CRA Pht hy, ihe isi PAU falt Biante sani WP INA gH PAL Neat sa Dinedieiany ‘ienvs BINS} Hl | ule i Patil Sh tiseae seule bs WONT hes eerie 3) ae Me ra HAN at ty netics aii ‘iene oe : i sy Pie a 1100 bp of two mitochondrial genes suggests the latter. Second, what role, if any, does natural selection play in the evolution of reproductive isolation? As a step toward answering this question, I have isolated a 15K protein that is abundant in the acrosome of Tegula sperm. cDNA sequences encoding this protein vary tremendously (>50% divergence in amino acid sequence) between closely related species. This striking interspecific divergence in a protein involved in sperm-egg recognition may implicate a role for natural selection acting directly on mate recognition systems in the formation of new species. A CURIOUS NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF GASTROPOD FROM THE TURONIAN OF THE SANTA ANA MOUNTAINS, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA LouElla R. Saul e-mail: lulasaul@aol.com Invertebrate Paleontology Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 Cerithiform gastropods from the Late Cretaceous that have strong, aligned axial ribs giving the spire a high pyramidal shape are regularly assigned to the genus Pyrazus. Apertures are almost universally broken. A specimen of ?Pyrazus from the Santa Ana Mountains has a virtually complete aperture, but the aperture does not resemble that of Pyrazus ebenius (Bruguiére, 1792) or any other known cerithacean. It is instead similar to that of some muricids in having an enclosed anterior canal and a round, rimmed apertural opening, bordered by an expanded varix. This specimen suggests that at least some of the Cretaceous species previously assigned to Pyrazus should be reclassified. This new genus was probably widely distributed in shallow, warm water faunas. OVERVIEW OF PLEISTOCENE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF COASTAL SAN DIEGO COUNTY Thomas A. Deméré Department of Paleontology, Natural History Museum P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, California 92112 A general overview of the molluscan paleontology of the San Diego Jurassic, Cretaceous, Eocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene record, including descriptions of the stratigraphic context, fossil preservation, faunal content, and biostratigraphy of the fossil assemlages. PALEOGENE RECORD OF THE GASTROPOD GENUS HIPPONIX FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA Richard L. Squires e-mail: rsquires@huey.csun.edu Department of Geological Sciences California State University Northridge, California 91330-8266 The earliest known species of genus Hipponix from the Pacific coast of North America is H. pristinus Zinsmeister, 1983. It is from upper Paleocene rocks (“Martinez Stage”) just above the Las Virgenes Sandstone in the lowermost part of the Santa Susana Formation, Simi Hills, southern California. This species and all other Paleocene hipponicids from the Pacific coast of North America lived in warm, shallow-marine waters. Specimens are both usually scarce and poorly preserved. Hipponix pristinus? is present in the lower Eocene (““Capay Stage”) Juncal? Formation, Lockwood Valley, southern California. Hipponix arnoldi (Dickerson, 1917) [=H. ornata Dickerson, 1917], from the Eocene of southwestern Washington, shows the diagnostic very prominent, anteriorly projecting, anteriorly opening horseshoe-shaped muscle-scar. Its protoconch is naticoid, smooth, and projected. The species ranges in age from early to late Eocene and is present in; 1) interbedded volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the upper Crescent Formation (“Capay Stage”) near Olympia in the Black Hills; 2) in transitional beds (middle Eocene) of interbedded volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the upper Crescent Formation and the overlying McIntosh Formation, Doty Hills; and 3) in the volcanic-influenced “Gries Ranch beds” in the lower part of the Lincoln Creek Formation (upper Eocene Galvinian Stage) near Vader. At this latter locality, specimens are common. Hipponix? carpenteri Amold, 1908, is known only from a sedimentary interbed? in a late Oligocene-age pillow basalt within the Vaqueros Sandstone, Santa Cruz Mountains, San Mateo County, northern California. The Western Society of Malacologists MIRACLE AT SIXTH AND FLOWER, CONTINUED: MARINE INVERTEBRATES FROM THE UPPER PLIOCENE FERNANDO FORMATION IN DOWNTOWN LOS ANGELES George E. Davis Crustacea Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 History of discovery and paleontological overview of a spectacularly rich molluscan (and other invertebrate) fauna from the upper Pliocene Fernando Formation uncovered in 1969 during a building excavation for the Arco Towers Plaza in the heart of downtown Los Angeles. FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF EOCENE BIVALVES AND GASTROPODS AT TORREY PINES STATE BEACH AND SEA CLIFFS, SAN DIEGO AND DEL MAR, CALIFORNIA Wesley M. Farmer c/o Torrey Pines Parks and Recreation 9609 Waples Street Suite 200 San Diego, California 92121 There is information that can be gleaned about the nature of mollusks in rocks either before or after they have fallen to the beach from the sea cliffs. Illustrations include the oyster Ostrea idriaensis, its shell occupied by acorn or related barnacles and burrowing sponges. The prolific Eocene Teredo lived in drift wood. The carbonized wood and Teredo galleries filled with silt demonstrate the abundance of them in Tertiary seas. Some wood still has shells attached. The molds of the bivalves and gastropods show excellent detail. Some are even geodes of anhydrite crystals. LATE PLEISTOCENE INVERTEBRATE RECORD OF SAN DIEGO BAY, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA George L. Kennedy Department of Geological Sciences San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1020 The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) mandates that all governmental agencies implement monitoring and mitigation procedures for the preservation of archaeological and paleontological resources if they are likely to be adversely impacted by construction-related activities. In the City of San Diego, California, environmental requirements for its Monitoring, Mitigation, and Reporting program must be included on Applicant’s project proposal before a building or construction permit is issued. Annual Report, Vol. 29 Paleontological monitoring and salvage collection during excavation for, and construction of, a new sewer pump station to replace the existing Sewer Pump Station no. 5, located on the western corner of Harbor Drive and Beardsley Street south of downtown San Diego, resulted in important collections of late Pleistocene invertebrate fossils from the Bay Point Formation. The Bay Point Formation dates to the peak of the last interglacial epoch (125,000 yrs BP), and to substage Se of the marine oxygen isotope (6'°O) record. The formation is also correlative with marine sediments on the Nestor Terrace, which has been dated by uranium-series techniques using the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans Verrill, 1864. Fossiliferous sediments were present from 2.4 to 4.9 m (8-16 ft) below the ground surface, and consisted of an upper, silty fine sand, and lower, coarser shelly sands. The lowermost 0.3 m (1 ft) is a transgressive lag deposit dominated by shells of Anomia and Ostrea, and by heavily bioeroded and reworked shells along with scattered pebbles and cobbles. The only erosional unconformity in the section is below the Anomia-Ostrea bed. This lower unit correlates with the Anomia bed identified by early workers at Indian Point, 1.1 km (0.7 mi) km to the southeast. The composite fauna from trench C3 (SDSU loc. 3850, LACMIP loc. 16881) and from the main pump station excavation (SDSU loc. 3851, LACMIP loc. 16884), representing nearly one hundred species and several thousand specimens, is dominated by bivalve and gastropod mollusks (39 and 43+ species, respectively). The fauna also contains one scaphopod, unidentified foraminifera, sponge borings, encrusting bryozoans, polychaete worm tubes, unidentified crab claws, three species of barnacles, a sand dollar and indeterminate echinoid spines, and miscellaneous rare vertebrate remains, mostly fish. The most common species are the gastropods Nassarius tegula, Crucibulum spinosum, Eupleura muriciformis, and Caecum californicum, and the bivalves Chione undatella, Ostrea_ conchaphila, Tellina meropsis, Mactrotoma californica, Psammotreta viridotincta, Laevicardium substriatum, Semele pulchra, Tagelus californianus, and Dosinia ponderosa. Chione californiensis is relatively common and Anomia peruviana is relatively abundant in the basal portion of the fossiliferous section. Most of these species live in intertidal to shallow subtidal depths in or on sandy or muddy bottoms in protected bays and estuaries, a paleogeographic setting similar to that proposed for this part of San Diego Bay in the late Pleistocene. Late Pleistocene estuarine faunas in California that date to the peak of the last interglacial period typically contain a distinct warm-water element, suggestive of paleoclimatic conditions warmer than those present at their current latitude. The fauna from the pump station site contains at least ten extralimital southern (tropical) species that are suggestive of water temperatures equivalent to those found today on the outer coast of central Baja California 560-640 km (350-400 mi) south of San Diego. The most common of these southern species are the bivalves Dosinia ponderosa, Psammotreta viridotinctaand Trachycardium procerum, and the gastropod Eupleura muriciformis. PALOECLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTHERN OREGON COAST 80,000 YEARS BP: CAN INFERENCES BASED ON BIVALVE SHELL MINERALOGY AND MOLLUSCAN PALEOZOOGEOGRAPHY BE RESOLVED? Robert T. Klein and Kyger C Lohmann Department of Geological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 George L. Kennedy Department of Geological Sciences San Diego State University San Diego, California 92182 Paleoclimatic inferences based on modern zoogeographic ranges of fossil mollusks have previously been at odds with results based on oxygen isotope studies. Early work in the 1960's was hampered by the lack of adequate dating methods that could discriminate the several sea-level high stands that make up the last interglacial complex (equivalent to oxygen isotope stage 5, or 75,000 to 130,000 yrs BP) of the late Pleistocene. | More recent isotopic studies in southern California have suggested that the peak of the last interglacial period was cooler than at present, although the faunal (zoogeographic) evidence would suggest just the opposite — marine temperatures were warmer, at least seasonally, than they are today, especially in protected estuarine settings. A new approach to paleoclimatic reconstruction utilizing '80/'°O, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca ratios in marine bivalve mollusks may help resolve some of these past differences. As a test case, we have examined the late Pleistocene marine fauna from the Whisky Run Terrace at Coquille Point in Bandon, Oregon (LACMIP loc. 2636). This fauna dates to the period about 80,000-85,000 yrs BP (based on amino acid and uranium-series dating techniques) and the later, cool-water phase (substage 5a) of the last interglacial complex (stage 5). The marine invertebrate fauna from Coquille Point is comprised of approximately 65 species, most of which are gastropods, bivalves, and barnacles. Sixteen of these are extralimital northern species, indicative of cooler-water conditions in the late Pleistocene than presently exist along the southern Oregon coast. Although there is not a perfect concordance in the overlap of geographic ranges, most of the species ranges suggest temperature conditions equivalent to those of the modern Columbian subprovince of the Oregonian [zoogeographic] province, which extends from Dixon Entrance, north of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, southward to Puget Sound, Washington. Published sea-surface temperatures (SST) for this region range from about 6.1° - 7.8° C. in January to March, and about 10.5° - 6 15.5° C. in July and August. However, the presence at Coqulle Point of the extralimital gastropod Puncturella noachindLinne), which ranges today only as far south as the Gulf of Alaska, or possibly to Juneau, suggests even colder- water conditions. Isotopic (6'*O) and minor element (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) compositional analyses of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Gould) from the Whisky Run Terrace also allow another approach to paleoclimatic reconstruction of the southern Oregon coast during substage 5a. The oxygen isotopic composition of marine shells depends on both the temperature and the 5'*O of the surrounding seawater, and can be further affected by changes in salinity. Because such elemental ratios as Mg/Ca of the calcitic shell fraction of Mytilus trossulus vary linearly with seawater temperature, with little or no salinity effect, paired element and isotopic analyses of calcareous skeletons can be used to estimate the 6'*O of the original seawater. Skeletal oxygen isotopic values and Mg/Ca compositions show cyclic variations, the lowest 6'%O values coming from those parts of the shell deposited during the summer months (or times of decreased salinity), and the lowest Mg/Ca ratios coming from those parts of the shell deposited during the relatively colder months. The cyclic variation of the test Mytilus shell from Bandon spanned approximately three years of growth. The skeletal Mg/Ca ratios, which are relatively insensitive to salinity variation, yielded a mean annual SST estimate of 5.8° C., with an overall range of 4.7° to 7.8° C. The mean annual SST estimate is lower than that predicted using the zoogeographic aspect of the Bandon fauna, and is about 5.8° C. less than the published present mean annual SST (11.6° C.) at Bandon. Additional calibration studies of modern and fossil Mytilus shells are currently being proposed for grant support, with the hope that further study will yield unambiguous paleoclimatic reconstructions for the late Pleistocene marine record. A NEW UPPER OLIGOCENE CYPRAEOID FAUNA FROM THE ADOUR BASIN (SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE): AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE Pierre Lozouet and Luc Dolin e-mail: lozouet@cimrs1.mnhn.fr Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertebres Marins & Malacologie 55, rue de Buffon 75005 Paris (France) A very rich, beautifully preserved and largely undescribed fauna has been recovered from the Upper Oligocene (Chattian) deposits of the Adour Basin, SW France, containing over 1,100 marine gastropod species (66,000 specimens) belonging to 440 genera in 130 families and subfamilies. It includes 53 Cypraeoid species (34 Cypraeidae, 8 Ovulidae, 11 Triviidae), which are particularly common in outcrops where coral reef assemblages occur. Lower Oligocene faunas from the same region contain only 7 The Western Society of Malacologists Cypraeidae, 3 Ovulidae, and 4 Triviidae. This discovery sheds new light on the diversification of Cypraeoidea during the European Oligocene, until now known based on species- poor deposits in the North Sea basin (Belgium, Germany) or badly preserved remains in Italy. The newly discovered assemblages are equivalent in richness to the Lower Miocene of southern Europe (France and Italy), where a total of 25 Cypraeidae, 6 Ovulidae, and 11 Triviidae has been recorded. Thus the recently exposed view that an important radiation of Cypraeoidea took place in the Lower Miocene, is a sampling artifact of the fossil record, results from the scarcity of adequate Oligocene deposits rather than from an actual diversification after the Oligocene. Incidentally, our results show that commonly held views on the Conid radiation equally need to be readdressed. FOSSIL AND RECENT SPECIES OF EASTERN PACIFIC CYPRAEACEA (CYPRAEIDAE AND EOCYPRAEINAE [OVULIDAE)): AN UPDATE. Lindsey T. Groves groves@bcf.usc.edu Malacology and Invertebrate Paleontology Sections Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 Groves (1993) reported 72 species of fossil and Recent cypraeaceans from the eastern Pacific. Based upon a reassessment of that fauna, additions of species unknown to the eastern Pacific in 1993, and a new definition of the study area that count now stands at least 86 but does not include the ten species of ovulids of the subfamily Ovulinae as only the ovulid subfamily Eocypraeinae is now included. New species described since 1993 are Zonaria (Zonaria) emmakingae Groves, 1994 from the Miocene Topanga Canyon Formation of Los Angeles County, California, Nucleolaria cowlitziana Groves, 1994 from the Eocene Cowlitz Formation of Lewis County, Washington, and Proadusta goedertorum Groves & Squires, 1995 from the Eocene Crescent Formation of Thurston County, Washington. New species of Bernaya to be described include a species of Bernaya s.s. from the Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, a Bernaya (Protocypraea) from the Cretaceous of the Santa Ana Mountains of Orange County, California, and a Bernaya s.s. from the Eocene of Jefferson County, Washington. Four new species of Eocypraea s.s. will be described including one from the Paleocene of Lake County, California, one from the Eocene Cowlitz Formation of Thurston County, Washington, one from the Bateque Formation of Baja California Sur, Mexico, and one from the Gatuncillo Formation of Panama. Two new species of Zonaria will be described from the Pliocene Esmeraldas beds of the Angostura Formation of Ecuador. An additional species not listed by Groves (1993) is now reported from the eastern Pacific, that being Eocypraea (Eocypraea) moumeti Dolin & Dolin, 1983 from the Eocene Domengine Formation of Fresno County, California. Annual Report, Vol. 29 Species of Fossil and Recent Cypraeacea of the Eastern Pacific [IP] = Indo-Pacific species. [Mio-Rec], [Plio-Rec], or [Pleis- Rec] = Californian/ Panamic/Caribbean species with fossil record in the eastern Pacific. * = doubtful Recent records. Cretaceous Family Cypraeidae Bernaya (Bernaya) crawfordcatei Groves, 1990 B. (B.) n.sp. [Haslam Fm., Vancouver Id., British Columbia] B. (Protocypraea) argonautica (Anderson, 1958) B. (P.) berryessae (Anderson, 1958) B. (P.) gualalaensis (Anderson, 1958) B. (P.) rineyi Groves, 1990 B. (P.) n.sp. [Ladd Fm., Santa Ana Mountains, Orange Co., CA] Palaeocypraea (Palaeocypraea) fontana (Anderson, 1958) P. (P.) suciensis (Whiteaves, 1895) Family Ovulidae, Subfamily Eocypraeinae Eocypraea (Eocypraea) louellae Groves, 1990 Paleocene Family Cypraeidae Propustularia kemperae (Nelson, 1925) P. simiensis (Nelson, 1925) Family Ovulidae, Subfamily Eocypraeinae Eocypraea (Eocypraea) novasuma (Nelson, 1925) E. (E.) n.sp. [Lake Co., CA] Sphaerocypraea martini (Dickerson, 1914) Eocene Family Cypraeidae Bernaya (Bernaya) fresnoensis (Anderson, 1905) B. (B.) saltoensis (Clark in Clark & Durham, 1946) B. (B.) n.sp. [Discovery Bay, Jefferson Co., WA] B. (Protocypraea) grovesi Squires & Demetrion, 1992 Cypraeorbis colombiana (Clark in Clark & Durham, 1946) Gisortia (Megalocypraea) clarki Ingram, 1940b G. (M.) thomasi Olsson, 1930 Nucleolaria cowlitziana Groves, 1994 Proadusta goedertorum Groves & Squires, 1995 Family Ovulidae, Subfamily Eocypraeinae Cypraedia (Cypraedia) cf. C. fenestralis Conrad in Wailes, 1854 C. (Eucypraedia) multicarinata (Dall, 1890) =C. (E.) multicarinata chira Olsson, 1931 = C. (E.) carmenensis Clark in Clark & Durham, 1946 Cypraeogemmula warnerae Effinger, 1938 Cyproglobina (Luponovula) boggsi (Olsson, 1928) Cypropterina (Cypropterina) ludoviciana (Johnson, 1899) = C. (C_) pijiguayensis (Clark in Clark & Durham, 1946) Eocypraea (Eocypraea) castacensis (Stewart, 1926 [1927]) E. (E.) maniobraensis Squires & Advocate, 1986 E. (E.) moumeti Dolin & Dolin, 1983 E. (E.) n.sp. 1 [Bateque Fm., Baja Calif. Sur, Mexico] E. (E.) n.sp. 2 [Crescent Fm., Thurston Co., WA] E. (E.) n.sp. 3 [Gatuncillo Fm., Panama] Sphaerocypraea negritensis (Olsson, 1928) Sulcocypraea bullennewtoni (Olsson, 1930) S. mathewsoni (Gabb, 1869) Eocene\Oligocene Family Ovulidae, Subfamily Eocypraeinae Sulcocypraea oakvillensis (van Winkle, 1918) Miocene Family Cypraeidae Muracypraea almirantensis (Olsson, 1922) = M. merriami (Ingram, 1939b) M. amandusi (Hertlein & Jordan, 1927) M. angustirima (Speiker, 1922) M. henekeni (Sowerby, 1850) = M. andersoni (Ingram, 1947a) = M. projecta (Ingram, 1947b) = M. tuberae (Ingram, 1947a) M. mus isthmica (Schilder, 1927) Propustularia parisimina (Olsson, 1922) Zonaria (Zonaria) emmakingae Groves, 1994 Z. (Pseudozonaria) telembiensis (Olsson, 1964) Family Ovulidae, Subfamily Eocypraeinae Cypropterina (Jenneria) gabbiana (Guppy, 1876) Sphaerocypraea wegeneri Schilder, 1939 = S. keenae (Woodring, 1959) Pliocene Family Cypraeidae Luria chilensis (Philippi, 1887) Luria cinerea (Gmelin, 1791) [Carib/Mio?, Plio- Rec] = L. limonensis (Ingram, 1940a) = L. morinis (Ingram, 1939a) L. costaricaensis (Ingram, 1940a) Muracypraea cayapa (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941) Propustularia bartschi (Ingram, 1939a) Zonaria (Zonaria) n.sp. [Angostura Fm., Esmeraldas Prov., Ecuador] Z. (Pseudozonaria) n.sp. [Angostura Fm., Esmeraldas Prov., Ecuador] Family Ovulidae, Subfamily Eocypraeinae Cypropterina (Jenneria) panamensis (Olsson, 1967) Pleistocene/Recent Family Cypraeidae Blasicrura alisonae (Burgess, 1983) [IP] B. teres (Gmelin, 1791) [IP] Erosaria (Erosaria) acicularis (Gmelin, 1791) [Carib]* E. (E.) albuginosa (Gray, 1825) [Pleis-Rec] E. (E.) cernica (Sowerby, 1870) [IP/Pleis] E. (E.) helvova (Linné, 1758) [IP] E. (Ravitrona) caputserpentis (Linné, 1758) [IP] Errones (Errones) caurica (Linné, 1758) [IP]* Luria isabellamexicana (Stearns, 1893) Lyncina lynx (Linné, 1758) [IP]* L. schilderiana (Iredale, 1939) [IP] L. vitellus (Linné, 1758) Macrocypraea cervinetta (Kiener, 1843) [Plio-Rec] Mauritia (Mauritia) depressa (Gray, 1824) [IP] M. (M.) maculifera Schilder, 1932 [IP] M. (M.) scurra (Gmelin, 1791) [IP] Monetaria (Monetaria) moneta (Linné, 1758) [IP] M. (Ornamentaria) annulus (Linné, 1758) [IP] Staphylaea staphylaea (Linné, 1758) [IP]* Talparia talpa (Linné, 1758) [IP] Zonaria (Zonaria) aequinoctialis Schilder, 1933 [Pleis?-Rec] Z. (Z.) annettae (Dall, 1909) [Plio-Rec] Z. (Neobernaya) spadicea (Swainson, 1823) [Plio- Rec] Z. (Pseudozonaria) arabicula (Lamarck, 1810) [Pleis-Rec] Z. (P.) nigropunctata (Gray, 1825) [Plioc-Rec] = Z. (P.) darwini (Ingram, 1948) Z. (P.) robertsi (Hidalgo, 1906) Family Ovulidae, Subfamily Eocypraeinae Cypropterina (Jenneria) pustulata [Solander, 1786] [Pleis-Rec] Pseudocypraea adamsoni (Sowerby, 1832) [IP] Family Pediculariidae Pediculariella californica (Newcomb, 1854) [Pleis- Rec] Eastern Pacific Fossil and Recent Cypraeacean References Anderson, F.M. 1905. A stratigraphic study in the Mount Diablo Range of California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 3rd ser., 2(2):155-250, pls. 13-35. Anderson, F.M. 1958. Upper Cretaceous of the Pacific coast. Geological Society of America Memoir 71:1-378, figs. 1-3, pls. 1-75. Burgess, C.M. 1983. Another new Cypraea in the teres complex (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae). The Venus 42(2):183- 191, pl. 1. Clark, B.L. & Durham, J.W. 1946. Eocene faunas from the Department of Bolivar, Colombia. Geological Society of America Memoir 16:1-126, fig. 1, pls. 1-28. Conrad, T.A. 1854. Fossil testacea of the Tertiary Green-sand Marl-bed of Jackson, Miss. Jn: Wailes, B.L.C., Report on the The Western Society of Malacologists agriculture and geology of Mississippi. lippincott, Grambo, and Co. p. 289, pls. 14-17. Dall, W.H. 1890. Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida with especial reference to the Miocene Si/ex-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science 3(1):1- 200, pls. 1-12. Dall, W.H. 1909. Notes on Cypraea of the Pacific coast. The Nautilus 22(12):125-126. Dickerson, R.E. 1914. Fauna of the Martinez Eocene of California. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 8(6):61-180, pls. 6-18. Dolin, C. & Dolin, L. 1983. Révision des Triviacea et Cypraeacea (Mollusca, Prosobranchiata) Eocénes récoltés dans les localités de Gan (Tuilerie et Acot) et Bosdarros (Pyrenees Atlantiques, France). Mededlingen van Werkgroep Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 20(1):5-48, figs. 1-31. Effinger, W.L. 1938. The Gries Ranch fauna (Oligocene) of western Washington. Journal of Paleontology 12(4):355-390, figs. 1-3, pls. 45-47. Gabb, W.M. 1866-1869. Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils. Palaeontology of California, State Geological Survey 2:1-38 [1866]; 39-299, pls. 1-36 [1869]. Gmelin, J.F. 1791. Caroli a Linne Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. Edito decima tertia, reformata, vermes Testacea. Leipzig. 1(6):3021-3910. Gray, J.E. 1824-1825. Monograph on the Cypraeidae, a family of testaceous Mollusca. Zoological Journal 1(2):71-80; 137- 152; 1(3):367-391 [1824]; 1(4):489-518 [1825]; 3(11):363- 371 [1827]; 3(12):567-576 [1828]. Groves, L.T. 1990. New species of Late Cretaceous Cypraeacea (Mollusca: Gastropoda), from California and Mississippi, and a review of Cretaceous cypraeaceans of North America. The Veliger 33(3):272-285, figs. 1-34. Groves, L.T. 1993. Fossil and Recent species of eastern Pacific Cypraeacea (Pediculariidae, Cypraeidae, and Ovulidae) [abstract]. Western Society of Malacologists Annula Report 25:11-14. Groves, L.T. 1994. New species of Cypraeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Miocene of California and the Eocene of Washington. The Veliger 37(3):244-252, figs. 1-13. Groves, L.T. & Squires, R.L. 1995. First report of the genus Proadusta Sacco, 1894 (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) from the Western Hemisphere, with a description of a new species from the Eocene of Washington. The Nautilus 109(4):113-116, figs. 1-5. Annual Report, Vol. 29 Guppy, R.J.L. 1876. On the Miocene fossils of Haiti. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 32:516-532, pls. 28-29. Hertlein, L.G. & Jordan, E.K. 1927. Paleontology of the Miocene of Lower California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th ser., 16(19):605-647, pls. 17-21. Hidalgo, J.G. 1906-1907. Monografia de las especies vivientes del género Cypraea. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias exactas, Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid 25: xv + I- 289 [1906]; 290-588 [1907]. Ingram, W.M. 1939a. Notes on Cypraea heilprini Dall and Cypraea chilona Dall with new species from the Pliocene of Costa Rica. Bulletins of American Paleontology 24(84): 321- 326, pl..21: Ingram, W.M. 1939b. New fossil Cypraeidae from the Miocene of the Dominican Republic and Panama, with a survey of the Miocene species of the Dominican Republic. Bulletins of American Paleontology 24(85):329-340, pl. 22. Ingram, W.M. 1940a. Two new Cypraeas from Costa Rica. Journal of Paleontology 14(5): 505-506, figs. 1-4. Ingram, W.M. 1940b. A new Gisortia. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30(9):376-377, fig. 1. Ingram, W.M. 1947a. Fossil and Recent Cypraeidae of the western regions of the Americas. Bulletins of American Paleontology 31(120):47-124, pls. 1-7. Ingram, W.M. 1947b. New fossil Cypraeidae from Venezuela and Colombia. Bulletins of American Paleontology 31(121):127-136, pls. 8-9. Ingram, W.M. 1948. The cypraeid fauna of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th ser., 26(7):135-145, pl. 2, figs. 10-11. Iredale, T. 1939. Australian cowries: Part II. Australian Zoologist 9(3):297-323, pls. 27-29. Johnson, C.W. 1899. New and interesting species in the "Isaac Lea Collection of Eocene Mollusca." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 51:71-82, pls. 1-2. Kiener, L.C. 1843-1845. Species general et iconographie des Coquilles Vivantes. Paris. 1:1-32 [1844]; 33-166 [1845]; pls. 1-57 [1843]. Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. 1810. Sur la determination des especes parmi les animaux sans vertebres, et particulierement parmi les mollusques testaces. Anales Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 16:89-108. Linné, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. Edito decima, reformata. Stockholm. 1:1-824. Nelson, R.N. 1925. A contribution to the paleontology of the Martinez Eocene of California. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 15(11):397-466, pls. 49-61. Newcomb, W. 1864. Description of a new species of Pedicularia. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 3:121-122. Olsson, A.A. 1922. The Miocene of northern Costa Rica with notes on its general stratigraphic relations. Bulletins of American Paleontology 9(39):179-288, pls. 4-32. Olsson, A.A. 1928. Contribution to the Tertiary paleontology of northern Peru: Part 1, Eocene Mollusca and Brachiopoda. Bulletins of American Paleontology 14(52):1-154, pls. 1-26. Olsson, A.A. 1930. Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of northern Peru: Part 3, Eocene Mollusca. Bulletins of American Paleontology 17(62):1-97, pls. 1-11. Olsson, A.A. 1931. Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of northern Peru: Part 4, The Peruvian Oligocene. Bulletins of American Paleontology 17(63):99-165, pls. 13-33. Olsson, A.A. 1964. Neogene mollusks from northwestern Ecuador. Paleontological Research Institute: Ithaca, New York. 256 p., 38 pls. Olsson, A.A. 1967. Pustularias (Jenneria) in the American Neogene. Notulae Naturae of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 403:1-13, pls. 1-2. Philippi, R.A. 1887. Los fosiles Terciarios i cuartarios de Chile. Santiago, Chile. 256 p., 58 pls. Pilsbry, H.A. & Olsson, A.A. 1941. A Pliocene fauna from western Ecuador. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 93:1-79, pls. 1-19. Schilder, F.A. 1927. Revision der Cypraeacea (Moll. Gastr.). Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte 91A:1-165. Schilder, F.A. 1932. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Cypraeacea. 15. Cypraeidae von den sudlichen Marianen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 100(7/8):164-173, figs. 1-19. Schilder, F.A. 1933. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Cypraeacea. 18. Lange, Proportionen und Bezahnung der Cypraeacea. Zoologischer Anzeiger 101(7/8):180-193. Schilder, F.A. 1939. Cypraeacea aus dem Tertiér von Trinidad, Venezuela und den Antillen. Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Palaeontologischen Gesellschaft 62:1-35, figs. 1-32. 10 [Solander, D. 1786]. A catalogue of the Portland Museum, lately the property of the Duchess Dowager of Portland. London. 194 p. Sowerby, G.B. (second of name) 1832. A catalogue of the Recent species of Cypraeidae. The Conchological Illustrations. London. 18 + vii p., 181 figs., 39 pls. Sowerby, G.B. (second of name) 1850. Descriptions of new species of fossil shells found by J.S. Heniker. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal 6:44-53, pls. 9-10. Sowerby, G.B. (second of name) 1870. Monograph of the Cypraea. Thesaurus Conchyliorum or Monographs of the Genera of Shells. London. 4:1-58, pls. 1-37. Spieker, E.M. 1922. The paleontology of the Zorritos Formation of the northern Peruvian oil fields. The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Geology 3:1-197, fig. 1, pls. 1- 10. Squires, R.L. & Advocate, D.M. 1986. New early Eocene mollusks from the Orocopia Mountains, southern California. Journal of Paleontology 60(4):85 1-854, figs. 1-3. Squires, R.L. & Demetrion, R.A. 1992. Paleontology of the Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 434:1-55, figs. 1-145. Stearns, R.E.C. 1893. On rare or little known mollusks from the west coast of North and South America, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 16(941):341-352, pl. 50. Stewart, R.B. 1926 [1927]. Gabb's California fossil type gastropods. Proceedings of the Academy ofNatural Sciences of Philadelphia 78:287-447, figs. 1-5, pls. 20-32. Swainson, W. 1823. The characters of several rare and undescribed shells. Philosophical Magazine and Journal 61:375-378. van Winkle, K.E.H. 1918. Paleontology of the Oligocene of the Chehalis Valley, Washington. University of Washington Publications in Geology 1(2):68-97, pls. 6-7. Whiteaves, J.F. 1895. On some fossils from the Nanaio Group of the Vancouver Cretaceous. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 2nd ser. 1(4):119-133, pls. 1-3. Woodring, W.P. 1959. Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama. Description of Tertiary mollusks (Gastropods: Vermetidae to Thaididae). U-S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 306-B: iii + 147-239, pls. 24-37. The Western Society of Malacologists MURACYPRAEA HENEKENI (SOWERBY, 1850) IN THE CARIBBEAN AND PANAMA: ONE SPECIES OR TWO? Terry S. Arnold e-mail: tarnold@cts.com 2975 B Street San Diego, California 92102 An examination of specimens of Muracypraea henekeni (Sowerby, 1850) in the Vokes collection at Tulane University revealed that the six specimens from Panama were clearly distinguishable from the Dominican Republic specimens of the same age. This leads to the hypothesis that the synonymy of M. henekeni published by Woodring may have been overly conservative. It appears that there were at least two distinct species present in the Caribbean and Panama during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Resolution of this question will involve a review of the genus in order to determine a more appropriate taxonomic organization. MURACYPRAEA IN THE PROTO-GULF OF CALIFORNIA: A REVIEW OF PRIOR REPORTS AND A REPORT OF NEW DISCOVERIES Terry S. Arnold e-mail: tarnold@cts.com 2975 B Street San Diego, California 92102 The cypraeid genus Muracypraea first appears in the early Miocene of Trinidad (Schilder, 1939). It occurs throughout the southern Caribbean region from the Miocene to the Recent. On the Pacific coast of the Americas, documented occurrences have previously been reported only from the Pliocene of Ecuador (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941) and the middle Miocene of Baja California Sur, Mexico (Hertlein & Jordan, 1927). The only other published Pacific Coast occurrence was its appearance in a faunal list for the Lower Pliocene Imperial Formation of Imperial County, California (Powell, 1988). This report was derived from unpublished work of Stump (Powell, 1993, Stump, 1972). Efforts to confirm this report have resulted in locating several specimens that are clearly referable to Muracypraea. The discovery of these specimens confirms the occurrence of Muracypraea in the Imperial Formation and the Salda Formation of the cape region of Baja California. This confirms its survival into the late Pliocene of the proto-Sea of Cortez. These specimens are distinct from all previously described species and represent 2- 3 undescribed species. An additional result of this investigation is the confirmation of the occurrence of Macrocypraea in the Imperial Formation. This is a significant extension of the stratigraphic range of Macrocypraea into the earliest Pliocene/latest Miocene. Annual Report, Vol. 29 SCHILDER REVISITED Claus Hedegaard e-mail: claus@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Institute of Biology, Department of Ecology & Genetics University of Aarhus, Denmark & Museum of Paleontology University of California, Berkeley, California Christopher P. Meyer e-mail: chrismey@violet.berkeley.edu Department of Integrative Biology & Museum of Paleontology University of California, Berkeley, California In the spirit of this symposium and as a part of a larger project on the phylogeny of Recent Cypraeidae, we translated the classic paper "Die Genera der Cypraeacea" by F. A. Schilder (1939) into English. Its style epitomizes classic late nineteenth and early twentieth century systematic biology: largely based on relative rather than absolute observations, being authoritative, and rooted in experience. This led to fruitful discussions on the presentation of data, influencing our own approach to science, and also a deeper appreciation of the social and philosophical contexts of science. We decided to complete the translation and make it available to the malacological community, accompanied by our notes on cypraeid characters. This talk will be a brief presentation of the translation and some of our editorial choices, followed by a discussion of the differences between traditional systematic biology and contemporary approaches, cladistics in particular. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF LIVING CYPRAEA Christopher P. Meyer e-mail: chrismey@violet.berkeley.edu Department of Integrative Biology & Museum of Paleontology University of California, Berkeley, California Cypraeid gastropods are an ideal taxon with which to test various ecological, evolutionary or biogeographical questions. However, a robust phylogeny is prerequisite in order to falsify historical hypotheses and to avoid the use of paraphyletic groups. Unfortunately as of yet, a phylogeny has not been developed. To this end, 620 base pairs of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mitochondrial DNA were sequenced from over 35 species of Cypraea, three Ovulids, one Triviid, and three other putative outgroups. Sequenced taxa represent a broad phylogenetic sampling of extant cypraeid diversity. In order to generate a hypothesis of relationships, various phylogenetic analyses were performed on the data set including parsimony under several weighting schemes and maximum likelihood. These results will be compared. In addition to the COI data set, preliminary sequence data from a non-coding region (16S) and a morphological data set are compared to reveal taxonomic congruence. Decay indices 11 are derived from the molecular phylogenies to assess the robustness of the tree topology. The evolutionary implications of these results will be discussed and compared to previous works by other authors. A NEW EXAMINATION OF CYPRAEA GENERA CLASSIFICATION E. Alison Kay e-mail: eakay@zoogate.zoo.hawaii.edu University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii Hugh Bradner e-mail: hbradner@ucsd.edu Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California, 92093 A recently completed study presents illustrations of the radulae of more than 200 species of cowries. (Bradner and Kay, The Festivus, submitted). The radulae are arranged in 13 patterns based primarily on the form of the central tooth. The patterns, originally intended merely as a convenient way of grouping species with similar radular characteristics, are remarkably consistent with M. Schilder & F. Schilder’s (1971) generic arrangement of the cowries. Significant pattern features will be illustrated, and scanning electron microscope photographs of representative radulae will be shown. EVOLUTION OF GASTROPOD FEEDING: MULTIPLE PHYLOGENETIC PATHWAYS THROUGH A STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DESIGN SPACE Carole S. Hickman e-mail: caroleh@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley, California 94720-3140 Evolutionary novelties in gastropod feeding include repeated parallel structural and functional modifications of the radula and ctenidium as well and unique innovations affecting structures not normally involved in feeding. Understanding the feeding biology of gastropods is thwarted by classifications that conflate various structures used to obtain food (e.g. ctenidial filter feeder, ciliary feeder) with the nature of food ingested (e.g. carnivore, herbivore, detritivore) or the location of food in the environment (suspension feeder, deposit feeder). The diversity of gastropod diets, feeding structures, and feeding mechanisms define a three-dimensional feeding design space through which I trace both unique and repeated, parallel phylogenetic trajectories. Suspension feeders provide an especially instructive example of parallel as well as unique solutions to the problem of removing nutritionally valuable particles from the water column and concentrating and transporting them to the site of ingestion. 12 Feeding structures, feeding mechanisms, and diets commonly change during ontogeny. The most dramatic ontogenetic shifts are correlated with the dramatic habitat shifts at settlement and metamorphosis in taxa with planktotrophic development. Post-metamorphic ontogenetic shifts in feeding may be under morphological, biomechanical, or physiological constraints related to size. ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF THE OVULIDAE: FEEDING AND BODY COLOR Terrence M. Gosliner e-mail: tgosliner@casmail.calacademy.org Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 Ovulid caenogastropods are specialized predators on anthozoan coelenterates. Some species exhibit color patterns that contrast markedly with their preferred habitat while others are well camouflaged. Other taxa have taken camouflage to remarkable extremes by developing specialized color patterns and elaboration of mantle papillae to mimic polyps of their prey. The distribution of these different adaptations throughout the Ovulidae is discussed. More information on phylogenetic relationships of ovulids is required to document evolutionary patterns of feeding specialization and color patterns. LOW TIDE AND THE BURYING BEHAVIOR OF EUPRYMNA SCOLOPES (CEPHALOPODA: SEPIOLIDAE) Roland C. Anderson The Seattle Aquarium Seattle, Washington 98101 Abstract Euprymna scolopes is a small sepiolid endemic to the Hawaiian Islands that buries in the sand during the day. At night it has been seen sitting on or swimming over intertidal sand in water as shallow as 2-4 cm deep. If buried in intertidal sand during the day when the tide goes out, it must flee or hide, or die of predation or dessication. Several experilments were performed at Coconut Island (Oahu, Hawaii) to determine if it gets caught by low tides, what it does if caught, and what it does to avoid low tides. It appears to have several behaviors capable of keeping it from getting beached. Why it might enter intertidal areas and the mechanisms for avoiding low tides are discussed. Introduction One of the most common cephalopods in the Hawaiian Archipelago is Euprymna scolopes Berry 1913. This small endemic sepiolid typically lives in shallow water on mud and The Western Society of Malacologists sand flats but may also occur in deeper water to at least 180 m deep (Berry, 1914). Species of the genus Euprymna are nocturnal and bury themselves in the substrate during the day (Singley, 1983). Knowledge about Euprymna scolopes is increasing in recent years. Originally described by Berry (1913), Arnold et al (1972) documented development and_ laboratory maintenance, Moynihan (1983) elucidated aspects of its behavior, color changes and body patterning, and Singley (1983) delineated the life cycle. Shears (1986, 1988) characterized its use of a sand coat and determined diel activity. The light organ and the bacteria contributing to its light production have been studied by Montgomery and McFall-Ngai (1993) and Gillis (1993). Aspects of its escape behaviors in the field have been determined (Anderson and Mather, in press) and it has been successfully cultured in the laboratory (Anon., 1996; Rummel, 1996). Despite this literature and others, numerous questions remain about this sepiolid. Kaneohe Bay (Oahu, Hawaii) has long been known as a place to find large numbers of Euprymna scolopes (Berry, 1914; Arnold, et al., 1972; Anderson and Mather, in press). The sepiolid is found there in water as shallow as 2-4 cm deep at night on low tides (Kurt Fiedler, Univ. of Hawaii, pers. comm.) and has been seen perched on the bottom or swimming over intertidal sand at night during high tide (Anderson and Mather, in press). The question investigated in this paper concerns what E£. scolopes does when it buries in sand exposed by daytime low tides. Several laboratory and field experiments were conducted to answer this question. Materials and Methods A transect 15 m long was laid out in the intertidal zone on the sand flats from the seawall to the water's edge at low tide on the west side of Coconut Island. For a description of the habitats on Coconut Island see Anderson and Mather (in press). Low tides were 3.0 cm below mean lower low water and the mean tidal range in Kaneohe Bay was 42.6 cm (Tides and Currents 2.0%, Nautical Software, 1995). Wind speed, water currents, water temperature, and wave height were measured at the Lilipuna Pier and at the sand flats on the west side of Coconut Island. Water temperatures ranged from 23.9° C (Lilipuna Pier) to 27.8° C (study site). Water currents ranged from none detectable at the site on Coconut Island to 0.2 kph at the Lilipuna Pier. Wind speed ranged from 0-32 kph. Maximum wave heights during high wind periods at the Lilipuna Pier were judged to be 30 cm high. Live Euprymna scolopes were collected by snorkeling at night (2000-2200 hr) next to the Lilipuna Pier in Kaneohe Bay in May 1996. As many as eight (mantle length [ML] greater than or equal to 1.0 cm) were seen per hour of snorkeling effort by one person, in addition to numerous juveniles (ML < 1.0 cm). Captured sepiolids were measured for ML and placed in a perforated bucket partially filled with sand and hung under the pier over-night. Animals were transferred by bucket to Coconut Island the next morning, where the experiments took place. All procedures were performed in the Annual Report, Vol. 29 mid-morning during low tides. Laboratory Experiments: 1. To determine whether Euprymna scolopes dig, deeper in the sand at low tide, E. scolopes (N = 4) were placed individually in a thin, laterally compressed acrylic aquarium (30 X 30 X 2 cm) 2/3 full of sand with water added to the top. The sepiolids were allowed to bury completely. Burying was considered to be complete after the arms stopped throwing sand over the body (see Boletzky and Boletzky [1970]). The time from the start of burying activities to its completion was noted and the duration calculated. After burying was completed, the water was gradually drained out over approximately 5 min, and the behavior of the sepiolids was noted. 2. Euprymna scolopes (N = 4, different animals) were placed individually in a large shallow plastic container (40 X 30 X 15 cm) 2/3 full of sand sloping at a 5° angle with sea water over it. The sepiolids were again allowed to bury and 5 min later the sea water was gradually drained out from the lower end of the sand and the behavior observed. Field Experiments: 3. Six Euprymna scolopes were placed individually in a "corral" (a perforated white bucket with the bottom cut out) in water 2 cm deep and allowed to bury in the sand. The slope of the sand on the beach was not measured but was judged to be somewhat less than 5°. The sepiolids were observed as the tide went out, approximately 30 min each. The observer's shadow was not allowed to fall on the sepiolids and he remained as still as possible to avoid thigmotaxic disturbance of the sand. 4. The sepiolids (N = 6, different animals) were allowed to bury within the corral in shallow water on an outgoing tide. The corral was then gently removed, and the sepiolids observed as the tide went out, approximately 30 min. 5. At the study site the hummocks typical of callianassid ghost shrimp burrows were present. Ghost shrimp produce U- shaped burrows with an inlet and an outlet hole on the surface of the substrate for water circulation. At low tide, the inlet and outlet holes could be differentiated by the water being pumped by the shrimp one way in or out. A corral was placed over the shrimp inlet or outlet holes in the sand and a single E. scolopes (N = 6, different animals) was placed within as the tide went out and reactions were noted. Results In both the laboratory and field studies the sepiolids (mean 1.1 cm ML) took an average of 66 sec to begin burying in the sand in the small acrylic tank, the shallow pan and in the corrals. Burying was completed in an average of 44 sec. There was no significant difference in burying times between different aspects of the experiments. Color of the sepiolids was dark red-brown until burying was completed. In all cases the last part of the burying behavior (throwing sand over the top of the head and mantle using the arms) appeared to cover 13 the animal completely. The eyes were often visible in small openings in the coarse sand (approximately | mm diameter). These openings were approximately the same size as the grains of black sand present in the substrate. In all cases the sepiolids appeared to be alert when buried. Several times when I rapidly approached the small aquarium or shallow pan, the sepiolids would squirt a jet of sandy water in the direction of my disturbance. One individual inked from a buried position without uncovering itself. Thereafter, the sepiolids were observed while making as little movement as possible so as not to disturb the animals. 1. When the water was gradually drained from the thin acrylic tank the sepiolids did nothing until the water depth was less than 10 mm deep. As the water depth decreased, the sepiolids partially emerged from the sand to the extent that the mantle openings could be seen. When the water level dropped to just below the top of the mantle openings (water depth about 5 mm), all individuals ejected 1-3 jets of sandy water, emerged totally from the sand and crawled about haphazardly. At this point they were placed back in the water after approximately 2 min. 2. After the E. scolopes had buried in the sloping sand in the shallow pan, water was gradually drained out to simulate a tide going out over a sloping sand beach. The E. scolopes behaved just as they did in the thin aquarium experiment, emerging partially from the sand as the water depth got less than 5 mm deep, squirting several jets of sandy water, and emerging completely from the sand as the water got below the mantle openings. Three of the four animals in this experiment crawled into deeper water and re-buried themselves; the fourth crawled onto dry sand and was eventually removed to water after 2 min. 3. The sepiolids corralled at the water's edge in 2 cm deep water on an outgoing tide also emerged from the sand when the water depth dropped below 5 mm, and crawled about haphazardly on the sand. There being no water for them to crawl to, they were then removed to water after 2 min. 4. Euprymna corralled in shallow water and allowed to bury prior to the corral being removed also emerged from the sand as the tide dropped and crawled haphazardly about. None of the six individuals tested made it to the water's edge before weakening and being removed to water. 5. Of 6 individuals corralled over inlet and outlet holes of callianassid shrimp burrows, two went down inlet holes, following the water level down the hole. None of the other six went down outlet holes of the shrimp. Due to time constraints the sepiolids down a shrimp hole were not watched until the tide came back up. Discussion Why do Euprymna scolopes move into depths exposed at low tides? They may be carried there by water currents or incoming tidal currents. Although the currents measured at the study sites were minimal, at times trade winds and squalls contributed to considerable wave action (at least 30 cm wave height) which could carry a drifting sepiolid into shallow water. 14 They may be following their food source or prey into intertidal areas. Euprymna scolopes are known to eat worms (polychaetes) and small shrimps (Moynihan, 1983; Singley, 1983; Shears, 1986; Shears, 1988). Although the worms were not identified to species, the shrimp (Palaemon spp) are known to live near shore (Edmondson, 1946). Shrimps also come out of the sand and into the water as the tide moves in and it is possible the sepiolids pursue prey into intertidal areas. Sepiolids buried in or caught over intertidal sand on an outgoing tide can either move into deeper water or hide in the sand. Most Euprymna scolopes probably follow the tide out if there is a suitable declination to the exposed beach, as three of the four animals in the laboratory study exposed to an outgoing tide were able to crawl into deeper water down- slope. However, if caught on the sand flats that are relatively level (less than 5° declination), the sepiolids may die of desiccation or be exposed to predators. Predatory birds such as golden plovers, mynah birds and cattle egrets were observed patrolling the water's edge at the site on Coconut Island. Based on the results of experiments corralling sepiolids on an outgoing tide, allowing them to bury and then removing the corral, it does not appear that E. scolopes follow the water out as the tide goes out over the sand flats during the day. When the water level got restrictively low, they emerged from the sand and crawled about haphazardly. It is possible they may be able to crawl to standing pools of water between the low hummocks of sand piled up by the ghost shrimp. Alternatively, they may be able to survive by going down a ghost shrimp burrow and following the water level down as the tide goes out. Ghost shrimp, although much larger than E. scolopes, up to 7.5 cm long (Edmondson, 1946), are detritivores and are not likely to harm the sepiolids. Further study is indicated to determine if there is a relationship between E. scolopes and callianassid ghost shrimp. The sepiolids may avoid burying in intertidal sand by determining if the substrate is intertidal or not before the tide goes out. There may be differences in the composition of the sand and mud which the sepiolids can detect. Sepiids are known to choose appropriate sand to bury in (Mather, 1986) and sepiolids may also. If so, as it gets close to dawn and they need to bury themselves for the day, they may be able to swim until they find the appropriate sand to bury in, sand that they have learned or innately know to be subtidal. This is also a topic for further research. Although there was no such indication as determined by this study, E. scolopes may have a rheotactic sense to water currents or waves. There was frequently a brisk trade wind blowing across the study site up to 32 kph, producing waves up to 30 cm high. These sepiolids may be able to sense when waves are approaching shore and swim against the waves or tidal currents out to deeper water. Whatever factor or combination of factors that E. scolopes uses to avoid being stranded at low tide, it must be effective. During varying periods over three years, none were spotted during the day at low tide on the shores of Coconut Island. Euprymna scolopes possesses a complicated and The Western Society of Malacologists multiple set of behaviors (Anderson and Mather, in press) and it is likely that those governing its avoidance of stranding are also complex and varied. Acknowledgements A warm "mahalo!" to Ernst Reese and other faculty and staff of the Hawaiian Institute of Marine Biology on Coconut Island for allowing me to perform this research there. F.G. Hochberg and Jennifer and Lynn Mather provided thoughtful and constructive comments on my initial research proposal and the preliminary draft of the manuscript. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1996. New squid on the block. Science. 272:37. Arnold, J.M., C.T. Singley, & L.D. Williams-Arnold. 1972. Embryonic development and post-hatching survival of the sepiolid squid Euprymna_ scolopes under laboratory conditions. The Veliger. 14(4):361-365. Berry, S.S. 1913. Some new Hawaiian cephalopods. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum. 45:563-566. Berry, S.S. 1914. The cephalopods of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of Marine Fisheries, Washington. 30:225-361. Boletzky, S.v. & M.V.v. Boletzky. 1970. Das Eingraben in Sand bei Sepiola und Sepietta. Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 77:536-548. Edmondson, C.H. 1946. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication 22. 295 pp. Gillis, A.M. 1993. Sea dwellers and their sidekicks. BioScience. 43(9):598-602. Mather, J.A. 1986. Sand-digging in Sepia officinalis: an assessment of a cephalopod mollusc's "fixed" behavior pattern. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 100:315-320. Montgomery, M.K. and M. McFall-Nagai. 1993. Embryonic development of the light organ of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes Berry. Biol. Bull. 184:296-308. Moynihan, M. 1983. Notes on the behavior of Euprymna scolopes (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Behaviour. 85:25-41. Rummel, J.D. 1996. Squid pro quo? Science. 272:631. Shears, J.C. 1986. Aspects of feeding in relation to the diel activity pattern of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes. Unpublished Master of Science Thesis, University of Hawaii. 68 pp. Shears, J. 1988. The use of a sand coat in relation to feeding Annual Report, Vol. 29 and diel activity in the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes. Malacologia. 29:121-133. Singley, C.T. 1983. Euprymna scolopes. Pp. 69-74 in P.R. Boyle (ed.), Cephalopod life cycles. Academic Press. 475 pp. A BLOOD-SUCKING SNAIL: COOPER’S NUTMEG (CANCELLARIA COOPER] PARASITIZES THE CALIFORNIA ELECTRIC RAY, (TORPEDO CALIFORNICA) John O’ Sullivan Monterey Bay Aquarium Monterey, California 93940-1085 Feeding behavior of the Cancellariid snail Cancellaria cooperi on a cartilaginous ray is described, with illustrations of the radula and behavioral interactions. ALGAE IN SHELLS OF PODODESMUS MACROCHISMA: CUI BONO? Roland C. Anderson The Seattle Aquarium Seattle, Washington The inner surface of the upper (left) valve of the jingle shell Pododesmus macrochisma is a pearly green due to the color of the nacre and also due in part to an alga incorporated in the shell matrix. These jingle shells live down to 90 m deep, deeper than the photic zone in the N. E. Pacific, particularly in Puget Sound (Washington State). If the green color is due to chlorophyll, do shells from deeper water still have alga in them? Chlorophyll content of these shells was determined comparatively between deep shells, shallow shells and jingles living in the dark (from the filters of the Seattle Aquarium). Results will be discussed along with ecological implications to both alga and the jingle. CYMATIUM MURICINUM AND OTHER RANELLID GASTROPODS: MAJOR PREDATORS OF CULTURED TRIDACNID CLAMS Hugh Govan e-mail: Hugh@napiers.demon.co.uk 38 Queen Charlotte Street Edinburgh, EH6 6AT Scotland The recent development of technology for the ocean culture of juvenile giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in the South Pacific has brought attention to the predatory activities of a hitherto little studied mesogastropod genus: Cymatium (family Ranellidae). After comprehensively reviewing existing knowledge of this family, this work presents estimates of the impact of four species of Cymatium on ocean-nursery 15 culture of 7ridacna gigas and the results of research into relevant aspects of their biology: feeding behavior, growth and food consumption rates, reproduction and recruitment, environmental factors affecting recruitment, impact on tridacnid culture and prospects for predator control. Implications of these results are analyzed for giant clam farmers. FEEDING ECOLOGY OF ASCOGLOSSAN OPISTHOBRANCHS: PLACIDA DENDRITCA ON PACIFIC ROCKY INTERTIDAL SHORES Cynthia D. Trowbridge e-mail: trowbric@pbbce.orst.edu Department of Zoology, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Ecological theory suggests that herbivores exhibit two major strategies of attack of their food plants (“‘stealthy” and “opportunistic”) and that certain life-history attributes are associated with each of these strategies. Ascoglossan opisthobranchs, particularly tropical species, have been traditionally considered stealthy herbivores, exhibiting low population densities and conservative host use. The widely distributed, temperate ascoglossan Placida dendritica contrasts with this strategy by exhibiting many opportunistic attributes. (1) This slug species seasonally attacks ~70% of the Codium fragile hosts and ~20% of C. setchellii hosts on Oregon rocky intertidal shores. (2) P. dendritica forms feeding aggregations on Codium spp., and members of these aggregations survive better and grow faster than do solitary conspecifics. (3) Herbivory by P. dendiritica often results in “profligate” mass loss to algal hosts. For example, slug feeding severely damages C. fragile, and the resulting branch loss far exceeds the biomass actually consumed. (4) The temporal and spatial pattern of slug occurrence suggests that slugs are selectively attacking desiccation-stressed hosts. (5) On many temperate shores, P. dendritica has expanded its host-range to include the introduced and highly invasive C. fragile subsp. tomentosoides. P. dendritica is the only known ascoglossan that exhibits multiple attributes of the opportunistic strategy and, consequently, can often be an ecologically important grazer of-its green algal hosts. STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT AND FEEDING HABITS OF THE CHESTNUT COWRIE (CYPRAEA SPADICEA) Susanne K. Fork Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, California Although Cypraeidae are much appreciated and well- known for their beautiful shell form, relatively little is known about the animals that inhabit these shells. This is especially true for the only species living in California, the chestnut cowrie (Cypraea spadicea), whose development and feeding 16 habits are almost completely unknown. Development studies to date have shown that eggs are laid in a mass of about 4 cm in diameter and are brooded by the female for about 3 weeks. Veligers emerge that appear to be lecithotrophic, possess a distinct propodium, and are relatively slow swimmers with many settling to the bottom. Preliminary studies of feeding preferences have shown that certain ascidians are highly favored foods and are chosen above all else. These include the colonial ascidian Distaplia and the solitary ascidian Ascidia ceratodes. Bryozoans (Membranipora) and the brown algae Macrocystis, Egregia, and Laminaria, red algae Porphyra and Iridaea, and green algae Ulva and Enteromorpha, as well as several sponges (Halichondria and Haliclona) are also favored foods. EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF DE NOVO BIOSYNTHESIS OF DEFENCE COMPOUNDS IN OPISTHOBRANCHS Sandra Millen and Edmund Graziani e-mail: millen@zoology.ubc.ca Departments of Zoology & Oceanography University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4 Nudibranchs lack the mechanical protection of a shell yet are often brightly colored and conspicuous. Investigations into their chemical defences have been undertaken with increasing sophistication, since acid secretion was discoverd in the early 1960's. It is now known that many nudibranchs utilise borrowed chemistry to concentrate or modify the secondary metabolites of their prey. Recently a few species have been shown, by radioisotope labelling, to synthesise their own defensive compounds. A new method, using stable isotopes, has unambiguously confirmed de novo biosynthesis in additional species of sponge feeding cryptobranchs and in bryozoan feeding phanerobranch dorids for the first time. The geographical range theory of Falkner et al. 1990 is upheld. The possible evolutionary significance of these compounds is explored. A new theory is proposed which predicts that cryptobranch dorids with de novo biosynthesis will be large, non-cryptic annuals living in temperate environments. MESOHERBIVORES DOMINATE GRAZER FAUNA IN INTERTIDAL RED ALGAL BEDS ON OREGON ROCKY SHORES Cynthia D. Trowbridge and Jane Lubchenco e-mail: trowbric@bbc.orst.edu Department of Zoology, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon The relative importance of grazing by small (meso-) and large (macro-) invertebrate herbivores in red algal beds on Oregon rocky intertidal shores was evaluated by measuring densities in the field and feeding rates in the laboratory. Mesograzers included small snails (Littorina scutulata and The Western Society of Malacologists Lacuna marmorata) and small crustaceans (amphipods and isopods); mesograzer densities were collectively several orders of magnitude greater than those of macrograzers, with amphipods being numerically dominant. Macrograzers (turban snails, chitons, large limpets, kelp crabs, urchins) collectively averaged <7 per 0.25 m? at high, mid, and low intertidal levels. Seasonal peak densities differed among common taxa: the turban snail Tegula funebralis peaked in January, the snail Littorina marmorata in May/June, and amphipods in September. Feeding rates were determined from experiments where grazers were offered the choice of 10 algal species. Population-level estimates of mesoherbivory were substantially greater than those of macroherbivory, suggesting that small gastropod and crustacean grazers on cold-temperate shores may be more important than previously recognized. PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE FEEDING OF THE NUDIBRANCH ROBOASTRA EUROPAEA GARCIA-GOMEZ, 1985 FROM THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR César Megina and Juan Lucas Cervera e-mail: icervera@merlin.uca.es Dep. Biologia Animal, Vegetal y Ecologia, Univ. Cadiz Apdo. 40, 11510 Puerto Real SPAIN José Carlos Garcia-Gomez Lab. Biologia Marina, Univ. Sevilla Apdo. 1095, 41080 Sevilla SPAIN To date, nothing about the feeding habits of the polyceratid nudibranch Roboastra europaea Garcia-Gomez, 1985 was known. The study of the digestive contents of several specimens of this species indicates it preys preferentially upon one or more species of the genus Polycera. Nevertheless, some radulae of other polyceratids, Polycerella emertoni and Limacia clavigera, are also found among the digestive contents. The feeding of R. europaea is compared with that of R. tigris, as well as future experiments to be developed to complete our results are proposed. PHYLOGENY OF HYPSELODORIS (NUDIBRANCHIA: CHROMODORIDIDAE) Terrence M. Gosliner and Rebecca Johnson e-mail: tgosliner@casmail.calacademy.org Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 The genus Hypselodoris contains approximately fifty described species and at least a dozen undescribed ones. Detailed studies of the anatomy of members of the genus reveal far more variability than previously described. Details Annual Report, Vol. 29 of reproductive anatomy and distribution of mantle glands provide valuable new characters for systematic and phylogenetic study. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships indicates that there are two major clades. One clade is found in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic while the other contains inhabitants of the Indo-Pacific tropics. Other evolutionary trends in development of color patterns and anatomical specializations are discussed. PHYLOGENY OF FISSURELLID GENERA HAVING THE FISSURISEPTA SHELL FORM James H. McLean e-mail: jmclean@mizar.usc.edu Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 Eleven fissurellid genera (four are to be described as new) are discussed. Nine genera have a septum that separates the mantle cavity from the visceral mass and five of the genera (the Fissurisepta group) obliterate the protoconch and early whorl by the expansion of the foramen as the shell matures. Established genera in the Fissurisepta group are Fissurisepta Seguenza, 1862, and A/trix Palmer, 1941. Species occur at continental slope to abyssal depths. Genera are defined by three differing gill morphologies (the plesiomorphic bipectinate state, and two apomorphic monopectinate states are known) and three radular plans (the plesiomorphic plan and two derived plans are known), in addition to other characters of the immature and mature shell and the epipodium. Although there are gaps in the data, a cladistic analysis is performed. The outgroup genus is Emarginula Lamarck, 1801, with no septum and an open slit. Also included in the analysis are the separate genera Puncturella Lowe, 1827, and Cranopsis A. Adams, 1860, and Diodora Gray, 1821, which has a reduced septum and the apical whorls obliterated by the foramen. : The analysis yielded 16 equally parsimonious trees treating all characters as unordered. The traditional sequence of Emarginula, Cranopsis, Puncturella, and Diodora is confirmed. Of seven more highly derived genera, two pairs form sister groups and the remaining genera form an unresolved polytomy with these two pairs of genera. Better resolution can be expected when missing information on anatomy, radula, and protoconchs is added to the matrix. [Editor’s Note: The following paper is based on work presented at the 1995 Annual Meeting in Fairbanks, Alaska. Maps and figures referred to in the text were not included with this submission. ] THE HOLOCENE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM SHELL MIDDENS ON THE COAST OF PETER THE GREAT BAY (SEA OF JAPAN): PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE Vladimir A. Rakov Department of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture Far East StateUniversity Vladivostok 690000, Russia Konstantin A. Lutaenko The Institute Museum, Institute of Marine Biology Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Vladivostok 690041, Russia Introduction The study of Holocene molluscan fauna on the continental coast of the Sea of Japan began in 1970 (Evseev, 1971) and continues to the present time. The results and conclusions are based on the materials from cores of bottom deposits, coastal terraces and lowlands (natural and anthropogenic outcrops) within the region between the Tumangan River mouth (Russian - Korean border) and Zerkalnaya Bay (mid- Primoriye) (Evseev, 1975, 1976, 1979, 1981; Lutaenko, 1988, 1993a, b). Peter the Great Bay, situated in this region, is of great biogeographical interest as its molluscan fauna is very rich and diverse, and contains a large number of warm-water (tropical-subtropical and subtropical) species which are absent in the fauna of the mid-Promoriye region. A wide variety of biotopes and environmental conditions - from lagoonal and estuarine to open marine are found here, due to considerable indentation of the coast. It is well known that the study of archaeological sites, and especially, shell middens - concentrations and heaps of marine and freshwater shells, can give valuable paleogeographic and faunal information. Although selective harvesting of mollusks by ancient people strongly biases faunal lists from archaeological sites, these lists may be much richer than data from boreholes and natural outcrops. This situation has been observed in studies of shell middens of the Late Holocene in Peter the Great Bay. This has led us to undertake a study in collaboration with the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Peoples of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vladivostok) and Laboratory and Museum of Archaeology of the Far East State University (Vladivostok). This paper is a review of data on the systematic composition of the largest shell middens of the region and an attempt to develop and analyze a faunal list in paleogeographic and biogeographical aspects. 18 Previous Studies Shell middens on the coast of Peter the Great Bay (Figs. 1, 2) have been known since 1860 and were first investigated in 1880 by the Russian Far Eastern naturalist M. I. Yankovsky (Rakov, Brodiansky, 1985; Andreeva et al., 1986). Yankovsky compared these shell concentrations with Danish Kokkenmoddinger (Danish term for “shell middens” - Petersen, 1986). Some of the first systematic determinations of mollusks (to genus level) were made by naturalist V. K. Arseniev in 1921 (Okladnikov, 1963). In 1920 archaeological sites with molluscan shells were studied by the hydrobiologist A. I. Razin (1925, 1926) on the coasts of Amur and Ussuri Bays. Complex archaeological and faunal investigations were organized by A. P. Okladnikov (1963) in 1956 and 1960 on the coast of Pestchany Peninsula, Amur Bay. From the ancient settlement on the Pestchany Peninsula ten species of bivalves and two species of gastropods were preliminarily identified by I. M. Meshcheryakova (1963). In the early 1970's it became clear that shell middens on the coast of Peter the Great Bay belonged to a separate archaeological culture which was called “Yankovskaya” (Andreeva et al., 1986). It dates from the eight to the third centuries B.C. (Early Iron Age) (Brodianski, Rakov, 1992) or from the eight to the fifth centuries B.C. (Andreeva et al., 1986). Radiocarbon dates for Yankovskaya culture are from 2900 to 2300 years B.P. (Kuzmin, 1992). Russian archaeologists have published a number of works dealing with this culture (Andreeva et al., 1986; Kluev, 1993). V. A. Rakov and D. L. Brodyansky continued studies of faunistic composition from sites on the coast of Peter the Great Bay during the 1970's. A brief review of mollusk species composition from Neolithic - Middle Ages sites (based on random materials) from Primoriye and Sakhalin Island was given by E. V. Krasnov et al. (1977). This list contains 15 species of Bivalvia and five species of Gastropoda. The most complete species list of mollusks from southern Primoriye sites was compiled by Rakov and Brodyansky (1985) and includes 19 species of Bivalvia and seven species of Gastropoda. Two large sites with shell middens of Early Neolithic were discovered in 1987 on the coast of Boysman Bay, western part of Peter the Great Bay (Brodyansky et al., 1995). These sites are related to the newly recognized Boysmanovskaya culture. Radiocarbon dates for this culture lie between 4400 and 6300 years B.P. (Jull et al., 1994), which places it in the mid-Holocene age. Another Neolithic culture - Zaysanovskaya, has radiocarbon dates from 3000 to 5000 years B.P. (Kuzmin, 1994), and also contains molluscan remains. Species Composition of Molluscan Assemblages from Shell Middens This paper deals with species composition of mollusks The Western Society of Malacologists from seven most completely studied (from faunistic viewpoint) shell middens, two of them refer to Boysmanovskaya culture of Early Neolithic (Sites 1, 2 - see Tables 1, 2), 1 - to transitional Zaysanovskaya culture (Site 3), and 4 - Yankovskaya culture of the Early Iron Age (Sites 4-7). Also, data from species found in “Recent” shell middens are given in Tables | and 2 (column 8). These modern shell concentrations appeared at the end of 19" century and early 20" century due in Tables 1 and 2 (column 8). These modern shell concentrations appeared at the end of 19" century and early 20" century due to activity of Korean population and shows that harvesting of mollusks in the coastal zone of Peter the Great Bay has a long beginning during second part of the Holocene (since 5000-6000 years B.P.). Archaeological sites mentioned in Tables 1 and 2 and in the text are shown in Fig. B Species composition of molluscan fauna from archaeological sites reflects faunal changes in shallow waters of southern Primoriye which were closely related to paleoenvironmental changes during Middle and Late Holocene, mainly climatic changes. We considered peculiarities of molluscan assemblages from sites of different cultures. Boysmanovskaya culture Twenty-one species of Bivalvia and 18 species of Gastropoda are know from two shell middens on the western coast of Peter the Great Bay. Small terrestrial snails found in some shell layers are not included to the list. The primary feature of these two sites is presence of two mid-Holocene indicators of warming (Anadara subcrenata and Meretrix lusoria); they do not live in Peter the Great Bay now. Recent northern boundaries of their distribution probably lie in the region of East Korean Bay (700-800 km southward). These two species are represented well from natural mid-Holocene deposits of Peter the Great Bay (Evseev, 1981; Lutaenko, 1993a) - on the coast of Ussuri Bay (A. subcrenata) and Vostok Bay (M. lusoria) (see Fig. 2). However, predominant species in the both shell middens is the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Jull et al., 1994). Analysis of species composition from molluscan assemblages of the Boysmanovskaya culture shows that these assemblages are impoverished upper subtidal mid- Holocene fauna of Peter the Great Bay. Zonal-geographical composition of the assemblages is characterized by presence of warm-water mollusks (subtropical-lowboreal and subtropical) as well as boreal (lowboreal and widely distributed boreal). The only tropical-subtropical mollusk - bivalve Trapezium liratum, does not live in this bay at present, and its nearest settlements are situated of 80-100 km distant, at the head of Amur and Ussuri Bays. This fact illustrates some changes in molluscan fauna of the Boysman Bay since Middle Holocene. The data permit a general reconstruction of the environment of Boysman Bay during deposition of the shell middens. The archaeological sites were located on the coast Annual Report, Vol. 29 of a semi-enclosed bay or lagoon with dense settlements of oysters (oyster beds). Some subfossil oysters have been washed out by Ryazanovka River about 100-150 meters from Boysman 2 site. Near mouth of the paleo-Ryazanovka River an estuarine zone was situated with suitable conditions for the brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica. A. subcrenata, M. lusoria, Ruditapes philippinarum and other representatives of warm-water fauna inhabited the subtidal zone of the paleo- bay. Ruditapes philippinarum and other representatives of warm-water fauna inhabited the subtidal zone of the paleo- bay. The average salinity in the bay probably was 20-25 o/oo. However, some mollusks from shell middens belong to inhabitants of open coast (e.g., Spisula sachalinensis, Dosinia Japonica, Mya japonica, Saxidomus purpuratus, Callista brevisiphonata). They occur on sandy and mixed (sand, gravel, pebble, etc.) substrates and live in Boysman Bay at present. Ancient people collected these mollusks on beaches after strong storms as mass stranding of live specimens is a common occurrence in Peter the Great Bay (Lutaenko, 1994). Zaysanovskaya culture The only completely studied shell midden of Zaysanovskaya culture is located on the coast of Expeditzii Bay (Possjet Bay). This site contains 14 species of bivalves and seven species of gastropods. Among them, M. lusoria represents a subtropical element of extinct fauna from Peter the Great Bay. Some bivalve mollusks from the Possjet | site do not live in the adjacent area of the Expeditzii Bay but occur on the relatively open coasts of Possjet Bay (Glycymeris yessoensis, Megangulus zyonoensis, D. japonica). T. liratum also found in this shell midden, does not live in Possjet Bay, but inhabit other areas of Peter the Great Bay. All gastropods, except for Umbonium costatum, are common species in Expeditzii Bay. These data show that Zaysanovskaya culture’s mollusks existed during relatively warm conditions. Unfortunately, limited sample size precludes further. paleoecological treatment. Yankovskaya culture Indicators from the Yankovskaya culture are especially important for biogeography and paleogeography of the Primoriye Holocene, because we have little data from this period. A significant number of bivalve species have been discovered from four well-studied shell middens of the culture - 44 (Shelekha Cape - 32, Gladkaya | - 18, Pestchany 1 - 43, Chapaevo | -18). It should be noted that these data are most complete for the Late Holocene of southern Primoriye. Among the bivalves of Yankovskaya culture both cold- water and warm-water elements have been recognized. Some cold-water species (e.g., Panomya arctica) are rare in shallow areas of Peter the Great Bay and occupy mainly the lower subtidal zone (below 20-30 meters). On the other hand, A. subcrenata, the extinct subtropical species in this region, is 19 identified for the first time from the Late Holocene (Pestchany 1). We stressed before (Lutaenko, 1991) that A. subcrenata is a very characteristic species of the Atlantic molluscan fauna and 1s a reliable marker of the mid-Holocene deposits. The finding of this species in the Early Iron Age shows that some warm-water mollusks probably existed in Peter the Great Bay during Middle-Late Holocene and disappeared in the Latest Holocene (? 800-1000 years B.P.). The same faunal changes have been recognized recently by Japanese researches. According to Matsushima (1984), 7. liratum is an extinct species at present along the northern coast of Hokkaido and was found only in the time span 6800 and 4000 years B.P. However, this mollusk is recognized as having lived around the Moyoro shell midden dates 1000 years B.P. (Sakaguchi et al., 1985). According to Nakagawa et al. (1993), Late Holocene (4000 - 2000 years B.P. ) the molluscan fauna of the Wakasa Bay (Sea of Japan side of Japan) contains many subtropical species (e.g., Anadara granosa) which can not be found living here. This suggests that remnants of the mid- Holocene fauna of the climatic optimum existed in the Late Holocene time in different bays of the Sea of Japan and adjacent areas and disappeared only last 1000 years. Biogeographical analysis of Pestchany | fauna shows that tropical-subtropical (5.9%) and subtropical and subtropical- lowboreal (45.1%) bivalve mollusks are predominant; the proportion of other groups, lowboreal, boreal/amphiboreal, and boreal-arctic, is 31.4%, 11.7%, and 5.9%, respectively (Rakov, Tolstonogova, 1991). This seems to point to a warm- water character of Late Holocene molluscan assemblages in southern Primorye. The oyster C. gigas is a predominant species in many shell middens of the Yankovskaya culture. Conclusions The number of bivalve and gastropod species from sites of different archaeological cultures varies. Maximum number of bivalve species is found at Pestchany | site (43), minimum number - 14 (Possjet | site). Species number depends on the methods used during excavation of shell middens and selective harvesting of mollusks by people in the past. Ancient people collected mostly large and/or abundant mollusks in the coastal zone and from beaches after storms, and many small shells rarely found from archaeological sites are incidental species which live within oyster beds or collected occasionally for decorations. We can not consider “archaeological” molluscan assemblages as a full set of nearshore fauna. However, based on the species identified, some conclusions may be drawn. The number of bivalve species commonly obtained from shell middens in Primoriye is limited to 30-40 species. Similar species numbers were found also in shell middens from Hokkaido (Akamatsu, 1969). This estimation should be treated as maximum species diversity for “archaeological deposits” in the coastal area of the Sea of Japan. 20 Ancient people exploited not only natural settlements of upper subtidal mollusks but they also collected shells and living animals on the beaches. This is based on the presence in shell middens of mollusks which inhabit open areas of Peter the Great Bay while many archaeological sites were located in semi-enclosed bays. Some warm-water bivalves mollusks which appeared in southern Primoriye during the climatic optimum of the Holocene time (Atlantic stage), do not live here at present, but can be found in Late Holocene deposits. Before they were only known from mid-Holocene time. Meretrix lusoria is probably the only reliable indicator of Atlantic warming in southern Primoriye. Oyster settlements of mid- and late-Holocene ages were distributed more widely in Peter the Great Bay as compared to their present distribution. It is traced by the location of shell middens on the coast. Species composition of bivalve mollusks from shell middens of southern Primoriye and Hokkaido (Akamatsu, 1969) is similar except for Amusium Japonica, Meretrix lamarckii, Cyclina sinensis, Gomphina melanaegisand Tresus keenae, which have never been lived in Peter the Great Bay. That are very warm-water species found chiefly from Early to Late Jomon shell middens (6000- 3000 years B.P.). Characteristic species from Hokkaido’s archaeological sites are belonging to “oyster complex”, “estuarine complex”, “marine epifaunal complex “ and “marine complex of burrowing invertebrates” (terminology introduced by Brodianski and Rakov, 1992). This is related to similar ways of harvesting of mollusks by ancient people in both Peter the Great Bay and Hokkaido. The total number of bivalves decreased in Late and Latest Jomon (13-14 species) comparing to Earliest to Middle Jomon (20-26 species) (see Table 3), while in southern Primoriye it reaches up to 43 species in the Late Holocene (Pestchany | site). Acknowledgments We are greatly indebted to A. N. Popov, D. L. Brodyansky, V. Tolstonogova (Far East State University, Vladivostok) and Yu. E. Vostretzov (Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Peoples of the Far East, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok) for field assistance. Mr. Victor Starostka (Far East Federal Marine Reserve, Vladivostok) kindly improved English version of the manuscript. This study was partly supported by Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research grant N 95-04- 11134. The material studied is partly deposited in the Institute Museum, Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok. Sciences, Vladivostok. The Western Society of Malacologists Species composition of gastropod mollusks from shell middens on the coast of Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan) Species composition of bivalve mollusks from shell middens Table 1 species Notoacmea concinna (Lischke) Lottia heroldi (Dunker) Lottia dorsuosa (Gould) Lottia radiata (Rathke) Acmaea pallida (Gould) Puncturella nobilis (Adams) Tegula rustica (Gmelin) Umbonium costatum (Kiener) Homalopoma sangarense (Schrenck) Turritella fortilirata Sowerby Epheria turrita (Adams) Littorina sitchana Philippi Littorina mandshurica Schrenck Littorina brevicula Philippi Littorina squalida Broderip et Sowerby Fluviocingula nipponica Kuroda et Habe Assiminea lutea Adams Lunatia pila (Pilsbry) Cryptonatica janthostoma (Deshayes) Batillaria cumingii (Grosse) Cerithiopsis sp. Tritia acutidentata (Smith) Mitrella burchardi (Dunker) Neptunea lyrata (Gmelin) Neptunea bulbacea (Berardi) Neptunea polycostata Scarlato Plicifusus plicatus (Adams) Buccinum middendorfi Verkruzen Tritonalia japonica (Dunker) Boreotrophon candelabrum (Adams et Reeve) Nucella heyseana (Dunker) Nucella cf. freycinettii (Deshayes) Rapana venosa Valenciennes Bela erosa (Schrenck) 7 8 2 3e40556 ey ese ae eae + Stes Pesicares + Sr re ee = ie = = ste t++-+- 4+ ---eee ae ++t+eet ++ ttt t++et+etet Et aqeapeanea Ba, nave estes eee et SiS, ch Ee ae t++t+4¢H 2 ey bey + Sirois ch ok oS Sees a felsic ie, we, st See fe + t+- +++ t++ttet PhS see ae t++tte+ et ee ue BS + t++---+ ps oe ee + SeecReey ty + ST a ei ln Table 2 + + dt on the coast of Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan) SOE COR =-1): Ong Cin SES species Acila insignis (Gould) Crenomytilus grayanus (Dunker) Mytilus trossulus Gould Mytilus coruscus Gould Musculista senhousia (Benson) Modiolus kurilensis Bernard Septifer keenae Nomura Grassostrea gigas (Thunberg) Glycymeris yessoensis (Sowerby) Glycymeris sp. Arca boucardi Jousseaume Anadara subcrenata (Lischke) Anadara broughtoni (Schrenck) Swiftopecten swifti (Bernardi) Chlamys farreri (Jones et Preston) Mizunopecten yessoensis (Jay) Laternula limicola (Reeve) Hiatella arctica (L.) Panomya arctica (Lamarck) Annual Report, Vol. 29 8 20. Panomya sp. Se owen eee 21. Panope abrupta (Conrad) SS Soa Se 22. Keenocardium californiense (Deshayes) Soe ae Day 23. Kellia japonica Pilsbry -----+t+-- 24. Diplodonta semiasperoides Nomura - - - - + - - 25. Felaniella usta (Gould) Se eee eae ge 26. Pillucina pisidium (Dunker) eo eae 27. Nipponomysella obesa Habe shee. ae 28. Megangulus venulosus (Schrenck) - - - + ++ - + 29. Megangulus zyonoensis (Hatai et Nisiyama) t+tte- +- + 30. Cadellalubrica(Gould) = --- - - ors 31. Macoma tokyoensis Makiyama et dah tet eet 32. Gari kazusensis(Yokoyama) = - - - - - See 33. Corbicula japonica Prime +++ tet¢t 34. Trapezium liratum (Reeve) +++ teteest 35. Callista brevisiphonata (Carpenter)+ + - + - + - + 36. Saxidomus purpuratus (Sowerby) - + - + - + - + 37. Dosinia angulosa (Philippi) ho ee eee 38. Dosinia japonica (Reeve) t++tt++4+4+4 39. Meretrix lusoria (Roding) t+t+----- 40. Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams et Reeve) t++tt+r+++ 41. Mercenaria stimpsoni (Gould) ee 42. Protothaca euglypta (Sowerby) - - - - - see 43. Protothaca jedoensis (Lischke) ee ee ee 44. Callithaca adamsi (Reeve) = 3 - - - - - See 45. Anisocorbula venusta (Gould) ++-+++- 4 46. Potamocorbula amurensis (Schrenck) = = = = = Sees 47. Siliqua alta (Broderip et Sowerby) - - - - - - - + 48. SolenkrusensterniSchrenck = - - - - - - - + 49. Mactra chinensis Philippi - - - t+H+H+4 50. Mactra veneriformis Deshayes ee ede ee Pt te 51. Spisula sachalinensis (Schrenck) + + ++ +++ 4+ 52. Mya japonica Jay +++ 4+4++ 44 Sites: 1, 2 - Boysman | and Boysman 2; 3 - Possjet 1; 4 - Shelekha Cape; 5 - Gladkaya 1; 6 - Pestchany 1; 7 - Chapaevo; 8 - “Recent” shell middens on the coast of Peter the Great Bay. Table 3 Species number of bivalve mollusks from shell middens of Middle and Late Holocene in Hokkaido (calculated based on data of Akamatsu, 1969) Regions Earliest Early Middle Late Latest Jomon Jomon Jomon Jomon Jomon Jomon 1 0 2 18 0 0 2 0 0 4 8 2 ] 0 2 18 0 0 2 0 0 4 8 2 3 6 7 8 0 0 4 14 22 18 8 13 5 9 a 0 0 0 In Total 20 23) 26 13 14 Earliest Jomon - up to 6000 years B.P. Early Jomon - between 5000 and 6000 years B.P. Middle Jomon - between 4000 and 5000 years B.P. Late Jomon - between 3000 and 4000 years B.P. Latest Jomon - between 2000 and 3000 years B.P. 21 Regions: | - southern part of Hokkaido (Oshima Peninsula) 2 - western part of Hokkaido 3 - northern part of Hokkaido (Okhotsk Sea coast) 4 - eastern part of Hokkaido (Pacific coast) 5 - Utiura Bay and adjacent areas (southern part of Hokkaido) Explanation to Test Figures Fig. 1. Map of the Sea of Japan area. Arrow points to the Peter the Great Bay Fig. 2. Map of Peter the Great Bay with archaeological sites where shell middens were studied. 1,2 - Boysman | and Boysman 2 sites 3 - Possjet | site 4 - Shelekha Cape site 5 - Gladkaya | site 6 - Pestchany | site 7 - Chapaevo site Literature Cited Akamatsu M. 1969. Molluscan assemblages of shell mounds in Hokkaido with special reference to the socalled Jomon transgression. Earth Sci., 23 (3): 107-117. [in Japanese with English abstract] Andreeva Zh. V., Zhushchikhovskaya I.S. and Kononenko N.A. 1986. Yankovskaya Culture. Nauka, Moscow, 214 pp. [in Russian] Brodianski D. L. (sic!) And Rakov V. A. 1992. Prehistoric aquaculture on the western coast of the Pacific. In: C. M. Aikens and Song Nai Rhee (Eds.), Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory. Pullman, Washington State Univ. Press, pp. 27-31. (Eds.) Brodyansky D. L., Krupyanko A. A. and Rakov V. A. 1995. Shell hill in the Boysman Bight is an Early Neolithic monument. Bull. Far Eastern Branch, Russ. Acad. Sci., 4: 128-132. [in Russian with English abstract] Evseev G. A. 1971. Transgressive and regressive communities of the bivalve mollusks in post-glacial history of the Far Eastern seas. Commun. Inst. Mar. Biol. (Vladivostok), 2: 72-74. [in Russian] Evseev G. A. 1975. Bottom deposits of Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) and their stratigraphy based on the fauna of bivalve mollusks. In: A.M. Korotky and A. P. Kulakov (Eds.), Problems of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology of Southern Far East of the USSR. DVNTs AN_ SSSR, Vladivostok, pp. 144-156. [in Russian, title translated] Evseev G. A. 1976. The origin of the Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) and the history of its fauna of bivalves. In: V. L. 22 Kasyanov (Ed.), Biological Investigations in the Vostok Bay. DVNTs AN SSSR, Vladivostok, pp. 23-62. [in Russian] Evseev G. A. 1979. Post-glacial communities of bivalve mollusks of north-western shelf of the Sea of Japan. In: E. V. Krasnov (Ed.), The Paleoecology of Marine Invertebrate Communities. DVNTs AN SSSR, Vladivostok, pp. 5-33. [in Russian] Evseev G. A. 1981. Communities of bivalve mollusks in Post-glacial deposits of shelf of the Sea of Japan. Nauka, Moscow, 160 pp. [in Russian, title translated] Jull A. J. T., Kuzmin Ya. V., Lutaenko K. A., Orlova L. A., Popov A. N., Rakov V. A. and Sulerzhitskii L. D. 1994. The mid-Holocene malacofauna of the Neolithic site Boysman 2 (Primorye): composition, age, and environment. Dokl. Adad. Nauk (Rept. Acad. Sci., Moscow), 339 (5): 697-700. [in Russian] Kluev N. A. 1993. Archaeology of prehistoric society of Primoriye and Priamuriye. Historical and bibliographic review (1861-1991). Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 187 pp. [in Russian] Krasnov E. V., Evseev G. A., Tatarnikov V. A., Shavkunov E. V., Besednov L. N. and Dyakova O. V. 1977. Marine organisms in life of ancient people. Biol. Mor. (Mar. Biol., Vladivostok), 1: 81-90. [in Russian with English abstract] Kuzmin Ya. V. 1992. Ancient people on the coast of Possjet Bay in Primoriye (paleogeographical aspect). In: Inst. of Hist., Archaeol. and Ethnogr. of the Peoples of the Far East, Far East Branch, Russ. Acad. Sci. (Ed.), Second Far East Conference of Young Historians. Vladivostok, pp. 22-23. [in Russian] Kuzmin Ya. V. 1994. Paleogeography of the Stone Age cultures of Primorye (Far Eastern Russia). Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 156 pp. [in Russian with English and Japanese abstracts] Lutaenko K. A. 1988. Shells of molluscs from the Holocene deposits on the coast of Ussuri Bay, Sea of Japan. Biol. Mor. (Mar. Biol., Vladivostok), 6: 65-67. [in Russian with English abstract] Lutaenko K. A. 1991. On the origin of warm-water elements of malacofauna of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Biol. Mor. (Mar. Biol., Vladivostok), 1: 12-20. [in Russian] Lutaenko K. A. 1993a. Climatic optimum during the Holocene and the distribution of warm-water mollusks in the Sea of Japan. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoeclimatol., Palaeoecol., 102: 273-281. The Western Society of Malacologists Lutaenko K. A. 1993b. Mollusks from Holocene deposits of the Khasan Lake region in southern Primor’e. Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyat. (Stratigr. Geol. Correl.), 1(6): 89-91. [in Russian] Lutaenko K. A. 1994. Beach molluscan thanatocoenoses in Possjet Bay, Sea of Japan: comparison between open and sheltered beaches. Benthos Res. (J. Jap. Assoc. Benthol.), 47: 1-12. Matsushima Y. 1984. Shallow marine molluscan assemblages of Postglacial period in the Japanese Islands. Bull. Kanagawa Pref. Mus., Natur. Sci., 15: 37-109. [in Japanese with English abstract] Meshcheryakova I. M. 1963. Preliminary data on the results of investigation of shell middens on the Pestchany Peninsula. Materials and Investig. Archaeol. USSR, 112: 339- 343. [in Russian] Nakagawa T., Fukuoka O., Fujii S., Chiji M. and Nakamura T. 1993. Fossil shell assemblages in the Holocene Takahama shell bed discovered at Takaham-Cho, western part of Fukui Prefecture, Central Japan. Monogr. Fukui City Mus. Natur. Hist., 1: 1-113 [in Japanese with English abstract] Okladnikov A. P. 1963. Ancient settlement on the Pestchany Peninsula near Vladivostok. Materials and Investig. Archaeol. USSR, 112: 1-326. [in Russian] Petersen K. S. 1987. Holocene marine molluscan faunas and shellfish from Kokkenmoddinger in the Limfjord region, northern Jutland, Denmark. Striae, 24: 221-226. Rakov V. A. and Brodyansky D. L. 1985. Prehistoric aquaculture. In: Chan Su Bu (Ed.), Problems of Pacific Archaeology. Far East State Univ. Press, Vladivostok, pp. 145-160. [in Russian, title translated] Rakov V. A. and Tolstonogova V. V. 1991. Malacofauna from shell midden of Yankovskaya culture on the Pestchany Peninsula. In: Recent Status and Perspective of Development of Scientific Researches by Young Researchers in Social Science (preprint), Vladivostok, pp. 85-88. [in Russian, title translated] Razin A. I. 1925. Archaeological prospecting on the coast of Ussuri Bay. Soviet Primoriye, 8: 59-72. [in Russian] Razin A. I. 1926. Sites of the Stone Age on the coast of Ussuri Bay. Soviet Primoriye, 3-4: 55-69. [in Russian] Kakaguchi Y., Kashima K. and Matsubara A. 1985. Holocene marine deposits in Hokkaido and their sedimentary environments. Bull. Dept. Geogr., Univ. Tokyo, 17: 1-17. Annual Report, Vol. 29 23 Minutes Executive Board Meeting Western Society of Malacologists Handlery Hotel, San Diego, California 23 Junel996 Called to order by President Hugh Bradner at 4:10 p.m. Present: Board members Hugh Bradner, Terry Amold, George Metz, Kirstie Kaiser, Don Shasky, Sandra Millen, Doug Eernisse, Henry Chaney. Observer Kim Hutsell. Secretary Report: Minutes accepted as read. Published minutes will be amended to ‘as read’ version to correct error in adjournment time. Treasurer Report: See attached. In the future sources of Student Grant funds will be shown in the Annual Report. Student Grant Committee: 28 proposals Winners to be announced 31 July. Action item for Treasurer. Review bylaws to clarify funding of student grant. Nominations for 1997: President Henry Chaney First Vice President Sandra Millen Second Vice President Roger Seapy Secretary Terry Arnold Treasurer George Metz Members at Large Saxon Sharpe Paula Mikkelsen Voted to present proposed slate to membership at general meeting. Publications: Kim Hutsell will edit 1996 Annual Report. 1997 Meeting: 22-26 June in Santa Barbara at Radisson Hotel. Joint meeting with AMU. Symposia: : Deep Sea Mollusca (1 2 days Mon & Tues.) Jerry Harasewych Phylogenetic Systematics (Wed) Gary Rosenberg Cephalopods of Northern Pacific (Thurs.) Eric Hochberg Evenings: Sunday Reception Monday Open Tuesday Wine Tour Wednesday Auction Thursday — Banquet Related Meetings: COA 13-18 July, Captiva FL. 24 1998 Meeting: Vancouver 21-25 June at University of BC. Campus housing available as follows: private rooms 54 single & 75 double; semi-private 30 CDN funds. Food is available on campus. Possible overlap with Society for Study of Evolution meeting. New Business: Motion made, seconded, and passed to present to the membership a proposal to join the Malacological Society of Australasia as an affiliate member. Issue of mailing cost for overseas members was raised. An airmail option will be added for overseas members. Adjourned at 5:51 PM. Respectively submitted by Terry S. Arnold, Secretary. Minutes Annual Business Meeting Western Society of Malacologists Handlery Hotel, San Diego, California 26 June1996 Called to order by President Hugh Bradner at 3:39 PM. Secretary Report: minutes accepted as read. Treasurer Report: Presented as attached. Accepted as read. Student Paper Award: (Doug Eernisse) Thomas Duda is recipient of best student paper award. Audit Committee: Preliminary review is acceptable. Final report will appear in Annual Report. Student Grant: 28 proposals. Recommendation due at end of July. Motion to allocate $1000 to Student Grant fund moved, seconded, and passed unanimously. Nomination Committee: Slate for 1997 President Henry Chaney First Vice President Sandra Millen Second Vice President Roger Seapy Secretary Terry Arnold Treasurer George Metz Members at Large Saxon Sharpe Paula Mikkelsen The Western Society of Malacologists No nominations from floor. Motion to accept nominations made, seconded and passed. Show of hands to elect proposed slate. All aye votes. Proposed slated elected for 1997. New Business: Motion by Terry Gosliner. Vote of appreciation for outgoing officers and Symposium organizers. Moved, seconded, and passed. Motion by Hans Bertsch to provide available copies of past and future WSM publications to three Baja California Universities. Moved, seconded, and passed. Auction and reprint sale: Auction grossed $3598.15 Reprints net $139 Motion by Terry Arnold for WSM to join Malacological Society of Australasia. Moved Seconded and passed. Adjourned 4:40 PM. Moved seconded and passed. Respectively submitted by Terry S. Arnold, Secretary Annual Report, Vol. 29 25 Apauuay | a6i0a9 ZH8H sain ZHPH 'W 9o1eD assiuieg ‘¢ Bnog Aaueyd esequeg aBpuqmos, “q elyjuAD ZJ@W BBi0a5 uosiapuy ‘9 puejoy IQi\y SUUOAA SE@AQID ‘| Aaspury sauinbs “7 paeyory Ines e/4n07 uosiapuy (Apu) yues4 plowy ‘Ss Auey Jouue, “Wy Aajsany Jabia5 jaiueg eulbayy sesag Jahay ‘d JaydoysiuyD \yepury abieyy BJaAla9g seon7 uenr o6al] ‘gq juay pun|Boxs “9 jo1eD JOP2OIYIS ‘Gq JayeEAA yooy Apuayn, Ayseys “y pleuog ZOWOD e1DJeD sowed asor punjBoys jneq Uno] ~ WINUOATTH) “OIq NUS INIITA{ THANK} SUSTIOOIUTU YY 0 ALITION NUL Aaueyd ‘MM Aiuay HESINH *D Wy UBLUYDIH “S ajoleD Jasiey “7 SiSiIy xajodniq ‘3 eveyy xajodnig sewo lyepur] uay Joupesg abieyy Joupesg yOny siaeq ‘3 abi0ay KNOY NOR OOS The Western Society of Malacologists 26 WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS TREASURER'S REPORT 1 October 1995 - 30 September 1996 INCOME Membership:dues stes-cte ss ernest any eee ae eee $2338.00 StudentiGrantdonationsiy sets erate een eee 275.00 Symposium fund donations <2. ..< 2...5..4 cncnces eee es es ote olen. 213.00 InterestifromisaVinSS\s-cts crest ren ra iek tere ee eee 479.52 ROW aLtleS tesserae teenctouer eBay Severe Ares et eee ance ree en a ee 210.11 WO9Gi Conference Lees = arcei. eer ysis cic tron ne euch eae enema ty aes eee 4635.62 Auction/Reprint sales..25 2 eter ee ee ees ee: 3491.60 TOTAL INCOME, during\period) 252. pa. jets ot cret cies ree ee suo tie nie eeege oe $11642.85 EXPENSES Administrative (Fees, Dues, Officer Expense, Office Expense) ........... 492.28 NO9GiStudent: Grants eee wee ee sys sere asa eeianie en ete 1000.00 Publication of the 1994 & 1995 Annual Reports ...................... 1567.75 1997 Mecting Advance Deposit. = 212. 0640+... 462.5 -eeceeee sseees 1500.00 1996 ConferencesExpensesim meee tere teers ee eee 3920.33 TOTAL EXPENSES during period ............ 0.00. c ccc ccc cece eee eens $8480.36 INCE GAIN edna Biers ounretave, fe cee tise eee ah ae ence o maaan av egausuentte aeetoces Sencar NOMS inte entre $3162.49 Balancejbrought forwarder eee eerie erties re ere 3673.61 Currents alance cr vig ewes ees or creer srerier ee ea eta ee ea eee 6836.10 Savings (Does not include Interest) ..........0ccecccecccacceccevcevcevcees $10,007.21 STUDENT GRANT AWARD RECIPIENT Thomas F, Duda University of Hawaii Kewalo Marine Laboratory, 41 Ahui Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 28 The Western Society of Malacologists Regular Individual Memberships ALLMON, Dr. Warren D., Paleontological Research Institute, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 ANDERSON, Roland C., Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Seattle, WA 98101 ARNOLD, Terry S.,2975 B Street, San Diego, CA 92102 AVILES E., Prof, Miguel C., Apartado 6-765, Zona Postal El Dorado. 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Box 3937, Wilmington, DE 19807-0937 MILLEN, Sandra, 619 East 30th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada MILLER, Dr. Walter B., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105 MINCH, John, 26021 Via Arboleda, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675 MONTFORT, Nancy, Cove Corporation, 10200 Breeden Road, Lusby, MD 20657 MOORE, Dr. Ellen J., 3324 SW Chintimini Ave., Corvalis, OR 97333 MORSE, Dr Aileen N.C., Marine Science Institute, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 MULLINER, David K. and Margaret, 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, CA 92109 MURRAY, Dr. Harold D., Biology Dept., Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212 NARANJO-GARCIA, Dr. Edna, Calle Estio No. 2, Mexico, D.F. 01600, Mexico NIESEN, Dr. Thomas M., Dept. of Biology-School of Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 NORRID, Harold and Charlotte, 233 East Cairo Dr., Tempek, AZ 85282 NYBAKKEN, Dr. James, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 OLSON, Annette M., School of Marine Affairs, University of Washington, 3707 Brooklyn Ave. NE, Seattle, WA 98105-6715 OSBORNE, Michael A., P.O. Box 929, Cannon Beach, OR 97110 PEARCE, Dr. Timothy, Molluscan Biodiversity Institute, 246-A Haddon Hills, Haddonfield, NJ 08033 PETIT, Richard E., P.O. Box 30, North Myrtle Beach, SC 29597-0030 PHILLIPS, Dr. David W., 2410 Oakenshield Road, Davis, CA 95616 PITT, William D. and Lois, 2444 38th Ave., Sacramento, CA 95822 POIZAT, Dr. Claude, CERAM, Fac. Sci., Tech. de St. Jerome, Ave Escadrile Normandie, Case 342, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 13, France POWELL, Charles L., 2462 East Santa Clara Ave., Fullerton, CA 92631 REDINGTON, Oliver, 110 Elwood Street, Redwood City, CA 94062 -1619 30 The Western Society of Malacologists RICE, Thomas C., P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble, WA 98364 RICKNOVSZKY, Dr, Andor, Eotvos Jozsel Pedagigional Academy, Postafiok 62, 6500 Baja, Hungary RIOS, Eliezer de Carvalho, Box 379, Museo Oceangrafico, Rio Grande, RS, 96200, Brazil RODRIQUEZ, C. Zoila Castillo, Inst. de Ciencias del Mar y Limnol., A.P. 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Box 9001, Blacksburg, VA 24061 32 The Western Society of Malacologists THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT, FOR 1997/1998 VOLUMES 30/31 THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT, FOR 1997/1998 VOLUMES 30/31 December 1998 FEB 18 1999 Rosen ne or ; Beers xe) nae of : one Sait Jc av Editorial Board, Volumes 30/31 George L. Kennedy, Editor Kim C. Hutsell, Production Editor PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY Annual Report The Annual Report of The Western Society of Malacologists is based on its yearly meeting. Distribution of the Annual Report is free to Members who are at the time of issue in good standing. Membership dues are $15.00 for Individuals, $17.00 for Families, $17.00 for Organizations, and $6.00 for Student Memberships. Occasional Papers No. 1. A. Myra Keen & Eugene V. Coan. 1975. “Sea Shells of Tropical West America”: (Nd gitons aNd COLTeCtiOMs tO 97 5860 Pps, d,065 -vayeghywrsletuys 8 set eee eau le a pirates $ 5.00 No. 2. George E. Radwin & Eugene V. Coan. 1976. A catalogue of collations of works oumalacological importance. 34 PPiwds.2saeok sa sss aaeseeee Sas. ds eee $ 5.00 No. 3. Hans Bertsch. 1993. Twenty-five year index to publications of the Western Society of Malacologists: Author, taxonomic, geographic and subject indices. 68 pp. .... $15.00 Correspondence regarding membership and orders for additional or back issues or runs of the Annual Report or Occasional Papers should be addressed to the current W.S.M. Treasurer, Dr. George E. Metz, 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, California 94947, USA. Corrections to Volume 29 Page 6. The order of authorship for the following paper should read: Klein, R. T., Kennedy, G. L., and Lohman, K. C. 1997. Paleoclimatic reconstruction of the southern Oregon coast 80,000 years BP: Can inferences based on bivalve shell mineralogy and molluscan paleozoogeography be resolved? WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS, Volumes 30 / 31 VOLUME 30 Abstracts and Papers from the 30th Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists and the 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Union held jointly in Santa Barbara, California, 21-27 June 1997 Do octopuses play? Roland'G. Anderson and Jennifer, A. Mather 2 s..2 aoe c osc so ae ae ic tne ce cate Ae ee i0 Statolith shape and microstructure in studies of systematics, age, and growth in planktonic paralarvae of gonatid squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the western Bering Sea Alexander I. Arkhipkin and Vyacheslav A. Bizikov.. 0.05.27 000220... 5 25.2 c beet been te cue re eed 10 A review of the family Simrothiellidae: The systematic status of the genera and their importance as a model for biogeography PamelarAtmnofs keys eters A Songs eee ita pst eg en oe icy rae ane a ete ee eee ee ce il Problems and pitfalls in phylogeny inference as illustrated by molluscs Thierry Backeljau, Hans De Wolf, Kurt Jordaens, Patrick Van Riel, and Birgitta Winnepenninckx ..... 11 Squid (Lolliguncula brevis) distribution within Chesapeake Bay: Locomotive reasons for its ecological success Jan. ¥. Bartoli 52h pon cdayederaslnds seh se -cavue Bsie Sywes ELE Reems oe eo Ree Sepa 11 Preliminary resuits on fecundity of the common squid, Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae), in the Japan Sea Natalya B. Bessmertnayaand Yaroslav A: Reznik 9.2.04 2.52 c0 ee seca: oS ss oo eee Ee 12 The gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister in the western Bering Sea: Distribution, stock structure, recruitment, and ontogenetic migrations Vyacheslav A. Bizikov and Alexander I) Arkhipkin . 23 (0.2.0.0. 88265000 aa ta ER oe ee 12 Size structured competitive interactions between a native and introduced estuarine mud snail: Implications for a species invasion JamesrES Byers: ies cuetlaes cca) oveietestcoueial aus Mead sue ones ehcnyis aucun) es enel os) easletere oro ne Sere ae eee 13 Latitudinal variation in radular morphology in the Atlantic plate limpet, Tectura testudinalis Erich); Ghapmian i. ects aie dane aecesloapede sn at recess eoadee aces cepe teases etme nesses euey ner Oe a eee 13 The eastern Pacific members of the bivalve family Sportellidae Eugene: Vs Goan 7.2. ict a enendih cn 4 <5 so eae wo gore se ac cnet eye ere tee eave tena) oe teneney ey oa ey ep eee ee 14 In situ observations of nesting Octopus dofleini, the giant Pacific octopus James: At Coserove sre scssctune be a ys tora tntecrevave etiees son oo © ehsusis Sgeske Sielisahous snedener se) ey eee 14 Patterns of introduction of non-indigenous non-marine snails and slugs in the Hawaiian Islands Robert HH. -Cowie) ayes ivd oops here opebcg nti gy hye epee al sty Stemi Sele © eporart inarereee ek: ere nr 15 Introduction of a new molluscan shell pest: Not just another “boring” organism Garolynn S; Gulverand Armand M: Kurs). 3... 2 se.cee cae ees pone oe soe ees or olen «21 etme 15 Phylogenies of the Columbella and Conella groups (Neogastropoda: Columbellidae), and implications for the evolution of Neogene tropical American marine faunas Marta\JindeMaintenom! s:is2 us Sse oo oie = ne 2 eo cuegceusen et elcte lesion = ot cneus, © eearerers ie ceed ieienee 16 How to build an herbivore: The evolution of herbivory in columbellid gastropds (Neogastropoda: Columbellidae) Marta Je deMaintenom) sro aici cio cereus oa rete os cuore ome eteeveia ees ete! eta cout ctor orto lene easter aeeee 16 ill Lack of significant esterase and myoglobin differentiation in the planktonic developing periwinkle, Littorina striata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) Hans De Wolf, Thieffy Backeljau, Kurt Jordaens, and Ron Verhagen ..............02.-.000 020000 17 Seasonal distribution of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) Vasil bidenko; Yurt/Ae Redorets,. and Petr. P) Ratlko <8 cis cds a veers: ooo ongnslen feign} <2 caeieeae i7 Feeding behavior and chemoreception in cephalopods ReaullliNlarcopand’PhillipyGe Ween sc a.ccue ery eek devetee uct eeieye, sea iar ss a 9 or ace WT ee ai each 18 Some chromosomic and electrophoretic characteristics of the genus Pomacea (Gastropoda: Pilidae) from southeastern Mexico Maria, Diupotex-Chong;/NoraR: Foster;‘and'Sofia AsRubio. 0:2). 2a5 So. Wee ska ee. Daas oe eS i8 Remains of the prey: Recognizing the midden piles of Octopus dofleini RebeccayDodgeeiand)DavidiliaScheelle a fa san0h. Sais Sedat) ae cee ey he. ae SLE lifeless suaWelansce asda tt 19 The effects of laboratory prepared diets on survival, growth, and condition of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis Pedro M. Domingues, F. Paul DiMarco, Jose P. Andrade, and Phillip G. Lee ...................... 19 The challenge of resolving high-level molluscan phylogeny with separate or combined data sets Douglas] eernissercnacgey ee eee keen pee eeasteks coos sce chs audeesee dacs crated. seo) o eller anenanee ace: oka Aten AAS Ia 20 Evolution in deep-sea molluscs: A molecular genetic approach RAP Etter; MRs Chase: Michael As Rex,and J. Quattro. .<..22 oc 8 cle er evenele oss o ole aeetanayzacts 1c: Se 20 Population structure and life history of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) in the North Pacific Yuri A. Fedorets, Vladimir A. Luchin, Vasili D. Didenko, and Petr P. Railko ..................... 21 Calibrating phylogenies with the fossil record lelenalFortimato assy. 9s steers sie Peiee ee Ma ce arg ne CORRE eal Wein RELIES SE O41 Land snails of the lower Salmon River drainage, Idaho dkerrence)|krestiand Edward]. Johannes if) .cct aca cneae oa bets Sane ce Pes enon Ae ones 22 Host specificity patterns of dicyemid mesozoans found in eight species of cephalopods from Japan Fivcdetakalruruyia ay sk eterna «ct naytuerotanch st ngucukinat ee oars DARN Mod cake kU eR Ee Setaeionrs a 2 22. Taxonomic problems with tropical members of the family Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) Daniel EN Geiger ttt ctecs ait teient« staneteretevasttioanaine nara cs gege es sags ins A mh eto. 23 Abalone in the fossil record: A review (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Haliotidae) Danielle: Getveriandvltindsey ls Grovesy. ©. -Sacc occ cs ee here: oo ee OG cote eo eiio a oa ot a Mieteha seus 23 The coccidian parasite Aggregata (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) in cephalopods from European waters Camino Gestal, F. G. Hochberg, Paoia Belcari, Christina Arias, and Santiago Pascual ..............- 24 Light-polarization and color sensitivity in the common octopus and firefly squid of Japan lant Gs Gleadall Yoshio Hayasaki-and Yasuom'sukaharan a... joc alls 62 a 4 romieiee ihn c) eke eine 24 Species composition and distribution of octopuses of the genus Octopus on the northwestern Japan Sea Shelf lexi Golenkevicht. he 224 caus ce eens oe cael ine thect elele ceive eg s0 sydd civace abe 9p MMMM, eae 25 Species composition of cephalopods found in the diet of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi GwenlGoodman-Lowe) ie aca ena ND BAI a areee Mamta aa Merle 2, Sateen Metre wields seta eho alata. of MINSLIELED J, 25 Phylogenetics and classification of the Philine aperta clade: Traditional versus cladistic approaches dierrence Miu Gosliner:and Rebecca Price wie ingens Wt Swi ee petits 28, clea tets Lil etensl. chchas cet tl oles cue 26 Gill filament differentiation and experimental colonization by symbiotic bacteria in the tropical lucinid clam Codakia orbicularis Olivier'Gros*Liliane*Frenkieland' Marcell Mowezai!)). 20 P 2 Be Sk Pk BR Lee 26 iv Traditional versus phylogenetic characters: The art of the state in molluscan systematics Robert P..Guralnick:) ey ofnn 5 oh ee v8 PER Ee Sis LS eat Src ek 27 From the bottom up or the intertidal down? Patterns of movement based on phylogenetic inferences in the Patellogastropoda Robert P; Garalnick, 3.2.5: catasiavaishos & aouctanprsusns ters tees chs ES heeds ee ome te PRE URN tae See 27 Shells, anatomy, and the phylogeny of the Nassariinae (Prosobranchia: Nassariidae) BavidM. Flaaslst5, 3 dis. 3 55510 sthopatiyns tier tictoies gk oor ohen sa cicas ke ote asa me cee 28 A molecular survey of eogastropod phylogeny M. G. Harasewych and Andrew G. McArthur . sa... aiciaccias eve baie no $i QaURanee eae wht PSNR ace Soke eee ee 23 Student Grant Recipients. ei. sins oe tie kann aoe bn Ree eid hae bee ies aa ee 25 32nd ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY, FULLERTON, CALIFORNIA, 1999). s22 20. 24 MEMBER'S PMPs BTS 915011998 seer eee rey ey epers sees rete creel ene etcsiene eis eae even eee eee 26 Xl THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT, FOR 1997 VOLUME 30 9 > Sisigg on™ Abstracts and papers of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists and the 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Union heid jointly in Santa Barbara, California, 21-27 June 1997 December 1998 Officers of the Western Society of Malacologists for 1997 President Henry W. Chaney First Vice President Sandra V. Millen Second Vice President Roger Seapy Secretary Terry S. Arnold Treasurer George E. Metz Members at Large Paula M. Mikkelsen Saxon E. Sharpe Committees and Appointments Auditing Committee Ken Lindahl David K. Mulliner Harold Norrid Editorial Board George L. Kennedy Kim C. Hutsell Historian Jody Woolsey Nominating Committee — Hugh Bradner, Chair Nora R. Foster Kirstie L. Kaiser Student Grant Committee Henry W. Chaney, Chair William K. Emerson Lindsey T. Groves F. G. Hochberg James W. Nybakken Om ——— Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 30 Do octopuses play? Roland @0.05). After the lysine experiment, cuttlefish fed the fully supplemented diet laid viable eggs, whereas cuttlefish fed the other diets did not lay eggs. This work was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship grant (BD 3210/95) from the J.N.LC.T., Program PRAXIS XII from the Portuguese government and by NIH National Center for Research Resources (Grant # RRO1024 and RR04226), the Texas Institute of Oceanography, and the Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.19 The challenge of resolving high-level molluscan phylogeny with separate or combined data sets Douglas J. Eernisse Department of Biological Sciences, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92834; deernisse@ccvax.fullerton.edu Major questions of higher-level molluscan phylogeny remain unsettled despite recent efforts to test hypotheses with explicit cladistic methodology. Even if “morphologists” generally agree that molluscs are, indeed, a monophyletic group, they disagree about the basal divergence within molluscs and are even more divided about which other phyla are closest relatives to the Mollusca. The aplacophoran molluscs are especially problematic. Are they monophyletic or paraphyletic? Are they sister taxa to a clade, Testaria, comprised of polyplacophorans plus conchiferans, i.e., all other molluscs, or are they sister taxa to polyplacophorans, together comprising Aculifera, the sister taxon of Conchifera? Some have even suggested that one or both aplacophoran lineages are conchiferans whose shell-less non-metameric body reflects secondary reductions, not plesiomorphic simplicities. With little consensus concerning the closest sister taxa, and with no surviving outgroup that is morphologically similar to molluscs, it is exceedingly difficult to polarize morphological character variation within molluscs. An example is metamerism. Was the ancestral mollusc metameric like a chiton, or not, like an aplacophoran? Molecular sequence comparisons could provide such a resolution, but the most extensive ones published to date, a 1996 study based on 18S ribosomal RNA by B. Winnepenninickx and coauthors, were discouraging because they did not even support molluscan monophyly. My own parsimony analysis of these molluscan sequences include additional outgroup sequences and was based on my own sequence alignment. The minimum- length trees found differed from those previously reported by supporting moliuscan monophyly and by including a caudofoveate aplacophoran within a clade of conchiferan molluscs as sister taxa to polyplacophorans. The nearest outgroup to molluscs was resolved as not a single taxon but as clade of several eutrochozoan phyla. Addition of morphological data to the analyses did not substantially alter the topology. Evolution in deep-sea molluscs: A molecular genetic approach R. J. Etter, M. R. Chase, Michael A. Rex, and J. Quattro Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125 The origin of the extraordinarily diverse deep-sea benthic fauna is poorly understood and represents an enormous gap in our understanding of basic evolutionary phenomena. The main obstacle to studying evolutionary patterns in the deep sea has been the technical difficulty of measuring genetic variation in species that are typically minute, must be recovered from extreme depths, and are fixed in formalin. We developed molecular genetic techniques to work with a formalin-fixed macrofauna. Population genetic structure of several species of bivalves and gastropods revealed strong differentiation along a depth gradient from 500 to 4,800 m despite the lack of any obvious topographic or oceanographic features that would impede gene flow. Our findings indicate that the deep-sea macrofauna can have strong population structure over small spatial scales, similar to that observed in shallow-water and terrestrial organisms, with important implications for evolution in the deep sea. Our new genetic methods make it possible for the first time to use extensive available collections of deep-sea species to explore the evolutionary historical basis of deep-sea biodiversity on global scales, and add a new dimension to the use of museum collections in general for spatial and temporal analyses of population structure. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.20 Population structure and life history of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) in the North Pacific Yuri A. Fedorets, Vladimir A. Luchin, Vasih D. Didenko, and Petr P. Railko Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root@tinro.marine.su Population structure of the Commander squid in the North Pacific is proposed based on an analysis of data on spatial, temporal, and size-sexual structure of this squid in most areas of its wide range. Four spatially distinct populations are distinguished with their own spawning and foraging areas, as well as probably with exchanges of individuals to varying degrees: (1) Bering Sea population with the main spawning area along the Commander and Aleutian Islands, Bowers Ridge and a minor spawning area (based on biomass and abundance) on the slope of the western Bering Sea. A joint, overlapping foraging area occurs in the Bering Sea and partially near the northern Kurile Islands; (2) Okhotsk Sea population with the main spawning area near the Kurile Islands and a minor spawning area in the southwestern Okhotsk Sea. The foraging area occurs almost throughout the Okhotsk Sea and insignificantly in the subarctic zone of the western North Pacific; (3) Japan Sea population, the most isolated, with weakly divided seasonal spawnings in the northeastern Japan Sea. The foraging area occurs almost throughout the Japan Sea; (4) American population (presumed) with a spawning area in the Pacific off the west coast of North America. The foraging area extends to the eastern Aleutian Islands and partially in the boreal zone of the North Pacific. We distinguish temporal seasonal spawning groups of squids isolated in a varying degree within the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea populations and we consider the groups to be seasonal subpopulations (spring- summer and autumn-winter). Each subpopulation consists of early and late spawning individuals that differ slightly in size, but are significantly different in sexual maturity. We propose probable tracks of transportation of iarvae and juvenile squids of every subpopuiation of the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea populations with currents depending on flow in the epi-, meso-, and upper bathypelagic zones of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, and the North Pacific. A hypothetical scheme for the life history of B. maguster in the North Pacific is proposed. Calibrating phylogenies with the fossil record Helena Fortunato Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948 APO AA 34002-0948 fortunato@ubaclu.unibas.ch Cladistic analyses of well sampled groups with a good fossil record commonly yield phylogenies of species that conflict strongly with stratigraphic data, even to the extent of hypothesizing phylogenies that turn the stratigraphy upside down. This is almost certainly due to the convergent evolution of similar morphologies (i.e., homoplasy), rather than the inadequacy of the fossil record. This problem can be dealt with either through the use of stratigraphic information as a character (i.e., stratocladistics), or by constructing separate phylogenies for different stratigraphic intervals that can then be assembled into a composite phylogeny. Snails of the genus Strombina were used to test the second approach. Strombinids originated and diversified in the Caribbean during the Miocene and Pliocene, when they became nearly extinct in the Caribbean, but diversified greatly in the Eastern Pacific. Phylogenies of 42 species based only on morphology (49 shell characters, 186 states) yield trees with high stratigraphic inconsistency and Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.21 ghost lineages that postulate the presence of descendants 10 million years or more before the first appearance of their ancestors. Removal of species that originated after the Pliocene resolved all these stratigraphic inconsistencies although some ghost lineages remained. This Miocene/Pliocene tree was then used to root the Pleistocene and Recent species. This final composite tree is highly consistent with the known fossil record for this group. Land snails of the lower Salmon River drainage, Idaho Terrence J. Frest and Edward J. Johannes Deixis Consultants, 2517 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115 tjfrest@accessone.com The rich Lower Salmon River area, Idaho, endemic land snail fauna has been known since the 1860s. Six taxa have been federal listing candidates since the inception of the Endangered Species Act. We conducted a comprehensive terrestrial mollusk survey of the lower 100 km in 1992-1994, visiting over 210 sites. Sixty- plus land snaii taxa were encountered, of which 18+ are new. Site diversity is comparatively low (3); but over 50% of the taxa are Lower Saimon/regional endemics. Endemism is most noted in Oreohelix and Cryptomastix. Many taxa are limited to single drainages or accreted terrain blocks with regionally unusual lithologies, such as limestone or marble. Endemics can occur at any elevation or in any moisture regime, but are most frequent in semi-arid settings at lower elevations. This small area has at least five discrete species assemblages, only one of which extends beyond the region. Adjacent Hells Canyon seems to show similar patterns of speciation, endemism, and substrate localism. At least 36 Lower Salmon taxa are in some danger of extinction. Grazing, recreation, and human settlement are the main threats to lower elevation sites; logging also at higher elevations. Many taxa are limited to one or a few sites. Site numbers and population reductions have been noted for such listing candidates as Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis and O. waltoni since 1988. Host specificity patterns of dicyemid mesozoans found in eight species of cephalopods from Japan Hidetaka Furuya Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka Machikaneyama i-16, Osaka 560, Japan furuya8@chaos.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp Dicyemid mesozoans are parasites that live in the renal sacs of benthic cephalopods. Eight species of cephalopods caught off the coast of Japan were examined for the presence of dicyemids. To date we have recovered a total of 21 dicyemid species from these cephalopods: Octopus dofleini (2 species); O. fangsiao (5); O. hongkongensis (3); O. minor (3); O. vulgaris (3); Sepia esculenta (6); S. lycidas (2); and Sepioteuthis lessoniana (1). Four genera of dicyemids were encountered: Dicyema (12 species); Pseudicyema (1); Dicyemennea (7); and Dicyemodeca (1). The largest cephalopod host species, namely, O. dofleini, O. hongkongensis, and Sepioteuthis lessoniana, harbored the largest dicyemid species. Typically two to three species of dicyemids occur in each host species. However, in O. fangsiao and S. esculenta, five or six species of dicyemids were detected. In both cases all species of dicyemids were never observed together in a single host. In contrast, only one species of dicyemid has ever been found in Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.22 Most species of dicyemids examined are host specific. In a few instances, the same species of dicyemid was detected in two different cephalopod hosts that belonged to the same genus. Three dicyemids, namely, Dicyema acuticephalum, D. japonicum, and D. misakiense, each infects two host species in the genus Octopus. Pseudicyema truncatum infects two cuttlefishes in the genus Sepia. In summary, a high degree of host specificity appears to be characteristic of dicyemid-cephalopod relationships. Taxonomic problems with tropical members of the family Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) Daniel L. Geiger Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371; dgeiger@scf.usc.edu Most commercial species in the family Haliotidae are well known and present no taxonomic problems. However, many of the small, tropical species are little known and their taxonomy has been confusing. Here three recent cases are presented. (1) From Geiger (1996): The purported but replaced “type” specimen of Haliotis unilateralis Lamarck, 1822, is identified as H. varia Linné, 1758. This species does not occur in the East African faunal province from which H. unilateralis is exclusively known. A neotype has been designated, and the radula and epipodium have been described for the fust time. In the Red Sea, only H. pustulata Reeve, 1846, occurs sympatically with H. unilateralis. (2) From Geiger and Stewart (submitted) and Stewart and Geiger (submitted): H. crebisculpta Sowerby, 1914, is represented by three syntype specimens belonging to two species. The identity of both species is discussed, including their soft part characters and their geographic distributions. (3) From Geiger and Coleman (in prep.): a still unnamed species from the tropical western Pacific is discussed. Abalone in the fossil record: A review (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Haliotidae) Daniel L. Geiger and Lindsey T. Groves Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeies, California 90089-0371; dgeiger@scf.usc.edu Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California 90007; groves@bcf.usc.edu Fossil abalone are rare and poorly known, in contrast to their Recent counterparts. The taxonomy is problematic, because most of the 35 fossil species have been described from single specimens, and because the shell of Recent species is extremely plastic. The use of fossil species in phylogeny is questionable. Abalone first appear in the Upper Cretaceous with two species, are unknown in the lower Paleocene, appear again in the upper Eocene and Oligocene of New Zealand and Europe, and are regularly found from the Miocene onwards worldwide. Most records are from intensively studied areas: West America, Caribbean, Europe, South Africa, Japan and Australia. The scarcity of Indo-Pacific records is remarkable, because their highest present-day diversity is found there. Three hypotheses for the origin of the family are discussed: Central Indo-Pacific, Pacific Rim, and Tethys. Fossil and Recent abalone both seem to have lived in rocky, shallow sublittoral depths in tropical and temperate climate. No onshore-offshore pattern could be detected. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.23 The coccidian parasite Aggregata (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) in cephalopods from European waters Camino Gestal, F. G. Hochberg, Paola Belcari, Christina Arias and Santiago Pascual Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidade de Vigo, Apartado 874, Vigo, Spain; camino@setei.uvigo.es Coccidians of the genus Aggregata are host-specific intracellular parasites found in the digestive tracts of a large number of cephalopod hosts. Transmited via the host diet, the infection is initiated when cephalopods feed on crabs, shrimps and other crustaceans. Most studies on this group of protozoan parasites in European waters date from the beginning of this century. Based on this early work several species of Aggregata are recognized, namely: (1) A. eberthi, found in Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus 1758), is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean (Italy, Monaco, France, Spain, Tunisia), English Channei (France, Engiand), and North Sea (Germany); (2) A. octopiana, found in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797), has been reported from the Mediten-anean (Italy, Monaco and France), and English Channel (France); and (3) A. spinosa, also found in O. vulgaris, previously has been recorded only from the English Channel (France). In order to review host range, geographic distribution, and incidence of the coccidians in European populations of cephalopods, we initiated a large sampling program to survey a diversity of host species from the Mediterranean and the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Aggregata octopiana in O. vulgaris and A. eberthi in S. officinalis were the most abundant coccidians encountered. An undescribed species of Aggregata was found in the oceanic ommastrephid squid Todarodes sagitattus (Lamarck, 1798) off the northwest coast of Spain. Sampie localities, levels of infections, and comparative data on morphology and morphometry of sporocysts and sporozoites are reported in this work. Light-polarization and color sensitivity in the common octopus and firefly squid of Japan Tan G. Gleadali, Yoshio Hayasaki, and Yasuo Tsukahara Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-77, japan glead@biology.is.tohoku.ac.jp Color vision (hue discrimination) is a contrast-enhancing mechanism invoiving complex interactions among several different types of cells, such as the blue, green and red cones and various interneurons in the primate retina. It is, however, based on a relatively simple principle: jaterai inhibition. Here, the same principle is demonstrated in the contrast-deriving properties of the octopus retina: a color-blind but polarization-sensitive system greatly simplified by the presence of only two types of visual cells. This model system demonstrates a digital enhancement principle applicable to any parameter of visual contrast. In the eye of most color-blind animals, the only possible parameter of contrast is brightness; whereas in vertebrates with color vision, the contrast parameters used (in photopic conditions) are differences in both brightness and hue. The ventral retina of the firefly squid appears to use three different parameters: brightness, hue, and polarization. However, to say that Japanese firefly squids have color vision is probably a misconception. The purpose of the second half of this talk will be to explain how the firefly squids probably use their system, and why they have color sensitivity but not “color vision.” Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.24 Species composition and distribution of octopuses of the genus Octopus on the northwestern Japan Sea Shelf Alexi V. Golenkevich Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root@tinro.marine.su Bottom octopuses were collected in the northwestern Japan Sea shelf over the past 10 years by different types of sampling gear. Species composition of octopuses is relatively poor. Three highly abundant species are present, and two of them are of commercial value: Octopus dofleini and O. conispadiceus. The third species, which 1s smaller in size and less numerous, could not be identified with any known species, probably due to the lack of reliable taxonomic guides. Octopus dofleini is found between 42°-46° N, although commercial concentrations were present only in the southern part of the surveyed area. Vertical distribution is susceptible to seasonal fluctuations, and is highly influenced by hydrological conditions. Octopuses of this species are extremely rare in the depth range of 20 to150 m in the winter-spring period. Commercial stocks are found at depths of 20 to50 m in the summer-autumn period when temperatures range from 8°-18°C. Octopus conispadiceus is found between 42°-48° N, and commercial stocks are located mainly in the northern part of the region. Unlike O. dofleini, the distribution of O. conispadiceus is restricted to waters with low temperatures that range between 0° and 5°C. The species lives at depths from 30 to 400 m in the winter-spring period, and moves towards the shelf edge in summer and fall. Octopus sp. (description will be presented; identification may correspond to O. fujitai or O. yendoi). The species occurs between 42°-48° N in depths that range from 50 to 260 m. Its distribution is restricted to cold waters. Species composition of cephalopods found in the diet of the Hawaiian monk seai, Monachus schauinslandi Gwen Goodman-Lowe Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744 glowe@hawaii.edu The diet of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi, was determined through examination of fecal material collected from seals in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands during the years 1991-1994. Cephalopods were found in the feces as undigested beaks and comprised approximately 25% of the diet. Of the 940 fecal samples examined, 228 contained a total of 630 octopus beaks and 43 contained a total of 338 squid beaks. Cephalopod species were identified using both upper and lower beaks obtained from known specimens of octopus and squid. Five benthic species and two pelagic species of octopus were identified, representing a mix of diurnally and nocturnally active species. In addition, 19 species of squid were found in the samples, representing a mix of coastal, pelagic and mesopeiagic species. Length and weight of squid species were determined using length/weight regressions of lower rostral lengths. These findings indicate that cephalopods are an important component in the diet of Hawaiian monk seals, which forage both inshore and offshore, and both diurnally and nocturnally. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.25 Phylogenetics and classification of the Philine aperta clade: Traditional versus cladistic approaches Terrence M. Gosliner and Rebecca Price Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118-4599 tgosliner@calacademy.org The Philinidae are a group of highly derived cephalaspidean opisthobranchs, in which the shell is reduced and internal. A preliminary phylogeny of the Philinidae is presented. Many traditional characters, such as shell sculpture and shape, have been modified within several lineages and are therfore less informative in characterizing major clades. Species phylogenetically closely related to Philine aperta Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of the genus, have been the subject of considerable systematic discord and instability. Re- examination of the anatomy of members of this clade suggests that several taxa that have been united under the name P. aperta, are in fact distinct. Philine aperta from southern Africa is distinct from the European P. quadripartita Ascanius, 1777, on the basis of consistent differences in gizzard piate and penial morphology. The anatomy of P. elegans Bergh, 1905, and P. orientalis A. Adams, 1854, is described together with that of three undescribed species. Cladistic analysis indicates that penial morphology, gizzard plate shape and microstructure, and ornamentation provide vaiuable new characters for ellucidating relationships among members of the Philine aperta clade and to other closely allied outgroups. Members of the Philine aperta clade are among the most highly derived members of the Philinidae. Gill filament differentiation and experimental colonization by symbiotic bacteria in the tropical jucinid clam Codakia orbicuiaris Olivier Gros, Liliane Frenkiel, and Marcel Mouéza 97159 Pointe-A-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, French West Indies Departement de Biologie, Université des Antilles et de ia Guyane B.P. 592 liliane.frenkiel@univ-ag.fr A previous study, using PCR analysis, has demonstrated that the transmission mode of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria located in gill-bacteriocytes of Codakia orbicularis is environmental. Aposymbiotic juveniles differentiate gill filaments, as usual in most bivalves, when sterile sand is added. Mucocytes, granule cells, and intercalary cells differentiate progressively, whereas bacteriocytes are lacking. Therefore, the differentiation of these three cell types does not appear as a consequence of symbiosis, but may be a prerequisite. Experimental colonization of aposymbiotic juveniles has been obtained by addition of crude sand collected in the natural habitat of C. orbicularis. A free-living form of the bacterial endosymbionts associated with sea-grass-bed sand appears to be endocytosed at the apical pole of undifferentiated cells that become bacteriocytes. The association between the symbiont and its bivalve host is not necessary for metamorphosis. However, it must occur at some postmetamorphic stage. Undifferentiated cells of the gill filaments remain receptive to bacteria several months after metamorphosis, and become bacteriocytes when aposymbiotic juveniles are put in contact with the symbiont free-living form. In C. orbicularis, the environmental transmission of symbionts does not appear to be restricted to a definite period of the post- larval development. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.26 Traditional versus phylogenetic characters: The art of the state in molluscan systematics Robert P. Guralnick Museum of Paleontology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; robg@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Correct assessment of morphological similarity and difference is essential for either traditional or phylogenetic frameworks. However, in traditional frameworks, assessments of putative homology are not rigorously tested by congruence. By contrast, in phylogenetic methodologies initial assessment of homology must pass the test of congruence before we can adequately assess true homologies from homoplasies. Our assumptions of homology based on similarity may prove to be false. Not only has homology assessment of characters undergone theoretical remodelling within a phylogenetic framework, but the notion of the character itself has changed. Characters have often been thought of as the endpoints of develeopmental processes. However, systematists have rightly pointed out that the character is the ontogeny instead. I will show that by focusing on morphological endpoints of developmental processes as opposed to the full ontogeny of characters, a tremendous amount of phylogenetic information is misinterpreted and therefore miscoded or missing in datasets. I use case studies from the gastropod radula to show the importance of ontogenetic information in character definition. From the bottom up or the intertidal down? Patterns of movement based on phylogenetic inferences in the Patellogastropoda Robert P. Guralnick Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; robg@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Morphological and molecular work supports the position of the Patellogastropoda, the true limpets, as the most basal gastropod clade. Although the clade is composed mostly of species that live intertidally, some members live in the deep sea and can be associated with hot vents and cold seeps. We ask whether these deep sea-taxa have originated onshore and migrated offshore or vice versa. Previous workers have shown that the prevailing trend based on the fossil record is onshore origination and offshore migration over the course of evolution of a monophyletic lineage. We take a different approach using a phylogenetic hypothesis among living forms to determine the polarity of movement. I have gathered a dataset of morphological characters and taxa in order to assess the phylogeny of the patellogastropods. This analysis includes eighteen taxa, seven of which are from the deep sea, and four outgroups. I have scored eighty five characters for each of these taxa based on histological sections, dissection, shell microstructure, and external anatomy. The phylogenetic hypothesis I generated does not support the onshore-offshore model, but instead the pattern of speciation suggests that taxa have migrated from the offshore to the onshore. Stratigraphic distribution of the patellogastropod lineages indicated that anoxic events may be correlated with recolonization of on-shore habitats during the Cretaceous. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.27 Shells, anatomy, and the phylogeny of the Nassariinae (Prosobranchia: Nassariidae) David M. Haasi Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 haasl|@geology.ucdavis.edu How does the inclusion of shell characters affect phylogenetic analyses? Shell characters are often ignored or granted a relatively minor role due to perceived high levels of homopiasy. I report on preliminary phylogenetic analyses of the bucciniform gastropod subfamily Nassariinae using shell and anatomical characters. Our current understanding of nassariine phylogeny is extremely poor. Sheil characters could provide valuable information for the following reasons: subfamilial taxonomy among nassariids is based largely on shell characters; some nonshell characters (e.g., radular dentition) could exhibit higher levels of homoplasy than has been acknowledged; and there are a number of fossil taxa that could represent sister taxa or plesiomorphic representatives to the extant forms. A data matrix of 42 taxa and 44 characters was constructed. Because relationships between nassariines and possible outgroups are unknown, 14 taxa were used as outgroups. Of the 44 characters, 13 were anatomical and 31 were shell characters. Characters were experimentally weighted to examine their relative effect on tree topologies. The combined analysis supported the monophyly of the Nassariinae plus a few additional taxa. With few exceptions, the anatomical characters exhibited less homoplasy than shell characters. Weighting each character by 1,000 times their rescaled C.I. produced similar results. In these analyses, anatomical characters seem to be structuring basal clades, whereas shell characters structure relationships among derived clades. A molecular survey of eogastropod phylogeny M. G. Harasewych and Andrew G. McArthur Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 harasewych@nmnh.si.edu A preliminary survey of partial 18S sequences of representatives of all living families of Eogastropoda revealed that all shallow-water (shelf) patellogastropods comprise a highly robust clade with high bootstrap support and characterized by the presence of several unique inserts. Bathyal and abyssal limpets (Neolepetopsidae and Pectinodontinae), from vents, seeps, and submerged wood, emerge as a separate clade that could not be confidently joined to the shelf patellogastropods, and lack the inserts characteristic of the shelf limpets. These profound differences suggest that the deep-sea limpets comprise an ancient divergence within the Eogastropoda. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.28 Phylogeny and zoogeography of the bathyal family Pleurotomariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Orthogastropoda) M. G. Harasewych, Andrew G. McArthur, Rei Ueshima, Atsushi Kurabayashi, S. Laura Adamkewicz, Matthew Plassmeyer, and Patrick Gillevett Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; harasewych@mnnh.si.edu The relationships of the family Pleurotomariidae, and ten of its 24 known Recent species were investigated using an iterative, three gene [18S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase I (CO I), 16S rDNA] approach to phylogeny reconstruction. A broad survey of the Gastropoda using partial 18S rDNA sequences (450 bp) was used to orient the Pleurotomariidae within the class and to determine suitable outgroups. The 18S data strongly support the monophyly of Pleurotomariidae, which is the sister group to a clade comprising the remaining superfamilies assigned to Vetigastropoda (Lepetodrilloidea + Scissurelloidea + Fissurelloidea + Haliotoidea + Trochoidea). Sequences from the CO I gene (579 bp) confirm the sister group relationship between the Pleurotomariidae and the remaining Vetigastropoda. Data from the 18S, CO I, and 16S genes (475), analyzed separately and together, clearly distinguish Entemnotrochus from Perotrochus s.1. Resolution of taxa within Perotrochus s.l. is less robust, with species generally assigned to Mikadotrochus invariably the most basal, the large, thin-shelled Perotrochus referred to "Perotrochus Group B" intermediate, and Perotrochus s.s. the most derived. The data suggest that the western Atlantic Perotrochus s.. are derived from western Pacific Perotrochus s.l., a contention that is supported by newly discovered Antarctic Cretaceous and Paleocene fossils, and that Perotrochus s.s. represents a monophyietic, western Atlantic radiation. Homology analysis and parsimony algorithms: Enemies or friend? Gerhard Haszprunar Zoologische Staatssammlung, Miinchhausenstrasse 21, D-81247 Miinchen, Germany haszi@zi.biologie.unimuenchen.de “Pattern Cladism” regards homology as a deductive concept after applying a parsimony analysis of character distributions. Contrary to various statements, "non-weighting" of characters is not possible. If characters are equally weighted (as usually done), character selection is the most powerful way of relative weighting (0 versus 1). However, as in molecular analysis, selection of “good” characters is always done on a basis of an (often subconscious) a priori homology analysis. Modifying Orwell's law, “all characters are equal, but some are more equal than others.” Moreover, the classic distribution criterion of homology, i.e., “homologous characters have identical or hierarchical distribution,” is the theoretical basis of parsimony analysis. Accordingly, application of the parsimony principle is a kind of homology analysis based on inductive character selection. A synthetic way of “Hennigian patterning” is proposed for phenotypic (and in principle also for molecular) analysis with application of a priori criteria of homology. The resulting, preliminary a priori probabilities of homology serve as criteria for selection and weighting (very low = not selected / low / medium/ high /Dollo characters) of characters. After application of a parsimony algorithm, the final cladogram decides homology estimations. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.29 News on monoplacophoran anatomy and phylogeny Gerhard Haszprunar Zoologische Staatssammlung, Miinchhausenstrasse 21, D-81247 Miinchen, Germany haszi@zi.biologie.unimuenchen.de The interpretation of the monoplacophoran bauplan has been controversially debated in the past. The anatomy and fine structure of recently discovered species (Laevipilina antarctica, Micropilina minuta, M. arntzi) was examined to clear up this matter. Laevipilina antarctica (shell length: 3 mm) resembles the previously described larger species: it lacks any connection between the pericardium and nephridia and is also devoid of connections between nephridia themselves. The tiny (about i mm shell length) Micropilina minuta and M. arnizi lack a heart and are partly paedomorphic in showing only four and three ctenidial and nephridial pairs, respectively. The latter species is a simultaneous hermaphrodite and a brooder. Comparative analysis reveals a differentiation of ctenidia and possibly also gonads from posterior to anterior. Nephridial conditions clearly contradict all ideas of annelid affinities. It is shown that the extant monoplacophorans cannot be regarded as "living fossils," but form a considerably modified early offshoot of conchiferan mollusks. The autapomorphic serial repetition of various organ systems 1s one aspect of their modification. Nacre is homoplastic: Then what ? Claus Hedegaard Department of Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; claus@pop.bio.aau.dk When molluscan shell structures are mapped on a composite phylogeny, it is most parsimonious to interpret nacre as homoplastic and crossed lamellar structures as plesiomorphic. This refutes the traditional assumption that the “ancestral mollusc" had a nacreous (mother-of-pearl) shell. The interpretations are invariant under different assumptions of accelerated or delayed character transformation, and whether crossed lamellar structure is an unordered or a Dollo character (evolved once, reduced several times). The properties of nacre from gastropods, bivaives, cephalopods, and monoplacophorans differ between the groups, but not within. Consequently, nacre should not be considered homoplastic, but rather as four different characters of mistaken identity. The distribution of nacre in mollusks is not an evolutionary oddity, but the result of an inadequate character analysis. The take-home message is not "nacre is apomorphic, crossed lamellar plesiomorphic." The point is, classic assumptions should be tested repeatedly, and also that putative homoplasies should be re-investigated. Inferred homoplasy may be due to a flawed character analysis. Form, function and diversity of epithelial sensory structures in trochoidean gastropods Carole S. Hickman Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Califoniia 94720-3140; caroleh@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Among the major branches of the gastropod evolutionary tree, elaboration of epithelial sensory structures is the hallmark of trochoidean vetigastropods. The epithelium of the head and foot is a richly microvillar Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.30 surface containing an extraordinary density and diversity of putative sensory structures. Previous knowledge of these structures resides primarily in verbal descriptions and scanning electron micrographs of inadequately fixed and poorly preserved material. The minute cantharidine trochid Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1861, provides new data from a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy of carefully relaxed and fixed material. Seven different kinds of cilia project from the epithelium: (1) single short cilia, (2) clusters of 5 to 7 short cilia emerging from a shallow pit, (3) clusters of multiple cilia at the tip of a short stalk, (4) single cilia at the tip of a short stalk, (5) clusters or tufts of longer cilia, (6) tracts of longer cilia, and (7) regions of longer cilia associated with discrete epithelial structures. The most complex structural arrangements occur on the cephalic and epipodial tentacles, where a single cell with microvillae wraps around six to eight flattened and concentrically packed columnar sensory cells, each with a basal nucleus and as many as 12 distal cilia projecting into the environment. Trochoideans appear to have specialized in epithelial detection of a diversity of close range stimuli, both mechanical and chemical, in contrast to caenogastropod osphradial specialization in discriminating more distant cues. Peculiarities of giant protists infecting the gills of some squids from the Bering Sea F. G. Hochberg and Chingis M. Nigmatullin Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105-2936; inverts@sbnature.org Hochbergia, a genus of giant protist of unknown affinities, is found on the gills of a diversity of oceanic cephalopods in the North Pacific Ocean. Squid examined for this parasite were collected in August to December, 1995-1996, on the slope of the northwest Bering Sea. A total of 14 specimens of Moroteuthis robusta (970-1,350 mm ML) were 100% infected with H. moroteuthensis. Intensities of infection varied from 12-750 specimens per host (average 220). The minimum intensity was observed in a mature male of 970mm ML. The remainder of the M. robusta examined were immature females with minimum intensities of 53-60 specimens per host. Two distinct morphs or stages of protists were present: (1) small white protists, 0.4-1.2 mm in length, with a smooth cyst wall; (2) larger yellow protists, 1.1-1.9 mm in length, with a complexly sculptured cyst wall. The ratio between white and yellow forms ranged from 0 to 100% of the total number in any given host (average 65% white and 35% yellow). Several undescribed species of Hochbergia were present in squids of the genus Gonatus. In G. onyx (12 specimens; 70-180 mm ML), the incidence of infection was 80% with intensities ranging from 4-100 specimens per host. Only yellow fomis were present. A single specimen of G. middendorffi (425 mm ML) had hundreds of the large yellow morphs. In contrast, both Gonatopsis borealis (15 specimens; 85-140 mm ML) and Berryteuthis magister (20,300 specimens; 30-380 mm ML) were not infested with Hochbergia. Several possible reasons for the observed differences in parasite distribution will be discussed. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.31 A phylogeny of pleurocerid snails (Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea) based on molecular and morphological data Wallace E. Holznagel Department of Biological Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0344 wholzna3@biology.as.ua.edu Phylogenetic hypotheses for North American pleurocerid snails remain in their infancy. I was interested in estimating relationships of pleurocerid snails using both morphological and molecular data. For the molecular data set, a portion of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced for representative species of the family. For the morphological data set, I constructed a data matrix based on variation observed in the radula from the same representative taxa that were sequenced. Phylogenies were constructed for the morpholgical and molecular data sets both separately and combined. Taxonomic and character congruence is discussed. First record of the "Octopus aegina genus group" in the Hawaiian Islands Archipelago Christine L. Huffard and F. G. Hochberg Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105-2936; inverts@sbnature.org A new species of the “Octopus aegina group” sensu Robson (1929) has been discovered in shallow, coastal, subtropical waters of the Hawaiian Islands Archipelago. This species is characterized as medium sized (ML to 100 mm) with moderate sucker counts (160-210 on normal arms of males and females; about 100 on hectocotylized arms of males). Gill counts range from 9-11 per demibranch; copulatory organs are small, 2.5-3.5% of the length of the hectocotylized arm; eggs are small and hatchlings planktonic. This species shares several characteristics with the non-ocellate members of the “aegina group,” namely: O. aegina Gray, 1849; O. marginatus Taki, 1964; and O. sp. 3 (Norman, 1992). It differs primarily in its geographic distribution, body size, sucker counts, and spermatophore size and number. The species occupies sandy substrates in depths ranging from 1 to 80 m and appears to be crepuscular. Distribution, morphology (including illustrations), and delineation from other members of the “O. aegina group” are presented. Preliminary data on the distribution of the faniily Prochaetodermatidae (Mollusca: Caudofoveata)} Dmitry L. Ivanov Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Herzen st. 6, Moscow 103009, Russia 1vanov@3.zoomus.bio.msu.ru At present the family Prochaetodermatidae includes 13 species in five genera. Based on literature and collection data, it is possible to make the following preliminary conclusions: (1) Presently we probably know no more than half of species diversity of the family world-wide. (2) Representatives of the family live in all oceans, excluding the Arctic, subarctic, and continental seas (except for the Mediterranean and the Sea of Marmara). (3) The distribution has a near-continental amphioceanic pattern. (4) All known species inhabit the continental slope, except two species of Chevroderma that also occur on the East Pacific and Atlantic abyssal plains. (5) Generally, the family is bathyal-hadal in its vertical distribution. Species Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.32 have been recorded on slopes of the following trenches: Aleutian, Kurile-Kamchatka, Japan, Izu-Bonin, Philippine, Sunda, and Peruvian. The depth range is 539 to 7,500 m in the Pacific, 1,050 to 7,060 m in the Indian Ocean, and 457 to 5,208 m in the Atlantic (except Prochaetoderma raduliferum, occurring at 54- 2,415 m). (6) The distribution pattern and the levels of monotypy and endemism suggest a Pangean- tropical origin of the group. (Partial support from NSF DEB-PEET grant 95-21930.) Allozyme homozygosity and phally polymorphism in the land snail Zonitoides nitidus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) Kurt Jordaens, Thierry Backeljau, Hans De Wolf, Paz Ondina, Heike Reise, and Ron Verhagen Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, (RUCA), Groenenborgeriaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium; jordaens@ruca.ua.ac.be Genetic variation in the pulmonate land snail Zonitoides nitidus was examined by means of vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 17 European populations (4 Swedish, 4 German, 7 Belgian, 1 British, and 1 Spanish). No heterozygotes were observed. Hence, Z. nitidus consists of a number of fixed homozygous multilocus genotypes (strains). Nine strains were detected and in most populations >2 strains co-occurred. Strains were unevenly distributed between the localities. One strain was remarkably differentiated from the others, which is suggestive of a taxonomic differentiation. Anatomically, two phally types were distinguished: euphallics, with well developed male reproductive organs, and hemiphallics, in which the male reproductive organs are weakly developed. Both phally types occurred together, but euphally ratios were very iow (0-19%). This, together with the absence of heterozygotes suggests that selfing may be the prevailing breeding system in this species. There was no relation between phally type and alleles or genotypes, but euphally ratios differed between geographical regions. On average, hemiphallic individuals were smaller, but no intermediate phally types were found. Yet, it remains to be decided whether hemiphally is a juvenile character or not. The Ptychatractinae: An endemic deep-sea clade of the Turbinellidae? Yuri I. Kantor and Philippe Bouchet A. N. Severtzov Institute of Problems of Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski Prospect 33, Moscow 117071, Russia; yuri@invert.sevin.msk.ru Due to the scarcity of its representatives, the composition and relationships of the subfamily Ptychatractinae remain little known. Based on new, rich material from recent expeditions, mainly in the Indo-Pacific, it has been possible to study the anatomy of a number of ptychatractine taxa and the generic composition of the subfamily, hitherto much confused and debated, is being revised. As understood here, the subfamily is essentially a deep-water one, inhabiting shallower waters only in the boreal and Arctic zones, and includes five genera [Ptychatractus Stimpson, 1865, 45-900 m; Ceratoxancus Kuroda, 1952, 360- 1000 m; Latzromitra Locard, 1897 (=Cyomesus Quinn, 1981), 200-1900 m; Benthovoluta Kuroda and Habe, 1950 (= Chatamidia Dell, 1956, and probably Surculina Dall, 1908), 50-1,750 m; and Metzgeria Norman, 1879, 110-900 m] and 39 species (17 new). The fossil record of the subfamily is extremely scanty, but the family Graphidulidae, from the Cretaceous of Texas, may be closely related. Ptychatractinae are widely distributed in the World Ocean, with the greatest diversity in the tropics, essentially the Indo-Pacific. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.33 Some of the species of Benthovoluta and Latiromitra have very broad distributions. Their biology remains unknown, but species of Ceratoxancus may have spectacular labral teeth, the function of which is speculative. The Ptychatractinae do not appear to be closely related to the rest of the turbinellids, with which they do not share apomorphic characters. The group shouid probably be elevated to full family rank. A new subspecies of the schoolmaster gonate squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913): Genetic and morphologic evidence Oleg N. Katugin Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root@tinro.marine.su The gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister is considered to be a polytypic species with two subspecies: B. m. magister (Berry, 1913); and B. m. nipponensis Okutani and Kubodera, 1988. The nominal subspecies ranges in distribution over a vast area of the North Pacific, including marginal basins, such as the geographically and hydrologically semi-isolated Japan Sea. Morphologic and genetic variation of B. m. magister from the Japan Sea and northwestern Pacific were analyzed. Two sources of information unequivocally suggested that specimens from the Japan Sea constitute a third taxon of subspecific rank. When compared to the nominai subspecies, specimens of the new subspecies are considerably smaller, have relatively larger fins, and less pronounced size differences of club suckers. The radula of the new subspecies has dicuspid lateral (L(2)) teeth, whereas specimens of B. m. magister usually have three cusps on L(2). Based on information from 26 putative genetic loci, revealed by protein electrophoresis, standard genetic distance D(N) between the new and the nominal subspecies of B. magister was 0.044. Intersubspecific distance estimate is almost forty times higher than D(N) between geographically separated populations of B. m. magister from the northwestern Pacific. D(N) vaiues between the two subspecies suggests that the Japan Sea population was separated from the ancestral population almost 220 thousand years ago. Seven out of 12 polymorpnce genetic loci showed significant differences between the two subspecies. Genetic differentiation F(ST) between taxa was 0.12, which corresponds to a negligibly small theoretical migration rate of two animals per generation. Two unusual Gonatopsis species (Gonatidae: Cephalopoda) from the bathyal waters off Sanriku, northeastern Japan Tsunemi Kubodera Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169, Japan; kubodera@kahaku.go.jp Five specimens of unusual Gonatopsis squid were collected from the bathyal waters off Sanriku, northeastern Japan, during an investigation of the cephalopod fauna. They were classified into two species, both of which are different from hitherto known Gonatopsis species. One species resembles G. borealis, but has a much more muscular, tightened and proportionally longer mantle than G. borealis. Four Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.34 specimens, including a mature male and a female, of this species were collected by an oblique tow of a mid- water trawl from 1,200-1,300 m depth and by a bottom trawl at about 1,500m depth. The other species also resembies G. borealis, but is easily distinguished from known Gonatopsis species by having a large photogenic tissue on the ventral surface of the eyes. Only one specimen of this species was collected by a bottom trawl at about 1,500 m depth. Detailed systematic comparison of the present two species and the other Gonatopsis species is given. Young cephalopods collected by a mid-water trawl in the Bering Sea in summer Tsunemi Kubodera and Keiichi Mito Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169, Japan; kubodera@kahaku.go.jp Cephalopods collected with a large mid-water trawl during August to October in 1988 and 1989 in the eastern Bering Sea were examined. Samples were provided by the U. S.-Japan joint research project on Resources of Walleye Pollack in the Bering Sea conducted by the National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries. The trawl used for the research had a mouth opening of about 43 m by 34 m and had two otter boards. Tows sampled near 25-70 m depth at about 4.0 knots for 30 minutes within several hours after sunset. In total, 79 tows were conducted and more than 4,400 young cephalopods, mostly 10-100 mm DML, were collected. A total of 15 species was identified; 12 species were from the family Gonatidae. The most abundant species was Gonatopsis borealis, followed by Berryteuthis anonychus and Gonatus muiddendorffi. These three species comprised 66% of the total catch. Annual fluctuations were recognized in the abundance, horizontal distribution, and size-frequency distribution of the dominant species. Molecuiar phylogeny of hydrobiid gastropods Hsiu-Ping Liu, Robert Hershler, M. Mulvey, and Winston Ponder Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina 29802 liu@srel.edu Hydrobuids are the largest group of freshwater mollusks, comprising more than 400 Recent and fossil genera and several thousand extant species. These snails are ideal subjects for studies of evolution and vicariance biogeography because of their diversity, antiquity, and linkage with drainage systems. Despite the unique and compelling features of the group, absence of a rigorously proposed phylogenetic hypothesis has prevented use of these animals in evolutionary and biogeographic studies. Many of the morphological and anatomical characters exhibit homoplasy. Thus, the resulting trees are pooriy resolved. The purpose of our study was to generate a cladistically based phylogenetic hypothesis of hydrobiid gastropods using DNA sequences. We selected 50+ taxa that represent most of the currently recognized subfamilies of hydrobiids, provide a broad spectrum of areas of endemisim around the world, and include brackish- coastal and freshwaer inland snails fiom three continents. We sequenced portions of three genes; mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome c subunit I and nuclear 188 rRNA. The phylogenetic hypothesis inferred from DNA data was used to address the following questions: (1) are hydrobuid snails monophyletic? (2) has invasion of the freshwater environment occurred more than once during hydrobud adaptive radiation? and (3) does the phylogenetic topology fit a biogeographic model? We also seek to determine whether the molecular phylogenies are congruent among themselves, and with the existing morphology-based classification. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.35 The diel vertical migration of Norris’ top snail, Norrisia norrisi , on giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera Steve I. Lonhart Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 lonhart@biology.ucsc.edu Norris’ top snail, Norrisia norrisi, has been reported to undergo a diel vertical migration on giant keip, Macrocystis pyrifera, at Santa Catalina Island, climbing up the kelp at dusk and descending at dawn. The influence of irradiance and snail size on the diel behavior and vertical distribution of Norrisia on Macrocystis has not been studied previously. On Santa Catalina Island at Pumpernickel Reef, I made 1,602 observations of snail height and irradiance over a 10 month period. Mean height above the holdfast was always highest at night for all snail sizes. However, only snails 17 mm showed a consistent and significant negative response to irradiance, decreasing their height above the holdfast with increasing irradiance. Snails > 17 mm were distributed throughout the kelp during the day (high irradiance). A 25% increase in the mean number of snails observed at night was due to snails 17 mm emerging from the holdfast. During the day, snails of all sizes were relatively inactive, either hiding 1 in or on the hoidfast or clinging to stipes and the base of blades. At night, snails were more active, moving onto distal portions of the blades and feeding more frequently. The diel vertical migration of snails 17 mm may be an adaptive behavior to avoid diurnai predators and diminishes as snails grow. A review and critique of the single-organ system approach: Lessons from freshwater mollusks Charles Lydeard Aquatic Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487; clydeard@biology.as.ua.edu The use of a single-character or single-organ system for systematic studies of molluscs has a very iong history. Nearly every organ system has been studied by one investigator or another over the years. One interesting byproduct of the single-organ system approach has been the tendency for some investigators to claim that the organ system they studied provides the most accurate reflection of phylogeny. Most investigators today recognize the value of single-organ system approaches particularly for the wealth of comparative material obtained, but realize that the data need to be examined in a phylogenetic context with other characters (a holistic or total evidence approach). Freshwater molluscs have been studied using both single-organ system and holistic approaches. I compare the single-organ approach and holistic approach in case studies of unionid mussels and pleurocerid snails. The study strongly supports an integrative approach using all available data to infer accurate phylogenies. In search of Rossia pacifica diegensis Katharina M. Mangold, Richard E. Young, and Craig R. Smith 2 Blumenrain, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; kmangold@bluewin.ch In 1912S. S. Berry presented a full description of his species Rossia pacifica and noted that some specimens from off southern California differed somewhat. To the latter he gave the subspecific name R. p. diegensis. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.36 Since that time, this subspecies has been virtually ignored. We present evidence based on the retreival of Rossia eggs from a depth of 1,000 m off southern California that R. p. diegensis is a valid taxon and discuss the zoogeographical implications. Cephalopods eaten by swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, caught off the western Baja California Peninsula Una: Markaida Departamento de Ecologia Marina, Centro de Investigacién Cientifica y Educacién Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; umarcaid@cicese.mx Lower beaks of 994 cephalopods from the stomach contents of 138 swordfish, Xiphias gladius, caught off the western coast of peninsular Baja California were analyzed. They belonged to 15 species of teuthoids, four octopods and one vampyromorph. Weight and mantle length of cephalopods were estimated from the beak rostral lengths. The ommastrephid squids Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis and Dosidicus gigas comprised 62 % by number and 79 % by estimated weight. Three species of Gonatidae represented 19 % by number, and Argonauta sp. was the most abundant octopod, comprising 7.5 % by number. Ancistrocheirus lesueurii is recorded for the first time in the California Current. Discussion on the distribution of most important cephalopods is done. Swordfish showed a preference for powerful, medium to large sized squid that probably feed at the surface at night. Evolutionary origins of endemic hydrothermal vent neomphalinid gastropods: 28S rRNA investigations Andrew G. McArthur, Ben F. Koop, and Verrna Tunnicliffe Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Museum Support Center, MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; mcarthur@onyx.si.edu A molecular systematic investigation of gastropod phylogeny was performed to examine the antiquity of the hydrothermal vent endemic Neomphalina (Neomphaloidea + Peltospiroidea). Twenty-three new D1 domain and thirty new D6 domain DNA sequences of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene were obtained from fresh-frozen and formalin-ethanol preserved gastropod specimens. These were combined with previously published molluscan 28S ribosomal RNA sequences for a total of 159 sequences. Alone, either domain exhibited poor resolution of gastropod phylogeny but together (32 genera only) monophyly of the Neritamorpha, Neomphalina (Peltospiridae + Cyathermiidae), Vetigastropoda, Patellogastropoda, Caenogastropoda (including Viviparus, Ampullaria, and Campanile), and Heterobranchia (Euthyneura plus Valvata) was supported by bootstrap values. Relationships among these groups could not be resolved, possibly due to rapid early-Paleozoic radiations. Elevated evolutionary rates in the Patellogastropoda conformed to previous studies and confounded analyses. Exclusion of overly distant taxa yielded bootstrap support of the sister relationship between Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia. The hydrothermal vent Neomphalina exhibited divergence values and phylogenetic novelty equivalent to the other early Paleozoic radiations, supporting its consideration as a vent refugial phylogenetic relic. Sequences of 28S ribosomal RNA are best used to examine within-order gastropod relationships due to saturation of substitutions at higher levels and among-order evolutionary rate variation. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.37 Taxonomic status of deep-sea gastropods of the northeastern Pacific James H. McLean Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007; jmclean@usc.edu Deep-sea gastropods of the northeastern Pacific have been poorly sampled compared to those of Japan and the northeastern Atlantic. Few new taxa from the northeastern Pacific have been described in the iast six decades except for those associated with hydrothermal vents and seeps. Based on my compilation of taxa for inclusion in an illustrated manual on the northeastern Pacific gastropods ranging from the Bering Sea to central Baja California, I have assembled a list of 140 species of shelled gastropods with depth records of 800 m and deeper. Of these, 45 species are undescribed and intended for description in the book, if not described in advance of the book. Taxonomic composition is similar to that known from the lower continental slope and abyssal plains worldwide, with 36 families represented, of which there are 16 archaeogastropod, i0 mesogastropod, 8 neogastropod and 2 opisthobranch families. Highest species diversity is known for the families Buccinidae (28), Turridae (18) and the turriform Conidae (13). There are four main sources of material: (1) Material from the RV Albatross surveys, of which 55 species were described by Dall between 1889 and 1919. (2) Material from Andrew Carey's University of Oregon surveys in the 1970s, containing many new species from the lower slope and the Cascadia and Tufts abyssal plains off Oregon. (3) Material from Scripps cruises to the deep slope of the San Diego Trough and other southern California basins, containing a number of new species. (4) Recently described limpets, other archaeogastropods and provannids from hydrothermal vents of the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Ridges. On the vertical distribution of morpho-functional types of Conoidea Alexandra I. Medinskaya A. N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninski Prosp., Moscow 117071, Russia; sanya@invert.sevin.msk.ru The superfamily Conoidea is one of most characteristic components of the deep-sea gastropod fauna. Its evolution was strongly associated with alterations in the foregut anatomy and specialization of feeding mechanisms. The following analysis has been based on numerous published data on the anatomy and radulae, as well as the original data. Six main types of morpho-functional organization and respective feeding mechanisms are presently known for the Conoidea (Taylor et al., 1993, Kantor and Sysoev, 1996). They are primarily determined by the function of the radula and the presence of a venom gland. The most typical situation is the use of individual teeth of the membrane-less radula at the proboscis tip for envenomation of prey. The evolution of feeding mechanisms leads finally to a complete reduction and loss of the radula. The most primitive feeding mechanisms, in which the radula functions only as a whole, is found only in shallow-water species (Pseudomelatominae and some Clavatulinae). The use of marginal teeth at the proboscis tip, and the presence of a radular membrane, are characteristic of shelf, many bathyal, and a few abyssal species (Driliinae, Cochlesspirinae, Crassispirinae, Turrinae, some Terebridae). The majority of abyssal species belong to the feeding type in which the radula does not function as a whole, and individual hollow teeth are used at the proboscis tip (Turridae, Terebridae, all Conidae). Two feeding mechanisms include species without a venom gland: some shallow-water species do not use teeth at the proboscis tip and possess a well developed radular membrane (Strictispirinae), and some are highly specialized radula-less forms, mostly inhabiting deep waters (Daphnellinae, Taraninae, some Terebridae). One more type of foregut organization also included radula-less deep-sea species with a venom gland (some Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.38 Conidae). All morpho-functional types are recorded in the shelf faunas, although the most specialized radula-less forms are rare. The bathyal fauna is characterized by an almost complete spectrum of feeding mechanisms, except for most primitive ones. It includes many primitive forms with a radular membrane. Basically, the abyssal is inhabited by representatives of four feeding mechanisms, but the vast majority of species belong to advanced groups (membrane-less forms with hollow teeth, or the radula is absent). The share of advanced species increases with increases in depth. The tendency to reduction of radula, up to the complete loss, is also characteristic of abyssal species. Thus, the deep waters were colonized by evolutionarily young taxa with advanced feeding mechanisms, and only the most specialized species are able to live at the greatest depths of the ocean. Coding what we can't see: The negative gain and parallelism of shell loss in cladistics Paula M. Mikkelsen Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192 mikkel@amnh.org The use of traditional characters in phylogenetic analysis helps us directly contrast taxonomic value in a conventional classification with that suggested by a cladogram. Whereas most cladistic characters are structurally complex, highly derived groups such as opisthobranchs offer numerous cases of character loss in shell, operculum, streptoneury, etc. — some as presumed synapomorphies for higher-level taxa. These can be complete (absence) or partial (reduction), and have been called "negative gains." To describe and code such characters, we are forced to assess morphology that is no longer | present. How we do so determines the shape of the tree, and thus the relationships it infers. These points are illustrated by a real dataset of 37 sacoglossan opisthobranchs (shelled and unshelled) coded for 52 characters. By manipulating only two shell characters through different a priori assumptions and coding options (binary, mulltstate, ordered, unordered), substantial changes in the final cladogram(s) ensue. if the cladogram is translated into a hierarchical classification, these choices mean the difference between two or eight equal-rank clades, and confirmation or rejection of traditional taxa. Modern phylogenetic methods are improving our basis for molluscan systematics and our understanding of evolutionary processes. Including negative gain characters, even if initially presumed homoplastic, can document the extent of parallelism or presumed trends. Still, subjective decisions play a strong role and have profound effects. Garbage in, garbage out. Early development of Crucibulum auricula and Crepidula convexa (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Calyptraeidae) from the Venezuelan Caribbean Patricia Miloslavich and Pablo Penchaszadeh Departamento de Estudios Ambientales and INTECMAR, Universidad Simon Bolivar, P.O. Box 89.000, Caracas 10809, Venezuela; pmilos@usb.ve A population of Crucibulum auricula was found in Chacopata, living attached to rocky substrates at about 1m depth. Each female broods between 4 and 20 egg capsules in the mantle cavity, and these are attached to the substate by a short stalk. The capsules contain between 55 and 305 eggs, each measuring around 200 um. Between 3 and 15 embryos develop and ingest the nurse eggs; cannibalism among siblings was also observed. Only 1 to 11 hatch as crawling juveniles measuring between 600 and 840 um. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.39 The population of Crepidula convexa was found in Morrocoy, living attached to live Modulus modulus gastropods at about 10 to 50 cm depth. Each female broods between 5 and 15 egg capsules that are also attached to the substrate by a stalk. The egg capsules contain between i and 6 eggs measuring around 350 um. All eggs develop and hatch as nonswimming pediveligers measuring between 550 and 1,170 um. No adelophophagy or cannibalism was observed. Terrestrial gastropods from tropical rain forest leaf litter, southern Veracruz, México Edna Naranjo-Garcia Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, A. P. 70-153, México, D.F. 04510, México; naranjo@servidor.unam.mx Abstract Tropical rain forest leaf litter samples were collected monthly from April 1990 to June 1991 from two contrasting types of ground leaf litter: one where Ficus yoponensis was present had a rapid rate of decay, and another where Nectandra ambigens was present had a slow rate of decay. These sites were situated in a secondary growth forest with Ficus only, and in a tropical rain forest with both Ficus and Nectandra. Additional sampies were taken from canopy leaf litter from October 1991 to April 1992 to determine which species lived in the canopy. Accumulated leaf litter was sampied from the tops of all shrubs and small trees between 50 cm and about 2 m in height in a5 m/’area. Fifty species from 14 families were recovered from the ground leaf litter; two species were found only in the canopy; and 25 species were found in both. Shells were more common in the secondary growth forest (Ficus), perhaps because of the denser understory. In the tropical rain forest, shells were especially common for a short period of time under Ficus; whereas under Nectandra, shell numbers were less, but present over a longer period of time during the 15 month study period. Live snails seemed to prefer canopy leaf litter (47 alive/6 months) rather than ground leaf litter. Weather and vegetative cover both seem to have great influence on the molluscan distributions. Introduction Several studies on the molluscan fauna from areas that surround the tropical rain forests of Veracruz have been published: Cordoba, Pacho, Mirador (Fischer & Crosse, 1870 1894; von Martens 1890 - 1901); Hacienda Cuatotolapam, Catemaco, etc. (Baker, 1922 a & b, 1923a & b, 1926, 1927, 1928a & b, 1930, 1939a & b, 1940a & b, 1941, 1943, 1945). Recently, Naranjo-Garcia and Polaco (1997) compiled information on the nonmarine molluks of the Los Tuxtias region. Our own studies on terrestrial mollusks from tropical rain forest leaf litter in Mexico were initiated in 1990 (Naranjo-Garcia, 1992). The invertebrate fauna of leaf litter is of tremendous importance because of the biological processes that take place there. Several groups of arthropods along with earthworms and terrestrial gastropods, have been studied in relation to ground leaf litter and soil formation (e.g., Madge, 1966, Zusevics, 1982; Curry et al., 1985). Land snails perform various functions in soil and ieaf litter, including recycling organic matter (Runham 1978) and breaking down fresh or dead leaves or other organic matter into smaller pieces (Graham, 1955; Mason, 1970 in Chatfield, 1976; Vitousek & Sanford, 1986). In addition, land snails feed on soil (Szlavecz, 1986), and make organic matter available to bacteria and fungi (Chatfield, 1976). The objective of this study was to analyse the distribution of the terrestrial snail fauna in two types of leaf litter from tropical rain forests in the Nature Reserve of the Estacién de Biologia de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.40 operated by the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México. Materiais and Methods Los Tuxtlas Biological Station is located at 18°34' to 18°36' N latitude and 95°04' to 95°09" W longitude, in the southeast part of the State of Veracruz, Mexico. The station encompasses about 640 hectares of tropical rain forest; elevations range from 150 to 530 m (Alvarez, 1988). Samples were collected monthly from April 1990 to June 1991 from four sites (Fha, NV, Nha, and FJ) and from two contrasting types of ground leaf litter: one where Ficus yoponensis was present had a rapid rate of decay, and a second where Nectandra ambigens was present had a slow rate of decay. These sites are situated in a secondary growth forest developed on 55 year old abandoned crop jand with Ficus only, and in a tropical rain forest with both Ficus and Nectandra. Samples were all from leaf litter from 30 cm square plots (collected to bare ground) taken at the bases (sites FHAB, NVB, NhaB and FJB) and from 5 m distance from the tree trunks (sites FHa5, NV5, Nha5 and FJ5). Observations in the tropical rain forest revealed snails crawing on vegetation (leaves, stems, and trunks). Additional samples were taken from canopy leaf litter from October 1991 to April 1992 to determine which species lived in the canopy itself. Accumulated leaf litter was sampled from the tops of all shrubs and small trees between 50 cm and about 2m in height. Samples were taken at random every month. Results Fifty species of terrestrial mollusks in 14 families were recovered from the ground ieaf litter. Interesting patterns are seen from the graphs for four collecting sites: in general snails were more numerous at the bases of the trees (PHAB, NVB, NhaB) than at a5 m distance, except under Ficus yoponensis in secondary growth vegetation (FJB), where they were more numerous away from the trunk of the tree (FJ5). This sample site also yielded the greatest number of specimens compared to ali of the remaining (Fig. i). On the other hand, snails were more evenly distributed, as was expected, under Nectandra ambigens leat litter (NHaB and NHa5S), where the decay rate was less and the layer of leaves thicker than under Ficus (FHaB and FHa5). Nevertheless, under Nectandra (NV5) the number of snails was less. Shell numbers were greater for a short period of time under Ficus (FHaB); while under Nectandra numbers were less, but snails were found over a longer period during the 15 month study period. In all sites the "nortes" season — when north winds that originate in the northern part of United States due to the Manitoba anticyclone — brings heavy rains to the eastern states of Mexico from about October to February and sometimes as late asi May, and have an influence as shown by the lesser number of shells. Live snails were more numerous in the canopy leaf litter (47 alive/6 months) than in ground leaf litter during the months surveyed. The greatest number of live snails was found during October. In ground leaf litter 50 species of land snails were found, 26 of which were different from those found in the canopy leaf litter. Twenty four species were found in the canopy, of which 22 were in common with those from the ground leaf litter; two species were found only in the canopy. A total of 52 species was found during this survey of both types of leaf litter from the Mexican tropical rain forest. Discussion In the secondary growth forest the understory is denser than that found in the tropical rain forest and may explain the great number of shells found in this type of habitat. Nevertheless, under Nectandra from the tropical rain forest (NV5), the number of snails was slightly less. This site has a 9° slope, however, and Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.41 the leaf litter layer might be thiner or the slope might have influenced their presence. Live snails seemed to prefer canopy leaf litter (47 alive/6 months) rather than ground leaf litter. During the months surveyed the highest numbers of live snails were found during October — at the end of the rainy season — and in January, the "nortes" season (the rainy season extends from about May to October and continues during the "nortes" season; annual rainfali reaches almost 5,000 mm). These seasonal rains may cause snails to migrate vertically to avoid flooding or from being washed away, and could heip explain why live animals are not found as often in ground leaf litter. On the other hand, our results are similar to those of Nadkarni and Longino (1990), who observed that the abundance of invertebrates was higher on the ground than in the canopy. The mean density of ground leaf litter snails in Los Tuxtlas was 1.5 times greater than for those of the canopy. In comparison, Nadkarni and Longino (1990) found the abundance of snails “2.6 times greater on the ground than in the canopy” in a similar study in Costa Rica. In our study the fauna present in the ground was more diverse than that in the canopy, which also corresponds with the results of Nadkarni and Longino (1990). Snails certainly move from the ground to the canopy, or vice versa, because at least half of the species are using both types of habitats. During this study more live snails were found in the canopy than in ground leaf litter (Fig. 2). Unfortunately, canopy leaf litter was sampled mainly during the “nortes" season. It will be adviseable to continue this type of research to see how the climatic conditions, type of leaf litter, cover, etc., influence the distribution of land snails in this type of forest. Literature Cited Aivarez, S. F. j. 1988. Estimacién de la caida y descomposicién de la hojarasca y su relacién con ia dinfimica de una selva mexicana. Ph.D. dissertation. Facultad de Ciencias U.N.A.M. 106 pp. Baker, H. B. 1922a. The Mollusca collected by the University of Michigan-Walker Expedition in Southern Vera Cruz, Mexico, I. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 106: 1-61. Baker, H. B. 1922b. Notes on the radula of the Helicinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 74: 29-67. Baker, H.B. 1923. The Mollusca collected by the University of Mchigan-Walker Expedition in Southern Vera Cruz, Mexico, IV. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 135: 1-16. Baker, H. B. 1926. Correspondence from Mexico. The Nautilus, 40(1): 63-64. Baker, H. B. 1927. Minute Mexican land snails. Proceedings of the Academy of Naturai Sciences of Philadelphia, 79: 223-246. Baker, H. B. 1928a. Mexican mollusks collected for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926, I. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 193: 1-54. Baker, H. B. 1928b. Minute American Zonitidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 80: 1-44. Baker, H. B. 1930. Mexican mollusks collected for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Michigan, 220: 1-45. Baker, H. B. 1939a. New Mexican species of Spzraxis. The Nautilus, 53(2): 49-53. Baker, H. B. 1939b. Mexican mollusks collected for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926, part 3. The Nautilus, 52(4): 132-134. Baker, H. B. 1940a. Mexican Subulinidae and Spiraxinae with new species of Spiraxis. The Nautilus, 53(3): 89-94. Baker, H. B. 1940b. Notes on Salasiella from Mexico. The Nautilus, 54(3): 80-83. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.42 Baker, H. B. 1941. Outline of American Oleacinae and new species from Mexico. The Nautilus, 55(2): 51-60. Baker, H. B. 1943. The mainland genera of American Oleacininae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 95: 1-13. Baker, H. B. 1945. Some American Achatinidae. The Nautilus, 58(3): 84-92. Curry, J. P., M. Kelly, and T. Boiger. 1985. Role of invertebrates in the decomposition of Salix litter in reclaimed cutover peat, pp.:393-397. In: Ecoiogical interactions in soil. Plants, microbes and animals. Special Publication No. 4 British Ecological Society. A.H. Fitter, D. Atkinson, D.J. Read & M.B. Usher (eds.), 451 pp. Chatfield, J. E. 1976. Studies of food and feeding in some European land mollusks. Journal of Conchology, 29 :5-20. Fischer, P., and H. Crosse. 1870 - 1894. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans I'Amerique Centrale. 7me Partie. Estudes sur ies mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du Mexique et du Guatemala. Paris, Vol. I and 11. Graham, A. 1955. Molluscan diets. Proceedings of the Malacological Society, 31(3/4): 144-159. Martens, V.E. 1890 - 1901. Biologia Centrali Americana. Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca. (London). Pp. 1-xxvuit 1-706. Madge, D. 1966. How leaf litter disappears. New Scientist, 32: 113-115. Nadkarni, N. M., and J. T. Longino. 1990. Invertebrates in canopy and ground organic matter in a Neotropical Montane Forest, Costa Rica. Biotropica, 22(3): 286-289. Naranjo-Garcia, E. 1992. Leaf-litter malacofauna of a tropical rain forest: preliminary results. Western Society of Malacologists, Annual Report, 24: 33. Naranjo-Garcia, E., and O.P. Polaco. 1997. Moluscos continentales, pp. 425-431. Jn: Historia natural de Los Tuxtias, Veracruz. Gonzdlez-Soriano, E., Dirzo, R. and R. Vogt (eds.). 647pp. Runham,N. W. 1978. Alimentary Canal, pp. 53-104. Jn: Pulmonates. Vol. i Functional Anatomy and Physiology. Fretter V. and J. Peake, eds. Academic Press, 417 pp. Szlavecz, K. 1986. Food selection and nocturnal behavior of the land snail Monadenia hillebrandi mariposa A.G. Smith (Pulmonata: Helminthoglyptidae). The Veliger, 29(2): 183-190. Vitousek, P. M., and R. L. Sanford, Jr. 1986. Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17: 137-167. Zusevics, A. J. 1982. Plant and animal role of soil organic matter formation and decomposition. Ciencia e Cultura, 34(8): 1039-1041. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.43 Ficus (FHaB) Gy — ‘Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NovDecJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun . Nectandra (NVB) 0 = Ape May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Fab Mar Apr May Jun 1990 1991 Nectandra (NHaB) 1990 1991 Ficus (FJB) 4 _ Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oc} Nov Dec Jan Fe Mar Apr May Jun 1990 1995 Ficus (FHad) 1990 1991 Nectandra (NV5) 1990 1901 Nectandra (NHa5) 1990 y991 Ficus (FJ5) Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Fap Mar Apr May Jun 1990 1991 Ground leaf litter land snails from four sites in a Tropical Rain Forest Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.44 Fig. 2 Canopy leaf litter snails from four sites of the tropical rain forest 40 30 O Live a6 C shells 10 ie} Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Nectandra 1991 1992 (Yo) reesei eo eat a Te Dive Plo) eset hase esate nce eM OPES SEC Sere ee Oshells Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Vigia 1991 1992 Ficus SF 1991 1992 TABLE 1. Ground and canopy leaf litter land snails from a tropical rain forest of Mexico Helicinidae Helicina cf. cinctella* Helicina cf. vernalis* Helicina lirata (Pfeiffer, 1847)* Schasichila minuscula (Pfeiffer, 1859) Helicina tenuis Pfeiffer, 1848* Megalomastomidae Tomocyclus lunae Bartsch, 1945 Pupillidae Pupisoma sp.* Pupillidae Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.45 Table 1 (cont.) Strobilopsidae Strobilops cf. veracruzensis* Ferrussacudae Cecilioides consobrinus primus (De Folin, 1870) Cecilioides jod Pilsbry, 1907* Subulinidae Diaopeas beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846) Lamellaxis (2) gracilis (Hutton, 1834) Lamellaxis martensi (Pfeiffer, 1857) * Lamellaxis (Allopeas) micra (d'Orbigny, 1835) Leptinaria cf. interstriata Spiraxidae Euglandina sp.* Pseudosubulina cf. berendti (L. Pfeiffer) Pseudosubulina A Pseudosubulina B Salasiella (Perpusilla) perpusilla (Pfeiffer, 1866) Spiraxis cf. scalella Systrophidae Miradiscops A** Miradiscops B* cf. Scolodonta Punctidae cf. Punctum Helicodiscidae Chanomphalus pilsbry (Baker, 1922) Sagdidae Xenodiscula sp. Euconulidae Guppya biolleyi Martens, 1892 Guppya miamensis Pilsbry, 1903 Vitrinidae Hawaiia minuscule (Binney, 1840)* Omphalina cf. zonites Thysanophoridae Thysanophora (Lyroconus) plagioptycha (Shuttleworth, 1854) Thysanophora A * * species common to ground and canopy leaf litter ** species only found in canopy leaf litter Strobilops B Ferrussacudae Opeas goodalli Miller Opeas A Opeas B cf, Opeas Spiraxis cf. sulciferus Streptostyla of. bocourti Crosse y Fischer Streptostyla cf. lurida Streptostyla mitraeformis (Shuttleworth, 1852) Streptostyla B Streptostyla C Systrophia A* Systrophia B**. Guppya sp.* Habroconus trochulinus (Morelet, 1851)* Vitrinidae sp.* Thysanophora B* Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.46 Shell paedomorphosis in Prunum (Neogastropoda: Marginellidae): A multilineage microstructural analysis Ross H. Nehm and Claus Hedegaard Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; rossn@violet.berkeley.edu Living and fossil gastropods have figured prominently in research on the evolution of development through phylogeny (e.g., heterochrony). Here we examine: (1) spatial, temporal, and microstructural patterns of shell deposition through ontogeny; (2) changes in these depositional patterns through phylogeny; and (3) the relationship between microstructure depositional patterns and the assembly and evolution of shell features in three clades of paedomorphic Prunum (Neogastropoda: Marginellidae) from the western Atlantic. Ontogenetic patterns of microstructure deposition are mapped on phylogenies for each Prunum clade to determine if paedomorphic shells exhibit global or dissociated heterochrony and if paedomorphic shells in different clades are a product of similar microstructure deposition patterns. Our microstructural analyses focus on shell layering, the external varix, the inner lip, dorsal lip callus, the anterior aperture margin callus, and the posterior aperture margin callus. Ontogenetic studies of these shell characters in all three clades indicate that paedomorphic shells are formed by similar microstructure deposition patterns. However, paedomorphic shell characters do not evolve in concert: the direction and magnitude of character evolution is different among characters. In addition, the evolution of paedomorphs is not due to a simple truncation of ancestral adult ontogeny; the loss or reduction of shell features and microstructural layers in paedomorphs is not the reverse order of character appearances in the outgroup. Molecular phylogeny of marginelliform gastropods: A progress report Ross H. Nehm and Chinh N. Tran Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; rossn@violet.berkeley.edu Maximum-parsimony phylogenetic analyses of marginelliform gastropods (Neogastropoda: families Marginellidae and Cystiscidae), using multiple character sets (shell, radula, and soft-part morphology) have produced robust estimates of the relationships of marginelliforms to other neogastropod families (Olividae, Volutidae, Volutomitridae) and the interrelationships among marginellid tribes (Nehm, 1996). However, resolution of within-tribe phylogeny is currently poor, and the results of morphological analyses have yet to be corroborated with molecular data. DNA sequences from 16S RNA are used to: (1) test the Coovert hypothesis of marginellid polyphyly (that cystiscids are most closely related to olives rather than marginellids); (2) determine the phylogenetic position of Hyalina within the Marginellidae, thus establishing if radular loss was a single or multiple event; and (3) test the monophyly of Prunum and Volvarina. Fifteen species from nine marginelliform genera (Prunum, Dentimargo, Marginella, Hyalina, Volvarina, Rivomarginella, Bullata, Persicula, and Gibberula) and one outgroup (Olivella) are available for molecular analyses. Successful DNA extraction has been completed for Prunwn, Dentimargo, Persicula, Gibberula, and Olivella, and is currently in progress for the remaining taxa. PCR and DNA sequencing have been completed for Dentimargo, and are in progress for the other genera. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.47 Finned octopuses (Cirrata) in the seas of Russia Kir N. Nesis P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117218 Moscow, Russia npar@fish.comcp.msk.su Finned octopuses, long considered rare exotic animals, have, in the last few decades, been found to be common and usual inhabitants of the near-bottom layer on continental slopes and abyssal plains throughout the Worid Ocean. Three species, representing a peculiar reproductive strategy and belonging to two differrnt life forms, are recorded in the Russian seas. Cirroteuthis muelleri Eschricht (family Cirroteuthidae) belongs to the campanula-like forms and inhabits the northern seas, Opisthoteuthis californiana Berry and O. “albatrossi” (Sasaki) (family Opisthoteuthidae) belong to the flapjack-like forms and inhabit the Far Eastern seas. All three feed on small epibenthic and suprabenthic animals, mostly crustaceans, have large (length 10-11 mm) eggs, produced continuously during the whole adult life and laid individually on the bottom. The individual period of maturity is extended, and feeding and growth continue during spawning. Fecundity is rather low (according to Ch. M. Nigmatullin and V. V. Laptikhovsky, some 1,000-4,000), development is direct, juveniles are less connected with the bottom than are adults. Cirroteuthis muelleri may reach 35 cm in total length and is distributed through the whole Arctic Basin, Scandic Basin and Baffin Sea. It is benthopelagic, recorded in the near-bottom layer at approximately 500-3,800 m, but was repeatedly caught in midwater and once even at the surface. It is a common and characteristic animal of the lower slope under the Atlantic Water Mass and on the abyssal plains. Opisthoteuthis are predominantly benthic animals, occurring mainly on the upper slope and very common locally. Opisthoteuthis californiana is widely distributed from the northern Bering Sea to off eastern Honshu and California at depths ranging from 125 to approximately 1,100 m. In the Okhotsk Sea it is common at 400-900 m, in the western Bering Sea at 300-650 m. Maximal arm ring diameter in males is 72 cm, in females 64 cm. Opisthoteuthis “albatrossi” is a larger (females to 80 cm) and deeper-water species (780- 3,400 m), known from the Aleutian Islands to eastern Honshu, including the Okhotsk Sea. Males of both species of Opisthoteuthis are larger than females. The sex ratio is equal or females predominate. Gonatid squids in the subarctic North Pacific: Ecology, biogeography, niche diversity, and role in the ecosystem Kir N. Nesis eae: shiney Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117218 Moscow, Russia npar@fish.comcp.msk.su All available ecological and biogeographical data are gathered on the northern North Pacific gonatid squids: Berryteuthis (2 species), Gonatopsis (3 sp.) and Gonatus (7 sp.). The species are compared according to their size, horizontal and vertical distribution, spawning habitats, diurnal vertical migrations, and gelatinous degeneration associated with maturation. "Ecological individuality" of each species is evaluated. Each species occupies its own ecological niche but these niches overlap to varying degrees. The history of niche divergence in North Pacific gonatids during the Neogene-Pleistocene is characterized. Common features are described of horizontal and vertical distribution of relative abundance and biomass of North Pacific gonatids. Their roles in the ecosystem are analyzed as predators, prey, competitors, and hosts of parasites. In addition, the biomass, production, and food consumption of gonatids are evaluated. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.48 Total biomass of gonatids in the subarctic North Pacific and Russian Far Eastern seas is roughly estimated in 1520 mln tons, their yearly production in 50-80 mln tons (some 10-15% of the world total production of mesopelagic cephalopods) and yearly food consumption in 100-200 mln tons. The life cycle of gonatids is much shorter and their P/B-coefficient much higher than in subarctic mesopelagic fishes. Squid biomass in the Okhotsk Sea is less than 10% of that of fish, but their production is assessed at 58-67% of the total fish production. This emphasizes the very important role of gonatid squids in subarctic oceanic ecosystems. Deep-water octopods (Opisthoteuthidae: Bathypolypodinae, Graneledoninae) from the Okhotsk and western Bering Seas Kir N. Nesis and Chingis M. Nigmatullin P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117218 Moscow, Russia; npar@fish.comcp.msk.su Based on data collected in the Okhotsk Sea (OS) in 1984 at depths of 55-2,000 m, eight deep-water benthic octopuses inhabit this region, namely: Opisthoteuthis californiana (400-900 m); O. “albatrossi” (780-1,500 m); Benthoctopus sp. 1 (145-800, ?850 m); Benthoctopus sp. 2 (280-1375, ?2000 m); Benthoctopus sp. 3 (750- 1,375, 22,000 m); Benthoctopus sp. 4 (n. sp., 1,800- 1,840 m); Bathypolypus salebrosus (300-750 m); and Graneledone boreopacifica (1,040-2,000 m). Opisthoteuthis californiana, B. salebrosus, G. boreopacifica and at least three Benthoctopus spp. were present off NE Japan and oceanward from the Kurile Islands; three more species of Benthoctopus are known off NE Japan. In the western Bering Sea (WBS), in 1993-1995, at depths of 100-750 m, three species were recorded: O. califomiana (328-578 m), B. salebrosus (350-578 m), Benthoctopus n. sp. aff. B. abruptus (260-750 m). All species have large eggs, 10-11 mm in Opisthoteuthis spp., 16-20 mm in B. salebrosus, 22-27 mm in B. sp. aff. B. abruptus, 20-28 to 35-37 mm in Benthoctopus spp. Fecundity in Bathypolypodinae is some dozen of eggs. Benthoctopus sp. aff. B. abruptus is known to occur off NE Japan but not in the OS and none of the four OS Benthoctopus are found in the WBS. Morphologically and biogeographically B. sp. aff. B. abruptus is an intermediate link between rather deep- and warm-water B. abruptus (southern and eastern Japan, 300- 1,000 m) and B. szbiricus from the eastern Arctic, the most cold- and shallow-water (38-220 m) species of Benthoctopus. The migration of Benthoctopus spp. into the High Arctic is thought to have proceeded in two ways: (1) from the North Atlantic in post-glacial time (B. piscatorum); and (2), from the North Pacific through the Bering Strait probably in the middle Pliocene (B. sp. aff. B. abruptus - B. sibiricus). Egg size, fecundity, vitelline oocyte resorption, and spawning in the gonatid squid, Berryteuthis magister (Gonatidae) Chingis M. Nigmatullin Atlantic Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (AtlantNIRO), Dm. Donskoy Street, 5, Kaliningrad, 236000 Russia; scomber@sovam.com This is the first study of reproduction in a species of "large egg” squid. The reproductive systems of a total of 165 females (160-345 mm ML) were investigated. Specimens examined in this study were collected in the western part of the Bering Sea during 1994-1996. All stages of maturity were represented. Fresh ripe Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.49 eggs ranged in size from 3.5-4.1 by 3.4-3.7 mm. During the process of spawning the size of the eggs decreased significantly. Potential fecundity (PF) in pre-spawning females varied between 30,000 and115,000 and increased as ML’s increased: PF = exp (2.629+ 0.00432 ML). Relative fecundity ranged between 50 and 102 oocytes per gram (average 75). Large-scale resorption of vitelline oocytes began in pre- spawning females and intensified during the course of spawning. The spawning type is defined as intermittent and descending with a gradual decrease in the number of eggs per egg mass coupled with a gradual degeneration of liver and mantle tissue. The reproductive balance (evolution PF in ontogeny) is as follows: values for average actual (realized) fecundity were 42% PF and for residual fecundity they were 58% PF. The residual stock of oocytes, on average, consisted of 10 % PF protoplasmatic, 2.5 % PF normal vitelline, and 45.5% vitelline resorbed oocytes. The process of vitellogenesis during ontogenesis involved an average of 90% PF (=VF). From this figure 46% VF is realized, 51 % VF is involved in the process of resorpuon, and 3% VF remained as residual normal oocytes. The energy of resorbed vitelline oocytes probably is one of the main sources for metabolism in non-feeding, spawning females. Fecundity of the ommastrephid squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the Eastern Pacific Chingis M. Nigmatullin, Vladimir Laptikhovsky, and Nikolay Mokrin Atlantic Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (AtlantNIRO), Dm. Donskoy Street, 5, Kaliningrad, 236000 Russia; scomber@sovam.com The female reproductive systems of a total of 76 Dosidicus gigas, collected in 1980-1989 from off southern Peru to Nicaragua (150-720 mm ML), were investigated. The average diameter of ripe eggs was 0.78-1.07 mm and the egg weight was 0.22-0.47 mg. These features are significantly higher (t=8.129 and t=6.321) in female squid caught off Nicaragua compared to squid caught off Peru. Potential fecundity (PF =total oocyte stock in pre- spawning females) varied between 300,000 and 13,000,000 and increased in direct proportion to increases in mantle length (ML) and body weight (BW): PF=exp (5.110 + 0.00589 ML) r=0.89 and PF=exp (6.775 + 0.000215 BW) r=0.82. Relative fecundity of mature females (588-3,768 oocyte/g; mean 1,632) did not differ in different parts of the species’ range (Peruvian waters, equatorial zone, and Nicaragua region). Intra-specific variations in PF were extremely high even among animals of the same size and in the same physiological condition. Thus in maturing females (380-395 mm ML) the PF varied from 2.5 to 6.0 million oocytes. Variations presumably are caused by different individual growth rates during the foraging period, when PF levels are already established. The Index of Potential Reproductive Investment is 0.19-1.32 (0.56). Mature females accumulate from 10,000 (ML 150 mm) to 1,000,000 (ML >500 mm) oocytes in the oviducts. During a single spawning event each female spawns more than 30% of the initial oocyte stock. Spawning is intermittent, as is typical in other ommastrephids. Rendezvous in the dark: Coevolution between sepiolids and their luminous bacterial symbionts Michele K. Nishiguchi, E. G. Ruby, and Margaret J. McFall-Ngai University of Hawaii, Pacific Biomedical Research Center, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813; mknish@hawaii.edu It has long been noted that the partners of an animal-bacterial symbiosis express phenotypic traits that reflect adaptation to their relationship. We have studied the coevolutionary patterns of the independently culturable partners in the sepiolid squid-luminous bacteria symbioses. Molecular phylogenies for the host Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.50 squid were derived from sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I; the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase gene was used for phylogenetic determinations of the bacterial symbionts. A combined tree for all three loci indicated a parallel phylogeny between the sepiolids and their respective symbionts. These phylogenetic analyses were coupled with experiments examining the ability of the different symbiont strains to compete and colonize a particular sepiolid host. Our results indicated an enhanced specificity for native strains of symbionts over non-native strains, and provided a hierarchy of symbiont competency that completely complemented the phylogenetic relationships. This combination of molecular systematics and symbiont colonization provides both molecular and biological evidence for mechanisms of coevolution among animal-bacterial associations, and specifically the evolutionary events that may provide insights for the origin and divergence of this group of sepiolids. Phylogenetic relationships of flabellinid nudibranchs based on mitrochondrial DNA sequences Katharina Noack State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NewYork 11790-5245 kat@life.bio.sunysb.edu Opisthobranch mollusks in general show a high incidence of convergent evolution in anatomical structures that are used in their classificaitton. This might have serious implications for establishing phylogenetic relationships based on morphology within these groups as homoplasy would hinder the recovery of correct phylogenies. The large and morphologically diverse nudibranch family Flabellinidae has recently received much attention, and phylogenetic relationships within this family based on morphological characters have been published (Gosliner and Kuzirian, 1990; Gosliner and Willan, 1991). Both studies, however, show large amounts of homoplasy in their datasets. To investigate the extent of convergent evolution of anatomical structures within this family, I have established a preliminary phylogeny of flabellinid nudibranchs based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes 16S and cytochrome oxidase I. This molecular phylogeny provides an independent phylogenetic framework for this family on which the evolution of anatomical structures and be traced. Invertebrate megafauna, community structure, and molluscan associates at three deep-sea sites off central California James W. Nybakken, Guillermo Moreno, Lisa Smith Beasley, Anne Summers, and Lisa Weetman Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, P.O. Box 450, Moss Landing, California 95039 nybakken@mlml.calstate.edu Invertebrate megafaunal community structure at three sites at the base of the continental slope at 3,000 m was investigated by beam trawls and camera sleds. The sedimentary environment was dominated by holothurians, ophiurans, pennatulids and one species of sea star and one species of corallomorpharian. There was considerable variation in rank order of abundance of the dominant invertebrates among the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.51 sites and between years at one of the sites. Comparisons between camera sleds and trawls indicated no differences in rank order of abundance, but the densities estimated from the camera sleds were about four times those of the trawls. The molluscan fauna was sparse in relation to the other invertebrates, only 15 species were found, and the two most abundant species were the large scaphopod, Fissidentalium megathyris, and the turrid, Stezraxis aulaca. Molecular phylogenetic relationships of brooding oysters Diarmaid O Foighil, Derek Taylor, and Christopher Jozefowicz Museum of Zoology and Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079; diarmaid@umich.edu Molluscan systematists have traditionally regarded the Ostreacea as a notoriously difficult taxon, due in large part to their xenomorphic growth patterns. In some cases, systematic relationships have been further obscured by undocumented anthropogenic transfers. Molecular characterization of oyster taxa, however, promises to significantly increase our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among these intriguing organisms. We are focusing on the brooding oysters: the Lophinae and the Ostreinae. Their phylogenetic relationships to other members of the Ostreacea are being delineated using 28S nuclear ribosomal gene sequences. A fragment of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal gene is being used to investigate relationships among the brooders. Preliminary results indicate that: (1) parental care may have been secondarily lost in ancestral lineages of cupped oysters; (2) the Lophinae and the Ostreinae may both be paraphyletic; (3) Harry’s (1985) interpretation of systematic relationships among Southern Hemisphere Ostreinae is not supported; (4) the “non-ostreid” larval development of Tiostrea chilensis is secondarily derived. Molecular systematics of Aplacophora based on EF1a nuclear gene sequences Akiko Okusu Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; aokusu@oeb.harvard.edu Aplacophora are shell-less, vermiform, deep-sea mollusks in which the external cuticle is covered by numerous aragonite spicules. Little is known about aplacophoran phylogeny, and its analysis has been based mostly on morphological characters. The only published molecular data, which utilized 18S rRNA sequences, did not resolve the phylogeny of the Aplacophora. The phylogenetic questions are whether the two aplacophoran taxa, Neomeniomorpha and Chaetodermomorpha, are monophyletic and whether they are basal to all extant mollusks. To resolve conflicting hypotheses, the highly conserved nuclear coding gene elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1 a) was analyzed for Epimenia australis and Chaetoderma canadense. The analysis of a 1200 bp fragment of the EF 1a gene from the two aplacophoran species and from species representing the Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, and Cephalopoda represents the first aplacophoran phylogeny based on EF1 a molecular data. (Supported in part by NSF DEB-PEET 95- 21930.) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.52 Land snail ecology on the northern Kuril Islands, Far Eastern Russia: Habitat versus isolation Timothy A. Pearce Delaware Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 3937, Wilmington, Delaware 19807 tpearce@wittnet.com Boreal islands in the northern Kuril Island Archipelago in Far Eastern Russia have relatively few vegetation assemblages, and represent an excellent situation in which to examine the influences of habitat and isolation on the composition of terrestrial gastropod assemblages. In 1996, I collected 6,250 gastropods of 13 species from 61 leaf litter samples taken from meadow, alder (Alnus maximawiczi1), and pine (Pinus pumila) habitats on eight of the northern Kuril Islands. In contrast to temperate North American gastropod faunas, meadow samples averaged more species than alder forest samples, although abundances were slightly lower in meadows. Pine forests had very few species and extremely low abundances of individuals. Consistent with island biogeography theory, larger islands tended to have a greater total number of species, however, gastropod abundances tended to be lower on larger islands. Five species occurred on all or all but one island suggesting that isolation does not limit their distribution, but five other species occurred on four or fewer of the islands, consistent with the hypothesis that isolation influences the distribution of some species. All or all but one of the 13 species occurred in the meadow and alder habitats, respectively, but only four species occurred in pine forest litter, indicating that habitats are not equally suitable. Thus, both habitat and isolation appear to influence gastropod species assemblages on the northern Kuril Islands. The spawn in the genus Adelomelon (Prosobranchia: Volutidae) from the Atlantic coast of South America Pablo E. Penchaszadeh, P. M. S. Costa, M. Lasta, and Patricia Miloslavich Departamento de Estudios Ambientales and INTECMAR, Universidad Simon Bolivar, P.O. Box 89.000, Caracas 10809, Venezuela; ppenchas@usb.ve Since the early descriptions of egg capsules of South American volutes in the past century, very few additions have been made, many of them unfortunately proved to be wrong. We describe here the egg capsule of the largest South American volute, Adelomelon becki (Broderip, 1836), and redescribe the often confused spawn of A. ancilla (Lightfoot, 1786). The spawn of A. becki is a single, conspicuous, large, globose and hemispheric egg capsule attached to pectinid shells, measuring 50 mm in basal diameter and 35 mm in height. The base is round and has a narrow (3 mm) margin. The number of embryos ranges from 7 to 10. The size at hatching was 16.0 to 18.6 mm in shell length. The internal volume of the egg capsule was 30 to 35 ml. No nurse eggs were observed. All the studied material was at a pre-hatching crawling stage. The egg capsule of A. ancilla is oval and flat, with a diameter ranging from 37 to 45 mm, never covered by a calcareous layer. They are generally attached to pectinid shells. The number of eggs per capsule is 5 to 8, and so is the number of developing embryos; nurse eggs are not present. The eggs are 150 microns in diameter and are surrounded by a very dense liquid. The internal volume of the egg capsule ranged from 2.5 to 4.0 ml. Hatching takes place as crawling juveniles, the shell measuring between 11.7 and 12.7 mm. We discuss the affinities within the volutids, including Adelomelon brasiliana free egg capsules. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.53 Dynamics of adult and juvenile bivalve dispersal: A shifting paradigm Robert S. Prezant, Harold B. Rollins, and Ronald B. Toll Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705-1090 rprezant@grove.iup.edu There has been a growing literature base that has attempted to, at least in part, refocus our attention on recruitment and dispersal mechanisms, away from planktonic and larval propagules, towards small and juvenile forms. In bivalve molluscs, it is now well known that short to medium range dispersal in juvenile (post-larval) tellinids, mytilids, venerids, solenids, myids, and arcids is possible via byssal or stochastic drift. We believe we must add to this list dispersal of some adult bivalves as well. Evidence of dispersal in some adult venerid, mactrid, and corbiculid bivalves is substantial. Brooding Corbicula fluminea can disperse as adults using mucoid drogue lines. Large, sexually mature Mercenaria mercenaria can be entrained from sandy sediments and are thus capable of passively migrating to new sites. The relative importance of adult bivalve dispersal in founding new demes or patch dynamics is unknown. We suggest that repetitive findings of small populations of adult bivalves in sites where larval recruitment is not evident could represent viable founding populations that have their origins in adult phases. Discrepancies in fisheries surveys as well as anomalies in predicted trends of population heterozygosities, could reflect dispersal by adult bivalves. Effect of diet and temperature on growth and biogeographic distribution of the herbivorous kelp snail Norrisia norrisi Michelle Priest P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, California 92834-6850; michelle@ux.com Norvisia norrisi (family Trochidae), a hervbivorous snail that commonly lives and feeds on kelps, is largely confined to the warmer waters of the Southern California Bight from Point Conception to Isla Asuncion, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Previous experimental research has shown that N. norrisi prefers kelps over all other algal foods. Here, we test the hypothesis that N. norrisi not only shows strong preferences for kelps but also grows best on its preferred seaweed food. In addition, we test the hypotheses that colder seawater temperatures result in reduced consumption and assimilation of algal foods and reduced growth (shell and body mass). To test these hypotheses, individual snails were held in feeding arenas in the laboratory and fed algal diets ad-libitum for a minimum of six weeks. Diets consisted of fresh thalli of either the green alga Ulva lobata or the kelp Ezsenia arborea, which were provided every four days. Snail shell size and biomass were measured bimonthly to determine growth. Additionally, the amount of seaweed food consumed and the quantity of fecal matter produced were determined for both algal diets. Our results suggest that when fed a unialgal diet, N. norrist grows best on kelp and that its feeding biology is strongly influenced by seawater temperature. (Sponsored by CSU Fullerton Biology Department and CSU Fullerton DAC.) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.54 New data on the anatomy and taxonomy of Lacustrina Sterki (Bivalvia: Pisidioidea) Larisa A. Prozorova Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100 let Vladivostok Pr., Vladivostok 690022, Russia zoology@ibss.marine.su Small freshwater clams placed by Russian taxonomists in the superfamily Pisidioidea and by other specialists in the family Sphaeriidae are difficult to identify because their shells have few diagnostic features. Consequently, interest in anatomical study of these small bivalves has increased, especially since the 1990s (Meier-Brook, 1992; Korniushin, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1996; Kuiper et al., 1989; Prozorova et al., 1996 and others). We studied specimens of the genus Lacustrina conchologically and anatomically. Anatomical study included examination of the structure of the mantle edge, gills, and brood sac. Anatomically, this genus is characterized by a short presiphonal suture, presence of the upper siphon only, and of descending lamellae in an outer demibranch (Korniushin, 1990, 1996). American and Canadian malacologists consider the only representative of the genus in North America to be Pisidium idahoense Roper (Clark, 1973, 1981; Burch, 1975). Both Russian and European specialists regard this species to be a Nearctic counterpart of the Palaearctic species P. subtilestrianum (Lindholm) (Kuiper et al., 1989) or Lacustrina dilatata (Westerlund) (Starobogatov, 1970; Korniushin, 1990, 1996). In 1985, a second species with less curved valves, L. chukchensis (Prozorova), was described from Chukotka. Later, both species of Lacustrina were found in Alaska in the same location (Prozorova and Foster, in press). When found together, they are morphologically discrete conchologically and are thus recognized as valid species. Both anatomical and conchological characteristics of studied Alaskan specimens of L.dilatata were revealed to coincide with those of Palaearctic individuals of this species (see Korniushin, 1996). This evidence provides a good argument for the conspecificity of L. dilatata and P. idahoense. Thus, L. dilatata is wide-spread through the Holarctic in large lakes. Distribution of the closely related L. chukchensis is restricted to the Beringian region from the Kolhyma River to the west and Yukon River to the east. Of great interest is the finding of a species of Lacustrina on Iturup Island in the Southern Kuril Islands, Russia. In 1994-1996 we collected and studied clams that had been described by Mori (1935) as Piszdium amnicum etorohuense and inhabiting only two lakes on the Iturup. Well visible descending lamellae were found in the outer demibranch of all examined specimens, indicating that they differed from Piszdium. Furthermore, we discovered the brood sac developed from the thickening of the middle part of an inner demibranch only (Korniushin, 1996). This species, Lacustrina etorohuense, is the most southward ranging species in the genus. The structure of its gills differs from that of two other species by having a less reduced descending lamella of the outer demibranch. The height of the descending lamella of L. etorohuense is more than twice that of the ascending one, whereas the difference between the height of these lamella in L. dilatata and L. chukchensis does not exceed 1.5. According to Korniushin (1996), the reduction of the outer demibranch is defined by a decrease of its height and displacement back relative to the inner demibranch. A second index of the outer demibranch reduction, counting the inner demibranch filaments corresponding to the anterior edge of the outer demibranch, revealed the same number for all species of Lacustrina, 6-7 filaments. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.55 Age determination of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) based on morphometric characters Petr P. Railko Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, 690600, Russia; root@tinro.marine.su There are two, three, or four different age groups present in harvested populations of Berryteuthis magister. Size distributions of these groups overlap considerably, which makes it difficult to determine precisely the modal size classes. We worked out a method of discrimination between groups of the squid based on cluster analysis of morphometric traits. We obtained data on number, maturity, and size-weight character of each age group. Modal size classes of these groups were time approximated on the multiplicative model (Y = aX°). Theoretical growth curves for B. magister from the western Bering Sea and from the Kurile Islands region also were obtained. These curves were based on data for each sex for a several year period. A preliminary assessment of the generic relationships of the Lampsilini (Bivalvia: Unionidae) based on a portion of the 16S rRNA gene Kevin J. Roe Aquatic Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 34587-0344; kroe@biology.as.ua.edu The Lampsilini contains approximately one third of all North American unionid taxa. Members of this tribe display an astonishing variety of conchological and reproductive adaptations not found in other freshwater bivalves in North America. A phylogenetic analysis of Lampsilini relationships constructed upon a preliminary molecular data set of mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences provides an opportunity to test the monophyly of the Lampsilini as well as explore relationships among the genera in that tribe. In addition, the classification allows examination of the evolution of reproductive structures found in the various informally recognized groups within the Lampsilini. The data set generated will also provide the basis for future research aimed at generating much needed classifications within the various generic groups, and research into the evolution of reproductive strategies in the Lampsilini. Reproducibility and explicit hypotheses in molluscan phylogeny Gary Rosenberg Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1195 rosenberg@say.acnatsci.org One of the advantages of phylogenetic systematics over traditional methods of expressing relationships among taxa is that methods and data used to reach conclusions can be explicitly stated, allowing other workers to verify the results and test the effects of various methodological assumptions. Some workers however, continue to proceed in a narrative mode, loosely guided by phylogenetic principles. They present neither explicit methods nor explicit data. Others present data matrices, but their stated methods Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.56 do not reproduce their results. In some cases it is possible to reconstruct the methodological efforts that lead to the erroneous results. Malacologists have generally shied away from debates about phylogenetic methods, but such debates can have salutory effects for the field if conducted in a collegial fashion. In the hopes of stimulating debate, I draw examples from phylogenies recently published by Taylor, Kantor & Sysoev (1993), Bandel & Reidel (1994), and Coovert & Coovert (1995). Highest known land snail diversity: Sixty-six species from one site in Jamaica Gary Rosenberg and Igor V. Muratov Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1195 rosenberg@say .acnatsci.org Four person hours of collecting at a small (circa 4 hectare) karstic, partially disturbed site near Auchtembeddie, Jamaica in September 1996 yielded 57 species of land snails and two species of slugs. A subsequent visit in February 1997 yielded 50 snail species in six person hours, including seven species not collected earlier. Of the total, 21 species were found alive, nine freshly dead, and 30 with sufficient gloss, color or periostracum remaining to indicate that they probably stili exist at the site. Six species were represented only by long dead shells. Of 21 species collected alive, 20 are Jamaican endemics. At least 43 genera are represented. Family distribution is as follows: Helicinidae, 13 species; Poteriidae, 2; Annulartidae, 3; Truncatellidae, 2; Succineidae, 1; Pupillidae, 1; Valloniidae, 1; Euconulidae, 1; Subulinidae, 2; Oleacinidae, 9; Orthalicidae, 1; Bulimulidae, 2; Urocoptidae, 6; Systrophiidae, 1; Sagdidae, 13; Camaenidae, 5; Helminthoglyptidae, i; Veronicellidae, 2. Highest diversities previously reported are 60 species at Waipipi Reserve, New Zealand (56 native snails, one native slug and three introduced snails) and 52 native snails at Manombo, Madagascar. Of the 66 Jamaican species, 58 are native, including two slugs, four are introduced, and four, all micromollusks, are of uncertain status. The sites in New Zealand and Madagascar have been searched more intensively than the Jamaican site, where no arboreal, jeaf litter, or soil sampling has been done. Only 11 (17%) of the Jamaican species sampled reach maturity at under 5 mm. Thus, further work at the site should push known diversity considerably higher than 66 species. Popular delusions, phantom taxa, and the weirdness of ranks Barry Roth Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 barryr@ucmpi.berkeley.edu Biological classifications shape the way we think about the organisms of interest to us. Aspects of traditional (“canonical”) systematics are examined for some less-than-salutary effects on scientific thinking. Rank-free classification, incorporating phylogeny-based taxonomy, while not free of problems of its own, can help us avoid some of the pitfalls of canonical classification. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.57 Early Paleozoic stem group chitons from Utah and Missouri: No Problematica! Bruce Runnegar and Michael J. Vendrasco Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567; runnegar@ucla.edu Conical sclerites from the North American Cambrian were placed in an extinct molluscan class Mattheva by Yochelson (1966). In 1979, Runnegar and others suggested that Matthevia Walcott is the oldest known chiton and a close relative of early Paleozoic chiton genera such as Chelodes Davidson and King and Hemithecella Ulrich and Bridge. However, a counter proposal by Stinchcomb & Darrough (1995) moved Matthevia and Hemithecella back to the “molluscan Problematica.” Large numbers of silicified fossils from uppermost Cambrian (Sunwaptan) strata in Utah show that Matthevia had at least two types of sclerites (valves) that are repeatably found in ratios of 4 or 5:1. These ratios are not those expected from undisturbed chiton graveyards (6:1) but they do falsify the notion that Matthevia had only two valves (Yochelson) or as many as 15 (Stinchomb & Darrough). As one of the median faces of the more numerous kind of valve is distinctively concave, apparently to receive the leading face of an adjacent valve, this new species of Matthevia helps bridge the morphological gap between M. variabilis and Hemithecella. Their relationship to unequivocal stem group chitons is now supported by additional characters and partially articulated specimens. With regard to the broader picture, it is likely that all Paleozoic chitons are stem group polyplacophorans and that early disparity was reduced by a series of mass extinction events. Dreissena polymorpha: Macrocosm, microcosm and the organism interface Louise Russert-Kraemer Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 Ernst Mayr reminded biologists years ago that there is never a time in the life of a sexually reproduced organism when it does not have both a genome and an environment, and that it is the dynamic relation between the two that eludes understanding, and yet that demands it. The anxious call went out in 1989 as one of the first symposia was being organized to confront the sudden and massive appearance of Dreissena polymorpha in the Great Lakes: “Let's not reinvent the wheel!” The accompanying plea to participants was an exhortation to use what we knew, in order to proceed in a more more deliberate and creative way than in the past, with other introduced organisms. In this paper, I carefully review what has been done, what has been found, where research seems to be going, and where research ought to be going on D. polymorpha. My particular concern will be for the organism, and for Mayr’s prophetic injunction. Intertidal ecology of Octopus dofleini David L. Scheel, Tania L. $. Vincent, and Rebecca Dodge Prince William Sound Science Center, P.O. Box 705, Cordova, Alaska 99574 dls@grizzly.pwssc.gen.ak.us The ecology of the giant octopus, Octopus dofleini, is largely known from SCUBA diving studies around Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Here, we present new data on the habitat use of this species from Prince William Sound, Alaska. We searched for octopuses on foot in the intertidal during minus tides, Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.58 and to depths of 30 m (100 ft) by SCUBA diving. Octopuses were found in habitats characterized by low slope, cobble or rock outcrops, and dense vegetation cover; and typically were not found on steep slopes, bedrock, gravel, or mud, areas of low vegetation, nor on boulder piles. Intertidal prey middens were composed primarily of crab remains; as depth increased, scallops became common in middens and largely replaced crabs below -10 m. Seventy-five percent of octopuses were found in the intertidal zone between +2 and -1.3m MLLW. During SCUBA surveys, octopuses were more abundant on shallow dives (to -5 m) than on deep dives. Three octopuses from the intertidal, tracked using sonic transponders, remained in or returned to shallow water. This pattern of intertidal habitat use contrasts with studies by others in British Columbia that reported on subtidal octopuses between -5 and -20 m. Sea otters are regular predators on octopuses; and we suspect that intertidal habitats provide a refuge from otter predation for juvenile octopuses. Otters were prevalent in Prince William Sound, but absent at the British Columbia study sites. The Aplacophora as a deep-sea taxon Amelie H. Scheltema Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 ascheltema@whot1.edu The ocean depths are not such an unvarying, constant envirornment as they once were thought to be. Differences among aplacophoran faunas reflect the physical, chemical, and biological environments at hydrothermal vents, on the bottom beneath regions of high and low organic flux from the surface, in trenches, on continental slopes and abyssal plains, on sea mounts, in oxygen rich and poor areas, and in polar and tropical regions. Prochaetodermatidae numerically dominate upper continental slopes and neomenioids are dominant on sea mounts. (Supported by NSF DEB-PEET 9521930.) Reproduction among protobranch bivalves from sublittoral, bathyal, and abyssal depths off the New England coast (USA) Rudolf S. Scheltema and Isabelle P. Williams Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 rscheltema@whoi.edu An examination of seven species of protobranch bivalves reveals that the “apparent fecundity” (i.e., the number of ova produced by a single female at the time of reproduction) is consistently greater among sublittoral than among bathyal and abyssal species. Such a relationship exists both among forms with lecithotrophic planktonic larvae and those lacking a planktonic stage. The apparent fecundity of a species increases with increasing size (i.e., shell length) in both shoal-water and deep-sea species. Accordingly, the apparent fecundity of older individuals exceeds that of smaller, younger ones. From examination of gonads at different seasons, spawning in sublittoral species is inferred to be periodic and occurs only during the summer months. Contrariwise among deep-sea species, evidence suggests continuous gametogenesis in those species examined. It is therefore not possible to estimate the rate that ova are produced nor the lifetime fecundity of such deep-sea forms. Populations of sublittoral species are dominated by juvenile individuals, whereas in deep-sea species at their optimum depth (i.e., the depth at which they occur in greatest numbers), populations consist largely of sexually mature individuals, suggesting relative stability in such populations. Deep-sea species near the limits of their depth distributions are composed of Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.59 populations that more nearly resemble those of sublittoral forms and are made up mostly of juvenile individuals. Species with a development lacking a planktonic stage have larger and fewer ova and, among those populations examined, were dominated at both sublittoral and abyssal depths by juvenile individuals. Molecular phylogeny of giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) Jay A. Schneider and Diarmaid O Foighil Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079 jaschnei@umich.edu, diarmaid@umich.edu Giant clams have been shown to be a morphologically highiy derived clade of cardiid bivalves. A phylogenetic hypothesis of giant clams is constructed with the mitochondrial ribosomal 16S gene. As the sister taxon to the Tridacninae is the Lymnocardiinae, a basai lymnocardiinae, the edible cockle Cerastoderma. is used as the outgroup. This molecular phylogenetic hypothesis is compared to results previously obtained from morphological analysis and the fossil record. Giant clams, like cardiids in general, have numerous morphological characters and an excellent fossil record. This situation, unusual among bivalves, allows assessment of the 16S gene as a tool for phylogenetic reconstruction of clades that have diverged during the Cenozoic. Flight of the Vampire: Scaling of metabolism and aquatic "flight" in Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda: Vampyromorpha) Brad A. Seibei Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; seibel@lifesci.ucsb.edu Vampyroteuthis infernalis is a cosmopolitan cephalopod that lives in the heart of the oxygen minimum layer below 600 m depth. Morphometric and physiological studies have indicated that V. infernalis has little capacity for jet propulsion and has the lowest metabolic rate ever measured for a cephalopod. Because fin swimming 1s inherently more efficient than jet propulsion, some of the reduction in energy usage relative to other cephalopods may result from the use of fins as the primary means of propulsion. Vampyroteuthis infernalis undergoes a rapid metamorphosis that consists of changes in the position, size, and shape of the fins. This suggests that there are changes in the selective factors affecting locomotion through ontogeny. The present study describes these changes in V. infernalis in relation to models for underwater “flight.” Citrate synthase (CS) and Octopine dehydrogenase (ODH) activities, indicative of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, respectively, were measured across four orders of magnitude size range. Results indicate that fin swimming is the primary means of propulsion at all post-metamorphic sizes. Negative allometry of CS activity in mantle and arm muscle is consistent with scaling of aerobic metabolism observed in most animals. The unusual positive allometry of fin muscle suggests that fin swimming is more costly at larger sizes. Positive scaling of ODH activity in fin, mantle, and arm tissue suggests that fin propulsion, jet propulsion, and medusoid “bell-swimming” are all important for burst escape responses. The observed scaling patterns and morphological changes at metamorphosis appear to function as an ontogenetic “gait-transition.” Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.60 Post-spawning egg care in Gonatus (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea): Life history and energetics Brad A. Seibel, F. G. Hochberg, James J. Childress, and David B. Carlini Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; seibel@lifesci.ucsb.edu A novel reproductive strategy of deep-water spawning and egg-care was observed for the mesopelagic squid, Gonatus onyx. Brooding females and associated eggs and hatchlings, captured between 1,250 and 1,750 m off southern California are described. Brooding females appear to be senescent and are lacking tentacles. The loss of tentacles in gonatid species is discussed in relation to this unusual life-history characteristic previously unreported for squids. Metabolic estimators and chemical composition of G. onyx and G. pyros also are reported and discussed in relation to bouyancy and energy reserves that may support a non-feeding, post-spawning brood period of up to nine months. Distribution and assemblage patterns of micronektonic squids at large-scale fronts in the central North Pacific Ocean Michaei P. Seki National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu Laboratory, 2570 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2396 mseki@honlab.nmfs.hawaii.edu Large-scale oceanic fronts associated with water masses form the primary biogeographic boundaries in the open ocean. In the North Pacific, the Subarctic and Subtropical Fronts form boundaries that divide some of the large, core pelagic biogeographic provinces. Historically, biogeographic ranges of many micronektonic species, including euphausiids, pteropods, heteropods, and chaetognaths as well as some commercial fish species, have been shown to correspond with regions delimited by these large scale features. Recent trawl surveys that sampled across these fronts and frontal zones support previous suppositions that the distribution, abundance, and assemblage patterns of pelagic cephalopods are also strongly influenced by these physical features. During August 1991, >3,000 cephalopods representing 25 species were collected at sites across the Subarctic Boundary along the 174.5° and 179.5° W meridians between the 37° and 46° N latitudes. Another 637 individuals representing 34 species were taken in the Subtropical Frontal region (between 21° and 31° N latitudes) during March-April 1992. The oegopsid squid families Onychoteuthidae, Enoploteuthidae, Gonatidae, Pyroteuthidae, Cranchiidae, and Chiroteuthidae were the most extensively sampled and provided the best insight into how cephalopods respond to variations in oceanographic conditions. Patterns of distribution, abundance, and interspecific associations of the cephalopod fauna are described with respect to the local frontal environment and discussed within the context of large scale northern transitional and central biogeographic provinces. Taxonomic advances and concerns are highlighted. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.61 Distribution and abundance of pelagic cephalopods in the central North Pacific: Information from large-scale high-seas driftnet fisheries Michael P. Seki National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu Laboratory, 2570 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2396 mseki@honlab.nmfs.hawaii.edu During the late 1970s through to 1992, high-seas drift gillnet fisheries targeting flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, and tuna and billfishes operated in waters of the North Pacific transition zone (NPTZ) and its associated subtropical and subarctic boundaries. These large-scale fishing operations generally involved deploying numerous panels of rectangular nets 30-50 m long by about 10 m deep strung together to form a curtain of webbing stretching several kilometers across the oceans’ surface and capturing animals by entanglement. At the height of the fisheries in the late 1980s, more than 700 vessels operated in the multinational fisheries, each fishing about 30-60 km of nets per day. During the 1990-91 fishing seasons, observer programs were administered over the fisheries, monitoring catch and effort in up to 10% of the fishing fleets. Information collected by the observers have provided an unprecedented near-basinwide characterization of pelagic nekton species composition, distribution, abundance, and interspecific relationships on a relatively short time scale. Overall, more than 25 million cephalopods were observed captured during the 22-month monitoring program, of which >99% were O. bartramii. Regions of high catch rates and observed size frequency distributions are consistent with life history and ecological movement patterns reported for the species. For other commonly taken species, Onychoteuthis borealijaponica were most abundant in the subarctic western Pacific east of Hokkaido, Japan where catch rates exceeded 2,000 squid/50 km of net in several 1° latitude by 1° longitude statistical areas. The highest catch rates of Gonatopsis borealis (> 200 squid/50 km net) were all found in areas west of the dateline in the vicinity of the Subarctic Boundary, whereas the pelagic octopus, Ocythoe tuberculata, was taken in limited numbers throughout the NPTZ during all seasons but was nowhere abundant. Capture of Thysanoteuthis rhombus was basically restricted to subtropical waters fished during the winter months with large mesh (ca. 170-180 mm stretched measure) nets. How aqueous geochemistry affects lacustrine mollusks Saxon E. Sharpe Quaternary Sciences Center, Desert Research Institute, 7010 Dandini Boulevard, Reno, Nevada 89512 ssharpe@maxey.dri.edu Changes in climate and hydrology through time affect the solute composition and the stable isotopic content of lake water. These changes may be reflected in both the presence (occurrence patterns) and the isotopic composition of shell aragonite of lacustrine mollusks. Interpretation of preliminary data suggests that modern molluscan occurrences are restricted by solute composition, rather than just pH or salinity as is commonly believed. All mollusks are found in waters with (bi)carbonate and calcium (CaCO,) forming the dominant-to-important components of the solute composition. Additionally, the bicarbonate- to-calctum ratio within this solute type appears to limit certain genera. Linkage of species occurrences to solute chemistry provides a new way of viewing biogeographical ecology and, from that, a new Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.62 methodology for econstructing past hydrology and climate. A related study compares the stable oxygen isotopic content of modem gastropod shells with that of the water at the time of shell growth. Results show that the 6 “O content of lacustrine gastropod shells covaries with that of the host water, although the variability and offset trom the value of the water differ among genera. Understanding the relationship between water and shell isotope values provides a basis for interpreting shell stable isotope geochemistry and the isotopic values of the waters in which the mollusks lived. Both studies will contribute to our understanding of mollusk ecology and biology, and paleoenvironments. Multiple paternity within broods of a squid, Loligo forbesi, demonstrated with microsatellite DNA markers Pauli Shaw and Peter R. Boyle Molecular Ecology and Fish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom; p.shaw@biosci.hull.ac.uk For some time, observations on spawning aggregations of squid have suggested the possibility that females may mate with more than one male before spawning. Due to the difficulties of catching, then maintaining these animals under controlled conditions, confirmation of multiple paternity within broods has been impossible. The adoption of multiple matings, whether solicited or not (1.e., “sneaker males”), and their effectiveness in producing multiple sired broods, has many important implications for the study of behavior, genetic population structure, and evolution in these species. Here we confirm, using sensitive microsatellite DNA markers specifically developed for this species, that multiple males do contribute to the fertilization of single broods of a loliginid squid, Loligo forbes. To achieve this result pre-hatching embryos from single egg strings collected from the wild were genotyped using six independent microsatellite loci, and prospective maternal and paternal genotypes reconstructed from the allelic combinations observed. We also genetically confirm that females may lay their egg strings within existing bunches laid by other females. The wider applications of microsatellite DNA markers to behavioral and evolutionary studies in cephalopods are discussed. Evidence for four species of Brachioteuthis (Oegopsida: Brachioteuthidae) in the eastern North Atlantic Elizabeth K. Shea Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010 eshea@brynmawr.edu As currently recognized, the family Brachioteuthidae contains one genus (Brachioteuthis) and five species (B. beanii, B. riisei, B. behnii, B. bowmanii, and B. picta), but is greatly in need of revision. Taxonomic confusion within the family can be attributed in part to poor original descriptions, and in part to the paucity of available mature specimens in good condition. Traditionally, the eastern Atlantic has been thought to have only one species, B. riisez (Steenstrup, 1882); however, a detailed examination of newly hatched and juvenile specimens collected during the Amsterdam Mid North Atlantic Plankton Expeditions of 1980-1983 (n = 259) revealed that four morphotypes were consistently distinguishable based on the shape of the head, the mantle chromatophore patterns, and the shape of the tentacle. Only two of these four morphotypes can be tentatively assigned to currently recognized species. Brachioteuthis sp. 3 is Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.63 described similarly to B. picta, and Brachioteuthis sp. 4 has many of the same characters as B. bowmanii. Confident identifications are hampered by the lack of original descriptions of hard parts, such as beak morphology, as well as the potential allomctric differences between adults and juvernile or newly hatched cephalopods. Distribution and biology of Rossia pacifica (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) in the Russian Exclusive Zone of the Japan Sea Gennadi A. Shevtsov and Nikolai M. Mokrin Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root@tinro.marine.su Rossia pacifica Berry, 191i, is a common species in coastal waters of the Japan Sea. In the Russian Exclusive Zone it is found south to 51° N in the summer-autumn period. It occurs both near the bottom (15-310 m) and in the pelagic layers (0-490 m). The sepiolid ranges in size from 12-82 mm ML; female mantle lengths are 41-82 mm (mean 51 mm) and male mantle lengths are 27-42 mm (mean 32 mm). Egg masses of R. pacifica have been found in Peter the Great Bay (42°33' N, 131°13' E) from October- November in depths ranging from 100-300 m; in the region 42°40' N, 133°02' E to 42°50' N, 133°37'E from July-November in depths of 30-50 m; and in the region 43°02' N, 134°10' E from July-September in depths of 15-20 m. Egg masses typically are attached to rocks and to the underside of various objects (trap boxes, etc.). in the winter-spring period R. pacifica is distributed south to 49° N. Of the total population 94% occurred in epipelagic depths, 5.3% in mesopelagic, and 0.7% in the bathypelagic zone. Maximum abundance of the species (200 specimens per hour trawling) was observed on the South Sakhalin shelf. Small specimens (less than 20 mm) dominate in pelagic catches, whereas large specimens (greater than 50 mm) dominate in bottom catches. Sizes in winter-spring range from 9 to 85 mm ML; female mantle iengths are 43-85 mm (mean 65 mm) and male mantie lengths are 33-56 mm (mean 45 mm). Females mature at 62 mm and males at 3§ mm. In summary, juveniles of R. pacifica live mainly in epipelagic layers (10-200 m), whereas adults are demersal. The species spawns throughout the year with a peak in autumn. Discovery of an egg mass with embryos of Rossia pacifica - (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) in the Okhotsk Sea Gennadi A. Shevtsov and Vladimir I. Radchenko Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root@tinro.marine.su A total of 27 tows were conducted at depths ranging from 100-300 m during the Okhotsk Sea bottom trawl survey off southwestern Kamchatka between 51° and 54° N in July 1996. In 14 samples (52%), 144 specimens of Rossia pacifica and an egg mass fragment were collected. The frequency of occurrence of R. pacifica increased from 17% at the 100 m isobath to 80% at the 250 and 300 m isobaths. Mean catch was 8.1 specimens per half-hour tow. Maximum abundance was observed at 250 m depth: mean catch was 15 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.64 specimens, or 1,615 g. Mature female mantle lengths ranged from 84-100 mm (mean 88.3 mm); lengths of nidamental glands, 45-55 mm (mean 50.8 mm); body weights, 165-235 g (mean 192.5 g). Male mantle lengths varied from 54 to 58 mm (mean 56.0 mm); body weights, 60-95 g (mean 75 g). An egg mass fragment with 36 eggs was collected in 250 m on a sand bottom. The water temperature near bottom at this location was 1.58°C. Each egg (12 mm in diameter) contained three capsules. The external capsule is oval in shape, white in color, and ranges in size from 13.8 to17.8 mm. The egg 1s filled with a yolk mass and an embryo lies on it with its mouth plunged deeply into the yolk. The dorsal mantle length of the embryo is 1.6 mm. All arms and tentacles are well developed with suckers in 2-3 unarranged rows. The embryo body form, head, fins, and armature of the arms correspond to those of R. pacifica. The presence of mature males and females, ready to spawn, plus an egg mass fragment caught at a depth of 250 m indicates the presence of a R. pacifica spawning ground. Molluscan paleontology of middle Eocene brackish-marine rocks near Ojai, Ventura County, southern California Richard L. Squires and Gian Carlo Shammas Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Califorrnia 91330-8266; richard.squires@csun.edu Within-habitat, brackish-marine mollusks are rare in lower Tertiary rocks of California. Lagoonal mudstones in a localized, 50 m-thick section in the lower middle Eocene ("Transition Stage") upper part of the Matilija Sandstone at Matilija Hot Springs near Ojai, contain low-diversity assemblages of gastropods and bivalves. Although the number of specimens is highly variable, the gastropods Potamides and Loxotrema, and the bivalves Acutostrea, Cuneocorbula, Pelecyora, Tellina, and Trapezium are in the majority of the assemblages. Less widely distributed are the gastropods Crepidula, Tympanotonus, Melanatria?, Pygrulifera, Crommium, and Neverita, and the bivalves Barbatia and Corbicula. This is the first confirmed record of Tympanotonus in North America and the first record of Trapezium on the Pacific coast of North America. The assemblages are of two types: those that are nearly im situ and those that have undergone only short-distance post-mortem transport. The former consists of up to 12 species of mollusks, all of which are unabraded and many of which are complete. The latter consists of coquinas of either Pelecyora or Cuneocorbula, both of which are made up of tightly packed, unabraded single valves. Through time, the quiet-water lagoonal environment fluctuated repeatedly with coastal-sabkha evaporates, as well as with barrier-bar/sandy beaches. The latter contains only fragments of the oyster Acutostrea. The morphospatial "whorled" of strombid snails Jon R. Stone Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5 stone@zoo.utoronto.ca Phylogenetic systematic analyses provide more objective, reproducible, and falsifiable means of classifying taxa than do traditional systematic techniques. In addition, branching patterns (cladograms) obtained from phylogenetic systematic analyses may be interpreted as reconstructions of evolutionary processes. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.65 Mollusk shells are ideally suited for mathematical modeling and analyses using morphological space (morphospace). Records of ontogenic history are recoverable from specimens, and this developmental information (in the form of mathematical parameters) can be used as complementary data in cladogram construction. By combining mathematical models, morphospatial analyses, and cladograms, therefore, falsifiable scenarios of morphological evolution of mollusks can be hypothesized. This type of synthetic approach is exemplified with species of Strombidae. A cladogram is mapped into a three-dimensional morphospace, using a geometric algorithm to position nodes (interpretable as ancestors). During evolution of members within a clade containing all species traditionally classified in Lambis and some in Strombus, morphological change consisted predominantly of an increase in vertical dimensions of whorls. The change was greatest early in the history of the group and diminished thereafter. In the development of the synthesis, ancestral forms are reconstructed and traditional subgeneric classification within Lambis is shown to be untenable. A review of the sea hare Aplysia donca (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from Mustang Island, Texas Ned E. Strenth and John D. Beatty Department of Biology, Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas 76909 ned.strenth@mailserv.angelo.edu Aplysia donca was described from a single specimen collected in March of 1947 from a tide pool along the coast of Mustang Island, Texas. This species is known only from this one small and probably immature specimen. Despite extensive field work conducted on sea hares along the Texas coast, this species has never again been reported nor collected. Taxonomic characters that constituted the basis of the original description of A. donca were examined in a juvenile series of A. morio from South Padre Island, Texas. Similarities of these characters in combination with the lack of a single non-variable character support the premise that the original description of A. donca was based upon an immature specimen of A. morzo. The utility of the gastric chamber of Caenogastropod stomachs in higher and lower level systematic studies Ellen E. Strong Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 eestrong@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Features of the caenogastropod midgut, indeed of gastropods in general, have been regarded as potentially misleading in phylogeny reconstruction due to functional constraints. Thus, these characters have been assumed to be homoplasious and have remained underexplored as a potential source of characters in phylogeny reconstruction at lower and higher systematic levels. Revealed here are previously undescribed features of the midgut that are useful at a variety of taxonomic levels. At higher systematic levels, one such character is the direction of ciliary currents on the left gastric chamber wall. Commonly associated with a sorting area in this region, the direction of ciliary action has been shown to reverse at the base of the neogastropod radiation. This suggests a fundamental shift in the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.66 circulation and digestion of food within the neogastropod stomach. In addition, comparative studies within families have been undertaken to assess the conservatism of features within the gastric chamber, revealing a number of features that may be useful at lower systematic levels. For example, several species of freshwater cerithiaceans have been shown to possess a similar modification of the glandular pad on the gastric chamber floor. Finally, the presence of a ciliated ridge associated with the sorting area within the gastric chamber of some littorinids, has potential significance at both higher and lower systematic levels. The anatomy of a new hadal, cocculinid limpet (Gastropoda: Cocculinoidea), with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the family Cocculinidae Ellen E. Strong, M. G. Harasewych, and Gerhard Haszprunar Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 eestrong@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Ever since their discovery and first description by Dall in 1882, cocculinid species have intrigued their investigators with unique combinations of features. The anatomy of a new species of cocculinid limpet is no exception. The only cocculinid, apart from Fedikovella caymanensis, known to inhabit hadal depths, this species possesses a number of features characteristic of cocculinids, including the presence of broad oral tappets, epipodial tentacles, a hemal gland with associated aortic arch, and vestigial eyes modified into the so-called basitentacular gland. The hermaphroditic reproductive system includes a modified right cephalic tentacle inferred to function as a copulatory organ and a single receptaculum seminis. No evidence of a seminal groove could be found. However, this species is unique within the family in several aspects of both external and internal anatomy. These unique features include a prominent internal transverse septum within the shell, a closed receptaculum duct, and the presence of several small statocones in some individuals. In addition, the species displays a unique combination of features heretofore undocumented among coccutinids, the most significant being the configuration of the nervous system. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Cocculinidae includes fourteen taxa and twenty nine characters. Results indicate a basal placement of the species within the family and support monophyly of the genera Cocculina and Coccopigya. Origin and distribution of the deep-sea fauna of conoidean gastropods Alexander V. Sysoev Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia aamkp5tamr@ 3.zoomus.bio.msu.ru Conoidean gastropods, and especially the part formerly known as the family Turridae, are among the dominant molluscan groups in deep-sea faunas. These gastropods are very diverse, particularly as concerns their anatomy and feeding mechanisms. The evolution of the group was probably targeted at improvement of feeding, and advanced taxa possess highly specialized and efficient feeding mechanisms. Conoidean origin and initial stages of evolution were associated with shallow waters of tropical areas. The most primitive taxa (families and subfamilies) are still either restricted to, or most diverse in, warm, shallow-water habitats. Bathyal and, especially, abyssal faunas consist mainly of advanced representatives, and the share of higher taxa increases with depth. However, there are no taxa of the family group that are characteristic only for the deep-water fauna. This may indicate that the deep-water faunas are evolutionarily rather young and, at the same time, that colonization of deep waters reflected the adaptive Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.67 radiation of conoideans rather than a major step in their evolution. A specific bathyal fauna of conoideans is known from as early as Oligocene deposits, and whereas Mio-Pliocene faunas were very similar to Recent ones from respective regions. The bathyal zone is characterized by an increased percentage of primitive taxa as compared to the shelf. Abyssal and hadal conoideans are represented by relatively few genera and families and subfamilies. An increase in diversity is recorded in near-continental regions, often inhabited by endemic genera, whereas the fauna of oligotrophic oceanic areas mostly consists of representatives of a few widely spread genera belonging to advanced groups. The distribution pattern of deep-sea conoideans is characterized by the presence of a number of species with very limited ranges. At the same time, there are species with very wide ranges (e.g., amphioceanic). The mode of iarvai development seems not to strictly correlate with the area of species range. Occurrence of the adult form of Neoteuthis sp. from the Hawaiian Islands Kotaro Tsuchiya Laboratory of Invertebrate Zoology, Tokyo University of Fisheries, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108, Japan; kotaro@tokyo-u-fish.ac.jp During the surveys on the diet of Alepisaurus ferox, two adult form specimens of Neoteuthis sp. were discovered in the Hawaiian waters. The predator fish werr collected in 1982 from 11°23.0' N, 177°58.5' E, 180 m in fishing depth, and 11°24.0' N, 169°4.5' E, 230 m, by longline. The squid specimens are both females, 62.5 mm and 61.5 mm in DML, respectively. The body is weakly muscular and its surface bears distinct iridescence. Two species of the genus Neoteuthis are hitherto known (Néesis, 1982), being N. thielei Naef, 1921, the type species of the genus, from the Atlantic, and an unnamed species (from Hawaiian waters by Young, 1972). Neoteuthis thiele: reaches 17 cm DML in adult (Nesis, 1982), whereas adult male specimens of the unnamed Pacific species (Young, 1972) reach 83 mm DML. The present specimens are almost conspecific, but yet differ from Young’s (1972) specimen in several indices and features. In the present study, the taxonomic status of this species, and some ecological information are discussed. Shell polymorphism in the neogastropod Alia carinata (Hinds) Jeff Tupen Ecological Services Division, TENERA, Inc., P. O. Box 400, Avila Beach, Califomia 93424 ywt9@pge.com I analyzed Alia carinata from four different habitats to investigate the presence of literature-alleged shell pattern and shell form polymorphism. Using univariate and multivariate statistics, I demonstrated that Alia from Gastroclonium subarticulatum (Rhodophyta), Zostera marina, and benthic hard bottom habitats displayed measurably and identifiably distinct forms. Individuals from Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) canopies showed considerable form overlap with benthic specimens. Inter-habitat polymorphism was related to differences in both size and shape, whereas observed sexual dimorphism was strictly size-related, with males larger than females. Alia from Zostera were mostly non-patterned and dark in color, whereas those from the other three habitats were generally patterned and variably colored. Planktonic dispersal of juveniles suggests that intraspecific polymorphism is a result of phenotypic plasticity, and not natural selection. Allometric growth, wave exposure, and predation differences among sampled habitats may be important controlling factors in observed intraspecific polymorphism. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.68 Distribution and transport of Illex argentinus paralarvae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) across the western boundary of the Brazil/Malvinas Confluence Front off southern Brazil Erica A. G. Vidal and Manuel Haimovici Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3146 vidal@)ocean.tamu.edu This study discusses the transport and the influence of different water masses, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass on the distribution and abundance of Illex argentinus paralarvae off southern Brazil (28°09' - 34°20' S). During four surveys carried out from 1987 to 1991, a total of 428 paralarvae were collected with a bongo net (0.33 mm mesh size) in 203 tows. Paralarvae were found from autumn to spring, but were absent in summer and in regions of major influence of coastal and subantarctic waters. The greatest relative abundance (41 paralarvae/100 m’*) was found in spring of 1987. Paralarvae were mainly distributed along a shelf-break front formed between tropical waters of the Brazil Current and subantarctic waters of the Malvinas/Falklands Current where partial upwelling processes and planktonic enrichment were found. From the slope to the coast, there was a clear progression of paralarval sizes. Hatchlings occurred at the outer shelf and slope in tropical and/or subtropical waters. The largest paralarvae and small juveniles were found at the inner shelf under the influence of subantarctic waters, where high concentrations of chlorophyll-a and zoopiankton biomass were measured. Studies of hydrothermal vent faunas, especially gastropods Janet R. Voight Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ilinois 60605 voight@fmnh.org Extreme and highly variable temperatures, exposure to chemically reducing fluids, such as hydrogen sulfide, and heavy metals and temporally unstable habitats, limit the number of animals that dwell at hydrothermal vents. Studies of diversity have virtually ignored vent habitats due to the limited number of species they support and the difficulties in adequately sampling abyssal habitats. Animal diversity at volcano-hosted vents on Juan de Fuca and Explorer Ridges in the northeast Pacific is significantly lower than at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9°-21° N. Although individually, EPR vents are smaller and shorter- lived than are northeast Pacific vents, EPR vents appear to occur in greater diversity; they thus may offer more total area than do the larger, comparatively long-lived, but well spaced North Pacific vents. The increased proximity of individual EPR vents may also allow large, apparently endemic predators to forage at multiple vents and therefore to survive, despite the ephemeral nature of the individual habitats. Such predators are virtually absent from northeast Pacific vents. The proximity of EPR vents may directly enhance the effective dispersal of the large larvae of vent-dwelling gastropods, which are likely to have limited individual dispersal capacity. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.69 The California market squid fishery Marija Vojkovich California Department of Fish and Game, 530 E. Montecito Street, Santa Barbara, California 93103 74763.1265@compuserve.com Market squid (Loligo opalescens) is presumed to be one of the most abundant marine resources in California waters. Squid range from southeastern Alaska to Bahia Asuncion, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Catches have traditionally come from two fishing areas within California: Monterey Bay and the islands off southern California. Squid become vulnerable to commercial fishing gear when they concentrate near shore to spawn and are typically taken at night. Harvest and demand are primarily controlled by international market conditions. The demand for squid has increased dramatically in recent years. Prior to 1987, Calitornia landings averaged 10,000 tons. Beginning in 1988, commercial landings began to increase and have grown from approximately 40,000 tons to over 83,000 tons in 1996. Little is known about the present size, structure, or status of the population, but historical evidence from research cruises, as well as catch data, indicates the biomass is large. It is believed that squid can be more intensively harvested than other marine animals because they are short lived. They also appear to be heavily influenced by environmental conditions. The role of stratigraphic data in phylogenetic analyses of extinct molluscs Peter Wagner Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 p-wagner@fmppr.fmnh.org Both biotic factors (rates and models of morphologic change, rates of extinction, numbers of applicable characters, and speciation models) and abiotic factors (rates of sampling) affect the accuracy of parsimony. The molluscan fossil record provides workers with a high proportion of the widely distributed species, which increases the accuracy of parsimony in simulations. However, high rates of morphologic change (well within the ranges inferred by cladistic analyses of molluscs) seriously undermine the accuracy of parsimony in the same simulations, even with no patterned homoplasy present. Stratigraphic data offer tests of whether congruent characters represent a phylogenetic signal or convergence. Existing phylogenetic methods utilize stratigraphic data based on congruence and total evidence logic and on probability theory. These methods provide more exact estimates of phylogeny than does parsimony by making explicit ancestor-descendant estimates and implying particular patterns of speciation and routes of morphologic change. Evaluation of these methods is very important when contrasting the evolutionary scenarios implied by alternate estimates of phylogeny. Simulations using preservation and evolutionary rates typical of molluscs find that all methods incorporating stratigraphy perform better than does parsimony. Methods currently in development evaluate the likelihood of a phylogeny implying both particular amounts of stratigraphic gaps and particular amounts of morphologic change. Ultimately, likelihood approaches probably will provide workers with the most robust phylogenetic estimates of phylogeny for extinct molluscs. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.70 The phylogenetic relationships of some littorinid species assessed by smalij subunit ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology Birgitta Winnepenninckx and Thierry Backeljau Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium birgitta@uia.ua.ac.be Smail subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) is usually considered to be a slowly evolving molecule with very limited, if any, phylogenetic resolving power for divergences that took place in less than 40 MY. We evaluated this issue by a congruence and total evidence analysis of morphological data and complete 18S rDNA sequences of nine littorinid species from the genera Melarhaphe, Littoraria, Nodilittorina and Littorina. We particularly focused on the still somewhat controversial position of the Macaronesian periwinkle Littorina (Liralittorina) striata, a species that has been variously assigned to Melarhaphe, Nodilittorina, and currently Littorina. These analyses suggested (1) that 18S rDNA provided a much stronger phylogenetic signal to recover the well known, young Littorina-Neritrema radiations (divergence tuume <10 MY), whereas the topology of the older, LittorariaNodilittorina-Liralittorina branches was much less supported, and (2) that the current morphological and molecular data are insufficient to unambiguously resolve the relationships of L. striata. Anyway, although current practice suggests the contrary, 18S rDNA may not be so unsuitable to reconstruct relatively young radiations. Unordered versus ordered multistate characters: Explication and implication John B. Wise and Ellen M. Strong Department of Malacology, Houston Museum of Natural Science, Houston, Texas 77030-1799 jwise@hmns.mus.tx.us Characters with three or more states are typically treated as ordered or unordered in multistate character coding methods. Although both treatments hypothesize which character states directly evolve into which other states (= character transformation series or character state trees), the proposed suppositions are very different. What are these differences? Does unordered really provide a logical approach based on sumilarity, the first criterion of testing homology? These questions are addressed in an effort to establish how these issues affect the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the Phylum Mollusca, or for that matter any attempt at phylogenetic systematics. Life history and population structure of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami, in the North Pacific Ocean Akihiko Yatsu, Junta Mori, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Hiroshi Okamura, and Kazuya Nagasawa National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, 5-7-1 Orido, Shimizu 424, Japan yatsua@enyo.affrc.go.jp The neon flying squid consists of an autumn cohort (formally known as LL group) and a winter-spring cohort (L, S, SS groups combined) as based on age estimation with statolith microstructure, mantle length compositions, distribution of both mature individuals and paralarvae. Both cohorts are estimated to have a one-year life span. They undergo seasonal north-south migrations between the spawning grounds in the subtropical waters and feeding grounds in the Subarctic waters. The winter-spring cohort can be further Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.71 separated into a western stock and a central-eastern stock on the basis of intensity of infection with larval nematode and cestode parasites. The autumn cohort was abundant in the central and eastern North Pacific but rare west of 170° E, which coincides with the location of the Emperor Seamount Chain north of 35° N. The autumn cohort also is separable into central and eastern stocks on the basis of parasite infection intensity. a Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30, p.72 REPORTS OF SOCIETY BUSINESS MINUTES OF THE 1997 WSM EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING [Minutes for Executive Board Meeting not available; summary of meeting provided by Treasurer George Metz. ] [Santa Barbara, California.] Members present: Hank Chaney, George Metz, Sandra Millen, Pauia Mikkelsen, possibly Nora Foster and Hugh Bradner. Secretary’s Report. Minutes for 1996 meeting read and approved. Treasurer’s Report. Report for Fiscal 1996 and Fiscal 1997 up to point of Santa Barbara meeting read and approved. [See attached Treasurer’s Report.] Sandra Millen presented plans for the 1998 meeting which was to be a joint meeting with the AMU to sponsor the III Congress of Malacology, to be held in Washington, DC, 25-30 July 1998. Upon presentation at the business meeting and ample discussion the concept and plans were voted upon and approved. Millen also announced plans for a brochure outlining the qualifications, areas of interest and research of all members of WSM. This motion was voted and approved. The Nomination Committee (Kirstie Kaiser, Chair) presented the recommended slate of officers for the 1998 year. Nominations were: President: Sandra Millen Vice President Roger Seapy 2nd Vice President Carole Hickman Secretary Terry Arnold Treasurer George Metz Members-at-Large Kirstie Kaiser and Paula Mikkelsen Upon recommendation of the Treasurer it was recommended that the WSM increase the annual contribution to the Student Grant from $1,000 to $1,500 for the 1998 year and consider a further increase the following year. After adequate discussion the motion was approved. MINUTES OF THE 1997 WSM ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING 26 June 1997, Santa Barbara, California. Meeting commenced at 4:05 PM. Henry Chaney, presiding. Secretary Report from 1996 meeting: Accepted as read from the Annual Report. Treasurer’s Report: [Submitted separately by George Metz], accepted as read. 1998 Meeting. Sandra Millen reported that the WSM Board unanimously approved a recommendation to hold the 1998 meeting as a joint meeting with the AMU and UNITAS, to be held in Washington, DC, in July 1998. This recommendation was accepted by the majority of members present, with one negative vote. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30 p. 73 1999 Meeting. Roger Seapy reported that the 1999 gathering would be help on the campus of California State University, Fullerton and that several symposia are planned. Nominations for 1998. The nominating committee proposed the following slate of candidates for 1998: President: Sandra Millen Vice-President: Roger Seapy 2nd Vice-President Carole Hickman Secretary Terry Arnold Treasurer George Metz Members-at-Large Kirstie Kaiser and Paula Mikkelsen There were no nominations from the floor. Slate was accepted. STUDENT GRANTS In 1997 there were 25 proposals received of which five were approved for funding. The grant recipients were Renee Avery (University of Massachusetts), James Byers (University of California, Santa Barbara), Roberto Cipriani (University of Chicago), Daniel Geiger (University of Southern California), and Nancy Smith (Smithsonian Marine Station, Florida). Moved, seconded, passed that the grant allocation be increased in 1998 from $1,000 to $1,500. NEW BUSINESS Membership survey. The mail survey on meeting frequency had a 60% response from the membership with no clear consensus reached. Opion was evenly divided between having a meeting every year, every other year or in a staggered schedule in combination with other societies. No action was taken. Change in Editorship The Chair announced that George Kennedy would assume responsibilities for Editorship of the Annual Report, with plans to publish the proceedings during the second half of the year. It was MSP that a resolution of thanks and appreciation to outgoing Editor, Hans Bertsch, be extendeded for his efforts and contributions. Meeting adjourned at 4:50 PM. [Submitted by Henry Chaney] Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30 p. 74 TREASURER’S REPORT WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS TREASURER'S REPORT i October 1996 - 30 September 1997 INCOME Membership dues $1,734.00 Student Grant donations 120.00 Symposium fund donations 193.00 Royalties 121.86 1997 Auction/Reprints 1,116.70 TOTAL INCOME during period $3,285.56 EXPENSES Administrative (Fees, Dues, Officer Expense, Office Expense) 213.81 1996 Student Grant 1,100.00 Publication of the 1996 Annual Report 822.66 Certificate of Deposit Purchase 4,000.00 TOTAL EXPENSES during period Net Gain/(Loss) Balance brought forward (Corrected) Current Balance Savings (Does not include all of interest) Net Worth as of 1 October, 1997 STUDENT GRANT RECIPIENTS Renee Avery, University of Massachusetts James Byers, University of California, Santa Barbara Roberto Cipriani, University of Chicago Daniel Geiger, University of Southern California Nancy Smith, Smithsonian Marine Station, Florida Western Society of Malacologists 6,136.47 (2,850.91) 6,996.06 4,145.15 15,617.80 $19,762.95 Annual Report, Vol. 30 p. 75 ee ee eo leas! Tes t ue | PRMD » us : F he ze | TES CIA LAINE? 1 PEM IO2 VNaTEW £ Rt AA x marite 2 ILM ABAT is (9K. ; - HOE rs Pants se. i a) Teal: ee | - Fits ails we Fe AMSAT 7 1 nour TS Fah Oe : r ate fe souls ite dad rnoi a : sat aE: at ; Ge ae Cee ee iby etsy “Won WIG SAGs adunisetncks Petr meOoqay we a asithayod {7 ‘ bial ryeu emery | see) Weta ee f Rie hide Hitt wee sarot Pienaar nf Coli <| heen oe ip er a 4 —_ or ae Tags sO gables pe Lary ae i : fis ter, _ be i = 7 ¥ a 7 . ” og @prere fy he eae | 7 Hi-HE, dp 2 ving, ae, gal rea bs Lurodf dbo b demain syreeeat é T.004 | ast mnabartd a9@ : = Hug sip L A08; 1Ai iW aonEd a QG.iI0G,| 2 es Nwgs te siege | ae - ae AAI eae 5 Ws it a : ; : 4 a ae ' 7 pre va Ay A BORA: ini rin) Braaset vit i @ r! Jah ay. (ee Ziemann ,i- Myth le ai See, dbaT Lith ocetier ‘ortega Seaweed. ele runs Doi a Ngee) SY & Sait te ees T ee) veel lesial eeugt smedod io Ae yo alkane. ify isobar a wie shriett page inet einen nigral pain TS siya i ot o" gat 38D. yO fide. «—— aie PERE e L661 MUN 97 “A1ojsTF FesnJeN JO uMasnyy ereqieg eyues ydeisojoyg dnorp sunssyl WSM/OQWV L661 0} Ady Joquinyy Annual Report, Vol. 30 p. 77 ists Go f—) Western Society of Malacolo Individual Memberships, 1997 ALLMON, Dr. Warren D., Paleontological Research Institution, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca , NY 14850 ANDERSON, Roland C., Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Seattle, WA 98101 ARNOLD, Terry S., 2975 B Street, San Diego, CA 92102 AVILES E., Prof. Miguel C., Apartado 6-765, Zona Postal El Dorado, Panama BABA, Dr. Kikutaro, Shigigaoka 1-11-12, Nara-ken, Sango-cho, Ikoma-gun 636, Japan BALL, Ms. Minnie A., 5896 Avenue Juan Bautista, Riverside, CA 92509 BARKSDALE, Marion J., 1156 Rickover Lane, Foster City, CA 94404. BARTON, Bax R., P.O. Box 278, Seahurst, WA 98062 BERTSCH, Dr. Hans, 192 Imperial Beach Boulevard, #A, Imperial Beach, CA 91932 BOONE, Constance E., 3706 Rice Boulevard, Houston TX 77005 BRADNER, Dr. Hugh and Marge, 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla, CA 92037 BRANDAUER , Nance E.,1760 Sunset Boulevard, Boulder, CO 80304 BRATCHER CRITCHLOW, Twila, 939 Coast Boulevard, La Jolla, CA 92037-4119 BROOKSHIRE, Jack W., 2962 Balboa Avenue, Oxnard, CA 93030 BURCH, Dr. Thomas A. and Beatrice L., P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 BURGER, Sybil B., 3700 Gen. Patch NE, Albuquerque, NM 87111 CARLTON, Dr. James T., Maritime Studies Program, Mystic Seaport, Mystic, CT 06355 CARR, Dr. Walter E., 2043 Mohawk Drive, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 CATE, Jean M., P.O. Drawer 3049, Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 CHANEY, Barbara K., 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93108 CHANEY, Dr. Henry W., Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 COAN, Dr. Eugene V., 891 San Jude Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306 CORDEIRO, James R., Zoology Section, University of Colorado, Campus Box 315, Boulder CO 80309 CORNER, Barbara D., 2125 Chippendale Drive, McKinney, TX 75062 COX, Keith and LaVerne B., 309 Hillside Drive, Woodside, CA 94062 D'ASARO, Dr. Charles N., Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514-5751 DEMARTINI, Dr. John D., 1111 Birch Avenue, McKinleyville, CA 95521 DIUPOTEX-CHONG, Dra. Maria E., Instituto de Ciencias del Mary Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, A.P. 70-305, México, D.F. 04510, México DRAPER, Bertram C., 8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90045 DUDA, Thomas F., University of Hawaii, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 DuSHANE, Helen, 9460 Friendly Woods Lane, Whittier, CA 90605 EERNISSE, Dr. Douglas J., Department of Biological Science, MH 282, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634 EMERSON, Dr. William K., American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 EVANOFF, Emmett, University of Colorado Museum, Campus Box 315, Boulder , CO 80309-0315 FAHY, Neil E., 1425 South Mayfair Avenue, Daly City, CA 94015 FARMER, Dr. Wesley M., 3591 Ruffin Road, #336, San Diego, CA 92123-2561 FERGUSON, Ralph E., 617 North Fries Avenue, Wilmington, CA 90744 FLENTZ, John and Mary, 4541 Lambeth Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008-6407 FORK, Susanne K., 1056 West Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 FORRER, Richard B., P.O. Box 462, Northfield, OH 44067 FOSTER, Nora R., University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1200 FOWLER, Bruce H., 1074 Dempsey Road, Milpitas, CA 95035 FREST, Dr. Terrence J., 2517 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115-7125 FUKUYAMA, Allan, 7019 157th SW, Edmonds, WA 98026 GEARY, Dr. Dana, Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 GHISELIN, Dr. Michael T., Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30 p. 78 GODDARD, Dr. Jeffrey H. R., Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR 97420 GOSLINER, Dr. Terrence M., Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118 GREGORY, Brian D., 1124 Pennsylvania Avenue, Bremerton, WA 98337 GROVES, Lindsey T., Invertebrate Zoology (Malacology), Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 HABE, Dr. Tadashige, National Science Museum, 3-23-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 160, Japan HAGGART, Dr. James W., Geological Survey of Canada, 100 West Pender, Vancouver, British Columbia V6B 1RB, Canada HARASEWYCH, Dr. M. G., Division of Mollusks, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560 HAYASHI, Seiji, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 464-01 HENDERSON, Christine F., 2107 47th Street, Galveston, TX 77551 HENSILL, Dr. John S., 1050 North Point, Apt. 401, San Francisco, CA 94109. HERTZ, Carole M. and Jules, 3883 Mt. Blackburn Avenue, San Diego, CA 92111. HICKMAN, Dr. Carole S., Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140 HOCHBERG, Dr. F.G., Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 HOPPER, Dr. Carol N., 943C 9th Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816 HUNT, Harold G., P.O. Box 25, Rancho Cordova, CA 95741 HUTSELL, Kim & Linda, 5804 Lauretta Street, # 2, San Diego, CA 92110 JACKSON, John D., 11558 Rolling Hills Drive, El Cajon, CA 92020 JAMES, Dr. Matthew J., Department of Geology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 JOFFE, Anne, 1163 Kittiwake Circle, Sanibel Island, FL 33957 JOHNSTON, David K.,P.O. Box 5310, Agana, Guam 96932. KAILL, Michael, 588 Eagle Cove Drive, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 KAISER, Kirstie L., 9279 Siempre Viva Road, MBE Suite 078-444, San Diego, CA 92173-3628 KENK, Dr. Vida C., 18596 Paseo Pueblo, Saratoga CA 95070 KENNEDY, Dr. George L., Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1020 KESSNER, Vince, Department of Health, P.O. Box 40596, Darwin, Northern Territory 5792, Australia KNOWLTON, Ann L., P.O. Box 82297, Fairbanks, AK 99708 KOCH, Robert and Wendy, 1215 West Seldon Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85021 KOOL, Dr. Silvard P., Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 KRAIDMAN, Gary, Margaronics Inc., 8B Taylor Avenue, East Brunswick, NJ 08816-1435 LANCE, James R., 746 Agate Street, San Diego, CA 92109 LANDYE, J. Jerry, Route 1, Box 185, Lakeside, AZ 85929-9705 LARSON, Mary R., 1200 East Central, #4, Sutherlin, OR 97479 LINDAHL, Marge and Ken, The Golden Shell, 218 1/2 Marine Avenue, Balboa Island, CA 92662 LONG, Steven J., 12537 9th Avenue NW, Seattle, WA 98177-4303 MARELLI, Dr. Dan C., Florida Department of Natural Resources, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701-5095 MARINCOVICH, Dr. Louie N., Jr., Department of Invertebrate Zoology & Geology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 MARSHALL, Elsie, 2237 N.E. 175th Street, Seattle, WA 98155 MARTIN, Clifton L., 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, CA 92054 McARTHUR, Andrew Grant, Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Museum Support Center, MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560. McLEAN, Dr. James H., Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 MEAD, Dr. Albert R., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 METCALF, Dr. Artie L., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968-0519 METZ, Dr. George E., 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, CA 94947 MIKKELSEN, Dr. Paula M., Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192. MILLEN, Sandra V., 619 East 30th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada MILLER, Dr. Walter B., Mesa Oaks, 1260 Craig Drive, Lompoc, CA 93436. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30 p. 79 MINCH, Dr. John A., 26021 Via Arboleda, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675. MONTFORT, Nancy, Cove Corporation, 10200 Breeden, Road, Lusby, MD 20657 MOORE, Ellen J., 3324 SW Chintimini Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97333 MORSE, Dr Aileen N.C., Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 MULLINER, David K. and Margaret, 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, CA 92109 MURRAY, Dr. Harold D., Biology Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212 NARANJO-GARCIA, Dra. Edna, Calle Estio No. 2, México, D.F. 01600, México. NIESEN, Dr. Thomas M., Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 NORRID, Harold and Charlotte, 233 East Cairo Drive, Tempe, AZ 85282 NYBAKKEN, Dr. James W., Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 OLSON, Annette M., School of Marine Affairs, HF-05, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6715 OSBORNE, Michael A., P.O. Box 929, Cannon Beach, OR 97110 PEARCE, Dr. Timothy A., Delaware Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 3937, Wilmington, DE 19807 PERRONE, Antonio, Via Palermo 7, 73014 Gallipoli, Italy. PETIT, Richard E., P.O. Box 30, North Myrtle Beach, SC 29597-0030 PHILLIPS, Dr. David W., 2410 Oakenshield Road, Davis, CA 95616 PITT, William D. and Lois, 2444 38th Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95822 POIZAT, Dr. Claude, CERAM, Fac. Sci., Tech. de St. Jerome, Ave Escadrile Normandie, Case 342, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 13, France POWELL, Charles L., 2462 East Santa Clara Avenue, Fullerton, CA 92631 POWELL, Charles L., I, 2932 Sunburst Drive,San Jose CA 95111 REDINGTON, Oliver, 110 Elwood Street, Redwood City, CA 94062-1619 RICE, Thomas C., P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble, WA 98364 RICKNOVSZKY, Dr. Andor, Eotvos Jozsel Pedagigional Academy, Postafiok 62, 6500 Baja, Hungary RIOS, Eliezer de Carvalho, Box 379, Museo Oceanografico, Rio Grande, RS, 96200, Brazil RODRIQUEZ C., Zoila Castillo, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, A.P. Post 70-305, Mexico City, DF 04510, Mexico. ROPER, Dr. Clyde F. E., Div. of Mollusks, NHB-E517, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560 RUSSELL, Dr. Michael P., Biology Department, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 SAUL, LouElla R. and Richard, 14713 Cumpston Street, Van Nuys, CA 91411 SCHROEDER-CLAYTON, Julie, 2582 28th Avenue West, Seattle, WA 98199 SCHROEDER, Walter D., 8101 La Palma Circle, Huntington Beach, CA 92646 SCOTT, Paul V., Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 SEAPY, Roger R., Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834 SHARPE, Saxon E., Desert Research Institute, 7010 Dandini Boulevard, Reno, NV 89512 SHASKY, Dr. Donald R. 4990 Nighthawk Way, Oceanside, CA 92056. SHIMEK, Dr. Ronald L., P.O. Box 4, Wilsall, MT 59086 SKOGLUND, Carol and Paul E., 3846 East Highland Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85018 SMITH, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301 SQUIRES, Dr. Richard L., Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330 STANSBERY, Dr. David H., Museum of Zoology, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210-1394 STEWART, Katherine, 19 La Rancheria, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 STOHLER, Dr. Rudolf, 1584 Milva Street, Berkeley, CA 94709 STUBER, Robyn A., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA 94105. STURM, Dr. Charles F. Jr., 5024 Beech Road, Murraysville, PA 15668 TOMANEK, Lars, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 TREGO, Kent, D., 441 Ravina Street, #3, La Jolla, CA 92037 TROWBRIDGE, Dr. Cynthia D., P.O. Box 1995, Newport, OR 97365 TRUSSELL, Geoffrey C., Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 UPTON, Virginia, Panamic Specimen Shells, 2500 Meadolark Drive, Sierra Vista, AZ 85635 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30 p. 80 VEDDER, John G., 285 Golden Oak Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94025 VELARDE, Ronald G., Marine Biology Laboratory, 4918 North Harbor Drive, Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92106 VOIGHT, Dr Janet, Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605-2496 WOOLSEY, Jody, 3717 Bagley Avenue, #206, Los Angeles, CA 90034 WU, Dr. Shi-Kuei, Campus Box 315, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 YANCEY, Dr. Thomas E., Department of Geology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-3115 YOUNG, H. D. and Wilma G., 14550 Stone Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98133 Institutional Memberships AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC., c/o Dr. Hargreave, Sec./Treas. Department of Science Studies, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, The Library, Department of Zoology, Tempe, AZ 85281 BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu HI, 96817-2704. BIOLOGIE MARINS ET MALACOLOGIE, C.N.R.S. URA 699, 55 Rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. BRITISH LIBRARY, (SRIS), Boston Spa, Chancery Lane, West Yorkshire, Wetherby, LS23 7BQ, England, UK CANADIAN GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOCIETY, 350-601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OE8, Canada CANADIAN MUSEUM OF NATURE, The Library, P.O. Box 3443, Station D., Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION CIENTIFICA Y EDUCACION SUPERIOR DE ENSENADA (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, 900 Exposition, Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 CONCHOLOGISTS OF AMERICA, Mary Owen, Treasurer, P.O. Box 16319, Chicago, IL 60616 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 FUNDACAO UNIV RIO GRANDE, Biblioteca, Av. Italia, Km 08, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil HOPKINS MARINE STATION, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL & NUCLEAR SCIENCES, Librarian, P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan LIBRARIE JUSTUS LIPSIUS, AV Milcamps 188-B 151040 Bruxelles, Belgium MUSEUM D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE, Casa Postale #434, CH-1211, Geneve 6, Switzerland MUSEUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE, Lab. Biologie des Invertebres Marins et Malacologie, CNRS UA 699, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND, Hector Library, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCOTLAND, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, Scotland, UK The NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, Acquisitions Section, Department of Library Services, Cromwell Road, London, England SW7 5BD, UK NATURHISTORISCHES MUSEUM, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland NETHERLANDS MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, c/o Zoological Museum, P.O. 4766, 100G AT Amsterdam, The Netherlands NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, CA 94947 PACIFIC BIOLOGICAL STATION, Fisheries and Oceans Library, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R5K6, Canada PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, c/o Ann Smiley, 2405 NE 279 Street, Ridgefield, WA 98642 SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, DC 20560 UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA, Biblioteca, Ensenada, Baja California, México UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, Biblioteca, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México UNIVERSITY OF HAWATI, 2550 The Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY, P.O. Box 9001, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 30 p. 81 7 he {se 14 a " ee ty an Wes saat bhoealig't Gas snfit t sublet. 29% . dah UTA: home: i | ae a ee co a an sk eae oe tSeorpounowletonr duis ane ent bldoadh 2 _ 0; Mii Sti Tae e ait Upham qiaaram) Lash explo “unstrpneeg Cl eee Ly) ee OE hw itn + conte, CMR Ae aA ail ise ARR, ha 8? . . 4 i ie yatta att SL shnigan en losin! ASE Sod hag) dense MA) Seg O85 ities toatl a) one rnbutlat Lie deca T Ggakiaas ie “emer, eid Td | oq tk REINA salane lor Rane atenaiones ast 2k cE Tyee Dk sb tats gym Bek L<@ Oey vie : wists ot a asco Mout : : : 7 7 ; ; gist a3 iba Sr joa toy) Po Tinh eo ar aed oe Metts prac de HGIS by ey ESS rate AeA MLSS: 1 oot $2 206) Fog vO tie £77 > 7 malig? Aha \y lo MNP AS ' hechaea TL Te Gtaae hs eine Rr ai atin, teri ways =) 4 os ‘AREER ee as i Ary Ave arises ithe VO agveuihe ea UI PITS Al > ne ee o Lae it atatopekl, owyes Satie ITs 2s pitts a eet a iO? arte te SIAL AIS «oA TD es POU, ily haw 13s ses PTs Lol wusntl aietomi Wy alsa swfcenethe aie eee ee) . CA Hla oad wants oie CEG k M2 TailyoO Lies Arona Ve L Saenigtls i) Pia NE ge vats Na gh LES TA De Wis oO 0, ies vl ti Sal Oke yok ti puseriha tie ‘ tar ce — “le By ip.” AF yeptbalh eG ee 1 eee teliban Be t ght ohare oa ; ( ED ther aati ear a 2 a, _ > se, vy Zz maar 's ~~ 5 2 spit tpl Ace i i wins bs » Pee ae ahh 1s y iy oo op Ghk inner, LANG. OS OTH We - ; : : Deine 3 7 Ae og pee eee, ee AP PiOenet : “ wzabjet cdtT tynl? aye) daed)* om: S wt ona. LAC, Geo LAD ites ie ee, te rise) VIS fetegat | tem ued che OY putea tH shame Pe 6 wt me ry my by A er - = ©. ce ee ‘ifs wee i Y Sy ebay Oy ise: ot, +§ aia ; ; oul Pree awuien = ae a vi vase epee: Rl a FL aye. © Pie es lpare a2 sea Cia ed re ae iS = eek = ate xs a ros . somone at Te Ve wok Sil rr oF at pret pest, pe ) LE oy PAD cx -« Sage 1 es ; o ' 62 : fan er ‘AGU cichthael sat 7 > Wie Swed. pe th ee ONE on na are ne ihn LHe, Wy Hod FOALS J rt ee +, Sh tuaiyayre Sis ee poae Soames Ra ee i A a ee we Lochs & ewig htt abel tsa hie Swale iA ree ihALE | hice | nn RU ae a ogill sla i 7 7 ; of aoe 1 DANS ZONA “speath vy yn) Ra WET em Pint PA ea cal B A PD Soi RE, fe a ee a Ray hol a A ae et tices alten hi woh %- a Wr é fs fis? = saci (uly eo . ; ; _ eh Hi nsrth al Tlic Gg ear anv nian: ate a a AERO NE sta co tT pein AAU Miauileaie hs aay Fae tk ve we) pots SRLS BIBLE reer 7p 4 riven Ay eprshied st lala uae alg % AA ainar tines Lilet Ta IDOE VT ” - . i" Hs 5 - - a “ bl’ we =m tye “md 12 TT Lake tedere gina are intel . pr ot HAM ai SOMO aa : cine Yenc ahll Win 8 lima oan realy PS eee igs TH re PARMOBORE o - = 5 — a , Se iad 50 m, and population sizes decline with increasing paleodepth. Living species of Smaragdia occur obligately on seagrasses, especially in the genus Halophila, which tolerates low light and turbid conditions and has been reported as deep as 85 m in very clear water. Living species of Neritina are restricted Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.6 to shallower depths. Within the two fossil species, changes in color morph frequencies follow separate spatial and temporal patterns. We document distributions that are geographically distinct and coherent within individual stratigraphic sections as well as distributions reflecting a predominance of paleoenvironmental control and change upsection. Differences between the two species support a conclusion that there is no single pattern of response intrinsic to neritids. Chromosome and electrophoretic study of the freshwater snail Pomacea from Veracruz, Mexico Maria E. Diupotex-Chong’, Nora R. Foster’, and Alejandra Hernandez-Santoyo’ "Universidad Nacional Auténoma de México, A.P. 70-619, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, 04511 D. F., México; medc@mar.icmyl.unam.mx *University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-6960, *Universidad Nacional Auténoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-213, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 D. F., México The genus Pomacea is an organism appropiate as a model for investigation, principally within the field of genetics. In this work, karyotypic and electrophoretic comparisons were made to continue the organism characterization of the genus Pomacea originating in the state of Veracruz, and thus to determine its interspecific and intraspecific diversification. The polymorphism registered in individuals originating in different regions did not show significant differences, at least not in reference to the cytogenetic and electrophoretic studies made between Pomacea flagellata and P. patula catemacensis, the latter being a species exclusive to the region of Lake Catemaco in the State of Veracruz. However, variations are present within the different regions of collection; Lake Alvarado, Tlacotalpan, and Misantla River, in the magnitude of the band pattern both in the localization of the isoelectrofocus (IFE) point and molecular weight, which presents a band characterized principally in the region of Lake Catemaco perhaps as an endemic population. In this way, this technique is determining, on the one hand, the differentiation between the variations of the analyzed populations, and on the other, determination of the source and diversity of clones. Purification and characterization of three glycosyl hydrolases from a fresh-water mollusk, Pomacea flagellata Maria E. Diupotex-Chong’', Alejandra Hernandez-Santoyo’, and Nora R. Foster’ ‘Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Auténoma de México, A. P. 70-619, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04511 D. F., México; mede@mar.icmyl.unam.mx "Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Auténoma de México, A.P. 70-213, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 D. F., México University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-6960 Three glycosyl hydrolases were purified from viscera of a freshwater mollusk, Pomacea flagellata, by ammonium sulfate precipitation, low pressure DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, and anion exchange HPLC. In this study we describe the purification and properties of P. flagellata enzymes with glycosyl hydrolase activity, including physicochemical characteristics of the enzymes (amino Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.7 acid analysis, molecular weight, isoelectric focusing, and effect of pH on temperature on glycosyl hydrolase activity), substrate specificities, effects of various compounds and metal ions, and secondary structure content of these enzymes. Genetic confirmation of limpet sibling species and a test of possible character displacement Douglas J. Eernisse and L. T. Crummett Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834-6850; deernisse@fullerton.edu We have found allozyme evidence confirming the existence of a sibling species pair, Lottia digitalis (Rathke, 1833) and L. austrodigitalis (Murphy, 1978). Despite the fact that L. austrodigitalis was described two decades ago, it has not been generally recognized as a valid species, probably due to a lack of perceived morphological distinction by specialists. The diagnosis of L. austrodigitalis was based mostly on allozyme frequency differences at two enzyme-coding loci, together with geographic differences. Lottia digitalis was claimed to extend south only to Monterey Peninsula, California, whereas L. austrodigitalis ranged north only to Monterey Peninsula. The evidence for their sympatry at Monterey Peninsula suggests an intriguing possibility that these species might be undergoing character displacement where their geographic range overlaps. For example, one species might be found more frequently in high "rock" habitats and the other more often in lower "barnacle" habitats. We employed starch gel electrophoresis to compare multiple enzyme systems, sampling limpets from southern and northern California locations and also from both "rock" and "barnacle" habitats at each location. We found new evidence from multiple loci that strongly support the existence of the two species as originally described, with only L. digitalis at the northern site and only L. austrodigitalis at the southern site. Ongoing studies are designed to test whether character displacement might be occurring where the two species’ ranges overlap at Monterey Peninsula. Description of a new species of Halgerda from the Indo-Pacific, with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis Shireen J. Fahey Department of invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94123, sfahey@sfsu.edu A new species of Halgerda (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Halgerdidae) is described based on several specimens all having morphological similarities with H. elegans Bergh, 1905. This new species is known from Okinawa, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia. Comparison is made with the original description and newly collected material of H. elegans and with other described Halgerda species. The coloration, and reproductive and radular morphology of this new species differ significantly from those of H. elegans and other previously described Halgerda species. The presence of some anatomical consistencies and similar color patterns between H. elegans and the new species suggest that the two species may be more closely related to each other than to some other members of the genus. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis establishes the relationship between the species. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.8 Endemics in an ancient western North American lake (Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon): Lake or stream origin? Terrence J. Frest and Edward J. Johannes Deixis Consultants, 2517 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115-7125; tjfrest@accessone.com Ancient lakes have been touted either as reservoirs from which more recent stream faunas are derived (Russel-Hunter, 1978), or as independent centers of endemism that may show little relation even to tributary stream drainage (Boss, 1978; Davis, 1979; Taylor, 1988). Western North America during the late Cenozoic had a plethora of large pluvial lakes with large endemic molluscan faunas. The best remaining example is the hypertrophic Upper Klamath Lake (UKL), Oregon, remnant of a system dating to the Miocene. Survey of 300 UKL drainage sites yielded > 70 mollusk species: > 25 are narrow endemics, of which some 16 are undescribed. Very few taxa are endemic to the lake only; most are found in springs in limited portions of surrounding and tributary drainages. Most "lake" endemics are confined to small areas influenced by underwater springs. Endemics are mostly prosobranchs (“Fluminicola,” Pyrgulopsis, “Lyogyrus”) and pulmonates (Vorticifex, Carinifex) derived from ancient but precinctive western North American stocks, thus partially corroborating the pattern reported by Boss and by Taylor. However, these genera are found mostly in springs and streams, not lakes. Thus, there are lakes and there are lakes, but stream origin and diversity are more important, as suggested by Davis and by Taylor. The hydrobiid subfamily Amnicolinae in the northwestern United States Terrence J. Frest and Edward j. Johannes Deixis Consultants, 2517 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115-7125; tjfrest@accessone.com Epigean and subterranean freshwater amnicolinins (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) are well deployed in the eastern U. S. and Europe but virtually unreported from the western U. S., with only one taxon described, “Lyogyrus” greggi (Pilsbry, 1935). Collecting in the northwestern states and in northern California in 1988-1998 proved them relatively widespread, if uncommon (present at 170 of 2,500 sites). Amnicolinins are largely absent from areas north of the Wisconsinan glacial border and the Great Basin. Apparent absences elsewhere may be due to undercollecting or to historic factors. Amnicola s. s. occurs in a few kettle lakes, a habitat like that preferred by some eastern taxa. Other western forms differ substantially in anatomy, habitat, or (typically) both. Currently known are: (1) a form resembling some eastern U. S. Logyrus in habitat (ponds and lakes) but substantially different anatomically; (2) "Lyogyrus" greggi and congeners, restricted to cold springs; (3) nearly pigmentless cold limnocrene taxa associated with pluvial lake basins; (4) a coastal lineage found in cold, muddy seeps, and small springs. Northwestern forms generally are restricted to very cold oligotrophic habitats; most are photophobic. Roughly half of the sites also have other precinctive hydrobiids. Northwestern subterranean forms have yet to be found. Taxonomic and habitat differentiation of eastern forms implies relatively long separation and separate evolution, both also true of other western hydrobiids and pleurocerids. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.9 Biogeography of the Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) Daniel L. Geiger Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Califomia 90089-0371; dgeiger@usc.edu The Haliotidae are a family of gastropods with a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate waters. Distributional data from approximately 4,000 lots of the 55 species were collected to address the question of the origin of the family. Three scenarios have been proposed in the literature: (1) Pacific Rim, (2) Indo-Pacific, and (3) Tethys. Area cladograms with an underlying vicariance assumption were constructed. Three alternative roots corresponding to the three proposed origins of the family were used, and tree length was employed as the discriminating factor. Comparison with a preliminary parsimony analysis of the taxa is made. DNA data as elementary hypotheses: How to avoid impossible character state reconstructions Daniel L. Geiger Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southem Califomia, Los Angeles, Califomia 90089-0371; dgeiger@usc.edu The use of DNA sequence data has transformed systematic biology, including malacology. Despite a wealth of data having been acquired, the debate on the proper utilization of the data is unsettled. One of the most basic questions of how observation should be represented in a data matrix is here addressed with a special focus on the homology concept. DNA sequence alignment is discussed and the commonalities between morphological as well as molecular data are highlighted. As alignment is an observational process, gaps must be coded as an additional character state and not as missing data. The treatment of questionable aligned regions is explored through multiple coding strategies. Elision, case sensitive, missing data, and polymorphic coding all violate homology either through the test of conjunction or by contradiction with the original observations. Only character exclusion and contraction result in character state reconstructions in agreement with homology. Furthermore it is proposed to use additional character states to include highly divergent sequences. Some examples from ongoing work in the Haliotidae illustrate the effects of the various coding strategies. Toxic deception: Mimicry complexes of nudibranchs and polyclad flatworms Terrence M. Gosliner’ and Leslie Newman’ ‘California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118; tgosliner@calacademy.org "National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 Recent studies of organisms inhabiting tropical reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans have brought to light numerous unpalatable organisms that have remarkably similar, elaborate color patterns. These represent some of the first documented cases of Batesian and Mullerian mimicry Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.10 involving phylogenetically distantly related groups of marine organisms. Mimicry circles have been described for complexes of nudibranch species, but have not been well documented for complexes invoiving nudibranchs and flatworms. Numerous examples of different mimetic complexes involving nudibranchs and flatworms are presented. Some members of these complexes represent intermediate conditions between Batesian and Mullerian mimicry, as there is differential unpalatability, depending on the predators involved. Mimetic complexes occur commonly in tropical reef ecosystems and represent a common adaptive strategy of nudibranchs and flatworms in these ecosystems. A phylogenetic analysis of the Patellogastropoda based on morphological and molecular data sets Robert P. Guralnick and David R. Lindberg Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of Califomia, Berkeley, California 94720-4780; robg@ucmp1.berkeley.edu, davidl@ucmp1.berkeley.edu The relationships among taxa and character transformation series within the Patellogastropoda have not been previously examined in a rigorous phylogenetic context. We scored 83 morphological characters based on gross anatomy, microstructure, ultrastructure, and histology in 18 ingroup taxa. Ingroup OTUs represent a range of "taxonomic" levels dependent on our confidence of OTU monophyly. Some OTUs represent species whereas others are at the "family" level. Four outgroup taxa were used based on recent phylogenetic hypotheses in the Gastropoda. Analyses with and without outgroups comprise hypotheses based on morphology only. We then used the most parsimonious trees from the morphological data as starting trees and optimized these against the less complete molecular data set to determine the best fit between morphology and molecules. The best supported phylogenetic hypothesis shows two major clades, with one branch leading to the Patellina and Nacellina and the other to the Acmaeoidea. The deep-sea taxon Bathyacmaea, whose anatomy has never before been described, is placed as a basal Acmaeoidea; mosaically sharing apomorphies with Patellina and Nacella and others with the Acmaeoidea. A major finding of the character analysis is that although patellogastropod muscle and radular systems appear plesiomorphic, cartilage morphology and the association of cartilage and radula have undergone major modifications likely related to the change from flexoglossate to stereoglossate feeding. The gastropod larval shell as a model for integrative analysis of structure Carole S. Hickman Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; caroleh@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Larval shells have been used to infer life history and nutritional modes in ecological, paleoecological, and macroevolutionary studies. The larval shell encodes considerably more information. A program of research focusing on the total information content of larval shell morphology is based on the study of living veliger larvae from Hawaiian plankton. Using a comparative and integrative approach, I explore the interplay of features that are (1) purely Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.11 constructional and emerge irom specific biomineralization processes and growth rules, (2) ecological, (3) phylogenetically shared as innovations in specific clades, and (4) adaptive in terms of close-fit to engineering paradigms for performance advantage. Some of the most surprising results emerge from experimental studies of veligers in culture in the absence and presence of predators. Repeated patterns of larval shell breakage and subsequent repair, documented with SEM, shed light not only on the nature of predation attempts but also on antipredator adaptations in shell construction. Use of the paradigm method provides equally powerful evidence of a set of features of larval shell microsculpture that serve to retard breakage at particularly vulnerable points on the larval shell. Finally, there are microarchitectural features that suggest fundamentally different mechanism of mineralization in larval and adult shells and a reorganization of shell formation at metamorphosis. Phylogeny and evolution of color pattern in chromodorid nudibranchs Rebecca F. Johnson Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132 rebeccaj@sfsu.edu The chromodorid nudibranchs are a diverse, brightly colored group of more than 600 species found primarily in tropical and subtropical waters. Although there has been recent interest in this group, due to their striking color patterns, much of their taxonomy remains in a rudimentary state. This project focuses on five relatively small genera within the family Chromodorididae: Thorunna, Pectenodoris, Digidentis, Durvilledoris, and Ardeadoris. There are currently 23 described species in these genera, as well as six or more undescribed species. Anatomy of all of the taxa included in these groups is examined. Monophyly for each of these genera has been hypothesized, but never tested. Phylogenetic analyses of the members of these genera and other taxa in the family are used to ascertain the evolutionary relationships among species and to test for monophyly. The resulting hypothesis of phylogeny is used to address questions regarding biogeography and evolution of color pattern in these nudibranchs. The effects of forest practices on freshwater molluscan habitat: A case study from the Torpy River watershed in east-central British Columbia, - Canada Jacquie Lee University of Northern British Columbia, Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Colombia, Canada V2N 4Z9; lee}@unbc.ca The impacts of forestry and other anthropogenic activity on freshwater mollusks is not well understood. Our approach has been to examine molluscan diversity in a watershed that has a 40- year history of forestry activity. Specifically we examined the ecology of the sphaeriid clam, Pisidium casertanum, in the Torpy River watershed in east-central British Columbia. This watershed is mountainous with an alluvial substrate of clay, sand, and gravel. Streams are mainly Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.12 first order, either spring-fed or the result of snow-melt and ground-water inputs. The forest cover is primarily coniferous. Forestry related activities, such as the installation of culverts to allow access roads to cross streams, have affected stream hydraulics and resulted in the accumulation of fine organic-rich sediments that host populations of P. casertanum. A survey of 75 streams along 47 km of the watershed adjacent to the river revealed some strong associations among clam density in these newly created habitats, and certain environmental variables. Clam density was significantly correlated to water temperature (r = 0.457, p = 0.016) and organic content of the sediment (r = 0.379, p = 0.050) but not to dissolved oxygen, conductivity, or pH. Further research this summer will examine the relationship between upstream forest practices (ue., clearcuts, riparian conditions) and the downstream sampling sites. Ultimately we hope to examine these and other anthropogenic impacts on the ecology of freshwater mollusks throughout northern British Columbia. An evaluation of the role of different hierarchical levels in the resolution of gastropod phylogeny David R. Lindberg and Robert P. Guralinick Department of Integative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-4780; davidl@ucmp1.berkeley.edu, robg@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Much discussion has focused on the utility of character subsets in phylogenetic reconstruction. One of the central issues of this debate is the value of morphological versus molecular characters. Within molecular characters there is a secondary but related debate concerning the appropriateness of certain genes in being informative relative to the depth of the divergence. Within morphological characters this debate is just as rigorous, but without much empirical justification. Here we evaluate the role of morphological character suites in the resolution of gastropod phylogeny. Our analysis uses as a baseline the Ponder & Lindberg data set consisting of 117 characters and 40 gastropod taxa. Five outgoup taxa were included, representing four conchiferan groups and Polyplacophora. We begin by examining the nature of morphological data at different hierarchical levels (e.g., ultrastructure, gross anatomy, histological) and at the level of different anatomical systems (e.g. digestive, nervous system) that encompass different hierarchical levels. Our methodology is to exclude certain data sets (e.g., all histological or digestive system characters) and determine loss or gain in the optimization of characters and trees. Using parsimony as the optimality criterion, exclusion of gross anatomy, histological, or ultrastructural characters had no significant effects on the final topologies. Identical results were also found when we removed the more integrated (structurally and functionally) anatomical system data. There is no necessary panacea in any data set. Feeding mode mediates success of invasive whelk Steve I. Lonhart Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064; lonhart@biology.ucsc.edu The recent expansion of Kellet's whelk, Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1852), from Point Conception to Monterey Bay, California, introduced a novel feeding mode to the guild of invertebrate predators preying on trochid snails in Monterey Bay. Sea stars, the primary native predators of Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.13 trochids in Monterey Bay, feed using an eversible stomach, whereas Kelletia feed with a prehensile proboscis. I used two sea stars (Astrometis sertulifera, Pisaster giganteus) and Kelletia from southern California as predators and two trochid congeners as prey, to (1) compare predator consumption rates; and (2) assess prey anti-predatory defenses. Prey were either Tegula eiseni (southern California) or T. brunnea (Monterey Bay). Single predators had a constant density (n = 6) of a single prey species for 70 days. Prey species were switched after 35 days. Astrometis ate both Tegula spp. at equai rates. Pisaster and Kelletia ate significantly more 7. brunnea than T. eisent. Escape frequency and consumption time were greater for T. eiseni, supporting previous suggestions that T: eiseni is better defended than its congeners. Among predators, Kelletia ate a significantly higher proportion of T. brunnea than did either Pisaster or Astrometis. Whereas deep withdrawal by T. brunnea was a partially effective defense against sea stars, it was ineffective against the novel feeding mode of Kelletia. Successful establishment of Kelletia in non-native habitats may be expedited by its novel feeding mode. Growth measurements of Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby, 1838) in a kelp forest at Santa Catalina Island, California Steve I. Lonhart Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 lonhart@biology.ucsc.edu Growth rates for Norris’ top snail Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby, 1838) in kelp forests have not been studied previously. Fieid measurements of individual snails at Pumpernickel Reef, Santa Catalina island, California, were recorded over a 10-month period beginning in June 1992. I measured growth along the greatest dimension of the shell i7 sztv using calipers precise to 1 mm. individual snail sizes were scratched into the periostracum of the shell with a scriber, which lasted up to 5 months. It is not known when Norrisia reproduce but recruits (4 mm) displaying larval shell morphology were observed during early summer only. As expected, small snails (< 30 mm) increased at a significantly greater rate (1.8 mm/mo) than larger snails (30 mm, 1 mm/month). Using conservative but realistic growth rates, I propose snails 17 mm are 1 year old (young of the year), snails 18-29 mm are 1-2 years old, and snails 30 mm are 2 years old. Snails 42 mm were uncommon in the kelp forest and did not measurably increase from month to month. Comparative anatomy establishes correlativity in distributional direction ‘and phylogenetic progression in the Achatinidae Albert R. Mead Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721; almead@tabasco.ccit.arizona.edu A continuing program of dissecting the soft anatomies of giant African land snails (Achatinidae) has greatly strengthened the hypothesis that the earliest forms originated in the Lower Guinea of Cameroon and Gabon. Phylogenetically close to these plesiomorphic forms, the family broke into two major trunks. The anatomically more conservative trunk formed three branches: (1) a strong western branch that moved through the Upper Guinea and the small islands of the Guinea Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.14 Sea; (2) an evolutionarily vigorous branch of small, hardy forms that proded the Sahara all along the north and penetrated deeply into Central Africa; and (3) a direct eastern thrust into the Horn of Africa, and a strong side branch to the Cape. The second major trunk from the Lower Guinea, with its distinctive morphology, also formed three branches: (1) a weak branch that moved straight south through Angola and Namibia into western South Africa; (2) a strong southeastern branch that fanned out into the Congo Basin to form a rich group of very similar appearing species; and (3) a direct eastern branch that moved into the Lake country, with a weak side branch to the Horn of Africa and a stronger one going to southern Africa. The intermixing third branches of the two major trunks passed through similar environments to produce conchologically similar appearing species from anatomically distinct stocks. Bivalve biodiversity in the Florida Keys Paula M. Mikkelsen‘ and Riidiger Bieler” ‘Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192; mikkel@amnh.org "Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496; bieler@fmnh.org Despite a century of shell collecting in the Florida Keys, the malacofauna has never been comprehensively assessed. The region encompasses nearly 10,000 km° of marine habitat, ranging from hypersaline ponds, to mangrove islands, seagrass meadows, and sand bars, to deep sand plains and the only living coral reef in the continental U. S. (newly protected by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary). Influences on the fauna inciude the Gulf Stream flowing northward from the Caribbean, nutrient-heavy waters from the Everglades moving southward across Florida Bay, as well as millions of vacationing tourists per year. This survey, compiled from original collections, museum and literature records, comprises 1,293 species (9xx gastropods, 2xx bivalves, xxx other), surpassing the only other published list (1995) by xx%. This part of the ongoing assessment examines the Bivalvia. Approximately half of the recognized bivalve families and xxx of superfamilies are represented in the Keys. Analyses by habitat show about equal proportions of infauna and epifauna, with the latter including important coral reef borers and cementers. Within-Keys distributions include one-third ranging the full length of the island chain, one-third so far recorded from only one zone (Upper, Middle, Lower, Tortugas), and one-third overlapping two or more zones. Species ranges show 54% of Keys bivalves considered "wide ranging" both north and south, but xx% of the remainder decidedly tropical in distribution. Historical records indicate little species turnover, although habitat shifts from natural to artificial substrata are evident. File clams and flame scallops in the western Atlantic (Bivalvia: Limidae) Paula M. Mikkelsen’ and Riidiger Bieler” "Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192; mikkel@amnh.org *Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496; bieler@fmnh.org The western Atlantic representatives of Lima and Ctenoides are revised. Studies of live-collected Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.15 material from the Florida Keys, supplemented by museum collections and literature data, identified anatomical characters to corroborate genus- and species-level taxa formerly based on shells. Lima (file clams) includes L. caribaea Orbigny (Bermuda, Carolinas-Brazil), and L. marioni Fischer (deep-water Atlantic, including off Brazil). The former is L. lima auct. (in part), distinguished from eastern Atlantic L. lima Linné, Indo-Pacific L. sowerbyi Deshayes, and eastern Pacific L. tetrica Gould, by relative numbers of radial shell ribs. Ctenoides (flame scallops) includes two shallow-water species, C. scabra (Born) (Carolinas-Venezuela) and C. floridana (Olsson & Harbison) (Carolinas-Venezuela), and two deep-water species, C. planulata (Dall, 1886) (Florida, Barbados) and one new species. Ctenoides floridana (= tenera Sowerby, non Turton), previously considered a variety of C. scabra, is a sympatric congener based on consistent characters in shell and anatomy. The new species, from southern Florida to Caribbean South America, is distinguished by roundly ovate valves, flattened ribs with minute prickles and narrow interspaces. As presently understood from western Atlantic species, the genera are characterized by features (apomorphies?) of shell and anatomy: Lima, with ungaping, inequilateral valves, strong ribs with large erect scales, non-persistent periostracum, short (whitish) pallial tentacles, truncated visceral mass; and Ctenozdes, with gaping, equilateral shells, scaly ribs divaricating centrally, brownish periostracum, long colorful (red-orange) pallial tentacles, expanded visceral mass with intestinal loop. The genus Cumanotus : Aeolid nudibranchs with deviance, but how deviant? Sandra V. Millen Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 millen@zoology.ubc.ca The genus Cumanotus consists of three species of soft-bottom-dwelling aeolid nudibranchs. They have short, wide bodies and long cerata used in swimming. The only species in which the reproductive system is known, C. beaumonti (Eliot, 1906), has bizarre sexual habits. A simultaneous hermaphrodite like other nudibranchs, the female region of C. beaumont features a pair of prominent studded claspers that grasp the partner’s long snaky penis. Other, less dramatic features also differentiate this genus. It has been treated as a monogeneric subfamily or given family status depending on the importance attached to the position of its anus. The recent discovery of a fourth species in the northeastern Pacific and a reexamination of the other poorly described Pacific species extends our knowledge of this little-known genus. Schistosomiasis intermediate hosts in eastern Mexico: a new survey of the aquatic malacofauna Edna Naranjo-Garcia' and C. C. Appleton’ ‘Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México, 04510 D. F., México; naranjo@servidor.unam.mx *Department of Biology, University of Natal, Private Bag X10, Dalbridge, 4014 South Africa Species of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) known to be susceptible to Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) have been reported from several parts of Mexico but little is known of their wider distribution within the country. Although the disease does not occur in Mexico, the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.16 presence of susceptible Biomphalaria in the country has assumed significance with the recognition that S. mansoni could be introduced via migrants from endemic countries en route to the United States. A freshwater snail survey was therefore carried out in July 1997 in northeastern Mexico, the presumed route of these migrants, specifically to look for Biomphalaria and to provide baseline malacological data to help assess the likelihood of schistosomiasis becoming established. The species of Biomphalaria collected in the area and its rich freshwater molluscan community are discussed. Mollusks associated with Mayan ruins on the Yucatan Peninsula, México Edna Naranjo-Garcia’ and Zoila Graciela Castillo-Rodriguez* ‘Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, A.P. 70- 153, México, D. F. 04510, México; naranjo@servidor.unam.mx *Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Auténoma de México, A.P. 70-305, México, D. F. 04510, México The Mayan ruins in the state of Yucatan are a habitat for a variety of land and freshwater moilusks. Since the middle of last century, several workers have contributed to a gradually improving knowledge of the non-marine mollusks of the area (Morelet, 1949; Phillips, 1846; Pilsbry, 1891 Bequeart & Clench, 193 3, 1936, 1938). Since Harry (1950), however, the non- marine malacofauna of Yucatan has received little attention compared to the marine species. A revision of this nonmarine malacofauna has been undertaken, using both classical information based on shell morphology on the one hand and scanning electron microscopy, anatomical features, and radulae on the other. Field work was done in some of the "cenotes" (freshwater- filled sinkholes) typical of this karstic area, grottos in which the ceiling has partly collapsed, and ruins. Mollusks were also collected from shady areas. Families and genera reported in this survey are: Mesodontidae (Praticolella and Polygyra); Annulariidae (Choanopoma); Subulinidae (Allopeas and Suhulina); Spiraxidae (Streptostyla and Euglandina) Hydrobiidae (Pyrgophorus and Littoridinops); Bulimulidae (Bulimulus and Drymaeus); Urocoptidae (Macroceramus); Succincidae (Succinea); and Planorbidae (Biomphalaria). These studies have not only resolved some long- standing taxonomic problems, but have updated distributional data and provided information on the conservation status of the non-marine Yucatan mollusks. Distribution and abundance of the malacofauna of ground leaf litter in a tropical rain forest in southern Veracruz, México Ricardo Ruiz-Cruz and Edna Naranjo-Garcia Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, A.P. 70-153, México, D. F. 04510, México; naranjo@servidor.unam.mx In 1991 Naranjo-Garcia started the first study of the molluscan fauna of the ground leaf litter at Estacion de Biologia Los Tuxtlas, in southern Veracruz, Mexico. She found about 51 taxa from this type of habitat. Subsequent studies have focused on the distribution and abundance of these mollusks. Litter samples were collected monthly from November 1996 to October 1997 at three sites, one in old secondary growth forest and two, named "Hectare" and "Vigia 4," in the tropical Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.17 rain forest proper. During the study period, 34 species belonging to 13 families were recovered from the ground leaf litter. The most common species at all sites were: Systrophia sp. A, Thysanophora plagioptycha, Miradiscops sp. A, Pseudosubulina berendti, and Pseudosubulina sp. B. Species found only at particular sites were: Omphalina sp. (Vigia 4), Xenodiscula sp. (Hectare), and Strobilops sp. A (Secondary growth forest). More living snails were found during the rainy season (August-November) than in the dry season. The Shannon-Wiener and Sorensen diversity indices were similar for each site. Radular loss in the evolution of dorid nudibranchs: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the Porostomata Angel Valdés and Terrence M. Gosliner Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118; avaldes@calacademy.org, tgosliner@calacademy.org Porostomata is a controversial group created to unite the Dendrodorididae and Phyllidiidae, the two families of radula-less dorid nudibranchs. Several authors, based on the distinct gill morphology of phyllidiids, questioned the monophyly of the Porostomata. Different origins for phyllidiids have been suggested, all of them implying that radula has been lost twice independently in dorid evolution. The present paper attempts to test whether the Porostomata is a monophyletic group, using an array of characters and taxa. The external morphology and anatomy of the type species of all the genera involved and additional representatives have been carefully examined, using in many cases the critical-point technique for scanning electron microscopy. A database was generated, including 31 taxa of porostomids, and other five cryptobranch and phanerobranch genera for comparative proposes. Fifty-two informative characters were considered, polarized with Bathydoris as the outgroup. A single consensus tree was produced. It shows that Porostomata is a monophyletic group, supported by several apomorphies. An unnamed species from South Africa, provisionally assigned to Doriopsilla, is the sister group of the rest of the taxa involved, and therefore is regarded as a distinct new genus. Dendrodoris, Doriopsilla, and phyllidiids are three independent monophyletic clades. There is little resolution within phylliduds. With this scenario a new classification should be proposed for these taxa. The families Dendrodorididae and Phyllidiidae are regarded as synonyms, with Phyllidiidae being the older valid name. Give us time: Integrating the study of living mollusks with history Geerat J. Vermeij Departrnent of Geology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; vermeij@geology.ucdavis.edu Research on living mollusks has often proceeded independently of that on fossils. This is neither necessary nor desirable. With their excellent fossil record, mollusks provide unparalleled opportunities to add the dimension of time to the study of systematics, biogeography, and adaptation. I give examples of studies on muricid, buccinid, and pseudolivid gastropods in which knowledge of the living species alone would have led to serious misinterpretations of Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.18 biogeography, evolution, and adaptation. I discuss patterns of diversification, adaptation, and geographical restriction that could not have been inferred without fossils. Conversely, I cite molecular and anatomical results for muricids that significantly inform and enrich conclusions founded on fossils. Biological investigations of the genus Graneledone from abyssal and bathyal depths of the North Pacific Ocean Janet R. Voight Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605; jvoight@fmnh.org Increasing our understanding of the diversity and distribution of benthic octopuses in the deep sea requires that we gain more information about the animals’ biology and collect detailed morphological data to allow us to better distinguish cryptic taxa. Members of the octopodid genus Graneledone occur at abyssal and bathyal depths in many of the world’s oceans. Members of the genus share conspicuously warty skin on the dorsal mantle, few gill lamellae, and a limited number of suckers that usually occupy a single row; they lack the ink sac and crop. The skin and sucker characters allow individuals of Graneledone to be identified to genus in videotapes filmed by submersibles. These observations increase our knowledge of the animals, their appearance in situ, and their reproductive biology. This study compares 46 specimens from between 1,100 and 2,450 m depths in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Specimens from abyssal depths, referred here to Graneledone pacfica Voss & Pearcy, 1990, can be distinguished from those at bathyal depths by subtle differences in the numbers of suckers on each arm, of gill lamellae, and of tubercles on the dorsal mantle. The differences may reflect ecophenotypic variation, if a single species occurs over this 1,300-m depth range or, arguably more likely, these differences may signify the existence of a cryptic species isolated by depth. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.19 REPORTS OF SOCIETY BUSINESS Minutes of the 1998 WSM Executive Board Meeting Held at Hirschhorn Museum, Washington DC, 27 July 1998. Meeting called to order by President Sandra Millen at 12:10 PM. Board members present: Sandra Millen, Terry Arnold, George Metz, Kirstie Kaiser, Henry Chaney, Paula Mikkelsen, Roger Seapy Secretary's Report (Henry Chaney): Minutes accepted as read. Treasurer’s Report (George Metz): See attached Cash Flow Report. Student Grant Committee (Henry Chaney): 27 proposals received. Proposals are being matched up with COA grants to avoid duplication. Four awards are planned. Approximately $2,850 will be awarded. Nominations for WSM Officers for 1999: President Roger Seapy First Vice President open Second Vice President open Secretary Terry Arnold Treasurer George Metz Members at Large Jules Hertz Kirstie Kaiser Voted to present proposed slate to membership at general meeting. Publications: There will be a combined 1997-1998 Annual Report. George Kennedy will edit the combined 1997-1998 Annual Report. 1999 Meeting: 16-20 June at Cal State Fullerton. See attachment for details. 2000 Meeting: Joint with AMU in San Francisco 2001 Meeting: Tentatively in San Diego New Business: A draft of the new brochure was reviewed and approved in terms of form and basic content. A list of members will be included. A motion was made and approved to put the brochure on the WSM web page. A proposal will be made to the membership to post the memberships list to the web page. Meeting adjourned at 1:10 PM. Respectively Submitted, Terry S. Arnold Secretary Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.20 Minutes of the 1998 WSM Annual Business Meeting Meeting commenced at 1:10 PM. Sandra Millen, presiding. Henry Chaney read the minutes of the 1997 General Meeting from his notes, as the Secretary was unavoidably absent from the proceedings. Accepted. Student Travel Awards. The Chair reported that four students from the membership were awarded travel grants to attend the World Congress of Malacology. These were Shireen Fahy, Rebecca Johnson, Jacquie Lee, and Steve Lonhart. Student Grants. In 1998 there were 25 proposals received of which three were approved for funding. The grant recipients were Alicia Cordero (University of California, Berkeley), Rowan Lockwood (University of Chicago), and Brad Seibel (University of California, Santa Barbara). 1999 Meeting. Roger Seapy reported that the 1999 meeting on the campus of California State University, Fullerton would offer several symposia, including “Recent Advances in Molluscan Research” and “Current Research on West Coast Molluscan Paleontology.” Other plans were in progress and a mailing would be sent to membership early in 1999. 2000 Meeting. There was no report on the meeting for 2000, however it was assumed that the WSM would be meeting jointly with the AMU [AMS] at San Francisco State University. Nominations for 1999. In a departure from standard practice the nominating committee reported that the slate of officers for 1999 was not yet complete, owing to a dearth of available (willing) candidates. The following candidates were proposed: President: Roger Seapy Vice-President [Vacant] 2nd Vice-President [Vacant] Secretary Terry Arnold Treasurer George Metz Members-at-Large Jules Hertz and Kirstie Kaiser There were no nominations from the floor. Slate was accepted with the hope that the vacancies would soon be filled. NEW BUSINESS Sandra Millen reported on the production of the WSM brochure containing membership information and addresses of active members/researchers. It was hoped that this information would be incorporated into the Society’s website. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.21 Annual Report issues. Due to the delay in publishing the Annual Report for 1997, it was proposed that a combined issue be produced containing the proceedings from 1998. This idea was met with agreement by members present. Meeting adjourned at 1:42 PM. Respectfully submitted, Henry Chaney Acting Secretary nnn EEE Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.22 WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS TREASURER'S REPORT i October 1997 - 30 September 1998 INCOME Membership dues $ 1,745.00 Student Grant donations 389.00 Symposium fund donations 136.00 Royalties 123382 TOTAL INCOME during period $ 2,393.82 EXPENSES Administrative (Fees, Dues, Officer Expense, Office Expense) $ 260.81 1998 Student Grant 1,850.00 1998 Student Assistance to World Congress 1,000.00 Publication of the 1997-98 Annual Reports pending 1998 World Congress Expenses 700.00 TOTAL EXPENSES during period $ 3,810.81 Net Gain/(Loss) (1,416.99) Balance brought forward (Corrected) 4,145.15 Current Balance 2,728.16 Savings (Does not include all of interest) CD 577-000847-5 $ 4,358.90 CD 008-037930-8 9,971.58 CD 577-016612-4 2,442.92 Total 16,773.40 Total Assets $19,501.56 STUDENT GRANT RECIPIENTS Alicia Cordero (University of California, Berkeley) Rowan Lockwood (University of Chicago) Brad Seibel (University of California, Santa Barbara) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.23 WSM Student Support Activities 1998 During the past calendar year the WSM has been able to rpovide financial support to students through the following activities. 1998 World Congress of Malacology, 26-30 July, 1998, Washington, DC. Shireen Fahy Rebecca Johnson Jacquie Lee Steve Lonhart These four students each received $250, from the WSM, for support of their presentations of papers or posters at this meeting. 1998 Student Grant Awards $1000 Alicia M. Cordero, University of California, Berkeley, CA $ 800 Rowan Lockwood, University of Chicago, IL $1000 Brad A. Seibel, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA The student grants were made possible by gifts from: individual donations by the members of the WSM Santa Barbara Malacological Society San Diego Shell Club Northern California Malacozoological Club Individual member donations in memory of Paul Skoglund WSM Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.24 Tentative schedule and information for the 1999 Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists, to be held 16-20 June 1999 at California State University, Fullerton June 13, Sunday e Early evening: Executive Board Meeting e Evening: Reception (tentatively planned to be heid at the Marriott Hotel) June 17, Monday e Morning Symposium: "Recent Advances in Molluscan Research"; Douglas Eemisse, Organizer e Afternoon: Contributed Papers e Evening: open (but could include slide presentations, as at past meetings) June 18, Tuesday e Morning Symposium: " Invasive Molluscs: Environmental and Conservation impacts"; Jonathan Geller, Organizer e Afternoon: Contributed Papers e Late afternoon: Annual Meeting e Evening: Reprint sale (to be run by George Kennedy) and Shell Auction (hopefully to be run by Hank Chaney); tentatively planned to be held at the Marriott Hotel. June 19, Wednesday e Morning Symposium: "Current research on West Coast Molluscan Paleontology"; Richard Squires and Lindsay Groves, Organizers e Afternoon: Field Trip to Silverado Canyon (Santa Ana Mountains) to study Late Cretaceous shallow marine molluscs; Richard Squires and Lindsey Groves, Organizers. During the morning session, an introductory talk about the field trip will be presented by the organizers. e Evening: Banquet at Angelo's and Vinci's Ristorante in downtown Fullerton. June 20, Thursday e Afternoon: Contributed Papers (if needed) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.25 Meeting Location The symposia, contributed paper sessions, and the Annual Meeting will be held in the cnetrally- located lecture theater and adjoining smaller rooms in the University Hall on the California State University, Fullerton campus. Accommodations e Fullerton Marriott Hotel - located immediately adjacent to the campus and within walking distance of University Hall. We will receive a group discount on the rooms. In addition, we have scheduled several meeting rooms for planned events, including the Sunday evening Recption and the Tuesday evening Reprint Sale and Shell Auction. e On-campus housing - dormitory space will not be available during the month of June. Thus, we will not have access to on-campus housing during the meetings. e Off-campus housing - a number of hotel and motel alternatives to the Marriott Hotel are available close to CSUF (an annotated list with approximate costs and map will be included with the meeting announcement and registration). e Camping facilities (both hook-up and tent) are available at Featherly Park in the Santa Ana Canyon, which is a 10 minute drive from the CSUF campus and is located off the 91 Freeway at Gypsum Canyon Road. Campus Facilities e University Library - the library was recently enlarged and will be open during the meetings (although the hours are not known at present). e University Center - the "UC" includes several lounges (open rooms, with comfortable seating), small conference rooms, a cafeteria, and even a bowling alley, pool and ping pong rooms. e Titan Bookstore - the campus book store is large. In addition to housing text, reference and other books, it has a copy center and a fairly good computer and software section. e Hours of the Library, University Center and Bookstore are not known at present, but hopefully will be known and included in the meeting announcement. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.26 Individual Memberships, 1998 ALLMON, Dr. Warren D., Paleontological Research Institution, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca , NY 14850 ANDERSON, Roland C., The Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59 Waterfront Park, Seattle, WA 98101-2059 ARNOLD, Terry S., 2975 B Street, San Diego, CA 92102 AVILES E., Prof. Miguel C., Apartado 6-765, Zona Postal El Dorado, Panama BABA, Dr. Kikutaro, Shigigaoka 1-11-12, Nara-ken, Sango-cho, Ikoma-gun 636, Japan BALL, Ms. Minnie A., 5896 Avenue Juan Bautista, Riverside, CA 92509 BARKSDALE, Marion J., 1156 Rickover Lane, Foster City, CA 94404. BARTON, Bax R., P.O. Box 278, Seahurst, WA 98062 BERTSCH, Dr. Hans, 192 Imperial Beach Boulevard, #A, Imperial Beach, CA 91932 BOONE, Constance E., 3706 Rice Boulevard, Houston TX 77005 BRADNER, Dr. Hugh and Marge, 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla, CA 92037 BRANDAUER , Nance E.,i760 Sunset Boulevard, Boulder, CO 80304 BRATCHER CRITCHLOW, Twila, 939 Coast Boulevard, La Jolla, CA 92037-4119 BROOKSHIRE, Jack W., 2962 Balboa Avenue, Oxnard, CA 93030 BURCH, Dr. Thomas A. and Beatrice L., P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 BURGER, Sybil B., 3700 Gen. Patch NE, Albuquerque, NM 87111 CARLTON, Dr. James T., Maritime Studies Program, Mystic Seaport, Mystic, CT 06355 CARR, Dr. Walter E., 2043 Mohawk Drive, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 CATE, Jean M., P.O. Drawer 3049, Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 CHANEY, Barbara K., 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93108 CHANEY, Dr. Henry W., Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 COAN, Dr. Eugene V., 891 San Jude Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306 CORDEIRO, james R., CORNER, Barbara D., 2125 Chippendale Drive, McKinney, TX 75062 COX, Keith and LaVerne B., 309 Hillside Drive, Woodside, CA 94062 D'ASARO, Dr. Charles N., Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514-5751 DEMARTINI, Dr. John D., 1111 Birch Avenue, McKinleyville, CA 95521 DIUPOTEX-CHONG, Dra. Maria E., Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, A.P. 70-305, México, D.F. 04510, México DRAPER, Bertram C., 8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90045 DUDA, Thomas F., University of Hawaii, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 DuSHANE, Helen, 9460 Friendly Woods Lane, Whittier, CA 90605 EERNISSE, Dr. Douglas J., Department of Biological Science, MH 282, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634 EMERSON, Dr. William K., American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 EVANOFF, Emmett, University of Colorado Museum, Campus Box 315, Boulder, CO 80309-0315 FAHEY, Shireen J., Dept. Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 FAHY, Neil E., 1425 South Mayfair Avenue, Daly City, CA 94015 FARMER, Dr. Wesley M., 3591 Ruffin Road, #336, San Diego, CA 92123-2561 FERGUSON, Ralph E., 617 North Fries Avenue, Wilmington, CA 90744 FLENTZ, John and Mary, 4541 Lambeth Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008-6407 FORK, Susanne K., 1056 West Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 FORRER, Richard B., P.O. Box 462, Northfield, OH 44067 FOSTER, Nora R., University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1200 FOWLER, Bruce H., 1074 Dempsey Road, Milpitas, CA 95035 FREST, Dr. Terrence J., 2517 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115-7125 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.27 FUKUYAMA, Allan, 7019 157th SW, Edmonds, WA 98026 GEARY, Dr. Dana, Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 GHISELIN, Dr. Michael T., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118 GODDARD, Dr. Jeffrey H. R., Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR 97420 GOSLINER, Dr. Terrence M., Dept. Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118 GREGORY, Brian D., 1124 Pennsylvania Avenue, Bremerton, WA 98337 GROVES, Lindsey T., Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 HABE, Dr. Tadashige, National Science Museum, 3-23-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 160, Japan HAGGART, Dr. James W., Geological Survey of Canada, 100 West Pender, Vancouver, British Columbia V6B 1RB, Canada HARASEWYCH, Dr. M. G., Division of Mollusks, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560 HAYASHI, Seiji, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 464-01 HENDERSON, Christine F., 2107 47th Street, Galveston, TX 77551 HENSILL, Dr. John S., 1050 North Point, Apt. 401, San Francisco, CA 94109. HERTZ, Carole M. and Jules, 3883 Mt. Blackburn Avenue, San Diego, CA 92111. HICKMAN, Dr. Carole S., Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140 HOCHBERG, Dr. F.G., Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 HOPPER, Dr. Carol N., 943C 9th Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816 HUNT, Harold G., P.O. Box 25, Rancho Cordova, CA 95741 HUTSELL, Linda & Kim, 5804 Lauretta Street, # 2, San Diego, CA 92110 JACKSON, John D., 11558 Rolling Hills Drive, El Cajon, CA 92020 JAMES, Dr. Matthew J., Department of Geology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 JOFFE, Anne, 1163 Kittiwake Circle, Sanibel Island, FL 33957 JOHNSON, Rebecca, JOHNSTON, David K.,P.O. Box 5310, Agana, Guam 96932 KAILL, Michael, 588 Eagle Cove Drive, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 KAISER, Kirstie L., 9279 Siempre Viva Road, MBE Suite 078-444, San Diego, CA 92173-3628 KENK, Dr. Vida C., 18596 Paseo Pueblo, Saratoga CA 95070 KENNEDY, Dr. George L., Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1020 KESSNER, Vince, Department of Health, P.O. Box 40596, Darwin, Northern Territory 5792, Australia KNOWLTON, Ann L., P.O. Box 82297, Fairbanks, AK 99708 KOCH, Robert and Wendy, 1215 West Seldon Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85021 KOOL, Dr. Silvard P., Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 KRAIDMAN, Gary, Margaronics Inc., 8B Taylor Avenue, East Brunswick, NJ 08816-1435 LANCE, James R., 746 Agate Street, San Diego, CA 92109 LANDYE, J. Jerry, Route 1, Box 185, Lakeside, AZ 85929-9705 LARSON, Mary R., 1200 East Central, #4, Sutherlin, OR 97479 LEE, Jacq ..:e, LINDAHL, Marge and Ken, The Golden Shell, 218 1/2 Marine Avenue, Balboa Island, CA 92662 LONG, Steven J., 12537 9th Avenue NW, Seattle, WA 98177-4303 LONHABRT, Steve, MARELLI, Dr. Dan C., Florida Department of Natural Resources, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701-5095 MARINCOVICH, Dr. Louie N., Jr., Department of Invertebrate Zoology & Geology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 MARSHALL, Elsie, 2237 N.E. 175th Street, Seattle, WA 98155 MARTIN, Clifton L., 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, CA 92054 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.28 McARTHUR, Andrew G., McLEAN, Dr. James H., Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 MEAD, Dr. Albert R., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ $5721 METCALF, Dr. Artie L., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968-0519 METZ, Dr. George E., 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, CA 94947 MIKKELSEN, Dr. Paula M., Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192. MILLEN, Sandra V., 619 East 30th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5V 2V7, Canada MILLER, Dr. Walter B., Mesa Oaks, 1260 Craig Drive, Lompoc, CA 93436. MINCH, Dr. John A., 26021 Via Arboleda, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675. MONTFORT, Nancy, Cove Corporation, 10200 Breeden, Road, Lusby, MD 20657 MOORE, Ellen J., 3324 SW Chintimini Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97333 MORSE, Dr. Aileen N.C., Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 MULLINER, David K. and Margaret, 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, CA 92109 MURRAY, Dr. Harold D., Biology Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212 NARANJO-GARCIA, Dra. Edna, Calle Estio No. 2, México, D.F. 01600, México. NIESEN, Dr. Thomas M., Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 NORRID, Harold and Charlotte, 233 East Cairo Drive, Tempe, AZ 85282 NYBAKKEN, Dr. James W., Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 OLSON, Annette M., School of Marine Affairs, HF-05, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6715 OSBORNE, Michael A., P.O. Box 929, Cannon Beach, OR 97110 PEARCE, Dr. Timothy A., Delaware Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 3937, Wilmington, DE 19807 PERRONE, Antonio, Via Palermo 7, 73014 Gallipoli, Italy PETIT, Richard E., P.O. Box 30, North Myrtle Beach, SC 29597-0030 PHILLIPS, Dr. David W., 2410 Oakenshield Road, Davis, CA 95616 PITT, William D. and Lois, 2444 38th Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95822 POIZAT, Dr. Claude, CERAM, Fac. Sci., Tech. de St. Jerome, Ave Escadrile Normandie, Case 342, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 13, France POWELL, Charles L., II, 2932 Sunburst Drive,San Jose CA 95111 REDINGTON, Oliver, 110 Elwood Street, Redwood City, CA 94062-1619 RICE, Thomas C., P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble, WA 98364 RICKNOVSZKY, Dr. Andor, Eotvos Jozsel Pedagigional Academy, Postafiok 62, 6500 Baja, Hungary RIOS, Eliezer de Carvalho, Box 379, Museo Oceanografico, Rio Grande, RS, 96200, Brazil RODRIQUEZ C., Zoila Castillo, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, A.P. 70-305, Mexico, DF 04510, Mexico. ROPER, Dr. Clyde F. E., Division of Mollusks, NHB-E517, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560 RUSSELL, Dr. Michael P., Biology Department, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 SAUL, LouElla R., 14713 Cumpston Street, Van Nuys, CA 91411 SCHROEDER-CLAYTON, Julie, 2582 28th Avenue West, Seattle, WA 98199 SCHROEDER, Walter D., 8101 La Palma Circle, Huntington Beach, CA 92646 SCOTT, Paul V., Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 SEAPY, Dr. Roger R., Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834 SHARPE, Saxon E., Desert Research Institute, 7010 Dandini Boulevard, Reno, NV 89512 SHASKY, Dr. Donald R. 4990 Nighthawk Way, Oceanside, CA 92056. SHIMEK, Dr. Ronald L., P.O. Box 4, Wilsall, MT 59086 SKOGLUND, Carol and Paul E., 3846 East Highland Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85018 SMITH, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301 SQUIRES, Dr. Richard L., Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330 STANSBERY, Dr. David H., Museum of Zoology, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210-1394 STEWART, Katherine, 19 La Rancheria, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.29 STOHLER, Dr. Rudolf, 1584 Milva Street, Berkeley, CA 94709 STUBER, Robyn A., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA 94105. STURM, Dr. Charles F. Jr., 5024 Beech Road, Murraysville, PA 15668 TOMANEK, Lars, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 TREGO, Kent D., 441 Ravina Street, #3, La Jolla, CA 92037 TROWBRIDGE, Dr. Cynthia D., P.O. Box 1995, Newport, OR 97365 TRUSSELL, Geoffrey C., Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 UPTON, Virginia, Panamic Specimen Shells, 2500 Meadolark Drive, Sierra Vista, AZ 85635 VEDDER, John G., 285 Golden Oak Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94025 VELARDE, Ronald G., Marine Biology Laboratory, 4918 North Harbor Drive, Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92106 VOIGHT, Dr Janet, Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605-2496 WOOLSEY, Jody, 3717 Bagley Avenue, #206, Los Angeles, CA 90034 WU, Dr. Shi-Kuei, Campus Box 315, Hunter Building, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 YANCEY, Dr. Thomas E., Department of Geology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-3115 YOUNG, H. D. and Wilma G., 14550 Stone Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98133 institutional Memberships AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC., c/o Eugene P. Kerfel, Coastal Georgia Community College, 3700 Altama Ave., Brunswick, GA 31520-3644 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, The Library, Department of Zoology, Tempe, AZ 85281 BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM, Library, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu HI, 96817-2704. BIOLOGIE MARINS ET MALACOLOGIE, C.N.R.S. URA 699, 55 Rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. BRITISH LIBRARY, (SRIS), Boston Spa, Chancery Lane, West Yorkshire, Wetherby, LS23 7BQ, England, UK CANADIAN GEOSCIENCE INFORMATION SOCIETY, 350-601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OE8, Canada CANADIAN MUSEUM OF NATURE, The Library, P.O. Box 3443, Station D., Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION CIENTIFICA Y EDUCACION SUPERIOR DE ENSENADA (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, 900 Exposition, Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 CONCHOLOGISTS OF AMERICA, Mary Owen, Treasurer, P.O. 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Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCOTLAND, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, Scotland, UK The NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, Acquisitions Section, Department of Library Services, Cromwell Road, London, England SW7 5BD, UK NATURHISTORISCHES MUSEUM, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.30 NETHERLANDS MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, c/o Zoological Museum, P.O. 4766, 100G AT Amsterdam, The Netherlands NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, CA 94947 PACIFIC BIOLOGICAL STATION, Fisheries and Oceans Library, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R5K6, Canada PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, c/o Ann Smiley, 2405 NE 279 Street, Ridgefield, WA 98642 SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, SIO Library, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Library Acquisitions, Washington, DC 20560 UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA, Biblioteca, Ensenada, Baja California, México UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, Biblioteca, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, Library (Serials), 2550 The Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY, Library (Serials), P-O. Box 9001, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Vol. 31, p.31 ee ight an enh {TAOS LN SORIA AM em rea - or rn 0) aati ipea, TD Prleatltorms yarns tar ay _ ne a eee i te ERS NSEC SAL sap : 1c 8D BAe meg 2th 2) RR area) ant. Tm a, « a pi ev oth. sl aaltieiatl a ae eo ae) it OS >) Wet A Ae oe ee, pore _ - Of) RE onipaides ; vad ~ ace, a Bah, So A rec a tee EA OTS Al hes. aL dE Sie Sem, as! GF ses corms pe DM = Atay 48 RiertOT ORCAS 1am ne ee een 2 StibehTaft SAMMI. oo a oe aioe 7 - "i i ne i ae — ars a - 7 va rn - 7 2) - a Ee _ ae 7 7 m vy a oe 7 a ne , a a . 7 : a 7 *) ie = ii : : > = = — a) SG 7 ae - 1 7 te =~) a ey et > 0 7 ao “y =. a ane -_ } 7 7 avs 5 oto = - ee a a a a 7 ® 7 ane — a) ern os ~ oe ay oo? na a : - ; = 7 _ ; a : = : : : : -_ - . De - _ 7 — me - 7 = _— * ; _ 7 - ~~ : - 2 7 : ee - _ es - 7 = 7 Ss aan i - a. ns cr ew ta — a eS > - . , in fhe he ' * or =, =—— ; a vo on a : oan a _ a > a oo 7 _ a) . ee > cA ; - ss > > — 7 oe = oan 7 a] a a - — an) U a = Ne Sy Se es oo p ee at a - oe ie 7 a i Se aD ee dim wt? ae : a ® 7 ae ee Fg ~e = 2& | - 3h 3, % ait ; va nae? —_ a 7 _ Ya 1 ie > eh =o -_ 77 i ve : a i i. itl ates 7 r 3 7m a 7 7 a oI WP 1 ' »e ; : 7 - - - 7 7 Px > wo no ir - ey) 4 ” f a bh S > SIsing10"™ Program and Abstracts Combined Annual Meeting 21-27 June 1997 Radisson Hotel Santa Barbara a | $4 =] S = 7. cS SANTA BARBARA a CALIFORNIA ay 1997 2 Program and Abstracts 63rd Annual Meeting American Malacological Union and the 30th Annual Meeting Western Society of Malacologists 21 - 27 June 1997 American Malacological Union COUNCIL and COMMITTEES, 1996-1997 Voting Members (current term) PRESIDENT Eugene Coan (96-97) PRESIDENT-ELECT Robert Hershler (96-97) VICE-PRESIDENT Robert S. Prezant (96-97) SECRETARY Roland C. Anderson (97, by presid. appt.) TREASURER Eugene P. Keferl (96-00) BULLETIN EDITOR Ronald B. Toll (94-99) COUNCILLORS-AT-LARGE Kevin S. Cummings (95-97) Gary Rosenberg (95-97) Matt James (96-98) Laura Adamkewicz (96-98) IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENTS Riidiger Bieler E. Alison Kay Constance E. Boone PAST PRESIDENTS (4-10 YEARS) James H. McLean (95-97) Fred G. Thompson (96-98) PAST PRESIDENTS (10+ YEARS) Dorothea Franzen (95-97) Harold D. Murray (96-98) Non-voting Council Participants NEWSLETTER EDITOR Donna D. Turgeon NEWSLETTER ASSISTANT EDITOR Dawn Hard BULLETIN MANAGING EDITOR Paula M. Mikkelsen Honorary Officers Honorary President vacant William K. Emerson Ruth D. Turner J.Z. Young Honorary Life Members 1996-1997 AMU Committees NOMINATING Terrence M. Gosliner, Chair Rtidiger Bieler James H. McLean Kevin S. Cummings AUDITING Robert Hershler, Chair Fred Thompson Matt James AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting PUBLICATIONS Ronald B. Toll, Chair Gene Coan Gene Keferl Riidiger Bieler Roland C. Anderson Robert Prezant Fred Thompson Also attending: Paula Mikkelson Donna Turgeon ENDOWMENT REVIEW/FINANCE George M. Davis James Nybakken Roger Hanlon CONSTITITION & BLAWS Harold Murray, Chair Donna Turgeon Robert Prezant Constance Boone AMU WEBSITE Deborah Wills, Chair STUDENT AWARDS Robert S. Prezant, Chair Laura Adamkewicz Paula Mikkelsen James Nybakken Gary Rosenberg Ron Toll MEMBERSHIP John Wise, Chair CONSERVATION Robert H. Cowie, Chair Kevin S. Cummings K. Elaine Hoagland E. Alison Kay Matthew James Barry Roth ARCHIVES George M. Davis, Chair AMU Living Past Presidents Ruth D. Turner 1957 Harold S. Murray Alan J. Kohn 1983 Roger T. Hanlon William K. Emerson 1962 Donald R. Moore Robert Robertson 1984 Carole S. Hickman Albert R. Mead 1963 Dorothea S. Franzen Melbourne R. Carriker 1985 Robert C. Bullock Juan José Parodiz 1965 George M. Davis James Nybakken 1986 Fred G. Thompson Arthur H. Clarke 1968 Carol B. Stein William G. Lyons 1987 Constance E. Boone David H. Stansbery 1971 Clyde FE. Roper Richard E. Petit 1988 E. Alison Kay Arthur S. Merrill 1972 Louise Russert-Kraemer James H. McLean 1989 Riidiger Bieler [see membership list for contact information] AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Western Society of Malacologists Executive Board, 1996-1997 PRESIDENT SECRETARY Henry W. Chaney Terry S. Arnold FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT MEMBERS-AT-LARGE Sandra Millen Saxon Sharpe Paula Mikkelsen SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT Roger Seapy IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENTS Hugh Bradner TREASURER Nora Foster George Metz Kirstie Kaiser Committees for 1996-1997 EDITORIAL AUDIT George Kennedy Hal Lindahl Kim Hutsell David Mulliner Hal Norrid HISTORIAN Jody Woolsey STUDENT GRANT Henry W. Chaney NOMINATING Lindsey T. Groves Hugh Bradner, Chair James Nybakken William K. Emerson EG. Hochberg STUDENT GRANT AWARD The WSM student grant is given annually in competition open to graduate students working on Mollusca. The student grant fund is maintained through donations and the annual auction proceeds. Send requests for information to: Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA. Email: inverts@sbnature.org (Attention: Henry Chaney) 4 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting WSM Past Presidents David K. Mulliner 1968 William K.Emerson 1969 A. Myra Keen 1970 Eugene V. Coan 1971 Beatrice L. Burch 1972 Twila Bratcher 1973 James H. McLean 1974 George E. Radwin 1975 James W. Nybakken 1976 Helen DuShane 1977 Peter D’Eliscu 1978 Barry Roth 1979 Vida C. Kenk 1980 Carol C. Skoglund 1981 Donald R. Shasky David R. Lindberg George L. Kennedy William D. Pitt Terrence M. Gosliner Carole M. Hertz Matthew J. James Hans Bertsch Roland Anderson Paul H. Scott David K. Mulliner DouglasEernisse Kirstie L. Kaiser Nora R. Foster Hugh Bradner 1997 Combined Meeting Committees WSM PRESIDENT/MEETING REGISTRAR Henry Chaney SYMPOSIA/SPECIAL SESSION CHAIRS Deep-Sea Mollusca Jerry Harasewych Phylogenetic Systematics Gary Rosenberg North Pacific Cephalopods Eric Hochberg PALEONTOLOGY FIELD TRIP Lindsey Groves AUCTION [AMU/WSM] Richard E. Petit Henry Chaney REPRINT SALE[WSM] George L. Kennedy ORGANIZATION Barbara Chaney Eric Hochberg Anne Joffe Marie Murphy Barbara Prince Sue Stephens AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting GENERAL INFORMATION MEETING VENUES All meeting presentations will be given at the Radisson Hotel, either in the “El Cabrillo Room” on the second floor or the “La Cantina Room” on the ground floor. These rooms are in close proximity to each other by a stairway and elevator. All session breaks will be held in the El Cabrillo Room. POSTERS Posters will be displayed in the El Cabrillo Room and the adjoining Gazebo Room. Posters can be set-up from 3:00-4:00 PM on Sunday and during program breaks on Monday. They will be grouped as shown in the program schedule. The formal Poster Session will be on Tuesday at 4:10 PM. Posters can remain on display until Thursday. GROUP PHOTOGRAPH The group photograph will be taken at creek side on the grounds of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History just prior to the closing reception and banquet, approximately 6:45 PM on Thursday. The wine will be poured and the hor d’oeuvres served once you are photographed. == — T-SHIRTS T-shirt sales will be at the registration desk, located in the anteroom of the El Cabrillo Room. Shop early because supplies are limited. STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION The AMU will be presenting awards for the best paper delivered by a student at this joint meeting. This year there are 15 such productions to be considered. Judges will evaluate presentations based on scientific content, adequacy of research approach, organization and quality of visual aids and the manner in which the student handles questions and answers. An asterisk in the program after the presenter’s name designates eligible papers for this competition. BUSINESS MEETINGS ——— The business meetings for both Societies will be held Thursday afternoon in the El Cabrillo Room. Note the schedule for the correct time. All members are urged to attend. EVENING EVENTS oe SUNDAY: The Presidents’ Reception will be held at the Cabrillo Pavilion Arts Center, ditectiy> across Cabrillo Blvd. from the Radisson Hotel, and situated on Santa Barbara’s East Beach. Wines and beers from the local region will be featured with a variety of hor d’ oeuvres. The festivities begin at 7:00 PM. Come and enjoy this traditional opening night event. MONDAY: Gary Rosenberg will be conducting a workshop on cladistics. This session is intended to give those unfamiliar with cladistics an introduction to its terminology, methods and philosophy. The presentation will be low-tech, giving you the opportunity to work through some examples with pencil and paper. Those so inclined can then try running some phylogenetics AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting programs on lap-top computers. Scheduled to begin at 7:30 PM in the Gazebo Room, adjoining the El Cabrillo Room. Meanwhile, the traditional WSM slide night will be held in the El Cabrillo Room. All interested persons are invited to bring their photographic slides for use in short, very informal presentations. TUESDAY: At 5:45 PM buses will be departing from the Radisson for the Santa Ynez Valley and the Gainey Vineyard. Included in this trip will be a tour of the facilities, a tasting of the current varietals and a barbecue tri-tip steak dinner as the midsummer sun sets over the vineyard. Return should be by 11:00 PM. Late afternoons in the valley are usually warm, but a sweater is suggested as temperatures often cool abruptly in the evening. WEDNESDAY: The annual WSM reprint sale, followed by the AMU/WSM auction will be held in the El Cabrillo Room. The reprint sale will begin at 7:00 PM as will the auction preview. The actual auction commences at 8:00 PM. A selection of mollusk books and other shell paraphernalia are featured with the redoubtable Dick Petit presiding. A cash bar with light snacks will be available. i _-THURSDAY: The final night of the meeting will include a reception and banquet at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Prior to dinner, participants can tour the public galleries of the museum including two special exhibitions: “Pacific Currents,” underwater photographs of life along the coastline of western North America from Mexico to Canada, and “Deli ghts for the Eye and Mind: Images of Mollusks during the Age of Enlightenment.” There are also numerous shell exhibits that are supporting the Museum’s summer programs. Transportation between the museum and the Radisson Hotel is available, buses depart at 6:15 PM. FIELD TRIPS VISIT TO SBMNH On Friday, 27 June the Department of Invertebrate Zoology at the Museum will be holding an Open House for all those interested in visiting the mollusk collections. The open house will begin at 9:00 AM and will last until 4:00 PM. There will be no organized transportation from the Hotel so private arrangements should be made by those without cars. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting AMU/WSM Meeting Schedule Morning Afternoon Evening Saturday, June 21 - AMU Council meeting, Free 2:30 - 6:30 PM, El Monte Room aa Sunday, June 22 - AMU Council Meeting, - Check-in, Registration, - Presidents’ Reception, / committee, 8:30 - 1:00, 2:00 - 5:30 PM, Lobby Cabrillo Pavilion, El Monte Room - WSM Board meeting, 7:00 - 9:30PM 2 3:00 - 4:00 PM, Pool-side = | - CSM meeting, 4:00-5:30 PM El Cabrillo Room - Monday, June 23 - Plenary: Deep-Sea - (1) Deep-Sea Symposium, | - Cladististics Workshop, Symposium continued, 1:50 - 4:50 7:30 - 8:30, 8:15 - 12:10, El Cabrillo Rm. Gazebo Room El Cabrillo Room - (2) Contributed papers: - Informal Slide Show, - AMU Editorial Board, Biology and Ecology 7:30 - 8:30, lunch, Restaurant 1:30 - 4:30, La Cantina Room E] Cabrillo Room =a Tuesday, June 24 - Contributed Papers: - Contributed Papers: - Santa Ynez Valley a) Taxonomy and Evolution Taxonomy and Evolution Winery evening; meet 8:30—12:10, 1:30—4:10, buses in front of hotel El Cabrillo Room El Cabrillo Room /at5:30PM.~ - AMU Publ. Comm., - Poster Session ee : lunch, Restaurant 4:10-5:00, El Cabrillo Room AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Morning Afternoon Evening [eee ————+ Wednesday, June 25 | - (1) Phylogenetic - (1) Phylogenetics, -CMS [Veliger] Systematics Symposium continued Board Meeting 8:30 - 12:00, 1:30-5:10, 5:30-7:00 PM, E] Cabrillo Room El Cabrillo Room Hotel Resturant - Reprint sale [WSM] 8:30 — 10:10 and Auction Preview, La Cantina Roony, Ie 123025220; “i 7:00 PM, La CantinaRoom El Cabrillo Room - Auction of literature, art [AMU-WSM] 8:00 - 10:00 PM El Cabrillo Room Thursday, June 26 |-(1)S é 730 - 12:10, rillo | creekside at Museum - (2) Contributed Paper: 6:30PM _“ Biology and Ecology oS ed 8:30- 11:50, La Cantina Room - WSM Membership Meeting, 4:00 - 5:00 PM, El Cabrillo Room Friday, June 27 _| - Field Trips: Ga en| JO | Sag Meet buses in front of Te ef hotel at 8:00 AM:? KW 3 / (2) Channel Island Cruisey ¥ (3) Tour of SBMNH to 4:00 PM AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 9 . ke 4 FE AMU/WSM Program Monday Morning sae —__ 8:15-8:30 Opening Remarks Deep-Sea Symposium El Cabrillo Room Chair: M. G. Harasewych Deora tof 8:30-8:40) Hid ee) an ad Introduction: M. G. Harasewych *, of! 8:40-9:00 The Aplacophora as a deep-sea taxon y “a Amelie H. Scheltema 9:00-9:20 A review of the family Simrothiellidae: the systematic status of the genera and their importance as a model for biogeography Pamela Armofsky 9:20-9:40 Preliminary data on the distribution of the family Prochaetodermatidae (Mollusca: Caudofoveata) Dmitry L. Ivanov 9:40-10:10 News on monoplacophoran anatomy and phylogeny Gerhard Haszprunar > 10:10-10:30 — Break 10:30-10:50 —— Studies of hydrothermal vent fauna, especially gastropods Janet R. Voight 10:50-11:10 Evolutionary origins of endemic hydrothermal vent neomphalinid gastropods: 28S rRNA investigations Andrew G. McArthur, Ben F. Koop and Verena Tunnicliffe 11:10-11:30 Evolution in deep-sea molluscs: a molecular genetic approach R. J. Etter, M. R. Chase, Michael A. Rex and J. Quattro 11:30-11:50 he anatomy of anew hadal, cocculinid limpet (Gastropoda: Cocculinoidea), with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the family Cocculinidae Ellen E. Strong, M. G. Harasewych and Gerhard Haszprunar 11:50-12:10 Phylogeny and zoogeography of the bathyal family yt Pleurotomariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Orthogastropoda) M. G. Harasewych, Andrew G. McArthur, Rei Ueshima, Atsushi Kurabayashi, S. Laura Adamkewicz, Matthew Plassmire and Patrick Gillevett Monday Afternoon 1 - Deep-Sea Symposium El Cabrillo Room Chair: Andrew G. McArthur 1:50-2:10 Reproduction among protobranch bivalves from sublittoral, bathyal and abyssal depths off the New England coast (USA) Rudolf S. Scheltema and Isabelle P. Williams 2:10-2:30 A molecular survey of eogastropod phylogeny M. G. Harasewych and Andrew G. McArthur 2:30-2:50 The Ptychatractinae: an endemic deep-sea clade of the Turbinellidae? Yuri I. Kantor and Philippe Bouchet 2:50-3:10 Origin and distribution of deep-sea fauna of conoidean gastropods Alexander V. Sysoev 10 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 3:10-3:30 — Break 3:30-3:50 On the vertical distribution of morpho-functional types of Conoidea Alexandra I. Medinskaya 3:50-4:10 Taxonomic status of deep-sea gastropods of the northeastern Pacific James H. McLean 4:10-4:30 Invertebrate megafauna, community structure and molluscan associates at three deep-sea sites off central California James Nybakken, Guillermo Moreno, Lisa Smith Beasley, Anne Summers and Lisa Weetman 4:30-4:50 Discussion: M. G. Harasewych 2 - Contributed Papers: Biology and Ecology La Cantina Room Chair: Tim Pearce 1:30-1:50 Dreissena polymorpha: macrocosm, microcosm and the organism interface Louise Russert-Kraemer 1:50-2:10 Land snails of the lower Salmon River drainage, Idaho Terrence J. Frest and E. J. Johannes 2:10-2:30 Leaf litter land gastropods from a tropical rain forest, southern Veracruz, Mexico Edna Naranjo-Garcia 2:30-2:50 Land snail ecology on northern Kuril Islands, Far Eastern Russia: habitat versus isolation Timothy A. Pearce 2:50-3:10 Some chromosomic and electrophoretic characteristics of the genus Pomacea (Gastropoda: Pilidae ) from the southeastern Mexico Maria E. Diupotex, Nora Foster and Sofia A. Rubio 3:10-3:30 — Break 3:30-3:50 Patterns of introduction of non-indigenous non- marine snails and slugs in the Hawaiian Islands Robert H. Cowie 3:50-4:10 A review of the sea hare Aplysia donca (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from Mustang Island, Texas Ned E. Strenth and John D. Beatty 4:10-4:30 Introduction of a new molluscan shell pest: not just another “boring” organism Carolynn S. Culver and Armand M. Kuris Tuesday Morning Contributed Papers: Taxonomy and Evolution El Cabrillo Room Chair: Barry Roth 8:30-8:50 Early Paleozoic stem group chitons from Utah and Missouri: no Problematica! Bruce Runnegar and Michael J. Vendrasco 8:50-9:10 Molluscan paleontology of middle Eocene brackish- marine rocks near Ojai, Ventura County, southern California Richard L. Squires and Gian Carlo Shammas 9:10-9:30 Abalone in the fossil record: a review (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Haliotidae) Daniel L. Geiger and Lindsey T. Groves AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Il 9:30-9:50 Molecular phylogeny of giant clams (Cardiidae:Tridacninae) Jay A. Schneider and Diarmaid O Foighil 9:50-10:10 aS Form, function and diversity of epithelial sensory = structures in trochoidean gastropods Carole S. Hickman __10:10-10:30 — Break 10:30-10:50 > The utility of the gastric chamber of Caenogastropod ~~ stomachs in higher and lower level systematic studies Ellen E. Strong* 10:50-11:10 Nacre is homoplastic - then what? Claus Hedegaard 11:10-11:30 Phylogenetics and classification of the Philine aperta clade: traditional versus cladistic approaches Terrence M. Gosliner and Rebecca Price 11:30-11:50 From the bottom up or the intertidal down? Patterns of movement based on phylogenetic inferences in the Patellogastropoda Robert P. Guralnick 11:50-12:10 The Eastern Pacific members of the bivalve family Sportellidae Eugene V. Coan Tuesday Afternoon Contributed Papers: Taxonomy and Evolution El] Cabrillo Room Chair: John Wise 1:30-1:50 A phylogeny of pleurocerid snails (Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea) based on molecular and morphological data Wallace E. Holznagel* 1:50-2:10 ar Phylogenies of the Columbella and Conella groups (Neogastropoda: Columbellidae), and implications for the evolution of Neogene tropical American marine faunas Marta J. deMaintenon 2:10-2:30 Taxonomic problems with tropical members of the family Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) Daniel L. Geiger* 2:30-2:50 Shells, anatomy, and the phylogeny of the Nassariinae (Prosobranchia: Nassariidae) David M. Haasl 2:50-3:10 Shell paedomorphosis in Prunum (Neogastropoda: Marginellidae): a multilineage microstructural analysis Ross H. Nehm and Claus Hedegaard 3:10-3:30 — Break 3:30-3:50 Molecular phylogenetic relationships of brooding oysters Diarmaid O Foighil, Derek Taylor and Christopher Jozefowicz 3:30-4:10 A preliminary assessment of the generic relationships of the Lampsilini (Bivalvia: Unionidae) based on a portion of the 16S rRNA gene Kevin J. Roe 4:10-5:00 Poster Session E] Cabrillo Room Chair: S. Laura Adamkewicz 1 - Deep-Sea Symposium e Finned octopuses (Cirrata) in the seas of Russia eg N. Nesis ¢ Molecular systematics of Aplacophora based on EF la nuclear gene sequences Akiko Okusu 12 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting — 2 - North Pacific Cephalopods ¢ Preliminary results on fecundity of the common squid, Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda, Ommastrephidae), in the Japan Sea Natalya B. Bessmertnaya and Yaroslav A. Reznik e Seasonal distribution of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) in the Okhotsk Sea Vasili D. Didenko, Yuri A. Fedorets and Petr P. Railko e Remains of the prey — recognizing the midden piles of Octopus dofleini Rebecca Dodge and David Scheel ¢ Host specificity patterns of dicyemid mesozoans found in eight species of cephalopods of Japan Hidetaka Furuya e Species composition and distribution of octopuses of the genus Octopus on the northwestern Japan Sea Shelf Alexi V. Golenkevich ¢ Peculiarities of giant protists infecting the gills of some squids in the Bering Sea F. G. Hochberg and Chingis M. Nigmatullin e First record of the “Octopus aegina genus group” in the Hawaiian Islands Archipelago Christine L. Huffard and F. G. Hochberg e Young cephalopods collected by a mid-water trawl in the Bering Sea in summer Tsunemi Kubodera and Keiichi Mito e Age determination of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) based on morphometric characters Petr P. Railko ¢ Distribution and abundance of pelagic cephalopods in the central North Pacific: information from large-scale high-seas driftnet fisheries Michael P. Seki e Distribution and biology of Rossia pacifica (Cephalopoda, Sepiolidae) in the Russian Exclusive Zone of the Japan Sea Gennadi A. Shevtsov and Nikolai M. Mokrin ¢ Discovery of an egg mass with embryos of Rossia pacifica (Cephalopoda, Sepiolidae) in the Okhotsk Sea Gennadi A. Shevtsovand Vladimir I. Radchenko 2 - Contributed Papers a ¢ How to build an herbivore: the evolution of herbivory in columbellid gastropods (Neogastropoda: Columbellidae) Marta J. deMaintenon ¢ Lack of significant esterase and myoglobin differentiation in the planktonic developing periwinkle, Littorina striata (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) Hans De Wolf, Thierry Backeljau, Kurt Jordaens and Ron Verhagen ¢ The coccidian parasite Aggregata (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) in Cephalopods from European waters Camino Gestal, F. G. Hochberg, Paola Belcari, Christina Arias and Santiago Pascual e Gill filament differentiation and experimental colonization by symbiotic bacteria in the tropical lucinid clam Codakia orbicularis Olivier Gros, Liliane Frenkiel and Marcel Mouéza e Allozyme homozygosity and phally polymorphism in the land snail Zonitoides nitidus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata Kurt Jordaens, Thierry Backeljau, Hans De Wolf, Paz Ondina, Heike Reise and Ron Verhagen e Molecular phylogeny of marginelliform gastropods: a progress report Ross H. Nehm and Chinh N. Tran e Phylogenetic relationships of flabellinid nudibranchs based on mitrochondrial DNA sequences Katharina Noack* ¢ Highest known land snail diversity: 66 species from one site in Jamaica Gary Rosenberg and Igor V. Muratov AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting dts} =a Multiple paternity within broods of a squid, Loligo ay forbesi, demonstrated with microsatellite DNA markers Paul Shaw and Peter R. Boyle e Evidence for four species of Brachioteuthis _— (Oegopsida: Brachioteuthidae) in the eastern North Atlantic Elizabeth K. Shea* ¢ Distribution and transport of Illex argentinus paralarvae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) across the western boundary of the Brazil/Malvinas Confluence Front off southern Brazil Erica A. G. Vidal and Manuel Haimovici e The phylogenetic relationships of some littorinid species assessed by small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology Birgitta Winnepenninckx and Thierry Backeljau Wednesday Morning 1 - Phylogenetic Systematics El Cabrillo Room Chair: Gary Rosenberg 8:30-8:40 Introduction: Gary Rosenberg 8:40-9:10 Homology analysis and parsimony algorithms — enemies or friend? Gerhard Haszprunar 9:10-9:40 F Problems and pitfalls in phylogeny inference as illustrated by molluscs Thierry Backeljau, Hans De Wolf, Kurt Jordaens, Patrick Van Riel and Birgitta Winnepenninckx 9:40-10:10 A review and critique of the single-organ system approach: lessons from freshwater mollusks Charles Lydeard \ 10:10-10:30 — Break Chair: Paula Mikkelsen 10:30-11:00 Molecular phylogeny of hydrobiid gastropods Hsiu-Ping Liu, Robert Hershler, M. Mulvey and Winston Ponder 11:00-11:30 The challenge of resolving high-level molluscan phylogeny with separate or combined data sets Douglas J. Eernisse 11:30-12:00 Popular delusions, phantom taxa, and the weirdness of ranks Barry Roth Cephalopods LaCantinaRoom Chair: Kir Nesis~ 8:30-8:50 Rendezvous in the dark: coevolution between sepiolids and their luminous bacterial symbionts Michele Kiyoko Nishiguchi, E. G. Ruby and Margaret J. McFall-Ngai 8:50-9:10 Locomotory adaptations of pelagic cephalopods to habitat depth Brad A. Seibel* 9:10-9:30 Squid (Lolliguncula brevis) distribution within the Chesapeake Bay: locomotive reasons for its ecological success Tan K. Bartol* 9:30-9:50 Feeding behavior and chemoreception in cephalopods F. Paul DiMarco and Phillip G. Lee 14 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 9:50-10:10 The effects of laboratory prepared diets on survival, growth and condition of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis Pedro M. Domingues, F. Paul DiMarco, Jose P. Andrade and Phillip G. Lee 9:50-10:10 — Break ioseee atl) \ Wednesday Afternoon 4:30-4:50 Reproducibility and explicit hypotheses in molluscan phylogeny Gary Rosenberg 4:50-5:10 Concluding Discussion and Remarks: Rosenberg Soe Se 2 - Cephalopods of the North Pacific 1 - Phylogenetic Systematics El] Cabrillo Room Chair: Gary Rosenberg 1:30-2:00 Coding what we can’t see: the negative gain and parallelism of shell loss in cladistics Paula M. Mikkelsen 2:00-2:30 Unordered vs. ordered multistate characters: explication and implication John B. Wise and Ellen E. Strong 2:30-2:50 Traditional versus phylogenetic characters: the art of the state in molluscan systematics Robert Guralnick* 2:50-3:10 The morphospatial “‘whorled” of strombid snails Jon R. Stone* 3:10-3:30 — Break a La Cantina Room ty Chair: F.G. Hochberg _ 1:30-1:40 Introduction: F. G. Hochberg 1:40-2:00 Post-spawning egg care in Gonatus (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea): life history and energetics Brad A. Seibel, F. G. Hochberg, James J. Childress and David B. Carlini 2:00-2:20 Gonatid squids in the subarctic North Pacific: ecology, biogeography, niche diversity, and role in the ecosystem Kir N. Nesis 2:20-2:40 Two unusual Gonatopsis species (Gonatidae: Cephalopoda) from the bathyal waters off Sanriku, northeastern Japan Tsunemi Kubodera Chair: John Wise 3:30-4:00 Calibrating phylogenies with the fossil record | Helena Fortunato | 4:00-4:30 The role of stratigraphic data in phylogenetic | analyses of extinct molluscs \ Peter Wagner AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 2:40-3:00 The California market squid fishery Marija Vojkovich 3:00-3:20 — Break 3:20-3:40 In search of Rossia pacifica diegensis Katharina M. Mangold, Richard E. Young and Craig R. Smith 3:40-4:00 In situ observations of nesting Octopus dofleini, the giant pacific octopus James A. Cosgrove 15 / i 4:00-4:20 / / Intertidal ecology of Octopus dofleini David Scheel, Tania L. S. Vincent and Rebecca Dodge 4:20-4:40 \ \ m Deep-water octopods (Opisthoteuthidae, Bathypolypodinae, Graneledoninae) from the Okhotsk and western Bering seas Kir N. Nesis and Chingis M. Nigmatullin 4:40-5:00 Do octopuses play? Roland C. Anderson and Jennifer A. Mather Ehursday Momung A- Cephalopods of the North Pacific * ) El Cabrillo Room a Chair: Takashi Okutani—_— / 50-10:10 Statolith shape and microstructure in studies of systematics, age, and growth in planktonic paralarvae of gonatid squids (Cephalopod, Oegopsida) from the western Bering Sea Alexander I. Arkhipkin and Vyacheslav A. Bizikov 10:10-10:30 — Break 10:30-10:50 The gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister in the western Bering Sea: distribution, stock structure, recruitment, and ontogenetic migrations Vyacheslav A. Bizikov and Alexander I. Arkhipkin 10:50-11:10 A new subspecies of the schoolmaster gonate squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913): genetic and morphologic evidence Oleg N. Katugin / vA vA 8:30-8:50 11:10-11:30 me Distribution and assemblage patterns of Egg size, fecundity, vitelline oocyte resorption, and i micronektonic squids at large-scale fronts in the spawning in the gonatid squid, Berryteuthis magister central North Pacific Ocean (Gonatidae) Michael P. Seki Chingis M. Nigmatullin 8:50-9:10 11:30-11:50 Cephalopods eaten by swordfish, Xiphias gladius Population structure and life history of the gonatid Linnaeus, caught off western Baja California squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) in the Peninsula North Pacific Unai Markaida* Yuri A. Fedorets, Vladimir A. Luchin, Vasili D. \ Didenko and Petr P. Railko 9:10-9:30 \ Species composition of cephalopods found in the \ diet of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 2-Contributed Papers: Gwen Goodman-Lowe* Biology and Ecology 9:30-9:50 ae eres Life history and population structure of the neon spate contd ie ee Ommastrephes bartrami, in the North 8:30-8:50 a a aie Early development of Crucibulum auricula and Akihiko Yatsu, Junta Mori, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Crepidula convexa (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Hiroshi Okamura and Kazuya Nagasawa Calyptraeidae) from the Venezuelan Caribbean Patricia Miloslavich and Pablo Penchaszadeh 16 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 8:50-9:10 The spawn in the genus Adelomelon (Prosobranchia: Volutidae) from the Atlantic coast of South America Pablo E. Penchaszadeh, P. M. S. Costa, M. Lasta and Patricia Miloslavich 9:10-9:30 Dynamics of adult and juvenile bivalve dispersal: a shifting paradigm Robert S. Prezant, Harold B. Rollins and Ronald B. Toll 9:30-9:50 Shell polymorphism in the neogastropod Alia carinata (Hinds) Jeff Tupen 9:50-10:10 The diel vertical migration of Norris’ top snail (Norrisia norrisi) on giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) Steve I. Lonhart* 10:10-10:30 — Break 10:30-10:50 Diet and temperature on growth and biogeographic distribution of the herbivorous kelp snail Norrisia norrisi Michelle Priest* 10:50-11:10 How aqueous geochemistry affects lacustrine mollusks Saxon E. Sharpe* 11:10-11:30 Latitudinal variation in radular morphology in the Atlantic plate limpet, Tectura testudinalis Eric J. Chapman* 11:30-11:50 Size structured competitive interactions between a native and introduced estuarine mud snail: implications for a species invasion James E. Byers* seg _Thursday Afternoon Cephalopods of the North Pacific El Cabrillo Room oe Chair: Tsunemi Kubodera_— a ———= =. ~ om ee :30-1:50 ae adi Fecundity of the ommastrephid squid Dosidicus gigas in the eastern Pacific Chingis M. Nigmatullin, Vladimir Laptikhovsky and Nikolay Mokrin 1:50-2:10 Occurrence of the adult form of Neoteuthis sp. from the Hawaiian Islands Kotaro Tsuchiya 2:10-2:30 Light-polarization and color sensitivity in the common octopus and firefly squid of Japan Ian G. Gleadall, Yoshio Hayasaki and Yasuo Tsukahara 7 an :00-4:00 — AMU Membership Meeting — 4:00-5:00 WSM Membership Meeting AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting if Abstracts of Papers and Posters Do octopuses play? [NPC] Roland C. Anderson and Jennifer A. Mather The Seattle Aquarium, 1483 Alaskan Way, Seattle, Washington 98101-2059; roland.anderson @ ci.seattle.wa.us Play behavior is likely a sign of intelligence, and is an important activity of vertebrates, including mammals, birds and perhaps reptiles. As cephalopods are known for their intelligence, it seems appropriate to look for play in this group. Small Octopus dofleini were held separately at The Seattle Aquarium and presented with a novel floating “toy.” Presentations were made twice a day for five days, during which texture and brightness of the toy varied. Each octopus was observed during each presentation until it made no contact with the object for 30 min. We then compared the sequences of actions in the first and last days’ observations, looking for different, prolonged or truncated sequences of behavior between them. Some actions and sequences were different, a necessary condition for the designation of “play.” In addition, several octopuses showed a repeated behavior, “blowing” the toy away with a jet of water from the funnel only to have the toy circle the tank and return to the animal; this behavior continued for an extended period of time. The blowing behavior will be discussed as possible “play.” Statolith shape and microstructure in studies of systematics, age, and growth in planktonic paralarvae of gonatid squids (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida) from the western Bering Sea [NPC] Alexander I. Arkhipkin and Vyacheslav A. Bizikov Atlantic Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (AtlantNIRO); 5 Dm. Donskoy Street, Kaliningrad 236000 Russia; janet @ meitre.koenig.su Microstructure, morphology and ontogenetic development of statoliths, and age and growth of 405 planktonic paralarvae and 117 juveniles belonging to ten species of gonatid squids (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida) were studied over and off the continental slope in the western part of the Bering Sea (57°00'-61°30°N, 163°00’ E-179°20’W). Statolith microstructure of all species was characterized by the presence of a large droplet-shaped nucleus and bipartite post-nuclear zone divided in two by the first stress check, excluding Berryteuthis magister, which had only one stress check and the post-nuclear zone was not subdivided. In Gonatus spp., completion of development of the post-nuclear zone coincided with full development of the central hook on the tentacular club. Daily nature of statolith growth increments was validated by maintenance of 13 paralarvae belonging to the four most abundant species captured. Based on statolith microstructure, all species can be subdivided into two groups: (1) species with the nucleus in a central position in the first-check statolith (Gonatopsis spp., Eugonatus tinro and B. magister); and (2) species with the nucleus shifted to the inner side of the first-check statolith (Gonatus spp.). Comparative analysis of statolith morphology showed that paralarval sta- toliths have species-specific characters that allowed us to construct keys to species identification of gonatid paralarvae using their statoliths. Study of paralarval growth using statoliths revealed that cold-water planktonic gonatid paralarvae have rather fast growth rates in length, attaining 7-10 mm ML at early ages (15-20 days). Early juvenile sizes (20-25 mm ML) are attained at ages of 35-70 days. NOTES * = eligible for Best Student Paper/Poster Award [NPC] = North Pacific Cephalopoda Special Sessions [PS] = Phylogenetics Symposium [poster] = poster area; all other titles are oral presentations [DS] = Deep-Sea Symposium Address listed is the primary address of the first author 18 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting A review of the family Simrothiellidae: the systematic status of the genera and their importance as a model for biogeography [DS] Pamela Amofsky Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; parnofsky @whoi.edu The family Simrothiellidae (Aplacophora; Neomeniomorpha) has a world-wide distribution at ocean depths between 75- 4300 meters. Six genera are placed in this family based on radula morphology, specifically possession of distichous bars with many denticles at some point during ontogeny and paired anteroventral radular pockets. The placement of Uncimenia in this family is somewhat dubious. This family may have important implications for understanding pre-Pangean biogeography. The genus Helicoradomenia, a vent species, is important because it possesses many of the plesiomorphic characters which are useful for defining and describing the primitive type Neomeniomorpha. The overview of this family will include a new genus and species collected from off the coast of Ireland and Scotland. (Supported by NSF DEB-PEET 95-21930) Problems and pitfalls in phylogeny inference as illustrated by molluscs [PS] Thierry Backeljau, Hans De Wolf, Kurt Jordaens, Patrick Van Riel and Birgitta Winnepenninckx Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; tbackeljau@kbinirsnb.be Phylogeny inference is a field of biological research in which the results and conclusions of particular studies may heavily depend on the performance, accuracy and applicability of the methods and computer software used to analyze the data. In the present contribution we illustrate and discuss some controversial problems in phylogenetic data treatment. We particularly focus on (1) the differential performance of distance matrix programs applied to molecular data, (2) the use of bootstrapping, and (3) the effects of character choice and interpretation in parsimony analyses. These issues will be explored at different phylogenetic levels (from intraspecific taxa to phyla) using mainly, though not exclusively, molluscan examples based on both molecular (DNA sequences, RFLP, RAPD, allozymes) and morphologi- cal data. Squid (Lolliguncula brevis) distribution within the Chesapeake Bay: locomotive reasons for its ecological success Tan K. Bartol* The College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062; ibartol @ vims.edu The suggestion that squids evolved in environments where competitive interactions with fishes are minimized pre- sumes that squid are inferior to fish with respect to swimming efficiency, endocrine functioning, and oxygen carrying capacity. However, one unique cephalopod, the brief squid Lolliguncula brevis, is frequently captured in the euryhaline waters of the Chesapeake Bay where it is often in direct competition with hundreds of species of fishes. The extent to which L. brevis utilizes the bay and reasons for its successful invasion are not entirely known. To determine the number, size gradient, and spatial distribution of squid found within the bay throughout the year, monthly trawl surveys were conducted. Furthermore, to provide insight in to how this organism has managed to coexist with mobile communities of nekton, one aspect of its lifestyle, locomotion, was examined by videotaping squid of various sizes in a flume and analyzing the footage using a Peak Motion Measurement System. Results suggest that L. brevis utilizes the bay both as juveniles and adults and is capable of making extensive excursions into the bay where it can withstand a predictable range of environmental conditions. The success of L. brevis in estuaries may in part be a result of locomotive adapta- tions that make it more competitive with fishes in highly variable environments. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 19. Preliminary results on fecundity of the common squid, Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda, Ommastrephidae), in the Japan Sea [NPC, poster] Natalya B. Bessmertnaya and Yaroslav A. Reznik Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690 600, Russia; root @tinro.marine.su The reproductive systems of 30 mature female Todarodes pacificus Steenstrup, 1880, with mantle lengths of 179-285 mm from different regions of the Japan Sea were investigated to determine fecundity and egg diameter. Individual absolute fecundity (IAF) was calculated as the sum of total oocyte number in the gonad plus egg number in the oviducts. For the more particular characteristic of reproductive system condition an index of spawning readiness (ISR) reflecting the weight ratio between oviducts and ovary was used. IAF (calculated from 30 mature females) varied from 116,000 to 1,069,000 with an average of 506,000 +37,000 oocytes. IAF does not depend on seasons and regions. The number of eggs in paired oviducts (OF) varied from 140-79,000. This value is 0.12-11% of IAF. The diameters of eggs ranged from 0.69-0.88 mm with a mean value of 0.82 +0.01 mm. In view of the high correlation between egg diameter and mantle length, these parameters were compared by seasons and by regions. The gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister in the western Bering Sea: distribution, stock structure, recruitment, and ontogenetic migrations [NPC] Vyacheslav A. Bizikov and Alexander I. Arkhipkin Russian Institute of Fishery and Oceanography (VNIRO), 17 V.-Krasnoselskaya Street, Moscow 107140, Russia; inverteb@mx.iki. rssi.ru A 4-year series of observations (1993-1996) on distribution, abundance and length-at-age structure of Berryteuthis magister in the western Bering Sea revealed high fluctuations of the squid stock both in seasonal and inter-annual aspects. Two seasonal groups of squids were distinguished in the region using statoliths ageing techniques: spring- summer-hatched and autumn-winter-hatched squids. Squids of both groups showed similar patterns of ontogenetic migrations through the region, with minor differences from year to year. Juveniles of mantle length (ML) 14-19 cm entered the region from the southeast with the Eastern Bering Slope Current (EBSC) in May-June (autumn-hatched) and November-December (spring-hatched). They accumulated on the feeding grounds over the continental slope off eastern Siberia where they grew and matured during the next 4-5 months. Squids of both groups became mature at age 10-11 months at ML 24-26 cm (females) and 20-21 cm (males). Maturing squids gathered in dense concentrations in near- bottom layers above the slope, in locations with the highest near-bottom temperatures (between 350 and 450 m). As it was shown on the autumn-hatched group, functionally mature squids (males and mated females) in October started to migrate to the south-west until they left the region of study, with the Kamchatka Current. Only 5-10% of autumn-hatched squids spawned on the Siberian slope. Our data indicated that B. magister migrated counterclockwise between the western and eastern parts of the Bering Sea following the general scheme of water circulation. Abundance of mature squids in pre-spawning concentrations in the western part depends largely on abundance of juveniles brought to the region by the EBSC from supposed spawning grounds located in the south-eastern part. Thus, the general scheme of the life cycle and population structure of B. Magister can not be understood without data from both the western and eastern parts of the Bering Sea. 20 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Size structured competitive interactions between a native and introduced estuarine mud snail: implications for a species invasion James E. Byers* Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106; byers @lifesci.ucsb.edu Populations of the native mud snail, Cerithidea californica, have been decreasing over past decades in several northern California salt marshes. The presence of the introduced mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria, is often cited as a potential cause for Cerithidea’s decline. The goals of the present study are to document whether or not Cerithidea’s displacement is in fact due to replacement by Batillaria, whether the replacement is occurring through the suspected mechanism of exploitative competition for the snails’ shared food resource — epibenthic diatoms, and to what degree competitive strengths vary with the sizes and densities of the snails. I conducted experiments to generate consumer- resource interaction curves for two size classes of each snail species and their diatom food source. I then used these relationships to make predictions of the interspecific effects of each snail species on the other. The predictions were tested in the field and proved to describe accurately the outcomes of interspecific interactions between the snails. The predictions and tests indicate that Batillaria is the more efficient competitor and strongly suggest that Cerithidea’s decline in these marshes could be due to replacement by Batillaria. Latitudinal variation in radular morphology in the Atlantic plate limpet, Tectura testudinalis Eric J. Chapman* Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705; jtjjpya@ grove.iup.edu Tectura tesudinalis is a limpet (Archeogastropoda: Lottiidae) that inhabits the rocky shores of the nortwestern Atlantic. I examined differences in radula morphology that could be due to a direct correlation between shell height and radula length. Limpets were collected from six latitudinaly separated populations in the New England area. Tectura testudinalis has a docoglossan radula that is long and stout with four blunt teeth per row, two central and two lateral. This limpet feeds on various red coralline algae in the genus Clathromorphum. Radulae were removed from the soft body tissue using sodium hypochlorite and examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. The radulae were measured from tooth row seven through thirty seven. Preliminary results indicate that this methodology could be effective in determin- ing latitudinal variation in T. testudinalis. The Eastern Pacific members of the bivalve family Sportellidae Eugene V. Coan Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118- 4599; gene.coan @sierraclub.org The taxonomy of the eastern Pacific species that have been allocated to the bivalve family Sportellidae are reviewed. All taxa are members of the tropical fauna. The genus Basterotia is represented by five species: B. californica Durham, 1950, here reported from the Recent fauna for the first time; B. #1 and B. #2, two new species, the latter the most common species in the genus and here reported to brood its young; B. peninsularis (Jordan, 1936) [of which B. hertleini Durham, 1950, and B. ecuadoriana Olsson, 1961, are synonyms]; and B. quadrata (Hanley, 1834) [of which Poromya granatina Dall, 1881, is asynonym]. A new genus is described, with a new species as its type. Anisodonta americana Dall, 1900 from the PlioPleistocene of Florida is also a member of this genus. Ensitellops is represented by E. hertleini Emerson and Puffer, 1957 [of which E. pacifica Olsson, 1961, is a synonym]. Fabella is represented by F. stearnsii (Dall, 1899) [of which Sportella duhemi Jordan, 1936, is a synonym]. Sportella californica Dall, 1899, proves to be an Orobitella (Galeommatoidea: Lasaeidae), and Anisodonta pellucida Dall, 1916, is based ona juvenile mactrid, probably Simomactra falcata (Gould, 1850). AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 21 In situ observations of nesting Octopus dofleini, the giant pacific octopus [NPC] James A. Cosgrove Royal British Columbia Museum, P.O. Box 9815, Stn. Provincial Government, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8W 9W2; jcosgrove@rbml01.rbcm.gov.be.ca Much of our information regarding the nesting behavior of Octopus dofleini has come from aquarium observations. This paper reports on the “in situ” observations of seven nesting O. dofleini females from discovery until their deaths or disappearance. All nesting dens were in 17 to 24 meters of water and were walled off. No midden heap was observed. Early in nesting the females were a pale gray color over the body with typical reddish arms. Later, the arms became a pale gray also. As death approached, the skin on the suckers and arms turned a pale yellow color and began to slough off. Three of six dead females were found outside their dens, one was partially out of the den and two died in their dens. At death the females had lost an estimated 50% - 93% of their body weight. An average of 330 strings with an average of 172 eggs in each string resulted in an average nest size of 56,760 eggs. Hatching occurred at night and finished in less than a week. Juveniles averaged 0.029 grams at hatching. Patterns of introduction of non-indigenous non-marine snails and slugs in the Hawaiian Islands Robert H. Cowie Hawaii Biological Survey, Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-0916; rhcowie @bishop. bishop. hawaii.org The native snails of the Hawaiian Islands are disappearing. One cause is predation by introduced carnivorous snails. Habitat destruction/modification is also important, facilitating the spread of other non-indigenous snails and slugs. Eighty-one species of snails and slugs are recorded as having been introduced. Thirty-three are established: 12 fresh- water, 21 terrestrial. Two or three species arrived before western discovery of the islands (1778). During the 19th century about one species per decade, on average, was introduced. The rate rose to about four per decade during the 20th Century, with the exception of an especially large number introduced in the 1950s as putative biocontrol agents against the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. The geographical origins of these introductions reflect changing patterns of commerce and travel. Early arrivals were generally Pacific or Pacific Rim species. Increasing trade and tourism with the USA, following its annexation of Hawaii, led to an increasing proportion of American species. More general facilitation of travel and commerce later in the 20th Century led to a significant number of European species being introduced. African species dominated the 1950s biological control introductions. The process continues and is just part of the homogenization of the unique faunas of tropical Pacific islands. Introduction of a new molluscan shell pest: not just another “boring” organism Carolynn S. Culver and Armand M. Kuris Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; c_culver @lifesci.lscf.ucsb.edu In 1993, a new polychaete pest was found inhabiting the shell of California cultured abalone. The worm is being described as a new genus in the family Sabellidae. It is a nonindigenous species; apparently introduced through importation of South African abalone for commercial research purposes. Although the sabellid infestations do not impact abalone tissues, shell growth can become greatly altered. Interestingly, boring by these worms in the shell is not the mechanism responsible for the abnormal growth. Instead, this parasite is apparently able to interfere with the anti- fouling mechanisms of the mantle and then guide shell deposition of the host. Direct impacts include a decrease or virtual cessation in shell growth and a weakening of the shell structure. We have determined that host specificity of this sabellid is rather broad and many native California gastropod species may be at risk of infestation. It is possible that the AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting altered shell structure may have indirect impacts (e.g., increased susceptibility to predation). With the recent finding of an established sabellid population in an intertidal habitat in California, further examination is needed to determine the potential environmental risks associated with the sabellids and which native species are most at risk. Without this information, management efforts to minimize the spread of the sabellid and protect native gastropod species is now, and will continue to be, seriously hindered. Phylogenies of the Columbella and Conella groups (Neogastropoda: Columbellidae), and implications for the evolution of Neogene tropical American marine faunas Marta J. deMaintenon Department of Integratative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; martajm @uclink2.berkeley.edu The closure of the Isthmus of Panama in the mid-Pliocene is one of the most accessible model systems for assessing evolutionary responses to a vicariant event followed by large scale environmental change. The patterns of evolution of tropical American marine faunas have been the subject of many studies, but preservational and sampling biases have hampered their identification. This paper documents the patterns of diversification and extinction in two groups of shallow marine molluscs of the Neogene American tropics. The members of the Columbella and Conella groups of the neogastropod taxon Columbellidae were assessed through the corroboration of cladistic phylogenies and the fossil record. The three major clades of the Columbella and Conella groups show different patterns of evolution through the Neogene in the American tropics, but also share some common trends. All three clades experienced increased extinction in the Caribbean after Isthmian closure, which was not balanced by increased origination; however no major clade went entirely extinct in the Caribbean. One eastern Pacific group underwent an episode of diversification, but the timing of this diversification is uncertain. How to build an herbivore: the evolution of herbivory in columbellid gastropods (Neogastropoda: Columbellidae) [poster] Marta J. deMaintenon Department of Integratative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; martajm @uclink2.berkeley.edu The phylogeny of the neogastropod family Columbellidae, based on anatomical and morphological data, is used to address the evolutionary relationship between alimentary anatomy and feeding habits. Columbellids are opportunistic feeders and generally carnivorous; some species, however, include plant matter in their diets. Several studies have suggested a correlation between columbellid diet and alimentary anatomy, but the evolutionary basis of these observa- tions has not been explored. Comparison of a phylogenetic hypothesis with anatomy and diet suggests that facultative herbivory has evolved more than once in columbellids, and the transition from carnivory to herbivory is accompanied by changes in several features of alimentary anatomy. Most columbellids have gastric shields, but those of herbivores tend to be larger than those of carnivores. In addition, herbivores tend to have wider radular surfaces, with flat, blade-like cusps that may be more efficient for scraping, and odontophores with more cell layers in thickness than those of carnivores. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 23 Lack of significant esterase and myoglobin differentiation in the planktonic developing periwinkle, Littorina striata (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) [poster] Hans De Wolf, Thierry Backeljau, Kurt Jordaens and Ron Verhagen Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, (RUCA), Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium, dewolf @ruca.ua.ac.be The relationship between gene flow and the maintenance of geographic or morphology-related variation in the polymor- phic Macaronesian periwinkle, Littorina striata, was investigated by means of isoelectric focusing of esterases (EST) and myoglobin (Mb). This revealed that: (1) individual EST variation is very high, (2) there is no EST differentiation between sexes, shell morphotypes or wave-exposure regimes, (3) there is no clear macrogeographic patterning of EST variability, although there is a (non-significant) trend of decreasing EST variability with increasing latitude (i.e., from the Cape Verde Islands in the south to the Azores in the north), and (4) there is no Mb variation, even not between islands separated by more than 2000 km. These results indicate that L. striata shows a high degree of genetic homogeneity among geographic populations and that the morphological patterning in this species persists in the presence of intense gene flow. Seasonal distribution of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) in the Okhotsk Sea [NPC, poster] Vasili D. Didenko, Yuri A. Fedorets and Petr P. Railko Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600 Russia; root @tinro.marine.su Estimations of cephalopod biomass in the Okhotsk Sea during 1989-1991 showed that Berryteuthis magister is a dominant species. Juvenile and immature squids forage and grow in the epi-, meso-, and upper bathypelagic zone. Young squid are concentrated in the pelagic zone over the continental slope of the northern Okhotsk Sea and the slope off the eastern Sakhalin in the central deep sector of the sea. In this region concentrations of squid during summer and autumn-winter periods are low whereas during the winter-spring season they significantly increased. In the southern deep sector of the sea concentrations of squid in summer are somewhat lower than near the northern slope. During the winter-spring season young squids occur only in the bathypelagic zone. On the whole throughout the Okhotsk Sea the biomass of B. magister is low during the winter-spring season, considerably increased in summer, and reduced to a minimum during the autumn-winter period. Horizontal and vertical distributions of juvenile and young squids are correlated with the hydrologic regime and cooling-down the upper layers that causes them to migrate to warm areas where water temperatures are greater than 2.0°C and the depths greater than 500 m. Feeding behavior and chemoreception in cephalopods F. Paul DiMarco and Phillip G. Lee National Resource Center for Cephalopods, Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Bouldevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-1163; dimarco@ mbian.utmb.edu The feeding behavior of animals follows the sequence of perception, orientation, locomotion and finally ingestion of the food. Thus, the success or failure of test diets can be attributed to (1) the visual and/or chemical stimuli from the diet, (2) the texture and palatability of the diet, (3) the diet’s nutritional quality, and (4) the post-ingestive feedback from the diet. Experiments that focused on chemical perception (using a Y-maze to test solutions such as extracts, nucleotides, amino acids) and acceptance of test diets (such as supplemented pellets and surimi; various shapes; whole animal diets; behavioral conditioning) indicated differences in the feeding responses among differ- ent groups of cephalopods. Data from Nautilus, octopus, cuttlefish and squid chemoattraction and feeding 24 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting experiments suggest both a hierarchy of feeding responses within each group as well as a continuum along which each group displays a dominant mode of hunting. We present results in support of these models and then comment on the physiological and behavioral adaptations that also lend them support. Preliminary results indicate that Nautilus appears more sensitive to chemical stimuli, octopus to contact chemical and tactile stimuli, and squids to visual stimuli. Cuttlefish may utilize vision as well as contact chemical and tactile stimuli. Our ultimate goal is to understand more about the nutritional physiology and feeding behavior of cephalopods through the development of prepared diets. Some chromosomic and electrophoretic characteristics of the genus Pomacea (Gastropoda: Pilidae ) from the southeastern Mexico Maria E. Diupotex, Nora Foster and Sofia A. Rubio Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. A. P. 70-619 Mexico City, Mexico 04511; medc@mar.icmyl.unam.mx Karyotypic and electrophoretic characterisitcs of freshwater sanils of the genus Pomacea were compared. Organ- isms from provinces of the states of Veracruz, Tabasco and Campeche, southeast Mexico, were used. The polymor- phism found in the organisms originating in different provinces showed great similarity to that show by organisms originating in Lake Catemaco, where this endemic species is classified as Pomacea patula catamacensis. Karyo- types of the two species Pp. catamacensis and P. flagellata showed similar numbers 2n = 26 and n = 13 and morphology, and lacked a differentiated sexual chromosome. There were slight differences between metacentric and mediocentric chromosomes. Electrophoretic studies also showed a marked similarity between the organisms collected in the different provinces and those of Lake Catemaco. However, there are variations in the magnitude of the band pattern and a differential band in the Catemaco samples, revealed both in the isolectric running and in molecular weight. This band was only detected in the organisms with their origin in Catemaco. Results of this study determened both the variations in the populations analyzed, and a method for determining the source and diversity of clones. Remains of the prey — recognizing the midden piles of Octopus dofleini [NPC, poster] Rebecca Dodge and David Scheel Prince William Sound Science Center, P.O. Box 705, Cordova, Alaska 99574; becca @ grizzly.pwssc.gen.ak.us Octopuses use dens for shelter, and discard meal remains outside the den in midden piles. Contents of middens are important data for describing octopus diets, yet field signs for distinguishing octopus midden piles from remains left by other processes can be subtle. We describe contents and field signs of 50 midden piles of Octopus dofleini from Prince William Sound, Alaska. Midden piles were recognized as discards from octopuses based on one of two criteria: either midden piles were found at the mouth of a den containing an octopus (N = 36) or midden piles contained at least one remain drilled by an octopus (N = 35; 21 samples met both criteria). The crabs Telmessus cheiragonus, Cancer oregonensis, Pugettia gracilis, and Lophopanopeus bellus together comprised 68% of the remains. Drills were found on the carapace and chelipeds of 8 (35%) of 23 species found in middens. The drill mark is distinguishable from other molluscs by its shape: drills of O. dofleini on crabs were oblong (2—6 by 1—2.5 mm), and came to a point at one or both ends. Drill marks tapered toward the inside of the shell; the final perforation of the inner surface was no more than a pinpoint. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 25) The effects of laboratory prepared diets on survival, growth and condition of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis Pedro M. Domingues, F. Paul DiMarco, Jose P. Andrade and Phillip G. Lee Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-1163; domingues @mbian.utmb.edu Laboratory prepared, supplemented surimi diets (fish myofibrillar protein concentrate) were fed during four sepa- rate 30-day experiments. Four essential amino acids (methionine, lysine, leucine and proline) were tested for their effects on the feeding rate, food conversion, survival, growth and condition of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. The first experiment tested methionine. Two of the four test diets had no added methionine but different amounts of protein (62.1% and 93.5%). The remaining two diets had 93.5% protein with increasing concentrations of methionine, so that one diet was fully supplemented with amino acids. During the remaining experiments, similar diets were fed to test the effects of lysine, leucine and proline. Only diets with full supplementation produced significant growth (p<0.05) while none of the remaining three diets in each experiment produced significant growth (p>0.05). After the lysine experiment, cuttlefish fed the fully supplemented diet laid viable eggs while cuttlefish fed the other diets laid no eggs. This work was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship grant (BD 3210/95) from the J.N.LC.T., Program PRAXIS XXI from the Portuguese government and by NIH National Center for Research Resources (Grant # RRO1024 and RR04226), the Texas Institute of Oceanography and the Marine Biomedical Institute, Univer- sity of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. The challenge of resolving high-level molluscan phylogeny with separate or combined data sets [PS] Douglas J. Eernisse Department of Biological Sciences, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92834; deernisse @ccvax.fullerton.edu Major questions of higher-level molluscan phylogeny remain unsettled despite recent efforts to test hypotheses with explicit cladistic methodology. Even if “morphologists” generally agree that molluscs are, indeed, a mono- phyletic group, they disagree about the basal divergence within molluscs and are even more divided about which other phyla are closest relatives of molluscs. The aplacophoran molluscs are especially problematic. Are they mono- or paraphyletic? Are they sister taxon to a clade, Testaria, comprised of polyplacophorans plus conchiferans, i.e., all other molluscs, or are they sister taxon of polyplacophorans, together comprising Aculifera, the sister taxon of Conchifera? Some have even suggested that one or both aplacophoran lineages are conchiferans whose shell- less non-metameric body reflect secondary reductions, not plesiomorphic simplicities. With little consensus concerning the closest sister taxa, and with no surviving outgroup that is morphologically similar to molluscs, it is exceedingly difficult to polarize morphological character variation within molluscs. An example is metamerism. Was the ancestral mollusc metameric like a chiton or not like an aplacophoran? Molecular sequence comparisons could provide such a resolution , but the most extensive ones published to date, a 1996 study based on 18S ribosomal RNA by B. Winnepenninickx and coauthors, were discouraging because they did not even support molluscan monophyly. My own parsimony analysis of these molluscan sequences include additional outgroup sequences and was based on my own sequence alignment. The minimum-length trees found differed from those previously reported by supporting molluscan monophyly and by including a caudofoveate aplacophoran within a calde of conchiferan molluscs as sister taxon to polyplacophorans. The nearest outgroup to molluscs was resolved as not a single taxon but as clade of several eutrochozoan phyla. Addition of morphological data to the analyses did not substantially alter the topology. 26 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Evolution in deep-sea molluscs: a molecular genetic approach [DS] R. J. Etter, M. R. Chase, Michael A. Rex and J. Quattro Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125 The origin of the extraordinarily diverse deep-sea benthic fauna is poorly understood and represents an enormous gap in our understanding of basic evolutionary phenomena. The main obstacle to studying evolutionary patterns in the deep sea has been the technical difficulty of measuring genetic variation in species that are typically minute, must be recovered from extreme depths and are fixed in formalin. We developed molecular genetic techniques to work with formalin-fixed macrofauna. Population genetic structure of several species of bivalves and gastropods revealed strong differentiation along a depth gradient from 500 to 4800m despite the lack of any obvious topo- graphic or oceanographic features that would impede gene flow. Our findings indicate that the deep-sea macrofauna can have strong population structure over small spatial scales, similar to that observed in shallow-water and terrestrial organisms, with important implications for evolution in the deep sea. Our new genetic methods make it possible for the first time to use extensive available collections of deep-sea species to explore the evolutionary- historical basis of deep-sea biodiversity on global scales, and add a new dimension to the use of museum collections in general for spatial and temporal analyses of population structure. Population structure and life history of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) in the North Pacific [NPC] Yuri A. Fedorets, Vladimir A. Luchin, Vasili D. Didenko and Petr P. Railko Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root @tinro.marine.su Population structure of the Commander squid in the North Pacific is proposed based on an analysis of data on spatial, temporal, and size-sexual structure of this squid in the most areas of its wide range. Four spatially distinct populations are distinguished with their own spawning and foraging areas, as well as probably with exchanges of individuals to varying degrees: (1) Bering Sea population with the main spawning area along the Komandor- Aleutian islands, Bowers Ridge and a minor spawning area (based on biomass and abundance) on the slope of the western Bering Sea. A joint, overlapping foraging area occurs in the Bering Sea and partially near the northern Kurile Islands; (2) Okhotsk Sea population with the main spawning area near the Kurile Islands and a minor spawning area in the southwestern Okhotsk Sea. The foraging area occurs almost throughout the Okhotsk Sea and insignificantly in subarctic zone of the western North Pacific; (3) Japan Sea population, the most isolated, with weakly divided seasonal spawnings in the northeastern Japan Sea. The foraging area occurs almost throughout the Japan Sea; (4) American population (presumed) with a spawning area in the Pacific off the west coast of North America. The foraging area extends to the eastern Aleutian Islands and partially in the boreal zone of the Northern Pacific. We distinguish temporal seasonal spawning groups of squids isolated in a varying degree within the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea populations and we consider the groups to be seasonal subpopulations (spring-summer and autumn-winter). Each subpopulation consists of early and late spawning individuals that differ slightly in size, but are significantly different in sexual maturity. We propose probable tracks of transportation of larvae and juvenile squids of every subpopulation of the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea populations with currents depending on flows in the epi-, meso-, and upper bathypelagic zones of the Bering and Okhotsk seas, and the North Pacific. A hypothetic scheme for the life history of B. magister in the North Pacific is proposed. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting iy Calibrating phylogenies with the fossil record [PS] Helena Fortunato Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948 APO AA 34002-0948; fortunato @ubaclu.unibas.ch Cladistic analyses of well sampled groups with a good fossil record commonly yield phylogenies of species that conflict strongly with stratigraphic data, even to the extent of hypothesizing phylogenies that turn the stratigraphy upside down. This is almost certainly due to the convergent evolution of similar morphologies (i.e., homoplasy), rather than the inadequacy of the fossil record. This problem can be dealt with either through the use of stratigraphic information as a character (i.e., stratocladistics), or by constructing separate phylogenies for different stratigraphic intervals that can then be assembled into a composite phylogeny. Snails of the genus Strombina were used to test the second approach. Strombinids originated and diversified in the Caribbean during the Miocene and Pliocene, when they became nearly extinct in the Caribbean, but diversified greatly in the Eastern Pacific. Phylogenies of 42 species based only on morphol- ogy (49 shell characters,186 states) yield trees with high stratigraphic inconsistency and ghost lineages that postulate the presence of descendants 10 million years or more before the first appearance of their ancestors. Removal of species that originated after the Pliocene resolved all these stratigraphic inconsistencies although some ghost lineages re- mained. This Miocene/Pliocene tree was then used to root the Pleistocene and Recent species. This final composite tree is highly consistent with the known fossil record for this group. Land snails of the lower Salmon River drainage, Idaho Terrence J. Frest and E. J. Johannes Deixis Consultants, 2517 NE 65th St., Seattle, Washington 98115; tjfest@accessone.com The rich Lower Salmon River area, Idaho, endemic land snail fauna has been known since the 1860s. Six taxa have been federal listing candidates since the inception of the Endangered Species Act. We conducted a comprehensive terrestrial mollusk survey of the lower 100 km in 1992-1994, visiting over 210 sites. 60+ land snail taxa were encountered, of which 18+ are new. Site diversity is comparatively low (3); but over 50% of the taxa are Lower Salmon/regional endemics. Endemism is most noted in Oreohelix and Cryptomastix. Many taxa are limited to single drainages or accreted terrain blocks with regionally unusual lithologies, such as limestone or marble. Endemics can occur at any elevation or in any moisture regime, but are most frequent in semi-arid settings at lower elevations. This small area has at least five discrete species assemblages, only one of which extends beyond the region. Adjacent Hells Canyon seems to show similar patterns of speciation, endemism, and substrate localism. At least 36 Lower Salmon taxa are in some danger of extinction. Grazing, recreation, and human settlement are the main threats to lower elevation sites; logging also at higher elevations. Many taxa are limited to one or a few sites. Site numbers and population reductions have been noted for such listing candidates as Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis and O. waltoni since 1988. Host specificity patterns of dicyemid mesozoans found in eight species of cephalopods of Japan [NPC, poster] Hidetaka Furuya Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka Machikaneyamal -16, Osaka 560 Japan; furuya8 @chaos.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp[currently inverts @sbnature.org] Dicyemid mesozoans are parasites that live in the renal sacs of benthic cephalopods. Eight species of cephalopods caught off the coast of Japan were examined for the presence of dicyemids. To date we have recovered a total of 21 dicyemid species from these cephalopods: Octopus dofleini (2 species); O. fangsiao (5); O. hongkongensis (3); O. minor (3); O. vulgaris (3); Sepia esculenta (6); S. lycidas (2); and Sepioteuthis lessoniana (1). Four genera of dicyemids were encountered: Dicyema (12 species); Pseudicyema (1), Dicyemennea (7), and Dicyemodeca (1). 28 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting The largest cephalopod host species, namely , O. dofleini, O. hongkongensis, and Sepioteuthis lessoniana, harbored the largest dicyemid species. Typically 2-3 species of dicyemids occur in each host species. However, in O. fangsiao and S. esculenta 5 or 6 species of dicyemids were detected. In both cases all species of dicyemids were never observed together in a single host. In contrast, only one species of dicyemid has ever been found in Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Most species of dicyemids examined are host specific. In a few instances, the same species of dicyemid was detected in two different cephalopod hosts, which belong to the same genus. Three dicyemids, namely, Dicyema acuticephalum, D. japonicum, and D. misakiense, each infects two host species in the genus Octopus. Pseudicyema truncatum infects two cuttlefishes in the genus Sepia. In summary, a high degree of host specificity appears to be characteristic of dicyemid-cephalopod relationships. Taxonomic problems with tropical members of the family Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) Daniel L. Geiger* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371; dgeiger@scf.usc.edu Most commercial species in the family Haliotidae are well known and present no taxonomic problems. However, many of the small, tropical species are little known and their taxonomy has been confusing. Here three recent cases are presented. (1) From Geiger (1996): The purported but replaced “type” specimen of Haliotis unilateralis Lamarck, 1822, is identified as a H. varia Linné, 1758. This species does not occur in the East African faunal province from which H. unilateralis is exclusively known. A neotype has been designated, and the radula and epipodium have been described for the first time. In the Red Sea, only H. pustulata Reeve, 1846, occurs sympatically with H. unilateralis. (2) From Geiger and Stewart (submitted) and Stewart and Geiger (submitted): H. crebisculpta Sowerby, 1914, is represented by three syntype specimens belonging to two species. The identity of both species is discussed, including their soft part characters and their geographic distributions. (3) From Geiger and Coleman (in prep.): a still unnamed species from the tropical western Pacific is discussed. Abalone in the fossil record: a review (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Haliotidae) Daniel L. Geiger and Lindsey T. Groves Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371; dgeiger@scf.usc.edu Fossil abalone are rare and poorly known, in contrast to their Recent counterparts. The taxonomy is problematic, because most of the 35 fossil species have been described from single specimens, and because the shell of Recent species is extremely plastic. The use of fossil species in phylogeny is questionable. Abalone first appear in the Upper Cretaceous with two species, are unknown in the Lower Paleocene, appear again the late Eocene and Oligocene of New Zealand and Europe, and are regularly found from the Miocene onwards worldwide. Most records are from intensively studies areas: West America, Caribbean, Europe, South Africa, Japan and Australia. The scarcity of Indo-Pacific records is remarkable, because their highest present-day diversity is found there. Three hypotheses for the origin of the family are discussed: Central Indo-Pacific, Pacific Rim and Tethys. Fossil and Recent abalone both seem to have lived in the shallow, rocky sublittoral in tropical and temperate climate. No onshore-offshore pattern could be detected. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 29 The coccidian parasite Aggregata (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) in Cephalopods from European waters [poster] Camino Gestal, F. G. Hochberg, Paola Belcari, Christina Arias and Santiago Pascual Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidade de Vigo, Apartado 874, Vigo, Spain; camino @setei.uvigo.es Coccidians of the genus Aggregata are host-specific intracellular parasites found in the digestive tracts of a large number of cephalopod hosts. Transmited via the host diet, the infection is initiated when cephalopods feed on crabs, shrimps and other crustaceans. Most studies on this group of protozoan parasites in European waters date from the beginning of this century. Based on this early work several species of Aggregata are recognized, namely: (1) A. eberthi, found in Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean (Italy, Monaco, France, Spain, Tunisia), English Channel (France, England), and North Sea (Germany); (2) A. octopiana, found in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797), has been reported from the Mediterranean (Italy, Monaco and France), and English Channel (France); and (3) A. spinosa, also found in O. vulgaris, previously has been recorded only from the English Channel (France).In order to review host range, geographic distribution, and incidence of the coccidians in European popula- tions of cephalopods we initiated a large sampling program to survey a diversity of host species from the Mediterranean and the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Aggregata octopiana in O. vulgaris and A. eberthi in S. officinalis were the most abundant coccidians encountered. An undescribed species of Aggregata, was found in the oceanic ommastrephid squid Todarodes sagitattus (Lamarck, 1798) off the NW coast of Spain. Sample localities, levels of infections, and comparative data on morphology and morphometry of sporocysts and sporozoites are reported in this work. Light-polarization and color sensitivity in the common octopus and firefly squid of Japan [NPC] Ian G. Gleadall, Yoshio Hayasaki and Yasuo Tsukahara Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira SKK Building, Sendai 980-77, Japan; glead @biology.is.tohoku.ac.jp Color vision (hue discrimination) is a contrast-enhancing mechanism involving complex interactions among several different types of cell, such as the blue, green and red cones and various interneurons in the primate retina. It is, however, based on a relatively simple principle: lateral inhibition. Here, the same principle is demonstrated in the contrast-deriving properties of the octopus retina: a color-blind but polarization-sensitive system greatly simplified by the presence of only two types of visual cell. This model system demonstrates a digital enhancement principle applicable to any parameter of visual contrast. In the eye of most color-blind animals, the only possible parameter of contrast is bright- ness; while in vertebrates with color vision, the contrast parameters used (in photopic conditions) are differences in both brightness and hue.The ventral retina of the firefly squid appears to use three different parameters: brightness, hue and polarization. However, to say that Japanese firefly squids have color vision is probably a misconception. The purpose of the second half of this talk will be to explain how the firefly squids probably use their system and why they have color sensitivity but not “color vision.” Species composition and distribution of octopuses of the genus Octopus on the northwestern Japan Sea Shelf [NPC, poster] Alexi V. Golenkevich Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root @tinro.marine.su Bottom octopuses were collected in the north-western Japan Sea shelf overthe past 10 years by different types of sampling gear. Species composition of octopuses is relatively poor. Three highly abundant species are present, and two 30 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting of them are of commercial value: Octopus dofleini and O. conispadiceus. The third species, which is smaller in size and less numerous, could not be identified with any known species, probably due to the lack of reliable taxonomic guides. Octopus dofleini is found between 42°-46°N, though commercial concentrations were present only in the southern part of the surveyed area. Vertical distribution is susceptible to seasonal fluctuations, and is highly influenced by hydrologi- cal conditions. Octopuses of this species are extremely rare in the depth range 20-150 m in the winter-spring period. Commercial stocks are found at depths of 20-50 m in the summer-autumn period when temperatures range from 8-18°C. Octopus conispadiceus is found between 42°-48°N, and commercial stocks are located mainly in the northern part of the region. Unlike O. dofleini, the distribution of O. conispadiceus is restricted to waters with low temperatures that range between 0-5°C. The species lives at depths from 30-400 m in the winter-spring period, and moves towards the shelf edge in summer and fall. Octopus sp. (description will be presented; identification may correspond to O. fuyjitai or O. yendoi). The species occurs between 42°-48°N in the depths that range from 50-260 m. Its distribution is restricted to cold waters. Species composition of cephalopods found in the diet of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi [NPC] Gwen Goodman-Lowe* Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, P. O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744; glowe @hawaii.edu The diet of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi, was determined through examination of fecal material collected from seals in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands during the years 1991-1994. Cephalopods were found in the feces as undigested beaks and comprised approximately 25% of the diet. Of the 940 fecal samples examined, 228 contained a total of 630 octopus beaks while 43 contained a total of 338 squid beaks. Cephalopod species were identified using both upper and lower beaks obtained from known specimens of octopus and squid. Five benthic species and two pelagic species of octopus were identified, representing a mix of diurnally and nocturnally active species. In addition, 19 species of squid were found in the samples, representing a mix of coastal, pelagic and mesopelagic species. Length and weight of squid species were determined using length/weight regressions of lower rostral lengths. These findings indicate that cephalopods are an important component in the diet of Hawaiian monk seals, which forage both inshore and offshore,and both diurnally and nocturnally. Phylogenetics and classification of the Philine aperta clade: traditional versus cladistic approaches Terrence M. Gosliner and Rebecca Price Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118-4599; tgosliner@calacademy.org The Philinidae are a group of highly derived cephalaspidean opisthobranchs, in which the shell is reduced and internal. A preliminary phylogeny of the Philinidae is presented. Many traditional characters, such as shell sculpture and shape, have been modified within several lineages and are therfore less informative in characterizing major clades. Species phylogenetically closely related to Philine aperta Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of the genus, have been the subject of considerable systematic discord and instability. Re-examination of the anatomy of members of this clade suggests that several taxa that have been united under the name P. aperta, are in fact distinct. Philine aperta from southern Africa is distinct from the European P. quadripartita Ascanius, 1777, on the basis of consistent differences in gizzard plate and penial morphology. The anatomy of P. elegans Bergh, 1905, and P. orientalis A. Adams, 1854, is described together with that of three undescribed species. Cladistic analysis of indicates that penial morphology, gizzard plate shape and microstructure and ornamentation provide valuable new characters for ellucidating relationships amoung members of the Philine aperta clade and to other closely allied outgroups. Members of the Philine aperta clade are among the most highly derived members of the Philinidae. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 31 Gill filament differentiation and experimental colonization by symbiotic bacteria in the tropical lucinid clam Codakia orbicularis [poster] Olivier Gros, Liliane Frenkiel and Marcel Mouéza 97159 Pointe-a-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe FWI; Département de Biologie, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane B.P. 592; liliane.frenkiel @univ-ag.fr A previous study, using PCR analysis, has demonstrated that the transmission mode of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, located in gill-bacteriocytes of Codakia orbicularis is environmental. Aposymbiotic juveniles differentiate gill-fila- ments as usual in most bivalves, when sterile sand is added. Mucocytes, granule cells, and intercalary cells differentiate progressively, whereas bacteriocytes are lacking. Therefore, the differentiation of these three cell-types does not appear as a consequence of symbiosis, but may be a prerequisite. Experimental colonization of aposymbiotic juveniles have been obtained by addition of crude sand collected in the natural habitat of C. orbicularis. A free-living form of the bacterial endosymbionts associated to sea-grass bed sand appears to be endocytosed at the apical pole of undifferentiated cells which become bacteriocytes. The association between the symbiont and its bivalve host is not necessary for metamorphosis. However, it must occur at some post- metamorphic stage. Undifferentiated cells of the gill-filaments remain receptive to bacteria, several months after meta- morphosis, and become bacteriocytes when aposymbiotic juveniles are put in contact with the symbiont free-living form. In C. orbicularis, the environmental transmission of symbionts does not appear to be restrained to a definite period of the post-larval development. Traditional versus phylogenetic characters: the art of the state in molluscan systematics [PS] Robert Guralnick* Museum of Paleontology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; robg@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Correct assessment of morphological similarity and difference is essential for either traditional or phylogenetic frame- works. However, in traditional frameworks, assessments of putative homology are not rigorously tested by congruence. By contrast, in phylogenetic methodologies initial assessment of homology must pass the test of congruence before we can adequately assess true homologies from homoplasies. Our assumptions of homology based on similarity may prove to be false. Not only has homology assessment of characters undergone theoretical remodelling within a phylogenetic framework, but the notion of the character itself has changed. Characters have often been thought of as the endpoints of develeopmental processes. However, systematists have rightly pointed out that the character is the ontogeny instead. I will show that by focusing on morphological endpoints of developmental processes as opposed to the full ontogeny of characters, a tremendous amount of phylogenetic information is misinterpreted and therefore miscoded or missing in datasets. I use case studies from the gastropod radula to show the importance of ontogenetic information in character definition. From the bottom up or the intertidal down? Patterns of movement based on phylogenetic inferences in the Patellogastropoda Robert P. Guralnick Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; robg @ucmp]1.berkeley.edu Morphological and molecular work supports the position of the Patellogastropoda, the true limpets, as the most basal gastropod clade. Although the clade is composed mostly of species that live intertidally, some members live in the deep 32 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting sea and can be associated with hot vents and cold seeps. We ask whether these deep sea taxa have originated onshore and migrated offshore or vice versa. Previous workers have shown that the prevailing trend based on the fossil record is onshore origination and offshore migration over the course of evolution of a monophyletic lineage. We take a different approach using a phylogenetic hypothesis among living forms to determine the polarity of movement. Ihave gathered a dataset of morphological characters and taxa in order to assess the phylogeny of the patellogastropods. This analysis includes eighteen taxa, seven of which are from the deep sea, and four outgroups. I have scored eighty five characters for each of these taxa based on histological sections, dissection, shell microstructure and external anatomy. The phylogenetic hypothesis I generated does not support the onshore-offshore model, but instead the pattern of speciation suggests that taxa have migrated from the offshore to the onshore. Stratigraphic distribution of the the patellogastropod lineages indicated that anoxic events may be correlated with recolonization of on-shore habitats during the Cretaceous. Shells, anatomy, and the phylogeny of the Nassariinae (Prosobranchia: Nassariidae) David M. Haas] Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; haasl @ geology.ucdavis.edu. How does the inclusion of shell characters affect phylogenetic analyses? Shell characters are often ignored or granted arelatively minor role due to perceived high levels of homoplasy. I report on preliminary phylogenetic analyses of the bucciniform gastropod subfamily Nassariinae using shell and anatomical characters. Our current understanding of nassariine phylogeny is extremely poor. Shell characters could provide valuable information for the following reasons: subfamilial taxonomy among nassariids is based largely on shell characters; some nonshell characters (e.g., radular dentition) could exhibit higher levels of homoplasy than has been acknowledged; and there are a number of fossil taxa that could represent sister taxa or plesiomorphic representatives to the extant forms. A data matrix of 42 taxa and 44 characters was constructed. Because relationships between nassariines and possible outgroups are unknown, 14 taxa were used as outgroups. Of the 44 characters, 13 were anatomical and 31 were shell characters. Characters were experimentally weighted to examine their relative effect on tree topologies. The combined analysis supported the monophyly of the Nassariinae plus a few additional taxa. With few exceptions, the anatomical characters exhibited less homoplasy than shell characters. Weighting each character by 1000 times their rescaled CI. produced similar results. In these analyses, anatomical characters seem to be structuring basal clades, while shell characters structure relationships among derived clades. A molecular survey of eogastropod phylogeny M. G. Harasewych and Andrew G. McArthur Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; harasewych@nmnh.si.edu A preliminary survey of partial 18S sequences of representatives of all living families of Eogastropoda revealed that all shallow-water (shelf) patellogastropods comprise a highly robust clade with high bootstrap support and characterized by the presence of several unique inserts. Bathyal and abyssal limpets (Neolepetopsidae and Pectinodontinae), from vents, seeps, and submerged wood, emerge as a separate clade that could not be confidently joined to the shelf patellogastropods, and lack the inserts characteristic of the shelf limpets. These profound differences suggest an that the deep-sea limpets comprise and ancient divergence within Eogastropoda. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 33 Phylogeny and zoogeography of the bathyal family Pleurotomariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Orthogastropoda) [DS] M. G. Harasewych, Andrew G. McArthur, Rei Ueshima, Atsushi Kurabayashi, S. Laura Adamkewicz, Matthew Plassmeyer and Patrick Gillevett Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; harasewych@nmnh.si.edu The relationships of the family Pleurotomariidae, and ten of its 24 known Recent species were investigated using an iterative, three gene [18S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), 16S rDNA] approach to phylogeny reconstruction. A broad survey of the Gastropoda using partial 18S rDNA sequences (450 bp) was used to orient the Pleurotomariidae within the class and to determine suitable outgroups. The 18S data strongly support the monophyly of Pleurotomariidae, which are the sister group to a clade comprising the remaining superfamilies assigned to Vetigastropoda (Lepetodrilloidea + Scissurelloidea + Fissurelloidea + Haliotoidea + Trochoidea). Sequences from the CO I gene (579 bp) confirm the sister group relationship between the Pleurotomartidae and the remaining Vetigastropoda. Data from the 18S, COI, and 16S genes (475), analyzed separately and and together, clearly distinguish Entemnotrochus from Perotrochus s.1. Resolu- tion of taxa within Perotrochus s.1. is less robust, with species generally assigned to Mikadotrochus invariably the most basal, the large, thin-shelled Perotrochus referred to ‘‘Perotrochus Group B” intermediate, and Perotrochus s.s. the most derived. The data suggest that the western Atlantic Perotrochus s.]. are derived from western Pacific Perotrochus s.l., a. contention that is supported by newly discovered Antarctic Cretaceous and Paleocene fossils, and that Perotrochus s.S. represents a monophyletic, western Atlantic radiation. Homology analysis and parsimony algorithms — enemies or friend? [PS] Gerhard Haszprunar Zoologische Staatssammlung, Miinchhausenstrasse 21, D-81247 Miinchen, Germany; haszi @zi.biologie.uni- muenchen.de “Pattern Cladism” regards homology as a deductive concept after applying a parsimony analysis of character distribu- tions. Contrary to various statements, ‘“‘non-weighting” of characters is not possible. If characters are equally weighted (as usually done), character selection is the most powerful way of relative weighting (0 versus 1). However, as in molecular analysis, selection of “good” characters is always done on a basis of an (often subconscious) a priori homology analysis. Modifying Orwell’s law, “‘all characters are equal, but some are more equal than others’’. Moreover, the classic distribution criterion of homology-’*homologous characters have identical or hierarchical distribution’’-is the theoretical basis of parsimony analysis. Accordingly, application of the parsimony principle is a kind of homology analysis based on inductive character selection. A synthetic way of “Hennigian patterning” is proposed for phenotypic (and in principle also for molecular) analysis with application of a priori criteria of homology. The resulting, preliminary a priori probabilities of homology serve as criteria for selection and weighting (very low = not selected / low / medium /high/Dollo characters) of characters. After application of a parsimony algorithm, the final cladogram decides homology estimations. News on monoplacophoran anatomy and phylogeny [DS] Gerhard Haszprunar Zoologische Staatssammlung, Miinchhausenstrasse 21, D-81247 Miinchen, Germany; haszi @zi.biologie.uni- muenchen.de The interpretation of the monoplacophoran bauplan has been controversially debated in the past. The anatomy and fine structure of recently discovered species (Laevipilina antarctica, Micropilina minuta, M. arntzi) was examined to clear up this matter. Laevipilina antarctica (shell length: 3 mm) resembles the previously described larger species: it lacks any 34 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting connection between the pericardium and nephridia and is also devoid of connections between nephridia themselves. The tiny (about 1 mm shell length) Micropilina minuta and M. arnizi lack a heart and are partly paedomorphic in showing only four and three ctenidial and nephridial pairs, respectively. The latter species is a simultaneous hermaph- rodite and a brooder. Comparative analysis reveals a differentiation of ctenidia and possibly also gonads from posterior to anterior. Nephridial conditions clearly contradict all ideas on annelid affinities. It is shown that the extant monoplacophorans cannot be regarded as “living fossils,” but form a considerably modified early offshoot of conchiferan mollusks. The autapomorphic serial repetition of various organ systems is one aspect of their modification. Nacre is homoplastic - then what ? Claus Hedegaard Department of Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; claus @pop.bio.aau.dk When molluscan shell structures are mapped on a composite phylogeny, it is most parsimonious to interpret nacre as homoplastic and crossed lamellar structures as plesiomorphic. This refutes the traditional assumption that the “ances- tral mollusc” had a nacreous (mother-of-pearl) shell. The interpretations are invariant under different assumptions of accelerated or delayed character transformation, and whether crossed lamellar structure is an unordered or a Dollo character (evolved once, reduced several times). The properties of nacre from gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, and monoplacophorans differ between the groups, but not within. Consequently, nacre should not be considered ho- moplastic, but rather as four different characters of mistaken identity. The distribution of nacre in mollusks is not an evolutionary oddity, but the result of an inadequate character analysis. The take-home message is not “nacre is apomorphic, crossed lamellar plesiomorphic.” The point is, classic assumptions should be tested repeatedly, and also that putative homoplasies should be re-investigated. Inferred homoplasy may be due to a flawed character analysis. Form, function and diversity of epithelial sensory structures in trochoidean gastropods Carole S. Hickman Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; caroleh@ucmp1.berkeley.edu Among the major branches of the gastropod evolutionary tree, elaboration of epithelial sensory structures is the hallmark of trochoidean vetigastropods. The epithelium of the head and foot is a richly microvillar surface containing an extraordinary density and diversity of putative sensory structures. Previous knowledge of these structures resides primarily in verbal descriptions and scanning electron micrographs of inadequately fixed and poorly preserved material. The minute cantharidine trochid Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1861, provides new data from a combination of ccanning and transmission electron microscopy of carefully relaxed and fixed material. Seven different kinds of cilia project from the epithelium: (1) single short cilia, (2) clusters of 5 to 7 short cilia emerging from a shallow pit, (3) clusters of multiple cilia at the tip of a short stalk, (4) single cilia at the tip of a short stalk, (5) clusters or tufts of longer cilia, (6) tracts of longer cilia, and (7) regions of longer cilia associated with discrete epithelial structures. The most complex structural arrangements occur on the cephalic and epipodial tentacles, where a single cell with microvillae wraps around six to eight flattened and concentrically packed columnar sensory cells, each with a basal nucleus and as many as 12 distal cilia projecting into the environment. Trochoideans appear to have specialized in epithelial detection of a diversity of close range stimuli, both mechanical and chemical, in contrast to caenogastropod osphradial specialization in discriminating more distant cues. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 35 Peculiarities of giant protists infecting the gills of some squids from the Bering Sea F. G. Hochberg & Chingis Nigmatullin Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93 105-2936; inverts @ sbnature.org Hochbergia, a genus of giant protist of unknown affinities, is found on the gills of a diversity of oceanic cephalopods in the North Pacific Ocean. Squid examined for this parasite were collected in August to December, 1995-1996, on the slope of the northwest Bering Sea. A total of 14 specimens of Moroteuthis robusta (970-1350 mm ML) were 100% infected with H. moroteuthensis. Intensities of infection varied from 12-750 specimens host-1 (average 220). The mini- mum intensity was observed in a mature male of 970 mm ML. The remainder of the M. robusta examined were immature females with minimum intensities of 53-60 specimens host-1. Two distinct morphs or stages of protists were present: (1) small white protists - 0.4-1.2 mm in length, with a smooth cyst wall; (2) larger yellow protists - 1.1-1.9 mm in length, with acomplexly sculptured cyst wall. The ratio between white and yellow forms ranged from 0-100% of the total number in any given host (average 65% white and 35% yellow). Several undescribed species of Hochbergia were present in squids of the genus Gonatus. In G. onyx (12 specimens; 70- 180mm ML), the incidence of infection was 80% with intensities ranging from 4-100 specimens host-1. Only yellow forms were present. A single specimen of G. middendorffi (425 mm ML) had hundreds of the large yellow morphs. In contrast, both Gonatopsis borealis (15 specimens; 85-140 mm ML) and Berryteuthis magister (20,300 specimens; 30-380 mm ML) were not infested with Hochbergia. Several possible reasons for the observed differences in parasite distribution will be discussed. A phylogeny of pleurocerid snails (Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea) based on molecular and morphological data Wallace E. Holznagel* Department of Biological Science, The University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0344; wholzna3 @biology.as.ua.edu Phylogenetic hypotheses for North American pleurocerid snails remain in their infancy. I was interested in estimating relationships of pleurocerid snails using both morphological and molecular data. For the molecular data set, a portion of the mitrochondrial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced for representative species of the family. For the morphological data set, I constructed a data matrix based on variation observed in the radula from the same representative taxa that were sequenced. Phylogenies were constructed for the morpholgical and molecular data sets both separately and combined. Taxonomic and character congruence is discussed. First record of the “Octopus aegina genus group” in the Hawaiian Islands Archipelago [NPC, poster] Christine L. Huffard and F. G. Hochberg Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93 105-2936; inverts @ sbnature.org A new species of the “Octopus aegina group” sensu Robson (1929) has been discovered in shallow, coastal, subtropi- cal waters of the Hawaiian Islands Archipelago. This species is characterized as medium sized (ML to 100 mm) with moderate sucker counts (160-210 on normal arms of males and females; about 100 on hectocotylized arms of males). Gill counts range from 9-11 per demibranch; copulatory organs are small, 2.5-3.5% of the length of the hectocotylized arm; eggs are small and hatchlings planktonic. This species shares several characteristics with the non-ocellate members of the “aegina group,” namely: O. aegina Gray, 1849; O. marginatus Taki, 1964;. and O. sp. 3 (Norman, 1992). It differs 36 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting primarily in its geographic distribution, body size, sucker counts, and spermatophore size and number. The species occupies sandy substrates in depths ranging from 1-80 m and appears to be crepuscular. Distribution, morphology (including illustrations), and delineation from other members of the ““O. aegina group” are presented. Preliminary data on the distribution of the family Prochaetodermatidae (Mollusca Caudofoveata) [DS] Dmitry L. Ivanov Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Herzen st. 6, Moscow 103009, Russia; ivanov @3.zoomus.bio.msu.ru At present the family Prochaetodermatidae includes 13 species in 5 genera. Based on literature and collection data, it is possible to make the following preliminary conclusions: (1) Presently we probably know no more than half of species diversity of the family world-wide. (2) Representatives of the family live in all oceans, excluding the Arctic, Subarctic, and continental seas (except for the Mediterranean and the Sea of Marmara). (3) The distribution has a near-continental amphioceanic pattern. (4) All known species inhabit the continental slope, except two species of Chevroderma, which also occur on the East Pacific and Atlantic abyssal plains. (5) Generally, the family is bathyal-hadal in its vertical distribution. Species have been recorded on slopes of the following trenches: Aleutian, Kurile-Kamchatka, Japan, Izu- Bonin, Philippine, Sunda, and Peruvian. The depth range is 539 to 7500 m in the Pacific, 1050 to 7060 m in the Indian Ocean, and 457 to 5208 m in the Atlantic (except Prochaetoderma raduliferum, occurring at 54-2415 m). (6) The distribution pattern and the levels of monotypy and endemism suggest a Pangean-tropical origin of the group. (Partial support from NSF DEB-PEET grant 95-21930). Allozyme homozygosity and phally polymorphism in the land snail Zonitoides nitidus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata [poster] Kurt Jordaens, Thierry Backeljau, Hans De Wolf, Paz Ondina, Heike Reise and Ron Verhagen Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, (RUCA), Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium; jordaens @ruca.ua.ac.be Genetic variation in the pulmonate land snail Zonitoides nitidus was examined by means of vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 17 European populations (4 Swedish, 4 German, 7 Belgian, | British and 1 Spanish). No heterozygotes were observed. Hence, Z. nitidus consists of anumber of fixed homozygous multilocus genotypes (strains). Nine strains were detected and in most populations >2 strains co-occurred. Strains were unevenly distributed between the localities. One strain was remarkably differentiated from the others, which is suggestive of a taxonomic differentiation. Anatomi- cally, two phally types were distinguished: euphallics, with well-developed male reproductive organs, and hemiphallics, in which the male reproductive organs are weakly developed. Both phally types occurred together, but euphally ratios were very low (0-19%). This, together with the absence of heterozygotes suggests that selfing may be the prevailing breeding system in this species. There was no relation between phally type and alleles or genotypes, but euphally ratios differed between geographical regions. On verage, hemiphallic individuals were smaller, but no intermediate phally types were found. Yet, it remains to be decided whether hemiphally is a juvenile character. The Ptychatractinae: an endemic deep-sea clade of the Turbinellidae? [DS] Yuri I. Kantor and Philippe Bouchet A. N. Severtzov Institute of Problems of Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski Prospect 33, Moscow 117071, Russia; yuri @invert.sevin.msk.ru Due to the scarcity of its representatives, the composition and relationships of the subfamily Ptychatractinae remains little known. Based on new, rich material from recent expeditions, mainly in the Indo-Pacific, it has been possible to study the anatomy of a number of ptychatractine taxa and the generic composition of the subfamily, hitherto much confused AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 37, and debated, is being revised. As understood here, the subfamily is essentially a deep-water taxon, inhabiting shallower waters only in the boreal and Arctic zones, and includes five genera [Ptychatractus Stimpson, 1865, 45-900 m; Ceratoxancus Kuroda, 1952, 360-1000 m; Latiromitra Locard, 1897 (= Cyomesus Quinn, 1981), 200-1900 m; Benthovoluta Kuroda and Habe, 1950 (= Chatamidia Dell, 1956, and probably Surculina Dall, 1908), 50-1750 m; and Metzgeria Norman, 1879, 110-900 m] and 39 species (17 new). The fossil record of the subfamily is extremely scanty, but the family Graphidulidae, from the Cretaceous of Texas, may be closely related. Ptychatractinae are widely distributed in the World Ocean, with the greatest diversity in the tropics, essentially the Indo-Pacific. Some of the species of Benthovoluta and Latiromitra have very broad distributions. Their biology remains unknown, but species of Ceratoxancus may have spectacular labral teeth, the function of which is speculative. The Ptychatractinae do not appear to be closely related to the rest of the turbinellids, with which they do not share apomorphic characters. The group should probably be elevated to full family rank. A new subspecies of the schoolmaster gonate squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913): genetic and morphologic evidence [NPC] Oleg N. Katugin Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root @tinro.marine.su The gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister is considered to be a polytypic species with two subspecies: B. m. magister (Berry, 1913); and B. m. nipponensis Okutani and Kubodera, 1988. The nominal subspecies ranges in distribution over a vast area of the North Pacific, including marginal basins, such as the geographically and hydrologically semi-isolated Japan Sea. Morphologic and genetic variation of B. m. magister from the Japan Sea and northwestern Pacific were analyzed. Two sources of information unequivocally suggested, that specimens from the Japan Sea constitute a third taxon of the subspecific rank. When compared to the nominal subspecies, specimens of the new subspecies are considerably smaller, have relatively larger fins, and less pronounced size differences of club suckers. The radula of the new subspe- cies has dicuspid lateral (L(2)) teeth while specimens of B. m. magister usually have three cusps on L(2). Based on information from 26 putative genetic loci, revealed by protein electrophoresis, standard genetic distance D(N) between the new and the nominal subspecies of B. magister was 0.044. Intersubspecific distance estimate is almost forty times higher, than D(N) between geographically separated populations of B. m. magister from the north-western Pacific. D(N) values between the two subspecies suggests that the Japan Sea population was separated from the ancestral population almost 220 thousand years ago. Seven out of 12 polymorphic genetic loci showed significant differences between the two subspecies. Genetic differentiation F(ST) between taxa was 0.12, which corresponds to a negligibly small theoretical migration rate of two animals per generation. Two unusual Gonatopsis species (Gonatidae: Cephalopoda) from the bathyal waters off Sanriku, northeastern Japan [NPC] Tsunemi Kubodera Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169 Japan; kubodera @kahaku.go.jp Five specimens of unusual Gonatopsis squid were collected from the bathyal waters off Sanriku, northeastern Japan, during an investigation of cephalopod fauna. They were classified into two species, both of which are different from hitherto known Gonatopsis species. One species resembles G. borealis, but has a much more muscular, tightened and proportionally longer mantle than G. borealis. Four specimens, including a mature male and a female, of this species were collected by an oblique tow of a mid-water trawl from 1200-1300m depth and by a bottom trawI at about 1500m depth. The other species also resembles G. borealis, but is easily distinguished from the known Gonatopsis species by having a 38 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting large photogenic tissue on the ventral surface of the eyes. Only one specimen of this species was collected by a bottom trawl at about 1500m depth. Detailed systematic comparison of the present two species and the other Gonatopsis species is given. Young cephalopods collected by a mid-water trawl in the Bering Sea in summer [NPC, poster] Tsunemi Kubodera and Keiichi Mito National Science Museum, Tokyo, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169 Japan,;kubodera@kahaku, go.jp Cephalopods collected with a large mid-water trawl during August to October in 1988 and 1989 in the eastern Bering Sea were examined. Samples were provided by the U. S.-Japan joint research project on Resources of Walleye Pollack in the Bering Sea conducted by the National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries. The trawl used for the research had a mouth opening of about 43mx34m and had two otter boards. Tows sampled near 25-70 m depth at about 4.0 knots for 30 minutes within several hours after sunset. In total, 79 tows were conducted and more than 4400 young cephalopods, mostly 10-100 mm DML, were collected. A total of 15 species were identified; 12 species were from the family Gonatidae. The most abundant species was Gonatopsis borealis, followed by Berryteuthis anonychus and Gonatus middendorffi. These 3 species comprised 66% of the total catch. Annual fluctuations were recognized in the abundance, horizontal distribution and size-frequency distribution of the dominant species. Molecular phylogeny of hydrobiid gastropods [PS] Hsiu-Ping Liu, Robert Hershler, M. Mulvey and Winston Ponder Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802; liu @srel.edu Hydrobiids are the largest group of freshwater mollusks, comprising more than 400 recent and fossil genera and several thousand extant species. These snails are ideal subjects for studies of evolution and vicariance biogeography because of their diversity, antiquity, and linkage with drainage system. Despite the unique and compelling features of the group, absence of a rigorously proposed phylogenetic hypothesis has prevented use of these animals in evolutionary and biogeographic studies. Many of morphological and anatomical characters exhibit homoplasy. Thus, the resulting trees are poorly resolved. The purpose of our study was to generate a cladistically based phylogenetic hypothesis of hydrobiid gastropods using DNA sequences. We selected 50+ taxa which represent most of the currently recognized subfamilies of hydrobiids, provide a broad spectrum of areas of endemisim around the world, and include brackish- coastal and freshwaer inland snails from three continents. We sequenced portions of three genes; mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome c subunit I and nuclear 18S rRNA. The phylogenetic hypothesis inferred from DNA data was used to address the following questions: (1) are hydrobiid snails monophyletic? (2) has invasion of the freshwater environment occurred more than once during hydrobiid adaptive radiation? and (3) does the phylogenetic topology fit a biogeographic model? We also seek to determine whether the molecular phylogenies are congruent among them- selves, and with the existing morphology-based classification. The diel vertical migration of Norris’ top snail (Norrisia norrisi) on giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) Steve I. Lonhart* Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064; lonhart @biology.ucsc.edu Norris’ top snail, Norrisia norrisi, has been reported to undergo a diel vertical migration on giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, at Santa Catalina Island, climbing up the kelp at dusk and descending at dawn. The influence of irradiance and snail size on the diel behavior and vertical distribution of Norrisia on Macrocystis has not been studied previously. On Santa Catalina Island at Pumpernickel Reef, I made 1,602 observations of snail height and irradiance over a 10-mo. period. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 39 Mean height above the holdfast was always highest at night for all snail sizes. However, only snails 17 mm showed a consistent and significant negative response to irradiance, decreasingtheir height above the holdfast with increasing irradiance. Snails >17 mm were distributed throughout the kelp during the day (high irradiance). A 25% increase in the mean number of snails observed at night was due to snails 17 mm emerging from the holdfast. During the day, snails of all sizes were relatively inactive, either hiding in or on the holdfast or clinging to stipes and the base of blades. At night, snails were more active, moving onto distal portions of the blades and feeding more frequently. The diel vertical migration of snails 17 mm may be an adaptive behavior to avoid diurnal predators and diminishes as snails grow. A review and critique of the single-organ system approach: lessons from freshwater mollusks [PS] Charles Lydeard University of Alabama, Aquatic Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487; clydeard @biology.as.ua.edu The use of a single-character or single-organ system for systematic studies of molluscs has a very long history. Nearly every organ system has been studied by one investigator or another over the years. One interesting by-product of the single-organ system approach has been the tendency for some investigators to claim that the organ-system they studied provides the most accurate reflection of phylogeny. Most investigators today recognize the value of single- organ system approaches particularly for the wealth of comparative material obtained, but realize that the data need to be examined in a phylogenetic context with other characters (a holistic or total evidence approach). Freshwater molluscs have been studied using both single-organ system and holistic approaches. I compare and contrast the single-organ approach and holistic approach in case studies of unionid mussels and pleurocerid snails. The study strongly supports an integrative approach using all available data to infer accurate phylogenies. In search of Rossia pacifica diegensis [NPC] Katharina M. Mangold, Richard E. Young and Craig R. Smith 2 Blumenrain, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; kmangold @ bluewin.ch In 1912S. S. Berry presented a full description of his species Rossia pacifica and noted that some specimens from off southern California differed somewhat. To the latter he gave the subspecific name R. p. diegensis. Since this time, this subspecies has been virtually ignored. We present evidence based on the retreival of Rossia eggs from a depth of 1000 m off southern California that R. p. diegensis is a valid taxon and discuss the zoogeographical implications. Cephalopods eaten by swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, caught off western Baja California Peninsula [NPC] Unai Markaida* Departamento de Ecologia Marina, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ctra. Tijuana Ensenada km 107, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; umarcaid @cicese.mx Lower beaks of 994 cephalopods from the stomach contents of 138 swordfish, Xiphias gladius, caught off western Baja California Peninsula coast were analyzed. They belonged to 15 species of teuthoids, four octopods and one vampyromorph. Weight and mantle length of cephalopods were estimated from the beak rostral lengths. The ommastrephid squids Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis and Dosidicus gigas comprised 62 % by number and 79 % by estimated weight. Three species of Gonatidae represented 19 % by number, and Argonauta sp. was the most abundant octopod compris- ing 7.5 % by number. Ancistrocheirus lesueurii is recorded for the first time in the California Current. Discussion on the distribution of most important cephalopods is done. Swordfish showed a preference for powerful, medium to large sized squid that are probably feed at surface at night. 40 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Evolutionary origins of endemic hydrothermal vent neomphalinid gastropods: 28S rRNA investigations [DS] Andrew G. McArthur, Ben F. Koop and Verena Tunnicliffe Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Museum Support Center, MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; mcarthur@onyx.si.edu A molecular systematic investigation of gastropod phylogeny was performed to examine the antiquity of the hydrother- mal vent endemic Neomphalina (Neomphaloidea + Peltospiroidea). Twenty-three new D1 domain and thirty new D6 domain DNA sequences of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene were obtained from fresh-frozen and formalin-ethanol pre- served gastropod specimens. These were combined with previously published molluscan 28S ribosomal RNA se- quences for a total of 159 sequences. Alone, either domain exhibited poor resolution of gastropod phylogeny but together (32 genera only) monophyly of the Neritimorpha, Neomphalina (Peltospiridae + Cyathermiidae), Vetigastropoda, Patellogastropoda, Caenogastropoda (including Viviparus, Ampullaria, and Campanile), and Heterobranchia (Euthyneura plus Valvata) was supported by bootstrap values. Relationships among these groups could not be re- solved, possibly due to rapid early-Paleozoic radiations. Elevated evolutionary rates in the Patellogastropoda con- formed to previous studies and confounded analyses. Exclusion of overly-distant taxa yielded bootstrap support of the sister relationship between Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia. The hydrothermal vent Neomphalina exhibited divergence values and phylogenetic novelty equivalent to the other early Paleozoic radiations, supporting its consid- eration as a vent refugial phylogenetic relic. Sequences of 28S ribosomal RNA are best used to examine within-order gastropod relationships due to saturation of substitutions at higher levels and among-order evolutionary rate variation. Taxonomic status of deep-sea gastropods of the northeastern Pacific [DS] James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90007; jmclean@usc.edu Deep-sea gastropods of the northeastern Pacific have been poorly sampled compared to Japan and the northeastern Atlantic. Few new taxa from the northeastern Pacific have been described in the last six decades except for those associated with hydrothermal vents and seeps. Based on my compilation of taxa for inclusion in an illustrated manual on the northeastern Pacific gastropods ranging from the Bering Sea to central Baja California, I have assembled a list of 140 species of shelled gastropods with depth records of 800 m and deeper. Of these, 45 species are undescribed and intended for description in the book, if not described in advance of the book. Taxonomic composition is similar to that known from the lower continental slope and abyssal plains worldwide, with 36 families represented, of which there are 16 archaeogastropod, 10 mesogastropod, 8 neogastropod and 2 opisthobranch families. Highest species diversity is known for the families Buccinidae (28), Turridae (18) and the turriform Conidae (13). There are four main sources of material: (1) Material from the R/V Albatross surveys, of which 55 species were described by Dall between 1889 and 1919. (2) Material from Andrew Carey’s University of Oregon surveys in the 1970s, containing many new species from the lower slope and the Cascadia and Tufts abyssal plains off Oregon. (3) Material from Scripps cruises to the deep slope of the San Diego Trough and other southern California basins, containing a number of new species. (4) Recently described limpets, other archaeogastropods and provannids from hydrothermal vents of the Juan de Fuca and Gorda ridges. On the vertical distribution of morpho-functional types of Conoidea [DS] Alexandra I. Medinskaya A.N.Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninski Prosp., Moscow 117071, Russia; sanya@invert.sevin.msk.ru The superfamily Conoidea is one of most characteristic components of deep-sea gastropod fauna. Its evolution was strongly associated with alterations in the foregut anatomy and specialization of feeding mechanisms. The following analysis has been based on numerous published data on the anatomy and radulae, as well as the original AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting data. Six main types of morpho-functional organization and respective feeding mechanisms are presently known for the Conoidea (Taylor et al., 1993, Kantor and Sysoev, 1996). They are primarily determined by the function of the radula and the presence of a venom gland. The most typical situation is the use of individual teeth of the membrane-less radula at the proboscis tip for envenomation of prey. The evolution of feeding mechanisms leads finally to a complete reduction and loss of the radula. The most primitive feeding mechanisms, in which the radula functions only as a whole, is found only in shallow-water species (Pseudomelatominae and some Clavatulinae). The use of marginal teeth at the proboscis tip, at the presence of radular membrane, is characteristic of shelf, many bathyal, and a few abyssal species (Driliinae, Cochlesspirinae, Crassispirinae, Turrinae, some Terebridae). The majority of abyssal species belong to the feeding type, in which the radula does not function as a whole, and individual hollow teeth are used at the proboscis tip (Turridae, Terebriedae, all Conidae). Two feeding mechanisms include species without a venom gland: some shallow-water species do not use teeth at the proboscis tip and possess a well-developed radular membrane (Strictispirinae), and some are highly specialized radula-less forms, mostly inhabiting deep waters (Daphnellinae, Taraninae, some Terebridae). One more type of foregut organization also included radula-less deep-sea species with a venom gland (some Conidae). All morpho-functional types are recorded in the shelf faunas, though the most specialized radula-less forms are rare. The bathyal fauna is charac- terized by almost complete spectrum of feeding mechanisms, except for most primitive ones. It includes many primitive forms with radular membrane. Basically, the abyssal is inhabited by representatives of four feeding mechanisms, but vast majority of species belong to advanced groups (membrane-less forms with hollow teeth, or the radula is absent). The share of advanced species increases with the depth increase. The tendency to reduction of radula, up to the complete loss, is also characteristic of abyssal species. Thus, the deep waters were colonized by evolutionarily young taxa with advanced feeding mechanisms, and only the most specialized species are able to live at greatest depths of the ocean. Coding what we can’t see: the negative gain and parallelism of shell loss in cladistics [PS] Paula M. Mikkelsen Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192; mikkel @amnh.org The use of traditional characters in phylogenetic analysis helps us directly contrast taxonomic value in a conven- tional classification with that suggested by a cladogram. While most cladistic characters are structurally complex, highly derived groups such as opisthobranchs offer numerous cases of character loss — in shell, operculum, streptoneury, etc. — some as presumed synapomorphies for higher-level taxa. These can be complete (absence) or partial (reduction), and have been called “negative gains.” To describe and code such characters, we are forced to assess morphology which is no longer present. How we do so determines the shape of the tree, and thus the relationships it infers. These points are illustrated by a real dataset of 37 sacoglossan opisthobranchs (shelled and unshelled) coded for 52 characters. By manipulating only two shell characters through different a priori assump- tions and coding options (binary, multistate, ordered, unordered), substantial changes in the final cladogram(s) ensue. If the cladogram is translated into a hierarchical classification, these choices mean the difference between two or eight equal-rank clades, and confirmation or rejection of traditional taxa. Modern phylogenetic methods are improving our basis for molluscan systematics and our understanding of evolutionary processes. Including negative gain characters, even if initially presumed homoplastic, can document the extent of parallelism or pre- sumed trends. Still, subjective decisions play a strong role and have profound effects. Garbage in, garbage out. 42 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Early development of Crucibulum auricula and Crepidula convexa (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Calyptraeidae) from the Venezuelan Caribbean Patricia Miloslavich and Pablo Penchaszadeh Departamento de Estudios Ambientales and INTECMAR, Universidad Sim6n Bolivar, P. O. Box 89.000, Caracas 10809, Venezuela; pmilos @usb.ve A population of Crucibulum auricula was found in Chacopata, living attached to rocky substrates at about 1 m depth. Each female broods between 4 and 20 egg capsules in the mantle cavity, and these are attached to the substate by a short stalk. The capsules contain between 55 and 305 eggs measuring around 200 mm. Between 3 and 15 embryos develop and ingest the nurse eggs, and later cannibalism among siblings was observed. Only 1 to 11 hatch as crawling juveniles measuring between 600 and 840 mm. The population of Crepidula convexa was found in Morrocoy, living attached to live Modulus modulus gastropods at about 10 to 50 cm depth. Each female broods between 5 and 15 egg capsules also attached to the substrate by a stalk. The egg capsules contain between | and 6 eggs measuring around 350 mm. All eggs develop and hatch as non- swimming pediveligers measuring between 550 and 1170 mm. No adelophophagy or cannibalism were observed. Leaf litter land gastropods from a tropical rain forest, southern Veracruz, Mexico Edna Naranjo-Garcia Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, A. P. 70-153, México D.F. 04510, Mexico; naranjo @ servidor.unam.mx Studies on leaf litter land mollusks from a tropical rain forest are presented. Samples were collected monthly from April 1990 to June 1991 from two contrasting types of ground leaf litter: one where Ficus yoponensis was present and had a rapid rate of decay, and other where Nectandra ambigens had a slow rate. These sites were situated in a secondary forest with Ficus only and in a tropical rain forest with both Ficus and Nectandra. Live snails were uncommon (27 alive/ 15 months). Additional samples were taken from canopy leaf letter from October 1991 to April 1992 to determine which species, if any, lived there. Accumulated leaf litter was sampled from the tops of all shrubs and small trees between 50 cm to about 2 m in height in 5 m? area. Forty species of 17 families were recovered from ground leaf litter; nine species were found only in the canopy; 14 in both. Shells were more common in secondary forest (Ficus), perhaps because of a denser understory. In the topical rain forest, shells were especially common for a short period of time under Ficus; while under Nectandra shell numbers were lower, but found over a longer period during the 15 months. Live snails seem to prefer canopy leaf littler (47 alive/6 months) rather than ground leaf litter; high annual rainfall (ca. 5,000 mm) is a possible explanation. Shell paedomorphosis in Prunum (Neogastropoda: Marginellidae): a multilineage microstructural analysis Ross H. Nehm and Claus Hedegaard Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140; rossn @violet.berkeley.edu Living and fossil gastropods have figured prominently in research on the evolution of development through phylogeny (e.g., heterochrony). Here we examine: (1) spatial, temporal, and microstructural patterns of shell deposition through ontogeny; (2) changes in these depositional patterns through phylogeny; and (3) the relationship between microstruc- ture depositional patterns and the assembly and evolution of shell features in three clades of paedomorphic Prunum (Neogastropoda: Marginellidae) from the western Atlantic. Ontogenetic patterns of microstructure deposition are mapped on phylogenies for each Prunum clade to determine if paedomorphic shells exhibit global or dissociated heterochrony and if paedomorphic shells in different clades are a product of similar microstructure deposition patterns. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 43 Our microstructural analyses focus on shell layering, the external varix, the inner lip, dorsal lip callus, the anterior aperture margin callus, and the posterior aperture margin callus. Ontogenetic studies of these shell characters in all three clades indicate that paedomorphic shells are formed by similar microstructure deposition patterns. However, paedomor- phic shell characters do not evolve in concert: the direction and magnitude of character evolution is different among characters. In addition, the evolution of paedomorphs is not due to a simple truncation of ancestral adult ontogeny: the loss or reduction of shell features and microstructural layers in paedomorphs is not the reverse order of character appearances in the outgroup. Molecular phylogeny of marginelliform gastropods: a progress report [poster] Ross H. Nehm and Chinh N. Tran Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720- 3140; rossn@violet.berkeley.edu Maximum-parsimony phylogenetic analyses of marginelliform gastropods (Neogastropoda: Families Marginellidae and Cystiscidae) using multiple character sets (shell, radula, and soft-part morphology) have produced robust estimates of the relationships of marginelliforms to other neogastropod families (Olividae, Volutidae, Volutomitridae) and the interre- lationships among marginellid tribes (Nehm, 1996). However, resolution of within-tribe phylogeny is currently poor, and the results of morphological analyses have yet to be corroborated with molecular data. DNA sequences from 16S RNA are used to: (1) test the Coovert hypothesis of marginellid polyphyly (that cystiscids are most closely related to olives rather than marginellids); (2) determine the phylogenetic position of Hyalina within the Marginellidae, thus establishing if radular loss was a single or multiple event; and (3) test the monophyly of Prunum and Volvarina. Fifteen species from nine marginelliform genera (Prunum, Dentimargo, Marginella, Hyalina, Volvarina, Rivomarginella, Bullata, Persicula, and Gibberula) and one outgroup (Olivella) are available for molecular analyses. Successful DNA extraction has been completed for Prunum, Dentimargo, Persicula, Gibberula, and Olivella, and is currently in progress for the remaining taxa. PCR and DNA sequencing have been completed for Dentimargo, and are in progress for the other genera. Finned octopuses (Cirrata) in the seas of Russia [DS, poster] Kir N. Nesis PP. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117218 Moscow, Russia; npar @fish.comcp.msk.su Finned octopuses, long considered rare exotic animals, have, in the last few decades, been found to be common and usual inhabitants of the near-bottom layer on continental slopes and abyssal plains throughout the World Ocean. Three species, representing a peculiar reproductive strategy and belonging to two different life forms, are recorded in the Russian seas. Cirroteuthis muelleri Eschricht (fam. Cirroteuthidae) belongs to the campanula-like forms and inhabits the northern seas, Opisthoteuthis californiana Berry and O. “albatrossi” (Sasaki) (fam. Opisthoteuthidae) belong to the flapjack-like forms and inhabit the Far Eastern seas. All three feed on small epibenthic and suprabenthic animals, mostly crustaceans, have large (length 10-11 mm) eggs, produced continuously during the whole adult life and laid individually on the bottom. The individual period of maturity is extended, and feeding and growth continue during spawning. Fecundity is rather low (according to Ch. M. Nigmatullin and V. V. Laptikhovsky, some 1-4 thousand), development direct, juveniles are less connected with bottom than adults. Cirroteuthis muelleri may reach 35 cm in total length and is distributed through the whole Arctic Basin, Scandic Basin and Baffin Sea. It is benthopelagic, recorded in near-bottom layer at approx. 500-3,800 m, but was repeatedly caught in midwater and once even at the surface. It is a common and characteristic animal of the lower slope under the Atlantic Water Mass and on the abyssal plains. 44 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Opisthoteuthis are predominantly benthic animals, occurring mainly on the upper slope and very common locally. Opisthoteuthis californiana is widely distributed from the northern Bering Sea to off eastern Honshu and Califor- nia at depths ranging from 125 to approximately 1100 m. In the Okhotsk Sea it is common at 400-900 m, in the Western Bering Sea at 300-650 m. Maximal arm ring diameter in males is 72 cm, in females 64 cm. O. “albatrossi’” is a larger (females to 80 cm) and deeper water species (780-3400 m), known from the Aleutian Islands to eastern Honshu, including the Okhotsk Sea. Males of both species of Opisthoteuthis are larger than females. The sex ratio is equal or females predominate. Gonatid squids in the subarctic North Pacific: ecology, biogeography, niche diversity, and role in the ecosystem [NPC] Kir N. Nesis P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117218 Moscow, Russia; npar@fish.comcp.msk.su All available ecological and biogeographical data are gathered on the northern North Pacific gonatid squids: Berryteuthis (2 species), Gonatopsis (3) and Gonatus (7). The species are compared according to their size, horizontal and vertical distribution, spawning habitats, diurnal vertical migrations, and gelatinous degeneration associated with maturation. “Ecological individuality” of each species is evaluated. Each species occupies its own ecological niche but these niches overlap to varying degrees. The history of niche divergence in North Pacific gonatids during Neogene-Pleistocene is characterized. Common features are described of horizontal and vertical distribution of relative abundance and biomass of North Pacific gonatids. Their roles in the ecosystem are ana- lyzed as predators, prey, competitors, and hosts of parasites. In addition, the biomass, production, and food consumption of gonatids are evaluated. Total biomass of gonatids in the subarctic North Pacific and Russia’s Far Eastern seas is roughly estimated in 15- 20 mln tons, their yearly production in 50-80 mln tons (some 10-15% of the world total production of mesopelagic cephalopods) and yearly food consumption in 100-200 min tons. The life cycle of gonatids is much shorter and their P/B-coefficient much higher than in subarctic mesopelagic fishes. Squid biomass in the Okhotsk Sea is less than 10% that of fish but their production is assessed in 58-67% of total fish production. This emphasizes the very important role of gonatid squids in subarctic oceanic ecosystems. Deep-water octopods (Opisthoteuthidae, Bathypolypodinae, Graneledoninae) from the Okhotsk and western Bering seas [NPC] Kir N. Nesis and Chingis M. Nigmatullin P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117218 Moscow, Russia; npar @fish.comcp.msk.su Based on data collected in the Okhotsk Sea (OS), in 1984, at depths of 55-2000 m, eight deep-water benthic octopuses inhabit this region, namely: Opisthoteuthis californiana (400-900 m); O. “albatrossi’’(780-1500 m); Benthoctopus sp. 1 (145-800, ?850 m); Benthoctopus sp. 2 (280-1375, 22000 m); Benthoctopus sp. 3 (750-1375, 22000 m); Benthoctopus sp. 4 (n. sp., 1800-1840 m); Bathypolypus salebrosus (300-750 m); and Graneledone boreopacifica (1040-2000 m). Opisthoteuthis californiana, B. salebrosus, G. boreopacifica and at least 3 Benthoctopus spp. were present off NE Japan and oceanward from Kurile Islands; three more species of Benthoctopus are known off NE Japan. In the western Bering Sea (WBS), in 1993-1995, at depths of 100-750 m, three species were recorded: O. californiana (328-578 m), B. salebrosus (350-578 m), Benthoctopus n. sp. aff. abruptus (260-750 m). All species have large eggs, 10-11 mm in Opisthoteuthis spp., 16-20 mm in B. salebrosus, 22-27 mm in B. aff. abruptus, 20-28 to 35-37 mm in Benthoctopus spp. Fecundity in Bathypolypodinae is some dozen of eggs. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 45 Benthoctopus aff. abruptus is known to occur off NE Japan but not in the OS and none of the four OS Benthoctopus are found in the WBS. Morphologically and biogeographically B. aff. abruptus is an intermediate link between rather deep- and warm-water B. abruptus (southern and eastern Japan, 300-1000 m) and B. sibiricus from the eastern Arctic, the most cold- and shallow-water (38-220 m) species of Benthoctopus. The migration of Benthoctopus spp. into the High Arctic is thought to have proceeded in two ways: (1) from the North Atlantic in the post-glacial time (B. piscatorum), and (2) from the North Pacific through the Bering Strait probably in mid-Pliocene (B. aff. abruptus - B. sibiricus). Egg Size, Fecundity, Vitelline Oocyte Resorption, and Spawning in the Gonatid Squid, Berryteuthis magister (Gonatidae) Chingis Nigmatullin Atlantic Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (AtlantNIRO), Dm. Donskoy Street, 5, Kaliningrad, 236000 Russia; scomber@sovam.com This is the first study of reproduction in a species of “large egg” squid. The reproductive systems of a total of 165 females (160-345 mm ML) were investigated. Specimens examined in this study were collected in the western part of Bering Sea during 1994-1996. All stages of maturity were represented. Fresh ripe eggs ranged in size from 3.5- 4.1 x 3.4-3.7 mm. During the process of spawning the size of the eggs decreased significantly. Potential fecundity (PF) in pre-spawning females varied between 30,000-115,000 and increased as ML’s increased: PF = exp (2.629+ 0.00432 ML). Relative fecundity ranged between 50-102 oocyte g —1 (average 75). Large-scale resorption of vitelline oocytes began in pre-spawning females and intensified during the course of spawning. The spawning type is defined as intermittent and descending with a gradual decrease in the number of eggs per egg mass coupled with a gradual degeneration of liver and mantle tissue. The reproductive balance (evolution PF in ontogeny) is as follows: values for average actual (realized) fecundity were 42% PF and for residual fecundity they were 58% PF. The residual stock of oocytes, on average, consisted of 10% PF protoplasmatic, 2.5% PF normal vitelline, and 45.5% vitelline resorpted oocytes. The process of vitellogenesis during ontogenesis involved an average of 90% PF (=VF). From this figure 46% VF is realized, 51% VF is involved in the process of resorption, and 3% VF remained as residual normal oocytes. The energy of resorpted vitelline oocytes probably is one of the main sources for metabolism in non-feeding, spawning females. Fecundity of the Ommastrephid Squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the Eastern Pacific [NPC] Chingis Nigmatullin, Vladimir Laptikhovsky & Nikolay Mokrin Atlantic Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (AtlantNIRO), Dm. Donskoy Street, 5, Kaliningrad, 236000 Russia; scomber @sovam.com The female reproductive systems of a total of 76 Dosidicus gigas, collected in 1980-1989 from off southern Peru to Nicaragua (150-720 mm ML), were investigated. The average diameter of ripe eggs was 0.78-1.07 mm and the egg weight was 0.22-0.47 mg. These features are significantly higher (t = 8.129 and t = 6.321) in female squid caught off Nicaragua compared to squid caught off Peru. Potential fecundity (PF = total oocyte stock in pre-spawning females) varied between 300,000 and 13,000,000 and increased in direct proportion to increases in mantle length (ML) and body weight (BW): PF = exp (5.110 + 0.00589 ML) r=0.89 and PF = exp (6.775 + 0.000215 BW) r=0.82. Relative fecundity of mature females (588-3768 oocyte/g; mean 1632) did not differ in different parts of the species’ range (Peruvian waters, equatorial zone, and Nicaragua region). Intra-specific variations in PF was extremely high even among animals of the same size and in the same physiological condition. Thus in maturing females (380-395 mm ML) the PF varied from 2.5 to 6.0 million oocytes. Variations presumably are caused by different individual growth rates during the foraging period, when PF levels are already established. The Index of Potential Reproduc- 46 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting tive Investment is 0.19-1.32 (0.56). Mature females accumulate from 10,000 (ML 150 mm) to 1,000,000 (ML>500 mm) oocytes in the oviducts. During a single spawning event each female spawns more than 30% of the initial oocyte stock. Spawning is intermittent as is typical in other ommastrephids. Rendezvous in the dark: coevolution between sepiolids and their luminous bacterial symbionts Michele K. Nishiguchi, E. G. Ruby and Margaret J. McFall-Ngai University of Hawaii, Pacific Biomedical Research Center, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 968 13; mknish@hawaii.edu It has long been noted that the partners of an animal-bacterial symbiosis express phenotypic traits that reflect adaptation to their relationship. We have studied the coevolutionary patterns of the independently culturable partners in the sepiolid squid-luminous bacteria symbioses. Molecular phylogenies for the host squid were derived from sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I; the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase gene was used for phylogenetic determinations of the bacterial symbionts. A combined tree for all three loci indicated a parallel phylogeny between the sepiolids and their respective symbionts. These phyloge- netic analyses were coupled with experiments examining the ability of the different symbiont strains to compete and colonize a particular sepiolid host. Our results indicated an enhanced specificity for native strains of symbionts over non-native strains, and provided a hierarchy of symbiont competency that completely complemented the phylogenetic relationships. This combination of molecular systematics and symbiont colonization provides both molecular and biological evidence for mechanisms of coevolution among animal-bacterial associations, and specifically the evolution- ary events that may provide insights for the origin and divergence of this group of sepiolids. Phylogenetic relationships of flabellinid nudibranchs based on mitrochondrial DNA sequences [poster] Katharina Noack* State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11790-5245; kat @life.bio.sunysb.edu Opisthobranch mollusks in general show a high incidence of convergent evolution in anatomical structures that are used in their classificaiton. This might have serious implications for establishing phylogenetic relationships based on morphology within these groups as homoplasy would hinder the recovery of correct phylogenies. The large and morphologically diverse nudibranch family Flabellinidae has recently recieved much attention, and phylogenetic relationships within this family based on morphological characters have been published (Gosliner and Kuzirian, 1990; Gosliner and Willan, 1991). Both studies, however, show large amounts of homoplasy in their datasets. To investigate the extent of convergent evolution of anatomical structures within this family, I have established a preliminary phylogeny of flabellinid nudibranchs based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes 16S and cytochrome oxidase I. This molecular phylogeny provides an independent phylogenetic framework for this family on which the evolution of anatomical structures and be traced. Invertebrate megafauna, community structure and molluscan associates at three deep-sea sites off central California [DS] James Nybakken, Guillermo Moreno, Lisa Smith Beasley, Anne Summers and Lisa Weetman Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, P. O. Box 450, Moss Landing, California 95039; nybakken@mlml.calstate.edu Invertebrate megafaunal community structure at three sites at the base of the continental slope at 3,000 m was investi- gated by beam trawls and camera sleds. The sedimentary environment was dominated by holothurians, ophiurans, pennatulids and one species of sea star and one species of corallomorpharian. There was considerable variation in rank AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 47 order of abundance of the dominant invertebrates among the sites and between years at one of the sites. Comparisons between camera sleds and trawls indicated no differences in rank order of abundance, but the densities estimated from the camera sleds were about four times those of the trawls. The molluscan fauna was sparse in relation to the other invertebrates, only 15 species were found, and the two most abundant species were the large scaphopod, Fissidentalium megathyris, and the turrid, Steiraxis aulaca. Molecular phylogenetic relationships of brooding oysters Diarmaid O Foighil, Derek Taylor & Christopher Jozefowicz Museum of Zoology & Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079; diarmaid @umich.edu Molluscan systematists have traditionally regarded the Ostreacea as a notoriously difficult taxon, due in large part to their xenomorphic growth patterns. In some cases, systematic relationships have been further obscured by undocu- mented anthropogenic transfers. Molecular characterization of oyster taxa, however, promises to significantly increase our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among these intriguing organisms. We are focusing on the brooding oysters: the Lophinae and the Ostreinae. Their phylogenetic relationships to other members of the Ostreacea are being delineated using 28S nuclear ribosomal gene sequences. A fragment of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal gene is being used to investigate relationships among the brooders. Preliminary results indicate that: (1) parental care may have been secondarily lost in ancestral lineages of cupped oysters; (2) the Lophinae and the Ostreinae may both be paraphyletic; (3) Harry’s (1985) interpretation of systematic relationships among Southern Hemisphere Ostreinae is not supported; (4) the “non-ostreid” larval development of Tiostrea chilensis is secondarily derived. Molecular systematics of Aplacophora based on EF 1a nuclear gene sequences [DS, poster] Akiko Okusu Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biiology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; aokusu @ oeb. harvard.edu Aplacophora are shell-less, vermiform, deep-sea mollusks in which the external cuticle is covered by numerous arago- nite spicules. Little is known about aplacophoran phylogeny, and its analysis has been based mostly on morphological characters. The only published molecular data, which utilized 18S rRNA sequences, did not resolve the phylogeny of the Aplacophora. The phylogenetic questions are whether the two aplacophoran taxa, Neomeniomorpha and Chaetodermomorpha, are monophyletic and whether they are basal to all extant mollusks. To resolve conflicting hypoth- eses, the highly conserved nuclear coding gene elongation factor-1 alpha (EF la) was analyzed for Epimenia australis and Chaetoderma canadense. The analysis of a 1200 bp fragment of the EF1a gene from the two aplacophoran species and from species representing Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, and Cephalopoda represents the first aplacophoran phylogeny based on EF 1a molecular data. (Supported in part by NSF DEB-PEET 95-21930) Land snail ecology on northern Kuril Islands, Far Eastern Russia: habitat versus isolation Timothy A. Pearce Delaware Museum of Natural History, Box 3937, Wilmington, Delaware 19807; tpearce @wittnet.com Boreal islands in the northern Kuril Island Archipelago in Far Eastern Russia have relatively few vegetation assem- blages, and represent an excellent situation in which to examine the influences of habitat and isolation on the composi- tion of terrestrial gastropod assemblages. In 1996, I collected 6,250 gastropods of 13 species from 61 leaf litter samples taken from meadow, alder (Alnus maximawiczii), and pine (Pinus pumila) habitats on eight of the northern Kuril Islands. In contrast to temperate North American gastropod faunas, meadow samples averaged more species than alder forest samples, although abundances were slightly lower in meadows. Pine forests had very few species and extremely low 48 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting abundances of individuals. Consistent with island biogeography theory, larger islands tended to have a greater total number of species, however, gastropod abundances tended to be lower on larger islands. Five species occurred on all or all but one island suggesting that isolation does not limit their distribution, but five other species occurred on four or fewer of the islands, consistent with the hypothesis that isolation influences the distribution of some species. All or all but one of the 13 species occurred in the meadow and alder habitats, respectively, but only four species occurred in pine forest litter, indicating that habitats are not equally suitable. Thus, both habitat and isolation appear to influence gastropod species assemblages on the northern Kuril Islands. The spawn in the genus Adelomelon (Prosobranchia: Volutidae) from the Atlantic coast of South America Pablo E. Penchaszadeh, P. M. S. Costa, M. Lasta and Patricia Miloslavich Departamento de Estudios Ambientales and INTECMAR, Universidad Sim6n Bolivar, P.O. Box 89.000, Caracas 10809, Venezuela; ppenchas @usb.ve Since the early descriptions of egg capsules of South American volutes in the past century, very few additions have been made, many of them unfortunately proved to be wrong. We describe here the egg capsule of the largest South American volute, Adelomelon becki (Broderip, 1836), and redescribe the often confused spawn of A. ancilla (Lightfoot, 1786). The spawn of A. becki is a single, conspicuous, large, globose and hemispheric egg capsule attached to pectinid shells, measuring 50 mm in basal diameter and 35 mm in height. The base is round and has a narrow (3 mm) margin. The number of embryos ranges from 7 to 10. The size at hatching was 16.0 to 18.6 mm in shell length. The internal volume of the egg capsule was 30 to 35 ml. No nurse eggs were observed. All the studied material was at a pre-hatching crawling stage. The egg capsule of A. ancilla is oval and flat, with a diameter ranging from 37 to 45 mm, never covered by a calcareous layer. They are generally attached to pectinid shells. The number of eggs per capsule is 5-8, and so is the number of developing embryos; no nurse eggs are present. The eggs are 150 microns in diameter and are surrounded by a very dense liquid. The internal volume of the egg capsule ranged from 2.5 to 4.0 ml. Hatching takes place as crawling juveniles, the shell measuring between 11.7 and 12.7 mm. We discuss the affinities within the volutids, including Adelomelon brasiliana free egg capsules Dynamics of adult and juvenile bivalve dispersal: a shifting paradigm Robert S. Prezant, Harold B. Rollins and Ronald B. Toll Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705-1090; rprezant @ grove.iup.edu There has been a growing literature base that has attempted to, at least in part, refocus our attention on recruitment and dispersal mechanisms, away from planktonic and larval propagules, towards small and juvenile forms. In bivalve molluscs, it is now well known that short to medium range dispersal in juvenile (post-larval) tellinids, mytilids, venerids, solenids, myids, and arcids is possible via byssal or stochastic drift. We believe we must add to this list dispersal of some adult bivalves as well. Evidence of dispersal in some adult venerid, mactrid, and corbiculid bivalves is substantial. Brooding Corbicula fluminea can disperse as adults using mucoid drogue lines. Large, sexually mature Mercenaria mercenaria can be entrained from sandy sediments and are thus capable of passively migrating to new sites. The relative importance of adult bivalve dispersal in founding new demes or patch dynamics is unknown. We suggest that repetitive findings of small populations of adult bivalves in sites where larval recruitment is not evident could represent viable founding populations that have their origins in adult phases. Discrepancies in fisheries surveys as well as anomalies in predicted trends of population heterozygosities, could reflect dispersal by adult bivalves. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 49 Diet and temperature on growth and biogeographic distribution of the herbivorous kelp snail Norrisia norrisi Michelle Priest* P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, California 92834-6850; michelle@ux.com Norrisia norrisi (Family Trochidae), a hervbivorous snail that commonly lives and feeds on kelps, is largely confined to the warmer waters of the Southern California Bight from Point Conception to Isla Asuncion, Baja California, Mexico. Previous experimental research has shown that N. norrisi prefers kelps over all other algal foods. Here, we test the hypothesis that NV. norrisi not only shows strong preferences for kelps but also grows best on its preferred seaweed food. In addition, we test the hypotheses that colder seawater temperatures result in reduced consumption and assimi- lation of algal foods and reduced growth (shell and body mass). To test these hypotheses, individual snails were held in feeding arenas in the laboratory and fed algal diets ad-libitum for a minimum of 6 weeks. Diets consisted of fresh thalli of either the green alga Ulva lobata or the kelp Eisenia arborea which were provided every four days. Snail shell size and biomass were measured bimonthly to determine growth. Additionally, the amount of seaweed food consumed and the quantity of fecal matter produced were determined for both algal diets. Our results suggest that when fed a unialgal diet, N. norrisi grows best on kelp and that its feeding biology is strongly influenced by seawater temperature (Spon- sored by CSU Fullerton Biology Department and CSU Fullerton DAC) Age determination of the gonatid squid Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913) based on morphometric characters [NPC, poster] Petr P. Railko Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, 690600, Russia; root @tinro.marine.su There are 2, 3 or 4 different age groups present in harvested populations of Berryteuthis magister. Size distributions of these groups overlap considerably, which makes it difficult to determine precisely the modal size classes. We worked out a method of discrimination between groups of the squid based on cluster analyses of morphometric traits. We obtained data on number, maturity, and size-weight character of each age group. Modal size classes of these groups were time approximated on the multiplicative model (Y = aXb). Theoretical growth curves for B. magister from the western Bering Sea and from the Kurile region also were obtained. These curves were based on data for each sex for a several-year period. A preliminary assessment of the generic relationships of the Lampsilini (Bivalvia: Unionidae) based on a portion of the 16S rRNA gene Kevin J. Roe Aquatic Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 34587-0344; kroe @biology.as.ua.edu The Lampsilini contains approximately 1/3 of all North American unionid taxa. Members of this tribe display an astonish- ing variety of conchological and reproductive adaptations not found in other freshwater bivalves in North America. A phylogenetic analysis of Lampsilini relationships constructed upon a preliminary molecular data set of mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences provides an opportunity to test the monophyly of the Lampsilini as well as explore relationships among the genera in that tribe. In addition, the classification allows examination of the evolution of reproductive structures found in the various informally recognized groups within the Lampsilini. The data set generated will also provide the basis for future research aimed at generating much needed classifications within the various generic groups, and research into the evolution of reproductive strategies in the Lampsilini. 50 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Reproducibility and explicit hypotheses in molluscan phylogeny [PS] Gary Rosenberg Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1195; rosenberg @ say.acnatsci.org One of the advantages of phylogenetic systematics over traditional methods of expressing relationships among taxa is that methods and data used to reach conclusions can be explicitly stated, allowing other workers to verify the results and test the effects of various methodological assumptions. Some workers however, continue to proceed in a narrative mode, loosely guided by phylogenetic principles. They present neither explicit methods nor explicit data. Others present data matrices, but their stated methods do not reproduce their results. In some cases it is possible to reconstruct the methodological errors that lead to the erroneous results. Malacologists have generally shied away from debates about phylogenetic methods, but such debates can have salutory effects for the field if conducted in a colleagial fashion. In the hopes of stimulating debate, I draw examples from phylogenies recently published by Taylor, Kantor & Sysoev (1993), Bandel & Reidel (1994), and Coovert & Coovert (1995). Highest known land snail diversity: 66 species from one site in Jamaica [poster] Gary Rosenberg and Igor V. Muratov Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1195; rosenberg @ say.acnatsci.org Four person hours of collecting at a small (circa 4 hectare) karstic, partially disturbed site near Auchtembeddie, Jamaica in September 1996 yielded 57 species of land snails and 2 species of slugs. A subsequent visit in February 1997 yielded 50 snail species in six person hours, including 7 species not collected earlier. Of the total, 21 species were found alive, 9 fresh dead, and 30 with sufficient gloss, color or periostracum remaining to indicate that they probably still exist at the site. Six species were represented only by long dead shells. Of 21 species collected alive, 20 are Jamaican endemics Jamaica. At least 43 genera are represented. Family distribution is as follows: Helicinidae, 13 species; Poteriidae, 2; Annulariidae, 3; Truncatellidae, 2; Succineidae, 1; Pupillidae, 1; Valloniidae, 1; Euconulidae, 1; Subulinidae, 2; Oleacinidae, 9; Orthalicidae, 1; Bulimulidae, 2; Urocoptidae, 6; Systrophiidae, 1; Sagdidae, 13; Camaenidae, 5; Helminthoglyptidae, 1; Veronicellidae, 2. Highest diversities previously reported are 60 species at Waipipi Reserve, New Zealand (56 native snails, 1 native slug and 3 introduced snails) and 52 native snails at Manombo, Madagascar. Of the 66 Jamaican species, 58 are native, including two slugs, 4 are introduced, and 4, all micromollusks, are of uncertain status. The sites in New Zealand and Madagascar have been searched more intensively than the Jamaican site, where no arboreal, leaf litter, or soil sampling has been done. Only 11 (17%) of the Jamaican species sampled reach maturity at under 5 mm. Thus, further work at the site should push known diversity considerably higher than 66 species. Popular delusions, phantom taxa, and the weirdness of ranks [PS] Barry Roth Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; barryr@ucmp]1.berkeley.edu Biological classifications shape the way we think about the organisms of interest to us. Aspects of traditional (“canonical”) systematics are examined for some less-than-salutary effects on scientific thinking. Rank-free clas- sification, incorporating phylogeny-based taxonomy, while not free of problems of its own, can help us avoid some of the pitfalls of canonical classification. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting SI Early Paleozoic stem group chitons from Utah and Missouri: no Problematica! Bruce Runnegar and Michael J. Vendrasco Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567; runnegar@ucla.edu Conical sclerites from the North American Cambnian were placed in an extinct molluscan class, Mattheva, by Yochelson (1966). In 1979, Runnegar and others suggested that Matthevia Walcott is the oldest known chiton and a close relative of Early Paleozoic chiton genera such as Chelodes Davidson and King and Hemithecella Ulrich and Bridge. However, a counter proposal by Stinchcomb & Darrough (1995) moved Matthevia and Hemithecella back to the “molluscan Problematica.” Large numbers of silicified fossils from latest Cambrian (Sunwaptan) strata in Utah show that Matthevia had at least two types of sclerites (valves) that are repeatably found in ratios of 4 or 5:1. These ratios are not those expected from undisturbed chiton graveyards (6:1) but they do falsify the notion that Matthevia had only two valves (Yochelson) or as many as 15 (Stinchomb & Darrough). As one of the median faces of the more numerous kind of valve is distinctively concave, apparently to receive the leading face of an adjacent valve, this new species of Matthevia helps bridge the morphological gap between M. variabilis and Hemithecella. Their relationship to unequivocal stem group chitons is now supported by additional characters and partially articulated specimens. With regard to the broader picture, it is likely that all Paleozoic chitons are stem group polyplacophorans and that early disparity was reduced by a series of mass extinction events. Dreissena polymorpha: macrocosm, microcosm and the organism interface Louise Russert-Kraemer Department of Biological Sciences, SE 601, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 Emst Mayer reminded biologists years ago that there is never a time in the life of a sexually reproduced organism when it does not have both a genome and an environment, and that it is the dynamic relation between the two that eludes understanding, and yet that demands it. The anxious call went out in 1989 as one of the first symposia was being organized to confront the sudden and massive appearance of Dreissena polymorpha in the Great Lakes: “‘Let’s not reinvent the wheel!’ The accompanying plea to participants was an exhortation to use what we knew, in order to proceed in amore more delibrate and creative way than in the past, with other introduced organisms. In this paper, I carefully review what has been done, what has been found, where research seems to be going, and where research ought to be going on D. polymorpha. My particular concern will be for the organism, and for Mayr’s prophetic injunction. Intertidal ecology of Octopus dofleini [NPC] David Scheel, Tania L. S. Vincent and Rebecca Dodge Prince William Sound Science Center, P.O. Box 705, Cordova, Alaska 99574; dls @ grizzly.pwssc.gen.ak.us The ecology of the giant octopus, Octopus dofleini, is largely known from SCUBA diving studies around Vancouver Island, B.C. Here, we present new data on the habitat use of this species from Prince William Sound, Alaska. We searched for octopuses on foot in the intertidal during minus tides, and to depths of 30 m (100 ft) by SCUBA diving. Octopuses were found in habitat characterized by low slope, cobble or rock outcrops, and dense vegetation cover; and typically were not found on steep slopes, bedrock, gravel, or mud, areas of low vegetation, nor on boulder piles. Intertidal prey middens were composed primarily of crab remains; as depth increased, scallops became common in middens and largely replaced crabs below -10 m. Seventy-five percent of octopuses were found in the intertidal zone between +2 and -1.3 m MLLW. During SCUBA surveys, octopuses were more abundant on shallow dives (to -5 m) than on deep dives. Three octopuses from the intertidal, tracked using sonic transponders, remained in or returned to shallow AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting water. This pattern of intertidal habitat use contrasts with studies by others in B.C. that reported on subtidal octopuses between -5 and -20 m. Sea otters are regular predators on octopuses; and we suspect that intertidal habitats provide a refuge from otter predation for juvenile octopuses. Otters were prevalent in the Sound and absent at the B.C. study sites. The Aplacophora as a deep-sea taxon [DS] Amelie H. Scheltema Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; ascheltema@ whoi.edu The ocean depths are not such an unvarying, constant environment as they once were thought to be. Differences among aplacophoran faunas reflect the physical, chemical, and biological environments at hydrothermal vents, on the bottom beneath regions of high and low organic flux from the surface, in trenches, on continental slopes and abyssal plains, on sea mounts, in oxygen rich and poor areas, and in polar and tropical regions. Prochaetodermatidae numerically dominate upper continental slopes and neomenioids are dominant on sea mounts. (Supported by NSF DEB-PEET 95- 21930) Reproduction among protobranch bivalves from sublittoral, bathyal and abyssal depths off the New England coast (USA) [DS] Rudolf S. Scheltema and Isabelle P. Williams Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; :rscheltema@ whoi.edu An examination of seven species of protobranch bivalves reveals that the “apparent fecundity” (i.e., the number of ova produced by a single female at the time of reproduction) is consistently greater among sublittoral than among bathyal and abyssal species. Such a relationship exists both among forms with lecithotrophic planktonic larvae and those lacking a planktonic stage. The apparent fecundity of a species increases with increasing size (i.e., shell length) in both shoal-water and deep-sea species. Accordingly, the apparent fecundity of older indi- viduals exceeds that of smaller, younger ones. From examination of gonads at different seasons, spawning in sublittoral species is inferred to be periodic and occurs only during the summer months. Contrariwise among deep- sea species, evidence suggests continuous gametogenesis in those species examined. It is therefore not possible to estimate the rate that ova are produced nor the lifetime fecundity of such deep-sea forms. Populations of sublittoral species are dominated by juvenile individuals, whereas in deep-sea species at their optimum depth (i.e., the depth at which they occur in greatest numbers), populations consist largely of sexually mature individuals, suggesting relative stability in such populations. Deep-sea species near the limits of their depth distributions are composed of populations that more nearly resemble those of sublittoral forms and are made up mostly of juvenile individuals. Species with a development lacking a planktonic stage have larger and fewer ova and, among those populations examined, were dominated at both sublittoral and abyssal depths by juvenile individuals. Molecular phylogeny of giant clams (Cardiidae:Tridacninae) Jay A. Schneider and Diarmaid O Foighil Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079; jaschnei @umich.edu Giant clams have been shown to be a morphologically highly derived clade of cardiid bivalves. A phylogenetic hypothesis of giant clams is constructed with the mitochondrial ribosomal 16S gene. As the sister taxon to the Tridacninae is the Lymnocardiinae, a basal lymnocardiinae, the edible cockle Cerastoderma, is used as the outgroup. This molecular phylogenetic hypothesis is compared to results previous obtained from morphological analysis and the fossil record. Giant clams, like cardiids in general, have numerous morphological characters and an AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 2) excellent fossil record. This situation, unusual among bivalves, allows assessment of the 16S gene as a tool for phylogenetic reconstruction of clades that have diverged during the Cenezoic. Flight of the Vampire: Scaling of metabolism and aquatic “flight” in Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Vampyromorpha: Cephalopoda) [NPC] Brad A. Seibel* Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; seibel @lifesci.ucsb.edu Vampyroteuthis infernalis is a cosmopolitan cephalopod that lives in the heart of the oxygen minimum layer below 600 m depth. Morphometric and physiological studies have indicated that V. infernalis has little capacity for jet propulsion and has the lowest metabolic rate ever measured for a cephalopod. Because fin swimming is inherently more efficient than jet propulsion, some of the reduction in energy usage relative to other cephalopods may result from the use of fins as the primary means of propulsion. Vampyroteuthis infernalis undergoes a rapid metamorphosis which consists of changes in the position, size, and shape of the fins. This suggests that there are changes in the selective factors affecting locomotion through ontogeny. The present study describes these changes in V. infernalis in relation to models for underwater “‘flight’’. Citrate synthase (CS) and Octopine dehydrogenase (ODH) activities, indicative of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism respectively, were measured across four orders of magnitude size range. Results indicate that fin swimming is the primary means of propulsion at all post-metamorphic sizes. Negative allometry of CS activity in mantle and arm muscle is consistent with scaling of aerobic metabolism observed in most animals. The unusual positive allometry of fin muscle suggests that fin swimming is more costly at larger sizes. Positive scaling of ODH activity in fin, mantle and arm tissue suggests that fin propulsion, jet propulsion and medusoid “‘bell-swimming” are all important for burst escape responses. The observed scaling patterns and morphological changes at metamorpho- sis appear to function as an ontogenetic “gait-transition”. Post-spawning egg care in Gonatus (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea): life history and energetics [NPC] Brad A. Seibel, F. G. Hochberg, James J. Childressand David B. Carlini Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93 106; seibel @lifesci.ucsb.edu A novel reproductive strategy of deep-water spawning and egg-care was observed for the mesopelagic squid, Gonatus onyx. Brooding females and associated eggs and hatchlings, captured between 1250 and 1750 m off southern California are described. Brooding feemales appear to be senescent and are lacking tentacles. The loss of tentacles in gonatid species is discussed in relation to this unusual life-history characteristic previously unreported for squids. Metabolic estimators and chemical composition of G. onyx and G. pyros also are reported and discussed in relation to bouyancy and energy reserves which may support a non-feeding, post-spawning brood period of up to 9 months. Distribution and assemblage patterns of micronektonic squids at large-scale fronts in the central North Pacific Ocean [NPC] Michael P. Seki National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Southwest Fisheries Science Center Honolulu Laboratory, 2570 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2396; mseki@honlab.nmfs.hawati.edu Large-scale oceanic fronts associated with water masses form the primary biogeographic boundaries in the open ocean. In the North Pacific, the Subarctic and Subtropical Fronts form boundaries that divide some of the large, core pelagic biogeographic provinces. Historically, biogeographic ranges of many micronektonic species including euphausiids, 54 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting pteropods, heteropods, and chaetognaths as well as some commercial fish species have been shown to correspond with regions delimited by these-large scale features. Recent trawl] surveys that sampled across these fronts and frontal zones support previous suppositions that the distribution, abundance and assemblage patterns of pelagic cephalopods are also strongly influenced by these physical features. During August 1991, >3000 cephalopods representing 25 species were collected at sites across the Subarctic Boundary along the 174.5° and 179.5° W meridians between the 37° and 46° N latitudes. Another 637 individuals representing 34 species were taken in the Subtropical Frontal region (between 21° and 31° N latitudes) during March-April 1992. The oegopsid squid families Onychoteuthidae, Enoploteuthidae, Gonatidae, Pyroteuthidae, Cranchiidae, and Chiroteuthidae were the most extensively sampled and provided the best insight into how cephalopods respond to variations in oceanographic conditions. Patterns of distribution, abundance, and interspecific associations of the cephalopod fauna are described with respect to the local frontal environment and discussed within the context of large scale northern transitional and central biogeographic provinces. Taxonomic advances and concerns are highlighted. Distribution and abundance of pelagic cephalopods in the central North Pacific: information from large-scale high-seas driftnet fisheries [NPC, poster] Michael P. Seki National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Southwest Fisheries Science Center Honolulu Laboratory, 2570 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2396; mseki @honlab.nmfs.hawaii.edu During the late 1970s through to 1992, high-seas drift gillnet fisheries targeting flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, and tuna and billfishes operated in waters of the North Pacific transition zone (NPTZ) and its associated subtropical and subarctic boundaries. These large-scale fishing operations generally involved deploying numerous panels of rectangu- lar nets 30-50 m long by about 10 m deep strung together to form a curtain of webbing stretching several kilometers across the oceans’ surface capturing animals by entanglement. At the height of the fisheries in the late 1980s, more than 700 vessels operated in the multinational fisheries, each fishing about 30-60 km of nets per day. During the 1990-91 fishing seasons, observer programs were administered over the fisheries, monitoring catch and effort in up to 10% of the fishing fleets. Information collected by the observers have provided an unprecedented near-basinwide characterization of pelagic nekton species composition, distribution, abundance, and interspecific relationships on a relatively short time scale. Overall, more than 25 million cephalopods were observed captured during the 22-month monitoring program, of which >99% were O. bartramii. Regions of high catch rates and observed size frequency distributions are consistent with life history and ecological movement patterns reported for the species. For other commonly taken species, Onychoteuthis borealijaponica were most abundant in the subarctic western Pacific east of Hokkaido, Japan where catch rates exceeded 2,000 squid/50 km of net in several 1° latitude x 1° longitude statistical areas. The highest catch rates of Gonatopsis borealis (>200 squid/S0 km net) were all found in areas west of the dateline in the vicinity of the Subarctic Boundary, while the pelagic octopus, Ocythoe tuberculata, were taken in limited numbers throughout the NPTZ during all seasons but was nowhere abundant. Capture of Thysanoteuthis rhombus was basically restricted to subtropical waters fished during the winter months with large mesh (ca. 170-180 mm stretched measure) nets. How aqueous geochemistry affects lacustrine mollusks Saxon E. Sharpe* Quaternary Sciences Center, Desert Research Institute, 7010 Dandini Boulevard, Reno, Nevada 89512; ssharpe @ maxey.dri.edu Changes in climate and hydrology through time affect the solute composition and the stable isotopic content of lake water. These changes may be reflected in both the presence (occurrence patterns) and the isotopic composition of shell AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting DD) aragonite of lacustrine mollusks. Interpretation of preliminary data suggests that modern molluscan occurrences are restricted by solute composition, rather than just pH or salinity as is commonly believed. All mollusks are found in waters with (bi)carbonate and calcium (CaCO*) forming the dominant-to-important components of the solute composi- tion. Additionally, the bicarbonate-to-calcium ratio within this solute type appears to limit certain genera. Linkage of species occurrences to solute chemistry provides a new way of viewing biogeographical ecology and, from that, a new methodology for econstructing past hydrology and climate. A related study compares the stable oxygen isotopic content of modern gastropod shells with that of the water at the time of shell growth. Results show that the D '*O content of lacustrine gastropod shells covaries with that of the host water, although the variability and offset from the value of the water differ among genera. Understanding the relationship between water and shell isotope values provides a basis for interpreting shell stable isotope geochemistry and the isotopic values of the waters in which the mollusks lived. Both studies will contribute to our understanding of mollusk ecology and biology, and paleoenvironments. Multiple paternity within broods of a squid, Loligo forbesi, demonstrated with microsatellite DNA markers [poster] Paul Shaw and Peter R. Boyle Molecular Ecology and Fish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; p.shaw @biosci.hull.ac.uk For some time, observations on spawning aggregations of squid have suggested the possibility that females may mate with more than one male before spawning. Due to the difficulties of catching, then maintaining these animals under controlled conditions, confirmation of multiple paternity within broods has been impossible. The adoption of multiple matings, whether solicited or not (i.e “sneaker males’’), and their effectiveness in producing multiply sired broods, has many important implications for the study of behaviour, genetic population structure and evolution in these species. Here we confirm, using sensitive microsatellite DNA markers specifically developed for this species, that multiple males do contribute to the fertilisation of single broods of a loliginid squid, Loligo forbesi. To achieve this result pre-hatching embryos from single egg strings collected from the wild were genotyped using 6 independent microsatellite loci, and prospective maternal and paternal genotypes reconstructed from the allelic combinations observed. We also genetically confirm that females may lay their egg strings within existing bunches laid by other females. The wider applications of microsatellite DNA markers to behavioural and evolutionary studies in cephalopods are discussed. Evidence for four species of Brachioteuthis (Oegopsida: Brachioteuthidae) in the eastern North Atlantic [poster] Elizabeth K. Shea* Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010; eshea@brynmawr.edu As currently recognized, the family Brachioteuthidae contains one genus (Brachioteuthis) and five species (beanii, riisei, behnii, bowmanii, and picta), but is greatly in need of revision. Taxonomic confusion within the family can be attributed in part to poor original descriptions, and in part to the paucity of available mature specimens in good condition. Traditionally, the eastern Atlantic has been thought to have only one species, B. riisei (Steenstrup, 1882); however, a detailed examination of newly-hatched and juvenile specimens collected during the Amsterdam Mid North Atlantic Plankton Expeditions of 1980-1983 (n= 259) revealed that four morphotypes were consistently distinguishable based on the shape of the head, the mantle chromatophore patterns, and the shape of the tentacle. Only two of these four morphotypes can be tentatively assigned to currently recognized species. Brachioteuthis sp. 3 is described similarly to B. picta, and Brachioteuthis sp. 4 has many of the same characters as B. bowmaniii. Confident identifica- tions are hampered by the lack of original descriptions of hard parts, such as beak morphology, as well as the potential allometric differences between adults and juvenile or newly-hatched cephalopods. 56 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting Distribution and biology of Rossia pacifica (Cephalopoda, Sepiolidae) in the Russian Exclusive Zone of the Japan Sea [NPC, poster] Gennadi A. Shevtsov & Nikolai M. Mokrin Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root @tinro.marine.su Rossia pacifica Berry, 1911, is acommon species in coastal waters of Japan Sea. In the Russian Exclusive Zone it is found south to 51°N in the summer-autumn period. It occurs both near the bottom (15-310 m) and in the pelagic layers (0-490 m). The sepiolid ranges in size from 12-82 mm ML; female mantle lengths are 41-82 mm (mean 51 mm) and male mantle lengths are 27-42 mm (mean 32 mm). Egg masses of R. pacifica have been found in Peter the Great Bay (42°33’N, 131°13’E) from October-November in depths ranging from 100-300 m; in the region 42°40’N, 133°02’E to 42°51’°N, 133°37°E - from July-November in depths of 30-50 m; and in the region 43°02’N, 13410°E - from July- September in depths of 15-20 m. Egg masses typically are attached to rocks and to the underside of various objects (trap boxes, etc.). In the winter-spring period R. pacifica is distributed south to 49°N. Of the total population 94% occurred in epipelagic depths, 5.3% in mesopelagic, and 0.7% in the bathypelagic zone. Maximum abundance of the species (200 specimens per hour trawling) was observed on the South Sakhalin shelf. Small specimens (less than 20 mm) dominate in pelagic catches, while large specimens (more than 50 mm) dominate in bottom catches. Sizes in winter- spring range from 9-85 mm ML; female mantle lengths are 43-85 mm (mean 65 mm) and male mantle lengths are 33- 56 mm (mean 45 mm). Females mature at 62 mm ML, and males at 38 mm. In summary, juveniles of R. pacifica live mainly in epipelagic layers (0-200 m) whereas adults are demersal. The species spawns throughout the year with a peak in autumn. Discovery of an egg mass with embryos of Rossia pacifica (Cephalopoda, Sepiolidae) in the Okhotsk Sea [NPC, poster] Gennadi A. Shevtsov & Vladimir I. Radchenko Pacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO-Centre), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok 690600, Russia; root @tinro.marine.su A total of 27 tows were conducted at depths ranging from 100-300 m during the Okhotsk Sea bottom trawl survey off southwestern Kamchatka between 51°- 54°N in July 1996. In 14 samples (52%), 144 specimens of Rossia pacifica and an egg mass fragment were collected. The frequency of occurrence of R. pacifica increased from 17% at the 100 m contour to 80% at the 250 and 300 m contours. Mean catch was 8.1 specimens per half-hour tow. Maximum abundance was observed at 250 m depth: mean catch was 15 specimens, or 1615 g. Mature female mantle lengths ranged from 84-100 mm (mean 88.3 mm); lengths of nidamental glands - 45-55 mm (mean 50.8 mm); body weights - 165-235 g (mean 192.5 g). Male mantle lengths varied from 54-58 mm (mean 56.0 mm); body weights - 60- 95 g (mean 75 g). An egg mass fragment with 36 eggs was collected in 250 m ona sand bottom. The water temperature near-bottom at this location was 1.58°C. Each egg (12 mm in diameter) contains 3 capsules. The external capsule is oval in shape, white in color, and ranges in size from 13.8-17.8 mm. The egg is filled with a yolk mass and embryo lies on it with its mouth plunged deeply into the yolk. The dorsal mantle length of the embryo is 1.6 mm. All arms and tentacles are well developed with suckers in 2-3 unarranged rows. The embryos body form, head, fins, and armature of the arms corresponds to those of R. pacifica. The presence of mature males and females, ready to spawn, plus an egg mass fragment caught at a depth of 250 m indicates the presence of a R. pacifica spawning ground. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 57 Molluscan paleontology of middle Eocene brackish-marine rocks near Ojai, Ventura County, southern California Richard L. Squires and Gian Carlo Shammas Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Northridge, California 91330-8266; hegeo004 @email.csun.edu Within-habitat, brackish-marine mollusks are rare in lower Tertiary rocks of California. Lagoonal mudstones in a localized, 50 m-thick section in the lower middle Eocene (‘Transition Stage’’) upper part of the Matilija Sandstone at Matilija Hot Springs near Ojai, contain low-diversity assemblages of gastropods and bivalves. Although the number of specimens is highly variable, the gastropods Potamides and Loxotrema, and the bivalves Acutostrea, Cuneocorbula, Pelecyora, Tellina, and Trapezium are in the majority of the assemblages. Less widely distributed are the gastropods Crepidula, Tympanotonus, Melanatria?, Pygrulifera, Crommium, and Neverita, and the bivalves Barbatia and Corbicula. This is the first confirmed record of Tympanotonus in North America and the first record of Trapezium on the Pacific coast of North America. The assemblages are of two types: those that are nearly in situ and those that have undergone only short-distance post-mortum transport. The former consists of up to 12 species of mollusks, all of which are unabraded and many are complete. The latter consists of coquinas of either Pelecyora or Cuneocorbula, both of which are made up of tightly packed, unabraded single valves. Through time, the quiet-water lagoon environment fluctuated repeatedly with coastal-sabkha evaporites, as well as with barrier-bar/sandy beaches. The latter contains only fragments of the oyster Acutostrea. The morphospatial “whorled” of strombid snails [PS] Jon R. Stone* Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MSS 3G5; stone @zoo.utoronto.ca Phylogenetic systematic analyses provide more objective, reproducible, and falsifiable means of classifying taxa than do traditional systematic techniques. In addition, branching patterns (cladograms) obtained from phyloge- netic systematic analyses may be interpreted as reconstructions of evolutionary processes. Mollusk shells are ideally suited for mathematical modeling and analyses using morphological space (morphospace). Records of ontogenic history are recoverable from specimens, and this developmental information (in the form of mathematical parameters) can be used as complementary data in cladogram construction. By combining mathematical models, morphospatial analyses, and cladograms, therefore, falsifiable scenarios of morphological evolution of mollusks can be hypothesized. This type of synthetic approach is exemplified with species of Strombidae. A cladogram is mapped into a three-dimensional morphospace, using a geometric algorithm to position nodes (interpretable as ancestors). During evolution of members within a clade containing all species traditionally classified in Lambis and some in Strombus, morphological change consisted predominantly of an increase in vertical dimensions of whorls. The change was greatest early in the history of the group and diminished thereafter. In the development of the synthesis, ancestral forms are reconstructed and traditional subgeneric classification within Lambis is shown to be untenable. A review of the sea hare Aplysia donca (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from Mustang Island, Texas Ned E. Strenth and John D. Beatty Department of Biology, Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas 76909; ned.strenth @mailserv.angelo.edu Aplysia donca was described from a single specimen collected in March of 1947 from a tide pool along the coast of Mustang Island, Texas. This species is known only from this one small and probably immature specimen. Despite 58 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting extensive field work conducted on sea hares along the Texas coast, this species has never again been reported nor collected. Taxonomic characters which constituted the basis of the original description of A. donca were examined ina juvenile series of A. morio from South Padre Island, Texas. Similarities of these characters in combination with the lack of a single non-variable character support the premise that the original description of A. donca was based upon an immature specimen of A. morio. The utility of the gastric chamber of Caenogastropod stomachs in higher and lower level systematic studies Ellen E. Strong* Department of Biological Sciences, 307 Lisner Hall, 2023 G St. NW, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; eestrong @ gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Features of the caenogastropod midgut, indeed of gastropods in general, have been regarded as potentially misleading in phylogeny reconstruction due to functional constraints. Thus, these characters have been assumed to be homoplasious and have remained underexplored as a potential source of characters in phylogeny reconstruction at lower and higher systematic levels. Revealed here are previously undescribed features of the midgut that are useful at a variety of taxonomic levels. At higher systematic levels, one such character is the direction of ciliary currents on the left gastric chamber wall. Commonly associated with a sorting area in this region, the direction of ciliary action has been shown to reverse at the base of the neogastropod radiation. This suggests a fundamental shift in the circulation and digestion of food within the neogastropod stomach. In addition, comparative studies within families have been undertaken to assess the conserva- tism of features within the gastric chamber, revealing a number of features that may be useful at lower systematic levels. For example, several species of freshwater cerithiaceans have been shown to possess a similar modification of the glandular pad on the gastric chamber floor. Finally, the presence of a ciliated ridge associated with the sorting area within the gastric chamber of some littorinids, has potential significance at both higher and lower systematic levels. The anatomy of a new hadal, cocculinid limpet (Gastropoda: Cocculinoidea), with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the family Cocculinidae [DS] Ellen E. Strong, M. G. Harasewych and Gerhard Haszprunar Department of Biological Sciences, 307 Lisner Hall, 2023 G St. NW, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; eestrong @ gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Ever since their discovery and first description by Dall in 1882, cocculinid species have intrigued their investigators with unique combinations of features. The anatomy of anew species of cocculinid limpet, is no exception. The only cocculinid, apart from Fedikovella caymanensis, known to inhabit hadal depths, this species possesses a number of features characteristic of cocculinids including the presence of broad oral lappets, epipodial tentacles, a hemal gland with associated aortic arch, and vestigial eyes modified into the so-called basitentacular gland. The hermaphroditic repro- ductive system includes a modified right cephalic tentacle inferred to function as a copulatory organ and a single receptaculum seminis. No evidence of a seminal groove could be found. However, this species is unique within the family in several aspects of both external and internal anatomy. These unique features include a prominent internal transverse septum within the shell, a closed receptaculum duct and the presence of several small statocones in some individuals. In addition, this species displays a unique combination of features heretofore undocumented among cocculinids, the most significant being the configuration of the nervous system. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Cocculinidae includes fourteen taxa and twenty nine characters. Results indicate a basal placement of the species within the family and supports monophyly of the genera Cocculina and Coccopigya. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 59 Origin and distribution of deep-sea fauna of conoidean gastropods [DS] Alexander V. Sysoev Zoological Museum of Moscow State University; aamkpStamr@3.zoomus.bio.msu.ru Conoidean gastropods, and especially the part formerly known as the family Turridae, are among the dominant mollus- can groups in deep-sea faunas. These gastropods are very diverse, particularly as concerns their anatomy and feeding mechanisms. The evolution of the group was probably targeted at improvement of feeding, and advanced taxa possess highly specialized and efficient feeding mechanisms. Conoidean origin and initial stages of evolution were associated with shallow waters of tropical areas. The most primitive taxa (families and subfamilies) are still either restricted to, or most diverse in, warm, shallow-water habitats. Bathyal and, especially, abyssal faunas consist mainly of advanced representatives, and the share of higher taxa increases with depth. However, there are no taxa of the family group, that are characteristic only for the deep water fauna. This may indicate that the deep-water faunas are evolutionarily rather young and, at the same time, that colonization of deep waters reflected the adaptive radiation of conoideans rather than a major step in their evolution. A specific bathyal fauna of conoideans is known from as early as Oligocene deposits, and while Mio-Pliocene faunas were very similar to Recent ones from respective regions. The bathyal zone is characterized by an increased percentage of primitive taxa as compared to the shelf. Abyssal and hadal conoideans are represented by relatively few genera and families and subfamilies. An increase in diversity is recorded in near-continental regions, often inhabited by endemic genera, whereas the fauna of oligotrophic oceanic areas mostly consists of representatives of few widely spread genera belonging to advanced groups. The distribution pattern of deep-sea conoideans is characterized by the presence of a number of species with very limited ranges. At the same time, there are species with very wide ranges (e.g., amphioceanic). The mode of larval development seems not to strictly correlate with the area of species range. Occurrence of the adult form of Neoteuthis sp. from the Hawaiian Islands [NPC] Kotaro Tsuchiya Laboratory of Invertebrate Zoology, Tokyo University of Fisheries, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108, Japan; kotaro @ tokyo-u-fish.ac.jp During the surveys on the diet of Alepisaurus ferox, two adult form specimens of Neoteuthis sp. were discovered in the Hawaiian waters. The predator fish were collected in 1982 from 11°23.0’N, 177°58.5’E, 180m in fishing depth, and 11°24.0°N, 169°4.5’E, 230m, by longline. The squid specimens are both females, 62.5 mm and 61.5 mm in DML, respec- tively. The body is weakly muscular and its surface bears distinct iridescence. Two species of the genus Neoteuthis has hitherto been known (Nesis, 1982), such as, N. thielei Naef, 1921, the type species of the genus, from the Atlantic, and unnamed species (from Hawaiian waters by Young, 1972). Neoteuthis thielei attains to 17 cm DML in adult (Nesis, 1982), while the adult male specimens of the Pacific unnamed species (Young, 1972) does 83 mm DML. The present specimens is almost conspecific, but yet different from Young’s (1972) specimen in several indices and features. In the present study, the taxonomic status of this species, and some ecological information are discussed. Shell polymorphism in the neogastropod Alia carinata (Hinds) Jeff Tupen Ecological Services Division, TENERA, Inc., P.O. Box 400, Avila Beach, California 93424; jwt9 @pge.co I analyzed Alia carinata from four different habitats to investigate the presence of literature-alleged shell pattern and shell form polymorphism. Using univariate and multivariate statistics, I demonstrated that Alia from Gastroclonium subarticulatum (Rhodophyta), Zostera marina, and benthic hard bottom habitats displayed measurably and identifi- 60 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting ably distinct forms. Individuals from Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) canopies showed considerable form overlap with benthic specimens. Interhabitat polymorphism was related to differences in both size and shape, while observed sexual dimorphism was strictly size-related, with males larger than females. Alia from Zostera were mostly non-patterned and dark in color, while those from the other three habitats were generally patterned and variably colored. Planktonic dispersal of juveniles suggests that intraspecific polymorphism is a result of phenotypic plasticity, and not natural selection. Allometric growth, wave exposure, and predation differences among sampled habitats may be important controlling factors in observed intraspecific polymorphism. Distribution and transport of [/lex argentinus paralarvae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) across the western boundary of the Brazil/Malvinas Confluence Front off southern Brazil [poster] Erica A. G. Vidal and Manuel Haimovici Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3146; vidal @ocean.tamu.edu. This study discusses the transport and the influence of different water masses, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass on the distribution and abundance of Illex argentinus paralarvae off southern Brazil (28°09 S-34°20’S). During four surveys carried out from 1987 to 1991, a total of 428 paralarvae were collected with a bongo net (0.33 mm mesh size) in 203 tows. Paralarvae were found from autumn to spring, but were absent in summer and in regions of major influence of coastal and subantarctic waters. The greatest relative abundance (41 paralarvae 100 m*) was found in spring of 1987. Paralarvae were mainly distributed along a shelf-break front formed between tropical waters of the Brazil Current and subantarctic waters of the Malvinas/Falklands Current were partial upwelling processes and planktonic enrichment were found. From the slope to the coast, there was a clear progression of paralarval sizes. Hatchling occurred at the outer shelf and slope in tropical and/or subtropical waters. The largest paralarvae and small juveniles were found at the inner shelf under the influence of subantarctic waters, where high concentrations of chlorophyll-a and zooplankton biomass were measured. Studies of hydrothermal vent fauna, especially gastropods [DS] Janet R. Voight Department of Zoology, The Field Museum, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605; voight @fmnh.org Extreme and highly variable temperatures, exposure to chemically reducing fluids, such as hydrogen sulfide, and heavy metals and temporally unstable habitats, limit the number of animals that dwell at hydrothermal vents. Studies of diversity have virtually ignored vent habitats due to the limited number of species they support and the difficulties in adequately sampling abyssal habitats. Animal diversity at volcano-hosted vents on Juan de Fuca and Explorer ridges in the northeast Pacific is significantly lower than the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9°-21°N. Although individually, EPR vents are smaller and shorter-lived than are North Pacific vents, EPR vents appear to occur in greater diversity; they thus may offer more total area than do the larger, comparatively long-lived, but well-spaced North Pacific vents. The increased proximity of individual EPR vents may also allow large, apparently endemic predators to forage at multiple vents and therefore to survive, despite the ephemeral nature of the individual habitats. Such predators are virtually absent from northeast Pacific vents. The proximity of EPR vents may directly enhance the effective dispersal of the large larvae of vent-dwelling gastropods, which are likely to have limited individual dispersal capacity. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 6! The California market squid fishery [NPC] Marija Vojkovich California Department of Fish and Game, 530 E. Montecito Street, Santa Barbara, California 93103; 74763.1265 @compuserve.com Market squid (Loligo opalescens) is presumed to be one of the most abundant marine resources in California waters. Squid range from southeastern Alaska to Bahia Asuncion, Baja California, Mexico. Catches have tradition- ally come from two fishing areas within California: Monterey Bay and the islands off southern California. Squid become vulnerable to commercial fishing gear when they concentrate near shore to spawn and are typically taken at night. Harvest and demand are primarily controlled by international market conditions. The demand for squid has increased dramatically in recent years. Prior to 1987, California landings averaged 10,000 tons. Beginning in 1988, commercial landings began to increase and have grown from approximately 40,000 tons to over 83,000 tons in 1996. Little is known about the present size, structure or status of the population, but historical evidence from research cruises, as well as catch data, indicates the biomass is large. It is believed that squid can be more intensively harvested than other marine animals because they are short lived. They also appear to be heavily influenced by environmental conditions. The role of stratigraphic data in phylogenetic analyses of extinct molluscs [PS] Peter Wagner Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496; p_wagner @fmppr.fmnh.org Both biotic factors (rates and models of morphologic change, rates of extinction, numbers of applicable characters and speciation models) and abiotic factors (rates of sampling) affect the accuracy of parsimony. The molluscan fossil record provides workers with a high proportion of the widely distributed species, which increases the accuracy of parsimony in simulations. However, high rates of morphologic change (well within the ranges inferred by cladistic analyses of molluscs) seriously undermine the accuracy of parsimony in the same simulations, even with no patterned homoplasy present. Stratigraphic data offer tests of whether congruent characters represent phylogenetic signal or convergence. Existing phylogenetic methods utilize stratigraphic data based on congru- ence and total evidence logic and on probability theory. These methods provide more exact estimates of phylog- eny than does parsimony by making explicit ancestor-descendant estimates and implying particular patterns of speciation and routes of morphologic change. Evaluation of these methods is very important when contrasting the evolutionary scenarios.implied by alternate estimates of phylogeny. Simulations using preservation and evolu- tionary rates typical of molluscs find that all methods incorporating stratigraphy perform better than does parsi- mony. Methods currently in development evaluate the likelihood of a phylogeny implying both particular amounts of stratigraphic gaps and particular amounts of morphologic change. Ultimately, likelihood approaches probably will provide workers with the most robust phylogenetic estimates of phylogeny for extinct molluscs. 62 AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting The phylogenetic relationships of some littorinid species assessed by small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology [poster] Birgitta Winnepenninckx and Thierry Backeljau Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; birgitta@uia.ua.ac.be Small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) is usually considered to be a slowly evolving molecule with very limited, if any, phylogenetic resolving power for divergences that took place in less than 40 MY. We evaluated this issue by a congruence and total evidence analysis of morphological data and complete 18S rDNA sequences of nine littorinid species from the genera Melarhaphe, Littoraria, Nodilittorina and Littorina. We particularly focused on the still somewhat controversial position of the Macaronesian periwinkle Littorina (Liralittorina) striata, a species that has been variously assigned to Melarhaphe, Nodilittorina, and currently Littorina. These analyses suggested (1) that 18S rDNA provided a much stronger phylogenetic signal to recover the well-known, young Littorina-Neritrema radiations (divergence time < 10 MY), whereas the topology of the older, Littoraria- Nodilittorina-Liralittorina branches was much less supported, and (2) that the current morphological and mo- lecular data are insufficient to unambiguously resolve the relationships of L. striata. Anyway, although current practice suggests the contrary, 18S rDNA may be not so unsuitable to reconstruct relatively young radiations. Unordered vs. ordered multistate characters: explication and implication [PS] John B. Wise and Ellen M. Strong Department of Malacology, Houston Museum of Natural Science, Houston, Texas 77030-1799; jwise @ hnns.mus.tx.us Characters with three or more states are typically treated as ordered or unordered in multistate character coding methods. Although both treatments hypothesize which character states directly evolve into which other states (= character transformation series or character state trees), the proposed suppositions are very different. What are these differences? Does unordered really provide a logical approach based on similarity, the first criterion of testing homology? These questions are addressed in an effort to establish how these issues affect the reconstruc- tion of the evolutionary history of the Phylum Mollusca, or for that matter any attempt at phylogenetic systemat- ics. Life history and population structure of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami, in the North Pacific Ocean [NPC] Akihiko Yatsu, Junta Moni, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Hiroshi Okamura and Kazuya Nagasawa National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, 5-7-1 Orido, Shimizu 424, Japan; yatsua@enyo.affrc.go.jp The neon flying squid consists of an autumn cohort (formally known as LL group) and a winter-spring cohort (L, S, SS groups combined) as based on age estimation with statolith microstructure, mantle length compositions, distribution of both mature individuals and paralarvae. Both cohorts are estimated to have one-year life span. They undergo seasonal north-south migrations between the spawning grounds in the subtropical waters and feeding grounds in the Subarctic waters. The winter-spring cohort can be further separated into a western stock and a central-eastern stock on the basis of intensity of infection with larval nematode and cestode parasites. The autumn cohort was abundant in the central and eastern North Pacific but rare west of 170°E which coincides with the location of the Emperor Sea Mount Chain north of 35°N. The autumn cohort also is separable into central and eastern stocks on the basis of parasite infection intensity. AMU/WSM 1997 Annual Meeting 63 ee ngithesmechanial conan ———. + at Gaeta eee ) oh ead saat . 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