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LIBRARY

OF THE

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DATE DUE 1

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

SB
354

M235
1896

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Hon. henry in galls, Wis;c asset,

Second President of Maine State Pomological Society.

See Memorial Sketch in Secretary's Portfolio, page 163.

\,

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Maine State Pomological Society

FOR THE YEAR 1896.

Including the Proceedings of the Winter Meeting, held in
Winthrop, February 1 8th and J 9th, J 897.

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY,

D. H. KNOW^^LTON

AUGUSTA

KENNEBEC JOURNAL PRINT
1897

%

sure to bear you several cr<?ps beside the apple.
3P of sweet and tender reminiscences dating from child-
and spanning the seasons from May to October, and making the
orchard a sort of outlying part of the household. You have played there
as a child, mused there as a youth or lover, strolled there as a thoughtful,
sad-eyed man. Your father, perhaps, planted the trees or reared them
from the seed, and you yourself have pruned and grafted them, and
worked among them, till every separate tree has a peculiar history and
meaning in your mind. Then there is the never-failing crop of birds-
robins, goldfinches, king-birds, cedar-birds, hair-birds, orioles, starlings-
all nesting and breeding in its branches, and fitly described by Wilson
Flagg, as "Birds of the Garden and Orchard." Whether the pippin and
sweetbough bear or not, the "punctual birds" can always be depended
upon. Indeed, there are few better places to study ornithology than in
the orchard. Besides its regular occupants, many of the birds of the
deeper forest find occasion to visit it during the season. The cuckoo comes
for the tent-caterpillar, the jay for frozen apples, the ruffed grouse for
buds, the crow foraging for birds' eggs, the woodpecker and chickadees
for their food, and the high-hole for ants. The red-bird comes, too, if only
to see what a friendly covert its branches form, and the wood-thrush now
and then comes out of the grove near by, and nests alongside of its cousin,
the robin. The smaller hawks know that this is a most likely spot for
their prey, and in the spring the shy northern warblers may be studied
as they pause to feed on the fine insects amid its branches. The mice love
to dwell here also, and hither come from the near^ woods the squirrel and
the rabbit. The latter will put his head through' the boy's slipper-noose
any time for a taste of the sweet apple, and th^ red squirrel and chip-
munk esteem its seeds a great rarity.

JOHN BURROUGHS.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Report of Secretary 3

Officers for 1897 10

Members of the Society, Life 11

Annual 12

Treasurer's Report 14

Business Transactions 18

Premiums Awarded at Bangor Exhibition 23

at Lewiston Exhibition 31

at Winter Meeting 45

Public Meetings 49

Programs 51

Bangor Meeting 52

Mayor Beal's Remarks 53

Discussions 54

Winter Meeting at Winthrop 62

Address of Welcome, by J. Henry Moore 62

Response 69

President's Annual Address, by John W. True 71

The Russets of Maine, by Hon. Z. A. Gilbert 76

Small Fruits for Home Use, by L. F. Abbott 90

Best Method of Growing the Strawberry and the Rasp-
berry, by Chas. S. Pope 96

Jelly Making, by Alanson S. Grant 99

Fruit as Food, by Anna Barrows 103

Principles Involved in Marketing, by Phineas Whittier. . . . 156

Home Market, by W. H. Keith in

Shipping Fruit to Foreign Market, by W. P. Atherton 113

The Foreign Apple Markets, by Alfred W. Otis 118

Hardy Roses, by Ernest Saunders 124

Plant Study, by L. M. Felch 127

X

3 fro

4 CONTENTS.

PAGE

Winter Meeting at Winthrop:

Scale Insects, by Prof. F. L. Harvey 135

Talk on Mushrooms, by Frederick A. Shaw 144

Currants and Gooseberries, by Prof. W. M. Munson 146

Days with our Birds, by Mrs. Kate Tryon 152

The Outlook, by D. H. Knowlton 156

Secretary's Portfolio 161

Biographical, Henry Ingalls 163

Gideon King Staples 165

Mrs. Adeline B. Strattard 167

Samuel C. Harlow 168

O. L. Larrabee 169

Plums and Their Culture in Maine 169

Bradshaw and Niagara 172

The Quoddy Belle 173

Tests of Strawberries in 1896 174

Here and There 175

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

The industry represented by our society has gradually devel-
oped during past years, but its magnitude has been more con-
spicuous the past year in consequence of the large crop, and
the difficulty of finding a market for it. While in years past
it has been largely the ofifice of our society to teach methods of
culture, the present conditions are now leading the society to
a fuller consideration of the markets and the selling of the
fruits. At our winter meetings the topics involving the market-
ing of the fruit were those in which the liveliest interest was
apparent. During the year the Secretary has had numerous
subjects connected with fruit growing under consideration —
some of these are elaborated in the papers and at our meetings
by various speakers; some have appeared at our exhibitions
and others must remain for future work. The following pages
will alTord the members of the society and others who may
read them some idea of the general scope of the work. Com-
pared with a dozen years ago, it will be seen the society is
doing, as it certainly ought to do, a larger work.

OUR FRUIT CROP.

The fruit crop in 1896 was very large in the United States,
nearly every fruit growing section having its full proportion.
This made our crop in Maine appear, if anything, larger than
it really was. With the exception of some of the small fruits
there was a surplus of everything in the fruit line. Figures
compiled by the American Agriculturist state that in Maine the
apple crop for 1896 amounted to 2,080,000 barrels, and in 1895
to 790,000 barrels. The crop for New England is placed at
8,530,000 barrels in 1896 and 3,968,000 in 1895. While in the
United States the figures amount to 58,960,000 barrels in 1896

4 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and 60,543,000 in 1895. If these figures are correct the apple
crop of 1895 in the entire country was larger than that of 1896.

Correspondents of the New England Homestead, estimated
the town of Paris as having 10,000 barrels of apples; Kennebec
county 500,000 barrels; Bridgton 10,000 barrels, and York
county 125,000 barrels.

A detailed canvass of the town of Winthrop made by Mr. S.
B. Friend found 26,159 barrels of marketable fruit. M. O.
Edwards of Monmouth reports about 27,000 in that town, and
Mr. F, S. Ricker reports 15,225 barrels in the town of Turner.

The detailed figures give some idea of the distribution of the
product among the growers in Winthrop as follows :

Less than 100 barrels 186 growers

Between 100 and 200 barrels 45 "

Between 200 and 500 barrels . .\ . 39 "

Between 500 and 800 barrels 6 "

The four largest growers had about 800 barrels each. In all
there were 276 growers, showing that apples are generally
grown in town by the farmers.

In Turner there were:

Less than 100 barrels 56 growers

Between 100 and 200 barrels 31 "

Between 200 and 500 barrels 13 "

Between 500 and 800 barrels 8 "

1000 barrels i "

109 growers in the town who had marketable fruit.

There are larger growers in other parts of the State, the
largest having about 3,000 barrels, while there are several who
have 2,000, possibly a dozen others 1,000 to 1,500 barrels each.
These towns are probably as good fruit growing towns as any
in the State and the extent of the crop here indicates the magni-
tude of the industry in the State.

A larger part of the trees are young, and many have not yet
come into bearing. So that we may reasonably expect still
larger crops in years to come.

Of the quality it may be said the State never produced better
fruit. Either insects were less in numbers, or the size of the
crop made their work less conspicuous. Certainly fungous
diseases were less prevalent than in recent years.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5

THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

For various reasons which we are assured are from no ill feel-
ing towards our society or its work, the State Board of Agricul-
ture at its x\nnual meeting in January, 1896, after a prolonged
discussion of the subject voted to discontinue the aid they have
hitherto granted our society towards the expenses of our winter
meeting.

As the present of^cers had no voice in originating the joint
meetings and were not consulted regarding its discontinuance
there seems to be no occasion for any comment beyond a state-
ment of the facts.

Pooling funds for this meeting has secured the employment
of distinguished speakers from a distance, at a time when under
other circumstances it would have been impossible. So far as
the Secretary is informed there has been only the most cordial
feeling between the two organizations. Both are working
along similar lines and now that the union has been severed,
each ought to be the stronger for the independence. The Sec-
retary has great confidence in the fruit-growers of the State.
whose intelligence and enterprise will not permit a cause they
have so long nourished to languish for want of means. The
liberal aid now granted to us from the State will enable us to
go on in our work, and depending upon our own resources will
add to our strength.

OUR EXHIBITIONS.

By invitation of Hon. F. O. Beal, President of the Eastern
Maine State Fair, negotiations were entered into for holding
an exhibition with them. The executive oiificers, thinking the
holding of such an exhibition would enable the society to exert
a wider influence in the eastern part of the State, and all objec-
tions being overcome, the terms were agreed upon, being the
same as between our society and the Maine State Agricultural
Society, and $100 additional to meet the expenses of the ofiticers
of the society. The exhibition there was held August 25-28,
1896. We met many fruit and flower growers whom we found
enthusiastic, and fond of their pursuits. At this exhibition
there were fiftv-eie:ht exhibitors. \\'e were treated with the

6 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Utmost courtesy by President Beal and his associates, whose
action was prompt and efficient in every way we desired. The
wish was expressed and emphasized that the pleasant relations
entered into at this exhibition might be continued in the future.
We are also indebted to members of the press who gave our
work in Bangor special prominence in the report of the fair.

The Lewiston exhibition, held a week later, was the largest
in the record of the society. There were 102 different exhib-
itors who made some 1,500 entries, and many of the entries
contained collections of fruits, flowers or canned goods. The
tables and stands were crowded. The exhibition being so
early in the season, the specimens of fruit were small and hardly
more than half grown, but the plants and flowers were superior
to any exhibition held by the society.

The chief object of the exhibition is educational — to show
by perfect specimens what is being grown, and the better the
specimen the better the lesson is taught. In other words,
everything on exhibition should bear the mark of excellence
that others may learn what may be grown in the State. Infe-
rior fruit or plants in such a place do irreparable injury to the
cause. If perchance such exhibits, as they sometimes do, carry
away a premium, there is nothing a man need take any pride
in, for while he may help himself to a dollar, he permits his
action to weaken the character of the exhibition.

The olftcers have aimed at making the exhibition better in
quality each year, but sometimes the quality of the exhibits is
a discouraging feature. No one in competition for our pre-
miums on special plates of apples and pears should think of
showing anything but the best; if they do not have these they
should leave them at home. In the collective exhibits, I am
sorry to say, some of our largest exhibitors seem to forget that
the same rule should bear with equal force. It is not to the
credit of any one even here to show poor fruit, and for one, I
hope we may have seen the last of it.

There were some plants at each of our exhibitions that lov-
ing hands had watered and cared for, which our judges criti-
cised, because they were "leggy," leafless or ill-shaped, in other
w^ords they were inferior specimens.

At the Bangor exhibition one or two collections came in,
several species of plants growing in the same boxes. They

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7

were entered first as collections, and some of them as specimen
plants. It was difficult to find them, and in several cases impos-
sible to determine which was which. It was an unpleasant
duty to judge, and unsatisfactory as well. At Lewiston we
have required that the exhibits shall be distinct, and the rule
has been approved by all.

As there are many who have never exhibited at our fairs, the
following suggestions are offered as likely to be of help in mak-
ing up an exhibit of fruit or plants. In recent years at no
small expense the society has employed experts, who know
what exhibits should be, and who are conversant as well with
varieties. This makes it all the more important to observe the
suggestions offered.

DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING EXHIBITIONS.

Fruit — The specimens should be perfect, i. e., free from
brviises, scab and worms, and so far as possible tpyical of the
kind. The specimens should be of uniform size and well col-
ored. Monstrosities are not desired, nor freaks of any kind to
make up collections. Small specimens of uniform size are far
better than large and small together. Large specimens are
better than small ones, but have them uniform. The stem
should be left, and care should be taken not injure the calyx,
which is often important in determining the identity of the fruit.

Do not polish the fruit nor remove the bloom. Wrap the
specimens in soft paper and pack so they will not be bruised.

Don't exhibit fruit without name, except to have it named.
The collective exhibit calls for correctly named varieties. If
you have fruit, the name of which you have lost, our judges and
officers will try to identify it.

Plants — They should be well grown specimens, and in healthy
condition. A large plant may not be a well grown one. By
a well grown plant is meant a thrifty, vigorous, well shaped
plant. Have only one species in a pot, and as a rule only one
plant. Don't forget to have the pots clean and in exhibition
order. Where name is called for, be careful to have every spec-
imen correctly named.

Cut flowers — It is better to cut flowers early in the morning.
Pack them loosely and keep them both moist and cool. In col-

8 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

lections the arrangement calls for taste, and the more attractive
they are made the better the chance for a premium.

OUR PUBLIC MEETINGS.

At the Bangor fair an informal meeting was held in the
council chamber. There were other exercises in City Hall and
the attendance was small, but a cordial welcome was extended
to the society by Mayor Beal, who expressed the wish that the
pleasant relations that had been formed during the fair might
be continued and that the society would always be welcome to
any courtesies within the gift of the city. The other exercises
were brief, but bore on the interests of the society and fruit
growers.

During the Lewiston fair the annual meeting of the society
was held in the hall provided for the purpose. As the election
of officers required so much attention little time remained for
the presentation of formal lectures or addresses. In years past
the attendance has been good, but this year a drenching rain
poured down, and people who had shelter were wise to
enjoy it. As it was, the enthusiasm of the members brought
out a good delegation. After listening to informal reports
from the officers and electing officers for 1897, Messrs. Gil-
bert, Pope and others spoke, congratulating the members
upon the prosperity of the society and the wide influence it was
exerting in the State.

OUR WINTER MEETING.

Invitations for our winter meeting came in from Freeport,
Rumford Falls, Winthrop, Skowhegan and Augusta. In each
instance assurances came with the invitation of local co-opera-
tion. It was hard for the committee to determine which locality
offered the greatest inducements. In accepting the invitation
extended by Winthrop Grange to hold the meeting in Win-
throp the committee felt it would be especially agreeable to the
older members to return to the place where the society had its
birth. The reception given by the members of the grange and
the citizens was very cordial. Messrs. J. Henry Moore, R.
Alden and F. C. Robie, serving as a committee for Winthrop

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9

Grange, were active in their efiforts and spared neither labor
nor expense to provide for all the details as they appeared.

Of the programme arranged for the meeting, the Secretary
may be permitted to say that it proved a very popular one and
with the presentation of each paper new interest was awakened.
It was particularly noticeable, that notwithstanding the pre-,
vailing low prices of fruit, there was no evidence of discourage-
ment, for all seemed enthusiastic for the future. A full report
of the papers and discussions may be found in the following
pages of the transactions.

The exhibition of fruit was very large, nearly every county
in the State being represented. The tables were crowded with
fruit, which was of exceptionally good quality. There was an
interesting collection of apples from the Experiment Station and
another exhibition that had many admirers was shown by Mr.
J. H. Reid of Frederickton, N. B. The specimens were large
and free from imperfections. The collection of cranberries
consisted of nine entries, which were well preserved. A jar of
Mountain cranberries was shown by the Secretary, which grew
either in New Brunswick or Nova Scotia. The perfection of
this fruit afiforded the best of evidence that Maine can raise
good cranberries and the interest was an evidence that soon
we shall have no need of sending to the Cape for this delicious
fruit. The exhibition of apple jellies was large and attractive.
The collection shown by Mrs. Benson Grant consisted of
twenty-five or more tumblers, made of as many different varie-
ties of apple. There were several tumblers in which the apple
was used as the base and then flavored with pine apple, lemon,
raspberry or some other fruit. The rare qualities of the jellies
shown in this exhibit are suggestive of a possible outlet for
much fruit that now yields the growers little profit.

D. H. KNOWLTON, Secretary.
Farmineton.

OFFICERS FOR 1897,

President.

JOHX W. TRUE, New Gloucester.

Vice Presidents.

S. H. DAWES, HariisoD.

D. P. TRUE, Leeds Center.

Secretary.

D. H. KNOWLTOX, Farmington.

Treasurer.
CHARLES S. POPE, Manchester.

Executive Committee.

The President and Secretarj^ ex-officio ; A. E. Andrews, Gardiner:

Z. A. Gilbert, North Greene ; C. H. George, Hebron.

Trustees.
Androscoggin Countj', Chas. E. Waterman, East Auburn.

Aroostook

Cumberland

Franklin

Hancock

Kennebec

Knox

Lincoln

Oxford

Penobscot

Piscataquis

Sagadahoc

Somerset,

Waldo

Washington

York

Edward Tarr, Castle Hill.
T. M. Merrill, West Gloucester.
Herman Corbett, Farmington.
Mrs. S. L. Brimmer, Mariaville.

E. A. Lajjliam, Pittstou.
Alouzo Butler, Union.

H. .7. A. Simmons, Waldoboro".

S. M. King, South Paris.

W. M. Munson, Orono.

H. L. Leland, East Sangerville.

A. P. Ring, Richmond Corner.

F. E. Xowell, Fairfield.
Fred Atwood, Wiuterport.
J. F. Sprague, Charlotte.
Edward H. Emery, Sanford.

Member of Experiment Station Council.
Chas. S. Pope, Manchester.
Committee on New Fruits.
S. M. King. South Paris; Willis A. Luce, South Union; John W.
Dudley, Castle Hill.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Note.— Any errors or cbanges of residence should be promptly reported to the
Secretary. Members will also confer a favor by furnishing the Secretarj' with
their full Christian names where initials only ai"e given.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Andrews, A.Emery Gai'diner

Andrews, Charles E Auburn

Arnold, C. A Arnold

*Atherton, H.N Hallowell

Atherton, Wm. P Hallowell

Atkins, Chaiies G Bucksport

At wood, Fred. Winterport

Averill, David C Temple

Bailey, W. G Freeport

Bennoch, .John E Orono

Bisbee, George E Auburn

Boardman, Samuel L Augusta

Briggs, D. J South Turner

Briggs, John Turner

Burr, .John Freeport

Butler, Alonzo Union

*Carter, Otis L Etna

Chandler, Mrs. Lucy A Free port

Chase, Heury M.,103 Federal St., Portland

Chase, Martin V. B Augusta

*Clark, Eliphalet Portland

Cole, Horatio G Boston, Mass

Corbett, Herman Faraiingtoii

Crafts, Moses Auburn

*Crosby, William C Bangor

Crowell, John H Temple

Cummings, Mrs. Anthony Auburn

Dana, Woodbury S Portland

Dawes, S. H Harrison

DeRocher, Peter Bradentown, Fla

Dirwanger, Joseph A Portland

Dunham, W. W North Paris

Dyer, Milton Cape Elizabeth

*Emerson, Albert — Bangor

Emerson, Charles L. ... .South Turner

Farnsworth, B. B Portland

Frost, Oscar F Monmouth

*Gardiner, Robert H Gardiner

Gardiner, Robert H Boston, Mass

George, C. H Hebron

*Decea3ed.

Gilbert, Z. A North Greene

Goddard, Lewis C Woodfords

*Godf rey, John E Bangor

Grover, Franklin D Bean

Gurney, Lemuel Hebron

Hackett, E. C West Gloucester

Hall, Mrs. H. A Brewer

Hanscoin, .John Saco

*Harlow, S. C Bangor

♦Harris, \. C Auburn

Harris, N. W Auburn

Harris, William M Auburn

Harvey, F. L Orono

*Hersey, T. C Portland

Hobbs, M. Curtis... ..West Farraington

*Hoffses, Elmas Warren

Hoxie, James S North Fairfield

Hoyt, Mrs. Francis Winthrop

*Ingalls, Henry Wiscasset

Jackson, F. A Winthrop

*.Jewett, George Portland

.Johnson, Isaac A Auburn

*Jordan, Francis C Brunswick

*Kenniston, E. H Arnold

Keene, Charles S Turner

Knowlton, D. H Farmington

Lapham, E. A Pittston

*Larrabee, O. L West Levant

Litchflel<l, J. H Aiiburn

Lombard, Thurston M Auburn

*Low, Elijah. Bangor

*Low, S. S Bangor

Luce, Willis A South Union

McLaughlin, Henry Bangor

Merrill, T. M West Gloucester

*Metcalf, M. J Monmouth

Moody, Charles H Turner

Moore, William G Monmouth

Moor, F. A Waterville

Morton, J. A Bethel

12

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIFE MEMBERiS— Concluded.

*Morton, William E Portland Stanley, Charles Wintluop

*Noyes, Albert Bangor Stanley, (). E Wintlirop

Perley, Chas. I Cross Hill *Staples, G. K Temple

Pope, Charles S Manchester Strout, S. F West Falmouth

Prince, Edward M — West Farmington *Strattard, Mrs. A. B Monroe

Pulsifer, D. W Poland *Sweetser, S. R Cumberland Center

Purington, E. F. . .. West Farmington *Taylor, Joseph Belgrade

*Richards, F. G Gardiner Taylor, Miss L. L., (Lakeside) Belgrade

Richards, John T Gardiner Tliomas, William W., Jr Portland

*Richardson, J. M Gardiner Thomas, D. S North Auburn

Ricker, A. S Turner Thurston, Edwin ....West Farmington

Ridley, B. H Jay Tilton, William S Boston, Mass

Roak, George M Auburn Townsend, Mrs. B. T Freeport

Robinson, Henry A Foxcroft True, Davis P -LeedsCenter

Rolfe, Samuel Portland True, John W New Gloucester

Sanborn, Miss G. P Augusta *Varney, James A . .The Dalles, Oregon.

Sawyer, Andrew S .Cape Elizabeth Vickery, James Portland

Sawyer, George B Wiscasset Vickery, John Auburn

*Shaw, Stillmau W West Auburn Wade, Patrick Portland

Simmons, H. J. A Waldoboro

Skilllngs, C. W North Auburu

*Smith, Alfred Monmouth

Smith, Henry S Monmouth

Starrett, L. F Warren

Stetson, Henrj' Auburn

♦Stetson, Isaiah Bangor

Stilphen, Asbury C Gardiner

Walker, Charles S Peru

Waterman, Willard H East Auburn

* Weston, James C Bangor

Wharff, Charles S Gardiner

Wheeler, Charles E Chesterville

Whitney, Edward K Harrison

*Woodard, Mrs. S. M Gardiner

Woodman, George W Portland

ANNUAL MEMBER.S, 1896.

Allen, Miss Hattie Bangor

Andrews, Gideon Herman

Archer, Mrs. Geo. F Clifton

Bailey, Abbie F Freeport

Bailey, Mrs. W. H Bangor

Barrett, Mrs. C. C Brewer

Bartlett, Carle S Bangor

Bartlett, T. W East Dixmont

Beers, Carl Bangor

Bickford, A. K Monmoutli

Bickford, James Carmel

BriTnmer, Mrs. S. L Tilden

Clifford, E. T Winthrop

Decoster, Virginia North Aubui-n

Dudley, A. M .Mapleton

Dunbar, E. W Damariscotta

Eastman, A. A Dexter

Eastman, Mrs. A. A Dexter

Eddy, Mrs. F. A Bangor

Emery, Edward H Sanford

Fairbanks, H. G North Monmouth

Grant, Mrs. Alanson Lewiston

Hall, Mrs. H. A Brewer

Hayford, Columbus Maysville

*Deceased.

Holland, George N Hampden

Hooper, C. A Elliott

Hussey, Mrs. E. E Brewer

Jewell, H. W Farmington

Johnson, Henry South Turner

Keith, Walter E Winthrop

Kenniston, G. A Arnold

King, A. R North Monmouth

King, Mrs. L. M South Etna

King, S. M South Paris

Knowlton, C. H Farmington

Leathers, A. W Bangor

Leland, H. L East Sangerville

Leland, W. E East Sangerville

Lemont, J. W West Bath

Mann, Mrs. Esther A South Leetls

Manson, A. M North Monroe

Merrill, G. W Bangor

Merritt, E. W., Jr Houlton

Miles, Dudley Newburg

Moore, L. P Newburg

Munson, W. M Orono

Nevins, J. L Lewiston

Nowell, F. E Fairfield

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

13

ANNUAL MEMBERS— Concluded.

Page, F. W Augusta

Pickaril, Eva Arnold

Prescott, Frankliu Ne wburg

Prescott, G. \ Eiist Monmouth

Prescott, J. W Liberty

Reed, James B Bowdoinbam

Ridley, J. D Jay

Ring, A. P Richmond Corner

Rose, Mrs. Ada E North Greene

Salisbury, Mrs. Amos Brewer

Sleeper, F. H. L Lewiston

Snow, G. W Newburg

Sprague, F. J Charlotte

Sturgis, C.G Auburn

Tarr, Edward Castle Hill

Tbissell, Mrs. J. A Bangor

Toothaker, L. P Dlxmont

\Vaterman, Mrs. C. E East Auburn

Wharff, William R Gardiner

Whitney, G. W North Newburg

Whittier, Phineas Farmington Falls

Wright, Fred Woolwich

Wright, L. E Bath

ANNUAL MEMBERS, 1897.

Bishop, Frank I Winthop Litchfield, Jennie E Winthrop

Carll,E-C Buxton Stanton, Chas. B Winthrop

Fairbanks, H.N Bangor Whittier, Phineas Farmington Falls

Grant, Mrs. Benson Lewiston Wood, Elliott Winthrop

TREASUEER'S REPORT.

RECEIPTS.

From State stipend 81,000 00

Interest :

Farmington Water Company $10 00

Merchants' National Bank 12 00

22 00

Annual members :

Ed vrard H. Emery, Sanford $100

Pbineas Whittier, Farmington Falls 1 OO

A. M. Dudley, Mapleton 100

A. A. Eastman, Dexter 100

Columbus Hayford, Maysville 1 00

G. N. Holland, Hampden 100

A. W. Leathers, Bangor 1 00

C. A. Hooper, Eliot. 100

F. E. Nowell, Fairfield 100

Mrs. E. E. Hussey, Brewer 1 00

G. A. Kenniston, Arnold 100

James Bickford, Carniel 100

Mrs. C. C. Barrett, Brewer 100

E.T.Clifford, Winthrop 100

C. H. Knowlton, Farmington 100

F. H. L. Sleeper, Lewiston 1 00

J. D. Ridley, Jay 1 00

G. N. Prescott, East Monmouth 1 00

A. P. Ring, Richmond Corner 100

F. W. Page, Augusta 1 00

W. M. Munson, Orono.. 100

Mrs. George F. Archer, Clifton 1 00

Mrs. W. H. Bailey, Bangor 100

S. M. King, South Paris 100

Carle S. Bartlett, Bangor 100

Mrs. J. A. Thissell, Bangor 1 00

Mrs. Amos Salisbury, Brewer 100

Dudley Miles, Newburg 100

Franklin Prescott, Newburg 1 00

Mrs. Louisa M. King, South Etna 1 00

Mrs. S. L. Brimmer, Marlaville 100

G. A. Kenniston, Arnold 100

Gideon Andrews, Hermon 100

G. W. Snow, Newburg 1 00

W. E. Leland, East Sangerville 1 00

H. L. Leland, East Sangerville 1 00

L. P. Moore, Newburg 100

T. W. Bartlett, East Dixmont 1 00

Mrs. H. A . Hall, Brewer 1 00

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

15

Annual members :

Henry Johnson, South Turner $100

G. W. Merrill, Bangor

Mrs. C. C. Barrett, Brewer

Miss Haltie Allen, Bangor

J. W. Prescott, Liberty

Mrs. F. A. Eddy, Bangor

Carl Beers, Bangor

Mrs. C. E. Waterman, East Auburn

Eddie W. Merntt, Jr., Houlton

H. W. Jewell, Farmiugton .

Walter E. Keith, Winthrop

Alanson S. Grant, Lewiston

Mrs. Esther A. Mann, South Leeds

Mrs. Ada E. Rose, North Greene

A. A. Eastman, Dexter

A . P. Ring, Richmond Corner

E. W. Dunbar, Damariscotta

William R. Wharff, Gardiner

A. K. Bickford, Monmouth

Mrs. D. L. Kevins, Lewiston

Vii'ginia DeCoster, North Auburn

Mrs. A. R. Ring, North Monmouth

Abbie F. Bailey, Freeport

J. M. Lemont, West Bath ,

Fred Wright, Bath

A. M. Munson, North Monroe

L. E. Wright, Woolwich

James B. Reed, Bowdoinham

L. P. Toothaker, Dixmont

Eva Pickard, Arnold

H. G. Fairbanks, North Monmouth

F. E. Nowell, Fairfleld

G. W. Whitney, North Newburg

F. J. Sprague, Charlotte

Life members:

John H. Crowell, Temple 810 00

Edwin Thurston, West Farmingtou 10 00

Fi-anklin D. Grover, Bean 10 00

Mrs. Lucy A. Chandler, Freeport 10 00

Mrs. H. A. Hall, Brewer 10 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

Eastern Maine State Fair

Maine State Agricultural Society.
Cash on hand January 1, 1896

EXPENDITURES.
John W. True, President, expenses at winter meeting

C. H. George, Executive Committee, expenses at winter meeting

A . E. Andrews, expenses at winter meeting

D. H. Knowlton, Secretary, expenses at winter meeting

Chas. E. Wheeler, Treasurer, expenses at winter meeting

Smith & Reid, binding Transactions

American Express Company, express on fruit

George H. Collins, advertising

A. E. Andrews, cash paid Augusta Safe Deposit & Trust Company, for

deposit box

D. H. Knowlton, in part for salary as Secretary

$73 00

$50 00

600 00
500 00
135 18

$2,380 18

22 80

14 72

30 00

19 62

7 87

S 20

3 00

5 00

50 00

i6

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Knowlton, McLeary & Company, eiiffravings for Transactions

Augusta Safe Deposit & Trust Company, in favor of permanent fund. . .

J. Woodward Manning, services as judge at Lewiston

Mr. and Mrs. Chas. S. I'ope, services as judges at Bangor

James M. Hayes, services as judge on fruit at Lewiston

Z. A. Gilbert. Executive Committee, expense

Jolin W. True, President, expenses at Bangor

A. E. Andrews, Executive Committee, expenses and services at Bangor

D. H. Knowlton, Secretary, expenses at Bangor

D. H. Knowlton, postage, express, etc

D. H. Knowlton, expenses at Lewiston and cash paid out

Clerk hire, Bangor

J. K. Islam & Company, vases

Clerk hire, Lewiston

Mrs. E. M. Blanchard, decorations

Fred H. Cowan, assistant at Lewiston

C. H. George, Executive Committee, expenses at Bangor

C. H. George, as Executive Committee expenses

A. E. Andrews, Executive Committee expenses

Wood-Robinson Co., paper for tables

A. E. Andrews, Executive Committee, services at Bangor

L. B. Raynes, stenographic report of Bangor meeting

Mrs. H. A. Hall, annual membership paid back

B. Walker McKeen, framing World's Fair diploma

Knowlton, McLeary & Co., printing

Lewiston Journal, printing

John W. True, President, expenses

A. E. Andrews, Executive Committee, services.

Premiums at Winter Meeting $-59 00

Premiums at Bangor Fair 381.50

Premiums at Lewiston Fair 91-2 25

Cash in treasury January 1, IS97.

PERMANENT FUND.

Dr.

To deposit in Wiscasset Savings Bank

First National Bank, Farmington

Merchants' National Bank, Gardiner

Farmington Water Company :

Augusta Safe Deposit and Trust Company

Due permanent fund

CR.

By 125 life members to January 1, 1896

life members received in 1896 :

John H. Crowel), Temple SIO 00

Edwin Thurston, Temple 10 00

F. D. Grover, Bean 10 00

Mrs. Lucy A. Chandler, Freeport 10 00

Mrs. H. A. Hall, Brewer 10 00

S18 00

228 69

27 50

25 00

25 00

3 00

22 50
14 50

23 83

17 37
47 50

20 60
2 40

18 00
25 00

10 00

21 80
38 85
16 18

6 50

12 00

5 00

1 00

4 38
55 95

11 65
40 SO
18 60

$1,3.52 75

88 40

$2,380 14

$128 02

400 00

200 00

100 00

441 08

30 90

$1,300 00

$1,250 00

$50 00-

$1,300 00

Chesterville, December 31, 1896.

CHARLES E. WHEELER, Treasurer.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE SOCIETY DECEMBEK 31,
1896, SO FAR AS KNOWN TO THE EXBCUTIV^E COMMITTEE.

ASSETS.

Bounty due for State

Property owned by society

Permanent fund

Interest (estimated)

Cash in treasury

$1,000 00

250 00

1,269 10

12 00

88 40

$2,619 50

LIABILITIES.

Outstanding orders §125 00

Bills presented but not allowed 40 87

Other accounts, estimated 75 00

Due pernianent fund 30 90

S271
JOHN W. TRUE, 1

Z. A. GILBERT, (Committee.
C. H. GEORGE. J

BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS.

ANNUAL MEETING.

September 3 — Met in accordance with the following call:
"Annual meeting of the Maine State Pomological Society.
The annual meeting of the Maine State Pomological Society,
for the election of officers and the transaction of other business,
will be held in the Lecture Hall, in the park, Lewiston, on
Thursday, September 3, 1896, at 6.30 o'clock P. M. Per order
of Executive Committee, D. H. Knowlton, Secretary.

Informal reports were made by the secretary and treasurer
of the society.

Voted, That the society indorse the action of the executive
committee in joining with the Eastern Maine Fair in holding
an exhibition in Bangor, and that they be authorized to con-
tinue the arrangement if the terms are satisfactory to them.

Proceeded to the election of officers for the year 1897. (See
page 10 for officers elected.)

WINTER MEETING.

A business session of the society was called to meet at Hotel
Hamilton, Winthrop, February 17, 1897, at 7 o'clock P. M.
Met according to the call.

Voted, That Messrs. Gilbert and Andrews of the executive
committee audit the treasurer's account and report during the
session.

Voted, That the executive committee be instructed to meet
the trustees of the Maine State Agricultural Society and effect
a new contract or agreement with them for our next annual
exhibition.

Voted, That the treasurer's salary for the past year be fixed
at $25.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I9

The secretary submitted circular letters from the Ohio Horti-
cultural Society, calling a convention of representatives of the
State Horticultural Societies in Washington, to agree upon
some uniform legislation, State and National, bearing upon the
control and extermination of fungous and insect fruit pests.
Tabled.

The Secretary submitted papers and correspondence of the
officers of the Hamburg Horticultural Exposition, inviting our
society to send exhibits, etc. Tabled.

Voted, That the premiums awarded at this exhibition be paid
by the treasurer Friday afternoon.

The president was instructed to appoint committees.

February 19 — Mr. D. J. Briggs in behalf of the committee on
resolutions presented the following:

Resolved, That we appreciate the cordial welcome extended
by the citizens of Winthrop.

Resolved, That the thanks of the society are due to the hotels
of the village, and to the railroads for reduced rates; also, to the
grange for their kindly assistance.

Resolved, That the thanks of the society are extended those
who furnished us such beautiful music.

Mr. Gilbert — I have enjoyed this meeting very much and
I think the resolutions should receive our heartiest support, and
for three very good reasons: One is that we have learned
again that when the citizens of Winthrop take hold of a good
cause it is sure to be a success; second, that fruit growing is on
the increase among our people, an evidence that culture and
refinement are gaining ground, and third, that the Maine State
Pomological Society can run a successful meeting when they
fall into as good hands as they have in the town of Winthrop.
We appreciate the assistance of those who are related to or in
any way connected with that which we represent here. So we
have had a successful meeting, we have enjoyed your hospi-
tality, we appreciate the efforts of your committee, your citizens,
and we heartily thank you for it.

The resolutions were then given a passage by a rising vote.
Premiums were paid the last afternoon of the exhibition by the
treasurer.

20 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

February 20 — The comniittee to audit the treasurer's accounts
reported that they found the same correct and had approved
the same.

Voted, That the secretary be instructed todehver Mr. Wheeler
his bond as treasurer. >■

Voted, That the key to box in the Augusta Safe Deposit and
Trust Company be deposited with the president as custodian of
the same.

MEETINGS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

January 18, 1896 — Met at the Ehii House, Auburn.

Voted, To ask the State Society for Wednesday evening of
the fair for our annual meeting instead of Thursday, as last
year.

Revised the schedule of premiums.

The secretary presented the following from the trustees of the
State Agricultural Society :

"Voted, To invite the State Pomological Society to unite
with this society in the joint exhibition of the year upon the
same conditions as in 1895, save that the Pomological Society
is to fit up and take full care of upper floor of the exhibition
building, using all tables and property of the Agricultural
Society already prepared for their use."

Voted, To accept these conditions for the present year.

April 29, 1896 — Met at Exchange Hotel, Lewiston.

Hon. F. O. Beal, President of the Eastern Maine Fair, was
present and offered the following proposition in behalf of the
association he represents: "The Eastern Maine State Fair
Association is pleased to extend an invitation to the Maine
State Pomological Society to hold a joint exhibition with them
at their grounds in Bangor on i\ugust 25, 26, 27, 28, 1896, upon
the same terms and conditions as is your custom to do with the
Maine State Fair Association."

Voted, That the above proposition be accepted, provided the
sum be increased one hundred dollars to meet the expenses of
the ofBcers incident to holding said exhibition.

Voted, That the secretary be requested to notify the Maine
State Agricultural Society of our action before giving publicity
to the same, and assure the officers of that society that our
action is based upon a desire to extend, so far as possible, the

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

influence of our society in tlie State, and a belief that both
exhibitions would be improved without prejudice to either by
such action.

In response to the secretary's letter the following cordial let-
ter was received:

Kenduskeag, May 4, 1896.
D. H. Knowlton, Esq.,

Secretary State Pomological Society:

Dear Sir — In answer to your favor of the ist inst., allow
me to say that I understand your society will hold two fairs this
year with the Maine State Agricultural Society at Lewiston,
and the Eastern State Fair at Bangor, and that such will prob-
ably be the future policy of your society, am I correct? If so,
I believe the arrangement a good one, calculated largely to
increase the usefulness of your society, by extending its benefits
to a part of the State where the interest in fruit growing is not
so active as it should be. Our society will not object to the
arrangement you have made .with the Eastern Fair. On the
contrary, we approve, in the belief that the interest you will
awaken in the eastern part of the State will result in bringing
to you at Lewiston larger and more varied exhibits than ever
before.

Permit me to thank you for the very cordial feelings expressed
towards our society and its management and to assure you that
they are fully reciprocated by us.

Very truly yours,

S. G. JERRARD, President.

Voted, That further details in the premiums be referred to the
secretary.

August 5, 1896 — Met at Elm House, Auburn.

Voted, That the secretary be authorized to employ judges for
both fairs at Bangor and Lewiston.

Voted, That the preparation of programmes for the public
meetings during the fairs at Bangor and Lew'iston be referred
to the secretary-.

Voted, That the secretary arrange for decorations at Lewis-
ton, not to exceed $25 in cost.

Voted, That the secretary be authorized to employ assistants
for the fairs.

The secretary reported that he had received a diploma and
medal from the World's Fair Commission, also that Secretary

22 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

McKeen had a diploma and medal from the same source sub-
ject to our order.

Voted, To have the diplomas framed and exhibited at the
fairs.

The secretary also reported the receipt of an invitation from
the managers of the Hamburg Horticultural Exhibition to take
part in the same.

August 2y, 1896. Met in Bangor, voted that premiums,
same as at Lewiston, be allowed on articles not listed in pre-
mium list of Bangor Exhibition.

September 4, 1896. Met in Maine Farmer building on the
Fair Grounds," Lewiston.

Voted, To hold a meeting of the executive committee at Elm
House, Auburn, September 22, 1896.

September 22, 1896. Met at the Elm House, Auburn.

The schedules of premiums awarded at Bangor and Lewiston
Exhibitions were presented, 'and orders in favor of the treasurer
were drawn for $381.50 for Bangor, and $912.25 for Lewiston.

Voted, That the Society pay express on fruit sent for exhibi-
tion at winter meeting.

Voted, To send the diploma bearing the name of the State to
Secretary McKeen, and our secretary to retain the custody of
the other.

December 21, 1896. Met at Elm House, Auburn.

The secretary presented invitations for the winter meeting
from Winthrop Grange, Rumford Falls, Freeport, Skowhegan
and Augusta.

Voted, That the location for holding the winter meeting be
referred to the secretary and president.

Voted, That if found expedient the meeting be held the week
beginning February 14, 1897.

After conference with parties and further consideration the
president and secretary accepted the invitation from Winthrop
Grange,

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

At The Bangor Exhibition Held August
25, 26, 2^ and 28, 1896.

APPLES.

Best general exhibition of apples grown in Androscoggin
county: Henry Johnson, South Turner, first, $8; D. P. True,
Leeds Centre, second, $6.

Same in Aroostook county: J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill,
first, $8.

Same in Cumberland county: J. W. True, New Gloucester,
first, $8; T. M. Merrill, West Gloucester, second, $6.

Same in Franklin county: Herman Corbett, Farmington,
first, $8.

Same in Hancock county: Mrs. S. L. Brimmer, Tilden,
first, $8.

Same in Kennebec county : W. R. Wharff , Gardiner, first,
$8; E. A. Lapham, Pittston, second, $6.

Same in Knox county: Willis A. Luce, South Union, first, $8.

Same in Oxford county: C. H. George, Hebron, first, $8; S.
M. King, South Paris, second, $6.

Same in Penobscot county: Franklin Prescott, Newburg,
first, $8; G, A. Kenniston, Arnold, second, $6; Carle S. Bart-
lett, third, $3.

Same in Piscataquis county: H. L. Leland, East Sangerville,
first, $8; W. E. Leland, East Sangerville, second, $6.

Same in Waldo county: J. W. Prescott, Liberty, first, $8;
T. W. Bartlett, East Dixmont, second, $6.

Best collection crabapples: S. C. Harlow, Bangor, first, $1;
James Bickford, Carmel, second, 50c.

24 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Best dish Baldwins: C. H. George, first, $i ; W. R. Wharff,
second, 50c.

Gravenstein: Henry Johnson, South Turner, first, $1 ; G.
W. Snow, Newburg, second, 50c.

Northern Spy: C. H. George, first, $1; Henry Johnson,
second, 50c.

Rhode Island Greening: Henry Johnson, first, $1; S. M.
King, second, soc.

Roxbury Russet; W. R. Wharfif, first, $1; W. A. Luce,
second, 50c.

Tompkins King: G. A. Kenniston, Arnold, first, $1 ; G.
W. Snow, second, 50c.

Yellow Bellfiower: E. A. Lapham, first, $1; G. W. Snow,
second, 50c.

Alexander: O. L. Larrabee, West Levant, first, $1; Mrs.
L. M. King, South Etna, second, 50c.

American Golden Russet: G. A. Kenniston, first, $1.

Deane: S. C. Harlow, Bangor, second, 50c.

Duchess of Oldenburg: Mrs. L. M. King, first, $1; G. W.
Snow, second, 50c.

Early Harvest: Mrs. L. M. King, first, $1; W. A. Luce,
second, 50c.

Fallawater: G. W. Snow, first, $1; Dudley Miles, New-
burg, second, 50c.

Fall Harvey: C. A. Arnold, Arnold, first, $1; C. H.
George, second, 50c.

Fameuse: W. A. Luce, first, $1; G. W, Snow, second, 50c.

Garden Royal: C. H. George, first, $1.

Golden Sweet: W. A. Luce, first, $1.

Hubbardston Nonsuch: W. R. Wharff, first, $1; W. P.
Woodworth, Simpson's Corner, second, 50c.

Jewett's Fine Red: J. W. True, first, $1; Mrs L. M. King,
second, 50c.

King Sweeting: Dudley Miles, first, $1; S. M. King,
second, 50c.

Large Yellow Bough: Dudley Miles, first, $1 ; W. T. Jones,
Hampden Corner, second, 50c.

Mcintosh Red: Dudley Miles, first, $1; G. W. Snow,
second, 50c.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25

Milding: D. P. True, Leeds Centre, first, $i; Henry John-
son, second, 50c.

Munson Sweet: Mrs. L. M. King, first, $1; G. A. Kennis-
ton, second, 50c.

Peck's Pleasant: D. P. True, first, $1.

Pomme Royale: Chas. S. Pope, Manchester, first, $1.

Porter: W. A. Luce, first, $1; W. P. Woodworth,
second, 50c.

Pound Sweet: L. P. Moore, Newburg, first, $1 ; J. W. True,
second, 50c.

President: O. L. Larrabee, first, $1; S. C. Harlow, second,
50c.

Pumpkin Sweet: G. A. Kenniston, first, $1; Herman Cor-
bett, second, 50c.

Red Astrachan: G. A. Kenniston, first, $1; C. H. George,
second, 50c.

Rolfe: O. L. Larrabee, first, $1 ; S. C. Harlow, second, 50c.

Russell: Herman Corbett, first, $1.

Somerset: O. L. Larrabee, first, $1; Dudley Miles,
second, 50c.

Stark: C. A. Arnold, first, $1; Henry Johnson, Turner,
second, 50c.

Starkey: D. P. True, first, $i; C. H. George, second, 50c.

Talman's Sweet: J. W. True, first, $1; E. A. Lapham,
second, 50c.

Tetofsky: D. H. Knowlton, Farmington, first, $1; C. A.
Arnold, second, 50c.

Twenty Ounce: C. A. Arnold, first, $1; E. A. Lapham,
second, 50c.

Wagener: Dudley Miles, first, $1; C. A. Arnold,
second, 50c.

Wealthy: Mrs. L. M. King, first, $1; J. W. True, sec-
ond, 50C.

Williams' Favorite: W. A. Luce, first, $1; S. M. King,
second, 50c.

Winthrop Greening: D. P. True, first, $1; E. A. Lapham,
second, 50c.

Yellow Transparent: S. C. Harlow, first, $1; C. A. Arnold,
second, 50c.

26 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Benoni: C. H. George, gratuity, 50c.
Chenango Strawberries: C. H. George, gratuity, 50c.
Dudley's Winter: J. W. Dudley, gratuity, 50c.
Fall Pippin: C. H. George, gratuity, 50c.; S. C. Harlow,
gratuity, 25c.

Fall Jenneting: C. H. George, gratuity, 50c.
Gloria Mundi: C. H. George, gratuity, 50c.
Hunt Russet: S. C. Harlow, gratuity, 50c,
Keswick Codlin: S. C. Harlow, gratuity, 50c.
Pound: C. H. George, gratuity, 50c.
Rome Beauty: C. H. George, gratuity, 500.
St. Lawrence: S. C. Harlow, gratuity, 50c.

PEARS.

General exhibition of pears: First, S. C. Harlow, $4; second,
D. P. True, $3.

Clapp's Favorite: First, G. W. Merrill, Bangor, $1; second,
Mrs. W. H. Bailey, 50c.

Bartlett: First, W. A. Luce, $1; second, Mrs. E. T. Webb,
Bangor, 50c.

Belle Lucrative: First, G. W. Morrill, $1 ; second, S. C. Har-
low, 50c.

Beurre Clairgeau: First, S. C. Harlow, $1; second, O. L.
Larrabee, 50c.

Beurre Did: First, G. W. Merrill, $1.

Duchesse d' Angouleme : First, W. A. Luce, $1.

Flemish Beauty: First, J. W. Tryie, $1 ; second, O. L. Larra-
bee, 50c.

Glout Morceau: First, S. C. Harlow, $1.

Lawrence: First, S. C. Harlow, $1.

Louise Bonne de Jersey: First, S. C. Harlow, $1 ; second, O.
L. Larrabee, 50c.

Marie Louise: First, Herman Corbett, $1.

Seckel: First, W. A. Luce, $1.

Shelden: First, W, A. Luce, $1; second, O. L. Larrabee,
50c.

Vicar of Winkfield: First, W. A. Luce, $1.

Winter Nelis: First, S. C. Harlow, $1; second, Mrs. E. T.
Webb, 50c.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2/

Wilder's Early: First, W. A. Luce, $i.
Eastern Belle: First, S. C. Harlow, 50c.

GRAPES.

Grapes grown in cold grapery: First, Mrs. F. A. Eddy,
Bangor, $5.

PLUMS.

Best general exhibition: First, D. H. Knowlton, Farming-
ton, $5; second, W. A. Luce, $3; third, S. C. Harlow, $2.

Bavay's Green Gage: First, D. H. Knowlton, $1; second,
W. A. Luce, 50c.

Bradshaw: First, W. A. Luce, $1; second, Gideon Andrews,
Hermon, 50c.

Burbank: First, W. A. Luce, $1; second, Chas. A. Miller,
East Union, 50c.

Coe's Golden Drop: First, D. H. Knowlton, $1.

Green Gage: First, S. C. Harlow, $1; second, J. W. Dud-
ley, Castle Hill, 50c.

Prince's Imperial Gage: First, S. C. Harlow, $1; second,
Mrs. L. M. King, 50c.

Purple Gage: First, D, H. Knowlton, $1; second, W. A.
Luce, 50c.

Red Gage: First, W. A. Luce, $1.

Guii: First, Gideon Andrews, $1.

Lombard: First, Mrs. L. M. King, $1; second, W. A. Luce,
50c.

McLaughlin: First, S. C. Harlow, $1 ; second, D. H. Knowl-
ton, 50c.

Moores' Arctic: First, W. A. Luce, $1; second, Mrs. L.
M. King, 50c.

Quackenbos: First, W. A. Luce, $1.

Shipper's Pride: First, S. C. Harlow, $1; second, W. A.
Luce, 50c.

Washington: First, S. C. Harlow, $1; second, Gideon
Andrews, 50c.

Yellow Egg: First, W. A. Luce, $1.

28 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

MISCELLANEOUS.

Orange tree in fruit: First, Mrs. E. E. Hussey, Brewer, $i.

Fig tree in fruit: First, Mrs. F. A. Eddy, Bangor, $i.

Exhibition of canned fruit: First, Mrs. Herman Corbett,
Farmington, $6; second, Mrs. Francis Hoyt, Winthrop, $4;
third, Mrs. G. N. Holland, Hampden, $2.

Canned Blackberries: First, Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.; second,
Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Canned Blueberries: First, Mrs. H. Corbett, qoc. ; second,
Mrs. H. A. Hall, 25c.

Canned Cherries: First, Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.; second,
Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Canned Gooseberries: First, Mrs. E. E. Hussey, 50c.; sec-
ond, Mrs. H. A. Hall, 25c.

Canned Peaches: First, Mrs. H. Corbett, 50c.; second, Mrs.
Francis Hoyt, 25c.

Canned Pears: First, Mrs. H. Corbett, 50c.; second, Mrs.
H. A. Hall, 25c.

Canned Plums: First, Mrs. E. E. Hussey, 50c.; second,
Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 25c.

Canned Quinces: First, Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.; second,
Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Canned Raspberries: First, Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.; sec-
ond, Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Canned Strawberries: First, Mrs. H. Corbett, .50c.; second,
Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 25c.

Canned Tomatoes: First, Mrs. E. E. Hussey, 50c.; second,
Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 25c.

Preserved Apples: First, Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.; second,
Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Preserved Currants: First, Mrs. H. A. Hall, 50c.; second,
Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 25c.

Preserved Cherries: First, Mrs. E. E. Hussey, 50c.; second,
Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Preserved Pears: First, Mrs. H. A. Hall, 50c.; second, Mrs.
Francis Hoyt, 25c.

Preserved Plums: First, Mrs. H. Corbett, 50c.; second, Mrs.
E. E. Hussey, 25c.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

Preserved Quinces: First, i\Irs. F. Hoyt, 50c.: second, Mrs.
H. Corbett, -'^5c.

Preserved Raspberries: First, Mrs. F. Hoyt, 50c.; second,
Mrs. H. Corbett.

Preserved Strawberries: First, !Mrs. H. A. Hall, 50c.; sec-
ond, Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Assorted Pickles: First, Mrs. H. A. Hall. 50c.; second, Mrs.
F. Hoyt, 25c.

Tomato Catsup: First, IMrs. E. E. Hussey, 50c.; second,
Mrs. F. Hoyt, 25c.

Collection Apple Jelly: First, Mrs. H. Corbett. $2; second,
Mrs. H. A. Hall, $1.

Apple Jelly: First, Mrs. H. A. Hall, $1; second, Mrs. H.
Corbett, 50c.

Crab Apple Jelly: First, Mrs. H. A. Hall. 50c.; second, Mrs.
H. Corbett, 25c.

Currant Jelly: First. Mrs. H. A. Hall, 50c.: second, Mrs.
E. E. Hussey, 25c.

Grape Jelly: First, Mrs. E. E. Hussey, 50c.; second^ Mrs.
H. Corbett.

Quince Jelly: First, Mrs. F. Hoyt, 50c.; second, Mrs. H.
Corbett, 25c.

Raspberry Jelly: First, Mrs. G. N. Holland, 50c.; second,
Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Rhubarb Jelly: First, Mrs. F. Hoyt, 50c.; second, Mrs. H.
A. Hall, 25c.

Strawberry Jelly: First, Mrs. G. N. Holland, 50c.; second,
Mrs. H. Corbett, 25c.

Maple Syrup: First, Mrs. G. F. Archer, Clifton, 50c.

Banana Plant: Gratuity, Mrs. F. A. Eddy, $1.

Cherries (Olivet): Gratuity, Mrs. E. E. Hussey, Si.

Russian Fruits : A fine and interesting collection was shown
by the State College.

FLOWERS AND PLANTS.

Display of Cut Flowers: Mrs. Geo. F. Archer, first, $5;
Mrs. F. A. Edely, second, $3.

Dahlias: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1.50; Mrs. C. C. Barrett.
Brewer, second, $1; Mrs. H. A. Hall, third, 50c.

30 ^ STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Chinese Pinks: Mrs. W. H. Bailey, first, $i ; Mrs. G. F.
Archer, second, 50c.

Carnations: Miss Hattie Allen, Bangor, first, $1.50.

Japan Lilies: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1.50; Mrs. E. E.
Hussey, second, $1.

Asters: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1; Mrs. H. A. Hall, sec-
ond, 50c.

Pansies: Mrs. W. H. Bailey, first, $1; Mrs. G. F. Archer,
second, 50c.

Zinnias: Mrs. C. C. Barrett, first, $1; Mrs. G. F. Archer,
second, 50c.

Phlox Drummondii: Mrs. C. C. Barrett, first, $1; Mrs. G.
F. Archer, second, 50c.

Stocks: Mrs. W. H. Bailey, first, $1; Mrs. H. A. Hall, sec-
ond, 50c.

Balsams: Mrs. C. C. Barrett, first, $1; Mrs. F. Hoyt, sec-
ond, 50c.

Chrysanthemums: Mrs. C. C. Barrett, first, $1; Mrs. G. F.
Archer, second, 50c.

Petunias: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1.

Gladioli: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1 ; Mrs. H. A. Hall, sec-
ond, 50C.

Verbenas: Mrs. H. A. Hall, first, $1; Mrs. W. H. Bailey,
second, 50c.

Nasturtiums: Mrs. Jas. A. Thissell, Bangor, gratuity, $1.

Sweet Peas: Mrs. G. F. Archer, gratuity, $1; Mrs. Jas. A.
Thissell, 50c.

Salpiglossis: Mrs. W. H. Bailey, Bangor, gratuity, $1.

Button-hole Bouquets: Mrs. C. C. Barrett, first, $1; Mrs.
H. A. Hall, second, 50c.

Floral Pillow: Mrs. H. A. Hall, second, $1.

Floral Design: Miss Hattie Allen, first, $2; Mrs. H. A.
Hall, second, $1.

Floral Wreath: Mrs. H. A. Hall, second, $1.50.

Floral Dinner Decorations: Mrs. H. A. Hall, second, $1.

Basket Wild Flowers: Ethel C. Pfafif, Islesboro, first, $1;
Mrs. F. Hoyt, second, 50c.

Dried Grasses: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $2.

Everlasting Flowers: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3I

Cut Flowers: Mrs. H. A. Hall, first, $1.50; Mrs. E. E. Hus-
sey, second, $1 ; Mrs. F. Hoyt, third, 50c.

Fancy Basket Flowers : Miss Hattie Allen, first, $1.50; Mrs.
W. H. Bailey, second, $1 ; Mrs. H. A. Hall, third, 50c.

Greenhouse Plants: Carl Beers, Bangor, first, $5.

Pot Plants: Mrs. H. A. Hall, third, $1.

Geraniums: Mrs. H. A. Flail, third, 50c.

Begonias: Mrs. E. E. Hussey, first, $1.50; Mrs. H. A. Hall,
second, $1.

Tuberose: Mrs. W. H. Bailey, first, $1.

Dracaena: Mrs. H. A. Hall, first, $1.

Flowering Begonia: Mrs. H. A. Hall, first, $1; Mrs. Amos
Salisbury, Brewer, second, 50c.

Exhibition of Coleus: Mrs. Amos Salisbury, first, $1.50;
Mrs. H. A. Hall, second, $1.

Fuchsia: Mrs. Amos Salisbury, first, $1.

Carnation: Miss Hattie Allen, first, $1.

Single Pot Plant: Mrs. H. A. Hall, second, 50c.

Clinging Plant on Trellis: Mrs. H. A. Hall, first, $i ; Mrs.
C. C. Barrett, second, 50c,

AT THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION HELD AT LEWISTON,
AUGUST 31, SEPTEMBER 1, 2, 3 4, 1896.

APPLES.

For best general exhibition of Apples: S. H. Dawes, Har-
rison, first, $15; C. I. Perley, Cross Hill, secomd, $10; J. D.
Ridley, Jay, $5; Mrs. S. L. Brimmer, Tilden, fourth, $3.

For best general exhibition of Apples grown in Androscog-
gin County: Henry Johnson, S. Turner, first, $10; A. S.
Ricker, Turner, second, $8; D. J. Briggs, S. Turner, third, $5.

For same in Aroostook county: E. Tarr, Castle Hill, first,
$10; J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill, second, $8.

For same in Cumberland county: S. FI. Dawes, first, $10;
J. W. True, New Gloucester, second, $8; T. M. Merrill, Sab-
bathday Lake, gratuity, $3.

For same in Franklin county: M. C. Hobbs, West Farm-
ington, first, $10; D. C. Averill, Temple, second, $8; J. D. Rid-
ley, Jay, third, $5.

32 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

For same in Hancock county: Mrs. S. L. Brimmer, Tilden,
second, $8.

For same in Kennebec county: J. Pope and Son, Manches-
ter, first, $io; C. I. Perley, Cross Hill, second, $8; H. G. Fair-
bank, N. Monmouth, third, $5.

For same in Knox county: A. Butler, Union, first, $10;
W. A. Luce, S. Union, second, $8.

For same in Lincoln county: H. J. A. Simmons, Waldo-
boro, first, $10; E. W. Dunbar, Damariscotta, second, $8.

For same in Oxford county: C. H. George, Hebron, first,
Sio; Lemuel Gurney, Hebron, second, $8; S. M. King, S.
Paris, third, $5.

For same in Penobscot county: G. A. Kenniston, Arnold,
first, $10; C. A. Arnold, Arnold, second, $8; L. P. Toothaker,
Dixmont, third, $5.

For same in Piscataquis county: H. L. Leland, E. Sanger-
ville, first, $10; W. E. Leland, E. Sangerville, second, $8.

For same in Sagadahoc county: L. E. Wright, Woolwich,
first, $10; J. M. Lamont, W. Bath, second, $8; A. P. Ring,
Richmond Corner, third, $5.

For same in Somerset county: J. S. Ploxie, N. Fairfield,
first, $10; F. E. Nowell, N. Fairfield, second, $8.

For same in Waldo county: A. M. Mansur, N. Monroe,
second, $8; T. W. Bartlett, E. Dixmont, third, $5.

Single Plates.

Baldwins: T. M. Lombard, Auburn, first, $5; D. J. Briggs,
second, $3; Mrs. A. R. King, N. Monmouth, third, $2.

Gravenstein: A. S. Ricker, first, $3; T. M. Lombard, sec-
ond, $2; J. Pope and Son, third, $1.

Hubbardston Nonsuch: Henry Johnson, first, $3; James
B. Reed, Bowdoinham, second, $2; C. A. Arnold, third, $1.

Northern Spy: T. M. Lombard, first, $3; A. S. Ricker,
third, $1.

Rhode Island Greening: C. H. George, first, $5; A. K.
Bickford, Monmouth, second, $3; C. L Perley, third, $2.

Roxbury Russets: D. J. Briggs, first, $3; T. M. Lombard,
second, $2; Walter E. Keith, Winthrop, third, $1.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

Tompkins King: S. H. Dawes, first, .$3; C. I. Perley, sec-
ond, $2; T. M. Lombard, third, $1.

Yellow Bellflower: J. M. Lemont, first, $3; C. A. Arnold,
second, $2; Lemuel Gurney, third, $1.

Alexander: S. H. Dawes, first, $1; T. M. Lombard, second,
50c.

Bailey Sweet: C. H. George, first, $1; S. H, Dawxs, sec-
ond, 50C.

Ben Davis: C. L Perley, first, $i; C. H. George, second,
50c.

Deane: J. M. Lemont, first, $1 ; J. D. Ridley, second, 50c.

Duchess of Oldenburg: T. M. Lombard, first, $1; F. H. L.
Sleeper, Lewiston, second, 50c.

Dudley's Winter: J. W. Dudley, first, $1.

Fallawater: J. S. Hoxie, first, $1; A. A. Eastman, Dexter,
second, 50c.

Fall Flarvey: C. H. George, first, $i; C. L Perley, second,
50C.

Fameuse: C. H. George, first, $1; A. K. Bickford, sec-
ond, 50C.

Garden Royal: Walter E. Keith, first, $1; D. C. Averill,
second, 50c.

Gloria Alundi (of Maine): Geo. K. Davis, Lewiston, first,
$1 ; C. H. George, second, 50c.

Golden Russet: C. L Perley, first, $1; A. A. Eastman, sec-
ond, 50C.

Granite Beauty: D. H. Knowlton, Farmington, first, $1; J.
D. Ridley, second, 50c.

Jewett's Fine Red: C. L Perley, first, $1; Walter E. Keith,
second, 50c.

King Sweeting: J. S. Hoxie, first, $1; C. L Perley, sec-
ond, 50C.

Large Yellow Bough: F. H. L. Sleeper, first, $1; C. A.
Arnold, second, 50c.

Mcintosh Red: T. :\L Lombard, first, $1; C. L Perley, sec-
ond, 50C.

]\Iilding: D. P. True, Leeds Center, first, $1; C. L Perley,
second, 50c.

Mother: S. H. Dawes, first, $1 ; J. W. True, second, 50c.
3

34 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Munson Sweet: F. H. L. Sleeper, first, $i; C. A. Arnold,
second, 50c.

Peck's Pleasant: J. S. Hoxie, first, $1; S. H. Dawes, sec-
ond, 50c.

Pomme Royale: C. H. George, first, $1.
Porter: S. H. Dawes, first, $1; Wm. R. \A'harft', Gardiner,
second, 50c.

Pound Sweet: C. I. Perley, first, $1 ; J. W. True, second, 50c.
Primate: D. C. Averill, first, $1; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c.
Red Astrachan: S. H. Dawes, first, $1; C. H. George, sec-
ond, 50C.

Red Canada: Mrs. A. R. King, first, $1; Walter E. Keith,
second, 50c.

Rolfe: E. H. Libby, Auburn, first, $1 ; Walter E. Keith, sec-
ond, 50c.

Russell: J. D. Ridley, first, $1 ; D. C. Averill, second, 50c.
Somerset: Wm, R. Wharft", first, $1; H. G. Fairbanks, sec-
ond, 50C.

Stark: J. W. True, first, $1; D. P. True, second, 50c.
Starkey: C. H. George, first, $1; J. D. Ridley, second, 50c.
Talman's Sweet: A. S. Ricker, first, $1 ; T. M. Lombard, sec-
ond, 50C.

Twenty Ounce: Eva Pickard, Arnold, first, $1 ; T. M. Lom-
bard, second, 50c.

Wagener: T. M. Lombard, first, $1; S. H. Dawes, sec-
ond, 50C.

Wealthy: T. M. Lombard, first, $1; J. W. True, sec-
ond, 50c.

William's Favorite: H. G. Fairbanks, first, $1; W. A. Luce,
second, 50c.

Winthrop Greening: A. P. Ring, first, $1 ; Walter E. Keith,
second, 50c.

Yellow Transparent: C. A. Arnold, first, $1; C. L Perley,
second, 50c.

Acerbifolia: J. S. Hoxie, second, 25c.
American Summer Pearmain: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.
American Golden Pippin : A. Butler, first, 50c.
Autumn Strawberry: A. Butler, second, 25c.
August Greening: F. E. Nowell, second, 25c.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

Benoni: S. H. Dawes, first, 50; C. H. George, second, 25c.

Black Oxford: C. A. Arnold, first, 50c; A. K. Bickford, 25c.

Beauty of Kent: H. J. A. Simmons, first, 50c.

Benton Red: G. A. Kenniston, first, 50c; G. W. Whitney,
N. Newburg-, second, 25c.

Ballister: H. J. A. Simmons, first, 50c.

Bietigheimer: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Beefsteak: A. S. Ricker, first, 50c; J. W. True, second, 25c.

Blue Pearmain: W. A. Luce, first, 50c; S. H. Dawes, sec-
ond, 25c.

Caleph Sweet: J. D. Ridley, first, 50c.

Canada Baldwin: M. C. Hobbs, first, 50c.

Chenango Strawberry: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c; C. H,
George, second, 25c.

Colvert: F. E. Nowell, first, 50c; A. Butler, second, 25c.

Cooper's Market: A. Butler, first, 50c; F. E. Nowell. sec-
ond, 25c.

Detroit Red: C. I. Perley, first, 50c.

Eaton: H. J. A. Simmons, second, 25c.

Early Harvest: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c; \V. A. Luce, sec-
ond, 25c.

Fall Greening: W. A. Luce, second, 25c.

Foundling: H. J. A. Simmons, second, 25c.

Fall Jenneting: C. H. George, first, 50c; D. P. True, sec-
ond, 25c.

Fall Pippin: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c; C. H. George, sec-
ond, 25c.

Fall Orange: S. M. King, first, 50c.

French Russet: H. J. A. Simmons, first, 50c.

Grimes Golden: G. W. Whitney, first, 50c; D. P. True, sec-
ond, 25c.

Golden Ball: C. A. Arnold, first, 50c; E. C. Douglass. W.
Auburn, second, 25c.

Golden Sweet: C. H. Judkins, Chesterville, first, 25c.

Garden Sweet: E, A. Lapham, Pittston, first, 50c.

Golden Pearmain Russet: H. J. A. Simmons, second, 25c.

Haas: C. A. Arnold, first, 50c; H. J. A. Simmons, sec-
ond, 25c.

Harris Sweet: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

36 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Hawley: A. Butler, first, 50c.

Hightop Sweet: F. E. Xowell, first, 50c; A. Butler, sec-
ond, 25c.

Holden Pippin: A. Butler, first, 50c.

Honey Pink: G. W. Whitney, first, 50c.

Hubbardston Pippin: E. A. Lapham, first, 50c.

Hunt Russet: D. P. True, first, 50c; Eva Pickard, sec-
ond, 25c.

Hurlbut: A. Butler, first, 50c; W. A. Luce, second, 25c.

Jersey Sweet: A. Butler, first, 50c.

Jonathan: H. J. A. Simmons, second, 25c.

Keswick Codlin: A. Butler, first, 50c.

Kilham Hill: A. S. Ricker, first, 50c; F. H. L. Sleeper, sec-
ond, 25c.

Lady Sweet: C. H. George, first, 50c; S. H. Dawes, sec-
ond, 25c.

Lane Sweeting: J. W. True, first, 50c.

Lyscomb: W. A. Luce, first, 50c; M. C. Hobbs, second, 25c.

Maiden's Blush: J. W. True, first, 50c; F, E. Nowell, sec-
ond, 25c.

Mammoth: J. D. Ridley, first, 50c.

Mann: G. W. Whitney, first, 50c; A. A. Eastman, sec-
ond, 25c.

Marston Red Winter: A. S. Ricker, first, 50c.

Moses Wood: Wm. R. Wharff, first, 50c.

Mountain Beet: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Naked Limb Greening: E. A. Lapham, first, 50c; C. L Per-
ley, second, 25c.

New England Beauty: C. H. George, first, 50c; A, A. East-
man, second, 25c.

Newtown Pippin: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Orange Pippin: W. A. Luce, first, 50c.

Orange Sweet: J. S. Hoxie, first, 50c; C. A. Arnold, sec-
ond, 25c.

Paradise Sweet: C. H. George, first, 50c.

Pennock Red Winter: W. A. Luce, first, 50c; F. E. Now-
ell, second, 25c.

Pewaukee: C. A. Arnold, first, 50c; J. D. Ridley, sec-
ond, 25c.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37

Poughkeepsie Russet: A. Butler, first, 50c; C. I. Perley,
second, 25c.

Pound Apple: C. H. George, first, 50c.

Pound Redstreak: H. J. A. Simmons, first 50c.

President: F. E. Nowell, first, 50c; A. S. Ricker, second,
25c.

Pumpkin Sweet: Walter E. Keith, first, 50c; S. H. Dawes,
second, 25c.

Rambo: D. P. True, first, 50c; A. Butler, second, 25c.

Ribston Pippin: A. S. Ricker, first, 50c; C. A. Arnold, sec-
ond, 25c.

River: J. D. Ridley, first, 50c; S. H, Dawes, second, 25c.

Rome Beauty: C. H. George, first, 50c; S. H. Dawes, sec-
ond, 25c.

St. Lawrence: A. Butler, first, 50c; A. A. Eastman, sec-
ond, 25c.

Scott's Winter: C. A. Arnold, first, 50c; G. W. Whitney,
second, 25c.

Seek-no-further: C. H. George, first, 50c; S. H. Dawes,
second, 25c.

Smith's Cider: J. W. True, firsts 50c,

Sops of Wine: C. E. Wheeler, Chesterville, first, 50c; A.
Butler, second, 25c.

Sour Bough: A. Butler, first, 50c.

Spitzenberg: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c; D. P. True, sec-
ond, 25c.

Spice x\pple: H. J. A. Simmons, first, 50c.

Subord Sweet: C. H. Judkins, first, 50c.

Superb Sweet: A. S. Ricker, first, 50c.

Sweet Russet: H. J. A. Simmons, first, 50c; J. S. Hoxie,
second, 25c.

Tetofsky: C. H. George, first, 50c; J. D. Ridley, sec-
ond, 25c.

Walbridge: J. W. True, first, 50c.

Whitney's Red: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Winter Sweet Russet: W, A. Luce, first, 50c.

York Pippin: C. H. George, first, 50c.

Zachary Pippin: H. J. A. Simmons, first, 50c.

38 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Crab Apples.
Marengo: A. Butler, first, 50c.
Hyslop: A. Butler, first, 50c.
Red Siberian: A. Butler, second, 25.
Lady Elgin : A. Butler, first, 50c.

Transcendent: F. E. Nowell, first, 50c; A. Butler, second,
25c.

Gen. Grant: C. A. Arnold, first, 50c.
Sweet Crab: H. J. A. Simmons, first, 50c.

PEARS.

General Exhibition of Pears: S. H. Dawes, first, $10; C. I.
Perley, second, $8; Walter E. Keith, third, $5; D. P. True,
fourth, $3.

Clapp's Favorite: A. S. Ricker, first, $3; A. Ricker, Turner,
second, $2; S. H. Dawes, third, $1.

Bartlett: S. H. Dawes, first, $3; T. M. Lombard, second,
$2; A. S. Ricker, third, $1.

Sheldon: S. H. Dawes, first, $3; W. E. Keith, second, $2.

Belle Lucrative: G. N. Prescott, E. Monmouth, first, $1;
J. S. Hoxie, second, 50c.

• Beurre d'Anjou: S. H. Dawes, first, $1; Walter E. Keith,
second, 50c.

Beurre Bosc: J. W. True, first, $1.

Beurre Hardy: C. L Perley, first, $1.

Beurre Superfin: D. P. True, first, $1.

Beurre Clairgeau: G. N. Prescott, first, $1; D. J. Briggs,
second, 50c.

Beurre Diel: D. J. Briggs, first, $1.

Bufifum: D. P. True, first, $1; C. L Perley, second, 50c.

Doyenne Boussock: S. H. Dawes, first, $1; C. L Perley,
second, 50c.

Duchesse d'Angouleme: W. A. Luce, first, $1; S. H.
Dawes, second, 50c.

Goodale: C. I. Perley, first, $1; T. M. Lombard, sec-
ond, 50C.

Howell: J. S. Hoxie, first, $1; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39

Louise Bonne de Jersey: W. A. Luce, first, $i ; D. P. True,
second, 50c.

Seckel: A. S. Ricker, first, $1; W. A. Luce, second, 50c.

Souvenir du Congress: S. H. Dawes, first, $1.

Lawrence: Chas. C. Gee, Lewiston, first, $1; Lemuel Gur-
ney, second, 50c.

Beurre d'Amalis: W. A. Luce, first, 50c.

Bloodgood: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Brandywine: D. P. True, first, 50c.

Dana's Hovey : S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Dearborn's Seedling: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c; Lemuel Gur-
ney, second, 25c.

Doyenne White : S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Eastern Belle: J. S. Hoxie, first, 50c.

Edmunds: Walter E. Keith, first, 50c.

Flemish Beauty: Lemuel Uurney, first, 50c; Walter E.
Keith, second, 25c.

Glout ]\Iorceau: D. J. Briggs, first, 50c; C. L Perley, sec-
ond, 25c.

Garber: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Idaho: S. H. Dawes, first, 50.

Indian Queen: D. P. True, first, 50c.

Kieffer: D. P. True, second, 25c.

Nickerson: H. J. A. Simmons, first, 50c.

Osborne Summer: C. I. Perley, first, 50c; D. P. True, sec-
ond, 25c.

Rostiezer: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Rutter: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Urbaniste: S. H. Dawes, first, 50c.

Vicar of Wakefield: D. P. True, first, 50c; W. A. Luce,
second, 25c.

Wilder's Early: W. A. Luce, first, 50c.

PLUMS.

General Exhibition of Plums: W. A. Luce, first, $6; S. H.
Dawes, second, $4; D. H. Knowlton, third, $2.

Abundance: C. I. Perley, first, $1; T. M. Lombard, second,
50c.

Burbank: J. W. True, first, $1 ; S. H. Dawes, second, 50c.

40 STATF, POMOI.OCU AI, S()C•II■:T^■.

Jefferson: J. W. 'rnie, lust, $i.

St. Lawrence: ('. J I. ( ieorm', lirsl, v$i ; T. M. Lombard, sec-
ond, 50c.

Lombard: S. II. Dawes, fnst, $1 ; W. A. Luce, second, 50c.

McLan.nblin: A. A. J^astnian, lirsl, $1 ; J. S. iloxie, second,
50c.

Moore's Arctic: \']. Larr. lirst, $1 : I'.. J'. Townsend, second,
50c.

Qnackenbos: W. A. Luce, first, $1.

Wasliins^lon: 1 1. J. A. Sinunons, first, $1; D, J I. Knowlton,
second, 50c.

Yellow Kj^i^-: S. 11. Dawes, first, $1; r,enincl r.urncv, sec-
ond, 50c.

Bavay's ( Ireen ( ;ai;e: J. Tope «!<: vSon, first, $1 ; W. A. Luce,
second, 50c.

]5radsliaw: 1 a'iiuuI ( iurney, first, v$i ; C 1 1. ( leorj^e, second,
50c.

Coe's Golden l)rt)p: D. H. Knowlton, first, $1.

Green Gag-c: P.. T. Townsend, Iw-eeport, first, $1; C. L
Pcrley, second, 50c.

Prince's Imperial (las^e: W. A. Luce, first, $1; II. J. A.
Sinmions, second, 50c.

Purple (nas^e: ]>. T. Townsend, lirst, $1; W . A. Luce, sec-
ond, 50C.

Red Gage: W. A. Luce, lirst, v$i ; F. E. Nowell, second, 50c.

Gull: A. A. l-lastman, lirst, J)^i ; C. 1\. George, second, 50c.

FRIMT.S IN GLASS.

Strawberries: Mrs. A. M. l^^astnian. Dexter, first, 50c.
Raspberries: Mrs. A. M. Eastman, first, 50c.
Gooseberries: D. II. Knowlton, first, 50c; Mrs. A. M. East-
man, second, JSc.

Gurrants: Mrs. A. M. Eastman, lirst, soc.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Gulliviited Cranberries: S. H. Dawes, lirst, v$2.
Variety Canned I'ruits, etc.: Mrs. II. Gorbelt. I'^armington,
fir.st, $10; Mrs. l'\ D. Grover, L.ean, second, If^H; Mrs. L L.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 4I

Nevcns, Lcwiston, $5; Mrs. F. Hoyt, Winthrop, $1.50; Mrs.
A. M. Eastman, $1.50.

Canned Blackberries: Mrs. E. A. Mann, S. Leeds, first, $1;
Mrs. I. L. Nevens, second, 50c.

Canned Blueberries: Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, $1; Mrs. E. A.
Mann, second, 50c.

Canned Cherries: Mrs. I. L. Nevens, first, $1; Virginia,
Decoster, N. Auburn, second, 50c.

Canned Gooseberries: Mrs. I. L. Nevens, first, $1; Miss
Ada E. Rose, North Greene, second, 50c.

Caiuied Pears: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, $1 ; Mrs. A. M. East-
man, second, 50c.

Canned Plums: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, $1; Mrs. E. Hoyt,
second, 50c.

Canned Raspberries: Mrs. L L. Nevens, first, $1; Mrs. H.
Corbett, second, 50c.

Canned Strawberries: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, $1; Mrs. F.
Hoyt, second, 50c.

Canned Tomatoes: Mrs. A. M. Eastman, first, $1 ; Mrs. I. L.
Nevens, second, 50c.

Preserved Apples: Mrs. A. M. Eastman, first, v$i ; Mrs. F.
Hoyt, second, 50c.

Preserved Currants: Virginia Decoster, first, $1; Mrs. A.
M. Eastman, second, 50c.

Preserved Cherries: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, $1; Mrs. I. L.
Nevens, second, 50c.

Preserved Pears: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, $1; Alice True,
Leeds Center, second, 50c.

Preserved Plums: Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, $1; Mrs. F. D.
Grover, second, 50c.

Preserved Raspberries: Mrs. F. D. Grover, first, $1; Mrs.
L L. Nevens, second, 50c.

Preserved Strawberries: Miss Ada E. Rose, first, $1; Mrs.
F. D. Grover, second, 50c.

Assorted Pickles: Mrs. F. D. Grover, first, $1 ; Mrs. F.
Hoyt, second, 50c.

Tomato Catsup: Mrs. F. Hoyt, first, $1 ; Mrs. F. D. Grover,
second, soc.

42 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Collection Apple Jellies: Alanson S. Grant, Lewiston, first,
$5; Mrs. E. A. Mann, second, $3; Virginia Decoster, third, $2;
Mrs. H. Corbett, fourth, $1.

Apple Jelly: Alanson S. Grant, first, $1; Mrs. E. A. Mann,
second, 50c.

Crab Apple Jelly: Mrs. E. A. Mann, first, 50c; Mrs. H. Cor-
bett, second, 25c.

Currant Jelly: Mrs. E. A. Mann, first, 50c; Alanson S.
Grant, second, 25c.

Grape Jelly: Mrs. E. A. Mann, first, 50c; Virginia Decoster,
second, 25c.

Raspberry Jelly: Alanson S. Grant, first, 50c; Mrs. H.
Corbett, second, 25c.

Rhubarb Jelly: Mrs. E. A. Mann, first, 50c; Virginia Decos-
ter, second, 25c.

Strawberry Jelly: Mrs. F. D. Grover, first, 50c; Virginia
Decoster, second, 25c.

Maple Syrup: Mrs. E. A. Mann, first, $1; C. H. George,
second, 50c.

Maple Sugar: Lemuel Gurney, first, $1; E. E. Hardy, East
Wilton, second, 50c.

Evaporated Apples : Walter E. Keith, first $3.

Exhibition of Grapes: S. H. Dawes, gratuity.

Snyder Blackberries: A. Butler, first, 50c; H. Corbett,
Farmington, second, 25c.

Wachusett Blackberries: B. T. Townsend, first, 50c; H.
Corbett, second, 25c.

Sunnyside Strawberries: C. W. Dexter, Auburn Heights,
gratuity, 50c.

Wilder Currants: D. H. Knowlton, gratuity, 50c.

Agawam Blackberries: A. Butler, gratuity, 50c.

Taylor's Prolific Blackberries: A. Butler, gratuity, 50c.

Kittatinny Blackberries: A. Butler, gratuity, 50c.

Erie Blackberries: A. Butler, gratuity, 50c.

PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

Display of Cut Flowers: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, Freeport,
first, $10; Mrs. G. F. Archer, Clifton, third, $5.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43

Dahlias: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $2; ]\Irs. G. F. Archer,
second, $1.

Chinese Pinks: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $2.

Asters: Mrs. Lucy A. Chandler, Freeport, $1; Miss G. P.
Sanborn, Augusta, 50c.

Pansies: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1.

Zinnias: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $1; Mrs. Chas. Stan-
ley, Winthrop, second, 50c.

Phlox Drummondii: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $1; Mrs.
G. F. Archer, second, 50c.

Perennial Phlox: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $2; Mrs. Lucy
A. Chandler, second, $1.

Stocks: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $1; Mrs. G. F. Archer,
second, 50c.

Nasturtiums: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1; Mrs. Chas. Stan-
ley, second, 50c.

Sweet Peas: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $1 ; Edward H. Bicker-
ton, Auburn, second, 50c.

Balsams: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $1; Mrs. F. Hoyt,
second, 50c.

Petunias: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $1 ; ]\Irs. G. F. Archer,
second, 50c.

Gladioli: Mrs. G. F. Archer, first, $2; Mrs. B. T. Town-
send, second, $1.

Verbenas: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $1; Mrs. Chas. Stan-
ley, second, 50c.

Vase Cut Flowers: Mrs. Chas. Stanley, first, $3; Abbie F.
Bailey, Freeport, second, $2; Mrs. A. Cummings, Auburn,
third, $1.

Six Button-hole Bouquets: Mrs. Lucy A. Chandler, first, $2;
Mrs. A. Cummings, second, $1.

Corsage Bouquet: Mrs. Lucy A. Chandler, first, $2; Miss
G. P. Sanborn, second, $1.

Floral Design (Amateur): Abbie F. Bailey, first, $5; Mrs.
Chas. Stanley, second, $3.

Dish of Cut Flowers: Mrs. A. Cummings, first, $2; Mrs.
H. Corbett, second, $1.

Basket of Cut Flowers: Mrs. H. Corbett, first, $2; Mrs.
Chas. Stanley, second, $1.

44 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Exhibition of Pot Plants: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $io;
Mrs. A. Cummings, second, $8.

Exhibition Geraniums: Mrs. E. M. Blanchard, Lewiston,
first, $3; Mrs. A. Cummings, second, $2,

FoHage Begonias: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $2; Mrs. A.
Cummings, second, $1.

Exhibition Coleus: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, $2; Mrs, A.
Cummings, second, $1.

Fuchsias: Mrs. A. Cummings, second, $1.

Pelargoniums: Mrs. A. Cummings, second, $2.

Double Geraniums: Mrs. E. M. Blanchard, first, 50c; Mrs.
A. Cummings, second, 25c.

Single Geranium: Mrs. E. M. Blanchard, first, 50c; Mrs.

A. Cummings, second, 25c.

Ivy-leaved Geranium: Mrs. A. Cummings, second, 50c.
Pelargonium: Mrs. A. Cummings, second, 50c.
Foliage Begonia: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, first, 50c; Mrs. E.
M. Blanchard, second, 25c.

Flowering Begonia: Mrs. E. M. Blanchard, first, 50c; Mrs.

B. T. Townsend, second, 25c.

Coleus: Mrs. E. M. Blanchard, first, 50c; Mrs. B. T.
Townsend, second, 25c.

Fuchsia: Mrs. A. Cummings, second, 25c.

Ever-Blooming Rose: Mrs. A. Cummings, second, 50c.

Display Cut Flowers (professional): Mrs. Lucy A. Chand-
ler, first, $10; Calvin S. Goddard, Woodfords, second, $8; Miss
G. P. Sanborn, third, $5.

Roses: Miss G. P. Sanborn, first, $5.

Carnations: Mrs. Lucy A. Chandler, first, $2; Miss G. P.
Sanborn, second, $1.

Pansies: Mrs. Lucy A. Chandler, first, $3.

Collection of Floral Designs: C. S. Goddard, first, $10; Miss
G. P. Sanborn, second, $8.

Floral Design (professional): Miss G. P. Sanborn, first, $5;

C. S. Goddard, second, $3.

Greenhouse Plants: Miss G. P. Sanborn, first, $20; C. S.
Goddard, second, $15; Mrs. E. M. Blanchard, third, $10.

Ferns: Miss G. P. Sanborn, first, $3; C. S. Goddard, sec-
ond, $2.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45

Rose Plants: C. S. Goddard, first, $5; Miss G. P. Sanborn,
second, $3.

Cut Wild Flowers: Mrs. C. E. Waterman, first, $3.

Pressed Wild Flowers: Eddie W. Merritt, Jr., Houlton, first,
$5; Bertha Mabel Nason, Houlton, second, $3; H. W. Jewell,
Farmington, third, $2.

WINTER MEETING.
Held in Winthrop, February 17 and 18, 1897.

APPLES.

Exhibition of Apples: B. H. Ridley, Jay, first, $5; Phineas
Whittier, Farmington Falls, second, $4; J. W. True, New
Gloucester, third, $3.

Baldwins: F. I. Bishop, \\'inthrop, first, $1; Chas. B. Stan-
ton, Monmouth, second, 50c.

Ben Davis: Geo. L. Gott, Wayne, first, $1; J. W. True,
second, 50c.

Dudley's Winter: E. Tarr, Castle Hill, first, 50c.

Fallawater: E. F. Purington, W. Farmington, first, 50c; A.
A. Eastman, Dexter, second, 25c.

Fall Harvey: D. J. Briggs, S. Turner, first, $1; S. L. Mer-
chant, Winthrop, second, 50c.

Fameuse: O. L. Larrabee, W. Levant, first, 50c; W. P.
Atherton, Hallow^ell, 25c.

Golden Russet: C. A. Arnold, Arnold, first, 50c; A. A.
Eastman, second, 25c.

Granite Beauty: E. F. Purington, first, $1; B. H. Ridley,
second, 50c.

Hubbardston Nonsuch: Mrs. L. K. Litchfield, Winthrop,
first, $1 ; W\ P. Atherton, second, 50c.

Mann: G. N. Prescott, Alonmouth, first, 50c; ]Mrs. J. Mc-
Allister, W. Lovell, second, 25c.

Jewett's Fine Red: Phineas Whittier, first, $1; W. P. Ath-
erton, second, 50c.

Mcintosh Red: Phineas Whittier, first, 50c; E. F. Puring-
ton, second, 25c.

Milding: B. H. Ridley, first, $1; O. L. Larrabee, second,
50c.

46 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

Mother: Chas. S. Pope, Manchester, 50c.

Northern Spy: Phineas Whittier, first, $1 ; F. I. Bishop, sec-
ond, 50c.

Pound Sweet: B. H. Ridley, first, $1; J. W. True, sec-
ond, 50c.

Rhode Island Greening: E. F. Purington, first, $1; Phineas
Whittier, second, 50c.

Rolfe: Hartwood Little, Brunswick, first, 50c; W. P. Ath-
erton, second, 25c.

Roxbury Russets: Chas. B. Stanton, first, $1; C . H.
George, Hebron, second, 50c.

Starkey: D, J. Briggs, first, 50c; C. H. George, second, 25c.

Stark: E. H. Bickerton, Auburn, first, 50c; J. W. True,
second, 25c.

Talman's Sweet: Phineas Whittier, first, $1; B. H. Ridley,
second, 50c.

Tompkins King: C. I. Perley, Cross Hill, first, $1; H. G.
Fairbanks, N. Monmouth, second, 50c.

Wagener: F. I. Bishop, first, 50c; D. J. Briggs, second, 25c.

Yellow Bellflower: J. W. True, first, $1 ; Mrs. J. McAllister,
second, 50c.

Spitzenberg: D. P. True, Leeds Center, first, 50c; Mrs. F.
D. French, Winthrop, second, 25c.

PEARS.

Beurre d' Anjou: Mrs. J. McAllister, first, 50c; D. P. True,
second, 25c.

Duchesse de Bordeaux: C. I. Perley, first, 50c.
Vicar of Wakefield: D. P. True, first, 50c.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Domestic Canned Apple: Mrs. F. Hoyt, Winthrop, first, $1;
Mrs. L. K. Litchfield, second, 50c.

Collection Apple Jellies: Mrs. Benson Grant, Lewiston, first,
$3; Mrs. F, D. Grover, Bean, gratuity, $2; Mrs. L. K. Litch-
field, gratuity, $1.

Apple Jelly: Mrs. L. K. Litchfield, first, $1; Mrs. Benson
Grant, second, 500.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47

Cranberries: A. C. Greenleaf, Farmington, first, $i; G. H.
Perley, Winthrop, second, 50c.

Evaporated Apples: Phineas Whittier, first, $1.50; W. E.
Keith, second, $1.

SUMMARY OF AWARDS.

Bangor exhibition $381 . 50

Lewiston exhibition :

xA^pples $476 . 50

Pears 69 . 50

Plums 40 . 50

Miscellaneous 89 . 75

Flowers 2.36

$912.25

Winter exhibition, Winthrop 59-00

$1,352.75

PUBLIC MEETINGS

OF THE

Maine State Pomological Society.

PAPERS, DISCUSSIONS, Etc.

PUBLIC MEETING,

Council Chamber, City Hall, Bangor, August 26, 1896.

ANNUAL MEETING,

Lewiston, September 3, 1896.

WINTER MEETING,

Winthrop February J 8 and 19, 1897.

Noble common fruit, best frieud of man and most loved«by him, follow-
ing him lllie his dog or his cow, wherever he goes. His homestead is not
planted till you are planted, your roots intertwine with his ; thriving best
where he thrives, loving the limestone and the frost, the plow and the
pruning-kuife, you are indeed suggestive of hardy, cheerful industry, and
a healthy life in the open air. Temperate, chaste fruit ! you mean neither
luxury nor sloth, neither satiety nor indolence, neither enervating heats
nor the frigid zones. Uncloying fruit, fruit whose best sauce is the open
air, whose finest flavors only he whose taste is sharpened by brisk work
or walking knows; winter fruit, when the fire of life burns brightest;
fruit always a little hyperborean, leaning toward the cold ; bracing, sub-
acid, active fruit. I think you must have come from the north, you are
so frank and honest, so sturdj^ and appetizing. You are stocky and
homely like the northern races. Your quality is Saxon. Surely the fiery
and impetuous south is not akin to thee. Not spices or olives or the
sumptuous liquid fruits, but the grass, the snow, the grains, the coolness
is akin to thee. I think if I could subsist on you, or the like of you, I
should never have an intemperate or ignoble thought, never be feverish
or despondent. So far as I could absorb or transmute your quality I
should be cheerful, continent, equitable, sweet. — John Burroughs.

PUBLIC MEETINGS.

PROGRAMMES.

Bangor, /Vugust 26, 1896.
This meeting was held in Council Chamber, City Hall, at 7.45
o'clock, P. M. The exercises consisted of a short address of
welcome to the city of Bangor by Mayor Beal, and brief remarks
by Prof. Munson, Chas. S. Pope, the Secretary and others.

ANNUAL MEETING IN LEWISTON, SEPTEMBER 3, 1896.

Programme was informal consisting of election of officers,
and impromptu remarks.

WINTER MEETING.

WiNTHROP, February 18 and 19, 1897.

PROGRAMME.

Wednesday Evening — Business meeting of the society.
Report of treasurer. Report of secretary.

Thursday A. M. — Tables will be in readiness for display of
fruit, which must be properly entered and in place before i
o'clock P. M. Address of welcome, J. Henry Moore, Win-
throp. Response. President's annual address, John W. True,
New Gloucester.

Afternoon — Music. The Russets of Maine, Z. A. Gilbert,
North Greene. Discussion. The Introduction of Russian
Fruits in America, Prof. W. M. Munson, State College. Dis-
cussion. Music. Small Fruits for Home Use, L. F. Abbott,
Lewiston. Discussion. Music.

^2 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Evening — Music, Jelly Making, Alanson S. Grant, Lewis-
ton. Music. Fruit as Food, not Luxuries, Miss Anna Barrows,
Boston. Music.

Friday A. M. — Principles Involved in Marketing, Phineas
Whittier, Farmington Falls. Discussion. The Home Market,
W. H. Keith, Winthrop. Discussion. Shipping Fruit, W. P.
Atherton, Hallowell, Discussion. The Foreign Market, Alfred
W. Otis, Boston. Discussion.

Afternoon — Music. Hardy Roses — varieties — culture, Ern-
est Saunders, Lewiston. Discussion. Music. Plant Study —
Its Importance in Horticulture and Agriculture, Prof. Lew M.
Felch, Houlton. Discussion. Currants and Gooseberries,
Prof. W. M. Munson, State College. Music.

Evening — Music. Some Scale Insects, Prof. F. L. Harvey,
State College. Discussion. Music. Days with our Birds
(illustrated), Mrs. Kate ^ryon, Cambridge, Mass. Music.

ADDRESSES AND DISCUSSIONS.

AT THE BANGOR MEETING.

President True called the meeting to order and said:
Upon the passage of the law giving the Maine State Pomo-
logical Society an increase of its stipend from the State treasury,
your officers, after paying its outstanding indebtedness, began
to look around to see in what way it could extend its usefulness
in lines that have been already employed, and while different
plans were being discussed Mayor Beal came before us and
made the proposition that our society should take charge of the
Pomological Department of the Eastern Maine State Fair, and
he offered such inducements that the executive committee
accepted them, and we have been very much pleased. The time
was short for us to make arrangements, but we have been very
much pleased with the reception we have received from the
officers and managers of the fair and the people of Bangor and
vicinity and our society feels that it has no excuse for being
except to spend this money that is entrusted to them in improv-
ing fruit culture, beautifying our homes, making them the typi-
cal homes of Maine and the world.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53

The President then called upon Mayor Beal, who spoke as
follows:

MAYOR BEAL'S REMARKS.
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

On behalf of the city of Bangor, the Eastern Maine State Fair
and the Fair community generally, I extend to the Maine State
Pomological Society a cordial welcome.

The chairman has said there seems to be no better way for
the Maine State Pomological Society to spend the stipend than
to extend its influences throughout the State, and inasmuch as
we never have had them here before in this part of the State to
any extent, it seems to me that this was a proper time for them
to come east and join with us, assist us what they could. The
influence of the Maine State Pomological Society must be great,
must be of a great deal of good to the whole State, but it could
not be unless it took in nearly the whole State, extended
its branches out. And I hope the seed that has been sown here
at this time will take root and be fruitful to the extent that the
Maine State Pomological Society may feel that it is not only a
pleasure to them to come this way, but a duty that they owe the
citizens east of the Kennebec river. We never have, in this part
of the State, taken so much interest in pomology as we should,
but I hope this will wake us up, wake up the farming interests,
I have no doubt it will. They have a grand show down to the
grounds this year — much better than I anticipated was possible
— and the way they fiave conducted the affairs of the society
down there it seems to me must be fruitful of good, and I hope,
as I said before, that this will not be the last meeting by any
means that will be held by the Maine State Pomological Society,
but that it is only the beginning of a bright future for our farm-
ing community in this part of the State.

I do think that there is no better way that the State can spend
a small amount of its money raised by taxation than by putting
it into the hands of this society. They do not put in enough.
They should put in more, that it may be used, and I am sure that
it is used, to the best advantages of everybody. And I hope the
legislature this winter will see to it that the Maine State Pomo-
logical Society has the assistance that it should have from the
whole State and the treasury of the State, and if there is any

54 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

way that I can assist in their having it, I shall be pleased to do
so.

Thanking you for the attention you have given me and for the
coming this way of the society, I hope to meet you in the future
many times.

Secretary Knowlton. Mr. President: It may perhaps be
a little informal to say anything directly in response to what
Mayor Beal has said. He has gone over the ground quite fully,
explaining how it happened that we saw fit to come here this
year to conduct this part of the exhibition. We have talked this
matter over, the officers of the society, many times among our-
selves, but we somehow felt a little shy about approaching peo-
ple over this way, because we felt somehow that if they wanted
us to come they would ask us, and so we contented ourselves
with simply doing the exhibition work that we have been doing;
but little by little the field seemed to enlarge and the organiza-
tion which our society has for exhibition and other purposes
is such that we could do better work than could be done here
without any special fruit organization behind it. There seemed
to be a propriety in Mayor Beal inviting us to join with them
as well as a propriety in our accepting the invitation. We, as
the executive committee of the society, saw fit to accept the
proposition without consulting the members of the society,
because there was no opportunity of doing it this year and the
arrangements were such with the officers of the society here that
it did not seem necessary for us to get any opinion of the mem-
bers; in fact, it was not possible to do it at the time, and the
season was so far advanced that it seemed to be emphatically
necessary for the officers to take action at once. And just here
■ — perhaps it is entirely proper that I should say it, because
there are several of our exhibitors here who are likely to call for
the explanation — the fact is when the matter was closed up
between the two organizations, the premium lists for the exhibi-
tion here had been quite largely distributed, and when the mat-
ter of the revision came before us we looked the matter over
very carefully, and we said just like this: Now quite a lot of
these premium lists are out, and this is about the way the fair has
been conducted in the past, and until we know more about it
ourselves we had better let that arrangement alone. And that

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55

is why the premium list, the arrangement of it, and the amount
of premiums and everything of that kind stands just as it was
first announced. Well, now, we expected there would be
necessarily some little friction arising from misunderstandings,
misapprehensions, etc., but we felt that time would determine
just what should be done and if our relations continued with this
society, as I certainly hope they may, we tnay be able to more
fully meet the wants of fruit-growers and the public in making
exhibitions here.

This exhibition work on our part is somewhat peculiar because
the purpose which we have in view is a little dififerent from that
for which most of the societies, or a good many of the societies
are run. Now our society is run entirely, or supposed to be run
entirely in the interests of the State, and it is proper it
should be so, because our receipts come almost entirely, or very
largely, from the State, so that while we put in attractions at
various points to give our exhibitions completeness, at the same
time we feel like doing all the educational work possible along
the ordinary highway of fruit culture; and I can assure you if
you could know the various ways in which the society is called
upon to answer questions and to take a hand in the department
of fruit-culture, you never for a moment would question the
usefulness of the society, and you would only regret that there
could not be placed in the hands of the society an amount of
funds that would enable it to reach more fully over the State so
as to cover all the interests of fruit culture present and pros-
pective.

Mr. MuNSON — I have no formal paper to present before the
society to-night. I would like to make just a few remarks about
the future of our society. It seems to me we have here in the
line of the remarks of our worthy secretary, we have here a
society which is essentially for the fruit-growers of the State.
It is composed of the leading growers and pomological workers
in our State, and the question arises, "How are we going best
to make the society serve the ends for which it was organized?"

It seems to me first of all that we must have an ideal in mind.
Our society, as already suggested, receives a certain amount of
money from the State. It owes a certain duty to the State.
Our responsibility does not end with the annual exhibition, or

56 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

even with the annual meetings. It is our duty as a society, as
progressive men, to raise the standard of practice in pomolog-
ical work, and for that reason it seems to me that the educa-
tional feature of the society should be emphasized. I say this
with a full recognition of the very valuable labors that our offi-
cers have been putting forth for a number of years. We all
recognize the earnest efforts which Secretary Knowlton has
put forth to raise the standard of the work of the society, and as
I look into this new report I can say that I am proud of the
showing which the report of this society makes as compared
with that of the other leading State societies. There are very
few of the State societies which send out a report which will
rank higher than that of our own. But I say we must come to
the support of our officers and make our meetings specially
educational in their nature so far as it is possible for us to do.

Now there has been in the past a certain amount of complaint
made at some of the rulings of our experts that we get here from
other states, at some of the rulings of our fruit committees, in
reference to the exhibits. They cut pretty close home some-
times. But what is the reason for that? There is not a man
here, I am sure, who does not, if he stops to reason with himself,
recognize that there is a principle behind all that. Your com-
mittees will say that fruit is not up to a standard of excellence,
and it is our business, our duty, as loyal members of the society,
to raise that standard of excellence, and I am glad to say that
the standard is very much higher now than it was five years ago.
I say it is our duty to raise the standard and show the people
what varieties, if we come to a study of varieties, are valuable for
our State; to refuse to grant gratuities to unworthy varieties,
and to compel observance of the rules of the society as laid
down. This then is one of the educational features.

Another of the educational features is to get at some of the
reasons for our work, to study methods of culture, disseminate
varieties and communicate ideas. At the present time the busi-
ness man, the man with a broad training, is the one who "gets
there" if I may be allowed such an expression. It is not the
man that knows simply how to cultivate fruits, but it is the man
who knows how to market. As I go into our fruit stores in the
city of Bangor, I find the California fruits everywhere, — I find

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.. 57-

our Maine fruits nowhere. Why? Because they are not
suitably packed.

Now, gentlemen, the one thing which we as progressive grow-
ers must learn to do if we are to hold our own with the Cali-
fornia growers, and with those of some of the older states, is to
learn to pack, learn to use attractive packages, to put our fruit
on the market in good shape. I go here to fruit stores and they
say "Why we have some very nice California fruit." Why is
that so much nicer than our own? Oh, well, the California peo-
ple put theirs up in good shape. The dealers recognize the
importance of packages and they know what the people must
have. W^e have a very good illustration of the importance of
this good packing in the Hales Georgia Company, our most
noted New England orchardists perhaps. They started in the
fruit business some twenty years ago and marketed their crop
from a push-cart. At the present time they have hundreds of
acres in fruits and market them, not by the carload, but by the
trainload. Train after train is sent out with this fruit, and
largely because there has been some gumption shown, because
there has been some push put into the marketing, and not
because they are able to raise any better fruit than you and I
are.

Well, now, when I came here a few years ago there was a
great demand for work along certain experimental lines. The
horticultural department of the College was established with the
idea of working in connection with the Maine State Pomolog-
ical Society. Gentlemen, I should be glad to know how the
horticultural department of the College can best serve the inter-
ests of the pomologists of the State. We are always glad to da
what we can for the society and we are always glad to receive
members of the society there.

Now I will simply say that during the coming winter — I do
not wish to make this an advertisement of the Maine State Col-
lege, but I would say that we are going to have a course in
horticulture, and if you have any boys, or your neighbors have
any boys that have any idea of following in your business, of
taking up horticultural work — send them along. May be we
can do something that will help them. We are going to have
a course in fruit growing and in vegetable gardening; we are

58 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

going to have some work in the propagation of plants, in the
growing of plants under glass, in the study of fertilizers for
fruits and the study of the chemistry of plants, and try to teach
young men something about the plants they are working
with, and give them if possible some enthusiasm in the direction
of horticultural work.

Mr. Pope — Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: I have
simply made a few notes, and therefore I will just give you a
little informal talk, a few of my ideas, and emphasize also what
Prof. Munson has said about sorting and packing.

There has probably been enough said upon this topic, but you
will remember this like everything else must be repeated over
and over again before we can get our people to pay any atten-
tion to it. But now you will remember this season, you will
take note the reports are that we are to have an immense crop of
fruit all over the country, and unless we are going to take a
little more pains, we are going to get a mere nothing in return
for what fruit we market, and it is a pretty serious question with
us this year where we shall market our fruits.

I can't advise people who never have had any experience to
pack up their fruit and ship it to England, because England is
a little short. Do we understand the method of packing for a
foreign shipment? If not, we certainly shall make a losing
game. It is a point, and a very nice point to pack fruit so that
it will reach England in such shape as to give us any return over
and above expenses. There has already been sent thousands of
bushels this fall of our soft fruit; nearly all of it is reported slack.
A very few barrels on the whole have paid for the expenses.
One reason is the fruit was too soft, to be sure; but take it with
our winter fruit: If your apples are not packed closely they
certainly will rattle and be reported "slack." And I think that
they take an undue advantage of us over there, as the apples, you
all know, were sold at auction and bid off in twenty barrel lots
or over. The price there may be quite satisfactory, but when
the buyer goes down to the store-room below if he can find any
of that lot that is the least loose, he is going to cut down two or
three, four or five shillings on a barrel, and just as many of them
as is possible and probably a great many that he ought not to.
If those barrels are packed too closely, one is jammed into the

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59

Other and that breaks the skin; it begins to rot, and you are just
as bad off as though you had packed them loosely. Therefore,
unless you are thoroughly conversant with the methods of pack-
ing, let some of the rest take the risk — let those who have
experience.

But is it not time — I am not going to discourage those who
are willing to come up and do a little experimental work — is it
not time that we did some of this shipping ourselves and learned
the proper methods, and not give the profits to the middle-man.
Now our Canadian neighbors — I believe they are sharper than
the Yankees are — we pride ourselves on being pretty smart, but
from the reports that I get the Canadians are looking after this
sharper than we are; they are getting better prices for their
fruit; they are shipping this season their fall fruit, their soft
fruit, in cases made purposely, in compartment cases like those
we ship eggs in here, pasteboard, each apple occupying
a compartment by itself. They are taking more pains in sort-
ing their fruit, as the Southerners do in sorting their oranges.
Apples of one size only are put in each box. Not all the num-
ber ones are put into one box, but the large ones are put in one
box, and the smaller size are put in another box, so that they
run even throughout. And when you stop to think, you know
how much better the oranges look in that way, and how much
better our apples would be and how much higher price they
would bring than in a mixed lot — to say nothing of putting the
number twos and cider apples in the center of the barrel, as
some do.

If England should take as many or twice as many as they did
the last year, the last time we had a big crop, when they took
about a million and a half barrels, it would seem but a drop in the
bucket with the crop that we have this year, therefore we had
better keep our number twos at home any way.

Then the question comes up in answer to the question
"Where shall we market our fruit?" What varieties have we?
What shall we send abroad? What shall we sell here? It
makes a wonderful difference to us what our crop is. If we
have a bright red apple that will stand up well, they are ready to
take it across the water; but our softer fruits and green fruits
had better be kept at home. We do not take quite pains

6o • STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

enough to study our markets. If we have "Gravensteins," Bos-
ton is ready to take those. If we have "Nodheads" the Boston
buyer says, "We are not well enough acquainted with them,,
don't want them up here." Portland wants them. If we have
the "Starkey" apple, Bath says: "We know what that is. We
will take them." The "Maiden Blush" Boston is ready for.
New York or Philadelphia, because they know it. Therefore
let us study our markets more if we wish to get rid of these
varieties which we cannot ship. Your little markets here will
take a few barrels, — I know how it is with us in Augusta and
in Lewiston, — put in a few barrels of a certain kind and they
glut the market, take that same apple and ship it to Boston,
and we can get twice or three times as much if it is a variety
that they are acquainted with. Therefore, find out before you
ship your apples what market wants that variety and make a
little more of a study of the market.

Prof. MuNSON — I would like to ask whether any members
of the society have tried any of these small packages, tried put-
ting up fancy fruits in fancy packages.

Mr. Kn'Owlton — Mr. President: The matter has been dis-
cussed once or twice before our society and some fruit growers
in the State have been sending fruits in a new style package^
hoping that they might get better returns from it. But some
of those fruit-growers whom I happen to know have not done
the job well, they have taken a great deal of pains to wrap the
apples, but some of the apples were not very good. The con-
sequence is they didn't get good returns. Now the secret of
the thing is, if I understand it, to get a choice apple in the
market in prime condition. When you do that you are going
to get good prices, whether you wrap it or don't wrap it. Of
course you can't expect for culinary purposes to do quite as
you would for dessert purposes. Something Prof. Munson
alluded to here, — you go about the city here most any time
except winters, a surplus of autumn fruit and it is hard work
finding good apples; but oranges enough come from Cali-
fornia; you find bananas enough that come from Cuba or
somewhere else a good ways ofif that will sell for less than you
can get apples, — and worse than that you can't get any good
apples. Well, now, I hope that the way may be opened for

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 6l

Tnore choice apples for dessert use in our local markets; and I
-wish there might be a little combination among our large
growers to have a few choice Gravensteins always in the local
markets where they can be got at during the season of Graven-
steins, and so on with some of the other varieties, so that what-
ever may come, whatever may happen to the markets with
reference to fruits in California there will always be some of the
best Maine apples there that a fellow can get to eat. And I
tell you one thing, if they could always get a good apple that
you could rely on before you touched it, these two cent peaches
•on the street that come all the way from California wouldn't be
much used.

Mr. E. M. Blanding — It has been a pleasure to me to be
with you to-night and to listen to the remarks made by gentle-
men who have devoted long years of study to the culture and
•development of fruit. Certainly the fruit history of this State
of Maine is one of great prominence and its future is of excep-
tional promise. The Maine State Pomological Society has
done a grand work, but there is a great field of usefulness still
before it.

I have watched with considerable interest the history in recent
years of your society and I know something of the efficient
labors its ofificers have rendered. It is gratifying to have you
come to this section of the State. I know that the society's
membership is more largely composed of persons from the cen-
tral and western parts of the State and I know it has not been
especially convenient perhaps for you to come down this way,
and I know furthermore that we of this section have not perhaps
tendered invitations as cordially as we should. I remember not
many years ago when you held your winter meeting in Bangor,
and I know that session was very interesting and profitable.
I am glad that President Beal of the Eastern Maine Fair has
arranged with your society to take charge of the exhibits here
and I hope that arrangement will be continued, and if so I am
confident that the fruit interests of this section will be materially
advanced.

I have given some personal thought and investigation to fruit
culture in the orchard of my own home. I have found that the
summer and early fall fruits are not to be handled very readily,

62 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

— I mean to say to raise more than you can find use for at
home, — and therefore all my recent plantings have been of
winter fruit. And I believe that an orchard of winter fruit is to
be preferred to an orange grove in Florida or on the Pacific
slope. I have visited both Florida and California and am some-
what familiar with the fruit interests in those sections and I
believe that Maine has a great future before it as a fruit-raising
State. In Southern California a few winters ago I heard
a gentleman offer a dollar for a Maine apple. Therefore it is
evident that right in the heart of the greatest fruit-growing sec-
tion of this continent the Maine down-east fruit is known and
appreciated. Gentlemen, I believe you are engaged in a grand
work and I wish you God-speed.

AT THE WINTER MEETING.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME

By J. Henry Moore, Winthrop.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Maine State Pomological

Society:

In behalf of the members of the Winthrop Grange and in
behalf of the citizens of the good town of Winthrop I extend
to you a cordial welcome.

We thank you for so promptly accepting our invitation to
hold the winter meeting of your society with us. You will
pardon me for what possibly may seem to you at first view, a
needless mention of this little town of Winthrop. I think its
history is closely blended, in an agricultural point of view, with
the history and existence of the various agricultural societies in
our State.

We are told by our fathers, who were the pioneers of this
locality, long known as Pond Town, that more than a century
ago, meetings were held, and an association formed to elevate
the laborer and the calling of the husbandman.

We are told that the young men of those days began to look
on farming as rather a low employment — their aspirations were

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63

for something higher — forgetting that this was the original
employment of man, and that all other occupations are sustained
by it. They held that the position of a farmer was not very
honorable, albeit Holy Writ said to them "The profit of the
earth is for all; the king himself is served by the field."

The results were so satisfactory and gave such promise of
success that the members were induced to apply for an act of
incorporation, which was granted by the legislature of Massa-
chusetts February 21, 1818.

I hope you will not deem it arrogance when we claim to be
the pioneer county and town in forwarding the great work of
agricultural pursuits.

Winthrop was the first town in New England and second in
North America to form an agricultural society, somewhere
about 1787.

It is no trivial honor to enjoy the merit of being the parental
stock from which indirectly sprang into being the Maine State
Pomological Society which you, gentlemen, represent here
to-day.

We very well remember that in this very hall, in the good
old town of Winthrop, what proved to be the society which you
represent, first saw the light.

The State Board of Agriculture (always solicitous for the
advancement of the interests entrusted to its care,) took the
matter into serious consideration.

It was found that there was need of a permanent, active and
thorough organization, which should operate by systematic
agencies in all parts of the State, and upon all classes of the
people; teaching them that while the successful cultivation of
fruit may require more skill, care and patience, and a higher
degree of intelligence, than that of ordinary farm crops, yet that
the requisite attainments are within the reach of all cultivators
of the soil.

All these considerations and needs of the farmer being in the
minds of the members of the Board of Agriculture of the State
led them to present the expediency of the attempt to organize
such a society to the people of the State, with more than usual
formality.

'64 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

At the meeting of the Board at Skowhegan in October, 1872,
previous notice having been given, the subject was considered,
but owing to the small attendance, it was thought best "after
discussion" to leave the matter in the hands of a committee, and
Z. A. Gilbert, J. A. Varney and A. L. Simpson were appointed
that committee.

That committee, prior to the next meeting of the Board,
issued an "address to the fruit growers of Maine" which was
published in the papers of the State, inviting them to meet in
convention at the next meeting of the Board, to be held at
Winthrop January 14-17, 1873.

In accordance with this invitation, a considerable number of
persons interested in the subject met at the time and place
designated. The first day of the session was devoted to the
consideration of the subject proposed, and after full discussion
it was voted "That it is expedient to establish such a society"
and a committee was appointed to report a plan of organization
and nominate officers for the society.

The committee reported, recommending that the society
should be known as the Maine State Pomological Society, and
designating the following persons as officers:

Z. A. Gilbert, President, East Turner; George W. Woodman,
Vice President, Portland; A. L. Simpson, Vice President, Ban-
gor; George B. Sawyer, Secretary, Wiscasset; J. C. Weston,
Corresponding Secretary, Bangor; C. S. Pope, Treasurer, Man-
chester. Executive Committee, the President and Secretary,
ex-officio; Samuel Rolfe, Portland; James A. Varney, Vassal-
boro and Albert Noyes, Bangor.

The report of the committee was accepted by the convention,
the effect of this acceptance was simply to designate certain
persons who might thereafter associate themselves together,
and with others proceed to organize the society, under the
sanction of the Board of Agriculture. Another committee was
appointed to procure an act of incorporation for the society,
(the legislature then being in session) who attended to that
duty.

The corporators of the society met at Augusta in Meonian
hall on the 27th day of March, 1873, accepted the act of incor-
poration, adopted by-laws, embracing the form of organization

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65

proposed at Winthrop and elected officers who had been there
nominated.

They also elected Hon. Hannibal Belcher of Farmington
member of the Board of Agriculture in behalf of the society.
Chose delegates to the meeting of the American Pomological
Society to be held in Boston in September, then following,
instructed the ex-committee to make arrangements for an
autumn exhibition of fruits and flowers.

Thus we see that Winthrop is the birthplace of this society
and it seems eminently fitting that you hold your winter meet-
ing in this town, and once more mingle with its people, who
are ever ready to help on a good cause, who put their shoulder
to the wheel in 1873 and said organize such a society as will
make us better orchardists. That will make us plant new
orchards, that would teach us to take care, cultivate and prune
at such a time, and in such a way that we might reap an abund-
ant harvest of the very best varieties of fruits and fully devel-
oped to perfection if such a thing is attainable.

The Maine State Pomological Society is now very nearly
twenty-four years old. What a vast amount of good has been
accomplished in those twenty-four years. Looking back over
the past I can see in my mind the old orchard, but not a grafted
one bearing lots of fruit year after year of no good only to make
up into cider for which a good price could be obtained to be
drank as a beverage thereby lowering the standard of a com-
munity in which this practice was earned on. But how
changed the scene, as we look upon it to-day after these years
of meeting together and discussing methods and practices one
with the other. We find the old orchard grafted, new ones set
out, and the sentiment of the people unite in saying unless a
tree is a grafted one it is of no earthly use. Forty years ago
there was but little grafting done, most orchards were bearing
fruit in the natural State. In my own neighborhood only one
farm could be called an orchard farm. This farm known as the
Major Wood farm, now owned by W. H. Keith, produced in
1863, ten years before the Maine State Pomological Society was
formed about 500 barrels of apples, while other farms equally
as good on the same road produced from fifteen to fifty barrels a
year.

5

66 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

In those days we had no foreign market and even if we had
there was no apples to send away. Bangor at that time offered
a market for any surplus fruit, holding the same position at
that time to Maine, that Aroostook does to-day. I remember
in my young days the idea held by the people was that pears
could not be raised in Maine, even if it were possible, it must
be in the extreme southern section of York county.

Time brings its changes, but some active agency will always
help along in the matter. So we can see in the formation of
the Maine State Pomological Society ten years later that a new
interest had been awakened, and the people of the State were
alive to starting of orchards, grafting what trees they had to
varieties best suited to locality, soil, and market.

But what a change has taken place, and practically we might
say within the limit of time of the existence of this society, but
most certainly it would date back no further than where we read
of a similar society formed in 1847 but for some reason it was
short lived and without doubt no great advancement was made
in the early years in the cultivation of fruit.

Those same farms that then produced the small number of
barrels in a year, now produce from 200 to even as high as 1,000
barrels in a single year. And where for miles in a good farm-
ing section only a single pear tree be found and that of very
ordinary fruit, now we find almost every farm or garden with
its pear trees and every family is supplied with this toothsome
fruit.

Not only has the apple and pear come into general cultiva-
tion but plums, strawberries, blackberries and most all kinds of
fruits that can be grown in our Maine climate, are success-
fully raised for the family and the market.

What has wrought this great change? What agency has
been employed to bring about this happy consummation? Is it
not the meeting together year after year, in a gathering of this
kind, giving to each other their experience, successes, as well
as failures, and then the printing of your transactions being
spread amongst the people over the State to be read of all men,
and the theories, and the practices, there advocated utilized to
their advantage and future prosperity?

The crop of apples in 1896 was without doubt the largest ever
produced in New England; the quahty the best, and the selling

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. (i^J

prices the lowest, while at the same time we have a grand
reputation in the foreign market that Maine apples sell from
two to three shillings per barrel more than apples of other New
England states. Gentlemen, do not be discouraged, but rather
take courage. Think no longer that Maine is a good place to
emigrate from, for we have as good soil, as good a climate, and
can enjoy God's blessing on our paternal acres, dotted over
with fruit trees and vines bearing fruit not excelled by any state
in the Union.

Most of the old landmarks or pioneers of these ancient
gatherings of which I have mentioned have crossed over the
river, but their record which is left us is a bright spot upon the
page of history; and the generations that follow, will look back
with pride upon its ancestry.

I see before me some of those men who started with this
society and who having put their hand to the plow never turn
back but have looked steadily forward to the goal for which this
society was formed. May they feel that their labors have not
been in vain, but that the knowledge imparted by this society
has been a blessing to mankind and will continue to the end of
time.

The first president of this society, Hon. Z. A. Gilbert, one of
Maine's most practical agriculturists, "the farmers' friend."
We remember him as the efficient secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture for many years, always laboring for the good of
the people. Holding the interests of the farmers of Maine,
entrusted to his care, as sacred as his own. Always looking
forward for their prosperity and happiness. Long may he be
spared to give us words of counsel and wisdom.

As citizens of the town of Winthrop we thank you for the
honor conferred in holding this winter meeting of your society
with us; and in return we assure you that everything will be
done to make this meeting one of the best ever held in the
State, and that your stay with us be pleasant and remembered.

68 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The blessings of life nieu count o"er and o'er,

As they come from a liaad so divine,
Yet none in tlie laud, oh, farmer, I ween,

But envy the joys that are thine.
The broad, level acres we look on with pride,

The lierds in the pasture that graze,
But dearer to all, both on farm and in town.

Is the rosy-cheeked fruit that we raise.

In spring time how eagerly watch we the trees.

As the green, pink, and white hues unfold,
And as nature so generouslj' scatters tlie bloom,

Great orchard bouquets we behold.
And then the bright summer with heat and witli rain,

Will render her aid to tlie trees.
So wlien tlie ripe apples in autumn are piclied.

Like old friends, we recognize these.

The Eusset, Ben Davis, and Greening we prize,

For the profit that from them we gain.
And at liome or abroad what will gladden the eyes.

Like the fair red-cheeked Baldwin from Maine I
No matter if people have difierent tastes.

Such varieties of apples we find.
That with ease we select what will please everv one

Both in size, color, flavor and kind.

You may boast of the orange, lemon or peach,

Ye men in the fair sunny lands,
But the coat of them each must be taken awaj-

Before eating. Dame Nature demands.
Then let us not envy our brothers abroad,

Their products their soil can afford.
But rather for dear old New England's rich land

And its fruit, send our thanks up to God.

I bid you God speed in your beneficient work. To such
hospitality as we have, and such attentions as we can bestow,
we welcome you.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69

RESPONSE.

By D. H. KxowLTOX.

I have listened with deep interest to the cordial welcome
extended to us by Mr. Aloore, and I assure you I fully appreci-
ate this welcome, for the good people of Winthrop are earnest
in whatever they set themselves about. Then again there is a
peculiar feeling that comes over the members of the society, for
as we are told by the speaker, we are to-day once more in the
cradle of infancy. Yes, we are once more back to the place of
our birth, no longer babes wrapped in swaddling clothes as
you sent us forth many years ago, but strong in the strength of
vigorous manhood. When our labors were begun here there
were only a few men in Winthrop who were growling fruit for
market; to-day there are nearly 300 Winthrop farmers who have
surplus fruits in their cellars. More than this we find that the
good old town of Winthrop raised about 27,000 barrels of apples
in 1896. What is true of this town is also true of other towns in
the State, so that at this time there are many thousand barrels of
apples in the State ready for the market. When our work
began as a society the market was only a local market, that is,
a market in this country, but so widespread has fruit culture
become in the United States that although the local market is
large it is not sufficient to consume all our fruit, and the indica-
tions are that approaching three million barrels of apples will go
to foreign markets. In this it may be well for us to note that
when our Maine apples get there in prime condition they lead
the list, and right here there comes in the prospect of finding a
good market for our fruit at all times. Give the Maine apple a
fair chance and place it in the hands of honest packers and we
have nothing to fear. The low prices of fruit this year may be a
sort of blessing in disguise, for it gives thousands of people in
remote parts of Europe an opportunity to test the merits of our
fruit in their own homes. So it is in the markets the higher we
get the broader is the horizon. With lower freights and
improved facilities for storing and shipping fruit, more and more
the markets of the world are going to be open for Maine fruit.

70 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Let US remember that its good name is largely in our own
hands.

But on this return to our birthplace I should be remiss in my
duty if I failed to call your attention to the very large increase
in the production of small fruits. When we went forth from
your midst, years ago, there were many in Maine who scouted
at the idea of growing small fruits. Some said there were enough
and to spare upon our hillsides, and others said they would not
thrive. Through the influence of the agencies at work in the
State there are none to-day who question our ability to grow
small fruits. Where there was one farmer then who raised
strawberries there are now scores, and thanks to the good work
that is still going forward the number is increasing. The
same is true in the culture of flowers. More flowers are grown
in Maine and the end is not yet. Before our meeting is through
we shall illustrate by our speakers some of the flower study that
is having its influence in our schools, and the influence is a good
one, for when you teach a child the name of a plant or flower
and get him to studying it you have revealed to him a field of
unlimited pleasure which he will be only too glad to enjoy.
Nature study, the school people call it, is now being talked
about by the teachers and school officers, and they are intelli-
gently seeking out the best method of teaching the great prin-
ciples of vegetable life.

I have spoken to you of these things briefly to show you how
rapidly along the chosen lines of our work as a society the State
has been advancing, but for all this when we look into the future
we can see that the work is only begun, and that the increase of
knowledge calls upon us for more work and for more intelli-
gent work. But the fruit growers of Maine, as I see them repre-
sented here before me to-day, have no idea of turning back,and as
the burdens are laid upon them there comes the increased power
of bearing them, and increased ability to aid others in the great
work before them. Sure, the more we know of the good things
God has given us in this world and the more we know how to
enjoy them ourselves, and the more we do to aid others in
enjoying them, the more there is to live for and the greater is
the divine light with which our lives are filled.

I thank you heartily for this very cordial welcome you have
so freely tendered us, you will expect from us more than in the

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7I

years gone by, and I can assure you we have relaxed no effort
to bring you the best things there are in fruit culture. How-
ever much you may enjoy our meeting I can assure you we shall
be made equally happy by being among you again. Again, I
thank you for your greeting, and in behalf of our society prom-
ise you the best we can bring for your entertainment.

THE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS.
By John W. True, New Gloucester.

Ladies and Gentlemen :

It is pleasant for us to meet the people of Winthrop at this the
annual winter meeting of the Maine State Pomological Society.
We are again assembled at the place of its birth in 1873, ^"d it is
well for us to look back and see the steady growth of our society
from that time until the present.

Then we were few in numbers, but strong in the faith that by
hard work, good could be accomplished; and it was all hard
work, for they had little money to "grease the ways" at that
time, and until recently we have had but $500 per year from the
State. The balance of all the funds the society has paid out,
for premiums at our annual fairs, for speakers at all of our meet-
ings and all the expenses of the society have come as the result
of our own efforts. Now we are receiving $1,000 annually from
the State, and we have succeeded in paying all the indebtedness
to our permanent fund, which amounts at the present time to
$1,300, the interest of which goes towards our annual expenses.
It is our earnest hope and charge to our successors that, if it is
possible for them to honorably avoid it, they shall never again
encroach upon that fund; and there should be an earnest effort
made to induce more of our fruit-growers and fellow-citizens to
become life members of the society, as that is the only way for
us to enlarge our permanent fund, or at least, it is the only way
in which it has been accumulated. In other states, similar
organizations have been the recipients of donations and
bequests, but I fear it will be a long time before our society will
be so fortunate, therefore we must depend upon our own efforts

72 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to secure more life members and in that way to obtain better
results, as every new member means another thoroughly inter-
ested person added to our number.

Our last winter ineeting was held at Presque Isle, Aroostook
county. The question w^as raised as to the advisability of going
so far north to hold a fruit meeting, but the farmers of that sec-
tion are realizing that they should give more attention to other
crops besides the potato, and as our State stipend comes from
every portion of the State it would seem to be our duty to try to
assist, as far as possible, all sections, and it will probably be
shown during this meeting, as it w'as a year ago, that apples can
be raised in nearly all parts of our State.

Last spring the officers of our society received an invitation
from the president of the Eastern Maine State Fair, to take
charge of the fruit and flower department of their exhibition,
and the terms of the invitation were such that it was thought
advisable to do so. Their premium list had already been made
up, and a portion of them distributed, therefore it was not
deemed best to make changes in it. Your officers went into a
strange building, with new surroundings, and many of the
exhibitors were strangers; as it was so early in the season the
fruit was very immature, but with that exception the exhibition
passed off very smoothly, and if dates can be satisfactorily
adjusted, we think the arrangement had better be continued.

It has been suggested that perhaps it would be well, consider-
ing the fact that the State Agricultural societies hold their annual
exhibitions at so early a date that our fruit is not up to its best
estate, for our society to hold the autumn exhibition by itself,
at a time when the fruit has fully matured. The present would
be a good time to talk the matter over and arrive at some con-
clusion upon the subject.

There is one matter to which I would like to call attention;
I may have done so before, but if I have, it will bear repeating.
While the subject of "good roads" is being so extensively dis-
cussed and plans made for improving our highways, let us see
how little additional expense it would be to have our roads lined
with shade trees. Let all road commissioners, or those having
charge of roads, save a line of trees on either side at suitable
distances from each other, and by talking the subject up, farm-

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73

ers and others owning land may be induced to set out different
varieties where there are not already young trees started to
select from, so that in years to come our highways may be made
more pleasant for the passer-by. As it is now in many places
the bushes and young trees grow close up to the drive-way,
which causes the roads to be wet a long time after rains and in
the spring and fall, and it seems as if it were almost necessary
that a law be passed compelling towns to keep their roadways
clear, from line to line, and in doing so have an eye to the future.
It may be a little ofif the general line of our subjects, but there
is no reason why we may not discuss it, as it will tend to make
our towns and home surroundings more inviting to ourselves,
our young people and the public generally. We hope at some
future meeting to have one or more papers taking up this line
of thought.

A full programme has been provided for this meeting touch-
ing upon different subjects, to be followed by discussions.
They are all of deep interest to the fruit grower and consumer
alike, therefore we will not mention them at this time, but turn
to some points that may not be brought up at any other time
during the meeting, but are still subjects of interest to all fruit
growers.

Eighteen hundred and ninety-six has passed, and with its
passing many changes have taken place, some of which have
been in the line of fruit culture. Questions have arisen that
were not anticipated one short year ago. Then the cjuestion
was what shall we do to prevent the apple scab? and the subject
of spraying was the one to receive attention, and there was also
its companion, the trypeta pomonella, or apple maggot. Both
of these pests, as also the codlin moth, are taking a rest for the
present, but we must not for a moment think that either of them
has left us. "In time of peace prepare for war." Now is the
time for us to prepare to fight the apple scab and to study into
the ways of the apple maggot and find a point of attack from
which we can hope to carry his little fort. In one of our late
papers I saw a prescription or formula entitled "Manure for
Orchards," by Andrew H. Ward, and I will insert it here for
future reference as in the direction pointed out may be the solu-
tionof the little trypeta problem. At least we would like to have
our professors at Orono give their opinion in regard to it.

74 state pomological society.

"manure for orchards.

"The following mixture contains nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
soda, and has proved destructive to all grubs and worms that
either live in the ground or go into it in order to pass through
the pupa state and come out as full-fledged flies to work their
devastation on fruit and foliage, and there lay their eggs for the
perpetuation of their kind: Five hundred pounds quicklime,
300 pounds common salt, 300 pounds powdered phosphate lime,
100 pounds nitrate of soda. The quicklime should be slaked,
the salt then mixed with it and allowed to remain for some thirty-
days for chemical changes and combinations to take place, in
the meantime being shovelled over three or four times to have
it intimately mixed. Then mix with it the powdered phosphate
of lime and nitrate of soda.

"The mass then is ready for use, and will cost about $8. Use
1,000 pounds of this mixture per acre, and spread broadcast on
the orchard. It can also be used on lawn, meadow or pasture in
the same quantity.

"The use of this mixture not only increases the quality of the
fruit, but also gives the fruit a better flavor, a higher quality
and larger size, and puts the tree in vigorous condition for future
yields. The ingredients can all be easily procured in any quan-
tity at market prices, and the mixing can be done on the farm.
It does not deteriorate in quality by keeping. — Andrew H.
Ward."

We should not forget that the little pest, in all probability, has
not left us, and we should continue the only practical method of
fighting it, which is to keep all windfalls closely picked up and
either fed directly to stock or thoroughly destroyed in some way.

The scab I am not so clear about, but it appears to be the gen-
eral opinion of those people who have given the subject the
closest study, that we should spray our orchards at least twice
each season; but when apples rule as low as they have this sea-
son, and the expense of spraying is added to the cost of pro-
ducing the crop, and we consider the other fact, that those who
have done no spraying have, as a rule (there may be exceptional
cases) produced as fine fruit free from scab and worms as could
be desired, it would seem as though the proper course to pursue

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75

would be to try a few trees each year, for the present, keep an
exact account of the cost and watch the results. Then if it will
pay on a few trees, for a series of years, it will pay
to go through the whole orchard. It may be one of
those things which we have to guard against, as we
guard against the loss of our buildings or other property
by fire, a kind of insurance.

There are many farmers and fruit growers who are seeking
information regarding the fertilization of their orchards without
the aid of barn dressing and if possible we would like to have it
brought out at this meeting in plain terms if anyone knows what
it is; just what to buy, where it can be found, how to mix it, if
it requires mixing, how much to apply and how to apply it.
Information covering the points suggested will be appreciated
by the farmer who cannot see his way clear to keep up the fer-
tility of his farm as it should be, and still care for the orchard.
The low price that has ruled for apples the past season will prob-
ably have a tendency to cause those having the care of trees to
neglect them, claiming that good care does not pay; but such is
not the case. This is an exceptional year. The probabilities
are that in one short year from now the Baldwin apple will be
at a premium ; few fruit growers, we apprehend, will be at a loss
to find a place to put the crop or find trouble in disposing of it.
Therefore we must give close attention to the trees, see to it that
they are properly pruned and fertilized, retop the varieties that
are not paying a profit in ordinary years, if they have a suitable
stock, if not, cut them out in most cases, as the fruit grower as
well as the general farmer of the future will be obliged to look
after such things, and lop off all branches and stop all practices
that do not pay, in order to succeed.

We would like to again call the attention of our society to the
subject of holding a summer meeting. It would seem to us
that more attention should be given our earlier summer fruits.
Our State is thoroughly adapted, both in soil and climate, to the
raising of many of the small fruits in their highest perfection,
and there are few things that we raise from the soil that give
greater satisfaction in a family than an abundance of strawber-
ries and raspberries of the various sorts, black-caps, reds, yellow
and last but not least, the Schaflfers' Colossal; then the currant.

7^ STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

gooseberry, blackberry, and the numerous kinds of plums,
including a few Burbanks, — all this will serve to fix the atten-
tion and affection of the young people upon rural affairs and
farm life, and even if they leave the farm for other pursuits, it
will be a pleasure in all their after life to look back to so pleas-
ant recollections as such scenes will afford. Therefore such a
work as this calls for more attention. There are many things
which might be said in this connection. Our society embraces
the subject of flowers as well as fruits, and we should offer
encouragement all along the line, as it all has a tendency to
make our homes more pleasant, and we should strive to make
them typical homes, so that the homes of Maine may be taken as
an example not only for our own country but for the whole
world to follow.

THE RUSSETS OF MAINE.
By Z. A. Gilbert.

There are many varieties of Russet apples grown in this State.
Much confusion has existed among fruit growers over the
names of the different varieties of these Russet apples. This is
plainly shown at the annual exhibitions of this society. The
officers frequently and sometimes the judges employed to award
the prizes, are confused over the nomenclature of this class of
fruit. At our last autumn exhibition, of a dozen or more plates
in one class there were but two true to name as assembled in the
space assigned. To aid somewhat in bringing something of
order out of such confusion is the purpose of this paper.

In the very start, however, of our effort to classify and name
the different Russets grown, the difficulty is encountered that
the authorities on fruit nomenclature are in a measure puzzled
and mystified over this matter, as our growers and exhibitors
have been. This is the case from Samuel Cole down through
the whole list to the present time. Hence studying the fruit
books does not lead us out of the woods. The only course,
then, is to study the fruit itself. This I have attempted to do
in so far as it could be done in one season. The course taken
has been to visit as many fruit shows as possible in the time and

ROXBURY RUSSKT. See pase 77.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77

take note of the dififerent varieties of Russets on exhibition and
the name under which they were shown. I have also soHcited
samples from the growers. Several important varieties were
secured in this way, and I wish at this time to extend thanks
to those who so promptly complied with my requests. So
much, however, was not accomplished in this way as was
desired. I wished to secure samples of all the dififerent kinds
of Russets grown in the State, but failed in meeting my desires
in this direction in full.

As a matter of fact the varieties of Russets of special commer-
cial value are quite limited in number; and those of any consid-
erable merit for home use are still less, it is not the superior
value of these apples that gives the inducement for attention at
this time. So long as they are grown and put in their appear-
ance annually at the exhibitions and on the market, we want
to know their names and their merits. Were it not that the
Roxbury Russet is freakish about the soil in which it thrives I
am not sure but this one variety would be the only one of the
name that could be recommended to the attention of growers;
and even this, in the later developments of fruit interests has
been shorn of a large measure of its importance. One other
kind added would fill the measure of Russets that have merit
sufiticient to render them of special value.

LIST OF RUSSETS.

The names of the dififerent kinds of Russets found in the fruit
books are as follows: Roxbury Russet; English Russet, or
Poughkeepsie Russet; Golden Russet (of Western New York);
American Golden Russet; Hunt's Russet; Fletcher Russet;
Red Russet; Win's Russet, or Win Russet; Kennebec Russet;
Pomme Grise, which is not a Russet by name but plainly so in
characteristics.

It is on the first four named that our growers get badly
mixed. In this attempt to set them aright I will speak of them
separately.

ROXBURY RUSSET.

It would seem that everybody ought to know so common an
apple as this long time favorite. Yet they do not, for every year
in our exhibitions we have more or less of Roxbury Russets

78 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

misnamed, and still more frequently have other varieties of Rus-
sets erroneously labelled this kind. The Roxbury Russet has
characteristics so marked and so plainly different from any
other Russet that once carefully noted it need never after be
mistaken. More for the purpose of showing that other kinds
are not this, than the identification of the one being described,
the illustration herewith, photographed from a sample expressly
for the purpose, is given.

All the books substantially agree in their description of this
variety. Cole's American Fruit Book, though old, is one of the
best for this State, so I copy a description from that:

"Rather large; fiattish; Yellow Russet, rarely a faint blush;
stem medium, slender, in a rather shallow cavity; calyx closed,
in a moderate basin; f^esh greenish-white, rather dry when fully
ripe, slightly acid and pleasant. Pretty good for cooking, not
first-rate for dessert. Late winter, spring and early summer.
A moderate grower and great bearer, in a moist, strong, rich
soil. Important from its late keeping. Origin, Roxbury,
Mass."

The importance of this apple on account of its late keeping,
from a commercial standpoint, is not as great as was formerly
the case. For reasons that I will not now stop to discuss the
extremely late keeping apples do not now bear the increased price,
as the season advances, that they did years ago. I think I am
correct in the statement that this variety is not being planted
out in new orchards to any considerable extent at the present
time. Still it is the best, all things considered, Russet apple
we have, and among the best, if not the best, late keeper in the
whole Hst. Its large size gives it a value over all other Russets.

This apple, though so common, has been known under sev-
eral different names from time to time. Last fall when at the
International Exhibition at St. John, with Secretary Knowlton,
we found a Russet apple in several Nova Scotia collections
labelled "Nonpareil." We also found the Roxbury Russet in
some of the same collections. Our interest was awakened,
and being desirous of gaining information from any source
available, we investigated the matter as clearly as we were able.
The apples were not fully matured, but in that condition we
could not find any distinction between the apples shown under

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79

the two names, nor could we get any satisfactory information
on the matter from the exhibitors. We conckided that the
Roxbury Russet generally goes under the name of "Nonpareil"
in that province, and that showing the two plates under different
names was a sly dodge of the exhibitor to get another prize.
Later on I obtained samples of the "Nonpareil" direct from the
Annapolis Valley, and have them on exhibition here, and I think
you will all call them the true Roxbury Russet.

A curious fact in this connection I run across last fall for the
first time. That is that there are two kinds of this well-known
apple grown here in Kennebec county. I have this from good
authorities. While the apples are closely identical, the trees
differ essentially in type. It is not at all improbable that a
fruit closely identical with that of the parent tree may have
sprung from some one of the Russet orchards of this vicinity.
Such facts are on record with some other varieties.

ENGLISH RUSSET, OR POUGHKEEPSIE RUSSET.

In our efifort to describe, distinguish and identify this variety
the confusion of Russet nomenclature begins to be encountered.
This variety so closely resembles the Golden Russet (of West-
ern New York) that very few of our Maine fruit growers have
been able to distinguish one from the other, or in fact to posi-
tively identify either. Downing, Barrv^ and Thomas all de-
scribe it in their works, all giving it the same name I have used
here. Their descriptions also all agree. Downing alone fig-
ures the outlines of the fruit. His description is as follows :

"English Russet is a valuable long-keeping variety, exten-
sively cultivated, and well known by this name. It is not fit for
use until February, and may be kept till July, which together
with its great productiveness and good flavor, renders it a very
valuable market fruit."

"The trees grow very straight and form upright heads, and
the wood is smooth and of a reddish brown. Fruit of medium
size, roundish, slightly conical, and very regularly formed.
Skin pale greenish yellow, about two-thirds covered with
russet, which is thickest near the stalk. Calyx small, closed,
and set in an even, round basin, of moderate depth. Stalk
rather small, projecting even with the base and pretty deeply in-

So STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

serted in a narrow, smooth cavity. Flesh yellowish white, firm
crisp, with a pleasant, mild subacid flavor. Good, January to
May."

Thomas's American Fruit Culturist gives the same name, and
almost identical description. The habit of growth of tree is the
same. In regard to keeping it adds: "Keeps through the spring,
and often through summer for twelve months."

Barry in Fruit Garden gives same name and identical
description, and adds: "Tree is remarkably stout and erect,
bears large crops, and the fruit will keep a year." None of them
figure the fruit but Downing.

It is seen that these authors all agree as to the form of growth
of the tree, and the long keeping of the fruit. At St. John last
fall I found a barrel of this variety a year old on exhibition at
a fruit store, and in a sound and well preserved condition.

A striking feature in identifying this variety is the growth of
the tree. It will also be observed that the fruit is generally only
partially covered with russet. The color, also, is only a green-
ish yellow, while the flesh is greenish white or only tinted with
yellow, but never of a rich golden color like some other of this
class of apples. "The stout, thick limbs and branches of the
trees are filled with spurs which are stuck full of fruit clear to
their junction with the trunk, which renders it an enormous
producer. This peculiarity is not found with any other variety
with which I am acquainted, and is enough of itself alone by
which to identify the variety.

An apple has been grown under the name of English Russet
to a considerable extent in western Penobscot county and was
also frequently found a few years ago in Waldo county. In the
early years of our society this apple usually put in its appearance
at our exhibitions, where I became familiar with it. It is
emphatically distinct from the English Russet of the books
described above.

This apple is medium in size, slightly conical; color green
ground splashed with russet, mostly covered around the stem
end, and with bronze cheek in the sun; flavor a rasping sour,
early in season, tempering down to some extent later on, but
never rich or high flavored; flesh greenish white. Especially
hable to wither after being stored. • The shape of the apple

GOLDEN RUSSET (of Western New York). See page 81.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 8l

closely resembles the American Golden Russet, but is easily
distinguished from that by its inferior quality. The variety is
not being propagated at the present time.

In response to a request for a sample of this variety I received

the following letter:

Charleston, November 4, 1896.
Z. A. Gilbert,

Dear Sir: — Yours of 30th ult. received asking for sample of
English Russet apple. Mr. Place of whom you speak was my
brother-in-law. He grafted that variety extensively in this
vicinity, and especially in this or my vicinity, very much to our
damage. I have grafted over many of the trees of that variety
in my orchard and am thinking of grafting all of them next
spring. Some of them are quite large.

Mr. E. G. Lord, Mr. Place's son-in-law, says he shall graft
all of his English Russet trees next spring, mostly to the Stark.

The Russets must go, for there is no sale for them when taken
from the trees, and in a very short time they wither badly.
• Respectfully yours,

A. W. King.

GOLDEN RUSSET (OF WESTERN NEW YORK).

This apple closely resembles in shape and general appearance,
as seen at our autumn exhibitions, the English Russet just under
consideration, and is very frequently confounded with it. It
has been extensively introduced in this State through New
York nursery stock. Thomas describes it as follows: "Size
medium, roundish and usually a little oblong, sometimes slightly
flattened, nearly regular; surface sometimes wholly a thick
russet, and at others a thin broken russet on a greenish yellow
skin; stem slender, from half an inch to an inch long; being
longest on the oblate specimens; flesh fine grained, firm, crisp,
with a rich aromatic flavor. Shoots speckled; tree rather
irregular. Keeps through winter. "This,'' he adds, "is distinct
from the English Russet of straight upright growth and a very
long keeper."

The twigs of this tree are long, slender and prudent, the
lower branches when loaded with fruit frequently droop to the
ground. The slender drooping twigs generally hold an apple
grown from the terminal bud.

Another feature giving a slight distinction of this variety from

the English Russet is that the stem is shorter and the cavitv
6

82 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in which it is set is not so deep as in that variety. The calyx
also is in a broad shallow basin.

The most marked distinction between the two varieties, how-
ever, is the difference in the habits of growth of the trees.

Judging- from the fruit alone after taken from the trees, so
closely alike are their workings, even critical judges are liable
to get confused over them. (See cut.)

The Golden Russet proper is the variety usually found. It is
extensively grown all through the central and southern parts of
the State and is found at our exhibitions in nearly every large
collection.

So nearly alike are the two varieties in merit as well as in
features and in workings that nothing serious would in any
way result if either one is mistaken for the other. Even the
distinction in the keeping characteristics, recorded by the sev-
eral authors, in a measure disappears here in Maine, since both
varieties carry well down to summer and as long as green
apples retain a sprightly flavor that renders them desirable.

AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET.

With this old name, more than with the fruit, there has been
dire confusion at our exhibitions, and of course, the same has
been carried home with the growers. Because of its ancient
and honorable name, I take it for granted, for I know of no
other plausible reason, this variety has been kept on our lists,
while the Golden Russet has been excluded. All the while it is
the Golden Russet chiefly that has been grown and shown. As
a matter of fact but very few indeed of the American Golden
Russet have ever been grown in the State. I know of only two
places in the State where this last named is now grown and in
both cases they are in fruit gardens, introduced there on account
of the specially fine quality of the fruit. The recent action of
our society therefore in giving the Golden Russet a place in our
list is a step in the right direction, the reason for which is
apparent.

The American Golden Russet is noticed in all the fruit books,
but is outlined only in Downings. Cole describes it as follows:
"Small, roundish-ovate; dull yellow and russet, reddish in the
sun; remarkably tender, of a rich, high spicy flavor. Season

HUNT EUSSET. See page 83.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83

winter and spring. One of the very best but lacks size for the
market." He gives the origin as the Hunt farm, Concord, Mass.
It is a question whether Cole has not confounded the place of
origin with another russet apple which originated on the Hunt
farm. Barry gives its origin as New Jersey. Downing says it
"is one of the most delicious and tender of apples," and "best"
in quality.

As distinguished in form from others of our common russets
it is pearman shaped, that is, it is elongated and tapers towards
the eye. This form easily distinguishes it from other of the
russets. Another distinctive marking is the red cheek, which
on specimens fully exposed to the sun here in Maine sometimes
amounts to well marked stripes. The season in southern Maine
is January. (See cut.)

I am thus particular in describing this variety more to show
that other russets are not this kind, than to give the American
Golden Russet any distinction or recommendation. In fact in
these days of a multiplicity of varieties and a plentiful supply
the only merit this variety has is its high quality as an eating
apple, and when the Ben Davis will outrank our juicy and
delicious Greenings and Bellflowers, rich flavors are of not
much account.

The specimens shown here, and from which the cut was made,
were from the garden of the late Henry Ingalls of Wiscasset.
In forwarding them Mr. Ingalls wrote: "The only distinction
that I observe in comparison with Downing is the length of
the stem. But this I believe is a somewhat uncertain test.

The late R. H. Gardner sent some specimens from my trees
to Mr. Downing in the lifetime of both and the latter pronounced
them the true American Golden Russet."

hunt's russet.
As Downing has it, or Hunt Russet, as it is frequently
written, is a variety of quite long standing, originating on what
has been designated as the Hunt farm in Concord, Mass. In
response to a request sent to Hon. E. W. Wood, chairman of
the fruit committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
I received the samples on exhibition, specimens of which have

84 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

been photographed. (See cut.) Accompanying the fruit was
the following letter:

West Newton, October 13, 1896.
Z, A. Gilbert, Esq.

Dear Sir: — I sent you yesterday by express one dozen Hunt
Russet apples. I got them from William K. Hunt of Concord,
Mass., who owns the farm where this apple originated. I asked
him to select the fruit from the original tree if he could, but
they were all picked and the fruit from several trees mixed.

There is another russet grown from seed by John Fletcher of
Acton, Mass., and he has named it Fletcher Russet. It was
first shown at the Bay State Fair in Boston, some four or five
years ago and attracted much attention and has been quite
largely grafted by our apple growers in this .State and we have
put on our premium list. William H. Teele showed some very
good specimens at our last exhibition and I have no doubt
would furnish you specimens if you wish; he lives at West Acton,
Mass.

Yours truly,

E. W. Wood.

The tree is hardy, upright grower, spreading when in bearing,
and an annual and good bearer. Fruit -medium or below,
roundish oblate, slightly conic, as you can see by the specimens.
Color yellow, mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a
blush of bright rich red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk
varying in length, as you see by the cuts. Cavity large, deep,
acute. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly
aromatic. Quality very good, or best, January to April.

There are two marked features which will aid in identifying
this variety; not common to the russet family of apples. The
bright red cheek, and the high quality as characterized by the
tender and juicy pulp and rich sprightly flavor.

Since receiving the genuine samples of the Hunt Russet from
Mr. Wood there has been no opportunity for a comparison with
samples of unnamed russets grown in this State. It is alto-
gether probable that this variety has become more or less dis-
seminated among out fruit growers and that we shall find that
at least some of the russets that have appeared from time to time
at our annual exhibitions, and over which we have been puzzled,
will prove this popular and valuable variety.

RED RUSSET. See imge !-'5.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85

RED RUSSET.

A Study of this variety of the russet family of apples may be
found in the transactions of our society for 1887-8, page 89,
prepared by the writer of this paper. (Which see.) It is not
therefore necessary to give any detailed description of the
variety in this connection. (See cut.) I have been growing the
apple for several years and believe that much can be said in its
praise. The tree is as good a grower as the Baldwin and bears
as bountifully as that variety. The fruit is a deep red in color
all over, dotted or splashed with russet, and sometimes with
little or no russet appearing. In texture it is "solid as a rock,"
and will therefore bear the necessary handling in shipping with-
out the slightest effect on its appearance. I believe this variety
is worthy of attention among fruit growers.

FLETCHER RUSSET.

This is comparatively a late arrival. It originated in Acton,
Mass., and is described in Downing's supplement, and was
referred to in the letter from Mr. Wood before given. So far
as I can learn this has never been introduced into this State,
hence I pass it by with the mentioning.

The russets I have thus far enumerated are all of the named
varieties of any special value that are grown to any extent in the
State. This record might stop here were it not that the first
step toward correcting the name of a fruit is to ascertain the
fact that it is passing under an incorrect name.

There are several different kinds of russets grown in the State
to a limited extent which appear from time to time, sometimes
"name wanted" but more generally given the name of some of
the familiar kinds.

KENNEBEC RUSSET.

Is a name found in the Transactions of the old Pomological
Society. None of our fruit growers now know anything about
it, and we never find the name at our exhibitions. I have no
doubt that this apple is one of those stray varieties popping up
at our exhibitions occasionally, usually labelled "Golden
Russet" because it is tinted with yellow and nobody knows any

86 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Other name for it. I have frequently noted a variety coming
from the central part of the State of a beautiful yellow shade and
covered all over with russet — a golden russet, in fact, though not
true to the record. I have thought it probable that this is the
apple referred to in those old records. Alas! who is there left
to-day to set us aright !

WINN RUSSET.

Is another of those old waifs. This is mentioned by Cole on
authority of Maine Pomological Report. Origin is given as
Sweden, Maine. The name has passed from the knowledge of
this generation of fruit growers. Downing also names it, prob-
ably taken from Cole. The name has never appeared in any
collections shown at the exhibitions of this society, and is only
mentioned here as showing that possibly some of the russets
now found in the State may be the native apples named by those
fruit growers who have preceded us and have passed away, leav-
ing only a few stray sprays of the records of their work.

At the Sagadahoc Fair last fall I found two plates of "Golden
Russet" of the same kind, one from Harpswell and the other
from Bowdoin. A request for samples brought me a package
from Mr. C. O. Purinton, Bowdoin, and with them the follow-
ing letter:

Bowdoin, October 26, 1896.
Z. A. Gilbert,

Dear Sir: — I send you by express one dozen samples of
Golden Russet. I call them at their best in December and
January.

On my farm the tree seems to grow more slender limbs
than the Roxbury Russet. They are good annual bearers — a
little inclined to over bear which causes the fruit to be small.

Yours very truly.

C. O. Purinton.

The apples received are truly a golden russet, but in no
respect correspond with the Golden Russet of the authorities.
They are a kind frequently shown at our exhibitions, and I have
thought it probable might be the Kennebec Russet, if we but
knew that variety. Certainly these are not the true Golden
Russet.

The apple is medium size, slightly flattened, some specimens
a trifle angular; calyx in shallow cavity, regular, stem long in

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 8/

a very shallow basin; covered all over with a subdued golden
russet; quality fairly good with subacid flavor.

From Mr. W. P. Atherton of Hallowell, I received two speci-
mens labelled "Golden Russet of New York." As the two
apples are as unlike as two russets can be, and I requested typi-
cal samples, a reasonable supposition is that on his trees no two
of this kind grow alike. I have requested him to bring samples
to this meeting, and after examination more can be said of them.
It is plain enough, however, that neither of the two apples sent
are true to the name given and that Mr. Atherton's nomencla-
ture needs revising, or that he has put up a job on the writer.

Mr. D. J. Briggs, South Turner, shows at this meeting sam-
ples of a russet apple that I do not recall ever having met before.
The apple was grafted by him for the Ponime Grise, and that
ii all that can be learned of it from the grower. The fruit is
a,)out the size of the English and the Golden Russet (of West-
e/n, New York) and of the form of the American Golden
? lusset, save that while the latter is regularly round in its perimi-
ter outline, the apple in question is irregular, or sectionally
ribbed in outline. Stem medium in length and set in a deep and
broad cavity. Covered all over with thin russet, which is dotted
all over with rough, projecting dots. Flesh firm, does not
wither, crisp, juicy. Mild acid, and with a remarkably pro-
nounced pear flavor and aroma. This last feature alone is
enough to distinguish the variety. Flesh white, shading but
slightly to yellow.

I have spent much time in search of a pointer to the identifica-
tion of this variety but so far without making any progress. So
choice a russet is worthy of attention. The description that
comes nearest to the variety is that of the Windham Russet, a
Massachusetts apple. But this makes no reference to a vinous
flavor, and no pomologist describing the variety under consid-
eration would omit this one of its most striking characteristics.
I shall "keep an eye out" for this russet with a view to learning
more of what it is and where it came from.

[Note. The writer procured samples of this variety of Mr. Briggs, and kept
them, without special care, till June, sound, solid and crisp. At that time they
were sacrificed to the knowledge here given, still sprightlj- in flavor, and of a
quality best for their season.]

88 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Sponge Russet is a variety sometimes met but of no special
value. Size medium and above, slightly elongated, regular.
Mild sub-acid. Never very juicy, inclined to wither.

Of sweet russets there are many kinds none of which have
ever been classified, and I make no attempt to list them at this
time.

POMME GRISE.

Is a russet by nature though not in name. This also is one of
the varieties that have come to us from the New York nurseries.
It is so distinct from other russets, and is so characteristically
rich and delicious in flavor that there has been little if any con-
fusion in regard to it. It is one of the few russetted apples that
never appears at our shows labelled "Golden Russet." I men-
tion it here only to make the list complete. Downing gives the
following description :

"A small gray apple from Canada, probably of Swiss or
French origin, and undoubtedly one of the finest dessert apples
for a northern climate."

"Fruit below medium, (small grown in Maine,) oblate, round-
ish. Skin greenish gray or cinnamon russet, with a little red
towards the sun. Calyx small set in a round basin. Flesh ten-
der, rich and high flavored. Very good to best, December to
February."

I have thus gone over the list of russets known and grown
among us. I am aware that much I have given is only a record
of what we don't know. But this should not be entirely without
value, for in fruit nomenclature it is better to know what an
apple is not than to give it an incorrect name.

There is still a numerous list of russets listed in the fruit
books of which no mention has been made,, and which so far as
known have never been introduced among us. They are mostly
if not all old varieties that have dropped out of date and prob-
ably out of knowledge, save as their names have been kept in the
lists. With the exception of a few old English varieties, the
most of them as given in the books are very similar in their
characterictics — small in size and late keepers.

The russet apples of recognized market value, and which are
now being grown and propagated to any considerable extent,
are the three first named in this paper.

AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET. See page 82.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89

Roxbury Russet, English Russet, and Golden Russet (of
Western New York). Of these the Roxbury Russet, on account
of its size, is of most importance where it can be grown to
advantage. The others are smaller than the popular demand
of the market calls for and can only be recommended where the
first named does not succeed. Indeed it may well be questioned
whether they are found as profitable for the market as many
other well known varieties which are not so late keepers. The
market demand for late keeping apples is now comparatively
limited. Hence the early summer price of the English Russet
and Golden Russet is seldom more than the mid-winter varieties
command.

But the varieties I have named and described are being
grown to a considerable extent. So long as they are produced
they should be correctly named. My purpose has been to so
describe and figure the principal varieties of russets grown in
the State and recommended bypomological authorities that they
may be recognized by the growers, and the confusion of names
so long met may thereby be made to disappear.

Of the non-standard russets grown my effort has been to
show they are not the recognized varieties. Among them con-
fusion must continue unless this society takes them up and gives
them a name.

DISCUSSION.

Q. I would like to have Mr. Gilbert describe the American
Golden Russet?

A. The tree is an upright grower and never a drooping one ;
the best way of identifying these trees is from this fact and the
shape of the tree. You have an English Russet with stout
branches sticking out high up and with the spurs prominent all
up and down those branches and in bearing years stuck full of
fruit. The apples are not on the ends of the branches but in
looking at the tree you look through a crowd of apples. .The
American Russet has long pendant branches with the apples on
the ends. The Hunt Russet is flattish in shape with a long stem
and bright flushed cheek.

Q. Do I understand you to say that you have seen the
American Golden Russet tree?

A. Yes, sir.

90 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Q. It is evident there are two russets very much ahke and
eye is not keen enough, nor my experience long enough to tell
them apart. The first of the season one has just the same value
as the other; but later there is a russet we -call the Golden
Russet that commences to decay while there are others that
keep very well. It is important for us fruit growers that have
both varieties to know by the description of the tree. I am not
able to learn just by the appearance of the fruit.

A. Mr. Merrill is probably confounding the Poughkeepsie
Russet with the Golden Russet of Western New York.

SMALL FRUITS FOR HOME USE.
By L. F. Abbott, Lewiston.

A paper on a subject of considerable importance was pre-
sented Thursday afternoon by L. F. Abbott of the Lewiston
Journal, it being the growing of small fruits for family use. The
essayist departed somewhat from the usual course followed, and
presented the ethical side of growing a supply of the delicious
summer fruits for home consumption. The essay much abridged
is given below: —

To talk of the small fruits for home use, is certainly not a new
theme. The subject has been presented at almost every angle
of observation, until it would seem there were none left to doubt
the utility of the summer fruits for family use. Nevertheless,
when the secretary of the Pomological Society invited me to
present a few thoughts upon the subject, I accepted with the
mental reservation that I would deviate slightly from the com-
mon course and exploit the theme from a somewhat broader
horizon than is usually done, and endeavor at least, to show that
there is an ethical side to the subject, that the moral economics
of fruit growing for the home is of as much importance as any
other.

It is expected, I presume, that I shall show the utility of the
summer fruits for the family, and recommend certain varieties
for cultivation for family use in the order of their excellence
and season, treating the subject in a general way, leaving the

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9I

special side of the question as to varieties of their kind, and
methods of cultivation, to others that are to follow me.

This is an age of progress, and in horticulture, as in every
other occupation, there are new ways of doing things, new ideas
are coming to the front. Along every line there are new lessons
to be learned, new applications of old principles.

Almost everything in this world has a theoretical side and a
practical side. This is the case in growing fruit.

Theory is good in its place — that evolved from practice, for
instance, and from everyday, common sense facts developed by
actual contact with the plants in cultivating and caring for them.

THE POINT WHICH POINTS.

The point is this: Farmers are so accustomed to hearing or
reading finely written essays painting in glowing colors the
beauties and pleasures pertaining to the production of the sum-
mer fruits for home use, that it would almost seem that the very
air about the farmer's home must be redolent with the fragrance
and perfume of strawberries and raspberries in blossom and in
ripened fruit.

Most of our farmers know that while this all sounds well on
paper, there are practical preliminaries to be attended to, a
measure of expert work of its kind to be done, to make possible
the flowery glories of the fruit garden and indulgence in its lux-
uries. But notwithstanding the work necessary to accomplish
this, it is not of a kind that prohibits such realization.

Everybody can have a garden and raise a few fruits; every-
body who can get access to earth, air, water and the sunshine.
There are no trusts to freeze out the householder from enjoying
these God-given bounties, no letters patent to restrict their
enjoyment to a chosen few. All classes, from the mechanic, to
the farmer who cultivates his broad acres, may if they will, par-
take of the rich bounties Nature has so liberally provided for
man through the exercise, on his part, of a little well-directed
labor.

According to an account I saw in an agricultural paper lately,
anybody with a space of earth at command on which to set a
barrel may enjoy the luxury of several bushels of strawberries
grown in a very novel way, simply around a barrel. Linseed

92 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

oil barrels are preferred on account of their durability. Inch
holes are bored in alternating rows eight inches apart, giving
space for 135 plants. Some soil is placed in the barrel, straw-
berry plants are inserted in the first row of holes, then more soil
filled in, and so on, till the barrel is full. The plants are easily
kept watered and fed by turning water and liquid manure into
the barrel.

The advantages of the barrel method of growing strawberries
are that no runners grow, and the whole strength of the plant
is directed toward growing fruit. The berries are perfectly
clean, all cultivation and weeding are dispensed with, and there
is great economy of space. Five bushels are the maximum yield
of berries, and three or four the average, depending on the va-
riety and management of one of these barrel gardens.

MORAL ECONOMICS.

Now this subject of the Home Garden involves quite a range
of instructive thought, if we turn away from the purely material
side of the question and discuss it from its ethical and moral
bearings as it relates to home and home influences on the farm.
Life it is said, is what we make it. The influences emanating
from the Homes of our country exert a greater power over the
lives of its citizens, for weal or for woe, than all other influences
combined. The ideal home justly included in the sacred
trinity of "Mother, Home and Heaven," stands in our New
England communities at least, as a mighty bulwark against the
floods of evil and demoralizing tendencies incident to our time.

TOWN AND COUNTY.

Efifects are results of causes. For the past decade there has
been a rapid increase in the population of our cities, and largely
by the influx of young men from the rural country. There is a
cause for this. What is it? Without attempting to answer this
question in detail, I am compelled to say that one reason is lack
of congenial home surroundings, coupled with the fact that
farmers themselves encourage their sons and daughters to
think that there are more honorable, pleasant and easier ways of
gaining a livelihood than that of farming. And it is too often the
case that this class of farmers set no example of dignifying their

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93

calling, or of learning themselves, or teaching their sons the
principles invested in the cultivation of the soil, and it is by no
means surprisingto find young men disgusted with theavocation
which promises nothing else but unremitting care and a dull
routine of continued and severe labor.

I saw a statement recently that surprised me somewhat. It
was this: The writer says: "I have made careful inquiry, and
make the statement on reliable authority, that the greatest pro-
portion of criminal and vicious young men under 25 years of
age, convicted of crimes committed in the city, are those reared
on the farm until they were 15 to 18 years of age."

Now this, if true, is an alarming condition of things. It calls
for earnest efforts on the part of the fathers and mothers, the
home-makers of our rural country, to make the home life for the
sons and daughters happy, and farm life and work pleasant
rather than irksome and drudgery. The young have a firm
belief that life ought to yield a great deal of pleasure, and if
things are unpleasant at home they will go elsewhere in hope
of bettering their condition.

Other things being in keeping in the home affairs, a bounti-
ful supply of the summer fruits grown by the family and for the
family, counts as a moral force in the home; the culture of the
higher nature of its inmates whose recompense is in coin that
will be current in the higher spheres.

CURTAILS doctors' FEES.

There is health in the growing of the small fruits for family
use. A direct beneficial effect from the consumption of the
fruits the'mselves, and also in the work of cultivating them.
Horticulture is peculiarly adapted to the capacity of women in
the requirements of manual labor. In man's primeval state the
woman seems to have gathered the first fruit — whether she had
a hand in cultivating it is not so clear.

The srnall fruits are healthful of themselves as a dietary factor
in the farmer's family. As appetizing promoters of health, as
important factors in economizing household expenses, such as
the reduction of butchers' and doctors' bills, an abundant daily
use of these small fruits in the farmer's family more than com-
pensates for all their cost and trouble.

94 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The late E. P. Roe said: "I have known invaHds to improve
from the first day that berries were brought to the table, and
thousands would exchange their sallow complexions, sick head-
aches and general interest with life and its abounding pleasures
if they would only take nature's palpable hint and enjoy the
seasonable food she provides. Belles can find better cosmetics
in the fruit garden than on their toilet tables, and she who paints
her cheeks with the pure, healthful blood that is made from
nature's choicest gifts and the exercise of gathering them, can
give her lover a kiss that will make him wish for another."

STRAWBERRIES FIRST IN THE SEASON.

Beginning with June we have the beautifuldelicious and ever-
welcome strawberry, and these are supplemented in succession
with raspberries, black and red, currants, gooseberries and.
blackberries, a good list of delicious, healthful luxuries, and all
within easy reach of every farmer in the land, in the very height
of perfection at the very lowest cost.

We class the strawberry as easily at the head of small fruits
for family use. Its ease of cultivation, quickness to mature a
crop after setting the plants, its beauty and the wide apprecia-
tion in which it is held by all as a table fruit, render it the uni-
versal fruit for the home. We can readily imagine that among
the bounties of the Edenic existence the strawberry was among
the first choice fruits, and the choicest of the first fruits given to
man.

OTHER FRUITS THAT FOLLOW.

Next in value and general estimation comes the raspberry and
then the blackberry. Neither are so well suited to the small
garden as the strawberry, but may well be included in the
farmer's garden along with the currant, and if your disposition
will bear it, the gooseberry. The gooseberry is well enough in
its place — floating in sugar — but it isn't a berry the majority of
people hanker after — we'll except the gooseberry worms, they
do. Its cultivation is not so pleasant on account of its thorns,
yet many admire the peculiar acid of the gooseberry, especially
its flavor in jelly for tarts, etc.

The currant fills a niche peculiar to itself. Grown to perfec-
tion as it may be by any one, but only by good cultivation, it

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95

comes in as a handy berry after strawberries to be served when
ripe either raw or cooked, or earHer when quite green for sauce
or pies, and then the main crop later canned for winter use. So
good a fruit and one so easily cultivated, and one that responds
so readily to a little extra cultivation, should not be omitted
from the home garden.

There is one point applicable to all three of the bush fruits,
the currant, raspberry and blackberry, that may be urged in
their favor, and that is the comparatively little care they require
after the plants are set. Properly trimmed and the superfluous
sprouts and new growths restricted through the summer, a plan-
tation of either sort will thrive and bear for an indefinite time.

LESSONS FOR THE BOYS AND GIRLS.

The cultivation of the small fruits, even to the limitation of the
home supply, affords a fine field for the boys and girls to culti-
vate and develop habits of study and observation, especially in
growing seedlings and starting cuttings. Take the currant
and gooseberry, for instance. In growing new plants from
cuttings, the wonderful processes of nature are brought to view,
and becoming interested in these things the mind is expanded
and the affections broadened and deepened by the beneficent
influences emanating from touch with the harmonies of Nature.

The interest once fairly started in watching and waiting the
growth and development of plants which their own labor and
care have developed, and the pleasure they experience in testing
fruits of their own production, or in showing them to others,
ought to inspire a fascination and attachment to the farmer boy's
home that would lessen the desire and inclination for city life,
and if they should eventually leave home to seek their fortune in
town or city, they will in after life retain pleasant memories of
their childhood home with becoming gratitude to father and
mother.

^6 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

BEST METHOD OF GROWING THE STRAWBERRY
AND THE RASPBERRY.

By Charles S. Pope, Manchester.

Perhaps I had better tell you some of my failures and so warn
you off the rocks. To make a long story short I will just say
that why so many fail is because they do not understand the
first principles of raising the strawberry and raspberry. They
are induced by some agent to take a few strawberry plants with
big pictures and big names. The plants are all dried up when
they receive them and in nine cases out of ten they are nearly
all lost at the beginning. The first two beds I set I didn't get
strawberries enough to pay for setting out; I kept it up and find
it one of our easiest fruits grown. First be sure that your plants
are fresh, see that your ground is well prepared and enriched.
Dig holes with a trowel, spread out the roots and plant them at
once. Fertilize them plentifully and keep them hoed; no matter
if there are no weeds there, go out and hoe that bed. I was
speaking on that subject to Mr. Phillips and Mr. Webber got up
and said, "my bed didn't look half so well as my little boy's just
along side of it." He was interested in strawberries more than
I was; whether they needed it or not he was out hoeing those
strawberries. He watered them with a hoe. Fine mulching and
fine dirt on the surface keep the ground moist; the secret of rais-
ing strawberries is to keep the ground rich and thoroughly
stirred.

RASPBERRIES.

The great failure has been that most people put the plants
too near together, allowing for lots of suckers to grow but no
raspberries. Who would think of growing corn close together
and getting any ears of corn; if you want fodder the thicker the
better. Be sure and cut out all except a few canes right in the
hill. Don't get them too near together or too deep, raspberries
grow very near the surface". Keep the weeds down and the
dirt loose. The varieties which are tender should be protected
by simply laying over the top and then a shovelful of earth
thrown against the plant and a little over them. Even last year

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97

when the snow was only on a few weeks those that were laid
down were all right and those allowed to stand up were dead to
the ground.

DISCUSSION.

Q. What variety of strawberry do you prefer?

A. Depends on the soil. The Crescent and the Bubach are
good.

Q. What do you fertilize with?

A. Wood ashes.

Q. Barn manure would contain too much nitrogen, would
it not?

A. Not for the Crescent.

Q. How do you set out the plants?

A. Set out in rows about three feet apart and nine inches in
the row and you have a solid mat of plants with a few small ber-
ries. I set mine three feet apart and two feet in the row. If they
are getting too thick I thin them out.

Q. Do you use the horse?

A. I do. Some put them seven feet apart and three or four
feet in the row.

Mr. Churchill — I started out to-day to visit a friend of mine
here and I got behind the times about a week in regard to this
meeting. The first thing my friend said was I supposed you
would be coming up to the meeting and we were looking for
you. So you see how careless I am. I rem^ember the first time
I started out to raise strawberries I set out some less than ten
acres and like the woman who planted the seeds and kept dig-
ging them up to see if they were growing I would dig down and
lo and behold instead of growing up they were growing down
and I began to investigate and found they had no roots at all. I
got my ground ready and set out some more and I was surprised
to find how many berries I got ofT of them. The main thing to
start with is good plants. Of course there is a limit to the num-
ber to be set in a hill; if we set too many plants we get too many
roots in one place and they crowd themselves. So it is a question
just what to do; some will grow and make more plants tlian
others, so we have to- use diliferent management with strawber-
ries the same as with everything else. I set mine in sections
three feet and a half apart with an alley-way of a foot and a
7

98 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

half and each plant six inches apart, so we can run through and
cut the runners off.

As to raspberries, I noticed what the brother said and I think
we make a mistake in putting our raspberries too thick. I have
mine five feet apart each way and have hills so that I can walk
in between. The more I thin out, the more berries I get. It
pays to lay down the bushes they will bear more berries the
next spring; I lay down all my plants, but yoM will have to stoop
over some.

Mr. True — How do you trim in the spring?

A, About a quarter to a third. I used to trim in the fall
but now I lay them down and trim in the spring.

Q. Do you pinch back?

A. No, sir, I do not.

Mr. Atherton — In strawberries you prefer the hill culture?

A. As a whole I do.

O. What about blackberries?

A. They are a good berry but I never could do much with
them.

O. They are a good berry to market are they not?

A. Yes. Of course the size has a great deal to do with that.

Q. Do you give the blackberry about the same culture as the
raspberry?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Did I understand you to say that you planted raspberries
in the fall?

A. Yes, sir. I planted about half an acre this fall.

Mr. True — I would like to inquire about the Quoddy Belle
strawberry ?

A. Where they were raising them down in Washington
county, they claim it was doing well. They were getting
twenty cents a box in Boston for them. [See Secretary's Port-
folio for descriptibn of the Quoddy Belle.]

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. " 99

JELLY MAKING.

By Alanson S. Grant, Lewiston.

It is not without some misgivings that I shall attempt to
speak to you this evening upon what is to me a most interesting
and important subject, and I think I may add that it is a m'ost
interesting and attractive subject to any one who may have
become closely acquainted with it.- Our State has always been
noted for the variety, the high standard and the great com-
mercial value of its apple product. It has also, always been a
source of great pride to our citizens, but while it has been a
source of financial benefit to a great extent, it seems to me that
one phase of its commercial value has wholly or to a great
extent been overlooked and ignored.

Very few people are aware of the great value of apples for
the purposes of jelly making; and strange to say this is more
especially true of those who are themselves large growers of
apples. It has always been the custom to prepare during the
summer and fall a supply of canned fruits, preserves and jellies
to have during the winter as delicacies, when we are deprived
of the luxuries which we are accustomed to during the summer.
The jellies which we are accustomed to see on our tables are
those made from the different berries which we raise and from
the fruits of other states, but the apple is more conspicuous by
its absence.

The greatest factor that has brought out the jelly making
qualities of our apples is our Maine State Pomological Society,
which has so generously offered, from year to year, liberal pre-
miums for the best display of apple jellies made from distinct
and named varieties of apples. It has aroused an interest
throughout the whole State in the subject and excited inquiries
which have reached great practical value, so much so, in fact,
that at our last meeting at the State Fair in September, the
exhibition of apple jellies was so extensive and of such a high
standard, tliat it was a source of pride to the officers of the
society, and of great interest to the visitors at the exhibition
building. Among the great number and variety of apples of

100 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the State there are very few, if any, that are not suitable for
jelly, the possible exception being the sweet apples, but I may
say that I have been successful in obtaining a very good jelly
from certain sweet apples, Talman Sweets and Sweet Baldwins,
but as a rule they are not adapted to jelly making. The great
variety in color and flavor that may be produced is really
remarkable, the colors ranging from the almost white jelly of
the* Yellow Transparent to the deep crimson of the Red Astra-
chan, and the flavor from the very delicate Porter to the sharp
acid of the Quince Apple.

To state a definite rule, by which to make apple jellies would
be a very difBcult and perhaps impossible task but I am going to
give you a rule, which may be applied successfully to a majority
of the apples. It does not require first quality of apples, second
grade fruit being just as good, but it is very necessary that the
apple has attained its growth, should be of good color and as
near ripe as possible.

The rule which I am about to give is, of course, open to and
subject to those little additions and corrections which from time
to time suggest themselves, these additions are, of course, more
readily noticed by a person who has become closely acquainted
with the different apples and who has acquired a knowledge of
their characteristics, but as a rule the natural instinct of the
housewife, in such matters, readily grasps the different require-
ments of the various apples.

THE RULE.

First quarter your apples, using the whole apple, as the peel
is in a great measure responsible for the color of your jelly and
place the apples in a large porcelain kettle, using to every four
quarts of apples, two quarts of water for fall apples and three
quarts of water to four quarts of apples for winter fruit; place
the kettle upon the stove and allow the apples to cook until they
become just soft but be careful that they do not cook until they
become mealy. Now pour them off into a large flannel and
allow the juice to drip through into a dish, it may be well to
squeeze the pulp a very little to get the full richness of the apple,
but be careful you do not get any of the pulp into the juice as it
spoils the clearness of your jelly.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. lOI

Now place the juice in a porcelain kettle, having it spread
over as large a surface as possible, as it boils down much quick-
er, and allow it to boil rapidly for ten minutes, all the time
skimming off whatever scum arises to the top. While the juice
is boiling the first time you should have your sugar in the oven
heating allowing a pound of sugar to a quart of juice. After the
juice has boiled for the first ten minutes stir in your sugar rapid-
ly, allow the sugar to all dissolve and then strain the juice the
second time to get out whatever specks there may have been in
the sugar. Allow the juice to boil the second time until it will
just drop in heavy drops from a spoon, this will require, on the
average about twelve minutes. Now the jelly is ready to pour
off into your tumblers. Allow it to cool until thoroughly hard,
and place a piece of wax paper over the top and be sure the
covers to your tumblers fit tightly and then place the jelly in a
cool dry place.

In the making of these jellies one must necessarily depend a
great deal upon their own judgment, for some apples will jelly
much quicker than others, some will perhaps require a little
more water for boiling and others will need more sugar, and I
will say that it makes a great difference in the time of year that
the apple is used, the nearer to the time when the apple is taken
from the tree the better. As a rule you will find that the winter
apples do not make near as clear a jelly as the fall apples, neither
is the flavor of the winter apples as delicate as that of the fall
apple. The winter apple though makes a heavier jelly and a
more durable jelly than the fall apples for while the jelly which
we made last fall is beginning to soften the jelly made from the
winter apples wall last through the hottest part of next summer.
The lack of clearness in the jelly made from winter apples is
attributable to the fact that the winter apple is a harder, firmer
apple than the fall apple, and requires much more time to boil
the first time. I attribute the more delicate flavor of the jelly
made from fall apples to the fact that the apple is taken from
the tree and made into jelly, and the apple has not lost any of
its richness, which the winter apple must necessarily lose by
being picked before they are ripe and then kept in the cellar for
a long while before they are used.

The rule which I have given you, if followed, will, I am sure,
give most satisfactory results.

102 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

For the benefit of some I think perhaps it may be well to
name a few of the choicest apples for jelly. The apples which
I shall name, are to my mind, the very best for this purpose, and
I will say that they are picked from a list of over one hundred
different varieties which my mother and myself have experi-
mented with. Of the fall apples the following are the best, and
I will give them in the order that I consider fhem, the Porter,
the Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenburg, Killhamhill, Yellow
Transparent and the Alexander. Of the winter apples the Bell-
flower, the Greening, the Baldwin, the Ben Davis and Tompkins
King are the best. I shall place the Porter and the Bellflower
at the very top of the list, the Porter being replaced in the winter
by the Bellflower, and that much abused apple the Ben Davis is
one of the very best apples we find for jelly. I didn't know but
someone might be glad to know that it was suitable for some
purpose.

I feel that I have gone pretty well over the ground of apple
jellies so far as I know and now I wish to make mention of
another use to which apples may be put in making jellies other
than pure apple jelly. I have found in dealing with apples that
there is an apple which corresponds with the nature of all of our
different fruits, that is, that by using apples for a base and com-
bining with it the juice of the different fruits a jelly may be
obtained which far surpasses the clear fruit jelly. For example
to make a fine strawberry jelly, take the strawberry apple, for a
lemon or orange jelly use the Bellflower apple, for a currant
jelly or a raspberry jelly use the Baldwinapple and so on through
the whole list of fruits. In this combination you avoid two
results which make the pure fruit jellies objectionable. You
avoid the expense sometimes incurred in making jelly wholly
from the berries and expensive fruits and then again that objec-
tion which is often raised against these jellies, namely their
insipid flavor, is entirely done away with. The apple gives to
the jelly that splendid tart flavor of the pure apple jelly, it gives
it a firmness, it does not injure the color but rather adds to it
and it reduces the expense of the jelly to such a degree that we
can be able to make the fruit and berry jellies with as great
freedom as we are accustomed to the apple. It is possible to
make a jelly this way that is far beyond the pure fruit jelly, this is
especially true of strawberries and raspberries.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. IO3

FRUIT AS FOOD.
By Anna Barrows, Boston.

Miss Barrows began by saying that she had appeared before
so many meetings of the Pomological Society that while she had
little new to say constant repetition may serve in increasing the
use of fruit as food. People are apt to look upon fruits as
luxuries rather than necessities. They forget that the date and
the cocoanut and the banana supply the main food of people in
tropical countries. Even in our colder climate we should do
well to depend upon fruits more than we do.

Fruit is valuable because it furnishes us with water in a very
palatable form. Physicians tell us that one of our greatest
dietetic errors is a failure to use sufficient water or watery foods.
Because fruits are mainly water their actual food value is under-
estimated. The sugar that comes to us through fruits is
worthy of consideration. Too often we lose the best flavor of
a fruit by burying it in cane sugar.

The acid juices of fruits are especially desirable to counteract
the effect of foods which are gross and heavy. Thus we serve
apple sauce with roast goose and roast pork. We might pre-
pare apples with fats more than we have been accustomed to do
in the past, apple salads have been popular of late. The apples
are pared and cored and served with a French dressing, that is
oil and vinegar with a little salt and pepper or with a mayonnaise
dressing. Again the apples are combined with celery or onion
or nuts and served with either a cooked or a mayonnaise
dressing.

The fried apples which were a standard dish with our grand-
mothers might often take the place of potatoes with sausages or
chops to good advantage.

We have yet to learn about combining different varieties of
fruits just as tea merchants give us dififerent blends of tea. By
putting two kinds together we may get something far superior
to either. It is an indication of progress that we are learning to
make such beautiful jellies as are displayed here, with their
wide range of color and flavor. By and by instead of allowing

104 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

SO much fruit to spoil, in the seasons when apples are most
abundant, the juice will be expressed and put in some of these
concentrated forms to keep until fresh fruit is less abundant.
Such apple syrups or jellies can be used by themselves or in
combination with other substances in the preparation of many
puddings and ices. Apple pie is good in its place but we need
a greater variety of simple desserts.

DUTCH APPLE CAKE,

Sift together one pint of flour, two teaspoonfuls of baking
powder, one-half teaspoonful of salt. Rub in one ounce of
butter and mix soft with one beaten egg and one cupful of milk.
Spread in a shallow buttered pan, cover with rows of apples cut
in eighths putting the sharp edge down. Sprinkle with one-
fourth cupful of sugar in which a little cinnamon is mixed. Bake
about one-half hour.

Sauce — Mix one cupful sugar and one heaping tablespoonful
of flour, pour on one pint of boiling water and cook for five
minutes, add one ounce of butter, one or two tablespoonfuls of
vinegar or lemon juice and a little grated nutmeg or rind of
lemon.

APPLE OMELET.

Beat three eggs thoroughly together, add one-half cupful
unsweetened apple pulp, season with salt and pepper. Melt a
tablespoonful of butter in the omelet pan, when hot pour in the
mixture shaking gently to keep it from sticking to the pan.
When the eggs have stififened roll or fold and serve immediately.
Or the omelet may be made without the apple and after cooking
spread the sauce over the surface before folding the omelet.

COMPOTE OF APPLES.

Make a syrup with one cupful of each sugar and water,
Flavor with a bit of lemon peel or cinnamon bark if the apples
require it. Core and pare medium sized apples, without cutting
up, and cook them whole in the syrup, turning over occasionally.
When soft, drain, and fill the centres with a bright jelly, crab-
apple of currant.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. IO5

APPLE SALADS.
Arrauged by Mrs. Lincoln for the Amerlcau Kitchen ^fagazlue.

Whip one cup of thick well-chilled cream, with an egg beater
or fork until thick, then add gradually sufficient lemon juice to
thin it slightly, and season with half a teaspoonful of celery salt
and a spoonful of paprika. Use a thin-skinned tart apple.
Wipe, quarter and core without paring, divide again lengthwise
into two or three pieces, then slice very thin. For two cups of
the apple use one cup of fine cut celery. Moisten with the
cream dressing. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Arrange
in a shallow glass dish and garnish with green celery tips and
crescents of the red apples.

Chestnut, Apple and Celery Salad — Prepare the apple
and celer}' as directed in the first recipe. Shell, parboil and
skin the large French chestnuts. Boil twelve minutes, or until
soft but not broken. Drain and when coo! cut them into thin
slices. Use one cup of each measured after slicing. Season
highly with a French dressing, and keep in a cold place. Serve
in a salad bowl surrounded with crisp lettuce.

Apple and Onion Salad — Boil one cup of vinegar. If
strong use half water. Mix one teaspoonful mustard, one tea-
spoonful cornstarch, one-half teaspoonful salt, and one-half
saltspoonful pepper with one well beaten egg. Stir this into
the boiling vinegar and cook until creamy. Pour it over two
mildly acid apples and one onion chopped fine. Serve it with
lettuce cups.

Apple Salad — Place in a saucepan on the range one table-
spoonful of butter and one and one-half tablespoonfuls of flour
(well mixed), and when hot pour over it, stirring constantly, one
cup of sweet cream. Let boil for five minutes stirring all the
time. Remove from the fire and stir in one-half cup sour cream,
the juice of half a lemon, a very little salt, and sugar to taste.
Allow to become perfectly cold. Pare and slice, after coring
and cutting into quarters, some mellow pippin apples. Pour the
mixture over them and set on ice one hour before serving. This
will please those who find they cannot eat oil.

I06 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN MARKETING.
By Phineas Whittier, Farmington Falls.

In times of peril and great disaster it requires a cool head and
a stead}' hand to do what is best to be done, and if this ever
applied to the apple business it does at the present time. It is
no use to get discouraged. All products we raise have their ups
and downs, times of profit and times when no profit comes, and
if we can manage in seasons like the present to make no loss
we are doing well. I have repeatedly said that it requires greater
skill and ability to care for and dispose of a crop of apples at a
profit than it does to grow them and the longer I live I am more
and more convinced of its truth. In times of scarcity and buy-
ers plenty any orchardist can make a good profit on his fruit
with hardly an}- trouble, but in seasons like the present this
cannot be done. Any orchardist should be fitted up so as to
put his fruit in the best possible shape for the market and know
just what to do in case of a glut or high winds or any other dis-
aster to his fruit. My motto is to put no part of the apple crop
on the market only as a strictly fancy No. i article. You will
all agree with me, that fruit should be put up in an attractive
form to sell, but some good honest men think that means to put
up the whole crop, good, bad and indifferent so as to be attrac-
tive by putting the good at the ends of a barrel and the poor in
the middle, but then the attraction does not last long enough
when it is opened. What I mean by putting all on the market
as fancy is to can or evaporate all the bruised or wormy and
smaller ones and take such pains with them as will make a fancy
article and this can be done and with proper storage can be held
for a year or two in good shape for use. In this way we can
prolong the period of consumption and rid the market of poor
fruit which serves to injure the sale of good fruit. When apples
are as cheap as they have been this year, if any one is going to
buy for that purpose he had better buy No. I's than to take the
gift of No. 2's, it is so much less work to fit them in good shape
and they will make more to the bushel.

In preparing apples for market the first thing to be attended
to is the proper care of harvesting. If they are roughly handled

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 10/

then they can never afterwards be made to look as they should
and they will not keep so well. Then, if they are to be held any
length of time, the storing of them is of the greatest importance.
They should be stored where the temperature does not quickly
change with the outside temperature and in cool weather, until
freezing weather comes, the place should be kept open and in
warm weather closed and wdien it becomes very cold the
reverse. The object being to keep as even and low a tempera-
ture as possible without freezing. They must be stored in a dry
condition or they will soon decay. Good ventilation is abso-
lutely necessary in any place that is secure from frost. I have
seen apples stored in barns and out buildings where they would
get very dusty and the frequent changes of the weather would
cause them to become wet and the dust would adhere to them so
that it was almost impossible to make them look bright and
nice and the moisture and dust is most favorable for the growth
of fungi on them. When apples are put in in a dry condition I
have found them to keep better in large bodies in open bins or
boxes than in tight barrels, except russets which should be kept
from the air as much as possible to prevent shriveling.

Apples should be put into the storeroom where they are to
remain as soon as they are harvested and should be put in when
they are warmer than the temperature in the place of storage.
If apples are left in outbuildings until cold weather it is almost
impossible to store them so as not to have them become wet
and they will remain wet so long that they will mold and decay.
I dwell somewhat upon the proper storing of apples for it is one
of, if not the most important and difficult matters to be attended
to in order to have nice clean fruit free from fungi.

As to the best time to market it is no easy matter to decide.
Those who are best posted and observant are very liable to be
mistaken. Very much must depend on one's facilities for stor-
ing and the condition of the fruit at harvest time. It is of no use
to store apples for keeping that show any signs of becoming
scabby, for that will grow on them after being stored.

If anyone has used up all his inferior and defective fruit by
canning or evaporating and kept the remainder so that it is
bright, iiard and sound he can get a fair price for it even if the
market is glutted in late winter and spring; providing that it is

I08 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

known to be honestly packed. If any one has not the proper
facilities for storing and wishes to sell all in a green state, he had
better, generally, sell as soon as possible after harvesting. We
as orchardists cannot too strongly condemn the practice of
putting good fruit in the ends of the barrel and poorer in the
middle. It is a disgrace to the business and injures all of us and
the only safety for honest packers is to have their own names
on each and every package they put up. I think buyers and
packers are doing a greater injury to the business than are the
fruit growers themselves. The first time any one sends a really
fancy, honestly packed lot of fruit to market the buyer says. Oh,
I guess it is packed as usual and I cannot pay any extra for it,
but when he finds it to be nice and he wants to buy again, he
will inquire for the same brand and as soon as he finds that it
can be relied on he will pay an extra price. In selling apples
and working for a good reputation in the business it is much the
best way to find the right commission merchant and stick to him
and let him have all your fruit to sell. One of the most import-
ant principles for an extensive, and, I might say all fruit growers,
is to look ahead and be prepared for all the mishaps that may befall
his business. Some years, the present especially. No. 2 fruit is
not worth anything. Some times high winds will sweep the
fruit completely from the trees and manv other conditions mav
happen that render the fruit unfit for market. At such times
there is only one chance to make a profit on the fruit and I pre-
fer to take that one chance and that chance is to prepare it for
market by canning or evaporating.

If we neglect to fit up until such things come upon us it is
generally too late to take advantage of them. Very much the
best way is to look ahead as though we were expecting such to
happen and be all ready and prepared to take care of and use
up all such fruit at any time. I find it quite an alleviation to my
grief at such times to be so prepared. In making preparation
for taking care of the fruit crop don't forget to store up a sum
of cash to draw on at such a time for it costs something to pro-
perly take care of a fruit crop, but it will pay if anything will. I
should not hestitate to hire money to do so as I have had to
sometimes. I have put about fifty cents into each barrel of my
No. 2 apples since harvesting, in evaporating them this year. It

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, IO9

requires some courage but I believe it will pay me something,
especially if there should be a short crop next year. In some
like instances I have realized more money from my No. 2"s than
from the No. I's.

It may be asked if every one used up all their poorer apples
in the way I speak of, if the market would not be over crowded
with such products? Well, if it should be, it would be no worse
than it is to over supply it with the green fruit and it would
relieve it of so much poor fruit. Seldom or never would the
price of canned or evaporated fruit go so low as not to leave
something to the credit of the apples, at least this has been my
experience and if it is stored and held over another year and there
should happen to be a light crop, then there would be a good
profit and sometimes a great one. I am convinced and have
been for years, that if I did not use up my poorer fruit as I do
I should loose more than one-half of the profit from my orchard.

DISCUSSION.

Q. I would like to inquire how long it is since Mr. Whittier
came to the conclusion that apples do not sweat?

A. As long ago as I wrote for the "Home Farm" I advanced
the idea that apples do not sweat. Dr. Hoskins said it was just
what he had known for a long time but he "Didn't dare to take
so big a bull by the horns." It is caused by the apples being
colder than the atmosphere around them. You carry a stone
from outdoors and you can hardly get it down cellar before it
will be wet. So it is with apples if they are stored where the
temperature is constantly changing. Perhaps there will be a
warm spell, perhaps a foggy spell; and a foggy spell is worse
than a warm spell. Then if you let your apples stay out until
they are almost frozen, when they are put in the cellar they will
sweat as you call it, and it will be a long time before they dry
off.

O. When is the best time to pick winter apples?

A. I commence on those that need picking first. You can
readily tell by the color of the apple and the ease with which
they pick. I commence with the Rhode Island Greenings; if
I let them be on the trees as long as the Baldwins they will
mostly be on the ground. The Northern Spy I leave until the

no STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

last thing. One year I left them on until the frost had taken the
leaves all off the trees. Not a leaf on the tree but the tree filled
with the prettiest apples you ever saw,

O. How did those that you left on so long keep?

A. The best of any I ever had. I kept them until along in
April and they were just as bright as could be.

Q. Had it been cold enough to freeze those Northern Spies
on your trees?

A. No, sir.

Q. Do you think it hurts an apple to freeze solid?

A. Yes. An apple may freeze so you will think it is ruined
but if they are let alone the frost won't hurt them.

O. You spoke, Mr. Whittier, regarding the disposition of
your No. 2 apples which you can or evaporate. We small
growers cannot go to the expense of doing that.

Mr. Whittier — It costs a good deal to fit up to evaporate in
good shape; but to can it costs but very little. If a person has
fifty or a hundred barrels he could do it at very little cost. In
fitting up to can you can fit up on a small scale very easily. I
have known some in our neighborhood to have a common barrel
boiler set and get a cover for that and something to raise and
lower the apples into it and use that for cooking their apples.

Mr. Fairbanks — Did they put them up in tin cans?

A. Yes, in gallon cans. The expense is very small aside
from the cans.

Q. How many pounds will they make to the barrel?

A. Pretty good russets will make twenty pounds to the bar-
rel. Of course a good many apples would go in that you
wouldn't think of putting in as second quality and they would
make about sixteen pounds to the barrel ; Baldwins will dry out
more than Greenings and Greenings more than some soft fall
fruit.

O. What proportion of your fruit do you evaporate and can?

A. About one-half this year and I had nice apples too. Some
years I evaporate and can two-thirds of them.

O. You evaporate all your apples except those that are
strictly fancy?

A, In a scarce year I would make three qualities of them
and make a good second quality and send them to market as
No. 2.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ill

Mr. Wheeler — Speaking of the large number of small grow-
ers; from your experience of the past what would be your advice
to them in regard to canning or evaporating? You purchased
and at the present time are using a large steel evaporator; that
perhaps was necessary in your business, but would you advise
the smaller growers to fit up with steam as you have?

A. I should advise them to fit up and can the fruit instead of
evaporating it as they could run it economically on a smaller
scale.

O. Do canned apples find as ready a market as evaporated
ones?

A. When they are put up in cans the people can't see them
and so they buy them.

HOME MARKET.
By W. H. Keith, Winthrop.

Home market I suppose means American market — a market
where we can dispose of our surplus products. To obtain the
best returns from any market the first requisite should be qual-
ity. Quality of the product, quality of the person producing
and quality of the person handling the product in the market.

This may seem random talk, but I believe there is more satis-
faction and more profit in producing a good article and placing
it in an attractive form in the distributing houses of dealers who
place their goods at their customers' door, guaranteeing value
received.

Within the memory of many of the older persons in this
assembly, the marketing of the surplus apples of the farm was
done in a meal bag and to break the monotony of the color of
the apple a dusting of meal appeared on the fruit when emptied.
Small fruits of various kinds growing spontaneously in the fields
and around hedges were marketed in pails and baskets. Even
the potato formerly was loaded into the ox cart in forty and fifty
bushel loads and emptied into a spout and tumbled into the
cellar. But time changes everything, such ways of marketing

112 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and handling products of the farm have gone by and new
methods have been adopted.

The home market as well as the foreign market is sensitive
nowadays — quality and uniformity demanded. Insisting upon
quality first next should come grade. Grade all products so that
unifomrity may be found from top to bottom and from center
to circumference. When this is done and the goods once intro-
duced in the market with your guarantee behind it your market
is secured. Every producer of farm and garden products who
adopts and strictly adheres to the above requirements with full
weight and measure will almost invariably find a home market.

I believe we are as yet in our A B C's regarding our impera-
tive duties in producing, preparing for market and marketing
our farm products. Offer no product that you demand the top
market price for, unless the grade and assortment is first class
to the letter.

There is, however, a class of trade, although limited, that will
prefer a lower grade at lower prices and trade of that class can
more easily be supplied with unsatisfactory results.

The ruling tendency to supply the markets with food products
is slipshod, mixed, uneven, uninviting, profitless.

Consumers as a rule are exacting in their tastes and demands
for first class products. Give them such products and satis-
factory prices can be obtained.

When the producer and consumer can be brought nearer to
each other for the necessaries of life and cooperate in trade in a
more general way, then the home market will be appreciated and
become one of the most inviting and profitable channels
through which to do business.

In seeking a market for our farm products, we are too apt to
overlook our nearby market. Aim to produce such products
as the surrounding market calls for, anticipate the demand.
Every month of the year some product of the farm is sought for
by the consuming community and if those products are at hand
purchasers may be found to take them.

Cater for the home demand.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. II3

SHIPPING FRUIT TO FOREIGN MARKETS.
By W. P. Atherton, Hallowell.

In 1892, I shipped two car-lots of apples to a reliable firm in
Liverpool and they netted me $235.00 better than if sold to buy-
ers on this side; that was because they happened to arrive there
during- two of the best weeks of the season. The next year I
shipped one car-lot and waited returns before sending another,
and it was well I did, for I lost $175.00 on that one venture. I
sold afterwards to a Boston firm what I had left of that season's
crop. The next year I shipped two or three car-lots of Bald-
wins and one car-lot of Spies. The former netted me $1.40 per
barrel and the latter $1.70 per barrel, and all I was offered on this
side was $1.25 per barrel for both varieties.

Last year, 1895, my crop was so small and fruit rather inferior,
I sold to buyers in this State in preference to shipping. This
year I had more than I could put into my cellar and concluded
to test the markets before shipping largely, so I sent forty barrels
of choice early winter fruit and thirteen cases of choice fall fruit
wrapped as you would oranges. They were Gravensteins —
first-class in every respect — apples that would have brought me
$2.50 to $3.00 per barrel in Boston, and they netted me back just
$2.19. within three cents of enough to pay for the cases; the
forty barrels of choice early winter fruit — consisting of Kings,
Hubbardstons, Mother, Nodheads, &c.. — netted me $12.05,
enough to pay for the barrels and the packing — a most deplor-
able result, so Mr. Geo. A. Cochrane said. I therefore con-
cluded that experience was sufficient for one season, and sold the
bulk of my crop to Boston parties at what were cbnsidered fairly
good prices. There was no fault found with the fruit, either in
the cases or barrels, that was first-class in every respect and sold
quite well, but at that time freights were very high and the mar-
kets thoroughly demoralized by extremely heavy shipments.
Much of the shipments, too, was of a character to depress rather
than help a market; it consisted of soft and inferior fruit, for
people imagined that because England was short on her apple
crop she would buy anything arid everything and pay big prices,

114 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

but they got woefully mistaken. On account of the immense
crop of apples there seemed to be a perfect craze to get rid of
them somehow. Everybody, including commission merchants
and buyers, were more or less infected with the excitement. In
consequence shippers lost heavily; farmers either singly or club-
bed together lost heavily, and one Boston firm I know of went
all to smash on account of wild investments in apples.

POINTS TO OBSER\'E.

In shipping apples to a foreign market as much, if not more,
depends upon the state of the market as in the condition of the
fruit, whether your returns will be large or small. If the mar-
kets are glutted or even overstocked, good sound stock arriving
in good condition must necessarily sell lower than it otherwise
would, and if a large proportion of the stock arriving out is soft,
poor, or inferior, your stock, however good, will be affected and
sell still lower. Therefore in shipping fruit the markets must be
carefully studied from week to week, and, ir possible, from day
to day. Several other things must be considered. Freight
charges, insurance, primage, dockage, cooperage and commis-
sion charges altogether count up quite a sum, varying from
$1.25 to $1.50. In addition to this you will observe that much
of the fruit arrives out slack, wet, slightly wet or open, and when
that is the case it will sell from one to four or five shillings less
per barrel than if marked tight. Getting there tight makes a big
difference in the price. I can get more for number two apples
arriving there tight than you or anybody else can for choice
number one's if they arrive there slack. A large proportion of
the fruit sent this season has arrived there slack.

The great secret — in reality there is no secret about it — of suc-
cess in shipping fruit either to a foreign or to a domestic port,
is to know how to pack that fruit in the most attractive manner
and solidly. So much has been said and written upon the sub-
ject of packing that it seems almost useless to say more. In
packing first-class fruit, select the largest and highest colored
apples to face the barrel; then place about one-half bushel of
those nearly as good close to them and fill up with first-class
fruit only. Some make but one grade, when, after observing

STATE POMOLO'GICAL SOCIETY. II5

the first two requisitions, they fill up with first and second class
fruit mixed, a very objectionable method. Let your ones be
ones and your twos be twos, but in packing twos it is better to
select medium sized and good colored ones to face the barrel,
putting about a peck or one-half bushel of pluggers close to
them and filling the barrel with regular stock.

How to pack and press in this fruit so as to be solid and
arrive out tight is quite a trick but those who know how can do
it nearly every time; that is, barring accidents, they are reason-
ably sure of its arriving out tight. It is useless, however, to
attempt to tell just how to do it; everybody must learn them-
selves through their own experience, or by observing those
expert at the business.

IGNORING THE TWOS.

Some people say a number two apple should never be ship-
ped abroad or to any market, and a good many buyers this year
refused to purchase any but number one apples. This is all
folly. People who talk that way really don't know what they are
talking about. If there were no number two apples raised that
would simplify if not settle the matter, but there always have been
and there probably always will be number two apples raised.
If everybody would evaporate or make into vinegar, or feed to
their stock their number two apples that w'ould reduce the
amount of salable stock and advance prices, but everybody
won't do it, for evaporated apple is low enough now; there
would be no profit in making more cider-vinegar when that
already made will not sell at paying prices, and the feeding value
of apples is too small to be considered. Moreover number two
apples sell better in foreign than in our own home markets and
frequently bring much more than they would if evaporated.

They sometimes sell abroad within one shilling or one shilling
sixpence of the best and as long as that is the case no one will be
willing to throw away or evaporate that class of apples. There
are too many of them. We are perfectly willing our neighbor
should throw his away, but are not at all inclined that way our-
selves. In order to get over the difficulty I have heard some
farmers say they didn't have any number two apples this year or
none to speak of. All I can say is, I should hate to buy that
man's apples at his way of thinking.

Il6 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

Taking all things into consideration, I would advise orchard-
ists, unless they have large lots whereby they can cover several
months in shipping, to sell to good parties on this side rather
than to assume all the risks themselves. Ordinarily there is too
much risk for a small shipper on an uncertain market. One
may strike a prize and one may draw a blank. It is too much
like a lottery. From my ow-n experience and that of many
others I cannot but draw the conclusion that it is better to sell
to a good commission house or to reliable parties constantly
shipping.

DISCUSSION.

O. Do you ship apples in barrels or cases?

A. I wrote to a gentleman across the water who wanted me
to ship direct to him, a broker and commission merchant on the
other side, and he wrote me not to ship them in cases.

Q. I would like to inquire what the condition of apples is
when they are wet?

A. Well they may have acquired that by being on board the
steamer where they absorb moisture and may have been wTink-
led up a little. They may have acquired that by pressing in too
many.

Q. How do you understand apples are sold in the foreign
market?

Merrill — I understand the apples are poured out there for
the benefit of the dealers as well as the auctioneers; there are
long tables running along and the dealers come up and buy
them for themselves or for others doing a retail trade. When
they buy those apples they open them up and they want them to
look nice, and when people come along and see a barrel with
nice large apples they want to see if they are good down in the
barrel and they poke down into them ; and if they are good they
like to get that same brand the next time they come.

I noticed a report of the meeting of the New York Horticul-
tural Society in which some of them found fault with the grow-
ers of fruit and said the trouble was there were too many varie-
ties sent across the water and they did not pack them solid
enough. That is true. There are too many apples loosely
packed and it hurts the market as much as over-production.

O. What are apples worth for fattening purposes?

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. II7

A. I have fed hundreds of bushels of apples to hogs, but I
never fattened one yet on apples. I don't care what you feed
them to there is no fattening to apples; a boy will sit down and
eat a peck, but he will eat just as much dinner afterwards as a
man would.

A large fruit grower that I know went into the evaporating
business and after he got well under way I said to him, "How
much will it cost you? About five cents a pound to evaporate
this fruit. How will you get out of it?" "Well," said he, "I am
going to make a choice article." But if everybody went into
evaporating fruit where would we be? That wouldn't make any
more fruit and if the crop was evaporated there wouldn't be any
more buyers. There are a great many number twos and we are
perfectly willing our neighbor should throw his away, but we are
not at all inclined to throw ours away. I have heard men say
they only had number one apples. I only thought I should
hate to buy their apples.

Briggs — Why can't you explain how ro pack apples? The
ordinary man understands how to pack apples; all there is to it
is to pile in the apples and put in half a bushel or three pecks to
make it square to go across the water in a tight condition and
so continue it till the barrel is full, and properly filled the barrel
will arrive in good condition. This is the experience of all ship-
pers.

Atherton — The first year we shipped my fruit sold well and
the prices were satisfactory; but again I noticed a good many
marked flat and the prices were of course less. Well I found
we had got to do something so I sent them more solid, and out
of three crates I had only three marked lacking. Then a man
came from Boston and he could head more apples than any
other man I ever saw. He made me round them up and then
press them in together and walk the barrel back and forth till I
jounced them together. I said I am afraid you are going to
spoil the apples by pressing in too many; well, he said, I am
going to have them tight any way, and I will write you of the
condition your apples arrive in. The firm wrote "the 'Ax\' (the
mark I had for my apples) show very careful packing and are the
only apples that have been well shipped."

Il8 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE FOREIGN APPLE MARKETS.
By Alfred W. Otis, Boston.

(In the absence of the writer the paper was read by Mr. W. P.
Babb of Portland.)

I understand from the programme that my subject is to be
"The Foreign Markets," but I have taken it to be more partic-
ularly the foreign apple markets.

American apples have been exported to European markets for
a great many years but my personal experience dates back only
to the season of 1 880-1881. The exports that season from all
American ports were in round numbers 1,300,000 barrels and
many weeks the quantities were limited only to the carrying
capacity of the steamers. From that time the business has
grown in almost every particular. The steamship companies
have done much to cater to the interests of the shippers and in
building their new steamers have given particular thought to
the necessities of the apple carrying trade.

In 1880 the shipping from New England was almost wholly
done by the dealers in and around Quincy Market, Boston, and
an issue of fifty circulars would supply each shipper with the
latest information. Now instead of fifty local shippers there
have been this season not less than six to eight hundred differ-
ent shippers from various parts of New England, sending their
consignments on Boston steamers alone.

Many farmers, believing that they might as well have the
profit themselves, which they supposed of course the speculators
received, have shipped their apples, and in some cases have real-
ized not the profits, but the sad fact that "All is not gold that
glitters." In some sections the entire crops are forwarded and
sold for the growers' accounts, while in other localities the
apples are bought up by speculators and I am free to say that in
some respects the speculator has the advantage. He handles
not the apples from his one particular orchard regardless of the
quality, but he naturally looks for the best which he obtains upon
as favorable terms as possible. If in shipping only from one
orchard, his apples happened to arrive upon a low market, his

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. II9

account would of course show a loss, but as a speculator he fol-
lows the market and soon has an opportunity to recover his
losses and comes out with a balance on the right side.

The foreign outlet for our apples is confined almost wholly to
the markets of Great Britain. The most important market is
Liverpool, then comes London, Glasgow, Hull and lately to a
very small degree Manchester and Bristol.

As Liverpool is the most important I will give that market
my particular attention. It is important on account of the
superior transportation facilities which it has in the way of many
lines of large and fast steamers from New York, Boston and
]\Iontreal, and in the winter season from Portland; also because
it is a large distributing centre to the large markets of Man-
chester, Birmingham, Leeds and other cities throughout Eng-
land. Immediately upon being landed in Liverpool, apples are
sorted according to marks upon the dock and dififerent selec-
tions made according to the tightness of the packing; the differ-
ent terms being "tights," "slack," "slightly wet," and "wet," the
term "wet" indicating that the barrels show wet upon the sides
or ends from the juice of the fruit and not wet with salt water (as
some people suppose); "wet" or "slightly wet" shows to the
buyer that the fruit is to a greater or less extent decayed. After
selections are made, samples of each and every mark (usually
about four barrels out of a lOO barrel lot) are sent to the sales
room. In this one room all the brokers, or as we would call
them, auctioneers, take turns selling their apples. Here all the
apples as well as other green fruits importd into Liverpool are
sold at auction.

The sales room is arranged something after the plan of a
theatre, the auctioneer and their clerks on one side, while the
buyers occupy seats arranged in circular rows on the other, and
in the centre, that is between the seller and the buyers, is the
elevator up on which samples come up from a room below.
These samples are opened, part on the faced end and part on the
pressed end and then emptied into large baskets, thus showing
fully the contents of the barrels.

The sales take place every Monday, Wednesday and Friday,
and are attended by buyers representing dealers from all over
England and when conditions are favorable from some places on

120 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the continent. It is owing to the system of selection which is fol-
lowed allowing buyers to reject any but the "tight packed"
packages which allows all England to become a buyer in this one
room. If compelled to take all of a mark, whether "tight,"
"slack." or "wet," the out of town buyers would not buy at auc-
tion but would buy second handed where they could get only
such fruit as could be safely shipped to their inland markets.
With 250 buyers in one room ready to bid for such fruit as may
meet their wants, it is very evident that better prices will be real-
ized than if the bidding was confined to the comparativelv few
dealers in the city of Liverpool. It is true that the prices real-
ized are not always satisfactory to shippers but this is also true
of the fruit business in any market and the commission business
in other lines as well. I believe it can truthfully be said of Liv-
erpool that it has the best system for handling immense quanti-
ties of perishable merchandise of any market in the world. In
London, Glasgow and the other markets the trade is not so. con-
centrated and the demand is principally for local consumption.

The question is often asked why England does not raise its
own supply of apples. The climate is such that it is impossible
to grow the varieties such as we have and such as are grown
there do not have the keeping quality of the American apple.
Theirs are green varieties and are usually well out of the markets
early in October. A year ago last fall the English crop was the
largest on record and very little demand was anticipated for
American fruit, but as soon as the good sound varieties appeared
there was at once an active demand which continued throughout
the season at comparatively high prices.

The principal apple of commerce is beyond all question the
Baldwin, which is usually the standard of quotations. The
apples commanding the highest prices in England are the New-
town Pippins shipped from a small section in the Hudson River
Valley; these have at some seasons sold at over seventy shil-
lings, that is $17.00 to $18.00, and two years ago one shipper
received, net, clear of all expenses, over $1,400.00 for 200 barrels
of apples, part of which were seconds. Other varieties that
meet with a good demand as long as quantities are not excessive
are Ben Davis, Greenings and later in the season Russets.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121

This year has been one for the estabhshment of records. It
opened with the earhest shipment ever known, being sent early
in July from New York. The heaviest single shipment that
ever crossed the Atlantic was over 25,000 barrels on the steam-
ship "Scotsman" that sailed from Boston on the 27th of Novem-
ber. The heaviest weekly shipment on record was the total for
the week ending October 10, being over 182,000 barrels from all
ports. The total shipments from all ports are altogether over
2,500,000 barrels or a million barrels more than any previous
year. Boston has shipped already over 900,000 barrels and will
have shipped before the end of the season considerably over
1,000,000 barrels. The largest cjuantity ever received at the port
of Liverpool in one week was for the week ending October 24,
being over 107,000 barrels. The supplies during the month of
October were on an average of 12,000 barrels daily. The total
receipts in Liverpool up to the 6th of this month were 1,266,262
barrels. These figures give a slight idea of the iniluence that
the foreign markets have upon the interests of the farmers and
the apple growers of this country. When prices seem low we
may well ask the question what would become of the American
apples if it were not for some such outlet?

As regards prices, this season cannot be said to have been
generally satisfactory up to the first of January. The season
opened unusually early and shipments consisted of early varie-
ties which were not sufBciently good to attract a demand in the
English market. During October enormous shipments were
made in very hot weather and landing in very poor condition,
the prices were disastrous in the extreme. Later in October
there w'as a slight improvement in the equality and some falling
off in receipts and prices showed an advance. Just at that time,
however, all the growers and shippers huiried shipments for-
ward to avoid freezing with the result that the markets were
glutted worse than they had been at all during the season. This
glut continued up to the end of December, many shipments
realizing very little and in some cases absolutely nothing over
and above expenses. The low prices caused shipments to stop
almost entirely and the markets having a chance to react prices
have since been very satisfactory. It is quite evident that if ihe
shipments this season had been confined only to the best quality

122 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and the seconds and poorer grades had been disposed of or even
thrown away at home, more would have been reaHzed for the
crop than the actual figures show.

It is impossible in a paper of this kind to cover fully all points
connected with the foreign apple markets but have endeavored
to give the members a general idea of conditions attending the
exportation of apples.

DISCUSSION.

Whittier — Do buyers in that sales room have a chance for
close inspection of the apples?

A. As I understand it they do. I judge partly from the way
the fruit is sold in Boston, that our auctions are carried on some-
thing as theirs ; the fruit is all landed on the wharf and the fruit
branded; you can very easily tell whether they are in a sound
condition or not, if they have begun to decay they will look wet.
They have catalogues and every buyer is furnished with a cata-
logue; these catalogues are left blank and the prices are not car-
ried out. These are printed on stiff paper. A man takes his
catalogue and goes to the wharf and every man has some way of
ranking the fruit ; some will use one hundred dollars and some
one hundred as the average grade of fruit. This is his estimate
of the fruit.

I think the only opportunity for an inspection of the fruit is
in the sales room. He looks the fruit over and marks it ofif
according to its rank. He then goes to the sales room and there
he has a chance to inspect it; he opens his catalogue and if they
are selling No. i he simply takes his catalogue and refers to how
it looked on the wharf and then makes the foundation of his bid.
He bids on tight packages but you know when the demand is
good a man will take packages he wont when the market is
dull; then the catalogue will go back with more slacks; there are
no more slacks reported than there are but if a man makes up
his mind he can make a profit on the slack apples he don't say
anything about it. They bid on those apples in reference to
getting tight packages and they have the privilege of rejecting
the slack ones if they buy five hundred barrels, but he can't take
less than twenty and if the rest are all right he has got to take his
twenty barrels; it is for that reason that Mr. Otis speaks of the
farmers guaranteeing their stock; you have got to in some way

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1 23

Stand responsible, if you don't, it will drive in another man to
intervene between you.

If the farmer has apples enough he could get just as good
returns as anybody. Of course the apples are what the buyers
are after; here is Mr. Merrill who is shipping apples every week
and if he is noted for putting up the best apples that go too
Liverpool he will get the run of the market. There is a good
deal in packing apples to go across the water; I have been con-
nected with the. apple business ever since I was a boy on the
farm, I have bought and packed them and every apple man says
he cannot see why so many slack apples turn out this year; last
fall the apples that were supposed to be the hardest came in wet,
but people said they took just as much pains as usual in packing
them. Last fall we had very warm weather and the apples
shrunk up; one man said his apples shrunk about one barrel in
ten. That don't pay.

A great many people press their apples enough but they don't
get them in right, most people make a cone and press them in so
tight and firm they gradually press toward the outside; the
right way is to press them so every apple w'ill tighten together,
in the other way your apples are all mush and you make your
w^et and slack apples all through your barrel. Of course as we
turn apples they will pile up and leave spaces, as you turn in
your apples turn in one-half a bushel and shake it down and
turn in another half bushel and shake it down; that shaking
should be the only shaking, shaking as you put them in.

Air. Athertox — Apples have been packed real nice and
before they got across the water they were wet, probably on
account of careless handling on board the steamer.

Mr. Babb — There may be cases where that is true but a great
many boats are going across the water and I don't think you
will find them rolling their apples as much as they used to. The
steamship people see that it is for their advantage to land their
apples in good shape. We have some boats that apple shippers
will shun; somtimes we will hold back a shipment so they will
not strike a boat that don't land their apples in good shape and
the men have taken an interest and built their vessels so they
can take the apples across in good condition.

124 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Knowlton — Who are the buyers there, jobbers, retail-
ers or consumers?

A. I perhaps cannot answer that, but I think I am correct in
my idea that they are both of them. If a retailer thinks it will
pay him he will go there. If a retailer thinks it will pay him in
Boston he goes to the auctions; I think it is likely the most are
jobbers, but there is nothing to restrict the retailer if he buys.

HARDY ROSES— VARIETIES— CULTURE.

Mr. Ernest Saunders, Lewiston's well-known florist, read a
finely prepared and instructive paper on hardy roses, treating of
their culture and varieties. Mr. Saunders said that our hardy
roses were supposed to winter without protection, but he had
found it to pay to protect even the hardiest varieties, especially
during winters like the present. Roses do not require a great
deal of protection, simply bending them down and covering with
brush and straw.

Mr. Saunders named the following varieties which he had
grown and were to be recommended. In the red, the Gen,
Jacqueminot is the old stand-by, and is hard to beat. Fisher
Holmes, about the same color, but freer bloomer. Baron de
Banstotten is the best dark crimson rose he had ever grown,
and is about the color of the Black Prince, and by far the best
grower.

In pink sorts Mrs. John Laing is a strong grower, free
bloomer and one of the most beautiful of the hardy roses. Paul
Neyron is another good grower and produces the largest flowers
of any rose grown. Mme. Gabriel Luiyet, Baroness Rothschild
and Magna Charta, are also very good varieties.

In white the Margaret Dickson is a strong grower and pro-
duces beautiful large blossoms. Mrs. Cleveland is also a good
white rose, delicately tinted with pink. Mme. Plantier is an-
other good grower and profuse bloomer in June but is not a
perpetual. Caroline Marinesse is a profuse bloomer but flowers
are small.

Mr. Saunders said he' had not been able to find a good per-
petual yellow rose, but the two best varieties tried were Harrison
yellow and Persian yellow, profuse June bloomers.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I25

THE CLIJ^IBERS.

Among the climbers Mr. Saunders named first Baltimore
Belle, a good bloomer in June; Crimson Rambler is a climber
which is fast gaining popularity. It produces large clusters of
small crimson roses and makes a beautiful display. Empress of
China, when well grown, gives a profusion of flowers most of
the summer.

CULTURE OF ROSES.

When the plants are received from the nursery, under no cir-
cumstances allow thfem to lie exposed to the sun ; place them in a
cellar or a damp place where the roots will be kept moist.

The first and most important requisite is the preparation of a
suitable place for planting. Give them a protected situation
from high winds and a sunny exposure. Roses will do best
planted in beds. They will do well in almost any soil that is
properly drained and enriched. If the soil is too strong a clay,
work in coa-1 ashes and lime; it should be thoroughly manured
and worked to the depth of eight or ten inches. Never use
green, undecomposed manure. If old manure is not at hand
use commercial fertilizer and mulch with coarse manure and
work it into the soil the following spring.

The rose may be set in spring or fall but spring planting is
preferable. Plant about the same depth as they grew in the nur-
sery; this for plants on their own roots. Budded or grafted
plants should be set so the juncture will be three inches below
the surface, to present suckers starting from the stock. Advised
setting plants on their own roots, although they will not grow
quite so rank as biiclded plants.

Have the soil well pulverized when setting and firmly pressed
about the roots.

ROOM FOR PLANTS.

Regulate the distance apart to the plant by the vigor of the
plants. As a rule two feet each way is a good distance. If
planted in beds select the strongest growing sorts for the cen-
tre, let the weaker growers occupy the outside.

126 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

IMPORTANCE OF PRUNING.

The pruning- of roses is one of the most important features of
culture. Ah roses should be pruned before or immediately after
planting. Not to do this is one of the greatest mistakes that can
be made, as the roots will not feed so many buds and a weak
growth ensues.

The shock of transplanting must be met by the shortening of
both shoots and roots. The shoots should be cut back to three
or four buds. All of the bruised roots should be pruned, cutting
away to riu sound wood, also the large roots should be short-
ened to induce sending out small, fibrous roots.

ENEMIES OF THE ROSE.

One of the chief enemies to the rose is the aphis or green fly.
They are destroyed by showering with tobacco water.

Mildew is another bad thing, it is caused by change of the
weather, but this can be easily overcome if taken in time by the
application of dry sulphur when the dew is on the leaves.

The red spider is another pest which gets in its work in hot
weather. The best way to get rid of them is to shower the
plants.

Another troublesome insect is the rose hopper, a small white
insect which works on the leaves. A sharp lookout should be
kept for them early in the season, and as soon as discovered
sprinkle the leaves with white hellebore.

DISCUSSION.

Q. IIow do you apply white hellebore early in the season to
keep ofif the bugs?

K. Just sprinkle it on as you would Paris Green or any-
thing, you can put it in a pepper box or a sieve.

Q. Don't they work on the under side of the leaves?

A. I never had any trouble when we applied it early in the
season.

Q. When should roses be pruned in the fall or spring?

A. I don't know as it makes any difference either in the
fall or spring. Sometimes we cut them back and sometimes they
die down.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 12/

Q. Please tell us how to prepare the tobacco water?

A. Just put into water and sprinkled on, a little weak water
will do it.

O. Will you tell us of some varieties that will stand the cold
winter with no snow?

A. All these varieties that I have named are supposed to be
hardy in this State.

O. You spoke of applying narcotic stimulant. In the way
of a decoction or fumigation. The easier way. for me is to
fumigate.

A. Yoa can't do that very well out of doors unless }OU are
a better smoker than the most of folks. I think the plants
would stand it all rioht but I can't sav about the green flies.

PLANT STUDY.
By Prof. L. M. Felch, Houlton.

Some knowledge of plants should be possessed by everyone.
This necessity has been recognized ever since man appeared
upon the earth. The study of plants is probably the oldest of
the sciences, authorities to the contrary, for before man began
the study of the heavenly bodies, he had turned his attention,
through necessity, to the study of plants, and had investigated
their properties and applied them to his needs.

Botany has had a place among the natural sciences about one
hundred years and wherever it has been well taught, it has been
a favorite study. The first writings on botany contained a
description of about eight hundred plants, at the revival of
learning not more than one thousand four hundred were
known. The immortal Linnaeus was acquainted with only
eight thousand, while at the present day, more than 150,000 are
known and additions are being constantly made. The student
need have no fear that he can exhaust the subject, and that his
desire to learn will ever lack material, for a long life given to any
one of its departments would still leave it unfinished.

128 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

No brancli of study gives so much pleasure, and as its new
beauties are unfolded to the 'eye of the observer, he will feel as the
poet felt when" he wrote:

"But who can paiut
Like Xatuie? Cau imaginariou boast,
Amid its gay creation, hues like hers,
Or can it mix them with such matchless skill,
Aud lose them iti each other, as ajjpears
lu every bud that blows?"'

A knowledge of botany is necessary to enable one to select
such plants as are suited to the climate and soil. The agricultiir-
ist must know the habits of plants and their modes of growth so
that he can prepare his ground giving to each its appropriate
food. We have to a great extent, passed the mere experimental
stage, when every farmer might make his own experiments.
Competition is now too active, and the products of the soil are
not sufficiently renumerative to allow every farmer to work out
his own methods of profitable plant production. The farmer
must, like every other man who wishes, or expects to meet with
success, learn all there is for him to learn, in his particular line
of work; and while he may add much to the general fund of
knowledge, by careful observation, yet he must, except in rare
cases, turn over the work of original research to those who have
leisure and opportunity for research. No calling in life requires
more intelligence and all around mental development than that
of the successful farmer; and of prime importance in his develop-
ment, must be the knowledge of plants, with all that this in-
cludes.-

Nor can we be content with what we, today, consider the
useful plants. Men must be trained to observe, not alone with
the eye of the past, but with added acuteness, we should see
what our fathers could not, did not need to see. There are too
many in the world who see nothing. • Agassiz said of the great
number of students he had trained, but two had become observ-
ers, two who could really see.

The plants we now deem useful are but a part of those the
coming generations will find adapted to their wants. Linnaeus
knew, at most but 8800 plants, and most of this number were
not ranked among the useful plants. Europe now gathers 4200

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I29

plants for use. It has been said that, "He who caused two blades
of grass to grow where one grew before, is a pubhc benefactor."
What then should be said of the one wdio can add to the number
of useful plants? IMany of those we now know and prize, shovild
we meet them in their wild state, would probably be passed by
as of no account.

We are constantly developing new' wants, or the source of
supply is too limited, and new demands are being made upon
the plant realm for supply. It was but comparatively a short
time ago when India rubber was discovered and brought into the
general service of man. But to-day the plants which have been
depended upon, are wholly inadequate to supply the demands
made upon them, and new sources of supply, or an enlarging of
the original, has been demanded, and already another has been
discovered. And it is to fill this demand for those who are able
to see, not in a general but in a particular sense, that the study
of botany is particularly adapted. \\'e have but to glance about
us to see the necessity for further discoveries in order to meet
the growing wants. Our magnificent forests of hemlock are
nearly a thing of the past. Already we have to go long dis-
tances to see a good specimen of this noble tree, and the few
that remain, will soon disappear. But we shall need leather and
it must be tanned. Where are the plants to yield the tannic
acid? Our magnificent lumber forests are being rapidly swept
away, and the children are now born who will have to settle the
question of an adequate supply of lumber. Demands upon the
plant realm, in the future will be more exacting than in the past,
and men must be trained who shall understand the conditions
most favorable for particular plant development, and for their
preservation. This is not a sentiment but a necessity. I live
in the fair Aroostook, the great lumber district of our State; and
within my recollection the demands upon its resources have
reduced its capacity to produce one-third. The new demand
which is stripping if of its small timber, is reducing it in some
places I have visited, to the appearance of a barren waste. Before
the paper pulp industry was inaugurated, there was some sys-
tem which gave the lumber opportunity to grow. Large trees
with seams, being unfit for use, were left to scatter their seeds;
and the smaller trees were not disturbed. But this new industry

9

130 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

can make use of any tree clown to five inches in diameter, and
what is not cut for logs is cut for skids and handspikes. Years
ago from three to seven logs constituted a load; but now fifty
or *ixty are taken at a load, and I read in the paper of one team
hauling 150 "logs" at one load. The cuttings now resemble a
clearing, while in the old time only the larger trees were taken.
You can see what the effect will be. The young trees deprived
of shade grow up scrubby, knotty, unfit for lumber, and even
unfit for pulp. This produces conditions for forest fires and
floods, such as were not found with the old system.

The hemlock, one of the most abundant of the trees of my
boyhood, is now quite scarce, except in places remote from the
tannery or railroad. It is a tree of slow growth; and it would
take a century, if it were left entirely to itself, to restock the
forest with this magnificent and valuable tree.

I could bring other instances to show the great need of intelli-
gence in regard to the protection of our valauble plants. It is
quite as easy to show that intelligence is needed in keeping out
the pernicious plants. Many plants have found their way to this
country which, in their native home, were not considered as
great pests. The daisy, it is said, w^as brought to this country
to beautify our meadows. The Russian thistle is another in-
stance of foreign weeds forcing their unwelconle presence upon
us. Indeed many of these plants are usurping the ground and
driving out the native inhabitants. Here is an opportunity for
teaching the rotation of crops. The native plants have ex-
hausted the particular elements for their growth, while the for-
eign plant finds just the things it most needs.

Much valuable effort has been expended in misdirected and
useless work, which a little knowledge of botany would have
reduced to a minimum, and have rendered effective. As a boy
it was my duty to hoe the garden and to mow the road. In both
these places, the thistles had a firm foothold. How many days
in the hot sun, have I worked at the thistles, with aching back
and fingers full of prickles; but I did not reduce their numbers,
indeed, they seemed to thrive much better than the plants I was
cultivating. I mowed the road two or three times in a year with
the result of augmenting instead of diminishing their numbers.
By lucky chance, I helped a neighbor cut a field of thistles in

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I3I

August. We were all surprised the next year to see a fine field
of timothy, where the thistles had held almost absolute control.
Had I known that the thistle is a biennial, and that fruiting is an
exhausting process, it would have saved me much hard unpro-
fitable work.

I have spoken of these things as reasons for the study of
plant life; but there are reasons more weighty, even if we are
not able to estimate their value in dollars. The child who has
been rightly trained in plant study, will find his highest pleasure
in it, and will never be content to live long wdiere he cannot en-
joy the companionship of his bright, beautiful, ever changing, al-
ways constant friends. Let the children learn the pleasure of the
sweet companionship of plants. Introduce them so they may be-
come friends, nay confidants, and the smell of thewoods.the sing-
ing of the birds, the murmur of the brook, the thousand charms of
sight and sound will be ties to keep them near the enchanted
spot, where such wonders are wrought and where the miracle of
spring is enacted again and again. This knowledge is of too
much worth to be counted in dollars and cents, it is that which
makes the cultured mind truly live.

How should botany be taught? The pupil should study
plants, not books, at first, then books for the sake of plants. No
study is more useless and a greater weariness to the flesh than
the book study of botany. A good v/ork can be done by having
the pupils get acquainted with the forest trees and shrubs. How
few there are who can distinguish our common trees! The
proper study of woods is a valuable preparation for many call-
ings in life. Here is a most favorable opportunity to teach
adaption to soil and rotation of crops. The sugar maple and
beech seek the dry well-drained upland, while the cedar and
brown ash keep their roots near the cool water. One favorite
spot for a lesson with my classes, is where a mighty wind had
swept a track through a heavy growth of maple and beech; but
over their prostrate trunks the fir and spruce are now growing
so thick as to make it almost impossible to penetrate. Here,
also, can be taught a lesson that man must bring about the
proper introduction of seed, or the worthless or useless may take
the place of the useful. This part of plant study can be made
interesting and profitable, by having the pupils make a collec-

132 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tion of woods. To show the necessity of this study, I refer to
the fact that classes can be found in our village schools where
fifty per cent of the pupils are not sure that they can recognize
any tree, except the apple tree. (It was not so in the old time
school, for every one of us knew the birch.)

With more advanced classes the relation of form to strength
of fiber should be taught, as the fir with its pyramidal form,
broad at the base and tapering to a point does not need such
tough wood as the elm, with its broad top and great exposure to
the force of the wind. And another, that the trees with large
thin leaves, like tlie maple, must drop its leaves before the rude
blasts of winter come on, while the pine, with its long slender
leaves, may keep them all the year.

The pupils can be excited to profitable competition by seeing
who can name, correctly, the greatest number of woods from the
specimens. This induces careful observation of structure. No
mere cursory observation will do, as so many woods are very
similar in appearance; and only the closest scrutiny can detect
a difiterence. This study carried to its legitimate conclusion
would give the preliminary work so important to the architect
and cabinet maker.

The study of trees and shrubs can be used when other mater-
ial cannot be obtained, and can be extended over a series of
years, and still enough can be found to interest and profit the
pupil. It is not beyond the youngest; and food for thought
and development of the reason can be found for the more
advanced. It has a practical side, too, in teaching that many
of our native trees and shrubs are better adapted to ornamental
purposes than those brought from distant places by the nursery-
man. Seeds, also, can be used to teach many valuable lessons.
The composition, parts, distribution, vitality, and conditions
favorable to germination, etc. These are all interesting and
easilv taught by observation, and are elements which would go
far toward making the farmer work intelligently, and with a
love for his work.

But the flowers in their season should be in every home and
school. Thev invite our attention and study by appealing to
every avenue to attention by the most attractive means. Not
only do they charm the eye by their variety of color, but they
load the air with their sweet perfume.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I33

I wish to speak a word in favor of our native wild flowers. To
me, there are no others of so much interest; for if they lack in
size or brilliancy, they more than make it up in grace, simplicity
and adaptation to their purpose in life, the production of seed.
We have many that are well Avorth the attention of the horticul-
turist, and when intelligent efifort has been given to their devel-
opment, they will no doubt reward his efforts. The orchid is
the fashionable flower at present, and some of our native species
are well worth cultivation. (Demonstration of Ladies' Slipper
and others.)

In all the study of plants one must work with pencil in hand,
as we never truly see a thing until we attempt to reproduce it.
You all know how true this is. Attempt to draw anything with
which you are most intimately accjuainted, and you will find
that before you can give even a rough idea of it, you will have
to study it again and again. It is not so hard to picture an
object as it is to see it. So, in the proper study of plants the
pupil gets a particular training in the art of seeing.

The old time study of Botany consisted in pulling a plant
apart, counting its stamens, pistils, etc., and running it through
a gauntlet of hard names until at last a high sounding name was
given to the little common plant, a name which the average stu-
dent was never sure he was able to pronounce, and which he
did not understand. This part of plant study, too, is valuable,
but the pupil should be so far introduced to the plant, and the
name, that he will see that the name is but a fitting description
of the plant, given to it because of its peculiar structure. The
student cannot make much progress in this study without this
knowledge. The pupil should make an herbarium, and with
each plant a description, both verbal and by drawing, the stu-
dent using his own powers of observation. This description
should be compared with that of some well known authority,
thus he will have an opportunity to measure his powers of see-
ing and expression. (Demonstration of herbarium and draw-
ings.)

]\Iost of the flowering plants may be studied without any aid
from the microscope in their gross details, and even some of the
fiowerless plants can be quite well understood with but little aid
from lenses. The ferns are among the plants which we should

134 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

know and cultivate, not because of their food value, as they
have none, but because of their grace and beauty. Thoreau
says, "nature made ferns tor pure leaves to show what she could
do in that line," and other plants may produce simple leaves, or
make rude attempts at beauty with divided leaflets, but the fern
IS able to surpass them all. Ferns are found growing in all soils,
and they strive to call our attention to the fact that they are
adapted to fill in and cover and beautify the places which cannot
support another plant. "Ferns are nature's decorative ideas,
only intended for brightening up the underwood and softening
the rugged outlines of gray rocks," says a writer; and why can
not the farmer and gardener of to-day make use of this means of
adding beauty to the home. Many of our common ferns are
well adapted to indoor decoration, and a pot of ferns on the
dinner table adds much to one's pleasure. (Demonstration of
ferns suitable.) Most ferns thrive well if given a moist shady
place, and once started need but little attention.

The process of fertilization is one which is of much import-
ance to all agriculturists and should be well understood. The
care which nature takes to insure fertilization, and the prefer-
»:;nce shown by most plants for cross-fertiiization is well illus-
trated by the common Dandelion. (Demonstration.)

The knowledge of fertilization will lead to the proper knowl-
edge of hybridization; a subject of great importance to the
horticulturist. In order to have a full understanding of this
subject, the pupil should have the use of a good microscope;
indeed, the use of a microscope is cjuite essential to the proper
understanding of many of the subjects I have named. A good
microscope can now be obtained at a very reasonable figure, and
every school should be supplied with one, or more, and also a
teacher wno knows how to use it. The selection of a microscope
should not be left to anyone; but the advice of some recognized
authority should be obtained. It is very necessary in the
advanced study of plants and animals that the pupil be able to
get his knowledge at first hand, and that it should not be filtered
through a book. Other subjects of importance for study are
mosses, algae, fungi, etc. In these the use of a microscope is
imperative.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I35

I have thus, briefly, attempted to put before you the import-
ance of plant study. I hope I have not wearied you to such
an extent that you have determined you will have nothing to do'
with it but if so, I ask you to go out into the midst of nature and
let the plants, for which I have attempted to speak, use their
powers of persuasion, and I am sure you will excuse me for my
slow speech and blundering expressions.

REMARKS.

MuNSON — I think this lecture that we have listened to is one
of the most interesting features of the meetings and one of the
most important ones; but it is one whose importance is not
recognized by the people of the State in general ; one not recog-
nized by the teachers of the State, i. e., the importance of coming
to know and study plants instead of studying pictures. In most
of our high schools plant study consists merely in studying
nature text-books. But it is better to go directly to nature, and
I would thereby favor giving the audience an opportunity to
look over these specimens and I move that we have a recess of
ten minutes for the purpose of examining those specimens.

(Recess.)

SCALE INSECTS.
By F. L. Harvey.

TXTRODUCTIOX.

There have been no unusual injuries done by scale insects in
Maine during the past season.

We are asked no doubt to prepare a paper upon them on
account of the deep interest awakened by the introduction and
rapid spread of the San Jose Scale in the United States and
partly because of the fear that this pest may become established
in ]\Iaine and information of its habits will be needed to enable
us to successfully fight it.

The short time allotted us will be devoted to a consideration
of the

(a) Classification and characters of scale insects.

136 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

(b) The life history of scale insects.

(c) The common injurious scales of Maine.

(d) The San Jose scale.

(e) The San Jose scale in Maine.

(f) Remedies.

(g) Importance of legislation against the introduction and
spread of injurious insects.

CLASSIFICATIOX AND CHARACTERS.

The scale insects belong to the Order Hemiptera, or half-
winged insects like the squash bug, Chinch bug, &c. This
order is divided into three sub-orders: the Heteroptera (varied
winged), or true bugs, the Parasitica which includes the suck-
ing lice and the Homoptera, (similar winged bugs.) The
scale insects belong to the latter along with the leaf hoppers, tree
hoppers, jumping plant lice, starchy scales, cicadas and others.

The insects of this order have the mouth parts adapted for
sucking. They include a large number of species injurious to
cultivated and useful plants. A few like the lac and cochineal
insects are useful and some of the predaceous species are benefi-
cial by destroying insects injurious to man.

To the Family Coc-ci- dae belong the scale insects or bark
lice, Mealy bugs, &c., the subjects of this paper. Among these
are some of the worst pests to fruit growers. The members of
this family appear so tmlike other insects that the novice is
always surprised when told where they belong. They dififer
much among themselves and the adult males and females are
very dissimilar. The adult females are always wingless and
the adult males provided with one pair of wings. The males
have no mouth parts these being replaced in the development
of the insect by a second pair of eyes.

The body of the females is either scale-like, gall-like, or grub-
like and clothed with wax. The waxy covering under which the
insect lives may be powdery, composed of tufts or plates, a
continuous layer, or a thin scale.

LIFE HISTORY.

The life history of scale insects varies considerable but the
following are the main points. Early in spring the young lice
are produced alive as in the San Jose scale, or from eggs as

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I37

the oyster-shell l)ark-louse. The young find a suitable place on
the stem, leaves and fruit of the host plant and attach themselves
by their sucking beaks, living on the sap. Sooner or later a
scale develops over them. The female lay eggs or produces
young and the body shrivels finally occupying only a small space
at one end or the centre of the scale.

SCALE INSECTS OF MAINE.

We have made no special study of the scale insects of Maine.
They are quite numerous attacking both wild and cultivated
plants. We know quite a num1)er of species but will only con-
sider the more common ones that have been found doing injury
to cultivated plants in the State.

THE WHITE SCALE OLEANDER SCALE.

Aspidiotus ncrii Boiichc. We have received specimens of
English Ivy infected with the white scale. It does not seem to
be common in Maine. It may have been introduced with the
plants when they came from the dealers. We know of one case
where a healthy plant was infested from a neighbor's plant by
leaves brought into the house. This scale is founH on oranges
and lemons and might be introduced by those fruits brought into
the house. This species is figured and described in Maine Experi-
ment Station Report for 1888 p. 184. We have no specimens
to show you.

THE PINE-LEAF SCALE.

Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch. This species is snow white and
though small is easily seen upon the green leaves.

It is quite abundant on three species of pine on the university
campus and also on Norway spruce.

The specimen branches submitted show the scale nicely.

THE OYSTER-SHELL BARK-LOUSE.

Alytilaspis pomonun Bonchc. Is the most common injurious
species found in Maine. It is widely distributed in the State
and must do considerable damage to orchards. We have found
it on the apple, pear, plum, round-wood, wild and cultivated
currants and abundantly on willow It is introduced on voung

138

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

nursery stock and spreads through winged forms of the insect
and the agency of birds whicli carry the young hce on their
feet. It is not uncommon to find apple trees as badly infected

Howard, Kntoniological Division, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1894.

THE OYSTER-SHELL BARK LOUSE. {TrytUaspls pomorum.)

a, female scale from below, showing eggs; 6, same from aliove— greatly en-
larged; c, female scales; rf, male scale— enlarged (original) ; e, male scales on twig
— natural size.

as the branch I show you. This species is fully considered and
illustrated in the report of the Maine Experiment Station 1888
p. 157. We are not a^vare that much efifort is made to check
it. It does not usually kill the trees, but must be a great drain
upon them dwarfing the shoots and fruit.

THE ELiM-TREE llAKK-LOUSE.

Lccaiiiiun Caryac, Fitch var. Caiiadciisc, Cockerell. This is
a bark louse of a mahogany brown color and hemispherical
shape. It is very abundant upon elm trees all over the State and
must do much damage. The branches in spring are sometimes

SPRUCE GALL LOUSE (Chermes abietis, L.) See page 189.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1 39

literally alive with the young lice. These remain active all win-
ter and develop the brown hemispherical scales over themselves
the following spring. They can be found during the wdnter
months as small oblong reddish brown objects lying close to
the bark on the twigs. The leaves in early summer are often
alive with them. The eggs are reddish and oblong. The
scales are often punctured by parasites, probably by a species of
ichneumon, also a species of mite in great numbers is often
found under the scales. We have had this species under
observation every season for the past eight years and there is
hardlv an elm tree in the vicinity of Orono but what is infested.
The scales drop off sooner or later exposing a circular wooly
patch.

This species is fully considered in Maine Agricultural Experi-
ment Station Report for 1894, p. 107.

SPRUCE GALL LOUSE.

Chcnncs Abictis, L. History — Variously called Spruce Adel-
ges and Spruce Chermes. Native of Europe. Introduced on
Norway spruces. First noticed in Illinois in 1876. Dr. Pack-
ard considered such an insect in "Guide to the study of Insects,"
1869, calling it a species of Adelges. A form of Spruce Gall
Louse is common at the present time in Maine both on Norw^ay
spruces and on the wild species. From what w^e have studied it
we are inclined to think it may be a different species from the
one so exhaustively studied recently by Professor C. H. Fer-
nald. The eggs and young are smaller and the eggs in the clus-
ters less numerous than he describes.

At this writing, June loth, the young are hatching on the
spruces on the university campus.

Distribution— Widely distributed from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, but most common in New England.

Life History — The eggs may be found in the winter w-ith the
body of the female at the base of the buds or leaves enveloped in
a wdiite wooly mass. The eggs hatch at Orono the first of
June. The young lice attach themselves ro the base of young
leaves and finally the galls in which they live are developed
around them. The nymphs are mature in August. The galls
turn yellowish. The cavities open. The nymphs crawl out,

140 STATE po:mol()gical society.

shed their skins and acquh'e wings. Soon attach themselves
and lay eggs for another brood. No males of Chermes have
ever been observed. The galls are persistent on the twigs giv-
ing the trees an unsightly appearance.

Remedies — Whale oil soap, one pound to two gallons has
been successfully used. Should be applied in the spring to
destroy the young lice and eggs of the winter generation.
Hand picking the galls while the nymphs are in them and burn-
ing them would be effectual.

Explanation of Plate — A ]:)ranch showing several deserted
galls. Somewhat reduced. The small white patches on the
terminal twig are two Qgg clusters of the winter brood with the
wooly covering over them. The photograph for the plate was
made by Mr. L. H. Merrill from a twig taken from Norway
spruce on the college campus.

THE DESTRUCTIVE MEALY-BUG.

Dactylopius destructor Comstock. This is the common Mealy
bug so abundant on house plants and in green houses, readily
detected by the mealy coating over the body. This is the only
species of Mealy bug we have seen in the university forcing
houses. The long spined Mealy bug may occur in the State.

THE SAX JOSE SCALE.

Aspidiotus pcrnisiosus Comstock. History — Origin not known.
Is found on plants from Australia, South America and Japan.
Introduced in California about 1870. First attracted attention
at San Jose in 1873, hence the name. It has spread to most of
the Western states, and in 1893 was detected by Mr. L. O. How-
ard from specimens found at Charlottesville, Va. Since then it
has been found in several of the Mississippi valley states and
the Atlantic coast states from Florida to Massachusetts.

Food Plants — The insect is a general feeder having been
found on a great number of species belonging to eleven botani-
cal families. It is more particularly a pest of the plants of the
order Rosaceae attacking most of the common species grown for
fruit.

Importance — It is regarded as the worst pest of the orchard
known. It multiplies rapidly. The females for six weeks give

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

141

birth to living young, several hundred in a generation, and there
are at least four generations in a season. It is intimated that the
progeny of a single female in a season, provided they all lived,
would reach 3,000,000,000. The scales are small and not
readily detected by the casual observer. It is a general feeder
attacking the fruit of many kinds of deciduous trees. Millions
of dollars" worth of fruit trees have been already destroyed by it,
and it is spreading rapidl}'.

Howard, Entoinologiciil Division, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 18;)4.
THE SAN .JOSE, OR PERXICIOUS, SCALE. (Aspidiotus pernicioaus.)
On pear fruit and twig, with enlarged male and fenial scales (original).

Means of Distribution — Through nursery stock. The pest
has spread in the United States from infected nurseries. After
it is introduced it may be spread locally by birds, other insects,
the wind, teams used in cultivating, cions and buds used in
grafting, leaves and fruit, and also from tree to tree by inter-
locking of branches and in the nursery row by thick planting.

142 STATE POJMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Life History — The insects spend the winter under the scales
in a dormant state. Early in the spring they give birth to
minute living young, which run over the host plant and w^hen a
suitable place is found insert their sucking tubes. A scale
begins to form at once over them which is completed in about a
month, when young are produced. There are at least four gen-
erations. The males are minute and winged.

REMEDIES.

Natural — Scales are preyed upon by small ichneumon flies,
mites and birds. The scales often have small round holes in
them where parasites have emerged.

Precautionary — Carefully inspect nursery stock before setting
and destroy all bark lice. Recjuire a guarantee of all nursery
stock from outside the State. Pass laws to enforce the use of
insecticides by shiftless orchardists.

Aggressive — If scales are already in the orchard, and it is the
San Jose scale spray thoroughly when the leaves are ofT, early
in the winter and again just before the leaves start, with whale
oil soap. Solution two pounds to one gallon of water. If
Oystcr-shcll Bark-louse or other one brood species perhaps the
best time to spray is in the spring when the lice are young. If
the leaves are on, a weaker solution than that mentioned must be
used.

For Mealy bugs in greenhouses a free use of the hose and
water is said to be efBcient.

For house plants, an extract of Pyrethrum, four parts of alco-
hol to one of the commercial powder, applied in a fine spray
with an atomizer has proved efficient.

THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN MAINE.

So far as we know the scale has not been found in Maine.
We have made no search for it and do not know as anybody has.
As nursery stock from other states is sold in Maine it is sure to
be introduced. The question that interests us most is whether it
will multiply in our climate. Experience alone can determine
this. It has been found in Massachusetts. We have had no
experience with it, but it is generally regarded as a warm climate
insect. To learn the opinion of those who have experience

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I43

with it we addressecl letters to Professor J. B. Smith. Xew Jer-
sey, Professor Lintner, New York, and they agree that there is
no probabihty of its occurrence unless it finds a limited area
favorable to its multiplication along the Soutliern coast. The
specimens shown of this scale we have from New Jersey, sent us
through the kindness of Prof. J. B. Smith.

LEGISLATION.

A great deal of interest is at present awakened in the matter
of suitable legislation against the introduction and spread of
injurious insects and fungi.

Many of the States have already passed laws.

The matter is to come up for discussion and action before
the National Fruit Growers' Convention that meets at Cleve-
land, Ohio, in March and before a called National Convention
for this purpose which meets in Washington. March 5, 1897.

The United States Department of Agriculture is doing what it
can in the matter.

Resolution — ^As it is a subject in which IMaine should be inter-
ested on her own behalf as well as for the general goo'cl of the
country, we move that delegates be appointed to each of the
above conventions with instructions to aid so far as possible in
the passage of suitable laws against the introduction and spread
of injurious insects and fungi.

DISCUSSION.

Athertox — When will be the time to spray?

A. It will be early in June about the time the leaves begin
to come out; when you see the little white specks running over
the limbs that will be the time to spray.

O. Is the white scale you speak of a hard or a soft scale?

A. A hard scale. If any of you are troubled with injurious
insects and want to know the names of them you have the priv-
ilege of sending them to the Experiment Station at Orono.

President — I see we have something here on the platform
that look like what we call toadstools or Mushrooms, and I will
ask our secretary to tell us something about them.

Mr. Knowlton — I don't know very much about mushrooms
only that some of them are very good to eat, but Mr. Shaw is

144 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

with lis tonight, and I think with a httle bit of coaxing he will go
forward and perhaps say something himself, and if you have any
questions to ask he will answer them if he can.

TALK ON MUSHROOMS.
By Frederick A. Shaw of Winthrop.

I will be very glad to answer any questions regarding these
mushrooms and about growing them. What I don't know
about growing mushrooms will make a very large volvmie ; what
little I do know I am willing to impart to anyone. The one or
two necessary things in growing mushrooms for profit is a warm
place like a cellar, absolutely free from any draft where the reg-
ular heat of 60 degrees can be maintainecl from autumn to
spring; mushrooms can be grown better in the winter when the
gardener has more time to attend to them than any other time
of the year. Perhaps this is not appropriate so much for the
fruit raiser as for the truck gardener because the dressing for
compost which is so essential for growing mushrooms can be
used afterward on the garden and has not deterioated in the
least in having raised the mushrooms. A" great many of you
have seed catalogues given you, giving formulas for the raising
of mushrooms, but my experience is that if you follow the for-
mula to the letter you will not raise many mushrooms, you
might raise a few.

After trying it experimentally I equipped a cellar according to
the latest and the very best authorities I could read up on and
came out very successfully. It is like doing things a right and a
wrong way. You have to do it the right way to get the best
results. It .is like hatching chickens in an incubator, you are
very likely to cook the chickens. It is very easy done in the
proper way. They should be planted about ten inches deep and
in three days tlTey will sprout, after being in sprout ten days
they will bloom and should be mulched with straw to keep them
moist and in three months they will bear mushrooms and should
bear one pound to the square foot. A cellar as large as this
room if laid in berths would raise two crops during the winter

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I45

and a ton and a half of mushrooms. The proper thing is a per-
fectly tight cellar where there is no draft; the most perfect heat
for mushrooms is the heat from dressing, steaming dressing, and
if the cellar is large enough to give a moist temperature, it will
make a great difference in the crop.

DISCUSSION.

O. I perhaps will expose my ignorance, but the first I knew
of mushrooms being fit for food was last season. Last fall I
had an Irishman to work for me, it was in the fall of the year
in August, I saw him digging what I called toadstools. I asked
him what he was going to do; he said, "Some of these toad-
stools are eatable. He took them to the house and prepared
them as my wife did not know anything about cooking them. I
understand that there are several varieties and only one variety
that grows here is suitable to eat.

A. I am not very well informed on the variety of mushrooms
but about the country here I should say there were a great
many of them. In autumn they can be gathered quite abund-
antly in the pastures and one pound of mushrooms is said to be
equal to a pound of beef-steak.

Q. How do you prepare them?

A. In a great many ways. They are toasted; to toast a
mushroom it is peeled. An edible mushroom will always peel,
i. e., the top will always peel ofi; this one has been under the
influence of a very dry heat and peels very poorly because it is
very much dried and shriveled up. The gills of a mushroom
are of a beautiful pink color. If it will peel it is edible;
if it is a beautiful salmon color it is perfectly ediBle. After it is
peeled and the dirt part cut ofT it is placed on the toaster and
broiled with a small piece of iSufter on the gill side and served
hot; it is also served in butter and cream. In all cook books
are other directions.

10

146 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES.
By Prof. W. M. Munson of the State College.

The common species of currant in cultivation at the present
time is probably a native of Northern Europe. It has been
under cultivation for more than 300 years, but was not consid-
ered of special importance until the latter part of the last cen-
tury. The English name currant is a corruption of corinths,
the name applied to the little Zante grape or so-called "English
Currant." from the fact that the latter came largely from Cor-
inth in Greece.

As a rule currants are not so largely consumed as are other
small fruits. They are, however, very healthful and are of con-
siderable importance for the making of jelly and for canning.
There is, as a rule, a good local market for currants and the fact
that they may remain upon the bushes for some days after tliey
are ready to pick, is a great point in their favor as there is less
likelihood of loss in the case of unfavorable weather.

SOIL AND CULTURE.

The currant possesses great vitality and v/ill grow almost any
where but for the best results good deep, rich, clay loam is best.
I have, however, seen very good crops grow-n on light sandy soil;
but whatever the soil it must be deep and rich for favorable
returns. The currant is a gross feeder and sends its roots far
into the soil. For ordinary field culture the plants are set about
five feet by four and thorough cultivation should be given. If
the locality is such that clean culture cannot be given, good
results are some times obtained by heavy mulching, and in this
way the soil is kept moist and the weeds are kept down.

PROPAGATION.

The currant is propagated almost exclusively by means of cut-
tings of the new wood. The cuttings may be made at any time
after the new- growth is mature. If practicable they should be
set at once in the field. This method induces the formation of
roots before winter sets in and insures a long season for growth

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 147

the following- year, thus producing stronger plants than could
otherwise be obtained.

If the land is heavy, or not well drained, the cuttings should
not be planted till spring. In this case they are tied in bunches,
with wire or willows, and buried in the soil or placed in sand in
the cellar. In setting cuttings in the field, rich well drained
soil which has been worked ten or twelve inches deep should
be chosen. Trenches six or eight inches deep are made wath
the spade or with a plow and the cuttings are placed about
three inches apart against the perpendicular side of the furrow;
the top buds being just above the surface of the ground. In
filling the trench see that the earth is packed very firmly about
the cuttings. If fall setting is practiced, a mulch of straw, coarse
manure or other material is essential to prevent heaving.

The plants are commonly grown in nursery rows for two
years before being moved to the permanent plantation. During
^this time the soil should be kept thoroughly cultivated to insure
strong, vigorous plants. A vigorous one year plant is far pre-
ferable for setting to one, two or three years old which has been
stunted.

PRUNING AND TRAINING.

As a rule annual pruning should be practiced and all weak
shoots should be removed while the more vigorous ones should
be shortened to induce the formation of fruit spurs. An import-
ant point to bear in mind in pruning currants is that the fruit is
borne on wood at least two years old and for this reason when it
is desirable to renew a bush two ytrars will be required to
accomplish the result, provided we wish continuous crops of
fruit. It is a good practice in the summer to pinch in the young
growth in order to make it stocky and hasten the maturity of the
wood as well as to increase the size of the fruit.

There are two principal methods of training a currant bush
in common use — the bush form and the tree form. The former
is for most purposes preferable, especially if there is liklihood of
trouble from the currant borer. The tree form is produced
somewhat as follows : In setting in the field all buds below the
surface of the ground are removed. Later all but the strongest
of the buds above ground are removed. The following year this
shoot is cut back to about one foot in length and thus induced

148 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to branch. From three to six shoots are allowed to grow. The
third year these branches are shortened and from six to twelve
shoots are allowed to grow. Each year thereafter similar train-
ing is given. The new growth is shortened and the head is
kept open and in the form of a vase if possible.

VARIETIES.

Of the well known varieties of currants the Victoria is, per-
haps, all things considered, one of the best. The fruit is not so
large as is the Fay or the Cherry, but clusters are long and the
bush is very prolific. Prince Albert is a valuable late market
variety. It is rather light in color and the quality is not of the
best but it is very productive and suffers less from the attacks of
fungous diseases than almost any other sort. Fay does well in
many localities and the fruit is very large and handsome. The
important objection to this variety, however, is the habit of split- .
ting down, and where we have heavy snows this objection is a .
very serious one. Moore's Ruby is considered a valuable sort
for home use. We have not yet fruited tliis variety but shall
expect to be able to report upon it this year.

North Star is a variety which is receiving much attention
from some growers but in our own experience this variety has
proved of little value. It is true the clusters are rather long but
the fruit is but little larger than the Old Red Dutch, and we do
not consider the quality as superior.

As a rule, for market purposes, the red varieties are preferred
to the white. No home garden should, however, be without a
few bushes of the White Imperial or the White Grape. The lat-
ter has been the leading white currant until within a very few
years, but White Imperial is rather superior in quality and will
rank above the other for home use.

A word should be said about the Crandall currant. This
variety, sent out a few years ago by Frank Ford & Son of
Ravenna, Ohio, is said to be a hybrid between the red currant
and the so-called Buffalo currant of the West. It appears to be
simply an improved variety of the latter which we know as the
flowering currant (Ribcs aurcnm) of very good quality. It lacks
the strong disagreeable flavor of the ordinary English Black cur-
rant. The objection to the variety is that it does not ripen

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I49

evenly and the skin is rather tough. A few for home use are,
however, desirable.

INSECTS AND DISEASES.

The leading- insect enemies of the currant are the well known
currant worm and the currant borer. The former may very
readily be managed by spraying with Paris green in the propor-
tion of one pound to 250 gallons of water when the eggs first
hatch in the spring and before the fruit sets. After'the fruit has
formed we use hellebore freely. This is applied both dry and in
water. If used in the dry state the addition of a little flour will
render it more adhesive. In water one ounce of hellebore is
mixed with three gallons. The currant borer is best managed
by cutting out the canes which harbor the msects, as the larvae
remain in the cane over winter.

A comparatively new insect which at present baffles all
attempts at control, was described by Professor Harvey, in the
last annual report of the Experiment" Station. This insect is
somew'hat closely related to the well known Trypcta pomonclla.

It is described by Professor Harvey as follows: "Perfect
insect a two-winged fly about the size of a house fly. Pale yellow
or orange with greenish iridescent eyes and dark bands across
the wings. Found about currant and gooseberry bushes during
June in Maine. Stings the currants, depositing an eg^g under
the skin, that hatches and develops into a small white maggot
causing the fruit to turn red and drop prematurely. The
maggots when grown leave the fallen or hanging fruit, enter the
ground, change to the pupa state from which the fly emerges
the following June."*

Of the possible remedies suggested by Professor Harvey we
may mention the destruction of a crop after the eggs are laid and
before the fruit drops. This is radical treatment, but if all fruit
in the vicinity is destroyed for one year the pest must be greatly
reduced in numbers.

GOOSEBERRIES.

The gooseberry holds a unique position among American
fruits which are conmionlv cultivated from the fact that fruit
may be marketed in an unripe condition quite as well as when

* Report Maine Experiment Station 1895, 118.

150 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ripe. In some localities, in fact, most of the gooseberry crop is
shipped "green." In this case the fruit is often stripped from
the bushes, run through a fanning mill to free it from leaves,
twigs, «&c., and then packed in boxes. In short it is treated in
much the same way as is the blueberry crop in our own State.

CULTURE AND TRAIXIXG,

Under good culture gooseberries will succeed well on a
variety of soils but as with the currant the best results are
obtained on a strong rather moist but well drained clay loam.
Thorough but shallow- cultivation should be given whether for
home use or in extensive field culture.

As a commercial crop gooseberries are often grown between
the trees in young orchards. While the best results can not be
expected as the trees get older, the gooseberry does fairly well in
partial shade. In ordinary field culture the plants should be
set about five feet apart each way or in rows six feet apart
and four or five feet distant in the row. Gooseberries like
currants are trained both in the tree form and in the bush form.
Ordinarily the latter is preferable as in this way the canes may
be removed as they pass their most productive age.

As a rule little pruning is required during the first three or
fourth years except to head back the strong new shoots and
remove a few of the less vigorous ones for the purpose of devel-
oping fruit spurs all along the canes. The latter treatment con-
sists in annually removing superfluous branches and checking
growth sufBcient to keep the bushes within bounds. The top
should be renewed by training up new canes as often as once in
five or six years. In order that there may be no cessation in the
production of fruit two years should be taken in renewing the
top.

PROPAGATION.

The gooseberry may be grown from cuttings as described for
the currant. The European varieties are, however, very diffi-
cult of propagation in this way and the usual method practiced
with all varieties is that of mound layering.

By this method the old plants are headed back to induce the
formation of strone new' shoots near the surface of the ground.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I5I

Late in June or in July when the new wood has become some-
what hardened a mound of earth is made about the "stool," the
earth being about four or five inches deep above the bases of the
shoots. In the fall the earth is removed and the rooted shoots
are cut ofif and planted at once in well prepared soil, or they may
be tied in bundles and treated as cuttings tmtil the following
spring. If care is used in removing shoots during the winter,
propagation from the same plants may proceed indefinitely
from year to year.

VARIETIES.

The varieties in common cultivation are included in two well
defined classes. The American or those which have been
developed from our native species, mostly Ribcs oxycanthoidcs,
and the European which belongs to a different species — Ribcs
Grossularia. The American varieties are of comparatively recent
origin and it is but few years since gooseberry growing was a
profitable industry in this country. The European varieties
are very large and have the advantage of a great variety of
coloring. They are, however, susceptible to mildew and only
in certain favored localities have they proved successful.

Of the American varieties the most valuable are the Down-
ing, Smith's Improved and Pale Red. Downing is much
superior to the other in size and quality. It is a relatively large
fruit and of a golden color when mature. It is not quite as
prolific as Houghton but the fruit is much more attractive and
therefore it is the variety most popular in the market.

Of the European sorts Industry and White Smith lead. These
are very large varieties and are ready for use earlier than are
the American varieties. • Where known they are highly prized.

PRODUCTIVENESS OF GOOSEBERRIES.

The yield of gooseberries as reported by different growers
varies greatly, but about 100 bushels is considered a fair aver-
age by many. A recent bulletin of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station cites an instance in which the yield from
800 Downing plants set four years was 2362 quarts, an average
of three quarts per bushel or about 5143 quarts per acre. This
was considered a full crop. Other reports place the average

152 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

much lower, some higher. From some of the bushes set in our
own plantation in 1891 we harvested twelve quarts the past sea-
son. Even with an average of two quarts per bush, however,
the crop is a profitable one to grow.

DAYS WITH OUR BIRDS.
By INIrs. Kate Tryox, Cambridge.

The following synopsis of Mrs. Tryon's lecture was prepared by her.

When your committee did me the honor to ask me to speak to
you on my favorite subject, I at first felt it necessary that I
should study long and well the food habits of my birds, that I
might not commit the mistake of recommending you to love any
birds which, as horticulturists and agricultuiists,you never could
or never ought to love. Study I did, — with a result which can
be summed up in two minutes. I thought it little worth while to
repeat to you tales of the wonderful reproductive energy of
noxious insects — you, who know but too well the sad facts of
the case. I deemed it unnecessary to tell )ou at this late day —
wdiat you know very well — that birds were created by a wise
Providence to keep this insect host in subjection. You know
that the bird-haunted country is more fertile than the birdless
country, and you know the punishment that has come to coun-
tries which, like France, have allowed their birds to suffer
slaughter. You know that our own birds are not protected
and encouraged as they should be. I feel certain that you, as
students of nature, are convinced of this. How, then, is it my
duty to treat the subject of the hour? Certainly I should show
myself unappreciative of my opportunity, did I not, above all,
aim so to speak of your friends, the birds, as to stimulate new
interest in them — so as to make you resolve that we must have
more, not fewer, of them.

"Fortunately or unfortunately for my subject this morning, I
myself have had absolutely no experience as farmer or gardener,
and shall not presume to decide whether or not the crow and the
English sparrow must go. That problem is beyond me. I leave
it for your society, at some particularly lucid moment, to settle

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 153

to your satisfaction. But if in that inspired discussion you
should be anxious to find out which side of 'the fence' I am on,
perhaps I should exclaim with Thoreau: 'Bless the Lord, O
my soul! bless Him for wildness; bless Him for crows that won't
alight within gunshot!' Apropos of the English sparrow
question, I might suggest that the Almighty created him —
though not in America; this, in all seriousness, for I cannot now
consider the English sparrow a joking matter. "Do you think
the English sparrow has driven our native birds away?' is the
question a bird student meets everywhere. The questioner
thinks affirmatively — that all our birds have been driven away.
The fact is, this person never sees or hears birds anyway, and
would scarcely know whether they went or staid. Perhaps as
he came along the suburban street this very morning (in May),
he passed a rose-breasted grosbeak, an oriole, a yellow warbler,
and a red-eyed vireo. Ah, yes, we have about us, in unexpected
places, a wealth of bird-life. If everybody knew this, and
appreciated it, we might be still more blessed as the years go on,
for then everybody would contrive to keep natural shelter and
food for the birds, and the birds would pay their board and
lodging with interest."

After these, introductory remarks, by means of stereopticon
pictures of New England scenery and birds, the audience en-
joyed a series of spring and summer bird-hunting strolls. First,
along an April road, a flock of crow-blackbirds were found,
creaking and chucking in the tops of tall oaks. This bird,
said the lecturer, bears an unpleasant reputation among growers
of corn and fruit, and yet he is distinctly an insectivorous bird,
and eminent authorities who have dissected hundreds of them, at
all times of the year, find only trifling evidence of vegetable diet.
Their case is precisely that of the robin. They are so gregarious
and so numerous, that no ill-doing on their part escapes observa-
tion. If any one is inclined to shoot either of these birds, he
should not do so before looking over such unbiased reports as
those found in B. H. Warren's "Birds of Pennsylvania."

The bluebird's warble came from over the fields, very plainly
suggested by the speaker's imitation, and the old favorite, in
glowing plumage, was seen sitting on a fence-post. Here is a
bird of whose usefulness there is never a question. Will not

154 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

everybody who lives where bUiebirds could possibly come,
put out a house or a box to catch their fancv when they arrive in
March? To be sure, the English sparrows, if present in your
neighborhood, may take possession; still, the bluebird is a
plucky fellow and knows how to look out for number one, as the
purple martin knows to his sorrow.

The familiar song sparrow was heard and seen, singing beside
the meadow brook, and his relations of the finch family were also
introduced — the chipping sparrow with his hair nest in the
orchard; the vesper sparrow of the dry hillside; the white-
throated sparrow with his clear "Old Sam Peabody, Peabody,
Peabody," whistle, and the handsome crimson finch (American
linnet), with his craving for the spring buds of certain trees. But
what matter for this? Did anyone ever miss the small number of
leaves or orchard fruit that these birds nip in the bud? And how
short is the season in which they can commit this mischief. Of
course if he takes a fancy to your blossoming trees, you may as
well drive him off, for he has hundreds of useless wild or half-
wild trees to go to.

"The red-winged blackbird of the bushy swamp andoverfiowed
meadow, is everywhere characteristic. His 'tchuck' and
'gurglee !' are familiar to everybody. Redwings, with the robin
and crow blackbird, repair to the ploughed land as soon as they
come and these birds rid the soil of an incalculable number of
noxious insect-grubs before the sowing. The dissector brings
no bad record against this bird, and the cultivator who shoots
them is very short-sighted, as regards his own interests. In-
deed, to sum up this matter, a bird should never be shot because
he sometimes ofifends. If he makes himself a nuisance for a
week, or even a fortnight, he is making himself useful (although
it may not be, indeed, in your particular neighborhood,) for the
rest of the year. So that to grudge a bird an ear of corn is ill-
treating the unpaid little workman, who made the crop possible.
You can keep birds away from your crops, but to battle with the
insect host is beyond all human ingenuity.

"The golden winged woodpecker's resounding reveille came
ringing over the countryside from the still leafless woods. This
large, gaily marked woodpecker is known to every man or boy
who has ever carried a gun. Alas, that this should be so! for

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 155

here we have a truly famous eater of grubs and insects, gleaned
from the soil as well as from the bark of trees. Farmers ■ are
often their own enemies, and never more certainly so than when
they shoot for sport as they do, law or no law, 'one er them air
valler hahmers,' as they call them down in INIaine. It is true. I
suppose, that one woodpecker, the yellow-bellied sapsucker,
decorates trees with those admirably even rows of holes, not for
insects within the bark, but for the sap, the life-blood of the tree.
But he doesn't spend all his time doing this, and he is now, in
most localities, rare enough to cause regret to the bird-lover, and
satisfaction to the forester."

The robin was the last of the spring birds treated. He is
certainly fond of such dainty fruits as strawberries and cherries ;
but he has helped protect them from worse enemies. To shoot
all the robins would be a dangerous experiment. From the
economic point of view alone, no bird w^ould be more missed.

The summer birds were seen in a June day's stroll through
fields and groves near Boston. Each w'as interestingly char-
acterized, often by original stories and imitations of notes and
songs. Most prominent among these were the golden robin,
kingbird, bobolink, rose-breasted grosbeak, red-eyed vireo,
thrasher, scarlet tanager, indigo bird, chewink, cuckoo, the
thrushes of the wood, blue jay, cedar bird, goldfinch, and some
of the warblers, such as the redstart, yellow warbler, and Mary-
land yellowthroat. The haunt of each was shown on the screen,
the bird itself in its natural colors and attitude.

''The rose-breasted grosbeak, a bird now quite common in
most Massachusetts towns, is know in Pennsylvania as the
"Potato-bug bird," it being the only bird known to eat this
pestiferous beetle.

"In the above list of our common summer birds there are only
two or three but are known as beneficial to the cultivator. Not
far from the head of the list, for value, should be placed the red-
eved vireo and his numerous tribe, birds nearly allied to the fly-
catchers proper. There are several species of these slim, little
olive birds, and although they are little known, save to the bird-
student, they doubtless far outnumber the robins. They prefer
hard wood growth, chiefly maple, elm, and oak, and are common
alike to forest, and suburban street.

156 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

"As soon as one begins to make a study of bird-life, (which is
of the utmost importance to one who tries to cultivate anything)
the study of trees and shrubs obtrudes itself also. So attached
is each species to a particular tree, or kind of copse, that the
farmer or fruit grower might in time have a hand in choosing
his bird visitors or tenants by cultivating conditions liked by his
favorite birds, and by omitting to cultivate conditions that might
attract those which he considers his enemies.

"Again the season is at hand in which we are to make the earth
produce goodly fruits and pleasant flowers for use and cheer.
Let VIS add a new preparation this time — a new knowledge and
appreciation of our feathered friends, without whom — did you
ever think of it? — the earth could bear not even a blade of grass."

Mr. President — The question was asked "What the Outlook
is for the Fruit Grower" and has found its way into my hands
and I will call upon our secretary, Mr. Knowlton to give us a
few ideas upon the subject.

THE OUTLOOK.
By D. H. KxowLTON.

To-day the query on every tongue is what of the future in fruit
growing? This season the question is brought home to us in
the most emphatic manner, since so many fruit growers in the
State know not what use to make of their fruit that will yield
them any profit.

Profitable fruit-culture like any other profitable enterprise
must result from the application of business common sense at
every point. To begin with, two things must be considered.
The first is to produce varieties of fruit that are favorites in the
market ; the second is to give the orchard such culture as to pro-
duce the most choice fruit at the least cost.

the varieties.

Don't think I am going to tell you which are the best or the
most popular for I am not. This is the thing for each fruit
grower to decide for himself. I do know what the best apples

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 157

are for me to raise on my own lot, but when asked the other
day by a gentleman in Washington county what varieties were the
best for him I could not tell. Many of our growers have to their
sorrow found out that the Black Oxford and Blue Pearmain are
unprofitable varieties. It isn't that they can't be grown well, it
is rather that for some reason people won't buy them. It isn't
for us to ask why when we learn such facts, it is rather for us to
grow' varieties people do want.

Again, it seems to me there ought to be two kinds of fruit sent
to market — one for dessert, the other for cooking. When the
fruit growers make the dessert apples conspicuous by the excel-
lence of their quality and packing the consumers will be ready
to pay the difiference.

Again, if good dessert apples are always to be found in the
market the consumption of apples will be largely increased. It
may be the future will have two kinds of growers, the one who
raises apples for people to eat, the other for people to cook. My
own idea is that the same grower should sort and pack his fruit
so as to have both kinds in the market.

INCREASED PRODUCTION.

The point to which I wish to call attention is the importance
of such intelligent culture as shall cause the orchards to produce
the largest amount of the best fruit grown. Too many have
simply let the trees grow, this is one way, but in the future the
man who knows how to make his orchard produce the most
will make the most money. You ask how to do it. Nature has
given you all the elements — the soil, the climate. She has never
given any man a full revelation of the possibilities by which he
is surrounded, but here and there she reveals her willingness to
have her wealth utilized by man.

DISPOSITION OF THE FRUIT.

It is one thing to be a successful grower of fruit, it is quite
another to be a good marketman. Now in the future to get the
greatest success there must be some better method of selling
our fruit. I have no fault to find with the buyers, for they are
doing just what any of us growers would do. Buy and sell wath
reference to the profit. It doesn't matter to them whether the

158 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

apples are A i, or scrubby 2"s, if only they gain the profit. The
apples that sell in the foreign market as well as the local for
that matter for the highest price are those that are in the best
condition.

This suggests to me a system of co-operation among our
growers. The first point and the most important one is to
establish a reputation for our apples in the market so that buyers
will want Maine apples. The only way to do it is to place the
best apples in the market as Maine apples. There should be in
the interest of our fruit some guarantee as to quality — some-
thing that will assure the buyer he is getting what he pays for.
Of course it will help for any one to put up nice apples, but none
of us have enough to gain a name for reliable fruit, year after
after year. Adopt some plan for selling fruit by co-operation.
Suppose it costs you twenty-five cents a barrel to do it, would
you not in many cases get fifty cents or a dollar more for your
fruit?

The successful development of any scheme of co-operation
must be based on having good storage for the fruit. Hereto-
fore all the plans suggested involved shipping the apples to some
central point and then hold them. As we are now situated
there seems to be no need of operating in this way, as a simpler
plan may readily be found. Inexpensive storage may be pro-
vided at many shipping points in the State. Suppose in the
fall you brought your apples to a local storage house and placed
some of your best men in charge of them. They could save
you money in packing, by having the fruit carefully sorted and
branded your reputation would be worth something another
year where the fruit was sold this year. You would come out of
the fight stronger than you went in.

Suppose instead of one such storage house there were others
when needed. Have the whole put in the hands of good local
managers and you would be in the way of reaping all the bene-
fits of co-operation. I would have you undertake it in a busi-
nesslike way and pull together. Your cold storage in the plan
proposed would be inexpensive, and your fruit would be avail-
able at any time and could be placed where it would be needed
at shortest notice. It would not, in my opinion, be many years
before Maine apples would be placed where they belong, at the

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1 59

top of the market. Hoping these suggestions may open up dis-
cussion, and point out a way to get more profit and pleasure
from our orchards, I leave the matter for your consideration.

Mr. KEITH, AVinthiop.
The paper presented to us by our secretary has prompted me
to make mention of it if nothing more. When we moved to
have the "Pomological Society" hold their winter meeting here
we wanted you and we are certainly glad that you came, that
you accepted the invitation and we are thankful to the people
of the town for backing us up. In his paper the secretary sug-
gested that some arrangement be adopted through which we
could sell our apples with a better understanding than we have
during the past winter, and we members of the Winthrop
Grange propose to invite Mr. Knowlton to meet us some time
soon and formulate some plans through which our fruit in the
future can be sold.

SECRETARY'S PORTFOLIO.

Original and Selected Articles, having reference more or less to
Fruits and Fruit Growers in Maine.

The genuine apple-eater comforts himself with an apple in their season as
others with a pipe or cigar. When he has nothing else to do, or is bored,
he eats an apple. While he is waiting for the train he eats an apple,
sometimes several of them. When he takes a walk he arms himself with
apples. His travelling bag is full of apples. He offers an apple to his
companion and takes one himself. They are his chief solace when on the
road. He sows their seed all along the route. He tosses the core from
the car window, and from the top of the stage-coach. He would in time,
make the land one vast orchard. He dispenses with a knife, hej prefers
that his teeth shall have the first taste. Then he knows the best
flavor is immediately beneath the skin, and that in a pared apple this is
lost. If you will stew the apple, he says, instead of baking it, by all
means leave the skin on. It improves the color and vastly heightens the
flavor of the dish. JOHN BURROUGHS.

SECRETARY'S PORTFOLIO.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

During the year five of the oldest members have passed away.
vSeveral of them were identified with the early work of the
society. There are so many thiftgs in their lives from which
we may learn valuable lessons, it seems a privilege at this time to
pay some slight tribute of respect to their memory.

HENRY INGALLS.

In the death of Mr. Henry Ingalls of Wiscasset, the society
loses one of its earliest members and firmest friends. Our trans-
actions show that he became a member the first year the society
was formed. He was the second president of the society, suc-
ceeding the Hon. Z, A. Gilbert after several years service in 1879
and was president for two years. Unfortunately the transac-
tions for these two years were not published, and aside from the
recollection of a few of our members the public cannot judge of
the strong love and friendship he bore the society.

Miss Adelaide F. Cooper, a friend of Mr. Ingalls' family, has
kindly sent the secretary the following lines, which are so grace-
fully expressed that it is a pleasure to use them as a part of this
memorial.

Mr. Ingalls was much interested in fruit culture and rural
pursuits. Not only did he bring energy and intelligence and in
a measure, active work to this department, but he brought also
to it as one might say, affection. He loved nature and every-
thing that came from the generous hand of mother earth he was
fond of. Trees, flowers, fruit, received his most thoughtful
attention. In driving through the country nothing escaped him.
His was a nature to which all the beauties of vegetation espec-
ially appealed. Wayside flowers, as well as those of higher cul-
tivation were equally pleasing to him, recognizing as he did, that

164 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

they were all the works of God. He had quite an extensive fruit
garden and gave particular care to the raising of grapes of which
he had a large variety. Conspicuous among them being the
Black Hamburg. He raised many of them in a cold grapery.
Whatever encomium from your personal knowledge of Mr. In-
galls you add for yourself to your work, cannot be too much,
for in all respects he was "that noblest work of God" an honest
man.

You remember perhaps Mr. Ingalls' noble attitude when in
the Legislature at the time of the "count out" he stood boldly
forth in splendid defence for the right, joining in the sentiment
of his brother-in-law, the late Hon. L. Wilder Farley of New-
castle, who wrote in one of the leading papers of the day, the
clarion words, "Let justice be done, though the Heavens fall."
From copy of sketch for "Men of Progress."
Henry Ingalls, president of the First National Bank of Wis-
casset, was born in Bridgton, Maine, March 14, 1819, son of
Asa and Phebe (Berry) Ingalls of English descent. His grand-
father, Phineas Ingalls, was one of the first settlers of Bridgton,
where his father, Asa, was born. Asa Ingalls was a farmer and
lumberman, held various town offices and was a member of the
Maine Legislature for one or more sessions, and was captain of
one of the military companies stationed at Portland in the War
of 1812. Both his father and grandfather were prominent citi-
zens of their town and section. He acquired his early education
chiefly in the common schools of Bridgton and at Bridgton
academy, and graduated from Bowdoin College in the class of
1841. After pursuing a course of legal studies with Howard
S. Osgood in Portland, he was admitted to the bar in Cumber-
land county in 1843, ^"^1 in October of that year commenced the
practice of law in Wiscasset in Lincoln county, where he after-
wards resided. At that time the county of Lincoln comprised,
in addition to its present territory, the impori:ant towns of Bath,
Lewiston and Rockland; and for fifteen years Mr. Ingalls had an
extensive, increasing and successful practice, leading an active,
laborious and busy life, until impaired health compelled him to
relinquish the court business of his profession, and confine him-
self to office business and other pursuits. He was president of
the First National Bank of Wiscasset from its organization in

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 165

1865 until his death and was a director in the Knox & Lincohi
Railroad for twenty years and held till he died, a nominal posi-
tion on the board, and he served in other offices of trust and
responsibility. He was also president of the Lincoln Bar Asso-
ciation. Mr. Ingalls was for many years an active and promi-
nent member of the Democratic party, but the only political
office that he held was that of representative to the Legislature
from W'iscasset in 1880. He was a candidate for Congress in
1856, but was not elected. He was married December 17, 1855,
to JMiss Mary Farley of Newcastle, Maine, who died November,
1890. Four children were born of this marriage; three died in
infancy, and one, Grace Ingalls, survives him. He died Decem-
ber 10, 1896.

GIDEON KING STAPLES.

This society has never had a stronger friend than the subject
of this sketch. For many years he has been an exhibitor at
our fairs and borne away many of our premiums. Although
his orchard stands almost under the shadow of Mt. Blue, in the
Boston market where his apples went usually about the first of
March, they were quite likely to take the lead until they were
gone. Added to the quality of the fruit it should be added that
he was an honest packer, and the dealers never had to examine
his fruit.

Too old to be trusted away from home for several years some
of his family attended the winter meetings with him. The last
one he attended was in Foxcroft two years ago; he wanted to go
to Presque Isle, but the distance seemed too far to him. In
September last the writer met him at Mr. Whittier's fruit meet-
ing. In reply to our inquiry for his health he said: "I am not
good for much now. I have not done anything the past summer.
When is the winter meeting to be held?" He still thought of
the society and its welfare. We could see that his strength was
failing and only a few weeks later he passed to his rest.

His son writes: "There was no event in the year that my
father anticipated with so much pleasure as he did the winter
meeting of the Maine State Pomological Society and he was
keenly disappointed if prevented from attending these meetings."

Exhibitors at our winter meetings have learned to respect

l66 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Staples, for as a rule he has borne away the sweepstake for
best collection of apples. This year were there samples from
his orchard, other exhibitions would stand not better than second
and third place.

His beloved companion, who survives him, has furnished the
writer with the brief sketch of his life that follows, remarking in
closing her letter: "You can hardly speak too w^armly of his
love for, and attachment to the Pomological Society."

Gideon King Staples was born in Temple, Me., on what is
now known as the Pond Lot, about three-quarters of a mile east
from the spot where his late home is situated, July 13, 1812, and
died October 7, 1896.

When six years of age he removed with his parents, Gideon
and Sarah (Oakes) Staples to the farm where he passed his long
and useful life. His education was obtained in the public schools
of his native town. In the study of music of which he was very
fond, and in which he acquired considerable proficiency, he on
several occasions rode, (often on horse back) from his home to
Farmington, a distance of eight miles to attend evening singing
schools taught by the late Wm. Reed, and others.

Places of trust have been tendered him, some of which he has
accepted, selectman and treasurer of his town, administrator of
several estates, guardian to fatherless and orphaned children,
six children not his own have found homes beneath his roof for
a period of from five to twenty years each.

It may be encouraging to those somewhat advanced in life,
to know that Mr. Staples' first apple orchard was set when he was
forty-five years of age, but through the discouragement of see-
ing them all but two winter kill to the ground, for the three
first winters, he continued to labor and hope, and by caring for
the best and cutting • off the dead and worthless shoots, he
reared a valuable orchard.

His next venture of the same number of trees, was set ten
years later, and from that time on until the year of his death,
but one year passed that he did not set more or less trees until
now those, with the reclaimed native trees on the place, number
between three and four thousand.

The Maine orchardist's usual discouragements, drifting storms,
summer heat, mice or borers, have been his in full measure,

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 167

but the spring beauty of foliage and blossom, the summer's
promise and autumn's perfection of fruit, have compensated for
all labor and rendered his work a joy and delight.

MRS. ADELINE B. STRATTARD.

For many years she was interested in the growing of fruits
and flowers. Perhaps she was a little quaint in her ideas upon
their culture, but when she handled the flowers she acted as if
they were personal friends, who seemed glad to be placed in
such combinations as she saw fit to put them. In other words,
her ideas of color and taste were excellent. Her form has long
been familiar at our exhibitions. She was kind-hearted and
always enjoyed helping others in the culture of flowers and
fruits.

The Maine Farmer contained the following sketch and tribute
to her memory:

Mrs". Adeline B. Strattard of Monroe, died July 22d, aged 64
years, 6 months. She was sick only three days. She was taken
suddenly and in great distress for a few hours, then was uncon-
scious for hours, but rallied and spoke a short time before she
passed away. Her native place was Massachusetts, but she has
lived in Monroe a great many years and raised a large family of
children, six of whom are living. Mary, who has been a clerk
in Jordan & Marsh's store in Boston for years, Cora Pierce
married and lives in Massachusetts, Ella Lincoln also lives there,
three boys, Fred, Charles and Will also live in Massachusetts.
All were present at the funeral, but Will. Mrs. Strattard was
well known in that town and the State as the author of many
•contributions to the Maine Farmer and other State papers. She
was a woman of rare talents for her station in life. She could
paint anything from nature, and her fancy work, for which she
has been awarded so many premiums at State and town fairs for
3^ears, also her choice collection of flowers for which she was
such a dear lover and had such a gift to arrange so artistically,
made her widely known. She was ever ready to do what she
could for those around her, was a constant church member and
always present at Sunday School in the Bible class. She will
be greatly missed by the people. Her choicest flowers were

l68 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

always on the church pulpit ; for she took that part of the church
work on herself. She will long live in the memories of those
who knew and loved her.

SAMUEL C. HARLOW.

Maine never had a more zealous fruit grower than Mr. Har-
low. He inherited a large estate from his father on Harlow
street, Bangor, and here in one of the most beautiful parts of the
city, he lived among his fruit trees. The trees surrounded the
old homestead, the approach was through them and here and
there beautiful snatches of landscape could be seen in the dis-
tance beyond. He was fond of experiment and took great
delight in imparting to others any information possible to aid
them in growing fruits. Last year at our Bangor exhibition he
was the largest exhibitor and bore away many premiums.

Through the courtesy of Grace Harlow-Oliver of East Provi-
dence, R. L, the following information is received for this brief
sketch :

Samuel Chandler Harlow was born Feburary 26, 1830. He
was son of Nathaniel Harlow, Jr., and took great pride in tracing
his ancestry directly to the Pilgrim Fathers. His grandfather
was one of Bangor's early settlers and largest landowners. Har-
low street, so named, being laid out by him through a portion
of his estates and given to the city of Bangor.

Samuel C, married Anna Smith Wellington, January i, 1862,.
to whom two children were born. His wife died January 21,
1890.

He was widely known as a man and a successful pomologist,
owning extensive orchards and winning many first premiums in
State exhibitions. He originated a luscious variety of plum
known as "Harlaw's Seedling." He was also interested in
poultry, raising and originated a strain of White Plymouth
Rock fowl.

He was public spirited, a Republican in politics and a mem-
ber of the Central Congregational church. He w'as also a firm
advocate of temperance. His death, due to general breaking
down, occurred January 12, 1897. Both children survive him,
Mrs. W. E. Oliver of Providence, R. L, and a sister, wife of the
Rev. L. G. Marsh of Lewiston, N. Y.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 169

O. L. LARRABEE.

For several years past our exhibitions have contained more or
less fruit grown by O. L. Larrabee of West Levant. He was
an old man, suffering more or less from deafness, but these in-
firmities only intensified his enthusiasm for fruit culture. Com-
petitors soon learned that he knew well the best methods, for his
fruit was among the best.

At our Bangor exhibition he showed signs of failing health,
but there was no weakening of his enthusiasm for his fruit.

The secretary is indebted to Mrs. C. C. Cloudman, West
Levant, for the following facts:

He was born in Greene, Me., in 1819, went to Bangor when a
young man, 19 years of age and learned the blacksmith's trade
at Hinkley & Egery's and worked for them a number of years
and later on worked for Muzzy & Co. In 1877 came to West
Levant, bought a farm in company with his son-in-law, C. C.
Cloudman, and devoted his time to the care of orcharding until
within the last year, when his health began to fail and he passed
away March 12, 1897, from the effects of a shock of paralysis.
He married Miss Nancy G. Cowan of Hampden in 1846. He
was a good neighbor and a kind father. He leaves two daugh-
ters, Mrs. C. C. Cloudman of Levant and Mrs. H. A. Locke of
Cambridge, Mass., to mourn his loss.

PLUMS AND THEIR CULTURE IN MAINE.

It is very gratifying to note that there is an increased interest
in plum culture in the State, 1896 was a great year for plums,
and at our exhibitions there were shown numerous plates that
no one was able to name. Confusion still exists in the nomen-
clature, and perhaps will for years to come, but there is a steady
increase in knowledge among our fruit growers and more varie-
ties are known than a few years since. Just after our exhibition
in Lewiston, the secretary received a letter from Dr. S. L. Good-
al of Saco, in which he writes:

"May I ask of you the favor to send me a list of all or so far
as practicable of all which are found to succeed in this State in
recent years, not omitting any Japanese or native American

I/O STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

varieties? And will you state if black knot has abated its former
virulence, or if a remedy for this fearful disease has been found,
and if salt is applied now more or less than it once was, say 50
or 30 years ago in the culture of this to me favorite fruit, and
much oblige."

So far as known nearly or quite all of the varieties named in
our premium list thrive in the State, and many more. For
various reasons those on which premiums are offered are con-
sidered with most favor. The Abundance and Burbank have
"both been doing well in the State, and some of the trees are com-
ing into bearing. The fruit is very handsome and some of the
trees have borne very heavily for young trees. In some cases
the winter of '96 and '97 was too severe for these trees, as it was
also for some of our tenderer varieties. As many questions are
"being asked concerning the Japanese plums, which are difficult
for Maine people to answer we publish an article from the New
England Homestead, written by H. E. Van Denian, late pomol-
ogist. It should be borne in mind, however, that none of these
plums have been grown in the State long enough to make
positive statements of their value. They certainly deserve further
trial.

Mr. VAX DEMANS ARTICLE.

The introduction of the Japanese plums in America is one of
the notable pomological events of the present century. It has
opened a new field, because the varieties imported direct from
Japan, good as they are, are only the stock from which to propa-
gate numerous seedlings and crosses with other species of the
plum family, and some of these are already beginning to appear.
The large size and handsome colors of the Japanese plums make
them very attractive, and the good quahty of the most of them
pleases the taste. The firmness of the flesh enables the fruit to
be carried almost without injury over long distances. . The trees
are mostly of good shape and sturdy habit, and bear almost too
well. In fact, they must be carefully watched and the fruit
thinned, or the trees will be greatly overloaded and injured. The
varieties range in color from almost white to dark purple, and
some are as red to the stone as any cherry. The season of ripen-
ing extends from very early to very late. All varieties, except

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I/I

Kelsey, seem to be hardy as far north as Massachusetts, Michi-
gan and Iowa, yet they do well along the gulf of Mexico. They
are practically proof against the ravages of the black knot and
leaf-blight.

On the other hand, the trees bloom so early in the season
that in some sections they are apt to have the crop cut ofif by
frost, although there are cases where they have bloomed and
set fruit, and were practically out of danger before the later
kinds reached their tender stage, and were seriously hurt by
late frosts. The fruit is subject to rot in some sections, and
under certain climatic conditions. There is a peculiar flavor
running through nearly the whole list of varieties, that in a
few of them, and to some persons, is almost bitter. But con-
sidering all things, the nurseryman, the fruit grower, the mer-
chant and the consumer, like the Japanese plums already, wath
but few exceptions. The canners are pleased with them, also,
and there is likely to be a great future to this part of the busi-
ness. I never ate any preserved fruit so deliciously flavored as
Satsuma plums.

Of the varieties already well tested, there are some which may
well be recommended for general planting, either for home or
market use. Of these it may be well to name a few, arranged
in order of ripening.

1. Red June — Size medium to large; bright red all over;flesh
firm and moderately juicy; flavor sweet to subacid; a semi-cling.
The best very early kind yet well known.

2. Abundance — In size, medium to large; yellow, overlaid
with pinkish red; flesh firm yet quite juicy; flavor sweet, with a
slight musky taste; a clingstone. One of the most abundant
bearers, and must be thinned.

3. Burbank — Size medium, or large, if well thinned; or-
ange-yellow, mottled with light and dark red, very handsome;
flesh firm and juicy; flavor rich, sweet, delicious; a cling. The
tree has a weeping habit, but thrifty and enormously productive.
I always thought it the best of the Japan plums.

4. Satsuma — Size large; dark solid red; flesh firm, coarse,
juicy, blood-red to the pit; flavor tart; a clingstone. Best when
cooked. Tree thrifty and productive.

172 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

5. Georgeson — Size medium; clear yellow; flesh very firm^
but not very juicy; flavor sweet; a clingstone. Keeps long after
being gathered. Moderately productive.

6. Chase — Size medium to large; dull red when fully ripe;
flesh firm yet juicy; flavor very sweet; a cling. The tree is strong
and round headed.

Of the new seedlings of American origin, Wickson is one
which was originated by Luther Burbank of California. It is a
cross between Burbank and Kelsey. The originator sent me
specimens a few years ago, and, wdiile not of as delicate flavor
as some of the older kinds, it is worthy because of its large size,
rich, red color and good shipping qualities. The tree proves
very hardy so far as tried.

One of the most interesting fruits originated by Mr. L. Bur-
bank is a very curious hybrid from a cross of the common apri-
cot and a Japan plum. "Many of these hybrids," Mr. Burbank
writes, "are barren — some fruitful, however. The fruit of this
one has a charmingly delightful flavor and a beauty unique and
all its own. The trees, fruit, growth, leaves, everything, a com-
plete and equal combination. The photo does not give the
beautiful colorings under the soft velvety skin. I expect from
the hybrid seed, which is good, to obtain a distinct and valuable
new species."

As to the black knot some are quite sure that spraying with
the Bordeaux mixture will overcome it, and it is to be hoped it
may. It is well, however, to remove the fungus whenever it
appears and destroy it.

BRADSHAW & MAGURA.
There are still some plum growers in the State who are not
inclined to accept the Magura as identical with the Bradshaw:
The secretary has followed the subject up for several years, and
finds that most of the nurserymen regard ihem as identical, as
well as the Greeley. There are very strong resemblances in the
fruit of each, as w^ell as in the tree. It certainly looks now as if
there would be only the Bradshaw a few years hence. We do
not believe a new name will add to the merits of that old stand-
ard variety. Some growers have doubtless been imposed upon
by unscrupulous nurserymen, and this occasions much of the:
confusion.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1 73

THE QUODDY BELLE.

During the past year several inquiries have been made about
the Quoddy Belle strawberry. The following, copied from a
letter from Nathan W. Marston of South Lubec, to the secretary
contains a description of the variety and its origin:

'T am the originator of that berry. I have tried many seed-
lings, but this one was the only one that was superior to those
I was cultivating. I thought from the start this would make a
large berry, for the runners were as large as a pipe stem, and
whitish. I consider it a cross of the Crescent and the Sharpless.
It is pistillate, and will not succeed well alone. It is readily
fertilized by any staminate plant, and will imbibe all the good
points of its mate; hence the necessity of mating with a good
large staminate. The Sharpless, The Dew and the Chas.
Downing are good ones; and the fruit of the Quoddy Belle with
these nearest to it has been abundant and large. It is the largest
fruit I have grown, except Sharpless, and the Dew. It has every
good point of the strawberry, except the sex; and I have never
seen a good staminate strawberry for a crop. I have grown
berries for twenty or more years, as an amateur gardener, and
have tested all the so-called best varieties, and have found them
all lacking in some good point. The Quoddy is the only one
that I have found that can cover all the required conditions, viz:
Strong, healthy, hardy, prolific plants; prolific in large, firm,
handsome, delicious fruit. (The fruit will vary some according
to the fertilizing plant.) Color will vary also, to fertilizer, and
quantity of sunshine. Flavor, sub-acid, and very aromatic, in
the sun. I get a full crop the first year, when I take up carefully
and reset at once.

174 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

TESTS OF STRAWBERRIES IN 1896.
(P. is perfect flowering. Imp. imperfect flowering.)

FIRST EARLY VARIETIES.

Michel's Early (P.) — Good grower; first ripe berries May 25;
medium to small size; color light red; excellent quality; good
shipper.

Lovett (P.) — Rank growler; ripe May 25; medium size in
matted row; color light red; quality fair; moderately firm.

Rio (P.) — Vigorous grower; quality of the best; large.

SECOND EARLY VARIETIES.

Warfield (Imp.) — Good grower; rather acid quality; berries
first ripening quite large ; main crop only medium size.

Haverland (Imp.) — Vigorous grower; quality of the best; size
medium to large.

Splendid (P.) — Good grower; excellent quality; medium to
large.

Greenville (Imp.) — Good grower; fine quality; large; very
handsome form; medium yield.

Lady Thompson (P.) — Good grower; large round shape;
quite productive.

Cyclone (P.) — Good grower; oblong; medium size.

Staples (P.) — Good grower; round, handsome; skin and flesh
dark red; an attractive variety.

LATE VARIETIES.

Parker Earle (P.) — Vigorous grower; quality of the best; with
hill culture, large to very large; oblong; enormously productive.

Marshall (P.) — Good grower; quality of the best; large to very
large; good form; like all the extra large varieties, moderate
yield.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 175

HERE AND THERE.

Mr. Henry H. Cook of Presque Isle, sent a box of seedlings to
our winter meeting. They were examined with much interest. It
was thought these were the Stowe Apple, though we had none
with which to compare them. They were very good specimens.

From Delano Moore of Prescjue Isle, the secretary received a
box of seedling apples from Aroostook, among which were
some good specimens of Peach, Duchess, Fameuse and Dudley.
Although there were some good apples among the seedlings, the
secretary is inclined to believe there will be found apples better
adapted to Aroostook than these. The examination, however,
was imperfect at best, and not under circumstances favorable for
drawing definite conclusions. It is hoped Mr. Moore and others
wall continue experimenting until the right varieties are found.

The Josselyn Botanical Society held its third annual meeting
in Foxcroft. The papers and discussions presented at the meet-
ing were of a high order and deserve to be published. The
society is doing an excellent work in awakening a wider interest
in the study of botany and are also doing much in the more prac-
tical wav of studvinof the flora of the State.

INDEX.

Abbott, L. F., paper by 90

Address of welcome 62

Response to 69

Atherton, W. P., paper by 113

Bangor meeting 52

Barrows, Anna, paper by 103

Beal, F. O., address by 53

Birds, days with our 152

Blanding, E. M., remarks by 61

Business transactions 18

At annual meeting 18

At winter meeting 18

Currants, propagation of 146

Pruning and training I47

Varieties 148

Insects and diseases of 149

Currants and Gooseberries 146

Eastern Maine State Fair 20

Executive committee meetings 20

Exhibitions S

Directions for preparing 7

Felch, L. M., paper by 127

Financial condition 17

Fruit as food 103

Fruit crop 3

Gilbert, Z. A., paper by 7(>

Gooseberries 146

Culture and training 147

Propagation 150

Varieties I5i

Productiveness of ISI

Grant, Alanson S., paper by 99

178 INDEX.

PAGE

Harvey, F. L., paper by 135

Here and there i75

Ingalls, Henry, memorial of 164

Jelly making 99

Keith, W. H.. paper by m

Knowlton, D. H., paper by 156

Marketing — The foreign apple markets 118

Home market 1 1 1

Principles involved in 106

Shipping to foreign markets 113

Members — Annual i^

Life 10

Memorials — Harlow, Samuel C 168

Ingalls, Henry 164

Larrabee, O. L 169

Staples, Gideon K 165

Strattard, Mrs. Adeline B 167

Moore, J. Henry, address by 62

Munson, W. M., paper by 146

Remarks by 55

Mushrooms, talk on I44

Officers for 1897 10

Otis, A. C, paper by 118

Outlook, the 156

Permanent fund 16

Plant study i^7

Plums — Japan: Red, June, Abundance, Burbank, Satsuma,

Georgeson, Chase 171

Plums — Bradshaw, Niagara and Greeley 17-2

Plums and their culture in Maine 169

Pope, Chas. S., paper by 96

Remarks by 58

Premiums awarded at Bangor 23

At Lewiston 3i

At winter meeting 45

Summary of 47

President's annual address 7i

Public meetings 5i

Recipes — Dutch apple cake i04

Apple omelet i04

Compote of apples io4

Apple salads io5

Report of Secretary 3

INDEX. 179

PAGE

Roses — Hardy varieties and their culture 124

The climbers 125

Culture of 125

Room for plants 125

Pruning 126

Enemies 126

Russets of Maine 76

List of ^^

American Golden 82

English, or Poughkeepsie 79

Fletcher 85

Golden (of western New York) 81

Hunt's 83

Kennebec 85

Pomme Grise 88

Red 85

Roxbury "jj

Winn 86

Secretary's portfolio 162

Scale insects 137

Elm-tree bark-louse 138

Mealy bug 140

Oyster-shell bark-louse 137

Pine-leaf scale 137

San Jose scale 140

Spruce gall-louse 139

White scale 137

Shaw, Frederick A., talk by 144

Small fruits for home use 90

State Board of Agriculture 5

Strawberry — best method of growing 96

Quoddy Belle 173

Tests of, in 1896 174

Treasurer's report 4

True, John W., address by 71

Tryon, Mrs. Kate, address by 152

Van Deman. H. E., article by 170

Whittier, Phineas, paper by 106

Winter meeting 22

ERRATA.

Page 137, beginning of second paragraph rend AspidioUis nerii^ Bouche.

Same page, beginning of fourth paragraph read Chionaspis pinifoliae,
Fitch.

Same page, beginning of last paragraph read 31>jtilaspis x>omorum^
Bouche.

Page 1.S8, read after title of cut Mytilaspis pomorum.

Page 140, read Dactylopius destructor^ Comstock.

Same page, read Aspidiotiis perniciosus, Comstock.

Page 151 in second line from bottom read "bush" for bushel.

Page 168, ninth line from bottom read "Harlow's Seedling" instead of
"Harlaw's Seedling."

l*age 172, read in place of "Bradshaw & Magura," "Bradshaw and
Niagara."

Also in second line of article read "Niagara" for "Magura."