge, and the an-
nexed papers, will take, I doubt
not, a lively interest in this event,
and will always be watchful in case
the enemies of France and its allies
should ever attempt to disseminate
in Liguria, criminal insinuations,
they may produce no other effect;
than to cover with shame the per-
fidious men who shall dare to spread
them,

(Signed) Ferreri.
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Envoy of the Republic
of Lacca.

Ihave had the honour of receiving
the letter which your excellency
addressed me, under the date of
3 Germinal, and the copy of the
report presented by the grand judge
to the first censul, on the conspi-

racy

634
racy that Mr. Drake, his Britannic
majesty’s minister at the court of
Munich, has formed against the
French republic.—lIt certainly will
inspire great regret in all the mem-
bers of the diplomatic corps, to sce
prostituted in so high a degree, the
most sacred and honourable charac-
ter; the plots of Mr. D. should
excite the indignation of all those
governments which desire the tran-
quillity of Europe. The government
of Lueca, which has never ceased
to wish the prosperity of France,
and. the happiness of the first consul,
and which felt the greatest horror
on hearing of the attempts against
the life of the first consul, will learn
with still greater afiliction, the new
‘machinations which in endangering
the safety of the French republic
would have deprived the republics of
Vtaly, of the peace and happiness
which she enjoyed under its auspi-
ces.—I hasten consequently to en-
treat your excellency to present to
the first consul, in the name of my
government, the most sincere con.
gratulations, on the fortunate dis-
covery of this plot, which will hayeno
other effect than to cover with dis-
honour, its agents and its authors.

(Signed) J. Belluoni,
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Envoy of the Swiss
Confederacy.

The undersigned envoy extraor-
dinary of the Swiss confederacy
near the first consul, has received
with gratitude the communication,
which, by order of the first consul,
his excellency the minister of foreign
relations, has addressed to him the
3d Germinal.—He hastens to trans-
mit to the landamman of the Swiss,
who as well as all the Swiss will
learn with deep regret this new

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

conspiracy against the gracious ally.
—The undersigned, highly flattered
by the expressions contained in the
letter with which his excellency the
minister of foreign relations has
been pleased to honour him, entreats
his excellency to renew to the first
consul the homage of his profound
respect and the expedition. of his
sincere wishes for the preservation
of his precious life,

(Signed) C, de Maillardoz,
March 26, 1804. ,

Answer of the Portuguese Minister.
Citizen Minister,

I have received the letter which
your excellency did me the honour
to address to me of the 3d Germinal,
with a copy of the report presented
by the grand judge, to which are
annexed copies of the papers and
letters of Mr. Drake, his Britannic
majesty’s minister at the court of
Munich, I thank your excellency
for this communication, and I shall
hasten to transmit it to my court,
You render justice, citizen minister,
to my sentiments, in believing the
profound grief that FE feel by the
profanation of the sacred character
of an ambassador.

(Signed) J. M. De Souza,
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Legate of the Sove-
reign Pontiff.
Sir,

I have received with the Ietter ”
of your excellency of the 3d Ger- ©
minal, a copy of the report of the
chief judge, relative to the corres-
pondence of Mr. Drake, minister
of his Britannic majesty at the court
of Bavaria, with a list of those who
have conspired in the interior of
France against the government.
The tender attachment of his holiness

for

STATE. PAPERS.

for the person of the first consul,
the respect-which I know he enter.
tains for him, in consideration of
the important services he has ren-
dered to religion, and the special
protection he has extended to the
church, the gratitude which, not
only French catholics, but likewise
those of neighbouring countries,
ewe him, haye excited in me the
most liyely sorrow when [ learn-
ed that his life was in danger, and
the public tranquillity had been
So near being disturbed, I was then
very far from thinking that any of
the diplomatic agents could be im-
plicated in this conspiracy; the
public and sacred character with
which they are clothed, shelter them
from such a suspicion. I perceive
with great regret, by the corres-
pondence which your excellency
has transmitted to me, that one
of these agents has permitted him-
‘self to address to the enemies of
the French government in the in-
terior, instructions, means, and
plans. I am persuaded that his ho-
liness will feel as sensibly as myself
this melancholy intelligence. Deign
to assure the first consul that the
‘pontiff has viewed, and will always
continue to view, with horror, what-
ever shall tend to disturb the inte-
‘rior peace of his government, on
which rests the entire edifice for the
"re-esiablishment of the catholic re-
min France. Every attempt
"against his precious life will be view-
by his holiness asa crime as

_ atrocious in itself as it is fatal to the
church and to the repose and tran-
quillity of France. I have nodoubt
but that the diplomatic corps of
ope will participate with me in
Bllicac sentiments, and that they will
_ Openly disavow whosoever, among
the members that compose it, shall

653

abuse his character to propagate

discord, and foment disturbances.
(Signed) J.B. Cardinal Caprara.

Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Minister of Saxony.
Citizen Minister, :

Ihave received the note which
your excellency did me the honour
to address to me, of the date of 3d
Germinal, with a copy of the report
which has been presented to the first
consul by the grand judge on the
conspiracy formed hy Mr. Drake,
minister of his Britannic majesty at
the court of Munich; also the
printed copies of letters and other
authentic papers of the said Mr,
Drake, and I haye hastened to
transmit the whole to my court.
There isno one, citizen minister,
who will not learn.with grief that
Mr. Drake, invested with the most
honourable public character, should
descend to such a profanation of
it. ~
(Signed) Ct. De Bunan.
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Minister of the Arch
Chancellor of the German Em-
pire.

Citizen Minister,

The undersigned minister pleni-
potentiary of his highness the elector
and arch chancellor of the Germanic
eupire, having received with res-
pectful acknowledgment the letter
which your excellency had been
pleased to address to him, of the
date of the 3d instant, in which is
enclosed a copy of the report pre-
sented to the first consul on the con-
spiracy formed in France by Mr.
Drake, minister of his Britannic .
majesty at the court of Munich,
he has hastened ta send the above
pieces to his highness the elector.

: The

636

The more necessary, fidelity honour,
and probity are in the actions of a
man to whom has been entrusted the
hou:ourable function of diplomacy,
the deeper is the sorrow which must

be felt at the contemplation of this”

pertidious plot—The unbounded
sentiments of attachment, and the
high consideration which the elector
and arch chancellor has expressed
for the first consul, are so well
known, that the indignation which
he will feel at this news, may be
easily conceived. The undersigned,
who by the express order of his
highness the elector, his master,
has already had the honour of ex-
pressing these sentiments himself at
the last diplomatic audience, begs
of your excellency to repeat to the
first consul an assurance of the
warm interest in, and sincere wishes
for, his preservation entertained by
his highness the elector,

(Signed) Charles Comte De Bocust.
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Neapolitan Minister.
Sir,

L have just received the communi-
cation which your excellency had
been pleased to make to me of the
report of the grand judge to the first
censul, and the annexed papers, on
a conspiracy directed against France.
—The justice which the first ~en-
sul rendered to the sentiments of
the diplomatic corps who have the
honour of being accredited by him,
excites the gratitude, and corres-
ponds fully with the sensations of
profound sorrow with which it has
beheld the sanctity and dignity of a
public character profaned, whose
functions are consecrated by honour
and fidelity. —I cannot conceal from

your excellency the extreme pain
with which I read the papers which

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

contain this communication, and
which I have made it my duty to
transmit immediately to my court.
The sentiments of his majesty, the
king my master, for the person of
the first consul and for the interior
tranquillity of a respected nation,
whose situation has such influence
in surrounding nations, are too well
known to the first consul to ren-
der it necessary for me to remind
your excellency of them on this
occasion.

(Signed) De Gallo.
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Minister of the free

Cities of the German Empire.
Citizen Minister,

I have just received the letter
which your excellency did me the
honour to address to me, together
with the printed letter and authen-
tic papers of Mr. Drake, minister
of his Britannic majesty at Munich,
relative to a conspiracy planned un-
der his direction.—The impression
which a knowledge of these details
must make upon every man who
respects the rights of nations and
the general interests of humanity,
cannot but be of the most painful
nature. Such at least will be the
feelings of the magistrates of the free
towns of the empire. This sentiment
will be the stronger, as the conspi-
racy was principally directed against
the person of the first consul, whom
all the inhabitants of the free towns
of the empire regard as the generous
protector, who has preserved their
independence, and for whom they
feel the highest veneration and the
most perfect attachment.—The dis-
covery of this plot has no where
produced so strong and general a
sensation of sorrow as among the
inhabitants of these towns. The

letters

i

ee en en ea

P

(STATE PAPERS.

letters which I received on their
hearing the news of this conspi-
racy, discovered how great was
the consternation among all classes
of the citizens, and subsequent ones
testify the general felicity on hear-
ing that this plot has been com-
pletely crushed.
-(Signed) Abel.

Answer of the Minister of the Lan-
grave of Hesse Darmstadt.
Citizen Minister,

___ [have hastened to transmit to my
court the letter with which your
excellency has honoured me, and a
copy of the report of the grand
judge with the printed letters, au-
_ thentic papers of the minister of his
Britannic majesty at Munich.—
Every honest man must be deeply
afflicted on discovering that Mr.
Drake has so far forgotten-what he
owes to the dignity of his public
character and to himself, as to be-
come the author of the vile couspi-
racy against the French republic
and its august chief.—I am per-
suaded that the opinion of the first
consul relative to the diplomatic
corps will be fully justified by each
of its members, and I hope in re-
gard to myself that, after a_resi-
dence of many years, the respectful
attachment which I have always
entertained for the person of the
first consul isso well known to your
excellency, that you need no as-
surances to be convinced of the sen-
timents of indignation and horror
with which the dishonourable con-
_ duet of Mr, Drake has inspired me.
(Signed) Augustus de Pappenheim.
Paris, March 26, 1804.

Answer of the Batavian Minister.
Citizen Minister,
The ambassador, who while at
1

637

London, saw the vessels of his na-
tion, brought into English ports,
during the time of peace, had rea-
son to expect that a war preceded
by such a flagrant violation of the
common principles of justice, and
of the rights of nations, would be
carried on with little delicacy as to
the choice of means. It is with
governments, as with individuals,
when once the barriers of justice
have been broken down, power is
the only guide, and neither know
where to stop*their career, Al-
though the history of every nation
attested this melancholy truth it
was still difficult to conceive the
possibility of an event, such as is
detailed in the reports you have
transmitted to me, and it has been
reserved for the present age to fur-
nish so fatal and daring an attempt.
—If the facts developed in this cor-
respondence inspire the deepest af-
fliction in the breast of every indi-
vidual capable of calculating the
fatal consequences arising from the
abuse of one of the most sacred and
respectable of characters, how polg-
nant must be the sensations of one
who is invested with this character,
and who has endeavoured, by an
adherence to his own duties, to ac-
quire a right to that respect, pro-
tection, and inviolability, which the
Jaws of nationse assure him.—The
Batavian ambassador, the minister
of a nation renowned in all ages for
its justice and incorruptibility, to
whom loyalty has become habitual,
and which observes a religious re-
spect for the laws of nations, must,
in the present case, feel a dou-
ble portion of the general indigna-
tion.
(Signed)
Schimmelpennick.
Paris, March 26, 1804.
Answer

638

Answer of the Minister of the Grand
Master of Malta.
Sir, ,
T hasten to inform your excellen-
cy, that I have received your letter
of the 3ist Germinal, with a copy
of the report of the grand judge,
relative to the conspiracy designed
by Mr. Drake, his Britannie majes-

ty’s minister at the court of Mu.”

nich. I shall immediately transmit
_ the communication to his highness
the grand master of the order of St.
John of Jerusalem: his attachment,
his profound devotion, as well as
that of the order over which he pre-
sides, to the interests of France,
and the august person of the first
éonsul, are such, that he will feel
the greatest horror and indignation
when he hears of this odious plot.
(Signed) The Bailiff of Ferrete.
Paris, March 26, 1804. ~

Official Account of the Death of Pi-
chegru, extracted from the Mon-
teur, or French Official Journal,
of the 8th of April, 1804.

The following is the substance of
the juridical reports connected with
the suicide of Pichegru: - citizens
Soupe, Didier, Bousquet, Brunet,
Lesvignes, and Fleury, surgeons
appointed by the criminal tribunal
to inspect the body of the ex-gene-
ral Pichegru, and to state what was
the cause which gave rise to his
death, unanimously declared —That
(on the 6th of April) from the
temple, they were conducted into
the chamber where Charles Piche-
gru, the ex-general, was confined.
On arriving in the chamber they
found a male corpse. After de-
scribing his person, and what ap-
peared to them his age, they go on

3

_ body.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

to say that he died of strangulation. —
They state, they found a black silk
handkerchief about his neck, through
which was passed a small stick for-
ty-five centimeters Jong, and from
four to five centimeters in circum-
ference; which stick, forming
a tourquinet of the cravat, was
stopped by the left jaw, on which
he lay, with one end of the stick
under, and this produced a degree
of strangulation suflicient to occa-
sion his'death. They then remark-
ed, that the stick had rested by one
of its ends on the left check, and
that by moving round irregularly,
it had produced a transversal scratch
of about six centimeters.—'The face
was discoloured, the jaw was locked,
and the tongue was pressed betwixt
the teeth. The discolouration (e re-
mossé), extended over the whole
The extremities were cold.
The muscles and fingers of the hand
were strongly contraéted. ‘Their
Opinion, therefore, was, from alt
they saw in the position of the bo-
dy, and the idea they had formed
respecting it, that the body was the
corpse of the ex-general Pichegru,
and that he was guilty of suicide.—
Uitizen Sirot, one of the gens d’armes
@ lite, was stationed near the cham-
ber of general Pichegru, in the tem-
ple. He had heard a considerable
degree of struggling and noise, but
imagined that the prisoner laboured
under a great degree of difficulty of
breathing. He did not, however,
think that there was any thing which
required his particular assistance.
Citizen Lapointe was near the same
spot. He awaked about 4 o’clock
in the morning, but heard no parti-
cular noise. Citizen Fauconnier,
keeper of the tower of the Temple,
deposed, that at half-past seven in
the morning, (of the 6th of April)

atizce

STATE PAPERS.

citizen Popon, Pichegru’s keeper,
went to light his fire in the usual
manner. He was astonished at not
hearing him either speak or stir.—

i He went immediately to colonel

Ponsard, the commander of the gens

_ @armerie, and informed him of what

had taken place. Thuriot, the ac-
enuser-general, was then informed of
the circumstance. A medical per-

‘son was instantly sent for, and

all necessary instructions were given
at the request of the accuser-gene-
ral. Citizen Popon, principal door-
Keeper of the hall of justice in the
Temple, stated that at half-past se-
ven o’clock on the morning of the
6th of April, he went into general
Pichegru’s chamber for the purpose
of lighting the fire. Not hearing
him either speaking or stirring, and
dreading that some accident had ta-
ken place, he hastened to apprise
citizen Fauconnier. He adds that
the key of Pichegru’s chamber was

_ taken away by him, immediately
_ after supper the preceding evening,

and thatit had remained in his pocket
till the time he went to light the fire
in the morning.

Copy of the Prince of Conde’s Letter,
conveying his Thanks to the Emi.
grants for their public Expression
of their Concern at the Murder of
the Duke D’ Enghuien. Wanstead-
House, April 27, 1804.

The excess of our grief, sir, has
not prevented my son and me from

_ feeling, as we ought, the generous

interest which all the faithful emi-
grants have taken in the great Joss
We have recently sustained. We

639

fee] it as much our duty, as it is
our anxious wish, to make known
to them our entire gratitude. ‘The
number of those worthy persons to
whom our thanks are due, being too
great to permit us to address our-
selves to each in particular, wehave
requested the minister of the king,
who is the head of the Bourbons, te
express, as perfeétly as it is possi-
ble, to those emigrants, so worthy
of the cause they support, how sen
sible we are of the generous and dis-
tinguished manner in which they
have mingled their regret with ours,
im the august and mournful cere-
mony of yesterday*. We therefore
beseech you, sir, in concert with
to be the interpreter of our
just and lively gratitude, which will
never be extinguished in our hearts
but with onr breath, which will ter-
minate at once our sufferings, and
our unfortunate race. We owe to
you, sir, our particular thanks for
your care of the ceremony of yes-
terday ; and we beg you to rest as-
sured of our gratitude, and of the
sentiments of perfect esteem and sin-
cere frieudship for you with which
we have long been penetrated.
(Signed)
Louis Joseph De Bourbon.
&e. &e. Ke.

Note from. Francis Drake, Esq.
English Minister at Munich, to
Baron de Montgelas, the Bava-
rian Minister of State, dated
Munich, 30th of March, 1804.

The undersigned envoy extraor-
dinary from his Britannic majesty,
has been informed, that his elec-

_ ™ The solemn Mass which was celebrated at St. Patrick’s cliapel, Soho-Square,
m memory of this event. Vide Chronicle, p, 382.

teral

640

foral highness has been pleased,
at the requisition of the French go.
vernment, to give a hint to all no-
blemen, who quitted France during
the revolution, and may now be

found in his dominions, to leave the.

same within ten days, without ex-
cepting these who are dependent on
the British government. Although
this account appear to be tolerably
authentic, the undersigned cannot
give any credit to it, without re-
ceiving a confirmation thereof from
his excellency Baron Montgelas, as
he is too well convinced of the just
and generous sentiments of his elec-
toral highness, to believe that his
highness could have consented to
such a demand from a power, which
has formally declared, by the 4th
article of its own constitution, that
there are not any relations left ex-
isting between it and the persons
against whom that measure is sup-
posed to be taken: this deprives it
of the right to assume any authority
with respect to them; a principle
which your excellency owned your-
self, at a time when it was in agita-
tion to prohibit in this country the
decorations of the French monarchy.
‘The undersigned is the more justi-
* fied in his supposition, that he must
have been misinformed on this sub-
ject, as knowing how sorely the
feeling heart of his eleétoral high-
ness must be afflicted, if obliged to
exercise any rigour towards persons,
against whom no cause of reproach
can be alledged; unless it be a re-
proach, that they have shewn them-
selves so firmly devoted to thir du-
ties, and to that sovereign house
with which his electoral highness for-
merly stood connected, in so many
respeéts. ‘The’ undersigned is more-
over convinced, that it could not
escape the enlightened wisdom of
bis eleétorial highness, that a simi-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

lar exercise of rigour, against those
respectable, and already so very un~
fortunate persons, would form a
rueful example of the fate awaiting
those who, in a moment of danger,
are inclined to remain true to their
lawful sovereign ; and which exam-
ple may induce them to swerve from
their duty at the very moment when
a sovereign stands most in need of
the efforts and actual proofs of their
attachment. The undersigned has,
therefore, the honour to request
baron Von Montgelas to clear up
his doubts on this subjeét, and to
inform him, whether the measure
in question will extend to the offi-
cers of the late Condean army, who
are attached to the British govern-
ment, that he may be enabled to ac-
quaint his court thereof, and to
await the commands of his sovereign
accordingly. The undersigned avails
himself of this opportunity to re-
quest baron Von. Montgelas to ac-
cept the assurances of his most par-
ticular regard, &c.

Note from the same to the same.
Dated Munich, 31st of March,
1804, ;

I have just received a notice of so
very extraordinary a nature, but
which is so important of itself, and
for the consequences which may re-
sult from it, that though I am very
far from crediting it, I think ita
duty I owe to my sovereign, to
whom my person and services be-
long, as well as to his highness the
elector himself, immediately to in-
form your excellency thereof. The
said notice is in substance to the
following purport: that a seisure of
the British ministry at Munich is in
agitation, in the manner of that
which took place with respect to his

highness

STATE PAPERS.

highness the duke of Enghuien, at
Ettenheim, in the territory of the
elector of Baden, but with this dif-
ference, that the second seizure will
not be effeéted by a body of troops,
but by men secretly sent to Munich,
and its neighbourhood, by diferent
roads. With respect to the moment
and particulars of the execution, [
have no detailed accounts ; and I
own to your excellency, that the
difficulties of the enterprise appear-
éd to me from the first too great,
the project itself too extravagant,
and at the same time too dreadiul,
to be fully convinced: of its exist-
ence: on the other hand, it cannot
be concealed, that the example of
events which have very recently oc-
curred, as it were, under our eyes,
are little calculated to inspire confi-
dence, However this may be, and
little as this notice has affected me
personally, yet it appears to me,
that I should be transgressing the
duties which. my post, as-a public
minister, requires, if I neglected in-
forming your excellency thereof
forthwith, that you may be enabled
to take in time such measures as the
case may require, and to avert, by
proper acts of precaution, the un-
pleasant result which might arise,
eyen from the attempt to execute a
design of this nature. I beg your
excellency to accept the assurance,
&c.

Note from the Baron de Montgelas,
Minister of the Elector of Ba-
varia, to Mr. Drake, the English

| Minister to Bavaria. Dated Mu-
nich, March 31, 1804.

“The undersigned, &c. has the ex-
press command of his electoral high-
ness, to communicate to Mr. ‘Drake

ex. XLVI.

641

the annexed printed papers, and to
state to him that the originals, in Mr.
Drake’s own hand-writing, are now
before him! His electoral highness,
penetrated with grief at the disco- —
very that his capital has been the
central point of a correspondence,
which is so inconsistent with the
mission which his excellency Mr.
Drake was invested at this court 5
and he owes it to his dignity and to
the welfare of his subjects, to de-
clare, that from this moment it is
impossible for him to have any com-
munication with Mr. Drake, or to re-
ceive him at his court. Already two
of his electoral highness’s subjects,
who are compromised in Mr.
Drake’s correspondence, are arrest-
ed at Munich, because they have
acted in a manner inconsistent with
the law of nations, ‘The undersign-

‘ed is likewise charged to declare,

that his electoral highness knows
too well the noble and magnanimous
sentiments of his Britannic majesty
and the English nation, to suppose
that their cormduct on this occasion
can be liable to the smallest reproach.
They will hasten to declare them-
selves directly to his majesty, and to
deposit in his bosom the profound
grief they feel, while they withdraw
their confidence from the minister, -
who was appointed to represent his

majesty at this court. The elector

is perfectly convinced that his Bri-

tannic majesty will, on this ecca-

sion, necessarily so "painful to him,

see a new proof of the high esteem

he entertains for his majesty, and of ©
that good will of which he has given

so many proofs to the electoral

house.

Note presented to the French Minis«
ter of Foreign Affairs, by the
i Russian

642

Russian Chargé-d’ Affairs, Mr.
Oubril; relative to the Occur-
rences at Ettenhetm, where the
Duke DY Enghuien was seized. Da-
ted Paris, April 20, 1804.

According to the orders which
the undersigned Chargé-d’Adairs of
his imperial majesty the emperor of
all the Russias has received from his
court, he hastens to inform the mi-
nister of the French republic, that
his illustrious master has learned,
with equal astonishment and con-
cern, the event that has taken place
at Ettenheim, the circumstances that
have attended it, and its melancholy
result. ‘he concern of the empe-

ror on this occasion is the more live-
ly, as he can by no means reconcile
the violation of the territory of the
elector of Baden to those principles
of justice and propriety which are
held sacred among nations, and are
the bulwark of their reciprocal rela-
tions, His imperial majesty. finds in
this act a violation of the rights of
nations, and of a ncutral territory,
which, at least, was as arbitrary as
it was public; a violation, the con-
sequences of which are difficult to
estimate, and which, if considered
as admissible, must entirely annihi-
fate the security and independence
of sovereign states. If the German
empire, after the misfortunes it has
suffered, which have made it sensibly
feel the necessity of tranquillity and
repose, must still be in fear for the
integrity of its territory, could it
have been expected that this should
have originated on the part of a go-
vernment which has laboured to se-
cure to it peace, and imposed on it-
self the duty of guaranteeing its con-
tinuance. All these considerations
have not permitted the emperor to

pass over in sileuce this unexpected

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

eveut, which has spread consterna~
tion through all Germany. His im-
perial majesty has held it to be his
duty, as guarantee and mediator of
the peice, to notify to the states of
the empire, the manner in which he
views an aétion which endangers
their.security and independence.—
The Russian resident at Ratisbon
has, in consequence, received orders
to deliver in a note to the diet, and -
to represent to it, and to the head
of the empire, the necessity of re-
monstrating to the French govern-
ment against this violation of the
German territory. His imperial
majesty holds it in like manner to
be his duty to notify his sentiments
directly to the French government,
by the undersigned, as his majesty
is assured, that the first consul will
hasten to attend to the just remon-
strances of the German political bo-
dy, and feel the pressing necessity
of taking the most active measures
to relieve all the governments of
Europe from the alarm he must
have occasioned to them, and put
an end to an order of things too
dangerous to their safety and future
independence.

The undersigned hereby fulfils the
commands of his illustrious master,
and avails himself.of this opportu-
nity to communicate to the citizen
minister for foreign affairs, the as-
surance of his high esteem.

Note transmitted by the French Mi-
nister for Foreign Relations to the
Imperial Russian Chase @ Af-
faires, dated May 16th, 1804,
and signed Ch. Mau. Talleyrand.

I have laid before the first con-
sul the note of the 20th of April,
which you did me the honour to

transmit

STATE PAPERS.

traismit te me.. The first consul
_ observes, with regret, that the in-
‘fluence of the enemies of France
has prevailed in the cabinet of St.
Petersburgh, and that it now puts
at hazard the good understanding
which was established with so much
~ pains, and which appeared to be so
_ well confirmed by the happy effeéts
which it has produced. His majesty
the emperor of Germany, and his
majesty the king of Prussia, who
undoubtedly are the two powers the
most concerned in the fate of the
German empire, have understood
that the French government was
Sufficiently authorized to arrest, at
_ two leagues distance from her fron-
tier, French rebels who conspired
again their own country, and who,
by the nature of their plots, as well
as by the terrible evidence which
corroborated them, had placed them-
selves out of the protettion of the
_ law of nations. The German princes
_ haying thus been satisfied, the first
consul would havé nothing to say
to the emperor of Russia on a point
which does not in the least concern
his interest; but he will always
: be happy to speak to his majesty
the emperor of Russia, with that
openness which Europe knows he
_ possesses, which only is becoming
_ great and powerful states. If it be
_ the intention of his majesty to form
a new coalition in Europe, and to
_ recommence the war, what need
_ is there for empty pretences ; and
why not aét more openly? Much
as the renewal of hostilities would
grieve the first consul, he knows
no man in the world that could put
_ France in fear; no man whom he
_ would suffer to interfere in the in-
_ ternal concerns in the country ; and
since he himself does not meddle
with the parties or opinions between

¥

643

which Russia may be divided, his
imperial majesty can have no right
to meddle with the parties or opi-
nions between which Frante may
be divided. In the note, sir, which
you have delivered, you require—
‘¢ That France should employ the
most eflicacious means to tranquil-
lize the different governments, and
to let an order of things cease in
Europe, which is too alarming for .
their security and independence.”
But is not this independence of the
states of Europe attacked, if it
appear that Russia proteéts and
maintains, at Dresden and at Rome,
authors of plots who seek to abuse
the privilege of their'residence, for
the purpose of disquieting the neigh-
bouring states? and if the Russian
ministers at most of the courts of
Europe pretend to place under **
proteétion of the. law of nations,
persons who are natives of that very
country where those ministers re«
side, as M. de Marcoff wanted to
do at Paris with a Genevese? These
are real infringements of the inde-
pendence of the states of Europe ;
these are the very infringements
which ought to excite their vigor-
ous remonstrances. The circum-
stance against which an outcry is
raised, is of a very different nature.
—By the treaty of Luneville, Ger-
many and France had mutually en-
gaged to allow no assylum to any
of those men who, could disturb
their respective tranquillity. The
emigrants who resided at Baden, at
Friburg, at Dresden, &c. were by
that treaty not to be suffered in the
German empire; and this circum-
stance shews what real impropriety
there was in the conduét of Russia.
—France requires of her to remove
emigrants who were in the employ-
ment of Russia, at the time when
Lt? the

644

the two countriés were at war, from
countries where they rendered them-
selyes conspicuous only by their
intrigues; and Russia insists upon
maintaining them there; and the
remonstrance she now makes, leads
to this question:—If, when Eng-
Jand planned the murder of Paul [.
(supposing intelligence to have been
received, that the authors of the
plot were at a league from the fron-
tier), wowd not pains have been
taken to arrest them? The first
consul hopes that. his imperial ma-
jesty, whose excellent mind and
noble charaéter are so well known,
will sooner. or later perceive that
there are men who avail themselves
of every means to raise enemies to
France, and who thereby seek to
make a diversion, and rekindle the
Hames of a war, which is advantage-
ous only to England. This war
will never take place with the first
eensul’s consent; but whosoever may
declare it against him, he shall ever
prefer it to a state of things which
should tend to destroy that equality
between great powers, which tend
to the detriment of France. And
as he does not arrogate to himself
any superiority, and does not in-
terfere with any operation of the
Russian cabinet, he demands a per-
feét reciprocity in this respeét. I
continue, sir, firmly to hope, that
declarations so candid will be fully
appreciated by your court, and that
they will tend to dispel the clouds

which malice spreads between our.

countries with a success greatly to
be lamented. Accept, sir, the as-
surance of my perfect esteem, &c.

Note presented by M. dOubril,
Russian Chargé d’ Affaires at Pa-
vis, to the French Minister of

ANNUAL REGISTER, °1804.

Foreign Affairs.
Qtst, 1804.,

Paris, July

The note, which the citizen mi-
nister of foreign affairs transmitted
to the undersigned chargé d’afiaires
from his majesty the emperor of
all the Russias, he did not fail to
transmit to St. Petersburgh; but
the undersigned has to declare,
that his court greatly disapproved
his receiving a paper, which did not
answer his preceding official com-
munications, and was by no means
calculated to be laid before his au-
gust sovereign. The said paper,
however, at length came under the:
notice of his imperial majesty, who
saw, with surprise, that its contents
consist altogether of such assertions
as are not only unfounded, but also
wholly unconneéted with the note
of the 22d April. ‘The emperor, al-
ready moved by the calamities which
oppress a great part of Europe, and
by the dangers which threaten the
German empire, whose interests:
Russia is particularly bound to sup-
port, in conformity to her obliga-
tions, received intelligence of ano-
ther recent violation of the law of
nations, which was perpetrated at
Ettenheim ; he, therefore, thought
himself bound to invite the assembled
states of the German empire, and
the German princes, to concur with
him in jointly protesting against the
French government, to whom his
majesty communicated the same sen-
timents, in hopes that it would re-
pair the insult offered to the German
league, and allay the fears of Eu-
rope for the repetition of similar
outrages.—The I’rench government
could not.avoid to return an answer
to this plain declaration from his
majesty the emperor; but the eva-
sive reply which was made is offen-

sive

STATE PAPERS.

sive to Russia, to the German em-
pire, and to France herself ; it tm-
pairs the good understanding which

she declares her wish to preserve,

but the effects whereof Russia has
not hitherto perceived. We live
no longer in those barbarous times
when every country regarded only
her immediate mterest ; modern po-

__ lity, founded upon the law of na-

tions, has introduced certain princi-

ples respecting the interest of the
whole community of states.
state could view with indifference the

No

event already mentioned, which

- gave such a dreadful blow to the in-

cause for it.
ment has long given too much and
too just cause for breaking the bands

dependence and security of nations.
By the peace of Teschen, Russia un-

_ dertook to guarantee and mediate
_ for the German empire; in this qna-

Jity his imperial majesty was not

merely justified in raising his voice
_ on this occasion, but was absolutely

hound to do it. The French go-
vernment, bearing a similar quality,

_ takes the liberty of violating the

neutrality of Germany, and to
act arbitrarily on that territory. It

_is difficult to conceive how his impe.

rial majesty should be incompetent
to stand up for the German empire,

the security and independence of

which he has gnaranteed.—It would
be in vain to attempt to explain

otherwise the conduct of Russia,
_whose motives are so evident, or to
_ discover therein the influence of the
_ enemies of France ; its sole motive is

the wretched condition to which the

_ French government, by its influence,

has.reduced Europe. Should Rus-

‘sia propose to establish a coalition,
- for the purpose of renewing tlie war
on the continent, it would not at all

be required to seek. any unfounded
The French govera-

645

of harmony, which the emperor has
preserved merely by his moderation,
and which he desired to preserve for
ever. No person, and the French
government least of all, can mistake
the views of the cabinet of St. Pe-
tersburgh, since his imperial majesty
so explicitly declared, even before
the present war, how necessary it
was to labour for the consolidation
of peace ; to prevent new revolutions
in Europe, to avoid carefully every
cause for mistrust, and to let every
state quietly enjoy its independence.
At the same time, Russia disclosed
to the French cabinet, how much
she desired that this latter power
might contribute to consolidate the
present order of things; that it
should, by its moderation and disin~
terestedness, give a hope to the
other states of Europe, that every
government could at last (after the
unhappy war, which cost.so much
blood) devote itself, with safety and |
quiet, to the happiness of the people
entrusted to it. Tar from desiring
to rekindle the flames of war on the
continent, his Russian majesty most
ardently wishes to stifle those flames
every where; but his majesty har-
bours this particular wish, that the
French government, as it pretends to .
the same desire, would let those na-
tions alone, who wish nothing more
fervently than to avoid taking a part
in the present troubles.—This was
the only (theugh unfortunately for
the cause of humanity, it proved an
ineffectual) wish of Russia, which
never deviated from those principles;
every step she took with the French
goverument, which she constantly
referred to treaties already con-
eluded, had no other view. _ Upon
the same ground she proposed to act
as a mediator between Fraice and
England, but was not accepted.—

Tts3 Since

646

Since the renewal of the war, the
French government thinks itself
competent to occupy those coun-
tries, and deprive them of their com-
merce which in vain appeal to their
neutrality ; his imperial majesty was
thereby alarmed, not indeed on his
own account, since, from the actual
situation and power of his empire,
his majesty can remain a quiet spec-
tator of those distressing scenes ; but
he was alarmed for the security of
the other states of Europe. His
majesty repeatedly urged with the
French government, but always in-
effectually, that those countries at
deast should be permitted to remain
neutral, whose neutrality France
/and Russia had guaranteed by mu-
tual treaties; his majesty also re-
peatedly disclosed his sentiments
with respect to those states that are
already in danger of sharing the fate
of Italy, of a part of Germany, and
of the other countries which France
has already got in her possession.—
Meanwhile the emperor saw, in
spite of all his exertions and remon-
strances, the danger increasing daily;
French troops, on the one side, cc-
cupying the coasts of the Adriatic ;
on the other, levying contributions
. on the Hanse Towns, and menacing

Denmark ; consequently, his impe-~

rial majesty has resolved, as the the-
atre of war approaches his frontier,
to establish a military force, which
shall be adequate to put a stop to
further encroachments. The fact is
notorious to all Europe ; the empe-
ror was particularly desirous that it
might not remain unknown to the
French government, -and the mutual
explanations always referred to the
same objects. Never then did any
government act more candidly, or
for a purpose which requires less se-
eresy, or is subject to less false cone

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

structions than Russia did in the
present circumstances. If this con-
duct be not upright; if it can be
considered as hostile to France, or
as an attack on the welfare and
tranquillity of the German empire,
then there is no longer any difference
existing between manifest encroach-
ments on the one part, and that just
indignation which the other part
must consequently feel; between at-
tack and defence ; between the op-
pression and protection of the weak.
—The undersigned will not, in this
place, examine, by the law of na-
tions,. the. question, whether the
French government be justified in
persecuting, in every country, those
persons whom it has exiled from
their own, and in prescribing io fo-
reign powers the manner in which
they shall be permitted to treat or
to employ the late emigrants, whom
they may have adopted for: their
subjects, or employed in their ser-
vice. Such a tenet is at variance
with every principle of justice ; nay,
with those principles which the
French nation-has so solemnly pro-
claimed. To suppose that Russia
attacks the independence of the
states of Europe, because she wilk
not permit a person in her employ-
ment abroad to be appointed some-
where else at the will of the French
government, were to confound all
ideas and words; or because she
claims another person, who is a na-
turalized Russian, and has just now

‘been delivered up by another state,

without any previous trial, and con
trary to every appearance of justice.
—Never did the emperor protect
conspirators ; his noble and upright
character is too well known to all
Europe to require an elaborate con-
tradiction of this assertion, as false
as it is indecent. ‘The French gos

vernment

STATE’ PAPERS.

yernment itself is convinced of the
contrary ; it need only remember,
that the emperor has frequently de-
clared, that if such an accusation
were proved against any Russian in
his employment, he would hasten to
punish him most severely for a crime
which he considers of a most heinous
nature. But the cabinet of St. Cloud
returned no ansver to this candid
communication, nor did it furnish
any proof to supportits pretensions ;
it has then no right to complain of
its unsupported demands not being
complied with. But at the present
moment, when Portugal was obliged
to purchase her neutrality ; when
Naples, to save her’s, was compelled
to contribute, at an enormous ex-
pence, to the maintenance of the
French troops on her own territory;
when all Italy, especially those re-
publics that had been promised in-
dependence and happiness; when
‘Swisserland and Holland were con-
sidered merely as French ‘provinces ;
when one part of the German em-
pire is occupied, while in another
part French detachments execute
arrests in contempt of the sacred
- Jaw of nations; at such, a moment
the emperor will leave to all the
States alleged, nay, to the impartial
opinion of the cabinet of St. Cloud

itself, the decision of the question,,

which of the two, Russia or France,
menaces the security of Europe?
which of them acts on principles the
most favourable to the independence
of other states? which interferes
most in the government and internal
police of other countries, and prac-
tices the most arbitrary acts against
them ?—Although the sorrow which
the emperor felt at this alarming si-
tuation of affairs, was as notorious
as the opinion he entertained of it,
he nevertheless held himself bound

647

to make his declaration as explicit
as possible, that it might not with
truth be said, that there was nota
single goverument on the continent
which had the courage to raise its
voice in the cause of justice; and
that the Russian government might
not be charged with having omitted
to call the attention of its co-estates
to the dreadful consequences which
must necessarily ensue from a fur-
ther neglect of order, and of those
principles on which their well being
and their security depend. It does
not appear how it could be so easily
proved, in the present dispute, that
Russia, by protesting against a ma-
nifest violation of the law of nations,
committed beyond the limits of the
French republic, on a neutral terri-
tory of the German empire, by a
guaranteeing and mediating power,
has thereby interfered in the internal
affairs of france, and to interfere in
which the emperor never had the
most distant idea. Every state is in-
deed competent to outlaw a person
within its own limits; but no state
has a right arbitrarily to place any
person out of the protection of the
law of nations, because the latter
does not depend upon the decrees of
any single state, but is grounded up-
on the unanimous will of the com-
monwealth of sovereign states.
Thus the French government could
at most demand of the princes of the
German empire, in conformity to
the treaty of Luneville, that the
emigrants in their states, who had

not yet made the choice of a coun-

try, and against whom authenti¢
proofs could be produced, should be
removed; but the French govern-
ment was by no means justified in
the invasion of those states, sword
in hand, to carry off such persons by
main force.—it will hardly be cre-

Tt4 dited,

648
dited, that the French cabinet could
(to maintain its erroneous principle)
deviate so far from every requisite
decorum, and the regard due to
truth, as to allege examples which
were altogether improper to be
mentioned ; that it should, in an of-
ficial document, recal even a father’s
death to the recollection of his illus-
trious son, in order to wound his
tender feelings; and that it should
(contrary to all truth and to all pro-
bability) raise an accusation against
another government, whom France
never ceascs to calumniate, merely
because she is at war with it.
France has endeavoured in yain to
justify herself by the most cxtraor-
dinary surmises and suggestions, but
they cannot alter the state of the
present question, nor can they be

made to justify with effect an arbi-,

trary act, which annihilates the
leading, and hitherto undisputed,
principles of the Jaw of nations. it
is not, by any means, necessary to
analyse the whole contents of the
note from the citizen minister for
foreign afiairs, in order to be con-
vinced that it is evasive and unsatis-
factory, if the object be considered,
which the emperor proposed, when
he, in the course of last spring,
caused the notes to be delivered at
Paris and at Ratisbon ; it is also evi-
dent, from the said French note,
that the French government rather
wished to increase the emperor’s just
indignation, since its only object in
that note is, in an indecent manner,
to ayoid the important question
proposed, instead of offering a can-
did investigation of it—The emperor
is, however, superior to the emo-
tions of personal resentment. He
has principally at heart the well-be-
ing and tranguillity of Europe: he,
therefore, docs not hesitate to make

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

a last effort for the preservation, if
possible, of a friendly intercourse
with France. His majesty’s sole
wish is, that peace may revive in
Europe; that no person may assume
any authority whatsoever over any
other state; and that the French
government do acknowledge, an
equality of rights for inferior states,
but who are not less independent
than France. Russia, it cannot be
etoo offen repeated, entercains not
the least inclination for war, nor can
she be benefited by it; her conduct
will alone be influenced by the pres-
sure of circumstances. She may,
however, justly presume, that the

French administration entertains |

such an opinion of the Russian go-
vernment, as to be convinced that
the latter will not remain an idle or
indifferent spectator of any new en-
croachments. His majesty the em-
peror of Russia is not himself influ-
enced by fear, nor does he wish to
direct its operations to the .minds of
others. It is his desire to preserve
his former relations with France,
but upon no other ground than that
of perfect equality. The first con-
dition_is, that the terms mutually
agreed upon shall be sacredly ful-
filled, and on this condition only can
the two states, after what has hap-
pened, enjoy their former relations
of good will and amity. The un-
dersigned has been ordered to de-
clare, that he cannot prolong his
stay at Paris, unless the following
demands are previously granted :—
1. That, conformably to the 4th
and 5th articles of the secret con-
vention of the Lith of October,
1801, the French goyernment shall
under. its troops to evacuate the
kingdom of Naples; and when that
is done, that it shall engage to re-
spect the neutrality of that king-

; dom,

a

STATE: PAPERS.

dom, during the present and any
_ future war. 2. That, in confor-
mity to the second article of the said
convention, the French government
shall promise to establish imme-
diately some principle of concert
with. his imperial majesty, for re-
_gulating the basis upon which the
affairs of Italy shall be finally ad-
_ justed.——3. That it shall engage,
in conformity to the 6th article of
- the convention aforesaid, and the
promises so repeatedly given to
Russia, to indemnify, without de-
lay, the king of Sardinia for the
_ losses he has sustained. Lastly,—
_A. That, in virtue of the obligation
of a mutual guarantee and media~
tion, the French government shall
_ promise immediately to eyacuate and
withdraw its troops from the north
* of Germany ; and enter into an en-
gagement to respect, in the strictest
_ manner, the neutrality of the Ger-
manic body. The undersigned
_has to add, that he has received. or-
ders from his government to demand
a categorical answer to these four
points, and avails himself of this op.
portunity, &c.

_ Note Pom M. Talleyrand, French
Minister for Foreign Affairs, de-
_ livered to M. DOubril, Russian
-Chargé & Affairs at Paris. Dated
«29th July, 1804.

‘
’

_ The undersigned minister for fo-
( reign affairs has submitted to his ma-
$. jesty the emperor, the note of M.
DW Oubdril, chargé affaires from
A mee (of the 21st July, 1804.)

The undersigned has received orders

to declare, that whenever the court
_ of Russia shall fulfil the articles of
its treaty with France, the latter

will be ready to execute them with

645

the same fidelity: as Russia must
naturally think that the treaty is
equally binding upon the two con-
tracting powers. + If the cabinet of
St. Petersburgh is of opinion, that it
has some demands to make in con-
sequence of-the articles 1V. V. and.
Vi. of the secret convention of the
18th Vendemiaire, year 10, France. *
also claims the execution of the 3d
article of that treaty, which is ex-
pressed in the following terms:—
‘¢ The two contracting parties, de-
sirous to the utmost of their power
to contribute to the tranquillity of
the two respective governments, en-
gage not to suffer their respective
subjects to maintain any correspon-
dence, direct or indirect, with the
enemies of the two states, or to,
propagate principles contrary to
their respective constitutions, by
fomenting any disturbance whatso-
ever: and that in consequence of
this agreement, every subject of one
of those powers inhabiting the states
of the other, who shall do any thing
contrary to its safety, shall be re-
moved from the said country, and
trausporied beyond its frontiers,
without having any claim to the
protection of his own government.”
This article, framed with as much
precision as wisdom, declares the very
friendly dispositions which bound
the two powers at the time of form-
ing this treaty. “France, therefore,
did not expect that Russia would
grant its protection to French emi-
grants, by accrediting theni to, the
neighbouring powers of France,
where they might indulge their hos-
tile dispositions against their coun
try: nor did she expect such a con~
duct from M. Marcoff, the minister
of Russia, who was the real cause
of the disunion and coolness existing
between the two powers. During

his

650

his residence in Paris, he constantly
encouraged every kind of intrigue
that could disturb the public tran-
quillity ; and he even went so far
as, by his official notes, to place
under the protection of the law of
nations, French emigrants, and
other agents, in the pay of England.
—France did not expect that Russia
would purposely send on a mission
to Paris, those officers who had ex-
cited strong complaints against them,
as was well known to that govern.
ment. Strange conduct, when it is
considered what isthe’ duty of all
governments; but still more so,
when reference is made to the arti-
cle already cited.—Lastly, was the
mourning which the court of Russia
assumed for a man whom the tri-
bunals of France had condemned
for having plotted against the safety
of the French government, such a
conduct as was conformable to the
letter or the spirit of this article ?2—
The French: government demands
the execution of the 9th article of
the secret convention, in which it
is stated, ‘* that the two contract-

ing parties acknowledge and gua-
- rantee the independence and the con-
stitution of the republic of the seven
united islands, formerly belonging
to Venice; and that it be agreed,
‘that there shall be no foreign troops
in those islands ;” an article evident-
ly violated by Russia, as she has
continued to send troops thither,
which she has gpeuly reinforced,
and has changed the government of
that country without the consent of
France:—France also demands the
execution of the second article of the
same convention, the evident appli-
cation of which should have been,
that instead of manifesting such a
partiality for England, and of be-
coming, ri ah the first aeeny

ANNUAL REGISTER.

of its ambition, Russia should have
been united to France, in order to
consolidate a general peace, to re-
establish a just balance in the four
parts of the world, and to procure
the liberty of the seas. © These are
the precise expressions of the article.
—Such ought to be, without doubt,
the conduct of the two powers, res-
pecting the treaty which binds them
both; but the cabinet of Russia ex-
pects that France will fulfil the sti-
pulations to which she is engaged,
without executing those which she is
bound to perform. ‘This is acting
like a conqueror towards a vanquish-
ed power: this is to suppose that
France can be intimidated by me-
naces, or, that she will acknowledge
the superiority of any other power:
but the history of the years which

preceded the peace made with Rus- _—

sia, plainly demonstrates that, that ©
power has no more right than any
other to assume a haughty tone to-
wards France. The emperor of the
French wishes for the peace of the
continent, He has made all possible
advances to re-establish it with Rus-
sia; he has spared nothing to main-
tain it: but with the assistance of
God and his arms, he is not in a si-
tuation to fear any one.
dersigned requests M. le charge d’
affaires of Russia to accept the as-
surance of his perfect consideration.

Ch. M. Talleyrand.

Copy of the Note presented by mM.
@Oubril, the Russian Chargé &
Affaires, to the Minister, for Fo-
reign Affairs.

Paris, Aug. 2th, 1804.
The undersigned chargé d'affaires
of his majesty the emperer of all the
Russias, in answer to the note
transmitted

The un- *

STATE PAPERS.

transmitted to him by the minister
for foreign affairs, feels it incum-
bent on him to confine himself to a
recapitulation of that conduét which
his august master has constantly
held towards the French govern-
ment, the plain exposition of which
will sufficiently demonstrate the na-
ture of the reciprocity which he has

in his turn experienced from that.

power. From the moment that
his majesty ascended the throne, he
jaboured with all his care to renew
the good intelligence which had for-
merly prevailed between France and
Russia.. His imperial majesty, in
anticipating the explanations which
were to produce a solid and perma-
nent understanding between the two
countries, was happy in the per.
suasion, that he would by that means
effectually contribute to the general

. pacification of Europe; the tranquil-

lity of which had been too long dis-
turbed by the events which occa-
sioned the war that was terminated
by the treaty of Luneville. The
readiness which his majesty shewed
to make peace with the French go-
vernment, at the time it was at war

with several other powers—the re-

newal of the former treaty of com-
merce, which was entirely to the
advantage of France—the good of-
fices of Russia in bringing about a
reconciliation between the republic

and the Ottoman Porte, are all con-

vincing proofs of the disposition of
his majesty, and of his wishes to

negleét nothing on his part, which

could tend to consolidate that con.
nexion which he hoped might ex-
ist for ever. Since that period,
when, in consequence of the mis.
fortunes which Germany experienc-
ed in the course of the war, and
that many members of the Germanic
body were put under the necessity

-

651

of submitting to make sacrifices,
and that it became necessary to as.
certain those sacrifices, for the pur-
pose of settling the indemnities that
were to compensate for their losses,
the emperor consented to become
a joint mediator with the French
government, in the cordial hope,
that the aét of mediation would seal
the tranquillity of the continent.—
The completion of this salutary
work allowed his imperial majesty
to turn his attention to the engage-
ments which France voluntarily en-
tered into at the period of her con-
clusion of her peace with Russia.
His majesty having scrupulously
fulfilled those which he entered into
with France, had a right to expeét
that the French government would
also have shewn itself anxious to
equal his punctuality, and to per-
form its own obligations. How-
ever reasonable this expectation was,
it has never been realised ; and the
French government, so far from
Shewing any disposition to fulfil
them, has taken no little pains, if
the undersigned may use the expres-
sion, to retard their accomplish-
ment. ‘The king of Sardinia, who
has been wholly deprived of his
possessions in Italy, by the union
of Piedmont to France, has still to
look for that indemnity which the
cabinet of the 'Thuilleries had so-
lemnly pledged itself to Russia to
allow him, and which the latter has
continually demanded.—The king
of Naples, who was freed for a
short time from the presence of a
French army in his kingdom, be-
holds it again occupying his pro-
vinces, under a pretext the nature
of which is not known to his im-
perial majesty ; and he is conse-
quently placed out of ‘the line of in
dependent states, The represen-

tations

\

953 ANNUAL

tations of Russia, founded upon the
solemn stipulation of I’rance to con-
sider the kingdom. of Naples as a
yeutral state, and to enjoy all the
advantages of neutrality, have been
produétive of no determination fa-
vourable to that power- ‘The
. whole of italy has been changed by
the innovations which the govern-
ment of the republic has caused it
to undergo, since the cenclusion
ef the peace between Russia and
France, without any preliminary
concert with his imperial majesty ;
although it had been agreed upon
hy the two powers at that period,
that there should’ be an undorstand-
ing between them.as to the politi-
cal arrangements that were to be
adopted in that country. Hostili-
ties haying been renewed between
France and England, the integrity
of the territory of the German em-
pire was violated, notwithstanding
France had very lately-engaged to
protect it in commen with his ma-
jesty the emperor. The cabinet of
St. Cloud thought proper to assert
that the dignity of king of England
and that of cle@or of Brunswick
Lunenburgh, being united in the
same person,. were not distinés ;
thongh such distinétion was never
disputed by the republican govern-
ment during the last years of the late
war; it was therefore contrary to
every notion of right and justice,
to make war upon a country which,
by the constituticn of the Germanic
empire, of which it was part, and
the public proceedings by which it
was guaranteed, should be totally
exempt from, such a visitation.—The
possession of Cuxhaven, which under
no, pretext could have been, consider-
ed, as. English property, was not.
withstanding effected by the French
troops, and the Hans, Towns have

REGISTER,

1804.

been compelled to make forced Ioans
to ayoid a similar fate. The re-
peated and urgent applications which
the emperor has made to the French
government, to induce it to fulfil its
engagements with Russia, and to
put an end to all apprehension that
the neutral powers, who were anx-
ious to remain in peace, may fecl of

being involved in the war, have

been attended with no etieét.—To
those numerous causes of dissatis-
faction, conneéted with the higher
interests of Murope, the government
of France has thought proper to add
all those which it could direétly of-
fer to the court of Russia, by the
Oliensive assertions which it advanc-
ed and circulated against ministers
honoured with the confidence of his
imperial majesty ; by the scenes
which the Russian envoy was com-

pelled to witness at the 'Thuilleries; _

by the improper perseverance which
the cabinet of St. Cloud displayed
in persecuting, in foreign countries,
persons who were employed by the
court of Russia; -and, lastly, by
that unexampled proceeding which
it took the liberty of committing,
when it compelled the pope to de-
liver up a naturalized Russian, with-
out paying any regard to.the repre-
sentations and claims of his imperial
majesty on that point.—The recent
aét of violence committed by the
French troops in the territory of the
eleétor of Baden, having roused the
anxiety of the emperor, for the
security and independence of the
states of Kurape which are within
the reach of France, his majesty ex-
pressed his opinion as. to the neces-
sity of tranquillizing them en that
point; and that he should make
such satisfaétion as the empire had
a right te demand, and adopt such
measures as. might tend to caim the

uncasiness

at a

a ee ee

SPATE PAPERS.

wmeasiness and alarm of Eurepe.
To this good office, the empire re-
ceived an answer which Jeft it no
hopes that the just expectation of
his majesty would be fulfilled ; which

_ gave a wrong interpretation to that
frank, loyal, and disinterested con-
duét, which his majesty constantly
held respecting the ailairs of Europe,
and particularly with regard to

_ France: and which made it’ but too
clear, that there was a determined

_ design to thwart and irritate further
the court of Russia. So little at-
tention and condescension on the
part of the French government, to
the just claims of his majesty, and

a conduét se decidedly opposed to

_ -any desire of preserving a good un-
_ derstanding between the two states,
sufficiently demonstrated to Russia,
that if, on the one hand, the French
government attached apparently but
little value to its relations with her,
and consequently furnished her with
a positive reason for no longer con-
tinuing them; on the other, she
had taken an invariable resolution
to adopt for her conduét, a line ab-
_ solutely contrary to the principles
of justice and the laws of nations,
and which, consequently, could tot
: latmonize with the sentiments and
A
‘

<6 Seeen .

principles professed by his majesty.

_ —The emperor, nevertheless, was
} _ willing to make a final effort with
the French government, and after
ar 80 many reasons for dissatisfaction
z he was disposed to forget them,
whenever the above-mentioned en-

. gagements (which were also detailed
e in the note of the 21st of August)
should be fulfilled ; which had been

ig _ solemnly entered into by the two
my governments, and should have long
since been executed. This last ef-
fort having been followed by an

evasive and unsatisfactory answer,

653

full of fallacious imputations, and
which is only remarkable for the
strange and unexpeéted assertion,
‘'That the Russian troops had taken
possession of the republic of the
seven islands without thé concurs
rence of France ;’ whilé it is noto-
rious, and the minister for foreign’
affairs must have it in’ view, that
this country, which had been first
evacuated by the Russian’ troops,
was occupied by those drawn from
the state of Naples, with the cons
sent of the Porte, by thé request of
the inhabitants, and in consequence
of a’ previous arrangement with
France; nothing further remains’
for the undersigned than to declare,
thatall correspondence betweenRus-
sia and France, becoming by these
means’ perfectly useless, must now
cease; and that his majesty the em-
peror only waits for intelligence of
the departure of his chargé d’affaires’
from Paris, to signify to the French
mission, that it should quit his capi-
tal. His majesty the emperor hav-
ing nothing to reproach himself with
on this head (for if it had depended
on him, the ties between the two’
nations, far from being dissolved,
would be drawn closer), sees him-
self with regret compelled to sus-
pend all relation with a government
which refuses to fulfil its engage-
ments, which will not conform to
the reciprocal respect nations owe
to each other, and in regard to
which his majesty, since the renewal
of the connexion between the'two
countries, has experienced inereds-
ing mortification. Sfill faithful to
his principles, and anxious to-ayoid
the shedding of human blood, the
emperor wil confine himself to that
resolution which the respeétive po-
sitions of the two courftries adinits.
Russia and France can do without

those

654 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

those relations, the continuance of
which is only to be warranted by
reasons of advantage and accommo-
dation, and without which it is bet-
ter that they should have no con-
nexion. As it is the French govern-
ment alone which has given rise to
the present state of affairs, it will also
depend upon it to decide whether
war is to follow or not. In case it
shall compel Russia, either by fresh
injuries or by provocations aimed
against her, or against her allies, or
by still threatening more seriously
the security and independence of
Europe, his majesty will then ma-
nifest as much energy in employing
those extreme measures, which a
just defence requires, as he has giv-
en proofs of patience, in resorting
to the use of all the means of mo-
deration consistent with the main-
tenance of the honour and dignity
of his crown. The undersigned
having thus fulfilled the orders which
he has received from his court, re-
quests, in consequence, that the
minister for foreign affairs will be
kind enough to send him, without
delay, the necessary passports, to
enable him to quit France; and he
embraces this opportunity of giving
to the citizen minister for forcign
affairs, the assurance of his high
consideration.

Note delivered by the Minister Resi.

dent of Russia, M. Kluppell, to -

Baron @ Albini, and communicated

to the Diet of Ratisbon, on the
6th of May, 1804. Dated at
Ratisbon on the. 5th of May,
and signed De Kluppell.

The event which has taken place
in the states of his highness the clec-
tor of Baden; the conclusion of

which has been so melancholy, has
occasioned the most poignant grief to
the emperor of all the Russias. He
cannot but view with the greatest
concern the violation which has been
committed on the tranquillity and

integrity of the German territory. |

His imperial majesty is the more af-
feéted by this event, as he never
could have expected that a power
which had undertaken, in common
with himself, the office of mediator,
and was consequently bound to ex-
ert his care for the welfare and tran-
quillity of Germany, could have de-
parted in such a manner from the

sacred principles of the law of na- -

tions, and the duties it had so lately
taken upon itself.: It would be un-
necessary to call the attention of
the diet to the serious consequences
to which the German empire must
be exposed, if aéts of violence, of
which the first example has just been
seen, should be passed over in si-

lence; it will, with its accustomed,

foresight, easily perceive how much
the future tranquillity and security
of the whole empire, and each of its
members must be endangered, if
such violent proceedings should be
deemed allowable, and suffered to
take place without observation or
opposition. ;

Vote of his Majesty the King of Swe-
den, in the Deliberations of the
Diet of Ratisbon, relative to the
Imperial Russian Note of the 7th
of May, concerning the Seizure of
the Duke d’Enghuien. Dated Ra-
tisbon, July 27, 1804.

His majesty the king of Sweden,
as duke of interior Pomerania, has
charged his envoy to insert the fol-
lowing yote in the protocol, on the

subject

STATE - PAP ERS.

subject of the declaration of his
majesty the emperor of Russia, laid
before the diet on the 7th of May
last. His majesty, who on so many
occasions has manifested how much
_he interests himself in the aflairs of
the German empire, could not tearn
without the greatest anxiety and
alarm, the events which took place
in the ele¢torate of Baden, in the
month of March last, events by
which the territorial rights of the
German empire are flagrantly vio-
lated, and its future security expos-
ed to the greatest danger. His ma-
jesty, therefore, thinks it the duty
of every member of the empire not
_ to conceal the wish, that the 'rench
government may give full and satis-

factory explanations to the emperor,

and the empire relative to the said
events, and such as may remove all
fears for the future security of the
Germanic territory. As a member
of the empire, his majesty thought
_ it his duty to express his sentiments,
though he has not judged it neces-
sary to notice the occurrences al-
luded to in a more particular man-
ner, in his capacity of guarantee of
the peace of Westphalia and the

7

Germanic constitution ; and the less _

“80 since his majesty could not doubt
that a power which had formerly
shared with Sweden in the Jabour
and glory of co-operating to the res-
_toration of the laws, and of order
and security in the empire, would
be convincel of the necessity of
‘Maintaining objects so important,
_ unimpaired and inviolate.

Verbal Declaration of the Minister
_ of the Elector of Baden, made at
_ the Diet of Ratisbon, July 2,

1804,

His electoral highness of Baden,
1

655

while he honours the pure intentions
of his Russian imperial majesty in
the representation which he laid be-
fore the diet of the empire on the
6th of May, and is penetrated with
the liveliest gratitude for the bene-
volent friendship which his majesty
has manifested for himself and his
electoral house, cannot suppress his
profound grief that the occurrence
in question, which took place in his
territory, should be likely to pro-
duce disagreeable differences that
may be productive of the most dan-
gerous consequences to the peace of
Germany.—This important consi-
deration, added to a full confidence
in the well-intentioned sentiments of
the French government and its ex-
alted head, towards the whole Ger-
man empire, so lately evinced in the
mediation of peace, and in the ex-
planations, perfectly suitable to thes¢
sentiments, of the occurrences in
question, his electoral highness can-.
not but most earnestly wish that the
representations made to the diet on
the 6th and 14th of May, may have
no farther consequences, and that
thus the present anxicty may be dis-
pelled, since otherwise the tranquil-
lity and welfare of the German em-
pire, and probably indeed of alk
Europe, may be again disturbed and
endangered.

Verbal Declaration of the’ Deputy
for the Electorate of Bohemia and
Archduchy of Austria. Dated
July 6, 1804.

The Austrian commitial legation
at the time fixed for the considera-
tion of the imperial Russian note,
repeated the circular declaration of
the 14th of May, in expeétation of
a satisfactory explanation on the oc.
currence in question, and will now

immediately

656

immediately communicate to its high
court the wish of the electorate of
Baden, and the motives on which
itis founded, in certain expectation
that his imperial majésty will receive
the proposition of his eleétoral high-
ness of Baden, and the explanations
of the French government relative
to the above-mentioned occurrence,;
with all that attention which he
constantly bestows on every event
which may conduce to disturb the
tranquillity, security, and welfare of
the German empire.

Verbal Declaration of the Comitial
Legation of the Electorate . of
Brandenburgh.—Dated July 6,
1804.

_ The legation for Brandenburgh
will hasten to make report of the
verbal declaration of the deputy of
the electorate of Baden, suitable to
the importance of its contents and
the subjeét to which it relates. In
the mean time it believes, from the
known sentiments ofshis Prussian
majesty, that it may with certainty
be expected, that his majesty will
find a consolation in the declaration
of the elector of Baden, relative to
the explanations on the occurrence
in question, as being such as are
suitable to the sentiments of the
French government amd its exalted
head, towards the empire of Ger-
‘ many, as evinced in the late media-
tion of peace ; and that his majesty
will give his approbation to the wish
of his electoral highness of Baden,
and thé motives on which it is
founded.

Vote of Hanover in the Deliberae
tions at the Dict of Ratisbon, re-
lative to the Russian Note con-

3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

cerning the’ Seizure of the Duke

d’ Enghien.—Dated Ratisbon, July —

21, 1804.

His Britannic majesty and elec-
toral highness of Brunswick Lu-
nenburgh, has observed with the
most grateful approbation the part
taken by his imperial Russian ma-
jesty for the maintenance of the
rights of nations, the peace of Lu-

neville, and the security of the Ger- —

man empire, which have been vio»
Jated in the most extraordinary and

alarming manner, by the late pro-—

ceedings of the French government
in the territory of the electorate of
Baden; and the strong representa-
tion he has made on these occur-
rences to the diet of the empire, in
the note given in by his legation at
Ratisbon on the 6th of May, ot the
present year. As his Britannic ma-
jesty and electoral highness of
Brunswick Lunenburgh, fully co-
incides in opinion on this subject

with his imperial Russian majesty,
he makes no deiay to propose and —

support with all his votes, that his

imperial Russian majesty may be re- —

quested by an aét of the diet, to
take such measures as in his wisdom

he may judge proper, to obtain for’

VS

ge a a i i i i

the German Empire from the French ©
government, satisfactory explana- —
tions with respect to the past, and —
sufficient security for the future. —
As, however, a much more import- —
ant and more dangerous violation of ~
the rights of nations, the treaty of |

Luneville, and the security of the
German empire, was committed by

the hostile invasion, and still conti-
nued occupation and oppression of ©

4

4

his majesty’s German states, by the —
French government, in total disre<_

gard of the Germanic constitution
and independence, his majesty can-
not

t

¢

STATE PAP RES.

not but remind and refer his high
co-estates to the declarations he has
already caused to be made on that
subjeét by his comitial legation on
the 22nd of August, of the pre
ceding year, and on the 25th of last
month.

Circular Note from M. Talleyranil,
French Minister of Foreign Af-
Sairs, to all the Agents of his Ma-
Jesty the Emperor of the French.
Dated Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 5,
1804.

You must, Sir, have observed and
known, according to my instruc-
tions at the time of the communi-

_ cation of the note of lord Hawkes.
_ bury to the foreign ministers resid-

ing in London, the impression which

this publication of the strongest

maxims of political and social mo-
rality could not fail to produce on
the mind of the government with
which you reside. 1 think 1 ought
to return to the subject.
fore send you, officially, a copy of
this note, and expressly charge you,
by order of his majesty, to make

it the objeét of a special confer-
ence with the ministry.—The pro-
a which the English government

conceived for the last half cen-
tury, gradually to abolish the tute-

dary system of public Jaw which

unites and engages all civilized na-

tions, developes itself with a fearful
_ progression.

Will other govern.
ments refrain from making opposi-
tion to such an enterprise till there
no longer exist any moral bond

| which may preserve their rights,

‘guarantee their engagements, and

protect their interests?—The pow-

ers of the continent have seen with

eat audacity the faith of oaths
Vou, XLVI.

I there- |

657

has been sported with by this go-
vernment, and solemn treaties vio-
lated, even before they were car-
ried into execution. ‘The maritime
nations every day experience its ty-
ranny. There no longer exists any
theoretical princip!e e of mayigation,
any written convention, which have

not been scandalously violated on
every shore, and in every sea.
Neutral states know, that even in
using the rights which still remain
to them with the most timid circum.
spection, they expose themselves to
insult, to pillage, and to extermina-
tion.—Those states, in fine, which
have the unhappiness to be at war,
no more rely on any reciprocal prin-
ciple of moderation and justice. -

All the bonds existing between them

and the neutral powers are broken.
Approach to the coasts and entrance
into the ports and islands, though
situate at the distance of 200 leagues
from the station of their squadrons,
have been prohibited by simple pro-
clamation.—Thus the English go-
vernment has hitherto opposed to
every power, according to its par-
ticular position, a maxim injurious
to its honour, and subversive to all
its rights. It now attacks them al-
together, and the more completely
to attain its end, direéts its blow
against morality itself, and, if I
may sospeak, against the religion of
public law.

In every country, and at all
times, the ministry of diplomatic
agents was held inveneration amongst
men. Ministers of peace, organs
of conciliation, their presence is an
omen of wisdom, of justice, and
happiness. ‘They speak, they aét
but to terminate, or prevent, those
fatal differences which divide princes,
and degrade a people, by the pas.
sions, murders, and miseries, which

Uu are

658

are the offspring of war. Such is
the objeét of the diplomatic minis-
try; and it must be said, that it is
to the observance of the duties it
imposes, it is to the generally re-
spectable chara¢ter of the men who
exercise this sacred ministry in Eu-
rope, that it owes the glory and the
happiness it enjoys; but these hap-
py effects torment the jealous ambi-
tion of the only government which
makes itself an interest in the ruin,
the shame and the servitude of other
governments. They wish that di-
plomatic ministers should be the in-
stigators of plots, the agents of
troubles, the direétors and regula-
tors of machinations, vile spies,
cowardly seducers—they order them
to foment seditions, to provoke and
to pay for assassination; and they
pretend to throw over that infamous
ministry the respect and inviolabi-
lity which belong to the mediators
of kings, and the pacificators of na-
tions.—Diplomatic ministers, says
lord Hawkesbury, ought not to
conspire in the country where they
reside, against the laws of that coun-
try ; but they are not subject to the
same rules with respect to states at
which they are not accredited. Ad-
mirable restrictions! Europe will
swarm with conspirators, but the
defenders of public right must not
complain. There will always be
some local distance between the
leader and the accomplices. The
ministers of lord Hawkesbury will
pay for the crimes they cause to be
committed ; but they will have that
prudent deference for public mo-
rality, not to be at once the instiga-
tors and the witnesses.—Such max-
ims are the completion of audacity
and hypocrisy. Never were the
opinions of cabinets and the con-
sciences of any people made game

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of more shamelessly. His majesty
the emperor thinks that it is time to
put an end to the disastrous career
of principles, subversive of all so-
ciety. You are ordered, in conse-

quence, to declare to the govern-.

ment where you reside, that his ma-
jesty will not recognize the English
diplomatic corps in Europe, so long
as the British ministry shall not ab.
stain from charging its ministers with
any warlike agency, and shall not
restriét them to the limits of their
functions. The miseries of Europe
proceed from its being deemed obliga~
tory every where to observe maxims
of moderation and liberality, which

being just but by reciprocity, are.

only obligatory with respeét to those
who submit to them. Hence goyern-
ments haveasmuch tosufferfrom their
own justice as from the iniquity of a
ministry which recognises no law but
its ambition and its caprice. The
miseries of Europe proceed also
from public right being considered
under a partial point of view, where-
as it has life and strength only from
its integrity. Maritime right, con-
tinental right, the right of nations,
are not parts of public right that
can be considered and preserved in
an insolated manner.” The nation
that pretends to introduce arbitrary
rules into one of those parts, loses
all its claims to the privilege of the
whole. ‘The systematic infraétor of
the rights of nations, places himself
out of that right, and renounces all

interest founded upon the maritime .

right and the continental right. His
majesty the emperor, regrets his hav-
ing to order. measures which are a

real interdiction pronounced against _

a state; but all reflecting men will
be at no difficulty to see, that, in
this it is only necessary to entertain

facis.
generality

The English ministry, by the |

STATE PAPERS.

generality of their attacks, have
placed coasts, isles, ports, neutrals,
general commerce in a state of in-
terdiétion; in fine, they have just
proclaimed the prostitution of the
most sacred and most indispensible
"Ministry, to the repose of the world.
His majesty thinks it his duty-to ex-
cite the attention of all govern-
ments, and to warn them, that with-
out new measures, adopted under
the conviction of the present dan-
ger, all the ancient maxims upon
_ which the honour and independence
of states rest, will be immediately
annihilated.
(Signed) Ch. Maun. Talleyrand.

Decree passed by the Tribunate on

_ the 3d of Muay, 1804, and car-
ried up to the Conservative Se-
nate on the 4th of May.

The tribunate considering, that
at the breaking out of the revolu-
tion, when the national will had an
Opportunity of manifesting itself
with the greatest freedom, the gene-
ral wish was declared for the indi-
vidual unity of the supreme power,
and for the hereditary succession of
that power ;—That the family of the
Bourbons having by their conduct
rendered the hereditary government
Odious to the people, forced them
to lose sight of its advantages, and
drove the nation to seek for a hap-
pier destiny in a democratical form
of government ;—That France hav-
ng made a trial of different forms
of government, experienced from
these trials only the miseries of
anarchy ;—That the state was in the
greatest peril, when Buonaparte,
brought back by Providence, sud-
denly appeared for its salvation ;—
| That under the government of a sin-

:

659

gle individual, France retovered
tranquillity at home, and acquired
abroad thé highest degree of consi-
deration and glory ;—Thatthe plots
formed by the House of Bourbon, in
concert witha ministry, the impla-
cable enemy of France, warned
France of the danger which threa-
tens it, if losing Buonaparte she
continued exposed to the agitation
inseparable from an_ election.—
That the consulship for life, and the
power granted to the first consul of
appointing his successor, are not
adequate to the prevention of in-
trigues at home or abroad, which
could not fail to be formed during
the vacancy of the supreme power:
—That in declaring that magistracy
hereditary, conformity is observed
at once to the example of all great
states; ancient or modern, and to
the first wish of the nation expres-

_sed in 1789;—That, enlightened

and supported by this experience,
the nation now returns to this wish
more strongly than ever, and ex-
presses it on all sides;—That in all
political changes it has been usaal
for nations to confer the supreme
power on those to whom they owe
their safety ;—That when France
demands for her security a heredi-
tary chief, her gratitude and affec.
tion call on Buonaparte ;—That
France will preserve all the advan-
tages of the revolution by the choice
of a new dynasty, as much interest-
ed for their safety, as the old one
would be for their destruction ;—
That France may expect from the
family of Buonaparte, more than
from any other, the maintenance of
the rights and liberty of the people
which chose them, and all those in-
stitutions best calculated to support
them ;—That there is no title more
suitable to the glory of Buonaparte,
Dn 2 ang.’

660

and to the dignity of the supreme
chief of the French nation, than the
title of emperor.

The ‘Tribunate, exercising the
right given them by the 29th article
of the constitution, have come to
the following vote:—That Napo-

‘leon Buonaparte, the first consul, be

proclaimed emperor of the French,
and in that capacity invested with
the government of the French re-
public ;—That the title of emperor
and the imperial power be made
hereditary in.his family in the male
line, according to the order of primo-
geniture ;—That in introducing in-
to the organization of the constituted
authorities, ‘the modifications ren-
dered necessary by the establishment
of hereditary power, the equality,
the liberty, and the rights of the
people shall be preserved in al} their
integrity. —This vote shall be pre.
sented to the senate by six orators,
who shall explain the views of the
tribunate.

Message from the First: Consul: to
the Conservative Senate, dated
St. Cloud, April 25, 1804, én
Answer to their Proposition of
making him Emperor.

Senators,

Your address of the 6th last Ger-
~ minal has never ceased to be present
tomy thoughts. It has been the ob-.
ject of my most constant meditation.
You have judged the hereditary
power of the supreme magistracy
necessary, in -order to shelter the
French people completely from the
plots of our enemies, and from the

agitations which arise from rival

ambitions. It even appears to you,
-that many of our institutions ought

te be improved, in order to secure
% l My

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

for ever the triumph of equality
and public liberty, and present to
the nation and to the government
the double guarantee they are in
want of,—We have been constantly
guided by this grand truth, that the
sovereignty resides in the French
people, in the sense that every thing,
without exception, ought to be done
for its. interest, its happiness, and:
its glory. itis in onder to attain
this end, that the supreme magis-
tracy, the senate, the council of
state, the legislative body, the elec-
toral body, the electoral colleges,’
and the different branches of the
administration, are and ought to be
instituted.—In proportion as I fix
my attention upon these great’ob-

jects, [am still more convinced of ©

the verity of those sentiments which
I have expressed to you, and I feel ©
more and more that ina circumstance
as new as it is important, the councils
of your wisdomand experience were

necessary to enable me to fix my —

ideas. —i request you then to make

known to me the whole of your —
thoughts.—The French people can ~
add. nothing to the honour and glo~ —

ry with which it has surrounded me,

but the most sacred duty for me, as —
it is the dearest to my heart, is to —
secure to its latest posterity those —
advantages which it has acquired by —

a revolution that has ¢ost it so

much, particularly by the sacrifice ©
of those millious of brave Citizens ©
who have died in defence of their ©

Fifteen years —

have passed, since, by a spontaneous.
movement, you ran to arms, you ac~

rights.—1 desire that I might de-
clare to you, on the 14th of July,”
in the present year.

quired liberty, equality, and glory. —
These first blessings of nations are-
now secured to: you for ever, are-
sheltcred from every tempest, they

are

4
|

i

f

STATE PAPERS.

are preserved to you and to your
children: institutions conceived and
began in the midst of the storms of in-
terior and exterior wars, developed
with constancy, are just terminated
in the noise of the attempts and plots
of our most mortal enemies, by the
adoption of every thing which the
experience of centuries and of
nations has demonstrated as proper
to guarantee the rights which the

_ nation had judged necessary for its

_ tum to the emperor.

dignity, its liberty, and its hap-
piness.

Dffictal Account of the Proceedings

of ‘the French Nation on confer-

‘ing the Title of Emperor on Na-
poleon Buonaparte.

On the 18th of May, the senate,’

under the presidency of Camba-
ceres, decrees the organic senatus
consultum, which confers the title
of emperor on the first consul, and
establishes the imperial dignity here.
ditary in his family, It instantly
decreed, that the members should
immediately repair to St. Cloud, to
present the organic senatus consul-
They set out
after the close of the sitting, accom-
panied by several bodies of troops.

_—The senate, on its arrival, being

immediately admitted to an audience

of the emperor, the consul Camba-
ceres, the president, presented the

organic senatus consultum to the

first consul, and spoke as follows:
—Sire,—The decree which the se-

nate has passed, and which it takes
the earliest opportunity of present-

ing to your imperial majesty, is only
the authentic expression of a will
already manifested by the nation.
This decree, which confers on you
a new title, and which after you,
secures the dignity hereditary to

» ¢

of authority.

661

your race, adds nothing either to
your glory or to your rights. The
love and gratitude of the French
people have, for four years, en-
trusted to your majesty the reins of
government, and the constitution of
the state reposed in you the cheice
of a successor. ‘The most august de-
nomination, decreed to you, is then
only a tribute which the nation pays
to its own dignity, and to the ne-
cessity it experiences in giving you
daily testimonies of respect and of
attachment, which every day in-
crease.—How could the French
people find bounds to its gratitude,
when you place none to your care
and solicitude for it? Preserving
the remembrance of the evils which
it suffered when abandoned to itself,
how could it reflect without enthu-
siasm on the happiness it has expe-
rienced, since providence inspired —
it with the idea of throwing itself
into yourarms? Its armies were
defeated ; its finances were in dis-
order; public credit was annihi-
lated; factions were disputing for
the remains of our ancient splendor ;
every idea of morality, and even re-
ligion, was obscured ; the habit of
giving and resuming power, left the
magistrates without consideration,
and even rendered odious every kind
Your majesty ap-
peared ; you recalled victory to our
standards; you established order
and economy in. the public ex-
pences; the nation, encouraged by
the use you made of your authority,
resumed confidence in its own re-
sources; your wisdom allaycd the
rage of party; religion saw her
altars raised up; ideas of justice
and injustice were awakened in the
minds of the citizens, when they saw
crimes followed by punishment, and.
virtue signalized and rewarded with
Uus honourable

662

honourable distinctions. In the last
place, and it is no doubt the
greatest of the miracles operated by
your genius, that people, whose
civil effervescence had rendered them
impatient of every restraint, and
hostile to every authority, were by
your means made to cherish and
respect a power which was exercised
only for their glory and repose.
—The French people do not pre-
tend to establish themselves judges
of the constitutions of other states ;
they have no critical remarks to
-make ; no examples to follow; ex-
perience in future will become their
guide. They have tasted for ages
the advantages attached to heredi-
tary power; they have made a
short but painful trial of the con-
trary system; they return by the
effect of free and mature delibera-
tion to a path suited to their genius.
They make a free use of their rights,
to delegate to your imperial majesty
a power which your interest for-
bids you to exercise by yourself.
They stipulate for future genera-
tions, and by a solemn compact
entrust to the offspring of your race,
the happiness of their posterity.
The latter will imitate your virtues,
the former will inherit our love and
our fidelity.
which, after so much trouble and
uncertainty, finds in its bosom a
man worthy of appeasing the tem-
pest of the passions, of conciliating
all interests, and uniting all voices!
Happy the prince who holds his
power hy the will, the confidence,
and the affections of the citizens !—
If it bein the principles of our con-
stitution, and already several ex-
amples of this kind have been given,

to submit to the sanction of the

people that part of the decree which
concerns the establishment of an

Happy the nation.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

hereditary government; the senate’
have thought that it ought to entreat
your imperial majesty to consent
that the organic dispositions should
be immediately carried into execu-
tion ; and that, for the glory as
well as the happiness of the republic,
Napoleon may be immediately pro.
claimed emperor of the French.

The emperor replied in the fol-
lowing terms:

‘¢ Kyery thing that can contribute
to the good of the country is essen-
tially connected with my happiness.
I accept the title which you think
necessary to the glory of the nation.
I submit to the sanction of the peo-
ple the law of hereditary succession.
I hope France will never repent of
its having surrounded with honours
my family. In all cases my spirit

will cease to be present with my_

posterity, the day on which it shall
cease to deserve the love and confi-
dence of the great nation.”

The senate being then admitted
to an audience of her majesty the

empress, the consul Cambaceres,.

the president, said :

Madam,— We have just presented

to your august spouse the decree
which confers on him the title of
emperor, which establishes the go-

vernment hereditary in his family, ©

and associates future generations in
the happiness of the present race.
—A very agrecable duty remains to
be performed by the senate—that of
offering to your imperial majesty
the homage of its respect, and an
expression of the gratitude of the.
French.—Yes, madam, fame pro-
claims the good which you are con-
tinually doing; it says, that being
always accessible to the unfortunate,
you employ your influence with the
chief of the state only. to relieve dis-
tress, and that to the pleasure of

obliging,

:

ee, et i

_ cellor of the empire,

STATE PARES.

obliging, your majesty adds that
amiable delicacy which renders gra-
titude sweeter and the kindness
more yaluable.—This disposition
presages, that the name of the em-
press Josephina will be the signal of
consolation and of hope, and as the
virtues cf Napoleon will always
serve as an example to his successors,
to teach them the art of governing
nations; the living remembrance
of your goodness, will teach their
august consorts that the care of dry-
ing up tears, is the most effectual
means of preserving an empire over
all hearts.—The senate thinks itself
happy in the opportunity of being
the first to salute you empress, and
he who has the honour of being its
organ, takes the liberty to hope
that you will deign to reckon hin!
among the number of your most
faithful servants.

The organic senatus consultum
was then proclaimed by the em-
peror.—His imperial majesty nomi-
nated to the dignity of grand elector,
his imperial highness, prince Joseph
Buonaparte ; to that of constable,
his imperial highness, prince Louis

uonaparte; to that of arch-chan-
the consul
Cambaceres; and to that of arch-
treasurer, the consul Lebrun.

The arch-chancellor of the empire,

the arch-treasurer, and constable,
took the oaths in the presence of the

“ > pi .—The arch-chancellor of

é empire presented the ministers
and secretary of state, who took the
oaths before the emperor.—The
constable then presented generals

’Avoust and Bessieres, as well as
general. Murat, governor of Paris.
—The arch-chancellor of the em-
pire presented also general Duroc,
governor of the imperial palace,
who took the oath.—His imperial

663

majesty then addressed to consuls
Cambaceres.and Lebrun the follow-
ing letter:

Citizen consul Cambaceres.
Your title is about to be changed ;
but your funGtions and my oak
dence remain the same. In the
high dignity of arch-chancellor,
with which you are going to be in-
vested, you will manifest, as you
have done in that of consul, the
wisdom of your counsels and those
distinguished . talents which have
given you so important a share in
all the good that I can have done.—
I have nothing therefore to request
of you but the continuation of the
same sentiments for the state and
for me.

Napoleon.
Done at the Palace of St. 1

Cloud, 28 Floreal, Year

12, (May 18, 1804).

On the 20th of May the follow-
ing decree was made by the em-
peror:

Napoleon, emperor of the French,
decrees the following generals to be
marshals of the empire :—Berthier,
Murat, Monceau, Jourdan, Mas-
sena, Augereau, Bernadotte, Soult,
Brune, Lannes, Mortier, Ney, Da-
voust, Bessieres. The title of
marshals of the empire to be given
to the following senators: Keller-
man, Lefevre, Perignon, Serrurier.

(Signed) Napoleon.
Done at St. Cloud, &c. &¢. &c.

The French princes and prin-
cesses are to be addressed by the
title of their imperial highnesses ;
and the sisters of the emperor are to
enjoy the same dignity. The great
oflicers of the empire are to receive
the title of their serene highnesses,
and they, as well as the princes,
are to be addressed, monseigneur.
The high offices of the empire are to

Uu4 wear

664 ANNUAL
wear the same dress as that of con-
suls; but they are to appear in a
particular costume upon great oc-
casions. ‘The secretary of state has
the rank of a minister; and all the
ministers will have the title of their
excellencies. The functionaries of
the depariments, and all those who
present petitions, are to address
them by the title of monseigneur.
The president of the senate will re-
ceive the title of his excellency.
‘The marshals of the empire are to
be cailed monsieur le marshal; and
when spoken to, or addressed in
writing, they are to have the title
of monseigneur.

Or, ‘ganic Senatus Consultum, extract.
ed from the Register ef the Con-
servative Senate. loreal, Year
12.—May 18, 1804.

The conservative senate, assem-
bled to the number of members. pre-
scribed by the 90th article of the
constitution, have seen the project
of the senatus consultum drawn up
according to the 57th article of the
organic senatus consultum, dated
Thermidor ” 16, year 10, and after
having heard, on the motives of the
said project, ‘the orators of the go-
vernment, and the report of its spe-
cial commission, nominated in the
Sitting of the 6th of this month,
and having deliberated on the adop-
tion of it, to the number of offices
prescribed by the 56th article of the
Organic senatus consultum, of the
16th of .Thermidor, year 10, de-
crees as follows:—

Title

Article.1. The government of the
republic shall be entrusted to an
emperor, who assumes the title of
emperor of the French. Justice

REGISTER, 1804.

‘parte, from male to male, in order

. be conferred on Joseph Buonaparte -

shall be administered in the name of
the emperor by officers whom he |
shall appoint.—2. Napoleon Buo-
naparte, now first consul of the
republic, shall be emperor of the
French.

Title 1f.—Of Hereditament.

The imperial dignity is heredita-
ry, in a direct, natural, and legiti-
mate descent.of Napoleon Buona-

of primogeniture, and to the perpe-
tual exclusion of females and their
descent.—4. Napoleon Buonaparte
may adopt the children or grand-
children of his brothers, provided
they have attained the age of eigh.
teen years complete, and that he
himself have no male heirs at. the time
of adoption. His adopted sons en-
ter into the line of his direét descent.
If he have any male children poste-
rior to adoption, his adopted sons
can succeed only after the natural
and legitimate descendants. Adop-
tion is interdi¢ted to the successors
of Napoleon Buonaparte, and to
their descendants.— 5. Failing a na-
tural or legitimate heir, or adopted
heir of Napoleon Buonaparte, the
imperial dignity shall devolve to and

and his natural and legitimate de-
scendants, in the order of primoge-
niture, to the perpetual exclusion
of females and their descendants. ~
—6. Failing Joseph Buonaparte
and his male descendants, the im-
perial dignity shall devolve to and
be conferred on Louis Buona-
parte and his natural and legitimate
descendants, in the order of primo-
geniture, from male to male, and
to the perpetual exclusion of females
and their descendants.—7. Failing
a natural and legitimate heir, or
adopted heir of Napoleon Buona-
parte, failing a natural or legitimate

. heir

STATE PAPERS.

heir of Joseph Buonaparte and his
male descendants, of Louis Buona-
parte and his male descendants, an
organic senatus. consultum, pro-
posed to the senate by the titularies
of the great dignitaries of the em-
pire, and submitted to the accept-
ance of the people, shall nominate
the emperor, and regulate in his
family the order of hereditament,
from male to male, to the perpetual

_ exclusion of femalesand of their de-

scendants.—8. Until the moment of
the election of the new emperor,
the affairs of the state shall be go-
verned by the ministers, who shall
form in council the government, and
who shall deliberate by a majority
of voices. The secretary of state
shall keepa journal of the delibera-
tions.
Title HI.—Of the Imperial Family.
9. The members of the imperial
family in the order of hereditament
shall bear the title of French princes.
The eldest son of the emperor shall
be styled imperial prince. —10. The
mode of education for the French
princes shall be regulated by a sena-
tus consultum,—11. They are mem.
bers of the senate and of the coun-
cil of state, when they have attained
to their eighteenth year.—12. They
cannot marry without the consent
of the emperor. ‘lhe marriage of
a French prince without the con-
‘sent of the emperor, incurs the pri-
yation of all right of inheritance
both for the individual who has con.
tracted it, and for his descendants.
—13. The acts which attest the
birth, the marriages, and deaths of
members of the imperial family,
shall be transmitted, by order from
the emperor, to the senate, who
shall order them to be inscribed in
their journals, and deposited among
their archives. —14, Napoleon Buo-

665

naparte shall establish, by statutes
to which his successors are bound
to conform, Ist, Ihe duties of the
individuals of both sexes, who are
members of the imperial family to-
wards the emperor; 2d, An orga
nization of the imperial palace,
conformably to the dignity of the
throne, and the grandeur of the
nation.—15. The civil list remains
regulated in the same manner as it
was by the Ist and 4th articles of
the decree of May 26, 1791.—The
princes Joseph and Louis Buona-
parte, and, in future, the younger ,
natural and legitimate sons of the
emperor, shall be treated agreeably,
to the article 1, 10, 11, 12, and 13,
of the decree of December 21, 1790.
The emperor may fix the jointure
of the empress, and refer it to the
civil list. His successors can in-
troduce no change in the dispositions
made in this respect.—16. ‘The em-
peror shall visit the departments:
imperial palaces shall therefore be
established in the four principal
points of the empire. ‘These pa-
laces shall be fixed, and their de-

pendencies established by a law.

Title IV.—Of the Regency.
17. The emperor is a minor till
the age of eighteen years complete ;
during his minority there shall be a
regent of the empire.—18. ‘The re-
gent must be at least twenty-five
years of age, complete; females are
excluded from the regency.—19.
The emperor chooses the regent
from among the French princes who
have attained to the age prescribed
by the preceding article; and failing
them, from among the titularies of
the great dignities of the empire.
—20. Failing designation on the
part of the emperor, the regency
shall devolve to the princ® neavest
in degree in the ordes of inheritance,
° who

666

who has attained to 25 years com-
plete.—21. In cases where the em-
peror has not chosen the regen‘, if
none of the French princes have
attained to the age of 25 years com-
plete, the senate shall choose the
regent from the titularies of the
great dignities of the empire.—22.
When, on account of the minority
of a prince called to the regency in
the order of inheritance, it has been
conferred on a more distant rela-
tion, or on one of. the titularies of
the great dignities of the empire,
the regent who has entered on the
exercise of his functions, shall con-
tinue them till the majority of the
émperor.—23. No organic senatus
consultum can be passed during the
regency, nor before the end of the
third year after the majority.—
24, The regeit shall exercise, till
the majority of the emperor, all the
attributes of the imperial dignity :
‘he cannot, however, nominate to
the grand dignities of the empire,
nor to the places of the great offi-
cers which may be vacant during
the regency, or which may be-
come vacant during the minority,
nor use the prerogative reserved for
the emperor of raising citizens to
the rank of senator. He cannot dis-
miss either the grand judge or the
secretary ‘of state.—25. He is not
personally responsible for the acts
of his administration.—26. All acts
of the regency are in the name of
the emperor under age.—27. The
regent can propose no project of a
Jaw or senatus consultum, and can
adopt no regulation of public admi-
nistration, until he has consulted
the council of regency, composed
of the titularies of the great digni-
ties of the empire. He cannot declare
war or sign treaties of peace, alli-
ancé, or commerce, until after de-
Uberation in the council of regency :

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. |

the members of which in this ease
only have a deliberative voice. The
decision shall be by a majority of —
voices, and if there be an equality
that of the regent shall determine it. .
The minister of foreign relations —
shall havea seat in the council of
regency, when the council delibe- —
rates on affairs relating to his de.
partment. ‘lhe grand judge, mini-
ster of justice, may be called to it
by order of the regent. The secre-
tary of State shall kecp a journal of
the deliberations.—28. The regency

“ean confer no right on the person of

the minor emperor.—29. The sala-
ry of the régent is fixed at a fourth
amount of the civil list.—30. The
care of the minor emperor en-
trusted to his mother, and, failing
her, tothe princess chosen for that
purpose by the predecessor of the
minor emperor. Failing the mo-
ther of the minor emperor, a prince
chosen by the senate shall entrust
the care of the minor emperor
to one of the titularies of the great
dignitics of the empire. Neither
thé regent, nor his descendant be-
ing females, can be chosen to take
charge of the minor emperor.—3l.
In case Napoleon Buonaparte shall
use the faculty conferred on him by
the 4th article of title 2, the a& of
adoption shall be performed in the
presence of the titularies of the
grand dignities of the empire; shalf
be received by the secretary of
state, and immediately transmitted
to the senate to be inscribed in the
journals, and deposited among the
archives ; when the emperor nomi-~
nates either a regent for the mino-
rity, or a prince to take charge
of the minor empéror, the same
formalities are to be observed; the
aét of noinination, éither of a regent
for thé minority, or a princess
to take sharge of the minor empe-

Ber, ;

ror, are revocable at the pleasure
of the emperor ; every act of adop-
tion, nomination, or revocation of
a nomination, which has not been
inscribed in the journals of the se-
nate, before the death of the empe-
ror, shall be null and void.
Title V.—Of the great Dignities of
‘ the Empire. |

32. The grand dignities of the
empire, are those of grand ele¢tor,
arch chancellor of state,.arch trea-
surer, constable, and grand admi-
ral.—33. The titularies of the grand
dignities of the empire are nomi-
nated by the emperor. ‘They shall
enjoy the same honours as the French
princes, and take precedency im-
mediately after them. ‘The period
of their reception determines the
rank which they respectively hold.
—34. The grand dignities of the
empire cannot be removed.—35.
The'titularies of the great dignities
of the empire are senators and coun-
sellors of state.—36. They form the
grand council of the emperor; they
are members of the privy council ;
they compose the grand council of
the legion of honour. The present
members of the grand council of the
legion of honour shall retain, du-
ring life, their titles, funéiions, and
prerogatives. 37. The emperor
presides in the senate and council of
state. When the emperor does not

reside in the senate or council of
State, he shall nominate one of the
titularies of the great dignities of
the state to be president.—38. All
aéts of the senate and legislative
body are passed in the name of the
emperor, and promulgated or pub-
lished under the imperial seal.—39.
The grand elector performs the
funétions of chancellor: 1st, In
convoking the legislative body, the
electoral colleges, and the cantonal

é

STATE PAPERS

667

assemblies: 2nd, In promulgating
the senatus consult, or dissolving
the legislative body, or the ele¢toral
colleges. The grand eleétor pre-
sides in the absence of the emperor,
when the senate proceeds to the no-
mination of senators, legislators, or
tribunes. He may reside in the pa-
lace of the senate. He makes known
to the emperor the remonstrances
presented by the eleétoral colleges
or the cantonal assemblies, in re-
gard to the preservation of their
prerogatives. When a member of
an electoral college is denounced,
agreeably to the Zist article of the
organic senatus consultum, of the
16th Thermidor, year 10, as having
committed any aét contrary to the
honour or the good of his country,
the grand eleétor shall invite the col-
lege to manifest its will. He shall
report the will of the college to the
emperor. ‘The grand elector pre-
sents the members of the senate, of
the council of state, and of the le-
gislative body to take the oath be-
fore the emperor. He administers
the oath to the presidents of the
eleétoral colleges, of the department
and cantonal assemblics. He pre.
sents the solemn deputations of the
senate, the council of state, legis-
lative body, tribunate, and elec-
toral colleges, when admitted to
an audience of the emperor. 40.
The arch-chancellor of the empire
performs the funétions of chancellor
in promulgating senatus consulta
and the laws. He likewise performs
the functions of chancellor of the
imperial palace. He is present when
the grand judge, minister of justice,
lays before the emperor his annual
report of the abuses which have crept
into the administration of justice,
both civil and criminal. He pre-
sides in the high imperial court, and

also

668

also at the united seétions of the
council of state and tribunate, con-
formable to article 95, title 11.
He is present at the celebration of
the marriages and births of the
princes, and at the coronation and
funeral obsequies of the emperor.
He signs the procés verbal drawn

up by the secretary of state.. He .
presents the titularies of the grand.

dignities of the empire, the minis-
ters and secretaryof state, the grand
civil officers of the crown, avid the
president of the court of cassation,
when the oath is administered to
them in the presence of the emperor,
He administers the oath to the mem-
bers of the court of cassation, and
‘to the presidents and attornies gene-
ral of the courts of appeal and also
of the criminal courts. He presents
the solemn deputations and the mem-
bers of the courts of justice, when
admitted to an audience of the em-
peror. Ie signs and seals the com-
missions and appointments of the
members of the courts of justice,
and the ministerial officers; he seals
the commissions and appointments
of the civil and administrative func-
tions, and of the other aéts which
will be designated in the regulation
entitled ‘* Organization of the seal.”
—41. The arch-chancellor of state
performs the funétions of chancel-
lor, in promulgating treaties of peace,
and in declaring war. He presents
to the emperor and signs the cre-

dentials and correspondence with .

the different courts of Europe, ac-
cording to the forms of the imperial
protocol, of which he is’ the keeper.
He is present when the minister for
exterior relations lays before the
emperor his annual report of the
political situation of the state. He
presents the ambassadors and mi-
nisters of the emperor, when the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

oath is administered to them in the —

presence of his imperial majesty.
He administers the oath to the resi-

dents, chargés des affaires, secre- —

taries of embassy and legation, com-
missaries general, and commissaries
for commercial relations.—42. The
arch-treasurer is present when the
ministers of finance and the publie
treasury lay before the emperor the
annual acconnts of the receipts and
expences of the state, and make
known to him their views with re-
gard to the financial necessities of
the empire. Before the accounts
of the annual receipts. and disburse-
ments are laid before the emperor,
they must receive his signature. He
presides at the united secétions of

the council of state and tribunate, -

conformably to article 95, title 11.
He receives every three months the
report of the labours of the national
accountants; and once a year he
receives the general result and plans
of reform and amelioration in the
different offices of the public ac-
counts, which he lays before the
emperor, Ile balances every year
the great boek of debt. He signs
appointments and civil pensions. He

administers the oath to the national °

accountants and administrators of
finance, and the principal agents of
the public treasury. He presents
the deputations from the national
accountants and the administrators
of finance, when admitted to an au-
dience of the emperor.—43. The
constable is present when the mi-

nister at war and the direétor of the

war department lay before the em-

peror the annual report of the dis-"
positions to be taken for completing ©

the defence of the frontiers, and the
charge of keeping up, ‘repairing and
provisioning the fortified towns,
He lays the first stone of every for~

tress

ne

~

&

w
tress about to be ereéted. He is
governor of the military schools.
_ When the emperor does not pre-
sent in person the colours of any
regiment, they are presented in his
name by the constable. In the ab-
sence of the emperor, the constable
reviews the imperial guard. When
me general is suspected of a crime
3 specified in the penal military code,
the constable may preside at the
council of war. He presents the
_ marshals of the empire, the colonels
_ general, the inspectors general, and
_ the officers general, when the oath
_ is administered to them in the pre-
_ senee of the emperor. He adminis-
ters the oath to majors, captains,
commodores, &c. He instals the
marshals of the empire. He pre-
sents the generals, colonels, majors,
&c. of the army, when admitted to
“ .
an audience of the emperor. He
_ Signs appointments in the army, and
H those of the military pensioners of
the state.—44. The grand admiral
; is present when the minister of ma-

rine lays before the emperor the
annual report of the state of the
navy. He annually receives and
_ presents to the emperor, the ac-
_ counts of the chest of marine inva-
lids. When an admiral, vice-admi-
ral, or rear-admiral is suspeéted of
a crime specified in the penal mili-
tary code, the grand admiral may
A ‘preside at the court martial. He
_ presents theadmirals, vice-admirals,
- rear-admirals, and captains, when

the presence of the emperor.
administers the oath to the members
of the council of prizes, and to cap-
tains of frigates. He presents the
admirals, vice-admirals, rear-admi-
_ fais, captains, and members of the
i ac of prizes, when admitted to

udience of the emperor. He

; STATE! PAPERS,

the oath is administered to them in.
He

669

signs appointments in the navy, and
those of the marine pensioners of
the state-—45. Each titulary of the

grand diguities of the empire pre-.

sides over a departmental eleétoral
college. ‘The grand elector presides
over the eleétoral college at Brus-
sels. The arch-chancellor of the
empire presides over the electoral
college at Bourdeaux. The arch-
chancellor of state presides over the
electoral college at. Nantz. The
arch-treasurer of the empire presides
over the eleétoral college at Lyons.
The constable presides over the
electoral college at Turin. The
grand admiral presides over the elec-
toral college at Marseilles. 46.
Each titulary of the grand dignities
of the empire receives annually, ac-
cording to established usage, a third
of the sum appropriated to the
princes, conformably to the decree
of the 21st of December, 1790.—
47. An imperial statute regulates
the functions of the titularies of the
grand dignitics of the empire about
the person of the emperor, and de-
termines the costume to be worn by
them in grand ceremonies. The
emperor’s successors cannot deviate
from this statute but by a senatus
consultum.

Title VIL—Of the grand Officers g

the Empire.

48. The grand oflicers of the em-
pire are: first, marshals of the em-
pire, chosen from among the most
distinguished generals, their num-
ber not to exceed sixteen ; of which
number the marshals of the empire
who are also senators, cannot make
a part. Secondly, eight inspectors
of artillery and fortifications, troops
of horse, and marine. Thirdly,
grand civil officers of the crown, as
they shall hereafter be appointed
by statutes of the emperor.——49.

The

ie:

607

The post of grand officer is perpe-
imal.—50. Each of the grand offli-
eers of the empire presides over an
eleétoral college, which is specially
appointed to him at the moment of
his nomination.—51. If, by an or-

der of the emperor, or by any other.

cause whatever, a titulary of a
grand dignity of the empire, or a
grand officer relinquishes his func-
tions, he nevertheless preserves his
title, rank, privileges, and a moiety
ef the salary attached to his office.
‘He can only forfeit them by a judg-

- ment of the high imperial court.

Title V11.—Of Oaths.

52. In the course of the two years
subsequent to his accession or ma-
jority, the emperor, accompanied
by the titularies of the grand digni-
ties of the empire, the ministers,
the grand officers of the empire,
takes the oath of fidelity to the
French people upon the evangelists,
and in the presence of the senate,
the council of state, the legislative
body, the tribunate, the court of
eassation, the archbishops, the bi-
shops, the grand officers of the le-
gion of honour, the national ac-
countants, the presidents of the
courts of appeal,the presidents of the
eleétoral colleges, the presidents of

. the cantonal assemblies, the presi-
dents of the consistories, and the
mayors of the 36 principal towns
of the empire. The secretary of
state prepares the proces verbal of
the ceremony.—53. The oath taken
by the emperor is couched as fol-
lows: “‘ I swear to’ maintain the
integrity of the territory of the
republic ; to respeét and to cause
to be respeéted the laws of the con-
cordat and the liberty of public
worship ; to respect and to cause to
be respetted the equality of rights,
political and civil liberty, the irre-
vocability of the sales of national

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

domains ; to levy no duty, to inis
pose no tax but by virtue of the
law; to maintain the institution of
the legion of honour; and to have
no view in governing, but the ins
terest, the happiness, and the glory
of the French people.” —54. Before
he enters upon the exercise of his
funétions, the regent, accompanicd
by the titularies of the grand digni-
taries of the empire, the ministers,

and the grand officers of theempire

take the oath upon the evangelists
and in the presence of the senate,
the council of state, the president
and questors of the legislative body.
the president and questors of the
tribunate, and the grand officers of
the legion of honour. The secre-
tary of state prepares the proces
verbal of the ceremony.—55. The
oath taken by the regent is as fol-
lows: ‘I swear to administer the
affairs of the state, conformably to
the constitutions of the empire, the
senatus consulta and the laws; to
maintain in allits integrity the ter-
ritory of the republic, the rights of
the nation and those of the imperial
dignity, and faithfully to deliver
up to the emperor, as soon as he
attains his majority, the power which
has been confided t0 me.”’——56.
The titularies of the grand dignities
of the empire, the ministers and the
secretary of state, the grand officers,
the members of: the senate, the le-

gislative ‘body, the tribunate, the

electoral colleges, and the cantonal
assemblies, take the following oath:
*¢ J swear obedience to the consti-
tutions of the empire and fidelity to
the emperor.”’ The public fanétion-
aries, civil and judicial, the officers
and soldiers of the army on land and
sea take the same oath.
Title VII_—Of the Senate.

67.-The senate is composed, Ist.

of the French princes who have at-
tained

i

SHAE yA PERS;

tained their 18th year; 2dly, of
the titularies of the grand dignities
of theempire; 3dly, of the twenty-
four members chosen by the empe-
ror from the lists delivered in by
the departmental eleétoral colleges ;
Athly, of citizens whom the emperor
deems proper to raise to the dignity
of senator.—58. The president of
senate is named by the emperor
and chosen from the list of the se-
nators, His functions continue for
twelve months.—59. He’ convokes
the senate at the command of the
emperor, and at the requisition,
‘ Ist, of the commissions hereafter
spoken of in article 60 and 64;

ee

Qdly, of a senator, conformably to.

the provisions made in article 70;
_ 3dly, of an officer for the interior
concerns of the body. He lays be-
fore the emperor an account of the
_ several convocations made at the re-
quisition of the commissions, &c.
their object, and the result of the
_ deliberations, of the senate.—60. A
commission of seven members, nam-
ped by the senate and chosen from
the body, takes cognizance of ar-
rests (conformably to article 46 of
$ the constitution, ) whenever the per-
son arrested is not brought before
the tribunals in the space of ten
days after the time of such arrest.
This commission is called the sena-
_ torial commission for personal li-
- berty.—61. Every arrested person
not called to take his trial in ten
_ days after his arrest, may immedi-
_ ately appeal by himself, his repre-
"sentatives, or by. petition, to the
senatorial commission for personal
_ liberty. —62. When the said com-

"mission is of opinion that the inte-

rests of the state do not call for the
detention of the arrested person
beyond the period of ten days, it
invites the minister who ordered the

671

arrest to cause the person so des
tained to be either set at Jiberty, or
sent before the ordinary tribunals.
—63, If after three successive invi-=
tations, renewed in the space of one
month, the detained person is not
set at liberty or sent before the or-
dinary tribunals, the commission
demands an assembly of the senate,
which is convoked by the president,
and makes, if it so determine, the
following declaration: ‘¢ There are
strong presumptions that N. is arbi-
trarily detained,”’ It afterwards
proceeds conformably to the provi-+
sions of article 92, title 13, of the
high imperial court.—64. A com-
mission of seven members named by:
the senate and chosen from the
body, is appointed to watch over
the liberty of the press: Works
printed and distributed by subscrip-
tion and at stated periods do not
come under its cognizance. This
commission is called the senatorial
commission for the liberty of the —
press.—65, Authors, printers, and’
bookseliers, haying reason to coms
plain of injunctions being laid upon
the printing or circulation of works,
may apply personally or. by peti-
tion to the commission for the
liberty of the press.—66. When
the commission is of opinion that
the interests of the state do not
demand such injunétion, it invites
the minister who issued the order
to revoke it. 67. If after three
successive invitations, renewed in
the space of one month, the in-
Junétion still continues, the com.
mission demands an assembly of the
senate, which is conyoked by the
president, and makes, if it so de-
termine, the following declaration:
*¢ There are strong presumptions
that the liberty of the press. has been
violated.”’ It afterwards proceeds
conformably

672

conformably to the provisions of
article 92, title 13, of the high impe-
rial court.—-68. ‘Ihe functions of a
member of each of the senatorial
commissions cease at the expiration
of four months. —69. The projets de
lois decreed by the legislative body,
are transmitted to the senate on the
day of their adoption, and are de-
posited in the archives.—70. Every
decree issued by the legislative body
may be denounced in the senate by
any of the members thereof: 1. As
tending to restore the feudal system ;
2. As affeéting the sale of the na-
fional domains; 3. As having been
issued contrary to the forms pre-
scribed by the constitutions of the
empire, &c.—71. In the course of
six days after the adoption of the
projet de loi, the senate, after de-
liberating upon the report of a spe-
cial commission, and hearing the
decree read three times-at three sit-
tings held on separate days, may
declare its opinion as to the propriety
_ of promulgating the said law. The
president lays the decision of the
senate before the emperor.—-72.
The emperor, after hearing the coun-
cil of state, either declares by a de-
cree his adherence to the deliber-
ation of the senate, or causés the
law to be promulgated.—73. Every
‘such Jaw not promulgated before
the expiration of ten days, cannot
be promulgated unless it has been
again deliberated on, and adopted

by the legislative body.—74. The
- entire operations of an electoral
college, as well as its partial opera-
tions relative to the presentation of
candidates to the senate, the legis-
lative body, or the tribunate, can
only be annulled, on the ground of
their being unconstitutional, by an
express senatus consultum,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Title IX.—Of the Council of State.
75. When the council of state is
deliberating upon a projét de loi,
&c. two thirds of the members in
ordinary service must be present.
The number of members present
can never be less than twenty-five.
—76. The council of state is divid-
ed into six sections ; viz. the section
of legislation, the seétion of the in-
terior, the seétion of finance, the

section of war, the section of ma- —

rine, and the section of commerce.
—77. When a member of the coun-
cil of state has been five years upon
the list of members in ordinary ser-
vice, he receives the rank of coun-
sellor of state for life. When he
ceases to be on the list of the council
of stato in ordinary or extraordi-
nary service, he is only entitled to
one third of the salary attached to

the office.

Title X. Of the Legislative Body.

78. The members of the legisla-
tive body may be re-eleéted without
interval.—79. Every projet de loi
presented to the legislative body is
returned to the three seétions of
the tribunate.—80. ‘The sittings of
the legislative body are divided into
ordinary sittings and general com-
mittees.——81. Ordinary sittings
are composed of members of the
legislative body, orators of the coun-
cil of state, and orators of the three
sections of the tribunate. General
committees are composed only of
members of the legislative body. The
president of the legislative body pre-
sides both at. the ordinary sittings
and general commitees.—82. At an
ordinary sitting, the legislative body
hear the orators of the counsel of
state, and also the orators of three
sections of the tribunate, and votes
on the projét de loi. Ina general
committee,

STATE PAPERS.

committee, the members of the le-
gislative body discuss amongst them
the merits or demerits of the projét
de loi—83. The legislative body
resolves itself into a “general com.
mittee; Ist, at the invitation of the
president for the interior affairs of
_ the body; 2nd, at a demand made
to the president, and signed by filty
of the members present. In both
_ these cases the general committee is
a secret one, and its discussions can
neither be printed nor divulged.—
$4. When the discussion in a gene-
ral committee is closed, the deli-
beration is adjourned to the ordi-
nary sitting on the following day.—
$5. On the day appointed by the
legislative body for voting on the
projet de loi, the orators of the
counsel of state are again heard.—
86. The deliberation ona projét de
Joi, can in no case be deferred for
more than three days beyond the
time fixed for closing the discussion.
—87. The sections of the tribunate
constitute the sole commissions of
the legislative body; which can
create no other, but in the case
_ pointed out in article 113, title 13,
_ of the high imperial court.
Title XI.—Of the Tribunate.
_ 88. The funétions of the mem-
bers of the tribunate continue for
ten years.—89. A moiety of the
‘tribunate is renewed every five
years. ‘he first renewal will take
"place in the session of the year 17,
conformably to the organic senatus
-eonsultam of the 16th Thermidor,
_ year 10.—90. The president of the
" tribunate is named by the emperor,
on the presentation of three candi-
dates chosen by the tribunate at the
secret ballot.—91. ‘The functions of
the president of the tribunate con-
tinue for two years, 92. The tri-
-bunate has two questors, They are
Vor. XLVI.

673

named by the emperor, from a tri-
ple list of candidates chosen by the
tribunate at a secret ballot. Their
functions are the same as those as-
signed to the questors of the legisla-
tive body by articles 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, and 25, of the organic
senatus consultum of the 24th Fri-
maire, year 12. One of the ques-
tors is renewed every year.—Q93.
The tribunate is divided into three
seGtions ; viz. the section of legisla-
tion, thesection of the interior, and
the section of finance. —94. Each sec-
tion makes out a list of three of
its members, from among whom the
president of the tribunate chooses
the president of section. The func-
tions of president of section conti-
nue for one year.—95. When the
respective sections of the counsel of
state and tribunate, demand a con-
ference, such conference takes place
under the presidency of the arch-
chancellor or arch-treasurer of the
empire, according to the nature of
the subj<ét to be examined.— 96.
Each section discusses separately,
and in a sectional assembly, the se-
veral projet de loi transmitted to it
by the legislative body. Two ora-
tors from each of the three sections,
Jay before the legislative body the
wishes of their seétion.—97. In no
case can a projet de loi be discussed
by a general assembly of the tribu-
nate. But it may ‘form itself into a
general assembly, under the presi-
dency of its president, for the exer-
cise of its other privileges.

Title XIL—Of the Electoral Col-

leges.

98. As often as a departmental
electoral college is assembled for the
purpose of forming the list of can-
didates for the legislative body, are-

newal of the list of candidates for

Every such

the senate takes place.
xX x renewal

674:

renewal annuls all anterior presen-
tations.—99. The grand _ officers,
commandants, and officers of the le-
gion of honour, are members of the
departmental eleétoral college in
which their possessions may be situ-

ated, or of one of the departments”

of the company to which they be-
long. ‘The legionaries are members
of the electoral college of their dis-
triét. The members of the legion
of honour are admitted to their elec-
toral college on presenting a certifi-
cate given them for this purpose by
the grand eleétor.—100, The pre-
fects and military commandants of
departments cannot be eleéted can-
didates for the senate by the depart-
mental eledétoral colleges in which
they exercise their functions.

Title XUI.—Of the High Imperial

Court.

101. The high imperial court takes
eognizance: ist, Of crimes com-
mitted by members of the imperial
family, by titularies of the grand
dignities of the empire, by minis-
ters and by the secretary of state,
by grand officers, by senators, by
counsellors of state; 2dly, Of out-
rages and plots against the internal
and external security of the state,
the person of the emperor, and of
the presumptive heir to the empire;
3dly, Of crimes of official responsi-
bility committed by ministers and
counsellors of state; 4thly, Of trea-
chery and abuses of power, whe-
ther committed by captains general
of colonies, or colonial prefeéts, and
commandants of foreign posses-
sions; 5thly, Of generals, &c. acting
contrary to instructions; 6thly, Of
aéts of extortion and dilapidation
committed by prefects of the inte-
rior in the exercise of their func-
tions; 7thly, Of denunciations oc-
easioned by arbitrary detentions,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

and the violation of the liberty of
the press. —102. The seat of the high
imperial court is in the senate.—103.
The arch-chancellor of the empire
is president. In case of illness or
the necessary absence of the arch-
chancellor, another titulary of a
grand dignity of the empire may
preside for the time being.—104.
‘The high imperial court is composed
of the princes, the titularies of the
grand dignities and grand officers of
the empire, the grand judge, minis-
ter of justice, sixty senators, the
six sectional presidents of the coun-
cil of state, fourteen counsellors of
state, and twenty members of the
court of cassation. The senators,
counsellors of state, and members
of the court of cassation, are cho-
sen by seniority.—105. An attor-
ney-general, nominated for life by
the emperor, assists in the high im-
perial court. He performs the du-
ties of his office, assisted by three
tribunes, chosen every year by the
legislative body, and three magis-
trates nominated by the emperor
from the officers of the court of ap-
pealand criminal justice. —106. The

chief clerk of the high imperial -

court is nominated for life by the
emperor.—107. No exception can
be made to the decision of the pre-

sident of the high imperial court.— —
108. The proceedings of the high im-’

“

ee ee ee ee

perial court can only originate with —
the government.— 110. Ministers or —
counsellors of state, acting contrary. —
to the laws and constitutions of the —

empire, may be denounced by the M
Persons —
holding the situations of captains ”

legislative body.—111.

general of colonies, colenial pre-

|

fects, commandants of foreign pos- —
sessions, &c. suspected of abusing —
the power delegated to them, may —

be denounced by the legislative bo-
dy sa

STAITE PAPERS.

dy ; also generals disobeying their
instructions, and prefects of the in-
terior, suspected of dilapidation and
extortion.—112. The legislative bo-
dy likewise denounces ministers and
agents of government suspected of
arbitrary detentions, or a violation
of the liberty of the press.—113.
Denunciations by the legislative bo-
dy can only be delayed at the demand
of the tribunate, or the requisition
of fifty members of the legislative
body.—114. In both cases the de-
mand and requisition must be deli-
vered in writing, and signed by the
president and secretaries of the tri-
bunate, or by ten members of the
legislative body. If the charge is
against a minister or counsellor of
state, it is communicated to him at
the expiration of one month.—
115. The denounced minister or
counsellor of state is not to appear
in person for the purpose of answer-
ing the charges against him. The
emperor nominates three counsel-
lors of state, who appear before the
legislative body on the day appoint.
ed, and learn the particulars of the
denunciation.—116. The legislative
body, in a secret committee, discus-
ses the facts contained in the demand
or requisition, and decides on them
by ballot.—117. The act of denun-
ciation must be circumstantial and
signed by the president and secreta-
ries of the legislative body. Itistrans-
mitted to the arch-chancellor of the
empire, who forwards it to the at-
torney-general of the high imperial
-court.—118. Cases of delinquency
orabuse of power in captains-gene-
ral of colonies, colonial prefects,
‘governors of establishments beyond
sea, in acts of disobedience on the
part of generals or admirals, and of
peculation on the part of prefects,
arg also denounced by ministers. If

675

the denunciation is by the grand
judge, minister of justice, he can
take no part in the decisions on the
said denunciation.—119. In the
cases determined by articles 110,
111, 112, and 118, the attorney-
general acquaints, within three days,
the arch-chancellor of the empire,
that it is necessary to assemble the
high imperial court. The arch-
chancellor, having received his or-
ders from the emperor, appoints
some period within eight days for
opening the sittings.—120. At the
first sitting of the high imperial
court it determines its competency
to enter upon the case before it.—
121. In cases of denunciation or
complaint, the attorney-general, as-
sisted by the tribunes and the three
magistrates at the bar, examine
whether there be due ground to pro-
ceed. The decision is with the at-
torney-general, One of the magis-
trates at the bar may be appointed
by the attorney-general to conduct
the proceedings. If the public mi-
nistry determine that the charge,
complaint, or denunciation ought
not to be received, it moves certain
resolutions to be approved of by the
high imperial court, after hearing
the magistrate charged with the re-
port.—122. When the resolutions
are adopted, the high imperial court
concludes the business with a defini-
tive judgment, When the resolu-
tions are rejeéted, the public mi-
nistry is ordered to go on with.the
proceedings.—123. In the second
case provided for in the preceding
article, and likewise when the pub-
lic nrinistry determine that the com-
plaint or denunciation shall be ad-
mitted, it is ordered to prepare the
act of denunciation within eight
days, and to communicate the same
to the commissary, or his deputy,

Xx2 appointed

676

appointed by the arch-chancellor of
the empire, from the judges of the
court of cassation, being members
of the high imperial court. The
funétions of this commissary, or, in
_ case of absence, his deputy, consist
in drawing up the instructions and
the report.—124. The reporter, or,
in case of absence, his deputy, lays
the act of accusation before twelve
commissaries of the high imperial
court, chosen by the arch-chancel-
lor of the empire ; six from the list
of senators, and six from the other
members of the high imperial court.
he members thus chosen take no
part in the decision of tlie high im-
perial court.—125. Provided the
twelve commissaries determine that
there is sufficient reason to proceed
with the complaint or denunciation,
the reporting commissary issues a
declaration to that effeét, and pro-
ceeds to draw up the instruéti-
ons.—126. Provided the commis-
saries determine that the complain-
ant ought not to proceed with the

accusation, the case is referred to-

the high imperial court, which pro-
nounces a definitive judgment there-
on.—127. The high imperial court
cannot come to a decision unless
sixty members are present. ‘Ten out
of the sixty may be challenged by the
party accused, and ten by the ac-
cusing party. The judgment of the
court is determined by the majority
of votes.—128. The discussions on
these occasions are open to the pub-
lic.—129. Persons accused may em-
ploy advocates. If they be un-
provided, the arch-chancellor of the
empire appoints them one gratis.—
130. The high imperial conrt can
only decide in cases which come
within the penal code.—131. In
cases of acquittal, the high imperial
court places the person acquitted

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

under the protection of the high
police of the state, for the time it
may deem proper.—132. No appeal
can be made against the decision of
the high imperial court.
Title XIV.—Of the Judicial Order.

134. The decisions of the courts
of justice are intituled arréts.—
135. The presidents of the court of
cassation, the court of appeal, and
of criminal justice, are nominated
for life by the emperor, and may be
chosen out of the courts in which
they preside.—136. ‘The tribunal
of cassation takes the title of the
court of cassation, The tribunals
of appeal take the title of the court
of appeal, and the criminal tribu-
nals that of criminal justice. The
president of the court of cassation,
and also the president of the courts
of appeal divided into seétions, take
the title of first president ; the vice-
presidents that of president. The
commissaries of government in the
court of cassatiou, the courts of ap-
peal, and the courts of criminal
justice, take the title of imperial
attorneys general,

Title XV.—Of Promulgation.

137. The emperor causes every
organic senatus consultum, senatus
consultum, act of the senate and
law, to be sealed and promulgated.
Organic senatus consulta, senatus
consulta, and aéts of the senate are
promulgated within the ten days
subsequent to their adoption.—
138. Two copies are taken of each
of the aéts mentioned in the pre.
ceding article. Both copies are
signed by the emperor, examined by
the titularies of the grand dignities,
counter-signed by the secretary of
state and the minister of justice, and
sealed with the great scal of the
state. 139. One copy ts deposited
in the archives of the great seal ;

the

Se x -
oe eS ee eee

eS ee i eel

ae = aa

STATE PAPERS.

the other in the archives of the pub-
lic authority whence the act origi-
njted. 140. The promulgation is
in the following terms: ** N. (the
surname ef the emperor), by the
grace of God and the constitutions
of the republic, emperor of the
French, to all present and absent,
greeting: the senate, after hearing
the orators of the council of state,
has decreed and ordered as fol-
lows :’—(or provided it be a new
law) ** the legislative body on the
(the date) have issued the fol-
lowing decree, conformably to the
proposition made in the name of
the emperor, and after having heard
the orators of the council of state
and the sections of the tribunate:
we hereby command that the pre-
sent, sealed with the seal of the
state, and inserted in the bulletins
‘of the laws, be addressed to the
courts, tribunals, and administra-
tive authorities, to be inscribed in
their registers, and duly observed
and executed. ‘The grand judge,
minister of justice, shall watch-over
the execution of the same.
Title XVI. and Last.

151. The ‘following proposition
shall be presented for the accept-
ance of the people, according to
the forms determined by the decree
of the 20th Floreal (year 10),
** The people wills the imperial
dignity to be hereditary in the di-
rect, natural, legitimate, and adopt-
ed descent of Napoleon Buonaparte,
and in the direét, natural, and legi-
timate descent of Joseph and of

_ Louis Buonaparte, as regulated by
the organic senatus consultum of the
28th Floreal, year 12.

(Signed) | Cambacéres,
Second Consul, President.
Morand de Galles,
Joseph Cornudet,
Secretaries,

677

It is our will and pleasure that
the present, sealed with the seal of ,
the state, and inserted in the bulletin
of the laws, be addressed to the .re-
spective courts, tribunals, and ad-
ministrative authorities, to be in-
scribed in their registers, and duly,
observed and executed. The grand
judge, minister of justice, is charg-
ed to watch over the execution of
the same.

(Signed) Napoleon.
By the emperor, ,
(Signed) H. B. Maret.

Examined by us, arch-chancellor
of the empire,
(Signed) Cambaceres.
The grand judge, minister of jus-
tice,

(Signed) Regnier.

Note, addressed by M. Bacher,
French Chargé-@ Affaires at the
Diet of Ratisbon, to the Diet,
dated the 28th of May, 1804, @
particular Note, of the same Te-
nor, having been addressed to
each Court of the German Em-
pire.

The undersigned, the French
chargé-d’affaires, has the honour to
transmit to the general dict of the
Germanic empire, the annexed co-
py of the decree of the senate,
which determines henceforth, the
style, the forms, and the transmis-
sal of the supreme power in France,
the only things which, in the orga-
nization of the republican govern-
ment, did not bear a due propor-
tion to the greatness and to the calls
of the state. He hastens, in these
circumstances, to notify, conforma-
bly to the orders of his govern,

‘ment, that ‘his imperial majesty Na-

poleon, emperor of the French, is
invested by the laws of the state
Xx3 with

678

with the imperial dignity, and that
this: title and this dignity are to

* be transmitted to his descendants

in the male line+dizre&t; and in
default of such issue, to the male
line direét of their imperial high-
nesses Princes Joseph and Louis
Buonaparte, brothers to the empe-
ror.. In making this notification,
the undersigned thinks it necessary
to remark, that all official commu-
nications are to be suspended until
the former titles shall be replaced by
those of the imperial protocol, as
well in the credentials of the minis-
ters accredited to France, as in
those of his imperial majesty the em-
peror of the French accredited to
foreign courts. The confidential
communications necessary for the
commencement and progress of bu-
siness, may still be made in the usual
manner.

The undersigned is, in the mean
time, instructed to declare, that the
important law which has completed
the organization of the state in a
manner suitable to the dignity of
the French people, will produce no
change in its political relations.
France, in placing them under the
protection of a government invested
with greater splendour, and sur-
rounded with a dignity more anala-
gous to the nature of circumstances,
confers greater force and consisten-
cy to the reciprocal advantages that
friendly nations have a right to ex-
pect from her; and, at the same
time, she gives more consideration
to the respect that all governments
shall receive from her, and which
they, in their turn, are bound to
manifest towards her.

Letter from his Eminence the Car-
dinal de Caprara, Legate & la-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

tere, addressed on the 9th of June,
1804, to the French Bishops.

My Lord,

Napoleon Buonaparte having been
appointed emperor of the French,
you ‘are for the future to make use
of the following form of prayer:
‘O Lord, preserve our emperor
Napoleon,’ instead of that which
was ordained by the 8th article of
the concordat, passed between the
holy apostolic chair and the govern-
ment of France. After this form,
the following prayer may be recited,
as it has been already used in the
imperial chapel: ‘ O God, the pro-
teétor of all kingdoms, and especi-
ally of the French empire, grant
unto thy servant Napoleon, our
emperor, that he may know and
further the wonders of thy power,
to the end that he whom thou hast
appointed our sovereign, may be al-
ways powerful, through thy grace.’
Which I accordingly notify to your

greatness, declaring myself, at the —

same time, your greatness’s true ser-
vant,

T. B. Card. Caprara.

Circular Note of General Brune,

Ambassador at Constantinople, ad-
dressed to Baron Bielfield, Prus-
sian Envoy at the same Place.—
Dated Constantinople, June 18,
1804.

The | undersigned
from his majesty Napoleon, empe-
ror of the French, does himself the
honour to notify hereby to baron
Bielfield, that a senatus consultum
has definitively settled the organi-
zation of J*rance, and firmly estab.
lished for the future, the denomina-
tions, forms, and exercises of the

severeign

ambassador — —

necessities of the state.

STAT ESPAPE RS.

sovereign power in France. These
objects were hitherto the only ones
in the organization of France,
which were found not fully com-
mensurate with the greatness and
His ma-
jesty Napoleon, the emperor of the
French, is therefore by the laws of
the state invested with the imperial
dignity in such a manner, that this
title and dignity shall descend to his
posterity in the direét male line, or
failing that, in the direét male line
of their imperial highnesses the

_ princes Joseph and Louis, the bro-

of Prairial,

~

thers of the emperor. From the
well-known sentiments of the Prus-
sian court, the undersigned cannot
doubt of the sentiments of the baron
Bielfield, ig this importantand happy
event; and therefore only avails him-
self of the present opportunity again
to assure him of his high esteem.
(Signed) Brune.

The Answer of Baron Bielfield.

The undersigned envoy from his
Prussian majesty considers himself
as greatly honoured by the com-
munication of the note of the 29th
by which the French
ambassador has notified to him
what has been determined in
France relative to the form and
investment of the supreme dig-
nity. Much flattered by the above
communication, he makes no delay

~ to thank his excellency for the im-

portant communication, and en-
treats him to confide in his well
known sentiments, and to be con-
vinced that he shall always take a

true and sincere participation in

every thing which may promote the

_ welfare of the French nation and

its government. The undersigned
avails himself of the present oppor-
tunity to renew to the ambassador

679

the assurance of his very special es-
teem.

(Signed) Bielfield.

Answer of the Ottoman Porte to the
Circular Note of General Brune,
dated Constantinople, August %
1304.

The sublime porte has received a
note presented by its friend, the
French ambassador, and under-
stauds its contents—it says: Napo-
leon Buonaparte, the first consul, is
elected an emperor of the French ;
this dignity shall continue heredi-
tary with his children and descend-
ants, or, in default of such issue,
then it shall descend to the legiti-
mate children of Joseph and Louis
Buonaparte.—Farther, that the re-
presentatives of the French empire
in foreign countries have orders,
until they obtain their new creden-
tials, to abstain from all official com-
munication, with the exception of
those which require an immediate
discussion for the continuance of the
friendship subsisting between them
and France. The sublime porte,
according to its usual frankness, has
rejoiced in the advancement to dig.
nity, honour, and glory, of this, as
well as of every other friendly pow-
er. The sublime porte, declares,
therefore, to its friend the French
ambassador, that it has heard with
real pleasure a measure which makes
faster those ties which unite it with
France, and which are nearly con-
neéted with the internal security and
tranquillity of the French empire.
With regard to the communication,
that this note is not to be regarded
as official, until its sentiments are
known; and the necessary changes
which have’ taken place are approv-

a x4

680

ed of ; the above answers this ob-
servation. With satisfaétion the
sublime porte shall always regard
every measure; which confirms its so
fortunately subsisting friendship
with france.

Protest of Louis XVII. King of
France, dated Warsaw, June 6,
1804, against the Usurpation *of
Buonaparte.—From the Moniteur.

In assuming the title of emperor,’
and attempting to render it heredi-
tary in his family, Buonaparte has
put theseal to his usurpation. This
new act of revolution, where every
thing from its origin has been null
and void, cannot weaken my rights;
but being accountable for my con.
duét to all sovereigns, whose rights
are not less injured than mine, and
whose thrones are shaken by the
dangerous principles which the se-
nate of Paris has dared to publish.
Accountable to France, to my fa-
mily, and to my own honour, I
should consider myself as betraying
the common cause, were I to keep
silence upon this occasion. I de-
clare then, after having renewed my
protestations against all the illegal
a¢ts, which, from the opening of the
states general of France, have led
to the alarming crisis in which
France and Europe are now involy-
éd. Ideclare, in the presence of all
the sovereigns, that far from ac-
knowledging the imperial title that
Buonaparte has received from a
body which has not a legitimate ex-
istence, I protest as well against that
title, as to all the subsequent aés to
which it may give birth.

Official Account of the Proceedings

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

on the Coronation of Bonaparte,
as Emperor of the French.—
Paris, December 1, 1804.

The senate, in pursuance of a re-
solution passed in-its sitting of the
26th of November, presented itself
in a body at eleven o’clock this
morning at the palace of the Thuil-
leries. “ Having been introduced in-
to the chamber of state, they were
presented to his imperial majesty by
his imperial highness prince Joseph,
grand eleétor. His excellency M.
Francois (de Neufchateau), the
president, addressed his majesty in
the following terms :—

Sire, ,

The first attribute of the sove-
reign power of a people is the right
of suffrage specially applied to fun-
damental laws. It is this that con-
stitutes real citizens. Neyer has
this right been more free, more inde-
pendent, more certain, nor more
legally exercised by any people,
than it has been amongst us since
the happy 9th of November (18
Brumaire). One plebiscitum placed
the reins of government in your
hands for ten years; a second en-
trusted them to you for life. The
French people has now again, for
the third time, expressed its will.
Three millions five hundred thousand
men,’ dispersed over the surface of
an immense territory, have simul-
taneously voted the empire heredi-
tary in your majesty’s august fa-
mily. Their aéts of suffrage are
contained in 60,000 registers, which
have been verified and scrupulously
examined. There is not a shadow
of doubt either respeéting the state,
or the number of those who have
put forth their voice, neither as to
the right of each to give his vote,
nor as to the result of this universal

suffrage,

!

STATE PAPERS.

suffrage. Thus, then, the senate
and people of ‘France unanimous-
ly agree that the blood of Buo-
naparte shall henceforth be the
imperial blood of France; and that
the new throne raised for Napo-
leon, and rendered illustrious by
him, shall never cease to be pos-
sessed either by the descendants of
your majesty, or by those of the
princes, your brothers.—This last
testimony of the confidence of the

people, and of their just gratitude,:

ought to be flattering to your im-
perial majesty’s heart. It is glori-
ous for a man, who has devoted
himself, as you have done, to the
welfare of his peers, to learn that
his name alone is sufficient to unite
such a vast number of men. In this
instance, sire, the voice of the peo-
ple is the voice of God. No go-
yernment can be founded on a more
indisputable title. The senate, the
depository of this title, has passed a
resolution to present itself in a body
before your imperial majesty. It
comes to display the joy with which

it is penetrated, to offer you the un-

feigned tribute of its felicitations, of
its respect, of its love, and to-ap-
plaud itself for the objeét of this
proceeding, inasmuch as that con-
summates what it expected from your
foresight, to tranquillize the unea-

-siness of all good Frenchmen, and

to conduct into port the bark of the
wepublic. Yes, sire, of the repub-
lic! This word might wound the
ears of anordinary monarch. Here
the word is in its proper place be-
fore him, whose genius*has enabled
us to enjoy the thing in the sense in
which it can exist amongst a great

' people; you have done more than

extending the limits of the republic,
for you have established it on a so-
lid base. Thanks to the emperor

681

of the French, the conservative
principles of the interest of all,
have been introduced into the go-
vernment of one, and the strength
of amonarchy founded in a republic.
For forty centuries past,the question,
which form of government is best,
has beenagitated ; for forty centuries
past the monarchical form of govern-
ment has been considered as the
chef @euvre of political wisdom,
and the sole secure harbour of the
human race. But there was one
thing wanted, to unite, without
risque, the elements of liberty to
its unity of power, and the cer-
tainty of its succession. This im-
provement in the aét of governing,
is an advance which Napoleon at
this moment produces in the social
science. He has laid the founda-
tion of representative states ; he has
not confined his views to their pre-
sent existence; he has implanted in
them the seeds of their future per-
feétion. Whatever is wanted to
their completion at first, will grow
out of their own progress. It is
the honour of the present age; the
hope and the model of future ages.
Sire, the first rank amongst the
greatest men that have done honour
to the earth, is reserved for the
founders of empires. Those, who
have ruined them, have enjoyed but
a fatal glory; those who have suf-
fered them to fall to ruin, are every
where objeéis of reproach. Ho-
nour to those who raise them}
They are not only the ‘creators of
nations, but they secure their con-
tinuance by laws which become the
inheritance of futurity. We owe
this treasure to your imperial ma-
jesty; and France proportions the
measure of those thanks, which the .
conservative senate now presents to
you in its name, to the magnitude

of

682

of this blessing. If a pure repub-
Jic had been possible in France, we
cannot doubt that you would have
wished to have had the honour of
establishing it; and if it were pos-
sible, we should never be exone-
rated from the guilt of not having
proposed it to a man having power
sufficient to realise the idea of it;
personally great enough not to need
@ sceptre, and generous enough to
sacrifice his own interests to the in-
terests of his country. Though,
like Lycurgus, you should have to
banish yourself from that country,
which you would have organised,
you would not have hesitated.
Yeur profound meditations have
been more than once direéted to this
great problem; but this problem
was not to be solved even by your
genius. Superficial minds, struck
with the ascendancy which so much
success and glory so happily acquir-
ed for you over the spirit of the na-
tion, have fancied that you had itin
‘yaur power to give it at discretion a
popular government or a monarchi-
eal regime. There was no medium:
nota soul wished for aristocracy in
France: but the legislature ought
to take men such as they are, and to
give them, not the most perfect laws
that could be devised, but, like So-
ton, the best they can bear, Though
the chisel of a great artist forms at
pleasure out of a block of marble
either a tripod or a god, the body
of a nation cannot be modelled on
the same principle. Itis true, sire,
that your life is a tissue of prodi-
gies: but thaugh you might have
bent the nature of things and the
character of men to such a pitch,
as to cast the masses of France once
into the mould of democracy, this
wonder would have been buta tran-
sient illusion: should we have con-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

curred in it, we should only have
forged chains for posterity.— When
our representatives, placed on the
ruins of the throne, believed they
could establish 2 republic, their in-
tentions were pure: before sad ex-
perience released them from the en-
chantment, they sincerely worship-
ped thatdelasive phantom which they
took for equality. We can speak
of an error by which we had been
dazzled for a moment. Alas! who
could avoid it?) The popular tor-
rent hurried along the most indiffe-
rent in spite of themselves.” It is
said, that the ancient Persians, in
order to convince the people of the
terrible danger of an abuse of liber-
ty, used to employ a very extraor-
dinary custom: they used to inocu-
late themselves for a short time with
the plague of political bodies. When
any of their kings died, five days
were spent in anarchy without au-
thority or laws. . Licentiousness was
neither restrained then nor punish-
ed afterwards ; they were five days
given up to the spirit of vengeance,
to excess, to violence, in a word,
they were five days of revolution.
This proof, it is said, used to make
the people return with much joy to
submission to their prince. After
fluctuations more terrible than those
of a troubled sea, it was thought
that an infallible remedy had been
discovered for popular convulsions
in a polygarchy. The depositing
of authority in the hands of many,
was better than the absence or the
dispersion of this authority: but
differing spirits, and opposite wills
could not be included in the same

body, as the Manicheans used to 4

place two contrary principles at the
head of the universe. The strug-
gle between these two principles
would have annihilated France, ~

the

STATE PAPERS.

the course that has been taken had
not been adopted, to return to a
more concentrated power.
_ This it is that has consecrated to
eternity the epoch of the 9th of
November. It is this, sire, that
brings back and attaches to you
such of the republicans whose pa-
triotism was most fervent and zea-
lous. They were confirmed in their
hatred against the throne by their
attachments to the interests of the
people, and the ardent desire of the
public good. Their ideas have
been realised only by your govern-
ment; out of ‘conceit with their
chimera, and brought back by you
to the reality, they ‘are well con-
yinced that it was impossible to
think seriously to establish a repub-
lic, properly so called, amongst a
people attached to monarchy by
their wants, by instinct, and by
the force of a habit, which nothing
can overcome. Yes, sire, on this
point there is but one sentiment—
yet the government of a single per-
son is toso vasta country, what the
statue of Pallas was formerly to
the Trojans—by being deprived of
it, their ruin was accelerated—but
‘still this is not enough. The unity
of the empire, is, like the bundle
of twigs, the aggregate of its pow-
er: but like the twigs of the united
bundle, the parts would soon be
disunited and broken, if the here-
ditary succession to the aggregate
did not secure the tie. An order of
ccession, previously determined,
is the firmest support of a monar-
chical government. So, by the elec-
tion even which made you emperor,
‘the senate and the people have de-
prived themselves of the right of
electing in future, as long as those
glorious lives shall subsist, to which
they transfer the exclusive right to

683

the empire. It is a great deposit of
trust, consecrated by the law of
nations, the necessity of which has
been felt by the nation in order to
relieve itself from guarding ,against
any omission or the apprehension
of troubles in this delegation of its
supreme power. Amongst the hap-
py results of the law of succession,
such as the French have last adopt-
ed, the sagacity of the great peo-
ple has distinguished two principal
advantages; first, that a dynasty
raised by liberty, will be faithful to
its principle; there is no instance of
a river flowing back to its source.
Besides, a new source of stability
for public credit, both internally
and externally, is to be expected
from a continued tradition in this
paternal and perpetual government.
Amongst foreign nations also, upon
how much more solid a base will our
alliances be supported?’ It is a
community of interests, that con-
stitutes all the bonds of this world:
the frieuds of France being able to
rely on her, she gan rely on them;
and this proud country, reinstated
in Europe in the rank, from which
weakness had suficred her to fall, will
henceforth have it in its power to
exercisé a permanent influence on
the repose of the nations, and on
the peace of the continent. As to
our enemies, if they persist in be-
ing so, their despair must redouble
in contemplating the service they
have done us in spite of them. We
have been put upon our guard by
their atrocious plots. Asa last re-
source they have meditated crimes ;
it was our duty to render them use-
less. ‘Thus, then, in whatever view
our happiness is their work. But,
sire, until their eyes shall be open-
ed, or our indignant army shall go
to punish their perfidy, our happi-

ness

684

ness constitutes their punishment.
What a spectacle for them to be-
hold, France, that same France,
which they wished to lacerate, and
which they must now know to be
united reund its august chief, pos-
sessing the same spirit, forming the
same wishes, and tranquilly cele-
brating the festivals which announce
the union of liberty, that first of all
moving principles with this grand
conservative system of nations, he-
reditary monarchy. It was desired
previous to the revolution, that the
chief of a great state like France,
should promise at his accession, not
to be the king of nobles, nor of any
other class, but the chief of the na-
tion, not to maintain usurped privi-
leges, which, in an agricultural coun-
try, and amongst an industrious peo-
ple, would, nevertheless, destroy
agriculture and industry, to enrich
with their spoils the accomplices of
despotism ; but that he should swear
to the people these fundamental ar-
ticles, these eternal bases of well
regulated societies. Liberty of wor-
ship, this first right of all men,
since authority can never force con-
science. Kquality of rights of all
the citizens, the only rational and
possible equality. Respect for po-
Jitical and civil liberty, without
which nations are but herds of
slaves, equally indifferent to the for-
tune of their masters, and to their
own destiny. The inviolable secu-
rity of property, which forbids
above all the levy of arbitrary im-
posts, and permits not any subsidy,
direct or indirect, under what name
soever, but according to law.—
Lastly, the general tendency of his
government, to the sole and primi-
tive end of every government, the
interest, the happiness, and the
glory of the people. ‘This is the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

form of the oath which your impe- —
rial majesty is about to take to the
French people; these are the terms —
which you have chosen to be a law’
to yourself and your successors. —
According to circumstances, your
majesty annexes to them an engage.
ment to maintain—the integrity of
the territory of the French repub.
lic, which should continue indivi.
sible; the acquisition of the na.
tional property, which have been —
the pay of our independence; the
sublime institution of your legion of
honour, worthy reward of services
rendered to the country. With
these additions, this remarkable
oath would appear to have been dic-
tated by the whole nation. It is in|
consideration of this also, that the
whole nation swears fidelity to you. —
These two oaths correspond; they
guarantee each other; they are the —
reciprocal pledges of an indissolu- —
ble alliance ; and amidst so many —
important views, which will for ever —
distinguish the senatus consultum of —
the 19th May (28th Floreal), that —
which cements the whole work ; that —
which imprirts upon it the seal of
immortality, sire, is the thought of —
the title of the oaths. ‘To close the ©
chasms of the revolution, more than ~
Curtius was necessary: according ~
to the profound idea of a political —
author, it was necessary that a great ©
man should chuse for the theatre of
his government and the materials of —
his glory, the ruins of that state, ©
which he might propose to new- |
model and re-invigorate. “It was —
necessary that this man should be —
worthy to give his name, and to— :
communicate his impulse to a new
dynasty. It was necessary that he '
>

should be elevated above his con-

temporaries, of their choice, and

by their sir oo without opposi-
tion ¥

ion either from his own country
men, or from foreigners. In the
existing state of societies, the want
being governed is felt, as for-
merly, but the means of governing
are become more difficult, because
heir object is more extended and
pmplicated. The conservative se-
nate and the French people assure
you, sire, through my voice, that
hey are proud of their emperor.
If they have offered you the crown,
if they have made it hereditary in
your descendants, aud in those of
your two brothers, it is because
here exists not on earth 2 man more
worthy to bear the sceptre of
France, nor a family more beloved
y the French. (Governed by Na-
poleon, or by his sons or his ue-
phews, animated by his spirit, form-
ed by his example, in a word, bound
y his eath, we, sire, and our chil-
drens’ children, shall defend with
pur Jives, this tutelary government,
object of our pride as of our love,
because in it we shall defend our
hief, our properties, our families,
and our honour. You have cho-
Sen, sire, as the inscription on our
coins, those words, which you jus-
‘ify—** God protects France.”—
Oh! yes; God does protect France,
since he has created you for her.
Father of thy country, in the name
of that protecting God, bestow a
blessing on thy children, and rely-
ing on their fidelity, be assured that
nothing can either efface from their
boa or root out of their hearts,
é engagements resulting from the
mutual contract that has just been
entered into between the French na-
tion and the imperial family. In
|the absence of the throne, all the
\great characters give themselves up
to faction. A people is so much
the more to be pitied the greater the

;

STATE PAPERS.

685
number of its distinguished chil-
dren; all that might constitute the
pride of nations, becomes then the
scourge of one. From the moment
that the throne is worthily filled,
eminent virtues have a reward; viz.
to approach nearer to it; and the
distinction is so much the more flat=
tering, as more real dignities bear
more imposing names.

The title of emperor has ever con-
veyed the law. not of that royalty
before which subjects humble and
prostrate themselves, but the great
and liberal idea of a first magistrate,
governing in the name of the law
which citizens feel honour in obey-
ing.

“Phe title of senate indicates also
an assembly of chosen magistrates,
proved by long labour and venera-
ble for age. ‘The greater the empe-
ror is, the more august ought the se-
nate to be.

His majesty replied in the follow-
ing terms :—

I ascend the throne to which the
unanimous wishes of the senate, the
people and the army have called
me, with a heart penetrated with
the great destinies of that people,
whom, from the midst of camps, I
firstsaluted with the name of Great.
From my youth, my thoughts have
been solely fixed upon them, and If
must add here, that my pleasures
and my pains are derived entirely
from the happiness or misery of my
people. .My descendants shall long
preserve this throne; in the camps
they will be the first soldiers ef the
army, sacrificing their lives in the
defence of their country. As ma-
gistrates, they will never forget that
contempt of the laws and the confu-
sion of social order are only the re-
suit of the imbecility and unsteadi-
ness of princes. You, senators,
whose

686

-whose counsels and support have
never failed me in the most difficult
circumstances; your spirit will be
handed down to your successors.
Be ever the props and first counsele
lors of that throne so necessary to
the welfare of this vast empire.

Allocution delivered by his Holiness
the Pope, to a Secret Consistory
addressed on the 29th of Oétober
1804, previously to his Depar-
ture from Rome on his Journey to
France, in Order to assist in the
Coronation of the Emperor Na-
poleon.

Venerable Brethren;

Tt was from this place that the
concordat was begun by us, his
majesty the emperor of the French
then first consul ; andit is from this
placethat we have communicated to

you that joy with which the God of .

all comfort has caused our hearts to
overflow for the happy change, or
conversion to the interest of the
catholic religion, which has been
produced by that concordat in those
vast and populous regions. From
that time the holy temples have been
again opened and purified from the
profanations they had endured: al-
tars were again built, the standard
of the health-bearing cross was
again raised, the true worship of
God restored, the august mysteries
of religion freely and publicly cele-
brated, lawful pastors given to the
people who could Jabour in feeding
the flock. The catholic religion it-
self most happily emerged from that
obscurity in which it had been bu-
ried, and placed in noon-day splen-:
dor in the midst of that renowned
nation, so many souls recalled from
the paths of error into the bosom of
3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

eternity, and reconciled to them-
selves and to their God: these con-
siderations united, justly filled our
hearts with joy and exultation,
which we poured out to the Lord.
—That great and wonderful task
not only then excited in our minds
the most lively gratitude to that
powerful prince, who in establish-
ing the concordat, put forth all his
power and authority to accomplish
it; but the recolleétion must al-
ways incline our mind whenever the
opportunity shall offer, to prove
that we are still strongly impressed
with those feelings towards him.—
And now the same most powerful
prince, our dearest son in Christ,
Napoleon, emperor of the French,
who has deserved so well of the
catholic religion for what he has
done, has signified to us his strong
desire to be anointed with the holy
unction, and to receive the imperial
crown from us, to the end that the
solemn rights which are to place him
in the highest rank, shall be strongly
impressed with the charaéter of re
ligion, and call down more power-
fuily the benediction of heaven. —A.
request of this nature not only in
itself affords the clearest proof of
his religion and filial reverence to
his holy see, but it has also been
accompanied with the express decla-
rations, by which the emperor has
informed us of his constant desire
to promote the holy faith, to repair
the injuries, for the preventing of
which, he has laboured with so
much zeal in these flourishing regions.
You therefore see, most venerable
brothers, what just and momentous
causes we have for undertaking this
journey : we are moved not only by
the interests of our holy religion,
but by gratitude to that powerful
emperor, who has put forth all his

authority

SMTAEH PAP ERS.

authority to cause the catholic religi-
on to be frecly professed,—publicly
exercised in France; and who has
shewn his mind so anxious forincreas-
ing the prosperity of that religion.
We have also formed great hepe, that
having undertaken this journey by
his invitation, when we shall speak
to him face to face, such things may
be effected by his wisdom for the
good of the catholic church, which
is the only ark of salvation, that we
may be able to congratulate our-
selves on having perfected the work
_of our most holy religion. It is not
- so much on our weak eloquence that
we build that hope, as on the grace
of him whose unworthy vicegerent
we are upon earth, whose grace,
when invoked by holy rites, is pour-
ed largely into the hearts of princes,
who are rightly disposed for receiv-
ing the good effeéts of a sacred cere-
mony, especially when they are the
fathers of their people, solicitous
about their eternal salvation, and
determined to live and die true sons
of the catholic church.—For these
causes, venerable brethren, follow-
ing the example of some of our pre-
decessors, who have, for a certain
time, left their own abode to visit
distant regions, to promote the in-
terests of religion, and to gratify
those princes who have deserved
well of the church, we undertake
the present journey, although the
distance, the unfavourable season
of the year, our advanced age, and
the infirm state of our health, would
have otherwise completely deterred
us from such a voyage. But we
esteem these considerations as no-
thing, if God will but grant us the
prayers of our heart. Nor have
those things which should be before
our eyes, at all escaped our mind
before we formed our serious reso-

687

lution ; but we have seen and con-
sidered every thing; in which con-
sideration many, difficulties arose,
and ofir conscience was; on some of
them doubtful and uncertain: but
such answers have been returned,
and such declarations made by or-
der of the emperor, that we have
been persuaded of the utility of our
journey for the good of religion,
which is an objeét. But it is unne-
cessary to detail in a diffuse ha-
raugue, these causes to you, to
whom I have already communicated
them, and whose opinions (before
we undertook a step of such mo-
ment) we not only consulted, but
to whom, as it was right, we gave
the greatest weight——Not to pass
over, however, that which is above
all things necessary in important de-
liberations, well knowing that (ac-
cerding to the saying of Divine
Wisdom) the resolutions of mortals
are weak and timid, and their fore-
sight doubtful, even of those men
who excel most in morals and in pi-
ety, and whose speeches rise like
incense to the presence of God;
we have therefore taken care to put
up the most earnest prayers to the
lather of all light, that, directed by
him, we may do that only which is
pleasing in his eyes, and which may
end in the prosperity and increase
of his church.—God is our witness,
before whom we have.in all humi-
lity poured forth our heart, to
whom we have often raised our
hands in his holy temple, beseech-
ing him to listen to our prayer and
help us, that we have proposed
to ourselves nothing else than what
ought always to be our object ; his
glory, the interests of the Catholic
religion, thesalvation of souls, and
the discharge of those apostolic
functions which have been eatrusted

to

688

to us, unworthy as we are. You
also are our witnesses, venerable
brethren, to whom, as we assisted
at your councils, we wished that
every thing should be perfectly
Known and understood, and to
whom we have fully communicated
the genuine feelings of our heart.
Therefore, when so great an object
is likely by divine assistance to be
completed, acting asa faithful vice-
gerent of God our Saviour, we
have undertaken that jovrney, to
which we have been prompted by
such strong reasons. ‘The Father
of all Mercies, will, as we hope,
‘bless our footsteps, and shine on this
new epoch of religion, with the ful-
ness of increased glory.—After the
example of our predecessors, and
particularly the recent cxample of
pope Pius VI. of revered memory,
who made the same resolution when
he set out for Vendosme, we inform
you, venerable brethren, that»we
have disposed and ordered every
thing, so as that the curiw, and the
hearing of causes with assistance
from this holy seat, shall remain in
their present state, until we shall
have returned, and, as we have con-
sidered in our minds that the neces-
sity of death is imposed upon all,
and that the day of our death is un-
certain, we have therefore thought
it necessary to follow the example
of our predecessors, particularly of
pope Pius VI. when he set out for
Vendosme, by ordering the ponti-
fical comitia to be held, if God shall
please to take us away from this
world, during our absence from

you.—Lastly, we beg and entreat_

of you always to retain for me the

affection you have hitherto shewn

for me, and that in our absence

you will commend our souls to the

all-powerful God, to our Lord
: 1 es

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Jesus Christ, to his most glorious
Virgin Mother, and to the blessed
apostle Peter, that this journey of
ours may be fortunate and pros-
perous, and that it may end happily.
Which if we shall, as we hope, be
able to obtain from the author of
all good, you, venerable brethren,
whom we have always called to
share with us in our councils, and
in all that concerns us, must have a
great share in the common joy, and
we Shall exult and rejoice in the
mercy of the Lord.

French Annual Exposé at the opening
of the Session of the Legislative
Body as Paris, the 26th of De-
cember, 1804.

Mr. Champagny. — Gentlemen,
In consequence of the nomination,
of which information has just been
given to you, I am about to have
the honour of stating to you the
situation of the French empire.—
The interior situation of France is
at this day what it was in the calm-
est times; no movement which can
alarm the public tranquillity ; no
crime which belongs to the remem-
brance of the revolution; every
where useful undertakings, every
where the improvement of public
and private property attest the pro-
gress of confidence and of security,
—The leaven of opinion no longer
sharpens the spirits; the sentiments
of the general interest, the princi-
ples of social order, better known
and more refined, have attached all
hearts to the common prosperity.
This is what all the administrations
proclaim ; this is what the emperor
has witnessed in all the departments
he has travelled through; thtis is
what has been just demonstrated -

the

STATE PAPERS.

the most striking manner. All the
armies have seen themselves at once
separated from their generals, all
the military corps from their chiefs ;
the superior tribunals, deprived of
their first magistrates ; the public
ministry, of its first organs; the
churches of their principal pastors ;
the towns, the countries, simulta-
neously quitted by every one who
has power and influence over men’s
minds; the people. every where
abandoned to their genius ; and the
people have every where shown
themselves desirous of order and of
the laws. —At the same moment the
sovereign pontiff travelled through
France. From the banks of the
_ Po to the borders of the Seine, he
has every where been the object of
a religious homage rendered him by
that immense majority, who, faith-
ful to the ancient doctrine, see a
common father and the centre of the
common belicf in him whom all
Europe reveres as a sovereign, raised
to the throne by his piety and his
virtues.—A_ plot laid by‘an impla-
cable government, was going to re-
plunge Fiance into the abyss of
civil wars and of anarchy. At the
discovery of that horrible plot, all
France was moved ; inquietudes, ill
laid asleep, were again awakened,
and in every mind was at once found
anew, principles which have been
those of all wise men, and which
were constantly ours before error
and weakness had alienated men’s
minds, and guilty intrigues had mis-
Jed their opinions. ‘The nation had
experienced that power divided, was
withoutaccord and withoutstrength ;
it had been made sensible that in-
trusted for a time, it was only pre-
carious, and permitted neither long
labours nor long thonghts ; ‘that in-
trusted for the life of a single man,

Vor. XLVI.

689

it grew weak with him, and left
after him only chances of discord
and of anarchy ; it was convinced in
fine that there was safety, for great
nations, only in hereditary power ;

‘that it alone secured their political

life, and embraced in its duration,
generations and ages.—The senate
was, as it should be, the organ of
the common inquietude, Soon burst
forth that wish to see the power
hereditary which dwelt in all hearts
truly French ; it was proclaimed by
the electoral colleges, by the armies,
the council of state, magistrates, the
most enlightened men were consulted,
and their answer was unanimous.—
The necessity of hereditary power
in a state so vast as France, had
been long since perceived by the
first consul. In vain had he resisted
the force of principles, in vain had
he tried to establish a system of
election which might perpetuate
public authority, and transmit it
without danger and without trou-
bles. —Public inquietudes, the hopes
of our enemies, accused his work.
His death was to be the ruin of his
labours. It was till this term that fo-
reign jealousy, and the spirit of dis-
cord and anarchy waited for us.
Reason, sentiment, experience dic-
tated equally to all Frenchmen that
there was no certain transmission of
power but that which was effected
without interval, that there was no
tranquil succession but that which
was regulated by the laws of nature.
—When such motives supported
such pressing wishes, the determi-
nation of the first consul could not
be doubtful. He resolved then to
accept for himself and for two of his
brothers after him, the load which
was imposed on him by the necessity
of circumstances.—From his medi-
tations ripened by conferences with

Yy the

690

the members of the senate, by dis-
cussions in the councils, by the ob-
servations of the wisest men, was
formed a series of dispositions which
fixes the inheritance of the imperial
- throne ;--which assigns to the princes
their rights and their duties ;
which promises to the heir of the
empire an education regulated by
the laws, and such that he will be
worthy of his high destinies ;
which designates those who, in case
of minority, will be called to the
regency, and marks the limits of
their power ;--which places between
the throne and the citizens, dig-
nities and offices accessible to all,
. encouragements and recompences of
the public virtues ;—which. give to
men honoured with great distinc-
tions, or invested with great autho-
rity, judges sufficiently great to
bend neither before their authority,
nor before their distinctions ;
which gives to crimes against the
public safety and the interest of the
empire, judges essentially attached
to the safety of-the empire and to
its interests;—-which places more
lustre and more weight in the fanc-
tions of the legislator, more deve-
lopement and more extent in the
public discussion of the laws ;——
which recals the tribunals and their
judgments to those ancient denomi-
nations which had obtained the re-
spect of ages;—which guarantees
in fine the rights of the prince and
of the people, by oaths, the eternal
guardians of all interest. These
dispositions were decreed by the
senatus consultum of the 28th of
Floreal last: the Wrench people
have manifested their free and inde-
pendent will; they have expressed
their wish that the imperial dignity
should be hereditary in the direct,
legitimate, and adoptive descendants
1

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of Napoleon Buonaparte, in the dis
rect and legitimate descendants of
Joseph Buonaparte, in the direct
and legitimate descendants of Louis
Buonaparte.—At that moment, Na-
poleon was, by the most just of
titles, emperor of the French; no
other a¢ét was necessary to ascertain
his rights and consecrate his autho-
rity.—But he wished to restore to
France her ancient forms, to recal
among us those institutions which
the Divinity seems to have inspired,
and to impress upon the beginning
of his reign the seal of religion itself.
To give to the French a striking
proof of his paternal tenderness, the
chief of the church has been willing
to lend his ministry to this august
ceremony.—What a deep and Jast-
ing impression it has left in the mind
of the emperor and in the remem-
brance of the nation! What cen-.
versations for future races! and
what a subject of admiration for
Europe. Napoleon prestrate at the
foot of the altars which he has just
raised; the sovereign pontiff im-
ploring upon France and upon him
the celestial benedictions, and in his
wishes for the felicity of one nation,
embracing the felicity of all nations !
—Pastors and priests, lately divided,
uniting with his supplications their
gratitude and their voice!—The se-
nators, the legislators, the tribunes,
magistrates, warriors, the admini-
strators of the people and those who
preside over their assemblies, con-
founding together their opinions, |
their hopes and their wishes ; sove-
reigns, princes, ambassadors, struck
with the grand speetacle of France
again seated upon her ancient foun-
dations; and, by her repose, se-
curing the repose of their country!
—In the midst of this pomp, and

‘under the lock of the Eternal, Na-

poleon

STATE PAPERS.

poleon pronouncing the immutable
oath which secures the integrity of
the empire, the stability of pro-
perty, the perpetuity of iustitu-
tions, the respect for the laws and
the happiness of the nation.—The
oath of Napoleon will be for ever
the terror of the enemies and the
- buckler of the French. If our fron-
tiers are attacked, it will be re-
peated at the head of our armies,
-and our frontiers will no longer
dread a foreign invaston.—It will be
present to the memory of the dele-
gates of authority, it will remind
them of the end of their labours and
the rule of their duties ; and though
it may not guarantee their adminis-
tration from some errors, it will
‘insure the prompt reparation of them.
——A project of a criminal code,
finished for these two years past,
has been submitted to the censure
of the tribunals, and is now under-
going a final discussion jn the coun-
cil of state. The code of procedure
and the code of commerce are still
in the same state the labours of last
year left them in. More urgent
cares have called on the emperor,
and it is one of his maxims to pro-
pose to the deliberations of the le-
_gislators, those projects of laws
alone which have been ripened by
jong and wise discussions. ——The
schools of legislation are about to
open; inspectors are nominated
who will enlighten public teaching,
and prevent its degenerating into
~vain and sterile proofs; the lyceums,
thesecondary schools, are filling with
youth eager for instruction.—Fon-
tainbleau has already sent forth mi-
litary men, who are remarked in
our armies for their soldierly ap-
pearance, their knowledge, and their
respect for discipline.—The poly-
technic school peoples, with useful

691

hands, our arsenals, our ports and
our workshops. At Compiegne,
the school of arts and trades ob-
tains every day new successes. ‘That
which is to be formed upon the bor-
ders of la Vendée, is expected there
with impatience, and willshortly bein
complete activity. —Prizes have been
decreed to sciences, to letters and
to arts, and in a period of ten years,
assigned to labours that his majesty
wishes to. recompence, he has a
right to expect that French genius
will bring forth new master-pieces.
—In the department of bridges and
highways, the works begun have
been carried on with constancy,
others are in contemplation, and
every year prepares ior the following
years, new schemes for the prospe-
rity of the state. But the intem-
perance of the seasons had deceived
the foresight and the zeal of admi-
nistration ; rains and torrents have
injured the roads more rapidly than
we have been able to repair them,
some labours have been destroyed,
others have been for a moment sus-
pended, great calamities have af-
flicted some departments, particu-
larly that of the Rhine and Moselle.
A judicious prefect, interpreter of
the intentions of the emperor, has
presented the first succour to those
unhappy men who have been the
victims of it. His majesty has re-
animated their courage by his pre-
sence, and has consoled them by
his benefits.—The scourge of con-
tagion has afflicted some neigh-
bouring countries, the vigilance of
administration has preserved oar
territory from it; itis rapidly dimi-
nishing in those places where it ex-
ercised its ravages. In maintaining
the measures which are still dictated
by prudence and regard for the
public health, the introduction of

Yi rz the

692

the evil will be prevented, without
interrupting the communication ne-
cessary for the aliment of our com-
merce and of our manufactures.—
In the centre of La Vendée a new
city is building, intended to be the
seat of the administration. From
thence it will exercise over every
point an active and sure superin-
tendance; from thence knowledge
and sound principles will be propa-
gated throughout that department
in which ignorance and the want of
instruction have so frequently deli-
vered over simple and honest minds
to the intrigues of malevolence.—
Decrees of the emperor have recalled
commerce to the left bank of the
Rhine, and bestowed, on Mentz
and Cologne, all the advantages of
real emporiums, without the dan-
ger of introducing contraband goods
into the interior of France.—Manu-
factures are improving ; and whilst
in vain declamations, mercenaries
paid by the British government,
boast its distant and precarious re-
sources dispersed over the seas
and the Indies; whilst they describe
our workshops as deserted and our
workmen dying with misery, our
industry extends its roots over our
own soil, repels English industry far
from our frontiers, and has suc-
ceeded in equalling it, in what form-
ed its glory and its success, the per-
fection of its machines, and is pre-
paring to dispate with it consumers
in every place where it can meet
with and reach it.—Our first manu-
facture, agriculture, has enlarged
and become clear—a system of ex-
portation, in such a manner com-
bined, that it shuts and opens ac-
cording to our wants, assures to
the husbandman the price of his
Yabour, and abundance to our mar-
‘kets. New encouragements pre-
3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

pare the improvement of the race of
our horses, our wools are melio-
rated, our fields are coyered with
cattle, and throughout every part
of the empire its true riches multi-
ply.—Ajided by riches, renewed se-
curity has given a freer scope to
active benelicence: excited by reli-
gion, and by the recollection of
our misfortunes, the latter is not
limited to charities of the moment $
it embraces the future, and trusts
its treasure to government, which
guarantees to it an employment con-
formable to its wishes. Never have
so many legacies and pious dona-
tions been made in favour of the
hospitals, and of the establishments
of beneficence. Some of these in-
stitutions have been created or re-
established by private persons ; never
has suflering humanity found more
friends, nor indigence more succour,
They are distributed with as much
wisdom as zeal, and ¢he hospitals
of Paris directed with an intelligence
which multiplies the cares in econo-
mising the funds, relieve all wants,
cure many evils, and are no more
those murderous asylums which de-
vour their numerous and miserable
population. The namber ef the
indigent of the capital is according-
ly thirty-two thousand below that
which it was in 1791, and twenty-
five thousand less than that which it
was in the year 10.—Religion has
resumed its empire; it no longer
exercises itself but for the good of
humanity ; a wise tolerance accom-
panies it, and the ministers of dif-
ferent forms of worship, who adore
the same God, do honour to them-
selves by testimonies of reciprocal re-
spect, and know no other rivality
than that of virtues.—Such is our po-

sition within; without, French cou-

rage, seconded by Spanish good faith,
has

<<

STATE’ PAPERS.

has preserved to us St. Domingo;
Martinique braves the menances of
our enemies, and under a paternal
government renders stronger and
more durable the ties which attach
it to the mother-country.—Guada-
loupe has enriched itself with the
spoils of British commerce, and
Guyana continues to prosper under
an active and vigorous administra-
tion.— The isles of France and of
Re-union would be at'the present
day the emporium of the riches of
Asia; London wou!d be in conyul-
sions and despair, had not inexpe-
rience or weakness baffled a scheme
most ably concerted. The isles of
_ Franceand of Re-union.however,are
still enriched with the prizes which
we have taken from our enemies.—
Our armies are always deserving of
their reputation. With. the same
valour and the same discipline, they
have acquired that patience which
waits for opportunities without mur-
muring, and confides in the pru-
dence and designs of the chief who
conducts them. Our soldiers, our
officers, learn to govern the element
which separates them from that
island, the grand object of their
resentment. Their audacity and
their address astonish the oldest and
most experienced mariners. Our
fleets, by continual manoeuvres, lead
the way to combats; and whilst
those of our enemies wear out in
Striving against winds and tempests,
ours learn without destroying them-
selves to fight against them.—In
fine, since by the war we have
gained Hanover, we are more in a
state than ever to strike decisive
blows against our enemies, Our
navy is in a better state than it has
been for these ten years past; upon
Jand, our army is more yumerous,
better disciplined, and better pro-

693

vided with every thing calculated to
ensure victory thanit ever was.—
In the department of finances, the
same activity prevails in the receipts,
the same regularity in the manage-
ment, the same order in the admi-
nistration of the treasure; and aj-
most always the same stability in
the value of the public debt.—The
war in the first instance necessitated
extraordinary expences, but the
funds for them were expended in
our own soil, and have given us
vessels, ports, and every thing which
is necessary for the developement of
our forces against our enemies.—
These extraordinary expences have
now ceased, and those exacted by
our warlike attitude will henceforth
be directed by an economy which
the urgency of our preparations for
attack and defence did not admit of.
—The revenues of the crown will
support all the expences of the coro-
nation, and those still demanded
by the splendour of the throne.
The lustre which surrounds it will
never be a burden to the nation.—
The situation of Kurope has expe-
rienced but one important change. |
Spain reposed under a neutrality to
which I*rance had consented, and-
which the British cabinet had ac-
knowledged ; her vessels were sud-
denly attackgd, and the treaty of
Amiens was violated with regard to
her as it had previously been with
regard to France, Mis catholic
majesty has taken the part com-
manded him by the dignity of his
throne, by good faith outraged, and
by the honour of a generous peo-
ple whose destinies he directs.
The emperor of Austria devotes to
the restoration of his finances, the
prosperity of his provinces, the pro-
gress of their commerce, that repose
prompted by the frankness of his cha-

Yy3 racter

6% ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

raéter and the interests of his subjects.
The Italian republic, administered
and governed by the same principles
as France, requires, like that pow-
er, a definitive organization, which
shall insure to the present genera-
tion, and to future generations, all
the advantages of the social pact.
United to this republic by the du-
ties imposed on him, both as presi-
dent and as founder of that state,
the’ emperor will reply to the confi-
dence it testifies towards him, and
insure its destinies and its indepen-
dence, by serving the interests of
the French people, to whom also it
owes-its existence, and by concill-
ating the interests of these two
friendly nations with the well-un-
derstood interests of the neighbour-
ing powers. By the changes called
for by the will of a nation and by the
interest of all, absurd calumnies
will fall to the ground, and France,
who has herself erected barriers
where she had fixed her limits, will
no longer be accused of a wish to
overleap them.—Tielvetia enjoys in
eace the benefits of her constitu-
tion, of the wisdom of her citizens,
and of our alliance.—Batavia still
groans under an olygarchical go-
vernment, without union in its views,
without patriotism and without vi-
gour. Its colonics have been a se-
cond time sold and delivered up to
England, without firing a gun; but
this nation possesses energy, morals,
and economy; it wants only a firm,
patriotic, and enlightened govern-
ment.——The king of Prussia has
shown himself, upon every occasion,
the friend of France, and theemperor
has profited of every one which has
presented itself, to consolidate this
happy harmony.—The eleétors and
all the members of the Germanic

body faithfully maintain the rela-
tions: of benevolence and friendship
which unite it to France. —Denmark
follows the counsels of a wise, mo-
derate, and judicious pelicy.—The
spirit of Catherine the great will
watch over the councils of Alexan-
der I. he will recolleét that the
friendship of France is a necessary
counterpoise for him in the balance
of Europe, that, placed at a dis-
tance from her, he can neither pre-
serve nor disturb her repose, and-
that his great interest is to find in
his relations with her, a necessary
vent for the productions of his em-
pire —'Turkey is wavering in her
politics ; she follows, through fear,
a system which her interest disa-
vows. May she neverlearn, at the
expence of her own existence, that
fear and irresolution accelerate the
fall of empires, a thousand times
more fatal than the dangers and
losses of an unfortunate war.——
Whatever may be the movements of
England, the destinies of Vrance
are fixed: strong in her union, strong
in her riches and in the courage of
her defenders, she will faithfully
cultivate the alliance of her friends,
and will not af so as either to de-

~ serve enemies nor fear them. When

England shall be convinced of the
impotence of her efforts to agitate
the continent; when she shall know |
that she has only to lose in a war
without end or motives; when she
shall be convinced that France will
never accept any other conditions
than those of Amiens, and will
never consent to leave to her the
right of breaking treaties at plea-
sure, by appropriating Malta,—
England will then have arrived at
pacific sentiments. Hatred and en-
vy have but their day.

Decree

SEATE PAPE ES:

Decree of the Council of State at Vien-
na. Dated Vienna, 11th Aug. 1804.

His royal imperial apostolic ma-
jesty arrived in this city on the 10th
instant, from Baden, to assist at an
extraordinary conference of state ;
at which were present. his royal
highness the archduke Charles, the
archduke palatine of Hungary, the
chancellor of Hungary, that of Bo-
- hemia and Austria, that of Transil-
vania, the tayernicus of Hungary,
and the president of the chamber of
finances and of the bank. In con-
sequence of the supreme determina-
tion which has been declared in this
council of state, the following pa-
tent is published :

Patent.—We, Francis II. by the
grace of God, eleéted emperor of
the Romans, always august, king of
Germany, of Hungary, and Bohe-
mia, of Gallicia, Lodomeria, &c.
archduke of Austria, duke of Bur-
gundy and Lorraine, grand duke of
‘Tuscany, &c.—Though we have al-
ready attained, by the Divine will,
and by the choice of the electors of
the Roman and Germanic empire,
to adignity which leaves no room to
desire any augmentation of titles and
consideration ; it is however our
duty in our quality of chief of the
Austrian house and monarchy, to
provide for the maintenance and
preservation of that equality of here-
ditary titles and dignities with the
first sovereigns and powers of Eu-
rope, which belongs to the sove-
reigns of Austria, both on account
of the ancient lustre of their house,
and in regard to the extent and po-
pulation of their estates, compre-
hending independent kingdoms and
principalities, so considerable, and
which have been secured to them by
possession, agreeably to the right

695

of nations, and by treaties. To
establish, in a durable manner, this
perfeét equality of rank, we have
determined, and think ourseives av-
thorized, after the example which
has been given us in the preceding
century by the imperial court of
Russia, and that which is now given
to us by the new sovereign of
France, to confer also on the house
of Austria, as far as relates to its
independent states, the hereditary
title of emperor. We have there-
fore resolved, after mature reflec-
tion, solemnly to assume and to
establish for us and for our-succes-
sors, in the unalterable possession
of our independent kingdoms and
states, the title and dignity of here-
ditary emperor of Austria (as the
denomination of our house), in such
a manner that all our kingdoms,
principalities, and provinces shall
invariably retain the titles, consti-
tutions, prerogatives, and relations
which they have hitherto enjoyed.
—According to this supreme de-
cision and declaration, we decree
and enaét: I. That immediately af-
ter our title of eleéted emperor of
the Romans, shall be inserted that
of hereditary emperor of Austria,
after which shal! follow our other
titles of king of Germany, Bohe-
mia, Hungary, &c.; then those of
archduke of Austria, duke’ of Sty-
ria, &c. and those of the other
hereditary countries. But as,’ since
our accession to the throne, there
have successively taken place in the
possessions of our house, several
changes which have been confirmed
by solemn treaties, we at ‘the same
time make known the undermen-
tioned titles, newly regulated ac-
cording to the present state of things,
and our will is that they be intro-
duced and employed in future. IT.

yy 4s ‘The

696

The title of imperial. prince and of
imperial princess, shall be given
and conferred with that of archduke
and arciiduchess, as well as of royal
highness, to our descendants of both
sexes, and to those of our succes-
sors in the sovercignty of the house
of Austria. ILL. As all our king-
doms and other possessions must
retain, without restriction, their pre-
sent denominations and relations,
this is understood in particular of
our kingdom of Hungary, and of
the countries which are united to if,
and also of such of our hereditary
states, as have hitherto been inimme-
diate relation with the Germanic
empire, which ought in future to
preserve the same relations with it,
agreeably to the privileges granted
to our house by the emperors our
predecessars. IV. We reserve to
ourselves the right of determining
hereafter the solemnities which shall
take place at our coronation, and
that of our successors, as here-
ditary emperor. ‘Those, however,
which were practised at our coro-
nation, and at that of our prede-
cessors, as king of Hungary and
Bohemia, shall continue to subsist
in future without any change. V.
This declaration and ordinance shall
be published and carried into exe-

~ cution throughout all our hereditary

kingdoms and states, without delay
and in the accustomed forms. We
have no doubt that all our states

and subjects will receive with gra-

titude and patriotic interest this dis-
position, the objeét of which is to
maintain the consideration of the
Austrian monarchy.

Grand Title. —We Francis II. by
the grace of God, elected emperor
of the Romans, always august, he-
reditary emperor of Austria, king
of Germany, Jerusalem, ‘Hungary,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Sclas
vonia, Gallicia, Lodomeria ; arch-
duke of Austria; duke of Lorraine,
Venice, Salzbourg, Styria, Carin-
thia and Carniola; grand duke of —
Transilvania; margrave of Mora.
via; duke of Wurtemburg, Upper
and Lower Silesia, Parma, Placen-
tia, Guastalla, Auschwitz and Za-
tor, Teschen, Friouli and Zara ;
prince of Suabia, Eichstadt, Passau,
Trent, Brixen, Berchtolsgaden and
Lindau; princely count of Haps-
bourg, Tyrol, Rybourg, Goricia
and Gradiska; margrave of Bur-
gau, Upper and Lower Lusatia ;
Landgrave of the Brisgau, Ortenau
aud Nullenbourg ; count of Mons-
fort and Hobenems, of Upper and
Lower Hohenberg, Bregentz, Son-
nenberg and Rothenfels, Bluemon-
sel and Holch; lord of the March
of Esclavonia, Verona, Vicenza and

Padua, Kc. ;

Mean Titlek—We Francis I. by
the grace of God, ele¢éted emperor
of the Romans, always august, he-~
reditary emperor of Austria; king
of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia,
Dalmatia, Croatia, Ksclayonia, Gal-
litia, Lodomeria, and Jerusalem ;
archduke of Austria, duke of Lor-
raine, Venice and Salzbourg ; grand
duke of Transilvania ; duke of Sty-
ria, Carinthia and Carniola; Wur-
temburg, Upper and Lower Sile-
sia ; princely count of Hapsburg,
Tyrol, &c.

Small Title.—Francis Ul. hy the
grace of God, elected emperor of
the Romans, always august, here-
ditary emperor of Austria; king of
Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, &c.
archduke of Austria; duke of Lor-
raine, Venice, Salzbourg, &c,

Note presented to the Diet of Ratis-
bon

STALE “PAPERS.

bon on the twenty-fourth of August,

1804, by che Imperial Envoys, ac-
companied by the Imperial Pa-
tent already published, contain-
ing the grand, ordinary, and
abridged Titles of his Majesty the
Emperor.

The envoys for the ele€torate of
Bohemia, and the archduchy of
Austria, have received from their
sovereign, the annexed printed prag-
_ matic ordinance, by which his im-
perial and royal majesty, as sove-
reign of the Austrian monarchy, af-
ter the example of France, and for
the reasons therein contained, has re-
solved to assume the hereditary im-
perial title. The undersigned envoys
have notdelayed to communicate this
osdinance to the general] diet of the
' empire, and as his majesty has already
addressed letters of notification to
his several co-estates, it is not to be
doubted that his communication will
_ be received with the most fricndly
_ regard, As this new hereditary

dignity, according to the express
contents of the pragmatic ordinance,
will produce no alteration whatever
in the relation between the German
hereditary states and the Roman
empire ; the undersigned envoys for
the electorate of Bohemia, and arch-
duchy of Austria, have it particu.
larly in charge, explicitly to declare
_ that nochange will be hereby pro-
duced in any other political rela-
_ tions and connexions, but that his
majesty will, with redoubled atten-
tion, continue to preserve unim-
paired the friendly and benevolent
sentiments which he has constantly
most assiduously cherished towards
all his co-estates of the empire.

Frederic Count de Stadion.
Egid. Joseph Char. de Fahnenberg.

697

Note on the Part of the King of
Sweden communicated to the Dict ;
daied August 26th, 1804.

In consequence of the note given
in to the diet of the empire, on the
25th instant, by the envoys for the
electorate of Bohemia and arch-
duchy of Austria, relative to the Aus-
trian imperial title, the undersigned
envoy from his Swedish majesty finds
himself obliged to declarc, that his
majesty the king of Sweden partici-
pates with the most sincere satisfac.
tion in every thing which can tend
to promote the interest or gratifica-
tions of his imperial house ; yet his
Swedisa majesty, both in ‘quality
of guarantee of the constitution of
the empire, and in that of a state
of the empire, cannot but consider
the object of this notice as so inse~
parably conne¢ted with the compo-
sition of the German empire, that
it is not to be Jaid before the diet
merely as a notification, but as a
subject for deliberation ; in the dis-
cussion of which all the members
of the diet may express their opi-
nions as authorised by the consti-
tution.

Knut Bildt..

Note transmitted by Order of his
Swedish Majesty to M. Caillard,
the French Chargé Wd’ Affaires at
Stockholm, Sept. 7, 1804,

His majesty the king of Sweden
has received a report of the impro-
per, the insolent, and the ridiculous
observations which Monsieur Na-
poleon Buonaparte has allowed to
be inserted in his Moniteur of the
14th of August, under the article
Ratisbon. The tone, the style,

and

698

and even the subjeét of this article
are all of so extraordinary a nature,
_ that his majesty has been yet hardly
able to comprehend the objeét of
such an a¢t of political extravagance.
If it has been done in the hope of
misleading the public as to the con-
duét of his majesty, as it appears
from the uncommon pains that are
taken to draw a line of separation
between his majesty and his subjects,
let the world understand, that any
instigation to that effect never could
have been less likely to succeed than
at this moment, or than it always
will, with a people whose interests
are bound up with those of a sove-
_ reign, who has never separated his
prosperity from theirs, and who
never feels so happy as when he
contributes to the glory and to the
happiness of his subjeéts. As his
majesty cannot, consistent with his
own dignity, or the honour of his
crown, permit any official inter-
course, after such an insult, he has
ordered me, sir, to communicate to
you, that from this day all diplo-
matic intercourse of every kind,
both private and public, is immedi-
ately to cease between the French
legation at Stockholm and his ma~-
jesty’s government. As a sentence
in the article above-mentioned seems
to imply that the French govern-
ment is disposed to admit. that the
continuance of the commercial inter-
course between Sweden and France
would be attended with some advan.

tages, his- majesty, on his part, is

willing to permit the same, from
those sentiments of esteem which he
has always entertained for the French
people ; sentiments which he has
inherited from his ancestors, and
which owe their origin to far hap-
pier times.

(Signed) T. D. Ehrenheim.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Order issued by the Court Chancellor
at Stockholm on the 7th of Sep-
tember, 1804. Signed by C. B.

. Sibet and A. D. Hummel.

His majesty the king has been
pleased to inform me, by his gra- .
cious letter of the 26th of August,
that for a long time the prevalent
tone of most French journals and
daily papers has been marked by a
want of due respeét for kings and
princes, and for every lawful go-
vernment; that this insolence, so
worthy of chastisement, has conti-
nucd to increase, and the conse-
quences thereof have lately appeared
in one of the newspapers most ge-
nerally known, which has dared
to insert expressions attacking the
king’s exalted person, and conse
quently the dignity of the empire ;
and as this cannot be passed over
without animadversion, his majesty
has been pleased to order :—I. That
from the hour when this notification
is made public, the importation into
the Swedish empire, and the pro-
vinces belonging thereto, of French
journals, weekly magazines, and’
daily papers, is striétly prohibited ;
and that no exception can be grant-
ed or demanded.—II. ‘That all im-
portation of books and writings
which may be printed in France in
future, is likewise prohibited; those,
however, which have already ap-
peared, are not included, provided
their contents be not contrary to
the regulation of the ordinances
still in force ; but with respeét to
French books, which may be pub-
lished in future, exceptions may be
admitted, if an humble request be
made for the purpose through the
office of the king’s court of chan-
cery.——In consequence whereof,
I am required to publish this gra-

ble.

STATE PAP BES

cious command and ordinance of his
majesty the king, that all people
may conform themselves thereto,

:

Order issued by the Court of Ma-
drid, dated 27th November, 1804.

‘The conduét which the English
have observed since the event of the
5th of Oétober is almost insuffera-
They attack our ships of war
in whatsoever situation they may
appear, and detain our commercial
vessels, obliging them afterwards to

‘return to the ports from whence

they came, so that the objeét of

their voyage is wholly frustrated.

These hostile proceedings have con-
Strained his majesty to abandon the

pacific sentiments which he has con- |
‘sidered heretofore most conducive to

the happiness of his beloved sub-

‘

jects; and he is therefore driven to
the necessity of procuring satisfac-
tion for these insults, by making re-
prisals on English property (as is
done with respeét to Spanish pro-
perty in England). His majesty,
however, requires that the seizures
consequent on this arrangement

_ Should be proceeded in with such
_ method and regularity, that the ef-

“

—

fects may be preserved entire, and

uninjured, until the further pleasure

of his majesty be made known re-
Specting them. The command for
this purpose, which this paper con-
veys, is to be immediately obeyed,
under your direction, and you will
consider the steps proper to be
taken respecting such commercial
transactions as are yet in progress,
in which such English effeéts may be
concerned.

Declaration of War made by Spain

699
against England, dated Madrid,
Dec. 12, 1804.

The peace which Europe beheld
with so much delight, re-established
at Amiens, has, unfortunately for
the welfare of nations, proved but
of short duration. The rejoicings
with which this happy event was ce-
lebrated upon ali sides, were scarce-
ly concluded, when the public satis~
faétion began to be troubled, and
the advantage of the peace to dis-
appear. ‘The cabinets of London
and Paris held Europe suspended,
and agitated between its terrors
and its hopes, seeing the event of
the negociations every day become
more uncertain, until the moment
that discord arrived at such an
height, as to kindle between them
the fire of a war, which must natu-
rally extend itself to other powers ;
since it was very difficult for Spain
and Holland, - who had _ treated
jointly with France at Amiens, and
whose interests and political rela-
tions are so reciprocally conneéted,
to avoid finally taking part in the
grievances and offences offered to
their ally. In these circumstances,
his majesty, supported by the most
solid principles of a wise policy,
preferred pecuniary subsidies to the
contingent of treops and ships with
which he was bound to assist
France, in virtue of the treaty of

alliances in 1796: and as well by

means of his minister in London, as
of the English agents at Madrid, he.
gave the British government to un-~
derstand, in the most positive man-
ner, his decided and firm resolution
to remain neutral during the war 5
making do doubt that he should
quickly have the satisfaétion oi see-
ing that these ingenuous assurances
were well received by the court of

London.

700

London. Nevertheless, that cabi-
net, which must have resolved in si-
Jence before-hand, for its own par-
ticular ends, upon the renovation
of the war with Spain, and which
it was always able to declare, not
with the forms and solemnities pre-
scribed by the law of nations, but
by means of positive aggressions,
which should turn to its own profit,
sought the most frivolous pretexts
to bring into doubt the conduct of
Spain, which was truly neutral, and
to give demonstrations at the same
time, to the desires of his Britannic
majesty, to preserve the peace, all
with the intention of gaining time,
cajoling the Spanish government,
and holding in uncertainty the opi-
nion of the English nation upon its
own premeditated and unjust de-
signs, which could in no manner be
approved by that nation. Thus it
is, that in London it appeared art-
fully to accept various reclamations
from Spanish individuals, which were
addressed to it; while its agents in
Madrid magnified the pacific inten-
tions of their own sovereign: but
they never shewed themselves satis-
fied with the frankness and friend-
ship with which all their notes were
answered, rather anxious for pro-
claiming and magnifying armaments
which had no existence, and pre-
tending, contrary to the most posi-
tive protests on the part of Spain,
that the pecuniary succours given to
France were not merely an equiva-
lent for the troops and ships which
were stipulated in the treaty of
1796, but an indefinite and immense
stock, which did not permit them to
consider Spain in any other light
than asa principal party in the war.
Moreover, as there was not time
‘entirely to banish the illusion under
which they laboured, they exacted,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

as the precise conditions upen which
they would cousider Spain as neu-
tral, the cessation of every arma-
ment in her ports, and a prohibition
of the sale of prizes brought into
them. And, notwithstanding that
both of these conditions, although
urged in a tone superlatively haugh-
ty and unusual in political transac-
tions, were immediately complied
with, and religiously observed,
they persisted, nevertheless, to ma~
nifest their want of confidence, and
they quitted Madrid with eager-
ness, immediately after receiving
dispatches from their court, of
which they did not communicate a-
particle of the contents. The con-
text which resulis from all this be-
tween the conduét of the cabinets of
London and Madrid, must be suffi-
cient to shew clearly to all Europe,
the bad faith and the secret and per-
verse aims of the English ministry 5
even if they had not manifested
them by the abominable crime of the
surprise, battle, and capture of the
four Spanish frigates, which, navi-
gating in ‘the full security which
peace inspires, were fraudulently
attacked in consequence of orders
from the Mnglish government, -sign-
ed in the very moment in which it
was faithlessly exaéting conditions
for the prolongation of the peace,
in which every possible security was
given to it, and in whichits own
vessels were provided with provisi-
ons and refreshments in the ports of
Spain. Those very vessels, which
were enjoying the most perfeét hos-
pitality, and were experiencing the
fidelity with which Spain was proy-
ing to England the good faith of her
engagements, and how firm her reso-
lutions were to maintain her neu-
trality—those very ships carried,
concealed in the bosoms of their

commanders,

SATE. i PAP WES.

commanders, the unjust orders of
the English cabinet for assaulting
Spanish property on the seas—ini-
quitous orders, and profusely circu-
lated, since all its vessels of war on
the seas of America and Europe,
were already detaining and carrying
\into its harbours as many Spanish
vessels as they met with, without
respecting even the cargoes of grain

_ which were coming from all parts to
succour a faitnful nation, in a year
of the greatest calamity. Barba-
rous orders, since they deserve no
other name, to sink every Spanish
‘ship under an handred tons; to
burn those which they found on
Shore on the coast; and to make
prize of, and carry to Malta,
those only which exceeded an hun-
dred tons. ‘The master of a laud,
of Valentia, of fifty-four tons, has
made this declaration, that he ef-
' fected his escape in his launch upon
the 16th of November, on the
coast of Catalonia, when his vessel
was sunk by an English vessel,
phos captain took from him his
p papers and his flag; and informed
him, that he had received these
_ express instructions from his court.
_In spite of such atrocious actions,
_ which proved to perfect evidence
_ the coyetous and hostile views which
the English cabinet had meditated,
it was still able to carry oa farther
its perfidious system of blinding the
_ public opinion, alleging, for this
_ purpose, that the Spanish frigates
had not been carried into the Kng-
lish ports in quality of prizes, but
as being detained until Spain should
_ give the desired securities, that she
would observe the strictest neutra-
lity.—And what greater securities
‘could or ought Spain to give?
hat civilized nation, until this
hour, has made use of means so un-

791

just and violent, to exact securities
of another? Although England
should find, at last, any claim to
exact from Spain, in what manner
could she justify it after a similar
atrocity 2? What satisfaction could
she be able to give for the lament.
able destruction of the frigate Mer-
cedes, with all its cargo, its equi-
page, and the great number of dis-
tinguished passengers who have pe-
rished, the innocent victims of a
policy so detestable? Spain could
not comply, with what she owes to
herself, nor think herself able to
maintain her well known honour
and dignity amongst the greatest
powers of Europe, were she any
longer to shew herself insensible to
such manifest outrages, and did not
take care to revenge them with the
nobleness and energy which belong
to her character.—Animated with
these sentiments, the magnanimous.
breast of the king, after having ex-
hansted (in order to preserve the
peace), all the resources compatible
with the dignity of his crown, finds
himself in the hard predicament of
making war upon the king of Eng.
Jand, upon his subjects and people,
omitting the formalities of style by
a solemn declaration and publica-
tion, owing to the Inglish cabinet’s
having begun and continued to make
the war without declaring it.—In
consequence, alter having given or-
ders for an embargo, by way of re-
prisal, upon all English property in
his dominions, and that the most
convenient instructions, both for his
own defence, and the offence of the
enemy, should be circulated to his
vicerays, captains general, and great
officers of the marine, his majesty
has commanded his minister in Lon-
don to retire, with all the Spanish
legation; and his majesty does not.

doubt

702

doubt, that all his subjects, inflamed
with that just indignation with which
the vielent proceedings of England
must inspire them, will not omit any
of all those means to which their
valour shall prompt them, of co-
operating with his majesty towards
the most complete vengeance for the
insult offered to the Spanish flag.
For this purpose he invites them to
arm corsairs against Great Britain,
and to possess themselves, with re-
solution, of her ships and property,
by every possible means; his ma-
jesty promising them the greatest
promptitude and celerity in the ad-
judication of prizes, upon the sole
proof of their being English pro-
perty; and his majesty expressly
renouncing, in favour of the cap-
tors, whatever part of the value of
the prizes he had, upon other occa-
sions, reserved to himself, so that
they shall enjoy them in their full
value, without the smallest discount.
—And finally, his majesty has re-
solved, that whatis contained in the
premises, shall be inserted in the
public papers, that it may come to
the knowledge of all; and also, that
it shall be transmitted to the am-
bassadors and ministers of the king,
in foreign courts, in order that all
the powers shall be informed of
these acts, and take interest in a
cause so just; hoping that Divine
Providence will bless the Spanish
arms, so that they may obtain a
just and convenient satisfaction for
the injuries they have received.

Address of his Excellency the Prince
of Peace, Generalissime of his
Catholic Majesty's Forces, to the
Fleets, Armies, and People. of
Spain. Dated Madr id, December
10, 1804,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

The king has condescended to —

submit to me, as generalissimo of the

royal armies, the conduét of the —
war commenced with Great Britain;

and he commands that all the prin-

cipal officers of his dominions cor- a
respond privately with me on the

subject, connected. with the event.

To comply with the terms of the —

confidence reposed in me, and to

fulfil the honourable duties enjoined — |
me in the supreme authority over —

his gallant troops with which Iam —

invested, it is expedient that I call ¥

into activity my loyal zeal in his
cause, and adopt the most effectual
means to discharge this high and im-
portant office.—It is universally

known, that-when we were in a ~

state of profound peace with Eng-

land, hostilities were commenced by |

that country, by the capture of

three frigates; one was destroyed —
in the contest; a regiment of infan- —
try destined for Minorca was made j
prisoners ; many vessels laden with —
grain were taken; and others under ~
the burthen of 100 tons were de-

stroyed. When were these robbe-

ries, these aéts of treachery and as- —

sassination committed ? When our

sovereign admitted the ships of that —

nation to a free and undisturbed
commerce, and gave the necessary
supplies to the ships of war. What

profligacy and degradation in the-

one; what honour and dignity in
the other. On the view of this per-
fidy, is there a Spaniard whose in-
dignation is notexcited? Is there a
soldier who will not grasp the wea-
pon of destruétion? Brave seamen,
300 of your brethren have had
their mangled members scattered.to
the winds; 1000 are deprived of the
light of heaven, in the dungeons of
your enemies. Valiant soldiers, an
equal number of your companions

in

STATE PAPERS.

‘in arms are deprived of the swords
they knew how to wield, and are

- carried to a remote island, where

they will either perish with hunger,
or be constrained to unite with the
ranks of the detested foe. Re-
member, then, your sacred obliga-
tions. Generous Spaniards, a few
innocent and defenceless fishermen
are reduced to the lowest step of
human misery, and their afilicted
wives and deserted offspring implore
your pity, and demand your pro-
tection. In fine, thousands of fa-

milies, expecting support from the

wisdom of the state, in a season of
famine, are brutally deprived of the

_ subsistence provided for them, and

exclaim, with the voice of thunder—
Vengeance! Vengeance! Let us
then, my countrymen, obey ; the
king expects it, and honour and
justice require it at our hands. If

_ the English have forgotten that the

blood which circulates in the veins
of Spaniards is the same which

«flowed in the breasts of those who

‘

-

i

4

2
®

+
-
7

triumphed over the Carthaginian,
the Roman, the Vandal, and the
Saracen, it is time that the recol-
leétion should be revived: it is time
to convince them that we will pre-
Serve the fame of our ancestors un-
Sullied, and shew to them that we
_will perform our duty to posterity,
if it require that our ranks should
be thinned to add to the glorious
‘catalogue of Castillian heroism. If
these distant islanders have attri-
buted our desire to preserve tran-
quillity within our borders to la-
mentable weakness, or to dishonour-
able fear, let them at least be taught
that the latter can never disgrace
the bosom of a Spaniard, glowing
with all the ardent and liberal im~
pressions peculiar to his country.
Quickly will Wwe teach them, that a

708

loyal, virtuous, and brave people,
attached to religion, and cnamoured
of true glory, can never be insulted
with impunity, much less can it en-
dure an instance of sanguinary yio-
lence directed against its dignity and
independence. If the English, un-
mindful of the principles of huma-
nity respected among civilized na-
tions, abandoning all shame and re-
morse, haye only sought to obtain
possession of our treasures, which
we should haye. peaceably delivered
to them, had they been entitled to
the property, we will recal to their
memory a fact which we trusted had
been universally acknowledged—
that the abuse of power, the viola-
tion of public right, and the mad
excesses of despotism, have ever
been the awful presage of the fall of
empires. Let them hide their dis-
honoured heads; let them tremble
in the contemplation of this ill-got-
ten wealth ; let them shudder before
the bloody victims of their aggres-
sion ; and let an eternal mark of in-
famy be.impressed, and universal
detestation be excited for these ex-
amples of public atrocity.

Valiant Spaniards! the nobleness
of your character no Ionger admits
you to be inactive witnesses of these
disgracetst seenes. “The love of our
king for his people is perfectly
known, and leaves no doubt that
his numerous vassals will coincide
in his wishes, and gratify his ex-
pectations. ‘lo arms, then, my fel-
low. soldiers and countrymen, and
engage in the war in the way most
likely to hurl a terrible destruction
upon our enemies; but while we
spread the terrors of battle, let us
not, in imitation of our enemies,
desert those general maxims of hu-
manity, which are respected by all
regular governments. In order ys

the

704

the chiefs of the state may proceed
in this important business with the
energy which the occasion requires,
and the king commands, [ proclaim,
in his royal name, that if the suc-
cess of any enterprise should not be
equal to the wisdom by which it is
planned, and the gallantry with
which it is executed, they will not
be considered responsible. for the
event: but they will be liable to the
consequences, if they do not put in
activity the full extent of the re-
sources with which they are entrust-
ed. Nations not provided with the
means with which we are supplied,
and placed in situations much more
critical, have known so well how to
economise their limited powers, as
to make that people which dared to
trample on their rights, feel the ef-
fects of their resentment. . Fan the
public ardour into general confla-
gration; avail yourselves of the
magnanimity of a whole country,
and prodigies will lose their charac-
ter, and become familiar. Under
the present circumstances, it be-
comes the governors of the provinces
to spread the generous spirit of en-
thusiasm amongst the troops under
their orders; it behoves the yene-
rable dignitaries of the church, and
the civil officers in the. various poli-
tical departments, to animate all or-
ders and ranks of men to assert the
honour of their king and country,
by the powerful influence of example,
and by the attractive charms of elo-
quence. In cases out of the ordi-
nary current of events, it will be
expedient to recur to means equal
to the occasion ; and each province
of the empire wil}, according to its
peculiar situation, vary in the efforts
it directs to annoy the common ene-
my. Learn how to blend wisdom
with patriotism, and let every com-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

mauder, and every district, in obe-
dience to him, present before the

sovereign and citizens of the state, ©

and before the eyes of all Europe,
deeds worthy .of the country to
which they belong. When any op-
portunity be afforded of destroying
the foe, wait not for orders froma
distant officer of government: Iet
not delay diminish the impressions
of nascent valour, and let not the
natural courage of man_be frittered
away in the collision of idle forma-
lities. Contemplate contraband
commerce as the highest crime; it
is conducive only to satisfy the ava-
rice of our enemies; the manufac-
tures they offer you are prepared
by the reeking hands of those who
are bathed in the blood of your fa-
thers, and your brethren. Impress
all around you with a sense of hor-
ror, at the practice of this nefarious
intercourse; and when it is univer-
sally felt, when not a Spaniard will
disgrace himself by this pernicious
connexion, when Kurope shall un-
derstand her genuine interests, and
every port of the continent shall be
closed upon these intruders, then
will our vengeance be complete: the
insupportable arrogance of the
Islanders will be humbled ; they will
be lost amid the chaos of their own
ruins ; and they will be recognized
only as the violators of public right,
and as the tyrants of the ocean.—
May the spirit here applauded be
that of the whole nation; may we
all of us readily sacrifice our private
indulgence to the general cause;
and if there should be an insulated
character among us not animated by

this noble disposition, may he catch |

the tlame of patriotism from his as-
sociates, and not disgrace the Spa-
nish name by frigidity and indiffer-
ence. ‘The age and infirmities of

seme

ee ee te ee ee ee ee re

whic

STATE PAPERS.

some will not permit them to take
a personal part in this glorious en-
terprise, but they may by their opu-
lence, or by their counsel, conduce
to the general design ; and this his
majesty expects, and I implore of
them; and thus, by availing our-
selves of every resource with which
God and nature have furnished us,
the effects of our indignation will be
terrible to our enemies, In fine, if any
particular member of the state should
wish exclusively to undertake some
scheme which he thinks likely to
annoy the English, and for which he
shall require the assistance of govern-
ment, let him communicate his pro-

ject to me, and | will provide him
with the necessary means, if his
purpose should be so well formed as
to conduce to the injury of Britain,
and the glory of Spain. -

_ (Signed) The Prince of Peace.

Note of his Britannic Majesty’ ys Se~

cretary of State for Po. ‘oreign Af-
fairs, to be laid before the “Minis.
ters of the King of Prussia, by
the. English Minister at that
Court. Dated Downing-Street,
5th Nov. 1804.

_ His majesty has received the ac-
~ count of an unexampled act of vio-
m lence committed at Hamburgh
_ against the person of Sir G. Rum-
- bold, his minister at that place, who
was f forcibly seized in his own house
~ in the night of the 25th of O¢tober,
Bry a detachment of French soldiers,
and carried off, together with the
"papers belonging to his mission.-—
After the repeated proofs which the
conduét of the French government
_ has exhibited of an utter contempt
and defiance of every obligation of
the law of nations, his Britannic
ta ‘Vor. XLVI.

705

majesty can feel no surprise at the
perpetration of even such an out-
rage as this upon the territory ofa
weak and defenceless state ; but his
majesty owes it, not only to him-
self, and to the respectable and un-
fortunate city whose rights are most
immediately attacked, but to his re-
lations with the rest of Europe, and
to the dignity of every power which
has still the inclination and the
means of preserving its indepen-
dence, to lose no time in entering
his solemn protest against so atro-
cious an aggression. If any thing
could render such a proceeding more
insulting and alarming, it would be
the explanation which his majesty
understands to have been given of
it by the French resident at Ham-
burgh: namely, that it took place
in consequence of orders given by
the minister of police at Paris to the
commander of the French forces ‘in
Hanover. His majesty trusts that
there will not be found a power upon
the continent which can remain in-
sensible to the consequences of a
measure, which, in its principle and
example, not only menaces every
court which may at any time fall
within the reach of French arms,
but which is subversive at once of
thé sacred rights of neutral territo-
ry, of the accustomed intercourse
between independent states, and of
the privileges of public ministers,
hitherto respected and recognized by
every age and by every nation.—
His Prussian majesty unquestionably
will not only participate in the sen-
timents which must be common to
every sovereign, but the vicinity of
his dominions, and his situation,
both as a director of the circle of
Lower Saxony, and a guarantee of
the Germanic constitution, will in-
duce him to feel a deep and pecu-

Lia liar

706.

liar interest in this
transaction. His majesty cannot
therefore ailow himself to entertain
amoment’s doubt, that his Prussian
majesty will second and enforce, in
the most effectual manner, the re-
presentations which have been made
by the senate of Hamburgh for the
immediate release of his majesty’s
minister, and will further see the
urgent necessity of taking such mea-
sures as may be best calculated to
obtain from the French government,
a public reparation, adequate to
the heinous nature of the indignity,
and may also prevent, for the fu-
ture, the repetition of outrages,
which threaten to destroy the re-
maining distinctions of civilized
Europe.

Resolutions adopted by the House of
Assembly of Jamaica, rélative to
the Governor's Speech at. the pre-
ceding Prorogation. Dated 12th
December, 1804.

Report made from the committee
appointed to take into considera-
tion his honour .the lieutenant-go-
vernor’s speech at the last proroga-
tion, to search into precedents, and
to report the same, with their opi-
nion of the measures proper to be

adopted by the house in conse-
quence thereof, stating that they
had proceeded to take the said
speech into their most'serious consi-
deration; that, from the period of
the revolution, when the rights and
privileges of the respective branches
of the legislature were more accu-
rately ascertained than in remote
and turbulent times, the committee
have carefully searched the records
of parliament, and can find no in-
stance of a minister having ventured

unparalleled ,

ANNUAL REGISTER.

to suggest to the sovereign a speech
animadrerting on the proceedings of
either house of parliament. The
addresses of his present most sacred
majesty in particular have ever been
most gracious, worthy of the ex-
alted virtue which has endeared him
to all his subjects, and dictated by
a sa¢red respect for the principles of
freedom, which have been uniform-
ly displayed by the illustrious
princes of the house of Brunswick
on the British throne: the com-
mittee have also searched the jour-
nals of this house, and find that,
from the year 1679-80, when the
political constitution of this island
may be considered to have been set-
tled, there have been few attempts
to encroach on the liberties of the
people, or abridge the privileges of
their representatives ; and none but
what have been vigilantly attended
to and firmly resisted by the house
of assembly : it is with the deepest
regret that the committed feel them-
selves under the necessity of giving
their opinion that the speech refer-
red to their consideration is a
breach of the privileges of this
house, which, if submitted to, might
be drawn into precedent, and Jead
to the most fatal consequences. It
contains not only direct animadver-
sions on the proceedings of the
house, but on the particular subject
which the commons house of parlia-
ment. have ever regarded as resting
exclusively with them, viz. the ex-
tent of the supply proper to be
granted for the exigencies of the go-_
vernment. The law of parliament
on this subjeét being very. clearly
laid down in the elegant commenta- -
ries of sir William Blackstone, the
committee will refer to his autho-
rity, and with the greater confidence,
because on political questions he has
_ not.
1

pete Aa 2 Reet Sorc + aa a

‘yt

STAT E PAPERS.

not been suspected of partiality for
the popular branch of the constitu-
tion; yet he observes, ‘If the two
houses of parliament, or either of
them, had avowedly a right to ani-
madvert on the king, or each other,
or the king had a right to animad-
vert on either of the houses, that
branch of the legislature so subjeét
to animadversion would instantly
cease to be part of the supreme
power, the balance of the constitu-
tion would be overturned, and that
branch or branches in which this
jurisdiction resided would be com-
pletely sovereign. The supposition
of law therefore is, that neither the
king, or either house of parliament
collectively taken, is capable of do-
ing any wrong.”’ He adds, that such
cases being out of the reach of express
legal provision, ‘‘ if ever they un-
fortunately happen, the prudence of
the times must provide new remedies
upon new emergencies.” It is the
painful duty of the committee, in
obedience to thé orders of the house,
to suggest the proper remedy in the
new emergency arising out of this
Speech: foliowing the precedents
established by the wisdom of our
ancestors, and uniformly atted
upon by the house of assembly,
the committee recommend to the
house to come to the following re-
solutions :—

Resolved, That the loyalty and
_ patriotism of his majesty’s subjects,

the inhabitants of this island, have
ever been most conspicuous, and

that their representatives could at

no time be justly charged with re.
fusing the supplies necessary for the
support of government and the de-
fence of the country, from motives

of disaffection.

Resolved, That, in the session of
1803, this house granted for the

707

service of thefollowing year 3110401.
That a large proportion of the mo-
ney voted was for the expence of
the army and barrack departments,
which were fully provided for to the
extent for which the faith of this
country is pledged.

Resolved, That nothing but an
anxious desire to aid and support
the government, to the utmost of
our ability, could have induced the
house to vote so Jarge a supply in
the distressed situation to which our
constituents were reduced.

Resolved, That the assumption
of any: branch of the legislature, of
a right to animadvert in any man-
ner upon this house, in the exer-
cise of its rightful powers as a coms
ponent part of the same legislature,
and more especially in matters of
supply, is unconstitutional, and, if
submitted to, would destroy the
independence of this house, and
the legislative constitution of the
island.

Extratt of a Letter from Lord Cani-
den, dated7th June, 1804, to the
Lieut.-Governor of Jamaica, and
communicated by him to the House
of Assembly on the 13th of De-
cember, 1804, relative to Preach.
ers in the Island.

Sir,

I herewith transmit to you an
order of his majesty in council, dated
the 23rd of April last, disallowing
an aét passed by the legislature of
the island of Jamaica in December
1802, intitled, ‘* An aét to prevent
preaching by persons not duly qua-
lified by law,” and a further order
of his majesty in council of the
same date, to which is annexed the
draft of a bill upon the same sub.

Zi2 ject,

708

ject, which, in compliance with the
directions contained in the said or-
der, I am to desire you will take
an early opportunity of proposing
to the assembly to be passed into
a law.

Message relative to Intercourse with
America, dated 13th Dec, 1804.

House resolve, that it appearing,
by an order of his majesty’s coun-
cil, dated the 21st of November last,
and published in the royal gazette,
that his honour be advised to signify
to the officers of his majesty’s cus-
toms in the respective ports of entry
and clearance of this island, that
from and after the expiration of six
months, to be computed from the
present date, the resolution of coun-
cil of the 17th July, 1800, is to be
no longer considered in force, and
it being evident that the interrup-
tion of the intercourse between this
island and the united states of Ame-
rica cannot fail to be highly detri-
mental, the following message be
sent to his honour the lieutenant-
governor.— >

May it please your honour,

We are ordered by the house to
wait on your honour, and to ré-
quest that you will be pleased to
Jay before the house such papers
and documents as may have induced
the council to advise your honour
to signify to the principal officers of
his majesty’s customs at the several
ports of this island, that from and
after the expiration of six months,
to be computed from the 2Ist of
November last, the resolution of
the board of the 17th July, 1800,

-is to be no longer considered in
force,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Resolutions approving of the me ri

torious Conduct of Admiral Sir
John Thomas Duckworth, Dated
17th December, 1804.

Resolution agreed to nem. con.
that the thanks of this house be pre-
sented to vice-admiral sir John
Thomas Duckworth, K. B. for the
effectual protection afforded to the
commerce and coasts of this island,
by his able and disinterested distri-
bution of his: majesty’s naval forces

under his command; and that he

be requested to accept a sword as a
testimony of the high sense enter-
tained by this house of the eminent
services he has thereby rendered to
the country.—Mr. speaker order-
ed to transmit to vice-admiral sir
John Thomas Duckworth, K. B.
a copy of the above resolution.—
To direét the receiver-general to
remit to Edmund Pusey Lyon, esq.
the agent of this island, the sum of
1000 guineas, for the purpose of
purchasing a sword, to be present-
ed to vice-admiral sir John Thomas
Duckworth, K. B.

Resolution relative to the Interfer-
ence of the Board of Trade, in the
internal Concerns of the Colony.
Dated 17th December, 1804.

To send a message to his honour

the lieutenant-governor, to acquaint —

him, that in consequence of his
honour’s message of the 12th’ inst.
accompanied with a report from the
lords of trade and plantations to his
majesty, and an order of his ma-

jesty in council thereupon, the house _

have maturely weighed the purport
of the proposition recommended to
them, to enact into a law the bill
framed by that board for the pre-

- vention

PS ee ee” tee

SPAT E + PAPE RS. . 709

vention of unlicensed preachers in
this island; but are of opinion,
that any attempt by that board or
of any other to dire¢t or influence
the proceedings of this house in
matters of internal regulation, by
any previous proposition or decision
on what is referred to or under
their consideration and deliberation,
is an interference with the appro-
priate functions of the house, which
it is their bounden duty never to
submit to. -

Cepy of Lord Camden’s Letter upon
_. the Subject of American Inter-
course, upon which the Lieutenant
Governor of Jamaica founded his
Order of Council of the 21st of
November, 1804. ‘Dated 17th

- December, 1804.

[ Copy. ]

: Downing-street, 5th Sep. 1804.
. oir,
In consequence of a report of.
the committee of his majesty’s
privy council for trade and fo-
reign plantations, I am to instruct
you not to open the poris of the
island over which you preside, for the
admission of articles from the Ameri-
can States,which are notallowed to be
imported by law (except in cases
of real and very great necessity),
and not to fail to apprize me, in
every instance wherein you shall so
do, and to state at the same time
the reason which induced you to
adopt the measure, taking care also,
im every proclamation which shall
be issued for this purpose, to insert
conditions which shall prevent im-
portations being made from the
States of America on more favour-
able terms, as to duties on entry,
than on similar importations from

Deer SOAR

the British colonies in North Ame- |
rica, where any such duties are due
and payable.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
your most obedient
humble servant,
Camden.
Lieut.-Governor Nugent, §¢. 5c.

Address of the Assembly of Jamaica
to his Majesty, upon the Subject
of the Prohibition of the Inter-
course with America. Dated 18th
December, 1804.

To the king’s most excellent ma-
jesty. The humble address of the
assembly of Jamaica.

Most gracious sovereign,

We your majesty’s most dutiful
and loyal subjects, the assembly of
Jamaica, most humbly beg leave to
submit to your majesty’s consider-
ation the very serious and alarming
evils which threaten this colony,
from a resolution of council, dated
2ist November, 1804, announcing
a termination after six months from
that date, of the intercourse which
has been permitted, in times of war,
betwixt America and this island.—
The ruinous and fatal consequence
inseparable from such a measure,
we have deprecated in an humble
address to his honour the lieutenant
governor, to which we have been
impelled by existing faéts and the
most urgent and imperious necessity,
which a continuance of the recipro-
cal interest of the parent state and
this island, and of the very existence
of the la cer could dictate. We
have, however, the mortilication to
state to your majesty, that our ap-
plication has been refused; and, as his
hcunour’s answer to our adure ss in-
forn.s us, in obedience to the impe-

L423 rative

710 ANN

rative orders transmitted from Eng-
land by your majesty’s ministers.
Conscious that the wisdom of your
majesty’s council never direct and
persist in orders inconsistent with
both general and individual welfare,
suifer us, most gracious and benefi-
cont sire, with the utmost humility,
and with hearts replete with grati-
tude, loyalty, and affection, for
the many inestimable blessings we
have ever experienced under your
majesty’s most auspicious reizn, to
represent to your majesty, that in
times of war, we cannot, without a
permission of this intercourse with
the American states, procure the
articles of lumber necessary for car-
rying on the business of our plan.
tations, and for packages to convey
the various produce of the colony
to the markets of Great Britain and
Ireland, nor the provisions wanted
for our own subsistence, but more
especially so for that of our negroes,
besides the accommodation which
your majesty’s forces on ‘this sta-
tion, both by sea and land, derive
from thence; that the British North
American colonies cannot furnish
these supplies ; and that in time of
war, British vessels and British sea-
men caanot be procured to carry
on this trade. Permit us, august
sire, while we presume to lay he:
fore you these our most humble and
earnest solicitations for the continu-
ance of this intercourse, to express
our fullest confidence that it only
requires to make known to your
majesty the grievances of your faith.
fal and Joyal subjects, however dis-
tant from the seat of empire, when
your royal and paternal regard will
direst the proper relief.

i ps

Prorogation of the Assembly, 18th
Decerber; 1804¢

UAL REGISTER,

1804.

Gentlemen of the council, Mr.
Speaker, and gentlemen of the as
sembly,—Having passed the bills
which have been presented to me, I

grant you the recess which the sea- .

son of the year requires. . Mr.
Speaker and gentlemen of the as-
sembly,—I return you my thanks
for your dispatch in the public bu-
siness. Gentlemen of the council,
Mr. Speaker, and gentlemen of the
assembly,—i have véry great satis-
faction in acquainting you that the
fortifications of this island are about
to be put in the best state of de-
fence, and I have only to recom-
mend to you that vigilance and at-
tention in your respeétive parishes,
both in your military and civil ca-
pacities, so requisite at all times for
the security and tranquillity of the
island, but. most particularly so at
a pend when, in the event of a
war with Spain, the situation of
this colony may be rendered much
more critical than on former occa-
sions.
name, prorogue this general assem-

ly until Tuesday the 29th January
next, and it is hereby prorogued ac-
cordingly.

Message delivered by the Prestdent
of the United States of America
to beth Houses of Congress.—
November 8, 1804.

To the Senate and House of Repre- _

sentatives of the United States.

To a people, fellow-citizens, who
sincerely desire the happiness and
prosperity of other nations, to those

who justly calculate that their own ©
well being is advanced by other na- ©
tions, with which they have inter- >
course, it will be a satisfaction to ob- ©

serve, that the war, which waslighted —
up in Europe a little before our last
meeting,

a

I do now, in his majesty’s —

STATE PAPERS.

meeting, has not yet extended its
flames to other nations, nor been
marked by the calamities which some-
times stain the footsteps of war.
The irregularities, too,.on the ocean,
which generally harrass the com-
merce of neutral nations, have, in
distant parts, disturbed ours less than
on former occasions. But in the
American seas they have been great-
er, from peculiar causes, and even
within our harbours and jurisdic-
tion, infringements upon the autho-
rity of the laws have been commit-

_ ted, which have called for scrious

attention. The friendly conduct
of the governments from whose of-
ficers and subjects these acts have
proceeded, in other respects, and
in places more under their observa-
tion and control, gives us confi-
dence that our representations on
this subject will haye been properly
regarded. While noticing the irre-
gularities committed on the ocean
by others, those on our own part
should not be omitted, nor let un-
provided for. Complaints have
been received that persons residing

_ within the united states, have taken

_. upon themselves to arm merchant

e?,

ee Sear ee a ee ST

cn
=

=

vessels, and to forcea commerce into
certain ports and countries, in defi-
ance of the laws of those’ countries.
That individuals should undertake
to wage private war, independently
of the authority of their country,

“cannot be permitted in a well order-

ed society. ‘Its tendency to produce
aggression on the laws and rights of

other nations, and to endanger'the
peace of our own, is so obvious,

that I doubt not you will adopt
measures for restraining it in future.

‘Soon after the passing of the act of

Jast session, authorising the estab-
lishment of a district and port of
entry on the waters of the Mobile,

711

we learnt that its object was misun-
derstood on the part of Spain.
Candid explanations were immedi-
ately given, and assurances that, re-
serving our claims in that quarter as
a subject of discussion and arrange-
ment with Spain, no act was em.
tated in the mean time inconsistent
with the peace and friendship ex-
isting between the two nations; and
that, conformably to those inten.
tions would be the execution of the
law. That government had, how-
ever, thought proper to suspend the
ratification of the convention of
1802; but the explanations which
would réach them soon after, and
still more the confirmation of them
by the tenor of the instrument, es-
tablishing the port and district, may
reasonably be expected to replace
them in the disposition and views of
the whole subject which originaily
dictated the convention. Ihave the
satisfaction to inform you, that the
objections which had been urged by
that government against the vali-
dity of our title to the country of
Louisiana, have been withdrawn:
its exact limits, however, remain-
ing still to be settled between us.
And to this is to be added, that
having prepared and delivered the
stock created in execution of the
convention of Paris of April the
30th, 1803, in consideration of the
cession of that country, we have re-
ceived from the government of
France an acknowledgment in due
form of the fulfilment of that stipu-
lation. —With the nations of Europe
in general our friendship and inter-
course are undisturbed; and from
the governments of the belligerent
powers especially, we continue to
receive those friendly manifesta-
tions which are justly due to an ho-
nest neutrality, aud to such good

Zi4 ollices

712

offices consistent with that as we
have opportunities of rendering.—
The activity and success of the
small force employed in the Medi-
terranean in the early part of the
present year, the reinforcements
sent into that sea, and the energy
of the officers having command in
the several vessels, will, I trust, by
the sufferings of war, reduce the
barbarians of Tripoli to the desire
of peace, on proper terms. Great
injury, however, ensues to ourselves,
as well as to others interested, from
the distance to which the prizes must
be brought. for adjudication, and
from the impracticability of bring-
ing hither such as are not sea-wor-
thy. The bey of Tunis having
made requisitions unauthorised by
our treaty, their rejection has pro-
duced from him some expressions of
discontent. But to those who ex-
pect us to calculate whether a com-
pliance with unjust demands will not
cost us-less than a war, we must
leave as a question of calculation
for them also, whether to retire
from unjust demands will not cost
them less than a war. We can
do to each other very sensible
injuries by war. But the mutual
advantages of peace make that the
best interest of both. Peace and
intercourse with the other powers
on the same coast continue on the
footing on which they are establish-
ed by treaty. In pursuance of the
act, providing for the temporary
government of Louisiana, the ne-
cessary officers for the territory of
Orleans, were appointed in due
time to commence the exercise of
their functions on the Ist day of
October. The distance, however,
of some of them, and ‘indispensi-
ble previous arrangements, may have
retarded its commencement in some

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of its parts. The form of govern-
ment thus provided, having been
considered but as temporary, and
open to such future improvements,
as further information of the cir-
cumstances of our brethren there
might suggest, it will of course be
subject to fair consideration. In
the district of Louisiana it has been
thought best to adopt the division
into subordinate districts which had
been established under its former
government. These being five in
number, a commanding officer has
been appointed to each, according
to the provisions of the law; and
so soon as they can be at their sta-
tions, that district will also be in its
due state of organization. In the
mean time, their places are supplied
by officers before commanding there,
and the functions of the governor
and judges of Indiana having com-
menced, the government, we pre-
sume, is proceeding in its new form,
The lead mines in that district offer
so rich a supply of that metal as to
merit attention. The report now
committed will inform you of their
state, and of the necessity of im-
mediate inquiry into their occupa-
tion and titles. With the Indian
tribes established within our newly-
acquired limits, I have deemed it ne-

cessary to open conferences for the ,

purpose of establishing a good un-
derstanding and neighbourly rela-
tions between us. So far as we have
yet learned, we have reason to be-
lieve that their dispositions are gene-
rally favourable and friendly. And
with these dispositions on their part,
we have in our hands means which
cannot fail for preserving their peace
and friendship. Instead of an aug-
mentation of military force, pro-
portioned to an augmentation of
frontier, I propose a moderate en-

largement

z STATE :PAPERS.

dargement of the capital employed
in that'commerce, as a more eficc-
taal, economical, and humane in-
strument for preserving peace and
good neighbourhood with them.—
On this side the Mississippi, an im-
portant relinquishment of native ti-
tle bas been received from the Dela-
_ wares, that tribe desiring to extin-
- guish the spirit of hunting, and to
convert superfluous lands into the
means of improving what they re-
tain, has ceded to us all the coun-
try between the Wabash and the
_ Ohio, south of, and including the
road from the Rapids towards Vin-
cennes, for which they are to receive
annuities in animals and implements
of agriculture. The Pinkeshaws
having some claim to the country
ceded by the Delawares, it has been
thought better to quiet that claim
by fair purchase also. So soon as
the .treaties on this subject shall
have received their constitutional
sanctions, they shall be laid before
bothshouses. The act of Congress
of February 28, 1803, for build-
ing and employing a number of
‘gun-boats is now in a course of exe-
_.cution to the extent there provided,
for the obstacle to naval enterprise,
which vessels of this construction

art,

713

sion, without any new burthen, are
considerations which will have due
weight with congress in deciding on
the expediency of adding to their
number from year to year, as expe-
rience will test their utility, until
all our important harbours, by these
and auxiliary means, shall be se.
cured against insult and opposition
to the laws. No circumstance has
arisen since your last session, which
calls for any augmentation of our
militia force, Should any improve-
ment occur in the militia system,
that will be always seasonable.—
Accounts of the receipts and ex.
penditure of the last year, with
estimates for the ensuing one, will
be, as usual, laid before you. The
state of our finances continue to ful-
fil our expectations: eleven millions
and a half of dollars received in the
course of last year, ending the 30th
of September last, have enabled us,
after meeting all. the ordinary ex.

pences of the year, to pay upwards

of 3,600,000 dollars of the debt in.
curred, exclusive of interest. This
payment, with those of the two pre-
ceding years, has extinguished up.
wards of twelve millions of princi.
pal. But in the discharge of the
great duties confided to you by our

offer to our sea-port towns, their
utility towards supporting, within
Our waters, the authority of the:
law, the promptness with which
_ they will be manned by the seamen
and militia of the place, in the mo-
_ ment they are wanting, the facility
of their assembling, from different
parts of the coast, to any point
_ where they are required in greater
force than ordinary, the economy
of their maintenance, and preserva-
tion from decay, when not in actual
Service, and of the competence of
our finances to this defensive provi-

country, you will take a broader
view of the field of legislation,
Whether the great interests of agri-
culture, manufaétures, commerce,
navigation, can, within the pale of
your constitutional powers, be aid-
ed in any of their relations; whe-
ther laws are provided in all cases
where they are wanting; whether
any abuses take place in their ad-
ininistration, or to that of the pub-
lie revenues? Whether the orga.
nization of the public agents, or of
the public force, is perfect in all its
parts? In fine, whether any thing

‘can

"1d

can be done to advance the general
good? Are questions within the
limits of your fun@ions, which will
necessarily occupy your attention.
In these and al] other matters which
you, in your wisdom, may propose
for the good of our country, you
may count with assurance on my
hearty co-operation and faithful exe-
cution.

Thomas Jefferson.

Proclamation by Dessalines, as Go-
vernor-General of the Island,
dated at the Cape, April 28, 1804 ;
Jirst Year of Independence.

Crimes, the most atrocious, such
as were until then unheard of, and
would cause nature to shudder, have
been perpetrated. The measure
was ‘overheaped. At length the
hour of vengeance has arrived, and
the implacable enemies of the rights
of man have suffered the punish-
ment due to their crimes. Myarm,
raised over their heads, has too
long delayed to strike. At that
signal, which the justice of God has
urged, your hands, righteously
armed, have brought the axe upon
the ancient tree of slavery and pre-
judices. In vain had time, and more
especially the infernal politics of
Europeans, surrounded it with triple
brass; you have stripped it of its
armour ; you have placed it upon
your heart, that you may become
(like your natural enemies) cruel
and merciless. Like an overflowing
mighty torrent, that tears down all
opposition, your vengeful fury has
carried away every thing in its im-
petuous course. Thus perish all ty-
rants over innocence, all oppressors
of mankind!—What then? Bent
for many ages under an iron yoke:

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the sport of the passions of men, or —
their injustice, and of the ‘caprices ~
of fortune; miutilated victims of —
the cupidity of white Frenchmen; —
after having fattened with our toils —
these insatiate blood-suckers, witha —
patience and: resignation unexam-
pled, weshould again have seen that ~
sacrilegious horde making anattempt —
upon our destruction, without any ~
distinction of sex or age; and we, ©
men without energy, of no virtue, of |
no delicate sensibility, should not we
have plunged in their breast the dag- ~
ger of desperation? Where is that
vile Haytian, so unworthy of his re- —
generation, who thinks he has not ©
accomplished the decrees of the Kter-_
nal, by exterminating these blood- —
thirsty tygers? If there be one, —
let him fly; indignant nature dis- —
cards him. from our bosom; let him
hide his shame far from hence: the —
air we breathe is not suited to his 7
gross organs; it is the pure air of ©
liberty, august and triumphant.—
Yes, we have rendered to these —
true cannibals war for war, crime
for crime, outrage for outragé: ©
yes, I have saved my country ; I ©
have avenged America. ‘The avow-
al I make of it, in the face of earth
and heaven, constitutes my pride ~
and my glory. Of what conse. —
quence to me is the opinion which |
contemporary and future genera. —
tions will pronounce upon my con- —
duct? I have performed my duty; _
I enjoy my own approbation ; for —
me that is ‘sufficient. - But what do —
I say? ‘The preservation of my ~
unfortunate brothers, the testimony —
of my own conscience, are not my
only recompence: I have seen two —
classes of men, born to cherish, as- —
sist, and succour one another—_
mixed in a world, and blended to-—
gether—crying for vengeance, and —
disputing —
B

‘STATE PAPERS.

disputing the honour of the first
blow.—Blacks and yellows, whom
_the refined duplicity of Europeans
has for a long time endeavoured to
divide; you, who are now consoli-
dated, and make but one family ;
without doubt it was necessary that
our perfect reconciliation should be
sealed with the blood of your
buichers. Similar calamities have

_ hung over your proscribed heads; a
Similar ardour to strike your ene-
mies has signalised you: the like
fate is reserved for you: and the
_ like interests must therefore render

_ you for ever one, indivisible and
inseparable. Maintain that preci-
ous concord, that happy harmony
‘amongst yourselves: it is the pledge
of your happiness, your salvation,
and your success: it is the secret of
being invincible. Is it necessary,

_ in order to strengthen these ties, to
_ recall to your remembrance the ca-
_ talegue of. atrocities committed
against our species; the massacre of
the entire population of this island,

_ meditated in the silence and sang-
| froid of the cabinet ; the execution
‘ of that abominable ‘project, to me
~ unblushingly proposed, and already
begun by the French, with the

‘ \ calmness and serenity of a counte-
~ mance accustémed to similar crimes.
~ Guadaloupe, pillaged and destroy-
ed; its ruins still reeking with the
blood of the children, women, and
old men put to the sword; Pelage
i ‘Chimself the victim of their crafti-
" ness), after having basely betrayed
4 his country and his brothers; the
one and immortal Delgresse, blown
into the air with the fort which he

~ defended, -ather than accept their
offered chains: Magnanimous war-
rior ! that noble death, far from en-
feebling our courage, serves only to
rouse within us the determination of

715

avenging or of following thee. Shalf

again recall to your memory the

plots lately framed at Jeremie? the
terrible explosion which was to be
the result, notwithstanding the ge.
nerous pardon granted to these in-
corrigible beings at the expulsion of
the French army? The deplorable
fate of our departed brothers in
Europe? and (dread harbinger of
death) the frightful despotism exer-
cised at Martinique? Unfortunate °
people of Martinique, could I but
fly to your assistance, and break
your fetters! Alas! an insur
mountable barrier separates us.
Perhaps a spark from the same fire
which enflames us, will alight into
your bosoms: perhaps, at the sound
of this commotion, suddenly awak-
ened from your lethargy, with arms
in your hands, you will reclaim your
sacred and imprescriptible rights. —
After the terrible example which I
have just given, that, sooner or
later, Divine justice will unchain on
earth some mighty minds, above the
weakness of the vulgar, for the de-
struction and terror of the wicked ;
tremble, tyrants, usurpers, scourges
of the new world! our daggers are
sharpened; your punishment is rea-
dy! sixty thousand men, equipped,
inured to war, obedient to my or-
ders, burn to offer a new sacrifice to
the names of their assassinated
brothers. Let that nation come,
who may be mad and daring enough
to attack me,

Already at its approach, the irri-
tated genius of Hayti, arising out
of the bosom of the ocean, appears ;
his menacing aspect throws the
waves into commotion, excites tém-
pests, and with his mighty hand
disperses ships, or dashes them in
pieces ; to his formidable yoice the
laws of nature pay obedience ; dis-

eases,

716

eases, plague, famine, conflacration,
poison, are his constant attendants.
But why calculate on the assistance
of the climate and of the elements ?
Have I forgot that I commanded a
people of no common cast, brought

up in adversity, whose audacious .

daring frowns at obstacles and in-
creases by dangers? Let them come,
then, these homicidal cohorts! 1
wait for them with firmness and with
a steady eye. JI abandon to them
freely the sea shore, and the places
where citics have existed; but woe
to those who may approach too
near the mountains! It were bet-
ter for them that the sea received
them into its profound abyss, than
to be devoured by the anger of the
children of Hayti.—‘‘ War to death
to tyrants!” this is my motto! ‘li.
berty! independence!” this is our
rallying cry. Generals, ofiicers,
soldiers, a little unlike-him who has
preceded me, the ex-general Tous.
saint Louverture, 1 have been faith-
ful to the promise which I made to
you when I took up arms against
tyranny, and whilst the Jast spark
of life remains in me [ shall keep
my oath—‘+ Never again shall a co-
lonist or an European set his foot
upon this territory with the title of
master or proprictor.”” This reso-
Jution shall henceforward form the
fundamental basis of our consitu-
tion.—Should other chiefs, after
me, by pursuing a conduct diame-

trically opposite to mine, dig their.

own graves and those of their own
species, you will have to accuse only
the laws-of destiny, which shall
have taken me away from the hap-
piness and welfare of my fellow
citizens. May my successors follow
the path I shall have traced out
for them! It is the system best
adapted for consolidating their pow-
3

ANNUAL REGISTER, ‘1804.

er; it is the highest homage they
can render to my memory.—As it is
derogatory to my character and my
dignity to punish the innocent for
the crimes of the guilty, a handful
of whites, commendable by the re-
ligion they have always professed,

and who have besides taken the —

oath to live with us in the woods, ©
have experienced my clemency. I
order that the sword respect them,
and that they be unmolested.—I
recommend anew and order to all
the generals of departments, &c. to
grant succours, encouragement, and
protection to all neutral and friend-
ly nations, who may wish to esta- |
blish commercial relations in this
island.

Proclamation by.Dessalines, dated —
at the Cape, May 8, 1804; jirst
Year of independence.

Scarce had the French army been
expelled, when you hastened to ac-
knowledge my authority: by a free
and spontaneous movement of your
heart, you ranged yourselves under
my subjection. More careful of
the prosperity than the ruin of that
part which you inhabit, I gave to
this homage a favourable reception.
From that moment [ have consi-
dered you as my children, and my
fidelity to you remains undiminished.
As a proof of my paternal solicitude,
within the places which have sub-
mitted to my power, I have pro-
posed for chiefs none but men chosen
from amongst yourselves. Jealous
of counting you im the rank of my
friends, that I might give you all
the time necessary for recollection,
and that I might assure myself of
your fidelity, I have hitherto re-
strained the burning ardour of my

soldiers.

SLATE! PAIRS.

‘soldiers. Already I congratulated
myself on the success of my solici-
tude, which had for its object to
prevent the effusion of blood: but
at this time a fanatic priest had
‘not kindled in your breasts the rage
which predominates therein: the
‘incensed Ferrand had not yet in-
stilled into you the poison of false-
hood and calumny. Writings, ori-
ginating in despair and weakness,
have been circulated; and immedi-
ately some amongst you, seduced
by perfidious insinuations, solicited
the friendship and protection of the
French ; they dared to outrage my
‘Kindness, by coalescing with my
cruel enemies. Spaniards, reflect!
On the brink of the precipice which
is dug under your feet, will that dia-
bolical minister save you, when
with fire and sword Ishall have pur-
sued you to your last entrench-
ments? Ah! without doubt, his
prayers, his grimaces, his relics,
would be no impediment to my ca-
reer. Vain as powerless, can he
preserve you from my just anger,
after I shall have buried him, and
the collection of brigands he com-
“mands, under the ruins of your ca-
‘pital! Let them both recolleét that
‘it is before my intrepid phalanxes
that all the resoutces and the skill
of Europeans have proved ineffec-
tual: and that into my victorious
bonds the destiny of the captain-ge-
“neral Rochambeau has been sur-
‘rendered. ‘To lure the Spaniards
to their party, they propagate
the report that vessels laden with
troops have arrived at Santo Do-
-mingo. Why is it not the truth ?
They little imagine that, in delaying
to attack them until this time, my
principal object has been to suffer
them to increase the mass of our
resources, and the number of our

717

victims. To spread distrust and
terror, they incessantly dwell upon
the fate which the French have just
experienced: but have I had reas
son to treat them so? The wrongs
of the French, do they appertain
to Spaniards? and must I visit on
the latter the crimes which the for-
mer have conceived, ordered and
executed upon our species? They
have the eifrontery to say, that,
reduced to seek safety in flight, I
am gone to conceal my defeat in the
southern part of the island. Well
then! Let them learn that I am
ready ; that the thunderbolt is go-
ing to fall on their heads. Let them
know that my soldiers are impati-
ently waiting for the signal to go
and re-conquer the boundaries which
nature and the elements have as-
signed to us. A few moments more,
and I shall crush the remnant of the
Trench under the weight of mighty
power. Spaniards! you, to whom
i address myself, solely because I
wish to save you; you who, for
having been guilty of evasion, shall
Specdily preserve your existence only
so far as my clemency may deign to
spare you; it is yet time; abjure
an error which may be fatal to you;
and break off all conneétions with
my enemy, if you wish your blood
may not be confounded with his.
Name to me, without delay, that
part of your territory on which my
first blow is to be struck, or inform
me’ whether | must strike on all
points without discrimination. I
give you fifteen days, from the date ,
of this notification, to forward your
last intentions, and to rally under
my banners. You are not ignorant
that all the roads of St. Domingo in
every direction are familiar to us;
that more than once we have seen
your dispersed bands fly before us.
In

718 ANNUAL REGISTER.

Jn a word, you know what I can
do, and what I dare; think of your
preservation. Receive here the sa-
ered promise which I make, not to
do any thing against your personal

safety or your interest, if you seize
upon this occasion to show your-
selves worthy of being admitted _
among the children of Hayti.

CHARACTERS.

[ 719 ]

CHARACTERS.

Account of the late Sir William
Jones, &c. &¢. &c. From his
Memoirs by Lord Teignmouth.

IS father was the celebrated
philosopher and mathemati-
cian, who so eminently distinguished
himself in the commencement of the
last century ; anda short, but more
accurate sketch of his life than has
hitherto appeared, may be accepta-
ble tu the lovers of science.

Mr.
the year 1680, in Anglesea ; his
parents were yeomen or little farm-
ers on that island, and he there re-

ceived the best education they were
able to afford; but the industrious
exertion of vigorous intellectual
powers supplied the defecis of in-
oon instruction, and laid the
undation of his future fame and
tune. From his earliest years
“Mr. Jones discovered a propensity
to mathematical studies, and having
_ gultivated them with assiduity, he
_ began his career in life by teaching
mathematics on board a man of war;
4 _and in this situation he attraéted the
. _ notice, and obtained the friendship
of lord Anson. He afterwards es-
tablished himself as a teacher of ma-
_thematics in London, where, at the
age of twenty-six, he published his
Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos,
a decisive proof of his early and

William Jones was born in

consummate proficiency in his fa-
vourite science.

The private character of Mr.
Jones was respectable; his manners
were agreeable and inviling; and
these qualities not only contributed
to enlarge the circle of his friends,
whom his established reputation for
science had attraéted, but also to
secure their attachment to him.

Among others who honoured him
with their esteem, I am authorized
to mention the great and virtuous
lord Hardwicke. He was also in-

‘troduced to the friendship of lord

Parker, (afterwards president of the
royal society), which terminated
only with his life; and amongst
other distinguished characters in the
annals of science and literature, the
names of sir lsaac Newton, Halley,
Mead, and Samuel Johnson, may
be enumerated as the intimate
friends of Mr. Jones.

After the retirement of Lord Mace
clesfield to Sherborne Castle, Mr.
Jones resided with his lordship as a
member of his family, and instruét-
ed them in the sciences, In this situ.
ation he had the misfortune to lose
the greatest part of his property,
the accumulation of industry and
economy, by the failure ofa banker ;
but the friendship of lord Maccles-
field diminished the weight of the
loss, by procuring for him a sine.

cure

“720

cure place of considerable emolu-
ment.

In this retreat he became ac-
quainted with Miss Mary Nix, the
youngest daughter of George Nix,
a cabinet-maker of London, who,
although of low extraction, had
raised himself_to eminence in his
profession; and, from the honest
and pleasant frankness of his conver-
sation, was admitted to the tables of
the great, and to the intimacy of
Jord Macclesfield. The acquaint-
ance of Mr. Jones with Miss Nix
terminated in marriage, and from
this union sprang three children;
the last of whom, the late Sir Wil-
iam Jones, was born in London, on
the eve of the festival of St. Michael
in the year 1746: the first son,
George, died in his infancy ; and
the second child, adaughter, Mary,
who was bornin 1736, married Mr.
Rainsford, a merchant retired froni
business in opulent circumstances.
This lady perished miserably, in the
year 1802, in consequence of an
accident from her clothes catching
fire.

Mr. Jones survived the birth of
his son William but three years: he
was attacked with a disorder, which
the sagacity of Dr. Mead, whe at-
tended him with the anxiety of an
affectionate friend, immediately dis-
covered to be a polypus in the heart,
and wholly incurable. He died soon
after, in July 1749, leaving behind
him a great reputation, and mode-
rate property.

The care of the education of Wil-
Jiam now devolved upon his mother,
who, in many, respects, was emi-
nently qualified for the task. Her
character, as delineated by her hus-
band, with somewhat of mathemati-
-eal precision, is this:—‘*‘ that she
was virtuous without blemish, gene-

‘ANNUAL REGISTER.

rous without extravagance, frugal —
but not niggard, cheerful but not —
giddy, close but not sullen, ingeni-
ous but not conceited, of spirit but
not passionate, of her company —
cautious, in her friendship trusty,
to her parents dutiful, and to her
husband ever faithful, loving, and
obedient.” She had, by nature, a
strong understanding, which was
improved by his conversation and
instruction. Under his tuition she ©
became a considerable proficient in
algebra; and, with a view to qualify
herself for the office of preceptor to —
her sister’s son, who was destined —
to a maritime profession, made her- —
self perfect in trigonometry, and the
theory of navigation. |
In the plan adopted by Mrs. Jones —

for the instruction of her son, she ¥

proposed to reject the severity of
discipline, and to lead his mind, in- —
sensibly, to knowledge and exertion,
by exciting his curiosity, and direct-
ing it to useful objects. ‘To his in- —
cessant importunities for information
on casual topics of conversation, —
which she watchfully stimulated, she —
constantly replied, read, and you —
will know; a maxim, to the obser- —
vance of which he always acknow- —
ledged himself indebted for his future —
attainments. By this method, his —
desire to learn became as eager as
her wish to teach; and such was her
talent of instruction, and his facility
of retaining it, that in his fourth
year he was able to read, distinctly |
and rapidly, any English book. —
She particularly attended, at the ©
same time to the cultivation of his —
memory, by making him learn and
repeat some¢ of the popular speeches ~
in Shakespeare, and the best of —
Gay’s Fables.
In this year of his life, fones —
providentally escaped from two acs —
cidents, ©

CHARACTERS.

eidents, one of which had nearly
proved fatal to his sight, the other
to his life. Being left alone in a
room, in attempting to scrape some
soot from a chimney. he fell into
the fire, and his clothes were in-
Stantly in flames: his cries brought
the servants to his assistance, and
he was preserved with some difficul-
ty; but his face, neck, and arms
were much burnt. <A short time
afterwards, when his attendants
were putting on his clothes, which
were , imprudently fastened with
hooks ; he struggled, either in play
or in some childish pet, and a hook
was fixed in his right eye. By due
care, under the directions of Dr.
Mead, whose friendship with his
family continued unabated after his
father’s death, the wound was heal-
ed; but the eye was so much weak-
ened, that the sight of it ever re-
faained imperfect.

His propensity to reading, which
had begun to display itself, was, for
a time, checked by these gucidenta?
but the habit was acquired, and,
after his recovery, he indulged it
without restraint, by perusing eager-
Jy any books that came in his way,

_ and with an attention proportioned to
his ability to comprehend them. In
his fifth year, as he was one morn-
ing turning over theleaves ofa Bible,
‘in his mother’s closet, his attention
was forcibly arrested by the sublime
description of the angel in the tenth
chapter of the Apocalypse ; and the
impression which his imagination
received from it was never effaced.
At a period of mature judgment,
_he considered the passage as equal
in sublimity to any in the inspired
writers, and far superior to any
that could be produced from mere
human compositions ; and he was

fond of retracing and mentioning
Vor. XLVI.

721

the rapture which he felt when he
first read it. In his sixth year, by
the assistance of a friend, he was
initiated in the rudiments of the
Latin grammar, and he committed
some passages of it to memory; but
the dull elements of anew language,
having nothing to captivate his
childish attention, he made little
progress in it; nor was he encou-
raged to perseverance by his mother,
who, intending him for a public
education, was unwilling to perplex
his mind with the study of a dead
language, before he had acquired a
competent knowledge of his native
tongue.

At Michaelmas, 1753, in the close
of his seventh year, he was placed
at Harrow school, of which the
worthy and amiable Dr. Thackeray
was then head master. The amuse-
ments and occupations of a school
boy are of little importance to the
public; yet it cannot be uninterest-
ing or uninstructive to trace the
progress of a youth of genius or
abilities, from his earliest efforts to
that proficiency in universal litera~
ture which he afterwards attained.
During the two first years of his re-
sidence at Harrow, he was rather
remarked for diligence and appli-
cation than for the superiority of
his talents, or the extent of his ac-
quisitions ; and his attention was
almost equally divided between his
books and a little garden, the culti-
vation and embellishment of which
occupied all his leisure hours. His
faculties, however, necessarily gain-
ed strength by exercise; and, during
his school vacations, the sedulity of
afond parent was, without inter-
mission, exerted to improve his
knowledge of his own. language.
She also taught him the rudiments
of drawing, in which she excelled.

A Jo

722

In his ninth year he had the mis-
fortune to break his thigh-bone in
a scramble with his schoel-fellows,
and this accident detained him from
school twelve months. After his
relief from pain, however, the pe-
riod of his confinement was not
suffered to pass in indolence; his
mother was his constant companion,
and amused him daily with the pe-
rusal of such English books as she
deemed adapted to his taste and ca-
pacity. The juvenile poems of
Pope, and Dryden’s translation of
the Aineid afforded him incessant
‘delight, and excited his poetical ta-
Jents, which displayed themselves
in the compilation of verses in imi-
tation of his favourite authors.
But his progress in classical learning,
during this interval, was altogether
suspended ; for, although he might
have availed himself of the protiered
instruction of a friend, in whose
house he resided, to acquire the ru-
diments of Latin, he was then so
unable to comprehend its utility,
and had so little relish for it, that
. he was left unrestrained to pursue
his juvenile occupations and amuse-
ments; and the little which he had
gained in his first two years was
nearty lost in the third.

On his return to schoo] he was,
however, placed in the same class
which he would have attained if
the progress of his studies had not
been interrupted. He was, of
course, far behind his fellow-labour-
ers of the same standing, who erro-
neously ascribed his insufficiency to
Jaziness or dullness; while the mas-
ter, who had raised him to a situa-
tion above his powers, required ex-
ertions of which he was incapable ;
and corporal punishment and degra-
dation were applied for the non-
performance of tasks which he had

‘him; and, having thus

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

never been instructed to furnish.
But, in truth, he far excelled his
school-fellows in general, both in
diligence and quickness of appre-

hension; nor was he of a temper to—

submit to imputations which he
knew to beunmerited. Punishment
failed to produce the intended ef-
fect; but his emulation was roused.
He devoted himself incessantly to
the perusal of various elementary
treatises, which had never been ex-
plained, nor even recommended to
acquired
principles, he applied them with
such skill and success, that in a few
months he not only recovered the
station from which he had been de-
graded, but was at the head of his
class: his compositions were cor-
rect, his analyses accurate, and he
uniformly gained every prize offered
for the best exercise. He volunta-
rily extended his studies beyond the
prescribed limits, and by solitary
labour, having acquired a competent
knowledge of the rules of prosody,
he composed verses in imitation of
Ovid, a task which had never been
required from any of the students
in the lower school at Harrow.

In his twelfth year Jones was re-
moved into the upper school. Of
the retentive powers of his memory,
at this period, the followmg anec-
dote is a remarkable instance: his
school-fellows proposed to amuse
themselves with the representation
of a play; and at his recommenda~-
tion they fixed upon the ‘Tempest:
as it was not readily to be procured,
he wrote it for them so correctly
from memory, that they acted it
with great satisfaction to themselves,
and with considerable entertainment
to the spectators. He performed
the character of Prospero. |
- His diligence increased with his

advancement.

by
P
4

gn i

CHARACTERS.

‘advancement in the schools; he
now entered upon the study of the
Greek tongue, the characters of
which he had already learned for his
amusement. His genius and assidus
ity were also displayed in various
compositions, not required by the
discipline of the school. He trans-
lated into. English verse several of
the epistles of Ovid, all the pasto-
rals of Virgil, and composed a dra-
matic piece on the story of Mcleager,
which he denominated a tragedy ;
and it was acted, during the vaca-
tion, by some of his school-fellows,
with whom he was most intimate.
In his own play he performed the
part of the hero.

In the usual recreations of his
school-fellows at Harrow, Jones was
rarely a partaker; and the hours
which they allotted toamusement, he
generally devoted to improvement.
The following anecdote strongly in-
dicates the turn of his mind, and the
impression made by his studies. He
invented a play, in which Dr. Wil-
liam Bennet, bishop of Cloyne, and
the celebrated Dr. Parr, were his
principal associates. They divided
the fields in the neighbourhood of
Harrow according to a map of
Greece, into states and kingdoms ;
each fixed upon one as his dominion,
_ and assumed an ancient name. Some
of their school-fellows consented to
be styled barbarians, who were to
invade their territories, and attack
their hillocks, which were denomi-
nated fortresses. ‘The chiefs vigo-
rously defended their respective do.
mains against the incursions of the
enemy ; and in these imitative wars,
the young statesmen held councils,
made yehement harangues, and com-
posed memorials, all, doubtless,
very boyish, but calculated to fill
their minds with ideas of legislation

723

and civil government. In these un.«
usual amusements, Jones was ever
the Jeader; and he might justly have
appropriated to himself the words
of Catullus :

Ego gymnasii flos, ego decus olei.

Dr. Thackeray retired from the
superintendance of the school at
Harrow when his pupil had attained
his fifteenth year. It was a singular
trait in the character of this good
man and respectable tutor, that he
never applauded the best composi-+
tions of his scholars, from a notion

‘which he had adopted, that praise

only tended to make them vain or
idle. But the evinion which he gave
of Jones in private was, that he was
a boy of so active a mind, that if
he were left naked and frisndless on
Salisbury plain, he would, never-
theless, find the road to fame and
riches.

Dr. Thackeray was succeeded by
Dr. Sumner; and for his informa-
tion of the course of study pursued
at Harrow, a plan of the lectures
and exercises in the upper school
was accurately delineated by Jones,
at the suggestion of the principal
assistant, who presented it to the
new master, with many encomiums
on the talents of his favourite scho-
lar. He annexed it to a collection
of his compositions, including his
translation of the pastorals of Virgil.
Dr. Sumner quickly distinguished
him ; and of the two complete years
which he passed under that excellent
instructor, itis sufficient to say, that
he employed them in reading and
imitating the best ancient authors ;
nor did he confine himself merely to
the compositions of Greece and
Rome; he learned the Arabic cha-
racters, and studied the Hebrew
language sufficiently to enable him

S42 to

724

to read some of the original Psalms.
His ardour for knowledge was so
unlimited, that he frequently de-
voted whole nights to study, taking
coffee or tea as an antidote to drow-
siness: and his improvement by these
extraordinary exertions wasso rapid,
that he soon became the prime fa-
vourite of his master, who, with an
excusable partiality, was heard to
declare, that Jones knew more
Greek than himself, and was a
greater proficient in the idiom of
that language. Nor was he less a
favourite with his fellow-studenis
than with his master. He acquired
popularity with them, by the fre-
quent holidays that rewarded the
excellence of his compositions. His
reputation at the same time was so
extensive, that he was often flattered
by the enquiries of strangers, under
the title of the great scholar.

During the vacations, his applica-
tion was directed to improve his
knowledge of French and arithme-
tic, to which he also added the study
of the Italian. Books he had always
at command; for his mother, who
contemplated with delight the pro-
gress of her son, with a wise libe-
rality, allowed him unlimited credit
onher purse. But of this indulgence,
as he knew that her finances were
restricted, he availed himself no
farther than to purchase such books
as were essential to his improve-
ment. j

The period of tuition under Dr.
Sumner passed rapidly, to the mu-
tual satisfaction of the master and
scholar, until Jones had reached his
seventeenth year, when it was de-
termined to remove him to one of
the universities. Cambridge was

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

reeommended by Dr. Sumner, whe
had received his education there ;
but Dr. Glasse, who had private
pupils at Harrow, and had always
distinguished Jones by the kindest
attention, recommended Oxford.
Hiis choice was adopted by Mrs.
Jones, who, in compliance with
the wishes of her son, had deter-
mined to reside at the university
with him, and greatly preferred the
situation of Oxford.

In the Spring of 1764 he went to
the university for the purpose of
being matriculated and entered at
college ; but he returned to Iar-
row for a few months, that he
might finish a course of lectures
which he had just begun, and in
which he had been highly interested
by the learning, eloquence, taste,
and sagacity of his excellent in-
structor. They separated soon
after, with mutual regret, and in
the following term he fixed himself
at Oxford.

A collection of English poems,
composed by Mr. Jones, at Harrow,
was presented by him to his friend
Parnell,* in 1763. The first and
longest of the collection, containing
more than three hundred and thirty
lines, is entitled Prolusions, and is |
a critique on the various styles of
pastoral writers. This was written
by Mr. Jones, at the age of fifteen,
and is the original of the poem
which he afterwards published under
the title of Arcadia.

The remaining poems in the col-
lection consist of translations and
imitations of Horace, Sophocles, and
Theocritus; Saul and David, an
ode ; and a Satire on the inordinate
love of novelty,

* The late sir John Parnell, who filled the office of chancellor of the exchequer,

im Ireland.

A manuscript

CHARACTERS.

A manuscript of these poems, in
the hand-writing of Mr. Jones, was
presented to lady Jones by sir

‘John Parnell, a few weeks only be-

fore his death. Weseleétas a speci-

men of Mr, Jones's poetical talents,

at the age of fourteen, the shortest
in the collection, in imitation of a
well known ode of Horace, and ad-
dressed to his friend Parnell :-—

How quickly fades the vital flower !

Alas, my friend! each silent hour
Steals unperceived away :

The early joys of blooming youth,

Sweet innocence and doye-cy’d truth
Are destin’d to decay.

Can zeal drear Pluto’s wrath restrain?
No—tho’ an hourly victim stain
His hailow’d shrine with blood,
Fate will recal her doom for none:
The scepter’d king must leave his throne
To pass the Stygian flood.

To vain, my Parnell, wrapt in ease,

We shun the merchant-marring seas ;
In vain we fly from wars:

Tn vain we shun th’ autumnal blast,

(The slow Cocytus must be past,)

How needless are our cares !

- Our house, our land, our shadowy grove,

The very mistress of our love,
Ah me! we soon must leave !

- Of all our trees, the hated boughs

Of cypress shall alone diffuse
Their fragrance o’er our grave.

To others shall we then resign

The numerous casks of sparkling wine
Which frugal now we store;

With them a more deserving heir

(Is this our labour, this our care?) «
Shall stain the stucco floor. 1760.

The new situation of Mr. Jones,

at the university, did not at first

correspond with his expectations.
Under the tuition of a master, who
saw with admiration his capacity and

_ application, who was anxious to as-

725

sist his exertions, and rewarded their
success with unlimited applause, his
ardour for learning had been raised
toa degree of enthusiasm; at the
university he expected to, find a
Sumner or an Askew in every master
of arts, and generally the same pas-
sion for literature which he had him.
self imbibed. It was evident that
such extravagant expectations must
he disappointed ; and from the pub-
lic lectures he derived little gratifi-
cation or instruction: they were
much below the standard of his at.
tainments, and, in faét, were consi-
dered as merely formal ; and instead
of pure principles on subjeéts of
taste, on rhetoric, poetry, or prac-
tical morals, he complained that he
was required to attend dull com- -
ments on artificial ethics, and logic,
detailed in such barbarous Latin,
that he professed to know as little
of it as he then-knew of Arabic.
The only logic then in fashion was
that of the schools; and in a memo-
randum written by himself, which is
our authority for these remarks, we
find an anecdote related of one of
the fellows, who was reading Locke
with his own pupils, that he care-
fully passed over every passage in
which that great metaphysician de-
rides the old system.

After the residence of a few
months at the university, on the
31st of Oétober, 1764, Mr. Jones
was unanimously elected one of the
four scholars on the foundation of
Sir Simon Bennett, to whose muni-
ficence he was ever proud to ac-
knowledge his obligations. The
prospect of a fellowship, to which
he looked with natural impatience,
was, however, remote, as he had
three seniors.

His partiality for oriental litera~

3A 3 ture

726

ture now began to display itself in
the study of the Arabic, to which he
was strongly incited by the example
and encouragement of a fellow-stu-
dent of great worth and abilities,
who had acquired some knowledge
in that celebrated language, and of.
fered him the use of the best books,
with which he was well provided.
In acquiring the pronunciation, he
was assisted by a native of Aleppo,
who spoke and wrote the vulgar
Arabic fluently, but was without
any pretensions to the charaéter of
ascholar. Mr. Jones accidentally
discovered him in London, where
he usually passed his vacations, and
prevailed upon him to accompany
him to Oxford, under a promise of
maintaining himthere. This promise
he was obliged exclusively to fulfil for
seyeral months, at an expence which
his finances could ill afford, be-
ing disappointed in the hopes which
he had entertained that some of his
brother collegians might be inclined
to avail themselves of the assistance
of the Syrian, and participate with
him in the expence of his. mainte-
nance.

In the course of his application
to this ancient language, he disco-
vered, what he never before sus-
pected, a near connexion between
the modern Persic and Arabic, and
he immediately determined to ac.
quire the former. He accordingly
studied it with attention in the only
Persian Grammar then extant; and
having laboured diligently in the
Gulistan of Sadi, assisted by the
accurate, but inelegant version of
Gentius, and at the well-chosen
praxis at the close of Meninski’s
grammar, he found his exertions re-
warded with rapid success.

Kis vacations were passed in Lon-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

don, where he daily attended the
schools of Angelo, for the purpose
of acquiring the elegant accom-~
plishments of riding and fencing.
He was always a strenuous advo-
cate for the praétice of bodily ex-
ercises, as no less useful to invigos
rate his frame, than as a necessary
qualification for any active exertions
to which he might eventually be
called. At home his attention was
direéted to the modern languages ;
and he read the best authors in
Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese,
following in all respeéts the plan of-
education recommended by Milton;
which he had by heart; and thus,
to transcribe an observation of his
own, with the fortune of a peasant,
giving himself the education of a
prince.

If the literary acquisitions of Mr.
Jones at this period be compared
with his years, few instances will be
found in the annals of biography, of —
a more successful application of time
and talents, than he exhibits; and
it is worthy of observation, that he
was no less indebted to his uncom.
mon industry and method for his
attainments, than to his superior
capacity.

A mind thus occupied in the pur-
suit of universal literature, was little
susceptible of the passions of ava-
rice or ambition; but, as he was
sensible that the charges attending
his education, notwithstanding his
habitual attention to economy,
mfist occasion a considerable deduc.
tion from the moderate income
which his mother possessed, he
anxiously wished for a feliowship,
that he might relieve her from a
burden which she could il] support.
If the prospect of acquiring that ad.
vantage had not been remote, nq.

tem pta=

CHARACTERS.

temptation would have seduced him
from the university; but at the pe-
riod when he began to despair of
obtaining it, he received, through
Mr. Arden, whose sister was mar-
ried to his friend Sumner, an offer
to be the private tutor of Lord Al-
thorpe, now earl Spencer. He had
been recommended to the family of
this nobleman by Dr. Shipley, to
whom he was not then personally
Known, but who had seen and ap-
proved his compositions at Harrow,
and particularly a Greck oration in
praise of Lyon, an honest yeo-
man, who founded the school at
that place in the reign of Elizabeth.
The proposal was cheerfully accept-
ed by Mr. Jones, and in his nine-
teenth year he went to London, and
was so delighted with the manners
of his pupil, then just seven years
old, that he abandoned all thoughts
of a profession, and resolved to de-
vote himself to the faithful discharge
of the important duties of his new
situation. He had the satisfaétion
to find that this determination would
probably restore him to the society
of his best and most respected
friend, Dr. Sumner, as he under-
stood from Mr. Arden, that his pu-
pil, after some preliminary instruc-
tion, would be fixed at Harrow.

He was now placed in a sphere
perfectly new to him: if he quitted
the university with a regret propor.
tioned to his increasing attachment
to it, his change of situation offer-
ed other advantages, amongst which
he justly esteemed his introduétion
into the first ranks of society, and
a residence in one of the most
agreeable places in the kingdom.
He had new objeéts to engage his
observation, and an interesting oc-
¢upation, from the discharge of
1

727

which he derived great satisfaction
his application to literature was pur-
sued without interruption, for al-
though he resided at Wimbledon
until the approach of the winter
only, he found sufficient leisure to
compose many of his English poe
ems, and to read the greatest part
of the Old Testament in Hebrew,
particularly the book of Job, and
the prophets, which he studied with
great attention.

In the course of the following
summer, by an unexpected concurs
rence of circumstances, a fellowship,
which, in his estimation, gave him
absolute independence, was be-
stowed upon him, and he went for
a short time to Oxford, that he
might go through the regular forms
of election and admission. He was
accordingly elected fellow on the
foundation of Sir Simon Bennet, on
the 7th of August, 1766.

On his return to Wimbledon, he
was flattered by an offer from the
duke of Grafton, then at the head
of the treasury, of the place of in-
terpreter for Eastern, languages:
but, although the acceptance of it
might not have interfered with his
other pursuits, he declined it po.
litely, but without, hesitation, ears
nestly requesting that it might be
conferred upon Mirza, whose cha-
racter he wrote. This disinterested
solicitation was unnoticed; and his
disappomtment made him regret his
ignorance of the world in not ac-
cepting the proffered eflice, under
a resolution to consign the entire
emoluments of it to his Syrian
friend.

During his summer residence at
Wimbledon, he formed an acquaint.
ance to which he owed the future
happiness of his life. He there

gA-4 saw

728

saw, for the first time, Anna Ma-
ria, the eldest daughter of Dr.
Shipley, then dean of Winchester:
but whatever impressions her person
and conversation made upon the
heart of Mr. Jones, his fixed ideas
of an honourable ind pendence, and
a determined resolutioi never to owe
his fortune to a wife, ov her kin,
dred, excluded all ideas of a matri-
monial connexion. In different cir-
cumstances he might perhaps have
then solicited an alliance, which he
afterwards courted and obtained.

The family of Lord Spencer re-
moved late in autumn to London;
and Mr. Jones, with his usual avi-
dity to acquire the accomplishments
of a gentleman, as well as those of
a scholar, privately arranged a plan
with Gallini, who attended the
younger part of the family, for re.
ceiving instructions from him in
dancing: at the same time he conti-
nued his morning attendance, with-
out intermission, at the two schools
of Angelo, with whose manners he
was extremely pleased. Before he
left London, he had an opportunity,
which he did not negleét, of learn-
ing the use of the broad-sword from
an old pensioner at Chelsea, who
had been active, as his scars proved,
in many engagements, and whose
narrative propensity frequently a-
mused him.

The acquisition of his new ac-
complishment, by Gallini’s assist-
ance, had been made with secresy ;
and the display of it enabled him to
participate with much satisfaction,
in the evening amusements at Al-
thorpe, where he passed.the winter
with his pupil. But his greatest de-
light was furnished by an excellent
library, in which he found intellec-
tual treasures of the highest value in
his estimation; scarcely a single

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

book escaped his attention; and
some of the most rare he perused
with indefatigable application. It
was at this period, in the 21st year
of his age, that he began his com-
mentaries on Asiatic po: try, in imi-
tation of Dr. Lowth’s preleétions at
Oxford, on the sacred poetry of the
Hebrews.

The summer of 1767 opened a
new scene to him: the indisposition
of lord Spencer rendered a journey
to Spa adviseable for the restoration
of his health, and Mr. Jones at.
tended the family: but his residence
on the continent was too short to
gratify his curiosity. AtSpahe re-
mained only three weeks, part of
which he dedicated to the lessons of
Janson, of Aix-la-Chapelle, a most
incomparable dancing-master, and
part to the acquisition of the Ger-
man language, in which he so far
succeeded, as to be able to read
Gessner with delight, assisted onl;
by an excellent German Grammar
and Diétionary ; the pronunciation
he had formerly learnt from a fel.
low-collegian, who had passed some
years at Brunswick. He would
gladly have availed himself of the
instruétion of a German master ; but
none was to be found at Spa, and
his finances were unequal to the ex.
pence of procuring that assistance
from <Aix-la-Chapelle. Notwith.«
standing these occupations, he found
leisure to participate in all the
amusements of the place.

In the winter of 1767 Mr. Jones
resided with his pupil at Althorpe:
here his excursions info the regions
of literature were unlimited, and as
his application was directed with his
usual perseverance, he nearly com-
pleted his commentaries, transcribed
an Arabic manuscript on Egypt and
the Nile, borrowed from Dr. Rus.

sell,

aa oS

GHARACT ERS: 729

sell, and copied the keys of the
Chinese language, which he wished
to learn.

From Althorpe he removed in the
spring of 176810 Wimbledon, where
he received a proposal from Mr.
Sutton, then under-secretary to the
duke of Grafton, the account of
which we shall relate nearly in his
own words.

The king of Denmark, then upon
a visit to this country, had brought
with him an eastern manuscript,
containing the life of Nadir Shah,
which he was desirous of having
translated in England. The secre-
tary of state, with whom the Danish
minister had conversed upon the sub-
ject, sent the volume to Mr. Jones,
requesting him to give a literal
translation of it in the French Jan-
guage; but he wholly declined the
task, alledging for his excuse, the
‘dryness of the subject, the difficulty
of the style, and chiefly his want
both of leisure and ability, to enter
upon an undertaking so fruitless and
laborious. He mentioned, however,
a gentleman, with whom he was not
then acquainted, but who had dis-
tinguished himself by the translation
of a Persian history, and some po-
_ pular tales from the Persic, as capa-
ble of gratifying the wishes of his
Danish majesty. Major Dow, the
writer alluded to, excused himself
on account of his numerous engage-
‘ments, and the application to Mr.
_ Jones was renewed. It was hinted
that his compliance would be of no
small advantage to him, at his en-
trance into life; that it would pro-
cure him some mark of distinction,
which would be pleasing to him;
and, above all, that it would be a
reflection upon this country, if the
king should be obliged to carry his
manuscript into France. Incited by

these motives, and principally the
last, unwilling to be thought churl-
ish or morose, and eager for repu-
tation, he undertook the work, and
sent a specimen of it to his Dinish
majesty, who returned his approba-
tion oi the style and method, but
desired that the whole translation
might be. perfectly literal, and the
oriental images accurately preserv-
ed. The task would have been far
easier to him if he had been direét-
ed to finish it in Latin; tor the ac-
quisition of a French style was infi-
nitely more tedious, and it was ne-~
cessary to have every chapter ¢or-
rected by a native of France, before
it could be offered to the discerning
eye of the public, since in every
language there are certain peculi-
avitics of idiom, and nice shades of
meaning, which a foreigner can ne-
ver attain to perfection. The work,
however arduous and unpleasant,
was completed in a year, not with-
out repeated hints from the secre-
tary’s office, that it was expected
with great impatience by the court
of Denmark, The translation was
not published until 1770. Forty
copies, upon large paper, were sent
to Copenhagen, one of them, bound
with uncommon elegance, for the
king himself, and the others as pre-
sents to his courtiers.

What marks of distinétion he re-
ceived, or what fruits he reaped
from his labours, he thought it would
ijl become him to mention at the
head of a work, in which he pro-
fessed to be the historian of others,
and not of himself; but to repel the
false assertions which appeared in
an advertisement on this subject in
the public papers, containing a most
unjust refieétion on the king of
Denmark, he considered it as a duty
imposed upon him by the laws of

justice

£30

justice and gratitude, to print at
the beginning of his translation the
honourable testimony of regard,
which his majesty, Christian VII.
sent publicly to London a few
months after the receipt of the work,
together with the letter of thanks
which he returned for so signal a
token of his favour. From these
documents it appears that his Danish
majesty sent:to him a diploma, con-
stituting him a member of the royal
society of Copenhagen, and recom-
mended him in the strongest terms
to the favour and benevolence of his
Own sovereign.

In detailing the circumstances at-
tending the first publication of Mr.
Jones, we have carried the narrative
to its conclusion, with some antici-
pation of the order of time. Part
of the summer of 1768 he passed at
Tunbridge, where his privafe stu-
dies formed his chief occupation ;
and the winter of that year in Lon-
don. In the beginning of this year
Mr. Jones formed an acquaintance
with Reviczki, afterwards the im-
perial minister at Warsaw, and am-
bassador at the court of England,
with the title of count. This learn-
ed and accomplished nobleman was
deeply captivated with the charms
ef oriental literature; and the re-
putation of Mr. Jones as an orien-
tal scholar attraéted his advances
towards an intimacy, which were
eagerly received. After their sepa-
ration they commenced a corres-
pondence, which was cultivated with
attention for many years. Of this
correspondence much has been lost,
and many of the remaining letters
are defaced and mutilated. They
generally wrote in Latin, and occa-
sionally in French, on literary sub-
jects chiefly, but more particularly
on oriental literature.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

In this year lord Althorpe was —
settled at Harrow, and Mr. Jones, —
who accompanied him there, had
the satisfaction of seeing himself re-
stored to the society of Dr. Sumner. —
Their enthusiasm for literature was
equal: the master contemplated”
with delight, unmixed with envy,
a rival of his own erudition in his—
scholar, who acknowledged with
gratitude his obligations to his pre-
ceptor, Their intercourse, although
interrupted, had never been discon- —
tinued ; and Mr. Jones seldom suf-
fered any considerable time to elapse
without visiting Harrow. During
his residence there, at this period, —
he transcribed a Persian grammar,
which he had three years before
composed for the use of a school~ —
fellow who had been designed for
India, but had since relinquished
that object for a commission in the
army. 's

The plan of the epic poem which
he mentions in letters to his Polish
friend, was sketched during liis re- —
sidence at Spa, in July 1770. The
subjeét of the poem was the sup.
posed discovery of our island by
Tyrian adventurers, and he propos= —
ed to exhibit under the character of
the prince of Tyre, that of a per-
feét king of this country; a charac-
ter which he pronounces the most
glorious and beneficial of any that
the warmest imagination can form. —
It represeiits (to quote his own
words) the dangers to which a king ~
of England is necessarily exposed,
the vices which he must avoid, and
the virtues and great qualities with
which he must be adorned. On the
whole, ‘¢ Britain Discovered” is
intended as a poetical penegyric on
our éxcellent constitution, and as a

ledge of the author’s attachment to —
it: as a national epic poem, like
those —

CHARACTERS,

those of Homer, Virgil, Tasso, and
Caméens, designed to celebrate the
honours of his country, to display
in a striking light the most impor-
tant principles of politics and mo-
rality, and to inculcate these grand
maxims that nothing can shake our
state, while the true liberty of the
subject remains united with the dig-
nity of the sovereign, and that in
all states virtue is the only sure
basis of public and private happi-
ness. He reserved the completion
of the poem to a period of leisure
and independence which never ar-
rived: andalthough, after an inter-
val of some years, he resumed the
idea of composing an epic poem on
the same subje¢t, but with consider-
able alterations, he never extended
the execution of it beyond a few
lines.

The anticipation of future pros-
pects, suggested by the fervor of
youthful imagination, is too com-
mon to all, but particularly to men
of genius, to excite much surprise ;
and of them it has been generally
and justly remarked, that what has
been performed by them bears lit-
tlé proportion to what has been
‘projected. In their progress thro’
life, impediments occur to the exe-
cution of their plans, which the
mind at first eagerly overlooks ;
whilst time,im perceptibly advancing,
deprives them of the power, and
even of the inclination, to complete
what has been designed with so
Much ardour. They find, what
experience daily proves, that the
duties of life can only be properly
performed when they are the pri-
Mary objects of our regard and at-
tention.

On the 30th of April, 1772, Mr.
Jones was elected a fellow of the

7

731

royal society, and admitted on May
the 14th of the same year.

The kindness of a contemporary
student has furnished an anecdote in
proof of his particular aversion to
the logic of the schogls, that in an
oration which he pronounced in
University hall, he declaimed vio-
lently against Burgersdicius, Cra

. canthorpius, andthe whole body of

logicians in the college of queen
Phillippa, his opposite neighbour.

Of his uncommon industry, many
proofs might be enumerated, and
among others, the copying of seve-
ral Arabic manuscripts, of which
one was the entertaining romance
of Bedreddin Hassan, or Aladdin’s
lamp, froma most elegant specimen
of Arabian calligraphy.

Nor was he less remarked for an
affectionate attention to his mother
and sister, who resided at Oxford ;
such portion of his time as he could
spare from his studies was given to
their society ; and during his occa-
sional absence from the university,
he was regular in his correspondence
with his mother.

In the commencement of 1774
he published his Commentaries on
Asiatic Poetry. This work was re-
ceived with admiration and applause
by the oriental scholars of Europe
in general, as well as by the learn-
ed of his own country. It was per-
haps the first publication on eastern
literature, which had an equal claim
to elegance and erudition. This
work was begun by Mr. Jones in
1766, and finished in 1769, when
he was in his twenty-third year ;
but with the same solicitude which
he had exhibited on other occasions,
to lay his compositions before the
public in the greatest possible per-
fection, he had repeatedly submit.

ted,

237

ted the manuscript to the examina-
tion and critical remarks of his
learned friends.

At the conclusion of the Com-
mentaries we find an elegant address
to the Muse, in which Mr. Jones
expresses his determination to re-
nounce polite literature, and devote
himself entirely to the study of the
Jaw. He was called to the bar in
January 1774, and had discovered,
as he writes to an intimate friend,
that the law was a jealous science,
and would admit no partnership
with the Eastern muses. ‘To this
determination he appears to have
inflexibly adhered for some years,
notwithstanding the friendly remon-
strances and flattering invitations of
his learned correspondents. He had
about this time an intention of pub-
lishing the mathematical works of
his father ; and with this view cir-
culated proposals, but, for what
reason we know not, he abandoned it,

The ambition of obtaining distinc.
tion in his profession could not fail
to animate a mind always ardent in
the pursuit of the objeéis which it had
in view, nor was he of a temper to
be satisfied with mediocrity where
perfection was attainable. His re-
searches and studies were not con.
fined to any one branch of jurispru-
dence, but embraced the whole in
its fullest extent. He compared the
doétrines and principles of ancient
legislature with the later improve-
ments in the science of law; he col-
lated the various codes of the differ-
ent states of Europe; and colleéted
professional knowledge wherever it
was tobe found. If the reader re-
colleét the enthusiasm displayed by

Mr. Jones in the prosecution of his:

oriental studies, the extent and depth
of his attainments in the literature
of Asia, and the high reputation

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

which he had acquired for them, he
will readily applaud his resolution
and perseverance in renouneing his
favourite pursuits. That he aéted
wisely will be admitted; but the
sacrifice of inclination to duty, af-
fords an example of too great use
and importance to pass without par-
ticular observation.

In 1775, for the first time, he
attended the spring circuit and
sessions at Oxford, but whether asa
spectator or actor, on that occasion,
we are not informed. In the fol-
lowing year he was regular in his
attendance at Westminster Hall.

In 1778 Mr. Jones published a
translation of the speeches of Iszus,
in causes concerning the law of
succession to property at Athens,
with a prefatory discourse, notes
critical and historical, and a com-
mentary.

The works of Iseus had long
been negleéied ; the subjeét of them
was dry, and his technical language,
as Mr. Jones observes, was unin-
telligible to the herd of grammarians
and philologers by whom the old
monuments of Grecian learning
were saved from destruction. To
rescue them from obseurity, and to
present them to the student of our
inglish laws in his native language,
was a task which required the united
qualifications of classical erudition
and legal knowledge, and ‘which he
discharged with equal pleasure and
success.

From the public occurrences in
which Mr. Jones was engaged, we now
turn to adomestic calamity, the death
of his mother, which involved him
in the deepest affliction. If, as a
parent, she had the strongest claims
upon the gratitude and affection
of her son, the obligations of filiak
duty were never more cheerfully

and

CHARACTERS.

and zealously discharged, than by
_ Mr. Jones. To her able instruction
he was. indebted for the first rudi-
_ ments of literature ; she directed his
early studies, formed his habits and
his taste; and, by the closest at-
tention to economy, was enabled
_to promote his progress in learning,
_ by supplying the funds for this pur-
pose. From the period of his ob-
_ taining a fellowship, he had declined
“receiving any assistance from her
purse; and as his professional pro-
_ fits increased, his own was ever at
her disposal. During his residence
at Oxford, the time which he did
_ sot employ in study or college du-

ties, was devoted to her: his atten.
_ tion was equally the result of prin-
ciple and affection. She was the
confidant of his plans, hopes, and
occupations, and he invariably con-

his most important interests were
concerned. The kindness, as well
as the sincerity of his affection, was
shewn in numberless instances, which
never failed to attract’ the .observa-
tion of his friends and associates,
although they are too minute to be
‘particularized ; and the satisfaction
which he derived from the distinc-
tion to which his abilities had raised

Jones published his translation of
the seven Arabian poems which he
finished in 1781. It was.his inten-
ion to have prefixed to this work,
“adiscourse on the antiquity of the
Arabian language and characters,
on the manners of the Arabs in the
‘age immediately preceding that of
~ Mahommed, and other interesting
_ information respecting the poems,
and the hives of the authors, with a

sulted her on all occasions, where’

733

critical history of their works ; but
he could not command suilicient
leisure for the execution of it. Some
of the subjects intended for this dis-
sertation, appeared in a discourse
on the Arabs, composed some years
afterwards; and from the manner
in which it was written, it is im-
possible not to regret the irrecover-
able loss of the larger discussion
which he originally proposed. The
poems present us with a curious
specimen of the manners of the na-
tives of Arabia, and on this account
must be particularly interesting to
those, who consider the study of
human nature in all its varieties, as
an instruétive object of contempla-
tion. ‘¢ They exhibit (to use the
words of Mr. Jones) an exact pic-
ture of the virtues and vices of the
Arabs in the age of the seven poets,
their wisdom and their folly, and
shew what may be constantly ex-
pected from men of open hearts
and boiling passions, with no law
to control, and little religion, to re-
strain them.”

The period was now arrived,
when Mr. Jones had the happiness
to gain the accomplishment of his
most anxious wishes. In March
1783, during the administration of
lord Shelburne, he was appointed
a judge of the supreme court of ju-
dicature at Fort William, at Bengal,
on which occasion the honour of
knighthood was conferred upon him ;
and ig the April following he mar-
ried Anna Maria Shipley, the eldest
daughter of the bishop of St. Asaph.
we haye remarked the early impres-
sion wade upon the affections of sir
William Jones by this lady, and
the honourable determination which
he formed upon that occasion ; and.
if (to use lord Teignmouth’s words)
1 should have succeeded in im-

; parting

734

parting to my readers any portion
of that interest which I feel in his
personal concerns, they will see
him with pleasure recéiving the re-
wards of principle and affeétion.
The bishop of St. Asaph, of whose
respectable charaéter and high lite-
rary reputation it is unnecessary
to remind the public, possessed too
enlightened an understanding not
to appreciate the early distinguished
talents and virtues of sir William
Jones, and their friendship was ce-
mented by an union of political prin-
ciples, and the zealous admiration

each felt for the constitution of their .

country. The bishop, in the choice
of a son-in-law, had every reason
to indulge the pleasing hope that he
had consulted, as far as human fore-
sight can extend, the happiness
of his beloved daughter, nor were
his expectations disappointed.

For his appointment to India
Mr. Jones was indebied. to the
friendship of lord Ashburton; the
intelligence of his success was com-
municated to Mr. Jones in the fol-
lowing letter of congratulation, to
which is subjoined one from the
celebrated Franklin, on the same
occasion.
¢¢ My dear Sir, March 3, 1783.

‘¢ It is with little less satisfaction
to myself than it can give you, that I
send you the inclosed, and I do
assure you, there are few events,
in which [ could have felt so sensi-
blea mortification as in that of your
finally missing this favourite object.
The weather suggests to me, as no
slight topic of congratulation, your
being relieved from such a journey,
and under such circumstances as
your last favour intimates you had
in contemplation for Wednesday ;
but when I consider this appointment

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

as securing to you at once two of
the first objeéts of human pursuit, ©
those of ambition and love, I feel
it a subjeét of very serious and cor-
dial congratulation, which I desire
you to accept and to convey ac-
cordingly.—I am with every good
wish, Dear sir,
Your faithful humble servant,
Ashburton.’’”*
Passy, March 17, 1783.
6 Dear sir,

‘¢ I duly received your obliging let.
ter of November 15. You will have
since learnt how much I was then
and have been continually engaged
in public affairs, and your goodness
will excuse my not having answered
it sooner. You announced your
intended marriage with my much
respected friend Miss Anna Maria,
which I assure you gave me great
pleasure, as I cannot conceive a
match more likely to be happy,
from the amiable qualities each of
you possess so.plentifully. You
mentioned its taking place as soon
as a prudent attention to worldly
interests would permit. I just now
learn from Mr. Hodgson that you
are appointed to an honourable and
profitable place in the Indies ; so
1 expeét now soon to hear of the
wedding, and to receive the pro-
file. With the good bishop’s per-
mission, I will join my blessing with
his; adding my wishes that you
may return from that corrupting
country with a great deal of money
honestly acquired, and with fall as
much virtue as you carry out with
you.

**e kee ER EK EX FH FE

I thank you for your good wishes
respecting ine. Mine for your wel-
fare and prosperity are not less

: earnest

* The celebrated Dunning,

CHARACTERS.

earnest and sincere;

great truth, dear sir,
Your affectionate friend,

And most obedient servant,

Benjamin Franklin.”

being with

oy
>.

_. We have mentioned the literary
\ productions of sir William Jones in
_ the order in which they were pub-
% lished. We observe however, two
+ compositions which had escaped our
___ attention :—an abridged history of
_ the life of Nadir Shah, in English,
and a history of the Persian Jan-
_ guage, intended to be prefixed to the

first edition of his Persian grammar.

The reader will peruse with plea-
sure the following lines from the
Arabic, written by sir William

-
S
Ss
_ Jones, in 1783, and addressed to
lady Jones :—

.

% While sad suspense and chill delay

: Bereave my wounded soul of rest,

_ New hopes, new fears, from day to day
By turns assuil my lab’ring breast.

_ My heart with ardent love consumes,
__ Throbs with each agonizing thought;
*$o flutters, with entangled plumes,
The lark in wily meshes caught.
_ There she with unavailing strain
Pours through the night her warbl’d
grief ;
The gloom retires, but not her pain,
The dawn appears, but not relief.

Two younglings wait the parent bird,

Their thrilling sorrows to appease :
She come-,—ah no! the sound they

heard

Was but a whisper of the breeze.

Sir William Jones embarked for
India in the Crocodile frigate,
and in April 1782 left his native
country, to which he was never to
_ return, with the unavailing regret
and affe¢tionate wishes of his nume-
rous friends and admirers.

735

Inthe course of the voyage he
stopped at Madeira, and in ten ad-
ditional weeks of prosperous sailing
from the rugged islands of Cape
Verd, arrived at Hinzuan or Joan-
na. Of this island, where he re-
mained a few days only, he has
published an interesting and amus-
ing description. He expatiates with
rapture on his approach to it, de-
lineates with the skill of an artist
the beauties of the scenery, and
sketches with the discriminating
pen of a philosopher, the chara¢ters
and manners of the unpolished but
hospitable natives. The novelty of
the scene was attra¢tive, and its
impression upon his mind is strongly
marked by the following just and
elegant reflection, which in sub-
stance is more than once repeated
in his writings :—‘¢ If life were not
too short for the complete discharge
of all our respective duties, public
and private, and for the acquisition
even of necessary knowledge in any
degree of perfection, with how
much pleasure and improvement
might a great part of it be spent in
admiring the beauties of this won-
derful orb, and contemplating. the
nature of man in all its varieties !”

From Hinzuan to the Ganges
nothing material occurred, and he
landed at Calcutta in September,
1783. His reputation had preceded
his arrival, which was anxiously
expected, and he had the happiness
to find, that his appointment had
diffused a general satisfaction, which
his presence now rendered com-
plete. The students of the Oriental
languages were eager to welcome a
scholar, whose erudition in that
branch of literature was unrivalled,
and whose labours and genius had
assisted their progress ; while the
public rejoiced ia the possession of

a magi-

736

a magistrate, whose probity and
independence were no less acknow-
Jedged than his abilities.

In December 1783. he entered
upon his judicial funétions, and at
the opening of the sessions. delivered
his first charge to the grand jury.
The public had formed a high esti-
mate of his oratorical powers, nor
were they disappointed. His ad-
dress was elegant, concise, and ap-
propriate: the expression of his
“sentiments and principles was equal-
ty manly and conciliatory, and cal-
culated to inspire general satis-
faction, as the known sincerity of
his charaéter was a test of his ad-
herence to his prefession. In glanc-
ing at dissentions, which at no
remote period had unfortunately
prevailed between the supreme ex-
ecutive and judicial powers in Ben-
gal, he shewed that they might and
ought to be avoided, that the func-
tions of both were distinét, and
could be exercised without danger
of collision, in promoting what
should be the object of both, the
public good.

The society of sir William Jones
was too attraéiive to aliow him to
employ his leisure hours in those
studies which he so eagerly desired
to cultivate, and although no man
was more happy in the conversation
of his friends, he soon found that
the unrestrained enjoyment of this
gratification was incompatible with
his attention to literary pursuits.
He determined therefore to seek
some retirement at no great distance
from Calcutta, where he might have
the benefit of air and exercise, and
prosecute his studies without inter-
ruption, during the vacations of the
supreme court. For this purpose
he made choice of a residence at
Chrighnagen, ean’ had a particu-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

lar attraction to him, from its ticini«
ty to a Hindu college.
In 1785, a periodical work was

undertaken at Calcutta, under the —

title of the Asiatic Miscellany, which
has been ignorantly ascribed to the
Asiatic society, with whose re-
searches it had no connexion. The
title of the work indicates the nature
of its contents, which consisted
chiefly of extraéts from books pub-
lished in Europe, relating to India,
of translations ‘from Oriental au-
thors, and of poems and essays.
The editor was occasionally assisted
by the literary talents of gentlemen
in India, and we find in the two
first volumes, which were published
in the years 1785 and 86, the fol-
lowing compositions of sir William
Jones, who never negleéted any
opportunity of contributing to the
advancement of oriental literature :
—The tale of the enchanted fruit ;
six hymns, addressed to as many
Hindu deities; a literal translation
of twenty tales and fables of Niza-
mi, expressly intended to assist the
students of the Persian language ;
besides often smaller pieces, from
which I quote with pleasure the fol-
lowing beautiful tetrastick, which
is a literal translation from the
Persian :— '

On parent knees, a naked new-born
child,
Weeping thou sat’st, whilst all around
> thee smil’d:
So live, that, sinking in thy last long
sleep,
Calm thou may’st smile when all around
thee weep.

The uniformity which marked

the remaining period of his allotted. —

existence admits of little variety of
delineation. The largest portion
of each year was devoted to his pro-

fessional,

z
®
<

- and literature.

CHARACTERS.

fessional duties and studies; and
all the time that could be saved from
these important avocations, was de-
dicated to the cultivation of science
Some periods were
chequered by illness, the conse-
quence of intense application ; and

’ others were imbittered by the fre-

quent and severe indispositions of
the partner of his cares and the ob-
ject of his affections. The climate
of India, (as he had already found
occasion to remark, in a letter toa
friend), had been unpropitious to
the delicate constitution of his be-
loved wife; and so apprehensive
was he of the consequences, that
he intended, unless some favourable
alteration should take place, to
urge her return to her native coun-
try, preferring the pang of separation
for five or six years, to the anguish,
which he should hardly survive, of
losing her.

While business required the daily
attendance of sir William Jones in
Calcutta, his usual residence was
on the banks of the Ganges, at the
distance of five miles from the court;
to this spot he returned every even-
ing after sun-set, and in the morn-
ing rose so early, as to reach his
apartments in town by walking,
at the first appearance of the dawn.
Having severely suffered from the
heat of the sun, he ever afterwards
dreaded and avoided an exposure to
it; and in his hymn to Surya, he
alludes to its effeét upon him, and
to his moon-light rambles, in the
following lines :—~

Then roves thy poet free,
Who with no borrew’d art,
Dares hymn thy power and durst pro-
voke thy blaze,
But felt the thrilling dart
And now on lowly knee
From him who gave the wound the bal-
sam prays,

Vou, XLVI.

737

The intervening period of each
morning until the opening of the
court, was regularly allotted and
applied to distinét studies. He
passed the months of vacation at his
retirement at Crishna-nagur in his
usual pursuits.

Among other literary occupations
in which he empoyed himself during
the two last years, (1788 and 89)
it is to be noticed that he under-
took the office of editor of the ele-
gant poem of Hatefi, or the unfor-
tunate loves-of Laili and Mujnoon,
an Arabian youth and_ princess.
The benevolent objeét of his labours
renders them interesting, as the
book was published at his own
expence, with a declared appropri-
ation of the produce of the sale to
the relief of insolvent debtors in the
gaol at Calcutta.

‘The manner in which he men-
tions the travels of Mr. Bruce,
shews, that he was not one of those
sceptics who doubted of his veracity.
In a paper which he presented to
the society in Calcutta, he recites
a conversation with a native of
Abyssinia, who had seen and known
Mr. Bruce at. Gondar, and who
spoke of him in very honourable
terms.

The constitution of lady Jones,
which was naturally delicate, had
suffered so much from repeated at-
tacks of indisposition, that a change
of climate had long been prescribed
by the physicians, as the only
means of preserving her life; but
her affectionate attachment to her
hasband had hitherto induced her
to remain in India, in opposition
to this advice, though with the full
conviction that the recovery of her
health, in any considerable degree,
was impossible. Atan earlier pe-
riod, when the extent of the field
of investigation appeared boundless,
3 sic

>

738

sic William Jones had declared his
determination to remain in India
until the close of the century, if it
should please God to prolong his
life. But affection set limits to his
zeal for knowledge, and when it
Was finally settled that lady Jones
should return to England, he de-

termined himself to folio the en-_

suing spring, hoping by this period
to have discharged his engagements
with the government of India. She
embarked in December 1793.

I now turn to the last scene of the
life of sir William Jones. The few
months allotted to his existence af-
ter the departure of lady Jones,
were devoted to his usual occupa-
tions, and more particularly to the
discharge of that duty which alone
detained him in India,—the com-
pletion of the digest of the Hindoo
and Mahomedan law. But neither
the ‘consciousness of acquitting him-
self of an obligation which he had
voluntarily contracted, nor his inces-
santassiduity, could fill the vacuity
occasioned by the absence of her,
whose society had sweetened the
toil of application, and cheered his
hours of relaxation. After her
departure he mixed more in promis-
cuous society; but his atiections
were transported with her to his
native country.

On the evening of the 20th of
April, or nearly “about that date ey
after prolonging his walk to a late
hour, during which he had im-
prudently remained in conversation
in an unwholesome situation, he
called upon lord Teignmouth, and
complained of agueish symptoms,
mentioning his intention to take
some medicine, and repRayUg JOen
tarly an old prover b, that an ague
in the spring is medicine for a king.’
We had no suspicion at the time of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the real nature of his indispositiot,
which proved, in faét, to be a com-
plaint common in Bengal, an inflam-
mation in the liver. ‘The disorder
was, however, soon discovered by
the penetration of the physician,
who after two or three days was
called in to his assistance; but it
had then advanced too far to yield
to the eflicacy of the medicines usu-
ally prescribed, and they were ad-
ministered in vain. The progress
of. the complaint was uncormonly
rapid, and terminated fatally on the
27th of April, 1794. ‘*On the morn.
ing of that day, his attendants,
alarmed at the evident symptoms of
approaching dissolution, came pre»
cipitately to call the friend who has
now the melancholy task of record-
ing the mournful event: not a mo-
ment was lost in repairing to his
house.—He was lying on his bed
in a posture of meditation, and the
only symptom of remaining life was
a small degree of motion in the
heart, which after a few seconds
ceased, and_he expired without a
pang or groan. His bodily suffer.
ings, from the complacency of his
features, and the ease of his atti-
tude, could not have been severe ;
and his mind must have derived con-
solation from those sources where
he had been in the habit of seeking
it, aud where alone, in our last
moments, it can ever be found.”
An anecdote of sir William Jones,
upon what authority we know not,
has been recorded that immediately
before his dissolution he retired to
his closet, and expired in the aét of
adoration to his Creator. Such a
circumstanee would-have been con-
formable to his prevailing habits of
thinking and refleétion, but it is
not founded on fact.
The funeral ceremony was per-
formed

CHARACTERS.

formed on the following day with
the honours due to his public sta-
tion ; and the numerous attendance
of the most respectable British in-
habitants of Calcutta evinced their
sorrow for his loss, and their re-
spect for his memory.
In the short space of forty-seven
' years, by the exertion of rare in-
tellectual talents, he acquired a
knowledge of arts, science, and
languages, which has seldom been
equalled, and perhaps never surpas-
sed. A mere catalogue of the writ-
ings of sir William Jones would
Shew the extent and variety of his
erudition: a perusal of them would
prove that it was no less deep than
miscellaneous. Whatever topic he
discusses, his ideas flow with ease
and perspicuity ; his style is always
clear and polished ; animated and
forcible when his subjeét requires
_ it. His philological, botanical, phi-
losophical, and chronological dis-
} quisitions; his historical researches,
__ and even his Persian grammar, whilst
_ they fix the curiosity and attention
_ of the reader by the novelty, depth,
or importance of the knowledge
displayed in them, always delight
by elegance of diétion. His com-
positions are never dry, tedious,
nor disgusting ; and literature and
science come from his hands adorn-
ed with all their grace and beauty.

we ee

PR IS

--
?

Particulars of the Life of William

_. Edwards, the self-taught Welsh
— Bridge-builder.—V'rom Malkin’s
Account of South Wales.

William Edwards was the son of

a farmer, who had two other sons
anda daughter. The family lived
in.the parish of Eglwysilan, in the
_eounty of Glamorgan, very near

739
the spot which was hereafter to be
the foundation of its celebrity.—
William Edwards was born in the
year 1719. His father died when
he was only two years old. He
was the youngest son. He, with
his other two brothers and sister,
lived with their mother on the farm
till he was about sixteen or eighteen
years of age. When he had reach-
ed his fifteenth year he frequently
repaired the walls, or stone fences,
of the farm. Every traveller who
is acquainted with Wales must have
remarked, that such fences are com-
mon in the mountain distriét. He
was observed ;to perform his work
in a style uncommonly neat and
firm, and with an expedition sur-
passing that of most others. Some
friends observing this, advised the
elder brother to encourage him in
this employment, not only on their
own farm, but in the service of any
neighbours who might wish to en-
gage him. William readily assented
to this proposal, and worked almost
continually at wall-building, for
which occupation his talents were in
eager request. He added his earns
ings regularly to the common stock
of his mother and his brothers, who
carried on the business of the farm.
The fences in this part are called, in
technical phraseology, dry walls,
from the circumstance of their being

* construéted without any mortar.

Some time after he had exercised
his ingenuity in this way, some ma-
sons, regularly brought up to the
trade, came to the neighbourhood
for the purpose of erecting a shed
for shoeing horses at a smith’s and
farrier’s shop. William [Edwards
admired the neatness with which
they construéted the pillars and
other parts of the shed, and felt an
anxious wish for the ability to do

3B2 the

749

the same. He often left his work
and came to afield opposite the
smith’s shop, where the masons were
employed. He observed that with
the common mason’s hammer of the
country, One end of which is also
an axe, they were able to dress their
stones very neatly; and this led him
to the discovery, that the principal
reason why he could not do the
same, arose from his hammer not
being steeled. He made all possi-
ble haste therefore to procure from
a smith some hammers better suited
to his purpose, such as he observed
those masons to use; and found that
with them he could execute his dry
walling much better, and with a
neatness far beyond what he had
before been able to accomplish.—
Being thus furnished with proper
_ tools, and having acquired a degree
of dexterity in the use of them, he
aspired to a higher rank in his pro-
fession ; and from a dry-wall build-
er, hoped to become a builder of
houses.
took to build a little workshop for
a neighbour; and gained great ap-
plause for the propriety with which
he performed his contract. Avery
short period had elapsed before he
was employed to erect a mill in his
own parish, and it was in the pro-
secution of this building, that he
first became acquainted with the prin-
ciples of an arch. When this mill
was finished, it did not merely meet
_ with cold-approbation, but was ad-
mired by all approved judges as an
excellent piece of masonry. He was
now considered as the best work-
man in that part of the country.
Employment was thrust upon him
on better grounds than Malvolio’s
greatness; and as skill and fidelity
are indispensibly requisite in a busi-
Bess, which requires the evidence

Soon afterwards he under-—

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of time and experience to detec
faults, not then to be remedied, ap-
plication was generally made to W.
Kdwards, by those who wished to
avoid both disappointment and al-
tercation. In 1746 he undertook
to build a new bridge over the river
Taff, at the spot, the singularities
of which have introduced him to
our attention. ‘This he executed in
a style superior to any thing of the
kind in this, or indeedin any other
part of Wales, for neatness of work-
manship and elegance of design.—
It consisted of three arches, elegant-
ly light in their construétion. The
hewn stones were excellently well
dressed and closely jointed. It was
admired by all who saw it. But
this river runs through a very deep
vale, that is more than usually
woody, and crowded about with
mountains. It is also to be consi-
dered, that many other rivers of no
mean capacity, as the Crue, the
Bargoed Taff, and the Cunno, be-
sides almost numberless brooks that
run through long, deep, and well-
wooded vales or glens, fall into the
Taff in its progress. ‘the descents
into these vales from the mountains
being in general very steep, the
water in Jong and heavy rains col-
leéts into these rivers with great ra-

_ pidity and force ;. raising floods that

in their descriptions would appear
absolutely incredible to the inhabi-
tants of open and flat countries,
where the rivers are neither so pre~
cipitate in their courses and projec-
tions, nor have such hills on each
side to swell them with their tor-
rents, Such a flood unfortunately
occurred ‘after the completion of this
undertaking, which tore up the
largest trees by the roots, and car.
ried them down the river to the
bridge, where the arches were not

suffi-

CUARACTERS,.

sufficiently wide to admit of their

_

Se

a ESS

entirely away before it.

passage ; Here therefore they were
detained. Brushwood, weeds, hay,
straw, and whatever lay in the way
of the flood, came down and col-
leéted about the branches of the
trees, that stuck fast in the arches,
and choaked the free current of the
water. In consequence of this ob-

struction to the flood, a thick and

strong dam, as it were, was thus
formed. The aggregate of so many
colleéted streams, being unable to
get any further, rose here to a pro-
digious height, and with the. force
of its pressure carried the bridge
William
Edwards had given the most ample
security, both in his own person and
the sureties of respeétable friends,
for the stability of the bridge during
the space of seven years. Of course

he was obliged to ereét another,

and he proceeded on his duty with
all possible speed.—The bridge had
only stood about two years and a
half. The second bridge was of one
arch, for the purpose of admitting
freely under it whatever incum-
brances the floods might bring down.
The span or chord of this arch was
one hundred and forty feet; its al-
titude thirty-five feet ; the segment
of a circle whose diameter was one

hundred and seventy feet. The arch -

was finished, but the parapets not
yet ere¢ted, when such was the pres-
sure of the unavoidably ponderous
work over the haunches, that it
sprung up in the middle, and the
key-stones were forced out. This
was a severe blow to a man who had
hitherto met with nothing but mis-
fortune in an enterprize, which
was to establish or ruin him in his
profession. William Edwards, how-
ever, possessed a courage which did
mot easily forsake him, so that he

three feet.

741

was not greatly disconcerted. He
engaged in it the third time; and
by means of three cylindrical holes
through the work over the haunches,
so reduced the weight over them,
that there was no longer any dan-
ger from it. These holes or cylin-
ders rise above each other, ascend-
ing in the order of the arch, three
at.each end, or over each of the
haunches. The diameter of the
lowest is nine feet: of the second
six feet; and of the uppermost,
They give the bridge
an air of uncommon elegance. The
second bridge fell in 1751. The
third which has steod ever since,
was completed in 1755. It is gene-
rally supposed, that William Ed-
wards experienced the liberality of
some gentlemen in the county, which
was increased by the gratuities of
others, who came from many parts
of the kingdom to see the bridge and
its builder; but of this we have no
clear or certain accounts, nor do
his family know that he was ever
indebted for any emolument but to
his own industry and abilities.
Hitherto the Rialto was esteemed
the largest arch in Europe, if not in
the world. Its span or chord was
ninety-eight feet. But New-bridge
is forty-two feet.wider; and was,
till lately, if it be not still so, and I
am not aware that its claim to this
distinétion is invalidated, the largest
arch in the world, of which we have
any authentic account. The fame of
this bridge introduced William Ed-
wards to public notice; and he was
employed to build many other
bridges in South Wales. One of
the next bridges that he construéted
was Usk-bridge, over the river Usk,
at the town of Usk, in Monmouth-
shire. It was a large and handsome
work. He afterwards built the fol-
3B3 lowing

x

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

742

lowing bridges in the order of suc-
cession which is here assigned them.
A bridge of three arches over the
river Towy ; Pontar Towy, over the
same river, about ten miles above
the town of Swansea. This was of
one arch, its chord eighty feet, with
one cylinder over the haunches.
Bettws-bridge in Caermarthenshire,
consisting of one arch, forty-tive
feet in the span. Llandovery-
bridge, in the same county, consist-
ing of one arch, eighty-four feet in
the span, with one cylinder over
thearches. Wychbree-bridge, over
the river Towy, about two miles
above Morriston: this has one arch,
ninety-five feet in span, twenty feet
in altitude, with two cylinders over
each of the haunches to relieve
them. He built Aberavon-bridge in
Glamorganshire, consisting of one
arch seventy-feet in span, fifteen
feet in altitude, but without cylin-
ders. He Jikewise built Glasbury-
bridge, near Hay, in Brecknock-
shire, over the river Wye: it con-
sists of five arches, and is a light,
elegant bridge. The arches are
small segments of large circles or
high piers, as best adapted to facili-
tate the passage of floods under the
bridge, and travellers over it.
William Edwards devised very
important improvements in the art
of bridge-building. His first bridges
of one arch he found to be too
high, so as to be difficult for car-
riages, and even horses, to pass
over. The steeps at each end of
New-bridge in particular are very
inconvenient, from the largeness
and altitude of the arch. This pe-
culiarity, it is true, adds much to
its perspective effect as'a part of the
landscape ; but the sober market.
traveller is not recompensed for the
toil of ascending and descending an

artificial mountain, by the compari«
son of a rainbow and the raptures
of a draughtsman. He avoided this
defeét in his subsequent works ; but
it was by a cautious gradation: that
he attempted to correét his early and
erroncous principles, and to consult
the ease.of the public, at the same
time that he surmounted the greatest
difficulties of his occupation. At
length he discovered, not by read-
ing, conversation, or any other
mode of extrinsic instruction, but
by dint of his own genius, matured
in the school of experience, that
where the abutments are secure from
the danger of giving way, arches of
much less segments, and of far less
altitude, than general opinion had
hitherto required, are perfectly se-
cure, and render the bridges much
easier for carriages to pass over,
and in every respect adapt them bet-
ter to the purposes of a ready and
free communication. Impressed
with the importance of those rules,
by which he had assiduously per-
fected his own pracétice, he was in the
habit of considering his own branch
of architecture as reducible to three
great requisites: durability, the
freedom of the water flowing under,
and the ease of the trafic passing
over. These are certainly maxims
of peculiar importance in bridges of
one arch, which are not only the
best adapted to situations where tre-
mendous floods occur, but in many
cases are the.only bridges securely
praéticable in mountain vallies.

The literary knowledge of Wil-
liam Edwards was at first confined
to the Welsh language, which he
could read and write from early
youth. le was supposed to be ra-
ther obstinate when a boy; an im, -
putation which generally rests on.
genius, that sees beyond the scope of

those

ad as

CHARACTERS.

those by whom it is controlled. His
own account of this alleged temper
was, that he always considered whe-
ther any thing that was proposed to
him, or any principle he was requir-

_ed to act upon, coincided with his

own ideas of re¢titude. If he
found that it did, he firmly persisted
‘in it. His general character was
that of uncommon resolution and in-
flexibility. He was very wild, as it
is commonly reported of him, till
about eighteen years of age. After
that period, he became very steady
and sedate. A neighbour instru¢t-
ed him a little in arithmetic. About
the age of twenty or twenty-one, he
undertook the building of a large
jron forge at Cardiff, and lodged

with a person named Walter Rosser,

a baker, and blind. This man
taught English reading. William
Edwards was alive to every oppor-
‘tunity of iniprovement, and rapidly
acquired what he eagerly pursued.
He seems, indeed, to have possessed
a mind, that could not easily be
stopped in its progress. To the
two languages, however, his at-
tainments in literature were confin-

ed; but their application to the va-

rious branches of study in which he
was engaged, afforded constant exer-
cise even to his industry and spirit of
enquiry. After he had performed
his engagements at Cardiff, he built

many good houses, with several
forges and smelting-houses, and was

for many years employed at works
of this nature by John Morris, of
Clasemont, esq.
Caerphilly castle is in his native
rish. He has often been heard to

_ gay, that he would frequently visit

that celebrated ruin, and study the
principles of its excellent masonry,
with all its various peculiarities, ap-
pearing in those venerable remains.

743

He considered himself to have de.
rived more important. knowledge
from this, than from any other .
circumstance. Indeed, his princi-
ples were formed on those of the
Caerphilly castle masonry. He was,
what may with suflicient propriety
be termed, a mason of the ancient
castle, or Gothic school. His man-
ner of hewing and dressing his stones
was exactly that of the old castle.
masons. He put them together ina
style of closeness, neatness, and
firmness, that is never seen but in
those ancient, and, as far as we
know, ev erlasting edifices. His son
is perhaps the only workman re-
maining, who on any occasion prac-
tises the ancient masonry; and in
the modern he is equally a proficient.
The full complement of business,
which usually attends a high repu-
tation in any line, might be sup-
posed to have engrossed all the time
and thoughts of a self-taught man.
But William Edwards’ united’ with
his trade the occupation of a far-
mer during the whole of his life. ,
Nor was Sunday, though a sabbath,
a day of rest to him; for then he
had clerical functions to exercise.
In his religious sentiments he was a
dissenter, of the denomination styled
Independents, About 1750 he was
regularly ordained according to the
usage of the sect of which he was a
member; and about the same time
was chosen minister of the congre-
gation meeting at a chapel in his na-
tive parish, where he olictated for
forty years, and till he died. He
was a Calvinist, but of a very libe-
ral description: indeed he carried
his charity so far, that many per-
sons suspected he had changed his
opinions, and for that reason spoke
very unhandsomely of him. ora
length of time during the last years

bh 4

744

of his ministry, he always avoided
in his discourses those points of doc-
trine that were more peculiarly in
dispute between the Calvinists and
other parties. He frequently re-
peated and enforced a maxim, well
worthy the adoption of the most en-
lightened and eminent divines: that
the love of God and of our neigh-
bour is the ultimate end of all reli-
-gions, which having attained, their
possessors had arrived at their ob-
jeét; and that it is against the spi-
rit of Christianity to suppose, that

among all parties, be they what:

they may, there are not many who
have indisputably obtained this dis-
tinguishing characteristic. Few a-
mong his party were considered to
be so edifying in their discourses as
he was, and this specimen has a
strong tendency to accredit the opi-
nion: but sentiments of such libe-
Yality and moderation must have
been suspected of trenching a little
on the soundness. of his Calvinism.
Another principle of his eyinced
that his judgment was equal to his
candour.
be the duty of a religious society, to
support their minister decently ; and
for this reason he took from his con-
gregation the stipulated salary,
though he never converted a single
farthing of it to his own use, but
distributed the whole among the
poor members of the church, and
even added very considerably to this
Jargess from his own personal pro-
perty. Hevery wisely alleged, that
though a lucrative business would
have allowed him to officiate gratui-
tously, his successor might be difie-
rently cireumstanced ; and the peo-
ple, relieved from a burden for a
time, would look with an evil eye
on an instructor, who had it not in
his power to exhibit similar disin-

He always declared it to ©

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

terestedness. So judicious a mix- -
ture of prudence and _ generosity
might furnish a lesson to certain un-
discriminating enthusiasts, who brand
with the opprobrious name of hire
those fair emoluments, from which ~
respeciable abilities, however or
wherever employed, are entitled to
derive ease and competence. From
these authentic notices it will suffici-
ently appear, that those who have
termed him sarcastically, or, by
way of ridicule, a methodist preach-
er, have egregiously misrepresented.
him. He never officiated at any
of the methodist meetings. He fre-
quently preached at the dissenting
mecting-house of the rev. Lewis
Rees, father of Dr. Abraham Rees,
the editor of the new Encyclopedia.
This meeting-house was situated
near Morriston, the building of
which he superintended. Many of
his discourses were taken down in
short-hand by William Jones, clerk
to Mr. Padley, of Swansea. They
were always delivered in Welsh, It
may well be supposed that he de-
tested an intolerant or persecuting
spirit, and always reprobated. the
rancour of too many dissenters to-
wards the established church. He
was well respeéted by the most in-
telligent and liberal of all seéts and
parties, and died, very much la-
mented by all who knew him, in
the seventieth year of his age, in
the year 1789, and in his native
parish of Eglwysilan, where he
lies buried in the church-yard. He
had six children: four sons, and
two daughters. Thomas, David, and
Kdward, were brought up to their
father’s trade; William was shot at
Gibraltar in the American war.

His son David is likewise very
skilful in bridge-building, the prin-
ciples of which he learnt by work-

ing

CHARACTERS.

ing with his father. Among many
others, he built in Caermarthen-
shire, Landilo-bridge, of three very
light, elegant, and large arches, over
the river Towy, six miles above the

_ town of Caermarthen; Edwinsford-

bridge, over the river Cothy ; Pont-
loyring, over the river. Taw, that
divides the counties of Caermarthea
and Pembroke; Bedwas-bridge,

over the Remny; and last of ail,

Newport-bridge, over the Usk, in
Monmouthshire: and this, if we
consider the impediments with which
he had to struggle here, must be al-
lowed to have been a very arduous
undertaking. The difliculty of

making good foundations, together
_with the hazards attending Welsh
mountain floods from the land, and
- the furious Severn tides from the

REPS

ae '

FO a TES oe

a.
or

ie
a

7.9) 4

Bristol Channel, might have deterred
a less enterprising artist: but he
surmounted every obstacle, and
completed it in 1801. It consists

_of five arches, supported by high

piers. The central arch is seyenty
feet in the span, and twenty-two
feet and a half high from the base or
chord of the arch. The other
arches are each sixty-two feet in the
span, and twenty-two feet in alti-
tude. The piers are fourteen feet

_ wide at the springing of the arches.

The height, from low-water mark to
the top of the parapet, is fifty-seven
fect. Itisa very ornamental, mag-
nificent, scientific, and conveniently

_ constructed bridge.

Mr. David Edwards lives at pre-
sent in Glamorganshire, in a good
farm of about five hundred pounds
per annum. He is very much re-

_ pected in his neighhourhood ; sim.

ple in his manners, hospitable in his
house, and very intelligent in his

_ profession. His son William, brought

up to the same trade, isa very skil.

745

ful mason, and particularly so in all
kinds of bridge and water-works.
He now superintends many of the
locks and bridges of the Kennet and
Avon navigation from London, te
Bristol: but his father is not in-
formed whether he has yet entered
into a contract for the rebuilding of
Caerleon-bridge, in Monmouth-
shire. The present is an uncommon
instance of the same taste and ta-
lents pervading a family for three
generations. Bridge-building and
farming seem destined to be their
hereditary employments.

An Account of Goronwy Owen : from
Bingley’s Excursions into North
Wales.

Goronwy Owen, a man inferior
in talent and genius to none which
Wales has produced, was born in
the year 1722; and his father hav-
ing only a small farm to support his
family upon, Goronwy’s schooling
was acquired in the neighbouring
village of Llanallgo. _ During his
early years, he exhibited such marks
of application and abilities, that at
the age of fifteen he was taken as
an assistant in the grammar-school
at Pwliheli. Here he found em-
ployment for some time. - In 1741
he went to Oxford; but, from the
poverty of his parents, he was sup-
ported in that university by the mu-
nificence of Mr. Lewis Morris.
Four years afterwards he received
holy orders at Bangor, and became
curate to the bishop, at Llanfair.
The bishop soon removing him, to
make way for one of his own friends,
he accepted the curacy of Oswestry,
and in the same year received priest’s
orders at St. Asaph. . In the year
following he married, and in 1748

he

746

he removed to Donnington, near
Shrewsbury, where he served a
church, aud taught a school, for
about twenty-six pounds a year.
He changed his residence in 1753
(with his wife and two children), to
serve the curacy of Walton, near
Liverpool, for which, and the care
of a school, he was allowed forty
pounds and a house. Here. he
found all the articles of life so ex-
pensive, that, in a letter to his in-
timate friend, Mr. Richard Morris,
of the Navy-office, the brother to
Lewis Morris, he expresses a wish
that he could obtain in Wales, in
exchange for it, a curacy of only
thirty pounds. On thisslender, and
hard-earned pittance, his family was
almost starving, when, two years
afterwards, he was induced to re-
move to London, in search of some-
thing more valuable. His friend,
Lewis Morris, applied for prefer-
ment to lord Powis, but his appli-
cation was unsuccessful, and poor
Goronwy was compelled to accept,
for a short time, the curacy of
North-holt, in Middlesex. Here he
‘was once more on the point of
starving, when the rectory of St.
Andrews, in the county of Bruns-
- wick, in Virginia, worth about two
hundred pounds per annum, was
obtained for him; and, in the
month of November, 1757, he sail-
ed from this country to take pos-
session of it: Here his situation
seems to have been still distressing.
He had to live among men whose
whole conduét he detested, and
whose interest he found was pursued
at the expence of every thing wor-
thy and honourable. In only two
letters that have been received by
his friends in this country, of the
great number that he wrote, he
eomplains, that all his letters from

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

hence. were opened before they
came to his hands. With one of
these letters he himself travelled se-
venty miles,
nearly as far, to secure them a pas-
sage, by delivering them himself to
captains of vessels. In one of
them, dated July 1767, he states
the loss of all his family, except one
boy.

Thus had this poor fellow, though
a man of the highest talents, to
struggle with misfortune through
every part of his life; and the close
attention that, in England, he paid
to the duties of his station as a
schoolmaster, and his application to
the study of Janguages and general
literature, during what ought to
have been hours dedicated to rest,
with the necessary anxieties for his
family, tended greatly to under-
mine his health. His charaéter
throughout appears to have beert
free from stain. He was not ambi-
tious, a comfortable subsistence
seems to have been the utmost limits
of his wishes, yet his country did
not give it; and with every qualifi-
cation that could render him of use
to society, he was banished from his
native home, to seek an asylum, for
a mere existence, in a voluntary
transportation from every thing he
held dear and valuable.

The acquirements of Goronwy
Owen were very extensive. To a
perfeét acquaintance with the Latin
and Greek languages, he added a
knowledge of Hebrew, Chaldee,
Arabic, and Syriac. His Latin odes
have been universally admired for
the purity of their language; and
for the elegance of their expression,
Asa Welsh poet, he ranks superior
to all since the days of Dafydd ap
Gwilym. Those parts of his works
that have been printed, are consi-

dered

and with the other |

CHARACTERS.

dered as perfeét models of Welch
poetry. He translated some of the
odes of Anacreon into Welsh verse ;
of this attempt he modestly says, in
a letter to Mr. R. Morris, in his pe-
culiarly playful manner, ‘* I have
lately taken a fancy to my old ac-
quaintance Anacreon; and as he had
some hand in teaching me Greek, I
have endeavoured to make him talk
in Welsh, and that in metre, too.”
His poetry consists chiefly of odes,
moral, serious, and religious; but
his most celebrated performance is a
poem on the day of judgment,
“¢ Cywydd y Farn fawr.” The
ideas in this are so grand, and it is
throughout so crowded with poetic
images, as deservedly to raise it su-
perior to the works of any buta
few of-the most eminent bards.— He
had also a general knowledge of an-
tiquities, which, from his various
letters that are extant, he seems to
have pursued with considerable ar-
dour.

A full charaéter of the talents and
poetry of Goronwy Owen was
written by Mr. Lewis Morris to
Mr. Vaughn of Nannau, in the
hopes of obtaining for him some
preferment in the church. ‘¢ I
wrote to you some time ago in be-
half of peor Goronwy Owen, the
greatest genius either of this age, or
that ever appeared in our country ;
and perhaps few other countries can
boast his equal for universal know-
ledge.””—‘* | have two or three of
his poems, the best that ever were
written in our language (the Welsh),
and such as will endure so long as
there is good sense, good nature,
and good learning in the world. It
is a pity, and the greatest of pities,
_ that such a man as this, who is not
only the greatest of poets, but a
great master of language, should la~

747

bour under the hardship of keeping
a school, and serving a curacy, in
the middle of Carn Saeson (Saxon
heap, the English people), and all
for the paltry income of twenty-six
pounds a year.”—** I should like,
of all things, to have him in Meri-
onethshire; but he wishes to be in
Anglesea, his native country. Lam
told you have some interest with the
bishop of Bangor; if you can get
this man a living, you will not only
make him immortal, but you will
make me immortal too; and if you
are hard-hearted enough to refuse
me immortality, when to be had on
such easy terms, [ shall think you
very cruel. My next letter shalt
bring you ‘* Cywdd y Gem,” which
is the last poem he has written: the
subject is a search for happiness.
Dedwyddyd (happiness) is the gem
he has searched for in all corners of
the world, and after a great many
fine descriptions, and researches with
the help of learning and philosophy,
after consulting the writings of So.
lomon and some others, he finds
that the gem is not among those on
crowns, mitres, and caps, nor, im
short, does he discover it any where
in the world. He then finds a book
written by another son of David,
which direéts him where it is to be
found, and he gives a lively de-
scription of the country (heaven),
This is the subject, but nothing can
equal the beautiful turns and ex.
pressions throughout the whole po-
em, which renders the writer wor.
thy not only of a paltry reetory,
but of the favour of all the men of
sense in our country; and the per-
formance itself is not only an ho-
nour to the ancient Britons, but to
human nature in general.””—After
giving some specimens of his poetry,
Ms. Morris goes on :—*¢ These tines

will

748

will last for ever, in spite of enemies
—neither fire nor water can destroy
them, nor will they perish till the
world falls to pieces, and man is no
more.” After another specimen
from one of his poems, of the song
sung by the morning stars on the
creation of the world, he concludes,
‘¢¢ When I see in Milton, in Dry-
den, or in Pope, such nervous lines
as these, and such grand expressions
as this poem contains, I shall ad-
mire them as muchas I do Goronwy
Owen, and not till then.”’*

It is to be remarked, that in one
of Goronwy’s letters to his friends,
previous to his departure from this
country, he laments that his friend
Lewis Morris had taken some of-
fence at his conduct, and had not
only withdrawn his attentious, but
had even spoken in very disrespeét-
ful terms of him. He was himself,
however, superior to pique, and con-
tinued to express his gratitude and
friendship to the last, On the death
of his friend he composed an elegy,
beautifully expressive of his sense of
the loss of so good and useful a man.
Goronwy Owen died in Virginia,
but the time of his death I have not
been able to ascertain.

Memoranda of the late Mr. Pennant.
From the same.

This indefatigable and useful
writer was born at Bychton, in the
parish of Whitford, on the 14th of
June, 1726, He was a lineal des-
cendant from Tudor Trevor, who
‘married Angharad the daughter of

ANNUAL REGISTER.

Howel Dda, prince of Nort
Wales. + : :

He became possessed of the estate
at Downing by thedeath of his father
David Pennant ; and having discover-
ed a rich mine of lead ore on it, he
was enabled, by means of the emolu-
ments arising {rom this, to make
considerable improvements. Here
he principally resided.

‘¢ The house itself,” he informs
us, ‘¢ has little to boast of. J for-
tunately found it incapable of being
improved into a magnitude exceed~-
ing the revenue of the family, It
has a hall which I prefer to the ru-
ral impropriety of a paltry vestibule;
a library ; a parlour capable of con-
taining more guests than I ever wish
to see in it at a time, septem convi-
vium; noyem convicium ! and a
smoaking room, most antiquely fur-
nished with aucient carvings, and
the horns of aJl the European beasts
of chace. This room is now quite
out of use, as to its original purpose.
Above stairs is a good drawing-
room, in times of old called the
dining-room, and a tea-room, the
sum of all thatare really wanted. I
have Cowley’s wish realized,—a
small house and a large garden!”

The library contains, he says, a
numerous collection of books, prin-
cipally_of history, natural history, »
and classics. ‘* My own labours,” he
adds, ‘¢ might fill an ordinary book
room.”

In his History of Whiteford and
Holywell, he mentions another
house called Downing, on the op-
posite side of the Dingle, about
three hundred yards from this man-

* Letter dated 7th October 1752. It is deposited among the Plis Gwyn MSS.

+The name is truly Welsh, derived from pen, the head, and nant, a narrow
valley, the house of Bychton, the ancient family mansion, being seated at the

head of a very considerable dingle.

3

A ’
sion,

CHARACTERS.

sion, the property of Thomas Tho-
mas, esq. Fierce feuds, as usual,
in days of yore, raged, according
to his relation, between the two
families. ‘*'These Montagues used to
_ takea cruel revenge on their neigh-
_ bour Capulet, by the advantage of
astream which ran through their
grounds, in its way to our kitchen,
where it was applied to the turning
ofaspit. ‘* How often,” says he,
_ “has that important engine been
stopped before it performed half its
evolutions! our poor Capulet swear-
ing, lady crying, cock fuming, and
nurse screaming! But

To hear the children mutter,
Whien they lost their bread and butter,
It would move a heart of stone.”

Till the advancement of Richard
Pennant, esq, in the year 1783, to
the title of Penrhyn, the family,
accerding to his own account, was
never distinguished by any honours
beyond the most useful one, that of
a justice of the peace: and ‘‘ Ishould
blush,” he says, ‘¢ if a Pennant
could be found who, through lack
of public spirit, sloth, or sclfishness,
would decline that great constitu-
tional office !”’

The first sheriff of this house was
_ Pyers Pennant, who discharged that
_ trust in 1612. He had the fortune
_ to marry the daughter of a family
not famed for placidity, or the
_ milder virtues. Valde, valde, irrita-
_bilegenus! “And fromthem, Tom,”
an aunt used often to tell him, ‘* we

got our passion 3” and frequently
had the wise Welsh caution, Be-
ware of a breed!

The fruits of this marriage soon
appeared, for Thomas, the eldest
gon, ina ‘ furor brevis,” killed his
miller, He was indicted for man-
slaughter, tried and convicted, but
afterwards pardoned.

4

749

When Mr. Pennant was about
twelve years old, the father of Mrs.
Piozzi presented him with a copy of
Willughby’s Ornithology. — ‘This
first gave a taste for the study of
natural history, which he after=
wards pursued with so much avidity,
and from which the world has ob-
tained so much instruction and be-
nefit.

The high gratification that he de-
rived from this delightful science,
and a desire of examining the island
that gave him birth, induced him,
about his twentieth year, to make,
from Oxford, the tour of Cornwall.
In this expedition he obtained a
considerable knowledge of the mi-
neralogy of the west of England.
Not long afterwards, he went over
the principal parts of Ireland; but
such, he informs us, ‘¢ was the con-
viviality of the country, that his
journal proved as meagre as his en-
tertainment was gras; so it never
was a dish fit to be offered to the
public.”

In the year 1755 he began a cor.
respondence with Linnzus, which
ended only when the age and infirm-
ities of that justly celebrated man
obliged him to desist. ‘To the ta-
Jents of Mr. Pennant, Linneus sub-
scribed in the highest terms; and
two years after the commence.
ment of their acquaintance, Mr.
Pennant was, at his instance, eleét-
ed a member of the Royal Society
at Upsal.

In 1761, he published his first
work, the folio edition of his British
Zoology.”

Four years after this he made a
short tour to the continent, during
which he became personally ac-
quainted with Le Compte de Buffon.
While in Paris, he passed much of
his time with this naturalist, and

afterwards

750

afterwards spent some days with
him, at his seat at Monbard.

At Ferney he visited Voltaire.
“¢ He happened,” says Mr. P.,
which is nearly the whole account
he gives of him, “‘ to be in good
humour, and was very entertaining ;
and, in his attempt to speak English,
convinced us that he was a perfect
master of our oaths and our curses.”

At Bern he commenced acquaint-
ance with Baron Haller, and at the
Hague with Dr. Pallas. His meet-
ing with the latter gave rise to his
Synopsis of Quadrupeds, and after-
wards, in a second edition, to his
- History of Quadrupeds. A work
of this nature was commenced by
Pallas, at the desire of Mr. Pennant,
on a plan somewhat similar to that
of Ray’s Synopsis ; but this gentle-
man being invited to Petersburgh,
by the empress of Russia, his em-
ployments there did not allow him
sufficient leisure to carry it on: it
was, therefore, transferred from
his to Mr. Pennant’s hands; but
from Pallas he continued to receive
considerable improvements and cor-
rections.

In 1769 he made his first tour
into Scotland, acountry at that time
almost as little known to its south-
ern brethren as Kamtschatka.
published an account of his journey,
which proved that the northern
parts of Great Britain might be vi-
sited with safety, and even with
pleasure; and from this time Scot-
land has formed one of the fashion-
able British tours. A candid ac-
count of this country was so great
anovelty, that the impression was
instantly bought up, and the fol-
lowing year another was printed,
and as soon sold. By this work he
endeavoued to reconcile the affec-
tious of two nations which had been

1

He’

ANNUAL REGISTER.

set at variance by evil designing peo

ple; and he received ample testimony °

from several of the Scots, of their
approbation and satisfaction.

In 1772, he performed his long-
est journey; his second tour in
Scotland, and voyage to the He-
brides ; and he returned rich in civic
honours, receiving the usual compli-
ments of every corporated town.
The publication of this tour obtain-
ed the applause that it justly me-
rited.

It was in this journey that Mr.
Pennant became acquainted with
Mr. Hutchinson, of Barnard-castle,
the author of the Histories of Dur-
ham and Cumberland. The first in-
terview was sufficiently whimsical :
Mr. Pennant thus relates it ;—‘ I
was mounted on the famous stones in
the church-yard of Penrith, to take a
nearer view of them, and see whe-
ther the drawing I had procured,
done by the rev. Dr. Todd, had the
least foundation in truth. Thus en-
gaged, a person of good appearance,
looking up at me, observed, ‘ what
fine work Mr. Pennant had made
with these stones!’ I saw he had got
into a horrible scrape; so, unwil-
ling to make bad worse, descended,
laid hold of his button, and told him,
‘Iwas the ma! After his confu-
sion was over, I made a short de-
fence, shook him by the hand, and
we became, from that moment, fast
friends.”

He made, previous to the year
1778, several journies over the six
counties of North Wales, in which
he collected ample materials even
for their history. His work on this
country appeared, at different pe-
riods, in two volumes in quarto, OF
its merits I am able to speak in
terms somewhat positive, having
myself examined nearly every place

in

a

se oe

‘1

in this division of the principality
that Mr. Pennant had visited. L
ean pronounce of it, that, for accu-
racy, it is throughout (when the
‘necessary allowance is made for al-
terations that have taken place in
the Japse of four and twenty years)
almost unexceptionable. What it
wants in elegance of style is suffici-
ently compensated by quantity of
matter; and the antiquarian, the
artist, and the philosopher, may
alike derive from it information and
instruction.

His Arctic Zoology appears to
have been commenced about this
period. At first this was designed
only to comprehend the zoology
of North America, and it was in-

tended to bear that title as a colony,

of Great Britain. But the moment
that country became separated from
us, he determined upon an alteration
in his plan; taking inall the animals
of the northern parts of the old
continent, he resolved to render it
a more general work, and therefore
gave it the above title. ‘This was so
well received by the public, as to
be translated into German by pro-
fessor Zimmerman ; that part of it
which relates to the north of Eu-
Tope was translated into Swedish ;
and the introduction into French.
_ In the year 1779, when the dis-
pptent began to grow so high,
at even the little county of Flint
took a share in the attempt to pro-
re a redress of grievances, he was
lesirous of rendering every assistance
his power to ajlay the popular
ry. He exerted himself among
his” neighbours, and reasoned some
of them again into their senses. THe
also framed a speech to deliver at a
general mecting, but when the time
arrived, such was his diffidence, that
he had not courage enough to rise

CHARACTERS.

751

up; and therefore, as the only me-
thod he had to resort to for the cir-
culation of this opinion, he printed
the Lenitive Intention.

The following is an enumeration
of his different publications,’ with
their dates:

British Zoology, folio edition 1761
second edition, two vols. 8vo.

1768
FOL. Il. BVO, 25.) he 1769
—— 103 additional plates, &c, 8vo.
1770
fourth edition, three vols. 8vo.

177
vol, iv. containing worms, &c.
1777
Synopsis of Quadrupeds, eight vols.
1771,

History of Quadrupeds, being the
second edition of the Synopsis,

twovwols: 410.3094 (23 2 1781
third edition, two vols. 4to.
: 17923
Genera of Birds, 8vo...-..- 1773
Indian Zoology, two vols. 4to.1779
second edition, 4to...-. 1792
Arctic Zoology, two yols. 4to.1784
Supplement to, 4to....- 1787
second edition, two vols. 4to.
1792
Tour in Scotland, in 1769, 8v0.1771
second edition, 8yo...-. 1772
——— third edition, 4to......- 1774
Tour in Scotland, in 1772, forming
FOL, Ms 400.5 5 hagte'= alata & 1774
vol, iii. 4to.......-..-1775
-——fifth edition, three vols. 4to,
1790

Tour in Wales, vol, i, 4to...1778
VOl; i. Atop Sas seus an TOL
second edition, two vols. 4to,

1784

Journey from Chester to London,
ALO crs ote eve itie eae 6 wisi am tte 1782
Account of London, 4te...-- 1790
second and third editions1791
Literary Life, 4to......----- 1793

History

752
History of Whitford and Holywell,

ii.” 4to, 22puTuolel ies. 1798
Miscellanies, only 30 copies, from a
private press.
History of the Patagonians, from
the same press.
Posthumous Publications.
Outlines of the Globe, vol. iii. and

INE M6055 ye eee. 1781
Journey from London to Dover, 4to.
1801

Journey from Dover to the Isle of.

Wight, Ato. /-2 Saepees + 1801

The two last of these form also
two of the volumes of the work de-
nominated by Mr. Pennant, ‘‘ Out-
lines of the Globe.” This, in ma-
nuscript, occupies two and twenty
folio volumes, and uncommon ex-
pence was bestowed on them, iu
ornaments and illuminations. No
more than six have been yet pub-
lished.

The writing of his numerous
works, their correction, and the
_ additions to the subsequent editions,
with his various other duties, kept
both his mind and body inactive and
continual employment.

To his regular and temperate
mode of life, and his riding exer-
cise, for he performed all his differ-
ent tours on horseback, with the
perfect ease that he enjoyed on
these pleasing excursions, he attri-
butes the almost uninterrupted
good health he enjoyed for nearly
seventy years,
retiring to rest was ten o’clock;
and he rose, both in summer and
winter, at seven. He carefully
avoided that meal of excess, a sup-
per; ‘‘ and my soul,” says he,
“ rises with vigor to its ‘employs,
and does not, I: trust, disappoint
the end of its Creator:

ANNUAL REGISTER.

His general time of -

Behold how pale the seated guests arise,

From suppers, puzzled with varieties !

The body too with yesterday’s excess,

Burthen’d and tir’d shall the poor soul
depress;

Weigh Rise. this portion of celestial
birth,

This breath of God, and fix it on the
earth.”

His favourite exercise seems to—
have been on horseback, and this he
continued, as far as he was able, to
the latest part of his life, ‘* con-—
sidering the absolute resignation of ©
the person to the luxury of a carri- ©
age, to forbode a very short interval
betwixt that and the vehicle which -
is to carry us to our last stage.” *

In the year 1792, the sixty-se-
venth of his age, he says of himself, —
*¢ though my body may have some- ©
what abated its wonted vigor, yet”
my mind still retains its powers, its —
longing after improvement, its wish —
to see new lights through the |
chinks which time has made.” And, |
speaking of his great attempt, the
Outlines of the Globe: ‘¢ Happy is_
the life that could beguile its fleeting
hours without injury to any one,
and, with addition of years, conti-—
nue to rise in its pursuits. But
more interesting, and still more ex-—
alted subjects, must employ my fu- i
ture span.”’ |

Some of these latter observations :
appear in his ‘* Literary Life,”
which contains his biography so far_
as relates, principally, to his lite-—
rary concerns, to the commence-—
ment of the year 1793. This, al-_
though published by himself, he_
whimsically denominated a posthu-
mous work, the name in dotted |
characters,

THOMAS PENNANT :
subscribed to the advertisment, in-—
dicating

ae CHARACTERS.

dicating it to be sent into the world
by departed literary spirit. From
this time he declares himself deter-
mined to appear in no new works
before the public, yet the activity
of his mind would not suffer him,
even in this advanced age, entirely
to resign himself to private labours
_ and domestic concerns ; accordingly
he wrote, and in 1796 printed, the
* History of Whitford and Holy-
_ well, ” the word
RESURGAM
appropriately occupying the leaf
_ preceding the title. He afterwards
» published also the two first volumes
_ of the ‘¢ Outlines of the Globe.”
The loss of an amiable daughter,
‘inthe year 1794, had so great an
effect upon his minis that he was
never able perfectly to recover it.
Ih April ensuing he had the misfor-
tune to snap the patella of his knee
in descending a flight of steps. This
accident coming’ him long to his
room, but he recovered from it in a
wonderful manner.
_ Towards the latter end of the
“year 1796 he began to be affected
_by the pulmonary complaint, which
at length terminated his life. His
mental faculties, however, still con-
‘tinued in agreatmeasure unimpaired,
till the month of October, 1798,
hen his disorder began to wear a
rious aspect. He was from this

xteenth of December, closed his
existence without a groan. Consci-
is of approaching dissolution, he
the stroke with the utmost
“composure and resignation.
~ Thus was society deprived of one
ofits most active, and one of its
n0st valuable members. Of the
industry and talents of Mr. Pen-
it, his election as member of
ious literary institutions, both
peMor. XLVI.

753

at home and abroad, bear satisfac-
tory evidence:

EO Society, Nos. 1754.

Royal Society at Upsal, Feb.
1757.

_ Royal Society of Libsaicns Feb.
1767.

Royal Academy of Dronthiem,
Mar. 1769.

L. L. D. at Oxford, May 1771.

Societas Phisiographica, Lond.
June 1783.

American Philosophical Society at
Philadelphia, April 1791.

Royal Academy of Sciences at
Stockholm, May 1784.

Royal Society at Edinburgh, Hon.
Mem. Jan.1785..

Society of Antiquaries at Perth,
Hon. Mem. Dec. 1785.

Linnean Society of London, Hon.
Mem.

In the writings of Mr. Pennant
we are not to look for any of those
brilliant effusions of genius thatmark
the pen of some of the modern na-
turalists and travellers.’ But if he
did not possess their fire, he had the
more valuable requisites of untar-
nished principle, and a scrupulous.
adherence to truth. Perseverance,
industry, and correctness, are their
leading characteristics. His reading
was extensive, particularly in the
zoological branches of natural his-
tory. He possessed a retentive me~
mory, anda considerable rapidity
of composition, his works being ge.
nerally ‘printed, with little or no
correction, as they flowed from the
pen.

As to his private character, he.
was religious without bigotry; and,
from principles the most pure and
disinterested, firmly attached to the
established church. He was asteady
friend to our excellent constitution 5
and, when the spirit of democracy

3C with

754

with which the mania of ancighbour-
ing country appeared desirous of
overwhelming our kingdom, was
spreading abroad, he resisted its ef-
forts with all his might. In times
of scarcity he materially alleviated
the distresses of the neighbouring
poor by the importation of grain.
tf he had foibles, let them be buried
in his grave, and let the first who is
without, draw them from thence te his
dispraise. To sum up the general
character of Mr. Pennant in few
words, he was a ma: of upright con-
duct and the most unshaken integri-
ty, uniting to a good head that va-
luable counter part so often wanting,
an excellent heart.

“The Streets of Paris described; or
Sketches of the Habits and Man-
ners of the lower Orders of Pari-
sians ; contained in Letters to «a
Lady, by the celebrated Dramatist
Kotzebue.

My dear friend,

The proverb, “¢ Tell me what
company you keep, and I will tell
you what you are,” is, perhaps, li-
able to many exceptions ; for only
very independent men are at liberty
to choose their company: I should
like to propose another proverbial

’ saying, “‘ Tell me how your room

looks, and I will tell you what kind
of man you are.” ‘These two ex-
ceptions may sometimes belie the
rule; but, upon the whole, I chal-
Yenge every reader to look about
among his acquaintance, whether

the appearance of the room does not

frequently resemble the character of
its inhabitant ?

You ask me, why this introduc-
tion? My answer is, we are now
gn Paris. The capital is, as it were,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. a

the room of a nation; and if f sti¢s
ceed in making you a little better
acquainted with modern Paris, f
am also of opinion, I shall have
partly portrayed the French nation.
Please to favour me with your
arm! For what? To take a walk
through the streets of Paris in this
fine autumnal weather. You. will
not be sorry for it. No foreigner
should negleét such a walk; for the
quays, boulevards, &c. present the
most entertaining speétacle from
morning till night. As often as the
weather permitted, I rambled about
on foot, stopped wherever a little
crowd was gathering; I looked,
I listened, ‘gaped too, if you please,
amused myself like a prince, and
often picked up a grain of experi-

ence to deposit in my memory.
Behold in one place a wheel of
fortune made of glass ; are you not
surprised? Here extremes meet 5
one of the most enlightened nations
of Europe, seems likewise to be the
most superstitious. At the corners
of every street, you find cunning
people, who in every possible man-
ner allure passengers, to announce
to them, infallibly, what numbers —
will be prizes in the next drawingof —
the numerous French lotteries ; and
such a prophet has alwaysacrowded
circle about him. This dirty wheel’
of fortune has a hole on the top;
the ragged fellow who stands behind
it, has made a kind of an instru-—
ment of the back bone of a goose,
which he applies to the hole with ~
great gravity, and almost without —
moving his lips imitates the speaks —
ing of Punch, which sounds exactly —
as if some little demon were sitting —
in the wheel, and addressing the —
auditors. If the curious draw near, —
the goose’s bone suddenly jumps off —
the hole, and the ghostly yoice in-—
4? . vites

» Belves up to children’s play.
i ging your pardon, it is, in fact,

CHARACTERS. P55

ites the bystanders, whose hands
are already in motién, under the
most splendid assurances of drawing
the numbers which are to be prizes.
Two sous is the usual price of all
such never failing prophecies.

A little farther another has a
large board with letters exposed,
tell him only your initials he im-
mediately draws your name from
the board, and in a hole behind it,
finds you all you desire to know.
This way of divination has been
found too simple by a third. Be.
hold that table where all sorts of
neat little figures are driven round
by clock-work. At first sight, it
does not look at all like the sanétu-
ary of a lottery prophet; but you

willsoon perceive, that on the mid-

dle pole which goes through the
table, a zediac is fastened over the
puppets, in which the months are
inscribed and which turns round
with them. Higher up you behold
another circle bearing the ninety
numbers. Now only please to
touch with your finger the puppet
youthink most endowed with the gift
of soothsaying: for instance, this
Turkish emperor who holds his scep-
tre so majestically high; all the
figures immediately begin to run,
the zodiac turns round, as do the
numbers, and you wait in patience
for the result.

~~ Now the clock-work is run down,
_ the emperor of Turkey stands still,

and points with his sceptre to the
month of August, exa¢tly above
whichis No. 78. Can any thing be

‘more natural and certain than that
_ by taking this number for this
- month, you will win great sums

- upon it?

You laugh that people
should thus seriously give them-
Beg-

doing no more than a philosopher,
who, taking his chair, draws up
with two demonstrating fingers the
curtain of futurity, as he would
unroll a piece of paper ?

Let us go farther, and see this
brilliant inscription: the golden
chain of fate. This valuable chain
consists of ninety cases, or wrap-
pers of gilt paper, which are wound
on a wheel, like yarn to be un-
recled, and turned by a blind man,
You choose one of these paper cases,
the blind man opens it, and the
number it contains again makes
your fortune. But should you be
absolutely determined not to make
it in the lottery, you will at least be
curious enough to learn your fu-
ture destinies, and the past like
wise if you please.

In front of the Pont Neuf stands a
conjurer, who expressly announces
himself. to be privileged by the
police, and who has devoted his
talent chiefly to the lottery: as
men had much rather win money,
than look into futurity. At your
desire the same personage opens
you the book of fate for two sous,
and with wonderous fluency of
speech, relates -to you all that has
happened and willhappen. Though
twenty people, one atter another,
different by professions, age, and
sex, should all appeal to his skill,
it does not put him out of sountde
nance; he stares at one after the
other, reads in their eyes and whole
countenance, speaks to each for
at least two minutes, is very grave
all the while, makes use of the
choicest terms of language, says in
about an hour, (so long I imagine
I staid), certainly not the same thing
twice over, never stops or stammers,
makes a slight bow at last; asks
for nothing, addresses those who

3C2 follow,

756

follow, takes what the preceding
drop into his hand, and puts it into
his pocket without looking at it.

This man, in any other situation,
would certainly have been an ex-
cellent speaker, The countenances
of his consulters form the most di-
verting part of the scene. The
utmost deyotion, perfect resigna-
tion, and firm belief, are deeply
impressed in every feature. As the
man always expresses himself parti-
cularly relative to the past with
such artful duplicity, he cannot
fail, with the help of his ingenious
powers of fancy, to hit the truth
with regard to several of his hearers.
J have often remarked, with what
amazement people stared at him,
and how many a lady turned away
with tears in her eyes. Thus the
same Parisians, who but a few
years ago carried about the goddess
of Reason, though only on their
shoulders, believe in divination, and
surround by hundreds the first pre-
tended prophet they meet.

A Frenchman possesses an inex-
haustible fund of polite and agree-
abie turns, which, though every
one knows they are unmeaning, yet
draw an approving smile from all
his hearers. ‘There, stands a fellow
twisting a puppet's coat on his fore~
finger, and sometimes letting a little
devil peep out, waving his hand
‘briskly ,towards heayen, and ex-
claiming, ‘¢ there it flics.” This flat
and stale joke he seasons very ad-
mirably with a ready account of
every thing the little imp will see in
his flight over Paris; now he sees
the gun-boats on the Seine, of which
he adds a pompous description ;
now a young lady just rising from
bed, whom he describes with every
possible facsination. Ample as is
the matter with which he is fur-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

nished by his flying devil (diable
yolant), copied from the devil upon
two-sticks (diable boiteux), still he
knows how to change his amuse-
ments in a clever manner, i

He suddenly calls a boy out of
the crowd, who may be about ten
years of age, putting his hand on
his head, he asks him very solemn-
ly, ‘¢ Are you married, my lad ¢”?
The younster stares at him and says,
*¢ No.” —*¢ Swear then,”? continues
the jester with a gruff voice, ‘*swear
that you are not married.”—The
boy is obliged to hold up his hand
and swear. ‘* Now I'll make thy
fortune.” He gives him a box and
promises to conjure so many hun-
dred louis dors intoit. But before
he begins his hocus pocus, he very
genteelly addresses the public, say-
ing, ‘* You. will perhaps ask, gen-
glemen, why with this facility of
making gold, I do not make my
own fortune? ’Tis because it is
already made. All that Iam doing
here, is entirely for your amuse-
ment.”? He now conjures the box
full of gold; at least it becomes as
heavy in the hand, as if there were
really gold init. To be sure, on
opening it, nothing is found but a
stone.
it, that the boy is a natural or ille-
gitimate child; or owes, at least,
his supposed legitimacy to his mo-
ther having told a tale about his
real origin? He declares with an
arch look, that he very seldom
meets with instances of the kind ;
that such things seldom occur at Pa-
ris; and quickly digresses to some
other subject.

All these are only jokes for the
populace ; but they are delivered
without decency being offended, and
are, indeed, not without wit. You
will allow that a nation, among

whom

But, can the conjurer help -

ee ee ee ee

ca fen

ts,

B of it.

: CHARACTERS.

whom the common people join so
heartily in laughing at this kind of
wit, must be advanced in cultiva-
' tion a step farther than many other
nations. But let us go on to his
neighbour, who carefully watches
till the wit, whom we have just
left, makes a pause—when he im-
mediately calls out with a loud voice,
_ Gentlemen, while my neighbour
- is taking breath, permit me to
_ show you a most remarkable expe-
riment ;” without waiting for an
answer, he carries round a box from
which he desires the people to draw
questions, relative to money, health,
love, the constancy or inconstancy
of a beloved objeét, legacies ex-
pected, &c. &c. While the ques-
_ tion is taking out of the box, the
_ professor of a thousand arts stands
at a distance to prove that he needs
_ not be acquainted with the subject
Then upon receiving two
- sous in ready cash, he first answers
the question, and, in the next
place gives a complete charaéter of
the inquirer, his temper, his good
-and bad qualities, and adds some
_ good advice respeéting the regula-
tion of his future conduct. Third-
dy, and lastly, he gives the five
numbers which will come out at the
next drawing; the whole printed
_ on pretty good paper.

__ _Tcannot indeed conceive how this
- ™an, considering the expence he

_ isat, can still have sufficient profit

left out of two pence to support
this merry life; this thought fre-
quently occurs to me. Listen to
_ that man further on, who offers
_ witha loud voice, and for two pence,
to every passenger, the rules of
piquet. The little book consists of

_ about two sheets; and though 1

_ cannot see any person who buys a
_ single copy of him, yet 1 haye found

797

him on the same spot for this fort-
night, and he still lives.

Attend to that girl crying till she
is hoarse, ‘‘ Fifty tooth-picks for
two sous, cinquante cure-dents pour
deux sous!” She sells’ but little of
her goods; she is ugly, nobody will
buy; and yet she lives. I prefer
those cunning wits, whose industry
speculates upon that inexhaustible
fund, the curiosity of mankind.
Here stands an old woman, who
reads, with a harsh voice, from a
printed sheet of blotting paper 5
what has happened in the last sit-
ting of the council of state. She
hardly closes her mouth before her
more aged neighbour opens her
faded lips, pours forth a torrent of
printed eloquence against the per-
fidy of the English ; pointing, at the
same time, to a wooden cut which
decorates her hand-bill, and in which
his Britannic majesty is very ill-
treated. The droll delivery of the
two old women is heard gratis,
and their hand-bills cost only one
sous.

Let us quit these haggard figures
for yon pretty round-faced wench,
who has set up a table, on which
stands about half a dozen of tin or
plated candlesticks. She holds a
woollen rag in her hand, which she -
dips into a red powder, and, while
she rubs the candlesticks quite
bright, she extols, in a mellifluous
tone, and with dimples in her

cheeks, the admirable qualities of

her powder. She asks the bystand-
ers for thimblts or shoe-buckles,
gives them back as bright as new,
and even promises to cure pimples
in the face with her powder ; but
no one offers his face for this expe
riment. A merry soldier goes by,
shews her a scar on his cheek, and
laughing, asks whether she can re-

3C3 move

758

move that too? She answers,-yes ;
and promises, for this purpose, to
pay him a visit in the evening.
could wager that this girl has in-
vented a powder which yields more
“profit, and costs less, than the
golden powder of the famous alchy-
mists.

But what is that sailor aang with
his microscope? where did he get
this dirty instrument, patched to-
gether with wire? what does he
shew through it? Nothing more
or less than a flea: for this he gets
one sous. Only see his neighbour,
about one hundred yards farther,
knows likewise how to turn trifles
to the best account. The cunning
dog found means to get a few sheets
of the paper which painters use to
draw transparencies, and now shews
for onesous to the wondering crowd,
how pictures can be copied with
the utmost expedition.

Let us enter this booth, where
the inscription announces a wonder.
He who will not believe, let him
come and see! What pray ?—A
flea drawing an elephant; a flea
conducting” a carriage with six
horses carrying ladies and gentle-
men; a flea on whose foot a meial
ball has been fastened with a golden
chain, with which he merrily leaps
to and fro. All this is not fiétion,
A man has really taken the vast
trouble to make the ciephant, car-
riage, chains, &v. of gold-so very

small, and to fasten them to the flea...

But still more ludicrous and more
inventive is the artist’s preducing
two flies fighting a duel with the
small sword. It is thus contrived:
two flies are fastened to two nee-
dies, placed perpendicularly behind
their wings, so that they keep their
six legs stretched out before them.
They are fixed very nearly facing

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

each other, and a little ball of cork
is then given to each of them, in
which is fastened a small straw. As
soon as this ball touches their feet,
they endeavour to seize it to hold
themselves by: on this touch the
ball keeps moving backwards and
forwards, and consequently the
straw turns against. the enemy.
Each party moving in the same man-.
ner, the two straws often clash to-
gether like two swords; and this
constitutes the duel of the flies.

Close by this fencing and hops
ping-room, we are invited to un-
dertake a little journey of several
hundred leagues, on mechanical
horses, with thegreat promise, that
this great distance shall be travelled
ina time incredibly short. Well;
we laugh sarcastically, and yet en.
ter. No-sooner is the dirty curtain
raised, than we are convinced, at
the first look, that we see nothing
before us but a kind of caroussel,
remarkable only for its requiring:
no person to turn it; as the rider,
by tightly pulling the bridle, sets
the centre wheel in motion, and
consequently turns himself with
great velocity.

_This fun costs only four sous.
But that you may not throw away
your money, I warn you against
yonder bald-pated fellow, who has
put up a large tube of paste-board,
direcied towards the sky, and civilly
asks every body to look up. On
this occasion he makes a long speech,
which the crowd think very learned,
about different vapours and their
properties; assuring them that the
glasses in his tube are so finely po-
lished, that the vapours before it
are concentrated into various ex-
traordinary forms. It cannot be
done in all weathers, but this par- —
ticularly is a day to exhibit every —

thing

CHARACTERS.

‘thing in the most charming manner.
I confess to you, my dear friend,
that old baid-pate lately spoke so
well and so ingeniously, that 1 suf-
fered myself to be tempted to step
before his tube. He then pulled a
thread, unperceived, and a centaur
passed between my eye and the or-
dinary window-glass, which he pro-
bably cut out of some book of
prints, such as are usually manu-
faétured at Nuremberg. I suddenly
withdrew my head quite ashamed,
and sneaked away to make room for
another.

But why should I be ashamed,
_. thought I, as I retired; this daily
happens in my own country, where
great poets and philosophers, with
much bawling, hold their tubes be-
fore our eyes, promising us, God
knows what wonders. We are
good-natured ; we look into them,
and what do we behold? Some little
monster of the puppet-fair.

But I forget that you are tired of
your walk. If the weather re-
main fine, we will continue it to-
morrow for an hour; for I assure
_ you, we have may curious and di-
_ Yerting things yet to see.

LETTER II.
This day, my sweet friend, we
_ pursue our excursion in dry weather.
The objeéts will not always be of the
same merry east as before, and I will

notanswer for it thata tear may

not now and then steal into your
eye. Just by, we mect with a

_ blind man singing his song in simple
and affecting accents.

Beside him
lies a faithful guide, theshaggy dog,
sometimes shaking his bell. Not
far from him sits another blind man,
who probably cannot sing: instead
of singing, a kind of stage stands
before him, on which several bells

739

of various tones are suspended,
which he putsin motion with threads.
He does not beg aloud; but only
puts his hand now and then into his
hat, to try whether he can grasp
the charitable token of some passing
benefaéior. He generally draws his
hand back empty,

We do not go far, without en-
countering a third poor wretch be-
reft of the most valuable of the
senses. He has an old harpsichord
placed before him on the Boule-
vards, and is thumping a sonata
with all his might. Numbers of
people stop to hear his performance 5
but the pewter cup, fastened in
front of hisinstrument, seldom re-
sounds with the boon of pity.

We scarcely leave him, when we
meet a fourth blind man endeavour-
ing to touch the heart by means of
a fiddle out of tune. He plays it
walking: his dog fastened by a
little chain to a button of his waist-

coat, goes cautiously before him,

However, I once witnessed how this
poor skeleton of a og was irresisti-
bly tempted, by a bone which had
been thrown away, to run into a
corner, where his unsuspecting mas-~
ter was on the point of dashing
against the wall all his wealth—his
head and his violin. But among the
many blind men who are to be met
with in the streets of Paris, singing,
playing, or ringing, none gather a
more inquisitive crowd round them,
than two men who play at piguet
the live-long day ; not to lose, but
to win money: who, with the most
wonderful discrimination, feel and
name the cards, contrive to interest
every one who has the least idea of
the game for some minutes, and,
when they retire at night, are al.
ways both winners. :

But let us leave these blind peos

3C4 ple

.

760

ple, the sight of whom only dejects
those possessed of vision. ‘Though
the Parisians, steeled by custom,
for the most part pass them with in-
difference. I often saw elderly wo-
men, especially in the evening, who,
to judge from their baskets, were
cookmaids, and who by giving alms
to the poor blind, no doubt, hoped
to stifle the sauvteraulida of their con-
sciences for taking’ too large a mar-
ket-penny.

Let us rather direét our steps to
yon musical artist, who by the dex-
terity he has acquired really deserves
admiration. He alone playsa whole
symphony (concertantc) upon five
instruments at once. With one hand
he grasps and holds a double flageo~
let, whose mouth-pieces he con-
stantly moves to and fro on his lips;
sometimes, ‘too, he plays both at
the same time: with the other he
fingers the harp very dexterously :
with one foot he beats a tabor, and
with the toes of the other he rattles
the castanet. It sounds very well,
you hear; and the poor devil fags
as hard as Mademoiselle Maillard
in the great opera, dearly earning
his few sous.

Don’t let us pass yon harper
without dropping a trifle into his
plate. His execution certainly is not
the most pleasing; but the poor
young girl who stands by him with
her eyes fixed on the ground, sing-
ing, constantly singing, is entitled
to our mite, because her downcast
looks scem to say: ‘¢ I know very
well 1 sing badly, but my father
wants bread!?? The two children,
who sing a duet on the bridge, do
quite the reverse. The song is in-
tended to move the heart, and would
produce that effect if the children
did not squall so thoughtlessly, and
jook about in such an impudent

‘
’

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

manner. Their look and notes only
raise the idea that they will one day
become two worthless creatures.

A group of children to whom I © 5

shall not lead yon, for fear of giv-
ing you too much pain, is much
more likely to exite pity. In the
Rue Vivienne [ have seen, for more
than three weeks, yet always in the
evening when it was dark, three
wretched children lying in the mud.
The eldest, a boy of about ten years,
sat reclined against the wall, hold-
ing on his lap another wrapped in
rags, three years old at farthest,
and usually moaning. By his side
sat or lay a third symbol of misery,
about five years old. ‘These chil-
dren did not beg; but had the end
of a tallow candle placed before
them, near which, upon a rag, lay
a paper with the following simple
and moving inscription: ‘* We have
neither father nor mother.” Few
of the passengers remained unmoved,
and the street being much frequent-~
ed, they always obtained a rich
harvest. With pleasure I remarked
that the soldiers in particular gave,
and gave the most. One night I
found one of those people deeply
affected. He wore large black whisk-
ers, which, in wild contrast with
the emotion of the muscles of his
face, lighted by the glimmer of ‘the
candle, threw their shade upon @
tear. He surveyed the group for
some minutes in silence; the poor
little wretch was just whining dole.~
fully, because it was cold. The
soldier briskly put his hand in his
pocket, gave to the elder boy two
pieces of silver coin (1 believe two
twelve-sous pieces), on condition
of his carrying the child home im-
mediately and warming it. He re-
peated this condition three or four
times, and made the boy as often

Presa

promise to perform it. He then re-
tired. As he turned round I ac-
_ costed him.—*‘ You certainly are a
father,” said I. ‘¢ Oui, monsieur,”
answered he, rather roughly, and
hastened away. I stopped some
time to see whether the boy would
keep his promise, and take the chil-
dren home; but he did not. That
_ the police should have suffered such
a scene for so many weeks, does
not pleaseme. It seems almost im-
_ possible that the poor children should
remain in health all the winter.

In Paris beggars seldom or never
ask charity. You only hear at times,
_ Monsieur, je meurs de faim (sir, [
am starving), whispered behind you.
Every pauper endeavours to estab-
‘lish a kind of just claim to what is
given him. Oneruns witha broom
in his hand, when he sees a person
crossing a dirty part of the street,
and quickly sweeps away the mud ;
another profits of a shower, which
fills the middle of the street with
water, laysa plank across, and in
a friendly manner helps you over.
He judges who can afford to give
him something by their clothes : all

_ that he supposes to be poor he suf-
fers to pass gratis: and if a hand-
‘some girl appear, he escorts her
with the utmost gallantry.
But it does not rain now, and I
3 hi 1 almost forgotten that we are to

see the bustle ee the streets. Should

you not think that something very
“remarkable is going forward in yon-
der crowded circle of people?. An

old rope dancer, perhaps super-
-annuated, has taught some idle,
ble guard boys to tumble head
‘over heels. A couple of his pupils
“seem to have escaped, with a view
_ of carrying on business on their own
account. At the corner of yon
street they have spread a piece of

CHARACTERS.

761

carpet, so full of holes that it scarce.
ly hangs together. They have en-
deayoured to give to their own rags
the look of those worn by tum-
blers ; and while one is rolling and
tumbling about the carpet, the
other endeavours to imitate the drol-
lery of a buffoon.

That fellow with his cups is as
little worth attention ; he is a com-
mon juggler. But if you step be-
hind the curtain for a moment, you
will not repentit. You will findan
extraordinary female, to whom na-
ture has granted the ofnament of
man—a long, thick, black, capu-
chin beard. It is no deception, for
I examined it closely. She is be-
tween twenty and thirty, has weak
eyes, shaded by a pair of very bushy
and coal-black brows. If you fancy

‘to yourself a face thus decorated,

covered above with a dirty white
turban, with two full, white breasts;
and the arms, fect, and neck, thick-
ly overgrown with hair, you cer-
tainly will not think it a tempting
figure. Were it not for her bosom,
and her singing in such a clear and
shrill voice, as to make people run
away, no one would think he was
looking at a woman. ‘* She is a@
native of Norway,’’ said her keeper,
‘¢ and was born five hundred leagues
beyond Bergen !!”

I pretended to be a Dane, and
questioned her in her native lan-
guage. ‘This quite puzzled the poor
bearded lady. ‘* l-was brought to
Paris by my father, when only
three years old,” replied she, ina
Parisian accent. Let us quit this
object, to whom the petulance of
nature has refused the usual attri-
butes of feminine beauty. Let us
rather cast a transient look on the
numerous articles exposed to sale.
We shall often find the most singu-

lar

762

Jar contrasts :—here you are offer-
ed baskets full of dogs of various
' breeds; there portraits of qur Sa-
viour, consisting of only a sheet of
paper, containing the well-known
spurious passage in Josephus.

Tn this small portable booth, fill-
ed with a great variety of articles,
each is sold for eighteen sous—in
that for twenty-five; and you find
many things among them which you
can scarcely conceive it possible to
sell at so low a price. Close to
them, are laid upon a cloth a whole
mountain of books of every de-
scription. *‘ Buy, gentlemen!”’ cries
the owner,: ‘¢ take your) choice!
six sous apiece! ’? Another envious
hawker, to spoil his trade, offers his
heap of literary productions at four
sous. ‘They generally consist of in-
sipid novels; yet I have frequently
found many geod things among
them: such as odd volumes of
madame de Sevigne’s Letters, &c.
I have put my hand on them the
second or third touch. If one were
to take time, and a little trouble,
a small collection of good books
might be formed for a few livres.

The old books on the ballustrade
of the Pont Neuf, and on several of
the quays, are more conveniently ex-
posed, butdearer, though dog-cheap,
according to thevulgar phrase. To
judge from the very handsome man-
ner in whichmostof them are bound,
they are the remains of libraries that
have been destroyed.: Here the mest
valuable works are often found com-
plete, in excellent condition, and
at very moderate prices.

I perceive that the jewellers glit-
tering shop attraéts your eyes :—
your taste is good. More elegant
workmanship is found neither at
Augsburgh nor Vienna. I have
no where met with works of art that

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1304,

can be compared with these, except —

in the manufat¢tory of the exccllent |
counsellor of state De Busch, at a
It is difficult to leave

Petersburgh.
this place without purchasing some-

thing. Itis here that you feel temp-. |

ted to envy the rich. But you

racteristic of the present time in

France, in the contents of that win- ‘

dow, which is full of gold or gilt

shrines for the host; a proof that —
there is now a great demand for this ©
sacred article. Who has gained most ~
by the temporary suppression of the —
Roman catholic religion ali The —

goldsmiths,
I entreat you to go astep farther 5
for the man who exposes such a

variety of stuffed animals, deserves —
admiration as an artist, and has cer- —

tainly attained perfeétion in his art.

Every thing lives and seems to move.

doubtless perceive something cha- ~

You stretch out’ your hand to res-
cue the fowl from that fox, which ¥

is carrying it off in his jaws: you

feel pain at seeing that hawk stick —

his talons in the defenceless fieldfare:
you stop delighted before the cage
in which the canaries are hatching,

and the hens feeding their brood: |
you smile at the fine shaggy spaniel 7

carrying a lanthorn in his mouth 5
you fancy he stops only because

the person whom he is lighting is
A

great number of single birds deco.

not quite close enough to him.

rate the back part of the shop. ‘This.

charming art affords the Parisians —
this advantage, that a person who |
possessed a faithful dog, a favourite
bird, or any other ania he. was —
fond of, does not lose it entirely
For a trifling con
sideration he preserves its exterior
figure as natural as life. -'The prices _
of these curiosities are very low.
The stuiling of a small bird, for ins”

stances

after its death.

CHARACTERS.

stance, costs only three francs, if
the bird is furnished by the cus-
tomer ; otherwise a little more, in
proportion to the rarity of the
animal.

This theatre of inanimate bodies
is, in some measure, preferable to
that which swarms with living crea.
tures, but which is rendered offen-
sive by the disagreeable exhalations.
If, however, you can stay a few
Gnements in the latter shop without
feeling indisposed, you will obtain

some idea of Noah’s ark, which
could scarcely have been celebrated
for its pleasant smeli. Here you
see lodged in a yast number of cages,
grey, green, and party-coloured
parrots, white cockatoos, superb
India ravens, all of which scream
‘at once, in such a manner as to
‘deafen you. But you must not think
_ that because birds are so plentiful,
_ they are to be bought cheap; no:
you could not purchase any of these
«for less than eight louis, unless it
were yon sparrow-like parrot, that
cannot speak, and never will learn;
that you may perhaps buy for three
louis. These foreigners with varie-
fs peated plumage justly occupy the first
row in the aviary. Next to them
_ come pigeons and fowls of the ra-
” yest species in great numbers ; ‘Turk-
ish ducks, pearl hens, gold and
silver pheasants, singing birds of
every kind, from the nightingale to
_ the Breenfinch, Between these are
placed spaniels, pug-dogs, squirrels,
ence Pis,_ hares, and rabbits.—
_ And here pigeons and young wea-
- sels, birds, and Angora cats are
een living in the greatest harmony
_ by the side of each other. The walls
ave hung with cages from top to
‘bottom, and even the whole outside
of the shop next the street, is co-
_vered with them. Now let us en-

763

ter this beautiful repository of house-
hold furniture, in which taste is sub-
servient to luxury, and sometimes
the contrary. But why should we
trouble ourselves concerning this 2
we foreigners, who can carry no-
thing along with us! How great
houses are here furnished, I shall-
not shew you in the street. For
the same reason, let us quickly pass
this china warehouse, glittering with
gold, where the brittle materials
exhibit the most pleasing variety of
colours. A charming sight indeed,

indeed! and which has attraéted my

notice many a quarter of an hour.

Don’t mind the woman, who ab-
solutely wants to force upon you
a ticket of the national lottery.—
“¢ Seventy-five thousand livres to be
gained for a trifle,”’ she incessantly
cries, as if she had been taught by
a Brunswick lottery-oflice keeper 5
but more modest than the latter,
she does not pester you with letters,
but only follows you to the corner
of the street. Now you have got
rid of her, a good-natured savoy-
ard, who, if you please, will clip,
wash, and comb, your dog—offers
to clean your shoes, But you like
to trust your feet only to female
hands, and by proceeding a few
steps farther, you may satisfy that
modest scruple.

I now propose to walk slowly
down the Quay de l’Ecole, and thus,
to terminate this day’s excursion.
We shall leave to the left all the.
coflee-houses and restaurateurs how-
ever inviting may be the inscriptions
painted in large charaéters on the
glass-doors and windows: cold and
warm breakfasts, fork breakfasts
(dejeuners é la fourchette ), rum and
rack punch, ice-cheese, milk-coflec,
chocolate, &c. ‘Phe next door neigh-
bour invites us to a game a la pole :

@

764

the next to him offers a game at bil-
fiards ;
March beer. But all in vain: we
will walk on. Nor will we suffer
ourselves to be tempted by the ches-
nuts roasted in the streets, nor the
apples and grapes, nor the dirty
ganymedes, who fill tin pots with
am insipid beverage resembling the
shit in Russia. Such a potful costs
indeed only one sous; but I shall
advise you rather to drink clean
water, which you may have for no-
thing. Ah! howlively is the street
which leads along the Seine! To
the left is a row of elegant shops,
where the productions of every part
of the world, nay, even those of
ether worlds (for even the celebrat-
ed stones which dropped from the
moon can be bought here) are ex-
posed for sale. And then the mot-
iey multitude of people, hackney
. egaches, and: cursed cabriolets !—
Now look down the river on the
right. . All the washerwomen in the
world seem to be colleéted here.
Ranged in rows, in long boats co-
vered with roofs; they are employ-
ed in mercilessly beating each sepa-
rate piece of linen, which they af-
terwards throw into heaps. They
brandish their thick muscular arms,
and deal powerful blows, yet little
noise is heard from their strokes,
because they drown it with their
charming prattle.

What this group wants in beauty
is supplied by the different floating
baths on the Seine, of which those
of Vigie are particularly worthy of
notice. In point of order and ele-
gance, they are, however, in my
opinion, far inferior to the floating
bath at Berlin: but the superior
magnitude of the Parisian is more
striking, and some of them are ren-

3

and a third offers capital '

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

dered more agreeable by being sur-
rounded by odoriferous flowers and

shady trees.

Let us, for a moment, ascend this
new bridge, of which the govern-
ment have made a superb present
to the Parisians for their conveni-
ence and pleasure. Its pavement
is as even and level as the floor of an
apartment. Asa flight of steps leads
up to it at each end, so that neither
horsemen nor earriages cam annoy
the pedestrians, it will become one
of the most pleasant promenades i in
spring and autumn for the fashion-
able world. It possesses another
advantage, which is, that one sous
must be paid for the liberty of
walking on it, so that_you are cer-
tain of not being molest Mi by beggars.

What a charming view on botk
sides of this bridge! Every morn.
ing you may here see the curious
spectacle of flat-bottomed boats, in-
tended for the invasion of England,
manceuvring on the Seine. “ The sol-
diers, it is true, are still very indif-
ferent hands at rowing; and if the
drummer, who is stationed. on an
elevated part of the boat, does not
beat time, the vessel, with its nume-
rous oars on each side, sometimes
resembles a waggon going over a
bridge composed of loose planks,
which successively rise and fall as the
vehicle proceeds. With a little
more practice the men will do bet-
ter, if the sea be only as patient an
element as the Seine. ;

Industry and aétivity every where
accompany this river. Here it turns
mills to furnish the inhabitants with
food; higher up it carries vessels
laden with charcoal, to warm them ;
farther down the water is-drawa
from its centre to the shore, and
there pumped through linen strain.

ous

ers into casks, to afford a pure be-
_ yerage to the thirsty. These heaps
' of corn have likewise been borne
: q up its bosom, and it conveys those
pipes of wine unadulterated into the
cellars of the anabaptists. Here
_ you see a motley mixture of buyers
and sellers. Take care not to go
_ teo near those black coal-heayers
_ with your white robe; and keep
_ out of the way of those merry quar-
_ relsome Auvergnats, who are fight-
ing for fun so seriously hard, that
the blows would kill either you or
_ me, if we were to receive such a
' drubbing. They likewise speak a
gibberish, of which we do not un-
derstand a syllable.
_ Let us retire from this confused
crowd into thatsquare. Alas! itis
_the Place de Gréve, where formerly
criminals only suffered death, but
_ which, during the reign of terror,
was stained with the blood of many
illustrious characters. Here is the
spot on which the guillotine was
long permanent, and in yon corner
is the lamp-post on which Foulon
was hanged. You shudder. We
'will quit this place, which, a few
_ days preyious to the last execution,
served for the exhibition of shews.
_ For future executions, government
has provided another place, ina dif-
ferent quarter of the town; where,
did not take the trouble to en-
quire, for I am not fond of such
_ Spectacles.
In order to draw your lively ima-
nation from these melancholy sub-
_ jects, we will mingle with the crowd
‘surrounding that mountebank dres-
sed-in scarlet. This man, with his
Preah nose, pretends to speak
rench with an Italian accent. ‘¢ 1
a am just arrived from Naples,” says
he. “1 have heard. of the good
a "people of Paris, {t is not interest

CHARACTERS. 765°

that brings me hither: no, it is only
the desire to be of service to the
great nation, and the good people
of Paris. Look here, gentlemen,
at this invaluable medicine: every
bottle of it costs, upon my honour,
six livres, but I am satisfied if I cam
administer relief to suffering huma-
nity. J ask nothing, nothing at
all: 1 give away my bottles—yes,
yes—I give them away. How?
does nobody call? Indeed the peo-
ple of Paris are better than they
have been represented to me; they
are too proud, too generous, they
will have nothing given them.
Well! not to offend your delicacy,
I will set a price upon it. Instead
of six livres, I ask only. six sous.
Buy! buy! buy!” And _ behold
multitudes rush forward to purchase,
Now we go home Jaughing; dow’t
we, my sweet friend?

LETTER III.

I lately mentioned to you, my
dear lady, the portrait of our Savi-
our, which may be had for one sous
on the Boulevards; to-day I will
make you acquainted with a similar
spéculation. Look at that sheet of
paper, decorated with large wooden

-cuts, and printed only on one side;

it contains, notwithstanding, nothing
less than the ‘* Lives and Manners
of the Nations of Kurope: Vies et
Meeurs des Nations de I’Kurepe,”
says the superscription. For my
part, being a German, and only
knowing the manners of nations
from thick volumes in quarto, my
curiosity is paturally excited, and £
read with pleasure the quintessence
of the judgment and prejudices of
Frenchmen respecting themselves
and their neighbours. ‘The follow-

ing are examples;
«¢ Jn religion, the German is un-
believing ;

766 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

believing; the Englishman devout ;
the Frenchman zealous; the Italian
ceremonious; the Spaniard a bigot.

<< In keeping his word, the Ger-
man is faithful; the Englishman
safe; the Frenchman giddy; the
Italian cunning; the Spaniard a
cheat.

“¢ In giving advice, the German
is slow; the English resolute; the
Frenchman precipitate; the Italian
nice; the Spaniard circumspect.

“6 In love, the German does not
understand it; the Englishman loves
2 little here and there; the French-
man every where; the Italian knows
how one ought to love; the Spani-
ard loves truly.

‘¢ In external appearance, the
German is tall; the Englishman
well made; the Frenchman well
looking ; the Italian of the middle
size ; the Spaniard frightful.

‘« In dress, the German is shabby;
the Englishman superb; the French-
man changing; the Italiana tatter-
demalion; the Spaniard decent.

*¢ In manners, the German is
clownish; the Englishman barba-
rous; the Frenchman easy; the Ita-
lian polite ; the Spaniard proud.

*¢ In keeping a secret, the Ger-
man forgets what he has been told;
the Englishman conceals what he
should divulge, and divulges what
he should conceal; the Frenchman
blabs every thing ; the Italian does
not utter a word; the Spaniard is
mysterious.

*¢ In vanity, the German boasts

little; the Englishman despises all;

‘the Frenchman praises every thing ;
the Italian values little what is of
little value; the Spaniard is indiffe-
rent to all.

“* In eating and drinking, the
German is a drunkard; the Eng-
lishman a lover of sweets; the

Frenchman delicate; the Italian
moderate; the Spaniard niggardly.

‘¢ In offending and doing good,
the German does neither good nor
bad; the Englishman does both
without reason ; the [talian is prompt
in beneficence, but vindictive; the
Spaniard indifferent in both re-
spects. :

‘¢ In speaking, the German
speaks little and badly, but writes
well; the Frenchman speaks and
writes well; the Englishman speaks
badly, but writes well; the Italian
speaks well, writes much and well;
the Spaniard speaks little, writes
little, but well.

‘¢ In address, the German looks
like a blockhead; the Englishman
resembles neither a fool nor a wise
man; the Frenchman is airy; the
Italian is prudent, but looks like a
foel; the Spaniard is quite the re
verse.

‘¢ In laws, the German laws are
indifferent; the Englishman has bad
laws, but observes them well; the:
Frenchman has good laws, but ob-
serves them badly ; the Italians and
Spaniards have good laws ; the for-
mer observes them negligently, the
latter rigidly.

‘¢ Servants, are companions in
Germany ; slaves in England; mas-
ters in France; respeétful in Italy ;
submissive in Spain.

‘¢ Diseases—Germaus are parti-
cularly infested with fleas; the
English with whitlows; the French
with the small-pox; the Italians
with the plague; and the Spaniards
with wens.

‘© The women are -housewives in
Germany ; queens in England; la-
dies in France; captives in Italy;
slaves in Spain.

“6 In courage, the German res
sembles a bear; the Englishman #

jion 3

CHARACTERS

ion: the Frenchman aneagle ; the
« Ftalian a fox ; and the Spaniard an
elephant.
“<< In' the sciences, the German is
a pedant; the Englishman a philo-
sopher ; the Frenchman has a smat-
tering of every thing: the Italian is
a professor; and the Spaniard a
profound thinker.
Magnificence—In Germany the
princes; in England the ships; in
France the court; in Italy the
churches; in Spain the armories;
are magnificent.
‘¢ Husbands (make the conclu-
sion), in Germany they are masters ;
in England servants; in France
companions; in Italy schoolboys ;
and in Spain tyrants.”
I will readily grant you, my dear
“madam, that one-third of these sin-
gular charaéteristics is untrue, and
sometimes absurd; but the other
two thirds I could vouch to be true.
With regard to us Germans, we
have the least reason to complain of
the painter; if he had but omitted
_ the horrid libel that we do not un-
derstand how to love, and that
_ among us husbands are masters, we
might then be well satisfied with
him.
Now let us, if you please, walk
further up this library suspended by
threads; it borders on another of
‘Tausical productions, which is fol-
‘lowed by a third, consisting of pic-
tures among the musicals, you find
all the new ariettas, duets, &c. from
_ the most popular French and I[ta-
Jian operas: among the pictures, a
_ Fepresentation of every thing that is
_ most interesting to the Parisians ;
_ for example, Fanchon, the lute girl ;
the fine drum-major of the consular
guard, with his enchanting whiskers ;
_ the first consul’s superbly dressed
Mameluke; and of course, the first

767

consul himself, in a thousand dif.
ferent attitudes, especially with his
drawn sword in his hand, replant-
ing the cross, Faith presenting him
with a palm branch; and the other
two consuls by his side; or the
beautiful madame Recamier, with
her face half veiled.

Plenty of caricatures are like
wise to be met with here, and the
king of England is at present the
general mark at which the French
direct the shafts of their satire; for
which they are, however, not only-
more abundantly, but even more
wittily, requited by their transma-
rine neighbours; for it must becon-
fessed, that among twenty French
caricatures, there is scarcely one
that has any claim to wit. Here
you see the king between his good
and evil genius, throwing himself
into the hands of the latter; there
an Englishman riding upon a Cal«
cutta turkey; on the pommel of the
saddel are wine-hampers with bot
tles, and below is written,’ ‘* the at-
tack.” The companion to this
print is the defeat, where the same
Englishman is seen flying on a fleet
stag, losing his hat and tobacco-
pipe. Here the duke of C—ms
br—ge is driving the Hanoverian
post-waggon, and behind it is a
cask, on which is written Hanove-
rian blood; there an army of frogs,
whose general wears British regi«
mentals, and rides on a_ lobster,
while a Frenchman takes up one
frog after the other, and cuts them
in two with his broad sabre. At
other times, an elephant is laying
hold of the king’s cup, and dashing
it with his trunk into a well; on
the cup is to be read this inscrips
tion, ‘* Thou must go to pieces af«
ter all.”

In some of these wretched pro

ductions,

768

duéiions, Mr. Pitt is represented
riding on his m—j—sty’s back, on
the sea shore, peeping at the French
ships in the offing; here the sove-
reign leaps over the channel, and in
his jump loses his crown; there he
picks up a number of paper cases,
on which the names of his dominions
are written, but, unable to hold
them all, he lets some of them fall.
Hanover is already on the ground,
Treland just’ tumbling, and Malta
appears very loose. Here the Eng-
Jish are seen flying before a cloud of
dust, raised by a*flock of sheep ;
and there Mr. Pitt exercising his
troops, all of whom have _ pig’s
heads. The caricature which may
perhaps be called the wittiest, is the
following: a maker of trusses for
ruptures presents the king with a
new truss, on whieh is written,
“ observation des trati¢s—the ob-
Servance of treaties.”” At his ma-
jesty’s feet lie two broken bandages,
one bearing the inscription, ‘‘ forces
navales—or, naval forces; the
other, ‘‘* levée en masse—raising in
amass.” Thus you see that poli-
tics are the axis round which every
thing turns. A few only of these
distorted figures attack the manners
of the English; such as, for in-
Stance, the English family in Paris,
where a huge, clumsy Englishman,
stuffed with roast beef, leads two
stiff misses by the arm, who make a
very awkward curtesy, &c. &e.
Hence it appears, on the whole,
that no doubt is entertained. as to
the success of a descent upon Eng-
land ; and if you will not credit the
printsellers, you may bestow your
belief on that fellow, who, sur-
rounded by hundreds of hearers, is
singing a ballad, describing to a
tittle ail the occurrences of the fu-
ture landing. If you wish to hear

ANNUAL ‘REGISTER.

his vain, bombastic prophecies, per
mit me, in the mean time, to go to
that statuary’s barred yard, which is
so full of busts and statues, of mar-
ble stone, good and bad, that there
is scarcely a narrow winding foot-
path left to the artists door; nor
am I ashamed to stop before this
shop with .children’s play-things,
where Fanchon, the lute-player,
again performs a distinguished part,
and where L observe a circumstance
which is quite a riddle to me, viz.
that the French, who are so fond of
toys, are far behind the people of
Nuremburg in inventing and fabri-
cating children’s toys ; and the Nu-
rembergers again are perhaps as
much excelled by the people of
Berlin.

If you are by this time tired of
the squalling of the ballad-singer,
we will saunter about the garden of
the Capuchin’s, where there are ti-
gers and monkeys, where Franconi
exhibits his equestrian feats, where
the spirits appear at night, and
where, ina word, a thousand differ-
ent spectacles are to be gazed at
from morning till night. Here
stands for a moment a portable
booth, hung with old ‘carpet, in
which my dear punchinello is very
amiably fighting with the devil. Two
hocus-pocus men attraét crowds on
both sides; one by cups, the other
by tricks with cards. A much
greater concourse of people gathers
round a man whose whole appara-
tus consists of a chafing-dish full of
glowing charcoal, and about half a
dozen small pieces of asbestos. He
begins with an impressive account of
the expedition to Egypt: whilst his
neighbour represents. at the same
time in his show-box, to those who
like to see it, what heroic exploits
were achieved by his assistance in

that

CHARACTERS.

that country against mamelukes and
crocodiles ; and how he once strip-
ped one of the slain men of his
shirt, and found that it did not con-
sist of linen, as usual, but of a fossil
fabricated into cloth, which the
Egyptians use for the sake of con-
venience, as they need not wash or
dry their shirts, but only throw them
into the fire in the evening, and take
them out again in the morning as
white as snow.

In order to impress on the minds
of his hearers a conviétion of the
truth of what he says, he seizes one
of the needles, to which he has fas-
tened a small bit of asbestos, and
turns it round in the mud till the

_ original colour cannot be distin-

_ better of compassion,

guished; he then throws it into the
chafing-dish, and while it is glowing,
continues to harangue his audience
for a few minutes. longer, when he
draws it out of the fire, and, to the
great astonishment of all the spec-
tators, quite purified by the fiery
element.

One of my neighbours, who

' seemed to be a wit, compared his

whole process to the French revo-
lution; which likewise arose pure,
new, and brilliant, out of the glow-
ing fire. I wish, with all my heart,
that nobody could dispute the truth
of this assertion.

LETTER IV.

The strong woman who is to be

seen in this hut of planks, is still

more disgusting than the female with
the long black beard. With the
Jatter, pity gains the upper hand ;
for how can the poor creature help
being obliged to wear a beard so
immensely long? but with the for-
mer, disgust and indignation get the
The one
merely obeys nature, the other sets
Vout. XLVI. p

d

769

her at defiance. She suffers three
men to tread upon her body, which is
stretched out in a hollow posture;
she suffers iron to be forged upon it,
and exhibits other towrs des forces,
from which you, my dear, very pro-
perly turn away. But how can 1
helpit? You must creep with me in-
to another hut of this kind to see the
incombustible Spaniard, who really
excites as much horror as admira-
tion. Do you see the jar of oil,
bubbling and boiling. over a coal
fire? the young man, who takes it
off, drinks a hearty draught of its
burning contents without distorting
a feature, rinses his mouth for a
long time with it as if it were fresh

water, and spits it out still boiling ;

he then, with the remainder of the
oil in the pet, washes his hands,
arms, face, and even eyes, which,
however, he shuts. Having been
purified by the fire, like the asbestos,
he takes a walk, by way of change,
with his naked feet upon a piece of
red hot iron, and to refresh himself,
he even licks the glowing metal with
his tongue. If this poor youth be
equally insensible to the flames of
love, heis undoubtedly to be pitied.
All this is no imposture, but really
happens as I have now related; but
whether, as some assert, he causes
a kind of salamander-ointment to be
rubbed into his skin, which is not
to be perceived, I shall leave unde-
termined.

To etiace these unpleasant impres-
sions, let us for a few minutes step
before this little fortress, of which
you find many pacterns on the
Boulevards. It is a new kind of
game at nine-pins, at which you not
only sce boys, but even respectable
looking citizens delight to play. . It
is, indeed, preferable to the usual
game, as it takes up much less room,

3D and

779
and may be removed from one place
to another. This little fortress is
about the height of a man, built in
the form of an amphitheatre; below
it has a draw-bridge, over which the
walls are gradually raised, and on
them a number of soldiers stationed
atintervals. Fight or ten yards
from the fortress a wooden mortar
(or even a cannon) is planted,
from which, as with the children’s
guns, a ball is discharged. The
force of the mortar is calculated ex.
actly according to.the distance,
fromeight to ten paces. The skill
in this play censists in taking so
good an aim, as to knock down one
or more soldiers at once, or even in
accurately hitting the very centre,
in which case, the draw-bridge falls,
and by means of the spring, which
has been touched by the ball, a state
coach with six horses comes out: in
others a white flag is hoisted at the
top of the fort; the ball is lost
within, and comes out again at the
bottom. This pretty game has ma-
nifold advantages over the common
game at nine-pins; it can be exhi-
bited in the smallest garden, nay,
even in any room in the least spa-
cious, It requires but trifling bo-
dily exertion, so that even ladies
may play. It is interesting, because
the aiming and hitting premises a
certain dexterity and practice; in
short, by describing this game, I
hope to have furnished a pleasing
supplement to the gymnastic exer-
cises.

Decorum not permitting us, my
dear friend, to partake of this game,
en the Bonlevards, we had better look
awhile at those poor little canary
-birds, who are instruéted in yonder
booth in all sorts of arts directly
contrary to their nature. Here one
turns a spit; another drives his fel-

I

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

low in a wheelbarrow; @ third
stands centry with his gun, sword,
and grenadier’s cap; a fourth does
not stir from his master’s shoulder,
though he beat the drum loud
enough to make one rum away; 2
fifth fires a cannon, the burning
cork of which knocks a sixth down
from the table, and leaves him on
the ground for dead; a seventh sits
in the very middle of a flaming
wheel, as quiet and merry as if
perched upon a rose-bush in its
native island. You have pro-
bably often seen such things in
Germany, though not in equal per-
fection; but one observation rela-

tive to these birds, you have per-.
It was made by |

haps never heard.
their teacher and master, and affords
matter of reflection. ‘* The hen,’”
saidhe, ‘* certainly takes every thing
much quicker than the cock, and I
can generally render them very skil-
ful at the expiration of a few weeks,
but they. soon forget, and soon die.”
Methinks his argument respecting
the feathered tribe may be equally
applied to his tormentors, men; for
if our belles learn moral or esthetie
arts, they do not indeed die of it,
but their loveliness generally finds
its tomb in them.

Having yet half an hour to spare,
let us make use of it to see two ce.
Jebrated fountains, ‘The fountainin
the Rue Grenelle is really very
fine, but the street narrow and ob-
scure ; the fountain has net a free
exposure on all sides, and the great
building is, besides, deformed by all
sorts of signs. On the right is a
large painted cow, because milk is
sold there; on the left is a carpen-
ter’s sign, &c. To me, pardon the
heresy, if it really be one, it will al-
ways appear ridiculous to raise such
a building with two wings to such a

height

CHARACTERS.

height of thtee stories to decorate it
With columns and statues, and all
this on account of the two lions’
heads below, a few feet above the
ground, which you do not even per-
ceive, because there is no stream of
water; but what little remains must
be brought up by pumping.

Of the inscription, which is for
the most part erased, only these
words remain: ** For the use of
the citizens, and for the ornament of
the city.” The conclusion alone is
true, and that only in part. This
énd might have been obtained much
tore splendidly in another manner.

We have still a long way to the
other fountain in the market of the

Innocents, (marché des Innocens) 1
Shall therefore quickly conduét you

j

‘4

by the infamous Abbaye, which you
will recognize by its small distant
turrets at the corners. In the inner
part of the court the windows are
secured in a manner so singular, and
cruelly inventive, that the prisoner
can absolutely see nothing, though
alittle light comes in at the top.
The windows resemble a box in
which caterpillars or cockchafers are

shut up, the covers of which are

o

§
»

_ may have just a little air.
the door, out of which the victims

‘

placed slanting, that these animals
Here is

were thrown during the epoch of
terror ; here we stand on the spot,

_ where the lurking cannibals receiv-

ed and tore them to pieces; this is

_ the kennel where human blood flow-

é

ed like water.

O! let us hasten
away! itis a terrible spot! and I
would not even accept of a palace as
agift, if it were facing the Abbaye,
‘though a more modern inscription

®ays that it is now used only asa

military prison.
Now we are in the marché des
Tnnocens. The fountain way be

771

fine when the water flows; but it is
still worse than that in the Rue
Grenelle, as not a single drop cam
be pumped out, it being quite dry.
The large bason, which stands at a
considerable height in the centre,
looks like a round tea-table, which
has just been placed there, and forms
an odd contrast with the surround
ing objects. Upon the whole, this
monument is altogether éxtremely
filthy, and out of repair. To ins
demnify you, however, for being
disappoiated in your expectation,
please to cast a look on the fine
market-place, which, by its spa-
ciousness and bustling scenes, is far
more interesting than that useless
piece of architecture. ‘There, ia
numerous rows, monstrous fat wos
men, called Poissardes, or fish-wo~
men, are seated under large ums
brellas, between eight and ten feet
in diameter, forming, if viewed from
above, a roof resembling that of the
ancient Roman soldiers, when ad-
vancing with their shields thrown
over their heads, in a manceuvre,
called the testudo. These umbrel-
las are not the property of those
women, but hired in the market for
a few sous. Thus screened from
the rain and the sun, you may here
admire mountains of butter, shoals of
fish, stores of eggs, towers of apples
and pears, gardens of flowers, and
great quantities of grapes atid other
sorts of fruits, together witha party.
coloured mixture of vegetables,
among which, the large dazzling,
white, and ieatly raised heaps of
cauliflowers, afford a spectacle par
ticularly pleasing. Listen a little,
meanwhile, to the energetic patois
(gibberish) of the stout market wo-«
men, ai energy from which you
have now nothing to fear; and if
the view of so many dainties has
3D2 created

772

created an appetite, let us quickly
throw ourselves into a fiacre (hack-
ney-coach), and drive to the Restau-
rateur,

Narrative of a late extraordinary
Imposture, the pretended Dau-
phin. From the same,

This singular story, which, as far
as I know, has not acquired much
publicity, will create the more asto-
nishment, if I assure my readers,
that there is a great number of peo-
ple in France, who do not only
firmly and implicitly believe that
Louis XVII. is still alive, but even
assign very plausible reasons for the
assertion. If some palpable false-
hoods did not intervene, we might
at least confess that the matter is
possible. I shall first relate the
story, as it has been placed on the
records of the government and their
tribunals, and afterwards as the hero
and his partisans have wished to re-
present it.

Jean Marie Hervagault is the son
of a tailor at St. Lo, of a prepos-
sessing figure, features bearing great
resemblance to those of Louis
XVI. fair, slender, lively, commu-
nicative, without suspicion, quickly
penetrating, and feigning innocence
in a masterly manner; of course a
person of great endowments, but of
no education. Heis supposed to be
a natural son of the duke of Valen-
tinois, who possessed estates in Nor-
mandy. ‘The strange events of the
revolution disordered his senses ; he
saw that many had raised themselves
from obscurity, and he wished to do
the same. In September, 1796, he
left his father’s house, and strolled
as a vagabond about the country,
declaring himself to be the son of a

ANNUAL REGISTER.

family of rank, reduced to, distress
by the revolution. His youth, his
innocent appearance, and the plausi-
bility of his story, every where pro-«
cured him a favourable reception
and relief. He had no passport,
but was never asked for one. He
became bolder, and attempted like-
wise to carry on his trade in the
towns. He cameto Cherbourg, but
was soon taken up as a vagrant.
His father, the tailor, being appriz-
ed of this, hastened to fetch him,
and was not a little surprised to
find him richly provided with mo-
ney and jewels. He brought him
back to St. Lo, where the brisk
young blade did not, however, stay
long, but soon ran away a second
time, strolled through the depart.
ment of Calvados; and having im-
proved both in body and in mind, he
became more ingeniously inventive
in his stories than at first. He some-
times passed for a son of the prince
of Monaco, and sometimes for the
heir of the duke d’Urselles in the
Netherlands. He thus raised himself
step by step, and ere long made
himself a relation of Lewis XVI. of
the emperor Joseph IJ. and of the
king of Prussia. For the sake of
his safety, which was threatened, he
travelled in women’s clothes, pre-
tending that he was just arrived
from England, whither he had been
taking some money to his emigrant
father.

Many, very many people of rank
and education were deccived, for he
flattered their former prejudices ;
the ladies in particular shewed a de- |
cided partiality for him, because he
addressed their hearts. His adven-
tures began to attraét some notice,
and he was arrested a second time in
female attire, and.conducted to pri-
son at Bayeux, at the distance of

3 only

CHARACTERS. 773

only ten leagues from St. Lo. His
father came again to procure his de-
liverance, which, in consideration of
his youth, was indulgently granted,
and the lad replaced under paternal
authority. He was now to learn
the trade of a tailor, an insufferable
thought to his mind. He broke
loose a third time.

In 1797 he was in the diligence,
or stage coach, between Laval and
Alengon, very plainly and decently
habited according to his sex. - Not
far from the latter place, he alighted,
and ran off to a village by the road
side, called Les Joncherets. Being
benighted, he begged quarters of a
peasant, who directed him to the
house of Madamoiselle Talon La-
combe for better accommodation, To
this lady he declared himself to be
one of the family of Montmorency,
who had a castle and estates near
Dreux, but was obliged to fly from
his persecutors. She conceived a
lively interest for his situation, and
supplied him with money and clothes,
which he promised to repay upon
his arrival at Dreux. Here he
lived for a while much at his ease,
acted the part of a man of quality,
and presented, for instance, the
ostler, who saddled his riding horse,
with a louis-d’or.

At last he found himself induced
‘to set off, and Madamoiselle La-
combe accompanied him to Dreux, to
get back the value of what she had
advanced him. They safely reached
the place; but both castle and es.
tates had vanished. Can any thing
be more natural? The revolution
accounts for every thing. Poorer
by fifty louis-d’ors, and richer in ex-
perience, the lady returned home.
The young hero continually gained
in boldness. In the month of May,
1798, he ventured in the diligence

to Meaux, only eight leagues from
Paris, and alighted at the inn, where
he indeed obtained some refresh.

“ment; but, having no passport, was

refused a night’s lodging. The wife
of a Paris merchant, Laravaine, who
happened to be at Meaux, took pity
on him, and permitted him to sleep
in her warehouse. This encouraged
him to ask farther favours, and he
succeeded. He represented himself
as a rich farmer’s son of Domery,
who had fled to avoid being enrolled
as a recruit, and madame made him
a present of four lonis-d’ors, upon
which he hired a place in the dili-
gence for Strasbourg.

About one league from Chalons
he disappeared, and the posiillion in
vain waited hisreturn. He wentto
the village of Mery, and wished to
make good his story at the castle of
Guignaucourt; but, being suspect-
ed, he was put under arrest, and
taken before the justice of peace at
Cernon. Being asked who he was,
he mysteriously replied: ** He had
no answer to make to such a ques-
tion.” He was sent to Chalons,
where, being again asked to give
his name, he proudly said, ** You
will Jearn it but too soon.” At last
he said, he was called Louis An-
toine Jean Francois de Langueville 5
that his father was dead, and that
his mother, madame Saint Emilie,
lived at Beauzeville, near Pont
Ademar, in the department ef Eure.
It must be confessed, that it is im-
possible to tell a lie more circum.
stantially. ,

Confined in the prison of Cha-
lons, Hervagault assumed an air of
grandeur, and a mysterious deport-
ment; he tempted the curious, gave
significant hints, and in short, ere
long, it was whispered about: It is
the Dauphin! the son of Louis

3D3 : XVI.

774:

XVI.! The jailer himself believed
the story, and advanced him money.
The wives of two merchants of the
towns Saignes and Felize, were ini-
tiated in the secret, which -soon
spread about; and no one any longer
doubted. His figure, his manners—
*¢ You need but see him,” exclaim-
ed the credulous souls, ‘¢ to recog-
nize him at the very first look.”

All the inhabitants of Chalons, of

the privileged orders, were by de-
grees made confidants and adherents;
and they all vied with each other in
supporting this last ill-fated offspring
of their kings. His table was daily
served with dainties of every de-
-Scription, his rooms were elegantly
furnished, masters were given him,
the jailer treated him with deference
and respect; he was allowed to
walk about as often as he pleased,
but always in the disguise of a fe-
male; in fine, his dungeon was, as
it were, metamorphosed into a plea-
Sure-house. :

Meanwhile the persons who were
Jet into the secret were not suffi-
ciently discreet. A word dropped
here and there, in the gladness of
their hearts, aroused the vigilance
of the magistrates ; and, after this
masquerade was played two months,
Hlervagault was made to undergo
stricter examinations. With arti-
fice and gestures that seem to belie
his words, he now declared that he
‘was the son of a taylor at St. Lo.
The father was applied to in writing,
confirmed the truth of the declara-
tion, and the offender was senten-
ced to one month’s imprisonment.
This mild punishment was consider-
ed as a victory by those who thought
they really knew the secret: during
his trial, they trembled lest the real
origin of the prisoner should not
escape discovery. In order to free

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

him from the prying vigilance of the.
police, they abundantly furnished
him with money and jewels, and
thus facilitated his retreat. He was
very well satisfied with the isswe,
and now began to act his part at
Vire, in the department of Calva.
dos. Here he made but a few pro-
selytes, was soon arrested again,
and with greater severity doomed
to two years’ imprisonment. As the
inhabitants of Vire only considered
him as a young vagabond, he would
have passed these two years very
sorrily, had not his faithful adhe-
rents at Chalons continued to sup-
port him, on which occasion the
consoling Madame Saignes conduct-
ed the correspondence. This woman
really wished him well, and advis-
ed him to apply the time of his con.
finement to the improvement of his
education; but he gave way 40
drinking, and at the end of two
years left the prison worse than
when heentered. Madame Saignes
herself went to fetch him from Vire
to’ Chalons, into the bosom of his,
faithful and devoted friends. The
most splendid preparations were
made for his reception. He ar-
rived, received congratulations, had.
flowers strewed at his feet, and was
treated with the most distinguished,
respect. In short, the horn of
plenty was again most copiously.
poured out on the taylor’s son of
St. Lo.

When the police discovered these
proceedings, his’ partizans, upon,
deliberation, found it expedient to,
send the dauphin on his travels. His,
route was so contrived that he every
where found confideatial friends,
who, being previously informed of
his supposed high birth, shewed him
all the respect due to that exalted
station, He was once at Rheims,

: iwieg

;
‘.

- consequence

CHARACTERS.-’.

twice at Vitry le Frangais, and
often at different country seats,
where balls, concerts, and feasts of
every kind, were given in honour
of him. At Vitry he was splendidly
and conveniently lodged at the house
of Madame de Rambecour, whose
husband closely followed all his
footsteps, waited upon him with the
most attentive zeal, and served him
likea valet. On St. Louis’s day, a

‘superb féte was prepared for him,

it being the feast of the Saint whose
name he bore. ‘The ladies sung
songs composed in honour of him.
In the confidential circles which he
frequented, they always called him,
mon prince! His portrait was hand-
ed about as that of the dauphin, and
it was reported that the pope him-
self had imprinted a mark on his
leg, to know him again by. Finally
a letter was handed about from a
bishop, in which this deluded pre-
late writes in expressions of the pro-
foundest respect for this young va-
gabond; and, by his example, con-

vinced many who were still waver-

ing in their belief. Already was a
court formed round Louis XVII. ;
he had immediately his favourites,
and was going to nominate those
who were to hold the great offices
of his household. Many names of
were to be found
amongst them. ‘They all glowed

with enthusiasm, and prepared to

make the greatest sacrifices. Men
of birth and rank deemed themselves
fortunate in being able to perform
the meanest drudgery of menial ser-
vice for him. Misers turned spend-
thrifts, that they might have the ho-
nour of entertaining him. It was
very natural that such proceedings
should not escape the eye of a vigi-
jant police. Fouche was informed
at Paris of all that was going for.

775

ward at Vitry; and a warrant put
an end to the farce. -

But when even taken into custo-
dy, Hervagault conduéted himself
with a Joftiness and dignity that
struck all present with a kind of
dubious awe. His most downcast
confidan(s surrounded him with the
most heartfelt reverence; one of
them, highly moved, begged leave
to embrace him, and the taylor’s
sou negligently tendered his hand to
kiss. 'The very first night of his in-
earceration, 2 most splendid feast
was given at the prison. Interces-
sions were made for his release upon
bail, but in vain; all that could be
obtained was to mitigate, as much
as possible, the rigours of his cap-
tivity. ~Ile was constantly served
in the most sumptuous manner, and
so accustomed to his high style of
living, that once a chicken, a pi-
geon, witha sallad and custard, be-
ing served for his supper, he
thought proper to find the fare in-
complete, and indignantly dashed
the mess on the ground. Adnet,
the notary, called him, in his prison,
Monseigneur, and was most graci-
ously rewarded with the appellation
of, mon petit page, mon petit valet
de chambre d’amitie. Thus heact.
ed his part dispassionately, and with
an air of the utmost importance.
—Going to mass, a servant care
ried his prayer-book and cushion,
He appointed a secretary, and made
him sign in his name that of Louis
Charles. Where a man bears a
great name, said he to the justices,
he is sure to be exposed to persee
eution. The mayor of Vitry, owing
to the great concourse of people,
found himself, at last, under the
necessity of putting him under close
confinement, and, at the same time,
intercepted the enormous supplies

3D4 of

of wine and good cheer sent for his
use. No person, but those ab-
solutely necessary to attend him,
was permitted admission without a
ticket.

Meanwhile his offence was by no
means considered as in a political
view, but merely as a matter be-
Jonging to the correétional police,
to the enquiry and punishment of
which it was accordingly left. Ma-
dame Saignes was likewise taken up
as his accomplice; but there being
no proof to convict her, she was
acquitted in consequence. Herva-
gault,:in the beginning of the year
1802, was sentenced to four years
imprisonment, as a sharper, and
abuser of the credulity of the peo-
ple, and confined accordingly in
the house of correétion at Ostend.
Both the dilinguent and the attor-
ney general, though upon different
grounds, appealed against this sen-
tence to the government.

‘The matter was now to be treat-
ed at Rheims, when a new and very
important aétor suddenly burst up-
on the scene of this tragi-comedy.
The aged prelate L. deS..... bi-
shop de V..... a man venerable
for his integrity, universally respect-
ed for the austerity of his manners,
and his profound learning, expressed
his conviétion, that Hervagault was
the real and gennine dauphin. He
had even spoke to the surgeons that
had anatomised the corpse of the
pretended dauphin in the Temple,
who had informed him it was not that
of the real one. He resolved upon
freeing his young monarch from the
chains of captivity, lent out consi-
derable sums to effect this purpose,
abandoned the very functions of his
office, came to Rheims, correspond-
ed with the prisoner by means of
the keeper of the jail, and thought

ANNUAL REGISTER, - 1804.

himself sure of his being the identi.
cal person. The dauphin’s death
appeared to him a mere political lie
of the national convention. He
even thought it nis duty to give tothe
neglected’ prince a good education,
and endeavoured to accomplish this
end with the purest and sincerest
intentions. He sent him amongst:
other works one day, Le Genie du
Christianisme, by Chateaubriant,
and the tragedy of Athalia, upon
which he received, to his surprise,
this answer: ‘* Do you mock me ?
all this I know by heart.”

All the fears of the prelate were,
lest the objeét of his care should be
sentenced to transportation. To
prevent this, he strained every nerve,
and made use of the interest of eve-
ry friend he could command in
Paris: he drew up a list of those
persons to whom he intended to en-
trust the fate of the dauphin. Init
were found, amongst others, the
names of Brissac, Necker, Madame
de Stael, Montesson, Roquelaure,
Angouleme, Talleyrand, Puys de
Segur, Bouflers, La Harpe, &c.
some believed him, some did not ;
some called him a Blondel, some a
Joab. The correspondence was car
ried on in cyphers; it even went so
far, that the projeét was formed to
marry the dauphin with a distant
relation of the royal family. Her.
vagault at first seemed to wave the
proposal, for he had (as the reader
will presently be informed) sworn
the oath of fidelity and affection to
the queen of Portugal’s most ami-
able sister, but from political mo-
tives he yielded, and it was resolv-
ed to make levies of men for his
service. p

But ere these negociations could
possibly ripen, the trial before the
criminal tribunal at Rheims was once

; more

apt

ees

_ of his persecutors.

CHARACTERS.

more publicly revised, and that in
the presence of a numerous multi-
tude of people, who (all were in

favour of the accused,) loudJy mur-

mured against the prosecuting at-

_ torney-general, and with enthusi-

astic fervour applauded the oificial
defender of Hervagault. The judges,
however, would not suffer them-
selves to be misguided, and con-
firmed the original sentence. While
they were deliberating on the sub-
ject in another room, the most pain-
ful anxiety was depicted in the
countenance of every spectator in
court. Hervagault heard his
sentence with composure, with a
smile of contempt; and his partisans,
instead of giving credit to the juri-
dical decision, obstinately persevered
in their former pre-conceived opi-
nion. They continued to wait up-
on him with royal service in the
place of his detention. He had by
him, amongst other effects, a silver
cup, on which were the letters L. C.
(Louis Charles) engraved and deco-
rated with an antique French crown.
This he pretended to the jailor was
his cypher. None of his adherents
deserted his cause; on the contrary,
their zeal redoubled, and the vene-
rable bishop V..... always headed
them. Way, the latter did not con-

fine his zeal to presents and good

advice, he even resolved most ac-
tively to exert himself; and being

informed that it was intended to
_ bring his illustrious pupil fromRheims

to Soissons, he determined to res-
cue him on the road from the hands
This youthful
project of an old head was betrayed ;

_ the bishop and his papers were

seized; and it evidently appeared,

upon proof, that it was his intention

to make the taylor’s son of St. Lo
aét the part of the dauphin. ‘The

777
government, however, had compas.
sion on the heary dotard, and gave

him his liberty. Hervagault him.
self had fared better, if the least

_ prospeét of amendment had appear-

ed in his conduét; but as he tormed
another junto of partisans at Sois-
sons, it was thought proper to
make him disappear.

In order to render it conceivable
how so many persons of rank and
knowledge of the world, should
haye suffered themselves to be made
the dupes of this raw youngster $
people themselves’ ought to have
heard him tell his story. With great
emotion he would remember how
Louis XVI. his father, used to give
-him lessons in history and geography
in the temple. In the tone-of
the most ingenuous simplicity he
would talk of a little bitch called
Fidéle, of which Marie Antoinette,
his mother, was very fond.

he most minute details he de-
scribed with infantile vivacity, nor
did he forget that Simon, his jailer,
used to wake him in the dead of night,
to convince himself that he had not
been carried off. ‘I was obliged,””'
said he, ‘* to perform the meanest
drudgery, which affeéted my health.
The ninth Thermidor alleviated the
miseries of many vi¢tims of the re-
volution as well as mine ;, they gave
me better clothes, more wholesome
viétuals, and even allowed me the
diversions suitable to my age. My
sister was permitted to come to me,
to eat and play. What a moment
was the first of our re-union! (he
always wept bitterly when speaking
of this interview.) Meanwhile my
health became continually more im-
paired, and the prison air must have
killed me, had not the Lord decreed
to send me relief. One day about
the latter end of May, 1795, as I
was

778 ANNUAL

was just going to dose, one of my
keepers, whom I always liked for
his mildness, accosted me, and whis-
pering said, ‘My dear child, you
would soon die in this prison, but
people who love you, though utter
strangers, let you know, that if

ou keep the secret, they will soon
ieing you toa place where you shall
be at full liberty, and play with
children of your own age.’ I swa's
lowed his words with avidity, pro-
mised to reveal nothing, and waited
with anxicty the fulfilment of his
promise. On the following evening,
about the same time, a cart with
clean linen came into the court-yard
to be unloaded, and to take in
another quantity of foul. Among
this linen was laid concealed a
very sickly looking child, about
my age. A strong man in sailor’s
dress took mein his arms, put me
amongst a parcel of the foul things,
and only a small aperture kept me
from suffocation ; the last thing
that [ saw in my prison was the sick
child, whom they put in my bed.
I was rather roughly flung into the
bottom of the cart, aud without
farther obstruction conveyed to Cha-
lot. As soon as we got out of the
Temple, they gave me a little more
air, but on approaching the barriers
they covered me again entirely. At
Passy I was carried, still packed
up, into a low raom, where I was
quite at liberty. Here | saw three
strange men, who threw themselves
at my fect, and seemed to be quite
beside themselves with joy. ‘They
quickly put on me female attire,
placed me in a post-chaise, and drove
glong the road to La Vendée, to
the army of the royalists. How it
came about that I should be liber-
ated, I was not informed till a long
time afterwards. After Robespierre’s

REGISTER.,

fall, the ruling factions were divid.
ed amongst themselves, and many
were not disinclined to the restor-
ation of royalty; overtures were
made to the Vendean royalists, and
negociations opened with them by
Rouclle, a member of the national
convention; and one of the condi-
tions which the former insisted upon
was, my being delivered up to them ;
to which, however, the committee
of public welfare added the restric-
tion, that my deliverance should at
first be kept a secret, and another
child substituted in my place. Af-
ter long and violent debates, the
royalists assented to the measure.—
The only difficulty was to find a pro
per subject of a child toreplace me.
Count Louis de T undertook
it, and sent the abbé Laurent for
this purpose into Normandy, at-
tended by his adjutant Du Hamel.
They bribed one Hervagault, a tays
lor, of St. Lo, to sacrifice, for a
consideration of 200,000 francs, for
the general good, his son, who res
sembled me. They otherwise assured
the taylor thathe had nothing to dread
for his son’s life, and they even con-
cealed it from him that the stripling
should be lulled into a sound sleep by
means ofastrong dosc of opium.

‘s There were but three persons
in the Temple who knew the secret;
this was the jailer’s wife, the above-
mentioned turnkey, and thesweep-
er of the prison. It was the latter
who carried me out, and delivered
me at Passy to Messrs. De T: :
du Chatelier and abbe Laurent.—
Two hours after my deliverance the
celebrated Dessault, to whese care
I had been entrusted, came into
the Temple, when the too strong
dose of opium had lulled the child,
which was laid in my bed, into a

‘Iethargic slumber resembling death.

Dessault

Dessault was going to feel his pulse
without waking him, but on laying

his hand upon his body, he per-

ceived such a difference between it

_ and mine, that he uttered a shriek,
and his amazement was changed into

the most violent fright, when upon
close inspection no doubt remained
of its being another child. He re-
mained near a full hour in mute
amazement. He considered his re-
sponsibility, the danger he was in,
and finally resolved to screen him-
self by sending a secret report, per-
fecily congenial to the truth, to the
committee of public welfare, where
Rovere, the then president, who
was in the secret, after the first pa-
roxysms of violence in his astonished
and furious colleagues had subsided,
proved to them that silence would
be the best remedy, particularly so
as there was every appearance that
the strange and sickly child would
die, in which case it would be per.
fecily easy to persuade all Kurope
that the real dauphin was dead.
Dessault was summoned before the
committee, and loaded with such
bitter reproaches, that, overwelm-
ed with gricf and vexation, he fell

_ jnto a disease, which bafiling all the
_ skill of medicine, proved fatal to

him.
- wise.

My little substitute died like-
Dessault’s successor, upon
dissection of the body, was equally
Sensible that it was not mine, and

consequently made use of the fol-

_ lowing equivocal phrase in the pro-
_ g@s verbal: ‘* Nous sommes pro-

édés 4 l'ouverture d’un cadavre que
es commissaires nous présenterent

— ¢omme celui du fils de Lauis Capet.”

i. e. ** We proceeded to the opening

» . . .
of a’corpse, which the commissioners

by)
s

ed

resented to us as that of the son of
ae Capet.”
** In the mean time I kept lolling

CHARA CHERS.

‘my health.

779

in the carriage upon the high road
with my deliverers. ‘The fresh air,
and the jolting of the vehicle, at
first made me swoon away, but gets
ting habituated to both, the free
aspect of nature afforded me uns
speakable delight. ‘The motion, of.
which I had so Jong been deprived,
and the good substantial food I was
supplied with, visibly strengthened
We safely arrived at
Bellville, the head quarters of the
royalists, where apartments were
assigned to me in the castle, witha
kind of governess. Messengers were
sent in quest of Charrette, who hap-
pened just then not to be at hand.
He came to visit me with Stoiilet,
viewed me very attentively, was
cold, spoke little, but shewed me
every mark of respect. In what
manner the negociations of peace
were broken off, owing to the per-
fidy of the republicans, is a faét of
public notoriety. The unfortunate
expedition of Quiberon produced
likewise a disastrous influence on
my fate. ‘The cabinet of St. James’s
and the French princes, particu,
larly the count d’Artois, would hear
nothing of a limited monarchy, to
which the royalists had consented,
for the sake of which the republicans
had surrendered my person. I be.
came the sacrifice of this political
scion, with the aid of the subtle
Puisaye. Charrette himself, whom
I often accompanied on horseback,
earnestly forbade me to make my
quality known, ‘The rumour of my
death constantly gained more credit;
those few who were better informed
durst not expose themselves and me
to danger.

*¢ At last England desired my sur-
render, partly under the pretext of
identifying my person, partly be-
cause without that I must be ac.

knows

\

780

knowledged by the coalesced pow-
ers. I was therefore embarked on
the coast of St. Jean de Monts, and
attended by the chevalier de la
Roberie, I landed at Jersey, where
the prince de ‘Bouillon gave mea
very flattering reception. The che-
valier had a declaration with him,
signed by the chiefs of the royalists,
in which they acknowledged me for
the legitimate son and heir of Louis
XVI. The same secretly happened
on the part of the duc de Bouillon.
He was, however, prevented by the
gout from following me all the way
to England.

‘¢ On myarrival in London, I was
immediately introduced to the Duc
d’Harcourt, ambassador of the
French princes at,the British court,
who received me coolly, and asked
me scveral impertinent questions,
which I thought beneath my notice.
The count d’Artois refused to see
me, from which it became evident
that they harboured intentions, to

. the realization of which I had proved
an obstacle. In the interval the che-
valier de la Roberie procured me a
secret audience of his Britannic ma-
jesty, who had been kept in the
dark with respeét to many things.
Though his majesty, by the advice
of his ministers, could not acknow-
ledge me publicly; yet apartments
were fitted up for me in the palace,
where I was served with suitable dig-
nity, and experienced a kind of
paternal treatment. Sometimes the
king himself used to play with me
like a child, on which account I
once gave him a box on the ear.
My uncle was so enraged at-the
reception I met with, that he once
ordered a cook of his to poison my
soup. This foul purpose, however,
was discovered in due time, and an
antidote quickly admimistered. The

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

king was going to order my uncle *

into confinement; but, by my in-
tercession, I averted from him the
thunderbolt of vengeance. My life
was now no longer safe in England,
for which reason the king, however
reluctantly he parted with me, re-
solved to send me to Rome and
Portugal with the most powerful
recommendations.

*¢ Tset out, attended by a trusty
old domestic, and loaded with pre-
sents, among which there was a
mahogany box lined with gold, con-
taining instruétions for princes des-
tined to ascend a throne.
of England had signed them with
his own hand; and losing afterwards
all my efieéts, the loss of this pre-
cious deposit grieved me the most.

Embarking at Portsmouth, I
landed, after a long voyage, in the
harbour of Ostia; from whence f
went to Rome, where I delivered
a letter to Pope Pius VII, in the
king of England’s own hand-writing.
His holiness was astonished, blessed,

caressed, was even secretly going to.

anoint me; and, in order to recog-
nize me again, he caused the arms
of France to be imprinted on my
right leg, and the words vive le roi
to be branded upon my left arm.

This happened in the presence of

twenty cardinals. I then went
through Spain to Portugal.

‘¢ In the former country I 'saw
none of my relations but the duchess
of Orleans, who prostrated herself
at my feet without my being able to
prevent her; I took no step to be
presented at the court of Madrid,
because I well knew how much it
depended on France. But in Por-

tugal my reception surpassed every _

expectation of mine. Never shall

I forget Lisbon, the banks of the ©

Tagus, and the ‘palace of Quelus {
There

The king

CHARACTERS.

There I first became acquainted
with love. The queen, who shewed
the most decided partiality for me,
promised me the hand of her charm-
ing sister, the princess Benedi¢tine,
dowager of the prince of Brazil.
Her majesty likewise used every
endeavour to interest the potentates
of Europe in my fate; to her I stand
indebted for a declaration signed by
the embassadors of nine sovereigns,
(England, Portugal, the emperor
of Germany, Prussia, Sardinia, Swe-
den, Denmark, Russia, and the
Pope), by which I was formally

acknowledged, and promised suc-

cour. This declaration must still
remain among the archives of the
court of Portugal. Meanwhile, the
ebb and flood of the revolution had
brought on another chain of plans
and events. » .

‘¢ Rovere and Pichegru recalled me
to France, and thought themselves
certain of thesuccess of their project.

I bade a painful farewell to the no-

ble and hospitable court of Portugal,
and to my dearly beloved Benedic-
tine. I landed at Hamburgh, went
to Berlin, and had a secret audience
at Potsdam of his Prussian majesty,
who received me with esteem and
affection. From hence I hastened

into Switzerland, and waited at
Bellevue, Pichegru’s country seat,

for letters from France. ‘They came,
and I was apprised that it was now
a favourable period, and should set
out immediately. I set off in my
female disguise, and had already got
asfaras Auxerre, when I was in-
formed that my party had tem.
porised too long, and that the 18th
of Fruétidor had blasted my every
hope. Accustomed to the tricks
of fortune, I remained colleécted,
immediately changed my route, and

“by short journeys reached the de-
_ partment of Calvados, where I hoped

781

to effeét my escape in a fishing boat
to Jersey. I actually embarked,
but was driven on shore by some
English cruisers. Here I was taken
up asa suspeéted person, and trans
ported to Cherbourg. I made my es-
cape, fell among some bandiitti, came
almost stark-naked to Paris, was
scantily supported by some old and
trusty servants of my father’s, and
following their advice, was on the
point of fiying toGermany, but stop-
ped again near Chalons, was deli-
vered up, and sentenced. The reader
Knows the rest.”

lt must be confessed, that it is al.
most inconceivable how an -unculti-
vated taylor’s son from'St. Lo, could
invent a story so artfully contrived.

This is still the argument made
use of by his partisans. His narra-
tive, they- say, bears the stamp of
truth; and if the Dauphin has not
been entirely sent out of the world,
he will some time or other appear
again, bring back the golden times
into our fields, and promote to high
honours his faithful adherents.

Some Account of the Life & Writings
of Doctor Darwin. From Miss Se-
ward’s Memoirs of that Gentleman,

Doctor Erasmus Darwin was the
son of a private gentleman, near
Newark, in Nottinghamshire. He
came to Lichfield to praétise physic
in the autumn of the year 1756, ‘at
the age of twenty-four; bringing
high recommendations from the uni-
versity of Edinburgh, in which he
had studied, and from that of
Cambridge, to which he belonged.

A few weeks after his arrival at
Lichfield, in the latter end of the
year 1756, the intuitive discern-
ment, the skill, spirit, and decision,
which marked the long course of
his successful practice, were first

called

782

called into aétion, and brilliantly
opened his career of fame. The
late Mr. Inge, of Thorpe, in Staf-
fordshire, a young gentleman of
family, fortune, and consequence, lay
sick of adangerous fever. The justly
celebrated doctor Wilks of Willen-
hal, who had many years possessed,
in a great degree, the business and
confidence of the Lichfield neigh-
bourhood, attended Mr. Inge, and
had unsuccessfully combated his dis-
ease. At length he pronounced it
hopeless, and took his leave. It
was then that a fond mother, wild
with terror for the life of an only son,
as drowning wretches catch at twigs,
sent to Lichfield for our young, and
as yet inexperienced physician. By
an opposite and entirely novel course
. of treatment, Dr. Darwin gave his
dying patient back to existence, to
health, prosperity, and all that
high reputation, which Mr. Inge
afterwards possessed as a public
magistrate.

The far-spreading report of this
judiciously daring and fortunate
exertion brought Dr. Darwin into
immediate and extensive employ-
ment,and soon eclipsed the hopes of
an ingenious rival, who resigned the
contest; nor had he ever after-
wards to contend with any other
competitor.

Equal success, as in the case of
Mr. Inge, continued to result from
the powers of Dr. Darwin’s genius,
his frequent and intense meditation,
and the avidity with which he,
through life, devoted his leisure to
scientific acquirement, and the in-
vestigation of disease. Ignorance
and timidity, superstition, preju-
dice, and envy sedulously strove to
attach to his practice the terms,
rash, experimental, theoretic; not
considering, that without experiment

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804:

the restoring science could havé

made no progress.

In 1757, he married Miss Hows
ard, of the Close of Lichfield, a
blooming and lovely young lady of
eighteen. A mind, which had na-
tive strength; an awakened taste
for the works of imagination ; in-
genuous sweetness; delicacy, ani-
mated by sprightliness and sustained
by fortitude, made her a capable,
as well as facinating companion,
even to a man of talents so illustri-
ous.—But, alas! upon her early
youth, and a too delicate constitu.
tion, the frequency of her mater-
hal situation, during the first five
years of her marriage, had probably
a baneful effect. The potent skill;
and assiduous cares of him, before
whom disease daily vanished from
the frame of others, could not ex-
pel it radically from that of her he
loved. It was however kept at bay
thirteen years.

The year after his marrige, Dr.
Darwin purchased an old half tims
bered house in the Cathedral vicars
age, adding a handsome new front,

with Venetian windows, and com- *

modious apartments. ‘This front
looked towards Bacon Street, but
had no street annoyance, being se.
parated from it by a narrow deep
dingle, which, when the doctor
purchased the premises, was over-
grown with tangled briars and knot
grass. A fortunate opening be«
tween the opposite houses and this
which has been described, gives it a
prospect, sufliciently extensive, of
pleasant and umbrageous fields.
Across the dell, between this
house and the street, Dr. Darwin
flung a broad bridge of shallow steps
with Chinese paling, descending from
his hall door to the pavement. The
tangled and hollow bottom he

cleared,

CHARACTERS

eleared, and made a terrace on the
bank, which stretched in a line,
level with the floor of his apart-
ments, planting the steep declivity
with lilacs and rose bushes; while
he screened his terrace from the
gaze of passengers and the summer
sun.

To this rus in urbe frequently re-
sorted a knot of philosophic friends,
the rev. Mr. Michell, many years

_ deceased; the ingenious Mr. Kier,
of West Bromwich, then captain
Kier ; Mr. Boulton, known and re-
spected wherever mechanic philoso-
phy is understood; Mr. Watt, the
celebrated improver of the steam en-
gine; and, above all others in Dr.
Darwin’s personal regard, the late
accomplished Dr. Small, of Bir-

_mingham, who bore the blushing
hoxours of his talents and virtues to
an untimely grave.

The present Sir Brooke Boothby
afterwards becoming an occasional
inhabitant of Lichfield, sought, on
every possibility, the conversation
of Dr. Darwin, and obtained his
lasting friendship ; and these, toge-
ther with Mr. Munday, of Macke-
ton, were the most distingnished of

Dr. Darwin’s scientific friends, who

Visited him from adistance, when he
lived in Lichfield.

He once thought inoculation for
the measles might, as in the small-
pox, materially soften the disease ;
and, after the patriotic example of
Iady Wortley Montague, he made
the trial in his own family, upon his
mpomngest son, Robert, now Dr.

rwin, of Shrewsbury, and upon
/an infant daughter, who died within
“her first year. Bach had, in conse-
quence, the disease so severly, as to
repel, in their father’s mind, all fu-

ture desire of repeating the experi-

ment.

783

In the year 1768, Dr. Darwin
met with an accident of irretriey-
able injury in the human frame.
His propensity to mechanics had un.
fortunately led him to construct a
very singular carriage. It was a
platform, with a seat fixed ona
very high pair of wheels, and sup-
ported in the’ front upon the
back of the horse, by means of a
kind of proboscis, which, forming
an arch, reached over the hind quar.
tersof the horse, and passed through
a ring, placed on an upright picce
of iron, which worked in a socket,
fixed in the saddle. The horso
could thus move from one side of
the road to the other, quartering,
as it is called, at the will of the
driver, whose constant attention was
necessarily employed to regulate a
piece of machinery contrived, but
not well contrived, for that purpose.
From this whimsical carriage the
doctor was several times thrown,
and the last time he used it, had the
misfortune, from a similar accident,
to break the patella of his right
knee, which caused (as it always
must cause) an incurable weakness
in the fractured part, and a lame-
ness, not very discernable indeed,
when walking on even ground.

Dr. Darwin was happy i in the ta-
lents, docility, and obedience of his
three sons. An high degree of
stammering retarded and embarras-
sed his utterance. The eldest boy,
Charles, had contracted the propen-
sity. With that wisdom, which
marked the doctor’s observations on
the habits of life, with that decision
of conduct, which always instantly
followed the conviction of his mind,
he sent Charles abroad; at once to
break the force of habit formed on
the contagion of daily example, and

‘from a belief, that in the pronunci-

ation

784

ation of a foreign language, hesita-
tion would be less likely to recur
than in speaking those words and
sentences in which he had been ac-
customed to hesitate. About his
twelfth year he wes committed to
the care of the scientific, the learned,
the modest, and worthy Mr, Dick-
inson, now rector of Blimel, in
Shropshire. -

That the purpose of the experi-
ment might not be frustrated, Dr.
Darwin impressed that good man’s
mind with the necessity of not per-
mitting his pupil to converse in
English ; nor even to hear it uttered
after he could at all comprehend the
French language. Charles Darwin
returned to England, after a two
year’s residerice on the continent,
completely cured of stammering,
with which he was not afterwards
troubled.

Dr. Johnson was several times at
Lichfield, while Dr. Darwin was
one of its inhabitants. ‘They had
one or two interviews, but never
afterwards sought each other. Mu-
tual and strong dislike subsisted
between them. It is curious that
in Dr. Johnson’s various letters to
Mrs. Thrale, now Mrs. Piozzi, pub-
lished by that lady after his death,
many of them, at different ents,
dated from Lichfield, the name of
Darwin cannot be found.

Though Dr. Darwin’s hesitation
in speaking precluded his flow of
colloquial eloquence, it did not im-
pede, or at all lessen, the force of
that conciser quality, wif. Of sa-
tiric wit he possessed a very peat,
liar species.

About the year 1771 commenced
that great work, the Zoonomia,
first published in "1794; Dr. Dar-
win read his chapter on instinét
to a lady, who was in the habit of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. ©

breeding canary birds. She ob-
served, that the pair which he then
saw building their nest in her cage,
were a male and a female who had
been hatched and reared in that very
cage, and were not in existence
when the mossy cradle was fabri-
cated, in which they first saw light.
She asked him how, upon his prin-
ciple of ¢éméfation, he could account
for the nest he then saw building,

being construéted, even to the dis- -

posal of every hair and shred of
woel, upon the model of thaé in
which the pair were born, and on
which every other canary-bird’s
nest is constructed, where the pro-
per materials are furnished. ‘That of
the pye-finch, added she, is of much
compacter form, warmer, and more
comfortable. Pull one of them to
pieces for its materials; place ano-
ther before these canary-birds, as a
pattern, and see if they will make the
slightest effort to imitate their mo-
del! No, the result of their labour
will, upon instinctive, hereditary
impulse, be exactly the slovenly lit-
tle mansion of their race; the same
with that which their parents built
before . themselves were hatched.
The doctor could not do. away the
force of that single fact, with which
his system was incompatible ; yet he
maintained that system with philoso-
phic sturdiness, though experience
brought confutation from a thou-
sand sources.

A few years before Dr. Darwin
left Lichfield as a residence, he
commenced a botanical society in
that city. It consisted of himself;
sir Brooke Boothby, then Mr,
Boothby, and a proctor in the ca-
thedral jurisdiction, whose -name
was Jackson. ‘The doctor was pro-
bably disappointed that no recruits
flocked to his botanical standard at

Lichfield.

CHARACTERS:

‘
Lichfield. Various observations,
signed Lichfield botanical society,
were sent to the periodical pubtica-
tions, and it was amusing to hear
scientific travellers, on their transit
over Lichfield, enquiring after the
state of the botanical society there.

In the spring of the year 1778
the children of colonel and Mis.
Pole,* of Radburn, in Derbyshire,
had been injured by a dangerous
quantity of the cicuta, injudiciously
administered to them in the hoop-
ing-cough, by a physician of the
neighbourhood. Mrs. Pole brought
them to the house of Dr. Darwin, in
Lichfield, remaining with them there
a few weeks, till, by his art; the poi-
son was expelled from their con-
stitutions, and their health restored.

About the summer 1778, the
countess of Northesk rested at one
of the inns in Lichfield, on her way
to Scotland, by the shortest possible
Stages. She had been a year in
England, for the benefit of her
health, wasting rapidly by hemorr-
hage. Ineffectually had the most
eminent physicians of London and
Bath endeavoured to check the pro-
gress of her disease. Her youngest
daughter, lady Marianne Carnegie,
then an amiable girl of thirteen,

now, alas! no more, and their

friend, Mrs. Scott, were the compa-
nions of Jady Northesk’s journey.
Her ladyship told the mistress of

_ the inn that she was going home to
_ die, the physicians having confessed

that art could do no more in her
case. The person replied, ‘‘ { wish,

- madam, that you would send for our
_ doctor, he is so famous.”

Lady
Northesk consented.
When Dr. Darwin came, he ob-

785

served that he could do little on
transient observation, where the
disease was so obstinate, and of
such long continuance; pressed her
to remove with her daughter and
friend to his house, and that they
would remain his guests for a fort-
night. ‘The invitation was accepted.
He requested the author of these
memoirs frequently to visit his new
patient, contribute to amuse her,
and abate the inevitable injury of
perpetual self-attention.

Miss Seward felt herself extremely
interested in this lady, and anxious
to see those sufferings relieved which
were so patiently sustained. Lady
Northesk lay on a couch, through
the day, in Dr. Darwin’s parlour,
drawing with difficulty that breath
which seemed often on the point of
final evaporation. She was thin,
even to transparency; her cheeks
suffused at times with a flush, beau-
tiful, though hectic. Her eyes were
remarkably lucid and full of intel-
ligence. If the langour of disease
frequently overshadowed them, they
were always re-lumined by every
observation to which she listened,
on lettered excellence, on the pow-
ers of science, or the ingenuity of
art. Her language, in the high
Scotch accent, had every happiness
of perspicuity, and always expres-
sed rectitude of heart and suscepti-
bility of ‘taste.

Whenever her great and friendly
physician perceived his patient’s at-
tention engaged by the conversation
of the rest of the circle, he sat con-
sidering her in meditative silence,
with looks that expressed—‘* You
shall not die thus prematurely, if
my efforts can prevent it.”

* This was the object of his Pelrarchian attachment during the life of her

_ husband.
Vou. XLVI.

3E One

786

One evening, after a Jong and in-
tense reverie, he said, ‘* Lady Nor-
thesk, an art was practised in former
years, which the medical world has
very long disused; that of inject-
ing blood into the veins by asyringe,
and thus repairing the waste of dis-
eases like yours. Human blood,
and that: of calves and sheep, were
used promiscuously. Superstition
attached impiety to the practice. It
was put a stop to in England by a
bull of excommunication from some
of our popish princes, against the
practitioner's of sanguinary injection.
That it had been practised with suc-
cess, we may, from this interdiction,
fairly conclude; else restraint upon
its continuance must have been su-
perfluous. We have a very ingeni-
ous watch-maker here, whom I
think I could instruct to form a pro-
per instrument for the purpose, if
you chose to submit to the experi-
ment.” She replied, cheerfully,
¢< that she had not the least objec-
tion, if he thought it eligible.”

Miss Seward then said, ‘‘ If the
trial, should be determined upon,
perhaps lady Northesk would pre-
fer a supply from a healthy human
subject, rather than from an animal.
My health is perfect, neither am I
conscious. of any lurking disease,
hereditary or accidental. I have no
dread of the lancet, and will gladly
spare, from time to time, such a por-
tion from my veins to lady Nor-
thesk, as Dr. Darwin shall think
proper to inject.”

He seemed much pleased with the
proposal, and his amiable patient
expressed gratitude far above the
just claim of the circumstance. Dr.
Darwin said he would cousult his
pillow upon it.

The next day, when Miss 5. called
upor Lady N. the Doctor took her

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

previously into his study, telling her
that he had resigned all thoughts of
trying the experiment upon lady
Northesk ; that it had occurred to
him as a Jast resource, to save an ex-
cellent woman, whose disorder, he
feared, was beyond the reach of me-
dicine; ‘* but,’? added he, “ the
construction of a proper machine is
so nice an affair, the least failure in
its power of aéting so hazardous, the
chance at last from the experiment
so precarious, that I do not choose
to stake my reputation upon the
risque. If she die, the world wilk
say I killed Jady Northesk, thongh
the Londonand Bath physicians have
pronounced her case hopeless, and
sent her home to expire. They
have given her a great deal too much
medicine. I shall give her very
little. Their system of nutritious
food, their gravy jellies, and strong
wines, I have already changed for
milk, vegetables, and fruit. No
wines ever; no meat, no strong
broth, at present. If this alteration
of diet prove unavailing, her family

and friends must lose her.”
lt was not unavailing; she ga-
thered strength under the change
from day today. The disease abat-
ed, and in three weeks time she pur-
sued her journey to Scotland, a con-
valescent, full of hope for herself;
of grateful veneration towards her
physician, whose rescuing skill had
saved her from the graye; and full,
also, of overrating thankfulness to
Miss 8. for the offer she had made.
With her, lady. Northesk regularly
corresponded from that time to her
sudden and deplorable death. » All
lady .N’s. letters spoke of complete-
ly recovered health and strength.
She sent Miss Seward a present of
some beautiful Scotch pebbles, for a
necklace, picked up by her own
hands,

CHARACTERS.

hands, in her lord’s park, and po-
lished at Edinburgh. Enquiry
taught the latter that lady Northesk
had perished by the dreadfully-fre-
quent accident of having set fire to
her clothes.—

He married Mrs. Pole in 1781,
and (in consequence of her dislike to
Lichfield) removed directly to Der-
by. He constantly, from time to
time, withstood solicitations from
countless families of rank and opu-
lence, to remove to London. The
most brilliant prospects of success
in the capital were opened to him,
from various quarters, early on his
residence at Lichfield, and his atten-
tion to them was perpetually re-
quested by eminent people. Con-
scious of his full habit of body, he
probably thought that the establish-
ed custom of imbibing changed and.
pure air by almost daily journies
into the country, essential to his
health, perhaps to the duration of
his life.

From the time of Dr. Darwin’s
marriage and removal to Derby, his
limited biographer can only trace
the outlines of his remaining ex-
istence. Dr. Darwin was extremely
alive to the beauties of poetic lite-
rature, as it rose and expanded
around him. No person could. be
more ready to discern and to praise
its graces; but, from the commence-
ment of the ** Botanic Garden,” the
jealous spirit of authorism darkened
his candour. He had ever main-
tained a preference of Akenside’s
blank verse to Milton’s ; declared

_ that it was of higher polish, of

more classic purity, and more dig-
nified construction. Dr. Darwin’s
reputation as a poet first emanated
from Derby, though his Delphic in-
spirations commenced at Lichfield;
that as a physician his renown still
increased as time rolled on, and his

787

mortal life declined from its noon.
Patients resorted to him, more and
more, from every part of the king-
dom, and often from the conti-~
nent.

About thirteen or fourteen years
after Dr. Darwin’s second marriage,
the Miss Parkers, his relations,
opened a female boarding-scheol at
Ashbourne, in Derbyshire. To the
education of those ingenious and
good young women he paid some’
general attention, and had sedulous-
ly and warmly, by recommendation
and by other means, exerted himself
to serve them.

The system of his ee life on
that theme had been at war with all
sort of restraint on the time, the
amusement, and the diet of children.
Irony was the only corrective wea-
pon he had ever used to his own.
The docility of them all, and the ta-
lents and good qualities of his three
eldest sons, one, alas! cut off in the
dawn of manhood and of fame, and
the happy prospects of the other
two, had confirmed his disdain of in-
cessant attention to young people.
He always said, ‘¢ If you would not
have your children arrogant, con-'
ceited, and hypocritical, do not let
them perceive that you are continu-
ally watching and attending to them 5
nor can you keep that perpetual
watch without their perceiving it.
Inspire them with a disdain of mean-
ness, falschood, and promise-break-
ing; but do not try to effect this
purpose by precéptive declamation,
but, as occasion arises, by expres-
sed contempt of such as commit
those faults, whether it be them-
selves or others. ‘Teach them be-
neyolence and industry by your own
example, for children are emulous
to acquire the habits of advanced
life, and attach to them an idea of
dignity and importance,” %

32 “The

788

The close of the year 1799
brought a severe trial to the stoical
fortitude of Dr. Darwin. From the
period of his second marriage all
had been sunshine in his fortune,
his fame, and domestic conne¢itons ;
but then a storm descended upon
his peace; unioreseen, sudden,
dreadtul! His eldest son, Mr.
Darwin, so prosperously situated,
without one adequate cause for
even transient aflliction, became the
victim of secret and utter despair.
It had often been observed that any
more than ordinary recurrence to
professional business perplexed and
oppressed him. -A demand was
made that he should arrange and
settle some complicated accompts,
which a disposition to procrastinate

_had too long delayed. A disposi-
tion which is always, in a greater or
lesser degree, punished by its conse-
quences. ‘Though a remote, it.is the
most frequent cause of suicide, ac-
cumulatiug debts till their entangle-
ment becomes inextricable, their
weight too heavy to be borne. But
in this case it had produced only an
accumulation of business. Irom
the neeessity of entering upon it,
Mr. Darwin had seemed to shrink
with so much dejection of spirit, as
to induce his partner to entreat that
he would leave the inspeétion solely
to his management. ‘ He declined
the proposal, saying, in a faint
voice, that it was impossible.

This was ona December evening,
cold and stormy. ‘The river Der-
went, which ran at the bottom of
his garden, was partially frozen.
About seven o’clock he sent his
partner out of the way on business,
real or pretended. Mr. Darwin was
on the couch, complaining of the
kead-ach. Soon after eight his part-

ANNUAL. REGISTER, 1804.

ner returning, found the parlour va~
cant. He went to Mr. D’s. up-
stair apartment; vacant also—en-
quired of the servants; they had
not seen their master since this gen-
tleman went out, an hour before.
He waited a few minutes, expecting
his friend’s return from the garden.
Not appearing, a degree of appre-
hension seized his mind. He ran
thither, and in the walk which leads
to the river, he found Mr. Darwin’s
hat and neckcloth. Alarm was im-
mediately given, and boats were
sent out. Dr. Darwin had been
summoned, He staid a long time
on the brink of the water, appa-
rently calm and _ colleéted, but
doubtless suffering the most tortur-
ing anxiety. The body could not
be found till the next day. When
the doctor received information that
it was found, he exclaimed, in a low
voice, ‘¢ Poor insane coward!” and
it is said, never afterwards men-
tioned the ‘subject. It excited,
however, universal sirprise to see
him walking along she streets of
Derby the day after the funeral of
his son, with a serene countenance,
and his usual cheerfulness of ad-
dress. This self-command enabled
him to take immediate possession of
the premises bequeathed to him ; to
lay plans for their improvement ; to
take pleasure in describing those
plans to his acquaintance; and to
determine to make it his future resi-
dence; and all this without seeming
to recolleét to how sad an event he
owed their possession !

The folly of suffering our imagi-
nation to dwell on past and irre-
trievable misfortunes,- and of in-
dulging fruitless grief, he often
pointed out, and always censured.
He relied much on self-discipline in

that

* Tt must in candour be here remarked, that a different statement of this circum-

ange has sifice been given.

CHARACTERS.

that respect, and disdained, from
deference to what he termed the
prejudices of niankind, to display
the outward semblance of unavailing
sorrow, since he thought it wisdom
to combat its reality. Karly in the
year 1800, Dr. Darwin published
another large quarto volume, inti-
tuled, Phytologia, or the Philoso-
phy of Agriculture and Gardening.
Sunday, the 18th of April, 1802,
deprived Derby and its vicinity, and
the encircling counties, of Dr. Dar-
win,—the lettered world of his ge-
nius. During afew preceding years
he had been subjeét to sudden and
alarming disorders of the chest, in
which he always applied the lancet
instantly and freely; he had repeat-
edly risen in the night and bled
himself. It was said that he suspect-
ed angina pectoris to be the cause
of those his sudden paroxysms, and
that it would produce sudden death.
The conversation which he held
with Mrs. Darwin and her friend
the night before he died, gave co-
lour to the report. In the preceding
year he had a dangerous illness: it
originated from a severe cold caught
by obeying the summons of a pati-
ent in Derby, after he had himself
taken strong medicine. His skill,
his courage, his exertion, struggled
vehemently with his disease. Re.
peated and daring use of the lancet
at length subdued it, but in all like-
lihood irreparably weakened the
system. He never looked so well
after as before his seizure; increas-
ed debility of step, and a certain
wanness of countenance awakened
those fears for him which great
numbers felt who calculated upon
his assistance, when hours of pain
and danger might come. It was
said, that during his illness he re-
proved the sensibility and tears of

789

Mrs. Darwin, and bid her remem-
ber that she was the wife of a phi-
losopher.

It was the general opinion that a
glass of brandy might have sayed him
for that time. Its efleét would have
been more powerful from his utter
disuse of spirits; but such was the
abhorrence in which he held them, |
that itis probable no entreaties could
have induced him to have swallowed
a dram, though surely, on any sud-
den chill of the blood, its effects, so
injurious on habitual application,
might have proved restoring. The
body was opened, but it was said,
the surgeons found no traces of pe-
culiar disease; that the state of the
viscera indicated a much more pro-
tracted existence.

He was somewhat above the mid-
dle size, his form athletic, and in-
clined to corpulence ; his limbs too
heavy for exaét proportion. The
traces of a severe smal] pox; fea-
tures and countenance, which, when
they were not animated by social
pleasure, were rather saturnine than
sprightly ; a stoop in the shoulders
and the then professional append-
age, a large full-bottomed wig, gave
at that early period of life an ap-
pearance of nearly twice the years
he bore. Florid health, and the
earnest of good humour, an engag-
ing smile on entering a room and on
first accosting his friends, rendered
in his youth that exterior agreeable,
to which beauty and symmetry had
not been propitious.

He stammered extremely, but
whatever he said, whether gravely
or in jest, was always well worth
waiting for, though the inevitable
impression it made might not always
be pleasant to individual self-love,
Conscious of great native elevation
above the general standard of intel-

8E3 lect

790
leé&t, he became, early in life, sore
upon opposition, whether in argu-
ment or conduct; and always re-
venged it by sarcasm of very-keen
edge. Nor was he less impatient
of the sallies of egotism and vanity,
even when they were in so slight a
degree that striét politeness would

rather tolerate than ridicule them.
Dr. Darwin seldom failed to present

_their caricature in jocose but wound-

ing irony. His scepticism to human
truth was extreme. From that cause
he often disregarded the accounts
his patients gave of themselves, and
rather chose to colleét his informa-
tion by indireét inquiry, and by
cross examining them, than from
their voluntary testimony. That dis-
trust and that habit were probably
favourable to his skill in discover-
ing the origin of diseases, and thence
to his pre-eminent success in effeét-
ing their cure; but they impressed
his mind and tinétured his conver-
sation with an apparent want of
confidence in mankind, which was ~
apt to wound the ingenuous and
confiding spirit, whether seeking
his medical assistance, or his coun-
sel as a friend.

From the time at which Dr. Dar-
win first came to Lichfield, he avow-
ed a conviction of the pernicious
effeéts of all viscous fluids on the
youthful and healthy constitution ;
an absolute horror of spirits of all
sorts, and however diluted. His
own example, with very few excep-
tions, supported his exhortations.
From strong malt liquor he totally
abstained, and if he drank a glass
or two of English wine, he mixed
it with water. Acid fruits, with
sugar, and all sorts of creams, and
butter were his luxuries; but he
always ate plentifully of animal food.
This liberal alimentary regimen he

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

prescribed to people of every age,
where unvitiated appetite rendered
them capable of following it; even
to infants. He despised the preju-
dice which deems foreign wines more
wholesome than the wines of the
country. *‘If youmust drink wine,”
said he, ‘‘ let it be home-made.” —
It is well known, that Dr. Darwin’s
influence and example have sobered
the county of Derby ; that intem-
perance in fermented fluids of every
species is almost unknown amongst
the gentlemen.

Professional generosity distin.
guished Dr. Darwin’s medical prac. |
tice.- While resident in Lichfield,
to the pricst and lay-vicar of its
cathedral, and their families, heal-
ways cheerfully gave his advice, but
never took fees from any of them.
He also diligently attended to the
health of the poor in that city, and
afterwards at Derby, and supplied
their necessities by food, and all
sorts of charitable assistance. In
each of these towns he exercised the
most genuine hospitality, without
extravagaiice or parade; deeming
ever the first unjust, the latter un-
manly.

To the many rich presents which
nature bestowed on the mind of Dr.
Darwin, she added the seducing and
often dangerous gift of a highly
poetic imagination ; but he remem-
dered how fatal that gift profession-
ally became to the young physicians
Akenside and Armstrong. Thus,
through the first twenty years of his
practice as a physician, Dr. Darwin,
with the wisdom of Ulysses, bound
himself to the medical mast, that
he might not follow those delusive
syrens, the muses, or be consider-
ed astheir avowed yotary. Occa-
sional little pieces, however, fre-
quently stole from his pen ; though

he

iv
7

-

CHARACTERS.

he cautiously precluded their pass-
ing the press, before his latent ge-
nius for poetry became unveiled to
the public eye in its copioys and
dazzling splendour.

Account of the celebrated Juvenile
Dramatic Performer, universally
styled the Young Roscius,

William Henry West Betty, only
son of William Henry Betty, and
Mary Stanten, was born on the
13th of September, 1791, near
Shrewsbury. His father, son of
Dr. Betty, an eminent physician of
Lisburn, in Ireland. His msther,
of a respectable Worcestershire fa-
mily. Young Betty was reared at
Ballyhinch, the residence of his fa-
ther. From the peculiar turn of
his mother, he carly acquired a taste
for dramatic recitation ; and, pos-
sessing a retentive memory, gave
indications of talent in that line.
But his introduction to the stage is
said to be owing to a powerful im-
pression made by the performance
of Mrs. Siddons, whom he saw at
Belfast in the character of Elvira;
$0 strongly was he affeéted by its
representation, that he immediately
told his father, ‘* he should certain-
ly die if he must not be a player.”
lt may readily he credited, that,wak-

‘ing or sleeping, he saw nothing but
Elvira; he talked but of her, com.
mitted ‘her speeches to memory, and

no doubt spouted them to all who
came in his way. | His passion for
the stage having outlived the ordi-
nary term of childish impressions,

,and continuing to increase, his pa-

‘ rents, seeing all opposition futile,
were necessitated to think seriously
of experimenting his talents for the
lramaticart. ‘They introduced him

791

to the manager and prompter of the
Belfast theatre, before whom he re-
hearsed some passages from Pizarro,
from which they formed a consider-~
able opinion of his, abilities, and
soon after, the theatres being closed
on account of the rebellion, Mr.
Hough (the prompter) passed to
Baliyhinch, and gave lessons to
young Betty, who, though under
eleven ycars of age, scon impressed
his memory with the parts of Rolla,
Douglas, Osman, and other emi-
nent, theatrical characters. It is
said by Mr. Merritt, one of the best
of his biographers, that Mr. Hough
found his pupil to possess a docility
greater even than his genius, what-
ever he was direéted to do, he could
instantly execute, and was sure
never to forget; and that his feel-
ings could take the impression of
every passion and sentiment, and
express them in appropriate lan-
guage. Whatever was properly
presented to his mind, he could im-
mediately lay hold of, and seemed
to seize by a sort of intuitive saga.
city, the spirit of every sentence,
and the prominent beauties of every
remarkable passage. In this state.
ment some latitude must be allowed
to the zeal and affection of the tu-
tor, for it is not very easy to con~
ceive how a child’s feelings could
take the impression of passions, of

-which he could have no concep-

tion: But by this time we are suf.
ficiently cool to examine whether
on the stage the lad really does ex-
hibit those unborn passions: the
majority, like the gentle Tilburina,
are easily taught to seé any thing;
but, indeed,

“ The Spanish fleet we cannot see,
“ Becau-c its not in sight.”

Nor does the Young Roscius really
34 exhibit

792

exhibit any other passions than those:

which his age has permitted him to
know and feel. In short, he is nei-
ther more nor less than a child pos-
sessed of extraordinary powers for
theatrical representation.

Impressed as was Mr. Hough with
favourable sentiments for his pupil,
on his return he induced the mana-
ger of the Belfast theatre to engage
the child for four nights, and, on the
16th of August, 1803, he made his
first appearance on the stage at Bel-
fast, in the character of Osman, be-
ing then eleven years of age.—
Throughout the night he discovered
no sign of embarrassment*, per-
formed without mistake, and re-
ceived the most tumultuous and in-
cessant applause. The ensuing
morn he was announced for the part
of Young Norval, in the tragedy of
Douglas, and his representation of
that charaéter inspired the whole
town of Belfast with the highest
consideration for his talents. He
afterwards played Rolla and Romeo
with equal success. His fame hav-
‘ing spread to Dublin, Mr. Jones,
the manager there, engaged him for
nine nights. The probability of
the child’s theatrical interest becom-
ing very weighty, induced Mr.
Betty to attach Mr. Hough entirely
to his son, which the affection and
zeal of the latter rendered an casy
task.

On the 28th of November, master
Betty appeared at the theatre-royal
Crow-street, in the character of
Young Norval, and received, in ad-
’ dition to the most general and un-
bounded applause, the appellation of
‘¢ The Young Roscius.”” His success

ANNUAL REGISTER,. 1804.

in Dublin was so great, that the ma-
nager endeavoured to engage him
for a term of years, at a liberal and
increasing salary ; much to the cre-
dit of Dublin, however, there alone
have been found those, who, free
from envious or interested motives,
have had sufficient discernment to
appreciate truly the child’s talents
and ‘the extravagant impropriety
both of the theatre and the public
in forcing him into an untimely ma-
turity.

The author of ** The Series of
Familiar Epistles to F. Jones, esq.
on the present state of the Irish
Stage,” a work of the keenest wit,
humour, and satire, points. out
the folly and absurdity of making
the stage a nursery, and laments that
a promising child should be deprived
of that education which might make
him a useful man, to be converted
into a source of theatrical revenue.
Prince William, now duke of Glou-
cester, it is said, has condescended
to give a similar, though a more
prudentia!, because a more qualified
advice. One of our esquires on this
side the water, not quite satisfied
with the indefinite direétions of the
Familiar Epistles, has published an
o¢tavo of ** Hints fer the Education
of the Young Roscius.” According
to him, he must possess many natural
endowments, and almost innumera-
ble qualifications and acquirements
indispensibly requisite; great la-
bour: invincible ardour; perspi-
cuity of intelleét; strength of me-
mory; polished capability; classi-
cal education; French; a uni-
versal knowledge of history; an
acquaintance with the best masters

* Ryder, the celebrated Irish comedian, bas said that he had served three ap-
prenticeships to the stage (21 years) and the curtain never rose above him a single

night that he did not tremble.

~

of

\
of painting, ancient and modern ;
| the difference of climate, national

\ charaéter, and bodily temperament ;

the customs, manners, modes of

salutation, and dresses of different
nations; the classic poets; and the
whole range of ancient statues (per-
haps statutes) should be open to his
view; and all these are to be ac-
quired during the intervals of a ne-
ver ceasing study of the passions,
as they are exhibited hy the respec-
tive inhabitants of the different parts
of the’globe. ‘This plan appears

sufficiently extensive even for ‘a

young princess,” though some of our

Londoners will not be satisfied un-
_ less the lord chancellor administer
it.

From Dublin the Young Roscius
proceeded to Cork, under an en-
gagement of six nights, which he
fulfilled with the greatest applause,
and was induced to extend it three
performances more at the desire of
the inhabitants. ‘There his powers
of attraction were unexampled, the
general receipts being not above ten
pounds per night, which, during the
stay of Young Roscius, increased
to an hundred.

Fame now blew her trump so
loud, tkat its sound reached the ca-

CHARACTERS.

_ pital of Scotland, and in May 1804,

he appeared on the Glasgow boards
inthe tragedy of Douglas. Of all
the panegyrists of our Roscius, Mr,
Jackson, the Glasgow manager, ap-
pears to be the warmest. He asserts
him to be “ presented by heaven,”
(which of the heavens he has not
thought proper to state) and ¢¢ fully

instructed by the inspiring voice of

nature,”—‘‘ words cannot express
_ his surprising endowments,” Mr.
Jackson observes, ‘‘ I speak not
from a transient view, or from the

mB Se &

793

examining a single character. I have
traced him through all the parts he
has performed on this theatre, and
watched his dramatic progress with
a critic’s eye, in order to notice
expected defects ; and, if needful,
to point out emendations. But his
correétness, and graceful mode of
deportment, throughout the whole
of the performances, and the aston-
ishing exertions which his powers
enabled him to exhibit, rendered
useless my intention, and taught me
to know that ‘ Nature’s above art in
that respect,’ for the gifts she has
endowed him with, I found stood
in no great need ofa preceptor.” The
whole of this experienced veteran’s
reasoning and opinions are of the
same quality, and equally worthy
of attention: however, according
tothat gentleman, ** He set the town
of Edinburgh ina blaze!” which is to
be ascribed to the ‘* pleasing move-
ments of perfect and refined nature,
which had been incorporated with
his frame, previous to his birth.”
Home was present during his first
performance, in Edinburgh, of Young
Norval, and ‘ the author of
Douglas, in the plenitude of rap.
turous enthusiasm, from the unex.
pected gratification he had received,
stepped forward before the curtain,
and bowed respectfully to the audi-
ence.” On being asked how he
had been entertained, he answered
‘¢ Never better: this is the first time
J ever saw the part of Douglas
played, according to my ideas of
the character. He is a wonderful
being ; his endowments great be-
yond conception: and I pronounce
him at present, or at least, that he
soon will be, one of the first ators
upon the British stage!”
The criticisms on his performances
in

794

in Scotland, according to the bio-
graphers, were neither few nor
temperate, and are said to have no-
- thing but their malignity to recom-
mend them.*

Mr. M‘Cready, the monarch of
the Birmingham theatre, now: sent
the young hero of the sock an em-
bassy to implore the aid of his om-
nipotent prowess, in whose cause
the Young Roscius made his first
appearance on the English stage:
but there, and there only, we hear
of the slightest symptom of incredu-
lity. For the first four evenings
the theatre was but thinly attended,
but on the fifth, the electric shock
communicated itself with the great-
est success. Mr. Harley, author
and actor of that theatre, ‘‘ was en-
wrapt in wonder and delight,” own-
ed himself a convert, and from his
soul exclaimed—‘‘ This is no coun-
terfeit! this is the acting that fecl-
ingly persuades me what itis.” The
subsequent nights were thronged
beyond all precedent, nearly to
suffocation, and ‘* every tongue
confessed the power which every
heart had felt.” Mr. Harley’s
ideas of acting seem to agree per-
feétly with the Edinburgh manager,
for although his modesty would not
permit him to anticipate the judg-
ment of a London audience; he
considers ‘“¢ his Hamlet as one of
the most fascinating pieces of acting
that he had ever witnessed.” His
Richard too was equally a master-
piece. It should not be forgotten,
that, in support of the opinion of
these two experienced and able cri-
tits, a letter signed Jo. Stuart, ins
serted in Mr. Jackson’s pamph-
let, contains a conviction, ‘* that

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

he weuld play Lusignan or Old

Norval, with equal propriety and

effect, as Douglas or Osman.’’

The Birmingham manager sent a
choice of conditions+, cither a clear
benefit for six performances, which
might have equalled 2601. or for
eight nights one fifth of the gross
receipts, and a benefit; or on Mrs.
Siddons’s plan, to divide equally
after the expences, and to pay the
customary gratuity for a» benefit 5
but those concluded on were to di-
vide for six nights, allowing 501.
for expences, and to give the 7th
night gratis on condition of receivs
ing the 8th for 401. Mr. Hough,
in a letter dated Edinburgh, July
28, states that “ the lasc six nights

of his performing here produced ~

£.844.” At Birmingham the receipts
for thirteen nights were | nearly
£.2,300. During Young Betty’s
stay at Birminghamy{, one of the

‘Drury-Lane managers, in passing

through that place, was persuaded
to stay and see the prodigy : he
stayed two nights, and, after much
deliberation, oifered half a clear be-
nefié to perform seven nights in
London! Of course the offer was
rejected with disdain.

After frank deliberation, a com.
mission was sent down to a Bir.
mingham critic to obtain an opinion
on the case: the critic being indis-
posed, alas! like ordinary men,
had recourse ta Mr. M‘Cready, who
expressed an opinion that he was
worth fifty guineas a night, and a
clear benefit. Terms so enormous
gave birth (and well they might) to
a new deliberation ; and, in the in-
terim, captain Barlow arrived at
Birmingham on the part of Mr.

* Jackson’s Pamphlet, ‘p. 41. .

+ Harley, p. 27.

+ Harley. 83
+ at 3 Pee «

Harris, with a carte blanche for a
Covent-Garden engagement, which
was concluded for twelve nights on
M‘Cready’s terms. The nights were
to be three in the last week of No-
vember, three in the first week of
_ December, three in the last week
of January, and three in_ the first
week of February. His benefit to
follow immediately, and the engage-
ment to be renewed after Kaster,
should its success render it eligible.
The altercation consequent, between
the managers, is not worth repeat-
ing, but Mr. Harley states that
_ Drury-Lane dispatched immediately
messengers to Liverpool, and else-
where, to buy off, at any price, his
present engagements; but, much to
the credit of the boy and his friends,
they determined to adhere to every
subsisting contraét; an exclusive
engagement, however, having not
been made, Drury-Lane obtained
him for the Covent-Garden inter-
vals. From Birmingham he pro-
ceeded to Sheflield, and with the
same Success ; On no Occasion was
that town known to be socrowded ;
great numbers thronged to town in
all direétions, and every house was
overloaded with visitors; and the
prices of admission were raised,
_no doubt, to oblige the gentility of
_ the place. Early in Oétober he ar-
rived at Liverpool.* All his former
_ Successes, however brilliant and un.
_ precedented, were there completely

~

x eclipsed, (the inhabitants of Liver-°

_ pool being particularly attached to
_ dramatic amusements and prodigies, )
and the ordinary theatric receipts
re,” exceed any in the empire,
_ London and perhaps Dublin except-
_ €d: the house is also the third in mag-
nitude,yet the difliculty of admittance

ROH ARAEG TERS ¥ 795

was such, that in a few minutes the
house filled :—nay, the pressure, in
a morning, to take places, was
such, that all the standing rigging
of the pressors was carried away ;
and hats, wigs, boots, muffs, spencers,
and tippets, flew about in all direc-
tions through the crowd. In fif.
teen nights Master Betty cleared
£.1520 at Liverpool. From thence
he proceeded to Chester and Man-
chester, and finished his provincial
engagements at Lichfield ; where it
is said he played twice a day.
Saturday December first, 1804,
was announced for his first appear-
ance on the London boards, and as.
the newspapers had for months been
winding up the public to the high-
est pitch of expeétation, those who
are acquainted with the turbulent
manners of a London mob, and
its more than Liverpool attachment
to prodigies of all descriptions, may
form a tolerable pi¢ture of the as-
semblage on that occasion, and also
of its conduét.—A playhouse door,
on afayourite night, in London, is
the only place where the true spirit
of jacobinism is to be found; there
all distinftions of age, sex, or rank
are unknown, and by force or ace
cident only can pre-eminence be
obtained. The pressure was un-
paralleled: the doors were scarcely
opened before proclamations an~
nounced the house to be full. Con-
fusion reigned triumphant in every
part of the theatre. In vain was an
attempt made to address the audi-
ence; the play commenced amidst
the storm, and was compelled to
shrink from its fury. The address
was again brought forward, and the
aétor had sufficient firmness to grum-
ble quite through it. The tragedy

* Merrit, p. 47,

796

of Barbarossa again commenced,
but of the first act the performers
had all the pleasure to themselves,
as not a word could be heard. In
the second aét, when the Young
Roscius entered, the most tumultu~-
ous applause greeted him, which he
received with the utmost coolness
and presence of mind. His per-
formance, judging by its effeéts,
even exceeded all promise ; the
town for weeks after his first ap-
pearance was like the city ot Ab-
dera, not a word but of ** Cupid
prince of gods and men ;”’ and even
Methodism herself lent her pious vo-
taries to swell the list of his cap-
tives. Of his figure little at pre-
Sent can be said, but that it is
straight and not ungraceful ; his
face oval and flat, features small,
eyes grey and not lively, eyebrows
straight and thin.—At present his
face possesses no great powers of
expression, nor, as far as can be
judged, are his muscles likely to
swell out into that grand, bold size
necessary for theatric effect. His
powers consist in expressing his
feelings rather by a general energy
of figure than of countenance, and
he has. been so well schooled, that
this energy is confined to the princi-
pal passages he has to deliver. As
to his capability of depicting all the
passions, and their varied shades,
with all the refinements of delivery

/

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

which abstraét sentiment assumes,
it is quite ridiculous to expect it.—
Charaéters suited to his years, such
as Frederick and Young Norval;
he performs in general very well ;
though in parts of each of these,
(and it should scem his instructors
do not understand the sense of the
author,) wherever. the expression of
a passion is demanded, of whatever be
its nature, that general energy which
characterizes his aéting, is applied
to it, and it satisfies the audience.
In the business of the stage he is
extremely correét, and pays more
attention to the scene than is usual
with some even of the best perform-
ers. Of his voice it is said, that on
his first appearance it was uncom-
monly strong, clear, and swect:
at present it is husky, though not
disagreeably so; but he possesses a
surprising distinétness of articula-
tion, and without the slightest ef-
forts can be understood throughout
Drury-lane theatre, to which he
super-adds a perleét eommand of it.
On the whole, it may readily be
admitted, that he is a youth gifted
with extraordinary qualifications
from nature; that his defects are
such as are accounted for by his age
alone, and, with prudent manage-
ment, who would probably in a few
years become one of the brightest
ornaments of the British stage.

NATURAL —

?

[ 797 ]

NATURAL

Account of the Torpedo. From

Shaw’s British Zoology.

tee torpedo has been cele-
brated both by ancients and
moderns for its wonderful faculty

of catsing a sudden numbness or
_ painful sensation in the limbs of
those who touch or handle it. ‘This
power the ancients, unacquainted
with the theory of electricity, were
contented to admire, without at-
tempting to explain; and, as is
usual in similar cases, magnified
into an effect little short of what is
commonly ascribed to enchantment.
Thus we are told by Oppian, that
the torpedo, conscious of his latent
faculty, when caught by.a hook,
exerts it in such a manner that,
passing along the line and rod, it
_benumbs the astonished fisherman,
and suddenly reduces him to a state
of helpless stupefaction.

The hook’d torpedo, with instinctive
force

Calls all his magic from its secret
source :

“Quick thro’ the slender line and polished

d

and tingles in th’ offending

hand,

_ The palsied fisherimap, in dumb sur-
prise,

Feels thro’ his frame the chilling vapours
rise :

Drops the lost rod, and seems, in stiff’-
ning pain,

Some frost fix’d wanderer on the polar
plain,

wan
Tt darts;

HISTORY.

Itis affirmed by Pliny, that the tor-
pedo, even when touched withaspear
or stick, can benumb the strongest
arm, and stop the swiftest foot.

It is well observed by Dr. Bloch,
that these exaggerations, on the part
of the ancients, are the less to be
wondered at when we reflect on
similar ones in modern times. Thus
when Muschenbroek happened acci-
dentally to discover and {eel the effeét
of the eleétric shock from what is
called the Leyden phial,he represent-
edit of so terrible a nature as to affeét
his health for several days afterwards,
and declared that he would not un-
dergo a second for the whole king-
dom of France. Yet this is now
the common amusement of philoso-
phical curiosity.

The observations of the learned
Redi and others of the seventeenth
century, had tended, in some de-
gree, to elucidate the, peculiar ac-
tions and anatomy of the torpedo ;
but it was reserved for more modern
times, and for our own ingenious
countrymen in particular, ‘to ex-
plain in a more satisfaétory manner
the particulars of its history ; and
to prove that its power is truly
electric. The first experiments of
this kind were made by Mr. Walsh,
of the royal society of London, at
Rochellein France, in the year 1772.

‘*'The effeét of the torpedo,”
says Mr. Walsh, ‘¢ appears to be
absolutely electrical forming, its cir-
cuit through the same conductors

with

798
with eleétricity, and being inter-
cepted by the same non-conduéctors
as glassand sealing-wax. The back
and the breast of the animal ap-
pear to be in different states of elec-
tricity, I mean in particular the
upper and lower surfaces of the
two assemblages of pliant cylinders
engraved in the works of Loren-
zini*. By the knowledge of this
circumstance we have been able to
direét his shocks, though they were
small, through a circuit of four
persons, all feeling it, and likewise
through a considerable length of
wire held by two insulated persons,
one touching his lower surface and
the other his upper. When the
wire was exchanged for glass or
sealing wax no effe¢ét could be ob-
tained; but as it was resumed the
two persons became liable to the
shock. These experiments have
been varied many ways, and re-
peated times without number, and
they all determined the choice of
conductors to be the same in the
torpedo as in the Leyden phial.
The sensations likewise, occasioned
by the one and the other in the hu-
‘man frame, are precisely similar.
Not only the shock, but the numb-
ing sensation, which the animal
sometimes dispenses, expressed in
French by the words engourdisse-
ment and fourmillement, may be
exacily imitated with the phial, by
means of Lane’s eleétrometer; the
regulating rod of which, to produce
the latter efleét, must be brought
almost into contaét with the prime
conductor which joins the phial. It
is a singularity that the torpedo,
when insulated, should be abie to
give us, insulated likewise, forty
or fifty successive shocks from nearly

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

the same part; and these with lite

tle, if any diminution of their force. —

Each effort of the animal to give the
shock is conveniently accompanied
by a depression of his eyes, by

which even his attempts to give it to

non-conduétors can be observed :
in respeét to the rest of his body he
is in a great degree motionless,
though not entirely so. I have

taken no less than fifty of theabove- -

mentioned successive. shocks from

an insulated torpedo in the space of ©

a minute and a half. All our expe-
riments confirm that the electricity
of the torpedo is condensed, in the
instant of its explosion, by a sud-

den energy of the animal; and as —

there is no gradual accumulation,
or retention of it, as in case of
charged glass, it is not at all sur-
prising that no signs of attraétion
or repulsion were perceived in the
pith balls.

In short, the effect of the torpedo |
appears to arise from a compressed —

elastic fluid, restoring itself to its
equilibrium in the same way, and by
the same mediums, as the elastic
fluid compressed in charged glass.

The skin of the animal, bad conduce

tor as it is, seems to be a better con-

ductor of his electricity than the —
Not- —

thinnest plate of elastic air.
withstanding the weak spring of the
torpedinal electricity, I was able, in
the public exhibitions of my experi-

ments at La Rochelle, to convey it —

through a circuit formed from one
surface of the animal to the other,

by two long brass wires, and four.
persons, which number, at times, —
The a
several persons were made to com. —

was increased even to eight.

municate with each other, and the
two outermost with the wires, by

* Observazioni intorno alle torpedini, 1678.

means

NATURAL

means of water contained in basons,
properly disposed between them for
that purpose. This curious and con-
vincing experiment is thus related by
Monsieur Seignette, mayor of La
Rochelle, and one of the secretaries
of its academy; published in the
French gazettes, for the month of
October in the above year.
A live torpedo was placed on a
table: round another table stood five
persons insulated: two brass wires,
each thirteen feet long, were sus-
pended to the ceiling by silken
strings. One of these wires rested
by one end on the wet napkin on
which the fish lay; the other end
was immersed in a bason full of wa-
ter, placed on the second table, on
which stood four other basons like-
wise full of water. The first person
put a finger of one hand in the ba-
son in which the wire was immersed,
and a finger of the other hand ina
second bason. The second person
put a finger of one hand in the last
bason, and a finger of the other ina
third, and so on successively, till

the five persons communicated with
one another, with the water in the

dasons. Inthe last bason one end
_of. the second wire was immersed,
and with the other end Mr. Walsh
touched the baek of the torpedo,
' when the five persons felt a commo-
_ tion which diiiered in nothing from
_ that of the Leyden experiment, ex-
cept in the degree of force. Mr.
_ Walsh, who was not in the circle of
‘conduction, received no shock.-—
_ This experiment was repeated seve-
_ ral times, even with cight persons,
and always with the samé success.
The action of the torpedo is com-
_municated by the same medium as
the clectric fiuid. ‘The bodies which

intercept the action of the one inter-
_ cept likewise the action of the other.
, ; 1

Bis PO RY. 799

The eifects produced by the torpedo
resemble in every respect a weak
electricity, .

This exhibition of the electric
powers of the torpedo, before the
academy of La Rochelle, was ata
mecting held for the purpose, in
my apartments, on the 22d of July,
1772, and stands registered in the
journals of the academy.”

Mr. Walsh, in his paper on this
subject, in the Philosophical Trans.
actions, thus continues the account
of these interesting experiments :

*¢ ‘The effect of the animal, in the
above experiments, was transmitted
through as great an extent, and va-
riety of conductors, as almost at any
time we had been able to obtain it,
and the experiments included nearly
all the points in which its analogy
with the Leyden phial had been ob-
served. These points were stated
to the gentlemen present, as were
the circumstances in which the two
effects appeared te vary. It was like-
wise represented to them, that our
experiments had been almost wholly
with the animal in air; that its ac.
tion in water was a capital desidera-
tum, that indeed all as yet done was
litle more than opening the door to
inquiry ; that much remained to be
examined by the electrician, as well
as the anatomist: that as artificial
electricity had thrown light on the
natural operation of the torpedo,
this might, in return, if well consi-
dered, throw light on artificial elec-
tricity, particularly in those respects
in which they now seemed to differ. :
The torpedo, in these experiments,
dispensed only the distinct, instanta-
neous stroke, so well known by the
electric shock. That protracted but
lighter sensation, that torpor or
numbness which he at times induces,
and from which he takes his name,

was

A

800

was not then experienced from the
animal, but it was imitated with ar-
tificial electricity, and shewn to be
producible by a quick consecution
of minute shocks. ‘This, in the tor-
pedo, may perhaps be effected by
the successive discharge of his nu-
merous cylinders, in the nature of a
running, fire of musquetry: the
strong single shock may be his gene-
ral volley. Jn the continued effect,
as well as the instantaneous, his
eyes, which are usually prominent,
are withdrawn into their sockets.

** A large torpedo, very liberal of
his shocks, being held with both
hands, by electric organs above and
below, was briskly plunged into
water to the depth of a foot, and
instantly raised an equal height in
air, and was thus continually
plunged and raised, as quick as pos-
sible. for the space of a minute. Ia
the instant his lower surface touched
the water in his descent, he always
gave a violent shock, and another,
still more violent in his ascent; both
which shocks, but particularly the
last, were accompanied with a writh-
ing in his body, as if meant to force
an escape. Besides these two shocks
from the surface of the water, which
may yet be considered as delivered
in the air, he constantly gave at least
two when in the air, and as con-
stantly one, and sometimes two,
when wholly in the water. The
shocks in the water appeared, as far
as sensation could decide, not to have
near a fourth the force of those which
took place at the surface of the wa-
ter, nor much more thar a fourth of
thase entirely in air.

‘¢ The shocks received in a cer-
tain time were not, on this occasion,
counted by a watch, as they had
been on a former, when fifty were

delivered in a minute and a half, by
9

~

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the animal, when in an insulated and —

unagitated state; but, from the
quickness with which the immersions
were made, it may be presumed there
were full twenty of these in a mi-

nute ; from whence the number of —

shocks in that time must have a-
mounted to above an hundred.—
This experiment, therefore, while it
discovered the comparative force be-
tween a shock in water and one in

air, and between a shock delivered —

with a greater degree of exertion on
the part of the animal, and one with
less, seemed to determine that the
change of his organs with electrici-
ty, as well as the discharge, was af-
fected in an instant.

‘¢ 'The torpedo was then put into
a flat basket, open at the top, but
secured by a net with wide meshes,
and with this confinement was let
down into the water about a foot
below the surface; being there
touched through the meshes, with
only a single finger, on one of his
electric organs, while the other hand
was held at a distance in the water,
he gave shocks whici were distinctly
felt with both hands.

‘¢ The circuit for the passage of
the effect being contracted to the fin-
ger and thumb of one hand, applied
above and below to a single organ,
produced a shock, to our sensation,
of twice the force of that in the larger
circuit by the arms,

‘¢ The torpedo, still confined in
the basket, being raised to within
three inches of the surface of the
water, was there touched with a

‘short iron bolt, which was held, half

above and half in the water, by one
hand, while the other hand was
dipped, as before, at a distance in the
water; and strong shocks, felt with
both hands, were thus obtained
through the iron.
“cA wet

#
.
i
j
é
|

NATURAL

¢¢ A wet hempen cord, being fas-
tened to the iron boit, was held in
the hand above the water, while the

bolt touched the torpedo, and the,

Shocks were obtained through both
these substances.

<6 A less powerful torpedo, sus-
pended in a small net, being fre«

‘guently dipped into water, and
raised again, gave, from the surface
of the water, slight shocks through
the net to the person holding it.

“< These experiments in water
manifested, that bodies immersed in
that element might be affected by
immediate contagt with the torpedo ;
that the shorter the circuit in which
the electricity moved, the greater
would be the effect; and that the
shock was communicable, from the
animal in water, to persons in air,
through some substances,

‘¢ How far harpoons and nets,
consisting of wood and hemp, could
in like circtmstances, as it has been
frequently asserted, convey the ef-
fect, was not so particularly tried,
as to enable us to confirm it. I
mention the omission, in hopes some
one may be induced to determine the
point by express trial.

_ We convinced ourselves, on
former occasions, that the accurate

~Kempfer, who so well describes the
effect of the torpedo, and happily
compares it with lightning, was de-
ceived in the circumstance that it

could be avoided by holding in the
breath, which we found no more to

prevent the shock of the torpedo,
when he was disposed to give it,
than it would prevent the shocks of
“the Leyden phial.

*€ Several persons, forming as ma.
ny distinct cirelits, can be affected
by one stroke of the animal, as well
as when joined in a single circuit.—

or instance, four persons touching
‘separately his upper and lower sur-

Vou. x Vi. S

HISTORY. 801

faces, were all affected; two persons
likewise, after the electricity had
passed through a wire into a bason
of water, transmitted it from thence
into two distinct channels, as their
sensation convinced them, into ano~
ther bason of water, from whence it
was conducted, probably in an united
state, by asingle wire. How much
farther the effect might thus be di-
vided and subdivided into different
channels, was not determined ; but
it was found to be proportionately
weakened by multiplying these cir-
cuits, as it had been by extending
the single circuit.”

The body of the torpedo is of 2
somewhat circular form, perfectly
smooth, slightly convex above, and
marked along each side of the spine
by several small pores or foramina >
the colour of the upper surfaceis tsu-
ally a pale reddish brown, sometimes
marked by five, large, equidistant,
circular dusky spots, with paler cen=
tres; the under surface is whitish, or
flesh-coloured. The torpedo, how=
ever, is observed to vary considera~
bly in the cast and intensity of its
colours. The general length of* the
torpedo seems to be about eighteen
inches, or two feet, but it is occas
sionally found of far larger dimen-
sions, specimens having been taken
on our own coasts of the weight of
fifty, sixty, and even eighty pounds.
A specimen, weighing fifty-three
pounds, was found, according to Mr,
Pennant, to measure four feet in
length, and two anda halfin breadth:
the head and body, which were in-
distinct, were nearly round, about
two inches thick in the middle, atte-
nuating to extreme thinness on the
edges: below the body, the ventral
fins formed on each side one fourth
of a circle : the two dorsal fins were
placed on the trunk of the tail: the
eyes were small, placed near each

3F other 5

802

other: behind each was a round
spiracle, with six small cutancous
rays on their inner circumference ;
the mouth was small, the teeth minute
and spicular ; the colour of the ani-
mal was cinerous brown above and
white beneath. The torpedo is an
inhabitant of most seas, but seems to
arrive at a larger size in the Me-
diterranean than elsewhere. It is
generally taken with the trawl, but
has been sometimes known to take
a bait, thus justifying the descrip-
tion of Oppian. It commonly lics
in water of about forty fathoms
depth, in company with others of
this genus.

It preys on smaller fish, and, ac-
cording to Mr. Pennant, a surmullet
and a place have been found in the
stomach ef two of them: the sur-
mullet, as Mr. Pennant well ob-
Serves, is a fish of that swiftness,
that it would be impossible for the
torpedo to take it by pursuit: we
may therefore suppose that it stupi-
fies its prey, by exerting its electric
faculty. ‘The torpedo often inhabits
sandy places, burying itself superfi-
cially, by flinging the sand over it,
by @ quick flapping of all the extre-
mities. It is in this situation that it
gives its most forcible shock, which
is said to throw down the astenished
passenger that inadvertently treads
on the animal.

The torpedo, with respec to its
general anatomy, does not ma-
terially differ from the rest of the
ray tribe, except in its electric’ or
Galvanic organs, which are thus ac-
curately described by Mr. Hunter.

‘¢ These organs are placed on
each side of the cranium and gills,
reaching from thence to the semi-
circular cartilages of each great
fin, and extending longitudinally

from the anterior extremity of the.

animal to the transverse cartilage

ANNUAL REGISTER.

which divides the thorax from the
abdomen; and within these limits
they occupy the whole space be-

‘tween the skin of the upper and of

the under surface: they are thickest

at the edges near the centre of the |

fish, and become gradually thinner
towards the extremities. Each elec.
tric organ, at its inner longitudinal
edge, is a convex elliptic curve. ‘The
anterior extremity of each organ
makes the section of a small circle ;
and the posterior extremity makes
nearly a right angle with the innér
edge. Hach organis attached to the
surrounding parts by a close cellular
membrane, and also by short and
strong tendinous fibres, which pass
directly across its outer edge to the
semicircular cartilages. ‘They are
covered above and below by the
common skin of the animal, under
which there is a thin fascia, spread
over the whole organ. ‘This is
composed of fibres, which run lon-
gitudinally, or in the direction of the

body of the animal : these fibres ap- —

pear to be perforated in innumera-
ble places, which gives the fascia the
appearance of being fasciculated : its
edges, all round, are closely con-
nected to the skin, and at last ap-

pear to be lost, or to degenerate in- —

to the common cellular membrane of
the skin: immediately under this is
another membrane, exactly of the
same kind, the fibres of which, in
some measure, decupate those of the
former, passing from the middle line
of the body outwards and back-
wards; the inner edge of this is lost

with the first described ; the ante- |

rior, outer, and posterior edges are
partly attached to the semicircular’
cartilages, and partly lost in the
common ¢ellular membrane. This
inner fascia appears to be continued
into the electric organ by so many
processes, and thereby make the

mem-

NATURA LIEB IST ORY.

membranous sides or sheaths of the
columns, which are presently to be
described ; and between these pro-
cesses the fascia covers the end of
each column, making the outermost
or first partition. Each organ is
about five inches in length, and, at
the anterior end, three in breadth,
though it is little more than half as
broad at the posterior extremity :
each consists wholly of perpendicu-
lar columns, reaching from the up-
per to the under surface of the body,
and varying in their lengths accord-
ing to the thickness of the parts of
the body where they are placed, the
longest column being about an inch
and a half, and the shortest about
one fourth of an inch in Jength, and
their diameters about two tenths of
aninch. The figures of these co-
lumns are very irregular, varying
according to situation and other cir-
cumstances. The greatest number
are either irregular hexagons, or ir-
regular pentagons ; but from the ir-
regularity of some of them, it hap-
pens that a pretty regular quadran-
gular column is sometimes formed.
Those of the exterior row are either
quadrangular or hexagonal, having
one side external, two lateral, and
either one or two internal. In the
second row they are mostly penta-
gons ; their coats are very thin, and
seem transparent, closely connected
with each other, having a kind of

- Joose net-work, of tendinous fibres,

passing transversely and obliquely
between the columns, and uniting
them more firmly together. ‘These
are mostly observable where the
Jarge trunks of the nerves pass; the
columns are also attached by strong
inelastic fibres passing directly from
the one to the other. The number
of columns in different torpedos, of
rather small size, appears to be a-
bout 470 in each organ, but the

803

number varies according to the size
of the fish; and in a very large tor-
pedo, the number of columns in one
electric organ was 1182: they must,
therefore, increase, not only in size,
but in number, during the growth of
the animal; new ones forming, per-
haps, every year on the exterior
edges, as they are much the smallest.
This process may be similar to the
formation of new teeth in the human
jaw, as it increases. Hach column
is divided by horizontal partitions,
placed over each other at very small
distances, and forming numerous in-
terstices, which appear to contain a
fluid. These partitions consist of a
very thin membrane, considerably
transparent ; their edges seem to be
attached to each other, and the
whole is attached by a fine cellular
membrane to the inside of the co-
lumns. ‘They are not totally detach-
ed from each other, and I have found
them at different places adhering to
each other by blood-vessels passing
from one to another. ‘The number
of partitions contained in a column
of one inch in length, of a torpedo
which had been preserved in proof
spirit, appeared, upon a careful ex-
amination, to be 150; and this nam-
ber, in a given length of column,
appears to be common to all sizes,
in the same state of humidity ; for
by drying they may be greatly al-
tered : whence it appears probable,
that the increase in the length of a
column, during the growth of the
animal, does not enlarge the distance
between each partition in propor
tion to the growth, but that new
partitions are formed, and added to
the extremity of the column, from
the fascia, ‘The partitions are very
vascular ; the arteries are branches
from the veins of the gills, which
convey the blood that has received
the influence of respiration. ‘They

3F2 pass

804

pass along with the nerves to the
electric organ, and enter with them ;
tren ramify, in every direction, into
innumerable small branches upon the
sides of the columns, sending in from
the circumference all around, upon
each partition, small arteries, which
ramify and anastomose upon it;
and, passing also from one partition
to another, anastomose with the ves-
sels of the adjacent partitions. The
veins of the electric organ pass out
close to the nerves, and run between
the gills-to the auricle of the heart,
The nerves inserted into each elec-
tric organ, arise by three very large
trunks from‘the lateral and posterior
part of the brain. The first of these,
In its passage outwards, turns round
a cartilage of the cranium, and sends
a few branches to the first gill, and
to the anterior part of the head, and
then passes into the organ near its
anterior extremity. The second
trunk enters the gills between the
first and second openings, and, after
furnishing it with small branches,
passes into the organ near its middle.
The third trunk, after leaving the
skull, divides itselfinto two branches,
which pass to the electric organ
through the gills; one between the
second and third openings, the other
between the third and fourth, giving
small branches to the gill itself.—
These nerves, having entered the
organs, ramify in every direction
between the columns, and send in
small branches upon each partition,
where they arelost. The magnitude
and number of the nerves bestowed
on these organs, in proportion to
their size, must, on reflection, ap-
pear as extraordinary as the pheno-
mena they afford. Nervesare given
to parts either for sensation or ac-
tion. If weexcept the more impor-
tant senses of hearing, seeing, tast-

7

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ing, and smelling, which do not bes
long to electric organs, there is ne
part, even of the most perfect ani-
mals, which, in proportion to its
size, is so liberally supplied with
nerves; nor do the nerves seem ne-
cessary for any sensation which can
be supposed to belong to the electric
organs ; and, with respect to action,
there is no part of any animal with
which I am acquainted, however
strong and constant its natural ac-
tions may be, which has so great a
proportion of nerves. If it be then
probable that those nerves are not
necessary for the purposes of sensa-
tion or action, may we not conclude
that they are subservient to the for-
mation, collection, or management
of the electric fluid? especially as it
seems evident, from Mr. Walsh’s
experiments, that the will of the ani-
mal does absolutely control the elec-
tric powers of its body, which must
depend on the energy of the nerves.””

From the above description, it
appears that the electric organs of
the torpedo constitute a pair of
Galvanic batteries, disposed in the
form of perpendicular hexagonal
columns... In the Gymnotus electri-
cus, on the contrary, the Galvanic
battery is disposed lengthways on
the lower part of the animal.

We are informed by the ingenious
Dr. Ingenhouz, that, on taking up
some torpedos, about twenty miles
from Leghorn, and on_ pressing
gently with the thumbs on the upper

“side of the two soft bodies on each

side of the head, (the electric or-
gans) in about the space of a minute
or two, he felt a sudden trembling
in the thumbs, which extended no
farther than the hands, and lasted
about two seconds, perfectly resem-
bling the sensation produced by a
great number of very small electricat

bottles,

NATURAL HISTORY.

bottles, discharged in quick succes-
sion through the hands. Aftersome
seconds the sensation returned, and
again at more distant intervals:
sometimes it was so strong as almost
to oblige the hand to let go the fish,
and at other times was but weak ;
and, after the fsh had given one
strong shock, it did not seem soon
to lase the power of communicating
one of similar strength; and it was
sometimes found, that when the
shocks followed one another in quick
succession, the last were stronger
than the first.

The celebrated Spallanzaniinforms
us, that some few minutes before the
torpedo expires, the shocks which
it communicates, instead of being
given at distant intervals, take place
in quick succession, like the pulsa-
tions of the heart; they are weak,
indeed, but perfectly perceptible to
the hand, when laid on the fish at
this juncture, and resemble very
small electric shocks: in the space
of seven minutes, no less than three
hundred and sixty of these small
shocks were perceived. Spallanzani
also assures us of another highly cu-
rious fact, which he had occasion to
verify from his own experience, viz.
that the young torpedo can not only
exercise its electric faculty as soon
as born, but even while it is yet a
foetus in the body of the parent ani-
mal. ‘This fact was ascertained by
Spallanzani, an dissecting a torpedo
in a pregnant state, and which con-
tained in its evariam several round-
ish eggs of different sizes, and also
two perfecily formed foetuses, which,
when tried in the usual manner,
communicated a very sensible elec-
tric shock, and which was still more
perceptible when the little animals
were insulated by being placed on a
plate of glass,

805

The electricity of the torpedo is
altogether voluntary, and sometimes,
if the animal be not irritated, it may
be touched, or even handled, with.
out being provoked to exert its elec.
tric influence.

Natural History of the Land Sala-
mander. By the Count de la Cepede.

It would appear that the more
remote the objects of human curi-
osity are, the more man delights in
attributing to them wonderful qua-
lities, or at least in exaggerating
those which being seldom thorough-
ly known, in reality possess the ima«
gination, which, as one may say, from
time to time, requires to be stimu-
lated with wonder; man wishes to
give full scope to his belief, and he
thinks he docs not enjoy it with
sufficient freedom when he subjects
it to the laws of reason; he ima-
gines that to use it he must carry
it to the greatest excess, and daes
not consider himself as really master.
of it, unless when he capriciously
refuses it to truth, or. grants it to
accounts of the most chimerical be-
ings. Man cannot exercise this em-<
pire of fantasy but when the light of
éruth shines tram a distance upow
the objeéts of this arbhitary belief;
but when the space, time, or their
nature separate them from us; and
for this reason among all classes of
animals, there is perhaps none
which has given rise to more. fablea
than that of lizards. We have seen
properties, as absurd as imaginary,
ascribed to several species of ovi-
parous guadrupeds; but human
imagination seems to have surpassed
itself in the salamander, which has
been thought to be endowed with (he
most marvellous qualilies, Whilst

ak3 the

806

the hardest bodies cannot resist the

violence of fire, the world have en-.

-deavoured to make us believe that
a small lizard can not only with-
stand the flames, but even eatin-
guish them.

As agreeable fables readily gain
belief, every one has becn eager to
adopt that of a small animal so
highly privileged, so superior to
the most powerful agent in nature,
and which could furnish so many
objeéts of comparison to poetry, so
many pretty emblems to love, and
so many brilliant devices to valour.
The ancients believed this property
of the salamander, wishing that its
origin might be as surprising as its
power ; and being desirous of re-
alizing the ingenions fictions of the
poets, they have pretended. that it
owes its existence to the purest of
elements, which cannot consume it,
and they have called it the daughter
of fire*, giving it however a body
of ice. The moderns have followed
the ridiculous tales of the ancients,
and as it is difficult to stop when
one has passed the bounds of pro-
bability, some have gone so far as
to think that the most violent: fire
could be extinguished by the land
salamander. Quacks sold this small
lizard, affirming that when thrown
into the greatest conflagration, it
would check its progress. It was
very necessary that philosophers and
naturalists should take the trouble
to prove, by faéts, what reason
alone might have demonstrated ; and
it was not till after the light of
science was diffused abroad, that
the world gave over believing in this
~ wonderful property of the -sala-
mander.

This lizard, which is found in so

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

many countries of the ancient world,
and even in very high latitudes, has
been, however, very little noticed,
because it is seldom seen out of its
hole, and because fer a long time it
has inspired much terror. Even
Aristotle speaks of it as of an
anima! with which he was scarcely
acquainted.

It is easy to distinguish this li-
zard irom all others, by the par-
ticular conformation of its fore feet,
which haye only four toes, while
those behind have five. One of the
largest of this species, preserved in
the king’s cabinet, is seven inches
five lines in length, from the end of
the muzzle to the root of the tail,
which is three inches eight lines.
The skin does not appear to be co-.
vered with scales, but it is furnished
with a number of excrescences, like
teats, containing a great many holes,
several of which may be very plainly
distinguished by the naked eye, and
through which a kind of milk
oozes that-generally spreads itself in
such a manner as to form a trans-
parent coat of varnish above the
skin of this oviparous quadruped,
naturally dry.

The eyes of the salamander are
placed in the upper part of the
head, which is alittle flatted; their
orbit projeéts into the interior part
of the palate, and is there almost
surrounded by a row of very small
teeth, like those in the jaw bones :
these teeth establish a near relation
between lizards and fishes; many
species of which have also several
teeth placed in the bottom of the
mouth. The colour of this lizard
is very dark; upon the belly it has
a bluish cast, intermixed with pretty
large irregular yellow spots, which

* Conrad Gesner de quadrupedibus oviparis, de Salamandra, p. 79,

extend

NATURAL HISTORY.

extend over the whole body, and
eyen to the feet and eye-lids ; some
of these spots are besprinkled with
small black specks; and _ those
which are upon the back often
touch, without interruption, and
form two long yellow bands. From
the figure of these spots, the sala-
mander has got the name of stellio,
as well as the green lizard, or real
stellio; and the geckotte or Jacerta
mauritanica. ‘The colour of the
land salamander must, however,
be subject to vary; and it appears
that some are found in the marshy
forests of Germany, which are quite
black above and yellow below*.
To this variety we must refer the
black salamander, found by Mr.
Laurenti, in the Alps, which he
considered as a distin¢ét species, and
which appeared to me to have too
near a resemblance to the common
salamander to be separated from
it +.

The tail, which is almost cylin-
drical, appears to be separated into
different divisions, by eircular rings
composed of avery soft substance.

The land salamander has no ribs,
neither have frogs, to which it has
a great resemblance in the general
form of the anterior part of its body.
When touched, it suddenly covers
with that kind of coat of which we
have spoken, and it can also yery
rapidly change its skin from a state
of humidity to a state of dryness.

The milk which issues from the
small holes in its surface is very
acrid; when put upon the tongue,
one feels as it were a kind of scar at
the part which it touches. ‘This
milk, which is considered as an ex-
celleut substance for taking off hair,

* Matthiolus.

807

has some resemblance to that which
distils from those plants called esula
and euphorbium. When the sala-
mander is crushed, or when it is
only pressed, it exhales a bad smell,
which is peculiar to it.

Land salamanders are fond of
cold damp places, thick shades,
tufted woods, or high mountains,
and the banks of streams that run
through meadows ; they sometimes
retire in great numbers to hollow
trees, hedges, and below old rotten
stumps; and they pass the winter in
places of high latitude, in a kind
of burrows, where they are found
collected, several of them being
joined and twisted together. The
salamander being destitute of claws,
having only four toes on each of
the fore feet, and no advantage of
conformation making up its defici-
encies, its manner of living must,
as is indeed the case, be very differ-
ent from that of other lizards, It
walks very slowly; far from being
able to climb trees with rapidity,
it often appears to drag itself with
great difficulty along the surface of
the earth. It seldom goes far from
the place of shelter which it has
fixed on; it passes its life under the
earth, often at the bottom of old
walls during summer ; it dreads the
heat of the sun which would dry it,
and it is commonly only when rain
is about to fall, that it comes forth
from its secret assylum, as if by a
kind of necessity, to bathe itself,
and to imbibe an element to which
it is analogous. Perhaps it finds
then with the greatest facility those
inseéts on which it feeds. It lives
upon flies, beetles, snails, and earth
worms; when it reposes, it rolls

+ Salamandra awa Laurenti Specimen Medicum. Viennx, 1768, p. 179.

3F4 up

808

up its body in several folds like
serpents. It can remain some time
in the water without danger, and it
casts a very thin pellicle of a green-
ish grey colour. Salamanders have
even been kept more than six
months in the water of a well, with-
out giving them any food; care
only was taken to change the water
often.

It has been remarked, that every
time a land salamander is plunged
into the water, it attempts to raise
its nostrils above the surface, as if
to seek for-air, which is a new
proof of the need that all oviparous
quadrupeds have to breathe, during
the time they are not in a state of
torpor. The land salamander has
apparently no ears, and in this it
resembles serpents. It has even
been pretended, that it does not
hear, and on this account it has got
the name of sourd, in some pro-
vinces of France. This is very pro-
bable, as it has never been heard
to utter any cry, and silence in
general is coupled with deafness.

Having then, perhaps, one sense
Jess than other animals, and being
deprived of the faculty of commu-
nicating its sensations to those of
the same species, even by imperfect
sounds, it must be reduced to a
much inferior degree of instinct; it
is, therefore, very stupid, and not
bold, as has been reported ; it does
not brave danger, as is pretended,
‘but it does not perceive it. What-
ever gestures one makes to frighten
it, it always advances without turn-
ing aside: however, as no animal is
deprived of that sentiment necessary
for its preservation, it suddenly
compresses its skin, as is said, when
tormented, and spurts forth upon
those who attack it that corrosive
milk which is under it. If beat,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

it begins to raise its tail ; afterwards
it becomes motionless, as if stunned
by a kind of paralytic stroke; for
we must not, with some naturalists,
ascribe to an animal so devoid of in-
stinct so much art and cunning as to
counterfeit death. In short, it is
difficult to kill it; but when dipped
in vinegar, or surrounded with salt
reduced to powder, it expires in
convulsions, as is the case with se-
veral other lizards and worms, '
It seems one cannot allow a be-=
ing a chimerical quality without re.
fusing it at the same time a real pro~
perty. The cold salamander has
been considered as an animal endued,
with the miraculous power of re~
sisting and’ even of extinguishing
fire, but at the same time it has been
debased as much as elevated by this
singular property. It has been made
the most fatal of animals; the an-
cients, and even Pliny, have devot-
ed it to a kind of anathema, by af-
firming that its poison is the most
dangerous of all. They have written _
that, infecting with its poison al-
most all the vegetables of a large
country, it might cause the destruc-
tion of whole nations, The mo-
derns also, for a tong time, believ-
ed the salamander to be very poi-
sonous; they have said, that its
bite is mortal, like that of a viper ;
they have sought out and prescribed
remedies for it; but they have at
length had recourse to observations,
by which they ought to have be-
gun.. The famous Bacon wished
naturalists would endeavour to as-
certain the truth respeéting the poi-
son of the salamander. Gesner
proved by experiments that it did
not bite, whatever means were used
to irritateit; and Wurf bainus shew-
ed that it might safely be touched,
and that one might without danger
drink

NATURAL

drink the water of those wells which
it inhabited. Mr. de Maupertius
studied also the nature of this liz-
ard. In making researches to dis-
cover what might be its pretended
poison, he demonstrated experi-
mentally, that fire aéted upon the
salamander in the same manner as
upon allother animals. He remark-
ed, that it was scarcely upon the fire,
when it appeared to be covered with
the drops of its milk, which, rarified
by the heat, issued through all the
pores of its skin, but in greater
quantity from the head and dugs,
and that it immediately became hard.
It is needless to say that this milk
is not sufficiently abundant to ex-
tinguish even the smallest fire.

Mr. de Maupertius, in the course
of his experiments, in vain irritated
several salamanders; none of them
ever opened its mouth; he was
obliged to open it by force.

As the teeth of this lizard are
very small, it was very difficult to
find an animal with a skin sufficient-
ly fine to be penetrated by them:
he tried without success to force
them into the flesh of a chicken
stripped of its feathers ; he in vain
pressed them against the skin, they
were displaced, but they could not
enter. He, however, made a sala-
mander bite the thigh of a chicken,
after he had taken off a small part
of the skin. He also made sala-
manders newly caught, bite also the
tongue and lips of a dog, as well as
the tongue of a turkey ; but none
of these animals received the least
injury. Mr. de Maupertius after-
wards made a dog and a turkey
swallow salamanders whole or cut
into pieces, and yet neither of them
appeared to be sensible of the least
wheasiness.

Mr, Laurenti since made expe.

4

FEES TO kX: 809

riments with the same view: he
forced grey lizards to swallow the
milk proceeding from the salaman,
der, and they died very suddenly.
The milk therefore of the salaman-
der taken internally may hurt, and
even be fatal to certain animals,
especially those which are small ;
but it does not appear to be hurtful
to large animals. It was long be-
lieved that the salamander was of
no sex, and that each individual
had the power of engendering its
like, as several species of worms.
This is not the most absurd fable,
which has been imagined with re-
spect to the salamander; but if the
manner in which they come into the
world is not so marvellous as has
been written, it is remarkable im this,
that it differs from that in which
all other lizards are brought forth,
as itis analogous to that in which
the chalcide and the seps, as well as
vipers and several kinds of serpents
are produced. On this account the
salamander merits the attention of
naturalists, much more than on the
false and brilliant reputation which
it has so long enjoyed. Mr. de
Maupertius, having opened some
salamanders, found eggs in them,
and at the same time some young,
perfectly formed. The eggs were
divided into two long bunches like
grapes 3 they were equally well
formed as the old ones, and much
more a¢tive. The salamander, there.
fore, brings forth young from an
egg hatched in its belly, as the vi-
per.. But some have written, that,
like the aquatic salamander, it lays
elliptic eggs, from which are hatch-
ed young salamanders, under the
form of tad-poles. We have often
verified the first faét, which has becn
well known for some time, but we
haye not had an opportunity of

proving

810

proving the second. It would be
matter of some importance to ascer-
tain, that the same quadruped pro-
duces its young in some measure
two different ways; that there are
eggs which the female lays, and
others the foetus of which comes
forth in the belly of the salamander,
to remain afterwards enclosed, with
other foetuses, in a kind of trans-
parent membrane, until the moment
in which it is brought into the
world, Were this the case, it would
be necessary to disseét salamanders
at different periods very near one
another, from the time of their
coupling, until that when they bring
forth their young; one might care-
fully trace the successive increase of
the young till they were perfectly
formed, and compare them with
the growth of those which are hatch-
ed from the egg, out of the mother’s
belly, &c. However this may be,
the female salamander brings forth
young perfeétly formed, and her
fecundity is very great. Natural-
ists have long written that she has
forty or fifty at one time, and Mr.
de Maupertius found 42 young ones
in the body of a female salamander,
and 54 in another.

The young salamanders are gene-
rally of a black colour, almost with-
out spots, and this colour they pre-
serve sometimes during their whole
livesin certain countries, where they
have been taken for a distinét spe-
cies, as we have said. Mr. Thunberg
has given, in the memoirs of the
academy of Sweden, the description
of a lizard, which he calls the Ja-
panese lizard, and which appears
not to differ from our salamander
but in the arrangement of its co-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

lours. This animal js almost black,
with several whitish and irregular
spots, both on the upper part of the
body and below the paws: on the
back there is a stripe of dirty white,
which becomes narrower to the point
of the tail. ,This whitish stripe is
interspersed with very small specks,
which form the distinguishing cha-
racteristic of our land salamander :
we are of opinion, therefore, that
wemay consider this Japanese lizard,
described by Mr. Tumberg, as a
variety of the species of our land
salamander, modified a little per-
haps by the climate of Japan. It

is in the largest island of that em-

pire, named Niphon, that this va-
ricty is found. It inhabits the moun-
tains there, and rocky places, which
indicates that its nature is like that
of our land salamander, and con-
firms-our conjectures respecting the
identity of the species of these two
animals. The Japanese attribute
to it thesame properties with which
the skinque has been long thought
to be endowed, and which in Ku-
rope have been ‘attributed also to
the ftat-tailed salamander ; they con-
sider it as a powerful stimulant and
a very a¢tive remedy, and on this
account, in the neighbourhood of
Jedo, a number of these Japanese
salamanders may be seen dried hang~
ing from the ceiling of the shops.

Description of the Copper Mines and
Works in the Island of Anglesea.
From Bingley’s Tour in North
Wales. ‘

Near the lake* Amlwch is a
smali market town of the same

* This loch or lake, from which the town has its name, was situated betwixt
the church and the port, It has been long drained, and is now im a state of

cultivation.

3 name,

Se Se ony

NATURAL

name, abouta mile from the Paris
mountain, that inexhaustible mine of
copper, a mine of wealth to all its
proprietors. Amlwch seems en-
tirely dependent, for its prosperity,
on the copper mines, for most of its
jnhabitants have some concern in
them, either as miners or agents.
The church, dedicated to St. E-
deth, a saint of the British calen-
dar, is a neat modern structure.
Of the town itself, I observed no-
thing remarkable, except that it
was, in general,.a most black and
dismal place, from the scoria of the
metal, of which ail the roads are
formed. On the exterior of the
town there seems the utmost desola-
tion. The sulphureous fumes from
the mine have entirely destroyed the
vegetation for a considerable space
around, and little else than earth
and rock are to be seen even within
a short distance of Amlwch. On
the Paris mountain, there is not
even a single moss or lichen to be
found. When the wind has blown
over the mountains, in the direétion
where [ have been walking, I have
more than once found the fumes ex-
ceedingly oppressive at the distance
of at least a mile from the works.
The town of Amlwch is, as I
have said, about a mile from the sum-
mit of the Paris mountain; and on
the morning after my arrival, I
walked up to this celebrated place.
Having ascended to the top, I found
myself standing on a verge of a
vastand tremendouschasm. I stepped
on one of the stages suspended over
the edge of the steep, and the pros-
pect was dreadful, ‘The number of

HISTORY. 811

caverns at different heights along the
sides; the broken and irregular
masses of rock which every where
presented themselves; the multi-
tudes of men at work in different
parts, and apparently in the most
perilous situations, and the raising
and lowering the buckets, to draw
out the ore and the rubbish; the
noise of picking the ore from the
rock, and of hammering the wad-
ding, when it was about to be blast-
ed, with, at intervals, the roar of
the blasts in distant parts of the
mine, altogether excited the most
sublime ideas, intermixed, however,
with sensations of terror. I left
this situation, and followed the
road tha‘ Jeads into the mine; and
the moment I entered, my astonish-
ment was again excited. The shag-
ged arches, and overhanging rocks,
which seemed to threaten annihila-
tion to any one daring enough to
approach them, fixed me almost
motionless to the spot. The roofs
of the work, having in many places
fallen in, have left some of the
rudest scenes that imagination can
paint: these, with the sulpbureous
fumes, from the kilns in which the
oreis roasted, renderedit to mea per-
feét counterpart of Virgil’s enter-
ance into’ Tartarus.*

IIac iter Flysium nobis; at leva ma-
lorum,

Exeriet poenas, et ad impia Tartarus
mittit.

’Tis here in different paths the way di-
vides,

The right to Pluto’s golden palace
guides ;

* IT am informed that the appearance of this part of the mine has lately
been much changed, from some of the insulated rocks, &c, haying been cleared

away.

The

812

The left to that unhappy region tends,

Which to the depth of Tartarus de-
scends ;

The seat of night profound, and pu-
nish’d fiends.

“To look from hence, and observe
the people on the stages, a hundred
and fifty feet above one’s head; to
see the immense number of ropes
and buckets, most of them in mo-
tion; and to refleét, that a single
stone casually thrown from above,
or falling from a bucket, might in a
moment destroy a fellow-creature, a
man must have a strong mind, not
to feel impressed with many unplea~
santsensations. A few days before
I was last here, a bucket caught
against the point of a rock, emp.
tied its contents on the head of a
poor fellow, and killed him on the
spot. The sides of this dreadful
hollow are mostly perpendicular.
Along the edges, and in general
slung by ropes over the precipices,
are the stages with windlasses, oF
whimsies, as they are here termed,
from which the buckets are lower-
ed; and from which those men de-
scend who work upon the sides.
Here. suspended in mid air, the fel-
lows pick, with their iron instru-
ment, a small place for a footing, cut
out the ore in vast masses, and tum-
ble it with a thundering crash to the
bottom. In these seemingly preca-
rious situations they make caverns,
in which they work for a certain
time, till the rope is again lowered
to take them up.

Much of the ore is blasted by
gunpowder, eight tons of which, we
are told, was some time ago annually
used for this purpose.* ‘The man-
ner of preparing for the blasting
was entirely new to me, and may be

* Pennant.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

so to some of my readers. A hole
is bored in the rock in about the di-
ameter of a very wide gun barrel,
and of depth in proportion to the
quantity of matter to be thrown up.
At the bottom is lodged the gun-
powder, and the man then taking a
thin iron rod, tapering to a point,
and about two fect in length, he
places it perpendicularly in the mid-
dle of the hole, and fills it up on alt
sides with stones, clay, &c. rams
ming these hard down by means of
an iron projecting at the bottom,
with a nick in it, that it may pass
freely round the rod. When this is
prepared, the rod is taken out, and
a straw filled with gunpowder is
substituted. A match is then put to
it, that will burn so long, before it
communicates the fire to the pow-
der, as to allow the workmen within
reach, to escape infp different re-
treats from the danger attendant on
the explosion. Several blasts are
generally ready at the same time,
and notice is given to the workmen
to run into shelter, by a cry in
Welsh, of fire. Whilst I was in
the mine, the cry was several times
given, and J, with the rest, crept
into shelter. In one instance six or
seven blasts went off in different
parts successively, one of which was
within thirty yards of my station,
and the splinters of the rock dashed
furiously past me. I am scarcely a’
judge of the noise they made, for
took the liberty of stopping my
ears, which the men seemed to think
a pleasant joke, for they laughed
very heartily at what they conjec-
tured amark of my timidity: Wher,
the whole is exploded, information is
given to the workmen, and they re~
turn to their work. The process of

blasting

NATURAL

blasting is frequently attended with
danger, from the carelessness with
which thémen retire to their hiding-

_ places: and it sometimes happens,
that in ramming down the wadding,
the iron strikes against the stone,
and fires the gunpowder, which is
often fatal to the man_ employed.
During the short time I remained
here, 1 observed upwards of forty
men in different places, occupied in
preparing for blasting; and [I felt
somewhat uncomfortable under the
idea that in such a number, some
one might be careless enough to have
his gunpowder take fire before he
Was aware of it.

There are in the Paris mountain
two mines; of these, the one on the
east side is the Mona mine, the en-
tire property of the earl of Ux-
bridge and the rev, Kdward Hughes,
of Kinmall, near St. Asaph. Tho.
mas Williams, esq. of Llanidan,
the member for Marlow, has a lease
of half the earl’s share in these
mines; and they work conjointly.*
Mr. Hughes works his share of the

. Paris mine alone.

It is generally believed that the
Romans got copper ore from this
mountain; for vestiges are yet left
of what have been taken for their

_ Operations; and some very ancient
stone utensils have, at different
times, been found here. From the
time of the Romans, till the year
1764, these mines seem to have
been entirely negleéted. Copper
had, about two years before this pe-
riod, been found here, and Messrs,
Roe and co. of Macclesfield, had,
with a mine in Caernarvonshire, a
lease of part of the Paris moun-
tain from sir Nicholas Bailey, the

WLS DO-R wy. 813

father of the earl of Uxbridge,
which expired about nine years
ago. hey spent considerable sums
of money in making levels to drain
off the water, without any great
succéss, and were about to give up
any further attempts, when their
agent requested that a final experi-
ment might be tried in another part
of the mountain. This succeeded,
for in less than two days, ore of al.
most pure copper was discovered
not’ two yards from the surface,
which proved to be that vast bed
which has since been worked to
such advantage. The day of this
discovery was the second of March,.
1768, and it has ever since been ob-
served as a festival by the miners.
The rev. Ndward Hughes, who was
the owner of the remainder of the
mountain, was roused by this success
to attempt a similar adventure,
which has also succeeded beyond
the most sanguine expectations of
the time.

The bed of ore is in some places
more than sixty feet in thickness 3
and the proprietors are said to ship
annually about 20,000 tons. The
number of hands employed is up-
wards of a thousand. ‘The ore has
lately been supposed to be fast de-
creasing, but the discovery of a new
vein in the Mona mine, will keep
that property still in a flourishing
State for many years,

The ore, as I have already re.
marked, is got from the mine partly
by picking, and partly by blasting.
It is then broken with hammers into
smal] pieces by women and children,
armed with iron gloves. After this
operation, it is piled in kilns of great
length, and about six feet high,

“Since this tour was ready for the press, I have received information of the

death of Mr. Williams.

where

$14

where it is set on fire in different
places, to undergo the process of
roasting: for as the ore, in its natu-
ral state, contains a great quantity
of sulphur, it is necessary that this
should be separated (which can only
be done by means of fire), before it
is fluxed into copper. ‘The sulphur
goes off in the form of vapour, and
is conveyed by means of a flue, con-
nected with the kiln, to the sulphur
chamber, a place built to receive it,

where it sublimes, and becomes the
flower of sulphur of the shops. It
is afterwards taken from hence,

melted in large copper pans, and
east in moulds for sale. After the
ore has been thus roasted, which is
rather a tedious operation, occupy-
ing from three to ten months, ac-
cording to the quantity in the fur-
naces (whichis generally from three
hundred to a thousand tons), it is
taken to the slacking pits, places
constructed of stone, about six
yards long, five wide, and two deep,

to be washed, and made merchant-
able. The poorest of this, that is,
such as contains from 13 to2 per
cent. of metal, is then conveyed to
the smelting-houses at Almwch port:
the rest is sent to the company's
furnaces at Swansea and Raven-
head. By the processes of roast-
ing and washing, the ore is much
reduced in quantity; it is consider-
ably improved in quality: and the
water is so richly impregnated with
cdpper, which is dissolved by the
acid quality of the sulphur, that, by
means of old iron immersed in if,
according to the German method, it
produces such quantities of fine
copper, that the proprietors have
obtained in one year, upwards of a
hundred tons of .the copper precipi-
tated from the water. Their ave-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

rage export of precipitate is sixty
tons per annum.

The proprietors also turn the
water drawn from the beds of cop-

per, which is highly impregnated, —

through reétangular pits, similar to —
those used in the above process,
‘These are each about thirty feetlong,
twelve broad, and two deep. Any —
kind of iron, either old or new, is
used, but in general, for the sake of
convenience, they procure small
plates of cast irons The iron be-
comes dissolved by the acid, and is —

suspended in the water, whilst the
copper is precipitated. Care is —
taken to turn the iron every day,
in order to shake off the incrusta-
tion of copper formed upon it, and
this is continued till-the iron is per- —
fecily dissolved. The workmen
then drain off the water, and rake’ —
together the ore in the form of mud,
which, when it is become, by dry-
ing, of the consistency of a softish —
paste, they bake in ovens construct- —
ed for the purpose. After this pro- —
cess it is exported with the other ©
ore, to Ravenhead or Swansea. One
ton of iron thus immersed, produces
near two tons of copper mud, each
of which, when melted, will yield

sixteen hundred weight of copper 3
and this sells ata considerably higher —
price than'the copper which is flux-
ed from the ore. An attempt .was
made not long ago by Mons. Vally, ©
of Holywell, to precipitate the cop- —
per by means of lime; and another —
by some gentlemen from London, ~
to do the same by tin, but both the ©
experiments were unsuccessful,
This method of obtaining copper —
by means of iron, has long been —
adopted in Germany, but has only ©
been known in this country a few
years; and its first discovery was
owing

NATURAL

owing entirely to accident. From
the copper mines at Arklow, in the
county of Wicklow, in Ireland, a
great quantity of water constantly
issues, which is strongly saturated
with the vitriol of copper. One of
the workmen by chance left hisiron
shovel in this water, and when he
found it, which was not till some
weeks afterwards, it was so en-
crusted, that he fancied it had been
changed into copper. ‘The pro-
prietors of the mines took the hint.
They immediately had proper pits
and receptacles formed for contain-
ing the copper water, and have oh-
tained, by means of bars of iron
immersed in them, such quantities
of copper mud, that these streams
are now become of.as much im-
portance as the mines themselves.

Several of the shafts which have
been formed for taking off the wa-
ter, are driven very deep. One
that I saw was upwards of a hundred
and sixty feet in depth, below the
open bottom of the mine. One of
the miners, whilst f was looking at
it, brought a lighted candle, and
fixed it on the rim of one of the
buckets in which they draw up the
water. It was curious enough to
watch it in its dark and confined
descent, till it became a mere speck
of light, when, suddenly immersing
in the water, it was lost.

The men employed about these
mines seemed much more healthful
than, from being constantly in the
midst of the noxious exhalations

from the kilns, it would be natural
to expeét. Their complexions are
in general somewhat sallow, but
much less so than I expected to have
found them. ‘Their average wages
are about eighteen-pence a day.
Some of them get the ore fora cer-
tain sum per ton. ‘These are called

HIS:‘T OR Y. 815

bargain-takers, and if the work is
easily wrought, and the ore of good
quality, they will frequently earn
four or five shillings, whilst the rest
earn only their eighteen-pence.
The mine companies seem to take
great care in providing for all per-
sons that have any concern what-
ever in the works. Besides sup-
porting the poor by their own vo-
luntary donations, which now a-
mount to betwixt seven and eight
hundred pounds a year, they pre-
vent a great number of infants, of
the aged and infirm, from applying
fer relief, by giving them light and
easy employment. This alone is an
average expence of more than three
hundred pounds a year; and their
surgeons and apothecaries bills are
generally more than double this sum.
‘The mines have increased the value of
lands in the parish of Amlwch, from
about fourteen hundred to five thou-
sand pounds per annum, and up-
wards; the number of houses from
two hundred to upwards of a thou-
sand; and the population from
nine hundred to about five thou-
sand. . :

Anecdotes of the Greyhound. From
the Sportsman’s Cabinet.

The greyhound is of a beautiful
and delicate formation for speed and
majestic attraction; if a metaphori-
cal allusion may be made between
the human and the brute creation,
the allegory would not be too far
extended in considering the grey-
hound, from his appearance, equa-
nimity, mildness, and affability, one
of the ‘superior classes of his own
society ; he possesses all the dig-
nity, without the degradation of any
part of his species, and is never

secn

816

seen without a predilection in his
favour. ‘They have been tor many
centuries in the highest estimation in
this country ; and, in the remoter
time of king John, greyhounds were
accepted by him as payment, in lieu
of money, for the renewal of grants,
fines, and forfeitures, due to the
crown. One fine paid to this mo-
narch upon record, 1203, specifies
&¢ five hundred marks, ten horses,
and ten leashes of greyhounds.”
Another, in seven years aiter, ‘‘ one
swift running horse and six grey.
hounds.”

The foundation-stone of the pre-
sent coursing popularity was laid by
the late lord Orford, and the super-
struéture completed by the exer-
tions of the different amateurs al-
ready recited; who have been so
individually anxious in the improve-
ment of the breed, that it may fairly
be concluded to have at length
reached the utmost summit of pos«
sible perfection, and the pedigrecs
of the most speedy and celebrated
grevhounds now hegin to be re-
corded with as much care and pre-
cision as the best bred horses upon
the turf. This seems to have prin-
cipally originated with colonel
Thornton and Major Topham, -both
of whom, with some very trifling
shades of exception, have for many
years been in sole posstssion of the
most distinguished breed in the
kingdom. Cazarina, Jupiter, Cla-

ret, Snowball, Miller, Schoolboy,.

and Major, have all been of highest
celebrity, and are entitled to indivi-
dual description.

Czarina was bred by the late
lord Orford, and purchased at the
sale after his lordship’s decease, by
colonel Thornton, with an intent to
cross and improve the breed at
Thornville Royal, in the comple-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

tion of which he was most amply
gratified. In the character of this
bitch there were two remarkable
traits ; she won forty-seven matches,
without ever having been beat ; and
shewed no signs of producing pro-
geny till she had completed her:
thirteenth year, when she brought
forth eight whelps by Jupiter, all of
whom lived, and were excellent run-’
ners. She was the dam of Claret
and young Czarina, both of whom
challenged all Yorkshire, and won
their matches.

Snowball and Major were own
brothers, who have proved superior
to every other breed and blood in
the imperial dominions. They were
got by Claret out of a favourite
bitch of major Topham’s; and a
brace of whelps (of which the now
justly celebrated Major was one)
were sent to colonel! Thornton, as,
in fact, a sporting privilege for the
use of the dog. Snowball was cons
cluded, when taken ‘ all for all,”
to have been the most perfect grey-
hound ever produced. He won
four cups, couples, and upwards of
thirty matches, at Malton, and upon
the Wolds in Yorkshire, and so
beat a dog of Mr. Plummer’s, that
the dog: died immediately after the
course was concluded. Snowball
was never equally faced in the field
but by his own blood; having in
exercise and private trials always

appeared some shades inferior to his -_

brother Major, and his aunt yellow
Czarina. In the November Malton
coursing meeting, 1799, a Scotch
greyhound was produced, who beat
every opponent in Scotland, was
brought to England, and challenged
any dog in the kingdom; the chal-
lenge was accepted by Snowball,
when, after a course of more than
two miles, the match (wpon which

consider-

,
»
Ss
J
J

5

:

NATO RAL? DUST ORY.

considerable sums were depending)
‘was decided in his favour.

In the year 1792, Schoolboy, the
property of T. Clerk, Esq. (com-
monly called Vauxhall Clerk,) was
a greyhound of much sporting ce-
lebrity at Newmarket, and in its vi-
cinity. He was bred by sir C. Bun-
bury, Bart. and got by Dr. Framp-
ton’s Fop, out of sir Charles’s Miss.

- He ran a great number of matches

over Newmarket, upon which very
large sums were frequently depend-
ing, and never was beat. He was
the sire of Troy, Traveller, Lilly,
and others, very good runners, many
of whom have been sold for twenty
guineas each.

That highly celebrated dog, call-
ed the Miller, bred by the reverend
T.C.B. Dudley, had little to boast
upon the score of pedigree, having
by individual merit run himself into
local popularity. During the first
nine months he was so exceedingly
awkward, heavy, clumsy and un-
promising, that no thoughts were
entertained of bringing him inte the

field ; the book of fate seems, how-

ever, to have contained predictive
pages in his favour: various vicissi-
tudes are observed in the human as
well as in the animal creation :—

‘many a substantial city subordinate

(originally from the tail of the
plough) has become the chief magis-
trate of the first commercial city
in the world.

The Miller, upon a sporting emer-

-gency, (when only twelve months
old,) was borrowed of the owner by

a friend, who, going to the marshes
in St. Osyth, did not like to ap-
pear without having a sporting like
appendage in his retinue; alike
unknowing and unknown” he
was introduced to the honours of

_ the day, winning geveral matches

Vou. XLVI.

817

against the best dogs in the field.
Returning with this sudden and un-
expected blaze of reputation, he
was received into personal favour,
considered worthy of confidence,
appointed to a place in the admini-
stration, and admitted into the cabi-
net council of the canine depart-
ment, Having thus raised himself
by the peculiar merit of personal
precedence, from the recesses of
obscurity to a degree of sporting
eminence, and absolutely run-him-
self into reputation, he became oc-
casionally introduced to the most
powerful and popular opponents 5
where, however, he for several years
continued to maintain his superi-
ority over every dog brought against -
him; winning, during that time,
74 successive matches, without hav-
ing been once beaten. Miller is at
present a stallion of great estima-
tion, and his produce prove excel-
lent runners, -

The energetic velocity of the grey-
hound in pursuit of game,’ has al-
ways been matter of admiration to
the levers of. the sport; but more
particularly so to the ruminative
amateur, when prompted by reflec-
tion toform comparisons. Various
have been the opinions upon the
difference of speed between a well-
bred greyhound and a blood horse
of some celebrity, if opposed to
each other for a mile, or for any
greater or shorter distance. It has
by the best and most experienced
judges, been thought that, upon a
flat, a horse of this description would
prove superior to the greyhound,
for either an extended or contratt-
ed distance; but that in a hilly
country, the greyhound would have
an evident advantage. Wishes had
been frequently indulged by differ-
ent branches of the sporting world,

3G that

518

that some criterion could be adopt-
ed, by which the certainty of supe-
riority in speed could be fairly as-
certained ; when, after a variety of
suggestions and propositions from
One quarter to another without suc-
cess, the following circumstance
accidentally took place ; affording
some rays of information upon what
was previously considered a matter
of the greatest uncertai
In the month of December, 1800,
a match was to have been run over
Doncaster course, for one hundred
guineas, but one of the horses hay-
ing been drawn, a mare started
‘alone, that by running the ground
she might insure the wager: when
having run about one mile of the
four, she was accompanied by a
greyhound bitch, who joined her
from the side of the course, and,
emulatively entering into competi-
tion, continued to race with the
mare the other three miles, keeping
nearly head and head, affording an
excellent treat to the field, by the
energetic exertions of each. At
passing/the distance, five to four was
betted in favour of the greyhound :
when parallel with the stand, it was
eyen betting, and any one might
have taken his choice for five or
ten; the mare, however, had the
advantage bya head at the termi.
nation.
The invincible ardour and deter-
mined progress of the greyhound is
not easily to be restrained by any
intervening obstacles it is possible to
surmount, or any difficulties that
can, by the most indefatigable per-
severance, be overcome; in confir-
mation of which a volume of fa¢ts
might be adduced, but few will suf-
fice. Early in life, the writer being
upon a visit at Wortingwood farm,
‘wear Basingstoke, in Hampshire,

ANNUAL REGISTER.

and walking over the fields with an
uncle, a hare was found sitting upon
the bank of the fence, but previous
to her being turned out of her form,
it was thought necessary to use some
precaution that she might be pre-
vented from too easily gaining a co-
vert not far from thescene of aétion.
That this might be the better effect.
ed, the writer was fixed in an open
gap of the hedge (leading directly
to the covert), with a striét injunc-
tion to stop the hare if she came
that way. The hare, however,
upon being put up, made immedi-
ately for the well-known gap, and
passing between the legs of the
writer, was instantaneously follow-
ed by the greyhound at his utmost
speed; whose back coming into con-
taét with the fork of the unfortu-
nate guard, gave him an electrical
elevation of four or five feet above
the ground, which he had but just
recovered from, when he had to
encounter a severe flagellation from
an enraged relative for the loss of
the hare.

Some few years since, a grey-
hound, named Rajah, the property
of a Mr. Knowles, in the county of
Hertford, having supported a very
long course, and turned the hare at
Jeast a dozen times, killed her single-
handed, but was so completely ex-
hausted, that he lay panting by her
side, seemingly unable to rise. In
this situation he was observed by
two countrymen, and the master not
coming up, or being in sight, they
determined to secure the hare ; but,
upon getting near, with an intent to
seize her, the greyhound suddenly
sprung up, took the hare in his
mouth, and set off the way he came,
the fellows pursuing with sticks and
stones; when meeting his master,
who had followed the course, he

‘laid

ee ee ee eee

nee nice ashi

NATURAL

Taid the hare at his feet, and imme-
diately turning round, flew at the
men, but was then so weak, in con-

_ sequence of the successive exertions,
that he again dropped as if dead; by
bleeding, and proper attention, he
was luckily recovered, and long
continued a faithful servant of au
affectionate master.

In 1794, as a party of gentlemen
were coursing at Finchingfield, in
Essex, a hare was suddenly and un-
expectedly started, when a brace of
greyhounds, coming in opposite di-
rections, ran against each other with
such velocity, that both were killed

_ on the spot.

In February, 1798, a brace of
greyhounds, belonging to a gentle-
man of Carlisle, coursed a hare from

_the Sweft, and killed her at Clem-
mell, a distance of seven miles: both
the dogs were so exhausted, that,
with every possible means of assist-
ance, they were with difficulty reco-
vered. ‘The field consisted of nearly
two hundred horsemen, and much
money was sported upon the occa-
sion: betting was even at starting,
although the hare was the favourite
against the greyhounds, she having
_ been repeatedly coursed, but always
_ beat her pursuers easy. She was, on
_ the day of her death, given two hun-
dred yards law, and, when killed,
found to weigh eight pounds eleven
ounces; rendering erroneous the
opinion that light hares are the best
- runners.
_. Some few yearssince,the greyhound
of a gentleman who was delayed at
Dover, waiting for a wind, was
taken by the owner and a small
party, in search of a hare of some
Mocal notoricty, who had escaped her
previous pursuers of every descrip-
tion; when found, the greyhound
_s00n proved himself so superior in

HST ORY. 819

speed, that she instantly ran for the

cliff, as the only chance of escaping ;

but, throwing himself at her some

yards with the most incredible and

determined ferocity, he caught her

exactly on the brink, and unfortu- ,
nately went with her in his mouth to

the bottom, where, as may be natu-

raliy concluded, they were literally

dashed to pieces.

The mild, affable; and serene as-
pect of the greyhound, in its domes- —
tic state, constitutes no drawback to
its innate sagacity, or grateful atten.
tion to its protector; of which the
unfortunate king Charles the first
was so truly observant, that the re-
mark he made during his troubles is
upon record, and strictly just, as
applicable. to the instinctive fidelity
of the animal, as well as its satirical
effects upon the herd of sycophants
who surrounded him. In the course
of a familiar conversation, respect-
ing the canine species in general, a
doubt was started, what particular
kind of dog was entitled to pre-emi-
nence, when it was universally ad-
mitted to rest between the spaniel
and the gréyhound ; to which the
monarch gave a polished finish, in
fayour of the latter, by saying it
possessed all the good-nature and
solicitous affability of the spaniel,
without the fawning.

The natural simplicity and peaces
able demeanour of the greyhound has
sometimes induced a doubt, whether
the instinctive sagacity of this particu-
lar racehas been equal to some others
of the species ; circumstances, per~
haps, have not often occurred, by
which a fair criterion could have
been formed ; one, howeyer, within
the personal knowledge and remem-
brance of the writer, seems admira-
bly calculated to throw an additional
light upon that part of the subject.

3G 2 A Ms.

t

820

A Mr. Moore, then residing at
Windsor, in Berkshire, had made
application to his friends in the north
of England to obtain a well-bred
greyhound from thence, to oblige
one of the keepers of Windsor
Great Park, for the purpose of kil-
ling fawns in the season, The soli-
citation was attended with success,
and the greyhound was consigned by
the waggon to London, arrived sate
in Bishopsgate-street, and from
thence was conveyed to the Bell-sa-
vage, upon Ludgate-hill, whereit was
delivered to the driver of the Wind-
gor caravan, and reached the place
of destination in safety. After a
confinement of two days, with every
attention to food and family tender-
ness, the dog was left at liberty
about the house and premises, seem-
ingly not only satisfied, but pleased
-with his situation and the caresses he
received ; in less than the next eight
and forty hours, he had suddenly
taken his departure; a few days af-
ter which, Mr. Moore receiyed a
letter, with information that the dog
had reached the place of his former
residence in Yorkshire, before the
return of the waggon by which he
was originally sent to London.
Innumerable are: the instances
which might be adduced in de-
monstration of the sagacity, fide-
lity, and inviolable attachment of
the greyhound, in an equal degree
with such of the canine species as
possess the means of displaying those
qualifications in a manner more con-
spicuous and attracting; but, as e-
mough has been already introduced
to confirm that idea, and to gratify
the moderate mind of investigation,
it may not be considered inapplica-
ble to bring this head to a conclu-
sion, by extracting from ancient re-
eords one of a difierent description,
i

ANNUAL: REGISTER.’

shewing the ingratitude of Richard |

the second’s greyhound, translated a

from Froissart, by Sir John Bour-
chier, Lord Berners : A
‘¢ And, as it was infourmed me,
kyng Richarde had a grayhounde,
called Mithe, who always wayted
upon the kynge, and woulde knowe
no man els; for when so ever the
kynge did ryde, he that kept the
grayhounde dyd lette him lose, and —
he wolde streyght runne to the —
kynge, and faune uppon him, and —
leape with his fore fete uppon the |
kynge’s shoulders. And as the
kynge and the erle of Derby talked
togyder in the courte, the gray-
hounde, who was wonte to leape —
uppon the kynge, left the kynge, ©
and came to the erle of Derby, duke —
of Lancastre, and made to him the
same friendly countenance and chere —
as he was wonte to do to the kynge. ©
The duke, who knewe not the gray-
hounde, demanded of the kynge what ©
the grayhounde wolde do? * Cons —
sin,’ quod the kynge, ‘ it is a greate |
goode token to you, and an evil —
signe to me.’—‘ Sir, how knowe you —
that ?? quod the duke. ‘¢ J know it —
well,’ quod the kynge; ¢ the gray-—
hounde meket you there this daye as —
kynge of England, as ye shalbe, and |
I shalbe deposed: the gvayhounde
hath this knowledge naturally; _
therefore take hym to you, he wyll
folloe you and forsake mee.’ ** The |
duke understoode well those words,
and cheryshed the grayhounde,
who walde never after followe”
tkynge Richarde, but followed the
duke of Lancastre.” -

Observations on the various Kinds of
Timber found in New South Wales.
From Tuckey’s Voyage.
New South Wales produces a-

great

NATURAL

great variety of timber trees, to
some of which the colonists have
given names descriptive of their
qualities; and others they call by
the’ names of those trees which
they most resemble either in leaf,
in fruit, or in the texture ef the
wood. Among the former are
the blue, red, and black butted
gums; stringy and iron barks; tur-
pentine and light wood: and among
the latter are the she-oak, maho-
gany, cedar, box, honeysuckle,
tea-tree, pear-tree, apple-tree, and
fig-tree. These trees shed their
bark annually at the fall of the year,
and are always in foliage, the new
leaves forcing off the old ones.

The blue and red gums are nearly

_ of the same texture ; they are very

tough and strong, and in ship-build-

' ing are adapted to framing: the best

size is from two feet to two and a
half, for when Jarger the timber is
generally unsound in the heart.—
The blue gum, while standing, is
subjeét to be pierced by very mi-
nute worms, which make innume-
rable holes, scarce visible to the
naked eye. ws

Black butted gum and stringy
bark differ very little either in qua-
lity or appearance: they are much
tougher and stronger than English
oak, and are particularly adapted
to planking. They will also answer

_ forlower masts, or lower yards; for

beams, or any other purpose where
Straight timber is required. If in-
tended for spars, they ought to be
procured as near the size wanted as
possible, for the toughness lies in

_ the outside, and the wood at the

heart is generally decayed. Iron
bark is not so tough as the two
former, but is extremely strong and
hard, and runs good from two ta

HISTORY:

four feet: in ship-building it would
answer for framing, beams, &c,—
In New South Wales it is chiefiy
used in house-building and common
furniture. Turpentine is a small
wood of no service but in flooring
houses. Lightwood grows to twenty
inches, and, from its buoyancy,
(whence its name,) is proper for
building small craft and boats.

The oak is distinguished accords
ing as it grows either on the hills or
swamps; the former runs to be-
tween twelve and eighteen inches,,
and when larger is always shaken in
the heart; the grain is short and
cross, and the wood is apt to fly >
and warp :—it is used chiefly in ca-
binet work, particularly vencering.
The swamp oak is the same size,
and differs from the other in having
a more uniform grain, and being
consequently much tougher: in ship-
building it would answer for scant.
ling. Of both these woods the pail-
ing and shingles are made in New
South Wales.

Mahogany runs good to three
feet, and by its texture can scarcely
be known from the mahogany of
Jamaica. In shipbuilding it answers
well for framing.

Cedar nearly resembles the mas
hogany of Honduras in its grain,
and might be applied to the same
purposes. When growing, it re- _
sembles the mountain ash both in
its leaves and berry.

Box (so called from its leaves) is
a sound and very tough wood; its
size about two feet anda half, and
would answer for any purpose of
shipbuilding.

Honeysuckle (named from its leaf)
is a soft wood, fitter for joiner’s
work than shipbuilding. At Port
Jackson its size does not exceed twa

3G 3 feet,

821

822 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

feet, but at Port Philip it is found The fig-tree is the banyan-tree of |
good to four feet; its limbs are the East Indies, well known for
erooked, and perhaps it might be its branches striking downwards and.
advantageously used in the upper taking root; the wood of it is en-
works of ships, for knees, &c. tirely useless.

The tea-tree has its name from — It may be remarked that all. the
the leaf also; it is small and very large timber trees of New South
eurly. As faras I know, it has Wales, except those growing in
never been used in building, but swamps, are unsound in the hearts:
from its appearance while standing this probably proceeds from insuf-
{should think it might answer in ficiency of moisture as well as from
small crafts and boats. the continual firing of the grass in

The pear-tree isso called from its the forests, which must dry up the
bearing a fruit recembling a pear in sap of the young trees. It also de-
shape, butof the hardness cf wood; serves to be noticed, that several

it grows straight; its largest size of the gums, iron, and stringy bark,
sixteen inches, and is only fit for mahogany, and box trees, which
joiner’s work. were felled at the first establishment

The apple-tree takes its name of the colony, are now pertectly
from the leaf; the limbs are large sound and hard, though exposed to
and crooked, and running fromtwo the weather for fifteen years.
feet to two and a half, might pro- From the foot of the Blue Moun-
bably answer for framing and knee- tains* specimens of three or four
ing ships, but has never been tried. kinds

* This is an elevated ridge running in a direction between the E. N. B. and E. and
not more than five leagues from the banksof Hawksbury at Richmond Hill. All beyond
this ridge is literally (a terra incognita), for though several attempts have been made
to pass them, not one has yet succeeded ; but itis probable these failures have
proceeded more from want of proper method, or of common perseverance, than
from any obstacles presented by the mountains themselves, for the highest part of
the ridge does not appear to equal the common mtountains of Wales and Ireland.
Upon this subject (as well as upon others of the colonial system) we may apply the
remarks of a learned writer, “ Projects though desperate in days of ignorance
have, in more enlightened times, been ‘brought to a successful issue,” and “ indi,
viduals have often failed in their attempts for want of public encouragement, and
public enterprizes from want of concurrence among individuals.”

Weight of cubic foot of the timber of New South Wale,

Weight when cut down, Jan. 1804,

.

Gum Red, - - - 79
—— Blue, Sa = OS
——- Black butted, ~ 71
Bark, stringy - - 67
—— Iron, - - 74
Mahogany, ce - - 66
She-oak, - ~ - 65
Box, - : ae

Teu-tree, - - 69 “Ee

NATURA LHESTORY. 893

kinds of timber, unknown at Port would be very valuable in ship-

Jackson, have been brought, which building ¢ ‘one kind in particular

it is the opinion of shipwrights, cannot be known from the beech.
3G4 USEFUL

USEFUL

List of Patents for 1804,
J OHN Slater, of Huddersfield, in

the county of York, surgeon;
for his new invented improved me-
thod of manufaéturing and fabri-
cating of cables, shrouds, stays, and
other articles for the rigging of
ships, of materials never before used
for that purpose. Dated January
19, 1804.

George Alderson, of Carnaby-
street, in the parish of St. James,
‘Westminster, in the county of Mid-
dlesex, lead-pipe-manufacturer ; for
his new-invented manufacture of
metal pipes, the same -being Jead,
lined with tin, in a manner and bya
process entirely new, to be used in
all cases to which lead-pipes are
-applicable. Dated January 26,
1804.

Edward Thompson, of Birming-
ham, in the county of Warwick,
‘button and toy-manufacturer 5 for
an improved method of making
pikes. Dated February 7, 1504.

Marcus Hymaus, of Exeter-street,
Covent-garden, in the county of
‘Middlesex ; for a composition for
shaving, without the use of razor,
soap, or water. Dated February
7, 1804.

William Hyde Wollaston, of
Buckingham.street, Fitzroy-square,
in the county of Middlesex, gentle-

$04. J

PROJECTS.

- man; for an improvement in spec-

tacles, by the application of con-
cavo-convex glasses to them. Dated
February 7, 1804.

Thomas Passmore, of Doncaster,
in the county of York, machine-
maker; for an improved machine
for chopping of straw, and forsplit-
ting beans, crushing oats, and grind.
ing malt and barley. Dated Febru-
ary 7, 1804.

Thomas Rowntree, of Great
Surry-road, in the parish of Christ-
church, in the county of Surry, en-
cine-maker ; for a machine, on an
improved construction, for agitating
and separating certain _ mixtures.
Dated March 25, 1804.

Josiah Crane,and Richard March, —
of Barnstaple, in the county of De- \—
von, hosiers ; for a method of double
seaming and uniting the insides of
stocking-net-work together, so as ~~
to consolidate and make it one
compact and elastic boty, for cut-
ting into any shape required, and
converting into all or any of the
articles in hosiery, or other gar-
ments or wearing apparel, to be
worn double. Dated May 1, 1804.

Nathaniel Merriman, of Crutched
Friars, in the city of London, tin.
manufacturer ; for a stove, grate, —
or range, upon an improved con- ~
struction; the improved construc- —
tion of which is likewise applicable

to

USEFUL PROJECTS.

those already in use, for the purpose
of clearing away foul air from
churches, chapels, and all other
_ places of public resort, as well as

houses, buildings, and rooms of
every description. Dated May 9,
1804.

John Swift Saxelbye, of the

town of Derby, in the county of
Derby, white-lead-maker, for a me-
thod of making white-lead different
from the methods now practised or
used, and without the aid of horse-
litter or tanner’s-bark, or either of
them. Dated May 14, 1804.
' Joseph Mozely Elliot, of the pa-
Tish of St. Mary-le-bone, in the
county of Middiesex, watch-maker ;
for a method of making repeaters,
or repeating watches and chronome-
ters. Dated May 14, 1804.

Robert Browne, of the town and
- county of Nottingham, lage-manu-
faéturer ; for a machine to affix or
attach to horizontal work or Van-
dyke knitting-frames, for the pur-
pose of manufacturing, by a more
simple, neat, and expeditious me-
thod, lace or net-work of various
figures and qualities, with thread,
silk, cotton, worsted, or other ma-
terials produced from animal, vege-
table, or mineral substances, Dated
May 14, 1804.

Thomas Dobbs, of King’s Nor-
ton, in the county of Worcester,
chymist, for a new article of trade,
which he denominates Albion metal,
and which he applies to the making
of cisterns, linings for cisterns, co-
verings and gutters for buildings,
boilers, vats, coffin furniture, worms
for distillers, and such other things
as require to be made of a flexible,
a wholesome, or a cheap metallic
substance. Dated May 14, 1804.

Joshua Jowett, of High Holborn,
in the county of Middlesex, iron-

So5

monger; for a fire-guard stove,
Dated May 18, 1804. .

John Peter Barthelemy, of Mar.
shall-street, in the county of Mid.
dlesex, stay-maker, and James
Shoubridge, of old Bond-street, in
the said county of Middlesex, Hatter;
for a shield or protection for the
preservation of the human body,
against sword, bayonet, or pike, as
also being proof against a musquet-
ball at a moderate distance. Dated
May 18, 1804. win f

Joseph Burrell, of Thetford, in
the county of Norfolk, iron-foun-
der; for an improved threshing ma~
chine, Dated. May 18, 1804.

Frederick Albert Winsor, of
Cheapside, London, merchant; for
an improved oven, stove, or appara-
tus for the purpose of extraéting
inflammable air, oil, pitch, tar, and
acids, and reducing into coke and
charcoal all kinds of fuel, and which
is also applicable to yarious other
useful purposes. Dated May 18,
1804.

George Simmonds, of ——3 for
a method of manufa¢turing hats,
bonnets, and other useful articles
of paper. Dated May 19, 1804.

Samuel Godwin, of Avoncliffe,
near Bradford, in the county of
Wilts, clothier; for improvements
upon machines for carding, scrib.
bling, dressing and brushing wool
and woollen cloth. Dated May 30,
1804.

Samuel Lucas, of Shefficld, in
the county of York, refiner; for
a method of separating the impuri-
ties from crude or cast iron, with-
out fusing or melting it, and of ren-
dering the same malleable, and pro-
per for the several purposes for
which forged or rolled iron is now
used; and also by the same method
of improving articles manufactured

: of

826

of cast-iroa, and thercby rendering
east pr crude iron applicable to a
variety of new and uselul purposes.
Dated May 20, 1804.

John Porter, of Lemonyillc, near
Tanderagee, in the county of Ar-
magh, in that part of the united
kingdom called Ireland, gentleman ;
for a lamp upon anew construction.
Dated May 30, 1804.

John Duncan, of Glasgow, ma-
nufaéturer ; for an improved me-
thod or means of tambouring or
raising of flowers, figures, or other
ornaments upon muslins, lawns, and
other cottons, cloths, or stulls, or
upon silk, linen, or woollen cloths
er stuffs, or of cloths or stuffs com-
posed partly of silk, cotton, or
woollen. Dated May 30, 1804.

John Heppenstall, of Doncaster,
im the county of York, machine
maker and engineer; for improve-
ments in machinery or mill-spinniag,
for the spinning of cotton, wool,
sik, hemp, flax, substitutes for
hemp and flax, and for the laying
er twisting cord, linen, line, twine,
and thread. Dated June 2, 1804.

Thomas Johnson, late of Brad-
bury, but now of Stockport, in the
county palatine of Chester, weaver ;
for a further addition and improve-
ment toa new andimproved method
applicable to the dressing of cotton
warp; and also a new and improv-
ed method, if and when the same
shall be used for dressing linen,
silk, or woollen warps. Dated June
2, 1804.

Arthur Woolf, of Wood-street,
Spa-fields, in the county of Mid.
dlesex, engineer; for improvements
in the construétion of steam-en-
gines. Dated June 7, 1804.

Timothy Bentley, of Lockwood,
in the parish of Almondbury, in the

ANNUAL SRE GISTER)

county of York, common brewer?
for a method of seasoning new
easks, and purifying musty ones, in
a style far superior to any other.
Dated June 19, 1804. .

Lyon Pike, of No. 8, Colches-
ter-street, in the county of Middle-
sex, pencil-maker; for improve-
ments on pencils, which he intends
to denominate ‘¢ Pyke’s patent in.
proved pencits.” Dated June 20,
1804.

Edward Martin, of Morriston, iz
the county of Glamorgan, gentle-
man; fora method of making pig

and cast iron, of every description,

from iron-stone, iron-mime, and
iron-ore, and of re.meltisg, pre-
paring, and refining of pig and cast
iron of every sort, and for the mak-
ing of such pig and cast into wrought
or bar-iron, by using raw stone,
coal, and culm, to be worked in am
entire new manner. Dated June
20, 1804.

William Hawkes, the younger, of
Gateshead, in the county of Dor-
ham, iron-manufacturer; for sun-
dry improvements in construéting
and making chains for the use of
mines and other purposes, Dated
July 2, 1804.

Jobn Browne, of the tewn of
Poole, in the county of Darset, mer~
chant ; for improvements in the
wheels of caryiages, applicable also
to windlasses, capstans, and ether
useful purposes. Dated August 4,
1804.

William Pether, of the parish of
St. Michael, in the city of Bristol;
for certain methods on a new prin-
ciple, either for preventing or cur-~
ing smokey chimneys. Dated Au-
gust 4, 1804.

William Warris, of Sheffield, in
the county of York, optician; for

an

USEFUL) PROJECTS.

an improvement in the mounting
ef glasses, commonly called opera
glasses. Dated August 4, 1804.

Edward Greaves, of Shefield, in
the county of York, razor-manufac-
turer; for improvements on razors.
Dated August 4, 1804.

Baker Chifney, of London, gen-
tleman; for a composition to be
used in washing, in order to render
muslins and linens beautifully white,
and for other purposes. Dated Sep-
tember 14, 1804.

John Bywater, of the town and
county of Nottingham; for an im-
proved method of clothing and un-
clothing the sails of windmills while
in motion, provided they arte made
after the Dutch manner, or as the ge-

nerality of windmill sails are con-.

structed; by which the mill may be

clothed, either in whole or in part,
in an easy and expeditious manner,
by a few revolutions of the sails,
whether they are going fast or slow,
leaving the surface smooth, even,
_and regular in breadth, from top to
bottom: and in like manner the
cloth, or any part thereof, may be
rolled or folded up to the whip at
pleasure, by machinery, simple and
durable, that may be fixed up in a
few days, at a comparatively easy
expense, requiring very little altera-
tion of any part of the mill, and is
equally applicable to any old sails on
the common construction, however
warped or loosened, without the
—Mnecessity of having new cloths.
Dated September 14, 1804.

John Gregory Handcock, of
Birmingham, in the county of War-
wick, die-engraver ; for a method
of forcing or working the bolts of
presses or of engines: and for the
purpose of cutting, pressing, and
Squeezing of metals, horn, leather,

&

827

paper, and other substances. Dated
September 14, 1804.

Joseph Huddart, of Highbury~
terrace, in the parish of Islington,
in the county of Middlesex, esq. 5
for a mode or art of manufacturing
and spinning yarn, differing from
any sach now in use. Dated Sep-.
tersber 21, 1804.

Michael Scarth, of Castle Eden,
in the county of Durham, sail-cloth
manufacturer; for a method of ma.
nufacturing sail-cloth, with single or
double thread warp, without »‘arch,
or any substitute for stiffening, and
without the double threads being
twisted together. Dated September
21, 1804.

Robert Raines, the younger, of
the town and port of Hull, in the
county of York, tanner and: glue,
manulacturer; for a method of
making and manufacturing of hard
glue from tails, fins, and other parts
of whale-fish. Dated November
225.1804, 5°

Henry Clayfield, of the city of
Bristol, winc-merchant, for a me-
thod of finding out of certain pro-
cesses for separating of the alkalies
of pot-ash and of soda from their
sulphates or combinations with sul-
phur, as in soaper’s black-ash, and
other similar compounds. Dated
November 22, 1804.

James Sharpless, of the city of
Bath, in the county of Somerset,
esq.; for certain combinations and
arrangements of implements and ne-
chanical powers, and certain prin-
ciples and forms of tables useful for
surveying. Dated November 24,
1804.

John Edwards, of Bow-street, in
the county of Middlesex, currier
and harness-maker; for improve-
ments in fire plages, calculated to

save

S28

save fuel, give a more general heat,
and prevent chimnies from smoak~
ing. Dated December 4, 1804.

Mathew Gregson, of ‘Liverpool,
upholder; for a method of cleaning
feathers for beds, and hair, wool,
down, and other the natural cover-
ing of birds and animals, from their
animal oil, in the most perfeét man-
ner, and in such a way as to render
them more healthful, sweet, and
pleasant for use. Dated December
4, 1804.

Ste)‘hen Pasquier, of Wilderness-
row, Charter-house-square, in the
county of Middlesex, professor of
fanguages; for his new-invented
manufacture, system, or method of
writing, printing, engraving, draw-
ing, painting, stamping, working
and using certain charaéters, figures,
instruments, and machines, for fa-
eilitating correspondence and other
literary operations, Dated Decem-
ber 19, 1804.

William Everhard, baron von
Doorneek, of Wells-street, in the
county of Middlesex, for certain
compositions formed by uniting an
absorbent er detergent earth with
other ingredients, so as ta render
the same more effectual in washing
or scouring, and for various pur-
poses to which soaps or detergent
earths are now applied. Dated De-
cember 19, 1804.

Joseph William Mayer, of Soho.
square, in the county of Middlesex,
esq.; for improvements upon bits
of bridles. Dated December 19,
1804.

Samuel Guppy, of the city of
Bristol, merchant; for additions to
and improvements on machines for
cutting, heading, and finishing nails,
and the mode of working thereof.
Dated December 19, 1804.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

On the best Method of providing for
Cottagers and Mechanics. From
Archdeacon Plymicy’s A sarge
Survey of Shropshire.

Cottages, or houses for labous
rers and mechanics, have been inci-
dentally mentioned in the last chap-
ter. In addition to what has been
there said, I would premise, as I did
with regard to farm-houses, and as ©
T would upon any other subject of
civil polity or domestic economy,
that general rules are to be cau-
tiously received and sparingly fol-
lowed; that local situation may
make this or that plan the best.
For instance, many old houses, es~
pecially if framed together with tims —
ber, are worth repairing, though
their outward appearance may be-
speak a great degree of wretched-
ness or decay 5 for they can genes.
rally be made more comfortable
than a new house, and at less ex-
pense. JT am much more anxious, »
that houses of the description we
are speaking of, should be kept in
clean and goad repair, than to pre-
scribe any particular form. I would
only suggest the impropriety of
making them, or indeed any other
object, bear an outward appear-
ance intended to contradiét their ins
ward use—all castellated or gothic-
ised cottages, all church-like barns,
or fort-like pig-styes, I should con-
ceive to be objeétionable. They
are intended to deccive, and they ©
tell you that they are intended to
deceive. Itis not pleasant to en-
courage any thing like deceit; but
in these instances ‘imposition effected
is rarely gained ; it amounts only to.
imposition attempted; or could the
deceit succeed, it would only pre=
sent a prospect with fewer propries

ties

USEFUL PROJECTS.

* ties about it than there really are.

Almost every species of country
building has a good effect, if pro-
perly placed and neatly executed ;
and what are the least ornamental,
or indeed the mostdisgusting of their
appendages, cease to shock, when
supported by the relative situation
they stand in, shewing their neces-
sity and their use. A dunghill in
a farm-fold creates no disagreeable
idea, but connected with a gothic
gateway, or an embattled tower, it
is bad. Cattle, protected by the
side of a barn, forma picturesque
group; but the sheltering under a
Grecian portico, the impropriety is
glaring. Linen hanging te dry, on
the hedge of a cottage garden may
be passed witheut displeasure; but
the cloaths of men, women, and
children, surrounding the cell of an
anchorite, or the oratory of a monk,
have their natural unseemliness in-
creased by the contrast. On the
ether hand, a fine-dressed lawn,
with miserable cottages on the out-
side, may be compared to the laced
clothes and dirty linen some foreign-
ers were formerly accused of wearing.
The whole of a gentleman’s estate
should be his pleasure-ground; the
village should be one object in the
scene, notshut out from it. There
may be a lifle more potish about
the mansion, but it should not be
an unnatural contrast to the sur-
rounding objeéts. ‘he face of no
country is bad, but as it is disfi-
gured by artificial means; and the
cheapest and best improvement is,
merely to remove what eflends, and
to take care that the buildings or
Sences that are wanted, are neat and
appropriate, exhibiting distinétly
their real intention.

I am, in general, a friend to

Bingle cottages, because two fami-

829

lies under one roof may have more
causes of contention arise between
them. On the other hand, in ill-
ness, poor persons have frequently
the merit of forgetting their differ-
ences ; and then the assistance they
are inclined to give each other, is
made more easy by nearness of _si-
tuation. It is possible, however,
where two, or even three houses ._
are joined together, to contrive the
gardens in such a manner, that
there shall be little interference;
and sometimes three neighbouring
families may do better together,
than two. ‘The following plan of a
cottage 1 had lately built, I com-
municated to the board in the year.
1794. ‘The door opens opposite to
the jamb of the chimuey, to shelter
the kitchen fire-place. The -chim-
ney is inthe middle, to keep the
two chambers warm. Neither is a
thoroughfare to the other, which
should contribute to the more de-
cent education of the children. ‘The
gable ends are capable of containing
a window each, large enough to ad-
mit good light and air ; whereas, if
the chimney is at the end, the win-
dow must be too small; and if it is
not at the end, a dormant must
break out in the roof, or the walls
must be raised an unnecessary height,
to get preper room for a window.
If the husband is a mechanic, he
may have the room next the kitchen
for his “use; and should he waut
heated irons, or the use of a fire,
for warmth, an iron door in the
back of the chimney would cause
the same fire to serve D&h apart-
ments, ‘This use was suggested to
me by a friend, who I think men-
tioned it as an idea of Dr. Frank-

lin’s.
It is difficult to give any accurate
account of the expence of buildings;
whee

850

where all the materials are not
bought, and where the person build-
ing may have other works goiag on,
to which and from which the work-
men may be called. In one case,
the estimate of labour may be erro-
neous; in the other, it way be dif-
ficult to appreciate the stone or the
timber, Liven where all the mate-
rials are bought, the price will dif-
fer so much, according to general
and local situations, that accuracy
raay be equally unattainable.

‘Lhe cottage alluded to cost per-
haps fifty pounds ; in other situati-

‘ons it might have been built for less

at the time; but the wages of ma-
sons and carpenters may have in-
creased since then. It is of stone,
except the chimney, which is brick.
The cover is of blue slates. It is
neatly fitted up on the inside, but
2 fire-place in the larger bed-room
was unfortunately forgotten; and
a fire in a bed-room is necessary in
times of sickness, and when a wo-
man lies in. ‘The rooms may be
small, but they may be made larger
or less according to circumstances,
Perhaps the price of fuel has some
connexion with the size of rooms
in small housés. Care, however,
should be taken not to make the
bed-rooms so large, that a man with
a family can crowd them all into
ane; because where this is practi-
cable, they are tempted to forego
the advantages of health and decen-
cy, intended to be gained by the
use of two chambers, and let one of
them, either to a constant lodgev,
or keep if for the occasional tenancy
of mendicatt stollers, or those of
even a worse description. Where
cottages are wanted, preparatory to
the settlement of a young couple,
itis sufficient to build a good kitch-
en, with a bed-room and pantry on

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the same floor; and, should they
have a family, add a bed-room at
the other end of the kitchen, against
the time some of the children should
be separated from the others, or
from the parents. Where a ground-
floor is made perfeétly dry, there
is a convenience in having the bed-
room to open out of the kitchen,
because the kitchen-fire is sufficient
for the purposes of illness. Food
or medicine can be warmed at it, ,
and an attendant can be kept warm,
aud near the patient. The bed-
room, if, dry, will be warmer, as
Jess exposed to the wind, and less Jia-
ble to be heated from the roof in
summer, or chilled from it in win-
ter. Whenever persons are to sleep
near a roof, thatch, well ceiled, is
the most comfortable, as it preserves
the room in an even temperature.
Landlords intent on making com-
fortable cottages, will find it best
to build or .repair, before they en-
gage with a tenant; for men, not
used to improvements, cannot com-
prehend cffect beforehand; and
they will apprehend want of accom-
modation without reason, or, often-
times, if attended to, lose the con-
veniencies they would have wished ;
or they will not wish for those it is
best they should be indulged in.
For instasxce, windows to open will
not always be desired. I think it
perlecily possible to improve men
in their turn of mind, by giving
them proprieties in and about their
habitations, they may not have
thought of or desired. If, upon
occupancy, they find a real want of
alterations or additions, it will then
be time cnough to make them, We
must not expeét to’ give satisfaction
at first, in our attempts to serve the
poor; if this obje¢t is not under-
taken on a principle of duty, it will
; soon

a USEFUL

soon be given up in disgust: for
though good sense or good princi-
ple are not confined to any station,
and though there are men in the
lowest stations, with whom the best
informed may converse both with
pleasure and improvement; yet in
this as in all human intercourse,
there will be found much to endure;
and indulgence will as often lead to
imposition as to gratitude ; and per-
haps uneducated persons are the
most likely to mistake a disinterest-
ed desire of serving them, and to re-
gard itas a proof of weakness rather
than benevolence.

Another observation, with re-
gard to cottages, should not be for-
gotten. ‘The persons living in them
should be tenants to the real land-

,tord, paying a fair annual rent.
A cottage, subjeét only to amerce-
ment, is tound by cxperience, in
very many instances, to make the
family idie; and the profit from
living rent-free, does not compen-
sate the loss by indolence. Of pa-
rishes containing different descrip-
tions of labourers, it is the opinion
of goodmen and competent judges,
and the same has lately been verified
to me in some very Strong instances,
that cottagers living near commons,
- and not paying any rent, are gene-
rally less comfortable in ‘their habi-
tations, and more chargeable to the
parish, than those livingin villages,
and paying fifty shillicgs, or three
pounds a year for a house and gar-
den; but then the labourer should
not be tenant to the farmer. When

two farms are united, the houses
are often both left standing, and the

farmer finds a tenant or two for the
worst house; or he is to be answer-

‘able for the rent of cottages adjoin-
ing his farm, to save trouble or ha-
ward to the landlord or his agent.

PROLECTS.

851

In these cases, the landlord or agent
Jook upon the houses as no further
concern of theirs; the farmer has
not interest enough in them to re-
pair them ; the labourer, added to
a want of permanent interest also,
has net ability; suo that these per-
haps are some of the worst dwell-
ings. It seems very desirable asa
general rule, though any rule may
have its exception, that these subs
tenancies were abolished. And they
are- conneéted with another evil,
that of depriving labourers of an
opportunity of renting land. One
objection to labourers renting Jand
is, the danger resulting from very
small capitals,. that of an unwise
penury. In small farms we too of-
ten see a weak team of horses, in-
sufficient in kind, and insufficiently
fed to do the work properly, either
in point of humanity or of interest.
So, where land is allowed to keep
one cow, if it begets a desire of
rearing a second, both may be starv-
ed; or the pasturage for one may
be contracted by seeking to raise
grain upon a part of it, and the de-
ficiency may be supplied by turning
the cow to graze on the ditch-banks
of the road. Much, however, of
this may be remedied by a landlord’s
authority. A labourer’s fields should
be chietly confined to pasture, that
the care of them may not interfere
with his working for hire. The
number of acres necessary will de«
pend upon the nature of the land.
I have not found six acres to inter.
fere at all with a labourer’s work;
and if he is fit to be trusted with
land at all, he should have at least’
three acres, where the situation of
his house will admit of so much;
for unless the ground joins the house,
it cannot be looked after without
loss of time; and it will generally

prove

A
/

a

prove a nuisance to the neighbours,
or the public. in addition to the
situation of a cottage, the tenant’s
character and circumstances should
be well considered. Where it is
not convenient or adviscable to let
him have land enough for a cow, he
may haye a large garden, and the
necessary and pig-stye should be so
placed, that the soak from them
may be direéted to manure the sail.
The pig-stye should have a small
court to open into the garden only.
When a pig is bought it is small, and
ean be carried to the stye, where it
may remain. I have found this the
only way of preventing a labourer’s
pigs from wandering about a village.
If the stye opens to a road, it will
never beso well guarded as when
the first aét of trespass must be in
the owner’s garden. I am ,truly
anxious, however, under all pro-
‘per restri¢iion and limitation, of ad-

_ Yancing and recommending the prac-

=

tice of setting some. land to labour.
ers and country mechanics. It ap-
- pears to me important, both ina
“moral and political point of view.—
Let us consider, in the first place,
the probable effeéis of such situa-
tions being more easily attained,
Would not farming-servants, both
men and women, have an additional
motive to becareful, and seck after
matrimonial,instead of illegal engage-
ments, if they knew, that when they
could save money enough to buy a
bed, a pig, and a cow, they might set-
tle, and have a house-and land, for
which they could afford to pay rent,
and from which they could hope to
maintain themselves, and rear a fa-
mily?, Or, if they have not money
enough to buy in all their stock at
first, they may raise potatoes in one
year sufficient to increase their capi-
‘tal. - Let us now. consider them

392 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

placed in their cottage. The caré
of the land is not sufficient to take
the labourer off from a single day’s
work ; but when it is six o’clock in
the evening, he has an interest in
going directly home, to.see that his
fences are in repair, or to dig a part
of.his garden, &c. he knows, too,
that when he has done this, (or if
the weather is too bad for him to
remain out of doors, still he knows)
his house is warm, and that his sup-
per is preparing; for his wife has
been at home the whole day, look-
ing occasionally after the cow, feed-
ing the pig. weeding in the garden,
or spinning in the house. As her
family grows up, she can put the
elder. children to do some of these
things ; but if the woman goes out
to work, the children are neglected,
and the house is cold and comfort~
less, and the husband has a tempta-
tion to go to the ale-house, (though
this evil is much lessened from the
high price of necessaries, and, in
some districts, from the reduced
number of public houses.) Before
men can be made good, they must
be made serious; and this is best
done by giviug them an idéa of pro-
perty.. From being serious, there is ,
a chance of their becoming good
members of society through princi«
ple; but if not, they may be harm.
less throughinterest ; and we cannot
conceive a stronger support to the
police of any-country, than the
housholders of it having business of
their own to mind, and property of
their own to defend. Though the
rent of a cottage is generally an in-
adequate interest for the money
spent in building or repairing it, yet
the tenant is frequently willing to
pay a higher proportionate rent per
acre for land than the farmer does, ~
and he is also frequently the most
punctual

USEFUL PROJECTS.

a

punctual in paying his rent. But,
however the balance may be in other
respects, one considerable advantage
will always be derived from the ex-
tension of this plan, in the reduction
of the poor’s rate. If, indeed, the
31 Eliz. c. 7, could have been acted
upon, or modified, rather than re-
pealed, it might have prevented the
expence of poor’s rates in country
parishes. It prohibited the build-
ing of any cottages in the country,
unless there be set four acres of land
_ lying near the same, to be continually
occupied therewith, &c. &c.
: I have the pleasure cf adding the
q following extract of a letter, written
to me Jan. 29, 1796, in answer to
an inquiry, by the rev. Archibald
Alison, rector of Kenley, in this
county, the facts of which will best
bespeak the merits of its author :—
*¢ With regard to the experiment in
this parish, it is much too trifling
and too recent to deserve any atten-
tion. Thirty acres, you know, were
allotted to me in the division of the
common, and they were divided into
ten shares, to accommodate the poor
people of the common, who had the
largest families, at the same rent that
_was paid for the other part. It is
only three years since this took
place, and I can say little, there-
fore, with respect to the effects I
most wished to follow from it.
That it has added to the comfort of
the people in that time, I have every
reason to believe, both from their
ownacknowledgments, and from the
anxiety of the rest to possess the
same advantages. [ think I may
say also, that it has added, in some
measure, to their industry. The
Jand in general is in a better state
than any of that which was inclosed
at the same time. The poorest
among them have all carried lime,

Vor, XLVI,

—E———— Ce eee ee

833

collected road-stuff, burnt weeds,
&c. and some of them have certainly
manured higher than any of the far-
mers in our parish. Two of them
haye built cottages at their own ex-
pence, and shewn a little disposition
to ornament, by white-washing
them, &c. Inso short a time, these
are at least not unpromising appear-
ances. With regard to the quan-
tity of land which may be allowed
to cottagers, without diminishing
their industry, as day-labourers, it
will not be easy to determine. Ift
were to judge from this parish, [
should be disposed to think, that
more than three acres might very
safely be given. The most decent,
industrious, and well-doing of the
lower people among us, are four or
five families, who have from five to
eight or ten acres a-piece. ‘They
have brought up their families with-
out any parish assistance, and their
children are in general better edu-
cated, better behaved, and set out
better in the world, than any others
of the same rank among us. These
little farms, indeed, are always in
grass, as I apprehend they will al-
ways naturally be when not exceed-
ing these limits. ‘The smaller far-
mers with us, of from 20 to 30

-acres, who are induced to keep

something like a team, are much the
poorest and most wretched people
among us.”

To this account I must add, what
Mr. Alison’s delicacy has concealed,
that in setting these allotments at
the current price, viz. seven shillings
per acre, he promised not to raise
that rent in consequence of any im-
provements the original tenants may
make, which would have the opera-
tion of a lease for the time of his in-
cumbency. A farther promise also
was holden out,—that a jury of

3H farmers

34

farmers should look over the ten al-
jotments annually, and he who had
improved the most, should be ex-
cused paying rent for that year. It
should be noted aiso, that lime is
within a few miles of these cottages,
I have the advantage of a further
ommunication upon this subject,
acta Edw. Harries, esq. of Arlescot,
in this county.

Mr. Harries’s experience, as an
active and attentive landlord, of very
considerable property, makes his
. Observations on husbandry very va-
luable; and they have peculiar
weight on this part of the subject,
from the kindness and consideration
with which he treats his labourers :
—*¢ The building should be of a di-
mension to allow two separate
chambers. An acre of ground an-
nexed to it would admit of half be-
ing annually sown with wheat, the
other half with hemp, potatoes, cab-
bages, and beans; these would be a
great assistance to the labourer, in
the support of his family, and would
enable him to keep and fat a pig.—
His situation would be still more
comfortable, if five acres of land
were added to it, as he could then
keep a cow, antl somewhat increase
his quantity of grain. A double
cottage I would generally recom-
mend: there is some saving in the
erection, and they may mutually as-
sist each other ; for though violent
quarrels sometimes arise between
such near neighbours, yet reciprocal
interest soon occasions a forgetful-
ness of past offences. There should
be at least two cottages to every 100
acres ; the situation open to a pub-

* These are small, fast-sailing vessels, which follow the herring-busses, supply

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

lic road, dry, and south or south-
east”?

The Dutch Method of curing Here

rings; extracted and translated
from the German of Kriinitz’s
Economical Encyclopedia (Gecono«
mische Encyclopadie)) Article Har-
ing. By J. Hinckley, Esquire,’
FSA,

The vessels employed in this fish-
ery, commonly called herring-bus-
ses, from the Dutch name, are gene-
rally between 48. and 60 tons bur-
then, though some from 40 to 80
and 100 tons are used. The largest
of all carry 120 tons, are three-
masted vessels, with one deck, and
a cabin at each end; that a-head
serving as a kitchen. Of the larger,
the crews are 24 men, those of the
smaller, 18. They carry a few small
guns and musquetry.

ee eee eee

Their nets are dipped, or cast

out, in the evening, and drawn up
in the morning. It requires three
hours to wind them on board.—
From the net, the fish are imme-

diately putinto baskets, while others —

of the crew are occupied till evening —

in gutting, salting, and packing. But,
although from 10 to 15

last are ©

sometimes taken ata draught, the ©

twelve persons usually employed for
the purpose cannot complete more
than five last in a day.

During the three first weeks, from

the 25th of June to the 16th of July, —

all the fresh-caught herrings
thrown into casks, without picking,

areg

and conveyed to Holland, in the ji-_—

gers, or yatchs*, that accompany the

them with provisions, casks, salt, and other necessaries, and carry the fish that have

been taken to the nearest port, where they are re- packed, and prepared for bending

to the places of their destination,

hersings

ict ee el el

a ee ee CO

. t

USEFUL PROJECTS.

herring-busses. But, after this pe-
riod, immediately on being got on
board, and gutted, they are assorted
into three qualities—full herrings and
shot herrings. ‘The first of these are
those taken earliest, and without roe
or milt, but which, though well fla-
voured, do not keep. Full herrings
are those taken at Midsummer, on
the point of spawning, from which
the brand herrings, so called from
the barrels being marked with a hot
iron, only differ in bting caught
later, repacked immediately on ar-
rival, and so close and hard pressed
down, that they do not require re-
packing at other places, but only
new pickle, and are immediately ex-
pedited, or may remain on hand;
whereas the other two sorts, not be-
ing so closely laid, must absolutely
be repacked. Shot herrings are
those which have spawned, or are
taken in the act of spawning, in
consequence of which they are thin
and lean.

With the last two sorts the busses
themselves return (as soon as they
have got their loading, or find no
more fish) one after another, to
port, where all three sorts, except
the brand-herrings, before being ex-
pedited, are opened, salted anew,
re-packed, and so heaped up, that
fourteen casks are re-packed in

twelve, which make a last. Bya
regulation of the states.general, this
re-packing must be performed in the
open air, where strict watch is kept
that the spoiling fish be carefully
‘separated from the good, and the
Jatter properly laid in the barrels,
and strongly pressed down.

The Dutch fishery continues ge-
nerally from twenty to twenty-six
weeks, or even somewhat longer—
namely, from the 25th of June.
The Dutch fish only on the Scotch

835

and English coasts, off Hittland,
Fairhill, and Bocken, from Mid-
summer till the 25th of July; off
Bocken er Serenial, from thence
till the 14th of September; and in
deep water, east of Yarmouth, and
as far as the mouth of the Thames,
from thence to the 25th of Novyem-
ber, when the regular fishery ceases.

But herrings are found not far
from Yarmouth till the end of Ja-
nuary, after which the fishery. is
prohibited, as the spawning season
then commences.

Herrings, however, are equally
good, wherever they are taken, pro-
vided they be but caught in the pro-
per season, and well managed: As
they die immediately on quitting
their element, salting and packing
are the circumstances which princi-
pally affect their quality. The su-
perior excellence and flayour of
Dutch herrings, above those of all
other countries, arising from the
close attention, and indefatigable in-
dustry employed. Every thing,
however minute, both as to season
and management, which can main-
tain the reputation they have enjoy-
ed for more than two hundred years,
is most punctually observed: and
above thirty ordinances on the cur-
ing and management of herrings are

recited by Sir William Temple, in

the seventeenth century. .

Herrings cured with Scotch salt
very quickly decay. Those of Nor-
way are cured in the same manner
as the Scotch, but with French salt,
and packed in fir or deal, in conse-
quence of which they are worse,
and less palatable, as they Icave a
sour taste in the mouth, and soon
spoil. In like manner other nations
are equally careless in assorting the
fish regularly and early off Hittland,
from the 25th of June, because they

2H2 are

836

are then, and to the beginning of
July, fattest; after which time, the
nearer they-approach the coast, the
leaner and worse they are.

It redounds no less to the honour
of the Dutch than to their advan-
tage, that they pay the utmost pos-
sible aitention to these rules: ac-
cording to which the fish must be
taken at the proper season, proper-
ly salted, well assorted, and rightly
packed ; to do all which, the cap-
fain and sailors are by several laws
obliged to bind themselves by oath,
before they sail. ‘There are also
overseers well paid, that they may
not betray their trust, but watch
and enforce every the minutest re-
gulation; to which circumstance,
also, the pre-eminence of Dutch
herrings throughout the world may
partly be ascribed.

As soon as the herrings are taken

ut of the water, they are thrown
‘either upon the end of the deck,
which has been cleared and made
perfectly clean for the purpose, or
jato baskets ; and then (gipped)
the gills and guts taken out with a
knife, by some of the crew, who
are solely employed therein, having
been brought up to that practice.
The milt, or roe, however, is al-
“ways left in the fish.* What are
taken daring one night, are, before
the following sun-set, neatly and
skilfully laid in oaken barrels, coarse
Spanish or Poriuguese bay salt being
strewed betweey. This the fisher-
men of other countries either entirely

neglect, or less carefully perform, .

being less scrupulously nice ; because

they either go out to sea later, or,~

like the Scotch, commence fishing
too soon; or only navigate small
boats near the coast; do not kill

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the fish with a knife, or gut, salt,
or pack them down ina boat, and
when fully laden, go onshore, pro-
ceed at their leisure, cast the fish on
the sea-coast in considerable heaps,
where they are even suffered to lie
sometimes several days, before they
are gutted, salted; and packed, in
consequence of which they grow
stale and ferment. The Dutch, on
the contrary, indefatigably pursue
their method day and night, during
twenty, twenty-four, or twenty-
six -wecks, be the weather what it
may. Hence, their fish are usually
more tender, better flayoured, and
not so very salt as the Inglish and
Scotch.

There are two methods of salting
and preserving herrings for a con-
siderable length of time. ‘The one
is called white salting, the other red.
The former is thus performed.—Im-
mediately on’ being taken, the fish
are gutted, as above described, and
washed in clean water; then salt is
sprinkled on them, either internally
or both within and without, and the
fish being thrown into large baskets
with handles, are well roused (or

“shaken about a few times), that the

salt may the better diffuse itself, and
penetrate: or lastly, which is the
best method, they are thrown into
a tub filled with strong brine, made
with bay salt and fresh water, in
which an ege will swim. In_ this
pickle they are left upon deck in
the open air, provided the weather
be good, during twelve or fifteen
hours ; but, if circumstances require,
a good deal Jonger, and are well
stirred (especially if pickled on shore)

“with shovels, several times, that the

salt may the better and more gene-

‘rally penetrate every where. Lastly,

* Mr. M‘Culloch’s treatise (see note, page 838) says, they should also be kept
eleanly, and out of the sun, as well as frost or rain.

te

— a

USEFUL. PROJECTS.
to pack them properly, they are’

taken out of the pickle, suffered to
drain sufficiently, and then packed
in barrels which are strewed at bot-
tom pretty thickly with salt, and,
if there is time enough, they are
neatly laid in strata, or layers, al-
ways strewing sufficient salt upon
each layer: but, if they are thrown
in promiscuously, with as much sa't
_ as is requisite to preserve them froin
_ spoiling. When this is done in
' strata, each new layer is pressed
_ down hard upon the preceding.—
_ This last-mentioned process, how-
ever, cannot easily be attended to
at sea, especially when the fishery is
very abundant. Hence, if the fish are
to be exported, or remain long un-
used, they are repacked on shore,
j laid in fresh salt, and pressed down
‘:
|

hard ; without which precaution
herrings exported by sea would spoil.

The same praétice is pursued in.

France, Hamburgh, and doubtless
‘elsewhere. At Hamburgh, as in
Holland, they are packed in the
open air, ten packers and three
overseers being appointed for the
purpose, and all sworn. Besides
_ repacking, the packers in the mari-
time towns have also to pick and
assort the fish according to their
goodness, salt them anew, and put,
them in fresh pickle. It is also ge-
_nerally a part of the magistrates’ and
trading companies oaths not to suf-
fer any bad fish to be delivered from
the quay or custom house.

After packing, whether the goods
are intended for exportation or
home consumption, whether pressed
down hard or not, they are regu-
larly coopered, that the pickle may
not leak out, and the fish turn yel-
“low or spoil, which takes place the
moment they are deficient in pickle.
Properly, the herrings should on
) the very day on which they are

i

837

taken, not only be gutted, but salt-
ed and put in casks, or at least
should not lie more than one night
in the first pickle: and accordingly
such herrings are distinguished in
France by the name of harengs d'une
nuit. But when the fishery is abun-

‘dant, this is not always possible ;

so that only a part cam be properly
attended to; and the rest, after be-
ing gutted, must unavoidably re-
main, at least the whole following
day, if not longer, in the first
pickle; the regular packing of them
being postponed till the third day.
These fish having stood two nights
on deck in the open air, are called
harengs de deux nuits.. But such
goods not only are inferior, but do
not keep so well as the former.

If the fishermen mean again to
cast their nets on the following night,
or if, on account of the great abun-
dance of the shoals, they do not ex-
pect to complete the salting and re-
gular packing in two days, the fish,
which they cannot so complete, are
salted in large heaps, and are then
called slabbers, or slabbegut, coarse
goods. These are frequently too’
salt, because want of time prevents
their being properly managed. They
are put into the schuyts, which al.
ways accompany the herring busses,
and washed ; after. which they are
smoked, though not so much as the
bicklings (bucklinge), or red her-
rings. The salted herrings hitherto
spoken of are called dockel herringe,
or pickled herrings, or, in general,
plainly herrings ; those properly
salted and packed in Jayers, packed
or barrel herrings; and those half
salted, and promiscuously packed in
barrels, wrack herrings.

The other mode of curing, called
red salting, is thus performed. When
the fish are taken out of the above-
described pickle, in which, how~

3H ever,

- 838

ever, they must remain longer than
those intended for the common or
white salting, and at least four and
twenty hours, they are hung by the
head in rows on wooden poles, in
stoves construéted for the purpose,
each of which generally contains
12,000 herrings. But thus placed,
a fire is made under them with vine
stalks or any green faggot wood, that
affords much smoke and little flame.*
Here they remain till dried, and
properly smoked, which generally
requires twenty-four hours. -

Thus they become bicklings, or
red-herrings ; when these are packed
in barrels, they are called barrelled
bicklings, and are much salted; but,
if laid in straw, they are called
straw bicklings, and are somewhat
Jess salted. The excellence of the
bicklings principally consists in their
being large, fat, tender, fresh, pro-
perly salted, pliable, soft, of the
colour of goki, and not torn or
mangled. In Holland, the best fish
are chosen for this purpose ; but in
other places, the above described
slabbers only are used, or other in-
ferior herrings, deemed unfit for the
usual mode of salting. The best
and fattest smoked Dutch herrings
are called, in German, speck buck-
finge, or fat red-herrings ; in low
Saxon, flickhiringe; and in Ham-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

burgh flikeeringe. They are cut
open along the back +.

On the Preparation, Culture, and
Use of the Orchis Root. By I.
Percival, M. D,

Salep is a preparation of the root
of orchis, or dog-stones, of whiclr
many species are enumerated by
botanical writers. The orchis mas
cula Linn. sp. pl. is the most valued,
although the roots of some of the
palmated sorts, particularly of the
orchis latifolia are found to answer
almost equally well. » This. plant
flourishes in various parts of Eu-
rope and Asia, and grows in our own
country spontaneously, and in great
abundance. It is assiduously culti-
vated in the east ; and the root of it
forms a considerable part of the
diet of the inhabitants of Turkey,
Persia, and Syria. A dry and not _
very fertile soil is best adapted to its
growth. An ingenious friend of
mine, in order to colleét the seed,
transplanted a number of the or-
chises into a meadow, where he had
prepared a bed well manured for
their reception. The next spring
few of them appeared, and not one
came to maturity, the roots being
black and half rotten. The same

* At Bremen, the place most celebrated for smoking fish, and where no secret

is made, asin Holland, of the process, they are hung in ovens of the size of a small
parlour, and strict attention is paid.not to use fir, or any wood, in which is any the
deast turpentine or resinous matter, which invariably gives a bad taste to the fish.

+ The act of parliament regulations, and many useful observations, may be seen
in two small tracts, 8vo. in possession of the society for the encouragement of
arts, manufactures, and commerce, the-one entitled, “ Observations on the Her-
ring Fishery, upon the North and East Coasts of Scotland, &c. with plain rules, pro-
posed for curing, and for supplying the London market with white herrings, by
Lewis M‘Culloch, many years employed in furnishing the merchants of London
with herrings for exportation. London, Richardson. 1788.” The other entitled,
“‘The best and most approved Method of curmg white Herrings, and all kinds of
white fish, containing particular directions how to slit, gut, salt, dry, and barrel
them, fit for sale at home, or foreign markets, with directions for boiling of oil, by
@ trader in Fish, London, J. Davidson. 1750.”

gentleman

USEFUL PROJECTS.

gentleman informed me that he had
never been able to raise any plants
from the seed of the wild orchis;
but he ascribed his want of success to
the wetness of the situation in which
he resides. I have now before me
a seed-pod of the orchis, the con-
tents of, which, to the naked eye,
seem to be seed corrupted and
turned to dust; but, when viewed
through a microscope, appear evi-
dently to be organized, and would,
I doubt not, with proper culture,
germinate, and produce a thriving
crop of plants. ‘The properest time
for gathering the roots is when the
seed is formed, and the stalk is
ready to fall, because the new bulb,
of which the salep is made, is then
arrived to its full maturity, and may
be distinguished from the old one,
by a white bud rising from the top
of it, whichis the germ of the orchis
of the succeeding year. Several
methods of preparing salep have
Been proposed and practised. Ge.
offroy has delivered a very judicious
process, for this purpose, in the
Listoire de ? Acadumie Royale des
Sciences, 1740; and Retzius, in the
Sweedish transactions, 1764, has
improved Geoffroy’s method. But
Mr. Moult, of Rochdale, has lately
favoured the public with a new
manner of curing the orchis root:
and as I have seen many specimens
ef his salep, at least equal, if not
superior, to any brought from the
Levant, I- can recommend the fol-
lowing, which is his process, from
my. own knowledge of its suceess.
The new root is to be washed in
water, and the fine brown skin

_ which covers it is to be separated by

means of asmal] brush, or by dipping
the root in hot water, and rubbing
it with a course linen cloth, When
a sufficient number of roets have

\

839

been thus cleaned, they are to be
spread on a tin plate, and placed in
an oven heated to the usudl degree,
where they are to remain six or ten
minutes, in which time they will
have lost their milky whiteness, and
acquired a transparency like horn,
withoutsany dimunition of bulk.
Being arrived at this state, they are
to be removed, in order to dry and
harden in the air, which will require
several days to effect; or, by using
a very gentle heat, they may be
finished in a few hours. Salep,
thus prepared, may be afforded, in
this part of England, where labour
bears a high yalue, at about eight«
pence or ten-pence per pound.
And it might be sold still cheaper,
if the orchis were to be cured with-
out separating from it the browa
skin which covers it ;--a troublesome
part of the preeess, and which does
not contribute to render the root
either more palatable gr salutary s
whereas the foreign salep is now
sold at five shillings or six shillings
per pound, :

The culture of the orchis, theres
ore is an object highly deserving of
encouragement from all the lovers of
agriculture, And as the root, if

imtroduced into common use, would
furnish a cheap, wholesome, and
most nutritious article of diet, the
growth of it would be sufficiently
profitable to the farmer. ’ Salep is
said to contain the greatest quantity
of vegetable nourishment in the
smailest bulk. Hence a very judi-
cious writer, to prevent the dread«
ful calamity of famine at sea, has
Jatety proposed that the powder of
it should constitute part of the pros
visions of every ship’s company.
This powder and portable soup, dis~
solved in boiling water, form a rich
thick jelly, capable of supporting

3H4 fe

640

life for a considerable length of
time. An ounce of each of these
articles, with two quarts of boiling
water, will be sufficient subsistence
for a man a day; and, as being a
mixture of animal and vegetable
food, must prove much more nou-
rishing than double the quantity of
rice cake, made by boiling rice in
water. This last, however, sailors
are often obliged solely to subsist
upon for several months, especially
in voyages to Guinea, when the
bread and flour are exhausted, and
the beef and pork, having been
salted in hot countries, are become
unfit for use. But, as a wholesome
nourishment, rice is much inferior
to salep. I digested several alimen-
tary mixtures prepared of matton
and water, beat up with bread, sea
biscuit, salep, rice flour, sago pow-
der, potatoe, old cheese, &c. in a
heat equal to that of the human
body. In forty-eight hours they
had all acquired a vinous smelJ, and
were in brisk fermentation, except
the mixture with rice, which did not
emit many air bubbles, and was but

little changed. The third day seve-.

ral of the mixtures were sweet, and
continued to ferment; others had
lost their intestine motion, and were
sour ; but the one which contained
the rice was become putrid. From
this experiment it appears that rice,
as analiment is slow of fermentation
and a very weak correétor of pu-
trefaGtion. It is therefore an im-
proper diet for hospital patients ;
but more particularly for sailors,
in long voyages, because it is inca-
pable of preventing, and will not
contribute much to check the pro-
gress of that fatal disease, the sea
scurvy. Under certain circum-
stances, rice seems disposed of it-
self, without mixture, to become

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.
putrid; for by long keeping, it.

sometimes acquires an _ offensive.
foetor, nor can it be considered as a
very nutritive kind of food, on
account of its difficult solubility
in the stomach. Experience con-
firms the truth of this conclusion:
for it is observed by the planters in
the West Indies, that the negroes
grow thin, and are less able to
work whilst they subsist upon rice.

Salep has the singular property
of concealing the taste of salt water ;

a circumstance of the highest im- ©
portance at sea, when there is a

scarcity of fresh water. I dissolved
a drachm and a half of common
salt in a pint of the mucilage of sa-
lep, so liquid as to be potable, and
the same quantity in a pint of spring
water. The salep was by no means
disagreeable to the taste, but the
water was rendcred extremely un-
palatable.

This experiment suggested to me
the trial of the orchis root as a cor-
rector of acidity; a property which
would render it a very useful diet
for children. But the solution of
it, when mixed with vinegar, seem-
ed only to dilute like an equal pro-
portion of water, and not to cover
its sharpness.

Salep, however, appears by my
experiments, to retard the acetous
fermentation of milk, and conse-
quently would be a good lithing for
mifk pottage, especially in large
towns, where the catile being fed
upon sour draff, must yield acescent
milk.

Salep, in a certain proportion,
which I have not yet been able to
ascertain, would be a very useful
and profitable addition to bread. I
directed one ounce of the powder
to be dissolved in a quart of water,
and the mucilage to be mixed with

a sufiie

Ye ee OO

‘a-sufficient quantity of flour, salt,
and yeast. ‘The flour amounted to
two pounds, the yeast to two ounces,
and the salt to eighty grains. The
~ loaf when baked was remarkably

well fermented, and weighed three
- pounds two ounces. Another loaf,
_ made with the same quantity of flour,
_ &c. weighed two pounds and twelve

ounces: from which it appears that

the salep, though used in so small a
proportion, increased the gravity

of the loaf six ounces, by absorbing
and retaining more water. than the

flour alone was capable of: Half a

pound of flour and an ounce of sa-
- Jep were mixed together, and the
_ water added according to the usual
_ method of preparing bread. The
loaf, when baked, weighed thirteen

ounces and a half ; and would pro-
_bably have been heavi ier, if the salep

had been previously dissolved in

abouta pint of water. Butit should
_ be remarked, that the quantity of
flour used in this trial was not suffi-
cient to conceal the peculiar taste of
the salep.

The restorative, mucilaginous, and
demulcent qualities of the orchis
root render it of considerable use in
various diseases. In the sea-scuryy
it powerfully obtunds the acrimony
of the fluids, and at the same time
" is easily assimilated into a mild and

nutritious chyle. In diarrhwas and
the dysentery, it is highly service-
_ able, by sheathing the internal coat
‘of the intestines, by abating irrita-
tion, and gently correcting putre-
ion In the symptomatic fever,
which arises from the absorption of
g from ulcers in the lungs, from
wounds, or from amputation, salep
used plentfuily, is an admirable de-
4 mulcent, and well adapted to resist
_ that dissolution of the crasis of the
; blood, which is so evident in these

es

aor

. USEFUL PROJECTS.

841

cases. And by the same mucilagi-
nous quality, it is equally efficacious
in the strangury and dysury ; espe-
cially in the latter, when arising from
a venereal cause; because the dis.
charge of urine is then attended
with the most exquisite pain, from
the ulcerations about the neck of
the bladder, and through the course
of the urethra. I have found it
also an useful aliment for patients
who labour under the stone or gra-
vel.

From these observations, short
and imperfeét as they are, I hope it
will sufficiently appear that the cul-
ture of the orchis root is an objeét
of considerable importance to the
public, and highly worthy of en-
couragement from all the patrons of
agriculture, ‘That taste for experi-
ment, which characterises the pre-
sent age, and which has so amazingly
enlarged the boundaries of science,
now animates the RATIONAL FARMER,
who fears not to deviate from the
beaten track whenever improvements
are suggested, or useful projects
pointed out to him. Much has been
already done for the advancement of
agriculture; but the earth still teems
with treasures which remain to be
explored. The bounties of Nature
are inexhaustible, and will for ever
employ the art, and reward the in.
dustry of man.

Management of Orchards, and the
Process of making Cyder and Perry.
From Duncombe’s History of Here-
Sordshire.

The apple and pear-trees which
form the orchards of Hereford~
shire, are well known not to be the
natural produétion of any soil ‘or
climate; the one being a variety of

the

842 ANNUAL

the pyrus malus, or crab; and the
other derived from the pyrus com-
munis, or common wild pear: as
such, neither of them are noticed by
Linnzus.

The native wild crab is subjeé to
considerable diversity in the appear-
ance of its leaves, and in the co-
tour, shape, and flavour of its fruit:
by selecting and cultivating the fair-
est and the best of these, all our
valuable varieties have been pro-
duced; and by repeated propaga-
tion, have been preserved for a time.
This principle was clearly known to
the ancients, whether they applied
it to the apple or not;—

* Quare agite 6 proprios generatim dis-
cite cultus,

“ Agricole, fructusque feros mollite ca-
lendo,”*

Normandy, and other parts of the
continent, have occasionally fur-
nished this country with several af
these artificial varieties.

It does not appear that orchard-
ing became a considerable branch of
rural economy in England before the
reign of Henry Vill. when, by the
industry of a person of the name of
Harris, who was fruiterer to that
king, the fields and environs of
about thirty tawns in Kent only,
were planted with fruit-trees. This
example probably indaced orchard-
ing in Herefardshire and other coun-
tics on amuch larger scale, than had
been pra¢iised before; but the pe-
riod in which the plantations in
Hercfordshire acquired the peculiar
eminence they still retain, seems to.

‘have been the reign of Charles I.
when, by the noble exertions of
Tord Scudamore, of Hom-Lacy,
and other spirited gentlemen, Here

REGISTER.

fordshire had become ‘‘ in a mans_

ner, one entire orchard.”
Plantations are found in every as=
peét; and on soil of every quality,
and under every culture; the most
approved site is that which is open
to the south-east, and sheltered in

other points, but particularly in the -

Opposite direétion. For although
Virgil and the other Roman poets
celebrate the west wind as the most
genial in Italy ; and Philips, in his
poem on Cyder, recommends the
same aspeét, it is an unquestionable
fact, that the westerly winds, and
therefore a westerly exposure, are
particularly unfavourable to the
fruit-trees of Heréfordshire ; they
are more cold, as blowing over @
considerable tract of the Welsh
mountains, which are often covered
with snow, even late in the spring 5
and they are more unkind, because

from that point proceeds a much -

more than equa! proportion of those _

fogs and blue mists, which Dr. Beale
called ‘‘ the disgusts of the Black
Mountain.” This leads to what is
commonly termed blight; the theory
of which appears to be imperfeétly
understood. ‘The general idea, that
insecis, or their eggs, are brought
on the trees by the winds, is very
erroneous.
an able naturalist (T. A. Knight,
esq.) that they are deposited by the
parent inseét, in the winged state,
partly in the spring, and partly in
the preceding summer, on those trees

it is the opinion of

where they afterwards commit their —

depredations. Others suppose, that

the appearance of inseéts on plants —
and trees, is the effeét, not the cause —

of blight; and that this malady is
occasioned by sudden, changes in the
atmosphere, from heat to cold, by

@ Virgil, Georg, lib, ii,

which

a

3

»-¢ pan Ph

USEFUL PROJECTS.

which the tender organs of vegeta-
tion are injured, the rising sap
checked and inspissated, and both a
nidus and food created for various
kinds of inseéts.

Of what are termed blights, the
honey-dew is ejected by the aphis ;

' the mildew is a species of mucor ;

and there is sometimes found on the
apple-tree another species, if not
more, of the same genus, differing
from the mildew in colour, being of

a dark brown, and perhaps one sort *

of the rubigo of Virgil (Georg.
lib. i.), to avert which, the Romans
eelebrated *“‘ Rubigalia festa,” in
the kalends of May.

Noefie¢iual means, however, have
“a been discovered to prevent their

ad effects.

The soil best adapted to most
kinds of apples, is a deep and rich
foam, when under the culture of the
plough ; on this the trees grow with
the greatest luxuriance, and pro-
duce the richest fruit. Some trees,
however (the stire and golden pip-
pin in particular), ferm exceptions
to this general rule, and flourish

_ most in a hot and shallow soil, upon

a lime or sand stone. The best
sorts of pear-trees also prefer the
rich loam, but inferior kinds will
even flourish where the soil will

scarcely produce herbage.

The apple-trees are divided into

- eld and new sorts; each class com-

prises some called kernel-fruits (viz.

_ the fruit growing on its own native
roots), as a distinétion from those
_ produced by the operation of graft-
’ ing.

The old sorts are the more va-
juable, and are those which have
been long introduced, as the stire,
golden pippin, hagloe crab, seve-
ral varieties of the harvey, the
brandy apple, redstreak, woodcock,
moyle, genuet-moyle, red, white,

843

and yellow musks, pauson, fox-
whelp, loan and old pearmains, dy-
mock-red, ten commandments, and
ethers. The modern varieties de.
rive their appellations from such ca.
pricious and various causes, that a
correét list cannot be composed: in
some instances the same fruit bears
a different name, even in the same
parish. A regular and scientific
classification of the whole would be
a valuable acquisition to our rural
ceconomics; and there are at this
time persons of opulence and pub.
lic spirit, fully adequate to such an
undertaking.

The pears held mostin estimation
are the squash, so called from the
tenderness of ifs pulp; the old.
field, from haying grown as a seed.
ling in a field of that name; the
huffcap, from the quantity of fixed
air contained in its’ liquor; the
bar-land, from a field in the parish
of Bosbury, called the Bare-fands ;
the sack pear, from its’ richness ;
and the red pear, from its colour.
Of inferior sorts, the long-land is
most valuable, and for the gencral
use of the farmer, perhaps the
best.

It has been the fate of most im-
provements in nature, or in art, to
have been patronised at one time,
and neglected at another, from cir-
cumstances wholly unconneéted with
their intrinsic merits. Thus or
charding (if the expression be al-
lowable), from the time of Henry
VIII. to that of Charles I. appears
to have engaged great attention:
many treatises were published on the
subjeét, and the pradtice was pro-
portionably extended and improved.
The civil dissentions which closed
the unfortunate reign of Charles,
could not fail to cramp the efforts of
genius, ‘and to suspend the opera.

tion

844

tion of industry; and the public
mind, like that of an individual,
does not soon return even toa fa-
vourite subject, from which it has
been once diverted or driven. Be-
fore the calamities of the period al-
Juded to, orcharding seems to have
been brought to a very considerable
degree of perfeétion; and even the
ordiaary means of preservation ap-
pear to have been negleéted after.
If these conjectures should be ad-
mitted (and they are offered merely
as such), they account for that de-
cay of the old and most valuable
fruits in Herefordshire, which is so
generally acknowledged and la-
mented. Their renovation, or the
introduction of others equally good,
cannot be too strongly urged, and
the public spirit of the present age
has not been indifferent on the oc-
casion; more endeavours have per-
haps been dire¢ted towards this ob-
ject within the last twenty years,
than during a century’ preceding.
Grafting, as most expeditious, has
been most frequently attempted;
but it is presumed that no mode of
grafting, hitherto pra¢tised, has

been found adequate to the pur-.

pose. The shoots being unavoid-
ably taken frem old trees, flourish
afew years from the vigour of the
crab-stock, then canker and re-
lapse into all the infirmities of the
parent tree. On this principle, the
renovation of the old fruit appears
“Impracticable: by the general.laws
of nature, each animated being lives
to propagate its species, and after a
time resigns its place to a successor.
The opinion of the best informed

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

planters is, that the seeds of the old
fruits should be sown, and. the most
strong and healthy plants selected
for cultivation and a supply of
grafts. This experiment has been
adopted, on alarge scale, by seve-
ral plauters, has hitherto promised
the fullest success, and has further
the san¢tion of that period in which
orcharding received particular at-
tention.* A treatise on this sub-

ject was published by William Law-

son, a north-country man, in the
year 1626, and he states, that ‘¢ the
best way to plant an orchard is to
turn the ground with a spade in Fe.
bruary, and to set, from February
to May, some kernels of the best
and soundest apples and pears, fine
ger-deep, and at a foot distance,
and to leave the likeliest plants only
in the natural place, removing the
others as time and occasion shall re.
quire.” Lord Scudamore also fully
understood the nature and value of
this practice: after the assassination
of his friend the duke of Bucking-
ham, in the year 1628, he retired to

.Hom-Lacy, and amidst other useful

and honourable employments of a
country life, he paid great attention
to the culture of fruit-trees, and
particularly to that of the red-streak,
which he seems to have introduced
into general notice and esteem.
late also as the year 1654, a trea-
tise, called ‘*¢ ‘The Countryman’s
Recreation, or the Art of Planting,
Graffing, &c.” remarks, ‘* that al-
though the pepins be sown of the
pomes of peares and good apples,
yet we shall find that some of them
do lore the tree whereof they came,

* One of the annual premiums.-given by the Agricultura! Society of this county
is, ‘‘ for the best new variety of the apple raised from. seed;” and several new va-
reties of excellent qualities have already been thus produced,

and

As.

and those be right which have a
Smooth bark, and are as fair as
those which he grafted.”

These instances, it is presumed,
are sufficient to shew, that, at the
_ period alluded to, it was well known
_ that good fruits might be raised by
_ sowing the kernels of good apples,

and seleéting those plants which, in.

_ the absence of thorns, and in the
_ general appearance of their leaves
i and bark, bore the greatest resem-
_ blance to the cultivated variety of
_ the parent tree; whilst those which
; approached the native crab were to
be carefully rejeéted. Yet Evelyn,
in the appendix to his Sylva, pub-
lished several years afterwards,
proves that the practice was hardly
_ known here in his time. He writes,
“¢ Nothing is more facile than to
raise new kinds of apples, in infini-
_ tm, from kernels; yet in that ap-
ple county (Hereford), so much
addicted to orchards, we could ne-
ver encounter more than two or
three persons that did believe it.”
This method is now becoming more
_ and more general, and the most ex-
perienced planters consider it as the
best, if not the only expedient to
_ preserve our provincial celebrity.
The colours of good cyder-fruits
are red and yellow; the colour to be
avoided is green, as affording liquor
_ of the harshest, and generally of the
poorest quality ; the pulp should be
yellow, and the taste astringent:
apples of a small size (ceteris pari-
bus) are always to be preferred to

‘rind and kernel (in which princi-
opally consist the strength and Ha-
_vour of the liquor) may bear the
greatest proportion to the pulp,
which affords the weakest and most
watery juice, In selecting fruits for
cultivation, respect should be paid
i. 3

‘those of a larger, in order that the:

USE PUL. POs CIES.’ 845

to the soil and situation of the in-
tended orchard; where both are fa-
vourable, no restraint is necessary ;
but in cold situations and unkind
soils the most early fruits are obvi-
ously those which may be expected
to acquire maturity.

An orchard is generally raised
with most success, and at least ex-
pence, in a hop-yard; the ground
under this culture being always well
tilled and manured, as wellas fenced
against every kind of cattle: the
rows should extend from north to
south, as in that direction each
part.of every tree will receive the
most equal portions of light and
heat. ‘The distance between each
row, as well as the space between
each tree, must depend on the situa-
tion and soil. When the former is
high and exposed, the trees should
be closely planted, to afford each
other proteétion ; and when the lat-
ter is poor and shallow, their growth
will of course be less luxuriant, and
they will consequently require less
room. But in low and sheltered
situations, and in deep and rich
soils, wider intervals should be al«
lowed. In the former instances,
twelve yards between each row, and
six between each tree are sufficient:
in the latter, twenty-four yards be-
tween each row, and eight betweca
each tree will not be too much.
Pruning is not in general use; the
most approved method is, that of
rendering thin, and pervious to the
light, the points of the external
branches, so that the internal parts
of thé tree may not be wholly
shaded by the external parts. Large
branches should rarely, or never be
amputated,

The merit .of cider will always
depend much on the proper mix-
ture, or rather on the proper sepa-

ration,

LA

846

ration, of the fruits: those, whose
rind and pulp are tinged with green,
or red, without a mixture of yels
Jow, should be carefully sorted from
such as are yellow, or yellow mixed
with red. The Jatter kinds, which
should remain on the trees until
ripe eneugh to fall without being
much shaken, are alone capable of
making fine cider. Kach sort should
be collected separately, and kept
till it becomes perfectly mellow.
For this purpose, it is the common
practice to place the fruit in heaps,
about a foot in thickness, fully ex-
posed to the sun, air, and rain; be-
ing never covered, except in very
severe frosts, Each kind should
also be ground separately, or mixed
with such only as become ripe at the
same time; but it is from the former
practice that fine ciders, of different
flavours and degrees of strength,
are best obtained from the same or-
chard ; the liquors being mixed af-
ter they are made. The practice of
mixing different varieties of fruit is,
however, often found eligible, for
it is less difficult to find the requisite
quantities of richness, astringency,
and flavour, in three varieties of
fruit, than in one; and hence cider
composed of the juices of mixed
fruits generally succeed with greater
certainty than those made with one
kind.

In grinding, the fruit should be
reduced, as nearly as possible, to an
uniform consistency, so that the rind
and kernels are scarcely discover-
able from the general mass: it
should be ground slowly, with free
access of air. In the cider-mill of
this county, a circular stone about
34 feet in diameter, 1 foot wide, and
about 12 hundred weight, is sup-
ported on its edge, and drawn by a
horse round a circwar trough of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

stone about 8 feet in diameter, and
about the depth of 8 inches; into
this trough the apples are gradually
introduced; and a mill of the di-
mensions above described is.equal to
the complete grinding of one hogs-
head ina day. This mill resembles
those used in grinding bark, and
those also adapted to the purposes
of manufacturing gunpowder; in
favourable situations perhaps they
might be so constructed as to save
the labour of the horse by the use
of water; but it is not known that
this experiment has yet been made,
or the suggestion offered before,
All the modes previously in use, such
as pounding apples in wooden mor-
tars, or cracking them in a hand-mill

between twowooden cylinders,armed -

with spikes, &c. &c. are very imper-
fect indeed, compared with the me-
rits of the mill now in use; from
which this county has probably de-
rived no small portion of its me-
rited fame. ‘The quantity of ap-
ples sufficient to fill the provincial
hogshead of one hundred and ten
gallons, varies from twenty-four to
thirty bushels; a smaller quantity
of pears will fill the same vessel, or
even of apples, if made use of im-
mediately from the tree.

When the fruit has been thoroughs
ly ground, the reduced pulp should
remain twenty-four hours before it
is taken to the press; a large quans
tity of juice will then pass through
the hair cloths used in pressing, and
this is to be deposited in casks, not

quite filled, and situated in the open

air. The first fermentation towhich ©
the liquor is subjeé, is the vinous; _

the second, if not checked or pre-

vented, is the acetous; the third, —

the putrefactive. The great object,
therefore, of the cider-maker, is to
watch the first operation, by which

some

USEFUL PROJECTS:

_ some of the impurities are floated
on the surface, but most of them
sink to the bottom; the fine part is
then carefully drawn off into ano-
ther vessel, and the lees afterwards

- filtrated in the manner of jelly,

through linen bags, by which the li-
quor remaining in them is brought to
an equal degree of fineness, and is

_ added to the other.
mentation is to be avoided; and, on
any appearance of it, small quanti-
ties are drawn off into open tubs,

and returned to the main body in a

_ state of flatness. ‘The first fermen-

tation, if the weather be cool or

_ frosty, will generally be completed

. within a few days; and if the first

' opportunity of drawing it from the

- dees be neglected, a change of wea-

~ ther, or other cireumstances, may

render it again impure in a very

4

_ short time: the brightness of the

__ liquor is therefore the best criterion .

to decide the proper period of rack-
ing. The casks should want four
or five gallons to complete their ful-
_ ness, and having remained in the
© open air until the end of March,
they shonld then be completely fill-
ed, and the bungs be fixed, which,
until now, have only been placed
loosely in their situations,
Ciders, thus manufactured from
_ good fruits, will retain a consider-
able proportion of their sweetness to
- the end of three or four years, when
it is gradually lost. At two years
old it is in the best stale to put into
bottles, after which it will soon be-
_ come brisk and sparkling ;
possess much richness, it will re-
main, with little perceptible change,
during twenty or thirty. years, or as
long as the cork duly perfornas its
olfice.
It will readily be supposed that
all these precautious are not attended

All further fer-~

and if it

847

to in making cider for the common
use of the farm-house. The flavour
of the liguor is then a secondary
consideration, and the great object
is to obtain a large quantity at a
smaliexpence. In this case, the ap-
ples are usually ground as svon as
they become moderately ripe, and
the juice is either racked off at once,
as soon as it becomes tolerably clear,
or more frequently conveyed at
once from the press to the cellar: a
violent fermentatien then com-
mences, and continues until nearly
the whole of the saccharine part is
decomposed. ‘The casks are filled
up and stopped early in the succeed-
ing spring, (sometimes sooner) and
no further attention is givens The
liquor thus managed is generally
harsh and rough, and such as is
usually sepposed to be preferred by
many of the farmers and peasants.

A still inferior kind of liquor is
made by re-grinding the reduced
pulp from which the cider has been
pressed, in a smail quantity of wa-
ter. he residue of three hogsheads
of cider thus yields about one hogs-
head of the inferior kind, which
may be kept until the next autumn,
but usually supplies the place of ci-
der, for the common purposes of the
farm-house, until harvest, when the
superior kind is required and al-
lowed.

The culture of the pear-tree, and
the management of perry, differ so
little from those of the apple and its
produce, that the same rules are ap-
plicable to both. The pear-tree is, —
however, most successfully propa-
gated oh stacks of its Own species,
and lives much Jonger than the ap-
ple. Like the latter, it grows with
the greatest luxuriance in strong and
deep soils : and in these the finest li-
quor ‘is produced from it: but it

will

848

will flourish in every variety of soil
where it is not incommoded with
water, and might probably be culti-
vated in almost every, part of Eng-
land, with nearly as much success as
in this county, if the fruit be ground
in a similar mill, and equal attention
paid in the process of manufacture.
In planting pear-trees, a wider in.
terval should be allowed between
them than is necessary to the apple-
tree. In the most closely-planted
orchards the rows should rot be less
than eighteen yards distant, nor the
trees less than eight or nine from
each other. When the ground is to
remain under tillage,-it is better to
allow even twenty-five or thirty
yards between the rows. As in ci-
der, the fruit which is ground toge-
ther should be as uniformly ripe as
possible; and few kinds of pears
are found to improve, by being
kept, after they have fallen, through
ripeness, from the trees. Perry will
not always become fine as readily as
cider; an ounce and a half or two
ounces of dissolved isinglass are then
applied, in the usual manner, to a
eask of one hundred and ten gal-
Tons*.

Account of a Method of gaining Land
from the Sea By Mr. John
Knapping, of South Shoebury,
Essex, From the Transactions of
the Society for the Encouragement
of Arts, Manufactures, and Com-
mercet.

In the month of April, 1801, I

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

entered into an agreement with

some men who had been accustomed

to make embankments against the
sea, to enclase 234 acres of sattings,

or broken ground, which I had ©

hired, upon lease, of the right hon.
the earl of Winchelsea, in the island
of Foulness, and which was over-

flown by the sea every tide. I~
-could have enclosed nearly twenty

acres more at the same time, but did

-not deem it prudent, because, in
that case, the base or foot of my —
new bank must have been set too ~

near the ocean; and, by that means,
the surge; when the wind blew hard
from the east or north-east, would
have been liable to damage and un-
dermine it. The base or seat of my
new wall is thirty-two feet, and [
first contracted to have it only six
feet high, and to be six feet wide on
the top ; to complete which, I agreed
to give the men fifty-eight shillings
per rod. There are 304 rods of it,
and the work so executed came to
881/.12s. But judging afterwards
that its base would still bear an ad-
ditional height, which I conceived to
be necessary for the better secxrity
of the land, [ had the wall.or bank
made a foot higher, and allowed a
contraction of one foot more for the
slope, or batten, as it is termed ; so
that its dimensions now are 304
rods in length, 32 feet base, seven
feet perpendicular height, and five
feet wide at the top. This addi-
tional height cost me about 1507.
more, which, added to the price of
the first contract, and the planks

_* The reader, who is desirous of a more detailed information on these subjccts,
will find them fully and scientifically discussed in “ A Treatise on the Culture of
the Apple and Pear, and on the’Manufacture of Cider and Perry, by T. A. Knight,

esq. 8vo. Printed at Ludiow, 1801.”

The otd and exploded methods of making and managing cider will also be found in

the Appendix to Rvelyn’s Sylva.

¢ The Gold Medal was adjusted to Mr. Knapping, for his Communication,

for

for the workmen to wheel their bar-
rows upon, &c. made the whole cost
of the embankment amount to very
nearly 11007.
_ This wall, or bank, is eiltively
formed of earth, a considerable part
of which I obtained by cutting a
ditch, or de/ft, as it is usually termed,
about nine feet wide, and about fif-
teen feet from the foot or base on
the land side of the wall. This
delft serves as a reservoir to take off
the rain water from the newly en-
closed land, which is conveyed
through the wall, or bank, into the
sea, by a sluice or gutter, which is
open when the tide is out; and
through which gutter also the salt
water can be let in, when necessary,
to fill the delft or the ditches cut
between the different fields, or en-
closures, to keep cattle apart, &c.
By the end of the month of Octo-
‘ber, 1801, this undertaking was
completed, and the wall, or bank,
remains firm and good, and will re-
ceive considerable strength and sta-
bility by sowing the seeds of the
couch grass thereon, and feeding
the same closely witiAsheep. Before
the land was thus enclosed, no use
could be made of, it, axcept that
of grazing it occasionally with a
few sheep, when the tide was
“gone off. It now begins to grow
quite solid, and will already bear
- weight of a large bullock, It
aturally begins to produce a sort
of-fine grass, which sheep, in parti-
ular, are very fond! of, and which
of a very wholesome quality, but
not as yet very nutritious, or fat-
tening, that property, however, it
ill acquire more and more every
year; and .it will, I doubt not, in
the gpurse of less than twenty years,
be as good grazing land as any on
» Vou. XLVI.

4

USEFUL PROJECTS.

849

this level, and may by that time be
converted into tillage, if required.

In addition to the preceding state«
ments respecting the land gained
from the sea, by Mr. J. Knapping,
in the island of Foulness, the fol.
lowing observations, by Mr. J.
Wise, of Rochford, may probably
be of some use for the perusal of
those concerned in embankments of
that nature.

In one of my first descriptions of
the island in question, you will re- ©
collect that I said the greatest part
thereof belongs to the earl of Win-
chelsea; and, among the number of
farms in that place, that which Mr.
J. K. now occupies, called Eastwick
farm, is one of those on the pro-
perty of his lordship. At theexpi-
ration of the last lease of the said
farm, the old tenant refused it upon
the terms offered to him; and among
those who applied to rent it, was
the present tenant, who voluntarily
proposed to enclose, embank, and.
secure the sattings adjoining thereto,
as they are termed, at his own cost
and charge, provided that his lord.
ship would agree to grant him a
lease upon certain terms and condi-
tions then specified. With these
proposals his lordship was well
pleased, and not only granted hima
lease for twenty-one years, at a
certain rent, but likewise made the
like propositions to another tenant
who held a farm adjoining; and to
these propositions the other tenant
also acceded. Had the tenants not
agreed to enclose the saltings, it is
probable that his lordship would
have undertaken it at his own ex-
pence. But it must appear to be
much more eligible, to every think.
ing man, for the tenant than for the
landlord, in such cases, to do it; be-

31 cause

ANNUAL

cause the tenants are more like-
ly to understand the nature and
the mode, as well as the expence of
embanking, than their landlords;
and all that the landlord has to do,
when sucha thing is taken in hand
by his tenant, js to see that it is
done substantially. Under these
circumstances Mr. J. K. undertook
the matter in question ; and he has
completed itin avery superior man-
ner.

His next object then was to dis-
cover and pursue some plan by
which both himself and the commu-
nity might be most benefited by this
newenclosed land. Tihad been found
by others, in similar cases, that to
break up and convert such land into
tillage too soon, would not answer;
for the quantity of salts with which
itis impregnated is so very great,
that, when exposed to the sun,
&c. they completely chrystalize the
soil; and although the green corn,
during the winter andspring months,
may have a luxuriant and sigan d
appearance when sown thereon, yet,
as soon as the earth begins to aet
dry, it is scorched and burnt up, so
that scarcely any of it arrives at
perfection. The plan therefore to
which Mr. J. K. resorted, was that
of stocking it hard with sheep, and
small Welch or Scotch cattle, which
will cat a sort of weed provincially
termed lamb’s tongue (somewhat re-
sembling the sweet gale in appear-
ance, but not in smell), and which
sheep in particular are fond of. By
feeding it closely with sheep (and of
these the Welch, Norfolk, or South
down sorts are to be preferred), the
land becomes every year more solid,
the briny particles subside, and a
sort of very fine small grass natu-.
rally begins to grow within the
course of eight or ten years after it

2

850

REGISTER.

has been embanked; and, in Jess
than fifteen years, it may be con-
verted into tillage, and will produce ~
wonderful crops, sometimes of mus.
tard-seed, &c. ‘But as these perni-
cious crops are what no tenant
ought to be suffered to grow, so will
it be the utmost wish of the present
tenant to avoid growing them; for
they usually so taint the soil, that
they can never afterwards be eradi~
cated or destroyed. ‘The best way
is to pursue the grazing system above
alluded to, for at leat the first four- —
teen years; and then, having previ- —
ously laid out and divided the land
into separate enclosures, it may be »
converted into tillage for corn, and
that to advantage. An excellent |
mode of managing such land, if it
is meant to be tilled, is to lay about —
eight waggon-loads of chalk upon
every acre, when it has been em-
banked about fifteen years, and not —
to plough it till five or six years af- —
terwards. It will then grow any —
sort of grain, and especially oats, —
beans, and wheat, in great ahun-
dance, and of the most excellent qua-
lities. Such is the process of mas —
nagement which the present tenant /
means to pursue; and there is
searcely a doubt but it will answer —
his warmest expectations, should his
noble landlord allow him sufficient —
encouragement to pursue it.

I beg leave to make another re-
mark before I conclude this essay 5
and it is this. If a quantity of the
seeds of the couch-grass be sown, —
or, what is still preferable, if the ~
roots of that grass be planted upon
the bank or mud wall when it is —
first formed, that, with. the treading
of the sheep, &e. will tend much te
strengthen its texture, and to pre- —
serve it from being injaced by the ©
tide,

From

- From another letter of Mr. Knap-
ping, it appears that he began to
undertake this embanking about the
beginning of the month of April,
1801, and that in the month of Sep-
tember following the whole was
completed; that upwards of 230
acres of land were efiectually in-
closed and secured from the sea, at
a very considerable expence, viz.
one thousand pounds and upwards ;
and that this land is already con-
verted into pasture, capable of feed-
ing a great number of sheep, and
- even bullocks, and is likely to be-
come, in the course-of a few years,
fit for tillage, or any purpose to
which land can be converted.

The above statement is confirmed
by six certificates :—

_ 7. Ellwood, Curate of Foulness.

W. Potten, ‘Churchwarden.

T. Wiggins, Overseer of the Poor.

Edm. Witton,

F. Bannister,

Inhabitants.
W. Meakins,

Account of the Method used in reco-
_ vering the Dytch Frigate Ambus-
cade, of 32 guns, sunk near the

Great Nore. By Mr. Joseph
_ Whidbey, Master Attendant in
_- Sheerness Dock-Yard. From the

* Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society.

At eight o’clock in the morning
of the 9th day of July, 1801, the
Dutch frigate Ambuscade left the
Bmoorings in Sheerness harbour, her
fore-sail, top-sails, and top-gallant-
“sails being set, with the wind aft,
blowing trong. In about thirty
‘ mnntes she went down by the head,
near the Great Nore; not giving
Pike crew time to take in the sails,
nor the pilot or officers more. than

USEFUE PROJECTS.

851

four minutes notice before she
sunk; by which unfortunate event
twenty-two of the crew were drown-
ed. ‘This extraordinary accident
was owing to the hawse-holes be-
ing extremely large and low, the
hawse-plugs not being in, and the
holes being. pressed under water by
a crowd of sail on the ship, through
which a sufficient body of water
got in, unperceived, to carry her to
the bottoms

The instant she sunk, she rolled’
over to windward across the tide,
and lay on her beam ends; so that,
at low water, the muzzles of the
main-deck guns were a little out of
the water, and pointed to the ze-
nith, with thirty-two feet of wa-
ter round her.

The first point I had to gain, was’
to get her upright. Before I could’
accomplish it, I was obliged to cut
away her fore-mast and main-top-
mast; which had no effect, until
the mizen-mast was also cut away ;
she then instantly lifted her side, so
that at low water the lee-railing on
the quarter-deck was visible.

By proceeding in this manner, the _

first part of my objeét was obtain-
ed, with a secured main-mast, and’
all its rigging, to enable me, should
I be fortunate enough to weigh the
ship, to lighten her by it with the
greatest possible expedition,

The ship being in the fore-men-
tioned state, gave me an opportunity
the next low water to get out her
quarter, fore-castle, and some of her
main-deck guns, with a variety of
other articles,

I next proceeded to sling her ;.

which was done with two nineteen

inch cables, divided into eight equal’
The larboard side of the’
ship being so much higher than the’
Starboard, enabled me to clench

parts.

312 each

852

each of the ends round two of the
ports, excepting one that was clench-
ed round the main-mast; and with
great difficulty, by long rods and
diving, | gotsmall lines rove through
four of the ports on the starbeard-
side, by which means I got four of
the cables threugh those portsacross
her deck, which were clenched to
the main-mast and larboard-side,
baving four ends on each side com-
pletely fast, at equal distances from
each other. I brought the Broe-
derscarp, of 1063 tons burthen, out
of the harbour, which received the
four ends on the starboard-side,
also four lighters of 100 tons each,
which took in the other four ends,
on the larboard-side, over their
bows. All the eight ends were, at
low water, hove down with great
power, by a purchase lashed dis-
tinétly on each of them. I then
Jaid down two thirteen inch cables,
spliced together with an anchor of
twenty-four hundred weight, in a
direétion with the ship’s keel. On
the end of the cable next the frigate
a block was lashed, through which
was rove a nine inch hawser, one
end of which was made fast to the
ship; the other end was brought to
a capstan on board the Broeders-
carp, and hove on it as much as it
would bear, with an intention to re-
lieve the frigate from the powerful
effect of cohesion. . This had so far
the desired effeét that, at about half.
flood, I perceived the ship to draw
an end, and swing to the tide; and
all the slings were considerably re-
lieved. At high water she was com-
pletely out of her bed. Atthe next
‘low water I hove all the purchases
downagain. Athalf-flood she floated ;
and the whole group drove together
‘into the harbour, a distance of three
tailes, and grounded the frigate on

eat

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the west side of it. It took me
two tides more to lift her on the
shore, sufficiently high to pump her
out; which was thendone with ease,
and the ship completely recovered,
without the smallest damage what-
ever, either to her bottom or her
sides. ‘

I do not apprehend there is any
thing new in the mode I adopted in
weighing the Ambuscade, excepting
the idea of removing the effect of co-
hesion, by the process before de-
scribed ; and I have every reason to
think that if that principle had been

aéted on in the attempt made to —

weigh the Royal George, it would
have succeeded.

Of the Manner of preparing China’

Soy, by Michael von Girubbens.
From the Memoirs of the Academy
of Sciences of Stockholm.

The transaétions of the academy
of sciences for the year 1764 con-
tain a description, by,the late cap-
tain Ekeberg, of the preparation
of China soy; but as that descrip-

tion is not only incomplete but even ~

inaccurate, (for by following it the

genuine China soy cannot be ob- —

tained,) I am persuaded that M.
[Ekeberg never saw, nor was ac.
quainted with, the method employ.
ed for preparing it. I presume that

he gave this description from the —

accounts of the Chinese, which are
not always to be depended on, as f
found, by experience, in the five
years of my residence among them,
when I wished to make myself ac-

quainted with their method ofmanag- —

ing a kind of silk worm, which spins
five. or six times a year, of dying
cotton and silk, and with several
other branches of Chinese economy.
. Having since, ata dear rate, ac-

. quired

Se

A ace .

USEFUL PROJECTS.

quired accurate information on these
subjects, I have seen how widely
their accounts differ from the truth.
I experienced the same thing when
I wanted to learn their method of
making soy ; but having at length
obtained a perfeét knowledge of the
process, I think it my duty to com-
municate it to the academy.

Soy is masle of a species of kid-
ney-beans (which are white, and
much smaller than those of Turkey)
wheaten flour, common salt, and
water, in the following proportions:
fifty pounds of kidney-beans, fifty
pounds of salt, sixty pounds of
flour, and two hundred and fifty
pounds of water. After the kidney-
beans have been well washed, they
are boiled in an open pot, in spring
water, several hours, or till they
become sufliciently soft to be mash-
ed between the fingers. During
the whole time they are boiling, they
ought to be covered with water,
that they may not be burned. Care
should be taken not to boil them
too much, as too great a portion of
the substance would be left in the
liquor. When the kidney-beans are

boiled in this manner, they are ta-

-ken out, and put into large low

wooden vessels, or, according to

ness of about two inches.

=,

this is continued till the whole of the —

~

the Chinese method, into tubs made
of split bamboo, two inches and a
half deep, and five feet in diameter.
Tn these they are spread to the thick -
When
they are cool enough to be stirred
with the hand, flour is gradually

sprinkled over them, and well mix-

ed with the kidney-beans; and
flour is used. When the mass be-
comes too dry, and the flour does
not blend with the kidney-beans, a

_ small quantity of the hot liquor may

he added. ‘The whole being well

858

mixed, the mass is spread in the
above-mentioned vessels, taking care
that it may not lie in cakes more
than an inch, or an inch and a half
thick ; after which, put over them
covers that fit exaéily. When you
perceive that the mixture begins to
grow mouldy, and that heat is dis.
engaged from it, which takes place
in two or three days, the cover may
be lifted up and supported by two
sticks, in order to give the air free
admission. During this time a rank
smell is exhaled: if the mixture as-
sume-a green colour, it is a sign
that all goes right; but if you ob-
serve that it begins to grow black,
raise the cover still higher, that the
mixture may come still more in con= :
taét with the air. If the mixture
once become black it is entirely
spoiled. When you perceive that
the whole mass is green and mouldy,
which commonly happens in eight _
or ten days, remove the cover, and
expose the mixture several days to
the air and sun.

When the whole mass has become
as hard as stone, cut it into small
pieces, and throw them into a large
earthen pitcher; add 250 pounds
of water, in which the 50 pounds
of salt have been dissolved ; stir the
whole well together, and take no~
tice how high the water reaches in
the pitcher. In case one pitcher is
not sufficient, divide the mass into
several, always observing that each
should be proportioned to the quan-
tity of matter put into it.

The pitcher being thus filled,
place it in the sun; the contents
should be stirred and shaken regu-
larly each morning and_ evening.
Take care to put a cover over the
pitcher every evening, to secure the
mass from the cold. This cover
should, be made convex above, that

Ke es rain

854

rain may run off with the more
facility. It must likewise be put on
if it should happen to rain in the
day-time.

The greater the heat of the sun
is, the sooner the preparation of the
soy is finished. ‘lhis operation is,
in general, undertaken only during
the summer, and yet it requires two
or three months.

In proportion as the mass di-
minishes by evaporation, add spring
water to it; continue this process
till the salt water has entirely dis-
solved both the flour and the kid-
ney beans; then leave the pitcher
a few days longer in the sun, that
the dissolution may be the more
complete, as on that circumstance
the quality of the soy always de-
pends. During this time you ought
not to neglect to shake it every
day.

When you find that the mass has
become more succulent and oily, pour
out the whole into bags, from which
by pressure, you extract the soy,
which is then clear, and ready for
use. It must not be boiled after-
wards, as M. Ekeberg asserts, but
must be put into bottles, which should
be carefully corked. The Chinese
use large stone bottles for this pur-
pose. Before it is pressed the soy
is of a dark brown colonr, but it
then becomes black.

With the pulp that remains, the
Chinese make two other kinds of
soy ; the first time they add one
hundred and fifty pounds of water
and thirty pounds of salt; and, af-
ter pressing the mass, they again

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

pour to it one hundred» pounds of —
water and twenty pounds of salt,
constantly proceeding in the man-
ner described above. i

The two latter are not strong,
but very salt, particularly that last
extraéted, the colour of which like- —
wise is much lighter. These two
kinds are the most common in China,
and are used both by the Chinese —
and Kuropeans: the difference be-
tween them is as 8: 4:1.:

In this manner I prepared, in —
1759, at my residence in Canton,
all the soy that I used there; I even
brought with me a few, bottles to
Sweden: it was succulent, oily, ©
pretty salt, and quite diflerent from
that commonly sold in Europe. In
taste it was equal to that of Japan,
which is generally considered to be
the best.

The accuracy of this description
may be the more relied on, as | al- ©
ways prepared my soy myself; I
even venture to assert, that there is
no other process for obtaining soy of —
the best quality. M. Ekeberg says —
that the soy is boiled, and that su-
gar, ginger, and other spices are —
added to it; but this cannot be the |
case, since a pound of soy costs no
more than 2 canderins, Chinese money
(about threepence-halfpenny Eng.
lish). ‘This was the ordinary price du.
ring the whole time of my residence in
China: so that it cannot be sup-
posed that those ingredients are em-
ployed in its preparation. Besides
this soy has no taste of sugar or —
spices, but that of salt predominates
in it.

ANTI,

ANTIQUITIES.

.

Articles Indented & accorded betwixt
Will. Maitland Principail Secre-
tarye and of the pricy Counsell with
the Queene of Scotts, And the
right honorable Lord Will™. How-
ard Baron of Effingham, Knight of
the Garter. and Lord Chamber-
laine of Houshold to the. Queenes
Ma* of England Cé' missioners for
both the said Queenes hereunto
authorised At Greenwich the 6”
Daye of July 1562 *. Copied from
the Original in the MS, Collection
of the Marquis of Buckingham.

N Primis, it is accorded & agreed

betwixt the said Confyssioners
_ upon certaine knowledge of the
naturall effection that bothe the said
Quenes of Englande and Scotlande
do beare one to the other, & con-
sequently of their mutuall earnest
desires to mete personally toge-
ther, that both the said Quencs shall
_ by the permyssion of Almightie

God mete together at the Citie of
Yorke or in defaulte thereof at some
convenient place betwixt the said
Citie and the Rver of Tweed in the
Realm of Englande betwixt the 20"

of Auguste and the 20 day of
Septembre. Item, because the met-
ing of the two Quenes sholde be
full of joye and give cause to mani-
fest their great mutuall love & af-
fections, as also to increase thesame,
it is accorded that neither of them
nor any of their counsaylors, ser-
yantes, or subjectes shall motion.
any thing of (Jealousiet) that may
be prejudiciall to ether of the said
Quenes the Realmes or the Lyber-
ties of the same, provided neverthe-
less that the Quene of England
maye at her pleasure require the
perfecting of the treatie made at
Edingburgh 3° Julii 1560 ¢. Item

the said Quene of Scotts shall Kot
be pressed wt" anye thing whiche she
shall shew herself to mislike, before
sheshall have retornedinto her owne
realme, nor that she or anie other
pson comyng in her ¢ompanie, and
being of her trayne, shal be chal-
lenged or troubled during her abode
within the said realm of England,
for anie cause passed or begon be-
fore her entre into the realme of

‘England. And yf anye pson of the

trayne of the Quene of Scotts co-

* Vide Robertson’s account of this treaty, first edition 4to, page 251, vol. I.
Buchanan, page 165; and Hume, vol. IV, page 147, 4to.
+ The words between parentheses are conjectural, the original being in such

_ places mutilated or illegible.

{ This date should be the 6th of July, vide Robertson, vol. I, page 200, 4to,
The copy of this treaty is in the British museum, Bib. Cotton, Calegula B. IX,

Fol, 93.

314 mytt

856-

mytt anye offence win the realme
of Englande contrary to the laws
of Englande, that neither the Quene
of Scotts nor anie other of her trayne
besides the p’sons offending shal be
trobled therefore. And yff there
be (offence committed) by anie one
of her trayne against anie other of
the same, so it be not capitall, the
offendor shal be justefied; or order
of the said Quene and her marshall
or other her officer (taken. But if
it) be comytted against anie English-
man, the Scottishe marshall shall as-
sist and be present wt thordinary
judge of Englande, to see that indif-
ferency be used toward equal pro-
cesse.. Item, it shall be lefull for
the said Quene of Scotts to come in-
to this realme with the no‘bre of
one thousande psons or under, of all
estates and degrees whatsoever, with
moneys coined and uncoined, L’res
close and patent, w*® all other bagg
& bagguage, and to remayne 4s
Yonge as it shall please her, and to
‘ yetorne likewise at her (pleasure;
and) all man er of persons, yfthey ex-
ceade not the no-bre aforesayd, may
come and ‘repayre to her, cither
from Scotlande or from anie other
place wt" lé&es or messages, and re-
torne (in like) manner wout any
Jet orimpedyment, saving that they
shall give noiyce of their passage
to the principall offyceres or their
deputies upon the frontyers of their
names and surnames. Item, for the
more ready knowledge of thend bre
that shall come with the said Quene
of Scotts, there shal be on the
plie of the said Quene, certificats
made, in writing of the names
and surnames, wt" their qualities,
ef all noblemen and psons of
great estate, and of the nombre of
_ all sortes that shall come into the
yealme of Englande by virtue of these
articles, that is to saye, the nd bre

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of suche as shal be reputed to be
of the said Quenes housholde, by it-
self, and likewise of the trayne of
everie other nobleman attendinge
upon her, which certificate shal be
delyvered, at the least, tenne daies
before her comyng to the frontyers,
tothe warden of the marches, and by
him shal be delyvered to suche princi-
pal person of the nobilitie as shall be
sent from the Quene of Englande to
receive the said Quene of Scotts,
upon the frontier, and to conduct
her to the pldce. of entreview.
Ttem, it is furder accorded, that the
said Quene of Scotts shall, if she
please, entre into this realm of
Englande by the town: of Bar-
wicke; soas her trayne within that
towne exceed not the no‘bre of two
hundred persons at one tyme; and.
that in the hole, from the time of
her entre untill her retorne, there
may pass and repass thro the said
town, the nobre of three hundred
persons, and not above; and the
rest to pass by Norham and Wark,
Item, it shall be permitted to the
said Quene of Scott and her trayne,
to use the rytes and ceremonyes of
their relegion as at this day they
use at Scotland. Item, because the
monye of Scotland be not currant
within this realm, the Quene of
Englande is contented that either
her tresorer of Barwic receiving of
the officargs of the said Quene of
Scotts the somme of ten thousand
pound of golde and silver of Scot-
Jand, or under, shall deliuer in ex-
change, so much currante monies
of England as the same .shall be
worth in value and riches, havinge
regarde to the silver, golde, and
metal contained in the said Scottish
monies ; orel|se her majestie shall give
her orders, that the monies of Scot-

land, being of gold and holding in

finess, not “under the carract; and
being

ANTIQUITIES. 857

being of siluer and holding in fine-
ness not under ten ounces, shall
be valued and made currant in this
realme of England, from the tyme
of the entre of the said Quene of
Scott, according to the juste values of
the same monies, being tried and
compared with the monies of, the
golde and siluer of the said realm
of England, and so to remain
currant 6 monethes after the said
entre, or longer, as to the Quene of
Englande shall seem convenient.
Item, it is accorded that both the
said princes shall ratifye and con-
firme these said articles enterchange-
bly, under their hands and grete
* seales, to be delivered to either
party, before the last day of July

next.
(Signed) W. Maitland.

Narrative of certain Transactions
during the Civil Wars in which
Colonel Lunsford was concerned,
drawn up by himself, and here
given from his original MS. in the
Collection of the Marquis of Buck-
inghum*.

Calling to minde the uncerteinty

of my life, which the continuall tor-

_ ments of my wounds put me in minde
of; and hearing of many to loose their
lives by accidents nothing so dan.

- gerous, and wounds nothing so cruell
as mine are; and fearing, (if I dye)
that my friends and others, innocent
and free from any of my supposed
errors, might unjustly suffer; and
by concealing the truth, I myselfe
and my late action might be tra-
duced, and I apprehended as an au-

_ thor of an inhumane and monstrous
fact ;—have for these reasons thought

fitt to put in writing the whole truth
of the late action, protesting to God
and man that what I here relate is
the truth ;—and if I live I shall be
able to justifie it, if I dye itis my
last legacie, whieh I bequeath to the
beleif of all indifferent men, not
prepossessed with violent passions,
or overweighed with untrue testi-
monies, or greatuess of mine adver-
saries ; I will not speake at all of the
cause or beginning of those discon.
tents betwixt sir Tho. Pelham and
myselfe—I will only fix upon the
last tragedy, and truly relate the
particulars thereof in a bare narra.
tion. :
Having withdrawn myself into the
parts beyond seas, to avoid the great
storme which I saw was falling upon
me at home, in hope that time would
have allayed the fury of mine adver-
saries; and that during my absence
some reasonable propositions would

‘have taken place for a reconcilia~

tion, that as we were neighbours
and kinsmen, so forgetting former.
unkindnesses, we might at length
have been reconciled, and enjoyed
the content and happiness of friends =
There did I intend to leade my life
in a voluntary banishment, till my
desires might haye-gained contente z
But I was uot able so to continue,
in regard of my father’s strict hand,
who denied me fitting meanes of
maintenance there ; and this brought
me over, frought with desires and
hopes to survease the former, or ob-
teine the latter. :
After my retorne, I kept myself
retired for the most part about
London, where had I been owner
of so wicked an intent as to murther
sir Tho. Pelham, I had many op-
portunities to put the same in exe-

* For some account of Col. Lunsford, vide Granger Biog, Histi of England, vol.
2d, p, 243, 2d edit, and Gray’s Hudibras, vol, 2, p. $12, 1st edit,

; cution 5

$58

such thing, such thoughte being none
of my companions.——Avnd besides
1 had often received strict commands
of my father, upon his blessing sent
me by divers friends, to carry my-
self temperately, and beware of har-
bouring any vindictive resolutions,
or revengetull thoughtc; and thus I
lived for a space in discontente ;
when I thought it high time to be-
thinke myself of some likelie course
to end these my troubles. I beheld
. my father a prisoner for my sake,
and thereby his estate weakened,
’ threatning ruine to myself and the
rest of his children ; I saw the hide-
ous apprehenson of a perpetuall im-
prisonment if [were apprehended ;
{ found my foe fierce, violent, and
implacable (as I thought) being
backed, and presuming upon the
authority of great ones, now made
mine adversaries: What should I
doc? my father by severall messages
had advised my conformitie to the
decree ; and though, as a father, he
was loath to be the executioner, and
usher his son himself to punishment,
yet had he acquainted the lords with
my retorne. I oft resolved to obey
his commands, and submit myself :
But then I thought I was for ever
lost, and likely to be immured dur-
ing my life; reason persuading me
that mine enemies would be less
tractable to any fair conclusion,
whenever they had their wills, and
me fast, having shewed themselves
so implacable while I was at libertie.

Here then I summoned my best
thoughte to counsell, from whence
resulted this conclusion:—That an
interview with sir Tho. Pelham, and
some motions made by myself for a
reconciliation, would worke with
him more than all former fruitless
passages of my frends had done:

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

¢ution: but I never aymed at any And with this resolution I rode —

downe to my father’s house, ac- ©

quainting no man therewith but my

brother Herbert Lunsford, and that

but the same morning when I at-

tempted it: He dissuaded me all he ‘
could; but hopes of good success ~

that way had so fully possessed me,
that I neglected his counsell.
so upon Sunday the 4th of August

I waited the opportunity of sir Tho. ©
Pelham’s retorne from church, be- —

ing accompanied with one only man,

both of us armed with swords and ©

pistols, not at all acquainting him
with my intent, only asking him

whether, if there were occasion, he _
would draw his sword with me. —
The reason why we were so armed, ~
and of my question to him, was, ~
that if I should finde sir Tho. Pel- —
ham attempt to apprehend me, ra- ©

ther than to give ear to my propo-
sition, I might the easier free
myself from the danger.
therto IT had no cause to suspect

that sir Tho, Pelham was so strong ~
guarded or armed; but hoped mine |
accesse. would have been easier, not —
carrying along with me any thoughte ~
to offer him any violence at all.
But when I had espied four of his —
servantes (once of them with a drawn —
sword), followe the coach, I then ~
thought it no wisdom to approach ~

nearer naked, but drew my sworde

without any other meaning then to ~
defend myself; and so endeavoured —
‘to get speech with sir Tho, Pelham ;
which if he enterteyned, I hoped all —
would, be well; or if he refused, —

that then he would have suffered me
to retreate. But I had no, sooner

shewed myself, but I was saluted by ©
his discharging into my leftside with —
a pistoll bullet, and assaulted by the —
rest with their naked swords, which —
dangers made me hasten the more —

towards

And |

Hi-

i

ANTIQUITIES.

towards the coach, to speak to sir
Tho. Pelham, hoping to nave found
so much humanity in hin, till he
might have exchanged a word or
two: But instead of safetie and
sanctuarie, which I had expected
from him, I found (after I had vi-
sited the coach) that he was in the
other coach behinde, and had sent
out his forlorne hope before, to
skirmish and give the alarum ; and
whilst I was looking into the coach,
one Millington attempted to run me
through at my back; and had ef-
fected it, if by the providence of
God, a clasp in the waistband of my

- doublet had not stayed the further

“come!”

entering of his sworde; this danger
was cause sullicient to make me turn
aboute towards the man, at whom I
made, but he, though seconded by
three of his fellowes, upon the dis-
charge of my pistoll ran with them
all away to a coach some distance

’ behind, guarded with 18 or 20 men,

as I guessed, crying out, ‘¢ Let the
gentlemen come; let the gentlemen
But the coach, with most
of the guards, turned about and
went away, whilst myself and ser-
want went into the fields to have
gone ourways. But it seemed they

_ were not so minded to parte with

me, for two of sir Tho. Pelham’s
men lay for an ambuscade under a
hedge, the one with a fowling-

piece, the other witha machlock ;
_ I was a marke aymed at by both;

the one missed, but the other shot

—<

me in the knee joint, and presently

ran away, till seeing me fall, they
thought they might without danger

Fe-assume their courage: And then
many of them together fell upon me,

_ knocked me downe dead upon the
_ ground, and so lyeing gave me eight

wounds, and struck twice to finish
me; but one of their fellowes (hat-

859
ing such butcherly acts) did most
honestly defend me from that dan-
ger, and notwithstanding I was so
hacked and hewed, not able to stirr
or stand, they bound my hands be-
hinde me, and carricd me to sir Tho.
Pelham’s house, where I lay 15
days. But not any of my friends
were admitted to speake to me, or to
conifort me : And being very weake
yet, and dangerously ill of my
wounds, not fitt to be removed, I

“was in two days conveyed to New-

gate, where 1 am still kept close, —
not being allowed in all my weak-
ness the comfort of such of my

friends to take care or charge of my

mangled as weake body, as are by
nature most bound to preserve the
same; which I thinke hath seldome
been denyed to men convicted of
more heinous crimes than any yet
laid to my charge.

And now as I begun, I will end
with a protestation, that myne in-
tention in my desire to speake with
sir Tho. Pelham, were faire and
candid, not spotted with any bloody
resolution. And I intreate all who
may chance to see this my declara-
tion, to be charitable in their cen-
sures, and to believe, that I am not
in my spirit so basely directed, as
that amid feare of death, or what
the worst of miserie can befall me,
can draw from me any relation then
what is really true. And if any
person examined against me have or
shall depose otherwise of my act or
intente, then what I have related, I
shall wish they may a little consider
what have befallen two of those who
have been agents in the uncharitable
usage of me. And God forgive
them. '

# + * *

After such tyme as I had receiv-
ed my cruell wounds, and was fallen

downe,

&60.

downe, I was uncivilly dragged toa
coach, having my hands bound be-
hinde me; and being carried to
* * * * * T was there kept close
prisoner, and decbarred from the
visitte of any, but such as proved
miserable comforters, and who used
all their art to provoke my tounge
in my coller, to betraye myself;
and some, to shew their content at
my captivitie, caused the bells to be
runge, and bonfires to be made (a
- ceremony seldom used but for more
noble reasons), some to entrapp me
to speake freely (by hearing them in
that vayne), uscd great libertie of
words towards great persons; the
particulars whereof in convenient
tyme I shall make bould to unfould.

After I had been close imprisoned,
and provoked for 15 dayes, being
very weake, I was ir two dayes
brought upp ina horse-litter to Lon-
don, and with such crueltic, that
although (through extreame payne)
I often cryed out to drive softly,
yet soe little compassion I found,
that the driver made the more haste,
that in eleven hours, or thereaboute
they brought me from Grinsted to
London, which hasty worke did
more increase my paines, and en~
danger my legg, the slowness of the
cure of which my chirurgians yet
impute to it.

When I came to Newgate, I was
placed in a roome extreame cold
and little, wherein was a chimney
fitter to send out smoake to smoake
me, than keepe fire to heate me; a
bed without curtaynes, and that a
yard too short for me, which I was
forced to lengthen with joyned stools,
for my legg te lye uppon: and to
sweeten the roome, an offensive
house of office was on the one side.
Th this manner, full of payne and
torment, was I forced to lye, and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

none suffered to comfort me, or —
waite with me, to trye to ease or
turne me. » In this torment I have —
sometimes layen 24 houres together,
when none could heare me cry out, —
the dore fast lokt uppon me, when
neither chirurgeon, phissision, or
sustenance, or any reliefe, could
come to me. The keepe have beene
reported to have beene absent, when —
myselfe have heard them speak in ~
the court, and have made my throate
hoarse with callinge on them, but —
without answere. This made me
jealous (not without cause) that the
people of the house were bribed to
negleét me, that thus | might linger,
which made me pray by death to
end this misery; neither could it be
hoped for a Jonge tyme, when I was.
thus left forsaken over-night, that —
I should have beene lyvinge in the
moruinge. I Jay for a fortnight to.
geather, nor sene nor spoken to by
any but the phissisions and chirur-
gians, scarce eatinge three meales
in that tyme, having little fittinge
meate prepared for me. Notwith-
standing this abstinence, I fell into’
a burning fever, and for want of
sleepe, and through paine, I became
distraughted, tearinge my plasters
and flesh, cryed out and raved like |
a madman, beatinge my fistes and
armes black and blewe against
the wall, and often attempted, to
leape forthe of my bedd, but my
wounds and weaknes did me the —
service to keepeme fast; and yetdu- —
ringe all this extremitie, had I none
to watch with me, or helpe to turne
me in my bedd. But I praise God»
I was through the care of Dr. Fludd
recovered of the sickness, but likely
to loose my limbs.
This is a true relation of my
usage, and all this attended —
with soe many fowle circums
stances,

1 ANE YOQ ULDEES

stances, 2s would give matter
for a new tragedie. Let the
owners and contrivers of this
crueltie, challenge their share
in so vfucharitable usage. But
Ict not those Gentles (whose
veines streame with noble blood)
owne the least part thereof:
.myselfe have beene the woefull
patiente ; yet have I soe much
charitie to ‘wish the authors of
‘this my miserie (when they shall
have neede of it) more com-
fort than hath fallen to my
portion in this extremitie.

Certeyne Orders and Dyrections to bee
observed by the Household, Officers,
and other Persons, Servantes to the
Right Honourable Henry Earle of
Huntingdon, for the better and
more exquisite Performance of everie
man’s dutie in his secerall Place,
as well toward his lordship as also
towards the Right Honourable
the Ladye Elizabeth, Countess of

~ Huntingdon, his Wife, to their

__ most Honour and Profitt ; which

Orders their Honours Pleasure and

expresse Commaundment is to have

kept and obeyed, from the Tyme of

‘the Declaration and Publishing of
them, viz. From Nichols’s Hist.
of Leicestershire.
_ Whereas their honours both by
_the advise of their frends, examples
of persons of their owne ranke, and
by their own diligent observations
(having some fewe yeres past ben
housekeepers) do finde that nothing
is a greater ruin to their estates than
disorder, have entered into a dew

and mature consideration for the-

avoyding of the former evill; that
thereby their house and family may
be well guyded, have determined,
and hereby sett downe and prescribed

861

to their officers and servants. these
precepts insuinge, to thend that
everie officer maie the more surelie
bee established auéthorized in the
execution of his place, without con-
trolment for dooing his dutie, and
every other hould themselves satis.
fied with their dooeinge according
to their orders, and learn thereby
to demeane themselves, as well par-
ticulerly to officers, as also gene-
rally one to another. And foras-
muche as their honours knowe yt
to bee vaine, and to no purpose,
to prescribe rules and orders; unles
care bee therewall had to the obe-
dience and praétize of them: there-
fore their honours doe straightlie
charge and commaund their cheif ~
officers, (namely,) the stewarde and
comptroller of their househould, to
see the same in all pointes dulie per-
formed: and for the encouragement
of those that are tractable to well-
dooinge, and the assuraunce of suche
as shalbee otherwise, what they are
to trust unto, their honours doe
perswade, exhort, and enjoyne all
their lovinge servants, to apply their
uttermoste endeayoures to the ob-
servation thereof; geeving them
hereby to understand, that such as
will conforme themselves, shall reap
the benefit of their good favors; and
that others disobedient (at leaste
wise upon admonition) are to incurr
their honour’s heavy displeasure ;
and if they persevere without’ re.
formation, to be removed from their
service. And for that everie one
may knowe the charge and dutye
as well of certayne perticuler off.
cers, as of their owne, his lordship
hath first sett down the samé as
followeth ; viz.

The Office of the Stewarde.

First, That he have a perfeét
check.

862

check-rowle of the names of all the
servants in ordinarye and reteyners,
with addition of their places of ser-
vice ; and as the same shall be in-
' creased or altered, so to keep the
check-roll accordinglie.

Item, that he have a speciall re-
gard not to exceed the nomber of
servants in ordinarie hereafter sett
downe ; and yf any be tendred to
his lordship to any place that shalbe
void, to make dilligent enquirye of
his sufliciencye, judgement, and ho-
nestie; and thereof to enforme his
lordship before he be accepted or
refused ; in the choise of which ser-
vante, care is to be had, that none
of the ordinarye retinue bce maryed,
specially of those that are in any
place or office.

And forasmuche as the daunger
may grow great by taking of retey-
ners ; to be provident therefore that
none have his lordships lyverye,
other than such as shalbe appointed
to some place of oflice under his
lordship, as bailiff, wood-warde,
keeper, or other like ; in the choise
of which advise would be taken,
and conference had, with the for-
reigne officers that deal for his lords
ship’s revenue, because such as are
fitt are best knowen unto them.

Item, that he have a pecfect in-
ventarye of all the ordinaryc stuf,
furniture, and plate, that shalbe in
the charge of any perticuler person
within the house; and that he cause
severall inventories indented to be
made between him, and everie infe-
rior officer in the house, of the
things committed to their severall
charges, for which they are ta
be answerable, upon the accompte
that is to be taken of them every
half yeare.

Item, that he have likewise a
check-roll or inventary from the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

gentleman of the horse, of all the

horses and geldings in the stable or
elsewhere, and of the furniture to
them ; and as the same shall decay
and be worne out, and others pro-
vided in their roomes, so to alter
the inventarye accordinglie ; which
inventary shall be indented. betweene
them.

Item, that he have care to exa-
mine everie perticuler, office (weeck-
lie or monthlic) within the house,
as well concerning the orderly
keeping of all things within their
said office, as also to see that there
be perfeét skores and bookes keept
for every severall officer; and there-
upon to see reformation of whatso-
ever shalbe amisse within the same.

Item, that he wicklie examine
the houstholde-booke, to see the
recepts and expenses of all manner
of provisions, as well of store as of
consumptions, and whatsoever shall
concerne the said bookeys after
which examination and casting up,
to signe the same himselfe ; and yif
he shall finde the charg to exceede
the proportion sett downe, to en-
forme their honnors with the reason
thereof, to the ende order may be
taken to redresse the same.

Item, that he advise with the
clarke of the kitchen of all manner
of provisions to be made “for the
house, either in grosse or in perti-
culer, respecting the season of the
yeere, and how the same may bee
made with the least charge and trou-
ble.

ttem, that he doe carefully, every
quarter at the leaste, examine all
skores, recepts, and expences, and
thereuppon to see how the re-
meaynes doe answer thereunto; and
yf any defeét be in the officers, to
see reformation. y

Item, he shall cause all the orders:

and

j
i
|

AN T-LQU-ET TS.

and statutes which my lord hath ap-
pointed for the better government
of his house, to be reade openly
before all the householde once every
quarter, that they, knowing them
may yeclde the more ready obedi-
ence.

_ Item, that every Friday at night
he shall call unto him the house-
holde chaplin, gentleman usher,
gentleman of the horse, and clarke
of the kitchin, or some of them, for
assistance, and consulte with them
concerning all disorders and misde-
meuers of the servants in the house,
admonishinge aud reprehending the
offenders according to the qualitie
of their offences committed, and
in case he does not thereupon re-
form himselfe, then their honnors
to be made acquainted, and the
party or parties to be removed.

All these orders before _ sett
downe, their honnors doe not onely
approve, but also promise to be
ready with their owne aucthorities,
to maynteyne and countenance
their stewarde and above-mentioned
officers from tyme to tyme, in the
due execution of them.

___ All other orders by the said ste-
ward to be directed and put in ex-

ecution, (which are here omitted)

* are referred to his discreation, as

belonging to his office; whereof

their honnors will also allow, and

_ do hereby give him full aucthoritie in
that behalfe.

The Gentleman Usher’s Office.

_ First, that he have a check-roll
_ of all my lords servants in ordinarie,
viz. of gentlemen, yeomen, and
-groomes, with addition of their
places of servyce; and the like of
all my Jords reteyners ; and that as
the said servants shall chang, either

863

in person or place of service, so to
renewe the check-roll accordinglie.

Item, that he give direétions to
them that shall supplye the place of
groome of the chamber, what they
ought to doe in the due execution
of the said office; and that he cause
them to make cleane the dyning and
withdrawing chambers; and that
the tables, formes, stooles, and all
things be sett up, and layde in very
good order, every morning by sea-
ven of the clock in 'somer, and eight -
in the winter; and the said groome
be alwaies there attendant, to make
fyres, and to doe suche other ser-
vice as the said gentleman-usher
shall command him; and besides to
see the chappell ordered, for their
honnorsand others, as apperteyneth.

Item, that he take order that, as
well gentlemen as yeomen waiters,
doe give their daylie attendance upon
their honnors persons; and that he
appoint one gentleman aud one yeo-
man at the leaste, to. waite on his
lordship when he walketh abrode.

Item, that he havea speciall care
that the gentleman and yeomen
waiters give their dayly attendance
in the great chamber, for furnish.
ing of the same, when any strangers
shall come to the house.

Item, that himselfe (in good ex-
ample to others) be at the chappell
in prayer and preaching tyme ; and
that not only he himselfe have a
vigilant eye to mark who is absent,
but also doe appoint the usher of
the hall, or some other, diligently
to observe the same, and to informe
him of them, that he may repre-
hende them for their negligence in
that behalfe ; whearein yf any (not-
withstanding) will continue, and
yeelde no good reason of his ab-
sence, that he command the usher

of

864

of the hall not to suffer him to dyne
or sup there, the next meale, after
such offence committed.

Item, when any stranger shalbe
at my lords house, that he goe to
the kitchen betweene ten and elea-
ven of the clock in the morning,
and betweene five and six in the
evening, to see the forwardnes of
dynner or supper, and thereupon
to sende warning to the pantry,
buttery, and cellar, to make ready
for their honnors.

Item, that he would every night
send word the clarke of the kit-
chin what bread, wine, and suger,
hath been spent at my lords table
that day.

Item, that himselfe doe attende
before the salt for my lords board,
when it shall be brought up, when
strangers shall be there.

Item, that he suffer not theserver
to go to the dresser, without two
gentlemen and two yeomen at least
to wait on him.

Item, that he suffer no swearing,
singing, noyse, or disorder, to be
used at the dresser, at the serving
forth of their honnors meate; but
that every man, in silent manner,
do abide there to receave the same,
as the server shall appoint and doe
go up withall according!y.

Item, that he appoint some of
the gentlemen and yeomen waiters,
with himselfe, after he and they
have dyned and supped, to come up
to the great chamber, there to give
their attendance, (speciallie when
strangers bee there) as apperteyneth.

Item, that he suffer no gentle-
man or yeoman waiter to stand with
his hat on his head, or to sitt or
walke in the great chamber, after
the bourdes be covered.

Item, that upon the repaire of

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

any strangers to the house, he give
notice to the clarke of the kitchen
of them and their company; and
that himselfe be ready to give their
enterteynment, and to see them
brought to their lodgeings; and to
keepe them company as to their se-
verall callings shall appertaine, tak-
ing orders that their lyveries be
served into their chambers accord-
inglie.

Item, that he doe everie morn-
ing by himselfe, or some one of the »
gentlemen by his appointment, re-
pare to the chamber of such honor-
able or worshipfull personages, as
shall lodge in the house, to know
what they want, and whether they
please to have their breakfast.

Item, that he doe specially charge
the groome of the chamber, and
the rest of the waiters, not to
suffer any dishe of meate to be had
or conveyed out of the chamber by
any man whatsoever, except by the
gentleman-usher’s appointment ; ne-
ther any meate be taken secretly
out of any dishe by any person
whatsoever; but that all be stayed
till the server have voyded their hon-
nors’ table; and that, in the carry-
ing downe, none be ymbeselled,
taken, or broken.

Item, that he cause the usher of
the chamber every night to give in-
telligence to the clarke of the kit-
chin of the names of suche persons
as doe dyne or supp that aga at
their honnors’ table.

Item, that upon Frydayes and
fastinge-dayes, at night, he appoint,
beside himselfe, fowre or six, as he
thinketh best, to waite on their
honnors’ bourd; and that none
other, but those fowre or six, with
the pantler, butler, or cellerer, be
admitted to their honnors’ reyefsion

on

ANTIQUITIES.

_ on those nights; and yf any pre-
' sume (without his leave) to sitt
_ downe with them, that he cause the
usher of the hall to remove them
thence.
Item, that he suffer no yeoman
_ to play at cards, tables, or chests,
_ in the great chamber; and that such
_ gentlemen-waiters as shall play
_ in the afternoone, do it at the
_syde bourd, and not at their hon-
nour’s bourde, nor after the bourdes
_ bee covered; nether at all upon the
_ sabboth or Lord’s-day.
_ Item, that he suffer no drawing
_ or shewing of swords or daggers in
the chamber, or in the withdrawing-
room ; nor any wrestling or striy-
ing, nor any noyse or disorder there
to be used.

Item, that every gentleman what-
_ soever, other than the steward and
comptroller, doe give their attend-
ance for serving, or any other duty
to be performed at their honnors’
table, as they shalbe required and
direéted by the gentleman-usher ;
and that suche of them as by turnes
_and his appointment, shall sitt at the
stewarde’s table, doo ymmediately
after dynner and supper repaire up
to the greate chamber, to give their
due attendance whilst the waiters
eate their meate; which yf he neg-
to doo, then he to sende for

Item, that he be carefull in their
honnors’ service, at home and a-
broade, both for himselfe and others

them, that in waiting abrode upon
their honnors, they keepe together
in decent and comely order, gentle-
nen before, and yeomen after, asin
is discretion shalbe thought most
for the shewe of their honnors,
id the credit of his officers and
_ Servants; avoiding all lyngring or
e’'Vo.. XLVI.

865

staying behind their honnors, as
though they were of divers compa-
nies.

Item, that he have a care to see
the pages and footemen well govern-
ed, and do from tyme to tyme give
them instruction for service; and by
no meanes to suffer them to use
dicyng, gaming, or frequenting of
alehouses.

Item, that he discreetlie dispose’
and appoint to everie their servants
their lodgeing in the house or elses
wheare, with such conveniencie as
may best suit their qualitie and place
of service; and see that the same be
not altered, but by his privitie and
consent.

Item, for ail other orders by him
to be directed and put in execution
(which are here omitted), the same
are referred to his discreation as be-
longing to his office; wheareof his
lordship will allow, ‘and do hereby
give him full aucthoritie therin.

The Gentleman of the Horse, his
Office.

First, that he have a check-roule
of all my lord’s servants in ordina-
rie, viz. of gentlemen, yeomen, and
groomes, with addition of their place
of service; and the like of all my
lord’s reteyners; and that as they
shall alter in person or place, to re-
newe the check-roule accordinglie.

Item, that he have the like Toule
of all my lord’s horsses and geld-
ings, with the difference of those
that beare the name of house and
winter geldings, and of sommer
nagges; and as the same horsses,
geldings, or naggs, shall decaie and
be made away, and others renewed
in their places, or for further store,
so to alter his roule from tyme to
tyme accordinglic; and to give to
the steward a copie thereof.

3K Item,

$66

Item, that he make difference of
horses, geldings, or naggs, for gen-
tlemen, yeomen, and groomes, with
preferinent to the better sorte, ac-
cording to the men’s places, and the
best shewe for my lord’s service;
and that he suffer no man to ride
upon horse, geldinge, or naggs, but
by his appointment, except their

honnors speciallie do give com-»

maundemente in that beehalf;

Item, that he take order with the
coachmen and groomes of the
stable, for the safe-keeping and
well-ordering of the coaches, sad-
dles, bridles, clothes, and all other
furniture belonging to that office, as
may bee for the best preserving of
them, and their honnor’s profitt ;
and that hee see them carefullie to
keep the same, according to his ap-
pointment; wherein yf they be neg-
ligent, or faile in the performance
of their duties, then to sce them
punished.

Item, that hee take order with
them for husbandlie usage of the
haye, and to apportionate the pro-
vender to be allowed to everye
man’s charge, according to the nom-
ber of -horses that are in house;
the same provender to be bestowed
on the horses, without ymbeselling
or diminishing any parte thercof ;
and that they receave in no man’s
horse, nor deliver forthe any proven-
der or haye, but by the appoint-
mentof the gentleman of the horse,
or of some other cheef officer in his
absence;. and that hee cause all the
hay to be spent in the stable to bee
made in bottles, foreseeing also that
the racks wantewno staves, therebye
to avoide waste and spoile.

Item, that hee admitte no man
to have anie horsse or gelding kept
in my lord’s stable, pastures, or
parks, but suche as are allowed by

-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

their honnors’ commaundment and

appointment; and that such as have

horses so allowed, doo ride them

in my lord’s and their owne private

busines, and not his lord’s, except |
it be upon speciall occasion, which

is left to the consideration and dis- .
cretion of the gentleman of the

horsse.

Item, that hee suffer none to take
any my lord’s geldings out of the
pasture without his lycense; neither
suffer any of the groomes to lend
out anye saddle, bridie, or other
furniture, without his privytie or
leave. .

Item, to avoide over-many bills
and reckonings, and to reduce alk
householde expence into one ac-
compte of the steward’s, his lord.
ship’s pleasure ys, that theire bee no
new furniture, of what kinde so-,
ever, bought or taken upon ereditte |
from the sadler’s, or anye other
place, before the steward have seene
the decaye and unserviceablenes of
the ould.

Item, to avoide excessive charge, _
his lordship doth expresslie com-
maund, that there bee henceforth no
fees, ether of horse, or any furni-_
ture to them, taken or required by
the said gentleman of the horse, ,
other than suche as, after viewe
taken of the unserviceablenes of
them, by the steward, his lordship
shalbe pleased to give by his speciall
warrant or commaund.

Item, his lordship’s pleasure ys,
that the gentleman of the said horse;
twice in everie yeere at the least, or
oftener, as occazion maye requier,
shall deliver to the stewarde a note
of all the horses and furniture de--
cayed, and of every thing bought or
sould concerning the stable, or for
the furniture of horses. + tall

Item, hee shall weekelie exhibitte

2 te

ANTIQUITIES.

to the steward, in writing under his
hand, a true note of all provender
spente. and of all. pettie provisions
belonging to the stable, as shooing,

_ mending of saddles, and suche like ;

_ which bills the steward shall see sa-

tisfied, and make entrie of them into
his booke of household, and in the
title of stable charges.

_ The Clerke of the Kitchen, his Of-
fice.

Firste, that hee keepe a perfeét
booke of all manner of provisions,
made or to be made for the use of
their honnors’ house, from tyme to
tyme, as well suche as shal bee

brought in of my lord’s store and of
presents, as also of other that
- shal bee brought and provided, ether

in grosse or particular; and shall
see to the keeping of the skoares
and tallis of suche as shal bee receiv-

ed ordelyvered out to or for the use
of their honnors’ house.

Item, that hee appointe the dyett
for their honnors, and for all other
in the house dailye, according to a
proportion.from fyme to tyme to bee

_ consulted and agreed uppon, with
his lordship’s steward and control-
‘ler; and that hee have due consider-
_ ation herein, according to the season
_of the yeere, and as may beste bee
provyded in that country. or place
_wheare their honnors shall abide.
_ Item, that hee bee careful in the
yssuing and expence of such provi-
sion and accates as shalbe brought
in, and to. keepe his booke perfect
for the same, wheareby maie appeare
the cause of the expending of the or-
dinarie charge; which booke being
caste upp, hee shall exhibite once
wevckelie to the steward or compt-
roller, to be examined and subscrib-
ed by one of them.

Item, that hee suffer no Gaieiis

867

breakfasts to be allowed by the
cookes, but upon occasion to
strangers, for the better enterteyne-
ment ‘of them and their servants, or
els upon his owne woes or by
his leave.

Item, that hee have a vigillant
eye to the cooke, to see to the well
and orderlie dressyng and usinge of
suche viétualls, spice, and fruite, as ‘
shalbe commiited to their charge,
and for the well husbandringe of the
same, as apperteyneth.

Item, that he bende his speciall
care to see that the yeomen of the
larrder, or suche as shall have the
charge thereof, doo keepe the same,
and the provisions committed to
him, cleanlie and sweete; whearcin
yf he faile in his dutie, then to en-
forme the steward of his defaulte.

Item, that hee doo everie weeke
call to the pantler, butler, baker,
and brewer, to yeelde their reckon-
ings; what grane hath been receay-
ed, and what bread, flower, beare,
or ale, hath been delivered oute
againe and expended; and that hee
incerte the same into his owne
booke, to be exhibited to the stew-
ard or comptroller at the ende of
every weeke as aforesaide.

Item, that he suffer no seryantof .
the house, nor any other persons, to
come into the kitehin, or to have any
recourse into the same (except it be
uppen speciall cause), but to keepe |
the same close and privat, to the
ende he himselfe and ‘the cookes
may performe their service, and doe
their duties, with quietnes, and not
be disturbed in the same.

Item, that the clarke do take
speciall regard to the éxpence of
wood and cole in the kytchen, not
suffering any more to be spent but
as much as necessarilie may serve
the turne, without waste.

3K 2 Item,

$68

Item, that he doe dilligently take
heed to the skullerye-man, that hee
doe skower and keepe his pewter
vessels verie clean and unbruised ;
and that daylie after dynner and
supper he doe cause the said skul-
Jerye-man to make searche for suche
peeces of pewter as shalbe lacking,
and to bring them into the skullerie
againe for his discharge. . .

Item, that he shall call to the
butler, pantler, cellerer, and other
officers, for a true account of suche
things as are expended in their of-
fices, ether daylye or weekelie, as
he shall think fitt.

Item, that he shall deliver to the
cookes or others, no spices or su-
ger, butaccording to the allowance of
the head officers; and thereof to the
said officers to give account weekelie.

For all other things here omitted,
concerning the office of the clarke
of the kytchen, the same are refer-
red to his discreation; the execu-
tion whearcof’ their honnors will
allowe, and doo hereby give him
full auéthoritie in that behalfe.

The Cooke’s Office.

First, that the cheefe cooke, for
the tyme being, shall have speciall
regard for the dressing of their ho-
nour’s dyet; and that he joine with
the clarke of the kitchen, for their
honnors’ better service, as well for
preserving all things within the Jarr-
der as otherwise.

Item, that he use all kinde of
husbandrie in the yssuing out of the
meate, as may be for my lord’s
honnor and profitt ; and be carefull
for his part that nothing be ymbes-
elled or wasted by any of the kitch-
en, or other of my lord’s followers
or servants.

Item, that he suffer no breakfasts
to be given ordinarilie within or

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

withoute his charge, but by the rs
pointment of the clarke of the kytch-
in, or of some one of my lord’s
cheefe officers.

Item, that he have great regard
to see the under cooke to doo his
dutie, and that the boyes of the
kytchin be kept in due obedience, as
well from raunging abroade, as for
other abuses within the house; and
that he take order, as muche as
in him lyeth, that they may come to
prayers in the house, and speciallie
upon the sabbath-day, to the pub-
lick exersise of God’s worship.

Item, that he keepe his kytchin
close from the repaire of chaire-
folkes and other persons having no
necessarie business there ; and espe-~
ciallie have good regard for harbor-
ing within his office any stranger,
other than his appointed nomber.

The Usher of the Hall’s Office.

Firste, that hee bee in the hall,
and see that the almoner (or some
other appointed) have sweeped and
ordered the hall, by six of the clock
in the morning, in sommer, and in
winter by eight of the clock.

Item, that hee give dilligent at-
tendaunce theare, for the enterteyn-
inge of suche straungers and serving~
men as shall comein, and curteous-
lye offer to them drynke at the barr.

Item, that hee suffer no servaunt
of householde to tarry in the hall in
the tyme of divine service ; but that
he willhim to goe in the chappell
or place of prayer; and yf he re-
fuse to goe, to acquaint some one
of the head officers therewith.

Item, that as soone as their hon-
nors’ bourde in the great or with-

drawing chamber is covered, he be

ready for dynner and supper, to see
the boardes in the hall covered, and
a bason and ewer for the steward’s

table

_ to the other side of the hall,

ANTIQUITIES.

table every sabbath-day, or when
straungers be in the house.

Item, that hee suffer no man to
play at cards, tables, or other game,
during the tyme of prayer, or on
thesabbath-day,nor after the bourdes
be covered ; and that he suffer no
dyce-play at all in the hall.

Item, that after the bourdes be
covered, he do, in decent order, bare-
headed, walke up and downe by
the hall, to see all things orderly
observed : and that he depart not
thence till all dinners or suppers be
done.

Item, that uppon the appearing
of the server, and his going to the
dresser, hee, standing towards the
upper end of the hall, doo with a

-loude yoice say, ‘‘ Gentlemen and

_ yeomen, waite on the server;” and

at the coming of their honnors’
meate, he be readie at the screene
to receave the server, and they say
witha loude voice, ‘* By your leave ;”
_ and cause all men in the hall to come
and be
bare-headed whilst their honnors’
-meate passeth through.
Item, that when their honnors’

_meate is served up to the chamber,

and the gentlewomens, that he call
_with a loude voice, saying, ‘* Gen-

tlemens servants, to the dresser ;

and coine himselfe to the steward’s

Messe; and that, when there are

_straungers, he call the groomes of
_ the stable to waite in the hall; and

4 yf any refuse, to give knowledge to

_ some of the head officers.

__ Item, that he suffer no stranger
_ to sitt downe with those that waite,
but by the appointment of some one

of the head officers; and that all

_ those that attende in any office take

_ their diett at the waiters’ table, ex-

_cepting the cooks, and those under

then.

869

Item, that hee suffer none to sitt
at the steward’s table, but suche aS
shalbe appointed to be called there-
unto.

Item, that he cause all men to
keepe silence in the hall, especiallie
at dynner and supper tyme.

Item, that he cause every man in
the hall to be bare-headed, when
their honnors’ second course or fruit
doth passe through.

Item, that hee suffer no waiter
to sitt downe before all the meate be
brought out of the chamber, nor
before the gentleman usher be come
downe, and be readie to sitt him-
selfe.

Item, that he suffer no dogge to
be fedd in the hall, in the tyme of
dynner and supper, but cause the
porter to have them oute of the gates
before the dynner bee begonne.

Item, that he give notice, by the
groome of the hall, to the porter,
of the going of the server to the
dresser, that thereupon he may shut
up the gates.

Item, that he suffer no man to
drawe or shewe any sworde or dag-
ger in the hall.

Item, that he suffer no supper in
the hall upon fasting-nights, but
for the gentleman usher and suche
waiters as he shall appoint to be
with him, at their honnors’ rever-
sion.

Item, that he shall every night
after supper, give intelligence to the
clerke of the kytchin what bread
and beare was spent that day in the
hall, and what nomber of straungers
dyned and supped there.

Item, that yf any loude talke
shalbe made in the hal] at any of the
tables, and the same be not for-
borne upon the usher’s commaund-
ment to speak softlie; then shall
the usher, with a loude voyce, call

3K 3 the

870
the almoner to take away, which he
shall doe presently.

The Almoner’s Office.

Item, that he purloyne no meate
from the almes, but that he put the
same in the place appointed for tie
poore, which place or vessels he
shall alwaies keepe sweet and cleane;
and that he give the said almes,
with the consent and help of the
usher of the hall and porter, to
Suche as are aged, poore, and in
want, and not to stout rogues and
idle persons.

Item, that he shall every morn-
ing, by seven of the clock in som-
mer, and by eight in wynter, sweepe
the hall and places neare adjoyn-
ing, and make cleane the bourdes,
benches, and fourmes thereof,

Item, that hee shall keepe a
Dbooke or skoare of all the wood
and coll that is brought into the
wood-yard ; and shall see the same
delivered forth to the fewiller, kytch-
in boyes, or others, according to
the directions which he shall receave
from the head officers.

Yoman of the Pantrye, Cellerer,
and Ewyre.

First, that hee be readie in his
office at eight of the clocke in the
morning, to serve for breakfaste,
and before nine to cover for dynner,
and beefore six at night to cover for
supper, and at eight at night for
lyverye.

Item, that hee suffer no break-
fastsin his office; but serve everie
man at the barre, and suffer no man
to come in, unlesse it bee by the
appointement of some one of the
‘cheefe officers.

Item, that hee bee ready, with
bis portpane on his arme, to serve

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the hall, when the usher shall call
for him.

Item, that hee keepe his booke

perfect of all such breadeas hee shall
receave from the baker, both of
manchette aud chette, of both sorts,
and the true nomber of the casts,
and everye of them.

Item, that hee doe in tyme give
warning to the baker for want of

breade, to the end that hee may ©

bake in tyme, thereby to have
breade somewhat stale before it be
eaten.

Item, that he chipp his breade.
orderlie, without wast; and ; that

hee serve all tables in the hall with

such breade as shalbe stale.

item, that hee bring his booke at
everie weeke’s end, and cast upp,
to the clerke of the kitchin, that it
maie appeare what bread and what

lightes have been receaved and spent —

everie daie the weeke before.
Item, that hee be carefull for the

well usinge of suche plate, and other ©

things apperteyning to his. office,
and of the naprie committed to his

charge, that it be foulded up, and |

hot caste aboute, nether otherwise
occupied than apperteyneth.

Item, that he keepe an inventa- —

rye, indented betweene him and the
clerke of the kitchin, of all such —
plate, naprie, and other things com.
mitied to his charge: and that hee
doe once a month give an accompt
thereof to the clerke of the kit.
chin accordinge to the same inven-—
tarye. *

Tike Yoman of the Buttrye.

First, that hee bee readie in his —

ofiice by eight of the clocke in the —

niorniug to serve for. breakfasts, —

and at eleven for dynner, and three

in ‘the afternoone for beaver, and —
at.

“
-

;

ANTIQUITIES.

at six for supper, and at eight at
night for lyverye.

Item, that hee suffer no extraor-
dinarie drinking in his office ; but
that hee doe serve al! men at the
barr, and suffer no man to come in,
unless he be brought in by some
one of the chiefe officers.

Item, that hee suffer no breakfasts
in his office, except hee bee ap-
pointed by some one of the cheife
officers.

Item, that he preserve so_ the
beare and ale appointed for their

_ + honnors’ owne table, as yt be not
a 9

made common, but so used as hee
have vessels and bottles one under
another, and those stale to serve the
same.

Item, that hee bee readye to
serve the hall, at breakfasts, dyn-
ner, and supper, when the usher
shall call. '

Item, that he bring in writing at
everie weeke’s end, to the clerke
of the kitchin, what beare hath been
spent that weeke.

Item, that hee keepe a_perfeét
note, from tyme to tyme, what
beare he receaveth from the brewer;
and that at everye coming in there-

of he give notice to the clerke of the
kytchin.

The Clerk’s Office.

First, that he bee attendaunte at
the gate, as well for repaire of
strangers, as repulse of such disor-
derlye persons as would come yn.

Item, that upon notice had of
the goeing of the server to the
dresser, he doe straighte shutte the
gates, and suffer no man to come in
untill dynser be donne.

Item, that he have a vigillant eye
that no silver or other vessel be car-

_ ried oute of the gates. .

Item, that hee suffer none in se-

87.

create manner, to-carry away any
breade or meate out of the gate.

Item, that hee sitt not at the gate
without his staff.

Item, that hee suffer no doggs,
so neere as hee can, to lye in the
courte, nor to come within the
gate.

Item, that hee do saffelie keep
all such persones as shalbe commit-
ted unto him, either by his lordship
or his cheif officers.

Item, that hee suffer no vagae
bonds, rogues, or diseased persones,
to linger aboute the gates.

Item, that hee shall shutte the
gates at neine of the clocke in the
wynter, and tenn in the sommer 3
and after those howers, that hee
open not them againe before five of
the clocke in the morning in som-
mer, and six in winter, withoute ur-
gent cause.

Item, that hee shalbce carefull
that such persones as are forbidden

by any of the head officers to come

within the gates, bee not suffered at
any time hereafter to come in untill
the said head officers have signified
unto him theire consent thereunto.
Item, that yf at any tyme hee shall
suspecte any person to carry or con-
vey oute of the gates any plate,
pewter, lynnen, viétuall, or any
other thing whatsoever, under his
cloake, coate, or otherwise, hee
Shall staie the said partie, and re.
quire of him from whence he receive
ed it, and whither heis to carrie the
same; and therewith to acquaint
some of the head officers. :
Item, that none be suffered to
carrie either wood or coll out of
the gates, saving such as have ale
lowance, of whom he shall have
speciall warning.
Item, that hee doe sce the great
courte within the gates to be kept
3K4 clenlye

872

clenlye, in as good order as it ought
to be.

Item, that hee suffer no laundres
to come within the gates to fetche
anyeshirtes orlynnen from anye man
to washe; but everie man so to or-

er that matter, that the howse be
not encumbered with the resorte of
any such personne.

The Office of the Yoman of the,
Wardropp.

Item, that he shall looke care-
fullie to all such things as are com-
mitted to his charge, mending suche
things as need, and preserving the
reste by all good meanes he can.

Item, he shall eayre the bedding,
and all other furniture, from tyme
to tyme, as the same shall neede,
that my lorde sustaine no losse
thorough his defaulte.

Item, that he shall make readie
and trimme up the chambers when
- strangers do come, according to
their qualitic and degree.

Item, that he shall everie daye,
when occasion serveth, bring downe
oute of the chambers, suche plate,
lynnen, pewter, and all other
things, to the several offices whear-
unto they belonge.

The Yeoman of the Grannarye.

Item, that he shall receave all
sortes of graine, and thereof keepe
a perfett booke.

Item, he shall keepe sweete, by
often turning, all suche corne and
graine as he receiveth; and deliver
the same to the millner, from tyme
to tyme, as he shall have dire¢tion
from some of the head officers, wey-
ing it to the millner, and receiv
ing it by weight againe, and the
same to deliver to the baker and
brewer accordinglie.

Item, hee shall give up, weekely,

ANNUAL: REGISTER, 1804.

a true note, to some of the head
oflicers, of all suche corne and
graine, as hath been delivered to

the baker and brewer the same ~

weeke.
The Baker.

Item, that he give diligent atten-
dance in his office, and to be in
readiness to receive such meale as the
millner shal] bringe, accordinge to
the weight delivered by the yeo-
man of the granaries; and the same
to bake, from tyme to tyme, as he
shall receive direétion from the
clerke of the kytchin, and yedman
of pantry.

Item, that he shall make of eve-
rie strike of meale of
wheate loaves, every loafe weying

ounces ; and of manchetts
_ every caste wey ing
ounces.

Item, that he shall deliver upp
into the counting-house, everye
weeke, to the head officers, a true
note, what meale he hath receaved,
what bread hath been baked, what
flower hath been delivered into the
pasteric, and what remeaneth in his
custodie,

The Brewer.

Ttem, that he shall give diligent
attendance in his office at all tymes,
and keepe his brewing-house and
brewing vessells cleane and sweete.

Item, that he keep his hogg-

sheads and other brewing vessels —

from bruseing or rotting; and he
carefullie looke to the hoopinge of
his hoggsheads and other vessells,
that there be no Josse to my lord by
his negligence.

Item, that he shall receave his
malte from the millner by weight ;
and shall, from tyme to tyme, brewe
suche and so muche beere of every

quarter

i ei i i lk

——

-quarter of malte, as he shalbe ap-
pointed by the head officers.

Item, that he shall give know-
ledg to the butler, or some of the
head officers, when his beare is
ready to be tunned up, that they
may appoint the groomes of the
stable, fewiller, hindes, and some
other which have their diet in the
house, to helpe to bestowe the same
in the butteries; and that they use
ne chaire folkes at any tyme.

Item, their honnors’ pleasure and
commaundment ys, that no officer of
household whosoever, shall chal-
lendge or take any fees, of what
nature or kinde soever the same
bee, unles their honnors, or one
of them, do by their owne guift and
warrant appoint the same ;—also
their honnors’ pleasure and expresse
-commaundment is, that no officer or
_ Seryauntin their house shall (with-
out the knowledge or consent of

some of the head officers) use any
chaire folkes; but that all things
which are to be done, shal be per-
formed by his householde servaunts.

7, Description of the Form and Man-

ner, how and by what Orders and
_ Customes the State of the Fellow-
ship of the Middle Temple (one of
the Houses of the Court) is main-
tained ; and what Ways they have
to attuin unto Lear ning. (Temp.
Reg. Hen. VIL.) From an Ori-
ginal MS. Herbert’s Hist. of the
ie Inns of Court.

First, there is no lands nor ro-
‘venues belonging to the house,
al any learner or student

: _ ought be holpen and encouraged
’ to study, by means of some yearly
_ #tipend or salary ; which is the oc-
fasion that many a good witt, for

ANTIQUITIES..

873

lack of exhibition, is compelled to
give over and forsake study, before
he have any perfyt knowlege in the
lawe, and to fall to praétisyng, and
become a ¢ypler in the law.

The Auctoryte of the Hed Officer in
the House.

Item, that there is in the said
house, yearly chosen by the elders
of the house, one of the sagest of
them to bere the office and name of
tresorer: and his auctorite is to ad-
mit into the fellowship such as he
thinketh mete: his auctorite is to
assign to such as are of the fellow-
ship there, their chambers and lodg.
ings. ‘This auctorite is to gather of
certen of the fellowship, a tribute
yerely of iiis. iitid. a piece, which
among them hath the name of a
pencion ; and to receive of certain
of the fellowship arent of certaine
chambers. This office is also to pay
of the said money, the rent due to
the lord St. John’s for the house
that they dwell in; and to pay also
of the same money, the wages for
reparations of their chambers and
houses, ‘This office is also to pay
of the same money the wages or sa-
lary of the servants of the house;
as the stuard, their butlers, cokes,
and other officers; and yearly to
yield accompt of his receipt unto
two auditors, which are appointed
unto them by the clders of the
house.

The Diversity of Fellowships there,
their Manner of Study, and Pre-
ferment therein.

Item, that there is in the same
house of the fellowship there, two
companyes; the one called the
clerks commens, the other called the
the masters commens.

Item, the clerks commens are
such young nen as are admitted to

the

874 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the fellowship of the house, who,
during two of the first years, or
thereabout afteir their admission,
shall dyne and sup together, and
syt one more at a mess than the mas-
ters commens doth; and untill they
be called up to be of the masters
commens, they shall not pay the
pension money of iiis. iiiid. a piece;
neither pay so much for their com-
mens weekly as the masters com-
mens doth by vid. a piece; and their
serve the masters commens of their
_meat every day at dynner and sup-
per.

Item, that the masters commens
are such as have been in the house,
by the space of two yeres or there-
abouts ;-and then are-by the elders
of the house, which they cali bench-
ers, called up to the masters come
mens, whereas they sit one ‘less ina
mess than the clerks commens do;
and pay vid. a week for their com-
mens more than the clerks com-
mens do; and pay eche of them
jiis, iiiid. yerely to the treasorer
for their pencion.

Furthermore, the. masters com-
mens are ferder divided into three
companies; that is to say, no
utter baristers, utter baristers, and
benchers.

Item, those that be no utter ba-
risters are such as for lack of conti-
nuance in the house, or because

. they do not study or profit in learn.
yng, are not by the elders of the
house called to dispute, argue, and
plead some doubtful matter in the
law, which among them is -called
motyng, before the benchérs and
elders.

Item, the utter baristers are they,
which, after they have continued in
the house by the space of five or six
years, and have profited in the
study of the law, are called by the

house, all such as are made fellows of

elders or benchers to plead, argue,
and dispute, some doubtful matter —
in the law, before certain of the
same benchers, in the terme time,
or in the two principall times in
the yere, of their lernyngs, which «
they call grand vacations ; and the”
samt manner of argument or dispu-
tations is called motyng ; and this
making of utter-baristers, is as a pre-
ferment or degree, given him for
his learnyng.

Also the benchers are those utter-
baristers, which, after they have
continued in the house by the space
of fourteen or fifteen years, are by
the elders of the house chosen to
reade, expound, and declare some
estatute openly unto all ‘the com-
pany of the house, in one of the
two principall times of their learn.
ing, which they call the grand vaca-
tion in summer; and during the
time of his reading, he hath the name —
of a reader, and after of bencher.

Item, that they have two chief
times of learning with them, which
they call their grand vacations ; the
one doth begin the first Munday in
cleane Lent, and doth continue ~
three weeks and three days, in ~
which time one of the elders or
benchers, that hath before time
read, and expounded some estatute,
doth then read and expound some
other statute again: the other
doth begin the first Munday after
Lammas Day, and dotlr continue
three weeks and three days, in
which doth rede such as are first
chosen to be benchers. ‘

Item, by the old custome of the

the house, unles they be dispensed
withali at their admittance, are
compelled to be personally present
at two the first grand vacations in”
Lent, after their coming; at two |

the

: ANTIQUITIES.

the first grand vacations in summer,
after their comyng; and two the
first Christmasses, that be solemnly
Kept, after their comyng, upon
peyne of forfaiture of xxs. for every
defaut.

Item, all they that are fellows of
the house, except at the time of
their admittance they be dispensed
withall, or for their lernyng be
promotyd, and made utter-baristers,
are compelled to exercise all such
roomes and offices, as they shall be
called unto, at such time as they
shall kepe a solempne Christmass,
upon such peynes as are by old cus-
tome used to be assessed for the re.
fusal of occupying of such offices.

Furthermore, in the same grand
cacations, when that one of the
elders doth rede and expound an
estatute, such baristers as are of
long continuance, do stand in a
piace together, where as they re-
herse some one opinion, or saying
of him that readeth, and by all
ways of learning and reason, that
can be invented, do impugne his
Opinion; and sometimes some of

them do impugne it, and some other-

do approve it, and all the rest of
the house give eare unto their dis-
putations; and at last the reader
doth confute all their sayings, and
confirmeth his opynion.

Also in the same grand vacations,
every day at night, except Sonday,
Saturday, or some fesie of ix. les-
sons, before three of the elders or

_ benchers at the leste, is pleaded and

declared in homely Jaw-French, by
such as are young lerners, some
doubtfull matter, or questions in
the law ; which afterwards an utter-
barister doth reherse, and doth
‘argue and reason to it in the law.
French; and after him an other
utter-barister doth reason'in the

875

contrary part in the law-French
also; and then do the three benchers
declare their myndes in English ;
and this is that they call motyng ;
and the same manner is observed
in the terme-time.

Furthermore, besides this ; after
dyner and supper the students and
lerners in the house, sit together
by three and three in a company ;
and one of the three putteth forth
some doubtfull question in the law,
to the other two of his company ;
and they reason and argue to it in
English ; and at last, he that put-
teth forth the question, declaryth
his minde, also shewing unto them
the judgment or better opinion of
his boke, where he had the same
question: and this do the students
observe every day through the yere,
except festival] days.

Also after the term ended, and
after the two grand vacations ended,
then the young men that be no
utter-baristers do dispute and ar-
gue in lawe-Frenche, some doubt-
full question before the utter-baris-
ters, who at the last do shew their
opinions, in Englysh, thereunto ;
and this manner of disputation is
called meane vacation motes, or
chapel motes.

Item, that the Myddil Temple
doth finde two readers, which are
utter-baristers, unto two houses of
chancery ; that is to say, Stronde.
Inne, and New-Inne: which read-
ers do reade unto them upon some |
statute in the terme-time, and in the
graund vacations: and they of the’
house of Chancery do observe the
manner of disputations and motyng,
as they doin the Temple: and their
readers do bring eche of them two
with him of the Temple, and they
argue unto it also.

And besides this, in the graund

vacation

$76

vacation time, out of the four houses
of court, come two and two out of
every house of chancery ; and there
according to their yeares and con-,
tinuance of the house that they be
of, which they call auncicnty, they
do argue and reason to some doubt-
full matter that is proposed, so that
the most youngest doth begyn, and
the next to him in continuance doth
follow ; and at last he that readeth
to that house of.chancery, doth de-
clare his opynion in the matter that
% called in question,

There is none there that be com-
pelled to lerne, and they that are
earners, for the most part, have
their places of learning and studies
so sett, that they are much troubled
with the noyse of walking and com.
munication of them that be no learn-
ers: and in the terme time they are
so unquieted by clients and servants
of clients, that resort to such as are
attorneys and praétysers, that the
students may as quietly study in the
open streets as in their studies.

item, they have no walk in whiche
too talk and confer their learnings,

- butin thechurch ; which place ail the
terme times hath init no more quiet-
nesse than the pervyse of Powles,
by occasion of the confluence and
concourse of such as are suters in
the law.

The Charges of the Masters Com-
mens and Clerks Commens, for
their Mete and Drinke by the
Yeare, and the Manner of the
Dyet, and the Stypend of their
Officers.

Inprimis, every one of the mas-
ters commens payeth by the yeare
for his dyct vil, 10s.

Item, every one of the clerks
commens payeth by the yeare for
his dyet vJ. jiiis, 3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

‘This is a generall rule allways
observed, that whensoever two of

the masters commens doth sit ata _

messe, then at so myche mete doth
sytt three of the clerks commens:
and when three of the masters com-
mens doth syt at a messe, then doth
foure of the elerks commens sit at
so much meat.

Sonday.—At Dinner.

Betwene two of the masters com-
mens is served meat to the value of
lid, and the third part of iid.

At Supper.

Betwene three of the masters come
mens at supper is served meat to the
value of iiid.
¢

Munday.—At Dinner.

Betwene two of the masters com-
metis is served meat to the value of
1d. ob. and the third part of iid.

At Supper.

Betwene two of the masters come
mens is served meat to the value of
lid, ob,

Tuysday.—At Dynner.

In the terme time is meat to the

value of iiiid, served betwene two of

the masters commens; and out of
the terme betwene three of the mas-

ters commens, mete to the value of |

lid. ;
Wednesday.—At Dynner.
Meat to the value of id. ob. and

the third part of iid. betwene two of
the masters commens.

At Supper.

Meat to the value of id. and the
third part of iid. betwene two of the
asters commens,

Thurs.

i se

oot . “ea,

ak 2

ANTIQUITIES.

Thursday.—At Dynner.

Two of the masters commens have
meat to the value of iii d.

At Supper.

Two of the masters commens have
zacat to the value of iid. ob.

Fryday.—At Dinner.

Two of the masters commons have
meat to the value of iiid. ob.

Saturday.—At Dinner.

Two of the masters commens have
meat to the value of iii d. ob.

At Supper.

Every one of the masters com-
mens and clerks commens have four
eggs.

The Stypend of the Officers by the

Yeare.

The stewards wages by the yeare,
iiii marks.

The chief butlers wages by the
yeare, xxxiiis. iilid.

The second butlers wages by the
_yeare, vis. viiid. ;

The third butlers wages by the
_ yeare, vis. vilid.

The chief cokes wages by the
yeare, xls.

The manciple, or students ser-
vant, his wages by the yeare, xxvis.
_vilid.

_ he under cookes wages by the
_ yeare, xxs.

_ The laundress of the clothes of
"the house,her wages yearly, vis.viiid.
_ Also at Christmasse the three
butlers have in reward of every
gentleman of the house, xiid. and
some give them in reward miore.

Also at Easter the cookes manciple
have in reward of every gentleman
xiid, or thereabouts.

877

The Manner of Punishment of Of-
ences and making of Orders.

There is among them no certaine
punishment for offences; but such
offences and misdemeanors as are
committed, are punished by the judg-
ment of the elders or benchers, who
punish the offender, either by pay-
ment of money, or by putting him
forth of commens; which is, that
he shall take no meate nor drynke
among the fellowship, untill the
elders list to revoke their judgment.

Item, at certain tymes in the
yeare, the benchers aud utter-ba-
risters do resort together, and there
do consult and advise themselves,
concerning the causes of their house,
and make decrees and orders con-
cerning such things as they think
meet to be reformed in the house; .
and that they call a parliament.

The Manner of Divine Services
in the Church, and their charges
thereunto.

Item, that they have every day
three masses said, one after the
other ; and the first masse doth be-
gin in the mornyng at seaven of the
clock, or thereabouts. The festi-
vall days they have maétens and masse
solemnly sung ; and during the ma-
tyns singing, .they have three masses
said.

Their chardges towards the salary
or mete and drynke of the priests
is none; for they are found by my
lord of St. John’s, and they that
are of the fellowship of the house,
are charged with nothing to the
priests, saving that they have eighteen
offering days in the yeare, so that
the chardge of each of them is xviiid.

Their Order for Payment of Debts
due to the House.

Item, if any of the fellowship be
‘ in-

878

indebted to the house, either for his
dict, either for any other duty of the
house, he shall be openly in the hall
proclaymed; and whosoever will
pay it for him, shall have and en-
joy his lodging and chamber that is
so indebted,

Apparel,

They have no order for their ap-
parell; but they may go as him
listeth, so that his apparell pretend
’ tono lightness or wantonnesse in the
wearer ; for even as his apparcll
doth shew him to be, even so shall
he be esteemed among them.

The Fashion of their House in the
Night.

In the night time they have not
their gates shut, so that every man
may go in and out through the
house all seasons of the night, which
is occasion that their chambers are
often times robbed, and many other
misdemeanors used,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Library.
They

that they cannotattaine to the know,

ledge of divers learnings} but to their —
great chardges, by the buying of
such bookes as they lust to study. ©

They had a simple library, in which

were not many bookes besides the ~

Jaw, and that library, by meanes
that it stood allways open, and that

the learners had not each of them a

key unto it, it was atte the last
robbed of all the bookes in it,

Their usage in time of Pestilence.

If it happened that the. plague of

pestilence be anything nigh their —

house, then every man goeth home

into his country, which is a great —
loss of learning ; for if they had —

some house nigh London to resort

unto, they might as well exercise

their learning as in the temple un.
till the plague were ceased.

MISCEL-

now have no library, so ©

ee aa ee ee a

a oe ae

Of the Muscles, with their Tendons,
being the Instruments by which
Animal Motion is performed.
From Paley’s Natural Theology.

It will be our business to point
‘out instances in which, and proper-
ties with respe¢t to which, the dis-
position of these muscles is as striét-
ly mechanical, as that of the wires
and strings of a puppet.

1, We may observe, what I be-
lieve is universal, an exaét relation
between the joint, and the muscles
_which move it. Whatever motion
the joint, by its mechanical con-
struction, is capable of performing,
that motion, the annexed muscles, by
their position, are capable of pro-
ducing. For example; if there be,
‘as at the knee and elbow, a hinge
» joint capable of motion only in the
_ same plane, the leaders, as they are
called, i.e. the muscular tendons,
are placed in direétions parallel to
_ the bone, so as by the contraction or
relaxation of the muscles to which
“1 they belong, to produce that motion
and no other, If these joints were
_ eapable of a freer motion, there are
no muscles to produce it. Whereas,
_ at the shoulders and hip, where the
_ ball and socket-joint allows, by its
_ €onstruction, of a rotary or sweeping
_ motion, tendons are placed in such a
position, and pullin such a direc.

—_

[ 879: }

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

tion, as to produce the motion of
which the joint admits. For in-
stance, the sartorius, or taylor’s
muscle, rising from the spine, rune
ning diagonally across the thigh, and
taking hold of the main bone of the
leg a little below the knee, enables
us, by its contraction, to throw one
leg and thigh over the other; giv-
ing effect, at the same time, to the
ball and socket-joint at the hip, and
the hinge joint at the knee. There.
is, as we have seen, a specific mechae.
nism in the bones for the rotatory
motions of the head and hands;
there is also, in the oblique direc-
tion of the muscles belonging to
them, a specific provision for the
putting of this mechanism of the
bones into aétion. And mark the
consent of uses. "The oblique muse
cles would have been ineflicient
without the articulation: the articu-
lation would have been lost, without
the oblique muscles, It may be
proper, however, to observe with
respect to the head, although L
think it does not vary the case, that
its oblique motions and inclinations
are often motions in a diagonal,
produced by the joint action of
muscles lying in straight direétions.
But whether the pull be single or
combined, the articulation is always
such, as to be capable of obeying
the a¢tion of the muscles. The ob-

lique

880

lique muscles attached to the head
are likewise so disposed, as to be
capable of steadying the globe, as
well as of moving it. Thehead of a
new born infant is often obliged to
be filletted up. Afterwards the head
drops, and rolls in every direétion.
So that it is by the equilibre of the
niuscles, by the aid of a considerable
and equipollent muscular force in
constant exertion, that the head
maintains its ereét posture. ‘The
muscles here supply what would
atherwise be a great defect in the
articulation; for the joint in the
neck, although admirably adapted
to the motion of the head, is insuf-
ficient for its support. It is not
only by the means of a most curious
structure of the bones that a man
turns his head, but by virtue of an
adjusted muscular power, that he
even holds it up.

As another example of what we
are iHustrating, viz. conformity of
use between the bones and the mus-
cles, it has been observed of the
different vertebra, that their pro-
cesses are exactly proportioned to
the quantity of motion which the
other bones allow of, and which the
respective muscles are capable of
producing.

2. A muscle acts only by con-
traGtion. Its force is exerted in no
other way. When the exertion
ceases, it relaxes itself; that is, it
returns by relaxation to its former
state, but without energy. This is
the nature of the muscular fibre ;
and being so, it is evident that the
reciprocal energetic motion of the
limbs, by which we mean motion
-with force in opposite direétions,
can only be produced by the instru-
mentality of opposite or antagonist
muscles; of flexors and extensors
ansiering to each other. For in-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

stance, the biceps and brachieus in-
ternus muscles placed in the front
part of the upper arm, by their con-
traétion bend the elbow; and with
such degree of force, as the case re-
quires, or the strength admits of.
The relaxation of the muscles after
the effort, would merely let the
fore-arm drop down. For the
back stroke, therefore, and that
the arm may not only bend at the
elbow, but also extend and straight
itself with force, other muscles, the
longus and brevis brachicus externus,
and the anconceus placed on the
hinder part of the arm, by their
contractile twitch, fetch back the
fore-arm into a straight line with the
cubit, with no less force than that
with which it was bent out of it.
The same thing obtains in all the
limbs, and in every moveable part
of the body. A finger is not bent
and straightened without the con-
traction of two muscles taking
place. It is evident, therefore, that
the animal funétions require that
particular disposition of the mus-
cles which we describe by the name
of antagonist muscles; and they
are accordingly so disposed. Every

muscle is provided with an adver- |

sary. They act like two sawyers in
a pit, by an opposite pull; and no-
thing surely can more strongly indi-
cate design and attention to an end
than their being thus stationed ; than
this collocation. The nature of the
muscular fibre being what it is, the
purposes of the animal could be an-
swered by no other. And not only
the capacity for motion, but the
aspect and symmetry of the body,
is preserved by the muscles being
marshalled according. to this order,
e. g. the mouth is held in the mid-
die of the face, and its angles kept
ina state of exact correspondency,

by

|
}

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

by two muscles drawing against,
and balancing each other. Ina he-
miplegia, when the muscle on one
side is weakened, the muscle on the
other side draws the mouth awry.

3. Another property of the mus-.
cles, which could only be the result
of care, is their being almost uni-
versally so disposed as not to ob-
struét or interfere with one ano-
ther’s aétion. ' I know but one in-
stance in which this impediment is
perceived: we cannot easily swallow
whilst we gape. This, I understand,
is owing to the muscles employed in
the aét of deglutition, being so im-
plicated with the muscles of the
lower jaw, that, whilst these last
are contrac¢ted, the former cannot
aét with freedom. The obstruétion
is, in this instance, attended with
little inconveniency; but it shews
what the effeét is where it docs exist,
and what loss of faculty there would
be, if it were more frequent. Now
when we refle¢ét upon the number of
muscles, not fewer than four hun-
dred and forty-six in the human
body, known and named,* how
contiguous they lie to each other, in
layers, as it were, over one another,
crossing one another, sometimes

_ embedded in one another, sometimes

_ perforating one another, an arrange-
“ment, which leaves to each its li-
"erty and its full play, must neces-
> sarily require meditation and coun-
sel.

E+ The following is oftentimes
_the case with the muscles. ‘Their
- action is wanted where their situa-
tion would be inconvenient. In
which case the body of the muscle

_ is placed in some commodious posi-

tion at a distance, and made to
communicate with the point of ac-

, Vor, XLVI.

* Keill’s Anat.

881

tion, by slender strings or wires. If
the muscles, which move the fingers,
had been placed in the palm or back
of the hand, they would have swel-
led that part to an awkward and
clumsy thickness. The beauty, the
proportions of the part, would have
been destroyed. They are there-
fore disposed in the arm, and even
up to the elbow; and aét by long
tendons, strapped down at the
wrist, and passing under the liga-
ment to the fingers, and to the joints
of the fingers, which they are seve-
rally to move. In like manner, the
muscles which move the toes, and
many of the joints of the foot, how
gracefully are they disposed in the
calf of the leg instead of formingan
unwieldy tumefaétion in the foot it-
self? The observation may be re-
peated of the muscle which draws
the ni¢titating membrane over the
eye. Its office is in the front of the
eye, but its body is lodged in the
back part of the globe, where it is
safe, and where it incumbers no-
thing.

5. The great mechanical variety
in the figure of the muscles may be
thus stated. It appears to be a
fixed law, that the contraétion of 2
muscle shall be towards its centre.
Therefore the subjeét for mechanism
on each occasion is, so to modify
the figure, and adjust the position
of the muscle, as to produce the
motion required, agreeable with this
law. This can only be done by
giving to different muscles a diver-
sity of configuration, suited to their
several offices, and to their situation
with respeét to the work which they
have to perform, On which ac-
count we find them under a multi-
plicity of forms and attitudes ; some.

p. 295, ed. 3d.

3k times

832
times with double tendons, some-
times with treble tendons, sometimes
with none; sometimes one tendon
to several muscles, at other times
one muscle to several tendons. The
shape of the organ is susceptible of
au incalculable variety, whilst the
original property of the muscle,
‘the Jaw and line of its contraétion,
remains the same; and is simple.
Herein the muscular system may be
said to bear a perfeét resemblance to
our works of art. An artist does
not alter the native quality of his
materials, or their laws of aétion.
He takes these as he finds them.
His skill and ingenuity are employ-
ed in turning them, such as they
are, to his account, by giving to the
parts of his machine a form and re-
Jation, in which these unalterable
properties may operate to the pro-
duction of the effects intended.

6. ‘Lhe ejaculations can never too
often be repeated. How many things

must go right for us to: be an hour.

at case! How many more to be vi-
gorous and active! Yet vigour and
activity are, in a vast plurality of
instances, preserved in human bo-
dies, notwithstanding that they de-
peud upon so great a number of in-
struments of motion, and notwith-
standing that the defeét or disorder
sometimes of a very small instru.
uient, of a single pair, for instance,
out of the four hundred and forty-
six muscles which are employed,
may be attended with grievous in-
conveniency. There is piety and
good sense in the following obser-
vation taken out of the Religious
Philosopher: *¢ With much com-
passion,” says this writer, “ as
well as astonishment at the good-
ness of our.loving.Creator, have. I
considered the sad state of a cer.
tain gentleman, who, as to the rest,
was, in pretty good health, but only

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

wanted the use of these two little
museles that serve to lift up the eye- .
lids, and so had almost lost the use
of his sight, being forced, as long
as this defect lasted, to shove up his
eye-lids every moment with his own
hands!” In general, we may re-
mark how little those who enjoy the
perfect use of their organs, know
the comprehensiveness of the bles-
sing, the variety of their obligation.
They perceive a result, but they
think little of the multitude of con-
currences and rectitudes which go
to form it.

Beside these observations, which
belong to the muscular organ as
such, we may notice some advan-
tages of structure which are more
conspicuous in muscles of a certain
class or description than in others,
Thus,

I. The variety, quickness, and
precision of which muscular motion
is capable, are seen, [ think, in no |
part so remarkably as in the tongue.
It is worth any man’s while to watch
the agility of his tongue; the won-
derful promptitude with which it
executes changes of position, and
the perfect exaétness. Each sylla-
ble of articulated sound requires for
its utterance a specific aétion of the
tongue, and of parts adjacent to it.
The disposition and configuration of
the mouth, appertaining to every
letter and word, is not only pecu-
liar, but, if nicely and accurately
attended to, perceptible to the
sight; insomuch that curious per-
sons have availed themselves of this
circumstance to teach the dumb to
speak, and to understand what is
said by others. In the same per
son, and after his habit of speaking
is formed, one, and only one posi-
tion of the parts will. produce a
given articulate sound correétly.
How instantaneously are these posi-

tions

MISCELLANEOUS

tions assumed and dismissed: how
numerous are the permutations, how
various, yet how infallible? Arbi-
trary and antic variety is not the
_ thing we admire; but variety obey-
ing a rule conducing to an effect,
_ and commensurate with exigencies
infinitely diversified. I believe also
that the anatomy of the tongue
_ corresponds with these observations
_ upon its a¢tivity. ‘The muscles of
_ the tongue are so numerous and so
_ implicated with one another, that
_ they cannot be traced by the nicest
_ disseétion ; nevertheless, which is a
great perfection of the organ, nei-
ther the number, nor the complexi-
_ ty, nor what might seem to be the
im entanglement of its fibres, in any
_ wise impede its motion, or render
_ the determination or success of its
efforts uncertain.*
In faét, the constant warmth and
moisture of the tongue, the thin-
ness of the skin, the papil/e upon
_its surface, qoalify this organ for its
' Office of tasting, as much as its in-
xtricable multiplicity of fibres do
for the rapid movements which are
necessary to speech. Animals which
feed upon grass, have their tongues
sovered with a perforated skin, so
s to admit the dissolved food to the
papille underneath, which, in the
nean time, remain defended from
the rough action of the unbruised
iculiec.
~ There are brought together within
e cavity of the mouth more dis.

ESSAYS.

tinct uses, and parts executing more
distinét offices, than -I think can be
found lying so near to one another,
or within the same compass, in any
other portion of the body, viz.
teeth of different shape; first for
cutting, secondly for grinding : mus-
cles, most artificially disposed for
carrying on the compound motion
of the lower jaw, half lateral, and
half vertical, by which the mili is
worked: fountains of saliva, spring-
ing up in different parts of the ca-
vity, for the moistening of the food,

whilst the mastication is going on
glands to feed the fountains : a mus-
cular constriétion of avery pecu- -
liar kind in the back part of the
cavity, for the guiding of the pre-
pared alinient into its passage to-
wards the stomach, and in many
cases for carrying it along that pas-
sage: for, althongh we may ima-
gine this to be done simply by the
weight of the food itself, it in truth
is not so, even in the upright pos-
ture of the human neck ; and most
evidently is not the case with quad-
tupeds; with a horse, for instaiice,
in which, when pasturing, the food
is thrust upward by muscular
strength, instead of descending of
its own accord.

In the mean time, and within the
same cavity, is going on another bu-
siness, altogether different from what
is here described, that of respira.
tion and speech. In addition, there-
fore, to all that has been mentioned,

883

_ * There entreat the reader’s permission to step a little out of my way to consider
e parts of the mouth in some of their other properties,
t by an eminent physiologist, that, whenever nature attempts to work two or
hore purposes by one instrument, she does both or all imperfectly,
f the tongue, regarded as an instrument of speech, and of taste :
n instrument of speech, of taste, and of deglutition? So much otherwise, that
lany per‘ ons, that is to say, nine hundred and ninety-nine persons out of a thou-
, by the instrumentality of this one organ, talk, and taste, and swallow, very

It has been said, and °

Is this .true
or regarded as

'3L2 we

884
we have a passage opened from this
cavity to the lungs, for the admis-
sion of air, exclusively of every
other substance: we have muscles,
some in the larynx, and without
number in the tongue, for the pur-
pose of modulating that air in its
passage, with a variety, a compass,
and precision, “of which no other
musical instrument is capable. And,
lastly, which, in my opinion, crowns
the whole as a piece of machinery,
we have a specific contrivance for
dividing the penumatic part from the
mechanical, and for preventing one
set of aétions interfering with the
other. Wherevarious functions are
united, the difficulty is to guard
against the inconveniencies of a too
great complexity, In no apparatus
put together by art, and for the pur-
poses of art, do I know such multi-
farious uses so aptly combined as in
the natural organization of the hu-
man mouth; or where the structure
compared with the uses, is so simple.
The mouth, with all these intentions
to serve, is a single cavity; is one
machine; with its parts neither
crowded nor confused, and each
unembarrassed by the rest ; each at
least at liberty, in a degree, suilici-
ent for the end to be attained. If
we cannot eat and sing.at the same
moment, we can eat one moment,
and sing the next; the respiration
proceeding freely all the while.
There is one case, however, of
this double office, and that of the
(earliest) necessity, which the mouth
alone could not perform; and that
is, carrying on together the two ac-
tions of sucking and breathing.
Another route, therefore, is open-
ed for theair, namely, through the
nose, which lets the breath pass
backward and forward, whilst the
lips, in the act of sugking, are neces-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. '

sarily shut close upon the body,
from which the nutriment is drawn.
This is a circumstance which always
appeared to me worthy of notice. |

The nose would have been neces. —
sary, although it had not been the —
organ of smelling. The making it —
the seat of a sense, was superadding ©

a new use to a part already wanted; —
was taking a wise advantage of an —
antecedent and a constitutional ne-
cessity.

\ al
Of the Succession of Plants and Anis —
mals, From the same. ‘e

The generation of the animal no
more. accounts for the contrivance of |
the eye or the car, than, uponasup- —
position stated in a preceding chap- q
ter, the production of a watch by~
the motion and mechanism of a ~
former watch, would account for —
the skill and intention evidenced in —
the watch so produced; than it
would account for the disposition of ©
the wheels, the catching of their —
tecth, the relation of the several
parts of the works to one another, %
and to their common end, for the
suitableness of their farms and
places to their offices for their con-_
nection, their operation, and the
useful result of that operation. |
do insist most strenuously upon the
correctness of this comparison ; that.
it holds as to every other mode of
specific propagation ; and that what.
ever was true of the watch, under.
the hypothesis above mentioned, is”
ae of plants and animals.

To begin with the fruétificas
ee. of plants. Can it be doubted |
but that the seed contains a particu.
lar organization? Whether a la-
tent plantule with the means of tem~-
porary nutrition, or whatever else it

be,

ee a a eae oe ee ae ree, ©

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS. .

be, it incloses an organization suit-
ed to the germination of a new
plant. Has the plant which pro-

duced the seed any thing more to do *

with that organization than the
watch would have to do with’ the
struéture of the watch which was
produced in the course of its me-
chanical movement? I mean, has
it any thing at all to do with the
contrivance? The maker and con-
triver of one watch, when he in-
serted within it a mechanism suited

to the produétion of another watch,

was, in truth, the maker and con-
triver of that other watch. All the
properties of the new watch were to
be referred to his agency; the de-
sign manifested in it, to his inten-
tion; the art to him as the artist,
the colocation of each part to his
placing; the action, effect, and use,
to his counsel, intelligence, and
workmanship. In producing it by
the intervention of a former watch,
he was only working by one set of
tools instead of another. So it is
with the plant, and the seed produc-
ed byit. Can any distinétion be as-
signed between the two cases; be-
tween the producing watch, and the
producing plant? both passive, un-
conscious substances; both, by the
organization which was given to
them, producing their like, without
understanding or design, both, that
is, instruments.

2. From plants, we may proceed
to oviparous animals; from seeds to
eggs. Now I say that the bird has
the same concern in the formation of
the egg which she lays, as the plant
has in that of the»seed which it
drops, and no other, nor greater.
The internal constitution of the ‘egg
is as much a secret to the hen, as if
the hen were inanimate. Her will
cannot alter it, or change a single

> o

885

feather of the chick. She can nei-
ther foresee nor determine of which
sex her brood shall be, or how many
of either; yet the thing produced
shall be, from the first, very differ-
ent in its make, according to the
sex which it bears. So far, there-
fore, from adapting the means, she
is not before-hand apprized of the
effe&. If there be concealed with-
in that smooth shell a provision and
a preparation for the produétion and
nourishment of a new animal, they
are not of her providing or pre-
paring: if there be contrivance, it
is none of hers. Although, there-
fore, there be the difference of life
and perceptivity between the ani-
mal and the plant, it is a difference ©
which enters not into the account,
It is a foreign circumstance. It is
a difference of properties not em-
ployed. The animal function and
the vegetable fun¢tion are alike des-
titute of any which can operate upon
the form of the thing produced.
The plant has no design in produc-
ing the seed, no comprehension of
the ifature or use of what it pro-
duces: the bird, with respect to its
egg, is not above the plant with re-
spect to its seed. Neither the one
nor the other bears that sort of re-
lation to what proceeds from them
which a joiner does to the chair
which he makes. Now a cause,
which bears. this relation to the ef-
feét, is what we want, in order to
account for the suitabieness of
means to an end, the fitness and fit.
ting of one thing to another; and
this cause the parent plant or ani-
mal does not supply.

It is further observable concerns
ing the propagation of plants and
animals, that the apparatus employ-
ed exhibits no resemblance to the
thing produced; in this respect

3L3 holding

886

holding an analogy with instruments
and tools of art. The filaments,
anthere, and stigmata of flowers
bear no more resemblance to the
young plant, or even to the seed,

which is formed by their aierren
tion, than a chisel or plane does to
a table or chair. What then are the
filaments, anthere, and stigmata of
plants, but instruments, strictly so
called ?

3. We may advance from animals
which bring forth eggs, to animals
which bring forth their young alive;
and, of this latter class, from the
lowesi to the highest, from irrational
to rational life, from brutes to the
human species ; without perceiving,
as we proceed, any alteration what-
ever in thé terms of the comparison.
The rational animal does not pro-
duce its offspring with more cer-
tainty or success than the irrational
animal : a man than a quadruped, a
quadruped than a bird; nor (for we
may follow the gradation through
its whole scale) a bird than a plant ;
nor a plant than a watch, a piece of
dead mechanism, would do, upon
the supposition which has already so
often been repeated. Rationality,
therefore, has nothing to do in the
business. If an account must be
given of the contrivance which we
observe ; if it be demanded, whence
arose cither the contrivance by
which the young animal is produced,
or the contrivance manifested in the
young animal itself, it is not from
the reason of the parent that any
such account can be drawn. He is

he cause of his offspring in the same
sense as that in which a gardener is
the cause of the tulip which grows
upon his. parterre and in no other.
We admire the flower; we examiue
the plant; we perceive the condu-
civeness of many of its parts to their

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

end and office: we observe a pro-
vision for its nourishment, growth,
protection, and fecundity: but we
never think of the gardener in all
this. We attribute nothing of this
to his agency ; yet it may still be
true, that without the gardener, we
should not have had the tulip. Just
so it is with the succession of ani-
mals even of the highest order. For.
the contrivance discovered in the
structure of the thing produced, we
want acontriver. The parent is not
that contriver. His consciousness
decides that question. He is in total
ignorance why that which is pro-
duced took its present form rather
than any other. It is for him only
to be astonished by the effect. We
can no more look, therefore, to the
intelligence of the parent animal for
what we are in search of, a cause
of relation and of subserviency of
parts to their use, which relation
and subserviency we see in the pro-
created body, than we can refer the
internal conformation of an acorn to
the intelligence of the oak from
which it dropped, or the struéture
of the watch to the intelligence of
the watch which produced it; there
being no difference, as far as argue
ment is concerned, between an in-
telligence which is not exertedy and
an intelligence which does not exist.

Two Letters on the subject of Public
Education, from the celebrated
Cowper.

To the Rev. William Unwin.
My dear friend, Sept. 7, 1780.
As many gentlemen as there are
in the world, who have children,
and heads capable -of reflecting on
the important subject of their edu-
cation, so Many opinions there are
about

ae

:

Ly

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

about it; many of them just and
sensible, though almost all differing
from each other. With respect to
the education of boys, I think they
are generally made to draw in Latin
and Greek trammels too soon. It
is pleasing no doubt to a parent, to
see his child already in some sort a
a proficient in those languages, at
an age when most others are entirely
ignorant of them; but hence it
often happens, that a boy, who
would construe a fable of sop, at
six or seven years of age, haying
exhausted his little stock of atten-
tion and diligence, in making that
notable acquisition, grows weary of
his task, conceives a dislike for
study, and perhaps makes but a

_ very indifferent progress afterwards.

The mind and body have in this
respect, a striking resemblance of
each other. In childhood they are
both nimble, but not strong; they
can skip, and frisk about with
wonderful agility, but hard labour
spoils them both, In maturer years
they become less active, but more
vigorous, more capable of a fixt ap-
plication, and can make themselves
sport with that which a little earlier

_ would have affected them with in-

tolerable fatigue. I should recom-
mend it to you therefore, (but after
all you must judge for yourself) to
allot the two next years of little
John’s scholarship, to writing and
arithmetic, together with which,

_ for variety’s sake, and because it is

capable of being formed into an
amusement, I would mingle geogra-

_ phy, (a science which if not at-
tended to betimes, is seldom made

an object of much consideration ;)

_ essentially necessary to the accom.

plishment of a gentleman, yet (as I
know by sad experience) imper-
fectly if at all, imculcated in the

887

schools. Lord Spencer’s son, when
he was four years of age, knew the
situation of every kingdom, coun-
try, city, river, and remarkable
mountain in the world. For this at-
tainment, which I suppose his fa-
ther had never made, he was in-
debted to a plaything; having been
accustomed to amuse himself with
those maps which are cut into seve-
ral compartments, so as to be
thrown into a heap of confusion, that
they may be put together again with
an exact coincidence of all their
angles and bearings, so as to form
a perfect whole.

If he begins Latin and Greek at
eight, or even at nine years of age,
it is surely soon enough. Seven
years, the usual allowance for those
acquisitions, are more than sufficient
for that purpose, especially with
his readiness in learning ; for you
would hardly wish to have him qua-
lified fof the university before fif-
teen, a period, in my mind, much
too early for it, and when he could
hardly be trusted there without the
utmost danger to his morals. Upon
the whole, you will perceive that in
my judgment the difliculty, as well
as the wisdem, consists more in
bridling in, and keeping back, a
boy of his parts, than in pushing
him forward. If, therefore, at the
end of the two next years, instead
of putting a grammar into his
hand, you should allow him to
amuse himself with some agreeable
writers upon the subject of natural
philosophy, for another year, I
think it would answer well. There
is a book called Cosmotheoria Pue-
yilis, there are Durham’s Physico,
and Astrotheology, together with
several others in the same manner,
very intelligible even to a child,
and full of useful instruction.

Ww. C,

3L4 LETTER

888 ©

LETTER XXVII.
To the Rey. William Unwin.

Sept. 17, 1780.
My dear friend,

Yon desire my further thoughts
on the subject of education, I send
you such as had for the most part
occurred to me when I wrote last,
but could not be comprised in a
single letter. ‘They are indeed on
a different branch of this interesting
theme, but not less important than
the former.

Think it your opines, and
wish you to think yourself, that
you are, in every respect, qualified
for the task of instructing your son,
and preparing him for the univer-
sity, without committing him to the
care of a stranger. Inmy judgment
a domestic education deserves the
preference to a public one, on an
hundred accounts, which I have
neither time nor room to mention.
I shall only touch upon two or
three that I cannot but consider as
having a right to gta most earnest
attention.

Jn a public school, or indeed any

. school, his morals are sure to be
but little attended to, and his reli-
gion none at all. Ifhe can catch the
Jove of virtue from the fine things
that are spoken of it in the Clas-
sics, and the love of holiness from
the customary attendance upon such
preaching as he is likely to hear, it
will be well; but I am sure you
have had too many opportunities
to observe the inefficacy of such
means, to expect any such advantage
from them. In the mean time, the
more powerful influence of bad ex-
ample, and perhaps of bad com-
pany, will continually counter-work
these only preservatives he can meet
with, and may possibly send him

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

home to you, at the end of five or
six years, such as you will be sorry
to see him. You escaped indeed
the contagion yourself, but a few
instances of happy exception from
a genera] malady, are not sufficient
warrant to conclude, that it is there-
fore not infectious, or may be en-
countered without danger.

You have seen too much of the
world, and are a man of too much
reflection, not to have observed,
that, in proportion as the sons of
a family approach to years of ma-
turity, they lose a sense of ob-
ligations to their parents, and seem
at last almost divested of that ten-
der affection, which the nearest of
all relations seem to demand from’
them. I have often observed it
myself, and have always thought I
could sufficiently account for it
without laying all the blame upon
the children. While they continue
in their parents’ house, they are
every day obliged, and every day re-
minded how much it is their inter-
est, as well as duty, to be obliging
and affectionate in return. But at
eight or nine years of age the boy
goes to school. From that moment
he becomes a stranger in his father’s
house. The course of parental
kindness is interrupted. The smiles
of his mother, those tender admo-
nitions, and the solicitous care of
both his parents, are no Jonger be-—
fore his eyes—year after year he
feels himself more and more de-
tached from them, till at last he is
so effectually weaned from the con-
nection, as to find himself happier
any where than in their company.

I should have been glad of a
frank for this letter, for I have
said but little of what I could say
upon the subject, and perhaps [
may not'be able to catch it by-the’

ais

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

end again. IfI can, I shall. add to
it hereafter.

Yours, W:C.

”
LETTER XXVIIi.

To the Rev. William Unwin.
My dear friend, Oct. 5, 1780.

Now for the sequel.—You have
anticipated one of my arguments
in fayour of 2 private education,
therefore I need say but little about
it. The folly of supposing that the
mother tongue, in some respects the
most diificult of ail tongues, may be
acquired without a teacher, is pre-
dominant in all the public schools
that I have heard of. To pro-
nounce it well, to speak and to
write it with fluency and elegance,
are no easy attainments; not one
in fifty of those whe pass through
Westminster and Eton, arrive at
any remarkable proficiency in these
accomplishments; and they that do,
are more indebted to their own

* study and application for it, than

to any instruction received there.
In general, there is nothing so pe-

- dantic as the style of a school-boy,

if he aims at any style at all, and if

_ he does not, he is of course inele-

gant, and perhaps ungrammatical.
A defect no doubt in great mea-
sure owirig to a want of cultiva-
tion, for the same lad that is often
commended for his Latin, frequently
would deserve to be whipped for
his English, if the fault were not
more his master’s than his own. I
know not where this evil isso likely to
be prevented as at home—supposing
always, nevertheless (which is the
case in your instance) that the

_ boy’s parents, and their acquaint-

ance, are persons of elegance and

taste themselves. For to converse

with those who converse with pro-

priety, and to be directed to such
2

889

authors, as have refined and im-
proved the language by their pro-
ductions, are advantages which he
cannot elsewhere enjoy in an equal
degree. And though it requires
some time to regulate the taste, and
fix the judgment, and these effects
must be gradually wrought even
upon the best understanding, yet
I suppose mach less time will be-
necessary for the purpose, than
could at first be imagined, because
the opportunities of improvement
are continual.

A public education is often re-
commended as the most effectual re-
medy for that bashful and awkward
restraint, so epidemical among the
youth of ourcountry. But I verily
belicve, that instead of being a
cure, it is often the cause of it.
For seven or eight years of life, the
boy has hardly seen or conversed
witha man, or woman, except the
maids at his boarding house. A
gentleman, or a lady, are conse-
quently such novelties to him, that
he is perfectly at a Joss to know
what sort of behaviour he should
preserve before them. He plays
with his buttons, or the strings of
his hat; he blows his nose, and
hangs down his head, is conscious
of his own deficiency to a degree,
that makes him quite unhappy, and
trembles lest any one should speak
to him, because that would quite
overwhelm him. Is not all this
miserable shyness the effect of his
education? To me it appears to be
so. If he saw good company every
day, he would not be terrified at the.
sight of it, and a room full of ladies
and gentlemen, would alarm him
no more than the chairs they sit on,
Such is the effeét of custom.

I need add nothing more on this
subject, because I believe little

John

890

John is as likely to be exempted
from this weakness as most young
gentlemen we shall meet with. He
seems to have his father’s spirit in
this respect, in whom I could never
discern the Jeast trace of bashful-
ness, though I have often heard
him complain of it. Under your
management, and the influence of
your example, I think he can hardly
fail to escape it. If he does, he
escapes that which has made many
aman uncomfortable for life, and
ruined not a few; by forcing them
into mean and dishonourable com-
pany, where only they could be
free and cheerful.

Connections formed at school,
are said to be lasting, and often be-
neficial. There are two stories of
this kind upon record, which would
not be so constantly cited as they
are whenever this subject, happens
to ‘be mentioned, if the chronicle
that preserves their remembrance,
had many besides to boast of. For
my own part, I found such friend.
ships, though warm enough in their
commencement, surprisingly liable
to extinction: and of seven or eight,
whom I had selected for intimates,
out of about three hundred, in ten
years time not one was left me.
The truth is, that there may be,
and often is an attachment of one
boy to another, that looks very
like a friendship, and while they
are in circumstances that enable
them mutually to oblige and to as-
sist each other, promises well, and
bids fair to be lasting. But they
are no sooner separated from each
other, by entering into the world at
large, than other connections, and
new employments, in which they
no longer share together, efface the
remembrance of what passed in car-
lier days, and they become strangers

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

to each other for ever. Add to this,
that the man frequently differs so
much from the boy, his principles,
manners, temper, and conduct, un.
dergo so- great an alteration, that
we no longer recognize in him our
old play-fcllow, but find him utterly
unworthy, and unfit for the place
he once held in our affections.

To close this article, as I did the
Jast, by applying myself immedi-
ately to the present concern. Lit-
tle John is happily placed above all
occasion for dependence on all such
precarious hopes, and need not be
sent to school in quest of some
great men in embryo, who may pos-
sibly make his fortune.

Yours, my dear friend,

-~

On the proper Course of Elementary
Study.—From Chatham’s Letters.

Bath, Jan. 12, 1754...9

My dear Nephew,

Your letter from Cambridge.af-
fords me many very sensible plea-
sures: first, that you are at last in
a proper place for study and im-
provement, instead of losing any
more of that most precious thing time,
in London. In the next place, that
you seem pleased with the particular
society you are placed in, and with
the gentleman to whose care and
instruétion you are committed : and
above all | applaud the sound right
sense and love of virtue, which ap-
pears- through your whole letter.
You are already possessed of the
true clue to guide you throngh this
dangerous and perplexing part of
life’s journey, the years of educa-
tion ; and upon which the complex-
ion of all the rest of your days will
infallibly depend: {say yowhave the

true

€7.">

MiSCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

true clue to guide you, in the max-
im you lay down in your letter to
me, namely, that the use of learn-
ing is, to render a man more wise
and virtuous ; not mercly to make
him more learned. Mace tud vir-
fuie; go on, my dear boy, by this
golden rule, and you cannot fail to
become every thing your generous
heart prompts you to wish to be, and
that mine most affectionately wishes
for you. There is but one danger
in your way ; and that is perhaps
natural enough to your age, the
love of pleasure, or the fear of close
application and laborious diligence.
With the last there is nothing you
may not conquer: and the first is
sure to conquer and enslave who-
ever does not strenuously and gene-
rously resist the first allurements of
it, lest, by small indulgencies, he
fall under the yoke of irresistible
habit. Vitanda est improba sineu,
desidia, I desire, may be affixed to
the curtains of your bed, and to the
walls of your chambers. If you do
not rise early, you never can make
any progress worth talking of; and
another rule is, if you do not set
apart your hours of reading, and
never suffer yourself or any one
else to break in upon them, your
days will slip through your hands
unprofitably and frivolously ; un-
praised by all you wish to please,
and really unenjoyable to yourself.
Be assured, whatever you take from
pleasure, amusements, or indolence
for these first few years of your life,
will repay you a hundred fold in the
pleasures, honors, and advantages
of all the remainder of your days.

My heart is so full of the most earnest

_ desire that you shoujd do well, that

‘60 good to excuse.

I find my letter has ren into some
Jength, which you will, I know, be
There remains

891

now nothing to trouble you with,
but a little plan for the beginning
of your studies, which I desire ina

‘particular manner may be exactly

followed in every tittle. You are
to qualify yourself for the part in
society to which your birth and es-
tate callyou. You are to be a gen-
tleman ef such learning and quali-
fications, as may distinguish you in
the service of your country here-
after; not a pedant, who reads
only to be called jearned, instead
of considering learning as an instru-
ment only for a¢tion. Give me
leave therefore, my dear nephew,
who have gone before you, to point
out to you the dangers in your road 5
to guard you against such things as i
experience my own defeéts to arise
from; and, at the same time, if I
have had any little successes in the
world, to guide you to what I have
drawn many helps from. I have
not the pleasure of knowing the
gentleman who is your tutor, but I
dare say he is every way equal to
the charge, which I think no small
one. You will communicate this
letter to him, and | hope he will be
so good to concur with me, as te
the course of study I desire you may
begin with; and that such books,
and such only as L have pointed out,
may be read. They areas follow:
Euclid; acourse of logic; acourse of
experimental philosophy ; Locke's
Conduét of the Understanding ; his
Treatise, also, on the Understanding;
his Treatise on Government, and Let-
ters on Toleration. 1 desire, for the
present, no books of poctry but
Horace and Virgil: of Iiorace, the
Odes, but above all, the “pistles and
Ars Poetica. These parts, Nocturna
Versate Manu, Versate Diurna. Tul.
ly de Offiiciis, de Amicitia, de Senec-
tute, His Catilinarian Orations, and

Philippics

892

Philippics: Salust: at leisure hours,
an abridgment of the history of
England to be run through, in or-
der to settle in the’mind a general
chronological order and series of
principal events, and succession of
kings: proper books of English his-
tory, on the true principles of our
happy constitution, shall be point-
ed out afterwards. Burnet’s His-
tory of the Reformation, abridged
by himself, to be read with great
care. Father Paul on Beneficiary
Matters, in English: a French mas-
ter, and only Moliere’s plays to be
read with him, or by yourself, till
you have, gone through them all.
Spectators, especially Mr. Addison’s
papers, to be read very frequently,
at broken times, in your room.

make it my request that you will
forbear drawing totally, while you
are at Cambridge ; and not meddle
' with Greck, otherwise than to know
a little the etymology. of words in
Latin, or English, or French: nor
to meddle with Italian. I hope this
little course willsoon be run through ;
LT intend it as a general foundation
for many things of infinite utility,

to come as soon as this is finished.

Believe me,

With truest affeéction,

My dear nephew,
Ever yours.

Keep this letter, and read it again.

Bath, January, 14, 1754.
My dear nephew,

You will hardly have read over
one very long letter from me, be-
fore you are troubled with a second.
I intended to have writ soon, but I

ANNUAL REGISTER.

do it the sooner on account of your
letter to your aunt, which she trans-
mitted to me here. If any thing,
my dear boy, could have happened
to raise you higher in my esteem,
and to endear you more to me, it
is the amiable abhorrence you feel
for the scene of vice and folly, (and
of real misery and perdition, under
the false notion of pleasure and
spirit,) which has opened to you at
college ; and at the same time, the
manly, brave, generous, and wise
resolution, and true spirit, with
which you resisted and repulsed the
first attempts upon a mind and heart,
I thank God, infinitely too firm and
noble, as well as too elegant and
enlightened, to be in any danger of
yielding to such contemptible and
wretched corruptions. You charm
me with the description of Mr.
Wheeler,* and while you say you
could adore him, [ could adore you
for the natural, genuine love of virtue
which speaks in all you feel, say, or
do. As to your companions, let this
be your rule: cultivate the acquaint-
ance with Mr, Wheeler, which you
have so fortunately begun; and in
general, be sure to associate with
men much older than yourself;
scholars whenever you can: but al-
ways with men of decent and ho-
nourable lives. As their age and
learning, superior both to your
own, must necessarily, in good
sense, and in the view of acquiring
knowledge from them, entitle them —
to all deference, and submission of |
your lights to theirs, you will parti-
cularly practise that first and great-
est rule for pleasing in conversation,

* The rev. John Wheeler, prebendary of Westminster. The friendship formed
between this gentleman and lord Camelford, at so early a period of their lives, was
founded in mutual esteem, and continued uninterrupted till lord Camelford’s

death.

as

~

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

as well as for drawing instruction
and improvement frem the company
one’s superiors in age and know-

dJedge, namely, to be a patient, at-

tentive, and well-bred hearer, and
to answer with modesty: to deliver
your own opinions sparingly and
with proper diflidence; and if you
are forced to desire farther infor-
mation or explanation upon a point,
todo it with proper apologies for
the trouble you give; or if) obliged
to differ, to do it with all possible
candour, and an unprejudiced desire
to find and ascertain truth, with an
entire indifference to the side on
which that truth is to be found.-—
There is likewise a particular atten-
tion required to contraditt with good
manners ; such as begging pardon,
begging leave to doubt, and such
like phrases. Pythagoras enjoined
his scholars an absolute silence for a
long noviciate. Lam far from ap-
proving such a taciturnity ; but I
highly recommend the end and in-
‘tent of Pythagoras’s injunction ;
which is, to dedicate the first parts
of life more to hear and learn, in
order to collect materials, out of
which to form opinions founded on
proper lights, and well-examined
sound principles, than to be pre-
suming, prompt, and flippant,
hazarding one’s own slight erude
notions of things; and thereby ex-
posing the nakedness and emptiness

"of the mind, like a house opened to

ee eS a eee YO

company before it is fitted either
with necessaries, or any ornaments
for their reception and entertain-
ment. And not only will this dis-
grace follow from such temerity and
presumption, but a more serious
danger is sure to ensue, that is, the
embracing errors for truths, preju-
dices for principles ; and when that
is once doue, (no matter how vainly

in,

8938

and weakly,) the adhering perhaps
to false and dangerous notions, only
because one has declared for them,
and submitting for life, the under-
standing and conscience to a yoke
of base and servile prejudices, vainly
taken up, and obstinately retained.
This will never be your danger; but
I thought it not amiss to offer these
reflections to your thoughts. As to
your manner of behaving towards
these unhappy young gentlemen you
describe, let it be manly and easy 5
decline their parties with civility ;
retort their raillery with raillery,
always tempered with good breed-
ing; if they banter your regularity,
order, decency, and love of study,
banter, in return, their neglect of
them; and venture to own frankly
that you came to Cambridge te
Jearn what you can—not to follow
what they are pleased to call plea-
sure. In short, let your external
behaviour to them be as full of
politeness and ease, as your in-
ward estimation of them is full
of pity mixed with contempt.
I come now to the part of the ad-
vice I have to offer you, which most
earnestly concerns your welfare,
and upon which every good and
honourable purpose of your life will
assuredly turn: I mean the keeping
up in your heart the true sentiments
of religion. If you are net right
towards God, you can never be so
towards man: ‘the noblest sentiment
of the human mind is here brought
to the test. Is gratitude in the |
number of a man’s virtues? if it be,
the highest Benefaétor demands the
warmest returns of gratitude, love,
and praise: Ingratum qui dixerit,
omnia dixt. If a man wants this
virtue where there are infinite obli-
gations to excite and quicken it, he
will be aes to want all others to.
wards

394

wards his fellow-creatures, whose
atmost gifts are poor, compared to
those he daily receives at the hands
of his never failing Almighty Friend.
Remember thy Creator in the days
of thy youth, is big with the decp-
est wisdom: The fear of the Lord
is the beginning of wisdom; and,
an upright heart, that is understand-
ing. This is eternally true, whether
the wits and rakes of Cambridge
allow it or not: nay, I must add,
of this religious wisdom, Her ways
are ways of pleasantness, and all her
paths are peace, whatever your
young gentlemen of pleasure think
of a whore and a bottle, a tainted
health and a battered constitution.
Hold fast, therefore, by this sheet-
anchor of happiness, religion; you
will often want it in the times of
most danger; the storms and tem-
pests of life. Cherish true religion
#s preciously as you will fy with

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

abhorrence and contempt supersti-
tion and enthusiasm. ‘The first is
the perfeétion and glory of the hu-
man nature: the two last, the de-
pravation and disgrace of it. Re-
member, the essence of religion is,
a heart void of offence towards God
and towards man; not subtle spe-
culative opinions, but an active vi-
tal principle of faith. The words
of a heathen are so fine that I must
give them to you : Compositum Jus,
Fasque Animi, Sanctosque Recessus
Mentis, et incoctum generoso Pectus
Lonesto.

Go on, my dear child, in the ad-
mirable dispositions you have to-
wards all that is right and good,
and make yourself the love and ad-
miration of the world! If have nei-
ther paper nor words to tell you
how tenderly

Tam yours.

POETRY.

‘

oy

,
[895]

POETRY.

ODE for the New Year, 1804.
- By Henny James Pyz, Esq. Poet-Laureat. |

AY 7 HEN, at the Despot’s dread command,
Bridg’d Hellespont his myriads bore
From servile Asia’s peopled strand
To Grecia’s and to Freedem’s shore—
While hostile fleets terrific sweep
With threatening oar th’ Ionian deep,
Clear Dirce’s bending reeds among
The Theban Swan no lenger sung :*
No mere by Isthmus’ wave-worn glade,
Or Nemea’s rocks, or Delphi's shade,
Or Pisa’s Olive-rooted grove,
The temple of Olympian Jove,
The Muses twin’d the sacred bough,
To crown th’ Athletic victor’s brow,
Till on the rough Aigean main,
Till on Platea’s trophied plain,
Was crush’d the Persian Tyrant’s boast,
O’erwhelm’d his fleet, o’erthrown his host,
Then the bold Theban seiz’d again the lyre,
And struck the chords with renovated fire:
“ On human life’s delusive state,
¢< Tho’ woes unseen, uncertain, wait,
<< Heal’d in the gen’rous breast is every pain,
With undiminish’d force, if Freedom’s rights remain” +

Not so the British Muse—Tho’ rude
Her voice to Grecia’s tuneful choir,

By dread, by danger unsubdu’d,
Dauntless she wakes the lyric wire:

* See Pind, Isth, Ode viii, + Ibid.

s96 ANNUAL REGYSTER, 1804.

So when the awful thunder roars,
When round the livid lightnings play,
Th’ Imperial eagle proudly soars,
And wings aloft her daring way.
And, hark! with animating note
Aloud her strains exulting float,
While pointing to th’ invet’rate host,
Who threat destruétion to this envied coast:
** Go forth, my sons—as nobler rights ye claim,
‘¢ Than ever fann’d the Grecian patriot’s flame,
‘¢ So let your breasts a fiercer ardour feel,
s¢ Led by your Patriot King, to guard your ewes weal.”

Her voice is heard—from wood, from vale, from down,
The thatch-roof’d village, and the busy town,
Eager th’ indignant country swarms,
And pours a people clad in arms,
Num’rous as those whom Xerxes led,
To crush devoted Freedom’s head ;
Firm as the band for Freedom’s cause who stood,
‘And stain’d Thermopule with Spartan blood ;
Hear o’er their heads the exulting goddess sing :
*¢ These are my favourite sons, and mine their Warrior King!”
Thro’ Albion’s plains, while wide and far
Swells the tumultuous din of war,
While from the loom, the forge, the flail,
From Labour’s plough, from Commerce’ sail,
All ranks to martial impulse yield,
And grasp the spear, and brave the field,
Do weeds our plains uncultur’d hide?
Does drooping Commerce quit the tide ?-
Do languid Art and Industry
Their useful cares no longer ply?
Never did Agriculture’s toil
With richer harvests clothe the soil ;
Ne’er were our barks more amply fraught,
Ne’er were with happier skill our ores, our fleeces wrought.

While the proud foe, to swell invasion’s host,
His bleeding country’s countless millions drains,

And Gallia mourns, through her embattled coast,

‘ Unpeopled cities, and unlabour’d plains,
To guard and to avenge this favour’d land,
Tho’ gleams the sword in ew’ry Briton’s hand,
Still o’er our fields waves Concord’s silken wing,
Still the Arts flourish, and the Muses sing;
While moral Truth, and Faith's celestial ray,

Adorn, illume, and bless, a George’s prosp’rous sway.

PORT RX 897

ODE for his Majesty’s Birtu-Day, 1804. By the Same.

I.
As the blest Guardian of the British Isles,
Immortal Liberty, triumphant stood,
And view’d her gallant sons, with favouring smiles,
Undaunted heroes of the field or flood;
From Inverary’s rocky shores,
Where loud the Hyperborean billow roars,
To where the surges of the Atlantic wave
Around Cornubia’s Western borders rave,
While Erin’s valiant warriors glow
With kindred fire to crush the injurious foe,
From her bright lance the flames of Vengeance stream,
And in her eagle eye shines Glory’s radiant beam.

If.

Why sink those smiles in Sorrow’s sigh ?
Why Sorrow’s tears suffuse that eye ?
Alas! while weeping Britain sees
The baleful fiends of pale Disease
Malignant hovering near her throne,
And threat a Monarch all her own—
No more from Anglia’s fertile land,
No more from Caledonia’s strand,
From Erin’s breezy hills no more
The panting legions crowd the shore;
The buoyant barks, the vaunting host
That swarm on Gallia’s hostile coast,
The anxious thought no longer share,
Lost in a nearer, dearer care,

’ And Britain breathes alone for Georar’s life her prayer.

IIl.
Her prayer is heard—Th’ Almighty Power,
Potent to punish or to save,
Bids Health resume again her happier hour ;—
And, as across the misty wave
The fresh’ning breezes sweep the clonds away
That hid awhile the golden orb of day,
So from Hygeia’s balmy breath
Fly the drear shadow’s of Disease and Death-—
Again the manly breast beats high,
And flames again the indignant eye,
While, from the cottage to the throne,
This generous sentiment alone

Vou; XLVI. 3M Lives

”

895 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Lives in each heart with patriot ardour warm,
Points every sword, nerves every Briton’s arm,
‘¢ Rush to the field where Georce and Freedom lead,
Glory and fame alike the warrior’s meed,
Brave in their Country’s cause, who conquer or who bleed.”

dn Avpress to their Masesrirs, on entering the Yacht at the Fete giveix
on board, at Weymouth, on the 29th of September , 1804, tn Honour of
the Birth-Day y of her Royal Highness the Duchess of Wirtembur ‘ge

poli by Mr. Elliston and Miss De Camp, in the Charaéters. of a Sailor
and his Wife.

The Sailor breaks from his Companions, and says to them,

TELL you I wil/ speak, so stand aside,
And let a Sailor, who has long defy’d
His country’s foes, for once approach his King,
The humble tribute of respeét to bring.
He, God preserve him! loves an English tar,
Nurs’d amid tempests, and the din of war;
And hears, well-pleas’d, an honest tongue impart
The plain effusions of a single heart.
[ Turning to the King.
Then trust me, Sir, there’s not a bosom here, -
Nor one that breathes a thought, to Britons dear,
Which does not feel the gen’rous glow of pride
To see his Friend, his Monarch by his side.
Ah! could you but conceive the general grief,
The look, which mock’d all comforts’ cold relief,
Whene’er a transient cloud of illness spread
Its chilling vapour o’er your honour’d head,
T need not now proclaim your subjects joy,
Most marked by what we felt, when fears alloy
To evry fond anxiety gave birth,
“¢ And taught the value of our jewel’s worth.”’*
If thus your people feel, what tongues can tell
The rapt’rous joy that must the bosom swell,
Of those who add, to ties like ours, the call-
Which Nature’s sympathies impress on all,
Whether they feel a Monarch’s scepter’d lot,
Or dwell the peasant of the poorest cot:
But chiefly her’s, who, in a foreign land,
r Far from her faker and his shelt’ring hand,

* Cowper's Task, :
a J

POETRY.

Ta absence felt that doubled cause of woe,

Which all who taste suspense too keenly know;
Who now, perhaps, the while her health goes round, *
And the deck echoes to the festive sound,

In fond-imagination views the scene,

And sighs to think what barriers intervene

To stop the thanks, that hang upon her tongue
Intent on him, from whom her being sprung,

*¢ Oh! may he live,” she cries, with mingled tears,

“¢ Longer than I have time to tell his years :*

And, while the dews of sleep his brows o’erspread,
May all good angels guard his nightly bed!’ ~

[Satlor’s Wife interrupts the Sailor.

My worthy friend, have you forgot the fame

Of old St. Michael, of goose-killing name?

How, ev’ry year, on this auspicious day

Our vows to him with grateful teeth we pay,

When cackling animals by instinét feel

A sort of tremor through the bosom steal ?

You surely have; but pr’ythee say no more, »

For, if you are not mute, I must implore

My Sovereign himself his aid to lend.

He, to‘’all just prerogative the friend,

Will never see a female, fair and young,

Robb’d of her best prerogative, her tongue.

And now, forsooth, when ladies ride a race,

And vie with men in ev’ry manly grace;
Oh! could our grandmothers on earth arrise,
How would such thoughts astound their wond’ring eyes !
They, who the Decalogue in cross-stich wrought,

Or good morality in samplers taught,

Who never rode but on some festive day,

When behind John, upon a long-tail’d grey ;

Strapp’d to a modest pillion’s sober side,

My good aunt Deborah came out a bride,

She a long-waisted Joseph proudly wore,

And on her head an ample bonnet bore.

What would she say to see the modern maid,

With jockey sleeves and velvet cap array’d,

‘Dashing thro’ thick and thin to win the post,

And swearing when she finds her wishes crost!
But how can [ one thought to censu re give,
When here, colleéted in this vessel, live
Whatever virtues dignify our kind, é
Or stamp with excellence the female mind !

* Shakespeare’s Henry the VIIIth.
3 ee

899

Here

900 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Here the soft maid, whose plighted vow is past
To him she fondly loves, with whom at last
She hopes to pass her happiest hours of life,
May read each duty which adorns a wife

; [ Turning to the Queen.
Reflected from the throne, where rank and birth
Shed the soft lustre of domestic worth.
Or would a daughter’s heart enquire the way
How best she may a parent’s care repay,

[ Turning to the Princesses:

Believe me, ladies, when I turn to you,
To pay the tribute to your virtues due,
I am no aétress here, if from its lid
The tear of admiration start unbid ;
There are rewards a King may call his own,
Briglrter than all the jewels of his throne;
Bought by a life in deeds of virtue spent,
Which, firm as adamant, on Heaven intent, }
Was never from its course of duty bent.
Forgive my tongue thus prattling out of time,
Like sweet bells jingling on unmeasur’d chime 5
Since ’tis the fulness of my joy that speaks,
The heart thro’ forms of ceremony breaks ;
For who can see a King whose virtues blend,
Which deck the Father, Monarch, and the Friend,
And not, by Nature’s magic sympathy,
Recall at once some fond congenial tie?
Then trust me, Sir, henceforth, when tempests roar,
And the winds whistle through my cottage door,
While in my solitary bed I’m laid,
And fears for Tom my anxious soul invade,
The thought that ’tis for you my sailor braves
The batile’s danger, and the stormy waves,
Shall make my heart with patriot ardour bura,
And hope anticipate his glad return.

So now farewell; but oh, may all, next year,
Again with merry hearts assemble here,
Once more to view their happy Sovereign prove
His Queen’s, his Children’s, and his People’s love!

PORESASROY 901

ODE
To the People of Great Brilain, on the threatened Invasion.
By Dr. Cuartes Burney.

5. eo Britons, arm! Your Country’s cause,
Your Monarch, Constitution, Laws,
Religion, wives, and infant train,
Now call to arms !—nor let their call be vain !
No: tread the path which erst your fathers trod :
The stake is England! Britons, rise:
Your foes are Gauls! Those foes chastise:
Woes to your King, your Country, and your God!

Shall he,—with virtues amply knowa,
Our King, be hur!’d from Britain’s throne
By Gauls, embrued in royal gore,
Who menace death or slavery round our shore ?
No: tread the path which erst your fathers trod :
Nor Jet the foes’ licentious pride
Your Monarch’s Jawful power deride:
Foes to your King, your Country, and your God!

Shall we, who boast a Briton’s name,

Renounce our Constitution’s claim ?

King, Lords, and Commons, levell’d low,—
And, tamely crouching, court the threaten’d blow? |
No: tread the path which erst your fathers trod ;

No foes in arms, with treacherous hate,

Shall shake your church, shall change your state,
Foes to your King, your Country, and your God!

Shall we, whose laws our rights secure,
Protecting all,—or rich or poor, —
Those laws abandon :—fram’d of old
By sires whose souls were stamp’d in Freedom’s mould ?
No: tread the path which erst your fathers trod: *
No proud dictator Britain knows:
Nor brook the rule of tyrant foes:
Foes to your King, your Country, and your God!

Shall we Religion’s voice neglect :
. Her duties spurn, her word reject:
While priests by ruthless steel expire,
And temples sink, involv’d in Atheist tire ¢
3M3 No:—

902 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

No :-—-—tread the path which erst your fathers trod :
The learn’d and pious sons of pray’r
From foes protect, with grateful care,—

Foes to your King, your Country, and your God!

Shall we, whom. Wedlock’s bands entwine,
With dastard souls our wives resign 5
While Love and Honour ‘¢ blow War’s blast 5”
And Memory lives to paint endearments past?. -
No :——tread the path which erst your fathers trod: =
Guard female worth, and female charms.
Guard wedded love, from foes in arms :—
Foes to your King, your Country, and your God!

Shall we, who’ve fondly watch’d each grace
That seem’d to mark our infant.race,
Now prematurely fix their doom,

While murderous rites pollute the victim’s tomb ?

No :——tread the path which erst your fathers trod :
Like them th’ ensanguin’d battle dare :
The foes nor child nor matron spare :

Foes to your King, your Country, and your. God!

The trumpet sounds! Ye British host,
On British ground defend your coast :
In every clime you ’ve tam’d their pride,

When Kings their rulers—Sanctity their guide!

Now tread the path which erst your fathers trod :
United brave the impending storm!
One dreadful phalanx, Britons, form:

Friends to your King, your Country, and your God!

~-

EPODE
- On the Siege of Acre, and British Triumphs in the East.
By Mr. Bow es.

Le
LY, son of Terror, fly !
Back o’er the burning desert he is fled!
In heaps the gory dead
: Gash’d in the trenches lie!
His dazzling files no more
Flash on the Syrian sands,
As when from Egypt’s ravag’d shore,
Aloft their gleaming falchions swinging,
Aloud their victor-pxans singing

P.QcE TRY. 903

{heir onward way the Gallic legions took,
Despair, dismay, are on his alter’d look,
Yet hate indignant low’rs ;
Whilst high on Acre’s fuming tow’rs
The shade of English Richard seems to stand ;
And frowning far, in dusky rows,
A thousand archers draw their bows!
They join the triumph of the British band,
And the rent watch-tow’r echoes to the cry,
Heard o’er the roiling surge,—‘ They fly, they fly !”
Ii.
<¢ Winds of the wilderness sweep o’er their bands, _
<¢ And may their bones whiten the desart wide !”
The Mam’luc said, as on red Egypt’s sands,
Gnashing, he clench’d his scymitar, and died!
The war trump answer’d: O’er the slain,
Yea the proud chief took up his taunting strain,
‘¢ Victors of the world we tread—
‘¢ From yonder monuments* the dead
¢¢ Our glorious march survey
<¢ To Acre—India !—In the sky
‘¢ Let the banner invincible fly,
<< And our triumphs the trumps to the wilderness bray !”
Shall Acre’s+ feeble citadel,
Victor, thy shatter’d hosts repel ?
Insulting chief, despair—
a Briton meets thee there!
See beneath the burning wall
In reeking heaps th’ assailants fall !
Now the hostile fires decline,
Now through the smoke’s deep volumes shine !
Now above the bastions gray
The clouds of battle roll away ;
Where, with calm, yet glowing mien,
Britain’s victorious Youth t is seen ;
He lifts his eye,
Ilis country’s ensigns wave through smoke on high,
Whilst the long-mingl’d shout is heard, ‘¢ They fly, they fly.”
Il.
Ancient Kishon,§ prouder swell,
_ On whose banks they bow’d, they fell—
The mighty ones of yore, whilst, with pale dread,
Inglorious Sisera fled!
3M4 Hoary
* Pyramids,
+ Acre, situated near Kishon and Carmel.
} Sir Sydney Smith.
§ See Song of Deborah:—“ The river Kishon, that ancient river: Ob, my soul,
~ thou hast trodden down strength,

904 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Hoary Carmel, witness thou,
And lift in conscious pride thy brow ;
As when, upon thy cloudy plain,
Baal’s prophets cry’d in vain!
They gash’d their flesh, and leap’d, and cry’d,
From morn till ling’ring even-tide.
Then stern Elijah on his foes,
Strong in the might of Heav’n, arose !—
They died :—He, on the altars rent,
As the blackning clouds and rain
Came sounding from the western main,
Stood, like the Lord of fate, alone and eminent,
; lV.
What triumphs yet remain ?
Was it a groan ?—a hero* fell,
On Egypt’s plain
More loud the shouts of battle swell!
Host meet host with direr crash,
Anothert+ pours the red vindictive flash
Of battle. Mourn, proud Gallia, mourn
Thy distant sons scatter’d or slain ;
Whilst from their gory grasp is torn
The ensign hail’d ‘* invincible,” in vain!
What mystic monument }, to day restor’d,
Js wrested from the mosque’s oblivious gloom?
It is thy hallow’d tomb,
Scander §, the conqueror of the world, ador’d
A God to farthest Caucasus: the son
Of Ammon, who the crown of glory won,
Immortal, who the seas subdu’d ;
And said, (when on the sandy solitude
The hew-form’d city’s || gleamy turrets rose)
s¢ Roll commerce here, till time shall close
“¢ The scene of things.” Their course long ages keep 5
Another** bears the sceptre of the deep !
O’er wider seas j
The sails of commerce catch the breeze 5
Thy city’s battlements are rent,
And
* Sir Ralph Abercrombie.

+ Lord Hutchinson. J :
{ Among the Egyptian antiquities now in the British Museum, there is a most

singular monument, of the rarest and most valuable marble, the green Brechia, res-
cued, by the activity of Mr. Clark, the celebrated traveller, from the French; and
supposed by him, for many cogent reasons, to be the tomb of the founder of Alex-
andria, His arguments have great weight; but whether they are well founded or
not, the circumstance is, at least, highly poetical.
§ The Arabic name of Alexander,
; || Alexandria, :
. ** England,

POETRY. 905

And Britain’s plain
Holds of thy greatness, thy poor last remain—
Thy awful moment. -
May she the paths of thy best* fame explore, |
‘Vill pyramids are dust, and time shall be no more.

THE WITCH OF LAPLAND.

P¥ritten before a late storm. Partly in Imitation of Gray's
: ‘¢ Descent of Odin.”

By Mr. Boy.

PROSE the fiend of Gaul with speed,
And seiz’d his fiery-footed steed,
And over sea and Jand he flew,
'Till near the witches den he drew.
The lofty rock, the gloomy cave,
Echoed to Finland’s roaring wave 5
And far within the fiend’s abode
That rules the blasts, and vex the flood,
<¢ Give me a wind,” the demon cry’d,
<< To sweep the broad Atlantic side,
And drive away the British train,
That block our ports, and guard the Main,
A storm, a storm, to scour the sea,
And claim a noble gift from me!
Grant me a storm, and name your price.
My pupil gives me large supplies.”
Viren.

é Tell what my reward shall be,

Before my whirlwinds scourge the sea.”
Demon.

‘¢ Phials of tears I will bestow,
By matrons shed in deepest woe ;
And cinders swept from burning towns, *
-And jewels reft from plunder’d crowns.
A trampled cross, a sacred bowl,
Pledge of a renegado’s soul ;
And if you to my prayer incline,
That soul-benumbing plant is thine,
Grafted on the Cyrneant yew,
Fostered with Tartarian dew.
Nay, if you the blast unbind,
A nobler gift shall soothe your mind.
A mitre by a prelate worn,
Who gave his creed to public scorn,

And
* Alexander’s maritime renown.
+ Ancient name of C orsica,

906 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

And here it is on vellum fair,

Tn letters blue, his backward prayer, A
When his dire spells the Magianshurl’d
Against the guardian of the world.

This scarf is dyed in infants’ blood,

Shed by its sire in furious mood ;

When robb’d by Gaul, with phrenzy wild,
Famine to shun, he stabb’d his child.

The maiden that this girdle wore,

Lies pale and stiff on Weser’s shore 5

‘fo shun the Gaul’s enfuriate chace,

She chose the water’s cold embrace.

And see what Gallic love bestows,
Impartial boon to friends and foes,

Those scales that weigh with even poise,
Plagues, that is, blessings in disguise.”

Wires.

‘¢ Give me all thy plundered store,
That cross and kerchief stain’d with gore,
But somewhat still you must resign,
Before the hurricane be thine:

A. warrior’s hand 1 must qbtain,
Unmatch’d in combats of the main;
This martial hand in battle lost,

Alone can free your cumber’d coast 5 _
And you the precious bones must find,
Wherever borne by wave or wind.
This charmed hand must be my prize,
Spreading to gigantic size ;

And, nerved anew by magic lays,

‘The anchor’s magnitude can raise.
Fate and France the boon demand,
~Fis Neptwne’s gift—tis Nelson’s hand.”

‘ « Y know the hand, £ hate the name,”
The fiend reply’d, with eyes of flame,
And seaward soon he took his flight,
Borne on the dragon wing of night.

And oft he search’d the sea-wolf’s jaw,
And oft the shark’s voracious maw 5
At length a shattered arm he found,
And bore to Lapland’s stormy bound.

~

The Crone her crimson flag unfurl’d, -
Dread signal to the vap’ry world;
And soon her elves, with sullen tune,
Drew a dim halo round the moon.

PO £.T. BY.

Loud and long the tempest blew,
Uptackle ran the gallant crew ;

The navy furl’d her sails in haste,
Half yielding to the furious blast.

But mightier powers had rendered vain
The compact of the hellish train.

And soon like eagles scattered far,

By the rude rage of windy war,

The squadrons rallied to their post,
Lining with fate the trembling coast.

Storming with rage, the demon finds
The grey commandress of the winds,
And Joud with furious jars assail’d,
Demanding why her magic fail’d. _
¢ Alas!” the Beldam cry’d, and shook
Her sides with laughter as she spoke,

‘¢ My friend, you quite mistook my meaning ;
Dead fingers from the ocean gleaning,

That hand I meant is aétive still ;

And He that baffles all our skill, —

Defends from ev’ry chance of war,

That member with peculiar care.

But; for the spoils you and your chief
Gave me, a treasure past belief,

They shall be paid (by hell I vow)

With ten-fold usury below.”

PALESTINE;
A Prize Porm. By Recinavp Heser.

EFT of thy sons, amid thy foes forlorn,
Mourn, widow’d queen, forgotten Sion, mourn!

‘Is this thy place, sad city, this thy throne,
Where the wild desart rears its craggy stone?
While suns unblest their angry lustre fling,
And way-worn pilgrims seek the scanty spring ?—
Where now thy pomp, which kings with envy view’d?
Where now thy might, which all those kings subdu’d ?
No martial myriads muster in thy gate ;
No suppliant nations in thy temple wait 5 _
No prophet bards, thy glittering courts among,
Wake the full lyre, and swell the tide of song :
But lawless Force, and meagre Want is there,
And the quick darting eye of restless Fear ;

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While cold Oblivion, ‘mid thy ruins laid,
Folds his dark wing beneath the ivy shade.

Ye guardian saints ! ye warrior sons of heaven,
To whose high care Judwa’s state was given !
© wont of old your nightly watch to keep,
A. host of gods, on Sion’s towery steep!
If e’er your secret footsteps linger still
By Siloa’s fount, or Tabor’s echoing hill ;
If e’er your song on Salem’s glories dwell,
And mourn the captive Jand you Jov’d so well 5
(For oft, ’tis said, in Kedron’s palmy vale,
Mysterious harpings swell the midnight gale,
And, blest as balmy dews that Ifermon cheer,
Melt in soft cadence on the pilgrim’s car ;)
Forgive, blest spirits, if a theme so high’
Mock the weak notes of mortal minstrelsy!
Vet, might your aid this anxious breast inspire
With one faint spark of Milton’s scraph fire,
Then should my Muse ascend with bolder flight,
And wave her eagle-plumes exulting in the light.

Oh happy once in heaven’s peculiar love,
Delight of men below, and saints above !
‘Though, Salem, now the spoiler’s ruffian hand
Has loos’d his hell-hounds o’er thy wasted Jand ;

Though weak, and whelm’d beneath the storms of fate,

"Thy house is left unto thee desolate ;

Though thy proud stones in cumbrous ruin fall,
And seas of sand o’er-top thy mouldering wall 5
Yet shall the Muse to fancy’s ardent view
Kach shadowy trace of faded pomp renew : »
And as the Seer on Pisgah’s topmost brow,
With glistening eye beheld the plain below,
With prescient ardour drank the scented gale,
And bade the opening glades of Canaan hail ;
Her eagle eye shall scan the prospect wide,
From Carmel’s cliffs to Almotana’s tide ;

The flinty waste, the cedar-tufted hill,

The liquid health of smooth Ardeni’s rill ;

The grot, where, by the watch-fire’s evening blaze,
The robber riots, or the hermit prays ;

Or, where ‘the tempest rives the hoary stone,
The wintry top of giant Lebanon.

Fierce, hardy, proud, in conscious freedom bold,
Those stormy seas the warrior Druses hold ;

From

PORT R YY

From Norman blood their lefty line they trace,
‘Their lion courage proves their generous race.
They, only they, while all around them kneel
Zn sullen homage to the ‘Thracian steel,

‘Teach their pale despot’s waning moon to fear
The patriot terrors of the mcuniain spear.

Yes, val’rous chiefs, while yet your sabres shine,
The native guard of feeble Palestine,
© ever thus, by no vain boast dismay’d,
Defend the birthright of the cedar shade!
What though no more for you th’ obedient gale
Swells the white bosom of the Tyrian sail ;
"Though now no more your glittering marts unfold
Sidenian dyes and Lusitanian gold;
Though not for you the pale and sickly slave
Forgets the light in Ophir’s wealthy cave ;
Yet your's the lot, in proud contentment blest,
Where cheerful labour Jeads to tranquil rest.
No robber-rage the ripening harvest knows 5
And unrestrdin’d the generous vintage flows :
Nor less your sons to manliest deeds aspire, °
‘And Asia’s mountains glow with Spartan fire.

So when, deep sinking in the resy main,
The western Sun forsakes the Syrian plain,
His watery rays refracted lustre shed,

And pour their latest light on Carmel’s head.

Yet shines your praise, amid surrounding gloom,
‘As the lone lamp that trembles in the tomb:
For, few the souls that spurn a tyrant’s chain,
‘And small the bounds of F'reedom’s scanty reign.
As the poor outcast on the cheerless wild,
Arabia's parent, clasp’d her fainting child,

‘And wander’d near the roof no more her home,
Forbid to linger, yet afraid to roam:

My sorrowing fancy quits the happier height,
‘And southward throws her half-averted sight.
For, sad the scenes Judea’s plains disclose,

A dreary waste of undistinguish’d woes :

See War untied, his crimson pinions spread,
And foul Revenge, that tramples on the dead!
Lo, where from far the guarded fountains shine,
Thy tents, Nebaioth$ rise, and Kedar, thine!
"Lis your's the boast to mark the stranger's way,
And spur your headlong chargers on the prey,

QO:

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ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Or rouse your nightly numbers from afar,

And on the hamlet pour the waste of war :

Nor spare the hoary head, nor bid your cye
Revere the sacred smile of infancy.

Such now the clans, whose fiery coursers feed
Where waves on Kishon’s bank the whispering reed 5
And their’s the soil, where, curling to the skies,
Smokes on Gerizim’s mount Samaria’s sacrifice.
While Israel’s sons, by scorpion curses driven,
Outcasts of earth, and reprobate of heaven,
Through the wide world in friendless’ exile stray,
Remorse and Shame sole comrades of their way,
With dumb despair their country’s wrongs behold,
And, dead to glory, only burn for gold.

O Thou their Guide, their Father, and their Lord,
Lov'd for thy mercies, for thy power ador’d !
Ifat thy name the waves forgot their force,
And refluent Jordan sought his trembling source ;
If at thy name, like sheep, the mountains fled,
And haughty Sirion bow’d his marble head :—
To Israel’s woes a pitying ear incline ;
And raise from earth thy long-negleéted vine !
Her rifled fruits behold the heathen bear, A
And wild wood-boars her mangled clusters tear.
Was it for this she stretch’d her peopled reign,
From far Euphrates to the western main ?
For this, o’er many a hill her boughs she threw,
And her wide arms like goodly cedars grew ?
For this, proud Edom slept beneath the shade,
And o’er th’ Arabian deep her branches play’d?
O feeble boast of transitory power !
Vain, fruitless trust of Judah’s happier hour!
Not such their hope, when through the parted main,
The cloudy wonder led the warrior train ;
Not such their hope, when through the fields of night,
The torch of heaven diffus’d its friendly light :
Not, when fierce Conquest urg’d the onward war,
And hurl’d stern Canaan from his iron car :
Nor, when five monarch’s led to Gibeon’s fight,
In rude array, the harness’d Amorite :
Yes—in that hour, by mortal accents stay’d,
The lingering Sun his fiery wheels delay’d ;
The Moon, obedient, trembled at the sound!
Curb’d her pale car, and check’d her mazy round !

Let Sinai tell—for she beheld his might,
And God’s own darkness veil’d her mystic height:

PO Har Was 911

(ile, cherub-borne, upon the whirlwind rode,
And the red mountain like a furnace glow’d :)
Let Sinai tell—but who shall dare recite

His praise, his power,—eternal, infinite ?—
Awe-struck I cease ; nor bid my strains aspire,
Or serve his altar with unhallow’d fire. —

Such were the cares, that watch’d o’er Israel’s fate,
And such the glories of their infant state.
—Triumphant race! and did your power decay?
Fail’d the bright promise of your early day?

No ;—by that sword, which, red with heathen gore,
A giant spoil, the stripling champion bore ;

By him, the chief to farthest India known,

The mighty master of the ivory throne ;

In heaven’s own strength, high towering o’er her foes,
Viétorious Salem’s lion banner rose :

Before her footstool prostrate nations lay,

And vassal tyrants crouch’d beneath her sway.
——And he, the warrior sage, whose restless mind,
Through nature’s mazes wander’d unconfin’d ;

Who, every bird and beast, and insect knew,

And spoke of every plant that quaffs the dew ;

To him were known—so Hagar’s offspring tell—
The powerful sigill and the starry spell ;

The midnight call, hell’s shadowy legions dread,
And sounds that burst the slumbers of the dead.
Hence all his might; for who could these oppose,
And Tadmor thus, and Syrian Balbec rose.

Yet e’en the works of toiling Genii fall,

And vain was Estakhar’s enchanted wall.

In frantic converse with the mournful wind,

There oft the housefess Santon rests reclin’d ;
Strange shapes he views, and drinks with wondering ears
The voices of the dead, and songs of other years.

Such, the faint echo of departed praise,
Still sound Arabia’s legendary lays ;
And thus their fabling bards delight to tell,
How lovely were thy tents, O Israel!

For thee his ivory load Behemoth bore,
And far Sofala teem’d with golden ore ;
Thine all the arts that wait on wealth’s increase,
Or bask and wanton in the beam of peace.
When Tyber slept beneath the cypress gloom,

And silence held the lonely woods of Rome ; O
2 e

912 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Or e’er to Greece the builders’s skill was known,

Or the light chisel brush’d. the Parian stone ;

Yet here fair science nurs’d her infant fire,

Fann’d by the artist aid of friendly Tyre,

‘Then tow’r’d the palace, then in awful state,

‘The temple rear’d its everlasting gate.

No workman steel, no ponderous axes rung :

Like some tall palm the noiseless fabric sprung
Majestic silence !—then the harp awoke,

The cymbal clang’d, the deep-voic’d trumpet spoke ;
And Salem spread her suppliant arms abroad,
View’d the descending flame, and bless’d the present God.

Nor shrunk she then, when raging deep and loud,
Beat o’er her soul the billows of the proud.
Hen they, who dragg’d to Shinar’s fiery sand,
Till’d with reluctant strength the stranger’s land ;
Who sadly told the slow revolving years,
And steep’d the captive’s bitter bread with tears ;—
Yet, oft their hearts with kindling hopes would burn,
‘Their destin’d triamphs, and their glad return :
And their sad lyres, which, silent and unstrung,
In mournful ranks on Babel’s willows hung ;
Would oft awake to chaunt their future fame,
And from the skies their lingering Saviour claim ;
His promis’d aid could every fear controul ;
This nerv’d the warrior’s arm ; this steel’d the martyr’s soul!

Nor vain their hope:—bright beaming through the sky,
Burst in full blaze the Day-spring from on high ;
Earth’s utmost isles exulted at the sight,
And crowding nations drank the orient light.
Lo, star-led chiefs Assyrian odours bring,
And bending Magi seek their infant king !
Mark’d ye where, hovering o’er his radiant head,
The dove’s white wings celestial glory shed?
Daughter of Sion! virgin queen! rejoice !
Clap the glad hand, and lift the exulting voice!
Tle comes,—but not in regal splendour drest,
The haughty diadem, the Tyrian vest ;
Not arm’d in flame, all glorious from afar,
Of hosts the chieftain, and the lord of war:
Messiah comes :—let furious discord cease ;
Be peace on earth before the Prince of peace ! :
Disease and anguish feel his blest controul,
And howling fiends release the tortur’d soul ;
‘The beams of gladness hell’s dark caves illume,
And mercy broods above the distant gloom.

3 Thou

POETRY. | 913

Thou palsied earth, with noon-day night o’erspread !
Thou sickening sun, so dark, so deep, so red!
Ye hovering ghosts, that throng the starless air,
Why shakes the earth? why fades the light? declare!
Are those His limbs, with ruthless scourges torn?
His brows all bleeding with the twisted thorn ?
His the pale form, the meck, forgiving eye,
Rais’d from the cross in patient agony ?
Be dark, thou sun,—thou noon-day night arise,
And hide, oh hide, the dreadful sacrifice !

Ye faithful few, by bold affection led,
Who round the Saviour’s cross your sorrows shed,
Not for His sake your tearful vigils keep :—
Weep for your country, for your children weep !
—Vengeance! thy fiery wing their race pursu’d ;
Thy thirsty poniard blushed with infant blood.
Rous’d at thy call, and panting still for game,
The bird of war, the Latin eagle came.
Then Judah rag’d, by ruffian Discord led,
Drunk with the steamy carnage of the dead :
He saw his sons by dubious slaughter fall,
And war without, and death within the wall.
Wide-wasting plague, gaunt famine, mad despair,
And dire debate, and clamorous strife was there : ‘“
Love, strong as death, retain’d his might no more,
And the pale parent drank her children’s gore.
Yet they, who wont to roam th’ ensanguin’d plaia,
And spurn with fell delight their kindred slain ;
E’en they, when high above the dusty fight,
Their burning Temple rose in lurid light,
To their lov’d altars paid a parting groan,
Aud in their country’s woes forgot their own.

As, mid the cedar courts and gates of gold
The trampl’d ranks in miry carnage roll’d ;
To save their Temple ev’ry hand essay’d,

And with cold fingers grasp’d the feeble blade :
Through their torn veins reviving fury ran,
And life’s last anger warm’d the dying man.

But heavier far the fetter’d captive’s doom !
To glut with sighs the iron ear of Rome ;
To swell, slow pacing by the car’s tall side,
The stoic tyrant’s philosophic pride ;
To flesh the lion’s ravenous jaws, or feel
The sportive fury of the fencer’s steel ;

Vou. XLVI. 3N Or

914 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Or pant, deep plung’d beneath the sultry mine,
For the light gales of balmy Palestine.

Ah! fruitless now no more,—an empty coast
She mourn’d her sons enslay’d, her glories lost :
In her wide streets the lonely raven bred ;
There bark’d the wolf, and dire hyenas fed.
Yet ’midst her towery fanes, in ruin laid,

The pilgrim saint his murm’ring vespers paid :
’T was his to climb the tufted rocks, and rove
The chequer’d twilight of the olive grove ;

*T was his to bend beneath the sacred gloom,
And wear with many a kiss Messiah’s tomb :
While forms celestial fill’d his tranced eye,

The day-light dreams of pensive piety,

O’er his still breast the tearful fervour stole,
And softer sorrows charm’d the mourner’s soul.

Oh! lives there one who mocks his artless zeal ?
Too proud to worship, and too wise to feel :
Be his the soul with wint’ry reason blest,
The dull, lethargic sovercign of the breast !
Be his the life that creeps in dead repose,
No joy that sparkles, and no tear that flows !

Far other they who rear’d yon pompous shrine,
_ And bade the rock with Parian marble shine.
Then hallow’d Peace renew’d her wealthy reign,
Then altars smok’d and Sion smil’d again.
There sculptur’d gold and costly gems were seen,
And all the bounties of the British queen ;
There barbarous kings their sandal’d nations led,
And steel-clad champions bow’d the crested head,
There, when her fiery race the desert pour’d,
And pale Byzantium fear’d Medina’s sword,
When coward Asia shook in trembling woe,
And bent appall’d before the Baétrian bow ; ,
From the moist regions of the western star
The wandering hermit wak’d the storm of war.
Their limbs all iron, and their souls all flame,
A countless host, the red-cross warriors came ;
Hen hoary priests the sacred combat wage,
And clothe in steel the palsied arm of age ;
_ While beardless youths and tender maids assume
The weighty morion and the glancing plume.
In bashful pride the warrior virgins wield
The pond’rous falchion and the sun-Jike shield,

And ~

POETRY.

And start to see their armour’s iron gleam
Dance with blue lustre in Tarbaria’s stream.

The blood-red banner floating o’er their van,
All madly blithe the mingl’d myriads ran:
Impatient death beheld his destin’d food,

And hov’ring vultures snufi’d the scent of blood..

Not such the numbers, nor the host so dread
By northern Brenn, or Scythian Timur led ;
Nor such the heart-inspiring zeal that bore
United Greece to Phrygia’s reedy shore !
There Gaul’s proud knights with boastful mien advance,
Form the long line, and shake the cornel lance ;

Here, link’d with Thrace, in close battalions stand
Ausonia’s sons, a soft inglorious band ;

There the stern Norman jeins the Austrian train,

And the dark tribes of late reviving Spain ;

Here, in black files, advancmg firm and slow,

Vi@orious Albion twangs the deadly bow :—
Albion,—still prompt the captive’s wrong to aid,

And wield in freedom’s cause the freeman’s gen’rous blade!

Ye sainted spirits of the warrior dead,
Whose giant force Britannia’s armies led!
Whose bick’ring falchions, foremost in the fight,
Still pour’d confusion on the Soldan’s might 5
Lords of the biting axe and beamy spear,
Wide conquering Edward, lion Richard hear!
At Albion’s call your crested pride resume,
And burst the marble slumbers of the-tomb !
Your sons behold in arms, in heart the same,
Still press the footsteps of parental fame,

To Salem still their generous aid supply,
And pluck the palm of Syrian chivalry !

When he from towery Malta’s yielding isle, |
And the green waters of reluétant Nile, '
Th’ apostate chief,—from Misraim’s subjeét shore
To Acre’s walls his trophied banners bore ;
When the pale desert mark’d his proud array,
And Desolation hop’d an ampler sway ;
What hero then triumphant Gaul dismay’d?
What arm repell’d the viétor renegade ?
Britannia’s champion !—bath’d in hostile blood,
High on the breach the dauntless seAMAN stood.
Admiring Asia saw th’ unequal fight,—
E’en the pale crescent bless’d the Christian’s might.

3N2

915

Obs

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ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Oh, day of death! oh thirst, beyond controuf,
Of crimson conquest in th’ invader’s soul!

The slain, yet warm, by social footsteps trod,
O’er the red moat supply’d a panting road ;
O’er the red moat our conquering thunders flew,
And loftier still the grisly rampire grew,

While proudly glow’d above the rescu’d tower
The wavy cross that mark’d Britannia’s power.

Yet still destruétion sweeps the lonely plain,
And heroes lift the generous sword in vain >
Still o’er her sky the clouds of anger roll,
And God’s revenge hangs heavy on her soul.
Yet shall she rise ;—but not by war restor’d,
Not built in murder,—planted by the sword.
Yes, Salem, thou shalt rise: thy Father’s aid
Shall heal the wound his chastening hand has made ;
Shall judge the proud oppressor’s ruthless sway, =~

o

And burst his brazen bonds, and cast his cords away. '

Then on your tops shall deathless verdure spring ;
Break forth, ye mountains, and ye vallies sing!
No more your thirsty rocks shall frown forlorn,
The unbeliever’s jest, the heathen’s scorn ;

The sultry sands shall tenfold harvests yield,
And a new Eden deck the thorny field.

E’en now, perhaps, wide waving o’er the land,
The mighty angel lifts his golden wand ;

Courts the bright vision of descending power,
Fells every gate, and measures every tower ;

- And chides the tardy seals that yet detain

Thy lion, Judah, from his destin’d reign.

And who is He? the vast, the awful form,
Girt with the whirlwind, sandal’d with the storm ?
A western cloud around his limbs is spread,
His crown a rainbow, and asun his head.
To highest heaven he lifts his kingly hand,
And treads at once the ocean and the land :
And hark ; his voice amid the thunder’s roar,
His dreadful voice, that time shall be no more !

Lo! cherub hands the golden courts prepare,
Lo! thrones are set, and every saint is there ;
Earth’s utmost bounds confess their awful sway,
The mountains worship, and the isles obey;

Nor sun nor moon they need,—nor day, nor night ;—

God is their temple, and the Lamb their light.

mere

And ©

PrOwvEE Y- 917

And shall not Israel’s sons exulting come,

Hail the glad beam, and claim their ancient home ;

On David’s throne shall David’s offspring reign,

And the dry bones be warm with life again. .
Hark! white-reb’d crowds their deep Hosannas raise,
And the hoarse flood repeats the sound of praise ;
Ten thousand harps attune the mystic song,

Ten thousand thousand saints the strain prolong ;
*¢ Worthy the Lamb! omnipotent to save,

6s Who died, who lives, triumphant o'er the grave!”

AN ELEGY.
By Wi1114m Mason, not published in his Works,

(From Bingley’s Tour in North Wales.)

1.
ROM southern Cambria’s richly varied clime,
Where grace and grandeur share an equal reign ;
Where cliffs o’erhung with shade, and hills sublime
Of mountain lineage sweep into the main :
2.
From bays where Commerce furls her wearicd sails,
Proud to have dar’d the dangers of the deep,
And floats at anchor’d ease enclos’d by vales,
To Ocean’s verge where stray the vent’rous sheep :
3. 7
From brilliant scenes like these I turn my eye,
And lo! asolemn circle meets its view,
Wall’d to proteét inhum’d mortality,
And shaded close with poplar and with yew. |
4

Deep in that dell the humble fane appears,

Whence prayers, (if humble, best,) to heaven aspire ;
No tower embattl’d, no proud spire it rears,

A moss-grown corslet decks its lowly choir.

And round that fane the sons of toil repose,
Who drove the plough-share, or the sail who spread,
With wives, with children, all in measur’d rows, °
Two whitened stones well mark the fect and head. >
6.
While these between full many a simple flower,
Pansy and pink with languid beauty smile ;
The primrose opening at the twilight hour,
And velvet tufts of fragrant camomile,

nye Ve
For mere intent the smell than sight to please,
Surviving love seleéts its vernal race,
3N 3 Plants

«Os

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Plants that with early perfume feed the breeze,
May best each dank and noxious vapour chase.
8

The flaunting tulip, the carnation gay,
Turnsole and piony, and all the train
That love to glitter in the noon-tide ray,
Ill suit the place where death and silence reign.
9.
Not but perchance to deck some virgin’s tomb,
Where violets sweet their two-fold purple spread,
Some rose of maiden blush may faintly bloom,
Or withering hang its emblematic head.
10.
These to renew with more than annual care,
That wakeful love with pensive step will go ;
The hand that lifts the dibble shakes with fear
Lest haply it disturb the friend below.
HH.
Vain fear! for never shall disturber come
Potent enough to wake such sleep profound,
Till the dread herald to the day of doom
Pours from his trump the world-dissolving sound.
12.
Vain fear! yet who that boasts a heart to feel,
An eye to pity, would that fear reprove ?
They only who are curst with breasts of steel,
Can mock the foibles of surviving love.
13:
These foibles, far beyond cold reason’s claim,
Have power the social charities to spread ;
They feed, sweet tenderness, thy lambent flame,
Which, while it warms the heart, improves the head.
14,
Its chemic' aid a grateful heart applies,
That from the dross of self each wish refines ;
Extracts the lib’ral spirit, bids it rise,
Till with primeval purity it shines.
Ue,
Take then, poor’ peasants, from the friend of Gray,
His humbler praise, for Gray or fail’d to see, —
Or saw unnotie’d, what had wak’d a lay
Rich in the pathos of true poesy.
16.
Yes, had he pac’d this nel tee along,
Or lean’d like me against this ivied wall,
How sadly sweet had flow’d his Dorian song,
Then sweetest when it flow’d at nature’s call.

Like

POETRY. 919

17.
Like Tadmor’s king, his comprehensive mind
Each plant’s peculiar charaéter could seize,
And hence his moralizing muse had join’d
To all these flowers a thousand similies.
18.
But he, alas! in distant village grave,
Has laid with dear maternal dust his own :
E’en now the pang which parting friendship gave
Thrills at my heart, and tells me he is gone.
19

Take then from me the pensive strain that flows
Congenial to this consecrated gloom, f
Where all that meets my eye some symbol shows
Of grief, like mine, that lives beyond the tomb.
2

0.
Shows me that you, though doom’d the live-long year
For scanty food the toiling arm to ply,
Can smite your breasts, and find an inmate there
To heave, when memory bids, the ready sigh.
21.
Still nurse that best of inmates, gentle swains!
Still aét as heart-felt sympathy inspires ;
The taste that birth from education gains
Serves but to chill affection’s native fires.

22.
To you more knowledge than what shields from vice
Were but a gift to multiply your cares 5
Of matter and of mind let reasoner’s nice
Dispute, be patience yours, presumption theirs.

You know, (what more can earthly science know |
That all must die! by revelation’s ray

[lum’d, you trust the ashes plac’d below
These flowery tufts shall rise to endless day.

A.
What if you deem, by hoar tradition led,
To you perchance devolv’d from druids old,
That parted souls at solemn seasons tread
The circles that their shrines of clay enfold :
25

What if you deem they some sad pleasure take
These poor memorials of your love to view,

And scent the perfume for the planter’s sake,
That breaths from vulgar rosemary and rue.

26.

Unfecling wit may scorn, and pride may frown,
Yet fancy, empress of the realms of song,

Shall bless the decent mode, and reason own

It may be right,—for who can prove it wrong :
3

N4 THE

920 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.
THE SCHOOL-BOY.
In the Manner of the Splendid Shilling.

BY THE REV. THOMAS MAURICE.

f ensess happy he, whose hours the cheering smiles k
Of freedom bless; who wantons uncontroll’d
Where ease inyites, or pleasure’s syren voice.
. Him the stern tyrant, with his iron scourge,
Annoys not, nor the dire oppressive weight
Of galling chain; but, when the blushing morn
Purples the east, with eager transport wild,
O'er hill, o’er valley, on his panting steed,
He bounds exulting, asin full career
With horns, and hounds, and thund’ring shouts, he drives
The flying stag ; or when the dusky shades
Of eve, advancing, veil the darken’d sky,
To neighb’ring tavern, blithesome, he resorts
With boon companion, where they drown their cares
In sprightly bumpers, and the mantling bowl.

Far otherwise, within these darksome walls,
Whose gates, with rows of triple steel secur’d,
And many a bolt, prohibit all egress,

T spend my joyless days; ere dawn appears,
Rous’d from my peaceful slumbers by the sound
Of awe-inspiring bell, whose ev’ry stroke

Chills my heart-blood, all trembling I descend
From dreary attic, round whose ancient roof,
Gaping with hideous chinks, the whistling blast
Perpetual raves, and fierce descending rains
Discharge their fury,—Dire lethargic dews
Oppress my drowsy sense, scarce yet awake |
From rapture’s airy dreams, where, fir’d with all
That Virgil sang, or fabling Homer feign’d,

My fancy realiz’d poetic tales,

And rang’d Elysian valleys :—now I quaff,

From crystal goblets bright with gems and gold, \
Rich nectar, drink of gods—now sore oppress’d__.
With goading famine, on ambrosial fruits

Banquet with thund’ring Jove :—ah transient feast!
For like, O Tantalus, thy feign’d repast,

The airy viands mock my waking grasp!
Meanwhile benumbing cold invades my joints,

As, with slow, fault’ring footsteps, I resort

To where, of antique mould, a lofty dome

Rears its tremendous front ; here all at once,

POETRY.

From thousand diff’rent tongues, a mighty hum
Assaults my ears ; loud as the distant roar

Of tumbling torrents ; or as in some mart

Of public note, for traffic far renown’d,
Where Jew with Grecian, Turk with African,
Assembled, in one general peal unite,

Of dreadful jargon.—Straight on wooden bench
i take my seat, and con, with studious care,
Th’ appointed tasks; o’er many a puzzling page
Poring intent, and sage Athenian bard,

With dialect, and mood, and tense, perplex’d,
And conjugations yaried without end.

When lo! with haughty stride (in size like him
Who erst extended on the burning lake
Lay floating many a rood) his sullen brow
With low’ring frowns and fearful glooms o’ercast,
Enters the pedagogue :—terrific sight!
An ample nine-fold peruke, spread immense,
Luxuriant waying down his shoulders, plays 5
His hand a bunch of limber twig sustains,
Call’d by the vulgar Birch ; Tartarean root,
Whose rankling points, in blackest poison dipp’d,
Inflict a mortal pain; and, where they “light,
A ghastly furrow leave. Scar’d at the sight,
The bustling multitude, with anxious hearts,
Their stations seek.—A solemn pause ensues 5
As when of old, the monarch of the floods,
?Midst raging hurricanes, and battling waves,
Shaking the dreadful trident, rear’d aloft
His awful brow,—sudden the furious winds
Were hush’d in peace, the billows cease their rage ;—~
Or when (if mighty themes like these allow
A humble metaphor) the sportive race
_ Of nibbling heroes, bent on wanton play,
Beneath the shelter of some well-stor’d barn,
In many an airy circle wheel around ;
Some eye perchance, in private nook conceal’d,
Beholds Grimalkin ; instant they disperse,
In headlong flight, each to his secret cell,
If haply he may ’scape impending fate.

Thus ceas’d the general clamor, all remain
In silent terror wrapt, and thought profound,

Meanwhile, the pedagogue, throughout the dome,
His fiery eyeballs, like two blazing stars,
Portentous rolls, on some ynthioking wretch

921

92

Oo

“A

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

To shed their baneful influence; whilst his voice,
Like thunder, or the cannon’s sudden burst,
Three times is heard, and thrice the roofs resound!
A sudden paleness gathers in my face ;

Thro’ all my limbs a stiff’ning horror spreads,
Cold as the dews of death, nor heed my eyes
Their wonted function ; but in stupid gaze

Ken the fell monster ; from my trembling hands
The thumb-worn volume drops. Oh! dire presage
Of instant woe! for now the mighty sound,
Pregnant with dismal tidings, once again

Strikes my astonish’d ears. Transfix’d with awe,
And senseless for a time, I stand; but soon

By (riendly jog, or neighb’ring whisper rous’d,
Obey the dire injunction ; straight I loose
Depending brogues, and to the awful stroke

Of magisterial vengeance, daily gorg’d,

(As Moloch erst, with infant tears and blood)
With indignation bow ;—Nor long delays

The monarch; from his palace stalking down,
With visage all inflam’d, his sable robe

Sweeping in length’ning folds along the ground,
He shakes his sceptre, and th’ impending scourge
Brandishes high ; nor tears nor shrieks avail ;
But with impetuous fury it descends,

Imprinting horrid wounds, with fatal flow

Of blood attended, and convulsive pangs.

Curst be the wretch, for ever doom’d to bear
Infernal whippings, he whose savage hands
First grasp’d these barb’rous weapons ; bitter cause
Of foul disgrace, and many a dolorous groan,
To hapless school-boy.—Could it not suffice
I groan’d and toil’d beneath the merciless weight
By stern relentless tyranny impos"d ;

But scourges too, and cudgels, were reserv'd
To goad my wretched sides ; this wretched life
Loading with heavier ills ; a life expos’d

To all the woes of hunger, toil, distress ;

Cut off from ev’ry genial source of bliss ;
From ev’ry bland amusement wont to soothe

' The youthful breast—except when father Time,

In joyful change, rolls round the festive hour,

That gives this meagre, pining figure back

To parent fondness, and its native roofs!

Fir'd with the thought, then, then my tow’ring soul
Rises superior to its load, and spurns

Its proud oppressors, frantic with delight,

POETRY. 923

My fancy riots in successive scenes

Of bliss and pleasures: plans and schemes are laid
How best the fleeting moments to improve,

Nor lose one portion of so rare a boon.

But soon, too soon, these glorious scenes are fled ;
Scarce one short moon enjoy’d, (oh! transient state
Of sublunary bliss!) by bitter change ;

And other scenes succeeded, what fierce pangs
Then rack my soul; what ceaseless floods of grief
Rush down my cheeks, while strong convulsive throbs ,
Heave all my frame, and choke the power of speech!
Forlorn I sigh ; nor heed the gentle voice

Of friend or stranger, who with soothing words,
And slender gift, would fain beguile my woes !

In vain ; for what can ought avail to soothe

Suth raging anguish! Oft with sudden glance,
Before my eyes, in all its horrors, glares

That well-known form, and oft I seem to hear
The thund’ring scourge !—Ah me! e’en now I feel
Its deadly venom, raging as the pangs

That tore Alcides, when the burning vest

Prey’d on his wasted sides.—At length return’d
Within these hated walls, again I mourn,

A sullen prisoner, till the wish’d approach

Of joyous holiday, or festive play,

Releases me: ah! freedom that must end

With thee, declining Sol. All hail, ye saints !

Ye deathless martyrs! whose recorded names
Adorn the annual chronologic page

Of Wing or Partridge: oft, when sore oppress’d
With dire calamities, the glad return

Of your triumphant festivals, hath cheer’d

My drooping soul. Nor be thy name forgot,
Illustrious George, for much to thee I owe

Of heart-felt rapture, as with loyal zeal

Glowing, I pile the crackling bonfire high,

Or hurl the mounting rocket thro’ the air,

Or fiery whizzing serpent ; thus thy name

Shall still be honor’d, as thro’ future years,

The circling seasons roll their festive round.

Sometimes, by dire compulsive hunger press’d,
I spring the neigh’bring fence, and scale the trunk
Of apple-trees; or, wide o’er flow’ry lawns,
By hedge or thicket, bend my hasty steps,
Intent, with secret ambush, to surprise
The straw-built nest, and unsuspecting brood
Of thrush or bullfinch ; oft, with watchful ken, }

2 Eyeing

924 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Fyeing the backward lawns, lest hostile glance
Observe my footsteps, while each rustling leaf,
Stirr’d-by the gentle gale, alarins my fears:

Then, parch’d beneath the burning heats of noon,
T plunge into the limpid stream, that layes

The silent yale, or on its grassy banks,

Beneath some oak’s majestic shade, recline ;
Envying the vagrant fishes, as they pass,

Their boon of freedom ; till the distant sound

Of tolling curfew warns me to depart.

Thus, under tyrant power, I groan, oppress’d
With worse than slav’ry ; yet my free-born soul
Her native warmth forgets not, nor will brook
Menace or taunt from proud insulting peer ;

But summon to the field the doughty foe,

In single combat, ’midst th’ impartial throng,
There, to decide our fate. Oft, too, inflam’d
With mutual rage, two rival armies meet

Of youthful warriors; kindling at the sight,

My soul is fir’d with vast heroic thoughts,
Trusting, in martial glory to surpass «
Roman or Grecian chief; instant with shouts,
The mingling squadrons join the horrid fray ;

No need of cannon, or the murd’rous steel,
Wide-wasting ; nature, rage, our arms supply. :
Fragments of rocks are hurl’d, and show’rs of stenes
Obscure the day; nor less the brawny arm

Of knotted club vvail: high in the midst,

Are seen the mighty chiefs, thro’ hosts of foes,
Mowing their way; and now, with tenfold rage,
The combat burns ; full many a sanguine stream
Distains the field, and many a vet’ran brave

Lies prostrate ; loud triumphant shouts ascend
By turns from either host ; each claims the palm
Of glorious conquest ; nor till night’s dun shades
Involve the sky, the doubtful conflict ends.

Thus, when rebeilion shook the thrones af heav’n,
And all the eternal pow’rs in batile met,

High o’er the rest, with vast gigantic strides,
The godlike Icaders, on th’ embattled plain

Came tow’ring, breathing forth revenge and fate ;
Nor less terrific join’d th’ inferior hosts

Of angel warriors, when encount’ring hills

Tore the rent concave ;—flashing with the blaze
Of fiery arms, and lightnings not of Jove;

All heaven resounded, and the astonish’d deeps

Of Chaos bellow’d with the monstrous roar!
THE ©

POET R. ¥: 925

THE EGYPTIAN LOTOS*,

BY THE SAME.

MBLEM sublime of that primordial pow’r
That on the vast abyss of chaos mov’d ;
What pen shall paint thy charms, majestic flow’r!

By mortals honour’d, and by gods belov’d.

From thiopia’s lofty mountains roll’d,

Where Nile’s proud stream thro’ gladden’d Egypt pougs ;
In raptur’d strains thy praise was hymn’d of old,

And still resounds on Ganges’ faithful shores.

_ Within thy beauteous coral’s full-blown bell
Long since th’ immortals plac’d their fond abode;
There, day's bright source, Osiris lov’d to dwell,
While by his side enamour’d Isis glow’d.

Hence, not unconscious to his orient beam,
At dawn’s first blush thy radiant petals spread,
Drink deep th’ effulgence of the solar stream,
And, as he mounts, still brighter glories shed :

Wh n, at their noontide height, his fervid rays
In a bright deluge burst on Cairo’s spires,

With what new lustre then thy beauties blaze,
Full of the God, and radiant with his fires!

To brave the Tropic’s fiery beam is thine,
Till in the distant west his splendors fade ;
Then, too, thy beauty and thy fire decline,
With morn to rise in lovelier charms array’d.

What mystic treasures, in thy form conceal’d,
Perpetual transport to the sage supply !

Where Nature, in her secret plans reveal’d, ©
Awes wondering man, and charms th’ exploring eye.

From thy prolific vase and fertile seeds
Are trac’d her grand regenerative pow’rs ;

Life springing warm from loath’d putrescence breeds,
And lovelier germs shoot forth, and brighter flow’rs.

* Dr. Thornton informs us that the true Egyptian Lotos is white ; that there are
three ather specics or varicties of this water-lily, the pale red, the blue, and
the yellow.
fone 'an

Thus,

926

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

Thus, from Arabia borne, on golden wing,
The phoenix on the sun’s bright altar dies ;
But, from his flaming bed refulgent springs,
And cleaves with bolder plumes the sapphire skies.

Nor food to the enlighten’d mind alone,
Substantial nutriment thy root bestow’d ;
In Famine’s vulture-fangs did Egypt groan,
From thy rich bounteous horn abundance flow’d.

Hence the immortal race in Thebes rever’d,

Thy praise the theme of endless rapture made,
Thy image on an hundred columns rear’d,

And veil’d their altars with thine hallow’d shade.

But far beyond the bounds of Afric borne,

Thy honours flourish’d ’mid Thibetian snows,
Thy flowers the Lama’s gilded shrine adorn,

And Brahme and Buddha on thy flow’r repose.

Where’er fair Science dawn’d on Asia’s shore,
Where’er her hallow’d voice Devotion rais’d,
We see thee graven on the glowing ore,
And on a thousand sparkling gems emblaz’d.

Four thousand summers have thy pride survey’d 5
Thy Pharoahs moulder in their marble tombs ;
Oblivion’s wings the pyramids shall shade,
But thy fair family unfading blooms!

Still ’mid these ruin’d tow’rs, admir’d, rever’d,
Wave high thy foliage, and secure expand ;

These vast, but crumbling piles by men were rear’d, —

But thou wert form’d by an immortal hand.

With Nature’s charms alone thy charms shall fade,
With Being’s self thy beauteous tribe decline ;

Oh! living, may thy flow’rs my temples shade,
And decorate, when dead, my envied shrine !

THE

POETR ¥.

THE BELLMAN’s VERSES.

Addressed to Lady Melbourne, Brocket Hall, Christmas,

BY SIR W. YOUNG, BART.

(Now first published. )
\ IDE waves the oak its torn and shattered head,
Torn by the gale; and far the fragments spread ;
The hail-storm beats upon the swollen lake,
And its surrounding rocks seem all to shake !

Beneath that nodding mountain’s chalky scoop,
Colin and Phillis with their gipsey troop
In the lone caverns, on a heap of reeds
Listen, as blast to blast in storm succeeds ;
And as each chilling gust the valley sweeps,
Phillis to Colin only closer creeps.
' The batt’ling hurricane’s impetuous roar,
Seems but to whisper, “ love your Philis more.”

Thus, in the dreary chill of winter’s gloom,
When, (save in Melbourne’s cheek) no roses bloom ;
The frost, which binds the stream and blasts the tree,
Serves but to melt the mind to social glee ;
Warm grows the heart, as colder grows the day,
And Christmas boasts a smile, as sweet as May.

Spring has its roses and its lovely green ;
Autumn its crops, which-rural damsels glean ;
And Christmas, too,. its season hath of wealth,
Reaped with the work of joy, and glow of health.
When the hall fire and the lustres’ blaze,

Rival the light and heat of summer’s days ;
And>’midst the dance and song, and jovial din;
<¢ The sweet affections,” get their harvest in.

Life, too, its seasons hath; its spring and fall,
Its buds, its glowing bloom, its changes all.
And oh! whene’er its cold and wintry snows
Shower on thy head, and furrow o’er thy brows,
May peace and virtue act in ages spite,

And give a cheerful heat, and cheerful light ;
And leaye—when chills and frosts of age set in,—
A mind, to warm the mansion well within.

1800.

TO

9988 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

TO THE EARL OF RADNOR,
On his Marriage with the Honourable ANnx Duncomse, 1776.
BY THE SAME.
(Now first published. )

Mx health and peace give zest to lovey
All else, loves’ self bestow :
: Tis that which makes the bliss above,

And sooths the woes below.

*Tis that which doth life’s pilgrim charm,
Pacing his wear’some road ;

He sees no ill—he fears no harm,
For all his soul’s abroad.

Can the fond heart have room for woe,
Where reigns fair Anna’s form !

Or can the eye in misery flow,
Which she hath learnt to charm ?

_ Or can the car attention pay

To sorrow’s doleful song ;
Whilst sentiment and reason play
So sweet from Anna’s tongue ;

How happy then to call her thine,
To think—to hear—to sce—

How many charms she can combine,
And all those charms for thee.

The Winchester Boys having presented Ax Erercne to Doctor Jos.
Wharton, on his resigning the Mastership of their School. The follow-
ing Verses were sent in their Name:

BY THE SAME.
(Now first published.) :

pre doctor, we your grateful boys,
Try one more theme e’er you depart ;
°Tis ‘ Dulce Domum,’ and its joys,
Penn’d in the language of the heart.
3 Ang

POETRY. "999

And whatsoe’er the happiest muse
Can fancy in the name of—“ home.”
‘Whate’er the good and wise would chuse,—
Whatis hop’d by all, and given to some,

Be yours!—and may your scholars \ein
That oft with ’sociates to your mind,

You eye with glee their trim—‘‘ Everene ;”
And think of Pickxes left behind.

You, in return, once more indite
A lesson fair, as sure you can ;

And as you’ve taught the boy to write ;
Now write yourself,—and teach the man.

BALLAD.
BY THOMAS CAMPBELL.
(Now first published.)
A CHIEFTAIN to the Highlands bound,

Cries, ‘‘ boatman! do not tarry,
And Pll give thee a silver pound %.
To row us o’er the ferry.”

‘¢ Now who be ye, would cross Lochgyle,
This dark and stormy water?
‘Oh! I’m the chief of Ulva’s isle, @
And this lord Ullin’s daughter.

** And fast before her father’s men,
Three days we’ve fled together ;
For if he find us in the glen,
My blood will stain the heather.

*¢ His horsemen hard behind us ride ;
Should they our steps discover,

Then who will cheer my bonny bride,
When they have slain her lover.”

Out spoke the hardy Highland wight,
*¢ Pll go my chief, I'm ready:

It is not for yeur silver bright,
But for your winsome lady.

* Vor. XLVI. 30. - And

930 ‘ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

** And by my word, the bonny bird
In danger shall not tarry ;

So, though the waves are raging white,
Ill row you o’er the ferry.”

By this the storm grew lond apace,
The water-wraith was shrieking,
And in the scowl of heav’n cach face

Grew dark, as they were speaking.

But, still as wilder blew the wind,
And as the night grew drearer,

Adown the glen rode armed men ;
Their trampling sounded nearer.

‘¢ Oh! haste thee, haste,” the lady cries,
** Though tempests round us gather,
I'll meet the raging of the skies ;
But not an angry father,”

The boat has left a stormy land,
A stormy sea before her ;

When, oh! too strong for human hand,
The tempest gather’d o’er her.

And still they row’d, amidst the roar
Of waters fast prevailing ;

Lord Ullin reach’d that fatal shore :—
His wrath was chang’d to wailing.

For sore disay’d, through storm and shade,
Ilis child he did discover;

®ne lovely hand she stretched for aid,
And oue was round her lover.

*¢ Come back, come back,” he cried, in grief,
Across this raging water,

And V’ll forgive your Highland chief ;

~ My daughter, oh! my daughter !”

. Twas vain; the loud wave lash’d the shore,
Return or help preventing ;

’ The waters wild, went o’er his child,
And he was left lamenting.

POETR Y. 93%

BALLAD.
BY THE SAME.
( Nozw first published. )

Oe ! heard you the Pibrach sound sad in the gale,
Where a band cometh slowly, with weeping and wail?
’Tis the chief of Glenara, laments for his dear,

And her sire and her kindred are called to her bier.

Glenara came first, with the mourners and shroud ;

But the kinsmen of Ellen, they mourn’d not aloud ;
With plaids all their bosoms were folded around,

They march’d ali in silence—they look’d on the ground.

In silence they walk’d over mountain and moor,

To heaths, where the oak-tree grew lonely and hoar 5

—‘* Now, here, let us place the grey-stone of her cairne—
‘¢ Why speak ye no word?” said Glanara the stern.

“© And tell me, I charge you, ye ¢lan of my spouse,

<¢ Why fold ye your mantles, why cloud ye your brows ?””
So spoke the rude chieftain—no answer was made,

But each mantle unfolding, a dagger display’d!

*¢ T dreamt of my lady, I dreamt of her shroud,”
(Cried a voice from the kinsmen, all wrathful and loud)
*¢ And empty that shroud and that coffin did seem,

*¢ Glenara, Glenara, now read me my dream.”

Oh! pale grew the cheek of that chieftain I ween,

When the shroud was unclos’d, and no lady was seen ;
When a voice from the kinsmen grew louder in scorn,
(‘Twas the youth’s who had lov’d the fair Ellen of Lorne.)

“J dreamt of my lady, I dreamt of her grief,

‘¢ | dreamt that her lord was a barbarous chief,
** On a rock of the ocean, fair Ellen did seem,
*¢ Glenara, Glenara, now read me my dream ?”

In guilt, low the traitor has knelt on the ground,
And the dastard reveals where his lady was found ;
From a rock of the ocean the beauty was borne,
~~ Now joy to the house of fair Ellen of Lorne.
302 LINES

‘992 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

LINES.

Written on the gilded Statue in Lord Cadogan’s Garden, 1723.
By the Right Honourable Lord — deceased.

(Now first published.) :
The Statue addresses Lord C.

N vain to Celia’s heart you sue, ~
By me instructed, learn to woo?
Tn me her emblem you may find,
A beauteous form without a mind ;
A prospect fair of venal charms,
Doom’d to the highest bidder’s arms.

Tho’ you had beauty, wit, and youth,
Tho” you had tenderness with truth,
Nor this, nor that, hersoul could move,
Blind to desert, and cold to love:
Careless of censure, dead to fame,
Unsway’d by principle or shame. ,
So much our qualities agree,
?Twil! do for her that did for me,—
Gild her but well, you may with ease
Carry her naked where you please.

EPIGRAM.
From Roussrav, by the Same.
(Now first published.)

AY HEN the monarch of Hell took it first in his mind
To attack this new world, and destroy human kind,

Eve was dupe to the serpent, and Adam to Eve,

So Moses recites, so good Christians believe.

But the satire is plain of this waggish relation,
‘That thus the world’s rul’d in each age and each nation,
(Forgive me, ye fair, if the comment’s uncivil, )_

Fach man by his wife, and his wife by the devil!

¥ .
\

POETRY.

TO THE HERB ROSEMARY.
BY HENRY KIRKE WHITE, OF NOTTINGHAM.

WEET scented flower, who’rt wont to bloom
On January’s front severe,
And o’er the wint’ry desert drear,
To waft thy waste perfume!
Come, thou shalt form my nosegay now,
And I will bind thee round my brow ;
And, as I twine the mournful wreath,
T’ll weave a melancholy song, ©
And sweet the strain shall be, and long,
The melody of death.

‘Come, fun’ral flower! whe lov’st to dwell
With the pale corpse in lonely tomb, -
And throw across the desert gloom
A sweet decaying smell :
Come, press my lips and lie with me
Beneath the lowly alder tree,
And we will sleep a pleasant sleep 5
And not a care shall dare intrude,
To break the marble solitude,
So peaceful and so deep.

And, hark! the wind-god as he flies,
Moans hollow in the forest trees,
And sailing on the gusty breeze
Mysterious music dies.
Sweet flower, that requiem wild is mine,
It warns me to the lonely shrine,
The cold turf altar of the dead :
My grave shall be in yon tone spot,
Where, as I lie by all forgot,
A dying fragrance thou shalt o’er my ashes shed.

TO AN EARLY: PRIMROSE, -

“s 1) ee offspring of a dark and sullen sire!
Whose modest form, so delicately fine,

Was nurs’d in whistling storms,

And oradled in the winds:
Thee, when young Spring first question’d Winter’s sway,
And dar’d the sturdy blusterer to fight,

Thee, on this bank he threw,

To mark his victory.

s

933

in

934.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

In this low vale, the promise of the year,
Serene, thou openest to the nipping gale,

Unnotic’d and alone,

Thy tender elegance.
So Virtue blooms, brought forth amid the storms
Of chill Adversity, in some low walk

Of life she rears her head

Obscure and unobserv’d ;
While every bleaching breeze that on ee blows
Chastens her spotless purity of breast,

And hardens her to bear

Serene the ills of life.”

The Legend of Robert A Machin and Anna D’ Arfet, the supposed
Discoverers of Madeira.

BY MR. BOWLES.

HAT rapture fir’d
The strangers’ bosoms, as from glade to glade* .«
They pass’d admiring all, and gazing still
With new delight. ‘But. solitude is round,
Deep solitude, | that on the gloom of woods
Primeval fearful hangs: a green recess
Now opens in the wilderness ; gay flow’rs
«Of unknown name purple the yielding sward;
The ring-dove murmurs o’er their head, like one
Attesting tenderest joy ; but mark the trees,
Where, slanting through the gloom, the sunshine rests,
Beneath, a moss-grown monument appears,
O’er which the green banana gently waves
Its long leaf ; and an aged cypress near
Leans, as if list’ning to the streamlet’s sound,
That gushes from the adverse bank ; but pause—
Approach with reverence! Maker of the world,
There is a Christian’s cross! and on the stone
A name, yet legible amid its moss,—
“¢ Anna.”

In that remote and sever'd spot,
Shut as it seem’d from all the world, and lost
In boundless seas, to trace a name, to mark
The emblems of their holy faith, from all

* The scene Madeira.
Drew

P.O ESERY, ay,

Drew tears! while every voice faintly prononne’d

‘¢ Anna! But thou, lov’d harp, whose strings have rung
To louder tones, oh! let my hand, awhile,

The wires more softly touch, whilst [ rehearse

Her name and fate, who in this desert deep,

Far from the world, from friends and kindred, found

Her long and last abode, there, where no eye

Might shed a tear on her remains ; no heart

Sigh in remembrance of her fate:

She left

The Severn’s side, and fled with him she lov’d

O’er the wide main ; for he had told her tales

Of happiness in distant lands, where eare

Comes not, and pointing to the golden clouds

That shone above the waves, when ev’ning came,
Whisper’d, ‘* O are there not sweet scenes of peace
‘¢ Far trom the murmurs of this cloudy mart,

<¢ Where gold alone bears sway, scenes of delight,
_* Where Love may lay his head upon the lap

‘¢ Of Innocence, and smile at all the toil

‘¢ Of the low-thoughted throng, that place in wealth
‘¢ Their only bliss? Yes, there are scenes like these.
‘¢ Leave the vain chidings of the world behind,

<< Country, and hollow friends, and fly with me

‘6 Where love and peace in distant vales invite.

<¢ What would’st thou here? O shall thy beauteous look
<¢ Of maiden innocence, thy smile of youth, thine eyes
«¢ Of tenderness and soft subdu’d desire, :

‘¢ Thy form, thy limbs,—oh, madness !—be the prey,
<6 Of a decrepid spoiler, and for gold ?

“¢ Perish his treasure with him. Haste with me,

‘© We shall find out some sylvan nook, and then

<¢ If thou should’st sometimes think upon these hills,
¢¢ When they are distant far, and drop a tear,

‘6 Yes—I will kiss it from thy cheek, and clasp

¢¢ Thy angel beauties closer to my breast,

“¢ And while the winds blow o’er us, and the sun

‘¢ Goes beautifully down, and thy soft cheek

«© Reclines on mine, I will infold thee thus,

‘‘ And proudly cry, my friend—my love—my wife!”

So tempted he, and soon her heart approv’d,
Nay woo’d, the blissful dream ; and oft at eve,
When the moon shone ypon the wand’ring stream,
She pac’d the castle’s battlements, that threw
Beneath, their solemn shadow, and, resign’d
To fancy and to tears, pene it most sweet

304

936 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

To wander o’er the world with him she lov’d ;
Nor was his birth ignoble, for he shone

’Mid England’s gallant youth in idward’s reigna—
With countenance erect, and honest eye,
Commanding, (yet suffus’d in tenderness

At times) and smiles that like the lightning play’d
On his brown cheek,—so gently stern he stood,
Accomplish’d, gen’rous, gentle, brave, sincere,—
Robert A Machin. But the sullen pride

Of haughty D’Arfet scorn’d all other claim

To his high heritage, save what the pomp

Of amplest wealth, and loftier lineage gave*.
Reckless of human tenderness, that seeks

One lov?d, one honour’d objeét : wealth alone
He worshipp’d; and for this he could consign
His only child, his aged hope, to loath’d
Embraces, and alife of tears! Nor here

His hard ambition ended; for he sought,

By secret whispers of conspiracies,

His sovereign to abuse, bidding him lift

His arm avenging, and upon a youth

Of promise, close the dark forgotten gates

Of living sepulture, and in the gloom

Tnhume the slowly-wasting victim.—

He purpos’d, but in vain: the ardent youth
Rescu’d her—her whom more than life he lov’d,
F’en when the horrid day of sacrifice

Drew nigh. He pointed to the distant bark,
And while he kiss’d a stealing tear that fell

On her pale cheek, as trusting, she reclin’d

Her head upon his breast, with ardour cry’d,

‘¢ Be mine, be only mine; the hour invites 5

<< Be mine, be only mine.’ So won, she cast

A look of last affection on the towers

Where she had pass’d her infant days, that now ‘
Shone to the setting sun—‘ I follow thee,”

Her faint voice said; and lo! where in the air
A sail hangs tremulous, and soon her steps ©
Ascend the vessel’s side: The vessel glides
Down the smooth current, as the twilight fades,
Till soon the woods of Severn, and the spot
Where D’Arfet’s solitary turrets rose,

Is lost—a tear starts to her eye—she thinks

Of him whose grey head to the earth shall bend,
When he speaks nothing—but be all, like death,
Forgotten. Gently blows the placid breeze,

¢

* Machin was of the third order of nobility.

POERTRY,

And oh! that now some fairy pinnace light
Might flit along the wave (by no seen pow’r,
Directed, save when Loye* upon the prow
Gather’d or spread with tender hand the sail)
That now some fairy pinnace, o’er the surge
Silent, as in a summer’s dream, might waft
The passengers upon the conscious flood

To regions of undisturbed joy.

But hark !
The wind is in the shrouds—the cordage sings
With fitful violence—the blast now swells,
Now sinks. Dread gloom invests the farther-wave,
Whose foaming toss alone is seen, beneath
The ¥eering bowsprit.

O retire to rest,

Maiden, whose tender heart would beat, whose check

Turn pale to see another thus expos’d :—
Hark! the deep thunder louder peals—O save—-
The high mast crashes; but the faithful arm

Of love is o’er thee, and thy anxious eye,

Soon as the grey of morning peeps, shall view
Green Erin’s hills aspiring !

The sad morn
Comes forth ; but terror on the sunless wave
Still, like a sea-fiend, sits, and darkly smiles
Beneath the flash that through the struggling clouds
Bursts frequent, half revealing his scath’d front,
Above the rocking of the waste that rolls
Boundless around,

No word through the long day —
She spoke: another slowly came :—No word
- The beauteous drooping mourner spoke.. The sun
‘Twelve times had sunk beneath the sullen surge.
And cheerless rose again:—Ah were are now
Thy havens, France? But yet—resign not yet
Ye lost sea-farers—oh, resign not yet
All hope—the storm is pass’d ; the drenched sail
Shines in the passing beam! look up, and say,
s¢ Heav’n, thou hast heard our prayers !”

And lo, scarce seen,
A distant dusky spot appears, they reach

* Image taken from Ovid’s Sappho to Phaon,

938

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804. 4

An unknown shore, and green and flow’ry vales
And azure hills, and silver-gushing streams,

Shine forth, a Paradise which Heav’n alone

Who saw the silent anguish of despair

Could raise in the waste wilderness of waves.—
They gain the haven—through untrodden scenes,
Perhaps untrodden by the foot of man

Since first the earth arose, they wind: The voice
Of Nature hails them here with music, sweet,

As waving woods retir’d, or falling streams

Can make ; most soothing to the weary heart,
Doubly to those who, struggling with their fate,
And weary’d long with watchings and with grief,
Songht but a place of safety. All things here
Whisper repose and peace ; the very birds

That mid the golden fruitage glance their plumes.
The songsters ‘of the lonely. valley sing

** Welcome from scenes of sarrow,—live with us.”—

The wild wood opens, and a shady glen
Appears, embower’d with mantling laurels high,
That, sloping, shade the flow’ry valley’ Ss side ;

A lucid stream, with gentle murmur, strays
Beneath th’ umbrageous multitude of leaves,

Till gaining, with soft lapse, the netheg plain,

It glances light along its yellow bed ;—

The shaggy inmates of the forest ake

The feet of their new guests, and gazing stand.—
A beauteous tree upshoots amid the glade

Its trembling top; and there upon the bank

They rest then, while the heart o’erflows with joy.

Now evening, breathing richer odours sweet,
Came down: a softer sound the circling seas,
The ancient woods resounded, while the dove,
Her murmurs interposing, tenderness
Awak’d, yet more endearing, in the hearts
Of those who, sever’d far from human kind
Woman and man, by vows sincere betroth’d,
Heard but the voice of Nature. ‘The still moon
Arose—they saw it not—cheek was to cheek
Inclin’d, and unawares a stealing tear
Witness’d how blissful was that hour, that seem’d
Not of the hours that time could count. <A kiss
Stole on the list’ning silence ; never yet
Here heard: they trembl’ d, e’en as if the pow’r b
That made the world, that planted the first pair :

q
;

In paradise, amid the garden walk’d,—

This

:

“PORT RY.

This, since, the fairest garden that the world
Has witness’d, by the fabling sons of Greece
Hesperian nam’d who feign’d the waichtul guard
Of the scal’d Dragon, and the Golden Fruit.
Such was this Silvan Paradise; and here -

The loveliest pair, from a hard world remote,
Upon each other’s neck reclin’d; their breath
Alone was heard, when the dove céas’d on high

- Her plaint; and tenderly their faithful arms

Infolded each other.

‘Thou dim cloud;
That from the search of men these beauteous vales
Hast clos’d, oh doubly veil them. But alas,
How short the dream of human transport! Here
In vain they built the leafy bow’r of love,
Or cull’d the sweetest flowers and fairest fruit.
‘bhe hours unheeded stole! but ah, not long—
Again the hollow tempest of the night
Sounds through the leaves; the inmost woods resound—
Slow comes the dawn, but neither ship nor sail
Along the rocking of the windy waste
Is seen: the dash of the dark-heaying wave
Alone is heard, Start from your bed of bliss
Poor viétims, never more shall ye behold
Your native vales again ; and thou, sweet child,
Who, list’ning to the voice of love, has left
Thy friends, thy country,—oh may the wan hue
Of pining memory, the sunk cheek, the eye
Where tenderness yet dwells, atone, (if love
Atonement need, by cruelty and wrong
Beset,) atone e’en now thy rash resolves.
Ah, fruitless hope! Day after day thy bloom
Fades, and the tender lustre of thine eye
Is dim’d; thy form, amid creation, seems
The only dreoping thing.

Thy look was soft,
And yet most animated, and thy step
Light as the roe’s upon the mountains. Now e
Thou sittest hopeless, pale, beneath the tree
That fann’d its joyous leaves above thy head,
Where love had deck’d the blooming bow’r and strew’d
The sweets of summer: Death is on thy check,
And thy chill hand the pressure scarce returns
Ot him, who agoniz’d and hopeless, hangs
With tears and trembling o’er thee. Spare the sight,
She faints—she dies :—-

~~

940 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804,

He laid her in the earth,
Himself scarce living, and upon her tomb
Beneath the beauteous tree where they inclin’d,
Plac’d the last tribute of his earthly love. |

INSCRIPTION.
«¢ ANNA D’ARFET.”

L :
de Oar my poor Anna’s lowly grave
** No dirge shall sound, no knell shall ring,
¢* But Angels, as the high pines wave,
‘¢ Their half heard ¢ Miserere’ sing.
IL.
** No flowers of transient bloom at eve
‘¢ 'The maidens on the turf shall strew 3
“* Nor sigh, as the sad spot they leave ;
‘* Sweets to the sweet! a long adieu!
Ill
*¢ But in this wilderness profound,
‘ O’er her the dove shall build her nest,
“* And ocean swell with softer sound
“¢ A requiem to her dreams of rest!

‘* Ah! when shall I as quiet be?
‘¢ When not a friend or human eye,
£¢ Shall mark beneath the mossy tree
‘* The spot where we forgotten lie.

*¢ To kiss her name on the cald stone,
*¢ Ts all that now on earth I crave ;
‘¢.For in this world I am alone—
** O lay me with her in the grave.”
** Robert A Machin, 1344.—Miserere nabis, Domini.” .

Account

[ 941 J

Account of Books

Leiters written by the late Earl of
Chatham to his Nephew, Thomas
Pitt, Esq. (afterwards Lord Ca-
melford) then at Cambridge, 8vo.

HE little volume to which we
here call the attention of our
readers, is of no ordinary impor-
tance: If the most minute and tri-

fling anecdotes of the habits, man--

ers, and particularities of those
who have been eminently distin-
guished for the parts they have play-
ed upon the great theatre of human
life, be sought, and are communi-
cated with eagerness ; how gratify-
ing must it prove, to be admitted at
once into the privacies, and become
witnesses to the conduét, in the rela-
tions of domestic life, and social in-
tercourse of such asplendid character
as was the late lord Chatham. To
such a banquet are we here invited,
and highly feasted have we been at
the intelleétual treat which this col-
leGtion has afforded.

To attempt the eulogy of such a
statesman and minister, as the writer
of these letters, would be indeed, to
6¢ paint the Hly,” and ‘gild re~
fined gold.” His best panegyric is
te be found in the public, annals of
his first administration, during
which period it has been eloquently
said, that, while with one hand he
wielded the democracy of the Bri-

L

for the Year 1804.

tish empire, he smote to the dust,
the united strength of the house of
Bourbon with the other. -

But although the world was well
acquainted with the superior powers
of lord Chatham’s mind ; although,
ample credit was given to him for
talents worthy of acquiring and of
maintaining the public confidence
and esteem, ina degree as unbound.
ed as unexampled; although, he
was known, as anorator,—the rival
of the most distinguished among
those of Greece and Rome in the
happiest periods of those countries
in his public conduét,—of the strict-
est integrity : in his private life,—of
the most unblemished morality : yet
little credit has hitherto been given
to this illustrious man, for the softer
and more amiable qualities of the
mind, which smooth the asperities
of life, and endear existence to us,
under all the visitations to which
mortality is subject.

In the publication before us;
however, the grand, perhaps hither-
to, hard outline of this extraordinary
character is filled up ; the most bland
and mellow ‘touches here abound,
which, at once, finish the piéture,
and throw forward the figure into
perfect relief. Here we no longer
find the vehement superiority which
raised lord Chatham above the ordi-
nary race of men; not, the dicta-

torial

942,

torial mandates of age or situation,
- but the gentle and insinuating tone
of an indulgent parent. Age and
experience seem gently to bend for-
ward, to the tender weakness of
youth, and soothingly to couduét it
along that road in which they had
gone before, and which must now
be pursued by him, in whose wel-
fare they are so deeply interested.

The letters which compose this vo-
lume, were written in 1754, and the
two succeeding years, and are ad-
dressed to ‘thomas Pitt, afterwards
first lord Camelford, the son of
the elder brother of the great lord
Chatham, and consequently his ne-
phew. The slightest reference to
the domestic history of that period
which these dates include, will in-
duce no small share of admiration
at the versatility of mind and talent,
which could enable the noble author
before us, in a moment when poli-
tical contention was at the highest,
when he was engaged in the ardu-
ous contest for that pre-eminence
he afterwards attained, when his
days and nights were devoted to se-
cure popularity, to turn aside from
the arduous tasks he had imposed
upon himself, and direét, with preci-
sion and minuteness, the morals and
studies of a youth at college!

The course of reading best adapted
to the peculiar situation of the per-
son to-whom they are addressed, and
the most fitting for the improvement
of the mind; the religions and social
obligations ; and the ‘+ lesser morals”
‘form the subjects of advice contain-
ed in these letters. In another part
of this work, we have inserted spe-
scimens of the first two of these

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

subjeéts*, to which we beg leave to
refer our readers, and of the latter,
we venture to subjoin the following,
dated from Bath.

Bath, Jan. 24, 1754.

I will lose not-a moment before I ©
return my most tender and warm —
thanks to the most amiable, ¥alua-
ble, and noble-minded of youths, —
for the infinite pleasure his letter
gives me.

My dear nephew, what a beauti-
ful thing is genuine goodness, and
how lovely does the human mind
appear, in its native purity, (in a
nature as happy as yours,) before
the taint of a corrupted world has»
touched it! ‘To guard you from the
fatal effects of all the dangers that
surround and beset youth, (and
many they are, nam variae illudant
Pestes,) 1 thank God, is become my
pleasing and very important charge;
your own choice, and our nearness
in blood, and still more, a dearer
and nearer relation of hearts, which
I feel between us, all concur to make
itso. I shallseek then every occa-
sion, my dear young friend, of be-
ing useful to you, by offering you
those lights, which one must have
lived some years in the world to see
the full force and extent of, and
which the best mind and clearest un-
derstanding will suggest imperfectly,
in any case, aud in the most diffi-
cult, delicate, and essential points,
perhaps not at all, till experience,
that dear-bought aeons comes
to our assistance. What I shall
therefore make my task, (a happy,
delightful task, if I prove a sate-
guard to so much open virtue,) is to

* Vide page 890, of the Miscclieneaus Essays, where they. are placed with some
of the justly celebrated Cowper, on nearly similar topics.

be

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

be for some years, what you cannot
be to yourself, your experience ;
experience anticipated, and ready
digested for your use. ‘hus we
will endeavour, my dear child, to
join the two best seasons of life,
to establish your virtue and your
happiness upon solid foundations:
Miscens autumni et veris honores.
So much in general. I will now,
my dear nephew, say a few things
to you upon a matter where you
have surprisingly little to learn, con-
sidering you have seen nothing but
Boconnock ; I mean_ behaviour.
Behaviour is of infinite advantage
or prejudice to a man as he hap-
pens to have formed it to a graceful,
noble, engaging, and proper man-
ner, or to avulgar, coarse, ill-bred,
or awkward, and ungenteel one.
Behaviour, though an external thing,
which seems rather to belong to the
body than to the mind, is certainly
founded in considerable virtues :
though I have known instances of
good men, with something very re-
volting and offensive in their man-
ner of behaviour, especially when
they have the misfortune to be na-
turally very awkward and ungen-
teel ; and which their mistaken
friends have helped to confirm them
in, by telling them, they were a-
bove such trilles, as being genteel,
dancing, fencing, riding, and doing
all manly exercises, with grace and
vigour. As if the body, because
inferior, were nota part of the com-
position of man; and the proper,
easy, ready, and graceful use of
himself, both in mind and limb, did
not go to make up the chara¢ter of
an accomplished man. You are in
no danger of falling into this pre-
posterous error: and J had a great
pleasure in finding you, when I first
saw you in London, so well dis.
2

943

posed by nature, and so properly
attentive to make yourself genteel
in person, and well-bred in beha~
viour. I am very glad you have
taken a fenving-master : that exer-
cise will give you some manly, firm,
and graceful attitudes: open your
chest, place your head upright, and
plant you well on your legs. As
to the use of the sword, it is well
to know it: buat remember, my
dearest nephew, it is a science of
defence: and that a sword can ne-
ver be employed by the hand of a
man of virtue, in any other cause.
As to the carriage of your person,
be particularly careful, as you are
tall and thin, not to gct a habit of
stooping; nothing has so poor a
look ; above all things avoid con-
tracting any peculiar gesticulations of
the body, or movements of the mus-
cles of the face. It is rare to see in
any one a graceful laughter; it is
generally better to smile than laugh
out, especially to contraét a habit
of laughing at small or no jokes.
Sometimes it would be affeétation,
or worse, mere moroseness, not te
laugh heartily, when the truly ridi-
culous circumstances of an incident,
or the true pleasantry and wit of a
thing call for and justily it; but the
trick of laughing frivolously is by
all means to be avoided: Risu in-
epto, res ineptior nulla est. Now
as to politeness, many have attempt-
ed difinitions of it: I believe it is
best to be known by description ;
definition not being able to com-
prise it. 1 would, however, venture
to call it benevolence in trifles, or
the preference of others to ourselves
in little daily, hourly, occurrences
in the commerce of life: a better
place, a more commodious seat,
priority in being helped at table,
&c. What is it but sacrificing our-

selves

944
selves in such trifles to the conveni-
ence and pleasure of others? And
this constitutes true politeness. It
is a perpetual attention (by habit it
grows easy and natural to us,) to
the little wants of those weare with,
by which we either prevent or re-
move them. Bowing, ceremonious,
formal compliments, stiff civilities,
will never be politeness ; that must
be easy, natural, unstudied, manly,
noble. And what will give this,
but a mind benevolent, and perpe-
tually attentive to exert thatamiable
disposition in trifles towards all you
converse and live with? Benevo-
lence in greater matters takes a
higher name, and is the queen of
virtues. Nothing is so incompatible
with politeness as any trick of ab.
sence of mind. I would trouble you
with a word or two more upon some
branches of behaviour, which have
@ more scrious moral obligation in
them, than those of mere politeness,
which are equally important in the
eye of the world. I mean a proper
behaviour, adapted to the respective
relations we stand in, towards the
different ranks of superiors, equals,
and inferiors. Let your behaviour
towards superiors, in dignity, age,
learning, or any distinguished ex-
‘cellence, be fuil of respect, defer-
ence, and modesty. Towards e-
quals, nothing becomes a man so
- well, as well bred ease, polite free-
dom, generous frankness, manly
spirit, always tempered with gentle-
ness and sweetness of manner, no-
ble sincerity, candour. and openness
of heart, qaalified and restrained
within the bounds of discretion and
prudence, and ever limited by a
sacred regard to secresy, in all
things entrusted to it, and an invi-
olable attachment to your word.

To inferiors, gentleness, condescen-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.”

sion, and affability is the only digs
nity. Towards servants, never acs
custom yourself to rough and pas.
sionate language. When they are
good we should consider them as
humiles amici, as fellow christians,
ut conservi; and when they are bad,
pity, admonish, and part with them
if incorrigible. On all occasions
beware, my dear child, of anger, |
that demon, that destroyer of our
peace. Ira furor brevis est, ani-
mum rege qui nist paret imperat,
hunc fronts hunc tu compesce cd-
tenis, : :
Write soon, and tell me your
studies.

Your ever affeétionate, &c.

From such ample specimens of
the style and substance of these let-
ters, our readers will judge for them.
selves of their value both as to sub-
ject and composition ; we may, ©
however, be permitted to observe,
that, although not uniformly excel.
lent, they, throughout, indicate a
mind of no ordinary capacity; that —
their style is perfeétly natural and —
easy ; and that they abound in ex-
pressions of that teuching tender-
ness which could alone be excited
in the breast of an amiable and good
man, and bya most worthy object.
Indeed the charaétets of the person
to whom they are addressed and of ~
their noble writer, rise upon one in
every page; and we conclude the
perusal of the book with the most
perfeét esteem for both parties. It
is but justice to add, that lord
Camelford was in every sense of the
word worthy of the eare and pains
here bestowed upon him, by his il-
lustrious and venerablé uncle, as
we find from the words of the edi-
tor, that he was distinguished thro”
life for ‘that suavity of manners

and

ACCOUNT

and steadiness of principle, the same
correctness of judgmentand integrity
of heart”? which had endeared him
to lord Chatham ; and that ‘the
same affectionate attachment from
those who knew him best has fol-
lowed him beyond the grave.”
_ It is too important an observa-
tion to be omitted, that throughout
these letters, lord Chatham’s mind
seems strongly imbued with the
utmost reverence for the Chris-
tian religion ; nor does he. omit any
opportunity of inculcating »similar
sentiments in his pupil, as the most
essential of all duties.

If it afford matter of satisfaétion
to the admirers of lord Chatham (as
certainly it must) to see him exhi-
bited so much to his advantage;
it must be considerably increased
by the labours of the editor, who,
in an exquisitely well-written and
judicious preface, has enhanced the
value of the work, by averting cri-
ticism, which might attach upon
portions of it without some neces-
‘sary explanations: and who, by a
manly, yet reverential combating of
certain opinions therein adyanced,
hasingeniously found the means of
at once heightening our esteem for
hisauthor, and our respect for himself.
It is indeed impossible not to con-
template with delight, the fortunate
eoincidence which has uniled such

OF BOOKS. 945

a writer and such an editor—That
the works of lord Chatham should
see the light under the care of lord
Grenville !

Second to no statesman of the
time or age in which he lives :—
as an orator, gifted with an elo
quence at once manly, perspicuous,
and convincing ;—as a politician, of
the most unstained integrity ;—in
private life-of the purest morals ;—
and a scholar of the first order—
Could the posthumous reputation of
the great lord Chatham be entrusted
to more appropriate hands ?

A singularly neat, and elegant de-
dication to Mr. Pitt*, ushers in this
work to the public; it is followed
by the preface, to which we have
already adverted, and which, not
only asit is the best analysis and cré-
tique of the work itself, that could be
given; but, as we consider it per
feét in its kind, we shall lay before
our readers without further apo-
logy :—

‘¢ The following letters were ad-
dressed by the late lord Chatham to
his nephew, Mr. Pitt, (afterwards
lord Camelford,) then at Cambridge.
They are few in number, written
for the private use of an individual
during a short period of time, and
containing only such detached ob-
servations on the extensive subjecis

‘to which they relate, as occasion

i * To the Right Hon. Wm. Pitt.

My dear Sir,

Dropmore, Dec. 5, 1803,

When you expressed to me your entire concurrence jn my wish to print
the following letters, you were not ‘apprised that this address would accompan
them, By you it will, I trust, be received as a testimony of affectionate friend-
ship. To others the propriety will be obvious of inscribing with your name a pub

lication, in which lord Chatham teaches how great talents may most successfully
be cultivated, and to what objects they may most honourably be directed.

Vor, XLVI.

Grenville.

3P might

946

might happen to suggest, in the
course of familiar correspondence.
Yet even these imperfe¢t remains
will undoubtedly be received by the
public with no common interest, as
well from their own intrinsic value,
as from the pi¢ture which they diss
play of the charaéter of their au-
thor. The editor’s wish to do ho-
nour to the memory, both of the per-
son by whom they are written, and
of him to whom they were addressed,
would alone have rendered him de-
Sirous of making these papers pub-
lic. But he feels a much higher mo-
tive, in the hope of promoting, by
such a publication, the inseparable
interests of learning, virtue, and
religion. By the writers of that
school, whose philosophy consists
in the degradation of virtue, it has
often been triumphantly declared,
that no excellence of character can
stand the test of close observation ;

that no man is a hero to his domes-

tic servants, or to his familiar
friends. How much more just, as
well as more amiable and dignified,
is the opposite sentiment, delivered
to us in the words of Plutarch, and
illustrated throughout all his writ-
ings! ‘* Real virtue,” says that ini-
mitable moralist, ‘* is most loved
where it is most nearly seen: and no
respect, which it commands from
strangers,. can equal the never-ceas-
ing admiration it excites in the daily
intercourse of domestic life.”

The following correspondence,
imperfeét as it is, (and who will not
Jament that many more such letters
are not preserved ?) exhibits a great
orator, statesman, and patriot, in

ANNUAL REGISTER, i804.

one of the most interesting relations —

of private society. Not, -as in the

cabinet or the senate, enforcing, by —
a vigorous ard commanding elo«—

quence, those counsels to which his

country owed her pre-eminence and —

glory ; but implanting, with parental
kindness, into the mind of an inge-

nuous youth, seeds of wisdom and —
virtue, which ripened into full ma- —

turity in the character of a most ace
complished man: direéting him to

the acquisition of knowledge*, as —
aétion 3 —

the best instrument of
teaching him, by the cultivation of
his reason, to strengthen and esta-
blish in his heart those principles of
moral reétitude which were conge-

nial to it; and above all, exhorting —

him to regulate the whole conduét
of his life by the predominant influ-
ence of gratitude and obedience to
God, as the only sure groundwork
of every human duty!

What parent, anxious for the —

character and success of a son, born
to any liberal station in this great

and free country, would not, in all —

that related to his education, gladly
have resorted to the advice of such a
man? What youthful spirit, ani-
mated by any desire of future excel
lence, and looking for the gratifica-

tion of that desire, in the pursuits ©
of honourable ambition, or in the —

consciousness of an upright, aétive,
aud useful life, would not embrace
with transport any opportunity of
listening, on such a subject, to the
lessons of lord Chatham? They are
here before him. Not delivered
with the authority of a preceptor,
or a parent, but tempered by the

* Ingenium illustre altioribus studiis juvenis admodum dedit; non ut nomine
magnifico segne, otium velaret, sed quo firmior adversus fortuita Rem publicam ca-

pesseret. Tucitus,

affection

ACCOUNT

affection of a friend towards a dis-
position and character well entitled
to such regard.

On that disposition and character
the editor forbears to enlarge.—
Their best panegyric will be found
in the following pages. Lord Ca-
melford is there described such as
lord Chatham judged him in the first
dawn of his youth, and such as he
continued to his latest hour. The
Same suavity of manners, and stea-
diness of principle, the same cor-
rectness of judgment and integrity
of heart, distinguished him through
life; and the same affeétionate at.
tachment from those who knew
him best, has followed him beyond
the grave.

Que Gratia vivo—
—Eadem sequitur tellure repéstum !

Of the course of study which these
letters recommend, little can be ne-
cessary to be said by their editor.
He is, however, anxious that a
publication, calculated to produce
extensive benefit, should not in any
Single point mislead even the most
superficial reader: nor would he,
with all the deference which he
owes to the authority of lord Cha-
tham, willingly appear to concur in
the recommendation or censure of
any works, on which his own judg-
ment is materially different from
that, which he is now the instru-
ment of delivering to the world.

Some early impressions had pres
possessed lord Chatham’s mind with
‘a much more favourable opinion of
the political writings of Jord Bo-
lingbroke, than he might himself
have retained on a wore impartial
reconsideration. To a reader of
the present day, the ‘‘ Remarks on

the History of England” would pro-
i

OF BOOKS. 947

bably but ill appearentitled to the
praises which are in these letters so
liberally bestowed upon them.. For
himself, at least, the editor may be
allowed to say, that their style is,
in his judgment, declamatory, dif.
fuse, and involved: deficient beth
in elegance and in precision, and
little calculated te satisfy a taste
formed, as lord Chatham’s was, on
the purest models of classic simpli-
city. Their matter he thinks more
substantially defective: the obser-
vations which they contain display
no depth of thought or extent of
knowledge ; their reasoning is, for:
the most part, trite and superficial $
while on the accuracy with which
the facts themselves are represented,
no reliance cansafely be placed. The
principles and character of their au
thor, lord Chatham himself con-
demns with just reprobation. And
when, in addition to this general
censure, he admits, that in these
writings the truth of history is oc-
casionally warped, and its applica-
tion distorted, for party purposes,
what farther notice can be wanted
of the caution with which sucha
book must always be regarded ?
Lord Chatham appears to have
recommended to his nephew, at the
same time, the study of a very dif-
ferent work, the history of Claren-
dou: but he speaks with some dis-
trust of the integrity of that valua-
ble writer. When a statesman traces,
for the instruétion of posterity, the
living images of the men and man«
ners of his time; the passions by
which he has himself been agitated,
and the revolutions in which his own
life and fortunes were.involved, the
picture will donbtless retain a strong
impesession of the mind, the charac-
ter, ang the opinions of its author.
But there will always be a wide in-
3P 2 terval

O48:

terval between the -bias of sincere
conviction, and the dishonesty of
intentional misrepresentation.
Clarendon was, unquestionably,
a lover of truth, and a sincere friend
to the free constitution of his coun-
try. He defended that constitution
in parliament, with zeal and energy,
against the encroachments of prero-

gative, and concurred in the esta- _

blishment of new securities, neces-
sary for its protection. He did, in-
deed, when these had been obtain-
ed, oppose with equal determina-
tion those continually increasing de-
mands of parliament, which appcar-
ed.to him to threaten the existence

of the mouarchy itself; desirous, if

possible, to conciliate the mainte-
nance of public liberty with the pre-
servation of domestic peace, and to
turn aside from his country all the
evils, to which those demands imme-
diately and manifestly tended.

The wish was honourable and vir
tuous, but it was already become
impratticable. The purposes of ir-
reconcileable ambition, ‘entertained
by both the contending parties, were
utterly inconsistent w ith the re-esta-
blishment of mutual confidence.
The parliamentary leaders openly
grasped at the exclusive possession
of all civil and all military au-
thority : and, on the other hand,
the perfidy with which the king had
violated his past engagement, still
rankled in the hearts of his people,
whose just suspicions of his. since-

_rity: were pqntinually renewed by
the uusteadiness of his conduét, even
in the yery moments of fresh con-
cession: while, amongst a large pro-
portion of the community, every
circumstance of civil injury or op-
pression was inflamed and aggra-
vated by the utmost violence. of re-
ligious animosity,

ANNUAL REGISTER;

‘reading aa reflection, as lord Cha-»

1804,

In this unhappy state, the cala-
mities of civil war could no longer
be averted ; but the miseries. by
which the contest was attended, and
the military tyranny to which it so»

naturally Inds justified all the fears’ 4

of those who had from the begin-
ning most dreaded, that terrible ex-
tremity.

At the restoration, the same vir- —
tuous statesman proteéted ‘the con-
stitution against the blind or inte-
rested zeal of excessive loyalty : and,

if Monk had the glory of restoring q

the monarchy of England, to Cla-,

rendon is ascribed the mérit of re- ©

establishing her laws and liberties, —
a service no less advantageous to —
the crown than honourable to him=
sclf;. but which was numbered

among the chief of those offences i

for which he was afterwards aban.
doned, sacrificed,
by his unfeeling,
fligate master,
These observations respecting one
of the most upright charaéters of
our history, are here delivered with
freedom, though in some degree op-
posed to so high an authority. The
habit of forming such. opinions for
ourselves, instead of receiving them
from other, is not the least among.
the advantages of such a course, of, 4

corrupt, and pro-

)

thai recommends.
Lt will be obvious to every reas
der, on the slightest perusal of the”
following. letters, that they, were”
néver intended to comprise. a per-~
fe&i system of education, even for”
the short portion of time -to: ise
they relate. Many. points in which
they will be found deficient, were
undoubtedly supplied. by» frequent:
opportunities of personal -imter-
course, and much was left to the
general rules of study established at
an

!

%

and persecuted, ~

-
‘

. terature.

ACCOUNT

an English university. Still less,
therefore, should the temporary
advice addressed to an individual,
whose previous education had la-
boured under some disadvantage, be
understood as a general dissuasive
from the cultivation of Grecian li-
he sentiments of lord
Chatham were in direét opposition
to such an opinion. ‘The manner
in which, even in these letters, he
speaks of the ‘irst of poets, and the
greatest of orators; and the stress
which he lays on the benefits to be
derived from their immortal works,

could leave no doubt of his judg-

ment on this important point. That

_ Judgment was afterwards most une-

*

every age,

eS ae

guivocally manifested, when he was
called upon to consider the question
with a still higher interest, not only
as a friend and guardian, but also
as a father.

_ A diligent study of the poetry,
the history, the eloquence, and the
philosophy of Greece, an intimate
acquaintance with those writings
which have been the admiration of
and the models of all
succeeding excellence, would un-
doubtedly have been considered by
him as an essential part of any ge-
neral plan for the education of an
English gentleman, born to share
in the councils of his country. Such

a plan must also have comprised a

much higher progress than is here
traced out in mathematics, in the
science of reason, in natural and in
moral philosophy ; including in the
latter the proofs and doétrines of
that revelation by which it has been
perfected. Nor would the work
have been considered by him as fi-
nished, until on these foundations

there had been built an accurate

knowledge of the origin, nature,

and safeguards of government and

OF BOOKS. 949

civil liberty; of the principles of
public and municipal law; and
of the theory of political, com-
mercial, finaucial, and military ad-
ministration ; as resulting from the
investigations of philosophy, and as
exemplified in the lessons both of
ancient and of modern history.

“¢ f cali that,” says Milton, “a
complete and generous education,
which fits a man to perform justly,
skilfully, and magnanimously, all
the offices, both public and private,
of peace and war.”

This is the purpose to which alt
knowledge is subordinate ; the test
of all intellectual and all moral ex-
cellence. It is the end to which the
lessons of Jord Chatham are uni-
formly direéted. May they contri-
bute to promote and encourage its
pursuit! Recommended, as they
must be, to the heart of every rea-
der, by their warmth of sentiment
and eloquence of language; deriv-
ing additional weight from the aflec-
tionate interest by which they were
diétated ; and most of all enforced
by the influence of his own great
example, and by the authority of
his venerable name,

Dropmore, Dec. 3, 1803.

pe — ster

Travels in China, containing Descrip-
tions, Observations, and Compa-
risons, made and collected in the
Course of a short Residence at the
Imperial Palace Yuen-min-Yuen,
and in a subsequent Journey thro’
the Country, from Pekin to Can-
ton. By John Barrow, Esquire,
late private Secretary to Eart Ma-~
cartney. Ato.

The gentleman to whom the pub-
lic is indebted for the valuable work
before us, has already creditably

3P3 distinguished

950

distinguished himself as the author of
travels into the interior of Southern
Africa, and will lose none of the
reputation he has there acquired by
the present publication.. His situa-
tion as private secretary to the em-
bassador, gave him an opportunity
of acquiring much and accurate in-
formation, and it is but justice to
him to add, that he seems to have
been eminently endowed with all
the varied talents which would en-
able him not only to increase his
own fund of intelleétual acquirement
by this advantage, but to communi-
cate his discoveries to the world,
with that perspicuous and scientific
arrangement, which must secure to
him the applause of the scholar,
the citizen of the world, and the
philosopher. ;

Mr. Barrow professes in his first
chapter, not to give the history of
the embassy, which has already been
amply detailed by sir George Staun-
ton, but to lay before his readers

such an account of the morals and.

manners of the inhabitants, and
such faéts with relation to the state
of the sciences, arts, and agricul-
ture of the country, as may enable
the reader justly to appreciate what
rank belongs to China in the scale
of the civilized nations of the world;
a point of considerable difliculty,
and on which the opinions of man-
kind have continued to fluctuate
for more than two centuries. ‘ By
some, the Chinese have been extolled
as the oldest and wisest, as the most
Jearned and ingenious of nations;
whilst others have derided their an-
tiquity, condemned their govern-
ment as abominable, and arraigned
their manners as inhuman ; without
allowing them an element of science,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

or a single art for which they have
not been indebted to some more an«
cient and civilized race of men.”’*

Our traveller does not, however,
lose sight of the incidents which bee
long to the progress of the embassy.
In his preliminary chapter, he de-
tails the mistaken notions which
prevailed with respect to its origin,
conduét, and success: contrasts it
with the fate of the subsequent
Dutch mission to that country: re-
futes the mis-statements of a French
missionary, with respect to the for-
mer: accounts for the different
treatment of the two embassies:
and gives a chronological catalogue
of the different European embassies
that have been sent to China within
the last two centuries.

In the course of the following
chapters, Mr. Barrow takes occasion
tointermingle narrative,dissertation,
and anecdote, as they occur, or are —
suggested by the nature of the differ-
ent stages of the embassy,-in a singu-
larly entertaining and happy manner,
Thus, in the second chapter, which —
professes to give the observations —
and transaé¢tions in the navigation
of the yellow sea, and the passage ©
upthe Pei-ho, or yellow river, the
system of Chinese navigation, their
compass, their foreign voyages, and
present state of commerce, naturally
suggest themselves to the research
of our author, and are investigated
in a luminous and masterly manner.
Some conjectures are then hazarded
as to the connection of the Malays
and Hottentots with the Chinese,
and the remarkable coincidencies
between the latter and the natives
of Sumatra. The events which take —
place on entering the Pei-ho; the ©
appearance of the country, and of

* Sir William Jones,

the

ACCOUNT

the inhabitants, and the occur-
rences during the navigation into the
interior of the country to the pe-
riod of disembarkation, are related
with much liveliness, and excite a
considerable degree of interest.

In the third chapter our author
carries the reader with him most
agreeably through the capital to a
country villa of the emperor; du-
ring which he becomes still better
acquainted with the physical and
moral condition ef the inhabitants,
whilst the approach to Pekin and
the description of that city will af-

ford him a-degree of entertainment,

not easily to be paralleled in works
of this kind. The description of
the palace and gardens of Yuen-min-
yen, and the remarks on the Chi-
nese mode of gardening, are inter-
esting features of this work; and
the account, from lord Macartney’s
journal, descriptive of the emperor’s
great park of Gehol in Tartary,
£6 unviyalled in its features of beau-
ty, sublimity, and amenity,” in-
Guce us to wish that more extratts
from so valuable a source had en-
tiched the present volume.

Having, during his residence at the
capital and its neigsbourhood, ac-
quired a competent degree of infor-
mation, Mr. Barrow enters, in his
fourth chapter, upon “¢ the state of
society in China, the manners, cus-
toms, sentiments, and moral cha-
racter of the people.’? As this
splendid book is out of the reach of
_ the generality of readers, from its
expensive form, we shall make no
apology for the length~of the fol-
lowing extraét, which nearly em-
braces the whole of this chapter,
and which, if not the most enter-
taining, is certainly the most in-
structive in the work. In it
Mr. Barrow seems to have con-

OF BOOKS. 951

densed, with equal spirit and judg-
ment, the results of his learned and
highly meritorious researches,—

‘¢it may, perhaps, be laid down
as an invariable maxim, that the
condition of the female part of so-
ciety in any nation will furnish a
tolerable just criterion of the de-
gree of civilization to which that
nation has arrived. The manners,
habits, aud prevailing sentiments of
women, have great influence on
those of socicty to which they be-
long, and generally give a turn to
its character. ‘Thus we find that
those nations, where the moral and
intellectual powers of the mind, in
the female sex, are held in most es.
timation, will be governed by such
laws as are best calculated to pro-
mote the general happiness of the
people; and, en the contrary, where
the personal qualifications of the sex
are the only objects of consideration,
as is the case in all the despotic go-
vernments of the Asiatic nations,
tyranny, oppression, and slavery
are sure to prevail; and these per-
sonal accomplishments, so. far from
being of use to the owner, serve
only to deprive her of liberty, and
the society of her friends; to ren-
der her a degraded victim subservi-
ent to the sensual gratification, the
caprice, and the jealousy of tyrant
man, Among savage tribes the la-
bour and drudgery invariably fall
heaviest on the weaker sex.

‘¢ The talents of women, in our
own happy island, began only in
the reign of queen. Elizabeth to be
held in a proper degree of consider-
ation. As women, they were ad-
mired and courted, but they scarce-
Jy could be said to, participate ia
the society of men. In. faét, the
manners of our forefathers, before
that reign, were too rough for them.

3P4 In

952

In Wales wives were sold to their hus-
bands. In Scotland women could not
appearas cvidences in a court of jus-
tice. In the time of Henry the eighth,
an aét was passed prohibiting women
and apprentices from reading the
New Testament in the English lan-
guage. Among the polished Greeks
they were held im little estimation.
Homer degrades all his females: he
makes the Grecian princesses weave
the web, spin, and do all the drudgery
of a modern washer-woman; and
rarely allows them any share of so-
cial intercourse with the other sex.
Yet the very foundations on which
he has construéted his two matchless
poems, are women! lt appears also
from all the dramatic writers of an-
cient Greece, whose aim was ‘‘ to
hold as *twere the mirror up to na-
ture, to shew the very age and body
of the time its form and pressure,”
that notwithstanding their extreme
delicacy of taste, and rapid progress
in the fine arts, their manners were
low and coarse; and that. they were
entire strangers to any other grati-
fication arising from the society of
women, than the indulgence of the
sensual appetite. Even the grave
Herodotus mentions, in the highest
terms of approbation, the custom
of Babylon of selling by auétion, on
a certain fixed day, all the young
women who had any pretensions to
beauty, in order to raise a sum of
money for portioning off the rest of
the females, to whom nature had
been less liberal in bestowing her
gifts, and who were knocked down
to those who were satisfied to take
them with the least money: — This
degradation of women would seem
to be as impolitic as it is extraordi-
nary, since, under their guidance,
the earliest and sometimes the most
indelible (I believe I may safely

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

add, the best and most amiable)
impressions are stamped on the
youthful mind. In infancy their
protection is indispensably neces-
sary, aud in sickness, or in old age,
they unquestionably afford the best
and kindest relief: or as a French
author has neatly observed, ‘* Sans
les femmes, les deux extremites de la
vie seroient sans secuurs, et le milieu
sans plaisirs.—Without women the
two extremities of life would behelp-
less, and the middle of it joyless.”
‘+ The Chinese, if possible, have im-
posed on their women a greater de-
gree of humility and restraint than
the Greeks of old, or the Kurope-
ans in the dark ages. Not satisfied
with the physical deprivation of the
use of their limbs, they have con-
trived, in order to keep them the
more confined, to make it a moral
crime for a woman to be seen abroad.
If they should have occasion to vi-
sit a friend or relation, they must be

carried in a close sedan chair: to.

walk would be the height of vul-
garity. Even the country ladies,
who may not possess the luxury of
a chair, rather than’ walk, suffer
themselves to be sometimes rolled
about in a sort of covered wheel-
barrow. The wives and daughters,
however, of the lower class are nei-
ther confined to the house, nor ex-
empt from hard and slavish labour,
many being obliged to work with an
infant upon their back, while the
husband, in all probability, ‘is gam-

ing, or otherwise idling away his:

time——I have frequently seen
women assisting to drag a sort of
light plough, and the harrow.—
Nieuwhoff, in one of his prints,
taken from drawings supposed to be
made in China, yokes, if 1 mistake
not, a woman to the same_ plough
with an ass. Should this be the

fad,

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

fact, the Chinese are not singular, if
we may credit the Natural Historian
of Antiquity,* w ho observes that, to
open the fertile fields of Byzacium
in Africa, it was necessary to wait
until the rains had soaked into the
ground; ‘* after which, a little
weakly ass, and an old woman, at-
tached to the same yoke, were sufli-
cient to drag the plough through the
soil,”? post imbres vili asello, et a
parte alterajugi anu vomerem tra-
hentle vidimus scindi.

*¢ Jn the province of Kiang-seeno-
thing is more commen than to see a
woman drawing a kind of light
plough, witha single handle, through
ground that has previously been pre-
pared. The easier task of direct-
ing the machine is Jeft to the hus-
band, who, holding the plough with
ene hand, at the same time, with the
other, casts the seed into the drills.

“¢ The adyantage which those wo-
™men possess in’a higher sphere of
life, if any, are not much to be en-
vied. Even at home, in her own
family, a woman must neither eat at
the same table, nor’ sit in the same
room, with her husband. And the
male children, at the'age of nine or
ten, are entirely separated from their
sisters. ‘Thus the feelings of aflec-
tion, not the instinctive products of
nature, but the offspring of frequent
intercourse and of a mutual commu-
nication of their little wants and
pleasures, are nipped in thevery bud
of dawning sentiment. A cold and
ceremonious conduct must be ob-
served on all occasions between the

_ members of the same family. There

is no common focus to attract and

concentrate the love and respect of
' ehildren for their parents.
lives retired and apart from the

Each

953

other. The little incidents and ad- .
ventures of the day, which furnish
the conversation among children of
many a long winter’s evening, by a
comfortable fireside, in our own
country, are in China buried in si-
lence. Boys, it is true, sometimes
mix together in schools, but the stiff
and ceremonious behaviour, which
constitute no inconsiderable part of
their education, throws a restraint
on all the little playful actions inci-
dent to their time of life, and com-
pletely subdues all spirit of activity
and enterprize. A Chinese youth
of the higher class is inanimate, for-
mal, and inactive, constantly endea-
vouring to assume the gravity of
years.

‘*'To beguilethe many tedious and
heavy hours, that must unavoidably
occur to the secluded females, totally
unqualified for mental pursuits, the
tobacco-pipe is the usual expedient.
Every female from the ageof eight
or nine years wears, as an append-
age to her dress, a small silken purse
or pocket, to hold tobacco and a
pipe, with the use of which many of
them are not unacquainted at this
tender age. Some indeed are con-
stantly employed in working em-
broidery on silks, or in painting
birds, insects, and flowers on thin
gauze. In the ladies’ apartments of
the great house in which we lived at
Pekin, we observed some very beau-
tiful specimens of both kinds in the
pannels of the partitions, and I
brought home a few articles, which
I understand have been much ad-
mired; but the women who employ
their time in this manner are gene-
rally the wives and daughters of
tradesmen and artificers, who are
usually the weavers both of cottons

* Plin, lib, xvi. cap. 21. ;

and

954

and silks. JI remember asking one
‘of the great officers of the court,
who wore a silken vest beautifully
embroidered, if it was the work of
his lady, but the supposition that
his wife should condescend to use
her needle seemed to give him of-
fence.

¢¢ Their manners in domestic life are
little calculated to produce that ex.
traordinary degree of filial piety, or
affection and reverence towards pa-
rents, for which they have been emi-
nently celebrated, and to the salu-
tary effects of which the jesuits have
attributed the stability of the go-
vernment. Filial duty is, in fact, in
China, less a moral sentiment, than
a precept which by length of time
has acquired the efficacy of a posi-
tive law; and it may truly be said
to exist more in the maxims of the
government, than in the minds of
the people. Had they indeed, con-
sidered filial piety to be sufliciently
strong when left to its own natural
influence, a precept or law to en-
force it would have been superflu-
ous. The first maxim inculcated in
early life is the entire submission of
children to the will of their parents.
The tenour of this precept is not
only ** to honour thy father and
thy mother, that thy days may
be long in the Jand ;” but to labour
for thy father and thy mother as
Jong as they both shall live, to sell
thyself into perpetual servitude for
their support, if necessary, and to
consider thy life at their disposal.
So much has this sentiment of pa-
rental authority gained ground by
precept and habit, that to allintents
and purposes it is as binding as the
strongest law.
rent the exercise of the same unli-

mited and arbitrary power -over his

It gives to the pa--

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

children, that the emperor, the come
mon father, possesses by law over
his people. Hence, as among the ©
Romans, the father has the power
to sell his son fora slave; and this
power, cither from caprice, or from
poverty, or other causes, is not uns —
frequently put in force.
‘¢ A law that is founded in reason
or equity, seldom requires to be ex- —
plained or justified. ‘The govern
ment of China,in sanctioning an act
of parental authority that militates
so strongly against every principle
of nature, or moral right and wrong,
seems to have felt the force of this
remark. Their learned men have
been employed in writing volumes
on the subject, the principal aim of —
which appears to be that of impress- —
ing on the minds of the people the
comparative authority of the empe-
ror over his subjects, and of a pax
rent over his children. ‘The rea-
sonableness and justice of the latter
being once established, that of the
former, in a patriarchal government, —
followed of course; and the extent
of the power delegated to the one
could not in justice be withheld
fromthe other. And for the better
allaying of any scruples that might
be supposed to arise in men’s con-
sciences, it was easy to invent any
piece of sophistry to serve by way
of justification for those unnatural
parents who might feel themselves
disposed, or who, from want, might
be induced to part with their chil-
dren into perpetual slavery. “ A
son,”’ says one of their most cele-
brated lawgivers, ‘‘ after the death
of his father, has the power of sell-
ing his services for a day, ora year,
or for life ; but a father, while living,
has unlimited authority over his son ;
a father has therefore the same
j right

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

right of selling the services of his
son to another for any length of
time, or even for life.”
¢ Daughters may be said to be in-
variably sold. The bridegroom
must always make his bargain with
the parents of his intended bride.
The latter has no choice. She is a
lotin the market to be disposed of
.to the highest bidder. The man,
.indeed, in this respect, has no great
advantage on his side; as he is not
allowed to see his intended wife un-
til she arrive in formal procession
at his gate. If, however, on open-
ing the door of the chair, in which
the lady is shut up, and of which
the key has been sent before, he
should dislike his bargain, he can
return her to her parents ; in which
case the articles are forfeited that
constituted her price; and a sum of
money, in addition to them, may be

_ demanded, not exceeding, however,

the valué of these articles. ‘These
matrimonial processions, attended
with pomp and music, are not unlike

» those used by the Greeks, when the

bride was conducted to her hus-
band’s house ina splendid car; only,
in the former instance, the lady is
completely invisible tocvery one.

‘< To what a degraded condition is
a female reduced by this absurd cus-
tom! How little inducement, it
would be supposed, she could have
to appear amiable or elegant, or to
study her dress, or cramp her fect,
or paint her face, knowing she will
be consigned into the hands of the
first man who will give the price
that her parents have fixed upon her
charms. No previous conversation
is allowed to take place, no ex-
change of opinions or comparison of
sentiments with regard to inclina-
tions or dislikes; all the little silent
acts of attention and kindness,

955

which so eloquently speak to the
heart, and demonstrate the sincerity
of the attachment, are utterly un-
felt. Ina word, that state of the
human heart, occasioned by the mu-
tual affeGtion between the sexes, and
from whence proceed the happiest,
the most interesting, and sometimes,
also, the most distressing moments
of life, has no existence in China.
The man takes a wife because the
laws of the country direct him to
do so, and custom has made it in-
dispensable ; and the woman, after
marriage, continues to be the same
piece of inanimate furniture she al-
ways was in her father’s house. She
sufiers no indignity, nor does she
feel any jealousy or disturbance (at
least it is prudent not to shew it)
when her husband brings into the
same house a second, ora third wos
man. The first is contented with
the honour of presiding over, and
dire@ting the concerns of the fa-
mily within doors, and in hearing
the children of the others calling her
mother.

‘¢ It might be urged, perhaps, on
the part of the husband, that it
would be highly unreasonable for
the woman to complain. The map
who purchased her ought to have an
equal right in the same manner to
purchase others. The case is ma-~
terially different where parties are.
united by sentiments of love and
esteem, or bound by promises or
engagements; under such circum
stances the introduétion of a second
wife, under the same roof, could not
fail to disturb the harmony of the
family, and occasion the most poig-
nant feclings of distress to the first.
Buta Chinese wife has no such feel-
ings, nor does the husband make any
such engagements.

‘6 Although polygamy be allowed

by

956

by the government, as indeed it
could not well happen otherwise
where women are articles of pur-
chase, yet it is an evil that, in a
great degree, corrects itself. Nine-
tenths of the community find it diffi-
cult to rear the offspring of one wo-
man by the labour of their hands;
such, therefore, are neither in cir-
cumstances, nor probably feel much
inclination, to purchase a second.
The general practice would, besides,
be morally impossible. In a coun-
try where so many female infants
are exposed, and where the laws or
custom oblige every man to miarry,
any person taking to himself two
wives must leave some other with-
out one, unless, indeed, it be sup-
posed with the author of L’ Esprit
des Loix, what there seems to be no
grounds for supposing, that a much
greater number of females are born
than of males. Butall the observa-
tions of this lively and ingenious
author with regard to China, and
particularly the inferences he draws
with respect to climate, fall to the
ground. Itis not the vigour of na-
tural propensities, as he has sup-
posed, that destroys the moral ones ;
it is not the effeét of climate that
makes it to be considered among
these people ‘* as a prodigy of. vir-
tue for a man to meet a fine woman
in a retired chamber, without offer-
ing violence to her,”’ it is the effect
of studiously pampering the appe-
tite, nurturing vicious notions, con-
sidering women as entirely sub-
servient to the pleasures of man ;
and, in short, by fancying those
pleasures in the head, rather than
feeling them in the heart, that have
led them to adopt a sentiment which
does the nation so little credit. The
climate being every where tempe-
rate, and the diet of the majority of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

the people moderate, I might say
scanty, these have little influence in
promoting a vehement desire for
sexual intercourse. It is indeed
among the upper ranks only, and a
few wealthy merchants (whom the
sumptuary laws, prohibiting fine
houses, gardens, carriages, and every
kind of external shew and grandeur,
have encouraged secretly to indulge
and pamper their appetite in every
species of luxury and voluptuous-
ness), where a plurality of wives
are to be found. Every great offi-
cer of state has his haram, consist-
ing of six, eight, or ten women, ac-
cording to his circumstances and his
inclination for the sex. very mer-
chant also of Canton has his serag-
lio; but a poor man finds one wife
quite sufficient for all his wants, and
the children of one woman as many,
and sometimes more, than he is able
to support. ’
<¢ The. unsociable distance which
the law (or custom, stronger than
law) prescribes to be observed be-
tween the sexes, and the cool and
indifferent manner of bargaining for
a wife, are not calculated to produce
numerous instances of criminal inter-
course. These, however, sometimes
happen, and the weight of punish-
ment always falls heaviest on the wo-
man. The husband finds no diffi-
culty in obtaining a sentence of di-
vorce, after which he may sell her
for a slave, and thus redeem a part
at least of his purchase-money. The
same thing happens in case a wife
should clope, instances of which I
fancy are still more rare; as if she
be of any fashion, her feet are ill
calculated to carry her off with
speed; and if a young girl should
chance to lose what is usually held
to be the most valuable part of fe-
male reputation, she is sent to mar-
| Ket

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

ket by her parents, and. publicly
sold for a slave. In cases of mutu-
al dislike, or incompatibility of tem-
per, the woman is generally sent
back to her parents, A womancan
inherit no property, but it may be
left to-her by will.
no children, or females only, the
property, descends to the nearest
male relation on the deceased hus-
band’sside, but he must maintain the
daughters until he can provide them
with husbands.

» “ The prohibition against the fre-
quent intercourse with modest fe-
males, for there are public women
in every great city, is not attended
here with the effect of rendering the
pursuit more eager; nor does it in-
crease the ardour, as among the an-
cient Spartans, who were obliged to
steal, as it were, the embraces of
their lawful wives. In China it
seems to have the contrary effect of
promoting that sort of connexion
which, being one of the greatest
violations of the laws of nature,
ought to be considered among the
first of moral crimes—a connexion
that sinks the man many degrees
below the brute. The commission
of this detestable and unnatural
act is attended with so little sense of
shame, or feelings of delicacy, that
many of the first officers of state
seemed to make no hesitation in
publicly avowing it. Hach of these
officers is constantly attended by his
pipe-bearer, who is generally a
handsome boy, from fourteen to
eighteen years of age, and is always
well dressed. In pointing out to
our notice the boys of each other,
they made use of signs and motions,
_the meaning of which was too ob-
vious to be misinterpreted. ‘The
two Mahomedans, I obserte, whe

9

“

If a widow has:

957

were in China in the ninth century,
have also taken notice of this cir-
cumstance: and I find in the jour-
nal of Mr. Hittner, a gentleman
who was in that part of the suite
who accompanied the British am-
bassador into Tartary, in speaking
of the palaces of Gehol, the fol-
lowing remark: ‘* Dans Pun de
“ces palais, parmi dautres chefs-
6 @euvres de Vurt, on voyatt deux
‘* statues de gargons, en marbre,.
6 @un excellent travail ; tls avaient
“¢ Jes pieds et les mains lies, et leur
*¢ nosttion ne laissait point de doute
“que le vice des Grees weit perdu
“¢ son horreur pour les Chinios. Un
“6 wieil eunuque nous les fit remar-
6¢ quer avec un sourire impudent.”

‘¢ Tt has been remarked that this
unnataral crime. prevails most in
those countries where polygamy is
allowed, that is to say, in those
countries where the affections of wo-
men are not consuited, but their
persons purchased for gold—a re-
mark which may lead to this con-
clusion, that itis rather a moral tur-
pitude than a propensity arising
from physical or local causes.

“¢ The appetite for female inter-
course soon becomes glutted by the
facility of enjoyment; and where
women, so circumstanced, can only
receive the embraces of their pro-
prictors from a sense of duty, their
coldness and indifference, the neces-
sary consequence of such connex-

ions, must also increase in the men

the tendency to produce satiety. I
think it has been observed that, even
in Europe, where females in general
have the superior advantage of fix-
ing their own yaluc upon them.
selves, itis the greatest rakes and
debauchees, who,

st. bred

958
« ____. bred at home in idleness and
“ riot,
“ Ransack for mistresses th’ unwhvle-
** some stews,
® And never know the worth of virtuous
“ love—” ?

fly sometimes in search of fresh en-

joyment in the detestable way here |

alluded to.*

‘¢ I have-already observed that
the state of domestic society in
China was ill calculated to promote
the affection and kindness which chil-
dren not only owe to, but really feel
for their parents, in many countries
of Europe. A tyrant, in fact, to
command, and a slave to obey, are
found in every family ; for, where
the father is a despot, the son will
naturally be a slave; and if all the
little acts of kindness and silent at-
tentions, that create mutual endear-
ments, be wanting among the mem-
bers of the same family, living un-
der the same roof, it will be in vain
to expect to find them in the enlarg-
ed sphere of public life. In fact,
they have no kind of friendly so-
cieties nor méetings to talk over the
transactionsand the news of the day.
These can only take place in a free
government, A Chinese having fi-
nished his daily employment, retires
to his solitary apartment. There
are, it is true, a sort of public-
houses where the lower orders of
people sometimes resort for their
cup of tea or of seau-tchoo (a kind
of ardent spirit distilled from a mix-
ture of rice and other grain), but
such houses are seldom, if at all,
frequented for the sake of compa-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ny. They are no incitement, as

those are of a similar kind in Eus —
rope, to jovial pleasures or to vul-
gar ebriety. From this odious vice

‘the bulk of the people are entirely

free. Among the multitudes which
we daily saw, in passing from one
extremity of the country to the —
other, I do not recollect having
ever met with a single instance of a
man being disguised in liquor. In
Canton, where the lower orders of
people are employed by Europeans,
and necessarily mix with European
seamen, intoxication is not unfre-
quent among the natives, but this —
vice forms no part of the general
character of the people. When-
ever a few Chinese happen to meet
together, it is generally for the pur-
pose of gaming, or to eat a kettle of
boiled rice, or drink a pot of tea, or
smoke a pipe of tobacco.

‘* The upper ranks indulge at
home in the use of opium. Great
quantities of this intoxicating drug
are smuggled into the country, note
withstanding all the precautions ta-
ken by the government to prohibit
the importation of it ; but it is too
expensive to be used by the coms
mon people. The officers of the
customs are not beyond a bribe.
After receiving the sum agreed upon
between the importer and them-
Selves, they frequently become the
purchasers of the prohibited article.
Most of the country ships from _
Bengal carry opium to China ; but
that of Turkey sent from London
in the China ships is preferred, and
sells at near double the price of the

“* Tshould not have taken notice of this odious vice, had not the truth of its
“existence in China been doubted by some, and attributed by others to a wrong
cause, Professing to describe the people as I found them, 1 must endeavour to
draw a faithful picture, neither attempting to palliate their vices, nor to exaggerate

their virtues,”

“

other.

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

other. The governor of Canton,
after describing, in one of his late
proclamations on the subject, the
pernicious and fatal effects arising
from the use of opium, observes,
‘¢ Thus it is, that fercigners by the
‘means of a vile excrementitious
** substance, derive from this em-
*¢ pire the most solid profits and ad-
** vantages; but that our country-
*©men should blindly pursue this
** destructive and ensnaring vice,
“ even till death is the consequence,
** without being undeceived, is in-
*¢ deed a faét odious and deplorable
“Cin the highest degree.” Yet the
governor of Canton very composed-
Jy takes his daily dose of opium.

‘© The young people have no oc-
casional assembiies for the purpose
of dancing, and of exercising them-
selves in feats of a¢iivity, which in*
Europe are attended. with the hap-
py effects of shaking off the gloom
and melancholy that a life of con-
stant labour or seclusion from so-
ciety is apt to promote. ‘They have
not even a fixed day of rest set a-
part for religious worship. Their
acts of devotion partake of the same
solitary cast that prevails in their
domestic life. In none of the dif-
ferent seéts of religion, which at
various times have been imported
into, and adopted in China, has
eongregational worship been incul-
cated, which, to that country in
particular, may be considered as a
great misfortune. For independent
of religious considerations, the sab-
batical institution is attended with
advantages of a physical as well as
of a moral nature; and humanity is
not less concerned than policy, in
consecrating one day out of seven,
or some other given number, to the
service of the great Creator, and to
rest from bodily labour. When

i

959

the government of France, in the
height of her rage for innovation,
fell into the hands of atheistical de-
magogues, when her temples were
polluted, and every thing sacred
was invaded and profaned, the se-
venth day was considered as a relic
of ancientsuperstition, and the ob-
servance of it accordingly abolished 5
and about the same time it became
the fashion among a certain descrips
ticn in our own country; as being,
for example, a day for the encou-
ragement of idleness, drunkenness,
and dissipation. Such a. remark
could only be applied to Jarge cities
and towns ; and in crowded manu-
facturing towns the mechanic, who
can subsist by working three days in
the week, would be at no loss in
finding opportunities, were there no
sabbath day, in the course of the other
four to commit irregularities. And
who, even for the sake of the me-
chanic and artificer, would wish to
see the labouring peasant deprived
of one day’s rest out of seven, which
to him is more precious than the
wages he has so hardly carned the
other six? What man possessed of
common feelings of humanity, in
beholding the decent and modest
husbandman, accompanied by his
family in their best attire, attending
the parish church, does not parté-
cipate in the smile of content whick
on this day particularly beams on
his countenance, and bespeaks the
serenity of his mind? Having on
this day discharged his duty to God,
refreshed his body with rest, en-
joyed the comfort of clean cloth.
ing, and exercised his mind in con.
versing with his neighbours, he re-
turns with double vigour to his daily
Jabours, having, as Mr. Addison
observes in one of his $peétators,
*¢ rubbed off the rust of the week.”
“6 The

960

‘¢ The first of the new year in
China, and a few succeeding days,
‘are the only holidays, properly
‘speaking, that are observed by the
working part of the’ community.
On these days the poorest peasant
makes a point of procuring new
clothing for himself and his family;
they pay their visit to friends and
relations, interchange civilities and
compliments, make and reccive pre-
sents; and the officers, of govern-
ment and the higher ranks, give
feasts and entertainments. But even
in those feasts there is nothing bears
the resemblance of conviviality. ‘The
guests never partake together of the
same service of dishes, but each has
frequently his separate table; some-
times two, but never more than
four sit at the same table; and their
eyes must constantly be kept upon
the master of the feast, to watch all
his motions, and to observe every
morsel he puts into his mouth, and
every time he lifts the cap to his
lips; for the Chinese of good breed-
ing can neither eat nor drink with-
out a particular ceremony, to which
the guests must pay attention. If
@ person invited should from sick~
ness or any accident be prevented
from fulfilling his engagement, the
portion of the dinner that was in-
tended to be placed on his table is
sent in procession to his own house ;
a custom that strongly points out
the very little notion they entertain
of the soctad pleasures of the table.
It is customary to send after each
guest the remains of his dinner.—
Whenever in the course of our jour-
ney we visited 2 governor or viceroy
ofa province, we generally found
him at the head of a range of tables,
eovered with a multitude of dishes,
which invariably were marched af-
ter us to the yachts. Martial, if I’

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

“dors allowance was at least: five’

mistake not, has some allusion to 2
similar custom among the Romans.
Fach carried his own napkin toa
feast, which being filled with the
remains of the entertainment, was
sent home by a slave; but this ap-
pears to have been done more out
of compliment to the host, to shew
the great esteem in which they held
his cheer, than for the sake of the
viands ; for the Romans loved con-
viviality. a

<¢ The Chinese, also, like the Egyp-
tians, as exemplified in the enor-
mous mess which Joseph gave to
little Benjamin above the rest of his
brothers, testify on all occasions,
that they consider the measure of a
man’s stomach to depend more upon
the rank of its owner, than either
his bulk or appetite. ‘The embassa-

times as big as that of any person >
in his suite. In this particular,
however, these nations are not sin-
gular, neither in ancient nor in mo-
dern times. The kings of Sparta,
and, indeed, every’Grecian hero,
were always supposed to eat twice
the quantity of a common soldier ;
and the only difference with regard
to our heroes of the present day,
consists in their being enabled to
convert quantity into quality, an
advantage for which they are not a
little indebted to the invention of
money, into which all other articles
can be commuted.
<¢ Whatever may be the occasion.
of bringing together a few idlers,
they seldom part. without trying”
their luck at some game of chance, —
for which a Chinese is never unpre-_
pared. He rarely goes abroad with-.
out a pack of cards in his pocket,
ora pair of dice. Both of these,
like almost every thing else in the~
country, are different from similar
articles —

ACCOUNT

articles elsewhere. Their cards are
much more numerous than ours, and
their games much more complicated.
Nor are they at any loss, even if
none of the party should happen to
be furnished with cards or dice; on

employed to answer the purpose,
which are all thatis required to play
the game of T'soimoi, a game of
which the lower class of people is
particularly fond. Two persons,
sitting direéitly opposite to each
other, raise their hands at the same
moment, when each calls out the
number he guesses to be the sum of
the fingers expanded by himself and
his adversary. The closed fist is
none, the thumb one, the thumb
and fore-finger two, &c. so that the
chances lie between O and 5, as
each must know the number held
out by himself. ‘The middling class
of people likewise play at this game
when they give entertainments where
wine is served, and the loser is al-
ways obliged id drink off a cup of
wine. At this childish game two
persons will play to a very late hour,
till he who has had the worst of the
game, has been obliged to drink so
niuch wine, that he can no longer
see either to count his own or his
adversary’s fingers. I have thus
particularly noticed the Chinese
Tsoimoi, on account of the extra-
ordinary coimcidence between it and
a game in use among the Romans,
to which frequent allusion is made
by Cicero, In a note by Melanc-
on, on Cicero’s Offices, it is thus
eribed :—‘* Micare digitis, ludi
% venus est ; sic ludentes, simul di-
gitos alterius manus quot volunt
‘ citissime erigunt, et simul ambo’
divinant quot simul erecti sint ;

+

such an emergency, their fingers are)

OF BOOKS.

** quod qui definivit, lucratus est:
*¢ unde acri visu opus, et multa fide
ut cum aliquo in tenebris mices.”
Micare digitis, is a kind of gama
Those who play at it stretch out,
with great quickness, as many
fingers of one hand each, as they
please, and at the same instant
both guess how many are held up
by the two together; and he who
guesses. right wins the game:
hence a sharp sight is necessary,
and also great confidence when it
is played in the dark.”

‘* The Chinese have certainly the
acer visus, but I doubt much whe.
ther they have faith enough in each
other’s integrity to play at the game
of fingers in the dark; which, in
the opinion of Cicero, was a strong
test of a truly honest man. The
same game is said to be still played
in Italy,under the name of Morra*.

*¢ The officers about Fuen-min.
yuen used to play a kind of chess,
which appeared to me to be cssen-
tially different from that game as
played by the Persians, the Indians,
and other oriental nations, both
with regard to the lines drawn on
the board, the form of the chess-
men, and ‘the moves, from which I
should rather conclude it to be a
game of their own invention, thal
an introduétion either from India,
or by the army of Gengis-khan, as
some authors have conjectured.

‘6 The spirit of gaming is so uni-
versal in most of the towns and ci-
ties, that in almost every bye-cor-
ner, groups are to be found play-
ing at cards or throwing dice. ‘They
are accused even of frequently stak-
ing the wives and children into sla~
very; there can be little remorse in
the breast of a gamester reduced te

961

* Adam’s Roman Antiquities,

Vox. XLVI. 3Q

962

his last stake, to risk the loss of
what the law has sanétioned him to
dispose of. Yet weare gravely as-
sured, by some of the missionaries,
that, ‘¢ the Chinese are entirely ig-
‘¢ norant of all games of chance ;”
that “ they can enjoy no amuse-
‘¢ ments but such as are authorised
“¢ by the laws.”

‘* These gentlemen surely could
not be ignorant that one of their
most favourite sports is cock-fight-
ing, and that this cruel and unman-
ly amusement, as they are pleased
to consider it, is full as eagerly pur-
sued by the upper classes in China,
as, to their shame and disgrace be
it spoken, it continues to be by
those in a similar situation in some
parts of Europe. The training of
quails for the same cruel purpose of
butchering each other, furnishes
abundance of employment for the
idle and dissipated. They have
even extended their enquiries after
fighting animals into the inseét tribe,
in which they have discovered a
species of gryllus, or locust, that will
attack each other with such fero-
city, as seldom to quit their hold
without bringing away, at the same
time, a limb of their antagonist.
These little creatures are fed and
kept apart in bamboo cages ; and
the custom of making them devour
each other is so common, that, dur-
ing the summer months, scarcely a
boy is seen without his cage and his
grasshoppers.

“<< [ have already had occasion to
observe, that the natural disposition
of the Chinese, should seem to have
suffered almost a total change by the
influence of the laws and maxims of
government, an influence which,
in this country more than elsewhere,
has given a bias to the manners, sen-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

timents, and moral charaéter of the

people ; for here every ancient pro- |

verb carries with it the force of a
law. While’ they are by nature
quiet, passive, and timid, the state
of society and the abuse of the laws
by which they are governed, have
rendered them indifferent, unfeeling,
and even cruel, as a few examples,
which,among many others,occurred,
will but too clearly bear evidence ;

and as the particular instances, from _

which [ have sometimes drawn an
inference, accorded with the com-
mon aétions and occurrences of life,
I have not hesitated to consider them
as so many general features in their
moral charaéter ; at the same time
Iam aware that allowances ought

to be made for particular ways of —

thinking, and for customs entirely
dissimilar from our own, which are,

therefore, not exactly to be appre- ©
ciated by the same rule as if they ~

had occurred in our own country.
The public feasts of Sparta, in which ©
the girls danced naked in the pre-—

sence of young men, had not the —

same effect on the Lacedemonian
youth, as they might be supposed
to produce in urope; nor is the
delicacy of the Hindoo women of.

fended by looking on the Lingum —

Thus the Chinese are entitled to our

indulgence by the peculiar circum- —

stances under which they are placed,
but I leave it in the breast of the
reader to make what allowance he —
may think they deserve.
«¢ The common practice of flogging ©
with the bamboo has generally been —
considered by the missionaries in”
the light of a gentle correétion, ex-
ercised by men in power over their
inferiors, just as a father would
chastise his son, but not as a pu-—
nishment to which disgrace is at-

tached, h

ACCOUNT

tached. However lightly these gen-
tlemen may chuse to treat this hu-
mniliating chastisement, to which all
are liable, from the prime minister
to the peasant, it is but too often
inflicted in the anger and by the ca-
price of a man in office, and fre-
quently with circumstances of un-
warrantable cruelty and injustice.
In our return down the Pei-ho, the
water being considerably shallower
than when we first sailed up this
tiver, one of our accommodation
barges got aground in the middle of
the night. The air was piercing
cold, and the poor creatures be-
Jonging to the vessel were busy un-
til sun-rise in the midst of the river,
using their endeavours to get her
off. The rest of the fleet had pro-
ceeded, and the patience of the su-
perintending officer at length being
exhausted, he ordered his soldiers
to flog the captain and the whole

. crew, which was done in a most

unmereiful manner ; and this was
their only reward for the use of the
yacht, their time, and labour for
two days. The instance of degrad-
ing an officer and flogging all his
people, because the meat brought
for our use was a little tainted,
when the temperature was at 88° in
the shade, I have already had occa-
sion to notice.

‘¢ Whenever the wind was con-
trary, or it was found necessary to

_ track the vessels against the stream,

a number of men were employed for
this purpose. The poor creaturcs
were always pressed into this disa-
greeable and laborious service, for
which they were to receive about
six-pence a day so long as they
tracked, without any allowance
being made to them for returniug
to the place from whence they were
forced. ‘These people knowing the

OF BOOKS.

difficulty there was of getting others
to supply their places, and that
their service would be required un-
til such should be procured, gene-
rally deserted by night, disregard-
ing their pay. In order to procure
others, the officers dispatched the
soldiers to the nearest village, tak-
ing the inhabitants by surprise, and
forcing them out of their beds to
join the yachts. Scarcely a night
occurred in which some _ poor
wretches did not suffer the lashes
of the soldiers for attempting to
escape, or for pleading the excuse
of old age, or infirmity. It was
painful to behold the deplorable
condition of some of these crea-
tures. Several were half-naked,
and appeared to be wasting and lan-
guishing for want of food. Yet the
task of dragging along the vessels
was far from being light. Sometimes
they were under the necessity of
wading to the middle in mud ; some-
times to swim across creeks, and
immediately afterwards to expose
their naked bodies to a scorching
sun; and they were always driven
by a soldier, or the liétor of some
petty police officer, carrying in his
hand an enormous whip, with which
he lashed them with as little reluc-
tance, asif they had been a team of
horses.

‘<The Dutch embassy proceeded by
Jand to the capital, in the midst of
winter, when the rivers and canals
were frozen. The thermometer was
frequently from 8 to 16 degrees be-
low the freezing point, and the face
of the country was mostly covered
with ice and snow; yet they were
often under the necessity of travel-
ling all night; and the peasantry,
who were pressed to carry the pre-
sents and their baggage, notwith-
standing their heavy loads, were

3Q2 obliged

963

964,

obliged to keep up with them as
Jong as they could. In the course
of two nights, Mr, Yan Braam ob-
serves, not less than eight of these
poor wretches actually expired un-
der their burdens, through cold,
hunger, fatigue, and the cruel treat-
ment of their drivers.

‘¢ It had been the prattice of some
of the gentlemen of the British em-
bassy, in their return through the
country, to walk during a part of
the day, and to join the barges to-
ward the hour of dinner. One day
an officer of high rank took it into
his head to interrupt them in their
usual walk, and for this purpose dis-
patched after them nine or ten of his
soldiers, who forced them in a rude
manner to return to the vessels.
Our two conduétors, Van and Chou,
coming up at the time, and being
made acquainted with the circum-
stanee, gave to each of the soldiers
a most severe flogging. One of
these, who had been particularly
insolent, had his ears bored through
with iron wire, and his hands bound
to them for several days. ‘The vice-
roy of Canton was at this time with
the embassy, and being in rank sa-
perior to the offending officer, he
ordered the latter to appear before
him, gave him a severe repri-
mand, and sentenced him to receive

‘forty strokes of the bamboo as a*

gentle correction. Our two Chinese
_ friends were particularly pressing
that the gentlemen insulted should
be present at the punishment of ‘the
officer, and it was not without dif-
ficulty they could be persuaded that
such a scene would not afford them
any gratification. It happened also,
in the Dutch embassy, that an in-
ferior officer was flogged and dis-
graced by their conduétors for not
having in readiness a sufficient num:

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

ber of coolies or porters to proceed:

with the baggage, and t6 carry the

‘sedan chairs in which they trayel~

led.

‘¢ The tyranny that men in office
exercise over the multitude, and
each, other, is perfeétly agreeable
to the systematic subordination
whick the law has sanétioned. But
as authority is a dangerous deposit
in the hands of the wisest, and leads
sometimes the most wary to

“ Play such fantastic tricks before high
heaven,
As make the angels weep—”

what must the effeéis of it be when
vested in an illiterate Chinese or
rude Tartar, who has no other ta-
lent or recommendation for his au.

thority than the power alone which ~

his office allows him to exercise ?

‘¢ Several instances, however, oc-
curred in the course of our journey
through the country, which seemed

to mark the same unfeeling and’

hard-hearted dispasition to exist be
tween persous of equal condition in
life, as in men in office over their
inferiors. Onc of these afforded an
extraordinary trait of inhumanity,
A poor fellow at Macao, in the em-
ploy of the British faétory there,
fell by accident from a wall, and
pitched upon his skull. His com-

panions.took him up, with very lite ”

tle appearance of life, and, in this
state, were carrying him away to-
wards the skirts of the town, where

they were met by one of the medi- -
cal gentlemen belonging to the em- ~
Ile interrogated them what

bassy.
they meant to do with the unfortu-
nate man, and was very coolly an-
swered, they were going to bury

him, Having expressed his astonishe .
ment that they should think of put- —

ting

ACCOUNT

ting aman into the grave before the
breath was out of his body, they
replied, that they were of opinion he
mever could recover, and that if
they carried him home he would
only be a trouble and expence to
his friends so long as he remained in
a@ situation which rendered him un-
able to assist himself, The man,
however, by the humanity and at-
tention of doétor Scott, was restor-
ed again to his family, and to those
friends who knew so well to appre-
ciate the value of his life.

*¢ The do¢tor, however, was not
aware of thé risk he ran in thus ex-
ercising his humanity, as, by a law
ef the country, which appears to
us extraordinary, if a wounded man
be taken into the protection and
charge of any person, with a view to
effect his recovery, and he should
happen to die under his hands, the
person into whose care he was last
taken, is liable to be punished with
death, unless he can produce unde-
niable evidence to prove how the
wound was made, or that he surviv-
ed it forty days. The consequence
of such a law is, that if a person
should happen to be mortally
wounded in an affray, he is suffer-
ed to die in the streets, from the
fear (should any one take charge of
him) of being made responsible for
his life.

_ “Astriking instance of the fatal
effects of such a Jaw, happened at
Canton lately. A fire broke out
in the suburbs, and three Chinese,
in assisting to extinguish if, had
their limbs fraétured, and were
otherwise dreadfully wounded by
the falling of a wall. ‘The surgeou
of the English faétory, with all the
alacrity to administer relief to suf-
fering humanity, which character-
iseg the profession in Britain, di-

OF BOOKS. 965

rected them to be carried to the fac.
tory, and was preparing to perform
amputation, as the only possible
means of saving their lives, when
one of the Heng merchants, having
heard what was going on, ran with
great haste to the place, and en-
treated the surgeon by no means to
think of performing any operation
upon them, but rather to suffer
them to be taken away from the
faétory as speedily as possible ; ad-.
ding, that however good his in-
tentions might be, if any one of the
patients should die under his hands,
he would inevitably be tried for
murder, and the most mitigated pu-
nishment would be that of banish-
ment for life into the wilds of Tar-
tary. The wounded Chinese were
accordingly removed privately, and,
no doubt, abandoned to their fate.

‘¢ 'The operation of such a barba-
rous law (for so it appears to us)
will serve to explain the conduét of
the Chinese in the following instance.
In the course of our journey down
the grand canal, we had occasion
to witness a scene which was consi-
dered as a remarkable example of a
wantof fellow-feeling. Of the num-
ber of persons who had crowded
down to the banks of the canal, se-
veral had posted themselves upon
the high-projecting stérn of an old
vessel, which, unfortunately, break-
ing down with the weight, the whole
groupe tumbled with the wreck into
the canal, just at the moment when
the yachts of the embassy were pass-
ing. Although numbers of boats
were sailing about the place, none
were perceived to go to the assist-
ance of those that were struggling
in the water. They even seemed not
to know that such an accident had
happened, nor could the shricks of
the boys, floating on pieces of the

3Q3 wreek,

966

wreck, attract their attention. One
fellow was observed very busily em~-
ployed in picking up, with his boat
hook, the hat of a drowning man.
It was in vain we endeavoured to
prevail on the people of our vessel
to heave to, and send the boat to
their assistance. Itis true, we were
then going at the rate of seven miles
an hour, which was the plea they
made for not stopping. Ihave no
doubt that several of these unfortu-
nate people must inevitably have pe-
rished. ;

‘¢ Being thus insensible to the suf-
ferings of their companions, and
countrymen, little compassion is to
be expected from them towards
Strangers. From a manuscript jour-
nail, kept by a gentleman in the
suite of the Dutch embassador, it
appears, that on their route to the
capital, the writer felt an inclina-
tion to try his skaits on a sheet of
ice that they passed by on the road-
side ; he was also urged to it by the
conducting officers. Jlaving pro-
ceeded some distance from the shore,
the ice gave way, and he fell in up
to the neck. The Chinese, instead
of rendering him any assistance in
the absence of his own countrymen,
who had gone forwards, ran away
laughing at his accident, and left
him to scramble out as well as he
could, which was not effeéted with-
out difficulty.

‘“‘ But, if further proofs were
wanting to establish the insensible
and incompassionate charaéter of
the Chinese, the horrid practice of
infanticide, tolerated by custom,
and encouraged by the government,
can leave no doubt on this subject.
I venture to say encouraged, because
where the legislature does not inter-
fere to prevent crimes, it certainly
may be said to lend them its coun-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

tenance. No law, however, allows,
as I observe it noticed in a modern
author of reputation, a father to
expose all the daughters and a third
son. I believe the laws of China
do not suppose such an unnatural
crime to exist, and have, therefore,
provided no punishment for it. It
it true, they have left a child to the
entire disposal of the father, con-
cluding, perhaps, that if his feelings
will not prevent him from doing it
an injury, no other consideration
will. Thus, though the commission
of infanticide be frequent in China,
it is considered as more prudent to
wink’ at it, as an inevitable evil,
which natural affeétion will better
correét than penal statutes; an evil
that, on the other hand, if publicly
tolerated, would direétly contradict
the grand principle of filial piety,
upon which their system of obedi-
ence rests, and their patriarchial
form of government is founded.

It is, however, tacitly considered
as apart of the duty of the police of
Pekin to employ certain persons to
go their rounds, at an early hour in
the morning, with carts, in order to
pick up such bodies of infants as
may have been thrown out into the
streets in the course of the night.
No enquiries are made, but the bo-
dies are carried to a common pit
without the city walls, into which all .

those that may be living, as well as. _

those that are dead, are said to be
promiscuously thrown. At this
horrible pit of destruction the Ro-
man Catholic missionaries, estab.
lished in Pekin, attend by turns, as
a part of the duties of their office,
in order, as one of them expressed
himself to me on this subject, to
chuse among them those that are the
most lively, to make future prose-
lytes, and by the administration of

baptism

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

baptism to such of the rest as might
be still alive, pour leur sauver Vame.
The Mahomedans, who, at the time
that their services were useful in as-
sisting to prepare the national calen-
dar, had a powerful influence at
court, did much better; these zeal-
ous bigots to a religion, whose least
distinguishing feature is that of hu.
manity, were, however, on these
occasions, the means of saving the
fives of all the little innocents they
possibly could save from this maw of
death, which was an humane act, al-
though it might be for the purpose
of bringing them up in the princi-
ples of their own faith. I was as-
sured by one of the Christian mis-
Sionaries, with whom [ had daily
conversation, during a residence of
five weeks within the walls of the
emperor’s palace at Yuen-min-yuen,
and who took his turn in attending,
pour leur sauver Vame, that such
scenes were sometimes exhibited on
these occasions as to make the feel-
ing mind shudder with horror.
When. I mention that dogs and
swine are let loose in all the narrow
Streets of the capital, the reader
may conceive what will sometimes
necessarily happen to the exposed
infants, before the police-carts can
pick them up.

‘The number of children thus
unnaturally and inhumanly slaugh-
tered or interred alive, in the course
of a year, is differently stated by
different authors, some making it

about ten, and others thirty thou-
sand, in the whole empire. The
truth, as generally happens, may
probably lie about the middle. The
missionaries, who alone possess the
means of ascertaining nearly the
number that is thus sacrificed in the
capital, differ very materially in their
statements: taking the mean, as
given by those with whom we con-

967

versed on the subjeét, I should cons
clude that about twenty-four infants
were,'on an average, in Pekin, daily
carried to the pit of death, where the
little innocents that have not yet
breathed their last, are condemned
without remorse,

“« _________ To be stifled in the vault,

“Yo whose foul mouth no healthsome
“ air breathes in,

“ And there die.”

This calculation gives nine thousand
nearly for the capital alone, where
it is supposed about an equal num-
ber are exposed to that of all the
other parts of the empire. Those,
whose constant residence is upon the
water, and whose poverty, or su-
perstition, or total insensibility, or
whatever the cause may be, that
leads them to the perpetration of an
act against which nature . revolts,
sometimes, itis said, expose their in
fants by throwing them into the ca-
nal, or river, with agourd tied round
their necks, to keep the head above
water, and preserve them alive un-
til some humane person may be in-
duced to pick them up. ‘This ha-
zardous experiment, in a country °
where: humanity appears to be re-
duced to so low an ebb, can only be
considered as an aggravation of cru-
elty. Ihave seen the dead body
of an infant, but without any
gourd, floating down the river. of
Canton among the boats, andthe
people seemed to take no more no-
tice of it thanif it had been, the
carcase of a dog: this, indeed,
would in all probability have at-
tracted their attention, dogs being
an article of food commonly used
by them; the miserable half-fa-
mished Chinese, living upon the wa-
ter, are glad to get any thing in the
shape of animal food, which they

3Q4 wilh

968
will even eat in a state of putrefac-
tion. Yet, little scrupulous as they
are with regard to diet, I am not
credulous enough to believe the in-
formation of a Swedish author* to
be correct in his statement of a cure
for a certain disease, though ¢¢ he
** has no reason to doubt of the
** fact,” per rexvogayiay alternis dic-
bus, allernts jqjunio—by eating chil
dren every other day!

‘¢ A picture so horrid in its nature,
as the exposing of infants presents to
the imagination, is not to be surpas-
sed among the most savage nations.
The celebrated legislator of Athens
made no law to punish parricide, be-
cause he considered it as a crime
against nature, too heinous ever to be
committed, and that the bare suppo-
sition of such a crime would have
disgraced the country. The Chi-
tese, in like manner, have no posi-
tive law against infanticide. The
Jaws of the rude and warlike Spar-
tans allowed infanticide, of which,
however, the parents were not the
perpetrators nor the abettors. Nor,
among these people, were the weak
aud sickly children, deemed by the
magistrates unlikely ever to become
of use to themselves, or to the pub-
, lic, thrown into the aro9nxn, or
common repository of the dead bo-
dies of children, until life had been
previously extinguished, we will
charitably suppose, by gentle and
the Teast painful means.

‘¢ The exposing of children, how-
ever, it must be allowed, was very
common amongst the ancients. The
stern and rigid virtues of the Re.
mans allowed this among many other
customs, that were more unnatural
than amiable, and such as, in civiliz-
ed societies of the present day, would
have been considered among the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

most atrocious of moral crimes.
Roman father, if his infant was
meant to be preserved, lifted it up
from the ground in his arms; if he
neglected that ceremony, the child,
it would seem, was considered as
doomed to exposure in the highway.
‘Thus, in the Andrian of erence,
where, though the scene is not laid
in Rome, Roman customs are de-
scribed, ** quédquid peperisset, de«
creverunt tollere.” ‘* Let it be
“* boy or girl, they have resolved
“* to lift it from the ground.” Nor
indeed is secret infanticide unknown
in modern Europe, although it may
be owing to a different principle.
In such ‘cases, the sense of shame
and the fear of encountering the
scorn and obloquy of the world,
have determined the conduct of the
unhappy mother, before the feelings
of nature could have time to ope-
rate. For I am willing to hope
that none who had ever experienced
a mother’s feelings and a mother’s
joy, would consent by amy means,
direct or indirect, or under any
impression of fear of shame, of scorn,
or biting penury, to the destruction
of a new-born babe. And I may
venture to say, with confidence, that
a British cottager, however indigent,
would divide his scauty pittance
among a dozen children, rather than
consent to let some of them perish,
that he and the rest might fare, the
better, were even our laws as tacit
on this subject as those of China.

** Some of the Christian mission-
aries, in their accounts of this coun-
try, have attempted to palliate the
unnatural act of exposing infants,
by attributing it to the midwife,
who, they pretend to say, from —
knowing the circumstances of the
parents, strangles the child without

* Mun Torreen-

the

ACCOUNT

the knowledge of the mother, tel-
ling her that the infant was still-
born. Others have ascribed the
practice to a belief in the metemp-
sychosis, or transmigration of souls
._ into other bodies ; that the parents,
seeing their children must be doom-
ed to poverty, think it is better at
once to let the soul escape in search
of a more happy asylum, than to
linger in one condemned to want
and wretchedness. No degree of
superstition, one would imagine,
could prevail upon a parent to rea-
son thus, in that most anxious and
critical moment, when the combined
efforts of hope and fear, of exqui-
site joy and severe pain, agitate by
turns the mother’s breast. Besides,
the Chinese trouble themselves very
little with superstitious notions, un-
.Jess where they apprehend some
personal danger. Nor is it more
probable that the midwife should
take upon herself the commission of
a concealed and voluntary murder
ef an innocent and helpless infant,
for the sake of sparing those feel-
ings in another, of which the sup-
' position implies she could not pos-
sibly partake; and if she should be
encouraged by the father, whose af-
fections for an infant child may be
more gradually unfolded than the
mother’s, to perpetrate so horrid an
act, we must allow that to the ex-
istence of unnatural and murder-
ous parents, must be added that of
hired ruffians; so that Chinese vir-
tue would gain little by such a sup-
position.

*‘ It is much more probable that
extreme poverty and hopeless indi-
_ gence, the frequent experience of
direful famines, and the scenes of
misery and calamity occasioned by
them, acting on minds whose affec-
_ tions are not very powerful, induce
this unnatural crime, which common

OF BOOKS. 969

custom has encouraged, and which
is not prohibited by positive law.
That this is the case, and that future
advantages are not overlooked, will
appear from the circumstance of al-
most all the infants that are exposed
being females, who are the least
able to provide for themselves, and
the least profitable to their parents 5
and the practice is most frequent in
crowded cities, where not only po-
verty more commonly prevails, but
so many examples daily occur of in-
humanity, of summary punishment,
acts of violence and cruelty, that
the mind becomes callous and habi-
tuated to scenes that once would
have shocked, and is at length
scarcely susceptible of the enormity
of crimes.

*¢ } am afraid, however, it is but
too common a practice even in the
remotest corners of the provinces.
A respectable French missionary,
now in London, who was many
years in Fo-kien, told me that he
once happened to call on one of his
converts just at the moment his wife
was brought to-bed. The devoted
infant was delivered to the father,
in order to be plunged into a jar of
water that was prepared for the pur-
pose. ‘The missionary expostulated
with the man on the heinousness of
an act that was’a crime against God
and nature. The man persisted that,
having already more than he could
support, it would be a greater crime
to presetve a life condemned te
want and misery, than to take it
away without pain. The mission-
ary, finding that no argument of his
was likely ‘to divert him from his
purpose, observed; ** that, as a
‘* Christian, he could not refuse him
‘¢ the satisfaction of saving the in-
‘¢ fant’s soul by baptism.”” During
the ceremony, as the father held
the infant in his arms, he happened

to

970

to fix his eyés on its face, when the
missionary thought he perceived the
feelings of nature begin to work;
and he protracted the ceremony to
give time for the latent spark of
parental affection to kindle into
flame.. When the ceremony was
ended, ‘“* Now,” says the mission-
ary, ‘¢ I have done my duty in sav-
*‘ing a soul from _ perishing.’’—
*¢ And I,” rejoined the man, ‘* will
** do mine, by saving its life,” and
hurried away with the infant to de-
posit it in the bosom of its mo-
ther.

‘* How very weak then, in re-
ality, must be the boasted filial af-
fection of the Chinese for their. pa-
rents, when they scruple not to be-
come the murderers of their own
children, towards whom, according
to the immutable laws of nature,
the force of affection will ever be
stronger than for those whom the
laws of China, in preference, have
commanded to be protected and’sup-
ported when rendered incapable of
assisting themselves. ‘The truth of
this observation, which I believe few
will call in question, is a strong
proof that, as I haye already re-
marked, filial piety,among the Chi-
nese may rather be considered in the
light of an ancient precept, carrying
with it the weight of a positive law,
than the effeét of sentiment.

“¢ It is right to mention here
(what, however, is no palliation of
the crime, though a diminution of
the extent of it) a» circumstance
which I do not recollect to have
seen noticed by any author, and the
truth of which I have too good au-
thority to call in question. As
every corpse, great and small, must
be carried to a place of burial at a
considerable distance without the
city, and as a custom requires that

ANNUAL REGISTER, ‘1804.

all funerals should be conducted
with very heavy expences, peopleix —
Pekin, even those in comfortable ,
circumstances, make no hesitation in —
laying in baskets still-born children,
or infants who may die the first —
month, knowing that they will be —
taken up by the police. ‘This being
the case, we may easily conceive
that, ina city said to contain three
millions of people, a great propor- —
tion of the nine thousand, which we
have supposed to be annually ex-
posed, may be of the above descrip-
tion. According to the rules of po- —
litical arithmetic, and supposing half
of those who died to be exposed, the
number would be diminished to about
four thousand. The expence at-
tending a Chinese funeral is more
extravagant than an European can ©
well conceive. A rich Hong mer-
chant at Canton is known. to have
kept his mother near twelvemonths —
above ground, because it was not
convenient for him to bury herina ~
manner suitable to his supposed
wealth and station.

‘¢ Lam informed, also, that found-
ling hospitals do exist in China, but
that they are on a small scale, be-
ing raised and supported by dona-
tions of individuals, and their con-
tinuance is therefore as precarious
as the wealth of their charitable
founders.

‘¢ These unfavourable features in
the character of a people, whose na-
tural disposition is neither ferocious
nor morose; but, on the contrary,’ —
mild, obliging, and cheerful, can be —
attributed only to the habits in which
they have been trained, and to the
heavy hand of power perpetually —
hanging over them. That this isac- —
tually the case, may be inferred
from the general conduct and cha- —
racter of those vast multitudes who, ~_

from —

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

from time to time, have emigrated

to the Phillipine islands, Bata-
via, Pulo Pinang, and other parts of
our Kast Indian settlements. In those
places they are not less remarkable
for their peaceable and industrious
habits, To the Dutch, in Batavia,
they are masons, carpenters, tailors,
shoemakers, shopkeepers, bankers,
and, in short, every thing. Indo-
lence and luxury are there arrived
to such a height, that, withont the
assistance of the Chinese, the Dutch
would literally be in danger of starv-
ing. Yet the infamous government
of that place, in the year 1741,
caused to be massacred, in cold
blood, many thousands of these
harmless people, who offered no re-
sistance ; neither women nor chil-
dren escaped the fury. of these
blood hounds.

*< In these places it appears, also,
that their quickness at invention is
not surpassed by accuracy of imita-
tion, for which they have always
been accounted remarkably expert
in their own country. Manis, by
nature, a hoarding animal; and his

endeavours to accumulate property —

will be in proportion to the security

\\ and stability which the laws afford

. = 2 ~

for the possession and enjoyment
of that property. In China, the
laws regarding property are insufli-
cient to give it that security : hence
the talent of invention is there sel-
dom exercised beyond suggesting the
means of providing for the first ne-
cessities and the most pressing wants.
A man, indeed, is afraid here to be
considered as wealthy, well know-
ing that some of the rapacious ofli-
cers of the state would find legal
reasons to extort his riches from
him.

‘* The exterior deportment of
every class in China is uncommonly

3

971

decent, and all their manners mild
and engaging; but even these
among persons of any rank are con-
sidered as objects worthy the inter-
ference of the legislature; hence it
follows, that they are ceremonious
without sincerity, studious of the
forms only of politeness, without
either the ease or elegance of good
breeding. An inferior ‘makes a
sham attempt to fall on his knees
before his superior, and the latter -
affects a slight motion to raise him.
A common salutation has its mode
prescribed by the court of ceremo-
nies; and any neglect or default of

a plebeian towards his superior is

punishable by corporal chastise-
ment, and in men in office by de-
gradation or suspension. In mak-
ing thus the exterior aud public
manners of the people a concern of
the legislature, society in many re-
spects was considerably benefited.
Between equals, and among the
lower orders of people, abusive lan-
guage is very unusual, aud they sel-
dom proceed to blows. If a quar-
rel should be carried to this extre-
mity, the contest is rarely attended
with more serious consequences than
the loss. of the long Jock of hair
growing from the crown of the
head, -or the rent of their clothes.
The aét of drawing a sword, or
presenting a pistol, is sufficient to
frighten a common Chinese into
convulsions; and their warriors
shew but few symptoms of bravery.
The Chinese may certainly be con-
sidered among the most timid peo-
ple on the face of the earth; they
seem to possess neither personal
courage, nor the least presence of
mind in dangers or difficulties ; con-
sequences that are derived probably
from the influence of the moral over
the physical chara¢ter, Yet there

is,

972

is, perhaps, no country where a¢ts
of suicide occur more frequently
than in China, among the women
as well as the men: such acts be-
ing marked with no disgrace, are
not held in any abhorrence. The
government, indeed, should seem to
hold out encouragement to suicide,
by a very common practice of miti.
gating the sentence of death, in al-
Jowing the criminal to be his own
executioner. The late viceroy of
Canton, about two years ago, put
an end to his life by swallowing his
stone snuff-bottle, which stuck in
the esophagus; and he died in ex.
cruciating agonics.

*¢ In a government, where every
man is liable to be made a slave,
where every man is subject to be
flogged with the bamboo at the nod
of one of the Jowest rank of those
in office, and where he is compelled
to kiss the rod that beats him, or,
which amounts to the same thing, to
thank the tyrant on his knees for
the trouble he has taken to correct
his morals, high notions of honour
and dignified sentiments are not to be
expected. Where the maxims of
the government commanding, and
the opinions of the people agreeing,
that corporal punishment may be
inflicted, on the ground of a favour
conferred upon the person punished,
a principle of humiliation is admit-
ted, that is well calculated to ex-
clude and obliterate every notion of
the dignity of human nature.

*¢ A slave, in fact, cannot be disho-
noured. Thecondition itself of be-
ing dependent upon, and subject to
the caprice of another, without the
privilege of appeal, is such a de-
graded state of the human species,
that those who are unfortunately
reduced to it, have no further igno-
miny or sense of shame to undergo.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

The vices of such a condition are
innumerable, and they appear on
all occasions among this people, ce-
lebrated (rather undeservedly, I
think) for their polished manners
and civilized government. A Chi.
nese merchant will cheat, when.
ever an opportunity offers him the
means, because he is considered to
be incapable of aéting honestly; a
Chinese peasant will steal when.
ever he can do it without danger of
being detected, because the punish-
ment is only the bamboo, to which
he is daily liable; and a Chinese
prince, or a prime minister, will ex-
tort the property of the subject,
and apply it to his private use,
whenever he thinks he can do it
with impunity. The only check
upon the rapacity of men in power
is the influence of fear, arising from
the possibility of detection; the
love of honour, the dread of shame,
and a sense of justice, seem to be
equally unfelt by the majority of

men in Office. hice
‘¢ Tt would be needless to multi-
ply instances to those already on
record of the refined knavery dis-
played by Chinese merchants, in
their dealings -with Europeans, or
the tricks that they play off in their
transactions with one another. They
are well known to most nations,
and are proverbial in their own. A
merchant with them is considered as
the lowest charaéter in the country,
as a man that will cheat if he can,
and whose trade it is to éreate and
then supply artificial wants. Te
this general chara¢ter, which public
opinion has most probably made to
be what it is, an exception is due
to those merchants who, aéting un-
der the immediate sanction of the
government, have always been re-
marked for their liberality and accu-
racy

art

ACCOUNT

racy in their dealings with Ruropeans
trading to Canton. These men, who
are styled the hong merchants, in
distinétion to a common merchant,
whom they call mat-mat-gin, a buy-
ing and selling man, might not un-
justly be compared. with the most
eminent of the mercantile class in
England.

** But as traders in general are
degraded in all the state maxims,
and consequently in public opinion,
it is not surprising they should at-
tach so little respeét to the charac-
ter of foreign merchants trading to
their ports, especially as several
knavish tricks have been practised
‘upon them, in spite of all (heir a-
cuteness and precaution. The gaudy
watches of indifferent workmanship,
fabricated purposely for the China
market, and once in universal de-
mand, are scarcely now asked for.
One gentleman in the honourable
East India company’s employ, took
it into his head that cuckoo clocks
might prove a saleable article in
China, and accordingly laid in a
large assortment, which more than
answered his most sanguine expec-
tations. But as these wooden ma-
chines were constructed for sale
only, and not for use, the cuckoo
clocks became all mute long before
the second arrival of this gentleman
with another cargo. His clocks
were now not only unsaleable, but
the former purchasers threatened to
return theirs upon his hands, which
would certainly have been done, had
not a thought entered his head, that
not only pacified his former cus-
tomers but procured him also other
purchasers for his second cargo:
he convinced them, by undeniable
authorities, that the cuckoo was a
very odd kind of bird, which sung
only at certain seasons of the year,

OF BOOKS. 973

and assured them that whenever the
proper time arrived, all the cuckoos
they had purchased would once again
‘¢ tune their melodious throats.??
After this it would only be fair to
allow the Chinese sometimes to trick
the European purchaser with a wood-
en ham instead of a real one.

*¢ But as something more honour.
able might be expetted in a prince
of the blood, a grandson of the
emperor, I shall just mention one
anecdote that happened during my
abode in the palace of Yuen-min-
yuen. This gentleman, then about
five and twenty years of age, having
no ostensible employment, came al.
most daily to the hall of audience,
where we were arranging the pre-
sents for the emperor. - He had fre.
quently desired to look at a gold
time-piece which I wore in my
pocket: one morning I received a
message from him by one of the
missionaries, to know if I would
sell it, and for what price. I ex-
plained to the missionary that, being
a present from a friend, and a to.
ken of remembrance, I could not
willingly part with it, but that I
would endeavour to procure him one
equally good from our artificers,
who I thought had such articles for
sale. 1 soon discovered, however,
that his royal highness had already
been with these people, but did not
like their prices. The following
morning a second missionary came
to me, bringing a present from the
prince, consisting of about half a
pound of common tea, a silk purse,
and a few trumpery trinkets, hint.
ing, at the same time, that he was
expected to carry back the watch
im return as an equivalent. I[ re.
quested the missionary immediately

to take back the princely present,

which he did, with considerable re.
luctance,

974

luétance, dreading his highness’s dis-
pleasure. ‘The poor fellow hap-
pened to have a gold watch about
him, which he was desired to shew ;
and the same ae he had a visit from
one of the prince’s domestics, to say,
that his master would do him tie
honour to accept his watch ; which
he was not only under the necessity
of sending, but was obliged to thank
him on his knees, for this extraor-
dinary mark of distinétion. He told
me, moreover, that this same gen-
tleman had atleast adozen watches,
which had been procured in the same
honourable way.

‘+ In the list of presents carried
by the late Dutch embassador, were
two grand pieces of machinery, that
formerly were a part of the curious
museum of the ingenious Mr. Coxe.
In the course of the long journey
from Canton to Pekin they had suf-
fered some slight\damage. On leav-
ing the capital, they discovered,
through one of the missionaries, that
while these pieces were under re-
pair, the prime minister, Ho-ichang-
tong, had substituted two others of
a very inferior and common sort to
complete the list, reserving the two
grand pieces of clock-work for him-
self, which, at some future period,
' be would perhaps take the merit of
presenting to the emperor in his
own name.

<¢ These examples but too clearly
Hlustrate the great defect in the
boasted moral charaéter of the Chi-
nese. But the fault, as I before
observed, seems to be more in the
system of government than in the
nature and disposition of the peo-
ple. The accession of a foreign
power to the throne, by adopting
the language, the laws, and the

ANNUAI REGISTER,

1804.

customs of the conquered, has pre-
served with the forms all the abuses
of the ancient government. The
chara¢ter of the governors may dif.
fer a little, but that of the governed
remains unchanged. The ‘Tartars,
by assuming the ‘dress, the manners,
and the habits of the Chinese, by
being originally descended from the
same stock, and by a great resem-
blance of .features, are scarcely
distinguished from them in their ex-
ternal appearance. And if any phy-
sical difference exist, it seems to be
in stature only, which may have
arisen from local causes. ‘The Chi-
nese are rather taller, and of a more
slender, and delicate form than the
Tartars, who are in general short,
thick, and robust. ‘The small eye,
elliptical at the end next to the nose,
is a predominating feature in the
cast of both the Tartar and the Chi-
nese countenance, and they have
both the same high check bones and
pointed chins, which, with the cus-
tom of shaving off the hair, gives to
the head the shape of an inverted
cone, remarkable enough in some
subjeéts, but neither so general,
nor so singular, as to warrant their
being considered among the monsters
in nature, homo monstrosus, ma-
crocephalus, capite conico, Chinensis.*
The head of our worthy conduétor
Van-ta-gin, who was a real Chinese,
had nothing in its shape different ~
from that of an European, except
the eye. The portrait of this gen-
tleman, drawn by Mr. Hickey, is
so strong a likeness, and he was
deservedly so great a favorite of
every Englishman in the train of the
British embassador, that I am hap-
py in having an opportunity of
placing it at the head of this work.

* Linn. Systema Nature.

“The

ACCOUNT

<¢ The natural colour both of the
Chinese and Tartars seems to be that
tint between a fair and dark com-
plexion, which we distinguish by
the word brunet or brunette; and
the shades of this complexion are
deeper or lighter, according as they
have been more or less exposed to
the influence of the climate. The
women of the lower class, who la-
bour in the fields, or who dwell in
vessels, are almost invariably coarse,
ill-featured, and of a deep brown
complexion, like that of the Hot-
tentot. But this we find to be the
case among the poor of almost every
nation. Hard labour, scanty fare,
and early and frequent parturition,
soon wither the delicate buds of
beauty. The sprightliness and ex-
pression of the features, as well as
the colour of the skin, which dis-
tinguish the higher ranks from the
vulgar, are in some, though very
few, such as might pass for beauties
even in Europe. The Malay fea-
tures, however, prevail in most; a
small black or dark-brown eye, a
short round nose, generally a little
flattened, lips considerably thicker
than in Europeans, and black hair,
are universal,

‘<The Man-tchoo Tartars would
appear to be composed of a mixed
race: among these we observed se-
veral, both men and women, that
were extremely fair and of florid
complexions: some had light blue
eyes, straight or aquiline noses,
brown hair, immense bushy beards,
and had much more the appearance
of Greeks than of Tartars. It is
certainly not improbable that the
Greeks of Sogdiana, whose descend-
ants must have blended with the
western Tartars, and with whom
the Man-tchoos were conne¢ted, may
have communicated this cast of

OF BOOKS. 975

countenance. Tthien-Lung, whose
nose was somewhat aquiline, and’
complexion florid, used to boast of
his descent from Gengis-khan: these,
however, are exceptions to the ge-
neral charaéter, which is evidently
the same as that of the Chinese.

‘¢ But although their appearance
and manners are externally the same,
a closer acquaintance soon discovers
that in disposition they are widely
different. Those who are better
pleased with a blunt sincerity, bor-
dering on rudeness, than a studied
complaisance approaching to ser-
vility, who may think it better to
be robbed openly than cheated ci-
villy, will be apt to give the prefer-
ence to the Tartar character. Yet
those Tartars of distinétion, who
fill some of the higher situations in
the state, soon lose their native
roughness, and are scarcely distin-
guishable in their manners and de-
meanour from the Chinese.

‘© The ease, politeness, and dig-
nified carriage of the old viceroy of

_ Pe-tche-lee, who was a Man-tchoo,

could not be exceeded by the most
praétised courtier of- modern En-
rope: the attention he shewed to
every thing that concerned the em-
bassy, the unaffected manner in
which he received and entertained
us at Tien-sing ; the kindness and
condescension with’ which he gave
his orders to the inferior officers and
to this domestics, placed him in a
very amiable point of view. He
was a very fine old man of seventy-
eight years of age, of low stature,
with small sparkling eyes, a benign
aspect, a long silver beard, and the
whole of his appearance calm, vene-
rable, and dignified. The manners
of Sun-ta-gin, a relation of the em.
peror, and one of the six ministers
of state, were no less dignified, easy,

and

976

and engaging ; and Chung-ta-gin, the
mew viceroy of Canton, was a plain,
unassuming, and good-natured man.
The prime minister Ho-chang-tong,
the little Tartar legate, and the ex.
viceroy of Canton, were the only
persons of rank, among the many
we had occasion to converse with,
that discovered the least ill humour,
distant hauteur, and want of com-
plaisance. All the rest with whom
we had any concern, whether Tar.
tars or Chinese, when in our pri-
vate society, were easy, aflable,
and familiar; extremely good hu.
moured, loquacious, communicative.
It was in public only, and towards
each other, that they assumed their
ceremonious gravity, and practised
all the tricks of demeanour which
custom requires of them.

‘¢ The general character, how-
ever, of the nation is a strange com-
pound of pride and meanness, of
affected gravity and real frivolous.
ness, of refined civility and gross
indelicacy. With an appearance of
great simplicity and openness in con.
versation, they practise a degree of
art and cunning against which an
European is but ill prepared, ‘Their
manner of introducing the subject
of the court ceremonies in conver-
sation with the embassador, is no
bad specimen of their sly address in
managing matters of this sort. Some
of them observed, by mere accident,
as it were, how curious it was ta
see the ditierent modes of dress that
prevailed among different nations :
this naturally brought on a eompa-
rison between theirs and ours, the
latter of which they pretended to
examine with critical attention. Af.
‘tera good deal of circumlocutory
observations, they thought their
own entitlec to the preference, be-
ing more convenient, on account of

1

ANNUAL REGISTER: 1804.

it being made wide and loose, and
free from tight ligatures ; whereas
ours must be exceedingly uneasy and ©
troublesome in any other posture —
than that of standing upright ; and
particularly so in making the genu-
flections and prostrations which were —
customary and indeed necessary to
be performed by all persons when-
ever the emperer appeared in pub-
lic. No notice being taken of this
broad hint, so artfully introduced,
they proceeded to compare their
wide petticoats with our breeches,
and to contrast the play and free-
dom of their knee joints with the
obstruction that our knee-buckles _
and garters must necessarily occa.
sion. This brought them direétly
to the point, and they finished by
recommending, in the warmth of
their friendship, that we should dis.
encumber ourselves of our breeches,
as they would certainly be inconves
nient to appear in at court.

** Of perseverance in negociation, »
or more properly speaking in drive
ing a bargain, the Tartar legate
gave no bad specimen of his talent.
—Having in vain pra¢tised every
art to obtain from the embassador
an unconditional compliance with
the court ceremony, he was sent
at length by the prime minister
to inform him, the important point
was finally decided, and that the
inglish mode was to be adopted ;
but he observed, that as it was net
the custom of China to kiss the em-
peror’s hand, he had something to
propose to which there could be no
objection, and which was, that in
lien of that part of the English ce-
remopy, he should put the second
knee upon the ground, and instead
of bending one knee, to kneel on
both. In faét, they negociate on
the most trifling point with as much

caution

>

ACCOUNT

caution and preciseness, as if they
were forming a treaty of peace, and
with more address than some trea-
ties of peace have been negociated.
~- * Asa direét refusal to any re-
quest would betray a want of good
breeding, every proposal finds their
immediate acquiescence ; they pro-
mise without hesitation, but gene-
rally disappoint by the invention of
some sly pretence or plausible ob-
jection. They have no proper
sense of the obligations of truth.
So little scrupulous, indeed, are
they with regard to veracity, that
they will assert and contradict with-
out blushing, as it may best suit the
purpose of the moment.

** The vanity of an usurped na-
tional superiority, and a high no-
tion of self-importance, never for-
sake them on any occasion. Those
advantages in others, which they
cannot avoid fecling, they will af-
feét not to see; and, although they
are reduced to the necessity of em-
pleying foreigners to regulate their
calendar, and keep their clocks in
order, although they are in the ha-
bit of receiving yearly various spe-
cimens of art and ingenuity from
Europe, yet they pertinaciously af-
feét to consider all the nations of
the earth as barbarians in compari-
son of themselves. A Chinese mer-
chant of Canton, who, from the fre-
quent opportunities of secing Eng-
lish ships, was not insensible of their
advantages over those of his own na~
tion, which traded to Batavia and

other distant ports, resolved, and
aétually began, to construct a vel-
sel according to an English model ;
but the Hoopoo, or collector of the
customs, being apprised of it, not
only obliged him to relinquish his
project, but fined him in a heavy
penalty for presuming to adopt the

Vor, XLVI,

OF BOOKS. 977

modes of a barbarous nation. So
great is their national conceit, that
not a single article imported into
the country, as I have elsewhere ob-
served, retains its name. Not a
nation, nor person, nor objeét, that
does not receive a Chinese appella-
tion; so that their language, though
poor, is pure.

*¢ The expressions made use of in
salutation, by different nations,
may, perhaps, be considered as de-
riving their origin from features of
national charaéter. Lau-ye, Ol#-
str, is a title of respeét, with which
the first officers of state may be ad-
dressed, because the maxims of go-
vernment have inculcated the doc-
trine of obedience, respect, and
protection to old age. The com-
mon salutation among the lower
orders of people, in some of the
southern provinces, is Ya fan; Have
you eaten your rice? The greatest-
happiness that the common class of
people in China can hope to enjoy,
consists in their having a sufficiency
of rice. ‘Thus also the Dutch, who
are considered as great eaters, have
a morning salutation, which is com-
mon among all ranks, Smauak-elyk
eeten! May you eat ahearty dinner!
Another universal salutation among
this people is, [oe vaart uwe? How
do you sail? adopted, no doubt, in
the early periods of the republic,
when they were all navigators or
fishermen. The usual salutation at
Cairo is, How do you sweat? a dry
hot skin being a sure indication of
a destruétive ephemeral fever. I
think some author has observed, in
contrasting the haughty Spaniard
with the frivolous Frenchman, that
the proud steady gait and inflexible
solemnity of the former, were ex.
pressed in his mode of salutation, —
Come esta? How do you stand?

3R Whilst

978

Whilst theComment vous porte: vous?
How do you carry yourself? was
equally expressive of the gay mo-
tion and incessant action of the lat-
ter.

+¢ The Chinese are so ceremonious

among themselves, and so punétilious-

with regard to etiquette, that the
omission of the most minute point,
established by the court of ceremo-
nies, is considered as a criminal of-
fence. Visiting by tickets, which,
with us, is a fashion of modern re-
finement, has been a common prac-
tice in China some thousand years ;
but the rank of a Chinese visitor is
immediately ascertained by the size,
colour, and ornaments of his ticket,
which also varies in all these points,
according to the rank of the person
visited. The old viceroy of Pe.
iche-lec’s ticket to the embassador,
contained as much crimson-coloured
paper as would be sufficient to co-
ver the walls of a moderate-sized
room.”

Having exceeded our usual limits
in the above extraét, we are neces-
sarily precluded from detailing at
any length the particulars of the fol-
lowing chapters ; which, however,
we can promise the reader, continue
to the last page of the volume to
recommend themselves, by ingenious
disquisition, originality of opinion,
and liveliness of narration. The
maitners and amusements of the
court; the character and private life
of the emperor; language, litera-
ture, and the fine arts; sciences,
mechanics, and medicine of the
Chinese are separately, and with
elaborateness, considered in the 5th
and 6th chapters ; whiie the govern-
ment, Jaws, tenures of land and
taxes, revenues, civil and military
ranks and establishments, form the
subject of the 7th,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

' Mr. Barrow next ventures some ©
conjectures on the origin of the Chi-
nese, and gives an aniple statement
of their religious seéts and ceremo-
nies. His journey from Tong-choo-
foo to the provice of Canton, ena-
bles him to state, with apparent pre-
cision, the face of the country and ©
its productions ; the buildings, and
other public works ; general view of —
the condition of the people; state
of agriculture, and the probable po- —
pulation of the empire.

The remainder of this instruétive —
and amusing work is employed in
the account of the author’s journey
through the province of Canton ;
an useful description of the city ;— _
the situation of foreigners trading
to that port; and of the impositions —
practised by the officers of the go-’
vernment.

The following modest*and sensi-
ble ‘¢ Concluslon,” terminates the
volume. ‘¢ J have now gone over
most of the points relative to which

Ihave been able to recollcét the
remarks and observations “which
arose in my mind during my attend. —
ance on this memorable embassy. -
The comparisons I have made were
with a view of assisting the reader
to form, in his own mind, some idea
what rank the Chinese may be con-
sidered to hold, when measured by
the scale of European nations ; but
this part is very defective. To have
made it complete, would require
more time aud more reading, than
at present I could command. The
consideration of other objects, those
of a political nature, which are of the
most serious importance to our in-
terests in China, is more particu,
larly the province of those in a dif-
ferent sphere, and would, therefore,
be improper for me to anticipate, or »
pre-judge, by any conjecture of my

Own,

ACCOUNT

own. It belongs to other persons,
and, perhaps, to other times ; but
it is to be hoped, that the informa-
tion, reflections, and opinions of
the embassador himself, may one
day be fully communicated to the
public, when the present objections
to it shall cease, and the moment
arrive, (which is probably not very
distant) that will enable us to aét
upon the ideas of that nobleman’s
capacious and enlightened mind,
and to prove to the world that the
late embassy, by shewing- the cha-
ra¢ter and dignity of the British na-
tion in a new and splendid light, to
a court and people, in a great mea-
sure, ignorant of them before; how-
ever misrepresented by the jealousy
and envy of rivals, or impeded by
the countera¢tion of enemies, has
Jaid an excellent foundation for
great future advantages, and done
honour to the wisdom and foresight
of the statesman*, who planned the
measure, and direéted its execu-
tion.”

That nothing might be wanting to
the reader’s instruétion and amuse-
‘ment, this large 4to.volume is adorned
and enriched by eight valuable draw-
ings chiefly from the elegant pencil of
Mr. Alexander, the draughsman to
the embassy ; and the whole forms a
splendid proof of the advanced state
of the typography and graphic art
of this country.

North Wales ; including its Scenery,
Antiquities, Customs, and some
Sketches of its Natural History,
&c. By the Rev. William Bingley,
A, M. Fellow of the Linncan So-

-OF BOOKS. 979:

ciety. Illustrated with a Map,
Frontispiece, and Music, 2 Vols.
Svo.

Our author,commencing his route
at Chester, of which city he takes
due notice, proceeds by Holywell,
and the top of Pen-maen-mawr into
that mountainous part of the coun-
try, denominated, by Mr. Pen-
nant, Snowdonia, comprehending
the greater part of Caernarvonshire,,
and still called the forest of Snow-
don. This part of the work is pe-
culiarly worthy the reader's atten-
tion, as it embraces a greater varie-
ty of new matter and description,
than any other of this class we are
acquainted with.

The animated and pleasing ac-
count of the falls of Benglog is par-
ticularly interesting, and of which
Mr. Bingley remarks, that ‘ they
are scarcely known in the adjacent
country, and have been unaccount-
ably omitted even in Mr. Pennani’s
Tour, although this gentleman ac-
curately describes most of the sce-
nery around them.”

Mr. Bingley’s station, for some
part of the time he passed in the
northern counties of Wales, was at
Caernarvon ; from whence he made
various excursions into the neigh.
bourhood ; the fruits of which are
here detailed in a sprightly and inte.
resting manner. <A long account of
the extravagancies of a varicty of
the Methodists, popularly termed
Jumpers, occurs in this part of his
book. <A remarkable anecdote is
here also given of the wretchedness
of the habitations of the lower or.
ders, which we shall transcribe.

‘¢ I was taken to a cottage in the

* The Lord Viscount Melville.

3

R 2

~

parish

980 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

parish of Lianrug, inhabited by a
lame old woman, named Mary Mor-
gan. I mention it only for the pur-
pose of relating the singular mode
which this old woman invariably
adopted, till her lameness rendered
it too painful, of getting into her
house, whenever she mislaid the key
of the door. She mounted the peat
stack at the end of the building,
clambered up from thence to the
slates, and descended the chimney.
This is an undoubted fa&.”

In common with all who have vi-
sited this portion of the principality
as tourists, Snowdon engages a con-
siderable share of our author’s at-
tention. His description of the
view from its summit is striking and
impressive, and the catalogue he
gives of the rare and curious plants
he found upon this, and the other
mountains of Caernarvyon, mark
him as a scientific and eager bota-
nist, and will be highly acceptable
to those. who are versed in that
branch of natural history.

The island of Anglesea is Mr.
Bingley’s next stage, and here he
takes occasion to digress upon the
origin and use of the cromlechen,
which abound in that island. <A
subjeét often debated, but. still
open to disquisition. And whether
they be (as Rowlandson supposes)
considered as the altars of the
Druids ; or, (as does Borlase) be
conceived purely sepulchral, is a
question that has hitherto divided,
and will long divide, the opinions of
mankind.

The vale of Montgomery is ex-
cellently well pourtrayed, and the
different rural scenes in this beauti-
fnl part of the country, are deli-
neated with the pencil of a master.

But the most valuable portions of

the work, are the dissertations —

which occupy the greater part of the
second volume, on the language,

the music, and the manners and cus- ~

toms of the Welsh. The first of
these subjects is singularly well dis-
cussed; the analogies pointed out

close, accurate, and abundant; and —
the reasoning lucid and conclusive. —
The second, independantly of the

entertainment afforded by the Bar-
dic anecdotes with which it is di-
versified, is further elucidated by
several of the most popular airs be-
ing given in score. And the last we
shall here transcribe for the instruc-
tion and entertainment of our rea-
ders, and as a fair specimen of the

style and manner of our author, |
with whom we confess ourselves, —

upon the whole, to be greatly pleas-
ed; and, abating a little in our esti-

mate for a certain vein of good-na- 9

tured credulity, and occasional in-
accuracy of expression, which per-
vade the volumes before us; we do
not hesitate to pronounce him live-
ly, ingenious, and amusing, far
above the generality of that class of

writers in which his present work —

must place him.

‘¢ From ancient, [ now descend
to modern times; and, from de-
scribing that hardy race of war-
like characters which were with so
much difficulty subdued by the Eng-

lish monarchs, | proceed to make —

some remarks on their present state,
in which this people enjoy a degree
of happiness and tranguillity, that,

in feudal times, the country never

experienced.

“While quarrels rage did nourish

ruinest wrack,
And Owen Glyndore set bloodie broyles
abroach;
Bull

.

Full many a towne was spoyl’d and put

to sack,

And cleane consum’d, to countries foule
reproath

Great castles rais’d, fayre buildings burnt
to dust,

Such revel reign’d, that men did live by
lust :—

But since they came, and yielded unto
lawe,

Most meek as lambe, within one yoke
they drawe.

*¢ In those mountainous and se-
cluded parts of Wales, as some of
the interior of Caernarvonshire,
Merionethshire, and Denbighshire,
that are yet scarcely known to the
English tourist; the manners of the
inhabitants differ very essentially
from what will be observed near any
frequented road. The people scem
there to have an innocence and sim-
plicity of charaéter, unknown in
the populous parts of our own coun-
try. Among these it is that we are
to search for those original traits,
and that native hospitality, so much
the boast of the Welsh writers.—
Wherever the English have had un-
interrupted communication, the mo-
ney, of which they have been so
lavish, has afforded an irresistible
temptation for the lower classes of
the inhabitants to praétise imposi-
tions; in such situations the people
differ little from the like’ class
amongst us. On all the great roads,
_ they seem to pride themselves in be-
ing sufficiently expert to over-reach
their Saxon neighbours in any of

_ their little bargains. A Welsh gen-
~ tleman, of undoubted veracity, in-
formed me, (and im various in-
stances I have myself experienced
its truth) that it is a common prac-
e tice amongst his countrymen, to
"ask for any article they have to of-
fer for sale, nearly double the sum

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

981

they will take: those persons who
are acquainted with these practices,
never give them the full price for
what they purchase. I have good
authority for asserting, that, at some
of the inferior inns, if an English-
man sits down at table with Welsh-
men, the charge for his eating will
be at least one third more than that
of each of the rest of the company.

_ This is a provoking imposition.

‘¢ A rustic bashfulness and re-
serve, seem to be general features
in the charaéier of the Welsh peo-
ple; and strangers, unaccustomed
to their manners, have often mis-
taken these for indications of sul-
Jenness. It is usual to say of them
that they are very irrascible. This
may be the case, but from what I
have myself seen, I am inclined to
think that the natural rapidity of
their expression in a language not
understood, has often been con-
strued into passion, without any
other more certain grounds. Per.
sons who form their ideas from the
opinions of others, without being at
the trouble of making observations
for themselves, are often deceived
and misled. Such, I am confident,
has been the case a thousand times
in the judgments formed on the pre-
sent subject.

‘* The lowest classes bear indica-
tions of extreme proverty, yet they
seem te enjoy good health. Their
dwellings are cottages, or rather
huts, built of stones, whose inter-
stices are closed with peat or mud.
On a mere inspeétion, they would
seem the habitation of wretchedness,
They are in general so dark, that
on first entering, the glare of light
down the chimney alone takes the
attention. The following is a good
picture, by Mr. Hutton, of one of
the better kind of cottages, made

3R3 uncommonly

982

uncommonly neat for the celebra-
tion of a wedding dinner :

“ Arriving, I crept through q hole in
the door,
Some stones were laid down, and some
not, on the floor.
The whole was one dark room, with
three windows, so sniall,
That the light down the chimney quite
outstript them all:
But this great relief came to soften their
cares,
Neither sober nor drunk could they
tumble down stairs.
Two beds grac’d the mansion, which
made it appear,
That cleanliness, prudence, and order
reigu’d there.
That tables and cupboards, which open ’d
to view,
&hew’d the hand of industry had polish’d
' their hue.
The shelves and their crockery, both
china and delph,
Were clean, and were orderly rang’d on
the shelf.
Dad, mam, and nine children, which
fortune bestow’d,
In harmony liv’d in this darksome
abode;
Nor can we consent to call those people
poor,
Where Prudence steps in, and bars Want
from the door,

¢¢ The usual food of the labopring
Welsh is bread, cheese, and milk ;
and sometimes what they call flum-
mery, a composition of oatmeal and
milk. Animal food and ale are by
no means among their usual fare.

‘<The women of the mountainous
parts of the country are generally
a middle size, though more frequent-
ly below that than above it. Their
features are often very pretty, but,
in point of figure, they are in gene-
ral uninieresting; and their long,
and thickly matted hair, crowned
with hats similar to those worn by
the men, affords the unpleasant idea

4

°

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

of a due want of cleanliness. They _
wear long blue cloaks, that descend
almost to their feet. These they are
seldom to be seen without, even in
the hottest weather; owing to the
frequency of showers in a country
surrounded with mountains. On
their legs they have blue stockings,
without any fect*to them: they
keep them down by, means of a
Joop fastened round one of their
tocs. In the more unfrequent-
ed parts, the women seldom wear —
any shoes, except on a Sunday, or.
the market-day, and even on those

days they often carry them in their
hands as they go along the roads. I
have sometimes seen six or eight of
them, after their journeys from the
adjacent villages, seated on the
bank of a rivulet, in the act of
washing their feet previously to_
their entering the towns. During
these journeys, they often employ ©
their time in knitting, and a heavy
shower of rain will not sometimes
compel them to give up their work. —
‘Their employment within doors, be-
sides their family duties, is chiefly in
spinning wool. What has been re- —
peatedly asserted of the Welsh peo- ~
ple, that they are naturally inquisi- —
tive and curious respecting strangers,
is certainly true; but it isa circum-
stance by no means peculiar to this —
country. In all wild and unfres—
quented ‘parts of the world, itis the —
same; and it is in such parts of —
Wales that this disposition i is chiefly —
observable. - It is easily accounted
for when we consider their manners ©
of life, and general ignorance. Sur-
prise on the appearance of strangers, ©
where, in their limited ideas, there —
could seem no inducement to repay —
the troubie or expence of a journey,
would naturally excite their wonder, ©
and this as naturally leads to the

questions,

ACCOUNT

questions, ‘*‘ Where do you come
*< from?”—‘* Why do you come
“* here?” and, ‘¢ Where do you go
** to from hence?” Unsatisfied
with my answers, that I was an
_ Englishman, come to visit the moun-
tains and waterfalls, 1 have often
and often been asked, with the ut-
most simplicity, ‘* Are there, then,
** no rocks nor rivers in England?”
In all accounts of travels through
unfrequented countries, we find this
disposition to curiosity very com-
mon, and a slight acquaintance with
the nature of the human mind is
sufficient to allay any surprise that
may be excited in discovering that
it is prevalent in Wales.

*¢ They are much inclined to su-
perstition, but in aJl countries we
find that there are multitudes of
weak and foolish people. In Eng-
land, most of the peasantry swal-
low, with credulous avidity, any ri-
diculous stories of ghosts, hobgob-
lins, and fairies. There is, however,
in the Welsh, certainly a greater in-
clination to credulity than what, at
least, an Englishman can discover
among our own people. ‘Thereare
few, indeed, of the mountaineers of
Wales, who have not by heart a
string of legendary stories of those
disembodied beings. ‘The cavern
Lanymynech-hill, not far from Os-
westry, has been long noted as the
residence of a clan of fairies, of
whom the neighbouring villagers
relate many surprising and mischiev-
‘ous ‘pranks. Whilst they have
stopped to listen at the mouth of
the cave, they have sometimes even
heard the little elves in conversa-

_ tion, but this was always in such

low whispers, that (with reverbera-
* tion along the sides aud roof of the
cavern) the words were rendered
indistinguishable. The stream that

OF BOOKS. 985

runs across a distant part of this ca-
vern, is celebrated as the place
where the fairy washer-women and
labourers have been heard frequent-
ly at work.

_ Considerably allied to the fairies
is another species of supposed eri-
al beings, called by the Welsh
knockers. These, the Welsh
miners say, are heard underground,
in or near mines, and by their
noises, generally point out to the
workmen a rich vein of ore. The
following are extracts from two let-
ters on this extraordirary subject,
written by Mr. Lewis Morris, a man
eminent for his learning and good
sense.

‘¢ These are odd assertions, but
“* they are certainly facts, though
‘* we cannot, and do not pretend to
“¢ account for them. We have now
“¢ yery good ore at Liwyn Liwyd,
‘“¢ where the knockers were heard
‘“¢ to work, but have now yielded
‘* up the place, and are no more
‘heard. Let who will laugh, we
‘¢ have the greatest reason to re-
“¢ joice, and thank the knockers,
“Cor rather God, who sends us
‘¢ these notices.”

‘¢ The second letter is as fol-
lows:—

‘¢ ] have no time to answer your
“ objection against knockers; I
‘* have a large treatise coiletted on
¢¢ that-head, and what Mr. Durham
‘6 says, is nothing to the purpose.
‘© }f sounds of voices, whispers,
‘¢ blasts, working or pumping, can
‘¢ be carried on a mile under ground,
‘* they should always be heard in
‘¢ the same place, and under the
‘¢ same advantages, and not once in
‘6a month, a year, or two years.
‘* Just before.the discovery of oré
** last week, three men together, i in
¢ our work, were ear-witnesses of

3R4 ** knockers

984

** knockers pumping, driving a
** wheel-barrow, &c.; but there is
“‘no pump in the work, nor any
*¢ mine within less than a mile of it,
*¢in which there are pumps con-
** stanily going. If they were these
** pumps that they heard, why were
‘¢ they never heard but.that once in
‘* the space of a year? And why
‘* are they not now heard? But
** the pumps make so little noise,
** that they cannot be heard in the
*¢ other end of Esgairy Mwyn mine
** when they are at work.

‘* We have a dumb and deaf
‘* tailor in this neighbourhood, who
** has a particular language of his
** own; by signs, and by practice I
** can understand him, and make
** him understand me pretty well;
** and I am sure I could make him
** learn to write, and be understood
** by letters very soon, for he can
** distinguish men already by the
‘+ letters of their names. Now let-
** ters are marks to convey ideas,
** just after the same manner as the
** motions of fingers, hands, eyes,
**&c. If this man had really seen
** ore in the bottom of a sink of
‘© water in a mine, and wanted to
‘tell me how to come at it, he
** would take two sticks like a
** pump, and would make the mo-
‘* tions of a pumper at the very
** sink~where he knew the ore was;
‘* and would make the motions of
‘¢ driving a wheel-barrow. And
** what 1 should infer from thence
‘* would be, that I ought to take
*¢ out the water, and sink, or drive
*¢ in the place, and wheel the stuff
‘out. By parity of reasoning,
‘the language of the knockers
** by imitating the sound of pump-
“ing, wheeling, &c. signifies that
“we should take out the water,
“and drive there. This is the opi-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1804.

*¢ nion of all old miners, who pre-
*¢ tend to understand the language,
“of the knockers. Our agent
‘+ and manager, upon the strength
*¢ of this notice, goes on and ex- -
“pects great things. You, and
‘¢ every body that is not convinced
‘Sof the being of knockers, will
** laugh at these things, for they
** sound like dreams; so does every
*¢ dark science. Can you make
*¢ any illiterate man believe that it is
ae possible to know the distance of
‘two places by looking at them ?
“ Iluman knowledge is but of small
¢ extent, its bounds are within our
‘¢ view, we see nothing beyond
“¢ these; the great universal crea-
‘* tion contains powers, &c. that we
** cannot so much as guess at. May
“‘ there not exist beings, and ¥ast
*¢ powers, infinitely smaller than the
particles of air, to whom air is as
hard a body as a diamond is te
‘¢us? Why not? There is nei-
‘* ther great nor small, but by com-
‘* parison. Our knockers are some
of these powers, the guardians of
¢¢ mines,
*¢ You remember the story in Sel-
den’s Table-Talk, of Sir Robert
and others disputing about Mo-
*¢ ses’s shoe. Lady Cotton came
“¢ in, and asked, ‘ Gentlemen, are
‘6 you sure it is a shoe?’ ‘So the
‘¢ first thing is, to convince mankind
‘* that there is a set of creatures, a
‘¢ degree or so finer than we are, to
‘% whom we have given the name of
‘* knockers, from the sounds we
“hear in our mines. ‘This is to be
** done by a collection of their as-
“* sertions well attested: and that is
‘“* what I have begun to do, and
‘¢ then let every one judge for him-
Ch seli.7?
‘¢ These letters are curious,
though-the reasoning is far from
conclusive.

a“
na an

.
.

an
na“

conclusive.

-bourhood where the

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

When I was in the
country, I was very desirous of see-
ing a copy of the remarks on these
supposed wrial spirits, that Mr.
Morris refers to in the second let-
ter, but was not able to meet with
such. In endeavouring to account
for the noises, for we must believe
that such noises have taken place, it
has been remarked that they might
perhaps have proceeded from the

echo of the miners at work, or from

the dropping of water in some hol-
low places in or near the mine.
These conjectures are, however,
very insufiicient, if we are to credit

_ Mr. Morris’s assertion (and he was

aman not likely to make an asser-
tion without being convinced of its

_ truth). that whilst the miners are

engaged in one kind of work, the
knockers, as they are called, are
carrying on another ; while, for in-
stance, as he says, the miners are
boring, the knockers are blasting,
the former conjecture must therefore
fall to the ground, as the droppings
of water could in no case produce an
effect that might be mistaken for
blasting. I am acquainted with the

_ subject only from report, but I can
‘assure my readers that 1 found few

people in Wales that did not give
full credence toit. ‘Ihe elucidation
of these extraordinary facts must be
left to those‘persons who have bet-
ter opportunities of inquiring into
them than I have. I may be per-

_ mitted to express a hope that the
subject will not be neglected, and

that those who reside in any neigh-
noises are

heard, will carefully investigate

their cause, and, if possible, give to

the world a more accurate account
of them than the present. In the
year 1799, they were heard in some

mines in the parish of Lianvihan-

2

985

gel Ysgeiviog in Anglesea, where
they continued, at intervals, for
some weeks.

‘* The lower class of the Welsh
yet continue to believe in the ex-
istence of witches. Many old wo-
men, therefore, only because they
happen to be old, and perhaps de-
formed, have to bear the odium of
preventing the cows from yielding
milk, and butter from forming in
the churn. They are also believed
to possess the power of infli¢ting
disorders both on men and cattle,
and that they seldom neglect te do
it when they have been offended.
This will well account for the no-
tion of witches having been strenu-
ously maintained some centuries ago
even by the most enlightened per.
sons of the age. Old women, on
whom the generally odious epithet
of witch has been once fixed by the
popular voice, have found it their
interest, and in Wales to this day
find it their interest, to deny no-
thing that is alledged to them. They
become thus held in superstitious
fear by the people, and in many in-
stances obtain an easy livelihood
from their supposed extent of pow-
er. Wherever they ask alms, it
would be (say the common people)
the death of a cow or horse, or per-
haps even of one of the family, to
refuse them ; and the neighbouring
peasantry, much as they hold them
in detestation, believe it their own
interest to keep them always in
good humour. The old women
thus live, in some measure, in af-
fluence, with little other trouble
than feeding and training up three
or four cats, and attending minute-
ly to the concerns of their neigh-
bours.

“¢ On the eve of All Saints, the
Welsh people, as soon as it is dark,

kindle

986

kindle great fires near their houses,
which they call coeleerth, or bon-
fires. This custom has been sup-
posed, though probably without
any foundation, to have originated
with the Druids, and to have been
intended by them as an offering of
thanksgiving for the fruits of the
harvest. Sometimes fifty or a hun-
dred of these fires may be seen at
once, and round each the people
dance, hand in hand, at the same
time singing and shouting in the
most riotous and frantic manner
imaginable. In many places a cus-
tom is retained of each person
throwing a few nuts into the flame,
by which they pretend to foretell
the good or ill fortune that will at-
tend them the ensuing year. If, by
the expansion of air within them,
the nuts burst, they immediately
conclude that they are doomed to
die within twelve months. On the
day after All Saints, the poor chil-
dren go about the towns and vil-
lages to beg bread and cheese.

“¢ On the eve of St. John the Bap-
tist, they place little bundles of the
plant called St. John’s wort, over
their doors, or windows. These
they believe will purify their houses,
and drive away all fiends and evil
spirits. ‘Fhe Druids had a custom
similar to this, in which they used
sprigs of vervain.

‘¢ The young people have many
pretended modes of declaring their
future lovers. Most of these are,
however, common to the peasantry
_ of our own country. which renders
it needless to repeat them here.

‘¢T have been informed that a
disorder, somewhat resembling St.
Anthony’s fire, which the Welsh
people call Yr Eryr, the eagle, is
supposed to be at any time cured by
the following kind of charm. A

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

‘offended persons repair for the same

person, whose grandfather, or great
grandfather, has eaten the flesh of
an eagle, is to spit on the part af-
fected, and rub it for a little while
with his fingers., This is esteemed
an infalliblevemedy. A maid-serv-
ant of a gentleman of my acquaint-
ance, who resides in Caernaryon-
shire, declared, in my hearing, that
she had been cured of this com-
plaint. by an old man, whose grand-
father had eaten of an eagle. She
said that he at the same time used
some words, to aid the charm,
which she could not comprehend.

‘¢ It is an opinion very prevalent
within the diocese of St. David’s, in’
Pembrokeshire, that a short time
previous to the death of a person, a
light is sometimes seen to proceed
from the house, and even from the
bed, and to pursue its way to the
church where the body is to be in-
terred, precisely in the same track
that the funeral will afterwards fol-
low. This light is called canwyll
corph, or ‘* the corpse candle.”

‘¢ A strange custom prevails in
some obscure parts of North Wales,
which, however, the clergy have
now almostabolished. This is term-
ed the “* offering of an enemy.”
When a person supposes himself:
highly injured by any one, he re-«
pairs to some ehurch dedicated to a
celebrated saint, or one who is be=
lieved to have great power over the
afiairs of men; here, kneeling on™

his bare knees before the altar, and ,

offering a piece of money to the
saint, he utters the most virulent and
dreadful imprecations, calling down

curses and misfortunes on the of- _
‘fender and his family, even for ge-

nerations to come. Sometimes the

purpose to some sacred well, dedi-
cated to a saint, Mr, Pennant was

threatened —

i
:
{

\
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ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

threatened by a man, who fancied
he had been injured by him, ‘‘ with »
<‘ the vengeance’of St. Elian, and
<¢a journey to his well, to curse
¢ him with effect.’’*

“¢ Some of these wells are held in
great repute for the cure of diseases ;
and the saints are.also occasionally
applied to for the recovery of stolen
goods. In the parish of Abergeley,
in Caernarvonshire, there was for-
merly a well dedicated to St. George,
who was the Welsh tutelary saint of
horses. Ail these avimals that were
distempered, were brought to the
well, sprinkled with water, and re-
ceived this blessing: Rhad Duw a
Sa nt Siors arnat, “ the blessing of
“* God and St. Gcerge be on thee.”
It was the custom of those who
kept a great number of horses, at
certain times, to make an offering of
one of them to the saint, in order to
secure his blessing on ail the rest.

If a well of any <a at was near the
church, the water for baptism was
always fetched from thence; and,
after the ceremony, the old women
would frequently wash their eyes in
the water of the font.

<¢ Some years ago it was a cus-
‘tom in the churches of North
Wales, whenever the name of the
devil occurred, for every one of the
congregation to spit upon the floor.
This was dene to shew their con-
tempt of the evil spirit, Whenever
the name of Judas was mentioned,
they expressed their abhorrence of
him by striking their breasts.

“On the morning of Christmas-
day, about three o’clock, the inha-
bitauts used formerly to assemble
in the churches; and, after the

prayers and sermon were concluded,
they continued their singing psalms

* Tour in Wales, ii,

337,

987

and hymns with great devotion till
+ day-light. Those who through age
or infirmity were disabled from ate
tending the church, invariably read
the prayers in their own houses,
and sang the appropriate hymns,
This act of devotion was called
(plygain, ) ‘¢ the crowing of the
*¢ cock.*” It has been a general
belief among the superstitious, that
instantly

“ At his warning,
Whether in sea or fire, in earth or air,
Th’ extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine.” Q

<< But during this holy season, the
cock was supposed to exert his
power throughout the night.

“ Some say, that ever ‘gainst that season
comes,

Wherein our Sariour’s birth is celebrat-
ed,

The bird of dawning singeth all night
long:

And then, they say, no spirit walks a-
broad;

The nights are wholesome; then no pla-
nets strike ;

No fatry takes: no witch kath power to
charm;

So hallowed and’so gracious is the time.”

‘ The Welsh yet retain the cus-
tom of wearing leeks in their hats
on St. David’s-day. On the first
of March 640, the Welsh forces
under command of king Cadwallo,
obtained a signa] victory over the
Saxons. ‘The battle happened near
a large piece of ground in which this
vegetable was cultivated, and the
soldiers put lecks into their hats, in
order to distinguish themselves.
Since this period, the leek has been
retained as a badge of honour. ‘The

#Pennant ii, 340,
Welshmam

988

Welshman says (to Henry V.)“They
did goot service in a garden where
Jeeks did grow, wearing leeks in their
Monmouth caps: which, your ma-
jesty knows, to this hour is an ho-
nourable paddge of the service.”’*

*¢ The middle and lower classes of
the people were formerly much ad-
diéted to terming, that is, brew-
ing a barrel of ale at some favourite
ale-house, and staying there till it
was all drunk out. They never
went to bed, though the ferm should
even last a whole week. ‘They slept
in their chairs, or on the floor, as
it happened, and the moment they
awoke, they renewed their jollity.
At length, when the barrel was ex-
hausted, they reeled away home.
The hero of this Bacchanalian route
always carried off the spiggot in
triumph.

‘¢ The peasantry of part of Ca-
ernarvonshire, Anglesea, and Me-
rionecthshire, adopt a mode of court-
ship, which till within the last few
years was scarcely even heard of in
England. It is the same that is com-
mon in many parts of America, and
termed by the inhabitants of that
continent bundling. ‘The lover steals,
under the shadow of the night, to
the bed of his fair one, into which
(retaining an essential part of his
dress) he is admitted without any
shyness or reserve. Saturday or
Sunday nights are the principal times
when this courtship takes place,
and on these nights the men some-
times walk froma distance of ten
miles or more, to visit their favourite
damsels. This strange custom seems
to have originated in the scarcity of
fuel, and in the consequent unplea-
santness of sitting together in the
eolder parts of the year, without a

* Shakspeare’s

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

fire. Much has been said of the
innocence with which these meetings
are conduc¢ted. This may be the
case in some instances, but it isa
very common thing for the conse-
quence of the intercourse to make
its appearance in the world within
two or three months after the mar-
riage ceremony has taken place.
The subjeét excites no particular
attention among the neighbours,
provided the marriage be made good
before the living witness is brought
to light. Since this custom is en-
tirely. confined to the labouring
classes of the community, itis not so
pregnant with danger as on a first
supposition it might seem. Both
parties are so poor, that they are
necessarily constrained to render
their issue legitimate, in order to
secure their reputation, and withita —
mode of obtaining a livelihood.

‘¢ Their weddings are usually at.
tended by all the neighbours, some-
times to the number of thirty or
upwards. After the ceremony, the
day is dedicated to festivity, and is
chiefly spent in drinking and sing-
ing. At a wedding in the little-
village of Llanberis, I observed in
the church as many as twenty or
five and twenty attendants. A col-
leétion is made on their return to
the house to defray the expences of
the occasion, to which, of course,
every one contributes. A good idea
of the rest of the business may be
colleéted from a pleasant account of
a wedding-feast in Cwm y Clo,
near Lianberis.

“A fire of square peat, and suffici-
ently dried,
Was spread on the hearth, and at. least
four feet wide ;

Henry V. act 4th,
Over

}
7

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ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

Over which took their station six kettles
or more,

Which promised a feast,
opened their store ;

And round this flat furnace, to keep
them quite hot,

Were plac’d twelve more vessels, which
held—God knows what.

Four cooks, in short bed-gowns, attend
by desire,

Like the witches in Macbeth, to stir up
the fire.

“ Forty trénchers, with dull knives,

and forks made no brighter,

Were spread on some napkins, which
once bad been whiter,

when they

Supported by planks, forty feet long, or

more,

Completely were rais’d on the grass out
of doot.

But here we are bound the word table’
to offer,

That our verse’s great dignity never may
suffer,

The’ table prepar’d, and the cooking
completed,

’Twas perfectly needful the guests should
be seated.

Loose boards were erected on stones
with great art;

But proving too hard for a certain
broad part,

A number of cushions were instantly
made,

But not with aneedle—no; form’d with
a spade.

The finest of ling, root and branch from
the common,

Par’d off, prof’d a cushion for man and

- for woman.

“Now folks, male and Ae came

in by whole dozens,

Of neighbours, acquaintance, of friends,
and of cousins.

It excited surprise, from a region of
rocks,

That orderly people should issue by
flocks,

Black stockings, blue cloaks, and men’s
hats, all admire,

Which appear’d to be every female's at-
tire.

“While many a longing eye glanc’d

at the board,

The word dinner sounded—acceptable
word!

989

Five butts of boil’ds beef of a gigantic
size,
On the board took their station, with
joy and surprise ;
On these close attended, as guards
rang’d for pleasure,
As many mash’d pease as would heap a
strike measure,
With cabbage a pyramid, much like a
steeple :
All these were surrounded with—thirty-
eight people.
“The moment arriving when dinner
was 0’er,
The places were taken by thirty-eight
more —
And then a third set, nearly equal to
these,
Sat down to the cabbage, the beef, and
these peas;
Besides about fifty remaining behind,
Who stuck to the tankard, for none of
them din’d
“ And now an olddish, open’d wide at
each sinner,
As if it would say—“ Pay a shilling
for dinner.”
Eight strike of brown malt, which Caer-
narvon had seen,
And cost the bride’s father two pounds
and fourteen,
Was brew’d into drink that would make
one man mad,
But given a second, would make his
heart g glad.
Each quart brought back sixpence, and
that pretty soon,
His cot was a public-house that after-
noon,
“The glass going round—no—the
mug, I would say,
The lads and the lasses began to look
gay,
To smile on each other, to toy and to
joke ;
I was an observer, but not a word spoke.
“ The bard, in high rapture, his harp
handled soon,
And twang’d with his fingers, to try if in
tune;
The people selected, and pairing be-
gan,
Each lass was indulg’d with choice of
her man;
Than Amazons more than like fairies
were seen,
Full

999

Full thirty gay couple to dance on the
green,

Joy held his firm station till morning was
come ;

When each swain had the pleasure to
lead his nymph home.”

‘¢ In South Wales, previous to
the weddings of the peasantry, a
herald, with a crook or wandadorn-
ed with ribands, sometimes makes
the circuit of the neighbourbood,
‘and proclaims his bidding, or invi-
tation, in a prescribed form; but
the knight-errant cavalcade on horse-
’ back,— the carrying off the bride,—
the rescue,-—the wordy war in rhyme
between the parties, which once
formed a singular speéiacle of mock
contest at the celebration of nup-
tials, is now almost, if not alto-
gether, laid aside, throughout every
part of the principality.*

“¢ The funerals are attended by
greater crowds of people than even
their weddings. Inthe funeral that
B attended at Llanberis, which has
been described in the preceding vo-
lume, there were at least a hun-
dred attendants. A custom prevails
in this country of-each individual
of the congregation making some
offering in money on these occa-
sions, which, if done in the church,
is paid as a mark of respect to the
clergyman. This custom, which is
at present confined to North Wales,
has doubtless been retained from the
Romish religion, where the money
was intended asa recompence to the
priests, for their trouble in singing
mass for the soul of the deceased.
Jn some cases, where the clergyman
is not respected by his parishioners,
the offerings are made on the coffin
at the door of the house where the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804...

deceased resided, and are distribut-
ed amongst the poor relatives.—
When, however, the offerings are
made in the church, and the other
mode very rarely occurs, the whole
of the morning or evening prayers
for the day, and the usual part of
burial service in the church, are

first read; the next of kin to the _—
: deceased then comes forward to the

altar table, andy- if it is a poor per-
son, puts down sixpence or a shil-
ling, but if he is sufficiently opulent,
half a crown oracrown, and some,
times even so much as a guinea.
This example is followed by the
other relatives, and afterwards by the
rest of the congregation whose silva.
tion in Jife will aflord it, who advyauce
in turns and offer. When the ofiering
of silver is ended, a short pause en-
sues, after which, those who cannot
spare any largersum, come forward
and put dewn each a penny (a half-
penny not being admitted). Collec.
tions, on these occasions, have been |
known to amount to ten or fifteen
pounds, but where the relatives are
indigent, they do not often exceed
three or four shillings. In cases
where families are left in distress,
this money is usually given by the
clergyman to them. When the col.
IcGtion is entirely finished, the body
is taken to the grave, the remainder
of the burial service is read, and
the awful ceremony is there closed.
The offerings at Llanbublic, ‘the
parish church of Caernarvon, some-
times amount to fifty or sixty pounds
a year.

<¢ It is usual, in several parts of
North Wales, for the nearest fe-
male relation to the deceased, be
she widow, mother, sister, or daugh-

* Cam, Reg, vol. ii

ter,

ACCOUNT

ter, to pay some poor person of the
same sex, and nearly of the same
age with the deceased, for procur-
ing slips of yew, box, and other
evergreens to strew over and orna-
*ment the grave for some weeks af-
ter interment; and in some instances
for weeding and adorning it on the
eves of Easter, Whitsuntide, and
the other great festivals, for a year
or two afterwards. This gift is call-
ed diodlys, and it is made on a plate
at the door of the house, where, at
the same time, the body is standing
‘ona bier. It had its name from
the custom, which is now discon-
tinued, of the female relative giving
to the person a piece of cheese with
the money stuck in it, some white
bread, and afterwards a cup of ale.
When this previous ceremony is
ever, the clergyman, or, in his ab-
sence, the parish clerk, repeats the
Lord’s prayer; after which they
proceed with the body to the church.
Four of the next of kin take the
bier upon their shoulders; a custom
which is considered as expressive of
the highest mark that even filial
piety can pay to the deceased. If
the distance from the house to the
church. be .considerable, they are
relieved by some of the congrega-
tion ; but they always take it again
before they arrive at the church.—
I have been informed that, in some
parts of the country, it is usual to
set the bier down at every cross-
way, and again when-they enter

the church-yard, and at each of these -

places to repeat the Lord’s prayer.
*¢ In some parts of Wales it was

formerly customary for the friends of

_ the dead to kneel on the grave, and
there to say the Lord’s prayer for
' seyeral Sundays subsequent to the

“ Grose’s Olio,

OF BOOKS.

991

interment, and then to dress the
grave with flowers. It was also
reckoned fortunate for the deceas-
ed if a shower of rain came on while
they were carrying the body to
church, that his coffin might be moist.»
ened with the tears of heaven.

*¢ T have observed that, in most
parts of North Waies, the same prac-
tice prevails which is common in
England, of crowding all the bodies
into that part of the church-yard
which is south of the church. ‘The
only reason that [ heard the Welsh
people give for this custom is, that
the north is the wrong-side. The
true reason, however, is, that for-
merly it was customary for persons,
on entering a church-yard, and sez
ing the grdve of a friend or acquaint-
ance, to put up to heaven a prayer
for the peace of their soul; and
since the entrances to churches were
usually either on the west or south
side, those persons who were in-
terred on the north escaped the com-
mon notice of their friends, and
thereby lost the beneiit of their
prayers. Thus the north side be-
coming a kind of refuse spot, only
paupers, still-born infants, or per-
sons guilty of some crimes, were,
buried there.*

‘¢ In Mr. Pratt’s Gleanings thro’
Wales, I observe a charmingly ani-
mated description of the neatness
and elegance of the Welsh church-
yards, and of the attention that is
bestowed by the surviving relatives
to the graves of their kindred: but
I am sorry to say, if this gentle.
man has stated faéts, that the custom
is not general, as he has asserted ;
it must be completely local. Dur-
ing the seven months that I spent in
visiting and examining North Wales,
999

~oNMe

992

I never saw, nor could I ever hear,
of an instance of the graves being
weeded every Saturday; ‘‘ of their
‘* being every week planted with
S* the choicest flowers of the sea-
s* son,” or that, if anettle or weed

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804.

were seen on the Sunday morning,
the living party to whom the grave
belonged, ‘* would be hooted, after ©
‘¢ divine service, by the whole con-
<¢ gregation.”

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

CHAP. I.

Preliminary Observations—Meeting of Parliament—Speeck from the Throns
Marquis of Sligo, moves the Address—Lord Limerick— Address unani«
~ mously carried.—Moved same Day in the Commons by Mr. Cropley Ash-

ley—seconded by Mr. Burland.— Questions put by Mr. Fox to the Minis-
try—answered by Mr. Addington—Address carried.—Mr. Windham’s

_ Speech on the Report of the Address—Debate in the House of Commons,

on the Suspension of the Habeas Carpus and Martial Law Acts—and in
_ the Lords—Bills passed. A x 2 , 1

OH AP. - 7%,

Army Estimates—Debate thereon—Speeches of Mr. Windham—VY orke—Gren-
wille—Lord Castlereagh—Mr, For— Addington—Y orke—Corry—and Co-
lonel Hutchinson—Resolutions on the Estimates put and carried.—Volun-
teer Exemption Bill brought in—supported by Mr. Yorke—Alderman

Price—and Mr. Addington—opposed by Colonel Crawford—Mr. Wind-
ham—Sir W. Young and Lord Levison Gower—passes the House of Com-
mons—and Lords, after a slight Opposition. 5 ; 15

ie he Sh PS WI

Tnilisposition of his Majesty—Great Alarm and Uncasiness of the. Public.—
Conduct of Government upon the Occasion—Favourable Commuiiteations
upon the Subject—Royal Assent given by Commission to several Bills—His
Majesty appears in Public—Tranquillity restored—Debates continued—
Volunteer Consolidation Bill—read a first Time—Repcated Debates thereon
—State of the King’s Health best from Ministers in the House of Com-
38 mons

CON TNE Ss:

mons-—T heir Answer not satisfactory—Mr, Pitt attacks the Naval Admi-
nistration— Debate on Sir John Wrottesiey’s Molron for an Investigation
of the Causes of the Irish Insurrection—Dicision—negatived, - ae

CHAP NAV. ”

Lord Chancellor’s Declaration on the State of ITis Majesty’s Health —Mr. —
Pitt’s Motion on the Mal-administration of the Nacy—Debate— Motion
negatived.—Various Debates inthe House of Commons on the Voiunteer
Consolidation Bill—in the Lords. —Irish Militia volunteer their Services—
King’s Message thereon—Debate on the Address in the Lords—and in the
Cominons—Address carried.—V ote of Compensation to Lord Hond, and
the Fleet under~his Command, for the Ships captured at Toulon.—
Adjournment, hee . . : 50

OS Os tia

Meeting of Parliament after the Easter Recess—Volunteer Consolidation |
Bill much debated in both Houses—Passed—Debates on the Irish Militia
Offer, and Irish Militia Augmentation Bills—in the Commons—and Lords.
Mr. Fox’s Motion for an Enquiry into the State of the Defence of the
Country.— Lost —Debate on the Motion for the Suspension of the Army of
Reserve Act.—Small Majority of Ministers upon a Division—The Earl of
Carlisle’s Motion for Papers respecting Admiral Rainier’s Conduct—earried

‘against Government—lIncreasing Weakness of Administration—Marquis
of Stafford moves for a sonilar Enquiry m the House of Lords, with Mr.
Fox’s in the Commons—suspended at the Request of Ministers—Resignation
of Mr. Addington—succeeded as Minister by Mr. Pitt.—Volunteer Con-
solidation Act passed. : : : oa “6S

CHP a Pee VE

Parliamentary Proceedings continued.—Debates in the House of Conmnons on
the Abolition of the Slace Trade—Bill brought, in by a-considerable Ma- —
jority.— Additional Vorce Bill brought in by the Munister,—Debate thereon. -
—Petition against the Lord Advocate of Scotland—presented and ordered
to lie on the Table.—Debate on the second Reading of the Slave Trade
Bill—on the second Reading of the Additional Force Bill,—and on its
Committal.—Slave Trade Bill committed.— Debates on the Amendments
of the Additional Force Bill—engrossed, and read a third Tume—passes
the House of Commons by.a small Majority. ie : 85

CONTENTS.
CHAP. VIL.

Parliamentar. ‘y Proceedings continued al concluded—Debates é in the House
" of Lords on “ the Additional Force Bill’’—carried by a considerable Ma-
jority. —Corn Trade Bill—Charge on the Lord Advocate of Scotland—
Proceedings on the Petitions against Judge For—Stamp Duty Bull—India
Buiget—Ay ‘ylesbury Election Bill—Speaker’ § Address to the “Throne—His
Majesty’s Speech—Close of the Session. 102

CHAP, VII.

State of Parties at the Close of the Session of Parliament in the Year.1863
illustrated by an intercepted Letter, from Lord Grenville to the Marquis
Wellesley.— Account of that Letter—generally conceived an authentic

_ Document —and why.—Situation of the grea tPolitical Parties at the Com-
mencement of the Year—Union in Public Conduct of the “ Old” and
“ New” Oppositions—gradual Accession of Mr. Pitt and his Friends
thereto—Mr. Addington’s Administration draws toa Period—and termi-
nates—Mr. Pitt accepts the Office of Prime Minister—and forms a Go-
vernment, to the Exclusion of the Two Parties with which he had lately
acted—Great Disappointment of the Public thereon—Defence made for him
ae? what Grounds—Letter from Lord Grenville to Mr. Pitt. 116

CHAP IX.

Retrospective View of the Situation of the Country.—Reduced State of the
Army and Navy— Causes thereof.—State of Europe at the Beginning of
~ the Year.—Capture of Goree by the French—Recapture.—Loss of the
Apollo and her Convoy on the Coast of Portugal—New Naval Adminis-
tration.—Conduct of Lord Melville, as First Lord of the Admiralty.—
Unsuccessful Attempt of Sir Sydney Smith on the French Flotilla —Cap-
~ ture of Surinam by the British Force—Farther unsuccessful Attempts on
» the French Flotella.— Defeat of Admiral Linois in the Indian Seas by the
East Inidia Company’s Homeward-bound Fleet—Catamaran Project—
' Total Defeat he (eile of the aa Treasure eK —Con-
clusion. 127

CHAP. X.

Estate of Ireland.—Administration of Lord Hardwicke.—Discontents. and
Meetings of the Catholics.—Difficulties in the Currency.—The City of
.: » Dublin deprived of the Supply of fresh Water.—Great Bian of the
Lord Lieutenant. 145
389 a* CHAP.

CON 2 EW TD 8;

CHAP. XI.

» Baus of France.—Retrospect to 1803.—Probable Views of Bonaparte, in
a Rupture with England.—Flattering Siatements of Aifairs, at the Com-
mencement of the Y ear, by the Government.—Plot against the Govern-
ment of Bonaparte detected—Generals Moreau, Lajollais, =’ ''-r Con-
spirators, arrested and imprisoned—Report on this Transaction—Ad-
dresses to Bonaparte on his Escape from the menaced Danger—his Reply— .
General Pichegru i erg aS of the Government towards
Moreau—and ‘why—found guilty—pardoned and transported.—Arrest of
the Duke D’Enghien in the neutral Territory of Baden—his high Cha-
racter and Reputation—conveyed to Paris—hurried beforesa Tribunal of
Bonaparté’s Creatures at Vincennes— Trial —Cruelties exercised to-
wards him—Condemnation and Death !—Indignation excited in Europe
by this Transaction—Conduct of Russia thereon—Resentment of Bona-
parte—angry Correspondence between those Powers.—Fresh Conspiracy
againt France announced by her Government—England accused as fer-
menting it in foreign Courts.—Messrs. Drake and Smith obliged to quit
Munich and Stutgard, at the Requisition of France.—Fresh Accusations
against the English Government—Reply of Lord Hawkesbury, on its Part,
addressed to the different Courts of Europe.—Death of General Pichegru

in Prison, supposed to be by Assassination.—Execution of the other Con.
spirators,—Ronaparte’s Views upon the Crown of France.—The Senate
propose to elect hun Emperor—his Answer — Addresses of different Bodies to
the First Consul, on the same Subject—Procecdings in the lribunate on this -
Point—Carnot opposes his Elevation to that Dignity—Replies to him—the
Measure of electing him Emperor carrted—Decree to that Effect—adopted
by the Senate—‘‘ Senatus Consultum”? thereon—Bonaparte Emperor—an-
nounces his Dignity to the Courts of Europe—Declaration of the Courts of
Russia and Sweden upon this Occasion.—Fresh Violation of the Germanic
Empire, by Bonaparte —Seizure of the British Minister, at Hamburgh, _

_ by the French—and carried a Prisoner to Paris—conjined in the Temple— ~
released. upon his Parole.—rench Treaty with Genoa—highly advanta-
geous to the former Power.—Bonaparte orders the Pope to attend his Co-
ronation at Paris-—Allocution of that Potentate, addressed to his Prelates
—arrives at Paris—and crowns Bonaparte—great Festivities at Paris
upon that Occasion.—Annual Report of the State of the Nation on the
bast Day of the Year.—Conclusion. . : «SE

CHAP. XIE

Situation of the greater Part of ee at the Opening of the Ycar.—Great
Power of France-—Magnanimity of Russia.—Disputes in the Empire of -
Germany on the Subject of the Equestrian Order.—Bavaria and Austria—
terminated.—Effects produced by the Murder of the Duke D’Enghien on

the

CONTENTS.

the Powers of Europe—on Russia.—Character of the Emperor Alexander
—remonstrates against the Conduct of France, at the Diet—ill seconded,
and why—V otes of Hanover and Pomerania— Baden and Brandenburgh.—
Great Opposition of Character between the Emperor Alexander and Bona-
parte—ill Understanding between them.—State of the great Powers of
Europe at the Close of the Year.—Conduct of Sweden.—Austria ‘assumes
the hereditary Dignity of Emperor—Effects thereof—Disputes between
America and Spain, on the Subject of Louistana—terminated.—Affairs of
St. Domingo—Murder of the remaining white Inkabitants—Dessalines,
a Negro, chosen Emperor—his Conduct—marches against St. Jago—
Jamaica. . . : . . . 189

CHAP. XIII.

‘

Affairs of India.— Retrospect.—Some Account of the Mahratta States—
Form of Government—Extent of their Empire—and Strength—Ambition
end Intrigues of its several Rulers. —Policy of the British Government m
negociating with them.—Treaty of Poonah.—Ambition of Scindiah—his
Hostility to the English—various Instances of ——Marquis IWellesley’s Pro-
jeets to counteract it.—Treaty with the Guckwar—proposed Treaty with
the Peiskwa—Obstacles to it—probable Views of France.—Statement of
the Force under M. Perron.—War subsisting in the Mahratta Empire
between Scindiah and Holkar—Causes thereof—March of Holkar to
Poonah—opposed by the united Troops of Scindiah and the Peishta—
the latter utterly defeated—Flight of the Peishwa—Clains the Protection
of the Bombay Government.—Treaty of: Bassein.— Assumption of the
Peishwa’s Government by Holkar—new Peishwa set up by him.—British

Army of Observation assembled on the Makratta Frontier.— Detachment
destined for the Restoration of the Peishwa put under the Command of Ge-
neral Wellesley—the March of the latter—enters the Mahratta Territories
—Retreat of Holkar—saves Poanah from being burnt and plundered by
his activity.— Restoration of the Peishiwa.—Proceedings of Colonel Collins
at Scindiah’s Camp—great Insincerity of the latter.—Junction between
Scindiah and Bhoonsla—they negociate with Holkar—hostile Conduct—
Powers given to General Wellesley—fruitless Negociation between him and
the confederated Chiefs—real Views of the Confederates penetrated by

_ Gen. Wellesley —Negociations broke off—The Preparations for War
eommenced by the British Government. t P . 197

383 CHAP.

COM TOE N's.

CHAP. XIV.

Transactions in India—Marck of General Wellesley to Ahmednughur—
Capture of that City and Fort.—Operations of Colonel Stecenson.—Confe-
derate Army concentrated—and beaten at the Battle of Assye—brilhans
Victory—Colonel Stevenson pursues the Enemy—Scindiah makes Overtures
of Peace.—Success of the British Arms in the Guzerat—Storming of —
Baroach.—Province of Cuttack surrenders to Colonel Harcourt.—Opera-
tions of the main Army under General Lake—M. Perron retreats before
him precipitately—desperate Storm of Ally Ghur—and Capture—Conse-
quences thereof.—M. Perron resigns his Command in Scindiah’s Army—
Reasons thereofi—Disaster to Colonel Cunningham’s Detachment.— Battle
of Delhi gained by General Lake—splendid Effects therefrom.—Release
of the Mogul Emperor, who puts himself under the Protection of the Bri-
tish Force-—Proceedings in Bundelcund, under Colonel Powel—who defeats
the Enemy—the whole Province submits to the British Arms.—Capture of
the City of Agra by the main Army—and Fort.—Battle of Laswaree—
‘great Loss of the Enemy—and complete Destruction of the French Force
in Hindostan—enumeration of Operations in that Quarter—General Wel-
lesley’s continued Successes—-Colonel Stevenson storms Asseer Ghur—
General Wellesley pursues aud harasses Bhoonsla.—Scindiah again offers to
freat—Truce concluded with that Chieftain.—Retreat of the Berar Rajah
to his own Territories.—General Wellesley gains the Battle of Argaum.—
Description of the Fortress of Gawrlghur—Siege thereof—brilliant Enter-
prize of the British Force in storming it—taken—Rajah of Berar’s con-
sternation—negociates and concludes a Treaty of Peace with the British
Government—Conditions—as does Scindia—Conditions.—Glorious Termi-
nation of the War, and happy Consequences thereof—Procceding’s at Cal-
cutta—Honours conferred on Generals Lake and Wellesley,—Con-
clusion. ; ; . Ra . 215

. CHRONICLE,

CONTENTS.

CHRONICLE. -. 353—441

Births in the-Year 1804 : 4 A F 442
Marriages . : ° ‘ . : 448
Promotions ‘ : k : ‘ 455
Deaths ‘ s : ‘ 3 : 462

Sheriffs appointed by his Majesty in Council : d » Te GAO

APPENDIX TO TIE CHRONICLE.

Proceedings of the Association for promoting the Defence of the Frith of
Forth, and Scotland in general : “ 522
Dispatch from Colonel Fraser, Commandant of the Settlement at Goree, on the
Coast of Africa, containing an Account of the Capture of that Settlement,
by a French Force. To the Right ie Lord Hobart, one of the Principal
Secretaries of State, §c. 2 526
Dispatch addressed to the Secretary of ei Board ‘of Admiralty, dated March
15th, Goree, announcing the Re-capture of ‘that Settlement, Jrom Captain
Dixon, of his Majesty's Ship the Inconstant 529
Interesting Narrative of the Loss of his, Maje sty’s Ship ‘the Apollo, SE eae ie
Dixon, Esgy. Captain, with about forty Sail of her Convoy, on the Coast of
Portugal, three Leagues North of Cape Mondego, when on her Passage for
the West Indies, on the 2d of April, 1804. 530
Interesting Account of the Capture of the Atalante™ Dutch Ni ational Brigy
mounting 16 Long ‘T'welve-pounders, and 76 Men, in a Letter from Capt.

G.N. Hardinge, to his Father, Mr. Justice Hardinge : 534
Ceremonial of the Presentation of Colours to the Loyal I London Volunteers,
May 18th, 1804. | r 535

Dispatch from Commodore Sir ‘Sidney Smith, containing an Account of his
Attack upon the French Flotilla, dated Antelope, at f Anchor off Ostend,
May 17th, addressed to Lord Keith, K. B. Se. §c. &e- ‘ 540

Account of the Success of the British rms at Surinam, from the Dispatches
of M. G. Sir Charles Green, and received by Earl Camden, June+22d,
1804. Dated Paramaribo, May 13 545

Accounts of the different Attempts made upon the Enemy’ s Fotilla by the Imn-
mortalité and Melpomené Frigates; in Letters addressed to Lord Keith,
K. B. &c. &c.—Admiral Louis, &c. 548

Commodore Dance’s. Account of his defeating the I ‘rench Sind On onvan Adm,
sens in the Indian Seas, in a Letter addressed to the Honourable the

Court of Directors of the East India Company. Dated Earl Canden, Aug.
6th, 1504 : ‘ 551
Ateount of the Failure of the Catamar an EL eredition against the French Vlo-

’ tilla outside the Pier of Boulogne, ina Lelter from the R. LH. Lord Keith,
354 K. B.

CONTENTS.

K. B. &c. to W. Marden, Esq. dated on board the Monarch, off Boulogne, -
the 3d October, 1804 553
Dispatch from Captain Moore, oF the Fadsfutiseble, announcing the Com~
_ mencement of Hostilities against Spain, by the Capture and blowing up of
four Treasure Ships ; addressed to Admiral Capmany, dated Indefatiga-
ble, at Sea, October 6, 1804 555
Further Attempts of the British Cruizers against the French Flotilla, detailed ©
m Letters from Captains Owen and Hancock , 557 4
Account of the Capture of Le Contre- Admiral Morgan French. Pr wateer,
commanded by the noted Captain Blackman, in a Letter from Captain
Hancock, of his Majesty's Sloop Cruizer, to Lord Keith, §c. dated at Sea,
off Yarmouth, 10 A. M. October 17 559
Particulars of the Attempt to destroy Fort Rave, and the Flotilta protected
by it in the Harbour of Calais, mm Letters from Lord Keith, &c. Sc. to
Mr. Marsden, Secretary to the Board of Admiralty : ws B61
A General Bill of Christenings and Burials, from December 1803, to De-
cember 1804 ° 565
Table of the Prices of the Quartera: Loaf in London, from January to De-
cember, 1804, inclusive s (565
Aceount of the Produce of the Permanent Taxes in Great: Britain, in the
Years ending the 5th Jan. 1803, and 5th Jan. ie decaepedi' Dated
27th April, 1804 506
An Amount of the Notes of the Bank of England, 7) ‘Cinesibation: on the 1st of
June; 1st August ; 1st October ; and 25th November, 1803: distin-
guishing ‘the Amount of those that were below the Value of Five Pounds

567

General Return of the Royal Army of Reserve ; made up from the latest Re-
turns received by the Inspector General : at aby
General Return of the Royal Army of Reserve for Scotland s 569
General Return of the Royal Army of Reserve for Treland : . 570
Abstract of a List of such Yeomanry and Volunteer Corps as have been ac-
cepted, and placed upon the Establishment in Ireland : 751
Abstract of a List of such Yeomanry and Volunteer Corps as have been ac-

cepted and placed on the Establishment in Great-Britain . 572
An Account of the Men for the Reyal Army of Reserve, in each Month since
the Commencement of the Act passed for that Purpose ; of the Number o

the same who have engaged for general Service, and of the Number of bal-
lotied Mew and Substitutes who have been enrolled for the said Army; as
far as the same can be ascer tained 5 A 573
Abstracts of the Subdivision Rolls in Great- Br itain - rs . 574
Price of Stocks for the Year 1804 ‘ 2 576
Supplies granted by Parliament for the Yea ear 1804 ei : 577
Taxes imposed in the Year 1804 . 586
A Last of the Public Bills which received ‘the Royal ihrpeat a in the Course of
the present Session of Parliament, from its opening.on Tuesday, Nov. 29,
to the 30th of July, when it terminated, inclusive . : 587

STATE

CON TEN Ts

STATE PAPERS.

_ His Majesty’s Speech to both Houses of Parliament, on the Meeting of the
second Session of the second Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, and of the Kingdom of Great Britain the nineteenth ;
on the 22d Day of November, (44th of the King, ) 1803 : 596

Message from his Majesty to the House of Commons, March 26th, 1804, on

the voluntary Offer of the Irish Militia , 597
His Majesty’s Message to the House of Commons on the 7th of July, 1804,
for a Supply by Way ry of Vote of Credit : 598

Address of the Right Honourable the Speaker of the House of Commons to
his Majesty, on the Prorogation of Parliament, July 31, 1804 ib.
Speech of his Majesty on the Prorogation of Parliament, J uly 31, 1804 -
599
_ Extract of a Letter from Lord Harrowby Ys “his Britannic Majesty's Secre-
tary of State for the Foreign Department, to P. Colquhoun Graf, Esq.
relative to the Navigation.of small Craft, ‘between Tonningen and Ham-
burgh. Dated Downing-street, July 8, 1804 : 600
Circular Note from Lord Hawkesbury ‘y, principal Secretary of State for Fo-
reign Affairs, to the Ministers of Foreign Courts, resident at the Court

of London. Dated Downing-street, April 30, 1804 “ ib.
Circular Letter from Lord Hawkesbury y to the Lords Liedtenants of Coun.
ties in Great Britain. Dated Whitehall, Aug. 20, 1804 2» GOR

Regulations for the Preservation of good Order, fabs adopted in Case of
aélual Invasion, in each County in Great Britain, dated August 12, 1804

604
Speech delivered by Governor Nugent to the Legislature of the Island of
Jamaica, in December 1803 ib.

Treaty of Peace between the Honourable the Eust India Compan, ry and its
Allies on the one Part, and Ragogee Bhounsla on the other ; settled by
Major-General Wellesley ey on the Part of the Company and its Allies, and
byJestoumb Rao Ramchunder onthe Part of Senah Saheb Subah Ragogee
Bhounsla, who have each full Authority from their respective Powers,
datedin the Camp at Deogaun, Dec. 17, 1803 4, sa GOR

Treaty of Peace and Amity between the Maharajah Mi Jah Dowlut Rae
Scindia, on one Part, and the Hon. the East India Company, on the other
Part. Dated Dec. 30, 1803 606

Orders of Council relative to the Detension of Spanish Ships, and Ships
bound to Spain. Dated at the Court at the Queen’s Palace, the \9th of.
Dec. 1804. Present the King’s most excellent Majesty in Council 608

Exposé of the State of the French Republic, laid before the Legislative

Body, on the 25th Nivose, 12th Year (16th Jan. 1804) : ib.
Report of the Grand Judge, Minister of Justice, to the Government, 17th
Feb. 1804 ° 616

First Report of the Gr and J wdve Regnier to the First Consul, on the al.
ledged Conspiracies against hin, fomented by the English Ambassador at
Munich . ‘ 7 é 619

Second

CON. TEN ‘T'S.

Scoond Report of the Grand Judge, respetting the Plots of the Perton —
named Drake, Minister from England at Munich, and of the Person —
named Spencer Smith, Minister from England at Stutgard, against
France and the Person of the First Consul : a ae Paris, April Vth,
1804, and signed Regnier 622

Account of the Arrest of the Duke D’ E nghuien, nn the French Official
Paper.the Moniteur. Strasburgh, March 16, 1804 3 627

Official Report of the Trial of the Duke DE nghuien, at Vi incennes. Paris,
March 24, 1805 5 : 628

Copy’ of the Requisition transmitted by the Fr ench Minister for Foreign Af-
fairs to Buron Edelsheim, Minister of the Eleétor 4 Baden, for the —
“Purpose of ari ‘esting the Duke D'’Enghuien. Signed, C. M. Talleyrand,
and dated at Paris, March 10, 1804 : 630

Circular Letter of the French Minister of Fore reign Affairs to the Foreign
Ministers resident at Paris? Signed vt M. net pits and dated at

Paris, March 24, 1804 : ib.
Answer of the Imperial Minister fhereta pi 3 631
Ditto of the Russian Charge @ Affairs , ; ‘ ib.
Ditto of the Prussian Minister : $ ib.
Ditto of the Danish Minister - £ Lye ek SOE: 632
Ditto of the American Minister “ , 5 ab.
Ditto of thé ci do Minister ; : 0) 8B,
Ditto of the Minister of the Ligurian Republic vi : 7 G33
Ditto of the Envoy of the Republic of Lucca : : 3° 8 HB
Ditto of the Envoy of the Swiss Confederacy : ; . 634
Ditto of the Portuguese Minister a t ib.
Ditto of the Legate of the Sovereign Pontiff 3g 4 ib.

~ Ditto of the Minister of Saxony 635
Ditto of the Minister of the ‘Ach Chancellor of the German in Empire ib.
Ditto of the Neapolitan Minister a 636
Ditto of the Minister of the free Cities of the German Empire . ab.

. Ditto of the Minister of the Langrave of Hesse Darmstadt : 637
Ditto of the Batavian Minister ; ; ib.
Ditto of the Minister of the Grand Master. of . Malta r 638
Official Account of the Death of Pichegru, extracted from the Moniteur, or

French Official Journal, of the 8th of Apr: il, 1804 5 iba!

Copy of the Prince of Condé’s Letter, conveying his Thanks to the Emigrants
for their public Expression of their Concern at the Murder of the Duke de
Enghuien. Wanstcad-House, April 27, 1804 — 639

Note from Francis Drake, Esq. English Minister at Munich, to Baron de
Montgclas, the Bavarian Minister af Siaie, dated Munich, 30th of March,
1804 . ib.

Note from the same to the same. Dated Munich, 31st of March, 1804

640

Note from the Baron de Montgelas, Minister of the Eleélor of Bavaria, to

Mr. Drake, the English Minister to Bavaria. Dated Munich, March 31,

1804 s f A f 64 i
Note

CON TENTS.

Note presented to the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, by the Russian
Chargé @ Affairs, M. Oubril ; relative to the Occurrences at Ettenheim,
where the Duke D’ Enghuien was seized. Dated Pari is, April 20, 1804

642

Note transmitted by the French Minister for Foreign Relations to the Impe-

rial Russian Chargé d’ Affaires, dated May L6th, 1804, and signed Ch.

Mau, Tajleyrand : 642
Note presented by M. a Oubr il, Russian Char get @ Affaires at Paris, to the
French Minister of Foreign Affairs. Paris, July Sist, 1804 644

Note from M. Talleyrand, French Minister for Foreign Affairs, delivered
to M. D’Oubril, Russtan Char wé Wd Affairs at Paris, Dated 29th July,

1804 ° 649
Copy of the Note p resented by yy M. D'Oubr il, the Russian Chargé d Affairs, .
to the Minister for Foreign Affairs 650

Note delivered by the Minister Resident of Russe, Mr. Kluppell, to Baron
@ Albini, and communicated to the Diet of Ratisbon, on the 6th of May,
1804. Dated at Ratisbon on the 5th of May, and signed de Kleppelt.

654

_ Vote of his Majesty the King of Sweden, in the Deliberations of the Dict

of Ratisbon, relative to the Imperial Russian Note of the 7th of May,

concerning the Seizure of the Duke @Enghuien. Dated Ratisbon, July

27, 1804 ib.
Verbal Declaration of the Minister of the Eleétor of Baden, made at the Diet
of Ratisbon, July 2,1804 . - 655
Verbal Declaration of the Deputy for the Eleétorate of Bohemia and Arch
duchy of Austria, Dated July 6, 1804 5 ib.
Verbal Declaration of the Comitial Legation of the Elettor ate of Branden-
burgh. Dated July 6, 1804 3 . 656 °

Vote of Hanover in the Deliberations at the Diet of Ratisbon, relative to
the Russian Note concerning the Seizure of the Duke D'Enghuien. Dated
Ratisbon, July 21, 1804 4 ib.

Circular Note from M. Talleyrand, French Minister of Fi oreign Affuirs, ta
“all the Agents of his Majesty the Emperor of the French. “Dated Aiv-la-

Chapelle, Sept. 5, 1804 657
Decree passed by the Tribunate on the 3d of May, 1804, and carried up to
the Conservative Senate on the Ath of Ma, y . 659

Message from the First Consul to the Conservative Senate, dated St. Cloud,
April 25, 1804, in Answer to their Proposition of making him Emperor
660

Official Account of the Proceedings of the French Nation‘on conferring the
Title. of Emperor on Napoleon Bonaparte . 661
Organic Scnatus Consultum, extraéted from the Re wister of the Conserva-
tive Senate. Floreal, Year 12, May 18, 1804 . 664
Note, addressed by M. Bacher, French Char. gw @Affuires, at the Dict
of Ratisbon, to the Diet, dated the 28th of May y, 1804, aparticulur Note,
of the same Tener, having been addressed to each Court of the German

_ Empire : : : : ' » ORE
Letters

CONTENTS.

Letters from his Eminence the Cardinal de Caprara, Legate d lutere, ade
dressed on the 9th of June, 1804, to the French Bishops P 678 —

Circular Note of General Brune, Ambassador at Constantinople, addressed —
to Baron Bielfield, Prussian Envoy atthe same Place. Dated, Constan-

tinople, June 18, 1804 3 ” ? 2b.
The Answer of Baron Bielfield thereto : 679
Answer of the Ottoman Porte to the Circular Note of General Bpune, dated ©

Constantinople, August 9, 1804 . ae 2b.

Protest of Louis XV Li. King of France, dated W, arsa®, June 6, 1804, —
against the Usurpation of Bonaparte. From the Moniteur : 680
Official Account of ihe Proceedings on the Coronation of Bonaparte, as En:.
peror of the French. Paris, December 1 5 1804 4 3 1b. |

_ Allocution delivereil by his Holiness the Pope, to a Secret Consistory, ad=
dressed on the 29th of Odluber, 1804, previously to his Departure from —
Rome on his Journey to France, in Order to assist in the Corcnation of
the Emperor Ni apole on 3 686
French Annual Exposé at the opening of the Session of the Legislative Body
at Paris, the 26th of December, 1804 . . 688
Decree of the Council of State at Vienna. Dated Vi jenna, Lith Aug. 1804
695
Note presented to the Diet of Ratiibon on the 24th of August, 1804, by
the Imperial Envoys, accompanied by the Imperial Patent already pub-
lished, containing the grand, ordinary, and abridged Titles of his Majesty

the Brier or 696
Note on the Part of the King of Sweden communicated to the Diet ; dated

dug. 26th, 1804 - : 697
Note transmitted hy Order of his Swedish Majesty to M. Caillard, the

French Chargé d’ Affaires at Stockholm, Sept. 7, 1804 : 2b.
Order issued by ithe Court Chancellor at Stockholm, on the 7th of September,

1804. Signed by U, B. Ribet, and A.D. Hummel. - 698
Order issued by the Court of Madrid, dated 27th November, 1804 . 699
Declaration of War made by Spain against England, dated Madrid, Dec.

12, 1804 ib.
Address of his Ex cellency sy the Prince of Peace, Generalissimo of his Catholic

Majesty's Forces, to the Fleets, Armies, and People of Spain. Dated

Madrid, Dec. 18, 1804 A 702
Note of his Br itannic Maj yjesty’s Secretary ‘y of “State for Foreign Affairs, to

be laid before the Ministers of the King of Prussia, by the English Mi.

* nister at that Court. Dated Downing -street, 5th Nov. 1804 - 705

Resolutions adopted by the House of Assembly of Jamaica, relative to the ~

Governor's Speech at the preceding Prorogation. . Dated 12th Dec. ne

70
Extrait of a Letter from Lord Camden, dated 7th June, 1804, to the

Licut.-Governor of Jamaica, and communicated by him to the House of

Assembly on the 13th of December, 1804, relative to Preachers in the

Asland os Os

Blessage relative to Intercourse with Americas dated 13th December, 180+
708

Resolutions

COW TEN Ts.

Resolutions approving of the meritorious Conduit of Admiral Siv Thomas

Duckworth. Dated 17th Dec. 1804 : 708
Resolution relative to the Interference of the Board of Trade, in the inter-
nal Concerns of the Cglony. Dated 17th Dec. 1804 : : ib.

Copy of Lord Camden'¥ Letter upon the Subje& of American Intercourse,
upon which the Lieut.-Governor of J umaica founded his order of Counctl
of the 21st Nov. 1804. Dated 17th Dec. 1804 709

Address of the Assembly of Jamaica to kis Majesty, upon the S ubjeéé of the
Prohibition of the Intercourse with America. Dated 18th December, 1804

78.
Prorogation of the Assembly, 18th Dec. 1804 PTS
Message delizered by the President of the United States of Anak ica to both
Houses of Congress... Nov. 8, 1804 . — 0b.
Proclamation by Dessalines, as Gov.-General ‘of the Island, dated at® the
\ Cape, April 28, 1804; first Year of Independence 4 ae. of
Proclamation by Dessalines, dated ut the Cape, May 8, 1804; first Year
_ of Independence By : s 4 716
CHARACTERS.
Keisiint of the late Sir William Jones, &c. 719
Particulars of the Life of Wilitum Edwards, the self. taught Welsh Bridge-
Builder \ r i 739
An Account of Goronvy Owen - . : acini
Memoranda of the late Mr. Pennant : 748
The Streets of Paris described ; or Sketc hes of the Habits and Manners of
the lower Orders of Parisians 754

Narrative of a late extraordinary Imposture, the pretended Dauphin 772
Some Account of the Life and Writings. of Doctor Darwin : +, dpL
Account of the celebrated Juvenile Dramatic Per, for te universally styled

the Young Roscius ? : ma = cue t

NATURAL HISTORY.

Account of the Torpedo . ; . 797
Natural History of the Land § alamander p 805
Description of the Copper Mines and Works in the Island oF Ang lesea 819
Anecdotes of the Grey ‘yhound S15
Observations on the various Kinds of Timber found in New South Wales.
$20

~

USEPUL

CONTENTS,

USEFUL PROJECTS. ;

List of Patents for 1804 ‘ : ; ‘ « 89h
On the best Method of providing for Cottagers and Mechanics é 828
Fhe Dutch Method of curing Herrings. By J. Hinckley, Esq: F. S.A.
; : 834

On the Preparation, Culture, and Use of the Orchis Root. By J. Percival,
ANE a aa dee : 3 E 838
Management of Orchards, and the Process of making Cyder and Perry. 84
Alecount of a Method of gaining Land from the Sea. By Mr. John Knapp-
ing, of SouthShoebury, Essex 3 ‘ . " «(84S
Account of the Method used in recovering the Dutch Frigate Ambuscade, of —
32 Guns, sunk near the Great Nore. By Mr. Joseph Whitbey, Master

Attendant in Sheerness Dock-Yarl: : i é 85h
Of the Manner of preparing China Soy, by Michael Von Grubbins . 8é%
ANTIQUITIES.

Articles Indented and accorded betwixt William Maitland Principal Secre-
tarye and of the Privy Counsell with the Queene of Scots, and the Right
Honourable Lord William Howard, Baron of Effingham, Knight of the.
Garter, and Lord Chamberlaine of Houshold to the Queenes Majestie of
England, Commissioners for both the said Queenes hereunto authorised at
Greenwich the 6th Day of July, 1562 . ‘6 855

Narrative of certain Transactions during the Civil Wars in which Colonel
Lunsford was concerned ra : Ay nag LS weeds

Certeyne Orders and Dyrcétions to bee observed by the Household, Officersy
and other Persons, Servantes to the Right Honourable Henry Earl of
Huntingdom, for the better and more exquisite Performance of everie
Man’s Dutie in his severall Place, as well toward his Lordship as also to-
wards the Right Honouwable the Ladye Elizabeth, Countess of Hunting-
don, his Wife, to their most Honour and Profitt ; which Orders their
Honours Pleasure and express Commaundment is to have kept and obeyed,
from the Time of the Declaration and Publishing of them ‘ 861

. A Description of the Form and Manner, how and by what Orders and Cus«
tomes the State of the Fellowship of the Middle Temple (one of the Houses
of the Court) ts maintained; and what Ways they have to attain unto
Learning : é 7 : < 873

MISCELLANEOUS: ESSAYS.

Of the Muscles, with their Tendons, being the Instruments by which: Animal

Motion is performed Re ‘ 3 : 879
Of the Succession of Plants and Animals. . 4 Te 884
Letters on the Subjeét of Education . , . 886
On the proper Course of Elementary Study : . 898

POETRY,

CONTEN T6&.

POETRY.
Ode for the New Year, by H. J. Pye, Esq. Poet-Laureat : 895
Ode for his Majesty's Birth-Day, by the same <eeoe

An Address to their Majesties, on entering the Yacht at the Féte given on
board, at Weymouth, on the 29th of September, 1804, in Honour of the

Btr th- Day of her Royal Highness the Duchess of We irtemburg 898
Ode to the People of Great-Britain, on the threatened Invasion, by Dr.
Charles Burney g01
ipa on the Siege of Aer e, and British Triumphs in the East, by Mr.
owles é 5 902
The Witch of Lapland, by Mr. Boyd 5 TREE & : 905
Palestine ; a Prize Poem, by Reginald Heber 4 ‘ 907
An Elegy, by William Mason : : 917
The School-Boy, by the Rev. Thomas Maurice a : 920
The Egyptian Lotos, by the same : , 925
The Bellman’s Verses, by Sir WV. Young, Bart. : : 927
To the Euri of Radnor, by the same | 9238
Verses from the Winchester Boys to Dr. Wharton, on his resigning the
Mastership of their School, by the same s 4 ib.
Ballad, by Thomas Campbell : . ° 929
Ditto, by the same : 931
Lines, written on the giided Statue in Lord Gadogan’ s Garden, by the Right.
Hon. Lord — —, deceased “ . 932
Epigram, from Rousseau, by the same ab.
To the Herb Rosemary, by Henry Kirke White, ‘of No ttingham 933
To an early Primrose ab.
The Legend of Robert a Machin and Anna sini ‘the supposed Discoverers
of Madeira, by Mr. Bowles . 954

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

Letters written by the late Earl of Chatham to his Nephew, Thomas Pitt, Esq.
943

Travels in China, containing Descriptions, Observations, and Copia
made and colle¢ted: in the Course of a short Residence at the Inperial
Palace Yuen-min-Yuen, and in a subsequent Journey through the Country,
from Pekin to Canton. By John Barrow, Esquire, late private Secre-
tary to Earl Macartney . 949
North Wales ; including its Scenery, Antiquities, Customs, and some
Sketches of its Natural History, &c. a es Rev. William Bingley,

A, M. Fellow of the Linnean Society : 979
THE END.
mw Priated by J. WRIGHT, St. John’s-Square,

Clerkenwell, London.

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