LIBRARY OF THE i8e3' DATE DUE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY SB 354 M234 1894 TRi^N^SA-CTIOIsrS OF THE Maine State Pomological Society FOE THE YEAR 1894 INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING, HELD IN FOXCROFT, JANUARY 8th AND 9th, 1895 EDITED BY THE SECRETARY D. H. KNO^VLTOlSr AUGUSTA BURLEIGH & FLYNT, PRIXTERS TO THE STATE 189.5 JLi:.:ARY_ um AMllEubl, WA^o. 4 =■ '^' ^ " A 0 6 /^ CONTENTS. PAGE. Report of Secretary 3 Officers for 1895 9 Members, Life, of tlie Society 10 Annual 11 Treasurer's Report 12 List of Premiums Awarded at the Annual Exhibition 14 Sununary of Awards 26 List of Premiums Awarded at the Winter Meeting 26 Business Transactions 28 Meetings of Executive Committee 30 Programme of Public Meetings 35 State Fair Meeting 37 Phillips Meeting 37 Apples — Their Culture, Handling and Marketing, by Joliu W. True 37 Small Fruits and their Culture 40 Winter Meeting 42 Address of AVelcome, by Dr. H. A. Robinson 42 President's Annual Address, by John W. True 47 The Young Orchard, by Charles E. Wlieeler 50 Some Plant Diseases and Their Remedies, by Prof. AN'. M. Munson • 53 Apj)le and Pear Culture, by O. B. Hadwen 63 Discussion 69 Progress of Orcharding ' and Fruit Culture in Piscataquis County, bjr Calvin Chamberlain 72 Condition and Prospects of Fruit Culture in Piscataquis County, by H. L. Leland 79 The Model Fruit Garden, by J. F. Xorris 85 Discussion 89 A Discussion as to what shall be Maine's Flower in the Xatioual Garland, by Janet L. Dingley 92 For Columbia's Garland, Poem by Miss Julia 11. Maj- 95 Discussion 96 Study of Plant Life, by Supt. John R. Duuton 104 Goud Food from the Garden, by Miss Anna Barrows 112 Boiled Salad Dressing 117 ?L3C"] >f 2 CONTENTS. PAGE. Secretary's Portfolio 119 Au Enthusiastic Horticulturist 121 John Jacob Thomas 124 The Uusscts 126 Auiericau Goldeu Russet 127 Goldeu Russet 129 English Russet 130 Books for Reference in Studying Varieties of the Apple 131 Scale of Points for Collective Exhibits 132 Explanation 133 Scale of Points 135 Index 137 CHARLES S. POPE, Manchester. President Maine State Poniological Society 1SS4-1S95. [See page 121.] REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Again it becomes the duty of your secretary to present an annual report of the transactions of the Society. During the year it has afforded me great pleasure and assured me of the progressive work in the State that a larger number all the while are becoming interested in fruit culture. Some men living secluded lives in rural homes, with little reading have often in years past, almost or quite ignored the words of horticultural societies. Unwilling to admit they do not know all there is of fruit culture, they behold the grand success of others, but they are like those in ancient days having, eyes they see not. Many of these are now seeking knowledge which only their vanity in the past has denied them. As illustra- tive of this an intelligent fruit-grower inquired about the best vari- eties to plant. I gave him all the points I could, and he concluded by saying that he knew of no better variety than the Baldwin and he was going to set a lot of those in the spring. He remarked that one of the most successful orchards in the county was developed in this way, but failed to note that the cold of winter in this case twice froze back the tops before the trees were acclimated. The provoking thing in this particular case is that the man has grown fruit for nearly half a century. Other men realize the necessity for knowledge and are willing to seek it. This is one of the most encouraging features of the situation. For those who seek knowl- edge in these days will find it. THE 1894 CROP. The fruit crop in Maine has been large, though it can hardly be called a full crop. Many dealers have assured me that the crop is really much larger than in 1893. Travelling among the orchards in the autumn, one could not fail to notice that many of the trees were nearly barren. The statistics have been deceptive again, so much 4: STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SO that we are iuclined to give them little consideration. Here in Maine the young trees, that are coming into bearing may explain the deception, but it is a significant fact that most of the large orchards bore small crops of fruit. CAUSES OP BLIGHT. In most parts of the State there was a full bloom, and just what caused the blight later has been much discussed and has not yet been fully settled. There is however the best of evidence that the scab fungus was one of the most active agents. The scab, or some other cause on trees in the writer's neighborhood acted appar- ently on the foliage, blossom and fruit. Early in the season the trees were dotted with yellow shrivelled leaves, aad all through the season an examination of the leaves revealed the presence of dis- ease, and scientific men assure us that it is the scab. Whatever it may be, if it continues a tew years longer the indications are that many trees will die. Good results have followed spraying as will be seen in Professor Munson's paper, which forms a part of the present volume. THE MARKET. So far the market for apples has offered only low prices for fr^iit. A large part of the crop was sold early in the season at $1.50 for No. 1 fruit, but the buyers found no profit in paying that price. Apples from several points have been shipped in bulk to western cities. The only selection called for was that the red apples should be dumped into the same car. One lot contained at least twenty kinds. For fruit in this condition the buyers have paid SI per barrel. These apples were shipped to western cities to be sold in bulk to hawkers. While the growers may get fair pay for their fruit, the reputation of Maine apples will surely suffer. Some political writers have charged a part of the low price to the action of the new tariff. Of course Canadian fruit now pays a less tariff than under the previous law, and to this extent the price must yield. Later in the winter fruit sold higher where it had been held by the growers. STYLE OF PACKING. The agents of English buyers are assuring the public of better prices for the remainder of the season. They also emphasize the new style of packing and claim that the fruit carefully wrapped in STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, O paper and packed in cases has brought satisfactory prices. The matter has often been discussed at our meetings, but our fruit o-rowers have still to learn that an inferior apple is not improved by being concealed among better fruit, or wrapped in paper. Oa the other hand it would seem that Maine fruit has already suffered too much from dishonest packing to permit it in this case. THE society's FUNDS. The .last legislature increased our appropriation to one thousand dollars. In consequence of an oversight in the engrossing of the appropriation bills only the usual sum of $500 was granted. After consulting araoijg ourselves and with the governor and others the omission was sorely regretted. An extension of our work had been planned along various Unas, and the coQclusioQ was reached that the interests of the society and of the cause it represents made it necessary to carry forward the additional work. This has accordingly been done, and to-day we find the society in debt in consequence. Some of the State officials argued that the money in full ought to be paid t:) our society, but all seemed to agree that it was wise to increase our work. It is now proposed to ask the legislature to make good the deficiency by granting us the aid the last'legislature overlooked. Later on the present legislature with- out dissent granted the funds to meet the deficiency. FALL MEETING. The fall meeting of the executive committee was held in Phillips, November 8th. The Grange cordially opened its hall for our use. The meeting was well advertised and well attended. There was an excellent display of fruit, showing in the most conclusive manner that favorable conditions exist among the hills of Franklin county for fruit culture. The exercises of the meeting were well received and reported by the papers. In the opinion of the Secretary this meeting was one of the most profitable held by the society. STATE FAIR MEETING. The public meeting held Thursday evening of the State Fair was a well attended one. On this occasion Mrs. Alonzo Towle of Freedom, N. H., delivered an entertaining address on flower cul- ture, entitled "Behind the Hedge Row." STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. OUR WINTER MEETINGS. Secretary McKeen has urged us to hold our winter meeting ear- lier, so that the work of the agricultural department may be closed up before the new year begins. The plan is a good one, and it will be a pleasure to co-operate with him. This year circumstances were adverse to this arrangement, owing to conditions that are not likely to exist in the future. The two organizations are working so harmoniously together in promoting the interests of agriculture that no effort should be spared to increase the efficiency of both. ANNUAL EXHIBITION. Our annual exhibition was held as usual with the State Agricul- tural Society in Lewiston, The first days of September are too early for a representative exhibition of fruits, but this year there was such a profusion of flowers that the exhibition as a whole was the fullest 3'our Secretary has seen in the State. Mrs. Towle served as a judge on flowers and her work was entirely acceptable. We were unable to obtain a competent judge on fruits within a reasonable distance outside the State. The exhibitors are much better satisfied when judging can be done by experts, and in this case it was no fault of the officers that it was not done so at this exhibition. Several important changes were made in the premium list, one of which was a premium on each correctly named variety of apples and pears. The object of the premium was to secure a full exhi- bition of the fruit grown in Maine. We show in our list a prefer- ence by specifying certain varieties on which we pay a one dollar premium, and for others not given in our list and correctly named we give a fifty-cent premium. This brought out a large number of varieties that heretofore have not been shown. In all 111 varieties were exhibited. The cost to the society was not very great, and the exhibition is made much more valuable to visitors. Several objects of interest were shown by the devotees of horticulture. Mr. Edward K. Whitney, one of our oldest and most successful fruit growers, sent in for our examination a plate of well-grown figs. They were examined with great interest, and many wishes were expressed for the health and happiness of the exhibitor. Some freaks in fruit culture were presented to the Secretary. One of these was a Sops-of-Wine apple which grew on a tree whose STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7 limbs interlaced a Flemish Beauty pear. In shape it was a perfect pear, but in other respects it was an apple. In another case an apple was shown, the blossom end of which was a beautiful red Baldwin, and the stem end a well-developed Russet. These freaks suggest that in years to come some skilful horticulturist may be able to bring forth new fruits, that may excel those we now have. When we are able to work more fully with nature's laws we are likely to be rewarded by fruits far better than the present favorites. AGENCIES AT WORK. There has been an active and cordial co-operation on the part of the press in the State. The Secretary desires to express his per- sonal gratitude to the Maine Farmer, Lewiston Journal and Ken- nebec Journal in particular. Special prominence has been given to horticultural subjects by the gentlemen having in charge the agricultural departments of these journals. They have not only given fruit matters intelligent consideration, but in many cases have diligently and ably investigated for themselves, and they have generously given the public the benefit of these labors. The Lew- iston Journal recently published in answer to the inquiries of its agricultural editor results reached by fruit growers of the State in spraying for the destruction of fungi and insects. The experience of several fruit growers was found very readable and the conclu- sions will prove helpful to others. So much is found in the papers on fruit culture, prepared by writers or speakers from other sections of the country, it is worth a great deal to have these conclusions reached on Maine farms and in a Maine climate. Even those speakers who visit us and talk of fruit culture, forget that they are away from home, and tell us just how these things are done in New York or New Jersey. It is not an easy task to adapt their talk and theories to Maine conditions. Information was sought upon this question, "Can farmers afford to raise apples for $1.25 a barrel?" It was ably d'scussed by several writers and the conclusion reached that intelligent care bestowed upon orchards in Maine would pay as well or better at this price than many other farm crops. The Secretary would add to this, that with our low priced orchard land the minimum cost of raising apples has not yet been reached. It is not kuown how cheaply apples may be grown in Maine, and until this feature of the problem is considered it is largely guess work. The fruit growers of 8 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Maine are squarely facing the question, and some of us may live to know how much our fertile hillsides, under the skilful manipula- tion of the horticulturists, may be made to produce. We are just getting down to the question in good shape, and the next four years are promising many interesting revelations. Our society is also indebted to these and other journals in the State, which have published our notices and full reports of our meetings, and we find with us at this our annual meeting a full representation of the press. We are glad to welcome them here and to greet them as co-laborers in carrying forward the great industry which we represent. We were gratified at the full reports published of our annual meeting. We are always glad to welcome the members of the press at our meetings, but we recognize them as co-laborers in car- rying forward the great industry which we represent. D. H. KNOWLTON, Secretary. OFFICERS FOR 1895. Presiilent. JOHX ^y. TBUE, Xew Gloucester. Vice Presidents. S. H. DAWES, Harrison. D. P. TEUE, Leeds Center. Secretary. D. H. KXOWLTOX, Farmin^ton. Treasurer. CHARLES E. WHEELER, Chesterville. Executive Committee. The President and Secretary, ex-officio; A. E. Andrews, Gardiner; W. M. Muuson, Orono; C. H. George, Hebron. Trustees. Androscoggin County, Charles L. Emerson, South Turner. '■ J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill. " S. R. Sweetser, Cumberland Center. " Herman Corbett, Farmiugton. " C. G. Atkins, BucUsport. " E. A. Lapham, Pittston. " Alonzo Butler, Union. " H. J. A. Simmons, Waldoboro'. " S. M. King, South Paris. " C. A. Arnold. Arnold. " H. L. Leland, East Sangerville. '• A. P. Ring, Richmond. " James S. Hoxie, Xorth Fairfield. " A. M. Mansur, East Dixmont. Aroostook ' Cumberland ' Franklin ' Hancock ' Kennebec ' Knox ' Lincoln ' Oxford ' Penobscot ' Piscataquis ' Sagadahoc ' Somerset • Waldo Washington " . York '■• John Hanscom, Saeo. Meraber of Experiment Station Council. Chas. S. Pope, Manchester. Committee on Xomenclature. Z. A. Gilbert, Xorth Greene; D. P. True, Leeds Center; C. M. Weston, Belgrade. Committee on Xev: Fruits. A. S. Ricker, Turner; E. C. Hackett, West Gloucester; Willis A. Luce, South Union. MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY Note.— Any errors or changes of residence should he promptly reported to the Secretary. Memhers ■will also confer a favor hy furnishing the Secretary with their full Christian names -where initials only are given. LIFE MEMBERS. Andrews, A. Emery Gardiner Andrews, Charles E Auburn Arnold, C. A Arnold *Atberton, H. N Hallowell Atherton, Wm. P Hallowell Atkins, Charles G Bucksport Atwood, Fred Winterport Averill, David C Temple Bailey, AV. G Freeport Bennoch, John E Orono Boardman, Samuel L Augusta Briggs, D. J South Turner Briggs, .John Turner Burr, John Freeport Butler, Alonzo Union *Carter, Otis JL Etna Chase, Henry M., 14 Quincy St., Portland Chase, Martin V. B Augusta *Clark, Eliphalet Portland Cole, Horatio G Boston, Mass Corhett, Herman Farmington Crafts, Moses Auburn *Crosby, William C Bangor Dana, Woodburj' S Portland Dawes, S. H Harrison DeRocher, Peter Bradentown, Fla Dirwanger, Joseph A Portland Dunham, W. W North Paris Dyer, Milton Cape Elizabeth *Emerson, Albert Bangor Emerson, Charles L South Turner Farnsworth, B. B Portland Frost, Oscar F Monmouth *Gardiner, Robert H Gardiner Gardiner, Robert 11 Boston, Mass George, C. H Hebron Gilbert, Z. A North Greene Goddard, Lewis C Woodfords *Godfery, John E Bangor *Deceased. Gurney, Lemuel Hebron Hackett, E.C West Gloucester Hansconi, John Saco Harlow, S. C Bangor *Harris, N. C Auburn Harris, N. W Auburn Harris, William M. . Auburn Harvey, F. L , Orono *Hersey, T. C Portland Hobbs, M. Curtis West Farmington *Hoff ses, Elmas Warren Hoxie, James S North Fairfield Hoyt, Mrs. Francis Winthrop Ingalls, Henry Wiscasset Jackson, F. A Winthrop *Jewett, George Portland Johnson, Isaac A Auburn *Jordan, Francis C Brunswick *Kenniston, E. H Arnold Knowlton, D. H Farmington Lapham, E. A Pittston Lombard, Tburston M Auburn *Low, Elijah Bangor *Low, S. S Bangor Luce, Willis A South Union McLaughlin, Henry Bangor Merrill, T.M West Gloucester *Metcalf , M.J Monmouth Moody, Charles H Turner Jloore, William 6 Monmouth Moor, F. A Waterville Morton, J. A Bethel Morton, William E Portland *Noyes, Albei't Bangor Perley, Clias. I. ..Seward's (Vassalboro') Pope, Charles S Manchester Palsif er, D. W Poland Purington, E. F West Farmington ♦Richards, F. G Gardiner STATE POMOLCGICAL SOCIETY. 11 LIFE MEMBERS— Concluded. Richards, John T Gardiner *B,ichardsou, J. M Gardiner Ricker, A. S Tomer Roak, George M Auburn Rohinson, Henry A Foxcroft Rolfe, Samuel Portland Sanborn, Miss G. P Augusta Sawyer, Andrew S Cape Elizabeth Sawyer, George B Wiscasset *Shaw, Stillman W West Auburn Simmons, H. J. A Waldoboro' Skillings, C. W North Auburn *Smith, Alfred Monmouth Smith, Henry S Monmouth Starrett, L. F Warren Stetson, Henry Auburn *Stetson, Isaiah Bangor Stilphen, Asbury C Gardiner Stanley, Charles Winthrop Stanley, O. E Winthrop Staples, G. K Temple Strout, S. F West Falmouth Strattard, Mrs. A. B Monroe Sweetser, S. R Cumberland Center *Taylor, .Joseph Belgrade Taylor, Miss L. L., (Lakeside) Belgrade Thomas, William W., Jr Portland Thomas, D.J North Auburn Tilton, William S Boston, Mass Townsend, Mrs. B. T Freeport True, Davis P Leeds Center True, John ^V New Gloucester *Varney, James A... The Dalles, Oregon Vickery, James Portland Vickery , John A uburu Wade, Patrick Portland Walker, Charles S Peru Waterman, Willard H East Auburn *Weston, James C Bangor Wharff, Charles S Gardiner Wheeler, Charles E Chesterville Whitney, Edward K Hari'ison Woodard, Mrs. S. M Gardiner Woodman, George W Portland AXXUAL MEMBERS, 1894. Bickford, A. K Monmouth Nowell, F. E Fairfield Chandler, Mrs. Lucy A Freepoi-t Prescott, G. N East Monmouth Cummings, Mrs. Anthony Auburn Ridley, B. H Jay Cobb, J. O Union Ring, A. P Richmond Corner Eastman, A. A. Dexter Robbins, R. B Union Glover, G. A Naples Shurtleff, S. G South Liverniore Grover, Mrs. F. D Bean's Corner Sleeper, F. H - Lewiston Hawkins, M. P Auburn Snow, G. W Newburg Judkins, Charles H Chesterville Spratt, Lillian A Kenduskeag Keith, Walter E Winthrop Stoddard, Edith A Belfast King.S. M South Paris Tarr, E Castle Hill Klusener, Mrs. E Auburn Tolman, I. B Union Leland, H. L East Sangerville Toothaker, L. P Dixmont Leland, W. E East Sangerville Varney, F. L East Lowell Lemont, J. M M'est Bath Waterman, Mrs. C. E East Auburn Merrow, J. H South Smilhfleld Willard, S. D Geneva, N. T Miller, Chas East Union Wright, Fred Bath Muuson, W. M . Orono Wright, L. E West Bath ANNUAL MEMBERS, 1895. Crooker, W. W M'jnson Munson, SV. M Orono Judkins, Charles H Chesterville Norris, J. F Foxcroft Larrabee, O. L We&t Levant Ridley, B. H Jay Leland, H. L East Sangerville TEEASUEER'S EEPOET. Statement of the Financial Condition of the Maine State Pomo- logical Society for the Year ending December 31, 1894. RECEIPTS. Casli on hand Jamiary 1st, 1894 $92 65 From the State Agricultural Society 500 00 From the State of Maine 538 64 From life membership 40 00 From annual membership 39 00 Interest from permanent tund 38 00 Loan 600 00 $1,848 29 EXPENDITURES. Premiums $789 45 Loan .',00 00 Salary of the Secretary for 1893 140 00 Expense of officers 132 47 Expense of Executive Committee 115 29 Expense of State Fair and phmts for chiklren 87 47 Printing and binding 6171 Judges at Fair 27 00 Interest on loan 1 25 Cash on hand December 31, 1894 193 65 S1,84S 29 FINANCIAL CONDITION. ASSETS. Bounty due from the State 81,000 00 Property owned bj- Society 200 00 Permanent fund 719 73 Cash on hand 193 65 $2,113 38 LIABILITIES. Due on loan, First National Bank, Farmington $600 00 Outstanding orders 125 00 $725 00 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 PERMANENT FUND. CREDIT. Bj- fees of 114 life members to Decemljer 31, 1S93 $1,140 00 of Lewis C. Gociaaril 10 00 of Herman Corbett — 10 00 of Miss G. P. Sanborn , 10 00 of Mrs. B. T. Townsend 10 00 $1,180 00 V DEBIT. To deposit in Wiseasset Bank S 19 73 Farmiugtou National Bank stock 400 00 Merchants' National Bank stock, Gardiner 200 00 Farmiugtou water stock 100 00 due from the Society December 31, 1895 460 27 $1,180 00 CHARLES E. WHEELER, Treasurer. List of Premiums Awarded at tlie Aumial Exhibition . Class 1-APPLES. For best general exhibition of apples : S. H. Dawes, Harrison, first, $15 ; C. I. Perley, South Vassalboro, second, 810 ; Walter E. Keith, Winthrop, third, $6 ; B. H. Ridley, Jay, gratuity, $5. For best general exhibition of apples grown in Androscoggin county I). J. Briggs, South Turner, first, S8 ; D. P. True, Leeds Center, second, §6. For same in Aroostook county: E. Tarr, Castle Hill, first, $8 For same in Cumberland county: S. H. Dawes, first, $8 ; J W. True, New Gloucester, second, $6. For same in Franklin county : M. C. Hobbs, West Farming ton, first, 88 ; Herman Corbett, Farmington, second, 86 ; G. K Staples, Temple, third, $3. For same in Kennebec county : J. Pope, Manchester, first, S8 W, R. Wharfl, Gardiner, second, $6 ; R. H. Gardiner, Gardiner third, $3. For same in Knox county: Alonzo Butler, Union, first, S8 Willis A. Luce, South Union, second, $G. For same in Lincoln county : H. J. A. Simmons, Waldoboro first, $8. For same in Oxford county : C. H. George, Hebron, first, $8 S. M. King, South Paris, second, $6 ; Lemuel Gurney, Hebron third, $3. For same in Penobscot county : C A. Arnold, Arnold, first, S8 L. P. Toothaker, Dixmont, second, 86 ; G. W. Snojv, Newburg, third, 83. For same in Piscataquis county : W. E. Leland, East Sangerville, first, $8 ; H. L. Leland, East Sangerville, second, $6. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 For same in Sagadahoc county : Frederick Wright, Bath, first, $8 ; L. E. Wright, Woolwich, second, $6 ; J. M. Lemont, West Bath, third, $3. For same in Somerset county: J. S. Hoxie, North Fairfield, first, S8 ; F. E. Nowell, Fairfield, second, S6 ; J. H. Merrow, South Smithfield, third, $3. For same in Waldo county: Mrs. A. B. Strattard, Monroe, sec- ond, S6. Collection Crab Apples: J. S. Hoxie, first, $1 ; Alonzo Butler, second, 50c. SINGLE PLATES. Baldwins : A. P. Ring, Richmond Corner, first, $5 ; R. H. Gard- iner, second, $3 ,• S. H. Dawes, third, 82. Gravenstein : A. S. Ricker, Turner, first, S3 ; S. H. Dawes, sec- ond, $2 ; D. J. Briggs, third. Si. Hubbardston Nonsuch : J. Pope, first, S3 ; W. R. Wharff, sec- ond, S2. Northern Spy: R. H. Gardiner, first, S3 ; C I. Perley, second, $2; W. A. Luce, third, Si. Rhode Island Greening: A. K. Bickford, Monmouth, first, So; A. S. Ricker, second, S3 ; Lemuel Gurney, third, 82. Roxbury Russets : Walter E. Keith, first, $3 ; R. H. Gardiner, second, 82 ; G. N. Prescott, East Monmouth, third. Si. Talman's Sweet: A. S. Ricker, first, S3 ; Alonzo Butler, second, S2; S. H. Dawes, third. Si. Tompkins King: S. H. Dawes, first, S3 ; W. R. Wharff, second, S2; J. W. True, third, Si. Yellow Bellflower: R. H. Gardiner, first, S3; W. R. Wharff, second, 82 ; J. H. Merrow. third, $1. Alexander: M. C. Hobbs, first. Si ; S. H Dawes, second, 50c. American Golden Russet: H. J. A. Simmons, first, Si ; W. A. Luce, second, 50c. Ben Davis : W. E. Rose, Greene Corner, first, SI ; Lemuel Gur- ney, second, 50c. Deane : H. Corbett, first, $1 ; M. C. Hobbs, second, 50c. Duchess of Oldenburg: S. H. Dawes, first, SI ; M. P. Hawkins, second, 50c. Early Harvest : C.A.Arnold, first, Si; H. J. A. Simmons, second, 50c. 16 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Fallawater : J. Pope, first, SI ; C. I. Perley, second, oOc. Fall Harvey: C. H. Judkins, Chesterville, first, $1; A. S. Ricker, second, 50c. Fameuse : A. K. Bickford, first, $1 ; S. M. King, second, 50c. Garden Royal: B. H. Ridley, Jay, first, $1; T. J. Wheeler, Chesterville, second, 50c. Granite Beauty : C. I. Perley, first, $1; H. J. A. Simmons, second, 50c. Jewett's Fine Red : S. H. Dawes, first, $1; F. E. Nowell, second, 50c. King Sweeting: F. E. Nowell, first, $1 ; J. S. Hoxie, second, 50c. Large Yellow Bough: F. H. Sleeper, Lewiston, first, $1 ; I. B, Tolman, Union, second, 50c. Mcintosh Red: Chas. Miller, Union, first, Si; C. I. Perley, second, 50c. Mildiug : C. I. Perley, first, $1 ; H. J. A. Simmons, second, 50c. Mother: R.H.Gardiner, first, $1; A. J. Kenniston, second, 50c. Munson Sweet: H. Corbett, first, $1; Hall and Wheeler, sec- ond, 50c. Peck's Pleasant: R. H. Gardiner, first, $1. Pomme Royale : C H. George, second, 50c. Porter: S. H. Dawes, first, $1 ; AS. Ricker, second, 50c. Pound Sweet: S. H. Dawes, first, $1 ; J. M. Lemont, second, 50c. President: A. S. Ricker, first, $1 ; F. E. Nowell, second, 50c. Primate : G. K. Staples, first, $1 ; J. S. Hoxie, second, 50c. Pumpkin Sweet: Walter E. Keith, first, Si; J. Pope, second, 50c. Red Astrachan : H. Corbett, first, $1; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c. Russell: B. H. Ridley, first, $1. Somerset: F. E. Nowell, first, Si ; J. H. Merrow, second, 50c. Stark: J. W. True, first, Si. Starkey : J. Pope, first, $1 ; C. I. Perley, second, 50c. Tetofsky : S. H. Dawes, first, $1 ; J. S. Hoxie, second, 50c. Wagener: G. W. Snow, first, SI ; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c. Wealthy: J. W. True, first, Si ; I. B. Tolman, second, 50c. William's Favorite: S. M. King, first, $1 ; W. A. Luce, second, 50c. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 Winthrop Greening : E. A. Lapham, Pittston, Si ; R. H. Gar- diner, second, 50c. Yellow Transparent: C. H. George, first, $1; M. C. Hobbs, second, oOc. Sweet Russet: A. S. Ricker, second, 25c. Newtown Pippin: I. B. Tolman, first, 50c. AVestfield Seeknof urtlier : S. H, Dawes, first, 50c; C. H. George, second, 50c. Orange Sweet: C. H. .Tudkins, first, 50c; Hall and Wheeler, second, 25c. Maiden's Blush: A. K. Bickford, first, 50c; F. E. Nowell, second, 25c. Minister: A. S. Ricker, first, 50c; Alonzo Butler, second, 25c. Ribston Pippin: A.J S. Ricker, first, 50c; E. A. Lapham, second, 25c. Kilham Hill : A. S. Ricker, first, 50c ; J. S. Hoxie, second, 25c. Twentj' Ounce : D. P. True, first. 50c; ^Y. S. Phinney, Stan- dish, second, 25c. Gloria Mundi : B. H. Ridley, first, 50c; D. P. True, second, 25c. Swaar : D. P. True, first, 50c. Golden Ball : J. M. Leniont, first, 50c. Mann: G. N. Prescott, f^ast Monmouth, first, 50c; J. M. Lemont, second, 25c. Sutton Beauty : S. G. Shurtleff, South Livermore, first, 50c. Princess Louise : S. G. Shurtleff, first, 50c. Shiawassa : S. G. Shurtleff", first, 50c. Geneva Pippin: J. S. Hoxie, first, 50c. Fall Jenneting : S. H. Dawes, first, 50c; J. S. Hoxie, second, 25c. Pennock : J. S Hoxie, first, 50c ; F. E. Nowell, second, 25c. Grimes' Golden : C. H. George, first, 50c ; Alonzo Butler, sec- ond, 25c. Gano : J. S. Hoxie, first, 50c. Pomme Gris : J. S. Hoxie, first, 50c. Pewaukee : E. A. Lapham, first, 50c; Hall aud Wheeler, sec- ond, 25c. Benoni : Charles Miller, East Union, first, 50c; J. S. Hoxie, second, 25c. 2 18 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ■ Gideon : J. S. Hoxie, first, 50c. Spitzenberg : S. H. Dawes, first, 50c; C. I. Perley, second, 25c. New York Pippin : S. H. Dawes, first, 50c. Lady Sweet: C. H. George, first, 50c; F. E. Nowell, second, 25c. Bailey Sweet: S H. Dawes, first, 50c. River: B. H. Ridley, first, 50c; F. E. Nowell, second, 25c. Fall Greening : I. B. Tolraan, first, 50c. Black Oxford: A. K. Bickfoi*d, first, 50c; C. H. Judkins, second, 25c. Fall Orange : S. M. King, first, 50c. Maxim Seedling : S. M. King, first, 50c. Garden Beauty : S. M. King, first, 50c York Imperial: S. M. King, first, 50c. Foundling: S. M. King, first, 50c; C. H. George, second, 25c. Franklin Sweet: Hall & Wheeler, first, 50c. St. Lawrence : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c ; F. E. Nowell, second, 25c. Caleph Sweet: B. H. Ridley, first, 50c. Parker Sweet : B. H. Ridley, first, 50c. Mammoth: B. H. Ridley, first, 50c. Acme : B. H. Ridley, first, 50c. Hurlbut : G. "W. Snow, first, 50c ; Alonzo Butler, second, 25c. August Greening : F. E. Nowell, first, 50c. Blue Pearmain : C. I. Perley. first, 50c; W. A. Luce, second, 25c. Moses Wood : C. L Perley, first, 50c. Poughkeepsie Russet : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c ; W. A. Luce, second, 25c. Hightop Sweet: F. E. Nowell, first, 50c. Sops-of-Wiue : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c ; F. E. Nowell, second, 25c. Haas : C A. Arnold, first 50c. American Golden Pippin : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c. Colvert: Alonzo Butler, first, 50c; F. E. Nowell, second, 25c. Hawley : Alonzo Butler, second, 25c. Jersey Sweet : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c. Rambo : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 Keswick Codlin : Alonzo Butler, first, oOc. Cooper's Market : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c ; F. E. Nowell, second, 25c. Liscomb : W. A. Luce, first, 50c. Golden Sweet: TV. A. Luce, first, 50c. Garden Sweet: E. A. Lapham, first, 50c. Fall Pippin : E. A. Lapham, first, 50c ; C. H. George, second, 25c. Superb Sweet : C. H. Judkins, first, 50c. Strawberry Sweet : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c. Chenango Strawberry : C. H. George, first, 50c. English Russet: C. H. George, first, 50c. Class 2-PEARS. For best general exhibition of pears : S. H. Dawes, first, $10 ; C. I. Perley, second, S8 ; D. J. Briggs, third, 85. Clapp's Favorite: A. S. Ricker, first, S3; S. H. Dawes, second, $2. Bartlett: S. H. Dawes, first, S3 ; A. S. Ricker, second, $2. Belle Lucrative : G. N. Prescott, first, $1; Walter E. Keith, second, 50c. Beurre d'Anjou : S. H. Jawes, first, $1 ; Walter E. Keith, second, 50c. Beurre Bosc : J. W. True, first, SI. Beurre Superfin : D. P. True, first, 81 ; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c. Beurre Clairgeau : S. H. Dawes, first, $1; G. N. Prescott, second, 50c. Buffum : Walter E. Keith, first. Si ; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c. Doyenne Boussock : S. H. Dawes, first, $1 ; C. H. George, second, 50c. Duchesse d'Angouleme : S. H. Dowes, first. Si ; Alonzo But- ler, second, 50c. Fulton : D. P. True, first. Si. Goodale : C I. Perley, first, 81. Howell: C. I. Perley, first. 81; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c. Louise Bonne de Jersey: S. H. Dawes, first, SI ; D. P. True, second, 50c. Seckel : A S. Ricker, first. Si ; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c. Sheldon: S. H. Dawes, first, $1; A. S. Ricker, second, 50c. 20 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Souvenir du Congress: S. H. Dawes, first, $1; D. P. True, second, 50c. Lawrence : Lemuel Gurney, first, $1 ; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c. Vicar of Wakefield : Alonzo Butler, first, 50c ; D. P. True, second, 50c. Beurre d'Amalis : Walter E. Keith, first, 50c ; H. J. A. Sim- mons, second, 50c. Bloodgood : S. H. Dawes, first, 50c. Rostiezer: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c. Brandywine : S. H. Dawes, first, 50c. Rutter : S. H. Dawes, first, 50c. Tyson : S. G. Shurtleff, first, 50c ; S. H. Dawes, second, 25c. Gurber: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c. Kieffer: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c; D. P. True, second, 25c. Edmunds : Walter E. Keith, first, 50c. Margaret: S. G. Shurtleff, second, 25c. Eastern Belle : J. S. Hoxie, first, 50c. Flemish Beauty : A. J. Kenniston, Simpson's Corner, first, 50c; S. H. Dawes, second, 25c. Glout Morceau : C. I. Perley, first, 50c. Swan's Orange : C. I. Perley, second, 25c. Ellis : D. P. True, first, 50c. Class 3-GRAPES. Collection open air grapes: S. H. Dawes, first, $5; G. A. Glover, Naples, second, $o. Sweetwater: A. P. Ring, first, $1. Class 4-PLUIviS. For best general exhibition: S. H. Dawes, first, $6; W. A. Luce, second, $4 ; D. P. True, third, $2. Bavay's Green Gage : W. A. Luce, second, 50c. Bradshaw: W. A. Luce, first, $1 ; D. H. Knowlton, Farming- ton, second, 50c. Coe's Golden Drop : S. H. Dawes, first, $1; C. H.George, second, 50c. Prince's Imperial Gage: H. J. A. Simmons, first, $1 ; Charles Miller, second, 50c. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 Purple Gage: Lemuel Gurney, first, Si ; D. P. True, second, 50c. Red Gage : D. P. True, first, $1. Guii : A. A. Eastman, Dexter, first, $1. Jefferson: J. W. True, first, $1 ; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c> Lawrence: S. H. Dawes, first, $1. Lombard : S. H. Dawes, first, $1 ; C. H. George, second, 50oo. Magnum Bonum : M. P. Hawkins, first, $1. McLaughlin: J. W. True, first, fl ; A. A. Eastman, second,. 50c. Moore's Arctic: W. A. Luce, first, SI ; A. A. Eastman, second, 50c. Quackenbos : W. A. Luce, first, $1. Washington : D. H. Knowlton, first, $1. Yellow Egg: Lemuel Gurney, first, SI; J. W. True, second, 50c. Abundance : S. G. Shurtleff, gratuity, $1. Fellemberg : S. G. Shurtleff, gratuity, $1 ; D. H. Knowlton, gratuity, 50c. Class S-SMALL FRUITS IN GLASS. Currants: A. A. Eastman, first, 50c. Gooseberries : A. A. Eastman, first, 50c. Raspberries : A. A. Eastman, first, 50c. Strawberries : A. A. Eastman, first, 50c. Class 6-MISCELLANEOUS. Quinces: S. H. Dawes, gratuity, $1. Figs: E. K. Whitney, Harrison, gratuity, $1. Blackberries: Alonzo Butler, gratuity, $1. Collection Canned Fruit, etc. : Mrs. H. Corbett, first, $8 ; Mrs. F. D. Grover, Bean's Corner, second, $5. Canned Blackberries : Mrs. D. P. True, first, 50c ; Mrs. Fran- cis Hoyt, Winthrop, second, 25c. Canned Blueberries : Mrs. D. P. True, first, 50c. Canned Gooseberries: Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c; Mrs. D. P. True, second, 25c. Canned Peaches : Mrs. H. Corbett, first, 50c ; Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Canned Pears: Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c; Mrs. H. Corbett, second, 25c. 22 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Canned Plums : Mrs. H. Corbett, first, 50c; Mrs. D. P. True, second, 25c. Canned Quinces : Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c ; Mrs. H. Corbett, second, 25c. Canned Raspberries : Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c. Canned Strawberries: Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c; Mrs. H. Cor- bett, second, 25c. Canned Tomatoes : Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Preserved Apples : Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Preserved Currants : Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c. Preserved Cherries : Miss E. B. Butler, Union, first, 50c ; Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Preserved Pears : Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c; Mrs. H. Corbett, second, 25c. Preserved Plums: Mrs. F. Hoj^t, first, 50c; Mrs. D. P. True, second, 50c. Preserved Quince: Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c; Mrs. H. Corbett, second, 25. Preserved Raspberries: Miss E. B. Butler, first, 50c; Mrs. H. Corbett, second, 25c. Preserved Strawberries: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, 50c; Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Assorted Pickles : Mabel E. Grover, Bean's Corner, first, 50c ; Blrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Tomato Catsup : Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c. Collection Apple Jellies : Mrs. H. Corbett, first, 82; Mrs. F. D. Grover, second, $1. Apple Jelly: Mrs. F. D. Grover, first, 81; Mrs. H. Corbett, second, 50c. Crab Apple Jelly: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, 50c; Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Currant Jelly : Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 50c ; A. A. Eastman, second, 25c. Grape Jelly : Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Quince Jelly: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, 50c: Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Raspberry Jelly : Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Rhubarb Jelly: Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. Strawberry Jelly : Mrs. H. Corbett, first, 50c ; Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 25c. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 Maple Syrup : C. H. George, first, Si ; Joseph Hibbs, Hebron, second, 60c. Evaporated Apples : Walter Keith, first, $3. Celery Relish: S. B. Scribner, Lewiston, gratuity, 50c. Maple Sugar : Lemuel Gurney, gratuity, 2oc, Tomato Pickles : Mrs. F, A. Conant, Lewiston, gratuity, 25c. Preserved Tomato : Mrs. F. A. Conant, gratuity, 50c. Strawberry Jam: Mrs. F. A. Conant, gratuity, 25c. Class 7-FLOWERS. Display of Cut Flowers: (professional) C. S. Goddard & Son, Woodfords, first, 810. Display of Cut Flowers : Mrs. Charles Stanley, Winthrop, first, $10 ; Mrs. B. T. Townsend, Freeport, second, $8 ; Mrs. A. B. Strattard, Monroe, third, $o. Exhibition of Dahlias: Mrs. Charles Stanley, first, 82; Mrs. B. T. Townsend, second, $1. Chinese Pinks : Charles S. Walker, Peru, first, $2 ; lola Agnes Walker, Peru, second, $1. Lilies: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, second, 81. Asters: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, 81; Mrs. S. T. Good- speed, Turner Centre, second, 50c. Pansies (named) : Mrs. A. B. Strattard, second, 81. Pansies : Mrs. H. Corbett, first, 81. Zinnias: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, 81 ; Mrs. Franc's Hoyt, second, 50c. Phlox Drummondii : Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, 82; Willard H. Waterman, East Auburn, second, 81. Stocks: Lucy A. Chandler, Freeport, first, 81; Mrs. G. K. Staples, second, 50c. Sweet Peas: E. C. Pope, Manchester, first, 81; Mrs. S. T. Goodspeed, second, 50c. Balsams: Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, 81 ; Mrs. Chas. Stanley, second, 50c. Gladioli: Lucy A. Chandler, first, $2; Mrs. H. Corbett, sec- ond, 81. Petunias: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $1 ; Mrs. A. B. Strat- tard, second, 50c. Verbenas : Lucy A. Chandler, first, 81 ; Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 50c. 24 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vase of Cat Flowers : Mrs. E. Klusener, Auburn, first, $3 ; Mrs. H. Coi-bett, second, $2; Mrs. Anthony Cummings, Auburn, $1. Six Batton-hole Bouquets : Perez S. Burr, Freeport, second, $1 . Professional Floral Design : Miss G. P. Sanborn, Augusta , first, $8 ; C. S. Goddard & Son, second, $5. Corsage Bouquet: Perez S. Burr, first, $2. Amateur Floral Design: Lucy B. Burr, Freeport, first, $5; Mrs. A. B. Strattard, second, S3. Dish of Cut Flowers : Mrs. H. Corbett, first, S2 ; Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, $1. Basket of Cut Flowers : C. S, Goddard & Son, first, $2 ; Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, $1. Collection of Floral Designs : Miss G. P. Sanborn, gratuity, $5. Exhibition of Greenhouse plants: C. S. Goddard & Son, first, $20; Miss G. P. Sanborn, second, S15; W. G. Bailey, Freeport, third, $10. Exhibition of pot plants : Lucy A. Chandler, first, $10; Mrs. Anthony Cummings, second, $8. Exhibition of Ferns: C. S. GoddardJ «fe Son, first, $3 ; W. G. Bailey, second, $2. Exhibition of Geraniums : Mrs. A. Cummings, first, $2 ; W. G. Bailey, second, $1. Exhibition of Foliage Begonias: W. G. Bailey, first, $2 ;] Mrs. B. T, Townsend, second, $1. Exhibition Tuberous Begonias : W. G. Bailey, first, $2 ; Mrs. B. T. Townsend, second, $1. Exhibition of Coleus : Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, S2 ; W. G. Bailey, second, $1. Exhibition of Gloxinias: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $2;^ Mrs. C. E. Waterman, second, $1. Double Geranium : Mrs. A. Cummings, first, 50c. Single Geranium : Mrs. A. Cummings, second, 25c. Foliage Begonia : Mrs. A. Cummings, first, 50c ; W. G. Bai- ley, second, 25c. Flowering Begonia: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first,' 60c ; W. G. Bailey, second, 25c. Tuberous Begonia: W. G. Bailey, first, 50c; Mrs. B. T. Townsend, second, 25c. Coleus : Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, 50c ; Mrs. C. E. Water- man, second, 25c. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 Fuchsia: Mrs. A. Cummings, first, 50c; Mrs. E. Klusener, second, 25c. Carnation : W. G. Bailey, first, 5Gc. Ever-blooming Rose: Mrs. A. Cummings, first, $1. Single Pot plant : Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, S2 ; Mrs. A. Cummings, second. Si. Climbing plant: Mrs. A. Cummings, second, Si. Pair Lawn Vases (filled) : Mrs. A. Cummings, first, S3. Cut Wild Flowers : Mrs. C. E Waterman, first, S3. Pressed Wild Flowers : Edith M. Stoddard, Belfast, first, S5 ; Lillian A. Spratt, Kenduskeag, second, S3 ; F. L. Varney, Eapt Lowell, third, $2. WINDOW GARDEN DEPARTMENT. Geraniums. First Premiums : Ethel Drake, Lora Bearce, Fred Greenleaf, Harry Prince, Angle Welch, Clinton Bailey, Gertrude Stetson, Belle Jordan, Sadie Tracey, Amy Cushman, Gladys Lothrop, George Bower, Lester Brett, Elwin Nutter, Auburn ; Rosa Buckfield, Ethel Hunt, Edith Davis, Belle Bushby, Arthur Handy, John O'Brien, Bennie Armone, Goldie Ware, Alice Cart- land, Ethel Lewis, Lewiston, 30 cents each. Second Premiums : Walter Hunt, Forest Atwood, Maude Pre- ble, Charlie Woodbury, .James Gould, Wallace Philoon, Vargie Pulsifer, Harold Furbuah, Wallace Clement, Maud Stearns, Ever- ett Davis, Carl Currier, Lizzie Briggs,Paul Preble, Helen Sprague, Delia Brabson, Vertie Edwards, Ralph Chase, Grace Bowen, Auburn ; May Joyce, Fred Nandtke, Eugene Boucher, James Daly, Alvin Riley, Willie Nason, Ray Smith, Lewiston, 20 cents each. Coleus. First premiums : Guy Mixer, Lin Smith, E^thel Storah, Maude Larrabee, Lilla Stetson, Chester Kilgore, Arthur Decker, Auburn ; Lewis Noland, Mary Cotton, Nellie Durgin, Frank Crow- ley, Lewiston, 30 cents each. Second premiums : Adelbert Morse, Florence Palmer, Annie Brabson, Mabel Coombs, Ernest Lord, Lula Yeaton, Allie Garce- lon, Goldie Miller, Ruby Randall, Auburn; George Robinson, Arthur Thompson, Harry Lunt, Fannie Love, Lewiston, 20 cents each. 26 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SUMMARY OF AAVARDS. Apples — General exhibitions S219 50 Specials 61 00 Single plates 90 00 $370 50 Pears — General exhibitions and single plates 64 25 Grapes 9 00 Plums 35 50 Fruits in glass, etc 4 00 Canned fruits 40 50 Plants and Flowers — Cut Flowers $57 00 FloralWork 41 00 Plants 96 50 194 50 Specials— Wild Flowers $13 00 Children's Plants 16 20 29 20 Total $747 45 LIST OF PREMIUMS AWARDED AT THE WINTER MEETING, HELD IN FOXCROFT, JANUARY 8th and 9th, 1895. Collection Apples: B. H. Ridle}', Jay, 85; G. K. Staples, Temple, $4; 0. L. Larrabee, West Levant, $3; S. R. Sweetser, Cumberland Center, gratuity, 83. Best Plate American Golden Russets: Charles H. Judkins, Chesterville, 81 ; B. H. Ridley, Jay, 50c. Baldwin: J. W. True, New Gloucester, 81; Chas. S.Pope, Manchester, 50c. Ben Davis: J. W. True, New Gloucester, $1; B. H. Ridley, Jay, 50c. Falla water : O. L. Larrabee, West Levant, 50c; H. L. Leland, East Sangerville, 25c. Fall Harvey: B. H. Ridley, Jay, 50c; H. L. Leland, East Sangerville, 25c. Fameuse : B. H. Ridley, Jay, 50c; H. L. Leland, East San- gerville, 25c. Hubbardston Nonsuch: Chas. S. Pope, Manchester, $1 ; Wm. R. Wharf, Gardiner, 50c. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETA. 27 Jewett's Fine Red: D. H. Kuowlton, Farmingtou, 50c; J. W. True, New Gloucester, '25c. Milcliug: H. L. Leland, East Sangerville, $\ ; G. K. Staples, Temple, 50c. Mother: Wm. R. Wharf, Gardiner, SI. Northern Spy : C. H. Judkina, Chesterville, §1 ; L. A. Rouse, Farmingdale, 50c. Pound Sweet : J. AV. True, New Gloucester, Si ; B. H. Ridley, Jay, 50c. Rhode Island Greening: E. W. Dunbar, Damariscotta, Si ; S. R. Sweetser, Cumberland Centre, 50c. Rolfe : O. L. Larrabee, West Levant, SI. Roxbury Russets : Charles S. Pope, Manchester, SI ; H. L. Leland, East Sangerville, 50c. Starkey: Charles S. Pope, Manchester, $1; H. L. Leland, East Sangerville, 50c. Stark : A. A. Eastman, Dexter, 50c ; J. W. True, New Gloucester, 25c. Talman's Sweet: Charles S. Pope. Manchester, 61 ; C. H. Jud- kins, Chesterville, 50c. Tompkiu's King: G. K. Staples, Temple, $1; William R. Wharf, Gardiner, 50c. Wagener : B. H. Ridley, Jay, 50c; O L. Larrabee, West Levant, 25c. Wealthy: S. R. Sweetser, Cumberland Centre, $1. Yellow Bellflower: A. E Andrews, Gardiner, $1 ; William R. Wharf, Gardiner, 50c. Winter Pears : D. P. True, Leeds Centre, $1. Lawrence Pear: D P. True, Leeds Centre, SI. Vicar of Wakefield : D. P. True, 81. Keifer: D. P. True, SI. Canned Apples : Charles E. Wheeler, Chesterville, $2. Winter Nelis Pear: Charles S. Pope, Manchester, SI. Beurre Clairgeau : D. P. True, $1. We notice some very nice small fruits put up in small bottles bj' W. W. Crooker of Monson ; also four glass jars of gooseberries, currants and raspberries, put up by A. R. Dodge of Dexter; for all of which your committee would recommend a gratuity. The committee add in closing their report : We also notice some quinces exhibited hy D. P. True, Leeds Centi'e, that are well grown and nicely preserved, and worthy of a gratuity. Business Transactions at the Annual ^leetina'. September 6, 1894. The members of the Society met in the hall provided for the purpose on the Fair grounds, in Lewiston, at 6.30 P. M. Proceeded to the election of officers for 1895. [See page 9.] Professor Munson stated that legislation referring to the exter- mination of black knot seems to be inexpedient at the present time, and the committee was accordingly granted time to prepare a final report for the Winter Meeting. AT THE WINTER MEETING JANUARY 8tH AND 9tH, 1895. By invitation of Mr. H. L. Leland in behalf of local organiza- tions and citizens of Piscataquis county the annual Winter Meet- ing was held in Opera House, Foxcroft, January 8th and 9th, 1895. Secretary McKeen joined with the Society and the meeting was held with the most cordial good will and approval of all concerned. The meeting was called to order at the appointed hour by the President, and the Treasurer and Secretary presented their annual reports. [See preceding pages.] The Committee on Legislation appointed at the last Winter Meeting reported as follows : After a thorough canvass of the subject your committee deem it unwise at present to urge legislative action looking toward the sup- pression of the "black knot" of plum and cherry trees. It is found that trees apparently free from disease may be infected from diseased trees at least three-fourths of a mile distant. As the cul- ture of plums is comparatively a small industry, while the wild plum and cherry trees of our forests are an ever present menace it is doubtful if any law could prove effective. Public sentiment is not yet sufficiently strong to insure the enforcement of such meas- ures as would be necessary. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOOIETr. 29 It therefore remains for each grower to continue the fight single handed and for this society to continually agitate the question of how to deal with plant diseases. It now seems probable that black knot may be held in check by the timely use of Bordeaux mixture. If this be the case, the progressive grower will have a more valu- able aid than a mere statute which from the nature of existing conditions must be inoperative. W. M. MUNSON, "^ W. A. Luce, > Committee. S, H. Dawes, ) Committees on exhibition of fruits, consisting of S. H. Dawes and J. F Norris, was appointed by the President. [See page 14 for report of premiums awarded ] Committee on Resolutions, consisting of Charles S. Pope, W. M. Munson, and B. H. Ridley, was appointed, and before the close of the meeting reported as follows : Resolved, That the Maine Pomological Societ}' fully appreciates the cordial welcome extended by the citizens of Dover and Fox- croft, and the assistance rendered in making the program . of interest. Resolved, That the thanks of the society are due to the hotels of the two villages and to the railroads for the reduced rates given. A special committee was appointed to consider and report on the recommendations contained in the President's address. The fol- lowing gentlemen composed the committee : Charles S. Pope, Dr. H. A. Robinson and A. A. Eastman. [See page 50.] The following resolution was presented by the Secretary and unanimously passed : Whereas, We recognize that fruit growing is one of the most important industries of agriculture in the State ; and whereas we believe that the various agricultural societies in the State should do more to develop this particular industry by offering more liberal premiums for exhibitions of fruit ; therefore, Resolved, That we recommend for the consideration of the societies the propriety of a premium of at least five dollars for the best exhibition of correctly named varieties of apples, the collec- tion to consist of at least fifteen varieties ; that premiums of at least fifty cents per plate of five specimens be offered for the fol- lowing named varieties, or as many of them as possible : 30 STATE POMOLOaiCAL SOCIETY. Alexander, Golden Russet, Ben Davis, Deaue, Duchess of Olden- burg, Fallawater, Fall Harvey, Fameuse, Garden Royal, Granite Beauty, Jewett's Fine Red, King Sweeting, Large Yellow Bought Mcintosh Red, Milding, Munson Sweet, Peck's Pleasant, Porter, Pound Sweet, Primate, Pumpkin Sweet, Rolfe, Somerset, Stark, Staikey, Wagener, Wealthy, William's Favorite, Winthrop Green- ing, Yellow Transparent, Baldwin, Gravenstein, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, Talman's Sweet, Tompkins King, Yellow Bellflower. The Pomolog'cal Society has very largely increased the size of its exhibition by offering less premiums for single plates of other correctly named varieties in addition to the list given. The object of these recommendations is in no way an effort to dictate to any of the societies, but rather to urge upon them the importance of giving the fruit industry of the State the prominence its magnitude entitles it to receive. Voted, That the foregoing resolution be given a passage, and respectfully referred to the Board of Agriculture for its consider- ation. A copy of this resolution was sent to the State Board of Agri- culture and the following note was passed by that body : ENDORSED BY THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. This resolution was read and a vote taken, that the Board endorse the resolution of the Pomological Society as passed at its meeting at Foxcroft, January 8th and 9th, 1895. Attest : A. R. Smiley, Clerk. B. WALKER McKEEN, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. Later in circular form the above was sent to each agricultural society in the State. MEETINGS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. March 16, 1894. Met at Elm House, Auburn. Voted, To adopt a scale of points for judging single plates of apples and pears, no plate to receive a first premium that scores less than 75 per cent ; a second that scores less than 60, and a third that scores less than 50. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 The schedule of premiums was revised for the next annual exhi- bition. April 13th. The Secretary received from the Secretary of the Maine State Agricultural Society a copy of vote passed by the trustees of that Society, arranging terms of exhibition. This vote as agreed upon is as follows : Voted, To accept proposition from State Pomological Society for joint exhibition for 1894. The State Agricultural Society to pay the Pomological Society 8500 on condition that the pomologi- cal premiums shall not be reduced from last year ; the State Soci- ety to furnish two policemen the last day if requested ; to issue two single admission tickets to annual and the usual ticket to life members, not members of the State Society ; also to furnish single admission to children only who furnish plants, and that the trus- tees shall determine the amount of alterations in tables for which they will be responsible. August 21. Meeting called in Lewiston to arrange for exhibi- tion. Visited the exhibition building and agreed upon such changes as seemed best and instructed IMessrs. Andrews and the Secretary to carry the same into effect. November 8. Meeting held at the Barden House, Phillips. The Secretary presented schedule of premiums awarded at the exhibition and the Treasurer was authorized to hire money to pay the same so far as it may be necessary. Voted, To accept the invitation offered in behalf of the citizens of Pisctitaquis county, to hold the meeting at some accessible point there ; that the time and place of holding the meeting be referred to the President and Secretary. Voted, That premiums be offered at the Winter Meeting, not to exceed those of last year, and that the Secretary be instructed to prepare the schedule. January 9, 1895. Meeting of committee in Foxcroft following the Annual Winter Meeting. Voted, That the President and Mr. Andrews visit Augusta and take such action to secure the deficiency, the past two years as their judgment may determine. PUBLIC MEETINGS OF THE Maine State Pomological Society PAPERS, DISCUSSIONS, Etc. ANNUAL MEETING, Lewiston, September 6, 1894. Special Meeting, Coiuliictecl by the Executive Committee. Phillips, November 8, 1894. UNION WINTER MEETING, Foxcroft, January 8 and 9, 1895. PUBLIC MEETINGS. PROGRAMMES, AXXUAL MEETIXG DURIXG THE EXHIBITIOX. Music, conducted by A. R. Smile}'. Election of officers. Address by Mrs. Alonzo Towle, Freedom, N. H., "Inside the Hedge Row." SPECIAL MEETIXG, PHILLIPS. Apples : Their Culture, Handling and Marketing, Conducted by President Pope. Paper, John AY. True, New Gloucester. The Enemies of Fruit, A short talk by Prof. W. M. Munson. Discussion, Small Fruits and Their Culture. The subject will be opened by President Pope, and followed up by the Secretary of the Society and others. Fruit growers were invited to bring in specimens of fruit grown in North Franklin. UXIOX AVIXTER 3IEETIXG AT FOXCPtOFT, Jax. S and 9, 1S95. TUESDAY, 10 A. M. BUSINESS MEETING. Report of Treasurer. Report of Secretary. Other Business. AFTERNOON. Address of Welcome, H. A. Robinson, D. D. S., Foxcroft. Response. President's Annual Address, John AY. True, New Gloucester. The Young Orchard, Chas. E. AVheeler, Chesterville. 36 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. EVENING. Enemies of Fruit Culture and How to Subdue Them, Prof. W. M. Munson, Orono. Cultivation of Orchard and Small Fruits, O. B. Hadwen, Worcester, Mass. WEDNESDAY, A. M. Progress of Orcharding and Fruit Culture in Piscataquis County, Calvin Chamberlain, Foxcroft. Discussion — Condition and Prospects of Fruit Culture in Piscata- quis County, H. L. Leland, E. Sangerville. The Home Garden, Chas. S. Pope, Manchester. AFTERNOON. A Discussion as to what shall be Maine's Flower in the National Garland, Janet L. Dingley, Auburn. State Chairman of the Maine Floral Emblem Society. After the discussion there will be a ballot for the flower preferred. Study of Plant Life, Superintendent John R. Dunton, Rockland. EVENING. Good Food from the Garden, Miss Anna Barrows, School of Domestic Science, Boston. FRCIT EXHIBITION. There will be an exhibition of fruit, to which all fruit growers in the State are cordially invited to contribute. EXHIBITION RULES. 1. The same general rules will govern this exhibition as the Other exhibitions of the Society. 2. All entries must be made with the Secretary on or before 1 o'clock of the first day (January 8), and the fruit must be in place by that hour. 3. Five specimens of apples or pears will constitute a plate. Exhibitors will please take notice. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 4. The Society's premiums are open for competition to all per- sons residing in the State ; but when premiums or gratuities exceed- inw Si. 00 and less than S20.00 are awarded to a person not a mem- ber of this Society, a fee of $1.00 will be deducted therefrom ; and when premiums and gratuities amounting to $20.00 or more are awarded to a person not a life member of this Society, the fee for life membership will be deducted therefrom, and a certificate of membership will be issued accordingly. PAPERS, DISCUSSIONS, ETC.. AT THE STATE FAIR MEETING. The address by Mrs. Alonzo Towle of Freedom, N. H., — "Inside the Hedge Row" — was an eloquent appeal for flowers in the home garden. She urged the planting of them, described them, and gave cultural directions of value to all interested in flowers. She illustrated her lecture from her own experience in the care of flowers. Excellent music was furnished under the direction of Mr. A. R. Smiley. AT THE PHILLIPS MEETING. APP1>ES— THEIR CULTURE, HANDLING AND MARKETING. President Pope with a few appropriate words introduced the sub- ject of the afternoon, and briefly called attention to some of the essentials of successful fruit culture in Maine. He then intro- duced Mr. John W. True of New Gloucester, who read the follow- ing paper : In order to raise good apples and do it successfully some one has got to begin with the young trees and have them properly set and cared for, a number of years at least, and any one not having a taste for that kind of labor should never attempt it, for if he does, failure is sure to follow ; but any one with a love for the work and a real interest in it, one that can truly enjoy working around the young trees, seeing them grow and form their tops, can raise 38 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETT. apples and harvest them ; but that is not the money in his pocket. He has then got to market them and it is all too true that many of us fruit growers and farmers are very poor market-men. In order to be a good market-man, one has got to follow the market reports, keep himself posted as to the supply of and demand for the article he is producing, in order to get the most for his labor and skill in his particular line of work. If he does not do this it is equal to a tax on what he has pro- duced. After a fine crop of apples has been grown it is of the first importance that they should be well marketed. Now one of the greatest questions of the day is how shall that be done? It is now the fashion to sell them to some shipper ^'■riglil through" and he takes them all and packs them himself, in that way the fruit grower gets rid of all his apples, at a low price to be sure, but he gets them all marketed. A large fruit grower told me within a week that he had shipped the last of his apples, 810 barrels, and the packers took practically all of them. It would seem to a dis- interested party that that sort of business would, in the end, react on the producer a few years later ; next year or a little later our apples will not stand quite as high in the markets of the world and consequently shippers cannot pay quite as much for them and we shall be obliged to take a little less for them. Now it is one of the easiest things in the world for a person to find fault, tear down and pick methods and systems into pieces, but not so easy a matter to substitute something better for the old, institute reforms that are an improvement. But it would really seem as though the growers of large quantities of apples could do better, get more money out of the business, if they would put a little more time and business tact into them, by packing them themselves, doing it well and honestly, and then put their own name and residence on every package. In that way, in time, con- sumers would find out who raised and packed good apples, and there would be a call for good fruit, well packed, at an advanced price. As the business is now conducted it is the "barrel" the world over, prices all over the world are quoted by the '■'■barrel" One of the questions that is being asked many times over is this : Is the barrel the best thing to pack apples in, and if it cannot be shown that there is more money in packing them in some other way then it will remain barrels to the end of the chapter. In favor of the barrel STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 we can say that it makes one of the strongest packages there is, it is also one of the easiest handled and where second-hand ones can be bought it is one of the cheapest, but the question is being agitated as to boxes being used, some growers, if I am rightly informed, in this State are using boxes this year. If boxes are to be used it would seem as though some care should be used to have them of some standard size, that is, when we see quotations of apples by the box, we should know what kind of a box is referred to . A number of articles have appeared in the papers quite recently advocating boxes or cases for apples, one of the recommendations is for a box "with two compartments one foot square each (inside measurement) " for ^'■table apples'^ each apple to be wrapped in paper. And there is no doubt but what it would pay to take that amount of care with our nice, high colored fruit, for they are better than oranges and I have no doubt would bring a higher price if the same care was taken with them. If such cases were used, the grower would then feel as though he would like to have his name go upon each package. The same writer also recommends a case for shipping apples with two compartments each to be fifteen and one- half inches square which would hold about the same quantity as a barrel, the case to be made of one- half inch boards for top, bottom and sides, and inch boards for ends and division in the center, but such a box I am convinced would be too large and expensive to handle. It would seem as though there ought to be a call for a package holding about a bushel or one-third of a barrel, the box to go with the apples, such a box is already made for canned goods called a three pound box, very neat, and costing about ten cents. We know that apples that go into our retail stores by the barrel and then are measured out and sent to the consumer get very much bruised and half spoiled, when if the customer could buy a box and the box go with the apples he could well afford to pay the extra expense for the package. On making inquiry I also find that the box with two compartments one foot square inside meas- urement is more expensive than one of some other shape. We have had one made as a sample that is practically the same size, each compartment measuring nine inches wide, ten and three-quar- ters deep, and eighteen inches long, this box will hold one-half barrel and is in our opinion as heavy as it is practical to handle well, we would like to hear this question discussed in all its bear- 40 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ings, that we may perhaps learn a better way, a way that will give the producer a better return for his labor. Prof. W. M. Munson of the State College made a short talk on the "-Enemies of Fruit." The same subject was taken up more at length at the Annual Meeting and the paper may be found in sub- sequent pages of the Transactions. S3IALL FRUITS AND THEIR CULTURE. President Pope gave an account of his experience in growing strawberries. A few years ago he did not believe it would pay him to attempt to grow strawberries, but after attending a good many meetings of the Society he was persuaded to try it for a year or two. He selected a piece of moist, rich land where he could make a few long rows, so as to easily cultivate them with a horse. The first crop satisfied him that he, could not afford to buy berries for his family when he could so easily raise all he wanted at slight cost. The horse does a large part of the work. He has not been without a bed of strawberries since. The plants need frequent cultivation and some cutting back of runners. Spring is the best time to set the plants, and in the fall just before the ground freezes he mulches lightly with strawy horse manure. He has successfully raised several varieties. The Crescent Seedling and Charles Down- ing grow well together. The Bubach is a good grower with him, but he does not like it so well as some of the other varieties. He assured his hearers that any who wished could raise strawberries, but he urged them not to be afraid of getting the soil too rich or hoeing the ground too often. "You can raise these berries much cheaper than you can buy them, and you will not do without them after you have raised them a single year." Secretary Knowlton followed with a talk on growing raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries. Nothing seemed so nice in his family as an abundance of good fruit. As the season opens with the strawberry we are often led to the belief that this is by far the best of the small fruits. It is good and much enjoyed, but he believed it could not take the place of the raspberry or the blackberry. As a fresh fruit for dessert it is the best, though the finest supper he ever ate consisted of luscious blackberries and nice bread with a cup of tea. In other words each of the small fruits has its place and we seem to want one about as much as STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 another, while for canning and cooking the raspberry and black- berry are certainly superior to the strawberry. Any good corn laud is good enough for these fruits. The plants for convenience should be set in rows — raspberries two feet and a half and blackberries three feet apart. The rows of the former should be at least five feet apart and of the latter six or seven. The cap varieties of raspberries should be set in rows at least seven feet apart- The suckers form in the fall and are ready to push up through the soil early in the spring. For this reason it is much better to set the plants in the fall, from the middle of September to the middle of October. In setting cut the canes back to a foot in length or even less. The Cap varieties do better when set in the spring. The ground about them should be frequently cultivated, and only three or four of the new suckers should be allowed to grow. When the canes are about three feet high pinch off the terminal bud. This is the point where the most failures conae in raising raspberries and blackberries. Permit not more than four or five canes to grow and then pinch them back. In the fall or early in the spring the growth of the previous year can be cut out and taken away. Bone meal and wood ashes make the best fertil- izer, but "I have never seen a place too rich for these fruits if the rules for thinning out and pinching back are only followed." The Cuthbert is the most popular market variety, though it is not so hardy and it will kill down occasionally, but the fruit is large and very handsome. The Turner is hardy but more like the natives. The fruit is smaller but the fl ivor is better. It will often bear when the Cuthbert has been winter-killed and is a little earlier. The Golden Queen is a seedling of the Cuthbert with sim- ilar habits of growth and general appearance. Of blackberries there are only two kinds which can be recommended. These are Snyder and Agawam Both are hardy, the latter a little sweeter but more likely to have a bitter flavor. Currants and gooseberries need the old wood trimmed out fre- quently, but enjoy a ricb, moist soil. The old fashioned currant is one of the best in flavor though it is very much smaller than some of the newer sorts. Fay's Prolific is a large fruited kind and is regarded as one of the best, while the White Grape is the best white kind. Of gooseberries the Houghton is very much like the wild goose- berry in its habits but it is much larger and of better quality. 42 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Most grjwers prefer the Downing, whose fruit is larger and if any- thing better. These are American varieties and entirely free from mildew. There are several new varieties but as yet not enough is known of them to speali with certainty, though they are easily raised and mildew does not trouble them. The Industry is one of these. A good English variety is the White Smith. It mildews somewhat, but when sprayed with the Bordeaux mixtures, it is free from it. The fruit is large and of excellent qualit}'. Tables were placed in the hall, and these were well covered with specimens of fruit grown in North Franklin. It was a surprise and pleasure to some of the committee to observe the high color and perfection of the fruit. In closing his remarks the Secretary thanked the people in behalf of the Society for bringing out so excellent an exhibition of fruit, and for the many courtesies that had been extended to the officers in counec ion with the meeting. AT THE WINTER MEETING. ADDRESS OF AVELCOME. By Dr. H. A. Robinson. Mr. President, Members of the Maine State Pomological Society and Board of Agriculture : In response to the request of your Secretary and as a life mem- ber of this Society from its present organization, it becomes my duty and is also a very pleasant privilege to welcome the Society to a meeting in Piscataquis county. Although we claim the pivotal point or geographical center of the State to be within our borders, and very near where we are now assembled, we have been and are to a great extent somewhat isolated or to one side of the great fruit growing portion of the State lying to the southwestward of us. So, therefore, we have not been situated to conveniently take an active part in the meetings and exhibitions of the Society ; and we feel that it is very kind and generous of you to come so far from the more convenient center of your membership to a meeting here. We are on about the same line of latitude and the same isotherm as Moscow and Jerusalem, in the western part of this State. Here, STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 north of the long and high range of Charleston and Garland hills that form the southern boundary of this county, we have almost another climate from what you have who live south of that line. Here the Baldwin and some other varieties of apples are tender and liable in occasional severe winters to be injured. Pear trees when set out hardl}' know whether it is worth while to try to live or not, and if they do survive and grow it is in a rather feeble, half-hearted way. The wood is stained by the severity of winter, wounds heal with difficulty, and the fruitage is comparatively' small. Occasionally, however, some do fairly well and give encourage- ment to continue trying. With grapes, only the very earliest vari- eties ripen. But nevertheless, this is the birthplace of the noble Rolfe apple, and we raise apples in abundance for home use and some to ship, and we might raise an abundance of small fruits if we only would. As an example of what may be done and for the encouragement of otliers, I can say that strawberries have been raised here at the rate of three hundred dollars per acre, and onions at a value of five hundred dollars per acre in quarter acre lots. Currants may be profitably raised heie. A Fay's Prolific currant bash, consisting of a single twig, brought here eleven years ago, has by judicious pro- pagation been increased a thousand fold ; and the sale of bushes and fruit has brought scores of dollars, besides being a benefit to the community at large, as is the introduction of any superior new fruit. If this can be done by an amateur, of course those who make a regular business of such things can do better. It often requires no more labor to do things the right wa}' and succeed, than the wrong way and fail. Hard work without proper knowledge is not usually successful, and hard work without proper management will meet with equal failure ; but the right thing done at the right time and in the right manner is successful. People could if they only would, and it is one of the objects of this society to encourage this very thing ; to help awaken an interest in, and spread abroad a knowledge of the "know how," which is so very essential to the success of any undertaking. This society exists for the acquisition and diffusion of knowledge ; and we hope and expect as knowledge is cumulative, that those who succeed us will be benefited by the results we attain, and will know more than we do. In this direction there is one thing which is very creditable to the fathers and mothers of New England, and in which they are nearly all agreed ; and that is, they all want their 44 ' STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. children to have a better education and a better chance in the world, if possible, than they themselves have had. But too often they overlook one of the greatest factors in gaining the desired end, and that is home influence, training and instruction. Permit me a few words here in reference to the home life that has so much to do with the formation of habits for life, the moulding of charac- ter, and the success that comes from knowledge. The child has everything to learn, and it is the privilege of the parent to be its first teacher. Have the dictionary, the cyclopedia, the atlas, and such other works of reference as you can afford, handy, and put them to daily use. Encourage the children to ask questions, and be patient in answering them. Live your school days over again in the discussion of their lessons, to your mutual advantage. Find out with them the pronunciation, spelling and meaning of the doubtful word. Hunt up the location of the place about which you have been reading, and find out all about it. Talk over and discuss with them the great events of the world at large that you read of daily, and join the results of your reading, obser- vation and experience to the advantages of the improved methods of the schools of the present day. Encourage in them habits of carefulness, thoughtfulness, and thoroughness, of order, method and punctuality. Tell them that a high school or academic educa- tion in additon to a knowledge of the three "R's" is net to enable them to live by their wits, but to fit them to do more intelligently and efficiently some part of the world's work. The mind is edu- cated that it may the better direct the work of the hands. Try to know a little more of something every night than you did in the morning. This in one direction is one of the right ways of right living, and as every year adds to your stock of knowledge, so every year should increase your love of its acquirement. Children should be instructed by their parents in the great problems of nature. They have a right to know of things and to know of them in the right way. To illustrate, take a field in which you, as horticulturists, are familiar. Tell them of the duality of all living things in nature. Begin by showing the flower of the meek and lowly strawberry plant ; show the structure of the flower ; point out the pistils and stamens ; explain to them that unless the pistils are fertilized by the pollen of the stamens no fruit and seed8 will result ; and if stamens do not exist in the same flower with the pistils, as is sometimes the case, another kind which has stamens in its flowers must be planted alongside that by means of wafting STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 by winds and the visits of insects the pollen may be carried and fruitfulness result. That a like condition exists to some extent with some kinds of grape vines and pear trees. That the pollen from the tassle of the corn must fall upon the silk, each individual thread of which connects with what will become a kernel of corn in order that the perfect ear result. That this condition of things exists throughout animate nature with plants and animals. Their minds will then be prepared to understand the sexuality of the animal kingdom in a perfectly natural and logical manner without a thought or the suggestion of a thought of indelicacy. Simple as this is an important truth has been unfolded, an important lesson learned, and in the right way. Of course you will not fail to inculcate a spirit of that "greatest thing in the world," of which Prof. Henry Drummond writes so graphically, and which distinguishes the humane man of the pres- ent, and the still more humane man, we hope, of the future, from the savage type from which he has sprung. Knowledge is second only to "the greatest thing in the world." It has been said "knowledge is power." Let me add, in the pursuit of knowledge is happiness. Education is of necessity partial and comparative, the ocean of knowledge is so vast. A person may be learned in one thing and unlearned in another. Someone has aptly said, "One should know something of everything, and everything of something." That is, he should have some knowledge of all things, but a thorough, exhaustive knowledge of whatever he makes his life work or busi- ness. You come to us amid the snows and inclemencies of winter. We wish it could be at some other season of the year, and that you could view some of the scenery that nature has given us here. For who ever knew a person with a natural love of fruits and fruit growing in his heart to be indifferent to the beauties of nature ? This county is the favored location of some of the great scenic features of the State. Its great lake, with its wonderful Mount Kineo, forms a portion of its western boundary. Its highest moun- tain, Katahdin, stands in majesty on its eastern border midway up the line. Its greatest river, Penobscot, rolls its flood of water across the county, and curiously enough passes by within only two miles and forty-seven rods of the upper end of Moosehead lake. Beautiful Lake Sebec, with its unique mountain background, the 46 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETt. most central body of water in the State, is within an hour's drive of these villages. We wish you could come here in beautiful October, and ride northward on the railroad through the towns of Abbot, Blanchard and Shirley, to Greenville. You would find scenery beautiful to behold. Then take the Canadian Pacific Rail- road at the latter place and go eastward across the county, skirting the rugged and precipitous southern side of Boarstone mountain, crossing the enormous iron trestles of Wilson and Onawa, looking down into the tree tops of hundreds of acres of variegated forest and over the waters of placid lakelets, go on to Henderson junction in the town of Brownville, and up to the ore mountain and Silver lake at Katahdin Iron AVorks. Into Silver lake flows a rapid stream called the Gulf stream, with its tributary called the Gulch, which runs through miles of true canon, said to be one of the finest examples of real canon, on a moderate scale, this side of the Rocky mountains. This county, after losing sixty townships to Aroostook in 1844, is seven townships wide and sixteen townships long, or 3,780 square miles in area. It would make a whole state like Delaware, another the size of Rhode Island, and have townships enough left to make an ordinary sized county as counties average. Only about twenty townships, however, of this great area is settled, the rest is wilder- ness. These arr; some of the physical features of our county you would enjoy seeing in October, which month is also, in this region, the month for gathering and storing the apple, and brings us back to the primary object of this meeting. Fruit growing ie a pleasant and remunerative business, and the use of a succession of fruits in the family is not only agreeable but decidedly beneficial and healthful. Only exceeded by the pleasure derived from the actual work in caring for the trees of the apple orchard, is that to be had in view- ing the fruition of that labor at the exhibitions of the fruit itself, when the long tables are covered with red, yellow and multicolored apples. I have visited exhibitions of fruit of the American Fomological Society at Boston and at Philadelphia, and World's Fairs at Phila- delphia and Chicago, but I have never seen finer displays of apples than I have seen in years past at the exhibitions of this Society. I want to congratulate the Society on having attained its majority. It has safely passed the perils of infancy and youth, the often STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 awkward and sometimes erratic period of adolescence and may now continue its good work with the conscious vigor of joung man- hood. You are now twenty-one years old. You will doubtless still continue to receive the fostering care and aid of the State — a State of which we are all proud, and have reason to be, and which now contains 700,000 of as well-governed, law-abiding, thrifty, prosperous and happy people as the sun shines on. I believe that this Society and its co-laborer, the Board of Agri- culture, are in the way of being very helpful to the cause of fruit growing and farming in this State, and in the name of the people of these twin-villages and in behalf of our three agricultural Societies, Eastern, Western and Central, I extend to you a cordial welcome to this county, hoping that the leaven of your enthusiasm may be an excitant to our comparative luke-warmness and indif- ference. The response to the address of welcome was given by Secretary Knowlton, who briefly gave an outline of the work being done by the Society, and in behalf of the visitors present, thanked the speak- er for his cordial welcome, expressing in closing the hope tha the present meeting might prove the most profitable ever held by the Society. THE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS. B}' John W. True of New Gloucester. Ladies and Gentlemen : Another year has rolled round since our last winter meeting, and the tenth anniversary of my first meeting with the Maine State Pomological Society has arrived. I little thought, then, that such an interest would be created in this subject of "Fruit Culture" as to induce me to attend every meeting of the Society for the next ten years. And I can see that the knowledge and interest which I have gained has shown itself in my surroundings. I feel that this is one of the missions of this society to awaken interest, as well as to teach the people of this good old State of Maine the art of rais- ing more and better fruit, and to surround their homes with more of the beauties of nature, in the way of plants and flowers, as well as the luxuries in the form of an abundance of the small fruits for 48 STATE PoMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. family use. And that brings us to the question, how can we increase our membership ? Every member that is added to our society is, to a certain extent, an example to others in his neigh- borhood, as it is almost sure to result in better practices, pleasanter surroundings, and a happier home. This question has been called up before, but we wish it might have careful consideration, and see if some inducement cannot be held out to the fruit growers and farmers throughout the State to become members of our society, and surely by gaining members we should gain some strength. Let us all take a hand in this, and see if we cannot bring it to pass. We would like to call attention to the fact that at all our meet- ings and exhibitions a goodly number of farmers and fruit grow- ers are anxious to learn the name of some variety of apples, pears or plums. Quite often some one has been on hand who was well fitted to give the desired information, and they have always been kept busy during their stay with us. It would seem to us that the subject calls for more attention, and that funds should be appro- priated, to have some good authority on all the fruits in which we are interested in attendance at all our exhibitions and meetings where fruit is displayed. I apprehend that our exhibition in the line of plums is to increase wonderfully within the next ten years, and with the best of care the naming of them will be very much mixed and uncertain ; so that it will require a man that is fully up with the times in all the lines of fruit culture. The services of such a person will cost something, but I think it would give great satisfaction, not only to our exhibitors and members, but to many of our visitors who come to look over our exhibition, bringing with them an apple or a pear for a name. The increase of our State stipend that was asked for from our last legislature, and cheerfully granted, but got "side-tracked" before it got through the tortuous road all bills are obliged to travel to get fully through our lawmakers' hands, should be care- fully looked after some time during the present session, and see if we cannot get what it was voted for this society to have for the past two years. You will see by the last report of our Treasurer that the sum of $420.27 was due the permanent fund — in other words, that amount has been drawn or borrowed from the fund. I wish to urge a discussion of that subject upon our members present at this meeting, to see if some way cannot be devised to restore this amount to the permanent fund. STATE P03I0L0GICAL SOCIETY. 49 The "small fruit" industry has taken on such proportions, both for the family and for market, that with our increased funds I should like to see our executive committee hold a meeting the first of July, at some point where this branch of farming receives a good degree of attention, and offer a short list of premiums for strawberries, and at the same time have a good speaker present, thoroughly informed on the subject, and as time goes on I would like to see other days set apart for other fruits, but we must be content with one thing at a time. I would like to call attention to one of the many points for which our retiring President has labored, and that is to continually press upon the attention of all fruit growers and farmers the fact that they cannot afford to buy their stock of plants and trees of irrespon- sible traveling tree peddlers. If you want but few trees or plants, find others that would like a few and put your orders together, send to some reliable dealer for prices, then forward the money — it will not take half so much — and you will get stock true to name and of good quality. Do not let the peddler who knows absolutely nothing about fruit growing tell you what you want and persuade you to buy it, unless you have money to give away, and you want to give it to this particular person, and in that case I would recommend that you give him the money and let him keep the stock, as I am per- suaded that you will get more satisfaction, in the end, out of the transaction. Especially will that be the case, I am afraid, with the comparatively new .Japan plums, where the utmost care must be taken, or confusion in names and loss by worthless varieties will be the result. The subject of spraying, which has engaged the attention of some of our fruit growers for the past two or three years, is becom- ing a necessity for all those who propose to make apple growing profitable, as the "apple scab" has apparently come to stay, and its destructive propensity has shown itself to a greater extent the past year than ever before and the importance of giving the sub- ject careful attention should be impressed on our Experiment Station. They have performed good work for us in the past, but they must still keep everlastingly at it, not only in finding a sure and practical remedy for the "apple scab," but for the little fellow called the Tripetea pomonella or apple maggot, although the ravages of this pest have not been so bad in our section of the State as in years past, still we want to conquer it if possible. 4 50 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I have given you these few suggestions hoping that their con- sideration will be helpful to the fruit growers of our State and beneficial to our Society. The committee to whom the President's Address was referred before the close of the meeting made the following report which was accepted : We would call your attention to that part of the address in reference to the engaging an expert to attend and assist us at our annual exhibition, and also for the necessity of returning the money to the permanent fund which is now needed by the Society, as soon as practicable. We endorse the idea of holding a summer meeting for the exhibition of strawberries and with the increasing^ interest in the culture of small fruits we think such an exhibition could be made both interesting and profitable. THE YOUXG OECHARD. By Charles E. Wheeler, Chesterville. We consider this subject to see if we can have better returns for our labors in the years to come. None of us are so well advanced but some good may come to us from a consideration of the subject. One thing must be with us all the time, "What is worth doing at all is worth doing well," but this must be in such a way that what- ever is produced shall be at the lowest cost possible. Let us consider a young orchard, such as may be considered a commercial orchard, the fruit of which is to be shipped to some market, either as choice apples or canned and evaporated apples. Let us select our soil, our trees, and the kinds, looking after the young things for a few years ; and by that time others can go and take care of the fruit. Go into any portion of the State, and not- withstanding the conditions, you will find fine orchards. But the speaker's ideal place to plant a young orchard would be upon high ground, with natural drainage, sloping to the south or southeast. Under these circumstances we should expect to find good strong, moist soil upon a granite foundation that would furnish fine drain- age. Tbere are many farms in Maine thus located, and so long as they can be purchased at low prices, it is doubtful if it will pay to select such land as will require a great expenditure of time and cash to drain. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 Having made our selection of the farm, the next consideration is, where shall we place our trees? We are going to build up an orchard, and it will require the best field. If you can turn over the sod, and keep it so for the first few years, using the cultivator often, giving the young trees as good care as your neighbor does his corn, you may at least expect as good returns. If you find it best not to do this, stake your field off two rods each way, thus securing a straight row. Dig around each stake a hole from two to four feet across, down through the soil, leaving the bottom well stirred up with the spade. Two persons can do the work at much better advantage than one. The turf is cut in a circle around the stake, quartered and removed to one side ; the soil is always placed upon the upper side, as it can be worked into the hole easier. Take home-grown trees and remove them to their new quarters at once. Two-year-old trees, and even older, should be taken. "We cut all i-oots from the size of a pencil up ; all damaged ones are removed, and if any have been wrenched off, we make a clean-cut wound of it. The rootlets take up the plant food, and with a good clean cut the fine roots start out very quickly, and begin their labors. The long or large roots are of but little worth. Do not be afraid of using the knife in pruning the top. In transplanting a tree, one should hold it in place while the other works in the first few hoes' full of the fine soil. Place the tree an inch or two deeper than it stood in the row, and lean it towards the south, so as to prevent sun scald. In filling in the soil, place the roots much the same as they were when the tree was in the nursery row ; tread the earth down solid, for roots do not grow or thrive on air. Fertilizers should be in the shape of fine ground bone and muriate of potash — 300 lbs. of the former, to 100 lbs. of the latter, well mixed. Never use any form of barn manure ; just so sure as you do, it will burn the roots, and your tree will receive a bad check. The last few shovels of the soil should remain ; the turfs turned upside down and well tramped down, then the remain- ing dirt cleaned up without tramping. Place mulching around the tree ; it keeps the soil damp, loose and fresh, free from weeds and grass, unlocking the plant food through its action much the same as we do with the cultivator. Where the trees are exposed to high winds, stake them up. Trees near fences where the snow may drift, should be well protected by stakes the first few years, and should be carefully looked after in the early spring, when the crust is forming and the snow settling down. 52 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. If the trees are seedlings, do not graft till they have reached such size that the cleft graft can be introduced. This is the best form for the Baldwins. Some trees do not shape well until you remove the tops. Good barn manures may be used in small amounts for fertilizer after the first year. Leaves, leaf mould, muck, and other material lying around on many farms could be used. Straw, leaves, brakes and water grasses used as bedding under horses, and worked over by the pig, make one of the very best and cheapest of plant foods. If we touch upon varieties, the Baldwin, Hubbardston, Spy, and Ben Davis, make a very full list, unless we may wish for the Fall Harvey, which sells for a good price, or in an over abundant j^ear is one of the best for evapora- ting or canning. Of these kinds, let the Baldwin and Spy form eight- tenths of your orchard. The borers come first in the list of hurtful insects, and they are very persistent. The trees should be looked over in May and October. No better way is known of ridding the orchard of these pests tlian to dig the imps out with penknife and wire. The knife is all that is required the first year, but some will be overlooked, and then a wire is needed. For mice, poisoned barley scattered along the stone walls is good feed. Laths cut in two and placed around the tree, making a complete box, fastened with No 32 steel wire, is the very best shield. The bark louse infests many Maine grown trees. Hard wood ashes thrown into the tree on a misty day, just prior to its leaving out, will destroy them, and is an easy remedy. We are spraying some for the coddling moth, and are very well satisfied with the result. STATE PO.MOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 SOME PLAXT DISEASES AXD THEIR REMEDIES. Professor W. 31. Muxsox, State College, Oroao. All known plants are divided into two great classes — Phienogams or flowering plants ; and Cryptogams or non-flowering plants. The former are characterized by the production of flowers and seeds ; and as a rule are provided with a green coloring matter — chlorophyll — through the agency of which the inorganic constituents of the soil, carried upward by the movement of the sap, are combined with the carbon dioxide of the air into organic compounds — starch, sugars, oils, etc., essential to plant life and growth. All cryptogams are without flowers or seeds, but many of them, as ferns, mosses, sea- weeds, etc., contain the chlorophyll necessary to the assimilation of inorganic matter. One important class, how- ever— the fungi — are entirely without this agent, and necessarily depend for subsistence on some store of organic material, either animal or vegetable. In other words, a fungus is a plant ; but possessing no green coloring matter, it cannot utilize inorganic matter like ordinary plants, and must live on materials already pre- pared by other plants. This material may be found either in living or dead plants or animals. That part of the fungus corresponding to the root stem and leaves of other plants — the mycelium — consists of very slender thread-like tubes which may grow singly, or may form intricate masses, the threads being more or less grown together. As compared with the fruiting portion, the mycelium is very small and insignificant in appearance. This may readily be seen by comparing the edible part of the ordinary mushroom with the mold-like "spawn." The part which we eat is really the fruit-bearing part of the fungus, and the spores whicli take the place of the seeds of tbe flowering plants are borne on the gills under the cap. These spores which are exceedingly small and are seen as a black dust when fully mature. The same relation between fruit and mycelium holds with most of the fungi with which we are concerned. I have said that a fungus must live on organic matter, either living or dead. Fungi are thus readily divided into two distinct classes : Parasites^ those obtaining their nourishment from living plants or animals; and saprophytes which feel wholly on dead tissue. It should be added, however, that some fungi belong to 54 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETT. both classes — being parasitic at first and continuing to live after the host has been killed. It is with the first class — parasitic fungi — that we are especially interested at this time. Within the past fifteen years the number of plant diseases has increased with alarming rapidity until there is scarcely a fruit or vegetable which does not have its specific fungous enemies. What is the reason for this increase? First of all, perhaps, is increased knowledge of the causes of many failures. Formerly crops were injured or destroyed and the fact was accepted without attempt at an explanation, or the blame was thrown on the moon or the weather. Now the mycologist is called and with his improved means of study, he is soon able to tell us the exact cause and frequently the whole life history of the pest. Again, many of the parasitic fungi best known at the present time originated on wild plants and on such were not considered of special importance. When, however, some closely related plant in garden or orchard was attacked, attention was at once arrested and it was said a new disease had appeared, (e g. "black knot" of plum and cherry, and "orange rust" of blackberry.) There are various ways in which parasitic fungi injure their host plants ; and no part of the plant is exempt from attack, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit, are all in danger. By far the most common and important injury caused by the parasites is in the appropriation of nourishment belonging to the host. This results in the falling or deformity of fruit or leaves, according as the attack is early or later in the season. Again, when the fungus grows upon the leaves and stems of the host it not only reduces the amount of the food supply but it often prevents assimilation or the formation of a new supply, thus reduc- ing the vitality of the plant affected. It is quite probable that the intensive culture practiced at the present may have weakened the constitution of many of our fruits and vegetables, rendering them less able to resist the attack. The tendency of modern methods is to cause plants to va'-y in certain directions most valuable to man rather than to retain those charac- teristics best for the life and health of the plant. If, then, man would use to the best advantage this tendency to vary in certain directions, he must provide the best environment, and must so far as possible, prevent the attacks of insect and fungous enemies. I have said we must if possible prevent attacks of fungous eue- mies, for cure is usually out of the question. The fact that the STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 mycelium of the fungus is usually beneath the surface of the plant affected makes "remedies" ineffective. There are a few instances — as some of the surface mildews — which are exceptions and v.here remedies are effective ; but such are rare. In the treatment of fungous diseases, two distinct lines should be followed : 1st, hygienic ; 2nd, preventive. There are definite laws of health for plants as well as for animals, and in either case neglect of those laws invites disease. Common sense would demand first of all that the trees or other plants be in good vigorous condition. Healthy vigorous plants are always less susceptible to attack either of insects or of fungi than are those which are weakly or stunted. Next remove all possible sources of infection, such as wild plants subject to the same disease, leaves and decaying fruit which are affected and which form a very common and the most important source of trouble. The wild plum and cherry trees are an ever present menace to plum growing in Maine because they form a well nigh indestructible source of infection from black knot. The wild blackberries in any locality often harbor the orange rust to such an extent as to render impossible the cultivation of the choicer varieties. Diseased fruit and leaves effectually harbor parasitic fungi during the winter, and on the approach of warm weather the spores develop rapidly and are at once liable to be carried to the opening buds by the first breeze that stirs. No preventive meas- ures should be expected to be effectual if such sources of infec- tion are left undisturbed. It is not enough to feed diseased fruit to the hogs or tcf place it on the compost heap, but it should be carefully gathered and burned. The mycelium of some fungi lives from one year to another in the branches or canes of affected host plants. This is noticably true of black-knot, of the twig-blights and of raspberry anthracnose. In such cases the first treatment demanded is the removal and burn- ing of all affected canes or branches. I would again emphasize the importance of burning. A diseased branch left on the ground is just as much a menace to remaining plants as if it had not been cut. In some instances, as in case of the dreaded "black-knot," it is often thought advisable after removing a diseased branch to make an application of some material to the wound in the hope of destroying any possible remaining portion of the mycelium. Dark moist weather, and damp shady locations are always con- ducive to the development of fungous diseases. Hence open train- 5S STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ing, and thorough drainage, both of soil and atmosphere are always advisable. Improved environment and the removal of infection will not always protect our plants from disease. The advance in the knowl- edge of the nature and value of fungicides and of methods of application, has been even more rapid than the knowledge of the fungi themselves. For several years sulphur in some form has been used to a great- er or less extent. Powdered sulphur is one of the most valuable fungicides we know for the treatment of surface mildews and of certain "blights." It has been found that the best results are obtained from the use of sulphur if the application is made on a dry day when the sun is shining — why, is not known. For green house work we have found the "liver of sulphur" (sulphide of potassium) very satisfactory. For most plants dissolve one ounce liver of sulphur in two gallons of water. At the present time, some of the salts of copper are regarded as the most valuable aids in dealing with fungous diseases. The sul- phate of copper ("blue stone") is the cheapest of the salts and either alone, on dormant plants, or in combination with lime in the form of "Bordeaux mixture," is usually considered the most satisfactory. A word concerning the preparation of "Bordeaux mixture" may not be out of place in this connection. As usually prepared the mixture consists of six pounds copper sulphate, four pounds quick lime and fifty gallons water. The copper salt is dissolved in a wooden tub, the lime slaked in a separate vessel and when ready for use the two are mixed and diluted as above, — care being used that the lime is strained through a cheese cloth or a fine wire screen, to prevent clogging the nozzle. The copper sulphate will dissolve much more quickly if placed in hot water, and it is found, too, that the action is greatly hastened by suspending the salt in a coarse bag instead of placing it in the bottom of the vessel and pouring water over it. Bordeaux mixture should be used as soon as prepared, as it soon deteriorates in value ; but in spraying large orchards much time may be saved by preparing stock solutioos of both the lime and the copper salt as suggested by Waite* and Swinglef of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture. *Joiirniil Mycology, Vol. VII, p. 336. tibiil, p. 3G.5. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 If we take a barrel holding just fifty gallons, dissolve fifty pounds of copper sulphate in this barrel and then fill with water, we shall have a solution each gallon of which contains one pound of the copper salt. (It can readily be seen that the amount of water displaced by fifty pounds of copper sulphate is of considerable importance, hence the water should be brought to the required mark after dis- solving the copper. ) In the same manner a stock preparation of lime may be employed as suggested by Mr. Swingle : ''A barrel is taken, the capacity of which has previously been carefully determined, and twice as many pounds of stone lime are placed in it as it holds gallons. The lime is then slaked. If the slaking has been properly done the milk of lime will fill two-thirds to three-fourths of the space ; then water is added to bring the milk of lime up to the mark. After stirring thoroughly a gallon will contain the equivalent of two pounds of fresh lime." It is of course very important that the mixture be stirred thoroughly each time a quantity is dipped out, as a gallon of clear lime water will contain only about one-sixth ounce of lime instead of two pounds. Having the stock solutions, as described, it is a very simple matter when spraying to take six gallons of the copper sulphate solution, two gallons of the milk of lime and dilute to fifty gallons. The mixture should be very thoroughly stirred with a paddle before using. The stock solutions may be kept for several days or even weeks if carefully covered and in a cool moist place. It has been found by some experimenters that the addition of soap to the Bordeaux mixture greatly increases its wetting proper- ties and consequently makes it very much better for spraying such plants as have a waxy coating on leaves or fruit. The quantity of soap suggested is about one-half of the total weight of lime and copper sulphate used, or enough to make the mixture foam well when thoroughly stirred. In the fifty* gallons of mixture described we would use about five pounds of soap. The soap is best pre- pared for use by shaving in thin slices and dissolving in hot water. The very cheapest soaps are as good for this purpose as are the more expensive ones. 58 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SOME PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. 1. Apple Scab. I doubt not most of you are familiar with the dark colored spots or "scabs" which appear ou some varieties of apples — notably Fameuse, Maiden's Blush, and Golden Pippin. These spots repre- sent but one stage in the life history of one of the parasitic fungi already referred to, {Fusidadiam dendriticum.) The disease appears on the leaves, usually on the under side, as brownish or olive colored spots. These spots if numerous run together, become blackish in color and finally the leaf tissue dies. In cool wet weather the fungus often spreads very rapidly and, attacking the foliage and young fruit early in the season, causes almost total loss of crop and greatly weakens the trees. The leaves are both lungs and stomach of the plant, and any check to these organs must seriously affect the vitality of the tree. If the attack is late, after the season's growth is completed, no special damage is done except to injure the fruit. While the spots if recently developed do not directly injure an apple for immediate use, they greatly affect its appearance and will continue to grow and spread, and the fruit will decay much sooner than if not affected. On the other hand, fruit attacked early in the season will either fall prematurely, or will be deformed and cracked, the parasite utilizing all of the materials for growth on the side affected. For several years I have conducted careful experiments with the hope of arriving at definite conclusions concerning the use of cer- tain chemicals as preventives of the disease in question. As a result of this work I feel safe in asserting that we may to a large extent control the attacks of the apple scab by the use of the Bordeaux mixture already described. In almost every instance where comparisons have been made there has been a marked difference in favor of the sprayed trees — the gain in the per cent of fruit free from scab amounting, in many cases, to more than half of the crop. The accompanying table shows very clearly the results obtained last year. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 Treatment. ^ C; - X'5 '^ "^ ^ ^ . t^,=i >>;: '^ ^ ^ S^ 2 --- ■ti-2 Hi :^li ■ If 55-2 212 326 14 546 436 102 7 Check (not sprayed) . Bordeaux Mixture • . ■ as. 3 79.9 Although the season was very dry and the per cent of perfect fruit on the unsprayed trees was much higher than usual, the sprayed trees showed an average Increase of nearly forty- two per cent. During the season just closed the advantage of spraying was even more marked. The season was very wet and the disease appeared soon after the fruit was formed. As a result the crop was a total failure on trees not sprayed, while on adjacent trees which were treated with Bordeaux mixture there was a good aver- age crop relatively free from disease. Now it is not claimed that we know all about the use of Bor- deaux mixture, for there are problems of a most important nature concerning the preparation and application of the material, which are still unsolved. At the present time, I may sum up our know- ledge of the treatment for apple scab as follows : (1) Spray the trees early in the season, before the buds expand, with a solution of copper sulphate — one pound to fifteen gallons water. (2) Early in May, before the blossoms open, spraj' with Bor- deaux mixture. (3) As soon as the fruit "sets" spray a second time with Bor- deaux mixture. (It is well at this time to add Paris green at the rate of one pound to two hundred and fifty gallons of the mixture to destroy the larvte of the coddling moth.) (4) Make at least two subsequent applications of Bordeaux mixture at intervals of about three weeks. 2. Pear Scab. A fungus close)}" related to the one just mentioned is the Pear scab {Fasicladium pyrinum.) This fungus attacks the pear in the same manner as does the apple scab its host, and indeed the resem- blance between the two species is as close that they are often con- sidered identical. It is because of this disease that the Flemish 60 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Beauty has almost been superseded by less valuable sorts in many localities. Unfortunately there has been no opportunity for personal inves- tigation of this disease at our experiment station, since there are no bearing trees available. However, from the marked success attending the work of other experimenters I am convinced that the treatment suggested for apple scab will be satisfactory in this case as well. Professor Beach of the experiment station at Geneva, N. Y., as a result of some work conducted on a commercial scale, found that while the average cost of spraying each tree five times during the season was about forty-eight cents, the increase in the commercial value of the fruit actually sold was about $5. In other words, while the average receipts from the Seckel trees which were sprayed were $5.70 per tree, the average receipts from the unsprayed trees were but ninety-three cents. White Doyenne gave even better results. 3. Black-Knot. To every plum grower in the land the very name "black-knot" suggests an eternal struggle with the powers of darkness, and it is unnecessary to speak of the outward appearance of the disease. Many have supposed the "knots" or wart-like excrescences to be caused by insects, for frequently on cutting open one of the warts larvffi will be found inside. But in the first place insects are not always present — never in the early stages of growth ; and in the second place no gall producing insects have ever been found. There can no longer be any doubt that the trouble is due to a para- sitic fungus — Plowrightia morbosa. Without entering into details, we may briefly trace the life his- tory of the fungus. It is generally conceded that the knots first make their appearance in the fall, when they may be seen as slight swellings of the bark along the branches. But little growth is made till the following spring when the increase in size is very rapid. This rapid growth is specially noticeable about the first to the mid- dle of June when the bark which at first covers the diseased tissue is burst open and the knot presents a dark green velvety surface due to the immense number of spore-bearing stalks (conidia) which are produced at this time. Later in the season the surface of the knot becomes rough and covered with little pimples which are the receptacles of another kind STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY. 61 of spores (stylospores.) The fungus remains alive in the knot till the following spring when it dies leaving simply a spongy mass of dead tissue, which may as before remarked afford a harbor for insects. The best remedy for black-knot is "a good sharp knife and courage to use it." Many successful growers favor an application of kerosene to the wound after removing a "knot." Such an appli- cation should be made with a small brush, and care must be used that the oil does not run down on the bark. It is well to add a little pigment, as red lead, to the kerosene to better indicate where work has been performed. 4. Plum-Rot or ^'•Mummied Fruit." Phims, cherries and peaches are frequently attacked by a "rot" which may destro}' the entire product just before ripening. This rot {Monilia fructigena) appears on the surface of diseased fruits in the form of a grayish white mould. This mold consists mostly of little tufts of spores, the mycelium being among and through the tissues of the fruit. On a single diseased plum may be pro- duced thousands of the little spores, each capable of infecting another fruit. The rapidity with which the disease may spread in warm, moist weather is almost incredible. In two days, under favorable con- ditions, a spore may germinate and grow sufficiently to produce more spores. The fruit which is affected often dries up and remains on the tree ; and the fungus lives over winter in this "mummied fruit" or in the twigs which are sometimes affected. The treatment of this disease is that already suggested in general terms, viz : collect and burn all affected fruit ; spray the trees early in the season with the copper sulphate solution and after the fruit has set spray once with Bordeaux mixture. A second spraying with Bordeaux mixture is hardly advisable because of injury to the appearance of the fruit ; but if the season is very favorable to the growth of fungi, it is well to make an application of modified eau celeste. This material is prepared as follows : Dissolve two pounds sulphate of copper in two gallons of hot water. In another vessel dissolve two and one-half pounds carbonate of soda (sal soda) ; mix the two solutions and when ready for use add one and one- half pints strong ammonia water 62 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. and dilute the whole to thirty-five gallons. It is well to make the stock solution at least one day before it is wanted for use, and to mix a considerable quantity, merely observing the proportions sug- gested. Conclusion of the Whole Matter. I should like to speak of several mildews and blights and rusts which are of special importance to the fruit grower ; but fear I have already wearied you. I cannot close, however, without urging upon every grower here the importance of the conflict in which we are engaged. We are living in a day when there is sharp compe- tition in all lines of horticultural work, and the successful man must fight if he would win. The surest financial returns in fruit growing lie in the production of the best. Fancy fruits for fancy markets is the watchword among progressive men today. The time has passed when we could simply plant and cultivate and harvest. We must see that the plants are given suitable environment and are protected from attack. If our trees are hungry we must feed them ; if thirsty, give them drink ; if diseased, ascertain the cause and apply remedies. In all of the work science and practice must go hand in hand. At the college we shall continue to study causes, effects and reme- dies. It remains for the fruit growers of the State to apply the knowledge gained to individual cases. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 APPLE AND PEAR CULTURE. By O. B. Hadwex, Worcester, Mass. Our starting point in pomology is directly traced to the early settlers and although for nearly two centuries progress and advance- ment were comparatively slow it was none the less firmly rooted. The science, practice, and the art of pomology had barely dawned in the beginning of the present century. During the last fifty years its advance has been truly marvelous. At present no owner of lands seems to regard himself as a true American of the higher type who neglects to plant fruit trees. But I do not propose to occupy your time with theories in fruit culture for the scope is so broad I can eml)race but few of its phases of a more practical nature. Fruit trees serve a three fold purpose of supplying food, orna- ment and shade, either of these would repay their cultivation and care. In their variety fruits succeed fruits week after week, month after month, and with proper facilities for preserving and keeping we may have fruit the year round. It rarely happens that one person can successfully cultivate many kinds of fruit ; specialties are found more condusive, and better suited to the conditions and taste of each individual. The orchardist who succeeds well with his trees in grass land of great depth and fertility, should not recommend or prescribe grass for orchards in thin and impoverished soil. The man who has a shallow soil and has injured the roots of his trees with the plough, because they are near the surface of the earth, should not object to the thorough manipulation of deep soils. Therefore it is absolutely necessary for each and every grower of fruit, to diligently and patiently search out and study his situation and surroundings, if he desires the best results to reward his labor. Let me call your attention to a few of the essential conditions necessary for producing good orchards and fruit, where both cli- mate and soil are favorable. In selecting trees we would choose those from two to four years from the bud with straight stems and shapely tops with good fibrous roots, they should be carefully planted out in deep soil in generous holes dug for the purpose, and receive liberal treatment for the first ten years. The orchard should be so situated that the trees may receive the full benefit of 64 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the sun's rays, therefore thick or crowded planting is not desirable. A sheltered situation should also be selected, Orchards exposed to bleak, and especially to drying winds, at the time they are in blossom, are very liable to be injured, the winds drying and destroying the adhesive qualities of the pollen of the flower, and wafting it from and beyond the uses which nature intended it to serve. Thus shelter is important in the early stages of fruit growth, as it is later ; at maturity, it is as important to the orchard as is good cultivation, and without shelter, crops of fruit are more uncertain, and many orchards failures. Shelter from winds is however easily obtained ; by planting belts of trees upon land surrounding the orchard, and perhaps no better tree can be found for that pui'pose than the European larch, in this portion of the country. If set at the same time of the orchard complete shelter even before the trees come in bearing ; and even if neglected at that time, they can be planted out afterward, and in six or eight years will be sufficiently grown to afford protection. There are other trees, which also are desirable for protection to the orchard. The white pine, the Norway spruce, the hemlock, these trees are of more spreading habit than the larch requiring more room ; but it is always desirable and commendable to add to the beauty of the landscape ; a variety of trees, if judiciously planted, having a regard for appearances, will be both ornamental and useful. But many farmers and especially those of the older school, have strong objections to trees, and cherish the dogma that they injure grass and grain crops, more than do the winds, at the same time forgetting all about the shelter and advantage they afford all other crops. But there are those that love to believe that true economy and true taste are accordant, and that the graces as well as the profits of life may be kept alive and in view by the practical aims of all farmers when well directed. In considering the cultivation of the apple we have therefore concluded that due economy requires the orchard, and trees grow- ing out of the orchard, as far as may be possible, should be well sheltered from fierce winds from any quarter, and especially from the drying winds blowing from the north or southwest, to insure good crops. If large annual crops of fair fruit are wanted no STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 Other crops should be taken from the groiiad unless enriched. But if the soil is deep and retentive of manure and moisture and trees are planted at least forty feet apart, other crops may be taken from the land without apparent injury to the apples, but the soil should by no means be allowed to become poor and should annually receive a dressing of suitable manure. Experience teaches that for extensive orchards, trees planted forty feet apart is a desirable distance, the trees having space to grow shapely and affording room for other crops. It must also be remembered that the roots of trees occupy and are nourished by the lower strata of soil to a considerable extent and the tops derive sustenance from the ocean of atmosphere that surrounded them. While we would cultivate the orchard during the early growth we are satisfied that continued ploughing is not essential for the best results ; in fact the keeping qualities of fruit are found to be better where fruit is grown on soil, not often ploughed, but enriched. We are unable to satisfactorily account for this, but from continued observation we are confirmed in this opinion. In the earlier history of Pomology, in this country, the fruit grower had but few insects to contend with, but later experience proves and it is fouud that just in proportion as you increase the cultivation of fruit insect enemies increase. The difficulty thus far, it would seem, is to bring the mind of the fruit grower to realize the fact that insects must be destroyed to render the business profitable. We are constantly expecting that nature will come to our aid, and with some of her forces, will all at once destroy the insects that are destructive to fruit But too often the grower continues to be negligent, and the in- sects to increase, and, with few exceptions, have it all their own way. The orchardist cannot find time to contend with so small an enemy ; in fact too often does not realize that his fruit is nearly worthless until he is ready to gather and sell it. Can we complain if the insects avenge our neglect? We have strong encouragement to make great efforts to prevent the depredation of insects, as the demand for fair fruit is always good and prices, both producer and consumer agree, should be higher for choice and well grown. A large portion of your State lying as it does within the great fruit growing belt, is, both in climate and soil, especially favorable to the growth of the apple. Many varieties of apples have here 66 STATE rOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. had their origin, thai are proving valuable wherever they have been disseminated and grown. Care is the[ price that must be paid for the best of all agricul- tural or horticultural products. And care in gathering and barrel- ing fruit for storing and keeping is of the utmost importance. In fact how often is fruit gathered in a manner as would seem as if the chief end to be desired would be to promote decay as rapidly as possible. If apples are expected to keep well they must be picked from the trees and handled carefully. Barrels are found the most convenient package for apples, but should be washed and thoroughly cleansed and dried before using ; care should be taken that no nails protrude through the staves. The fruit should be carefully placed in the barrels and gently shaken and pressed into them as compactly as possible to prevent any motion of the fruit after the barrels are headed. Each sort should be marked and placed where the temperature is low and uniform if possible. If apples are to be stored for winter or late keeping the sooner they are placed in a cool and uniform place the better. A fruit house or cellar constructed with a view for the purpose is best, but most growers usually have to resort to their cellars. The chief requisites for the preservation of fruits from October to May or June following are a uniform low temperature and in autumn may be obtained by giving ab indant ventilation on cool nights, and be closed when the atmosphere is warm. Fruit should be main- tained or kept in as nearly as possible in the condition when gath- ered. The gradual ripening process or the fermentation of the juices, premonitory to decay, should be checked and kept in a dor- mant condition, when maintained nearly at the freezing point the mellowing or ripening process in the fruit nearly ceases. Fungi and mildew, the primary cause of decay, do not germinate. Under these circumstances, the best late keeping results are promoted, thereby the prices which apples are sold differ very materially between October and June and are often as one to five, thus the growing price in the cellar is of full as much importance as the growing fruit in the orchard. New England is also favored with a variety of soils which is found favorable to the growth of the apple. Experience also teaches that one kind of soil is not adapted to the growth of all kinds of apples. Some thrive best in a loamy soil, some in sandy, others in a gravelly or clay. Keeping" these things in view, it is STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 plain that several varieties of apples, when planted in a sino-le orchard, is more reliable for a crop as seasons come and go, than one variety ; sometimes climatic conditions prove injurious to one or more varieties, when others in the orchard are uninjured. In the earlier times, and even now, there were many theories not well founded, relating to orcharding. Of late years growers are chano-- iug their views, and the majority of orchardists endeavor to under- stand the reason ot their practice, under these conditions the march of progress has been rapid, and success is in proper ratio to the care the orchard receives. I have for some years given more especial attention to the growing of apples than to other fruits. - In the autumn of 1843, I planted the apple seeds from which the trees in my orchard of twenty acres are planted, budded the trees, and planted them, and have watched their progress of growth and bear- ing ever since. The trees now are at maturity and bear full crops, and I have received a vast amount of pleasure and a reasonable amount of profit from my husbandry. The pear is a fruit that the average American is especially fond of, and within the past half century has given a great amount of thought and labor to its cultivation. Not only the orchardist, but everyone owning a piece of ground, however small, does not feel quite satisfied without a few pear trees. The pear has drawn out perhaps more enthusiasm than any other fruit which we have cultivated. There are now over 3,000 sorts that are recorded and described, enough perhaps for the most ardent cultivator. This number is perhaps well enough for those whose money, time and taste permit, but the orchardist, or those who grow pears for market, or home use, a dozen of the best sorts are found sufficient for the most refined and cultivated taste, and requiring far less care. The public at large have never become able to know or name even a dozen sorts. By reference to Rhind's Vegetable Kingdom it will be seen that the the pear tree is indigenous to the northern sections of the tem- perate zone, flourishing as far north as fifty-seven degrees, and it has been acclimated and grown within the boundaries of twenty- seven degrees. In attempting to acclimate and grow the pear in a warmer climate its primitive habits should not be lost sight of, neither the change in the conditions caused by good or excessive cultivation of the pear. Very high cultivation only can produce specimens of fruit that bring the highest price in market, or receive the prizes at 68 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. exhibition. The primitive conditions of the pear are entirely changed by its present cultivation, which may ultimately prove to be one of the causes of pear tree blight Therefore as only a grow- er of the pear we approach the subject of pear tree blight with con- siderable caution, well knowing the diverse and contrary opinions entertained by pear growers, as well as by scientific men, and the mystery hanging about the whole subject. We can only attempt to re'ate, what would seem by long experience, apparently to be some of the causes pointing to pear tree blight and the my^ery about it which bafHes both scientific and piactical men. In the cultivation of fruit of any kind it is undoubtedly true that repeated grafting upon stocks grown from seed for a long con- tinued duration of time, has a tendency to weaken the primitive vitality of the tree. [Mr. Had wen recommends the following as the best twelve varieties of pears : Beurre Gifford, Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Sheldon, Seckel, Beurre Bosc, Beurre Hardy, Urbaniste, Beurre d'Anjou, Duchess d'Angouleme, Dana's Hovey, Lawrence. — Sec- retary ] The thousands of acres of orchards and gardens which may now be seen in New England, manifest the strongest contrast with that in former years, and for many years New England was in ad- vance of other nations of the country in horticulture. The natural conditions which govern our soil and climate require more skill and brain in its manipulation to insure success. Special manures and fertilizers are found to be a necessity, the art of grafting and budding, with other approved modes of propagating have to be acquired and made use of ; judicious pruning is one of important practice in the orchard, and thinning the fruit to promote size and good flavor, is equally necessary. It would seem, if we may judge from the new fruits of the last fifty years, there is no barrier to ob- taining by hybridization fruits of any size, qualit}' or color, if the proper knowledge is used, with a requisite amount of skill and patience, to produce almost any desired size or quality, together with fine aroma and brilliant coloring. Science and practice have revealed these possibilities which only awaits the skilled cultivator to demonstrate in all the lines of fruit growing. As time goes on, with the vast increase of population sure to come, increasing the demand for remunerative industries, and the increased consumption of fruits, habit and custom will demand, with an educated taste, these conditions will require increased area STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 of orchards and gardens, which must become one of the foremost agricultural pursuits in our New England States, situated as we are midway between the equator and the north pole. Lands that are now considered only fit for pasturage or wood lands, steep and uneven, too rocky to plough, will in time be planted to orchards of apples. "We will acquire the skill to grow good trees that will bear good fruit without cultivating with the plough; other methods of pre- paring laud will be acquired, less stirring the soil, but liberal dressing will be in order. If New England can grow better flavored apples than other sections, why not avail ourselves of this advan- tage, as Florida does with the orange, California with the grape and: stone fruits, Delaware with peaches, as each section of country has its natural aptitude for its specialties. DISCUSSION. Ques. What is the best method of applying dressing and the best kind of dressing? Ans. Every grower has got to adapt himself to the circum- stances and conditions that surround him. He would make no mistake in applying any manure. If he wants to do his best perhaps he would apply a variety. It would be well to apply stable manure ; it would also be well to apply unleached ashes and fine ground bones ; but be sure to make an annual application if you want your fruit to bring the highest price in the market and your trees to have a healih}' and vigorous growth. If you expect to get a good crop of apples or grapes on an improper soil you will be sure to be disappointed The ouly way for a man to get the most out of his fruit culture is by liberal treatment. Ques. Would you recommend the keeping of sheep in an, orchard ? Ans. I have tried that experiment. Some ten years ago I fenced off about an acre and a half of my orchard, and bought some sheep and put them in. I had heard that they were good to eat apples and destroy the insects. Experience teaches that while they gather their sustenance from the ground and distribute their droppings, thus benefiting the trees, they do not eat the apples. The sheep will take a bite out of an apple and leave the remainder^ especially where apples are plenty. I should rather run the risk of swine for the benefit of an orchard than sheep. Still I should not hesitate to put sheep into an orchard and it would probal)ly be 70 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. beneficial in the long run ; but if you expect thej^ are going to eat the apples you will be disappointed. Ques. Some people in applying dressing to trees put a larger amount near the tree than at a little distance from it. What is your opinion about that ? Ans. My practice is to spread the dressing as far as the limbs extend when dressing the apple tree only ; but I like to dress the whole ground. Roots have a peculiar faculty of finding their food. It is wonderful how much of a kind of root knowledge they pos- sess. I have seen an instance where a block of trees were planted five feet apart, and the roots had started to grow in all directions. Outside of the block, on one side, was a bed of rhubarb made ver}' rich. After the roots of the row of trees next the rhubarb had started to grow in the opposite direction they stopped, turned and went towards the rhubarb, thus showing that roots do know some- thing. There is no kind of trees but do better by liberal treatment, especially ornamental trees. No farmer is really up to his busi- ness who neglects to plant ornamental trees. I have some orna- mental trees which get a half cartload of manure every autumn, and the foliage is wonderful. Trees that are enriched show a very marked difference in the foliage. I did not find that out until, perhaps a dozen or fifteen years ago. I went to the grounds of Mr. Hunnewell, who perhaps has the finest ornamental trees on this continent, and I was astonished to see how different his foliage looked from mine ; but when I came to lift the limbs and look underneath them I saw they were very liberally treated. I went right home and commenced the same process, and I am surprised to see the difference in my trees which the liberal treatment pro- duced. Ques. What would you say in regard to the protection of orchards? My experience and observation has shown that some of the very best orchards have no protection whatever, but an exposed location. Of course this would allow of the apples being blown off, but most certainly those orchards did the best in our locality. Ans. The object of protection is to keep the fruit on the trees. Trees will thrive without protection, but you do not want the fruit blown off. It is a little discouraging to have fruit blown from the tree and become unmerchantable when you want to get full price for it ; consequently I think it is well worth while to protect your trees. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 Ques. In picking apples would you recommend, instead of hav- ing your picker drop his small apples on the ground and put the others into a basket and empty them into a barrel, that he should have a sorting box in the tree, and let five or six men pick apples into baskets as they would happen to, and then one man take his sorting box and sort them all out? Ans. That would depend somewhat on how the man was situa- ted. I am situated near a large market, and after some experience have concluded that the better way for me is to have the men drop the unmerchantable fruit upon the ground. And each man in emptying his basket is instructed to remove the stems and leaves. It is well to have a little piece of old carpeting in the basket for apples are very sensitive to injury, and if you want the best results you must take the best care of them. Ques. What varieties do you depend upon ? Ans. The Baldwin is the great apple for the million. You can sell more Baldwins than you can any other variety of winter apples, and so far as I know the Baldwin to-day is the leading apple in Massachusetts. I think as time goes on there will be apples that will supercede the Baldwin, but those things take time. I have some apples that bring me a dollar a barrel more than the Baldwin, but in no great quantity. I do not suppose there has been a Baldwin put in my house for a quarter of a century ; the reason is we have better apples. And people will soon learn to discriminate between the quality of apples. The Yellow Bellflower is perhaps not as profitable an apple to grow for the market as the Baldwin, but for family use at this time of the year there is scarce- ly any better apple. In many sections during the month of Janu- ary it is one of the best apples to cook that I know of. The Bald- win lacks quality, — is no; really a first class apple, but you can sell more of them than of any other kind. Qaes. To what extent is the packing of fancy fruit in crates being carried on in Massachusetts ? Aiis. To no very large exient ; that will do very well on a small scale, but if you have 1500 or 2000 barrels of apples and attempt to put them into crates you will have a job. The barrel is stored more easily in the cellar, also. Still I know of one verj' excellent fruit grower in Weare who puts his apples into crates. He has an apple called the Granite Beauty, which is a first class apple and brings a good price. If a person has plenty of time to attend to this, perhaps it is all right ; but with a large quantity of apples you cannot bother with crates. 72 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PROGRESS OF ORCHARDIXG AND FRUIT CULTURE IX PISCATAQUIS COUXTY. By Calvin Chamberlaix, Foxcroft. I propose to tell you some things about orchards ; for at one time Dr. Holmes and I and a few other fellows knew a great deal about them ; but I shall tell you about some other things first. I came to this Piscataquis county in October, 1810. I came to help my father make a farm, which he had begun to do alone. I came too late in the season to help him any that year. I soon learned that men did not work at making farms all the year. They did something else a part of the time. I had a good deal to do before I had learned how to work all day with my father. I guess I was pretty busy the first year I was here. The next summer, 1812, my father cut ten acres of the trees on the hillside south from the house. There were many kinds of trees, many large hemlock and spruce. One windy day in September my father set fire along the north side at the bottom of the hill, and the fire went up the hill so quick, that the whole piece was burning at the same time. In the summer of 1814, a woman kept a school in our neighbor's barn only a quarter mile away. It was not a good place for a school. When the weather was not good the door was shut and all the light came through the cracks between the boards. This place then had a name. I learned at home and at school to say that we lived at Foxcroft, County of HaucocV, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and Mr. Strong was governor. One man had a log house with two rooms. The school was kept in one of the rooms in the winter. Some large boys and girls went to school then. The trees were all the wa}' from our house over there. A road was cut for a sled. Our father had a pair of oxen that liked to take us over there on the sled and they would do it pretty quick when the road was good. It was not more than a mile. The large boys and girls at that school had all moved here from Oxford county. A log school- house was built after that. The walls were laid up full six feet high. A stone chimney was in one end, and near the other end were two windows of nine lights of 7x1) glass. For thorough ventilation no modern architecture STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73 has improved upon that structure. There was no ceiling or floor overhead, and no care for a tight roof. You have all heard of "the cold seasons," one in particular, 1816, I was here and know all about that. The birds were so cold some days that I could catch them with my hands, and many pretty ones died. I knew some people who went to Ohio then ; others would have gone if they had teams and thinrs to go with. Some large boys set traps for fur animals, and men killed bears when they came for the corn or sheep. Some boys were hunting and fishing niost all the time. Some of the men hunted bears and other animals. My father killed the foxes when he saw them come for the geese. I saw my father set his gun in the cornfield so that a bear fired it off himself and was killed. Boys who had to work did not have many play-days beside the Fourth of July and trainings and muster. My father was captain then, and all his company lived in Foxcroft and where Dover town is now. I saw the men training. More companies helped to make the mus- ter. Mr. Towne had a large field and no stumps on it. Mr. Towne was one of the officers in my father's company. Some men always came to our house on muster days before it was light, and they fired awful loud guns, and then my father would ask them to come in ; and then they drank something that was in the kegs that father had filled at Bangor in the winter. And they had sugar that came from Bangor. "What I have indulged in saying, is directly in the line of that sentiment which binds each of us in loyal affection to our birthplace — to the home and liaunts of our childhood — binds us to the lands amended by the industry of our ancestors — lands improved by their wisely directed labor from the condition in which they found them in this unfinished world ; — in the line of that sentiment which binds us to our country and our fellowman. Under favorable conditions this sentiment gains strength with our increase of years, and at times we may advert to early experiences with profit. The settlement within the present limits of this county was effected in the first years of this century, and twelve of its town- ships were entered upon at nearly the same time. The census of 1810 gives Foxcroft sixty-five inhabitants. This number was exceeded in six other townships. These people coming from the older settlements, missed the fruits to which they had been accus- tomed, and took immediate steps to supply themselves. A few apple trees were brought in, but most people waited till supplied 74 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, from the seeds they had brought with them. M}' father started with both methods. He brought a few trees from Garland, and they were destroyed the year they were set, by grasshoppers eating away all the growth of the year. I remember the stumps of those trees — some of them having feeble sprouts from the root. These trees were probably set in 1810. and his nursery started the same year. Some of the nursery, after four years' growth, was ingrafted by my father with scions brought by him from his former home in Massachusetts in 1814. Some of these grafted trees remained where planted, so that we soon had good apples from them. I feel quite safe to claim this as the first grafting done in this county. Mr. John Hart, who moved his family to Atkinson from the town of Penobscot in 1815, obtained a few grafted trees at Garland, but they did not come to bearing before he had apples from the seeds he planted. Planting seeds in all these towns was probabl}' done as early as these cases named. A seed planted in Abbot by Mrs. Huston before 1810, produced the Rolfe apple. In 1820, Oliver Crosby, Esq , came from New Hampshire, and commenced farming at Atkinson on a larger scale than before seen here. Salmon and Cyrus Holmes came from Hebron to Foxcroft at about the same time. Mr. Crosby started good apples soon, as some of the older trees there are now bearing the "Canada Red." Capt. Salmon Holmes did some grafting on his farm before 1830. Mr. A. Jackson in ♦Sangerville and Mr. McClure in Sebec had grafted fruit that must have been started as early as the work of Crosby and Holmes. To show how I gained and retaine