we ed genet ceatotat i ed rey sane inshenel sere : eT Seratarane fee ereh < ’ Peete am. ner re era eee ve PROSE tee reste” vn . : A i te theese natiate - SF aa 2 ; oan : ’ - Sete pero ‘ ee es | : , ; ; ee aA oper TENTS 6 asa) ereeret ie deseo ped wee ee etl athe 0 npteeimmiteneneian’) - vey A Lan. bar at de Dt ms 2 =F - ae Lf Or oe eat je ae Fe hh yr WE NRG. test, i PERS Were eae) Serany eee WS Wesyes essere . “oats Mata Susi FG GOGO | | er SARARAI Teta WS SSE TES UL Ube cewe teeter ec ceetee ence ! _— Sc pass Oe ee OO NL - = er uN eA | ww wWe = LES SNe wen taty WN, ESS Re ww © VL weer wy - -So-TtS “ w _ S \o Nigh \ _— — wwe . vey ee “we PNA Ad Stas ae § =e ATS RAIA ATE SHOE IES gerbe ALLIS 4 we ESL eed x ~ we ut eyyuel wey OO al LAGE eS ws jos ovwtw vy pias « ~~ we Te ad et ti \ Ss SS ahd ae ee Is Vw "wey 4 eS eras ey a eal os feted sah pepe = z odie wer ¥ vee PA, |S es AD Mow Wei F AKG || MET hd A NA ed MAS cS SIAL — aa “A ana aA f\™ or AG | @"Ae mA WA ~~ rN \ ‘ NAN FX ‘~ i 5 fe. fF: a6 an AN | a aN aN a Va; Za rs nan ac ~A ~ om ~~ PRADPOAWAAA. 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COO (OU ( fi (A ee Hae u¢ if é AOL OG Ca rs ) Car CO. tac CO as CE (Ca | eC Ce Cee c CCE GG C6 Ci ice aa amr ricer ( € CH « AL ME COMO MEMO aN aan l~ & =e: Tae ~ 2 an ae oe os Ry ip es - an rT: SS i = yrs . $e <_~aa- ae ae... te “ve ‘ ’ <8 fy ey : rane ’ ‘ THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO 1900. (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.) s PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF: ONTARIO. TORONTO: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY L. K. CAMERON. Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. 1901. PA eee a TAOWGA JAUAMA TeMla-YTAIHT aAHT TO . oe \ Ep tg Sake gies YTAIN02 JADLIOIOMOT/A | 10 OIMATHO 00eI CLEAUTIDOLADA TO THEMTPAATEAG OLAKTMO WAT YS GUHAloAy 4 j YO AAGHO Ya GATMIAG OIAATMVO: YO Y¥IGMdeeA AVITAdU2elodyd FHT ° -OTKWOLAOT WOAIMAO .A vl va agnealuaud ava aatuind \/) | Ydae(eM taellooxd taoM a'ynidt odd od r8dnid .£0e! THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO pouauites ii { 3 a MY i 1900. (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO. LORIN O PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY L. K. CAMERON. Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. ESO, WARWICK BRO’S & RUTTER, PRINTERS. TOR ONTOS ., q — ‘ = ai > _ et ’ Che, < let e > RR Y-FIRST ANNU REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO 1900. To the Honorable John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture : Sir,—I have the,honor to present herewith the thirty-first annual report of the Entomo'ogical Society of Ontario. The thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Society was held in the Oity of London on the 13th and two following days of November, 1900, when the officers for the ensuing year were elected and the necessary business of the Society was transacted. The report of the proceedings includes the audited financial statement of the Treasurer and reports of the various branches, sections and officers of the Society; also the papers and addresses on various Entomological topics presented during the meetings. The Canadian Entomologist, the Society’s monthly magazine, has been regularly issued and is now completing its thirty-second volume. Its circulation in all parts of the world, and its value as a scientific publication have been well maintained. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, CHARLES J. 8S, BETHUNE, Editor, Lonpon, Ontario. [3] ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. OFFICERS FOR 1900 1901. President—Rev. T. W. Fyues, D.C.L, F.L.S , South Quebec. Vice-President—Proressor W. Locuueap, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Secretary—Wtu1am E. SaunpErs, London. Treasurer—J. A. BALKWILL, London. Directors—Division No. 1, C. H. Youne, Ottawa; Division No. 2, J. D. Evans, Trenton ; Division No. 3, D. G. Oox, Toronto ; Division No. 4, JAmes JonnstTon, Bartonville ; Division No. 5, R. W. Renniz, London. Directors Ex-Officio (ex-Presidents of the Society)—Prorgssor Wm. Saunpers, LL.D., FR.S.0., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa; Rev. O. J. S. BetuunE, MA, D.OL, F.RS.C., London; James Fuetcner, LL.D., F.R.S.C,, F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist, Experimental Farms, Ottawa; W. H. Harrine- Ton, F.RS.C., Ottawa; JoHN Dearness, Normal School, London; Henry H. LyMan, M.A., "Montreal. Director Ex- Officio (Ontario Agricultural Oollege)—Proressor Wm. LocuHeap, Guelph. Librarian and Curator—J. Aus'ron Morrat, London. Auditors—J. H. Bowman and W. H. Hamitton, London. Editor of the Canadian Entomologist—Rrv. Dr. BetHuNE, London. Editing Committee—Dr J. Fietcuer, Ottawa ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, Trenton ; W. H. Harrineton, Ottawa; Pror. Locuueap, Guelph. Delegate to the Royal Society—Ruv. Dr. Betaune, London. Delegates to the Western Fair—J. Dearness and Dr. Betruune, London. Committee on Hield Days—Dr. Wotverton, Messrs. BALKWILL, Bowman, Exxiott, Law, Morrat, PercivaL, RennigE and SaunpeErs, London. Inbrary and Rooms Committee—Messrs, BALKWwILL, BetTHuNE, DEARNESS, Morrat and Saunpers, London. J. ALSTON MOFFAT, ESQ., Lonpon, Onv. Librarian and Curator of the Entomological Society since 1890. [5] - 2 Sie et. Pees ? * = 2 ‘J y aaa ns en a] . Ped: ao oh beg fat NS eet Lt OM : ee. SS ey ed tel CONTENTS. TENE ORS LL AN MISOLON IS eieha ois ove lose dis. << <,0's, oy e hots ereene meOPePMG Ue) eeiua wr tee cyereale a) sue ovejs s eleue Officers *forslOOWel GOW erie sic. s, sls o:c 2c sa aleberanereteteromenenereiatersy cuerelere ousliete Gs feu dvere seeiats ANNUAL MrrEtinG OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF Caen ee Oe eet at REE Address by Pror. C. CO. JAMES.............. ee eRe Teese ihs sacs ee “len woe ape Planting, Care and Pruning of Trees in Parks and Streets: W. E. SAUNDERS..... TERE NT) TgG08 (COTTA Slee eRPREPS ESI ic ce Aue on. cic ic eA ator Report of the Librarian and Curator ......... Report of the Treasurer and Auditors Report of the Montreal Branch , Report of the Quebec Branch Report of the Toronto Branch @) e)e) ie) in eilal ois ia\ les) (Pts) ee 6 eee s = ps) «2 © « =e -w ©) © 0) 6) elie) ele (6) al 2) Siimiiwie alle) w)\n\'e)le) (ee) 0B) 'e 6) es = ¢ 00) a 0 0 2 0 © er @ = = © 6 0 0 © = ee 6 0 0 6 = 0) ¢) 1.6) 0) 6) © sis) 6) 0) 5) «5 © 6s 0 ve 010 6 0 0 04 6 6 as a rc ec Report of the Microscopical Section Report of the Ornithological Section Report of the Geological Section Report to the Royal Society fan José Scale Discussion @ 0 she) =Lele ele, (oe) « ehetelel sf» Ulla) s) eiie).c)/e)(s) ve ee) @)« sé) (ele) 6 \s) s/o = © 6 0 4 6) a we a, 60) ses) eles ene) 6) 6 4) 0 es es 66 e@ rc 8 0 0 = 6 6 6 5.0 SC CMa Ue CC we Oe OC Ont Gago CS Gio Soto Oo OCHO Cee Oe CeciOn. i ele eils) 0) 6 a 06 © 0 6 sa Bio «seis 6) © \allaiviale: sialaliniiwinielic > isis et (s/s © 6 see es) a vie Paar ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT: T. \W.WYLES..ccempiee ise ol es cisle anes lew ole The systematic and economic study of Forest Insects of Ontario: W. LocHHEAD... Results of experiments in protecting apples from Codling Moth: F. M. Wesstrer. Notes on Insects of the Year—Division No.2: J.D. Evans.........,.......08, = oe Division No. 3: D.G. Cox ee 6e Division No.4: James JoHNSTON Division No.5: R. W. Rennie Notes on the Season of 1900: J. Atston Morrat Anoka aArchippus, yet.agaim: J. ALSTON MOPrAT Gh noses noes 2 ete cc edt oo enw Parasites in the eggs of Chrysopa: J. ALSTON MOFFAT.............-20-e0eeeeeee fhe Mragon-ties of the Province of Quebec: "T. W. EViEs). 26.26. dec eos soos ine suk-worm industry in Ontario: W. LocHHEAD fl... 2.60. c6.2. fas beens eee Results of some applications of crude petroleum to orchard trees: F. M. WeEssTER. Injurious insects in Ontario during 1900: J. FLeTcHER Pinecone season of 1900): W. LOCHHEADS,... Gees s.c. 2 os eke sete ee cums Nature study lessons on the Squash-bug: W. LocHHEAD................-+000005 The breeding of Lepidoptera and inflation of larvee; A. GIBSON .......... -..+.- Two longicorn beetles affecting growing nuisery stock: F. M. Wesster Curious habits of the larvze of Dermestes marmoratus: P. B. GREGsoN Observations on several species of Dermestide : F.M. Wresster Naresonmeanais. Arehappus : CC) W. NASH 2.2 ices. cee ss a se are B eine oes, vale o> aie eleets The present status of the San José Scale in Ontario: W. LocHHEAD A parasite of the San José Seale: JoHN DEARNESS THE AssocIATION OF ECONOMIO ENTOMOLOGISTS ........¢ 222s ceesc cree sees tececces Establishment of a new beneficial insect in California: L. O. Howaxp Early spring application of insecticides to fruit-trees: EK. P. Fr.r Notes upon the destructive green-pea louse: W. G. JOHNSON A parasite on the San José Scale: W. G. JoHNnson wis)ae easels (nile 6 @) ¢ oimyu ce 6 BECO OROMOn CS 5 he ORC omc ele A oaULele ‘ei tel sie) «iim ©) eo a\els 5 ois ¢ 0 ¢ alle = sile(ee) ») ele. e \s\/a (evi (ele) 8 ce, 6s) 5) 6 ule .« se shee Crete) Cy CeIn eC Ie eT Ye a eK Vt ear S) © els ellels ovale vein 66 ‘0 eles) © Je «6 = se 0:8 Regulations ve San José Scale (Dominion of Canada) ........-..-. 2... eee eee eee ees ieucrny— Mem i rGHrOW io). s se sss ts se oer en ccame tne sedan bodes ccc une saw esees ent Norru-West (Canapa) EntoMoLocicaL Socrery—Second Annual Meeting............ gene alee tL 0. sais na oe ele ee aiaide Pale Sec epe cee nee soe ce 70's oidlae oO ek W THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. ANNUAL MEETING. The thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in London, the headquarters of the Society, on the 13th, 14th and 15th of November, 1900. On Tuesday evening, the 13th, a joint meeting was held with the London Horticul- tural Society in a lecture room at the Normal School. Notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, a snowstorm prevailing at the time, the hall was completely filled by a very appreciative audience, representing both Societies and the general public as well. The proceedings were much enlivened by instrumental and vocal musical selections kindly furnished by Miss Morphy and Mrs. Edna 8. Robb, who was accompanied by Mr. J. W. Fetherston. The Horticultural Society is a new organization which has not yet com- pleted its first year of existence, but has shewn itself to be full of energy and enterprise. Two very successful flower shows were held during the summer and several public meet- ings at which addresses were given on horticultural and kindred topics. The directors and officers are all members of the Entomological Society and so intimate are the relations between the two that the younger organization may be regarded as a section of the older ana larger institution. The chair was taken by Mr. C C, James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, who delivered the opening address. He began by explaining the intimate rela- tion that exists between horticulture and entomology, showing that we could have few fruits or flowers if there were no insects, and that there could be no insects if there were no vegetation. While many insects are most beneficial to fruits and flowers, other kinds are most destructive. As noxious or beneficial, the insect world has the closest possible connection with the vegetable kingdom. He then spoke of the various aspects of horti- culture and referred, in the first place, to the /abor side. In the sweat of the brow must the soil be cultivated ; no good results can be obtained without hard work, but the earth responds most bountifully when well directed labour is bestowed upon it. The next aspect is the financial. Horticulture must be profitable from a pecuniary point of view, otherwise there would not be so many professionally engaged in it, Their evident success and the expensive character of their equipment shows that they are pro- viding for a real want of the community. All over the country there are extensive con- servatories for the production of flowers, and here and there large nursery gardens for the supply of fruit trees and ornamental shrubs and plants. But is there anything intellectual in horticulture? In the early days of this country the pioneer farmers devoted themselves exclusively to the raising of grain, and they began in the same way in Manitoba. All that they produced in excess of their own requirements was bartered for the necessary supplies of their families, After a time the care of cattle and pigs was added to the work of the farm and by degrees, after the lapse of many years, this department grew into the great live stock industry that we find to be so prosperous and so important to-day. The next development was the planting out of a few acres of apple trees and the addition in this way of an orchard to nearly every farm. The benefits derived from this improvement, both in the supply of a most whole- some and agreeable variety for the domestic table and the production of a lucrative crop, were soon realized ; more and more land was given up to fruit culture, a higher taste was developed, a more lofty plane of life was reached. The monotonous routine of the early farmer’s life was changed to one filled with variety as the seasons came and went, and men found that reading and knowledge were required for the successful prosecution of their varied pursuits. A further mark of progress was the adornment of the home- stead with flowers and shrubs. The ornamentation of the home with these objects of natural beauty and the elevation of taste engendered by them indicated the highest stage of country life. The combination of all these things that have been referred to provides a [9] 10 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 mode of life that cannot be dull and that requires a high degree of intelligence and ability for its successful prosecution. Intellectual people, the speaker continued, are much inclined towards horticulture. When such retire with a competence from the business of life they usually find some place on the outskirts of a city or town where there is room for a garden, and there they enjoy their leisure in the cultivation of fruits and flowers. In proof of this devotion to gardening on the part of men who possessed the highest intellectual gifts, the speaker referred to several well-known authors. Blackmore, whose novels hold a place in the first rank, thought more of his fruits and flowers than he did of his books. Rider Hag- gard not long ago retired to an estate in England, and now he prefers to be spoken of as a farmer or gardener rather than as a writer of fiction. John Burroughs, the charming American writer, shows in his works his devotion to birds and flowers. Charles Dadley Warner lived for ten years in Hartford before he became popular, and then it was due to his papers as an amateur gardener published in the Hartford Cowrier. These attracted much attention and were published in book-form, with an introduction by Henry Ward Beecher, under the now well-known title ‘‘ My Summer in a Garden.” The greatest Canadian historian is undoubtedly Francis Parkman. Though not a dweller in our country, he devoted himself to the study of its early annals and produced a series of works that cannot be too highly praised for the beauty of their style and the intense interest ot their contents. His recently published biography deserves to be widely read ; it shows that the great moral of his life was the surmounting of difficulties. Almost blind, crippled with rheumatism, prostrated with nervousness, without a really well day for twenty-five years, he yet managed to accomplish a vast amount of admirable literary work. At the early age of twenty-six he made an expedition along the famous “ Oregon Trail” in the search for materials for a contemplated book. The hardships he then endured undermined his health and he was compelled to lay aside his literary work fora time. Horticulture became his exclusive pursuit for several years and by its aid he gradually regained his former health and vigour. He made the growing of roses and lilies his specialty, and at one time possessed a thousana varieties of roses and a great number of hybrids that he had obtained from lilies and other flowers. The meritorious character of his work was attested by his winning no less than 326 awards at the flower shows of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. In 1871 he was actually appointed Professor of Horticulture by Harvard University and he held the position for a year. After that he returned to his literary pursuits and gained a reputation second to none as a painstaking, accurate historian of the romantic period of the early French regime in Oanada. Horticulture when broadly pursued is an education in itself ; it requires undoubted powers of observation and induction, and as it demands intelligence, men of intelligence take a delight in it. It has also a moral aspect. Take the case of a boy—if he has a fondness for flowers and fruits, insects and birds, he cannot be an immoral person. His tastes are too high for that ; his love for the beautiful things in nature raises him to a higher level and exalts his aspirations far above the sordid things of earth. Believing this to be the result, we can realize how important it is that space should be given in our School system for ‘‘ Nature Study.” It instinctively appeals to the hearts of all child- ren, and by its cultivation leads them on to higher things and makes them better fitted to take their place with their fellows in later life—to do their duty more intelligently, more uprightly, towards their country, their neighbours, and at their own fireside, THE PLANTING, CARE AND PRUNING OF THE TREES IN THE PARKS AND STREETS OF THE CITY. By Mr. W. E. Saunprrs, or Lonpon. The subject upon which I have to speak to you to-night is of great importance from every point of view, and while I only intend to touch upon certain phases, I feel sure the interest you have in the matter will lead you to follow it out in other lines also. In nature, trees grow in one of two ways—either in a crowded forest, or in places more or less open, where they get plenty of light. Although light is free to all, yet 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 among the trees it is the only necessary for which they enter a great competitive struggle, upon which their very lives depend. When once started a tree cannot help getting a certain quantity of food and moisture, but unless it receives light also, it dies. In the forest, trees grow as closely together as they can live, and there is a constant struggle to reach the top ; those that succeed in doing so will spread out, and by shading the lower ones, kill them just as surely as though one cut them off with an axe. This method of growth shades the ground closely, keeping it damp and cool, and each year’s crop of leaves buries beneath it as it falls the dead limbs and bark chips which fell dur- ing the summer and preceding winter, and these, kept always damp by this mulch of leaves, soon decay, and with the leaves themselves form what we know as leaf-mould, the whole process being nature’s method of making fertile soil. This is the normal forest condition, and the product of its development is timber, straight-grained, strong and nearly knot-free wood, the joy of the carpenter’s heart and one of the best gifts of the Creator to man. But once in a while, in natural conditions, and more often when the agency of man is involved, a tree gets a chance to grow in a place where there is an abundance of light on all sides, and what result do we find? This tree, instead of growing tall as rapidly as possible, for fear that some competitor will cut off its supply of light, grows broad nearly as fast as it grows tall, and sometimes faster ; all sides are covered with leaves, and all the branches beneath are draped with leaves in nature’s own unequaled manner. Be- tween these two styles of trees there is little resemblance ; the shape is different, the leaves are all over, instead of merely at the top, while the wood, though equally good for burning, is so full of knots from the well developed limbs that it is nearly useless for lumber, but for beauty there is no comparison. The one shows nature in acreative mood making soil and timber for the use of generations yet unborn; and the other shows her in an artistic mood, and the product is something whose beauty is rarely, if ever, equaled by the artifice of man. Scarcely can the dullest-minded person pass a beautiful tree without rendering his meed of admiration, and many of these growths are of such surpassing beauty that one is tempted to wonder if the Creator could possibly make anything finer, and yet so inscrut- able are the ways of some men that they cut, maul, disfigure and distort these gifts of God, and they appear to think that He does not know how a tree should grow and that it is their duty to teach Him, In our parks and city streets trees are grown mainly for purposes of shade and beauty, and as the coolest and most dense shade is given by the most beautiful trees, namely, those that are covered with leaves above, below and on all sides, it naturally follows that our city trees should be grown in this form. And there is but one way to grow them after this manner, and that is by giving them plenty of light, and keeping the trimming fiend at a distance. In Victoria Park, young as it is, many trees are at this moment ugly and deformed | by a want of observance of these conditions, light and trimming, and, in fact, one can see there some of the most striking examples of how not to grow a tree that can be found in along journey. But it seems invidious to single out. Victoria Park, when one can see in any part of the city glaring examples of distrust in the Creator’s good taste and ability to grow a tree properly. To many people who do their own pruning and do a good deal of it, the idea may not have occurred that nature really intended certain trees to grow in certain forms, and that no matter how they may be pruned, that form will always be the ultimate aim of the tree. They fail also to realize that the hand of God is omnipotent, and that their best endeavours will only mar the perfection of beauty into which a tree would come if per- mitted to follow its natural bent. The love of trees is implanted deep in the nature of nearly every person. Many people do not realize this until they come into possession of a plot of ground, where a few trees are growing, when their natural affection comes quickly to the surface, But few, however, have this feeling so chastened with wisdom as to enable them to treat their trees well ; nearly all want to grow two, three or even a dozen trees in the space that shodld be given to one, not realizing how much better it would be to have one fine, large, well-shaped, handsome tree, than to have half a dozen stunted, mis-shapen, lopsided ones, whose only real utility is for consumption as fuel. No better proof of this deeply im- 12 THE REPORT OF THE [No. 19 planted love can be offered than the fact that it is almost impossible to persuade the average man to part with a single one of his trees, even when the destruction of one means the »etterment of the others. Occasionally, however, one sees a tree, even in London, that has had unlimited chance to develop, and the owners of these grand trees declare them to be without price; but these beautiful examples are all too few. The other extreme is everywhere, and per- haps the most flagrant case in London is in front of the Oollegiate Institute. There stand three or four rows of trees, not one of which is now, or has any prospect of ever being anything but an eyesore, and yet those trees are old enough and have used enough nourishment from the soil and light from above to have made trees as handsome as any in the city bad they been given proper opportunity. They are now so far gone that it would be almost impossible to make a really fine tree out of a single one of them ; and what has occurred here is in process of occurring all over where from two to ten trees are planted in the space which one large, well-grown tree will need in twenty-five years. At irregular intervals a man, called by courtesy a “ tree-pruner,” more or less author- ized by those who rule over us to butcher every inanimate object, travels through our streets and makes a bad matter still worse. A gentleman living near my house had last summer a very handsome cut-leaved birch and a good many maples growing on his front lawn. Noticing that the birch was beginning to suffer from being overcrowded, I one day complimented him on the beauty of his tree, and suggested that it needed more room in order to retain its beauty. He replied that it was a very nice tree, but it needed pruning, and he was getting a man who understood such things to come and see to it. The beauty of this species of birch lies in the long, slender, drooping branchlets, and in the handsome pyramidal shape of the tree ; but this “ pruner” sawed off the trank of this tree at about eight feet from the top, sawed one-third off the larger limbs, and left the tree shorn of all its beauty and with the work of years destroyed. All the tree needed was to receive plenty of light and to be left alone. Such examples are abundant. I notice lately that the tree pruner is getting in his deadly work at Springbank also. Within the past year or two the birches, poplars, maples, etc , near the pump-house hive had from two to five feet taken off most of their branches, and from the trunk also. The object of this treatment is undiscoverable. The spruces, too, in other parts of the grounds, are receiving similar attention, and of all trees the spruce needs pruning least, and bears it worst. A pruned spruce is no longer a spruce, but an abortion, unlike anything in nature and is fit only for the brush pile, for it will never be itself again. When trees are too many, cut some of them down. A tree which is too large for its environment can never be made handsome by any system of praning, and not only that, it will spoil others which might be ornamental if its space were vacant. Now, @ word as to the planting of shade trees. In London we suffer from a super- flaity of silver maple (Acer dasycarpum). Thisis a quick growing tree of handsome form, but there are others that are as quick growing and many that, though slow growers, are more desirable and very handsome. Oar streets should not all be planted with one kind of tree. Monotony should be avoided. Besides, when a blighting disease or a devastat- ing insect, affecting possibly only one species of tree, reaches a city planted with that tree only, that place is liable to have very few good trees left. Some twenty-five years ago the streets of London had many locust trees, whose foliage and flowers are both beautiful, but the locust borer came among them and now they are gone. The maple is a grand tree, Lardy and nobly beautiful, but we bave many other fine trees also, and doubtless it was never intended that we should confine ourselves to the use of one species only. The birches, three or four species of beautiful trees, immortalized in poetry and characteristic of the north ; the lofty elm, whose fame as a street tree in New England has spread over the entire continent ; the fragrant basswood, the evergreen spruces and cedar, the hemlock, which I sometimes think is the handsomest of all our trees, and the nut trees, chestnut, but- ternut, walnut, beech and the hickories—all these and many more have beauties of their own, and should be largely used, particularly the nut class, which render the parks attractive to the squirrels and the birds and the children, and is it not for the children, particularly those of the poorer people, for whose use the parks should mainly exist? I have no pati- ence with the park regulations which say to the children, “‘ Keep off the Grass.” Rather 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 let them say, ‘Boys and girls, this park is for you; don’t destroy it, but enjoy it in every possible way.” Some day I hope we shall see this principle recognized. Beauty in the streets and parks is an asset, and should be well looked after, as it is perhaps the greatest attraction a city can have, next to a low tax rate; and although we have to-day many thousands of spoiled, ugly trees, fit only for the woodpile, yet there are thousands more growing up, and intelligent care can prevent most of them from following the example set by their elders. These points upon which I have touched affect not only our own city, but almost every city and town in our country ; and the need for intelligent care is urgent. It was only a few weeks ago that an eminent horticulturist wrote in the pages of Gardening, a leading American magazine, of the folly of planting trees in rows along the drives in parks, 2 method which is the worst possible, for besides spoiling the artistic appearance of the place, it prevents the people on the drives from the realization and the enjoyment of the beauties of either the nearby or the distant view, and yet, despite of the fact that this principle is freely stated and admitted by the best authorities, it is the very method which is being adopted in our river park, now in process of formation ; and not only that, but the chief part of the trees planted have been soft maples and Norway spruces, the very ones of which Londoners have already far too many. It is to be hoped that ere long different methods may prevail, and while there is yet time the best may be made of the material now planted, and that the future may be properly provided for by the planting of such trees as will lend variety and beauty to the landscape. How this is to be accomplished is not difficult to tell, for it can only be done by placing the control of such matters in the hands of men who have given thought and study tothe subject. Were our own city council, for instance, to appoint for 1901 a committee consisting of a few such men, and to give them a free hand in the matter the effect on the appearance of our city parks and streets would be great and lasting. I have not touched upon the matter of shrubs and flowering plants, but it would be easy to make a great improvement over present conditions were the plan above mentioned to come into action, and no plan would be complete that did not aim at the best results in these points, as well as others ; but a shrub may be at its best in five or ten years, whereas a tree is the growth of decades, and neglect for ten years may ruin the result of twenty-five years’ careful work and thought. Dr. James FietcHerR, Dominion Entomologist and Botanist, Experimental Farms, Ottawa, was the next speaker. His address was illustrated with beautiful lantern pic- tures, which gave great pleasure to the audience. The excellent lantern was kindly provided by Mr. Merchant, Principal of the Normal School, who was assisted in its manipulation by Mr. K. W. Rennie. Dr. Fletcher first presented a series of pictures in illustration of the paper that had just been read by Mr. Saunders and showed how trees should be grown and treated, giving as examples specimens that were growing on the Experimental Farms at Ottawa and in the North-West. Many of these were from photographs taken on the grounds of the Experimental Farm at Ottawa, and had been specially lent for the occasion by Dr. William Saunders, the Director. Among others he exhibited the Black Walnut, Russian Poplar, Austrian Pine, Blue Spruce, Scotch Pine, Cutleafed Birch, and some very remarkable trees in the Kocky Mountains and in British Columbia; he also showed some beautifal flowering shrubs and other interesting plants, the Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Spirzea van Houtei, Mary Arnott Rose, Charles X Lilac, Cypripedium spectabile, etc. ; the Devil’s Club (a most troublesome plant to mountain climbers), Hedges on the North- West Experimental Farms, Dr. Saunders’s Hybrids from Apple and Pyrus baccata ; the method of spraying trees at Ottawa. He then took up the subject of insects, showing how those that are injurious may be divided into two great classes according to the mode in which they partake of their food, namely the biting (those furnished with jaws) such as caterpillars, grubs, beetles, &e., and the sucking (those provided with a beak or sucker), such as mosquitoes, aphides, bugs, &c. The former can be destroyed by poisoning their food with such substances as Paris green, hellebore, insect-powder, &c., but the latter cannot be reached in this way, and must be subdued by substances thas will smother them when applied to their bodies, viz., kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap, &c. The many beneficial species of insects, such as lady-birds, ichneumons, carnivorous ground-beetle, which prey upor cut-worms, and 14 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 many others, ought to be familiar to all, so that they should not be wantonly trodden under foot or otherwise destroyed. Excellent figures of all those referred to were shewn upon the screen, and a large number of our most prevalent insect pests, among others, the cabbage-root maggot, the devastating and climbing cut-worms, the May beetle (white grub), pea-weevil and pea-aphis, pear psylla, eye-spotted bud-moth, canker and palmer worms, the cigar case-bearer, plum sphinx and curculio, grape-vine flea beetle, spruce gall- louse, tent caterpillars, codling moth, San José scale, and the lovely Luna moth. Each picture as it appeared was briefly described in the speaker’s well-known graphic and often humorous manner, and the interest and attention of the large audience were maintained to the lasc. At vhe close of Dr. Fletcher's address, the following resolution was proposed by Dr. Bethune, who spoke briefly in its support, and seconded by Principal Kirk ; on being put to the meeting, it was unanimously adopted : “That this meeting of the Horticultural and Entomological Societies endorses the idea that the control of the city’s horticulture should be in the hands of men who have made this science a study ; and that this meeting urges upon the City Council. the advisability of placing in the hands of a small committee of citizens the entire control of the shade trees on the streets and in the parks of London, believing that in this way only can the best results be accomplished ; and that the secretaries of the two societies are hereby instructed to send copies of this resolution to the Mayor and the City Clerk early in January, 1901, asking that it be brought before the Council at the earliest possible moment, and request- ing that action be taken thereon.” At the conclusion, votes of thanks were tendered to the ladies for the musical treat that they had afforded ; Professor James and the other speakers for their interesting addresses ; Professor Lochhead, for the loan of a number of slides; and Principal Mer- chant, for the use of the Lecture room and lantern, and the kind assistance that he and Mr. Rennie had afforded. WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 14ra. The Council of the Entomological Society met at 10.30 a.m., for the transaction of business and the preparation of their report on the proceedings of the past year, The President occupied the chair, and the meeting continued in session till one o’clock. The Society met at 2.30 p.m. Among those present were the following: Rev. Dr: Fyles, South Quebec, President ; Prof, Lochhead, Ontario Agricultural College, Vice- President ; Dr. James Fletcher and Mr. Arthur Gibson, Experimental Farm, Ottawa ; Mr. Henry H. Lyman, Montreal; Inspector G. E. Fisher, Freeman, Ont.; Prof. F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio; Revs. Provost Watkins, and Dr. Bethune, London; Drs. Woolverton and Stevenson, and Messrs. J. A. Balkwill, J. H. Bowman, J. Dearness, H. _ Gould, B. Green, O. J. Fox, W. Gammage, W. H. Hamilton, John Law, Heard, J. A. Moffat, S. B. McCready, W. E. Saunders, R. W. Rennie, E. A. Brown, H. S. Saunders, and many other residents of London. ; The President called upon the Directors and Officers of the Society, the representa- tives of the Branches, and the chairmen of the Sections for their respective Reports on the work of the past year. These were read and discussed, as follows : REporT OF THE CoUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its Annual Report for the years 1899-1900, The thirty-sixth annual meeting was held in London in October 1899, and was well attended by members from a distance as well as by those resident in the city. An inter- esting and important addition to the ordinary proceedings was a conference held during the first afternoon on the San José Scale and the operations that had been carried out for its suppression in the Province of Ontario. A fall report of the discussion and of the subsequent proceedings at the meeting has already been published ; it is therefore un- necessary to enter into particulars, 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 The thirtieth Annual Report on economic and general Entomology was presented to the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario in December last and was printed and distributed in the following March. Ib contained 127 pages and was illustrated with sixty-six wood cuts and two plates, one a portrait of Mr. Henry H. Lyman the retiring President, the other exhibiting the structure of a butterfly’s wing. Besides the account of the confer- ence on the San José Scale and the proceedings at the Annual Meeting, it contained among many useful papers, the President’s address by Mr. Lyman ; ‘‘ One hundred years of American Entomology” and “ The home of the San José Scale” by Prof. F. M. Web- ster ; papers by Prof. Lochhead, Mr. Arthur Gibson, Mr. J. A. Moffat, Dr. Bethune, Mr. W. N. Hutt, Dr. Fyles, and articles on the most notable and injurious insects of the year by Dr. Fletcher, Messrs. Harrington, Evans, Moffat, Gibson and Drs. Fyles and Bethune. An addition of much interest was the report of the proceedings at the first annnal meeting of the North-West (Canada) Entomological Society, held at Lacombe, Alberta, in November 1599. The Canadian Entomologist has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. The 3lst volume was completed in December last ; it consisted of 377 pages, illustrated with 36 wood cuts and six plates, The contributors numbered no less than sixty, and included well-known writers in England, Germany, Finland, Brazil and Japan, as well as in the United States and Canada. The thirty-second volume will be completed next month ; the eleven numbers already issued contain 352 pages and many original illustrations. An index to the thirty Annual Reports of the Society, 1870 to 1899, has been pre- pared by the Rev. Dr. Bethune and is now being printed under the direction of the De- partment of Agriculture. It is expected to be ready for distribution before the end of the year, and will, undoubtedly, be found of very great value by all who have occasion to consult these Reports. Entomological meetings have been held regularly on Friday evenings, at first fort- night'y, afterwards weekly, from October to June, and have now been resumed for the sutumn and winter seasons. The study of the Lepidoptera was taken up for several months and when spring opened specimens freshly captured were brought for identifica- tion and discussion. The order Coleoptera has been adopted for study during the ses- sions that have now begun. The Council is glad to be able to report that the Ornithological Section has been re- vived and has held regular monthly meetings for a year past ; at the same time it has to express its regret that no meetings of the Botanical Section have been held this year. The Geological Section has been as active as usual, holding weekly meetings on Tuesday evenings throughout the greater part of the year, and the Microscopical Section has held interesting meetings on alternate Friday evenings during the autumn and winter months. Many valuable and interesting additions have been made to the Library and Collec- tions. The Council desires to bear its testimony to the great care taken by Mr. Moffat in the preservation of the Society’s books and specimens, and their neat and orderly arrangement. Too much praise cannot be accorded to him for the zeal and interest that he always displays in attending to the welfare of the Society and the good order of its property. All of which is respectfully submitted. Tuomas. W. Fyuus, President. Report OF THE LIBRARIAN AND OURATOR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31sT oF Avaust, 1900. Thirty bound volumes of Government Reports, and proceedings and transactions of societies were received during the year. Among them were twelve quarto volumes of the United States Geological Survey, profusely illustrated, with a volume of maps accom- panying them. Thirty-four volumes were bound and added to the library. Among these are some volumes of the Bulletins of the Iowa University (a gift to the library by Rev. Dr. Bethune) one of which is of special interest, being explorations in the Canadian Far North in search of the Musk Ox, by Frank Russell. Also contributions from Drs, Fletcher and Bethune of volumes of the Proceedings of the American Association for the Ad. 16 THE REPORT OF THE [No. 19 vancement of Science, which complete the Society’s set up to date, and make the num- ber of volumes added during the year 64. The full number now on the register is 1,691. Number of volumes issued to local members was 45. A few additional specimens of Manitoba Lepidoptera have been secured since the last report, which are valuable for reference and comparison. Nothing of special interest in local captures can be reported for the past season. A few doubtful forms are awaiting determination. Mr. O. C, Poling, of Quincy, Illinois, has kindly and considerately presented to the Societv, a fine pair of that rare, singular and interesting butterfly, Veophasia Terlootw, Behr., taken in Arizona. Respectfully submitted. J. AtsToN Morrat. AvupitTors’ Report. Receipts and Expenditures of the Entomological Society of Ontario, for the year ending August 31st, 1900: RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURES. Balance, September Ist, 1899....$ 576.30 SOT, POINE, SOUG). <5, 2.0 08 0.0 meal 2 $ 45.20 Sales of Entomologist .......... 150.69 Expense acct.,(Postage, etc.).... 159.79 Sales of Cork, pins, etc......... 93.58 TDPALY 3... 6s Se icc s+ 35 89 PAIVERMIBIND hs da o0c dus on one 14 35 SOUNDER 5 a0 0\ce\oyare, <5 $2 spin. 26 ne 375.00 Government Grant ............ 1,000.00 Annual Meeting and Report.... 254.60 MIGMEGLAPICEE o..0). 656.04. ss nse ees 439 86 PROG os 3.5 sofele wig ieraidiss a » Qe eae 175 00 ARTA Mata sp io-b et mis o/c e dp ime o's 13.16 Be PUM UU Scans fein. djpuslene! #0, ea ral 749 75 Balance on hand Aug. 31st, 1900, 492.71 $2,287.94 $2,287.94 We, the Auditors of the Entomological Society of Ontario hereby certify that we have examined the books and vouchers of the Treasurer and find them correct, and that the above is a true statement of the accounts of the society. W. H. Hamitron ) Andit Jas. H. Bowman { O0!0rs. London, Ont., Sept. 18th, 1900. REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 224th Regular and 27th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Ento- mological Society of Ontario was held at 74 McTavish street on Tuesday evening, May 8th, 1900. The members present comprised Messrs, A. F, Winn (Pres.), Henry H. Lyman, A. E. Norris, E. T. Chambers, J. C. Williams, G. Chagnon, G. Beaulieu, M. W. Davis, O. Stevenson, G. A. Moore, C. P. Newman and L. Gibb. Visitor—Rev. E. 0. Trenholme. The chair was taken by the President and the minutes of the previous meeting, and also of the last annual meeting, were read and confirmed. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The President then submitted the following report of the Council for the past year : In presenting their report for the past year your Oouncil is pleased to be able to state that much good work has been done. Eight regular monthly meetings have been held, the average attendance being ten, and six new members have been added to our roll. We have again had a visit from each of our good friends, Dr. Fletcher and Rev. Dr. Fyles, in addition we had the pleasure of having Mr. J. G. Jack of Jamaica Plains, Mass., at one meeting and one of our new members, Mr. E. D. Wintle of Como, P.Q., has come to our meetings regularly. Twe field days were held, the first at Beloeil Mountain, St. Hilaire,on May 24, which was very successful, many valuable specimens being secured ; the other at Chateau- 1900) / ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 17 \guay on July lst was made a most enjoyable outing, through the kind hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. Jack and their family, but the captures were disappointing owing to the strong _ wind which was blewing all day. Several members also attended the Natural History Séciety’s field day at Montford. The following papers were read at the meetings : Retiring Address of the President—Henry H. Lyman. Collecting at Electric Light—A. F. Winn. Note on Emergence of Telea polyphemus—M, W, Davis. The Genus Hydroecia—Dwight Brainerd. Spiders—Rev. Dr. Fyles. A Sketch of the Order Orthoptora—E, M. Walker (of the Toronto Branch). Tribulations of a Beginner—Dwight Brainerd. Practical Entomology, or Bee Keeping—Gilbert Winitle. Bees and Wasps—Dr. Jas. Fletcher. _ An Entomological Muddle—Henry H. Lyman. Chrysophanus thoe— A. F, Winn. On the Rearing of Lepidoptera—Arthur Gibson. Danais Archippus—A. E. Norris. This list probably shows more diversity of subjects than that of any year in the history of the Branch, and the specimens shown at the meetings have included orders that have been little studied here in the past, such as Diptera, Hymenoptera and Orthop- tera. Our collection of books has again been added to by Mr. J. G. Jack, who has presented copies of the report on the Gypsy Moth and two volumes of Memoirs of the Academy of Natural Sciences. A case has been ordered for our books aud pamphlets, and the Natural History Society have kindly consented to give us space for it in their building. The Treasurer’s statement shows the Branch to be in a good tinancial position, Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council, ALBERT F, WINN, President. The Treasurer then submitted his report, showing & balance on hand of $59.37. It was moved by Mr. H. H. Lyman and seconded by Mr. C. Stevenson “That the reports of the Oouncil and of the Treasurer be received and adopted.” Oarried. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, A. F. Winn; Vice-President, Dwight Brainerd; Secretary, Lachlan Gibb; Treasurer, M. Waring Davis ; Librarian, A. E. Norris ; Council, H. H. Lyman and G. Ohagnon. Mr. Henry H. Lyman read a paper on’ the Life History of Euchaetes Oregonensis, and also exhibited a pamphlet entitled Memoirs of the Ohicago Entomological Society. A letter was read from E. Brunetti, London, England, asking for exchange in Canadian Diptera, which was referred to Mr. Ohagnon. ; After examining a number of specimens shown by the members the meeting adjourned. LacHLaN Gis, Secretary. REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH. The annual meeting of the Quebec branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held on May 12th, 1900, the president, Rev. Dr. Fyles, occuping the chair. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. The Quebec branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario has entered upon the fourth year of its existence. During the pase year several things have happened to occasion our members much concern. .<“%Death has removed two from amongst us. Mrs. Treffry departed this life a few months ago ; and on April 27th, Mr. Treffry after a very brief illness was also taken 2 EN, ET? Tipp r ONS Gaal sean Oe a a OS Cre ICs Oa aU gay aa ; ‘ ; Pedy fal , pe |S 48 THE REPORT OF THE > No. 19 away. We shall miss the active interest he took in our affairs. His ability as a — journalist and his ready pen were often exercised in the interests of the Branch and his cheerful good-nature, before sorrow overtook him, added to the interest of our meetings. © Next we have to record the closing (temporary it is to be hoped) of Morrin College. The reduction of the grant from the Suporior Education Fund, the inadequacy of the number of paying students to make up for this, and the fsilure of support from our decreasing English speaking population, militated seriously against its interests and made it impossible to maintain its very efficient staff of professors without trenching too far upon the capital funds of the Institution. We hope that the privilege of meeting in the College rooms will still be allowed us. The late principal, Dr. Macrae, and Professors Clark, Gunn and MacIntyre took a kind interest in our proceedings; and in Professor Walters we have had a firm friend and valuable member. Should he be called from the city, we shall regret his departure deeply at the same time that we shall indulge the hope and heartily pray that health and prosperity may attend him and his family wherever their lot may be cast. An untoward accident in the beginning of March interfered for two months with the regular course of the proceedings of the branch, but before that its meetings were regularly _ held and well attended. Four field days were held in the course of the summer : two at the Gomin; one (by invitation) in the grounds of E. H. Wade, Esq., at New Liverpool and one at the Island of Orleans. At the meetings in Morrin Oollege, the following subjects were considered :—Noah’s Flood and the Insect World: Ichneumon Flies; Dragon-Flies; ‘The Kissing Bug” ; the Hemiptera ; the Ceratocampidae and the Saturnians. At one of the meetings a most interesting narrative of an entomoiogical expedition to the country north of Brandon, Man., written by Mr. A. Hanham of Winnipeg, was read and fully appreciated. At another meeting many very beautiful southern moths presented to the president by Mr. H. H. Newcomb of Boston were exhibited and greatly admired. Among the interesting captures of the season were: Thyatira rectangulata, Ottolengui, which was taken on the Island by Mrs. Turner; a fine specimen of the salmon-colored variety of Hepialus argenteomaculatus, Harris, taken at light at St. Paul, Quebec; Catocala Bianca, Hy. Edwards, also at light at Levis; and a very fresh specimen of Ufeus Satyricus, Grote, caught on the wing at the Chaudiére, on the 20th of January by Mr. Charles Barclay. ; A new pest has made its appearance in this province viz: the American Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana), a specimen of which was found at St. Paul, Quebec, on the 21st of April. This makes the fourth kind of cockroach that has shown itself in Quebec Province. The other three are the German Cockroach (Zctobia Germanica) ; the Oriental (Blatta orientalis) and the Australian (Periplaneta Australasia). All these insects are troublesome and disgusting, but they are incapable of inflicting personal injury. A very, effective trap for them may be purchased in the hardware stores. Rapid and constant ieee with all parts of the continent will doubtless bring many insects within our orders. By far the worst pest that of late years has shewn itself in Canada is the San José Seale. Up to the present time it has not been found in the Province of Quebec ; but in Ontario its ravages have occasioned much dismay. Fortunately the Ontario Government — are aware of its dangerous character and are taking timely and stringent measures to check its course. The report of a very interesting discussion upon this scale is printed in the Society’s Annual Report which will shortly be in the hands of the members. It is to be hoped that the coming season will be a favorable one from an entomological point of view ; that no troublesome insects may increase to cause alarm and that many rare and beautiful specimens may reward the efforts of our collectors. Report or Oouncit. The branch now includes 43 members: 33 adults and 10 juniors. The Treasurer’s report gives a very satisfactory showing. Several excursions were made daring the year and were very successfal. ~ : 1900] ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 Owing to an accident to our worthy president the course of lectures had unfortunately F to be interrupted to the great regret of the members. Our thanks are due to the authorities of Morrin Oollege for having continued to allow us to use their rooms for our meetings. . 'H, Wa.terg, on behalf of the Council. lt was moved by Miss Hamel, seconded by Mrs. Poston, and unanimously resolved that the thanks of the meeting be tendered the council and the officers, The following were then elected : President, the Rev. Dr. Fyles. Vice-President, Miss E. MacDonald. Council, Mrs. R. Turner, Mr. James Geggie, Professor Walters, Hon. R. Turner, Miss Bickell, Miss Winfield. ) -Secretary-Treasurer, Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay, Curator, Prof. Walters. Since the above report was written Morrin College has been re-opened, and has a large attendance of students. The Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario has commenced its regular work and is in a very healthy condition. At the last meeting twenty-two members were present and four new members were elected. Before the close of the season it held a happy field-day in the grounds of James Geggie, Esq., at Darnoc, Quebec. THomas W. FY.gs, President of the Quebec Branch. REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. The fourth annua] meeting of the Toronto Branch ot the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in the Education Department (Normal School), on Friday evening, the 6th April, 1900. The following members were present : Messrs. EK. M. Walker (Vice-President), G. M. ‘Stewart (Secretary-Treasurer), H. C. Austin (Librarian), D. G. Cox, R. J. Crew, C. H. Tyers and S. R. Carter; visitor, Mr. A. Cook. In the absence of the President, the Vice-President took the chair. The minutes of the previous regular meeting were read and approved. Mesars. Geo. Smith, Geo. Rossiter, Albert Cook and .W. H. Harrison were duly elected members of the Branch. The Secretary read the following report of the Council for the year ending 31st March, 1900: Report oF Councit, The Council of the Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario take much pleasure in presenting the Fourth Annual Report of the proceedings of the Branch for the year ending 31st March, 1900. They are pleased to report that since the last annual meeting the membership of the Branch has been increased by the addition of one new name, viz, Mr. D. G. Cox, and as some of the meetings have been attended by visitors, no doubt others may be induced to take an interest in our work in the near future. . During the past year fifteen regular meetings have been held in the Education Department, with a fair average attendance of the members. The Oouncil is pleased at the result of Mr. Lyman’s suggestion that papers be exchanged between the Toronto and Montreal Branches, and is much indebted to the members of the latter Branch for the interesting papers so kindly contributed. As a partial return, Mr. Walker’s paper, men- tioned below, was forwarded to be read before th® Montreal Branch. The following is a list of the papers read before the Branch during the past year : Annual Address of the President, Mr. R. J. Orew. Notes on Danais Archippus, Mr. H. H. Lyman, of the Montreal Branch. iP 20 THE REPORT OF THE : [ No. 19 A Sketch of the Order Orthoptera, with special reference to the Ontario Forms, Mr. E. M. Walker. Collecting at Electric Light, Mr. A. F. Winn, President of the Montreal Branch. - The Rearing of Lepidoptera, Mr. Arthur Gibson, . Notes on the Anatomy of Belostoma, Mr. G, M. Stewart. An interesting feature of the year’s work was an open meeting held on the 5th of Jann- ary, at which a large audience was present, including many Normal School students. Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa, Dominion Entomologist, gave a most interesting lecture on ‘‘ Bees and Wasps.” Dr. Bethune, of London, editor of the Canadian Entomologist, also gave an interesting address on the aims of entomology, and spoke of the work being done by the Entomological Society of Ontario and its Branches. During the year several field days were held and many interesting captures wére made, The work of classifying the collection of insects made by the Branch for. the Educa- tion Department is progressing well, and it is gratifying to know that the species already collected and donated have been transferred into the cases, in the Department. During the coming season the Council would urge the members to collect largely so that by next winter the Department may be in possession of a fairly good reference collection of the . insects of Ontario. The report of the Librarian shows that many valuable Government publications have been added to the library, also that two periodicals have been subscribed for, and several books purchased during the year. The Treasurer’s report shows a small balance carried forward on the right side. Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council. ARTHUR GIBSON, President. The report of the Treasurer was then presented, as was also that of Mr. Austen, as Librarian, and on motion the reports of the Oouncil, Treasurer and Librarian were duly adopted as read. The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows: President, Mr. D. G. Oox; Vice President, Mr. E. M. Walker; Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. G. M. Stewart ; Librarian, Mr. H. C, Austen; Members of Council, Messrs. R. J. Crew and O. N. Tyers. The address of the retiring President, Mr. Arthur Gibson, was read by Mr. Walker, Mr. Gibson, owing to his duties as assistant in the Division of Entomology at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, being unable to be present. The work of the Branch since its inception was reviewed, particular attention being made ef the year just ended. The members were urged to make extra efforts the coming summer to collect and mount speci- mens for the collection which the Branch is forming for the Educational Department for Ontario. The latter portion of the address took the form of a practical illustrated paper on ‘“‘ The Preservation of Larvz by Inflation.” A vote of thanks to Mr. Gibson for his interesting address was carried. The meeting then adjourned. G. M. Stewart, Secretary. REPORT OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SEOTION. A meeting for the organization of the Section was held on November 4th, 1899, and the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: W. E. Saunders, Ohairman; S. B, McCready, Secretary ; J. A. Balkwill, J. Dearness and J. H. Bowman, Committee. During the season eleven meetings were held, with an average attendance of seven, besides occasional visitors. At each meeting interesting subjects were discussed and the objects referred to examined under the microscope ; five papers were read, viz. : The Protoplasmic Cell—J. H. Bowman. The Multiplication of Cells—J. Dearness, The Protoplasmic Cell—J. Dearness, Micrometry—J. H. Bowman. The Natural History of Florida—W. E. Saunders, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 eS One meeting was given over to the examination of freshly collected living organisms, _ two to the examination of exceedingly beautiful chemical crystals, prepared on the spot : __ by Mr. Bowman, and one to the discussion of fermentation, Ms At the fourth meeting Mr. Thos. Beall, of Lindsay, brought before the members the _ desirability of forming a Horticultural Society in London. The project was highly ap- __ proved of and energetically taken up, resulting in the formation of the very successful and enterprising London Horticultural Society. W. E. SaunpeErs, Chairman. REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGIOAL SEOTION. _The reorganization meeting of the Ornithological Section of the Entomological Society was held on January 13th, 1900. Officers were elected and an outline of plans __was made for the season. Monthly meetings were adopted, omitting July and August. _ This programme has been strictly adhered to. Nine meetings have been held, at which the average attendance has been five, and ten papers have been read, entitled as follows : | “New Birds for Middlesex and Ontario,” W. E. Saunders; enumerating six species ___ new to Ontario and eight species new to Middlesex Oounty, all taken since the last meet- ing in 1894. “ An Ornithological Incursion into Florida,” W. E. Saunders. ‘The Sparrows of Ontario,” J: E. Keays; enumerating the generic and specific peculiarities of each species, with notes on their habits, fully illustrated by specimens. “The Cubic Contents of the Eggs of the Common Buteos,” J. E. Keays. “The Nesting of the Sharp Shinned Hawk,” H. Gould. “The Flycatchers of Ontario,” W. E. Saunders. “The Grebes and Loons of Ontario,” W. E. Saunders. ** A Trip to Point Pelee,” H. Gould ; illustrated by specimens. “A New Song for a Common Bird,” W. E. Saunders. ‘* Seasonable Changes in the Food of Sparrows,” J. E. Keays. Two of the above-named papers have been published and others will be in the near future. Besides these, short notes on interesting subjects have been presented, one re- cording the capture of two specimens of the Long-tailed Jaeger, at Rondeau,—the first for Ontario. The spring arrivals have also been closely recorded, 144 species being noted by mem- bers up to May 26th. Dates of the fall migrations are also being prepared and are now about complete. ; A number of fine sets of eggs have been taken by the members, the best of which were six sets of the Sharp Shinned Hawk, and five sets of the Cerulean Warbler. An account of the work done on this bird was published in Zhe Auk for October. Bird protection in London was also taken up, and notices published in the papers _ that wanton destroyers of our native birds in the parks would be prosecuted, which notice accomplished the cessation of some shooting which had previously been going on. All the choice new material taken by the members has been exhibited by them at _ the meetings, which have been interesting and enthusiastic. J. E. Keays, E Chairman. W. HE. Saunpers, Secretary. REPORT OF THE GEOLOGIOAL SEOTION. ; The Geological Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs leave to pre- sent its annual report as follows : The section with Dr. Wolverton as chairman continued its meetings weekly as usual, with but a short holiday, throughout the year. The interest in Geological study f 23 THE REPORT OF THE _[No. 19 was well maintained. The Huronian rocks with many of their characteristic minerals formed the principal study, while local fossils and minerals of the Devonian period re- ceived due attention, Visits for the purpose of securing specimens were made to inter- esting localities in Ontario and Michigan, by members of the Section, and our table was frequently well supplied with the essentials of this department of Nature Study. The Society mourns the loss of one of its charter members, Mr. Thos. Green, who passed away at the ripe age of eighty-seven years. His brother, who is over eighty years of age, is still a member of our Section. Until a short time before his death, Mr. Thos. Green was an energetic student of Nature, and materially added to the profit of our meetings. The Chairman reported as follows: “I have made a special trip to Manitoulin Island and the Georgian Bay District for the purpose of obtaining characteristic fossils and minerals of these regions, as a basis for the study of the Huronian formation during the winter. I travelled in all by water 450 miles, and secured a great variety of vein matter consisting of quartz, mica, plumbago, feldspar, molybdenite, bornite and other copper ores, as well as many specimens of corals. Manitoulin Jsland abounds in fossil coral, and good specimens were obtained, as you may see from the collection before you. We will make a detailed study of these during the ensuing year.” ’ Our Chairman and Mayor Rumball of this city, also visited a farm in West Nissouri township to inspect the remains of what was one of Earth’s most mighty creatures. During the Western Fair this year there were exhibited about thirty bones of gigantic size Supposed to be those of a Mastodon or some closely related species of that class, Owing to the absence of teeth and most of the bones of the head, it has not been identi- fied so far. These bones were uncovered recently by some men while excavating a drain through a peat bed, and arein a good state of preservation. The tusk measures more than nine feet in length. It is curved like a cow’s horm and tapers to a point. The cor- rugations on the tusk where it entered the head are easily discernible. The femur is three feet in length and where it entered the socket, it is three feet in circumference. The tibia and fibula are well preserved and the foot bones are entire. Four ribs of large size are made to articulate with the vertebrz by ball and socket joints, attesting the great antiquity of the fossil. From the position in which the bones were found, it would appear, that the giant becoming mired in the bog fell over and lodged probably against some partially sub- merged log and strangled. From a careful inspection of the locality where the bones were found our Ohairman thinks other parts ef the skeleton may yet be discovered, as no thorough search has yet been made. It is hoped by many citizens, as well as by the members of our Section, that London may be the final resting place of these interesting remains. é Efforts are now being made to establish a public museum in the city in connection with the Free Library. The question has been mooted in the press, and was thoroughly discussed at a meeting of the Library Board, and there is reason to hope that this treasure will not be allowed to leave our district. In connection with the museum, Dr. Wolverton and other citizens have offered to loan valuable collections for a term of years and as only a small expense would have to | be incurred in fitting up the rooms in the library building, there would appear no sufii- cient reason why we should not have this important means of education secured to us, ’ Our correspondent, Rev. Dr. Philp, of Petrolea, sent us two very interesting accounts of trips he made to points in Lambton County. The first was to a point near Shetland on the Sydenham about eight miles north of Bothwell, to inspect the shale beds which he found exposed there for some distance along the river bed. . They belong’ to the Portage Chemung group. The shale is very dark, almost black, bitaminous and filled with - nodules of iron pyrites. These shales are beautifully stratified and “we were com- pelled,” he says, ‘‘ to think of ice sawn for storage.” The shale in every respect resem- bled that at Kettle Point. Fragments of very large concretions (Kettles) were discover- ed, hemispherical in shape, the tops apparently cut off by the ice when the water was about sixteen inches higher than at present. We also found in the vicinity several kettles firmly embedded in the shale, each of them five feet in diameter. + re ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 A little further north we came upon two outcrops of limestone each about seventy feet in length ; one runs parallel with the river and the other at right angles. On each side of these outcrops kettles are ranged. These vary in size and shape. They are from one-half to two-thirds of couplete globes. Orevices in the limestone are filled with material of the same composition as the concretions. Though we searched diligently for impressions of calamites we did not succeed in finding any at this place. At a place three miles up the Sydenham from Shetland the Lambton limestones are exposed. They are very fossiliferous and are crowded with Spirifera Mucronata. The Rev. Jos. Philp also visited the Enniskillen gum beds and reported to us his findings, and sent a fine specimen of what he terms mineral Oaoutchouc. It was ob- tained from lot 16, second con., Enniskillen, near Oil Springs. The bed is situated on the surface, and is quite extensive, though much of it has been removed and used as fuel for steam raising. With a fan blast it burns well. In appearance it resembles tar. It is almost jet black, dense and solid, somewhat resembling asphalt. People select the cleaner parts and use it as chewing gum. They say it is better than it looks. It is probably of the same origin as the petroleum found in the game vicinity. Mr. Philp also examined the bituminous shales of Alvinston which are exposed at that point for nearly a mile along the river. They belong to the Portage Chemung group. He found one impression of a Calamite, very distinct. The stratification and the cleavage are noteworthy and the nodules of iron pyrites are very beautiful. At this point there is no trace of akettle. He thinks the kettles are found only in the lowest portion of this formation. At least that isthe case at Shetland, where the older strata are exposed. THE Lake Superior Copper MInNEs. __. Mr. Goodburne, who visited the Lake Superior copper mines in October, 1899, read & paper descriptive of that region, opening with a brief description of copper and its ores. The first record of the discovery of copper in the Keeweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, was in 1636, and from that date its history was traced down to the present day. Mining, however, dates only from 1831, when Dr. Douglass Houghton, while a member of the Schoolcraft expedition, first made known the great wealth of the peninsula, and in 1834, the government first opened up the country to mining. From a review of the history of early mining, Mr. Goodburne proceeded to a description of the principal mines, chief interest centering in the great Calumet and Hecla, which yields 100,000,000 pounds of refined copper annually from the conglomerate lode underlying 20 acres of surface, a product valued at $18,0C0,000, taken from under land, which originally cost $1.25 per acre, or $25.00 for the most valuable copper mine in the world. The. great Keeweenawan formation consists of a series of eruptive beds, alternating in the upper division with sandstone and conglomerates, the whole lying above the Huronian slates, schists and metamorphic rocks. The formation was, probably, originally horizontal at the bottom of the ancient sea. The system to the east is the Medina divi- sion of the Silurian formation, a time when great volcanic forces disturbed the earth ; but it was probably the subsequent movements of the crust which tilted the beds so as to form a great trough or synclinal. The eastern edge is on the end of Keeweenaw Point, and. the western across the Minnesota border. Michipicoten Island and the Nepigon dis- trict are on the reverse, or northern, fold of the synclinal, for while the Michigan edge dips toward the northwest, the northern edge dips in the opposite direction, but it is very much broken by depressions, and not so easily traced as the southern edge. The lower beds of the Keeweenawan formation consist mainly of a series of coarse crystalline gabbros, from 20 to 50 feet thick. There are 4,000 or 5,000 feet of these lava flows, after which the eruptions became somewhat different in chemical character, and more frequent, with thinner flows. These flows contain the copper. The lava is generally basic, like basalt, but acid and intermediate types are present. Among the typical kinds may be mentioned gabbro, diabase and melaphyr, including the amygdaloidal examples of the two latter, in which is the copper. Other rocks are the acid lavas, including felsites and porphyries, which have furnished much of the detritus for the sandstones and conglomer- ates, and these acid lavas, which do not flow as far or so freely as the basic, quite often trend across the other rocks in the form of dikes or bosses, with dome-like summits. 2 o 24 THE REPORT OF THE. [No 19 The copper occurs in the trap formation, which cuts the centre of the peninsula, and continues its course southward through Ontonagon county, extending westward through Wisconsin, to the western shore of Lake Superior, thence northward to Isle Royal, where it disappears on the mainland, appearing again in the Nepigon district. In all these places the geological characteristics are the same, thin sections of rock from one district being scarce distinguishable from a specimen taken from another. Eastward, the copper is found on Michipicoten Island, and the formation is traceable at Gros Oap, a few miles from Sault Ste. Marie. . The copper is not an ore, but is the virgin metal, all the paying mines being opened on lodes which carry native copper. There are a few fissure veins in Keeweenaw Oounty _ (on the north of the peninsula), which carry grey sulphurets producing as high as 25 per cent. refined copper. All the mines produce considerable amounts of native silver, and the Quincy Company reduces its mineral by electrolysis in order to save the silver, which averages 38 ounces to the ton of copper. When the lava flows rested under the ancient sea, the interstices in the frothy por- tion were filled with copper by electro-chemical action, forming the amygdaloidal rocks. The conglomerates are ancient sea beds, formed of boulders, sand and gravel, broken from the surrounding rocks of the ancient sea. These also had interstices, and were filled with copper in the same manner. That the copper was carried in solution and arrested in its present position by some precipitating agent is conceded by most authorities ; and that it was intimately associated with the melaphyrs that have had their ferrous iron changed into a ferric state by taking up more oxygen, has given rise to the now widely accepted theory that in the peroxyda- tion of the ferrous iron is to be found the agent of precipitation. The origin of the cop- per is not so easily explained. One theory is that the copper was brought to the surface by the lava flows; another that it was deposited in a sulphuretted form, along with the detrital rocks of the period. i Mr. Goodburne illustrated his paper with diagrams of the district, showing the synclinal, and the position of the mines; and exhibited many beautiful specimens of copper and silver, from the form in which it was mined, until the copper was gathered from the great stamp mills. We offer a suggestion to the other sections of our Entomological Society. As it is difficult to secure members to replace those lost owing to removals, deaths and other causes, we would suggest occasional public meetings under the auspices of the parent society at which there should be a programme of addresses on subjects relating to nature study illustrated where practicable by views. These public meetings would adver tise our society and would tend to increase both the interest and profit of the meetings. G. KIRK, Sec. pro tem. REPORT FROM THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE ROYAL SOOIETY OF CANADA, Through the Rev. C. J. 8S. Bethune, D.C. L , Delegate. During the year that has gone by since our last report to the Royal Society, the Entomological Society of Ontario has pursued the even tenor of its way and continued its useful and scientific work. There are no striking events to record, but much has been done of permanent value and additions have been made to the general store of the knowledge of insects and their ways. The thirty-sixth annual meeting of the Society was held in October last at its head- quarters in London and was especially noteworthy for the conference that was held on the important subject of the San José scale. Those who took the principal part in it were Prof. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Oatario; Dr. Fletcher, Eatomolo- gist and Botanist of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion; Mr. J. Dearness, one of the special commissioners appointed by the Ontario Government to investigate the ag ‘3 1900 | F ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 25 ravages of the scale in this Province; Mr. G. E. Fisher, Official! Inspector ; Professor Lochhead of the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, and Professor Webster of the Ohio State Agricultural Experiment Station. The proceedings at the Conference are , published in full in the 30th Annual Report of the Society, which was presented to the Legislature of Ontario at the opening of its last session. The Report also contains a number of valuable and interesting papers and is illus- trated with sixty-six wood-cuts, many of them drawn specially for the purpose, a portrait of Mr. Henry H, Lyman, the retiring President, and a plate representing the structure of a butterfly’s wing. Among the papers may be mentioned the following: ‘ The President’s Annual Address,” by Mr. Henry H. Lyman, Montreal, in which the forma- tion of an entomological union for the authoritative settlement of questions of nomen- clature especially, was strongly advocated ; an account was given of the importance of accurate descriptions of larvee and the difficulties to be surmounted in making them; a short review was made of the principal work of the year in both economic and systematic entomology, and some account of recent publications was given. ‘One Hundred Years of American Entomology,” “The Native Home of the San José Scale,” and ‘‘ Some Notes on the Larval Habits of the Gray Hair Streak Butterfly,” by Prof. ¥. M. Webster. ** Notes on some Insects on Coniferous Shade Trees,” ‘‘ Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Garden and Farm in 1899,” “ Nature Study Lessons on the Cabbage Butterfly,” by Prof. W. Lochhead, Guelph. ‘ Spiders,” by the Rev. Dr. Fyles, South Quebec. ‘The Wing Structure of a Butterfly,” ands‘ Remarks upon some Cuban Insects,” by Mr. J. Alston Moffat, London. “ Fatal Bite of an Insect,” and ‘‘ Some, Observations of a Bumble bees’ Nest,” by Rev. Dr. Bethune, London. ‘“ Injurious Insects in Ontario During 1899,” by — Dr. Fletcher. Ottawa. ‘The Electric Light as an Attraction to Moths,” by Mr. A. Gibson, Ottawa. ‘ Asparagus Beetles,” by Mr. W. N. Hutt, Southend. The volume contains the reports on the work of the preceding year by the different officers of the Society, the Geological and Microscopical Sections at London, and the flourishing branches in Montreal, Quebec and Toronto. There are also valuable ‘“ Notes on the Insects of the Year,” by the Directors, Messrs. Harrington, Evans and Gibson, in their respective territorial divisions, and by Messrs. Moffatt, Bethune and Fyles on * the season of 1899. The report concludes with an account of the first annual meeting held at Lacombe, Alberta, in November last, of the new and vigorous North-West (Canada) Entomological Society, which is fortunate in having Mr. Percy B. Gregson, of Waghorn, as its energetic President. The report of its council, the President’s address, and papers by Dr. Bethune on ‘‘ The use of Entomology ;” Dr. Henry George on “ The Pocket Gopher,” and an ad- - dress by Mr. Henry H. Lyman, are published in full. The librarian states that the library of the Society now contains 1,627 bound vol- umes, besides a large number of pamphlets and periodicals. The chief additions to the cabinets of insects have come from Manitoba and Uuba. . Four distinguished entomologists were elected honorary members of the Society, viz: Dr. L. O. Howard, United States Entomologist, Washington, D. O0.; Professor John B. Smith, Se.D., Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.; Professor F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio; and Professor H. F. Wickham, M.A., Iowa City, Iowa. The Society has continued to publish its monthly magazine, ‘ The Canadian Ento- mologist,” which was begun in 1868, and of which the thirty second volume is now being issued. The thirty-first volume was completed in December last and consisted of 380 pages illustrated with six photo-gravure plates and thirty-six wood-cuts ; thirty new genera of insects are described and ninety-two new species. The contributors number sixty, of whom sixteen are residents in various parts of the Dominion, thirty-nine in the United States, and one each in England, Germany, Finland, Brazil and Japan. Among the large number of important papers may be mentioned the descriptions of Coccide from both North and South America by Professors Cockerell and Tinsley, and Messrs. Ehrhorn, Parrott, King, Hempel (Brazil) and Marlatt. Papers on Classification: The Entomophilous Wasps by W. H. Ashmead; Dragon Flies by Jas. G. Needham ; North American Myrmelionid by N. Banks; Coccid by Prof. T. D, A. Cockerell ; Bees by Ohas. Robertson ; Warps by S. N. Danning; descrip- tions of new species: Lopidoptera by Prof. J. B. Smith, Dr. H. Skinner and Dr. H. G. Dyar ; Orthoptera by Dr. Samuel H. Scudder and Jerome McNeill; Hymenoptera by ws Wie! hoteeatiata a Me Rk Liles e501 ee a Dey ta tide t tn We Me eater A es 0 RS ER aa eel Co ee ete ie x OS Eo ie ter ey Re mown x eb Wee tent ey \ 26 THE REPORT OF THE [No 19 ¥X Carroll Fowler and W. H. Harrington ; Diptera by D. W. Coquillett ; Neuroptera by Rolla Qurrie ; and Hemiptera by A. L. Quaintance and Otto Heidemann. A list of Manitoba Moths by A. W. Hanham; the Coleoptera.of Canada by H. F. — Wickham ; Ontario Acrididz by E. M. Walker; Canadian Lepidoptera by J. A. Moffat, T. W. Fyles and E. F. Heath. ' Papers of an Economic character by Enzio Reuter (Finland), M. Matsumura (Japan), F, M. Webster, R. H. Pettit, W. Lochhead, E. A. Carew-Gibson, and others, From the foregoing list, which does not include short notes, book notices and other items of interest, it will be seen that the magazine covers the whole field of systematic entomology and contains articles of importance by well-known authorities on most of the orders of insects. It has become so necessary to the working Entomologist that there is a constant demand for complete sets of the volumes from the beginning and the Society has in consequence been obliged to reprint several of the earlier numbers. SAN JOSE SCALE DISCUSSION, At the request of the President, Mr. G. E. Fisner, of Freeman, Ont., the Provincial San José Scale Inspector, stated that he was present by direction of the Ontario Depart- ment of Agriculture, and was willing to give any information at his disposal with regard to the prevalence of the San José scale in the Province, and the work which had been dore during the past season. He regretted to say that the state of affairs was not as favourable as he could wish, and that the scale was now known to be present in many districts where it had not been discovered last year. Many experiments had been tried by instruction of the Department to see if a practical remedy could be discovered to con- trol the insect instead of the drastic measure of cutting down the trees. He was glad of the opportunity to let the members of the Entomological Society know what the general trend of his experiments had been. To begin with he would make the statement that the infestation of Ontario orchards by the San José scale was a far more serious matter than fruit growers of the Province yet realized. The following is a condensed summary of M?>. Fisher’s sddress : A great deal was said at the last annual meeting of the Society about the value of whale-oil soap as the best remedy for the San José scale, and particular mention was made of the satisfactory condition of orchards now standing on Catawba Island, which had formerly been badly infested by the scale. I therefore took great pains during the past summer and carried out many careful experiments with this material, using the strength recommended as the best, namely, 2 lbs. of whale-oil soap to one gallon of warm water, as well as other quantities. When a tree was known to be infested it was treated thoroughly with 2 lbs. to the gallon, and all trees in the immediate neighbourhood were also sprayed with a solution of 14 lbs. to the gallon. On other trees kerosene emulsion or crude petroleum were used, and carefal notes taken of their effects upon the tree and the scale. With regard to the soap, the results were rather disappointing. In no case was the scale entirely eradicated, even when the soap was applied with the greatest care, according to the formula. Some trees where the full strength of 2 lbs. to the gallon was used are still infested, and the infestation is of about the same extent as at the beginning of the season. The scale was certainly reduced on cherry trees, and it was noticed that the soap had an excellent effect in clearing these trees of aphids. The treatment was applied just at the time the buds were bursting, when most people would think it was too late to use it without doing injury to the trees, but I found that no harm was done even when many of the blossoms were open. As a rule there is too much blossom on trees, and if some of this is destroyed it is an actual advantage, therefore this late spray- ing may be very beneficial. We have noticed that the young scales will move out on to a part of the tree which had been sprayed in the spring with the soap mixture, and will settle there and multiply. On the 18th August last IT made an application, at Niagara, on a very badly infested tree, one, in fact, which was entirely covered by a moving mass of young crawling scale insects, walking all over the tree trying to find a place to settle. The soap was applied to the tree with a whitewash brush, with the object of finding out how reliable the soap was, and a little later a second application was made. I examined the tree again about the middle of November, and I think I had the nicest example of CE desea ' y 1900}. oe ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. o7 the multiplication of the scale that could be found. The soap had killed the scale in the first place, of course, but the tree was just now in the same condition as when it was first applied, and the scales were multiplying on the part which had been washed with the soap. Below the untreated portion and for probably a foot and a half down over the part which was washed with soap, the larve were coming down in great numbers and there were actually mature females giving birth to young. This shews that washing with soap will not deter the scale insects from settling there and starting new colonies. In the middle of September I took my knife and scraped off the scales from, a space one inch by two, clearing the bark entirely, and in two days this space was again entirely covered so that no bark could be seen. In the middle of October the same experiment was tried and the only difference was that it took twice as long for the space fo. be occu: pied again by the scales. Kerosene also has been somewhat unsatisfactory. Trees have been killed and the ’ scale does not seem to have been cleaned up. Orude petroleum has I think on the whole given the greatest satisfaction. Where it was applied on apple trees I have seen no bad results. I applied crude petroleum in one orchard to about 40 apple trees and 100 plum trees without in any way injuring a single tree. This was done about the middle of May. The trees were entirely freed from the scale and all that had been alive during the winter previous were cleared off. Oase-bearers and many other insects were also destroyed. The material used was a mixture of 25 to 30 per cent crude petroleum with water, and applied as a spray. Iam of the opinion that a wixture of half the quantity of soap recommended and half of crude oil in a combination pump would be preferable to either used alone.. The-crade petroleum will kill the scale insects but if applied in considerable quantities is apt to injure the peach and other tender trees. Great care should be exercised in applying it as advised. The soap alone is not a strong enough application, it does not kill enough of the scales, I do not think it would be safe to recommend crude petroleum for general use. People did not use whale oil soap in accordance with instructions given and the chances are they would not follow instructions when using crude oil, and thus trees would be killed. Judging from the experience of the past year I think some of the reported cases of injury by crude petrol- "eum may be due to the way in which the substance has been applied. It must be borne in mind that no portion of the tree should be covered more than once by the spray or the oil will accumulate from each spraying until there is sufficient to injure the tree. I notice frequently when people are spraying that they begin on the trunk then spray the branches and when finishing bring the nozzle down again on to the trunk thus giving _ that part of the tree a double dose of theoil. This carelessness I think is the cause of much of the injury reported. The way that we spray is as follows: The pump is placed on an ordinary stone boat, one man sprays in one direction and one in another, and each tree is sprayed from four standpoints, or in other words as it is approached and as it is left behind in passing down the rows on each side of it. There is one part of the tree which is frequently overlooked when spraying, that is the upper side of the limbs on the opposite side of the tree to that which is being treated. This can only be reached by pushing the nozzle into the head of the tree and spraying over to the opposite side, (Mr. Fisher here passed around the meeting, specimens of infested wood, which had been cut from trees which had not been treated at all, and others from those treated with 2 lbs. of whale oil soap to the gallon or which had been sprayed with a 30 per cent mixture of crude petroleum. It was noticed that all these had some living scales on them.) In. summing up the matter of remedial treatment I think the best results will follow if work is done in the month of April both with whale oil soap and petroleum applications. A perfect remedy should remain fresh for a long time, it must penetrate easily and must of course destroy the scales without injuring the tree. Soaps made entirely with potash are the best—soda makes a hard soap which solidifies on the trees. I have never seen an apple tree which was in any way injured with crude petroleum applied of the strength I have mentioned. The whale oil soap from Catawba Island has done the best work and it was only in the case where this Ohio soap had been used that the infestation did not increase. In the case of the other soaps tried the infestation has increased beyond what it was last spring. Many people did not know of the presence of the San José Scale in their orchards until they found it on the fruit. Almost the whole of the Niagara district is now infested with the scale and it is also very prevalent in the Guilds section where GEA NS WP A cots See ented ar SS EA Coe la 3 i $ ie : yn oe 2 i / 28 | THE REPORT OF THE _—— little has been done to check it. The San Jose Scale has spread much during the past season and it is now abundant where it was hardly noticeable last year. It seems to me as if this scale question is going to develop into a great national calamity, and the time will qe [ No. 19 oy come I fear when our grandchildren may have to tell their children of the good old times in Ontario when people used to be able to grow apples and other fruits. With regard to the work of the scale it was formerly claimed that the fruit of the peach would not be injured on account of the fuzzy down upon its surface, but during the past summer I have seen peaches so covered with scales as to have the appearance of red apples, from the discoloration due to the injurious presence of the insect. Mr. Fisher here gave a review of the history of the San José Scale in Ontario and the excellent work that had been done by the Government in fighting it and protecting the fruit growers from loss, He was glad to find that public opinion was vhanging rapidly with regard to the work that was being done. He said ‘‘at Niagara, particularly, everybody is realizing that a very great danger threatens them and that something must be done or their interests will be destroyed. The fruit interests in Ontario are very great. One gentleman in St. Catharines sold $10,000 worth of peaches in 1899 and another at Niagara sold over $4,000 worth this year, and these peaches do not by any means represent their whole crop of fruit, as there are plums, cherries, pears, apples and small fruits beside, Some years of experience have taught us that when once we discover the San José Scale in an orchard no ijea can be formed without close examination as to the extent of the infestation. In 1899 one orchard was examined carefully and 87 trees were marked—about the middle of this summer I visited this orchard and traversed it from one corner to the other, and I found the scale on every single tree I examined, and more- over on the very first twig I took hold of in every case. A good deal has been said about the rate at which scales can travel, and I am sure that this has been underrated. I have watched them a great many times and find that the young larvae can travel an inch in a quarter of an hour so that in a week they could travel half way across an orchard, and if blown to the ground I am quite sure they are capable of getting back again on to the tree. In addition to this there is no doubt they will crawl on to everything that moves and by that means will be carried in every direction. The increase of the scale is very rapid indeed towards the end of the season, especially during the month of September. Notwithstanding all that I have said, and remembering the state of affairs on Oatawba Island, it would seem that if an orchard is treated conscientiously and regularly the scale will not exist in sufficient numbers to materially mar the crop of fruit. This is particu- larly true of the early varieties, which are practically developed before the season of the greatest increase of the scale. [ may mention that during the past season I have noticed a very large number of the little black lady-bird beetles (Pentilia misella) which have done such good work in feeding on the scale. Dr. Fletcher congratulated the Society on having Mr. Fisher present at the meeting. His excellent and careful work on the San José Scale was well known. He was somewhat disappointed at the results of Mr. Fisher’s experiments with whale oil soap. This remedy was an extremely valuable one, he had used it a good deal and con- sidered that a good caustic potash fish oil soap such as the Ohio soap made by Mr. Owen, was one of the very best remedies against plant lice and bark lice of all kinds, moreover the amount of potash 12% was svfficient to act as a decided fertilizer to the trees. Many have noticed the good effect of this soap upon trees where it had been used. It was also claimed by the manufacturers to be an excellent remedy against the Peach Leaf Curl and some other fungous diseases. He considered that the thanks of the Society were due to the Honorable Minister of Agriculture for instructing Mr. Fisher to attend the meeting and to Mr. Fisher himself for the valuable and practical address he had given. Every- body who heard Mr, Fisher knew that he himself believed every word he stated, and that every experiment he recorded had actually been carzied out by himeelf. Prof. Webster, of Wooster, Ohio, spoke in complimentary terms of Mr. Fisher’s address and said that his information was so valuable because he told us what he had seen with his own eyes, not what he had learned from others. He himself was afraid to recommend crude petroleum for general use as he had known of several instances of in- jury to trees, but doubtless many successful experiments had been put on record. A general conversation then took place on the subject of the San José Scale, and all united in the belief that the attack upon our fruit-trees is a most serious one and that ¢ 1900 | _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 the owners of orchards in the infested districts should be warned of their danger and urged to take prompt and effective measures for the repression of the pest. A hearty vote of thanks was given to Mr. Fisher for coming to the meeting and affording so much useful information. EVENING MEETING, WEDNESDAY, NOV. 141u. The meeting was called to order by the President, the Rev. Dr. Fyles, who spoke of the successful gathering the night before when we joined with the London Horticultural Society in a most popular and most interesting meeting. It was quite proper he thought that the consideration of Horticultural topics should take precedence of Entomological, for Adam tilled the garden of Eden before the animals were brought before him to be named. He then gave some amusing instances of the tremendously long names that some of Adam’s entomological descendants had been inflicting upon innocent species of insects. ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE ‘PRESIDENT. By THE Rey. T. W. Fytss, D. C. L, F. L. S., Sourm QuEsBeEc. At our annual meetings, Injurious Insects—their ravages and how to eheck them, have very properly received a great deal of attention. Ina population such as ours, large- ly engaged in agricultural, horticultural and fruit-growing pursuits, such subjects are of never failing interest ; and our economic entomologists when they treat of them are very sure to receive attention. To-night I venture to direct your thoughts to a different phase of insect life, and to operations that are beneficial to vegetation ; and I trust that we shall spend a short time pleasantly in the consideration of our insect friends, and the offices they serve for promoting the fecundity and improvement of plants. Dr. Gray did so much to bring the science of Botany into popularity on this continent, and in Oanada our excellent public schools have so effectively taken the subject into the curriculum of school-work, that now, when addressing an audience upon the instrumen- tality of insects for the fertilization of blossoms, it is hardly necessary to dwell upon the various re-productive plant-organs. A few brief statements to put you in remembrance of these will be sufficient on this occasion. You know then that in the blossoms of a large proportion of plants there are, in the centre of each blossom, first, at the base, the carpels, and upon them the séyles surmounted by the sttgmas—these are the female organs. Around them are, secondly, the stamens or male organs each consisting of a filament bearing an anther containing pollen-grains. When these grains are ripe the anther bursts, and the pollen is scattered by various agencies. For the fertilization of the blossoms it is necessary that some of the pollen-grains should ‘alight upon the stigmas of the female organs. So alighting they adhere, because of a glutinous exudation from the stigmas ; and, in a short time, there descends from each of them a sort of radicle, or very fine tube, which works its way down the style, and thyough, or between, the integuments, till it enters the micropyle and mingles its juices with those of the ovule. The work of fertilization is then complete , and the ovule produces a seed, which in due time and under favourable circumstances will produce a plant like unto that from which it sprang. The blossoms of the wild rose, the apple, and the cherry are familiar instances of these bisexual flowers, In many other kinds of plants there are both male and female blossoms—staminate blossoms and carpellate blossoms—growing on the same plant, Call to mind a field of ~ Indian corn (Zea mays), well planted, well cultivated, and in full bloom. Such a field is a sight to gladden the owner’s heart, and to excite the admiration of every thoughtfal beholder. The tall plants tower over head, each surmounted by the graceful panicle of - male blossoms, the anthers of which dangle like bells from the sloping roof of Chinese. pagoda, and scatter the dust of pollen at every puff of air or other disturbance. Beow bursting from their leafy wrappers are the stigmas of the carpellary blossoms spreadin PORN WENT SOR sake feat Re bat ‘ ot r, yea ap ¥ a Gy We ct 30 THE REPORT. OF THE — [ No. 19 like tassels of pale green silk to catch the pollen that descends. No bees meddle with these anemophilous blossoms ; and it will be observed that they possess none of those things which attract insects, viz, bright colours, nectar and perfume. Usually the seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) are sown here and there among the corn, and the plants from them trail far uponthe ground. The flowers of the pumpkin also are of two kinds, male and female, growing upon the same plant ; but it is evident from the nature and position of the plants that the wind cannot effect pollination in their case: the agency of insects is necessary ; and the blossoms are large and showy, and well designed to attract the bee. Again in numerous instances the male blossoms grow upon one plant, and the fe- males upon another of the same kind. Every grower of hops knows that for successful cultivation he must have male plants intermingled with the female. The proportion is, if I remember rightly, one in ten, or one in twelve, The willow and the poplar are familar examples of plants of the kind we are speak- ing of. Who has not rejoiced to see, in the early spring, the golden catkins of the male willows, for they are tokens that “ the summer is now nigh at hand ?” The country people in the south of England call the flower-laden branches of the willow ‘‘ palms,” for the blossoms come about Palm Sunday ; and in olden times branches _ laden with them were carried to the churches, to represent the palms carried before our Lord on his triumphal entry into Jerusalem. In this word palms so applied we have a local popular name that would puzzle any to whom the circumstances of its application were unknown, And, with reference to this, if I may digress for a moment, I wish to point out that Mrs. William Starr Dana in that bright and useful little work entitled ““ How to know the Wild Flowers” has made a curious mis‘ake for want of a little old- country “‘folk-lore.” On page 124 she takes pains to shew that the word Marigold comes from “the Anglo-Saxon mere a marsh” and that the whole name may signify marsh-gold. Which (she says) “ would be an appropriate and poetic title for this shining flower of the marshes,” (p. 124). But Marigold simply means Mary-gold—the flowers of Caltha palustris having been used by our forefathers to garnish the churches on Lady Day (March 25tb), just as the Pasque Flower was used at Easter, and the Michaelmas Daisy on the Feast of St. Michael and All Angels (Sept. 29th). “The Michaelmas Daisie among dede weeds, Blooms for St. Michael’s valorous deeds, And seems the last of flowers that stood Till the feste of St. Simon and St. Jude ”— says an Old English Kalendar, But to return— The willow-blooms are pollinated by means of insects. Small bees of the genera Andrena, Osmia, etc., as well as the honey-bee, frequent them in the day time, to obtain bee-bread for their young and nectar for their own delectation ; and in the dusk of the evening hibernated noctuids resort to them for refreshment. It is a common thing for European Entomologists to spread a sheet under the willow boughs at night, and then by a sudden-jar upon the limbs to bring down a shower of moths. The drowsy insects lie inert whilst the operator with the aid of a lantern selects from them such as he fancies, All these insects fly from flower to flower and from tree to tree and convey the — pollen from the male to the female blossoms. The poplars also are of two sorts, male and female—the staminate flowers growing on one and the carpellary flowers on the other. But in this case the blossoms are of unattractive colouring. They have no nectaries; and tHe pollen is light and dry. The wind is the agent of pollination in this case. We have glanced then at three kinds of blossoms :— Perfect—in which stamens and carpels grow in the same flower. Moncecious—distinct male and female blossoms growing on the individual plant. Dicecious—one plant producing male blossoms only, and another only females. We have also noticed two means of pollination—(1) the agency of insects; (2) the agency of the wind. In some kinds of bisexual blossoms self-pollination takes place, as ~ in the Mallow ; but with these we have not now todo. Our attention is to be given to the insect-pollinated flowers, 1900] ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 Of the importance of cross-pollination—+z. ¢. of fertilization with pollen from other blooms of the same sort, we may judge from the arrangements made in nature to secure it. (1) First we notice ths woaderful abundance of the pollen—sufficient for every requirement. Take your stand by an apiary towards evening, and watch the returning bees. How laden they are with bee-bread—which is compressed pollen—and yet in the course of their operations they have been instrumental in fertilizing thousands of blossoms. Yes, the busy workers have discharged their duties, and have not been stinted in their reward. (2) We find that the various arrangements of the floral leaves, or perianth, for the shelter and preservation of the pollen are worthy of observation, Take that common flower the Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), This flower isin reality an inflorescense consisting of a hundred or more flowerets packed together. This collection of small blossoms is surrounded by a green involucre—the whole forming a capitulum which closes tight on the approach of rain. In the Sun-flower (Helianthus annuus), the capitulum bends over in wet weather ;. - and the moisture is shed from the roof-shaped receptacle and the sheltering disk flowers. In many of the lilies, the corolla forms a bell-shaped roof under which the re-produc- tive organs lie in safety ; and in the snap-dragon and other flowers of like structure they are shut up as in a cabinet—a cabinet which the bees kaow how to open. (3) We learn that the relative positions of the various organs in many instances render self- pollination impossible. The English Primrose (Primula vulgaris) affords us an instance of this. The flowers of the primrose are of two kinds. In one the style rises higher than the stamens, in the other the stamens are placed above the style. In either case the stigmas are at the same height as the anthers in the other. An insect comes to a flower which has a long style ; its proboscis at a certain part is charged with pollen from the elevated anthers of a blossom which it has just left. As the insect rifles the long-styled flower of its sweets this pollen is brought in contact with the stigma which is at the right height to receive it, At the same time the proboscis of the insect is acquiring a fresh supply of pollen lower down trom the short anthers and this it will convey to the next short-styled prim- rose blossom that it visits. It is possible that the short-styled flower may be self-pollin- ated-; but it is quite impossible that the long-styled flower can be so. (4) We see that the ripening at different times of the anthers and stigmas of some kinds of b ossoms insures, with the aid of insects, the cross-fertil zation of blossoms. The Monk’s-hood (Aconitum napellus) affords us an example of this. The blue _ flower of the monk’s-hood is really the calyx. Its uppermost sepal forms a sheltering hood in which the two posterior petals are hidden. These petals are of a remarkable shapes, curved and clawed, and they secrete nectar which attracts the humble-bees. The monk’s- hood is exclusively a humble-bee flower. The other petals are either wanting or are insignificant. In a newly opened monk’s-hood flower the numerous stamens protrude and their anthers ripen before the stigmas. A humble-bee alights in the middle of the flower, holding on by the side sepals. In its struggles to reach the nectaries, the under part of its body is brought in contact with the anthers and becomes charged with pollen, In the older blossoms of the monk’s-hood the stamens all bend back out of the way, and the carpels are protruded. A bee alighting on such a blossom brings pollen to the stigmas now ready to receive it and the blossom is fertilized. Another noteworthy instance of a plant which ripens its anthers and stigmas at different times is afforded by the Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). The foxglove like the ' monk’s-hood is a humble-bee flower. Indeed its form and size seem especially adapted for the reception of the humble-bee. The stamens and pistil are extended along the upper part of its inner surface. A humble-bee backing out, after sucking the nectar from the further recesses of the flower, scrapes off, by means of its bristly coat, the pollen from the anthers, and carries it on its back to other foxglova blossoms whose stigmas are ready to ‘receive it, The result of cross-fertilization seems to be the production of more numerous and finer seed, and eventually of stronger and more beautiful plants. Some flowers have a wide circle of insect attendants. The Buttercup is known to be visited by more than sixty different kinds of insects (Percy Groom’s Hlementary Botany, page 121), Others-are exclusive, permitting only the visits of a favoured few, 32 THE REPORT OF THE _.[ No. 19 i We have seen that the willow catkins are pollinated by bees and noctuids. The flowers of the Blueberry (Vaccinium Canadense) are fertilized by wasps which resort to them in great numbers. The round head and short lingula of the wasp fit well into the shallow saucer-like blossom. Another plant that is visited by wasps is the Kalmia (Kalmia angustifolia). This also has shallow blossoms which have this peculiarity, each stamen is sunk in a groove the shoulder of which confines the anther. When an insect in search of nectar butts against the centre of the flower the stamens with their anthers are set free and start forward, scattering pollen on the front of the intruder. This pollen is carried by the insect to other blossoms of the sort and fertilizes them. In early summer the Lilac blooms are visited by long-tongued moths, such as Amphion nessus Cram., Hemaris thysbe Fabr., etc., which fly in the daytime. In the dusk of the evening the white-blossomed perennial Phlox invites the larger hawk-moths, Sphinx chersis Hubn., S. Kalmie A. & 8, Detlephila chamenerii Har., etc. The flowers of the Dogbane (Apocynum androsemifolium) are favourites of moths of the genera Plusia and Thyatira. . : Of the butterflies Argynnis myrina Cram. has a partiality for Golden Rod (Solidago Canadensis) ; Pyrameis cardut L. for Red Olover (T'rifoliwm pratense) ; Satyrus alope Fabr. and S. nephele Kirby for the blossoms of Asclepias cornuti; Pamphila Manitoba Scud. for Solidago lanceolata, and so on. Tig In the Society’s Annual Report for 1899 I gave the life-history of a small moth Metzneria lappella Zel. newly introduced from Europe. It is a burdock insect. Its larvze feed on the seeds of the plant, and the moth itself feeds from and fertilizes the burdock flowers, The flower-head of the Burdock (Lappa major) contains about forty flowers. They are compressed in a globular involucre, the imbricated scales of which are coriaceous and tipped with awl-shaped hooks. The calyx in each flower is represented by a dense circlet of delicate, white, silky and branched hairs surmounting the seed vessel. The corolla consists of a white tube half the length of the blossom, and then of a vase-shaped, purple expansion, five-cleft at the top. The brownish purple anthers are united and form a tube which produces pollen on the inner side. Through this tube when dehi- scence occurs the pinkish white style forces it way, carrying with it the delicate, white, pellucid pollen-grains. The style then parts at the top into two branches which bear the stigmas on the upper surface. An insect carrying pollen-grains from other flower-heads intrudes among the flowerets and leaves pollen-grains attached to the stigmas. In its efforts to reach the nectaries of the flower it dislodges pollen from the freshly protruding styles and then bears it away to fertilize other blossoms, The Evening Primrose (@nothera biennis) is the special plant of Alaria florida Gn. The moth fertilizes the blossoms and is sometimes wrapped in the closing petals on the approach of day. Its larve feed upon the plant. The honey-bee fertilizes the white clover and the humble-bee the red. Grant Allen in “ Flash Lights of Nature ” has drawn attention to the fact that as the flowerets in a head of clover are fertilized they droop over out of the way so that the bees may not be hindered in their work by vain endeavours. Another flower that is pollinated by bees is the Nasturtium (7ropcolum majus). Three ofits five showy petals at a certain distance within are set with a protective fringe, a veritable chevaua-de-frize to keep out small insects which would rob the flowers of its sweets and accomplish no good purpose. When a bee of sufficient weight enters, it bears down this fringe over the anthers, and at the same time comes in contact with the ad-~ vanced style, the stigmas of which become charged with pollen which the bee has brought from other nasturtium blooms. The bes passes into the recesses of the flower, to imbibe the nectar accumulated in the spur, and as it does so the fringe and the stamens rise to their normal position, Having exhausted the supply of nectar, the bee backs and turns to make good its escape, and in its efforts to do so is covered with fresh pollen*from the anthers of the flower. The Campanula grown in our gardens (C’. medium) has an interesting lesson for us. The long flower-bud, yet unopened, encloses the tall pistil, along which the five fila- ments with their long anthers are extended. When the anthers dehisce the pollen masses adhere to the style leaving about a quarter of an inch at the top free. This projecting * N w ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 part contains the five stigmas. As soon as the corolla opens the anthers shrink away from the style and shrivel up, leaving the pollen masses behind them. At the same time the five sections of the style part, and curl up ram’s horn fashion. Now comes the bee as the minister of Hymen. In this case it is Megachile scorbi- cularis Smith. The insect comes with its abdomen thickly coated on the under side with pollen from other blossoms. As it passes into the flower to get to the nectaries below some grains of the pollen with which it is already charged are scraped off by the curled stigmas and adhere to them. The bee secures a further supply of pollen; but as it passes out of the blossom the under surfaces of the parted style take nothing from its fresh burden. Successive visitors completely clear away the pollen from the pistil. The small pale flowers in the umbels of the Wild Oarrot ( Daucus carota ), the Water - Hemlock (Cicuta maculata), the Cow Parsnip (Heraclewm lanatum) etc., are resorted to and fertilized by a very host of small flies and ichneumons. The English Arum (Arum maculatum) also is fertilized by flies. The whole process of its pollination is described in that admirable work, Percy Groom’s “ Elementary Botany,” published by Bell & Sons, London—a work which I can strongly recommend. The story is most interesting. The flies, covered with pollen from another arum, are drawn to the newly opened spathe by an ill odour which it gives out. They creep down the inside of the spathe through a palisade of tibres which grows from the floral axis and _ closes in a lower chamber—a veritable fly-trap. In this chamber around the floral axis grow, at the base, a number of sessile ovaries with sessile stigmas ; above them is a zone of sessile anthers. The imprisoned flies fertilize the ovaries with the pollen they have brought in, living the while upon nectar given out by the stigmas. Then the anthers above them ripen, and they become dusted with new pollen. When this is done, the enclosing fibres withor, and the flies escape to be again attracted by unpollinated arums, The Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus fetidus) and the Carrion Flower (Smilax herbacea) are mal-odorous Canadian plants that are fertilized by the aid of flies. Thoreau compared the smell of the latter to that of “a dead rat in a wall.” Happily such plants are few in number and ‘grow in out-of-the way places, or retain their offensive odors but a short time. They should serve to make us thankfal—they tell us what might have been if God had not adapted the earth so favourably to the requirements and tastes of the children of men, In His great goodness He has filled it with beautiful forms and exquisite colours and harmonious voices and rich perfumes. _ Asa Gray in his excellent little school-book entitled ‘“‘ How Plants Grow,” has given reverent expression to some great truths. On page 96 he says :— * Such a system” (The Natural System) “‘ is not a mere convenience for ascertaining the name of a plant, but is an illustration, as far as may be, of the plan of the Creator in the vegetable kingdom. And the ,Botanist sees as much to admire and as plain evidences of design, in the various relations of the plants to each other (i.e. in their re- semblances and their differences), as he does in the adaptation of one part of a plant to another, and in the various forms under which any one organ may appear. The differ- ent kinds of plants are parts of a great whole, like the members of a body or the pieces of an harmonious but complete edifice or structure; and this whole is the Vegetable Kingdom.” Yes! And when the student considers the bearing of the insect tribes upon this Kingdon, he finds yet further evidences of design, he sees yet more to admire, for he obtains a wider view of the plan of the all-wise and beneficent Being whose hand hath made all these things. ‘* The great Creator condescends to write In beams of inextinguishable light His names of wisdom, goodness, power and love, On all that blooms below, or shines above ; To catch the wandering notice of mankind And teach the world if not perversely blind His gracious attributes, and prove the share His offspring hold in His paternal care.” Cowrerr, ‘* Hope.” The Rev. Dr. Bethune moved a vote of thanks to the President for his valuable and interesting address which had aftorded much pleasure and instruction to all present. Mr. Dearness, in seconding the motion, drew attention to the fact that the beautiful diagrams eh Ne he, ae. See ae ees wel EIS pee iret a Nah a ‘ Pe 34 . THE REPORT OF THE exhibited in illustration of the address were drawn by Dr. Fyles himself, who thus shewed that he was no mean artist, as well as an eminent entomologist and botanist. He then spoke of the method of fertilization of nasturtiums, and said that he had formed a different theory from that put forth by the President, and would now look forward to further investigations of the case. Mr. Bowman heartily supported the motion, and took occasion to speak of the danger many people incurred from their ignorance of the distinct- ive characteristics of poisonous fungi, mentioning the case of one that he had gathered this autumn, the immature specimens of which were destitute of the disagreeable odour belonging to the plant. A PLEA FOR THE SYSTEMATIC AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF THa ; FOREST INSECTS OF ONTARIO. By Pror. W. Locaneap, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. Ontario has an immense area of forest lands composed of hemlock, spruce, tamarac, balsam and pine. According to a recent report of the Forestry division of Ontario, “ Of the 142 millions of acres comprising the province, about 120 millions of acres are still owned by the crown. Out of this, nearly 22,000 square miles,.or 14 million acres are under license to lumbermen.” The Government has very wisely done much to preserve these valuable domains from destruction by fire, by the appointment of a larga number of rangers, who patrol, as it were, the forests and put out fires which may have been care- lessly started by Indians, campers, or settlers. There is, however, a danger, perhaps as serious as that of fire, against which no pre- caution has been taken. I refer to the danger of insect depredations. Ontario is falling behind many of the neighboring States of the Union with respect to the great problem of the relation of insect work to our forest domains. Much work is being done by the Federal Government at Washington, and by many of the States where extensive forests exist, in determining the conditions which increase or decrease the extent of insect ravages. Already extensive experiments have been carried out, and much valuable information has been secured. The investigations have found that the amount of damage caused by insects in the large forests is enormous; and to prove that their results are worthy of consideration the very persons who are most directly inter- ested in the preservation of the forest timber, the great lumber and timber companies, have readily come forward and assisted the investigator by affording every facility in the forest for a thorough study, and by money contributions as well. In Europe every trained forester is well informed with regard to forest insects and knows how to combat their attacks; but in Ontario we are content to go along in our ignorance and pay no heed to insects or their ravages, probably because our forest areas are so large. : The questions will naturally be asked: ‘In what way can a study of forest insects help us in the preservation of our forests?” and ‘‘ How can assistance be rendered in cases of serious insect ravages?” In answer to the first question it may be said that a knowledge of the life histories of injurious forest insects is just ag essential to a proper, intelligent campaign of opera- tions as is a knowledge of life histories in our work against the foes of the orchard and garden, Systematic work must precede intelligent economic work ; we must distinguish — the economic forms from the beneficial or harmless species, In many cases it may be possible to utilize the beneficial forms as allies against the injurious forms, and in a well developed plan of operations the beneficial insects should be preserved from destruction. I maintain, then, that a systematic collection of forest insects should be made so that we may become familiar with the forms ; that a series of observations be made so that the life-histories of as many as possible be obtained for our guidance in combatting the injurious forms. In answer to the second question proposed it may be said that hopeful results have been secured for American conditions of forestry which are so very diferent from those obtaining in Europe. In Europe the forests are carefully guarded, and a semi-military system of protection is in vogue in most of the continental countries. RNs, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 185 In, West Virginia it has been found that there is a proper time to fell trees to pre- _ vent damage by insects. Dr. Hopkins cut different kinds of trees twice.a month year after year, and he got definite results for the oak and hickory for example. The timber cut in the winter months was gradually converted into a powder, while that cut during the summer remained almost intact. These results are confirmed in the practical opera- tions in the forests, for it>has been observed that certain species of trees felled in late fall, winter, or early spring suffer more damage than those felled in Jaly and August. MOUNT ee np ITD iD uw Aa STAT itl Fic. 1, Hylurgus piniperda. \ \ AN \\\} VY q ? ) WEY A \\ WN! 7 | 1) | ; : e 3 . \ Mi KON \\ Fic. 3. Scolytus destructor. The beetle, = \\ Ml Ahb magnified, and its burrows. WEEN yee (See page 72.) Again, much has been learnt re- garding the disposal of timber which has become affected, and the influence of lumbering methods and forests fires on the general problem of insect de- predations. It is a matzer of obser- vation that unhealthy, weakened, dead trees are the most likely ones to suffer from insect attacks. Thus careless methods Fic. 2. Hylesinus fraxini. of handling timber whereby standing trees are girdled, branches broken, and otherwise dismembered and disfigured, are very fruitful sources of insect distribution to those areas. These infested areas become centres of infestation to the surrounding forest. -In Ontario where lumbering operations are carried on in many isolated limits the _ danger is extremely great. The trees along the margin of the felled areas are very liable to lose their vitality on account of their inability to adapt themselves to the changed conditions which have arisen. If the lumbering operations are postponed for any length of time there is a great likelihood that the insects will spread from the felled areas to the unbroken forest, but where lumbering is carried on continuously in an area the insects find sufficient new-feiled timber and branches without betaking themselves to the unbroken forest. The plan of forest-ranging for the prevention of fires is undoubtedly of tremendous value in the prevention of the spread of forest insects, but there is another work for the ranger. He could, if he knew more about insect conditions and habits, arrange for the Se RRS RAC rly SARC viet A ais ae 9 Ue eR Cee at en Sco ae Mat ar WU NG aOR Dy 6 Uk ta " en Bert : 2 i eee ig . Pt aay) aryl (UN Wega vy wart I Eller Line ee oe NYS RE a en ’ iy ele Chars 36 _ THE REPORT OF THE | [No 19 burning of certain felled areas at a time which would be the most favorable for the de- struction of the insects which are preying upon the dead and dying trees. Such burnings, however, should be very carefully controlled so as not to injure the trees of the untouched forest, lest new feeding grounds be opened up for the insects. Indirectly, again, the control of forest insects is of much importance. Dr. Hopkins, after a trip through the great north-west timber lands of Washington, Oregon and Idaho, states that his observations prove conclusively that forest fires originate, in very many cases, in timber areas which have been killed by insect depredators. The dead trunks and broken branches furnish suitable conditions for the rise and spread of fires. The entrance of trunk and bark beetles into the trunk and bark of trees allows access to many timber fungi which penetrate the tissues, sap the vitality of the trees, and eventually kill them. The accompanying figures, 1, 2 and 3, illustrate the manner in which some common timber beetles burrow along the wood beneath the bark. Recent studies by European and American mycologists show very clearly how very prevalent, as well as harmful, fungous diseases are in the forests. It is quite true that insects otten attack healthy trees, and fungi gain entrance to trees which have not been attacked by insects, yet the fact remains that the presence of insect pests increases very much the harmful effects of fungi. Inanswer, then, to the second question asked regarding the assistance which a knowledge of insect conditions can give towards the control of forest insects, it may be said in summary that much can be done (1) by cutting and felling timber at the most advantageous season ; (2) making traps for insects by girdling and felling trees to which the insects are attracted in preference to sound trees, then by careful burning of these traps ; (3) preventing the cutting of timber in many parts of a limit, as these parts serve as centres of infestation ; (4) preventing careless methods of handling the unfelled trees so as not to injure them and thus to expose them to insect attacks ; (5) preventing fires which we know destroy many trees and render them subject to insect attacks ; and (6) introducing insects which prey upon injurious forms. : We are not in a position at the present time to carry out all of these methods, for we are ignorant of the life-histories and habits of the majority of the forest insects. Ac- cordingly, I makea plea for the better studies of insects, and such can be best accom- plished by a biological survey of the great timber areas of the Province. Such a survey must naturally be undertaken by the Government, assisted, if possible, by the holders of timber limits from the Crown. It is the duty of this Society to call the attention of the Government to the necessity for such a survey. Professor Packard states in his valuable report on the Forest Insects, published in 1890, that “ the number of insects which attack the different kinds of trees in the United States is sufficiently large to excite great fears for the future prosperity of our diminished forests, unless the Government interposes, and through the proper channels fosters entomo- logical research in this direction. Our forests, moreover, are much richer in species of trees than those of Europe. We have, without doubt, on the trees corresponding to those of Europe as many destructive species as in Europe. But we have many more shade trees and forest trees of importance in the Eastern United States alone, and when we add to these the forest trees of the western Rocky mountain plateau and of the Pacific coast, and when we look forward to the attention which must be given in the immediate future to the planting of shade and forest trees on the great plains and in California, the subject of forest entomology assumes still more importance.” ; According to Kaltenbach the number of injurious insects which attack the forest trees of Central Europe is as follows : OE aR arn DRI aera. oS Us oe ah 537 species MYTH yoyo 'ocle-s ne poeae-w e's Bouisk we Whaia4ete aia sche Ls ae aR Aes he 107 Bi: POPIATB). oo soc elo ein bie cig AG co a 2 fc aR ete ere 264 . VAN WE oe aie decid ee Caleta ec ok cs 0g ae cme rane oat te 396 MSIE CHOB ss you's dpe john cwnelare. ie 0 viele ora vice he ee ae 270 cs TOTAL OES 20 Sofa) s eins o buco © a ws se) eee ee re ae 299 ¢ MSO ool SS hte ale ialeie We'd ge d goa ater ee eS 154 6 PONAGE Goon kc ie: m ie sia tone oioyécin cele Sikes SRR eee 119 ts It is apparent that neither the officials of the Department of Crown Lands of Ontario nor the members of the Royal Commission on Forestry Protection in Ontario consider 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 that insects do any injury to the forests, for in the report issued a few months ago, the insect problem is not even mentioned. Such an omission must be an oversight, due, no doubt, to the fact that none of the members of the Commission are entomologists. It would, indeed, be strange if our Ontario forest domains of such great extent form an ex- ception to the general rule, and harbor no insects. Dr. Fyles remarked that this paper dealt with a very important: subject which de- serves the serious consideration of the community. He then referred to the large areas in the Province of Quebec which had formerly been covered with forests of tamarac, but now were desolated by the ravages of the Larch Saw Fly and the timber rendered worth- less. Dr. Fletcher stated that the lumbermen usually say that in the Ottawa valley alone _ insects cause them a loss of a million dollars annually. This amount is merely an estimate, but it serves to show that they are aware of the losses caused by insects and realize how costly their ravages are. It is found that if the logs cut in the winter are not got into water, they will surely be attacked by insects and badly injured during the summer. A plan adopted in many cases is to.turn the logs over from time to time during the summer so as to change the position of the portions exposed to light and those in contact with the soil ; another method is to split the bark so that the inner part dries up and prevents the insect larvee from living in it. These operations, however, are difficult to carry out, as the lumbermen cannot stand the flies which attack them in myriads during warm weather ; this cause also prevents them from cutting timber in summer, which has been proved to be @ better time than winter as far as the quality of the timber itself is con- cerned, The attacks of insects are always made upon dead or dying trees and such may usually be found on the edges of clearings where partially injured trees have not been cut down. In 1884 there was a great forest fire in the Ottawa valley, which left an immense number of burnt-trees still standing. These were immediately attacked by insects and the loss would have been complete had not the owners of the timber limits at once set to work to cutand remove as much as possible of what was Icft. Any tree that is scorched with fire or partially burnt is sure to be attacked by wood-borers during _ the following summer. Dr. Fletcher closed his remarks by moving a vote of thanks to Prof. Lochhead for his interesting paper ; this was seconded by Mr. Dearness, and carried unanimously. ' RESULTS OF SOME EXPERIMENTS IN PROTEOTING APPLES FROM THE ATTACKS OF THE SECOND BROOD OF CODLIN MOTH. By F. M. Wesster, Woostsr, O. In Ohio, our attempts to protect the apple crop from attack by the codlin moth have given us varying results. Some years, spraying with the arsenites like Paris green, London purple and arsenite of soda have given excellent protection, and the apples have been very free of larve. Other years, though the spraying has been done with equal care and in proper season, the effect has been discouraging, to say the least. The causes for these varying results are not at all clear and there are some grounds, during some years, for the question as to whether, or not, it pays the orchardist to go to the expense of two or three sprayings and get so little in return for his labor, and other necessary expenditures, which spraying necessitates. Frequently the apples will pass through the season, up to late August, without exhibiting indications of the work of the apple worm, but after that the fruit seems to be seriously attacked and much damage done. There are with us, two periods of dropping of the wormy fruit. The first in late July and the fore part of August and the second setting early in September. Orchardists have de- clared that they could prevent the first, very largely by spraying, but the second baffles them, I have suspected, for a long time, that this was due to the attack of the second brood, and those who succeeded in protecting their fruit early in the season were, very largely, suffering from the results of moths developiag in unsprayed orchards, and migrating during August to those that had been carefully and properly sprayed, thus infesting these after it is possible to protect them by the usual measures. In order to LAOREET AEE COO Re ra te \ 38 ‘THE REPORT OF THE ' | No. 19 test the probable efficiency of spraying, during the ordinary season for doing this, an ex- periment was tried in the orchard of Mr. William Miller, at Gypsum, Ottawa County, along the southern shore of Lake Erie. It was obviously impossible to get two trees exactly alike, and not easy to secure two greatly alike in close proximity to each other, but we selected two well in from the outer margins, and one of these we covered with netting, such as is used for covering baskets of peaches and grapes. The trees were. sprayed for the last time on June 22nd and the covering applied the next day. All fallen apples were removed from under both trees on August 29th, while there — was a cessation in dropping of infested fruit, and, as we thought, all or nearly all of the first brood were thus eliminated. On September 14th, Yi soon after the terrible wind that swept over the lake WW = . . . ee region, the spent tropical hurricane that devastated Galveston, Texas, there were removed from under the covered tree 229 apples, 59 per cent. of these being sound, their weight being 77 pounds. Under the un- covered tree there were 1,052 apples, only 10 per cent. of which were sound, and their weight was 214 pounds. October 22nd, there were picked from the covered tree 107 pounds of fruit ; 372 apples were sound and eight wormy. Windfalls, 18, all wormy. From the check tree there were picked 128 pounds of fruit, 253 apples being sound, and 41 wormy. Of the windfalls, 94 were sound and 104 wormy. (Fig. 4 illustrates the familiar appearance of a ‘‘ wormy ” apple.) Recapitulating, the covered tree, after the fruit was removed from beneath on August 29th, carried 627 apples. Of these, 372 were gathered in a sound condition and 26 were wormy. The uncovered tree, after fallen fruit was removed on August 29th, carried 1,544 apples, of which 347 were sound when gathered and 145 were wormy. The summary would read thus: Covered tree, out of 627 apples, gave 466 sound and 161 wormy ; the uncovered tree, out of 1,544 apples, gave 452 sound and 1,092 wormy. This, I think, shows pretty clearly what the result would be if we could manage the second brood of moths, and also who is to blame for the disastrous effects of the second in well sprayed orchards, There are two other points worth mentioning _ First, where a species is double brooded, the second brood is likely to be the most migratory in habits. Second, it is the outer rows in a well sprayed apple orchard that are most affected late in the season, Taking it altogether, the trouble does not appear to be with the spraying, but with those who do not spray at all, and who furnish the migrating female codlin moths that give origin to the second generation of worms in a well sprayed orchard. In the discussion that followed the reading of the paper, Dr. Fletcher stated that he had that day seen a young larva about a week old, which eviaently belonged to a third brood. It seemed clear that the best method of counteracting this insect was to spray for ‘the first brood and bandage the trees for the second. : Mr. Bowman asked whether a late hatching of a third brood would not be a good thing, as then they would probably all be winter killed. Prof, Webster replied in the affirmative, and said that some years ago there was a severe frost in June, which nipped the leaves of the trees. Olisiocampa caterpillars had been very abundant, but they all perished from frost or want of food, and it was years before they became numerous again. Dr. Fletcher mentioned that he had received some cocoons of the Tussock moth from Toronto, covered with eggs. They all hatched out recently under cover, shewing how near this species is to being double-brooded. The next paper read was by Mr. Arthur Gibson, Assistant Entomologist of the Ex- perimental Farm at Ottawa, on the “ Life-history of Arctia Phalerata,” in which he des- cribed in detail all the stages in the life of this insect from the egg, through the cater- pillar and pupa to the perfect insect. As it was of a highly technical character, the paper has been publishedin The Canadian Entomologist. (Vol. XXXIL, p. 369.) ; "A Ai Pe A Mee Ls SAYS eo py RL SEN a Fie 7 2 AMAL, Phas y ee \e' ae odin UR ee ae ite GUN N,N ee aT OR Sie 8 —— Le ie GE ee Pies NRO ke 8 ‘ : ee Ane ee SP Re, a ' i ie Lian 9 r 1900] , ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 : . Dr. Fletcher, at the close, remarked that such a paper as this indicated the lines 4 upcn which the best work should be done. It had been prepared with the utmost care and minute. observations had been made at every stage of the insect’s life. It was very important that life histories should be worked up in this way, as the imagoes alone are not to be depended upon in the separation of species. Very little is known about some of the commonest insects, and regarding others futher details are required to fill up the blanks in our knowledge. Every Entomologist should try to rear at least one species every year, and then a very great deal would be accomplished in the course of a compara- tively short time. He then spoke of the mode of describing a larva, and explained Dr. Dyar’s plan of numbering the tubercles and thus simplifying very much the work of description. NOTES ON INSEOTS OF THE YEAR 1900. Division No. 2—Bay or Quinte District.—By J. D. Evans, Trenton, Ont. During the past season the Forest Tent Caterpillar (Clistocampa disstria) has done much damage in certain districts but not to such an extent as last season. Grasshoppers caused some destruction to grain and pasture in some localities in the | northern portion of the County, but only over comparatively small areas. The pea weevil (Bruchus pist) has come to be such a pest throughout Prince Edward County, that the seedsmen are looking for other and more suitable localities, in one case having transferred their operations in part to Lindsay. The larve of Phytonomus punctatus were observed to be quite numerous in a clover field at Lake on the Mountains, near Glenora, Prince Edward County, on the 24th of May last. In very many cases the larve were curled up and encircled the tip'end of the blades of grass, and apparently in a dying condition from either being parasitized or from some disease. At the same time and in the same clover field a number of examples were taken of Hylesinus trifolii, Muell. also eleven specimens of. Phytonomus nigrirostris, Fab. . In July Jast unusual visitors appeared in a pear orchard owned by Mr. W. A. _ Warner and situated about 2 or 3 miles to the north-west of the town of Trenton. This . orchard was about one acre in extent, in the midst of an extensive apple orchard, and hada few plum trees interspersed through it. About the third week of the month all the pear trees had their lower limbs swarming with small green caterpillars, there was no web nor did they suspend themselves by a thread, but seemingly dropped to the ground when satiated or when the tree was struck, then crawled towards and up the trunks again to the higher branches. The trunks of the trees and the ground, in places, were fairly green with the crawling masses of them. The caterpillars were from 4 to ? of an inch long when first noticed, of a dark green colour at one end and a lighter green at the other. The apple trees in the immediate vicinity had a few of the caterpillars but the plum trees were not visited by them. A thorough spraying destroyed them all. It was not until : about two months thereafter that the writer became aware of their visit through a letter from Dr. Fletcher. The above particulars having been procured from Mr.. Warner at such & long interim from their appearance, further information could not be elicited. There has been a great scarcity of moths during the past season as compared with last, very few coming to light and they only of the commonest species. Division No. 3.—Toronto District.—By D. G, Cox, Toronto. > Owing to other duties the writer has had very limited opportunities for observing the insect ravages of this district during the past season. . The Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma) is still with us and has caused considerable damage to the foliage of the horse chestnuts in some localities. The civic authorities did considerable spraying of the foliage in the early part of the season which no doubt destroyed the young larve in large numbers. The pest appears to be diminishing and if they keep on fighting it, they will eventually succeed in getting it under control. The Tent caterpillar (Clisiocampa Americana) was in considerable numbers on the wild cherry trees around the suburbs of Toronto, and many orchards were rendered un- sightly by the tents. The Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rapae) has been unusually numer- 40 THE REPORT OF THE © ~~ [ No. 19 ous this year in this locality, and the cabbage and cauliflower crop in many gardens has consequently been considerably damaged by the larve of this common pest. The cab- bages were so badly perforated by the caterpillar as to render them unmarketable. I observed also in gardens where no cabbages were grown, that the turnips and radishes were severely attacked by this larva. During a trip taken through Scarborough and Markham townships in che latter part of July, I visited several farms and found considerable damage had been done to the turnip crop by what appeared to be the larve of (Noctua C-nigrum). In some fields | 40 per cent. of the crop had been cut off and the farmers were re-sowing seed in the bare places along the rows that had been destroyed. I did not know the best remedy to recommend to prevent the ravages of this cut worm, but advised them to apply to Dr. J. Fletcher, the Dominion Entomologist at Ottawa, who would give ihem valuable in- formation which would be of great benefit to them in combating the ravages of the insect. Around one of the farms I visited there were planted about two-thirds of a mile of European Mountain Ash trees (Pyrus acuparia). These trees were about fifteen years old and were so badly infested with the larvze of the Flat-Headed Apple Tree Borer (Ohrysobothris femorata) that the writer picked from the outer bark of one tree ten young larvze about five-eighths of an inch long, several other trees were examined in the row and found to be in the same condition. Quite a number of the trees had already been killed by this pest. I advised our friend the farmer to pick out as many of the larvee as he could during the months of July and August, after that they would have penetrated into the heart of the tree and consequently could not then be reached. I also told him to paint the trees next spring with a thick solution of soft soap and wash- ing soda before the beetle oviposits so that the young larve will have difficulty in pene- trating the bark. The ravages of this beetle seem to be confined more particularly to the trunk of the tree ; from the ground up to the first branch. I found no evidence of larvee above the first branch in any case. The Spruce Gall-louse (Chermes abietis) does not appear to be so abundant in this locality as formerly. ‘Division No. 4.--Hamitton District —By JamEs JOHNSTON, BARTONVILLE. Want of time during the past season has prevented me from doing but very little insect collecting so that my brief report is mostly made up from my observations on the farm during my daily occupations. During May and most of June cut worms were very troublesome, being more numer- ous than I have ever known them to have been. Systena blanda, Mels (the pale-stripped Flea-beetle) has been quite numerous, Eight years ago when I first noticed these little beetles, they seemed to confine’ themselves almost entirely to rag-weed, but each year since then they appear to be taking to other plants as food, and now they may be consid- ered destructive to turnips, pumpkins and strawberries. Last season a few choice pump- kin seeds were planted and in the course of a short time when I went to see how they were doing I found the plants thickly covered with these beetles making them, appear as if sprinkled with ashes, and, on my approaching, they all vanished, being very quick. July 22nd, Orioceris 12 punctatus, Lin. made its first appearance in our asparagus patch when I took seven specimens. As the season advanced they increased in number so that I fear by next season it will be reckoned amongst our already too numerous gar- den enemies. Aug. 17th, Colias eurytheme, Bd. In crossing the clover meadow where C. philo- dice was very numerous I noticed this orange-colored beauty which I secured with my sun-hat after a hard chase. Itis a beautiful large specimen which is of double interest to me as it is the first of the species I have taken, and differs from those in my cabinet by having the front half of the fore wings a pale yellow. Aug. 30th, Nonagria-subflava, Gr. This is the third specimen of what is, as far as I can learn, a rare insect during my years of collecting. I took it in the house seks} been attracted by the light in the kitchen. Aug. 3lst, Catocala nebulosa, Guen (1 spec.) and C. Robinsonii, Gr. (2 spec. ). / ‘ r) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 These two species I consider an interesting capture as both species are new to my col- lection and possibly to Canada as I have never heard of them as being Canadian species. This I should say has been a year favorable for this very interesting genus as they have been unusually abundant in this locality. I missed all the early kinds as I was un- able to look after them before Aug. 18th, but after that succeeded in taking seventeen species, amongst them four C. desperata, Guen., of which I never took but one, and it several years ago, and a doubtful specimen, possibly a variety of C. paleogama. In the early part of the season I noticed that some insects were doing much damage amongst the strawberry plants by eating the heart leaves while young and tender and I was at a loss for some time to discover what they were, but finally I detected a black beetle . doing the mischief, and by keeping watch I saw several doing the same thing so I have made up my mind that they are the mischief makers. They straddle the leaf and very goon destroy it as they eat quite greedily. Division 5.—Lonpon District.—By R. W. RENNIE, LoNpDON. That most exasperating of all injurious insects, at least to the average gardener, made its appearance last spring in unusually large numbers, viz., the Cur Worm, mostly the larvze of Hadena arctica. There seems to be a considerable amount of uncertainty in regard to the appearance and disappearance of this insect. In 1895 the moths were flying in immensenumbers. The following spring the larve did great damage, but when the time arrived for the appearance of the moths, those of us who were expecting a great number, were disappointed, as very few appeared. Again this year, the larve were exceedingly plentiful, but the mature insect, at the time it should have appeared, was in very small numbers, I have not seen any explana- tion offered for this heavy mortality amongst the pupe. Remedies proposed :—Placing bunches of grass, clover, etc, saturated with Paris green along the rows. This is of very little use, the young larvz are not such fools as to eat withered foliage, when they can get the fresh article right at hand. Buta mixture of bran and Paris green seems to be very much to their taste, while not neglecting the plants altogether for the bran mixture, they are more inclined to try it than anything that has been proposed up to the present. CABBAGE ROOT Maacot.—This insect has been quite destructive this year, the only remedy so far that has been beneficial has been to wrap the stemsof the plants when transplanting with tar paper. In the August number of the “ Canadian Horticulturist” - there is a suggestion from one of the staff of the Guelph Agricultural College, namely, to try a tablespoonful of carbon bisulphide in a hole at the base of the young trans- planted plant. This may prevent the mature insect from depositing her eggs on the plant, but, with carbon bisulphide at twenty cents per pound, and cabbages at twenty cents per dozen, I think that the gardener had better quit growing cabbages. The cost for carbon alone will be about ten cents per dozen plants. The recommendation of sucha dangerous insect destroyer as carbon bisulphide I think should be condemned ; it may answer very well for laboratory experiments, but in the hands of the general public, may be the cause of numerous accidents, which will result in all probability in a general dis- trust by the public of trying any new insecticide with the chemicals of which they may be unfamiliar. Rep Spipers.—This mite has been very destructive this year to growers of sweet peas. It has got to be such a pest that most lovers of this flower in this section will be forced to abandon their cultivation. Last season, although a grand season for the pea family here, was very short, ending about the middle of August, due almost entirely to the ravages of the red spider. Cold water spraying is not sufficient to keep them under control. To apply an emul- sion you will have to have a pump capable of delivering the emulsion at at least thirty-five pounds pressure. us Root Apuis.—This pest appeared in quite large numbers this year attacking sweet peas and asters. I have seen no preventative proposed. Aphides were very numerous this season. I have seen whole fields of cabbages almost entirely covered with them. Spray with kerosene emulsion, or if you have a water pressure of sixty or seventy pounds use water only. ~ 7 eh eo ey ae ~ei lal ities! - Bee “! 42 THE REPORT OF THE NOTES ON THE SEASON OF 1900. By J. Atston Morrat, Lonpon. Ravages by cut-worms were reported to me from far and near as being unusually severe, And several kinds of moths presented themselves to my notice in conspicuous — profusion later on, as probably coming from such worms; such aa Agrotis C. nigrum, Mamestra devastatrix, Hadena arctica and sev- eral others in lesser numbers, whilst toward the end of the season Agrotis subgothica (Fig. 5) was in great abundance. A moat unusual outbreak of Crambus exsic- catus made itself manifest in the early part of June, and lasted well into July. Early on Sunday morning, June 10th, I was walking down the delightfully quiet street, when my attention was attracted by the singular appear-| ance of the pavement in front of me. I thought it was covered with peanut shells, broken up. very fine, and fancied some boys had been having a feast on the previous evening, but on reaching the spot I found the strange appearance to be produced by the wings of that moth, I looked up, and there was a restaurant lamp overhead, and the light from it had dazzled the moths and brought them down, when they got trodden underfoot by the travel of the previous evening, until the stone pavement, for a space of eight feet in diameter, was literally put out of sight with their remains. How many deepI could not say. If this was but one of many such “ slaughter pits,” which it is reasonable to believe was the . case, then how little conception one can form of the multitudes of them that were de- stroyed in one night ; whilst it made no perceptible reduction to the numbers left in the fields or at the lights. Then to think of the injury done to crops—grasses mostly—dur- ing the feeding up of the larvee for the production of such swarms of moths, whilst the cause of such injury would be all unseen and unsuspected by those suffering from their depredations. The notorious ‘“‘ Buffalo Bug,” sometimes most misleadingly called ‘ moth,” to which it has no resemblance, it being in reality a beetle, Anthrenus scrophularia, Linn. (Fig. 6 d), has become an established pest in London. Early in the year I took the beetle on the windows of the Y.M.C.A. building ; and complaints of its depredations were heard from various parts of the city during the summer. About the first of August two larve were brought to me by a lady ; one seemed full-fed, the other about half grown. The one pupated about the first of September, and gave forth the beetle in October, the other was. still feeding at the end of the month, but died before maturing. The larval stage is the only form of its existence known to the majority of housekeepers, which is correctly represented at Fig. 6a, greatly enlarged, the line at the side indicating the natural size, and they would hardly be- lieve that the beetle at d was the same insect, or one from which they had anything to fear. The beetles are black, ornamented with white and red, but are ex- Na\ tremely variable; so much so Fic. 6 | bs that three forms have received “i ee distinguishing names. It is a European insect, but there it is spoken of as a “ Flower Beetle,” although known to enter houses and destroy “furs, clothes, animal collections, and even leather and dried plants.” It was on this continent that it first obtained its notoriety as a carpet pest, the habit here of tacking down carpets for a year giving it a splendid opportunity to propagate undisturbed ; with this, as with others of its kind, frequent Fie, 5, . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. a hey 45 stirring up is an excellent means of deterring them from indulging their destructive propensities. And now that it is here to stay, as it is not entirely depending on indoor propagation, so can2ot be exterminate’ except locally, there is nothing for it but to give it due attention ; and to combat it successfully, a knowledge of its nature and habits must be acquired. © Having learned to recognize the beetles, they may be seen upon the windows in early spring and destroyed before they have an opportunity to deposit their eggs, and thus pre- vent future trouble from them. In nature it takes a full year to complete the round of its existence, but with the artificial warmth of houses it matures in shorter time, and beetles may be found on windows before the end of winter. When once a dwelling has become infested, not only should the carpets be thoroughly beaten, and disinfected,but narrow strips of thin muslin should be fastened over the joints of the floors with varnish before relaying, so as to prevent them secreting themselves there. A strip of tar paper laid under tne outer édge of the carpet is an excellent preventative. When they are known to be at work and it is not convenient to lift the carpet, ben- zine will kill any living insect that it is brought in contact with, but great care must be exercised in not allowing a light to approach it while it is evaporating, as it is very in- flammable. A damp cloth and hot iron will also effectually arrest the operations of any depredators upon whom they are applied. S‘eam or benzine may also be used to advan- tage to get rid of their presence in upholstered furniture ; by such means can their opera- tions be restrained and rendered comparatively harmless. But constant watchfulness _ against their presence is required, for even if a dwelling has been freed from their presence during one season, the beetles may enter at the open windows the next summer and start a colony afresh. : ; There is another beetle with similar aabits belonging to the Dermestids, Attagenus _piceus, Oliv., whose larva is about the same size and hairy character as that of Anthrenus scrophularie, which it closely resembles and might easily be mistaken for, as they are some- times found associated ; but the beetles are quite different in appearance, Attagenus piceus being much longer than wide, a flatter insect and entirely black. This also will have to be guarded against, as it is just as dcstructive a carpet pest as the other, and in some instances becomes the most numerous of the two. For some time past it has been more troublesome in the Society’s collection than Anthrenus varius, which is supposed to be the standard museum pest. A friend in the country, in one of his recent letters to me, conveyed the following item of information, which may serve as a warning against the employment of cheap labour : “‘ We got lots of help to thin our turnips this year. Some big green fellows came along who gave us their assistance and worked for their board ; but they made a bad job of it. After we had thinned some rows they would go round and thin them over again, and they left nothing whatever in some rows, but that may have been because they worked at night and did not see what they were doing.” During the remarkably fine weather we were favored with during October, winged Aphis were in great abundance, and made walking on the streets quite unpleasant, espec- ially where there were shade trees. One evening when the setting sun illuminated the hazy atmosphere and the tiny wings reflected the light conspicuously and made each in- dividual stand out distinctly, I made an effort to estimate how thick they were. By _ stopping at different points and watching closely, I estimated there was one to every four inches of space. Before they had all gone, those mosquito-like merry dancers (Cwlici- formis, Latreille, some of whose larv live in water and others feed on fungus,) made their appearance, who from some inherent perversity of their nature, congregate in living columns over the sidewalks, with their densest portion about the level of one’s face, which one must either go through or turn off the walk to get round, when one would think that any other portion of the street would serve the purpose just as well. One warm summer’s day, I took a seat in a pleasant shade, put my light colored straw hat on my knee, when one of these groups formed over it and commenced a jig close to my face, some of them striking it. 1 swept them away several times butthey always returned and gathered as before. I began to suspect that the hat was the centre of attraction, so T placed it on the seat an arm’s length away, when they immediately formed their dancing party over it there and kept it up until I took it to leave. So it would seem as if. they iked to have some conspicuous object beneath them to keep the crowd in line. ye _ THE REPORT OF THE. [No 19 There was sent to me by Mr. J. Tanton of this city, a most singular looking creature of the class Myriapoda, and shortly after another was brought by Mr. C. E. Abbott, both of them supposed to have come in packing, and had attracted their attention as some- thing quite unusual. From information received by me at our annual meeting, it proved to be Vermatia forceps, Rafinesque, of the family Scutigera, and the first reported appear- ance of it in Canada. There is an excellent figure of it in the fourth report of the N. Y. State Entomologist for the year 1887, page 129, and from that article [ have gathered the following information: It is properly a southern resident, but has been gradually extending northward, until it has now become well established in most of the eastern States. Its body is when full grown, about an inch in length, witha uniform width of a quarter of an inch, but rather narrower at the hind end. _[t has fifteen pairs of long legs which terminate in a black, sharp hook. The front pair of legs are about half an inch in length, the others gradually i increasing in length to the second last pair, which are about an inch and a quarter, whilst the last pair are an inch and a half or more. It is known to be carnivorous, feeding upon insects, for which it enters and frequents houses, and when seen for the first time, is sure to attract attention by its grotesque at- titude and rapid movements, and may even create alarm; but for which there is no cause, as it is extremely timid and anxious toescape. Yet, from its anatomical structure it is suspected that it may be poisonous, but there is no authentic instance recorded of its ever having inflicted injury to a human being. From Insect Life, Vol. 3, P. 85, I copy the following: ‘‘ Mr. Webster spoke of the predaceous habits of Cermatia andits preying upon the Croton hug. Mr. Fletcher had observed the insect with Mr. Howard, at Wash- ington. Its mode of capturing the Oroton bug before devouring it was remarkable. It sprang over its prey which was thus encaged between ‘its many curved legs. ” The unusually warm weather in October, had the effect of bringing to maturity great numbers of the Tomato Sphinx, and many were captured on the wing. I secured a fine, fresh specimen on a shop front in the principal thoroughfare of the city on the morning of the 19th. Anosia Archippus was noticably scarce through the season, as compared with the previous year, and yet Messrs W. E. Saunders and H. Gould saw them on the 19th of September, accumulated in such multitudes on the trees at Point Pellee, as to put the green of the foliage out of sight, whilst the lower branches were drooping with their weight. On the 27th of October, the janitor of the Y. M. C. A., brought me a living specimen which he had taken from a bush, helpless from the coldness of the day; bright and fresh, as if newly hatched. It was very lively in warmth and sunshine, and fed freely, but dormant when the room was cold. On two occasions it remained in the same position from about four o'clock Saturday afternoon, until near noon on the Monday fol- lowing. On the 13th of November, I allowed it to remain too long on a frosty window, from which it never fairly recovered, and it died on the 16th. It retained its bright colors to the last. It wasa female. I opened the abdomen and made a microscopic ex- amination. It was very fat, but I could see nothing whatever to indicate the presence of eggs. ANOSIA ARCHIPPUS, YET AGAIN. By J. Atston Morrat, Lonpon. Tn a series of most interesting and instructive articles on the Migration and Dis- persal of Insects, by J. W. Tutt, F. E.S, editor of ‘‘The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation,” London, England, after a reference to the methods of many different insects, he arrives in due course, in the July number, 1900, to a consid- eration of what has been written upon the movements, spring and autumn, of Anosia Archippus, Fab. (Fig. 7) and the claims that have been put forth for it, as differing in many respects from all other butterffies. The opinions that he has formed from a con- sideration of what has been written upon the subject, and the conclusions he hag arkived at upon it, can be gathered from the following extracts taken therefrom: Ei / OurAS 1900] =——s&ENTTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 “So far as one is able to get at the real facts (i. e., apart from the opinions of ob- servers, ) one is able to conclude that the movements of Anosia Archippus, in North America, are very similar to those of Pyrameis cardui, (the Thistle butterfly) in Europe.” After quoting from various sources, Mr. Tutt adds: “ All these irregularities of habit will be certain to strike one who has studied the subject, as being readily par- alleled during a series of years by the immigrants of Coltas edusa and Pyrameis cardwi, and their progeny in our own country.” That is, Britain. After quoting a diversity of individual opinions and contentions, he continues, “ However little definite information there is about the spring migration of A. archippus, a great number of observations have been recorded of a habit that is certainly unknown in any of our most observed Palearctic migrating species. This is the habit of swarming in the autumn.” He then gives a large number of instances that have been observed by different persons, of autumnal swarms passing over various parts of the continent ; then continues, ‘‘ One other observation may be added, that of Bowles, who states that he has himself seen the shores of Lake Ontaric, near Brighton, strewn with hundreds of their dead bodies, cast up by the waves, and which no doubt had formed part of a swarm, which from weakness or some other cause had perished while flying across the lake.” Then Mr. Tatt sums up his conclusions upon the subject thus : “From these and similar observations it has been concluded that the swarming of this butterfly in autumn is analogous with that of birds before commencing their [flight Fig 7. southward, and that, after swarming, the butterflies return to the sub-tropical lands whence their grandmothers and great grandmothers set out in spring. It is admitted that the climate is such, in the northern territories to which the species annually spreads, that the butterfly cannot possibly exist in the winter, and Riley, who first propounded the return theory, himself confesses that ‘‘ under the most favourable conditions a large majority perishes.” As we have said, Scudder accepts the theory as fact, and practically writes as if it were proved beyond question of dispute. For ourselves, although we know of no exact analogy among butterflies of a similar swarming habit, yet, in every other respect the similarity between the habits of this species and our own European migrating species, Pyrameis cardui, Colais edusa, etc., is so great, both as to the continuous- brooded habit, and also as to Dr. Thaxter’s observation that the males and females in the autumnal swarms pair, that we are inclined to doubt the conclusion. It has never yet been shown that the journey has been successful. The swarms are sometimes noted as going in a different direction from that assumed by the theory, and much more evidence is necessary before even an approximation to success can be admitted. For our- selves, we doubt whether the return journey has ever been successfully made, and we consider that there is altogether insufficient direct evidence to warrant the assertion that the autumnal swarms of Anosia Archippus migrate from the more northern parts of its summer range in America, to the south, in order to winter there. Some of the quota- _ tions which we have just reviewed, and others mentioned by Riley, show distinctly that _ he swarms do sometimes fly more or less from north to south, or from north-east to *" south-west; but the general opinion that one is compelled to form, after reading most of the notes relating to the autumnal swarming of this species is, that the large congrega- tions of butterflies that then collect will, given fine caim weather, stay long (in swarms) . PRE eo OES OS a 402°. THE REPORT OF THE ~—' [[ No. 19 in one place, and the evidence is altogether insufficient to show that these go south-west : rather than in all (or any) directions apart from weather conditions.” When one’s opinions are distinctly challenged, one naturally feels a desire to vindi- cate them ; and as there is much in these quotations that is in direct opposition to my belief on the subject, which has been largely formed upon actual observation, influenced no doubt by what I have read, I shall review them somewhat in detail, in an attempt to make it clear that I, and many others on this continent, have not wholly misunderstood what we have seen. Mr. Tutt seems to be needlessly skeptical on some points, in view of what he informs us of the wonderful performances of this butterfly, which he appears to accept ; and I doubt not that a little personal observation would convince him of it. read ; but in this country, my attention was soon attracted by its periodicity when I be- gan collecting. I have seen in some seasons, cloverfields just alive with fine, large, rosy specimens ; whilst in others I have watched carefully for them all summer and not seen one. 1 have seen its larva in such numbers as to consume all the thistles in one field, and cress the road in masses to another for fresh food, whilst the whole neighbourhood became alarmed that their crops were to be destroyed by an invasion of the army worm. I came to the conclusion that they appeared every third year ; and sometimes then only in very moderate numbers, yet I never observed anything in any of its peculiar habits, to in any way correspond with those of Anosia Archippus. It is rather unsafe to draw, confidently, conclusions from analogy when dealing with insects. In the quotations made by Mr. Tutt from the few recorded observations made by different individuals, of the movements of Anosia Archippus; their gathering together in swarms preparatory to their migrating, and their passing over the country in flocks, have got somewhat mixed, some of them referring to the one, and some to the other. All admit their assembling ; the purpose of their assembling has to be inferred, which gives plenty of scope for the play of the imagination. The butterflies take weeks in collecting before they depart. Having chosen their rendezvous, they have to come together from a considerable extent of territory around, to accumulate the multitudes they often do, and that takes time. How those at a distance get to know of the spot is a very interesting and puzzling thought, but that they do in some way is a fact. Now, it is during this gatheiing process that the coming in the evenings and the going in the mornings has mostly been observed, and is usually kept up for a length of time, regardless of the weather. No one observing these movements could help wondering and enquiring what the object of such conduct could mean; and if informed about their migratory habits, and watching them to the end, he would be satisfied that it was in some way intimately and directly associated with their intention to leave, and was preparatory to that very purpose. We cannot tell how their minds act in conntction with the subject ; we can only express our convictions in accordance with the operations of our own, drawn from observation. As the time approaches for their departure, which for this locality is about the first of September, the great majority that compose the swarm, gets into that singular — dormant and listless mood, which is another very perplexing state of mind to account for, — but which no doubt is also intimately associated with their future intentions ; they will remain for days in what appears to be a state of semi-hybernation, when they show no great desire even for food. I have only once had the pleasure of watching one of these swarms assembling, but from all accounts it was quite characteristic of their doings at such a time. Some of my published observations will allow of expanding and comment- ing upon. F The woods where I saw the assembling of A. Archippus as recorded in Can. Ent. Vol. 12, p. 37, was that in which the asylum buildings at Hamilton now stand. My visits to it were made every other day. I saw the butterflies there three times, which would cover five days, and to the last they were perceptibly on the increase. I would get there about half past one, when I would find them hanging in clusters, quite motionless except when disturbed. That they should be there at that time of day, in that condition, caused — me to wonder greatly. Whether they had been out in the morning or not I cannot say ; I know nothing of the habits of Pyrameis cardui in Europe except what I have ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. an but when I would be leaving about half past five, individuals were still arriving, and some of them had to descend quite a distance to the tops of the trees as if they had traveled from afar, and not at all like ones that had been feeding in the vicinity. Dur- ing these observations the weather was fine, what it may have been when they left I do not know as I did not see them go, which must have occurred within three days after my previous visit. The swarm that I saw just starting out on its journey, Can. Ent. Vol. 20, p. 138, was in a locality about thirty miles east of Hamilton. I was there upon a visit, and had gone out to a field, with many bushes about stumps and fence corners, to look for moths and beetles. Whilst engaged in my search, my attention was diverted by the numbers of Archippus that were floating around me. When [I looked up I at once realized what was going on. My eye traced the stream to a wood from whence it was issuing, which was on the far side of the field, and thither I made my way. As soon as I entered the wood I was struck with the contrast which the attitude of these presented to those of my former observation. There, quiescence ; here, animation. Everywhere I looked there was movement ; but not of the wings. The whole swarm was evidently controlled by one impulse ; and in presence of it I could not resist the conviction that it was associated with their going. Were they just arousing themselves from a previous state of lethargy? The seemingly few that were on the wing and making for the open were coming from the far side of the wood, which was out of my sight, as well as of those that were near the front, and were closely following those that had already started. And this gives us a clear idea of how these long drawn out flocks that are so often seen passing over different parts of the country are produced, and I have always considered myself as particularly fortunate in seeing this illustration ‘of how it is. done. Although those high in the air were keeping to a comparatively direct course, there were hundreds of them in sight that were swooping and swirling around the bushes in the fieid ; yet they never allowed a gap to form in the procession. The weather at the time was fine; no storms in view, past, present or prospective, to influence their movements. That swarms will encounter storms, both while forming and upon their travels is certain, and that their movements will be tosome extent modified by them is also certain. But my conviction is, that they will invariably choose fine weather for starting on their pilgrimage. Here is what Mr. J. A. Allen has to say of their movements in Iowa, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sc., i. 334. “ This extremely abundant butterfly seems to prefer the open prairie, but is driven to the groves by the winds which sweep furiously over the prairies in the summer months, and especially in September; here the butterflies are collected in such vast numbers on the lee sides of trees, and particularly on the lower branches, as almost to hide the foliage, and give to the trees their own peculiar colour. This was seen not in one grove alone, but in all of those that were visited about the middle of September. If unmolested, they remained quietly on the trees; if dis- turbed by blows upon the trunk or branches of the tree they would rise like a flock of birds, but immediately settle again, either on a contiguous tree or upon higher branches of the same. At New Jefferson, a little later in the year, when the gales had abated, they were seen leaving the groves in vast flocks, and scattering through the air almost beyond reach of the eye.” There we have a picture presented of collecting swarms. But I suspect that Mr. Allen has slightly mistaken the purpose of their col- lecting, which was not so much to obtain shelter from the furious winds, as to prepare for their fature journey, as diszlosed by their leaving later on. My impression is, they rather enjoy a stiff breeze, and understand well how to manage themselves init. But what interests us most in this connection, is, that they did not start out until the gales had abated. That these autumnal swarms of Anosia Archippus leave the northern portion of the continent and go southerly, is, [ think, the firm conviction of most, if not of every entomologist in North America. Which is not surprising when we know that they have never been seen going in any other direction in the northern portion of it. That but few observations have been recorded by competent persons, compared with the im- portance of the subject, is acknowledged by all. That there are so few interested and _ competent individuals on the routes these swarms travel, to make observations, compared with the extent of territory over which they have to pass, is confessed and lamented by many ; yet the few observations that have been made, defective as they are, when dates and localities are tabulated, exhibit a progressive movement in that direction, which sus- - ree pa ees eo Niel = NUR eo ete i i y ‘ "e Dy 4 48 THE REPORT OF THE | [No 19 > tains and confirms the general opinion on the subject. Take these which are referred to by Mr. Tutt: Saunders, Port Stanley, September lst. Scudder, New Hampshire, do 2nd. Peabody, Wisconsin, do first week in, Dr. Hamilton, New Jersey, do do do Mundt, Illinois, do 7th. Anonymous, Ohio and Indiana, September 19th and 20th. Dr. Ellzey, Maryland, do 23rd and 25th. Dr. Neal, Texas, October 4th and 6th. Dr. Thaxter, Florida, being without date, may be placed anywhere between lst November and last of February ; whilst he is reported in another place as having said, “that he had found Archippus wintering along the Gulf of Mexico in immense numbers.” Which taken in connection with the fact that there is not enough of their foodplant there, to produce a tithe ot them, is strong presumptive evidence that those there seen had come from the north, where we know they are bred in countless numbers. That many of the travellers will perish by the way is what is to be expected, but that the bulk of one of these swarms conld not complete the journey from their northern limit tv the Atlantic coast, is not to be thought of in connection with a butterfly that has succeeded in reaching a land 2000 miles across the ocean from the American continent. In reference to Mr. Bowles’s observation, Can. Ent. vol. 12, p. 134, which was a valu- able addition to our information of its habits at that time, but proves nothing, except that the butterfly is a wanderer and liable to be overtaken by a storm and perish, whilst in the act of crossing our great lakes; I have seen specimens of it that were thrown up with the drift on the north shore of Lake Erie. I have seen the west shore of Long Point strewed for miles with their wrecks after a storm. And I have picked up some of them, apparently dead, placed them in the sunshine and seen them revive and fly away. These were bright fresh specimens of that season’s production. But that any of them had fallen into the lake from exhaustion by long continued flight, [ would say for that butter- fly; never! Its mode of flight is so easy and graceful, that it looks as if it could remain on the wing indefinitely without tiring ; it indicates amusement rather than labour. It never appears to be in a hurry ; unless it has got a fright, and then, racehorse speed is slightly suggestive. During oviposition, the female gives one the impression of her being intent on business; and moving from place to place with great speed ; but her progress is made in long sweeping curves, with scarcely a flutter of the wings, which does not sug- gest exertion. It has a dexterous way of using a strong breeze to help it along. I have seen one go up the side of a two-storey house and over the roof without a flap of its wings, All it required to do, was to set itself at the proper angle and the wind did the rest. Even when they have started out upon their long journey southward, those near the ground do not reserve their strength by refraining from amusement. With many a sweep and swirl they are up and down, here and there and all around, yet never allowing themselves to fall behind the steadily advancing stream. Mr. Alexander of Her Majesty’s Customs Department, Hamilton, informed me that on one occasion he was crossing Lake Erie from the American side, and that they sailed for hours through a flock of Archippus going in the opposite direction ; and when the steamer reached Port Dover the butterflies were still going out over the lake. And from his description of their behaviour on the water, it corresponded exactly with what I have so often seen upon land ; some high in the air, others skimming over the surface of the lake, or dott- ing the space between, whilst many found time to come on board, and investigate the mysteries of the deck. As to its ‘‘ continuous-brooded habit,” I have never seen the slightest indication of such a thing in Ontario. From the time that freshly emerged specimens appear in July, to the time they depart in autumn, they never. show the least regard for each other sexually. So marked is this feature of their conduct daring that time, that it was asserted by some, that those great gatherings of them were composed entirely of one sex, but this was soon proved to be not the case: yet it brings to view-how much that peculiarity attracted attention. Dr. Scudder claims ‘that no Anosia Archippus born northward ever lays eggs the same season ;” and I am quite prepared to believe it. On one occasion I obtained a chrysalis of that butterfly in the latter part of October, which matured by the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ; 49 - 6th of November. Was this an attempt at producing a second brood? Reasoning from _analogy one would unhesitatingly say, yes. But from all my observations of that butter- fly, I as unhesitatingly say, no. It was but a retarded specimen from a more southerly born parent; and would probably not have matured in nature at all. It is no unusual thing to find dead chrysalids after frost that giva no indication of being parasitised, Although Dr. Thaxter saw some of them in Florida making an attempt at producing a brood there, yet the fact that they were still in swarms, clearly indicated that their time for breeding had not yet come, or they would have been dispersed. Now then, seeing that fresh hatched specimens br gin to appear here about the middie of July, and continue on the wing in increasing numbers to the beginning of September, when a great proportion of them takes their departare ; and that portions of these same swarms may reach the latitude of Maryland about the end of September, Texas and Florida in October and November, that they winter along the Gulf of Mexico, or even further south, and that it will be the end of February or the beginning of March before their regular time of breeding begins, and that we have not the slightest reason to believe that they hybernate at all, anywhere, as Antzopa and the Craptas do; there seems to be a reasonable excuse for the belief that Anosia Archippus is a long lived butterfly, and that continuous-lived would be quite as appropriate for it, as continuous:brooded. That any Anosta Archippus leaving Ontario in the autumn, will return to it in the spring to propagate its species, is a matter upon which we have no information whatever ; and seems quite improbable. But that the first ones that appear here do come from the south of us, admits of no question. Yet the terms “north and south,” are often used in _ such a loose and ill defined manner, as likely to cause confusion. Hence Mr. Tutt has tripped over my ‘‘ doubtful logic,” when speaking of their going south in the autumn, and returning in the spring ; when it was the “species ” that I meant, and not the individuals ; which I ought to have wade more clear. There are but two statements that I can find, that provide any basis upon which to form a calculation as to the distance from which our first arrivals may have come. Edwards speaks from West Virginia, Riley, from Missouri. West Virginia is a long way south of Ontario ; so we are not warranted in concluding that the behaviour of Anosia Archippus there will be identical with what it is here. Edwards in his life history of Danais Archippus (Psyche, Vol. ii, Dec. 1878, p. 169,) says: “In this part cf West Virginia, D. Archippus is, | have reason to believe, four-brooded, and the butte: flies of the last brood, and these alone, hibernate. The survivors appear very early in the next Spring, and are always faded and more or less broken.” And through that whole history, he makes his estimates upon the principle that it is a hibernating butterfly. Now the fact that Dr. Thaxter found it wintering along the Gulf of Mexico, utterly precludes the . idea of its hibernating in any true sense of the word. So Mr. Edwards’s “ survivors” came from a good way south of West Virginia. Riley also speaks of it in the same way ; which was quite excusable at that time, as fac:s to the contrary had not been disclosed, and they reasoned from analogy, and so the habit has been ke pt ever since ; but we must now view it another light. Edwards’s spring dates are, butterflies appear the last of March. Eggs laid the second of May, butterflies from these, thirtieth of May. Riley, 3rd annual Missouri report, p. 144, says: ‘“‘They commence depositing eggs in the latitude of St, Louis during the fore part of May . . . Butterflies from these eggs begin to appear about the middle of June.” These are the only observations made in the south, — giving dates, that I find to estimate time and distance by. Now Anosia Archippus makes its appearance in Ontario about the first of June and before, according to the season. Are our first arrivals specimens that were born in either of those localities, or there-about ? Oertainly not from the Missouri broods. But West Virginia is the most likely direction from which our first visitors would come; and here again we see, that there is not sufficient time for the first Virginia bred specimens to make the journey to Ontario. Then whence do they come? Our only answer must be; from some broods born much further .south than West Virginia. As to “swarms going in the opposite direction,” we have no spring swarms in the north. And those observed and recorded in the south, do not seem to seriously conflict with observations made in the north, The “ bevy ” that was seen in Texas the last day of March, containing thirty individuals, would not be considered in the: north of sufticient importance to notice which way they were going. The report received by Riley from 4 EN, 50 THE REPORT OF THE [No 19 Mr. Wells of Kansas, of a swarm which he saw in the middle of April, ‘‘ that came rapidly with a strong wind from the north-west,” seems to be of somewhat uncertain interpretation. But there is one thing I feel quite certain of,let Anosia Archippus, wherever, or in which ever direction it might be going, get caught in a gale it would head against it. I have seen individuals of them out in a gale that I could hardly hold against; low down, slowly but steadily making their way in the opposite direction, and that with little *apparent flutter of the wings but with them closely reefed, until tired of the monotony of the procedure, or not wishing to go any further in that direction, they would suddenly shoot up and get hurled fifty or more feet in the direction they had come, then turn and go ‘hroagh the same performance over again, They may do the same in flocks, who can tell ? If I were undertaking to draw up a programme of the proceedings of this butterfly from my abundant lack of tnformation ; and filling in what I don’t know with what I think is most likely, it would be something like this: Anosia Archippus is ® southern butte fly, which has inherited a powerful migratory instinct, and is endowed with a cap- aci'y to indulge it to the utmost limit of its inclination. The northern portion of the American Continent, is where it fiads the conditions most favourable for the maltiplying _ cf its species to an unlimited extent. But it cannot endure frost, therefore goes souther- ly in autumn, and with that purpose in view gathers into immense swarms before it starts out. It makes the journey in easy stages, spending months on the way. As it does not hibernate, it keeps on the move south-west until its breeding season comes round, when these, or more southerly bred specimens, start the northerly movement. Refer- e: ce has been made to the habit of birds ; an excellent comparison for my purpose. We know that they leave their southern residence for the north at a suitable period of the year, aud by the time the species has ‘reached its northern limit, the whole continent is uniformly stocked. No part missed, no part burdened with an over supply, and we know that the southern ones will be breeding before the northern ones have commenced building. Apply the same principle to our butterfly ; only she has no building to do, and no care to take of her young, so she is not required to settle down in one locality, but may pluce one egg here and another there as she finds it convenient and pass on. Now I will accept and be guided by Mr. Edwards’s observations in West Virginia, as to her conduct there, but not his conclasions. He says, (Psyche as previously quoted,) ‘ Che survivors (from hibernation) appear very early in the next spring, and are always faded and more or less broken (from much exposure and lony travel as [ believe.) They may be seen * * * the Jast of March ; ** the females deposit their eggs the last of April and «arly in May on the leaves of different species of Asclepias, beginning as soon as the plant- are well out of the groand, and thereafter, without doubt, soon die, after the manner of their kind” In that we learn, that our southern born butte fly was not in a co. dirioa wh«n she reached Wes; Virginta to oviposit. That it took a month to mature her eggs. How many of those who started out with her, spent that month in going further north, and so have reached Ontario about their usual time? A few butterflies will stock a locality with a species, if eggs are all laid together at one time ; which | think is not the case with this one, hence the absence of well d: fined broods. And Mr. Edwards proved that they do not ‘soon die” afcer finishing egg laying by capturing one on the 2nd of June, with her ovaries quite empty. So here we have still an interesting question to settle, h»w long do they live before finishing, when they survive for sometime after ? Again Mr. Edwards says, “ every female from which I have obtained eggs in confinement, la‘er than May, and all those which I have noticed as they were ovipositing in natural state, have been fresh colored, and evid-ntly not long from chrysalis;({ have witnessed similar phenomena in Ontario during the first part of July.) So I have no idea that this species differs in this respect from other butterflies. One brood of D. Archippus succeeds another ‘hy season through, the f males of each brood depositing their eggs within two or three weeks after emerging from chrysalis, and soon after dying ; and the last brood of the year hibernates, the females nos to be impregnated till the next spring” Which would be all correct, if we were dealing with a species that goes the round of its lift’s his- tory in one locality, hibernating there in winter, and producing its kind in summer, year after yea~as+o many do. But analogy fails us here; for we have to do with a species that rq tires the continent for a home, ranging froma d-fined northern limit on the one hand, to an undefined southern extension on the other, with no apparent attachment to — 1900 ] ' . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 cn locality but what suits its present needs ; seemingly conscious of its being but a transient resident anywhere ; chased from the north by the approach of winter, it is compelled by -@ necessity of its nature to return to it in the spring. Leaving the north in united multi- tudes in the autumn, it returns to it by independent units in the spring ; and believing that there are several broods of it in the south, and that each of them is controlled by the sanie strong desire to travel, which at that season means northward ; and that these will follow the same route as did the previous ones, depositing eggs where some had been * laid before; I get an explanation for the comparative freshness of the butterfles that are Jate in arriving at the north, and in.the great disparity in the size of caterpillars found on the miik-weeds during the season. But where to draw the line between north and south fcr them, I will not undertake. PARASITES IN THE EGGS OF CHRYSOPA. By J. Atston Morrat, Lonpon. On the 19th of June, 1900, whilst strolling in Victoria Park, London, my atten- tion was arr sted by an unusual lo aking ohject on the underside of a linden leaf, attached to a proj cting branch a little above the level of my eyes. I plucked the leaf to closely examine it, but could not decide as to whether it was an f ; animal or vegetable production. Afterwards remem- I bering that I had seen an illustration somewhat re- | sembling it, I turned it up, and found that singular 2, ohj-ct to be anegg cluster of the delicate lace-winged fly of the genus Chrysopa. The Rev. J. G Wood, in Insects at Home, page 281, thus discoursed upon the eggs of this insect: ‘They are generally deposited upon |kaves, but, instead of being laid directis on the leaf, every egg is fixed to the erd of a slender footstalk about half an inch in length. This footstalk is formed from a viscous matter secreted by the female, and is delicately white and translucent. Mr A. G. Butler, of the British Museum, told me that he has kept lace.winged-flies, and often seen them lay their eggs. The end of the abdomen 1s first pressed against the leaf, and a tiny drop of the viscous matter deposited. The »bdomen is then raised quickly so as to draw out a thread, which becomes stift and hard almo-t as soon as it comes into contact with the air. Then the insect pauses a li‘tle, and rapidiy places an egg on the end of the thread, fixing it there with anoth r drop of the secretion. The eggsare always laid in groups. . . . They bear a curious resem- blance to the capsules of certain mosses, and indeed have been described and figured in books as specimens of British moss”. Which is not very surprising, as they instantly sugges'ed a moss in fruit, but much n more slender than any moss that I had secn There were thirty-four eggs in the cluster, and a single one placed on the upper side of the leaf. The eggs were about the thirtieth of an inch in length, and about as long again as they were wide. The stalks would bend to every breath, like a field of heavy laden grain before a breeze; giving the impression that they were top-heavy. I placed the leaf in a box and awaited developments. In a day or so the eggs chang d colour, be- coming da: ker, and [ fancied larger. One morning on taking my accustomed view, some of the eggs had become white, and upon applying a lens I found they were empty, nothing but an extremely thin shell Jeft with a hole in the top, out of which an insect had come. I then made diligent search to find them, when I at last discovered three tiny creatures in a depression of the leaf near the mid rib, as if they had therein sought safety and shelter. They were about three times as long as they were wide, and each armed with a pair of tremen: ous jaws which appeared to form quite one half their entire length ; reminding me of the ant lion, to whom it is said to be related. That was my only view of them, for the next time 1 looked they had all disappeared. Having no Aphides to feed npon, probably the stronger devou-ed the weaker and then escaped from the hox. Six of the egys had matured and given forth their contents, whilst in the mean'ime the others had assumed a leaden hue. On the 28 h of the month I was looking at them to see if there were symptoms of change, and wondering what might be the cause of their present 2 a, Ni Yew Site 52 THE REPORT OF THE [No 19 ~ appearance, I observed a dark speck moving rapidly on the white paper with which the box was lined, and on examing with a lens I discovered it wasa fly. It was honey-yellow in colour; its head was wide and squarish, with thorax of similar width, and abdomen tapering suddenly to a point. Its eyes were situated on the outer corners of its head, like those of a Cicada, dark colored and prominent, Its wings lay flat on its back, and projected half their length beyond the abdomen, It was very active, running rapidly and disappearing by flight every now and again, to reappear in another part of the box. I now turned my attention to the discolored eggs, and found several of them had holes in their sides out of which [chneumons had escaped ; and probably that fly was one of them. Upon making a closer examination all the discolored eggs had on their surface, what were in all probability Ichneumon eggs, and upon one of them J counted six. Clean-cat round holes out of which Ichneumons had escaped were found, variously located on some of the Ohrysopa eggs, but in no instance had there more than one parasite matured in any one egg, and the great majority of them had not given forth any. There was abundant evi- dence to prove it a clear case of overdone parasitism, and that the most of the parasites had failed to mature from lack of sustenance, Many of the Chrysopa eggs exhibited sev- eral circular markings on their shells, as if they had been made on the inside preparatory for the escape of the fly, which had died before accomplishing it ; whilst others shrunk and cracked upon drying. A manifestation of this sort seems like a great waste of energy in nature, and a lack of inteliigence on the part of the creature committing it, which is hardly in accord with the theories promulgated by some writers about the fcrethought exercised by forms of life, for the progress and improvement of their kind. In this instance we see merely a female ichneumon, constrained by the controlling impulse of her nature to deposit her eggs. Having found a cluster that answered her purpose, she fulfilled her mission regardless of ‘consequences ; and whilst she overlooked some of the eggs, she deposited far too many upon others, which came very near exterminating a whole brood of this useful insect ; whilst at the same time she nearly extinguished the life of her own offspring. Therein giving us a fine illustration of how the works of nature are carried on under an established government by law ; when each individual is strictly following the controlling impulses of its own nature, and yet i3 not prevented from taking a departure from routine in case of an emergency. THE DRAGON-FLIES OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. By Rev. T. W. Fyues, D.C L., F.LS. Among the most beautiful of the insect tribes are the dragon-flies, The imposing size of many of the epecies, the brilliant colouring of their eyes and bodies, their wide- spreading, closely-reticulated wings, the rapidity of their flight, the dash and elan of their approach, the rustle of their wings as they sweep around, fill the intrader upon their haunts with admiration. This admiration is increased when an opportunity is afforded for a close examination of one of these remarkable objects. The head of the insect seems to be made up mainly of eyes and mouth. The innumerable facets of the protruding, compound eyes glow with | prismatic hues. In Aischnide and Libellulide these eyes are contiguous, and there is but a very small space between them and the mouth organs; but in this small space there are three ocelli or single eyes. The dragon fly can see above-and below, behind and before. It detects every motion of its enemy or its prey, and its powers of flight enable it to escape from an assailant and overtake a fugi‘ive. The mouth of the dragon fly is furnished with two large flat lips, which work up and down, and enclose the mandibles and maxille like a visor... When the creature is feeding this motion of the lips would lead one to think that the jaws move vertically, instead of horizontally, as is really the case. ; Besides its powers of sight and its formidable mouth-organs, the dragon-fly has an advantage which many other insects have not—its head moves freely on its neck. Itcan turn its head half way round. Woe to the unhappy insect that comes in the way of s0 formidable a spoiler ! The thorax of the dragon-fly is capacious and somewhat barrel-shaped, It contains 1900] - - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 the powerful muscles necessary to move and cuntrol the four ample wings and the six legs _ of the creature. _ The abdomen extends far behind, to steady the insect, and to aid in steering its flight ; but in the Libellulide it is somewhat flattened and ends witha point. In Cordu- ligaster the cylindrical abdomen ends with a knob or swelling, hence the name, a club, a paunch. In Gomphus the abdomen is spatulate at the end. July and August are the months in which the dragon-flies abound. Then every pool, every stream,.is frequented by them. Sometimes the observer may see them in the act of depositing their eggs. They alight upon the flags, arrowheads and other aquatic plants, and taking suitable positions dip their abdomens into the water, and deposit their eggs in masses upon the stalks and leaves beneath the surface. The embryos, in different stages of their growth, have been observed and figured, and the larvee of various kinds are known. To the possessor of an aquarium the study of the habits of the dragon-fly, in its early stages, would afford great pleasure. A dragon-fly larva is a wonderful thing. At first sight the uninstructed observer does not see much to admire in it, but closer examination reveals features of exceeding interest. One of these is the extraordinary under lip of the creature, which takes the form of a jointed arm, furnished at the extremity with nippers for securing its prey. When not in use this instru- ment is neatly folded under the throat of the larva—it is called ‘the mask” (Fig 9). Then too, the peculiar ar- rangements by which the insect cbtains oxygen, its vital breath, from the water, are worthy of notice. It has no head gills, as the fish has; no branche like the jarva of the Horned Corydalis ; no breathing tube like that of the rat-tailed maggot uf Eristalis. The respiratory organs lie within the abdomen, and the water is admitted to them through an orifice furnished with five angulated plates, which open or close as need requires. Ordinarily the process of the alternate admission and expulsion of the water goes on with easy regularity ; but when the creature is alarmed or stimulated by the sight of its prey, the water within its body Fig. 9.—The left figure represants the larva with its pro- is expelled with sudden force, and the truded lipin the act of seizing its prey ; the right shows tiny current, impinging upon the inert the perfect insect emerging from its pupal case. z F volume around, sends the insect for- ward with a rush, as the rocket is sent through the air by the pressure of the gases suddenly generated by the combustion of the materials with which the case is filled. The metamorphoses of the dragon-fly are incomplete. At the pupal change the insect does not become quiescent, nor does it cease to feed—it retains its active habits and vora- cious appetite. When the time comes for it to assume the imago state, it climbs some plant or other object till it is clear above the surface, and then its skin bursts along the thorax and the perfect insect crawls out of the opening and leaves its old habit, attached by the claws, as a memorial of its former state. (See Fig. 9.) Having thus introduced the Odonata, and given some glimpses of their habits, we will now notice their classification, They are divided into four families : AGRIONIDZ, GomeHIDm, AiscHnipm, and LiBEL- LULIDH. These are easily distinguished each from the others. The Agrionidz have the eyes wide apart and placed apparently on pedicels. The Gomphidz have large eyes, near together, but not touching each other. The Aischnidz and Libellulidse have eyes that are contiguous. In the former the labial palpi have three joints ; in the latter the joints of the labial palpi nwmber o w : a” _ 7” = Ae - ~~ % J A ee ae OP A | a - if ioe ee 2 / he re re et ENE aa vA < , ais Mira ala ee } a ee 54 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 \ nn The following is a list of the Dragon-flies accredited to the Province of Quebec : AGRIONIDES. Aaschna, Fab. Oaloptery x, Leach. Constricta, Say. Splendens, Selys. Vinosa, Say. Virginica, Drury. Verticalis, Hagen Maculata, Beauv. Heros, Fabr. Lestes, Leach. Janata, Say. Unguiculata, Hagen. Septentrionalis, Ramb. Agrion, Fab. LIBELLULIDES. Hageni, Walsh. Macromia, Ramb. . Ramburti, Selys, Transversa, Say. Iners, Hagen. Illinoisensis, Walsh. Losttum, Hagen. Epitheca, Charp. Saucium, Burm. Yamaskanensis, Prov. Civile, Hagen. Forcipata, Scudder. Durum, Hagen. Princeps, H.-gen. Llongata, Scudder. GomPHIDEs. Albicincta, Burm. Gomphus, Leach. Linearis, Hagen, Vastus, Walsh. Cordulia, Leach. Fluviaiis, Walsh. Vhleri, Selys. Fraternus, Say.. : Lateralis, Burm. #eilis, Selys. Plathemis, Hagen. Spinosus, Selys. Trimaculata, De Geer. Rupensulensis, Walsh. Subornata, Hagen. - Colubrinus, Selys. Libellula, Linneus. Corduligaster, Leach. Quadrimacula, Linn. Lateralis, Scudder. Pulchella, Drury. Obliquus, Say. Exusta, Say. Petalura, Leach. Diplax, Charp. Thoreyi, Hagen. Rubicundula, Say. ARSCHNIDES, Scotica, Donovan. Anax, Leach. Hudsonica, Selys. Junius, Drury. Iniacta, Hagen. Many of yhese species are reported to have been taken on the Yamaska River. Space would fail me to give particulars of all these species. Their acquaintance can be made by degrees. But a few words on the appearances of some of the most common and most noteworthy species may be acceptable, First then, the beautiful “ Demoiselles ” (as the French call them) will be readily brought to mind. They may be found, in their season, on the banks of all our streams, and they are particularly abundant along the brook that crosses the road at St. David. These insects of the genus Calopteryx have wide-spreading equal wings, and long, slender, stainy and deep green bodies. Much smaller, but equally beautiful, are the various species of Agrion. They frequent our quiet pools, and flit with ease and grace, from tuft to tuft of the herbage that abounds in their favourite haunts, A. sauciwm is bright red, like sealing wax. A. civile isa beautiful blue—one might fancy that it was a thread fallen from the mantle of the summer sky. One of our most common dragon-flies is Gomphus vastus. It may be known by its’ black and yellow livery, and by the remarkable widening out of the three abdominal Segments immediately before the last. This species abounds in the woods around Fort No. 2, Levis. I have no doubt that its larvee may be found in “‘ Mer de-Papon” and other pools in that neighbourhood. The Aischnide are large and handsome insects, Tae rarest of them in these par's is Anax junius. I saw a pair of these sporting over a sheet of water near Spruce cliff last season, but they were carefal never to come within reach. A¥ichna septentrionalis is often met with. It is that large black and bright blue dragon-fly with hyaline wings of a faintly green cast—the stigmata being long and brown. I always look upon this as the typical dragon-fly, “the Dsvil’s darning-needle, the “ Horse-stinger ” so dreaded by child- fm } , ren. I need not say that it is quite incapable of injuring either horse or man. aaa ad ; 1900 | - ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 _ The species of the genus Libellula are all handsome insects. Their abdomens are dagger shaped, ridged down the middle, sloping to an edge on either side and pointed at the extremity. The female of 7’rimaculata has three brown patches on each of its wings —one patch at the base, one in the centre, and one at the tip. The spaces between ara clear. The male (Fig. 10) has a patch at : the base of each wing, but the tip of each is clear, and there is a large brown patch in the centre extending from _ the costa to the inner margin. The _* abdomen of the male is of a bluish ___ white, as if it had been painted. A much larger and more beaantiful insect is Pulchella This also has three | patches on each wing, but of a richer __ brown than in the last instance, and the spaces between the patches are j clear white. Qwuadrimaculata is an- _ other very beautiful insect in this | genus. It may be known by the Fic. 10 golden yellow streak, and the two rich Phe ys brown spots on each wing, and the angulated patch at the base of the secondaries. The abdomen of this handsome insect is brown, and has a row of yellow spots on either side. : Quadrimaculata is found in Europe as well as in America. It was named by Linneus. It is very plentiful at the “‘Gomin.” It breeds, no doubt, in the pools that lie to the south of the swamp. } Of the genus Diplax, rubicundula seems the most common of our species. It abounds on the Chaudiere River. Insects of this genus may be readily known by their | smaller size, their awl-shaped abdomens, and the very distinct stigmata of their hyaline wings. (Fig. 11 is the male of Diplax Berenice ; Fig. 12 the female ; Fig. 13 Diplax Elisa). — SJ ! Fig. 11. And now it may be asked, what useful purpose do the dragon-flies serve in the economy of Nature? We will take the liberty of meeting this question with one or two more. Did you ever go into the woods when the mosquitos were in strength, and thirsty for blood? Did you ever sail on one of our rivers —the Ottawa for example—when the shad-flies covered every inch above the tide of the vessel you were in? If you have, you will have said to yourself, if not to others, what a nuisance these things are! Now the dragon-fly spends the whole of its existence in the endeavour to \) keep down the numbers of such pests as these. W It is a sportsman ever on the watch for its game, and when this comes in view it pursues it with ‘ f energy and success. If it were not for the dragon-flies and other predacious tribes the troublesome insects would increase to an intolerable extent. 56 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 © THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 15rx, 1900. The Entomological Society resumed its sessions at 11 a.m, the President, Rev. Dr. Fyles, in the chair. After the reading of a paper by Mr. Henry H. Lyman, of Montreal, on “Specimens of Spilosoma Congrua, Walker, and kindred species in the British Museum,” the meeting proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing year, which resulted as on page two A number of papers were then read, followed by brief discussions in each case. After an intermission for lunch the meeting continued till five o’clock p.m., when the members from a distance left to catch their respective trains. Votes of thanks were adopted to Dr. Fletcher, Mr. H. Hague Harrington, and Mr. O. H. Young, of Ottawa, for their kind donations of rare specimens to the society’s collection. Latters of apology for non-attendance were received from Dr. Wm. Saunders and Mr. Harrington, Ottawa ; Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton, and Mr. D. G. Cox, Toronto. A large case of rare Lepidoptera was exhibited by Dr. Fletcher, special mention being made of many of the specimens. These had all been taken in Oanada, mostly during the past year, and those of which special mention was made are the following : Papilio Brucet. A specimen of this rare butterfly was taken at Regina by Mr. T. N. Willing, and along side of it was shown a bred specimen which Dr. Fletcher received from Mr. W.< Edwards This Dr. Fletcher believed to be the first record of this insect having been taken in Canada, although it is mentioned in a list received from Mr. J. W. Cockle, of insects he has taken at Kaslo in the Kootenay mountains. Vanessa Californica. Some beautiful bred specimens were exhibited, pupz of which had been sent from Kaslo by Mr. Cockle. This is a seazonal insect which is usually rare but occasionally very abundant. Attacus Ceanothi. A specimen of the moth bred from cocoons received from Mr. E. W. Haines, who formerly took a female at New Westminster, B.O. and has since bred two broods of the species in confinement in England. A fine s2ries of inflated larvae showing every stage was also exhibited. k Memythrus (Sziapteron) tricinctus bred from cotton-wood twigs sent from Ootton- wood, N W.T. A fine series of Arctians, including a beautifal series of Arctia phalerata with infl ted larvae in all stages, which were described in full in a paper by Mr. Arthur Gibson, A. Caja, var Americana, parthenos, Parthenice, Yarrowi, from Hudson Bay, determinata, vittata, Anna, figurata, Williamsi, Blakei, ete , were shown. Colias Eurytheme. Some interesting specimens of this species showing all the recognized forms and all collected at Ottawa, were shown. This has b3en one of the characteristic insects of the year and has been unusually abundant throughout Ontario. Terias Lisa. A nice female taken at Ottawa by Mr. Gibson on the 18th Oct Pseudolimacodes littera. A fine specimen of this pretty little moth, also taken at Ottawa by Mr. Gibson was shown. Thecla Damon. A specimen taken at Picton on the 24th May last, by Dr. Fietch r. Preris rapae. An interesting series showing many variations was exhibited inzlud- ing the buff female, and the very rare yellow female, the variety novangliae. The males of this variety are not uncommon, but the female is extremely rare. Dr. Scudder mentions that Curtis took a yellow female in ‘England many years ago, and there are doubtless others but they are not recorded. Taken at Ottawa by Mr. Gibson, 18th Sept. Peridroma sauciz and Noctua C nigrum. These were the two devastating cut- worms of the year. The former throughout the Province of British Oolumbia and the latter in Central Ontario, Beautifully inflsted larvae in the last two or three stages were exhibited, with the moths Pamphila Zabulon and P. Hobomok were shown in both sexes and the differences pointed out. 1t was claimed that these were distinct species and that Hobomok was probably the only one that occarred in Canada. The members were asked to be on the lookout for specimens of Hobomok which had not the veins darkened where they crossed the yellow colour of the disc, If they found one it would probably be the trae Zabulon. Zabulon has no yellow female, but Hobomok has both a yellow female and a black female variety, which is called Pocohontas. - 1900 | | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. BT a Euptoveta claudia bred from violets from Kinistino, N.W.T. Butterfly, larva, and _s«~pupa. : “a Pyrameis carye, butterfly pupa and larva. The larvae of this species were found by Mr T. N. Willing feeding on Nettle at Regina. , Cace a parallela. Larva, pupa and moths. A troublesome pest in a greenhouse at Hamilton. . Anacampsis lupinella. A new species of tineid bred from lupin collected at Toronto. Larva, pupa and moths. } The following specimens of insects were kindly presented to the Society by Dr. Fletcher : Vanessa Californica, Plusia rectangulum, Plusia mortuorum, AX ylina contenta, LIithomia germana, Arctia phalerata, Culex pungens, Culex stimulans, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Anopheles punctipennis, Anthophilax malachiticus, Arctia Williams. A beautiful collection of inflated larvae was exhibited by Mr. Gibson. These had been collected during the past summer and showed several of the species in all their moults, A fine case of rare moths taken at O:tawa was sent for exhibition by Mr. C. H. _ Young, of Ottawa, who kindly presented the Society with a beautifal pair of Plusta . aereoides. . A box containing twelve species of rare Procto/rypidae not in the collection of the Society was presented by Mr. W. H. Harrington, of Ottawa. THE SILKWORM INDUSTRY IN ONTARIO. By Pror. W. LocnHeap, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. The purpose of this article is to answer the question: Is a silkworm industry pos- sible in Ontario? This question has been asked frequently during the past season, and invariably by persons residing in the county of Essex. The question is a very important ‘one, for if the conditions be favourable for the establishment of such an industry coasid-. erable additional revenue would soon flow into,the county, and enrich thoze engaged in the industry. ; The various factors bearing on the successful establishment of a silkworm industry will be briefly considered. Daring the past season Rev. W. M. Fleming, of Essex, reared a large number of silkworms from eggs, and had remarkable auccess in the production of silk cocoons. So gratified was he with his success that he naturally began to ask himself the question : Why cannot a silkworm industry be established in this country? In letters to the Department of Agriculture he advocated the breeding of silkworms as an industry which might be carried on very profitably by p2rsons in poor circumstances, who had no re- gular emp'oyment, where the women and children could attend to the feeding and care ‘of the worms. The writer had occasion recently to visit Essex, when he made a point of inquiring into the silkworm conditions of the locality. Several prominent persons of business per- suaded by the success of Mr. Fleming were of the opinion that cocoons could be produced in paying quantities, and were anxious to try further experiments next season, More- over, many persons, uninformed as to the market conditions, felt that the Government should start a series of experiments to determine the feasibility of the whole project, and give aid in the form of a bonus, The conditions necessary for profitable production of raw silk are: 1. Cheap labor, and many laborers. The chief silk-producing countries are those bordering on the Medi. a At ba WY 4 AS ‘ tA ‘ . ; Pat a, 7 : . = ft ‘ * . ' J 58 - THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 terranean, and in the far East where labor is very cheap. Experience, moreover, has shown that many laborers are required to provide food for the silk worms during the last ten cays, just prior to the spinning of the cocoons. 2. Suitable food-plants upon which the ' worms may live and grow. The mulberry leaves are the staple article of diet in Europe and Asia, but in the United States it has been shown that the leaves of osage orange form just as good a diet as the leaves of mulberry. 3. Suitable climatic conditions of temperature and moisture. Experience again has shown that the silkworms may grow well in many countries, and slight changes of temperature do not affect their well being to any appreciable extent, although of course they thrive best in warm, semi-tropical countries. 4. A ready market for the cocoons, or rather the reeled silk. Here again the cheaper labor of the Old World tells against the development of silk industry ‘in this country, and to sell the reeled silk in France or Italy means such a great reduc- tion in profits that our people could not compete. On inquiry in Essex regarding the extent to which the county could fulfil the fore- going conditions, the writer learned that the labour was to bs done chiefly by the women — and children, and only during the last few days would extra help be required. Skilled help would be secured at this critical period, for many factors enter into operation during the last few days which are of vital importance in successful rearing. The worms are ravenous, and the amount of food consumed is simply marvellous. Fresh leaves must be secured and given regularly so that the worms may feed continously. When the food- plants are not close by, the task of feeding many thousands of worms becomes too heavy for women and children, and extra help must be obtained. Again, the worms must be carefully watched at the time of spinning the cocoons to prevent two worms forming one united cocoon, as is often the case where the worms are kept too crowded Then, again, the cccoons must be secured and the enclosed pupae killed within the cocoons. The best method of killing the pupae is to place the cocoons in an oven heated to about 194 degrees F. All this work involves care, and if the silk growers procure their own supplies of silkworm eggs for the following season some additional care is necessary. The moths are allowed to escape from the cocoons which they usually do about two weeks after the spining of the cocoons. Essex county is fortunate in having a mild climate, one in which the mulberry and osage orange trees grow quite readily. Both the Russian and the native species are com- mop, and two or three years would suffice to grow mulberry trees of such a size as to feed the silkworms of a large industry. Osage orange trees, too, are very abundant, and miles of hedges can be seen by driving along the roads of central Essex. Through the kindness of Director Stupart, of the Meteorological Office, Toronto, the writer is able to give a comparison of mean temperatures of Essex county and Orntral . France, the great silk-producing region of France. The mean temperatures for the months of April, May, June, and July are given below : Claremont, Moulins, Windsor, France. France. Ontario. April BOL hate liars cat Masts mate 51.1 50.0 45.7 Mayen. ait. ple ns. cre 56.1 56.8 58.0 Dynes ee vos ee. ee 62.2 is ie TW AY fl Daly. aes re. , Cee NNae lk 66.6 67.6 68.5 During the last week of May and the whole of June the silkworms are feeding, and by the first week of July the coccons have been spun. From the table presented above it will be seen that the temperature of Essex differs but a little from that of Central France during the critical period. The practical experiments carried on by the United States Department of Agricul- ture from 1884 to 1891 show conclusively that a most excellent quality of silkworm cocoons could be raised over most of the United States; and Dr. Howard, U.S. Ento- mologist, states as his opinion that the silkworm could without doubt be grown success- fully in lower Ontario ; but the absence of a home market for the cocoons puts the indus- try for the present out of the region of possibility. There are no establishments in the United States for reeling silk from the cocoons. No person could be induced to start reeliug establishments for the reason that ‘no silk-reeler could afford to pay a price for ‘cocoons which would induce even the poorest of our citizens (or even non-producing mem- — De a 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 ‘bers of the family) to undertake the more or less arduous labors of raising worms. [t was found impossible to convert the cocoons into raw silk, namely, to reel them in this country in competition with the cheap labor in foreign silk-producing countries.” In 1890 it was shown that even with the introduction of improved automatic, elect ic silk-reels it was impossible to compete with Europeand Asia without the imposition of a customs duty of not less than $1 per pound on reeled silk imported into the United - States. A few facts regarding the weight of silk-moth eggs and cocoons may be interesting to persons who intend experimenting with silkworms. One ounce of eggs contains about 40,000 eggs (in France a family usually undertakes to rear this quantity). From these ~ are obtained from 80 to 120 pounds of cocoons, which yield from 11 to 17 pounds of reeled silk. About 300 medium-sized cocoons weigh one pound, while the silk reeled from these weighs about one-eighth of a pound. In other words, 2,500 medium-sized cocoons will yield one pound of reeled silk. The life-history of the silkworm (Bombyx mort) is very instructive and interesting. Each female moth lays nearly 500 eggs in a cluster soon after she emarges from the cocoon about the first or second week in July. The fertilized eggs are drab-colored, while the unfertilized ones are white or grey. The young worm on its first appearance is nearly black, covered with stiff hairs, and is about one-eighth of an inch in length. I becomes full grown in about twenty-eight days, during which time it has moulted four times, becoming lighter in color with every moult. When mature it is creamy white, has a prominent projection on the dorsal surface near the end of the abdomen, and is two or three inches long. The spinning of the cocoon occupies nearly three days. The threads of silk are viscid for a few days and consist of two fibres secreted by two glands which run along the sides of the body and open together on the under lip of the worm. This double thread is said to be about 4,000 yards in length. The pupa moults once within the cocoon, the skin of the first moult usually remain- ing attached to the inner surface of the cocoon. The color of the cocoon may be white, or yellow, or orange, and investigations fail to reveal the cause of the variation in color. __. In four or five days after the cocoon is made the silk is rip>, when the pupa may be killed by heating the cocoon to a temperature of 194 degrees F. in an oven as already mentioned, If the moth is allowed to escape one end of the cocoon is broken, thereby injuring the continuity and excellence of the silk threads. ; The moth is whitish or cream-colored ; its fore-wings are falcate, with one or two brownish lines crossing the wing. The moths are not inclined to fly much, and are easily _kept in confinement until the eggs are laid. There is but one brood a year, but the greater part of the year is spent in the egg state. The active period covers little more than six weeks, of which four weeks are spent as worms. Concluding, the present market condition for reeled silk precludes the possibility of the establishment of a silkworm industry in Ontario, and “serious disappointment will surely follow exaggerated ideas upon the subject of silk-raising for profit, and if any per- gon is contemplating such a course he is very strongly dissuaded therefrom.” Dr. Fletcher spoke of the interesting character of the paper and said that the Gov- ernment at Washington had given up its experiments with silkworms because the French manufacturers would not pay for the cocoons a price that would remunerate American labor. In France they kept the eggs in a cool place so that they might not hatch till the mulberry trees were in leaf ; if they should hatch too soon they could be fed upon lettuce, but this food was not sate, as it often produced diarrhcea in the caterpillars. He referred to the fact that most schoolboys in England reared silkworms for amusement, and in con- Sequence a very large number became deeply interested in entomology. ge a eee Ee. Oe ee a ee ee eae is PS ot Oe RESULTS OF SOME APPLICATIONS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM TO ORCHARD TREES. By F,. M. Wesster, Wooster, O. The varying and sometimes disastrous results obtained from the use of refined petro- leum, on growing trees, as an insecticide, and especially against the San Joré scale, has led to the suspicion that the crude product might be less variable and drastic in its effects , we : , 60 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 But so far as it has been used it would appear that we have yet much to learn, before we can, with safety, recommend the application of the crude product to the different varieties of fruit trees. That it is efficient in destroying the San José scale, if it is brought in contact with this insect, seems now quite probable. But the hundreds of dead trees that mark the areas where it has been indiscriminately used, point very clearly to the fact that great caution is necessary, and no one is, as yet, able to say just where safety ceases and danger begins Then, too, when no permanent injury is apparent, as in the case of the seedling apples on the grounds of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, at Wooster, Ohio, who can say that this unnatural retardation may not, after the first application prove to be a menace to the life or general vigor of the trees? It is well known that, in nature, these retardations sometimes occur, but nature seldom, or never, covers the bark of a tree or a shrub, and then only in part, with vegetable growths like lichens, and even these are known to be detrimental, a smooth, clean bark being always desirable. In the use of refined petroleum, one of the most. perplexing phenomena observed was the fact that, equally careful applications, made by the same person, with the same grade of oil, would give almost opposite results. Hence, recommendation of the refined pro- duct for general use has, in many cases, resulted disastrously and brought no little dis- repute to the entomological fraternity of this country. The most that can now be said for the refined product is that a ten to twenty per cent mixture with water constitutes a fairly successful summer wash and destroys the young scale, thereby checking the in- crease and spread watil applications of whale oil soap mixtures can be made. In the use of the ciude product, I have seen some of the most astonishing results — obtained, but, as with the refined, I have seen also the most disastrous effects. Perhaps the uncertainty of «ffects in using crude petroleum in the orchard may be best illustrated by giving the results obtajned, this year, by Mr. N. A. Hadden, of Catawba Island. Mr. Hadden used crude petroleum on the strength of recommendations from New Jersey, in- cluding those published by Prof. John B. Smith, and contrary to the advice of some of his neighbors.” As I knew nothing of the matter until some weeks after the latest appli- cations, nothing could have been raid or done by me to in any manner influence Mr. Hadden, who followed his own course, and, I may add, has offered me every facility for observing the final results. About 50 peach trees of the Crawford’s late variety were sprayed March 10, 1900, with 100 per cent crude petroleum from an oil well near Gypsum, Ottawa County: Dis- tillation B. The spraying was carefully done and none of the petroleum was allowed to ron down the trunks of the trees. The effect on these trees was to kill every one of them. Two other blocks of peach trees on which crude petroleum from the same well was used, were also totally destroyed. On the same day, March 10, 1900, six plum and one peach tree were sprayed with crude petroleum from the same well and of same strength. Two un- healthy plum trees died ; the other four were uninjured, as was also the peach, which not only made a vigorous growth but bore several peaches. Several rows of Smock and Salway peaches were sprayed April 7th with 100 per ceat. crude petroleum, and, though not showing serious injury on May 16th, in July 90 per cent were dead and the remainder fatally injured. Crawford’s Late, sprayed March 8th with 10 per cent. crude petroleum, and another block sprayed with a 40 per cent. mixture, were not seemingly injured, but bore no fruit. Hight apple trees and several peach trees, sprayed March 8th with 10 per cent. crude petroleum, were uninjured, On the premises of C. W. Shoemaker, at Waterville, Ohio, there stands a Wilder Early pear tree, that for several years was badly affected with the Scurfy Bark louse. The tree was stunted and made little growth each year. Two or three years prior to 1900 the tree was sprayed in spring with kerosene emulsion, which killed many of the insects, and the tree afterwards made a better growth than it had previously done. April 2nd, 1900, this tree was painted with crude petroleum, the analysis of which I have not been able to secure On August 17th, 1900, [ saw the tree, and the bark still gave good evi- dence, by its colour and shining appearance, of the presence of the petroleum. The growth has been vigorous and the foliage was of the most healthy colour. The Bark-louse seemed to have been quite exterminated. On March 23rd, 1900, a row of three year old seedling apple trees, on the Station grounds near Wooster, was treated with crude petroleum of different strengths, applied with a Deming kerosene attachment, the applications being made by two of my assist — hy OAL aS ee: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 ‘ante, Messrs. Newell and Roudebush. ‘This petroleum was taken directly from oil wells at Lodi, Southern Medina county and its chemical composition is shown in “ analysis A.” Different trees were sprayed with different strengths of the oil, varying from 10 per cent. crude pretroleum and 90 per cent. water, up to 100 per cent. crude petroleum. In no instance were the trees permanently injured. Tho effect was simply to retard the # development of the foliage, until about the middle of May. May 7, many varieties of apples were in full bloom. The Winesap and Rome Beauty were showing their first unfolding blossoms. Strangely enough, the effect was rather more marked where the 10 per cent. solution was used. Where we used the 40 per cent. the r-tardation was less than where we used the 20 and 50 per cent. crude petroleum ; the effect of the 40 per cent. being about the same as the 100 per cent. The 30 per cent. was almost the same in its effects as the 10 and 100 per cent. mixtures. June 13th, an examination of the trees showed that the normal amount of foliage had been put forth, and the leaves were exceedingly healthy in appearance and seemed larger than those on the uusprayed trees. An examination of the trees the middle of October showed that the first sprayed trees were really holding their foliage better than the unsprayed. Nearly all of the leaves had dropped from the latter while scarcely any had fallen from the sprayed trees. The tree sprayed with the 100 per cent. crude petroleum seemed to have held its foliage better, and the colour was more fresh and vigorous than on those sprayed with the diluted petroleum. While all this indicates that crude petroleum may be used once upon apple with a strong probability of no detrimental results occurring from its use, nevertheless, the question is yet to be settled as to whether one or more additional applications will result in the same way. It seems to me that this whole matter has not yet reached the point where we will be justified in saying to the public it will be safe to use the crade petroleum. The practical question is not whether an expert can use this a3 an insecticide with safety, | but whether it can be safely trusted in the hands of inexperienced men who are not trained in exactness of methods or quantities. I do not wish to be understood as in the least denying that there may be something in both crude and refined petroleum that may, _in the future, have great value as an insecticide, bat that, for the present, we should be content with investigations, and be exceedingly cautious in regard to recommendations until we have at least found out the reason for such widely diverse results being obtained from applications so nearly alike in point of materials and methods. It must be remembered that our experiments with crude petroleum at Wooster, Ohio, were made upon seedling apple trees, which, though they might have possessed different degrees of resistibility, might, on the other hand, have been less susceptible _than any of.the grafted varieties. The selection of these trees was not a matter of choice, for they were the only ones available at the time. Next year, we shall endeavour to reverse the experiment ; that is, where the 10 per cent. mixture was used this year we shall use 100 per cent. next year, and vice versa. A large number of experiments are also to be carried out upon different varieties of apple, in different parts of the State, using different strengths of the crude petroleum. PETROLEUM DISTILLATIONS. A B Speenic Gravity.../-.....:..%. PR oe Ph Ee ns 35°B 34°B RUNES, GUC Syl oc oss, oo stole « «01d niataselaainhedgi cl she tli Vt = 1.497 147 See Me AG EAI O 2... os ae < x aiaie ele acl eitha 2.4 abalone 4 35 1.63 aS A tty TL OOTL Dy oc. to duno, «, o-sid gta btajelal eustaraivatel sl Mela 6 5 03 3 82 Light burning oil, 150° to 200°C... . 2.2... weno ee psu Sl Oe 13 48 Heavy burning oil, 200° to 250°C... 0... neces oe neo oe 13 54 12 03 Promtine trom 290° Dist... 2)... ss siesiclale waist ate cba cts . 68.70 68.62 100.74% 99.72 A, from Lodi, Ohio, well. 3B, from Gypsum, Ohio. Distillations by J. W. Ames, Asst. Chemist, O.A.ES. B contains sulphur compounds. ‘{ € ‘ 62 THE REPORT OF THE | [ No. 19 INJURIOUS INSEOIS IN ONTARIO DURING 1900. By Dr. James FietcHerR, Dominion EntTomotoaist, OTrawa. The practical entomologist has had his hands full during the past season in Ontario. The season has been a most unusual one—hot and dry in some sections, but unusually wet in others. There have not been, however, any very remarkable outbreaks of injurious insects which have been the cause of widespread loss ; but some of the old and well known pests have done a considerable amount of harm, much of which could have been prevented - if farmers would only recognize that they have every year to reckon with the generally forgotten but always present tax collectors belonging to the insect wcrld and that these alwys work in the same way. Orchard insects, which could have been controlled by spraying, were neglected in many places, and Cutworms caused losses which could have been prevented. The Pea Weevil, every year abundant and destructive, seems this year to have been more so than usual, but the Destructive Pea Anhis was not so injurious as at one time it was feared it would be, Late in the season it was fund that great harm was being done by the Hessian Fly throughout western Ontario, most particularly in early sown wheat. The Turnip Aphis was only locally prevalent. The San Joré Scale has spread over mary orchards which were only slightly affected in the beginning of the season. . The so-called Buffalo Moth is becoming a serious pest and is spreading. ‘ CEREALS. By far the most serious outbreak among cereals was by the Husstan Fy (Cecidomyia destructor, Say, Fig 14, bighly magn’fied) in fall wheat. Specimens cf young wheat plants infested to a remarkable degree, some of the shoots containing nearly a dozen puparia, were received from Waterford, Ferguson, and other places. Very few reports of injury by the summer brood came to hand, so that this sudden appearance of the insect in such large numbers was somewhat of a surprise. Reports from correspondents show that late town grain was to a marked degree less infested than that sown at the usual time in the beginniog of September. The appearance of the perfect insects,—tiny blackish gnats not ex- panding more than a qiarter of an inch from tip to tip of the outspread wings,—-and the life history ure so well known that it is not nec+ssary again to go into details here with regard to these ; suffi e it to say that there are two broods in the year, the perfect flies of the first appea:ing in May and June, and Jaying their eggs on the leaves of the growing wheat plant The small maggots work their way down inside the sheaths of the leaves and attack the tissues of the grow- ing stem, weakening it and frequently causing it to fall down, bending over just above the point of attack. The brown flax-sed-like puparia may fr: quently be found in straw or under the mechine at the time of threshing Some of these flax seeds the number vary- ing according to the season, produce the flies the same autumn, chiefly in the month of September ; these lay their eggs on the newly sown fall wheat. Some of the flies of the summer brood, however, do not emerge until the following spring—at the same time as. the flies of the autumn brood—and these lav their eggs on the young p'ants of spring wheat. This attack is frequently overlooked, owing to th fact that, if the wheat plants. are not sufficiently advanced for the eggs to be laid upon the stem leaves, they are laid ppon leaves clore to the ground and the lary attack the root shoots and kill them before they h»ve produced stems at all. I find that, as a geneal thing, there 18 a great deal mora i jury done in this way than on the stems of wheat. Farmers, as a rule with this attack, do not reccgnize their enemy and attribu'e the thin crop to ‘cold or wet springs,” ‘late frosts,” “hot suns,” or other imaginary causes: f which no exact re:ord had been kept. As stated abvve, there is this autumn a very serious attack by the He-sian Fly in our Ontario wheat fields, particularly in those sections where fall wheat is most largely grown, As a matter of fact, fall wheat can be grown in every coun y of the Province, and the He-sian Fly is liable to occur in any of these. Cvertain areas, however, from the Fig. 14.—Hessian Fly. tet: 4 4 a Se ts ce a ee: a ag 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 oes mi 3g ya) , y t satisfactory results are recognized to be particularly well suited for the cultivation of this cereal. Many experiments by agriculturists have shown that better crops are reaped if the seed is sown early, that is, about the lst of September. This, however, is only true in such years as the Hessian Fly is not prevalent. Therefore, it is decidedly advisable for _ growers of fall wheat to remember in such periods as the Hessian Fly is abundant, what the life-history of this insect is, and, instead of trying to sow their fall wheat seed by the 1st of September, delay this operation until after the 20th, being content to get a slightly smaller yield and to be sure of it, than, in the effort to get a bigger crop, perhaps run the risk of losing half or even the whole from the attacks of the Hessian Fiy. By postpon- ing seeding until the end of September, the appearance of the young plants above the ground is delayed until after the egg-laying flies of the second brood are dead. Where fall wheat has been sown in August and is already well up, it is considered advisable when the Hessian Fly is known to be prevalent to feed off a good deal of the green top with sheep during the month of September, in which manner it is claimed that many of the eggs are destroyed. Care must be taken that the fields are not cropped too closely nor too late in the season. Late sowing therefore may be claimed to be the most import- ant preventive remedy against the Hessian Fly. There are, however, other methods of reducing the numbers of this insect, among the more important of which are the treat- ment of stubble and the burning of refuse. The treatment of stubble is of most use in such districts as Manitoba, where there is only one brood of the Hessian Fly, which is re- stricted to spring-sown grain. In 1899 the Hessian Fiy appeared for the first time in _ Manitoba, where no fall wheat is grown, and did an enormous amount of harm. Fortu- =~ Veer nately, this year there is no recurrence of this attack. The insect passes the winter in Manitoba, for the most part, in the stubble, although some of the puparia are carried from _ the field with the straw. Therefore, if stubbles. be burat over or ploughed down deeply in autumn and the straw is fed to stock or burnt at any time before the flies emerge in spring, there being no autumn brood, this pest should not be difficult to control. The burning of refuse which is thrown down beneath the threshing machine, will also dispose of msny fisx-seeds of the summer brood which did not emerge in the autumn and were carried in the straw. If this refuse were not destroyed, these would give forth their flies the following spring. In cases where fields are found to be infested with Hessian Fly, it is sometimes diffi- cult to decide what a farmer’s wisest course is. If the infestation is only light, it is sometimes possible to stimulate the crop by the use of a light application of some quick acting fertilizer. Where, as is generally the case, there are patches in the field which have been destroyed, it is desirable to save such parts of the field as are uninjured. These patches can be sown in spring to some crop which will not require caltivation, e.g. an early ripening barley, which can be cut at the same time as the fall wheat and the whole threshed as mixed feed If, however, it is necessary to save the wheat separately, peas may be sown on these patches, which can either be cut after the wheat, or the grain can be separated after threshing. In cases of bad infestation it would sometimes pay better to use the land at once for some other crop. The usual practice of simply cultivating deeply so as to produce a good seed bed is an improper one, because the flax seeds are present and, if the land is only c:ltivated, the flies will emerge in spring and prove a source of infestation to the uninjared remainder of the wheat crop and also to any spring wheat or barley which may be s>wn nearby. Infested areas should be ploughed down deeply so that the flies when they emerge from the flax seeds shall be unable to work their way out Then any crop may be*sown except spring wheat. Barley and rye are also sometimes liable to attack; consequently, other crops are preferable to these, such as oats, pas, corn or roots There will sometimes be cases where the farmer is uncertain what it is best to do, owing to the occurence of uninjured patches in an otherwise badly infested field. In these cases it will be best to wait and se2 how the what will turn oat. If at last some- thing else has to be substituted as a crop, probably the best returns will be obsained by sowing early ripening corn where a caltivaior caa ba used, or early p2as where the patches are surrounded by wheat. Both of these crops may bs sown ag lais even as the middle of Jane and will give good resalts. Mr. N. A. Oowdry, a very careful ooserver, : j > ; ' if yen 2: : ’ oF eat ee e a Net 64 THE REPORT OF THE “[Noao ~ 4 — of Waterford, Ont., has noticed that different varieties of wheat are notirjuredto the same __ extent ; for instance, in one field of Clawson wheat about eighty per cent. of the plants contained Hessian Fly puparia, while Democrat wheat near at head was only injured to’ an extent of thirty per cent. Again, Clawson wheat was as a rule attacked in the upper and earlier sprout which was killed, but an uninjured sprout was growing from the secd. Democrat wheat, on the other hand, showed the original sprout uninjured or to a much less degree than the other variety, and the secondary shoot had not by the end of November so far been produced. Of the two fields the Democrat looked green and healthy, but the Olawson looked yellow and faded, and there was a great deal of rust on — the leaves. A yellow colour so often referred to by farmers as an indication of the presence of Hessian Fly is a sign by no means always to be relied on, for, as Professor Webster, of Ohio, has pointed out,'infested plants are for a time of a brighter green and more stocky than those in a healthy condition. However, there are frcquently in the autumn enough dead leaves and shoots to give the fields a brown and unhealthy appearance, and these together with leaves attacked by the fungous disease rust, which sometimes, as dur- ing ihe present autumn, is very abundant, may have been the cause of the appearance which is so often described as ‘‘ yellow from Hessian Fly.” Curworms 1n Grain.—There have been reports from restricted localities chic fly in the western counties, of injury to grain fields by the larve of the amputating brocade moth (Hadena arctica, Bdy.) and other cutworms. WIREWORMS are mentioned in several localities but no specimens have been sent in, WuitE Gruss. The Jarvee of the June beetles (Lachnosterna}, (Fig. 15, 3 and 4), have done a good deal of harm not only in pastures but to some field crops in different parts of the province. Notwithstanding the very different appearance of these two kinds of ) grubs, I find that they are very frequently i, confounded with each other by farmers. ) Wireworms (Fig. 19), the larve of the Click Beetles (Figs. 16, 17, 18), are slender cylin- drical shaped, tough-skinned, bright yellow, bh’ grubs, about one inch long by one-eighth of i an inch, or less, wide. The two ends of the _ body are somewhat similar in general appear- ance; Fig. 20 represents the pupa of a wire- worm, upper and under side. White Grubs (Fig. 15, 2) on the other hand, are much larger, heavy-bodied, almost sack-shaped, white grubs with yellow heads having the end of the body enlarged, curved down and brown from their earthy contents showing through the thin skin. If the body were straightened, it would measure an inch and a half or more, by three-eighths of an inch wide at the widest part. The duration of the larval life of these . two insects is probably,about the same. The eggs of the June beetles are laid in spring, and the young Light S grubs feed all the first summer and through the second ye one, attacking the roots of all kinds of plants, but be- yy ing most numerous in fields where there are trees, or Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. round the edges of fields near trees. By the end of the second summer they become full-grown and change to beetlcs, but do not emerge until the spring of the third year. Wireworms begin their lives much less regularly at any certain time of the year ; the perfect beetles belong to a very large number of genera and species, which occur through the season, and the eggs >» “ qin Fig. 19.—A Wireworm. Poot * 7s , » as ae, ( — 1900) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 of some kinds may be laid at any time. The food of wireworms has a much larger range _ than is the case with the white grubs, many, and these are the most injurious species, feed upon the roots of grain and other crops, grass, shrubs and trees. Some feed * on decaying wood and other vegetable mat- ter, and some, at any rate occasionally, are even predaceous, On the whole, however, the class must be considered as decidedly injurious. In the beetle state Click-beetles (Fig. 21) are not considered very destructive but one species, Corymbites tarsalis, Melsh , hagof lateyears been detected as a rather frequent enemy of the apple, feeding in the flowers and : destroying the es- Fig. 21.—Click-beetles and Wireworms—2, 3, 6,9, sential organs, and 11, magnified. also eating the young foliage. As a general remedy for both of the above named classes of insects, “ ; late ploughing has been found beneficial, by breaking up the pu- ¥F'8: aaa lee Bes pal cells at the time the insect is in a tender condition and exposing i it to many dangers when it is either a pupa or an immature beetle, and unable to make another cell. The trapping of the mature Olick-beetles by using pieces of potato poisoned _ with Paris green placed on the ground near where the beetles seem to be abundant is claimed by some experimenters to have been attended with considerable success. The June beetles are largely foliage eaters and are specially attracted to certain kinds of trees. Many may be destroyed by spraying these attractive trees with Paris green and lime, which may be applied as strongly as one pound of Paris green with two pounds of lime in 100 gallons of water. THe Pea Weevit (Bruchus pisorum, L., Fig 22).—Year after year, the loss in the pea crop from that old and well known enemy, the Pea Weevil, is simply appalling. The life history is well known and it must be claimed that the remedy is practicai, that is, effective, cheap and easy, and yet it is not applied regularly by pea growers as it ought to be. As faras I can learn, the large seed mer- chants and the large growers do fumigate their pease with bisulphide of carbon and destroy the contained insects. : “a au The trouble seems to be with the small growers and farmers petal. and Metcaten who save a few bushels for seed and do not take the trouble to treat these small quantities. As is well known, the Pes Weevil comes to maturity in autumn and if the season is favorable emerges at that time of the year and passes the winter under rubbish and in out-buildings. Many, however, remain in the pease and do not emerge until the following spring, when they are frequent- ly sown with the seed. The perfect insects are very active little beetles which fly easily to the pea fields about the time the blossoms appear. They feed for some time on the flowers and leaves. As soon as the young pods are formed, the females lay their eggs upon them, from which the grubs hatch and eat their way into the pod and penetrate the forming seeds. Remedies: The best remedies for this insect are the treatment of the seed with bisulphide of carbon, late sowing and the holding over of seed. Famigat- ing with bisulphide of carbon is the method now generally adopted by seed merchants and most of them have special houses for ‘‘ bugging pease.” Farmers can easily make use of this same method by taking an ordinary 45 gallon coal oil barrel which will hold five bushels of pease. According to the quantity of seed to be treated, one ounce of bisul- phide is used to every 100 pounds of pease, that is three ounces if the barrel is filled. The chemical may be either placed in a flat open basin on the top, or it may be poured 5 EN, “1 y Ota eee PLL A>, Ve PR eae 66 THE REPORT OF THE [No 19 directly on to the grain. The top of the barrel must be quickly replaced and covered up with cloths, etc., as tightly as possible. This treatment should be carried on in a shed out of doors, and the barrel must not be opened for 48 hours. _Bisulphide of car- bon is a colourless malodorous liquid which volatilizes readily at ordinary temperatures. © The vapour is quite invisible, but being heavier than air it sinks readily and permeates the contents of the barrel. It is very inflammable and care must be taken when using it that no light of any kind is brought near. This treatment should bedone in the au- tumn as soon as possible after the pease are threshed and before the weather has become cold. The sooner the treatment is done, the less injury the weevils will have done to the seeds, and, if the bisulphide is not used until cold weather has set in, its effect upon the insects is very much less than when they are in an active condition. Moreover, by delay- ing treatment there is the risk in mild autumns that the beetles may have attained full growth and left the seeds. Thelate sowing of peas is useful in preventing attack by weévil, but the method is not in favour with farmers because late sown peas in certain seasons are liable to be so much attacked by mildew as to reduce the crop sometimes more than would be done by the weevil. . The holding over of pease until the second year, keeping them in close bags to prevent the escape of the beetles, is certainly a good remedy and is not practised by those who use small quantities of seed as much as it ought to be. The reduction of vitality of seed pease held over for one year is very little indeed. Unlike the Bean Weevil, the Pea Weevil cannot propagate in the dry seed so that every beetle which emerges dies inside the sacks. Before sowing, the injured seeds must be separated and only those which are perfect planted. THe Pra Mora (Semasia nigricana, Steph., Fig. 23),—In the eastern counties of Ontario and extending down through Quebec into the Maritime Provinces, much harm has been done by the caterpillars of the Pea Moth. They have been particularly abundant at Ottawa this year in late peas. As this insect resembles the Codling Moth very much in its methods of attack, some experiments were tried at my request by Mr. J. E. Wetmore, of ee & Clifton, N.B., by pean Aree the sel woen the Fig. 23.—The Pea Moth—naturai size and young pods were forming with a Paris green enlarged. mixture which had been rendered adhesive by the addition of whale-oil soap. The results from these experiments, although not concla- sive, are of a hopeful character and will form the basis of further experiments next year. Tue Destructive Pea Apuis (Wectarophora destructor, Jnsn.).—This insect which was the cause of such extensive injury to the pea crop last year not only in the southern States but extending further north into Canada, has this year not been so bad as in 1899 but still has caused considerable loss. In the eastern counties the larger number of attacks have been noticed. The J. H. Allan Seed Oompany, of Picton, reports that “ this season it has done considerable damage in New York State, Michigan and Wisconsin. Last season as well as this it caused injury in Prince Edward County as well as in Len- nox and Addington. Weare also told that it did much damage in Renfrew County.” Last year in the State of Maryland the loss from this insect was put at $3,000,000, and during the past summer the lossin the same crop much exceeded that amount. More- over, not only did this insect attack the pea crop but it was found to be much more distinctively an enemy of clover. This attack upon clover was not serious in Oanada, and at Ottawa, where plots of peas were entirely destroyed by is, clover plots closely con- tiguous showed no sign of the presence of the aphis until very late in the season, when all peas had been killed by frost (November), and when a few were found, Many remedies were experimented with by Prof. Johnson, State Entomologist of Maryland, the describer of the species, and it was found that what has been called “ the brush and cultivator method ” was the most effective. For this it is necessary that the peas should be sowed in rows from 24 to 30 inches apart, and not broadcasted. He says, ‘‘ The vines were brushed backward and forward with a good pine switch ahead of an Iron Age cultivator, which was drawn by one horse, and in this manner the insects which leave the vines freely when 1900 | | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 these are shaken were covered up and a large proportion of them destroyed.” The cul-, _ tivation was not repeated until the third day, asit usually required 48 hours to destroy _ the insects when covered with earth. Another method which was tried with considerable success, consisted of a brush which dislodged the insects so that they fell into a pan con- taining coal oil and water, and dragged between the rows. In this way a bushel of plant lice were caught to each rowof peas 125 rods long. Spraying was tested, but it was _ abandoned because no spray could be found which would destroy a large enough percent- age of the insects to warrant the expense of the operation. An extensive experiment, _ however, covering 600 acres where the plants were brushed and cultivated every third day for a period of two weeks, forty men being employed, was very successful, In this manner the entire field was saved, netting the owner from 25,000 to 30,000 cases of peas of two dozen tins each. It is also stated that a field not far distant where nothing was _ done, was to‘ally ruined. As is usually the case with all kinds of plant lice when they occur in excessive numbers, the Destructive Pea Aphis has been vigorously attacked by many _kinds of parasites, which at Ottawa, at any rate, have had a remarkable effect in reducing its numbers Although the plant lice were extremely abundant in some places, they were almost totally wiped out on one or two occasions by certain of these enemies. The most useful parasite at Ottawa was a small dipterous fly, probably of the genus Diplusis. The small orange maggots of aboat a sixteenth of an inch in length crawled about among the colonies of plant lice and destroyed them in large numbers, piercing their bodies with their mouth parts and sucking out their juices in the same manner as is done by the larve of Syrphus flies. When fall-grown these larve spin a smail close cocoon either in the angles of the leaves or stem, or falling to the ground make a cocoon of silk with particles of sand attached. There were continuous broods of this useful parasite throughout the season, and the minute gray midges could be seen about the infested plants at all times. The last brood spun their cocoons in the middle of October, and the larve will remain in them until next spring. Several species of lady-bird beetles, Syrphus flies and lace-winged flies were also abundant, as well as species belonging to the hymenop- __terous genera Praon and Aphidius. The first of these emerges from its host and spins a : cocoon beneath the dead body. The latter passes through all its stages inside the body of the plant-louse and when mature eats its way out through a circular hole.- FoppER ORops. , .HECLOVER Roor-BoRER (Hylastinus obscurus, Marsh =, Hy- y lesinus trifolii, Muell., Fig. 24).—The Clover Root-borer gener- ally occurs in a few localities in Canada every year, but is seldom the cause of much harm and this will be more and more the case not only with this species, but with the Large Olover Weevil (Phytonomus punctatus), as farmers get more into the way of sowing clover toa larger extent as a green fertilizer and plough it down after the first crop. During the past summer the Clover Root-borer was observed doing some harm in old fields of clover but also in some new ones right across the province. The worst occurrences were near London, at Picton and in a small patch at Ottawa, Clover which is infested flowers irregularly and the plants have an unhealthy appearance. ‘The insect may be found in autumn in all stages in the roots of clover plants ; the beetle comes to full growth late in autumn and remains in its burrows until the following spring. The remedy for this insect is a short rotation. The value of clover as a fertilizer is now so well known that far- " C mers do not hesitate to plough down their meadows as soon as “,.. they find traces of this insect. This should be done as soon = == as there is a pretty good growth on the ground after the first ; crop of hay has been removed. ea omer voter. E The reece CLover Wesvit (Phytonomus punctatus, Fab.) was found to be abundant in the larval condition in a field, near Picton, Ont., which Ve ? 7 ee : ; Pee 68 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19— _was also infested by the Clover Root-borer. These larvee, however, were almost all attacked by the fungus Hntomophthora phytonomi, Arthur. Almost every blade of grass rising above the clover had at its tip a dead or moribund larva, and of a large num- ber which were apparently healthy, collected for rearing, there was hardly a specimen which produced the beetle. The diseased grubs were of all sizes from very small to full- grown. This was on the 24th of May. A few of the full-grown larve taken at that time spun their lace-like cocoons in the beginning of June and two beetles emerged about the end of the month. The beetles measure over four-tenths of an inch in length, are oval in shape and of a brown colour with four pale punctured lines on the sides. The beak is rather short and blunt, the thorax smooth and swollen with three pale lines. The wing cases each bear ten deeply impressed lines of punctures, from which the species takes its name. Roots AND VEGETABLES, A great number of insects have been complained of during the past season as having attacked more or less root crops and vegetables. Some of the more important of these are the following : Curworms —The Spotted Outworm, as the larva of Noctua C-nigrum, L, Fig. 25, has been inappropriately called, was extremely abundant in many localities —« along the north shore of Lake Ontario, injuring all © kinds of garden and root crops. This is never a rare insect, but this year it was enormously abundant. The brood of which larve are found during July, was the one this year which did most harm. This species seemed to take the place in Ontario and resembled very Fig. 25 much in its habits and time of appearance, the Variegat- ~~ ed Out-worm, Peridroma saucia, of which there has been a disastrous outbreak this sum-: mer all through the Province of British Columbia. The larva of Noctua C-nigrum is grey or pale brownish of varying shades. When full-grown it is nearly an inch and three-quarters long, rather slender, being less than a quarter of an inch at its widest part. The mark- ings are difficult to describe, and vary very much in intensity. There is always a pink- ish substigmatal stripe, and the whole of the dorsal area is more or less crossed and darkened by indistinct blackish blotches or mottlings, which on eich segment on the dorsum take somewhat the shape of the letter ‘‘M” with the top pointing towards the anal end. In some specimens there is a supra-lateral row of spots on each side gradually increasing towards the anal end both in size and intensity of velvety black. On the last segments these are elongated angular blotches with the apex pointing forward. There is also a narrow medio-dorsal pale line and a pale lateral line on each side. However, no two specimens agree exactly in ornamentation, but all have the appearance of being cov- ered with a course network of black more or-less obsolete over a pale brown ground colour. The moths appeared in large numbers from July till the end of the season and it is most probable that the eggs are laid in late summer and autumn and that the larve hibernate half. grown. ey —Moth of Spotted Cutworm. = The Variegated Out-worm (Peridroma saucia Hbn.) was also En = found in considerable numbers, the large caterpillars nearly eens) = 1 two inches long by over a quarter of an inch wide, attacking -»_# all garden plants and also doing harm in orchards upon apple “<2. > =" trees. Some pupz of this species (Fig. 26) with the moths Fig. 26,-Variegated Cutworm: ready to emerge were found at Ottawa in the beginning of we November, but the weather changed immediately afterwards, and it is hardly likely that the whole of this brood produced moths before winter set in. The life history of this species in Oanada as to hibernation is not definitely known from actual observation, but from the above incident it would appear as if moths which emerge in July and August, must lay their eggs (Pig. 27) and the larve hibernate par- tially grown. Moths which emerge in October and November probably pass the winter in that condition, and it would also appear as if some must remain in pupa until the following spring. ay _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 69 The remedies for cutworms which have given the best results are the banding of freshly set out annual plants, either with rings of paper or tin, so that this protection extends down about an inch beneath the surface of the soil and an inch and a half or two inches above it, Faded leaves which hang down and touch the ground must be cut off. This protection is particularly applicable for cab- bages, tomatoes and tobacco. ‘For clearing infested land either just before planting or when a crop is found to be attacked, the now well known mixture of bran and Paris green gives excellent results. This mixture may be applied either wet or dry. In the latter method the bran should be slightly dampened with water containing 2 or 3 ounces of sugar to the gallon of water. After mixing thoroughly so 3) that the whole mass may be slightly moist, but at the same time % J feel dry to the touch, dust over ita sufficient quantity of Paris green, Sy green arsenoid, or some other similar poison, to give the mixture a Fic. 27. — Variegated slightly green colour. In the former recommendations it was advised Cutworm: a, single to add the Paris green to the bran in a dry condition; but this is not Batata, Rie F satisfactory, because on account of the weight of this poison it sinks at once to the bottom when stirred. The bran or meal mixture should be sufliciently dry to run through the fingers easily. It should then be placed in small heaps a few feet apart where the cutworms are thickest and will be greedily eaten by these insects. This is merely a modification of Prof. Riley’s trap remedy which has been used successfully for many years. This consists of tying up in small bundles any green succulent vegetation such as any luxurient weed which may be growing by road- sides, and after dipping them in a strong mixture of Paris green and water, distribute them over the land or along the rows of acrop. The greatest drawback to this method _of fighting cutworms is the fading of the plant used. This may be prevented to certain extent by placing a shingle on the top of each, which has the double advantage of attracting the cutwormsas a hiding place, and of preventing evaporation from the bundles. It is seldom that plants attacked by cutworms can be treated successfully by spraying, except in the case of climbing cutworms in orchards. CaBBaGE Worms —The cabbage crop during the past season has suffered from sev- eral enemies. The root maggots caused great havoc in many places among cauliflowers and early cabbages. The Diamond-back Moth (Plutella cruciferarum, Zell) was abun- dant and destructive in dry districts to cabbages, turnips and rape, but the worst enemy of the cabbage crop this year was the White Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rape, L.), the green caterpillars of which were so numerous from Peterborough westward almost to Hamilton and also at Ottawa and other places, as to reduce seriously the crop of turnips which, owing to the leaves being destroyed, could not “bulb.” Cabbages in fields and gardens were also seriously injured. There are always every year certain insects which are liable to increase and do harm, but the Cabbage Butterfly is one which may be treated with ‘comparative ease. The caterpillars are particularly susceptible to the effects of pyrethrum insect powder, and, if a mixture be made of one pound of this powder with | _ four pounds of cheap flour and the whole be kept for twenty-four hours in a tightly closed jar or canister, and then dusted over the plants, it will kill all of the caterpillars upon which it falls, without injury to the plants and without danger to those who consume them. The proprietary mixture known as Slug Shot has also proved very deadly against “ cabbage worms,” as these caterpillars are generally called, but this must only be used early in the season while the plants are small, as it contains poison. This insect was probably more abundant during the past season than it has ever been noticed before, but toward the end of the summer it was destroyed in enormous numbers by an epidemic bacterial disease. Caterpillars which were attacked, first assumed a pallid or bluish white appearance and then gradually turned brown in blotches whioh enlarged until the whole body was a putrid mass. This disease was at its height in the beginning of September and continued to the end of the season. The spread of the White Cabbage Butterfly has been very rapid. It is said to have been imported into America first at Quebec about _ 1858, from which point it has spread in every direction. Although it had reached the Pacific coast in the United States, some years ago, it is only during the past summer that. it has appeared as an enemy of the cabbage grower on the coast in British Columbia. x 70 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 The first record for that province was by Mr. J. W. Cockle who found it at Kaslo in the Kootenay district last year. The Diamonp-Back Mora (Plutella cruciferarum, Zell.) seldom does very much harm in Ontario but in the West it is terribly destructive to all crops belonging to the Oabbage family, and, owing to the fact that the caterpillars feed almost entirely beneath the leaves, it is extremely difficult to apply an effective remedy. The best results have been obtained with dry powdery mixtures containing poison, blown between the leaves by means of agricultural bellows and insect guns. For this purpose, a strong mixture of one pound of Paris green in 25 pounds of air-slaked lime, or perfectly dry flour, gave good results If liquid applications are used, a sufficient quantity of soap must be added to make them adhere to the foliage of such plants as turnips and cabbages, — and a nozzle on an angled support must be used so as to throw the spray well up under the leaves. A knapsack sprayer with a cyclone nozzle answers well for this purpose. The Root Maceots (Anthomyide).—These troublesome insects have as usual done a great deal of harm and many experiments have been tried to secure a practical remedy. Unfortunately no very good results have been obtained. Onions, cabbages of all kinds, beans, corn and radishes have suffered. Mixtures containing carbolic acid in some form seem to be the most hopeful. Whale-oil soap gave tolerably good results. The most satisfactory experiments were with early cauliflowers which were protected to a large ex- tent by means of the Gough Tar-paper Discs. These consist of a disk of ordinary tarred building felt with a split from the margin to the centre so as to allow of their being placed around the stems of newly planted cauliflowers. The odour of the tarred paper preventing the flies from laying their eggs, and the tarred paper disc also had the effect of holding moistnre around the roots and inducing a copious growth of young rootlets, which were of great service in helping lightly attacked plants to outgrow the injury. AspaRAGuS BrEtTLes.—The two species of Asparagus Beetles which were mentioned in our last report are still present in the Niagara district and together with the Aspar- . agus Rust have done a certain amount of harm. Fig. 28 representa Crioceris asparagi, L., eggs on plant, larva and beetle. They have not, however, spread through the district to the same extent as it was thought they would last season, judging from their sudden appear- ance in the country in such large numbers. Asparagus growers seem to have grasped the idea of fighting them as larve, and a great many beds were dusted regularly with fresh lime when the larvee were upon them. This seems to have been the remedy which was most used. Turnip APHIS (Aphis brassicw, L.).—There has been a decided absence of the Turnip Aphis in most parts of the Province during the season of 1900, except up in the north-western counties. In some places in Huron County the loss has amounted to about half or more of the crop. The eggs for this species are laid in large quantities on the old leaves of the turnips,and where these Fig 28, are cut from the plants and left in the fields it would be well to plough them down deeply, so that the young plant-lice when they hatch in spring would be unable to get out. It would of course be well also to avoid planting a crop of the Cabbage or Turnip family on the same land the following year. Fig. 29.—Turnip Aphis. FRUITS. The large amount of attention which has been devoted to fruit trees and orchard pests consequent upon the accidental introduction into Oanada of the San José Scale, which is discusssed fully in another part of this Report, has had a decidedly good effect in stirring up fruit growers to attend more carefully to their orchards. Spraying has been more regularly and generally done for leaf-eating insects and Oodling Moth Late fall — 1900] | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. val __and early spring applications have been made for scale insects and all the operations of the orchard seem to be better attended to than was formerly the case. Fruit growers are learning the habits of many of their regular pests, and there is a much greater demand for information about injurious insects than was the case only a year or two ago. . The Oopiinc Morn and Pium Curcutio do not seem to have been so destructive, judging from reports received, as usual. The Tent CaTERPILLARS which have been so abundant all through the Dominion were decided less destructive last spring. The Eye- Fig. 31.—Apple Leaf-Roller (Teras minuta, var. cinderella. Fig. 30.—Apple Pistol Case-borer. spotted Bud moth and Oblique-banded Leaf-roller did their share of mischief, and early spring insects were rather more than usually troublesome along the shores of Lake Ontario. _____ The Cigar Case-bearer, the Apple Pistol Case-bearer (Fig. 30)and leaf-rollers (Fig. 31) were ‘ about equally abundant and where neglected did harm. The species of Jeaf-roller which seemed to do the most harm was Lophoderus quadrifasciana, Fern. From Hamilton larvee of : the Parmer Worm (Ypsolophus pometellus,Harr.) were sent at the end of June,and a little ' later the same thing was sent in from Oakville. This is rather an unusual pest in Oanada and had attracted attention from the extreme activity of the caterpillars. The Ross OnaFER was reported as troublesome on apple trees at Niagara and Grims- by, and the Cover MITE did considerable harm to fruit trees all through the western counties where it was generally reported as ‘‘ Red Spider.” CANKER- WORMS wers destructive in restricted localities during May and early June. The species of which specimens were sent in, proved to be the Fall Oankerworm. The Basswoop Loopsr (Hyber- nia tiliaria, Harr.) Fig. 32 was particularly abundant in the Ottawa district, at- tacking not only apple trees but various forest ; trees, especially the maple, Fig. 32.—The Basswood Looper. elm and_ basswood. In western Ontario, especially in the Niagara district, an interesting little moth, the larva | ee 7 ss 5 oa 7 : . et es oer . i. 3 aoe ah} ave Th i de a “ ». Can SF f Nek, 72 | THE REPORT OF THE — [ No. 19 of which mines in apple leaves and sometimes does rather noticeable injury when abundant, is Vepticula pomivorella, Pack. The larva when full-grown leaves its mines in the foliage and spins small scale-like brown cocoons on the twigs where it passes the winter. This insect was formerly placed in the genus Micropteryx but it has been discovered by Mr. Busck of Washington that it is a true Nepticula. | Pear trees have suffered rather more than usual from three of their enemies. The Cherry Slug in some places has stripped the green cellular parts from the foliage to such an extent as to render the leaves quite useless to the trees, and as a consequence the fruit was ruined. This insect can be very easily kept in check either by spraying with arsen- ieal poisons or by dusting constantly with freshly slaked lime. The Pear Paylla was particularly troublesome at Freeman, near Hamilton, and through the western counties. Mr. Geo. E, Fisher considers this an insect which requires much more attention than up to the present it has received. The mature’ insect hibernates beneath the flakes of bark on the trunks and larger limbs and can be destroyed during the winter by a 30 per cent. mechanical mixture of crude petroleum and water, or by the ordinary kerosene emulsion. The Pear-leaf Blister-mite is not quite as bad as it was a year or two ago but still is much more abundant than is good for the pear trees or the pocket-book of the fruit grower. On the Pacific Coast this insect is kept well in check with the lime, sulphur and salt mixture. This mixture has not been used very much in Oatario but the well- known kerosene emulsion sprayed over the infested trees just as the buds are bursting has been found very effective. Doubtless the mixtures of crude petroleum and water which are now coming so much into use will be found very effective against the Pear- _ leaf Blister-mite as soon as the proper portion to use with safety has been discovered. INSECTS Of THE SEASON OF 1900. By Pror. W. Locaugeap, Ontario AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. In looking backward over the entire season of 1900 it would appear that insect pests were more numerous and produced greater losses than usual. It is very difficult to determine the exact causes which were operating to produce the results, and valuable indeed would be trustworthy observations along this line. Perhaps the dryness of the season which prevented serious outbreaks of fungous diseases operated on behalf of the insects ; perhaps the mildness of last winter enabled many more forms than usual to pass through the dormant season ; perhaps parasites were not so numerous as usual ; but whether there was one cause or a combination of causes the number of injurious insects was on the increase during the past season. Mention will be made of a few of the most injurious forms brought to the writer’s attention chiefly by farmers and others in corres- pondence with the Biological Department of the Ontario Agricultural College. ORCHARD INSECTS. Tux Fruit Barx-Berrie (Scolytus rugulosus). Oomplaints have reached us from Kingsville regarding the injuries done by this beetle. It attacks especially plum trees, and many of Mr. J. D. Wigle’s trees died from the injuries. It is probable that trees in other sections are likewise affected, and watchfulness is required to prevent surrounding trees from becoming infested. From breeding experiments carried on at the College the writer finds that the adults appear about the middle of May. They bore holes through the bark into the wood, and proceed to make burrows in which to deposit eggs, The young grubs also make burrows, and within a month the beetles appear. Several broods may appear in a season so that the trunk soon becomes honey- combed with tunnels and dies. See Fig. 3 (on page 35) which represents the work of an allied species (S. destructor), s ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 73 ; Badly infested trees should be cut down and burned, while those but slightly _ infested should be sprayed with whitewash, or with a mixture of whale-oil soap and _ ¢arbolic acid. . THe San Jose Scare (Aspidiotus perniciosus). This pernicious scale is still with us in abundance, and in spite of the treatment of last spring it is just as numerous as it was last fall. Many new infestations have also been discovered, so that the whole problem of treatment will have to be taken up anew. Mr, Fisher, Chief Inspector, considers crude petroleum more effective than whale-oil soap in killing the scale, but _ Prof. Webster, of Ohio, maintains that crude petroleum is too dangerous a remedy to put in the hands of the ordinary fruit-grower, and accordingly prefers whale-oil soap. The scale is here to stay and the sooner the orchardist recognizes this fact, and the need of effective treatment to keep it in check the better will it be for the fruit industry of the Province. A great industry is at stake. Can we afford to lose this great industry ? GARDEN INSECTS. THe Bean Fry. (Antho- myia radicum)—In June many complaints reached the office regarding the attacks of grubs on beans in Lambton Oounty. One correspondent wrote that hundreds of acres of beans were being destroyed. Many of the beans did not germinate at all, due to the fact that the ye ee ee Oe es ee ee a en g . - 3 . ees as eer att a never developed leavesthrough the destruction of the central portion of the stem. Figure 33 shows very well the nature of the work of the maggot _ both in the seed and the stem. _ The maggots are about one- fifth inch long and yellowish- white in color. They taper to _ point in front and broaden _ out behind. After feeding for _ a while the maggots descend into the ground, and change into barrel-shaped pupae. A week or ten days later the flies emerge from the pupa cases and proceed to mate and deposit eggs. After June no farther complaint was made, although many growers had replanted their fields. No remedies could be suggested _ beyond replanting as early as possible, and not as deep as usual. It is just probable fae a5 Tie Boma eyeeialc tied a : : 7 = ig. 33.—The Bean Fly— (a) adult flies; pupa case in ground ; a a OC ae of the injury by the maggots, for the usual food of these creatures is decaying matter. The beans began to show signs of decay, and the maggots took kindly to their new food- supply. ee DN ae ee . i” ee 74 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 ~ Curworms. (Noctua c-nigrum, Peridroma saucia, and others.) These night-intru- ders worked considerable damage in gardens and fields during June and July, but the spreading broadcast of handfuls of bran mash, poisoned with Paris green and sweetened with a little sugar, generally put a stop to their depredations in gardens. The most common forms sent in for identification were The Variegated Cutworm (Peridromia sau- cia), and The Spotted Cutworm, (Noctua c-nigrum). ASPARAGUS BEETLES. (Orioceris asparagi, Fig. 34, and O. 12-punctatus).—Mr. W. N. Hutt, B. 8. A,, of Southend, reports to me that O. asparagi appeared very early, just as the first young shoots of asparagus were pushing through, and were three or four times as numerous as last year. The C. 12-punctata appeared two weeks later than the common species, and were even more numerous. The Department sent out a circular in early spring to the newspapers of the Niagara. District, which explained clearly the methods to be adopted in combatting the asparagus beetles, Fig 34. but it would seem as if many gardeners failed to pay much heed to the instructions. The westward progress of these beetles has not been very noticeable this year, for although abundant around St. Catharines and Niagara, they have not been observed at Grimsby or Winona. Mr. Johnston reports them, however, from Bartonville, which lies between Winona and Hamilton. Tae BumsiE Fiower-Beetie (Euphoria inda). Fig.35. This beetle was very common in September and did considerable damage by eating holes in pears and tomatoes. Although the beetles occur in sufficient numbers occasion- ally to do considerable damage, yet this visitation is but periodical. Recent observations at Washington show that this insect is injurious only in the adult state, and that the grub feeds on manure and humus. The beetles hibernate, and eggs are laid in the early part of May, and the grubs mature in about two months. The pupa stage lasts about 16 days. Fig 35. _The beetle is readily recognized by its triangular thorax, the yellowish- brown wing-covers mottled with black markings, and the grayish pudescence on the under sur- face of the body and on the legs and thorax. The only practicable remedy is to collect these beetles, Farm Insects. THe Hessian Fry (Cecidomyia destructor). The most serious insect pest of farm crops during the past season was the Hessian Fly, which destroyed the wheat crop in many sections. So far as we are acquainted with the conditions surrounding this pest, it is safe to say that the most available remedy is Large Sowinc. Wheat sown as late as the last week in September has been found unaffected, while that sown before was affected. It is evident that farmers as a rulé do not make any serious attempt to carry out the recommendations of practical entomologists in the matter of late sowing, trap crops, or uniformity in time of sowing. The writer urges that this question, a most important one for the Province, be taken up by the Government, and extensive experiments be carried on in various sections to determine the most favorable conditions for sowing to avoid attack. These conditions have not yet been determined for Ontario. Among the other serious insects infesting farm crops this past season were Culworms which were abundant in root crops, and even in wheat fields (according to some corre- spondents). The more common species were the Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia), the Spotted Outworm (Noctua c-nigrum), and the Glassy Cutworm (Hadena devastatrix). The use of poisoned bran mashes has been found very beneticial in those cases where the remedy is practicable. A knowledge of the life history is often necessary to know the best time to sow grain to escape the cutworm. oF aa Os = T ~~ a ae aes hp os" I ' ese 9 =v ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75 The Pea-weevil and the Pea-aphis have made the growing of peas an uncertain crop in many localities. There is a practicable remedy for the weevil in the use of carbon bisulphide, or in the holding over of the seed peas for another season, when the weevils will have disappeared and the good seeds can be picked out. With regard to the Pea- aphis, should it become destructive it will be necessary for the pea grower to change his method of cultivation, and adopt drill planting, instead of planting broadcast as is done at the present time. THe Corn Worm (Heliothis armiger). Fig. 36. This worm has been more numerous this season than usual, and appears to find Qntario conditions quite congenial. The green corn offered for sale in the Guelph market was frequently injured by the worm, and the Ex- perimental Department of the Oollege Farm found many esrs badly injured at time of harvesting. The Trent Valley Canning Oo. of Trenton reported on October Ist, that they had received a few loads of sweet corn containing many badly injured ears; and that in one locality from which they received corn the worm was very prevalent. Observations point to the view that the Corn-worm is single brooded with us, but it may be double-brooded in some of the southern localities. Late fall-plowing will do much to break up the cells in which the pupae winter, thus causing the death cf the pupae. GRASSHOPPERS were abundant in late sum- mer, not only in meadows and cultivated fields, but also in gardens where tomatoes, cabbage, celery, and other vegetables were often des- troyed. Very likely the dryness of the season and the absence of frost were important factors which contributed to their abundance. “S Fig. oe cane of Corn aecied by beep THE OaBsBaGE BurrerFiy (Pieris rapae). tates (Orginal), | very variable in their This insect was more abundant than usual in cabbage and turnip fields, especially in the region lying to the east of Toronto. ‘ Thousands of these winged insects could be seen flying over turnip fields.” Although parasites are usually very abundant, it will not do to leave the work of extermination to them alone. A good practicable method of killing the cabbage-worms on small areas especially is to dust a mixture of one pound of insect powder and five pounds of flour through a cheese-cloth bag upon the infested plants. NATURE STUDY LESSONS ON THE SQUASH BUG (ANASA TRISTIS). By Pror. W. LocHHEeaD, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. - IntRopuction. That a great awakening in the study of nature is in progress must be evident to every person who is watching the signs of the times. Both parents and teachers are demanding the introduction of nature-study into the daily course of the ‘school, and scholars are becoming earnest nature seekers and observers. 76 THE REPORT OF THE The last Annual Report contained Nature-study Lessons on the Cabbage But- terfly, written in response to a desire for information about this common in- sect by several teachers who had been induced to introduce object lessons of such a nature into their schools. It ap- pears that the lessons were helpful to many teachers, for frequent requests were made for the article during the past year. Believing that an informa- tion-article on some other common in- sect would be acceptable, the writer ventures again to outline a few lessons on the common Squash Bug of our cucumber and melon patches. OccurRENCcE. Who has not seen the dull, smoky-brown insect or bug which hides under the wilted leaves of © squash and cucumber in late summer ? Or who has not thrown the bug down in disgust when the penetrating foul odour reached his nostrils? In the dead of winter one frequently comes across these bugs in crevices and cor- ners of outbuildings and sheds, where they live in a torpid condition far into the warm weather of the next season. If outbuildings are not to be found the Squash Bugs hide under rubbish, bark and chips, which are usually present in carelessly kept gardens. GENERAL CHARACTERS, When one can examine these bugs in spite of the offensiveners of the odour, many charac- teristic features will be revealed. The three pairs of legs, the two pairs of dark wings, a pair of feelers or antennz, and the three divisions into head, thorax and abdomen (fig. 37, f) can be readily distin- =~ Fig. 37. The development of the Squash Bug. (a) i i The bug soon after it escapes from the egg; (b) the bug Boa and fe monn ee will after the first moult; (c) the bug after the second moult; 8€e at once t at so far as the major (d) the bug after the third moult ; (c) the bug after the characters are concerned the Squash ee aig bis fe (7) the adult bug after the fifth moult. Bug is similar to the Cabbage Buttertly. ( ee = It is only when the minor characters, such” "as ‘the Grae of the wings, the shape of the mouth parts, and the size of the feel- ers and legs are considered that differences sufficient for classification purposes are seen, Ootour.—As to colour the adult winged squash bug is rusty-black, or smoky-brown above, and ochre-yellow below. If a magnifying glass be used it can be readily seen that the ground colour of the whole insect is ochre-yellow, and that the rusty-black colour above is produced by innumerable black dots which cover the legs as well as the wings and upper surface of the body. It is interesting to notice the change in colour which the young bugs undergo as they pass through successive moults. When the bugs are young the under side of the abdomen is first. greenish, then ashy-grey, and finally ochre-yellow. (Are the head and legs always of the same colour as the body 2) Hrap,—The study of the head of an insect is always instructive. The most pro- minent part of the head of a squash bug is the feelers or antennae, which are long, and divided into segments, the first and last being the stoutest. (Fig. 38.) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ri Dae ae : Fic. 38.—The head of the squash bug showing the antennae (a), the eyes (b), the 4-jointed beak (c), the q four lances (d) and (e), and the labrum (f), (Original.) ; The two large compound eyes situated behind the foot of the antennae are very similar to those of the cabbage butterfly, described and illustrated in last year’s Report. k In addition to the two compound eyes two simple eyes or ocelli may be seen with the aid . of a magnifying glass between the large eyes. They look like minute glass beads. 3 If the under side of the head be : : examined a slender beak-like organ P can be seen extending from the head backwards beyond the second pair of legs, (Figs 38 and 39), and a magnify- ing glass will show that this beak-like organ is a 4-jointed sheath, slit along one side. With the aid of a needle y further information can be obtained by exposing the contents of the sheath. These are four fine lance-like struc- tures which are apparently attached . to a broader appendage near the head. (Fig. 38.) ee re nee oat Fic 39,—The under surface of the squash bug showing the position of the two glands, (a) which secrete ,the, foul odour, the beak (b), the antennae (c), (Original.) : —-s- | (<";The mouth-parts of the common locust are Fig. 40.—The mouth parts of the com- shown in figure 40, and it is evident that the ye fil ete ou Baers lip different parts are adapted for biting and holding ° or labrum, (a) the m i H t , i iti i axilla, (tend te ede lip (b) ih the object while biting. With the squash bug, jum, (d) (Original. ) however, the parts are not adapted for biting, but is for sucking. The lower lip or labium forms the 4- jointed, grooved sheath, and the mandibles and maxillae form the four lance-like piercers, while the labrum is a scale-like flap to which, apparently, the piercers are attached, It will be observed that there are no palpi on either the maxillae or labium, but the parts have been modified for piercing and sucking. 78 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 The piercers penetrate the tissues of the leaf or stem, and by means of muscles at the base of the beak the fluids are drawn up. While the insect is puncturing the tissues with the piercers it drops in a little poison which causes the cells close by to wilt and die. Some observers consider the amount of damage done by the poison to be greater than that produced by the loss of sap. ’ Opour—The cause of the very disagreeable odour of squash bugs is a fluid which is secreted by two giands through two openings on the under surface of the body, situated close to the second pair of legs on the last segment of the thorax: (Fig. 39, a.) Wincs.—The wings of the squash bug are characteristic of the large order of insects to which it belongs,--the Hemiprera, that is, the basal half of each of the outer pair of wings is thickened, while the outer half remains thin, membranous, and veiny. (Fig 41) » The under pair of wings are thin and membran- ous, and are folded under the larger outer pair. . Eaes.—During July and even later the eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves in groups varying from 4 or 5 to 30 or 50. They are dull- red in colour, smooth and shining, about one twenty-fifth of an inch in length, and slightly flat- tened on two sides. Nympus.—The young bugs escape from the eggs in about ten days, and proceed directly to abstract nourishing fluids from the stems. The nymphs may be found in all stages of development under wilted leaves during August and Septem- ber. (Fig. 37). It will be observed that the co ‘ nymphs are broader in proportion to their length ae vig Heke Gratien ae Bug than the adults are, and their head and first seg- eae ater halt (D). (Orginal) : ment of the thorax are small. As the nymphs the differences Babesen a seine "(Dana develop by moulting the Wings become longer. male (2). RemeEp1Es,—From the fact that the squash bug does not eat its food, it may be in- ferred that Paris Green placed on the stems or leaves is of no use iv killing the pest. Many substances have been tried, but most have been found unsatisfactory. Kerosene emulsion diluted with 9 parts of water and sprayed upon the vines has given fairly good results, but perhaps the best plan is to clean up the squash patches thoroughly in the fall ; to place pieces of boards and chips during the summer among the vines to decoy the bugs, when they may be readily killed ; and to pick the old bugs and eggs in early summer and destroy them. Torics For OBSERVATION. 1. The month, and day of the month when the young squash bugs are first observed. 2. The location of the eggs on the leaf,—their number, colour and shape. 3. The hatching of the eggs,—the duration of the egg state, the way the young bugs escape from the eggs. 4, The moulting of the nymphs,—the number of moults, the changes with each suc- cessive moult, and the duration of each stage. . 5. The offensive odour,—the position of the secreting glands, the use of the fluid to the insect. 6. The best methods of controlling the insect in melon patches. 7. Males and females,—distinction and relative numbers. (Fig. 41, 1, 2). 8. The development of the wing. 9. Parasites. 10. Other insect enemies of the melon patch. 11. Mode of feeding,—the way the fluids are drawn up. “2 1900] ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 THE BREEDING OF LEPIDOPTERA, WITH NOTES ON THE INFLATION OF LARVA. By ArtHurR Gipson, OENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL Farm, Ottawa. The value attached to the breeding of insects cannot be over-estimated. The facts _ concerning the life-histories of species, resulting from careful work in rearing specimens, are of the greatest importance, and any person having a taste for this branch of study has many opportunities of doing excellent work. There is so much yet to be done in studying out the life-histories of insects, and so few people who care to take the time or trouble to _ do careful work, that those who are disposed have a field in which employment of a useful nature can be found. In the Order Lapidoptera alone there are hundreds of species which have never been properly worked out, and information of an authentic nature in regard to such is much desired. Facts concerning certain stages or habits of even some _.of our commonest butterflies and moths are badly wanted. In breeding Lepidoptera from the egg to the imago, there is much of interest to observe. Some of the stages are intensely interesting, as everyone who has attempted breeding with any degree of success knows, The true object of breeding insects is not to get perfect specimens of the imago, but to study their earlier stages, taking careful notes of observations made, and giviug the result of information thus obtained to others, through the medium of entomological publications. It cannot be said that such work is hard, but at the same time great care and accuracy are required, without mentioning the need of a good stock of patience. To meet with the best results, two very important points must be borne in mind, and _these are to see that the jars are kept thoroughly cleaned, and that sufficient, but not too much, of fresh food-plant is always present. The larve of butterflies, especially, require extra care and attention to see that the breeding-jars are always clean, and that the food- plant is kept fresh. Carelessness in this respect oftentimes causes failure. Breeding-jars should be washed out at least every day, if the best results are desired, even twice a day is not too often for delicate larve, It is also often best to change the food plant twice a day. In studying the earlier stages in the life-history of a butterfly or moth, as soon as the eggs hatch, it is well to put one of the larvze in a small jar, keeping it separate from the others, so as to watch it carefully through its different moults. Two could be kept in the same jar, but instead of this it is better to have two small jars, one for each caterpillar. These should be kept beside the remainder of the brood, if any, so that they may also be watched, as many vary in the same stage. It is important that careful descriptions of the egg, the larva (in all its stages), the chrysalis, or pupa, and cocoon, if there is one, should be made, noting in fact everything of importance bearing upon the life-history of the species. For the most part ordinary jelly jars with tin lids will answer for breeding lepidop- tera ; those with the rounded bottoms are preferable, as they do away with the chance of moisture gathering in the corners. Two or three different sized jars are more con- venient than having them all the same. Of course if a large number of the same larvae are being reared bigger jars or breeding cages, will be found necessary. Some writers recommend tin boxes of various sizes. These also are excellent receptacles, and it is claimed that it is not necessary, when breeding sphingids, to put earth in the tin as the larvee will readily pupate on the bottom of the box. Careful watch must be made for the moults of the larve. Before moulting the cater- pillar, as a rule, stops feeding for a day or so, during which time the front segments become swollen, so much so that they appear larger than the head, which with the cast skin, soon afterwards, usually during the following or the next day, is thrown off. As soon as the larva has moulted, a careful description should be taken, noting its length, shape, colour and arrangement of markings, size and shape of head, etc., etc. The cast skin and head should be preserved in a small bottle, or box, with careful data. The empty cocoon, pupa, or chrysalis, should also be preserved, as well as the egg shells. A method by which the eggs of. many moths may be secured is to capture a female, enclosing her alive in a small box for a day or so, and if she has not already laid eggs, it . \- ; a a” * yet RY ek eee ae i : ' ' 6S oe 80 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 is probable that she will do so in confinement. All females, however, will not lay eggs in confinement ; from some it is exceedingly difficult to ohtain ova. Eggs from butter- flies especially are hard to procure, and extra inducements have sometimes to be offered. A good plan is to feed the female with a sweetened fluid, such as honey diluted in water. This can be accomplished by touching the tongue with a fine camel’s hair brush which has been dipped in the fluid. Another method to secure eggs is to imprison the female in a bag made of muslin, or some such material, placed over the plant upon which the larv feed. In the case of larvee which feed on low plants such as grasses, etc., if a small plant is transferred to a flower-pot, a covering of muslin, with the aid of two pieces of wire bent into a hoop, can be placed over the plant and the living female enclosed. It is best to have a portion of the plant touching the muslin at the top, as many species will leave the plant and deposit some, if not all, of their eggs on the mus- lin. If eggs can be secured through a friend living at a distance, they will travel safely through the mail. The present summer several batches of eggs were received at Ottawa from points in the Rocky Mountains, Northwest Territories and other distant localities. Ifa number of specimens of the same speciee are being bred it is nice to have a speci- men or two of each larval stage inflated, as it is important that as much of the life history us possible be preserved for the cabinet. If the first stages are too small to inflate, they can of course be preserved in alcohol,or some other fluid, or they may be dried on hot sand with some success, There are various methods of inflating larve, and some experience is needed before satisfactory results will be attained. Hairy caterpillars especially are difficult to inflate, but experience will teach the beginner that great care and much patience are required in order to do good work. For inflating larve very few appliances are necessary, and these are not at all ex- pensive. They can easily be had from most of the dealers in entomological supplies. - When the larva has reached the stage at which it is to be preserved the first thing to do, of course, is to kill it, and this can be done by dropping it for a minute or two into a receptacle containing methylated spirits. When the caterpillar is dead it can be taken out of the liquid with a small pair of forceps, and placed on its side on a piece of blotting paper. When this is done take a small piece of the same paper in the left hand placing it over the larva, gently pressing the front segments, with exception of head. A small sharp-pointed instrument should then be inserted into the anal orifice, so as to admit of some of the liquid contents coming out. For all except minute larvae a large needle, or a pair of small forceps with curved points, may be used for this purpose. Further pressure will now be necessary in order that the remaining contents may be squeezed out. Just sufficient pressure should be applied to remove the contents ; if too much is given the skin will be bruised. When the viscera have all been removed, insert the necessary-sized glass inflating- tube into the anal orifice. The larger of these tubes have clips or spring attachments to hold the larval skin. If the caterpillar be small it can be fastened to a smaller tube by means of a thread of fine silk wound around the -posterior segment. The inflating-tube can now be inserted into the rubber tube of the double bulb inflator and the empty skin gently inflated. If everything is all] right it can then be placed in the oven and slowly dried. A suitable oven can be made by any tinsmith, and is simply a tin box about 6 inches long by 4 inches wide and 24 inches deep, supported on legs to allow of the lamp being placed beneath it, and having an opening in one end to insert the larva, with another at the bottom for the circulation of air or to allow the escape of some of the heat. A sheet of glass let into the top enables the operator to see what he is doing. The drying process should be carried on over the hottest place, commencing with the front segments and working backwards. Oare must be taken not to hold the same portion of the larval skin too long over the heat, but the segments that are being dried should be kept turned, so that all sides may be dried about the same time. While this is going on too much air must not be pumped into the skin ; if this is done it will stretch the larva and give it an unnatural appearance. Any small spirit lamp will do to supply the heat, which must be regalated according to the nature of the species being -inflated. Too great a heat will destroy the colors of many larve, and this is especially so in the case of delicate green caterpillars. Hairy larvee, as already mentioned, are rather difficult to blow, as the hairs are very easily rubbed off, and unless care is taken in the inflating the segments will be sure to expand 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 too much and thus be puffed out unnaturally. When the skin is ready for the oven a pair of forceps will be found a means of help in inserting the inflating-tube into the vent. After the larval skin is thoroughly dried care should be taken in removing it from the inflating-tube. This can easily be done in most cases by simply forcing the skin off the tube by means of the thumb-nail of the right hand. The caterpillars may then be mounted on a piece of fine wire wound tightly around the pin five or six times, the lower end of the wire being neatly cut off. The portion on which the larva is to be mounted may be cut according to the size of the caterpiliar. Any good cement, such as that used for repairing insects, may be employed to fasten the blown skin to the wire. NOTES ON TWO LONGICORN BEETLES AFFEOTING GROWING NURS.- ERY STOCK. By F. M. WesstEer, Wooster, O. With the rapid changes in the flora of the country, brought about by advance in our civilization, there must of necessity come changes in the habits of such of the animal life as is dependent upon this flora for their food supply. Nor do the influences stop here, for it is frequently not difficult to observe the effects of such changes even in the parasitic enemies of these animals. Hardly a season passes but that some old and well known insect exhibits some characteristic not before observed. Sometimes this, to us, new phase of its sociology may not again be noticed for years, or it may continue and indeed increase to such an extent as to become a normal characteristic of the species. As instances of this change of habit, the adult of the Western Corn Root Worm, Diabrotica longicornis, was former- ly known only as a green beetle found on the blossoms of thistle and golden-rod ; where- as, now, it swarms over the corn fields of the middle West in myriads, and the larve are one of the worst pests ofthe corn field. It is only within the last three years that the two ground beetles, Harpalus caliginosus, and H. pennsylvanicus, have come into prominence as strawberry insects. The first species here considered is tbe coated Saperda, or the J.inden borer, Saperda vestita, Say (Fig. 42) described in 1824, from specimens taken near the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, but was also known at that time to occur in Pennsylvania. Though common, the insect does not appear to have anywhere become seriously destructive though it was well known to Harris as early as 1832 and said by him to have been destruc- 1 2 3 tive to the European Lin- Fig. 42.—Saperda vestita Say ; 1, larva; 2, pupa’; 3, adult ; den in Cambridge, Massa- all slightly enlarged. chusetts, in 1843 and 1844. Dr. Paul Smith, in a letter written May, 1844, quoted by Dr. Harris in his “Insects Injurious to Vegetation” gave an account of an attack upon European Linden trees in Washington and Independence Squares, Philadelphia. The trees were attacked about seven years before but within two years it had been found necessary to cut down forty- seven of these European Lindens in Washington Square alone. The American Lindens were also injured but apparently to a less degree. One of the Lindens mentioned by Dr. Harris was very large, the trunk measuring 8 feet, 5 inches in circumference 5 feet from the ground. A strip of bark two feet wide at the bottom, and extending to the top of 6 EN. 82 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 the trunk, was destroyed, and the exposed surface of the wood was pierced and grooved with countless numbers of holes where the borers had been bred, and whence swarms of these beetles were supposed to have issued in past times. A Fig. 43.—Bases of affected trees, about natural size. Original, after photographs by P. A. Hinman. dida, the adult of which is shown in Figure 44. These young trees growing in the nursery row were cut and transplanted to the in- sectary on the 28th of August. On the 15th of January, 1900, examination of these trees (Fig. 43) revealed one larva still active in the rotten wood, and about four inches below the sur- face of the ground. On April 4th one adult Saperda vestita emerged. It must be remembered that this was under insectary conditions. The next day the entire lot of material was examined. One ad- ditional larva (No. 1.) and a pupa (No, 2.) were found. These larvze hed worked in the wood at the root, entirely below the surface of the ground, and, in fact, the upper limit of their burrowing was from two to four inches below the ———— Some of the larger limbs and a portion of the top of the tree fell down, apparently in consequence of the ravages of these insects. In the American Entomolo- gist, New Series, Volume I, page 271, Dr. O. V. Riley cites the species as very injurious to the European Linden in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, quoting Harris as authority, and also adds ‘ boring at the base of young European Lindens and gouging two parallel rings around the trunk which form annular swellings.” Thus it will be seen that the insect exhibits a partiality for the European Linden, but its injuries during later years do not appear to have attracted the attention of entomologists to any large degree. Last year, my former assistant, Mr. Mally, while inspecting nurseries, found a nvm- ber of small Linden trees in the nursery row that had been very seriously injured by larvze burrow- ing in the trunks below ground. Mr. Mally, from the appearance of these larvze, thought they might be those of the Round-headed Apple Tree borer, Saperda can. ee | NR is ea Fig. 44.—Saperda candida Say. ground. When ready to pupate the larve evidently burrow their way upward in the wool to the level of the ground surface, or within an inch or two of it. They pupated in cells cu‘ 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 diagonally across the grain of the wood at an angle of about 45 degrees to the upward channel. So far as known to me this is the first instance of this insect having been observed attacking nursery trees, and also the first record of their working below the ground. All previous records represent them as working above the surface, their attacks being confined to the trunk and larger branches. Dr. Harris states that the adult Saperda vestita, after having emerged from the trunk and larger branches of the trees, will fly into the top and there feed upon the epidermis of the tender twigs and the petioles of the leaves, often wholly denuding the latter and causing the leaves to fall. It may not be out of place to state thata few years ago a specimen of Saperda candida (Fig. 44) was sent me, accused of gnawing into the young growing apples, and specimens of these that accompanied the insect gave abundant evidence of the truth of the statement. The species under consideration is said to deposit their eggs, two or three in a plaze, upon the trunk and branches, especially about the forks, making slight incisions and punctures for their reception, with their strong jaws. As many as 90 eggs have been taken from a single beetle. The larve, hatching from these eggs, undermine the bark to the extent of six or eight inches, often penetrating the wood an equal distance. This appears to be an instance of an old and well known species taking on a new habit, as I can find nothing on record of their having ever been before observed depredat- ing in the nursery row, and there is certainly nothing on record relative to the larve working below the surface of the ground. The second species, with which —poa=ge=EEe eee this paper has to deal is Oberea bi- | > : maculata. While this is, perhaps,more | aed of a small fruit than a nursery pest, | nevertheless, we have come in contact | with it in our nursery inspection, | although not especially as affecting | nursery stock. In Bulletin 96 of the | Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta- | tion, pages 20-22, I gave an account of this insect and stated that we had reared it from witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana, also from apple twigs. The specimen is shown in Figure 40. A further study of this insect has shown that it is Oberea tripunctata. — Specialists make this a variety of j bimaculata, Since this work was done, : | I have twice reared the true Oberea | a Si Ceo bimaculata from raspberry, which Fig. 45.—Oberea bimaculata var. tripunctata Sw. Larva it is known to infest. There seems sues ae in edaeedes oo a now to be a dividing line between these two forms, tripunctata having a variety of food plants, while bimaculata appears to confine itself to canes of Rubus. The object in presenting this matter is to correct a possible error in Bulletin 96, in terming the species there reared from witch hazel and apple twigs, Oberea bimaculata, without further qualifications. Although as stated, the two are considered to be the same species by systematists the rearings at the Station imply that there is a sharp distinction between the two in the matter of food habits, and it seems to me that this would be very strong evidence at any rate, that may, some day, be used in separating the two insects. Any one wishing to follow up our studies of these species will find them recorded in Bulletin 96, of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, pages 20 22, and the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Volume V, pages 203 204, with illustrations, and Volume XI, pages 437-438 of Entomologi- cal News. It will be a very interesting study, and one fraught with some economic im- portance, to carry on a large number of rearings, both from Aubws and other plants. If this food distinction between the two forms holds good throughout, Oberea tripunctata, Swederus will be entitled to rank as a species. 84 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 A very valuable contribution to our literature upon these insects will be found in Bulletin 23, Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, pages 120-24, by Pro- fessor Slingerland. The two forms are so exceedingly alike in appearance that none but expert entomologists have been able to separate them. As relating to this matter Mr. F. H. Ohittenden, Assistant Entomologist in the Department of Agriculture, wrote me Feb. Sth, 1899, also stating that he had been unable to avoid the impression that the two in- ‘sects were distinct, notwithstanding the opinion of specialists to the contrary. I speak of this more in the way of a suggestion, as it seemed to me a problem which a careful ento- mological student may well take up and solve, HABITS OF THE LARVA OF DERMESTES TALPINUS (MANN.) By Percy B. Grecson, WAGHoRN, ALBERTA, To fur trappers in the far North West the larva of this beetle, which Dr. Fletcher has kindly identified for me, is but too well known. (Fig. 46.) It seems to be ubiquitous and almost omnivorous. Hitherto, however, it has been understood to feed only on dead things, such as fur hide, skin, bacon, wool, dead insects, etc., but in rearing it, as I have in considerable numbers, I have noticed features which show the larva in its very early infancy to be endowed with a very extraordinary activity, or to be a parasite of living insects. These features I should like now to record. My practice when spreading lepidoptera is to place the setting-boards within a box with closely-fitting door, but the frequent destruction of the insect by the Talpinus larva, before the insect itself had become sufficiently set for removing, determined me to investigate the early existence of the larva. I noticed that the butterflies [ caught in May and early June (Coltas occidentalis, EH. discoidalis, etc.) were peculiarly liable to attacks by this pest. Others caught later in the year were free from them. When I discovered the . } larva on the setting-boards (generally on the second or third Bemie Peres. ae ake day after setting ‘ae ee ee tenet of the larve did not of Dermestes lardarius—a exceed one line in length, and from the dust-like frass under SATE a the body of the butterfly and the excavation made in the body, the larva had evidently been at work for some time. It being easily possible for such minute creatures to have crept through some small crack into the interior of the box, I decided this year (1900) to rear a few, as soon as I could get any, in a tightly closed tin tobacco box three inches deep, for I found they could not crawl up the tin sides of such a box. They cannot crawl up tin at any slope greater than 30 degrees. Placed on the higher part of such a slope, they slide down to the bottom, On the 12th of May, 1900, I founda D. talpinus larva on a hybernated speci- men of Vanessa cardui which I had captured and spread on the 10th. This little larva (not a line in length) I at once placed in the empty tin tobacco box, with the carcase of the V. cardui, and closed the lid and saw that there was no space for ingress of even the minutest insect, assuming that it first could scale the tin sides of the box. Being much occupied for the next few days, I simply added a Colias or two (caught in the manner I shall presently describe) without disturbing the little grub which was within the carcase cf the V. cardut. On the 25th May I introduced to him a Colias occidentalis caught that morning. I always carry with me when hunting near home for lepidoptera, a shallow (4 inch deep) tin cigarette box whose lid fits very tightly, requiring an effort in fact to open, and into this box I at once placs, direct from the net, my captured speci- mens, folding them in papers on the spot (first, however, killing the Oolias, Erebias and such sized insects by pressure on the thorax in the net) and it is therefore impossible for SG ! \ 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 any foreign insect to gain access to the interior. I followed this course on the 25th May, and the U’. occidentalis I introduced to the Talpinus larva I took direct from its paper in the shallow box, as I did all the insects with which I fed my Talpinus, and dropped it into the larger tin box. On exploring the interior of this box in the evening of the 25th I found a second Marmoratus larva (very minute) feeding on the body of the newly introduced Colias. On 28th May I introduced another C, occidentalis, caught under and treated in precisely similar fashion to the others above mentioned, and soon afterwards observed a third {little Talpinus larva on the bottom of the tin box. There were now three of these larvze, and for the first time ! introduced to them a small piece of coyoté fur. This, however, was not touched until the carcases still remaining had been devoured, and there was no further increase in the family. On the 4th June, however, I placed two more fresh C’. occidentalis in the box (both caught as before) and as I had now become accus- tomed to mysterious additions to the family I presently observed without surprise a minute Talpinus crawling from jast under the right wing of the last introduced butterfly. Here then were four larvze, all of which had been obtained through freshly captured butterflies, and none of which could have possibly crawled into the deep, close- lidded tin box, nor can I imagine that they could by any possibility have gained admis- sion to the shallow tin collecting box and to the folded papers within, unless they were already on the bodies of the butterflies when captured. In which case their activity seems little short of marvellous, Although on subsequently ceasing to feed the larve with butterflies they ate the fur hide, they nevertheless deserted it again for bodies of insects when I once more introduced that kind of food. I have even found one in the dead body of a common house fly. In closing these few remarks I may add that I procured a dozen of these larvee from butterflies in the above described fashion this year. The first to pupate did so on 7th July and hatched on 9th August. OBSERVATIONS ON SEVERAL SPECIES OF DERMESTID A. By F, M. Wesster, Wooster, O. The necrophagous habits of many of the species of this family of insects are well known, but it is doubtful if the phytophagous habits are very much less emphasized in other species, Byturus unicolor Say, is, perhaps, best known as the Raspberry Fruit beetle, and I have observed it feeding, usually in pairs, on the blossoms of Gewm, either rivale L, or album Gmel. Byturus tomentosus Fab., is destructive to the Raspberry in England. The common introduced fpecies, Dermestes lardarius Linn., while affecting dried skins, meats, etc., is also fond of bread and other grain products, and has twice been reported as destroying honey comb. JD. vulpinus Fab., has been reported as damaging tobacco. ) Perimegatoma cylindricum Kirby, var. angulare, has been reported as a possible enemy of the Fluted scale, Zcerya purchast Maskell. Atlagenus piceus Oliv., has become so destructive to woolen fabrics and carpets as to receive the name of Pitchy or Black Oarpet-beetle. It has been sent to me from Indiana breeding in beet seeds, larve, pup, and adults all being present in the seeds when received. Trogoderma ornatum Say, though beyond a doubt a museum pest, is a vegetable feeder as well. From the seed of the garden sunflower, collected May 28, 1899, this beetle emerged, in the insectary, June 17,1900. From seeds of Ambrosia trifida, col- lected October 10, 1899, a specimen emerged in the insectary, May 19,1900. From seed claster of Huthemia graminifolia, collected October 12, 1899, beetles emerged in the insectary, March 31, 1900. These seeds were infested by unknown larve when collected. Anthrenus scrophularie Linn, so well known as a carpet beetle, I have, for years, ound in abundance during early spring, in the blossoms of the Tulip, and almost in- variably in those of a pure white color, or nearly so. I fully believe that this is more 86 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 of an out of door irsect in this country than we at present suppose, though we know that, at home in Europe from whence we received it, the insect is unknown as a household pest. Anthrenus varius Fab., I have taken in the blossoms of Tulip, in connection with the preceding, and also by itself in the Peony blossomsin June. A single individual was found in a breeding cage, supposed to be secure against the ingress as well as the egress of the smallest insects, in which were thorns of the Honey Locust, infested with lepidopterous larve. Of course, in this case, the beetle might have made its way into the cage, though the probabilities are that it did not. I have reared either this species or A, museorum Linn., from masses of spiders’ nests mingled with the bodies of dead insects, as well as the living, in hibernation, under the loose bark of a hickory tree. NOTES ON DANAIS ARCHIPPUS. By ©. W. Nasu, Toronto. During the past season (1900) I have made the following notes of the movements of this butterfly in the neighbourhood of Toronto : June 14th.—Saw first Archippus butterflies. There were three of them loitering over the willow bushes near the shore of Lake Ontario. They were much faded and ragged ; all of them were flying eastward, Jane 20th.—Archippus butterflies are now common. All are very dull coloured ; their scales being worn off and wings ragged, they look old. July 21st.—I examined a large number of Asclepias for Archippus larve, but found only one, about half-grown. The butterflies are common, but all seen are dull and worn. July 22ad.—On a small patch of Asclepias, near my house, [ found a number of Archippus larvz of various sizes, some very small and ranging up to full-grown ones ; also found several chrysalids. I watched several of these chrysalids for some time, but not one of those I kept nnder observation produced a living butterfly. In each case the insect reached the perfect stage, or nearly so, and then died in the shell. None of these appeared to be parasitized ; they simply dried up. August 5th.—Archippus butterflies are now congregating about the trees near my house, where they roost; some of the fiscks contain over one hundred. These are all large, bright coloured specimens, evidently produced this season. September 4th.—Archippus butterflies were streaming along the lake shore in myriads all this afternoon. I travelled through the flock for about five miles, and in that distance there was no break in the flight; all of them were flying westward. At times individuals would alight on the ground, always with their heads pointing westward. They seemed generally to select a shady spot to alight on, and in some places the ground was covered with them. After resting a few minutes they would get up again and go on with the flying crowds. The wind was from the north-west, very light, in fact scarcely per- ceptib’e, Just at sunset I visited the trees they frequent near my house and found a great many roosting there. September 6th.—Very few Archippus butterflies about to-day. September 7th.—Only saw a few individuals. September 28th.—Saw a few Archippus butterflies to-day, perhaps half a dozen. October 6th.—A few Archippus still about. Prof. Comstock and some other entomologists say that no birds will eat the D. Archippus. This is a mistake, so far as the butterfly is concerned, for I have myself taken them from the stomach of cuckoos. So far I have not identified the Jarve in the stomach of any bird, and it may be that they are never eaten by them. {At London, Ontario, this year the Archippus butterfly was seen as late as Novem- ber 2nd. A specimen captured on the 27th of October lived for over a fortnight in the Society’s room and died apparently from a chill, as it had been left on the windowsill one cold night. | 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN ONTARIO. By Pror. Wu. LocuHeap, GUELPH. It will be remembered that the Government relaxed its strong policy of extermina- tion in May of 1899, owing to the great opposition which was encountered. Nothing was done by the owners of the infested orchards to prevent the spread of the scale until the spring of the present year, 1900, when the Government came to their help and offered to provide whale-oil soap and crude petroleum at half price. While many orchard men took advantage of the liberal offer, it is yet a regrettable fact that many failed to buy soap or crude petroleum, or to use any other remedy. Inspection of the treated orchards, more- over, reveals the fact that the spraying was often done carelersly, or too little of the soap was used per tree. As a result of such careless treatment the scale is even more abundant at the close of this season than it was at the close of last season and the in- fested trees are more plainly detected. It may be said with a great deal of truth that in the infested areas of Guilds and Niagara no orchard is free from scale, and orchards which had not more than ten per cent. of the trees marked for scale last year have now scale on nearly every tree. While careless treatment has done so little to check the spread of the scale, yet some good results have been secured by carefal spraying with good whale-oil soap and crude petroleum. Where whole blocks were trezted carefully the intensity as well as the spread has been checked appreciably, and some of the best fruit was picked from trees which had been marked for one or two years. In the Niagara and St. Catharines districts the owners are, as a rule, indifferent, and the impression seems to have spread that the scale is not any worse, if a3 bad, than some other evils against which the fruit-grower has to contend, and which are infesting orchards, such as Yellows, Rose-Leaf, small peaches, Blight, etc. A cursory inspection fails to show many apple trees which have given way, but many dead limbs can be found, as well as many dead peach trees. In the Guilds district, Kent county, the scale has gained great headway and mod- erately infested orchards of last spring are now badly infested, for no spraying was done to check the progress of th» pest. There, however, the owners are beginning to realize the necessity for action, and several have already purchased spray pumps and are preparing to combat the scale with vigor this coming winter and ear.y spring. ‘Time is evidently required to educate the fruit growers to give their orchards proper care. It is difficult to state with any degree of certainty the extent of spread of the scale to new districts since the work of inspection of orchards was discontinued. Two new locations, however, have been discovered accidentally—one noted in London East by Mr. J. Dearness, and another at Essex Centre by the writer. The latter case was a very severe one, and it is probable that the scale has spread a considerable distance from this new centre. Opinions differ as to the relative merits of good whale-oil soap, and crude petroleum. Some consider the latter a too dangerous remedy to be applied by careless sprayers, and prefer to continue the whale-oil soap treatment. Others, again, maintain that crude petroleum has given better results, both in controlling the scale, and in invigorating the trees. Asa result of the experiments this year some valuable points have been gained. The whale-oil soap must be of a certain standard of quality to give results at all effective, and in the application of the crude petroleum good results depend on the method of spraying—i.e, in the handling of the nozzle, rather than on the percentage of oil, as Mr. G. E. Fisher has already explained to this meeting, A PARASITE OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE. By Joun Dearness, Lonpon. Last year I received a packet of twigs bearing scale insects, mostly San José, from Mr, John Gordon, Guilds P.O., Kent Co, on some of which there were parasitic mites preying at least on the well-grown females of the species of scale insect named. On some 88 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 specimens received this year from the same neighborhood these mites were very numer- ous. I mounted some specimens and with a female S. J. put them in the Society’s collec- tion of microscopic slides. As many as eighteen larval mites were observed under one large scale. Mr. N. Banks, Washington, a well-know expert on mites, reports it 7yroglyphus malus, Skinner, which is known to prey on the larvee of the oyster-shell bark louse. Dr. Howard writes that J. Ligniéres published a valuable article on this mite in the pro- ceedings of the Societé Zoologique de France in 1893. The habits of the mite are given accompanied by excellent anatomical figures. “The San José scale is spreading very fast this year” in Ontario. This statement was made again and again last season, and it is repeated this year. Some people who have heard it, have inferred that since the suspension of the cutting and burning of affected trees the insect has multiplied at a more rapid rate than formerly. The discovery of new areas and new locations of infestation does not prove that the scale has increased abnormally last year and this one. That the pest was not in these newly discovered infestations in 1898 or in previous years is only an assumption ; to say that the township or even the orchard was inspected in that year does not by any means prove that the scale was not there. The officers’ assurance in 1899 that the scale was well-uigh “surrounded” was based on the belief that by tracing the deliveries of stock from the few infested nurseries all initial points of its distribution could be located. The possibility, nay the probability, of a more general introduction may be reasonably suspected from a consideration of the methods adopted by some nursery agencies. For several years past, as a county school inspector, I have received one or more circular letters asking for a list of the addresses of the teavhers ia the county, the reward usually offered for the trouble was one or more young trees or flowering shrubs. The teachers whose addresses were thus obtained were urged to do some canvassing in their respective neighborhoods, or, in some cases, to send a list of orchard owners or probable purchasers in consideration of a like reward to that just mentioned. The badly infested New Jersey nurseries were as likely as any others to supply stock to the jobbers who sought to use the teachers as distributers of it. In addition to the stock imported and scattered all over the country by jobbers there is no doubt that individua! farmers here and there imported young trees direct from the nurserics. Dealers would not put and keep their advertisements in the papers without seeing some benefit from them. These are some of the facts to be considered before accepting the conclusion that all or nearly all the centres of infestation in Ontario were known in 1899 and that new ones are due to the interruption of the methods in operation in the spring of that year. Incalculable good came from the tracing and destroying of affected nursery stock. Upwards of a hundred centres of evil were thus probably rendered harmless. All that the San José scale has cost Ontario has been doubly and trebly repaid by this action alone. On the other hand harm came from the sense of false security begotten of reliance on the reports of immunity based on a superficial examination of the orchards in the fruit growing townships. The hope for the future successful disposal of the scale-insect difficulty lies not in legislative intervention but in education. Every farmers’ institute and every school- house should be a point from which light should be thrown on the nature, life-history and method of treatment of our insect and fungal pests, Lessons on the acale insects could be made as useful and made to yield as good training for the observing and reason- ing powers as an equal number of lessons in spelling, algebra, arithmetic, etc. In August Rev. Mr. Seaborne discovered an infestation of San José scale in London East. In September Mr. Ellwood of St. Thomas sprayed the trees with a very dilute solution of coal-oil to which some common salt was added. He claims that the salt makes the solution more effective against the insect without correspondingly endangering the vitality of the tree. I visited the place twice since Mr. Ellwood’s treatment. The Jeaves of the sprayed trees were injured more or less, but I found no living scale. On one branch I took away there were two females found which did not appear to be dead. On a branch taken subsequently no living scale insects were found. The developments of next spring will tell whether the treatment is effective. 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIO ENTOMOLOGISTS.* The twelfth annual meeting of this society, which was founded in Toronto in 1889, was held at Columbia College, New York, on the 22nd and 23rd of Jane, 1900. In the absence of the President, Prof. Bruner, the chair was taken by the Vice-President, Prof. U. P. Gillette, who read an address on “ the objects of the Association of Economic Entomologists.” The first of these is ‘‘ to discuss new discoveries.” This implies, the speaker said, that new discoveries are to be made. It takes for granted that the mem- bers are to be scientific workers and not mere book students, content to thrash over old straw or to step exactly in the footprints of another. After referring briefly to Dr. Riley’s ‘“‘introduction of the Vedalia to the relief of disheartened fruit growers” in California, and to Dr. Howard’s having made possible the successful culture of the fig through the establishment of Blastophaga grossorum, he stated that it would be difficult to find so small a body of workers, with so meagre an amount of time to be devoted to original research, in any other science who can show larger results in the way of new discoveries in so short a time. A farther object is “to exchange experiences and to carefully consider best methods of work. No one can be a toiler in any special line for a year without encountering experiences that might be related to a fellow-laborer to his profit. We are scattered over a large territory, having widely varying conditions of climate, altitude, and plant and insect life. Each can bring from his particular field some points of peculiar interest to all the others. While we may read one another’s publications and perhaps exchange frequent letters until we almost feel acquainted, it is only occasionally that we can enjoy these meetings together, and it is a great inspiration to talk freely over one’s experiences and plans of work face to face with those who are interested with him in similar lines of labor.” ‘The student of applied entomology is supposed to have a good general knowledge of agricultural affairs, particularly in regard to plant growth. He must be informed upon all the insecticide materials and be able to tell what insects they are suited to kill, in what strength they may be applied to different plants, what their physiological effects will be on both plant and insect life, and when they can best be applied. He is sup- posed to be able to tell at a glance what any insect is that may be handed him, and whether or not it is injurious or beneficial. He is expected to be able to recommend the cheapest and best pumps or other machinery for the application of insecticides. Is it any wonder that we need to get together and exchange experiences and discuss methods of work, particularly when we remember that different results are obtained in different localities? Lime, salt and sulphur, so valuable for the destruction of San Jose scale ou the Pacific coast, were found to be of very little value in the moist atmosphere of the eastern portion of the country ; the codling moth, said to have one brood in Maine, is re- ported to have two in Colorado, and three or four in other places ; insects fairly common but never seriously abundant in one portion of the country are often found to be great pests in others. In view of these conditions it is important that we obtain all the ideas possible from fellow-laborers in different localities, that we may make as few mistakes as possible, and that we may not bring down upon ourselves the distrust of those whom we labor to benefit.” ‘‘We are also ‘to consider best methods of work.’ Method is always important, and particularly is it to be sought for in a young science or industry where long experience has not yet determined the best plans of procedure. It was well at first that a large amount of individuality should enter into the work and a variety of methods be employed. Then, by a process of natural selection, the poorer methods would gradually drop out and the better ones be retained. It is time for this Association to lay aside its swaddling clothes and assume the garb of maturer years. It should be one of its objects to determine upon best methods as soon as expedient to do so. One recommends Paris green or London purple in the proportion of 1 pound to 200 gallons of water, while another will make it one pound to 160 or even 100 gallons for the destruction of the same insect. One recommends two sprayings for the codling moth, another three, * The Editor desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to the official report of the proceedings of this meeting published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 90 THE;REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 and another says spray often enough to keep the fruit covered with a layer of the poison, so as to be sure of killing the second brood. Some advise hellebore for the pear slug, while others prefer one of the arsenites, and still another would use quicklime or simply road dust. Surely there is need for more method and uniformity in our work and in our | recommendations for the control of particalar insects. By free discussions at these meet- ings much can be accomplished to this end.” The next object laid down is ‘ to give opportunity to individual workers of announ- cing proposed investigations, so as to bring out suggestions and prevent unnecessary duplication of work.’ ‘This brings upon us the importance of systematic co operation in our investigations ; it has been often urged upon us, but not much progress has been made. One of the chief difficulties is that each one wishes to plan his own experiments and publish the results, in order that he may not have to share honours with another. Such a feeling is not altogether to be condemned ; neither is it necessary to so plan our co-operation as to make it essential to remove credit from him to whom it belongs. Let us suppose two entomologists are planning independently to test the effect of insecti- cides upon foliage. Each carries through his experiments and publishes the results of his labors. They are still independent experiments, the results of one not supporting or contradicting to any great extent the results of the other. Had each known what was being planned by the other, they could have arranged to carry out their experiments so that they would be largely duplications of each other, and when the results were pub- lished we should have double evidence upon the points under consideration where results agreed ; and where they disagreed, we might be able to find in the different conditions the reason for it. Such a co-operation would bring results of far greater value than those obtained by independent experimentation, and neither party would lose any glory ; in fact, each would receive more credit because of the better conclusions that could be drawn from the work. And then how carefully every conclusion would be reached and backed by positive proof for fear that the other party might get different results! Such duplication as this is of the utmost importance to establish scientific truth, and the more we can have of it the better. It is only the ‘ unnecessary duplication of work’ that our constitution deprecates.” . ‘It is frequently the case that one is working out with considerable care the life habits of an insect, and a little information from exact observations upon some particular point in other localities would be of great service tohim. The person giving the inform- ation would have full credit for what he did, and the world would have the benefit of the combined results. When time can not be taken by the head of a department for this aid, it may often be the case that a special student in entomology would be -glad to get his name into a bulletin for doing a little yood work. I have a cas3in mind to illustrate. The speaker is werking on the life history of the codling moth. His observations make him wonder how it can be possible that there can be so few as one brood or so many as three or four anywhere. He would be greatly aided if a few entomologists in different parts of the conntry would make the following observations and report results this year. First, obtain date of blooming of the earliest apple trees. Second, determine the time of appearance of the first moths of the second brood by collecting a few of the earliest wormy apples and rearing the moths from them. Third, determine when the brood of worms that go over winter without pupation begin to leave thefruit. This can be done by placing cloth bands on the trees about July 15th, and removing the larve that appear under them once a week until those have been taken that do not change toa chrysalis within a short time. Then, with the other facts that have been well worked out, it will be possible to state with considerable definiteness the number of broods in diffsrent portions of the country.” The speaker next referred to the importance of heving at each Experimental Station as complete collections as possible of insects in all their stages that are serious pests, and said that the only way in which this could be accomplished was by a system of matual exchanges. After speaking very briefly on the third clause of the constitution ‘to suggest, when possible, certain lines of investigation upon subjects of general interest,’ he went on to the last clause, ‘ to promote the science and advance the study of entomology.’ “The usefulness of any applied science depends upon man’s knowledge of the natural laws operating in that science. An astronomer could not determine the very day, hour, and minute when an eclipse of the sun would be visible at a particular spot on the earth’s 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOUIETY. 91 — surface, or the exact date of the return of a comet, if he did not thoroughly understand the operation of the laws by which these marvellous phenomena are brought about. Neith- er can applied entomology accomplish its highest mission in the world for man’s benefit until he succeeds in thoroughly working out and interpreting aright the laws which prevail in the insect world, and they are many and intricate, and some of them difficult of solu- tion. Whatever we can do to interest others in the study of insect life, in any of its phases, to the end that new facts are recorded, will help to the more perfect understanding of our favorite science and consequently to its usefulness. Weare greatly indebted to the pure systematist in entomology who never attempts to make a practical application of his knowledge.” “Tt would greatly promote the science of entomology if each member of this Asssoci- ation would make a special systematic study of some groups of insects, however small, and publish the result as a personal contribution to the pure science of entomology. We would be better workers in economic problems for so doing. A study of the habits of in- sects in nature’s laboratory fits one for a grade of systematic work that he never could at- tain as a closet naturalist.” ‘‘ A knowledge of food plants, of broods, of local variations, and of variations occur- ring among the offspring of a single pair, determined by careful observation in nature's haunts or by breeding in the laboratory, is as essential to enable one to establish true specific differences as is a thorough knowledge of structural character.” “To promote a science it is necessary to make known its relations to human in- terests. If men can be shown that their health, wealth, or happiness depends upon a knowledge of insect life, there will be no trouble to interest people in the study of entom- ology. Show the farmer, the gardener, and the horticulturist the importance of knowing the habits of insects in order to successfully combat the pests that destroy their crops ; bring to the attention of the preacher the inexhaustible fund of evidence and illustration with which to teach his flock the power, wisdom, mercy, care, and omnipresence of the Creatcr of all; make known to the artist the boundless field which a study of insects opens to him for the display and developement of his powers in portraying graceful and fantastic forms and in preparing and blending colors of the most exquisite beauty and harmony ; teach those that instruct the young what a wealth of interesting and easily obtained ob- jects are always at hand from insect life with which to fascinate the child and secure his lifelong interest in natural history study ; make it plain to all that the very laws of life that prevail in the higher realm are equally patent among the creeping, crawling creatures of lower rank and smaller size—do all this, and the science of entomology wiil quickly take the rank it deserves among its sister sciences.” “ fn closing let me urge that we keep in mind the worthy objects for the promotion of which we are banded together. Let us keep the standard of work up to the ideal con- ceived by those in whose minds the organization had its birth. Let usshow a willingness to sacrifice self-interest when it is necessary for the general good, and let us do all in our power to preserve and strengthen the fraternal feeling that has ever existed among our members,” : In a subsequent discussion of the address, Prof. Webster said that there were very many features in it of vital importance to working entomologists. One thing he consider- ed entitled to especial emphasis and that was the matter of duplication of work. The fact that one member was working upon a given species in one State or Province and another member was working upon exactly the same species in another region of country, while apparently a duplication of work is not really so, because in all probability very different results would be obtained. No two men see the same thing in the same light, and climate, Jatitade and elevation also have a great deal to do with the action of insects. As to the matter of mapping out work, it must be remembered that most entomologists are Ilmited in their powers, and, while they can plan work, itis not always easy to carry it out, as a station director or a board of trustees might greatly revise his plans. In regard to the introduction of foreign paras'tes, it seemed to him that it is a field we are just entering, with the future all before us, and there would be many failures ; but where such work was carri‘d out carefully he believed it might prove successful with respect to a great many introduced species of insects. When we come to carry it oat between States, how 92 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 —_—_—_—— — - ever, other difficulties will surround us. He went to a great deal of pains to obtain from Professor Morgan an egg parasite of Murgantia, and after getting it established, it was swept out of existence during the winter of 1893-99, and no good has come from the in- troduction. He was also of the opinion that a great deal could be done by an exchange of experiences with insecticides, such as had taken place in the morning session, as insect- icides seldom have the same effect in different portions of the country. It had always seemed to him that the work of the economic entomologist was very largely to work out life histories, and after he had done this and had found out methods that could be used to destroy the insect his duty ends and the work of the horticulturist and agriculturist be- gins. He did not think it ought to be necessary for an entomologist to make of himself a mechanical, hydraulic, or civil engineer. Prof. Fernald referred to the remark just made by Mr. Webster to the effect that no two men saw the same thing in the same light, and said that the same was often true in listening to an address, for generally no two men got the same ideas from it. For him other parts of the address than those mentioned by other speakers had presented them- selves with particular force, and especially those with reference to collections in connec- tion with the insectary or entomological work of any kind. It seemed to him that the work of a station whether connected with a college or not, is most emphatically educa- tional, for even if it be not educational to students or visitors, it is certainly educational to the workers ai the station themselves, and by continually adding to such a collection they are adding to their education as well as to the education of the residents of the region. He had thus far found a great demand for collections rather different from those ordinarily met with, The ordinary collection contains the rare insects as frequently as it does the destructive ones, and by that he meant to uphold the question that was raised in the address with reference to how many of the common insects could be found in dif- ferent collections. He suggested that, so far as his own experience goes, there are too few collections in which all stages are preserved in connection with the work that insects do. A large part of the material that he receives in Massachusetts does not contain any insect whatever, but simply a sample of the work of the insect which has either escaped from the box or was never inclosed. The problem in such cases is to tell what has done the damage by the damage itself. He found that his greatest help was to preserve speci- mens of the insect and of the work it was doing, and he used such specimens in the iden- tification of material sent in, perhaps fifty times as often as any other specimens. Our collections, in his opinion, should be amplified along the lines of early stages and the work done by the insects, and such collections will appeal strongly to the people. The whole address was interesting and suggestive, but it was this feature which interested him most. He had also had experience with the Murgantia parasite obtained from Louisiana by the kindness of Mr. Morgan, and while he was now fortunate in not having Murgantia to deal with, it was a great relief, while searching around, to find that there was some one who could assist him, and he thought anything in that line should be en- couraged, for when a man wants a thing of that sort he wants it badly. Mr. Johnson said there was another important suggestion implied in the address, and that was the commercial side of entomology—if the term might be permitted. We have enough systematic entomologists at the present time, and perhaps enough economic entomologists, but we do need another lot of men who will take up purely the ecological side ; that is, they must study conditions in the field. The day is coming, and is not far distant, when our great commercia! railroads and some of our greatest manufacturing concerns, such as canneries, will employ cecological entomologists just as they employ engineers and other skilled labor. He felt quite certain that this would come about, and that a new field would open to young men especially, who would take up this commercial side of the entomological problem. To give an illustration of what he meant, he said he would try to bring this out in a paper which he would read on the following day on the subject of the pea louse in Maryland, which has destroyed more than $4,000,000 worth of green peas along the Atlantic coast this season. When insect injury touches the pockets of the producers to that extent they are going to leok about for the men who have a knowledge of the insects. It means money to them. He had been in consultation with some of the high officials of one of our prin- cipal railroads, and felt certain that the day is not far distant when these roads will em- ploy men to take up the entomological study and development of the territory through 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 which their lines run. He considered this an important point for the student of ento- mology to bear in mind. Of course such a man must go out and study conditions over a vast area. He must also know what our worthy chairman is doing in Oolorado ; what Mr. Weed is doing in New Hampshire; what Mr. Lounsbury is doing in South Africa ; what Dr. Fletcher is doing in Canada—in short he must keep posted on the entomology of the whole world and be ready to meet any emergency. Prof. Hopkins said that he found in the spruce forests of Maine that a large timber concern controlling some 300,000 acres employed a practical forester and scientific man, and paid him about $1,500 a year, to give advice on practical methods of cutting timber and making surveys. The concern mentioned sent this man with the speaker through the spruce forests of Maine to learn all he could about forest insects. This was another evidence of the fact that the practical men are beginning to realize that they can very profitably make use of the results of scientific research. A vote of thanks to the chairman for his interesting and suggestive address was un- animously adopted. Dr. L. O. Howard, in the first paper, detailed the operations performed in the intro- duction and establishment of the Blastophaga in the fig plantations of California, which had been carried on since the last meeting. The paper will be published in full in the Year-book of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for 1900. EsTABLISHMENT OF A New BENEFICIAL INSECT IN OALIFORNIA. A second note presented by Dr. Howard also related to the introduction of a bene- ficial insect. He stated that it would perhaps be remembored that at the tenth annual meeting of this Association he had referred to his efforts to introduce and establish in this country, with the assistance of Prof. Antonio Berlese, of Italy, the interesting Oriental parasite known as Scutellista cyanea. In Italy this curious parasite occurs commonly in the wax scale (Ceroplastes rusct), and it was introduced into Italy in all probability from the Orient about forty years ago, although originally described by Motschulsky in 1859 from specimens reared by Nietner in Ceylon from Lecaniwm coffe. The living specimens were sent by Dr. Berlese and his colleague, Dr. Leonardi, and were colonized at Baton Rouge, La. ; also in Washington D.O., in the insectary of the Division of Entomology upon Ceroplastes cirripediformis. ‘The Washington specimens did not succeed in perpetuating the species and nothing has been found since of the Louisiana material. A year later Mr. U. P. Lounsbury, government entomologist of Oape Colony, found this species parasitic upon Lecaniwm olew, the common black scale, in Cape Colony, and sent specimens to the writer for identification. The past spring, Mr. Lounsbury, at the write:’s request, made formally through the United States Secretary of Agriculture to the Secretary of Agriculture of Cape Colony, brought with him from Cape Town to New York two boxes of twigs covered with the black scale affected with this parasite, and expressed them to Washington, whence they were immediately forwarded to Mr. K. M. Ebrhorn, the horticultural inspector of Santa Clara County, Cal. On June 19 the writer received a letter from Mr. Ehrhorn announcing the arrival in living and healthy condition of the parasites in question. The twigs in one box were somewhat mouldy but quite a number of parasites were crawling about in the box and were found in the pupal condition in some of the scales. Mr. Ehrhorn had been warned by telegraph and had prepared twenty-five infested oleander plants by potting them and had covered each with a tight bag of the finest Swiss muslin. In these most of the parasites were liberated and a few were allowed to fly in the orchard. Specimens of a hy perparasite (Tetrastichus sp.) also survived the journey, but Mr. Ehrhorn was on the lookout for this parasite and isolated them as they appeared, pending instructions from Washington a. to their destruction. The writer had strong hope of the successful establishment of this species at San Jose, the climate being appropriate and the supply of food unlimited, and stated further that this was another instance of international entomological work which emphasized the fact that this Association through this class of work binds together its members all over the world more than any other association. At the opening of the discussion on the paper, Dr. Howard said that he would be glad to hear from Mr. Lounsbury on the subject of this parasite of the black scale. He 94 THE REPORT OF THE [| No. 19 said he wished to add that Mr. Lounsbury had sent two boxes, one a deep box and the other a shallow one. The shallow box carried the more successfully ; the scales had begun to rot in the deep one. Mr. Lounsbury stated that the history of the case dated back to his first arrival in Cape Colony. Before he had been there a year he noticed that the black scale was not injurious, and upon travelling about the Colony he found the same condition true over many thousand miles of territory. Later, upon obtaining specimens of the parasite and corresponding with Mr. Howard on the subject, the latter had suggested his sending it to California. For four years he had been watching for an opportunity to get a suffi-ient number of parasites to send, but the scale is so well kept in check by the parasites or by other factors, that until this year he was unable to find a large quantity. Last year he mentioned the matter in his annual report; a copy of which he had cent to Mr. Ehrhorn, who at once wrote and asked him to take steps to get the parasite established in Oali- fornia. He replied that he would gladly do all he could, but would like Mr. Ehrhorn to make it a formal matter so that he might be able to spend the time and money necessary. This was done and Mr. Lounsbury received formal orders to go ahead. He set about it in two ways: First, he had scales collectad and reared young larve from them, whici were placed on young oleander trees now being kept in the Cape Town gardens, Prim- ary parasites were to be admitted to the plants, but secondaries excluded. These plants in time he may be able to send to the United States in Wardian cases. Second, while waiting for these to develop he had Mr. Mally go out and search the country side, with the fortunate result that relatively large colonies of scale were found where Mr. Louns- bury had seen small colonies the year before. Mr. Mally collected for nearly a week and brought in over a bushel of twigs which were carefuliy sorted, cut into foot lengths, and the ends dipped into sealing wax. The twigs were then wrapped in tissue paper. The matter of the differently shaped boxes was purely accidental. He went to the grocery shop and picked out what he thought would be best suited, taking one shallow box and one deep box in order to try them. He thought that packed in the manner above described and placed in a wooden box, what moisture came would be absorbed by the wood. The boxes were packed the night preceding Mr. Lounsbury’s departure, the deep box being placed on a dry shelf in the fruit room of the Oape steamer and the shallow box kept in the stateroom. In this way the insects were taken to England, which he hurried across and took the next liner. He then tried to get the box which he had kept in the fruit room alsa placed in a cool room on the New York steamer, but found no choice between putting it in the meat room or leaving it outside. He preferred not to freeze the insects because the, varasites, not being accustomed to such temperature, might succumb, and he therefore placed the box in an empty cabin below the water line. The voyage was for- tunately cool, the temperature averaging about 60°. The shallow box was kept in his stateroom, as on the Cape steamer, and immediately upon arrival in New York both boxes were shipped to Dr. Howard. They arrived in New York in 25 days from Cape Town, a quick passage which, perhaps, could not be repeated. On beiny asked if the black scale in South Africa is destructive to citrus trees to the same extent as in California, Mr. Lounsbury replied that he had seen citrus trees infested in only about ten places in the last five years, and never iaore than a few scales at any of these places. Occasionally he had seen the scale on citrus trees from Natal or from Aus- tralia which had been imported to the Cape. One orchardist having several thousand trees, said he had seen a few on his Australian trees, but they had disappeared. He him- self was unable to find any there after a year from the importation. It is not known of what country the scale is a native, but it must have been in Cape Colony for many years, It occurs most commonly on oleander, which at the Cape is an outdoor plant, and Myro- porum. He had found it 150 miles inland and on numerous indigenous plants away from settlements. TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES. A conversation on the subject of the transmission of parasites from one region of country to another then followed. Mr. Johnson said that he had recently received a request from Mr. Ehrhorn of California, for parasites that preyin the Kast on the im- ported cabbage worm. It seemed to Mr. Johnson that this was a matter for co-operation, j i 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 ——, and he merely mentioned the fact as a suggestion from Mr. Ebrhorn that it is very desir- able to establish such parasites in that section. He had promised to do what he -could from his end of the line, and he hoped that others who were fortunate enough to possess such parasites would aleo assist. He had also received a request from Professor Morgan for specimens of the parasite which he had bred and which Mr. Howard had named. Professor Morgan is anxious to colonize this parasite on Murgantia histrionica in Louisiana, and Mr. Johnson had promised to send him parasitized eggs of the harlequin cabbage bug at the earliest opportunity, but up to the present time had been unable to find any specimens of this destructive pest. Three years ago it was one of the most de- structive insects in the Maryland and Virginia cabbage-growing sections, but since the freeze of February, 1899, he had seen very few specimens. He was unable to say whether this was due entirely to the freeze or to the parasites. The parasite is a new species (Encyrtus Johnsont Howard, Oan. Ent. Vol. XXX, pp. 17, 18) and there seems to be some promise of its successful introduction into the South. Mr. Gillettte said he considered the matter of parasites one of great interest, and he hoped the subject would be further discussed. In Colorado nature often seems out of balance, There are a number of species which are not abundant in the East, but which are very injurious in Colorado, and he thought it was because the parasites have not been carried to that section of the country. [n his opinion it would be of the greatest benefit to certain portions of the country to introduce insect enemies, both parasitic and pre- daceous. Dr. Howard said he desired to call the attention of the members of the Association to the fact that this was the most representative meeting of the Association ever held. Not only was Mr. Woodworth, of California, present, with Mr, Fernald, of Massachu- setts, Mr. Weed, of New Hampshire, and Messrs Qaaintance and Scott, of the Southern States, but also “ our dear old frierd,” Mr. Fletcher, of Canada, and Mr. Lounsbury, who had carried American economic entomology clear across the Atlantic Ocean to South Africa. Mr. Currie, the under secretary of agriculture for Cape Colony, who was recently visiting Mr. Howard in Washington, had said that he was very glad indeed that he had sent for an American entomologist to come to the Cape, and congratulated his department upon being able to secure such a man as Mr. Lounsbury. Dr. Howard presented a third note in which he gave an account of the usefal work performed by the larv of a little lady-bird beetle, Hyperaspis signata, in destroying the scales on maple trees, Pulvinaria acericola, and also those of P. innumerabilis. These larve very much resemble the scales on which they feed. Mr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York, read a paper on Some Erricts or Earty Sprinc APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES ON FRUIT-TREES. He said that a series of tests had this spring been begun near Albany, N. Y., with the object of ascertaining the best method of controlling the San Jose Scale in orchards. During the progress of the work trees were treated with mechanical mixtures of water and kerosene, and of water and crude petroleum, using 20 and 25 percent. of the oils and app'ying with a kero-water sprayer. A few trees were treated with undilated kerosene and others with undiluted crude petroleum ; a number of trees were also treated with caustic potash whale oil soap, at the rate of 24 lbs. tc a gallon of water, and some with a com- bination of the soap and crude petroleum in the proportion of one pound of soap to four gallons of water, and one gallon of the oil to ten gallons of the soap solution. The spray- ing was mostly done on April 11th and the work was performed in a mixed orchard of over 1(0 youug pear, peach, plum and cherry trees, where the San José scale had been for about eight years, and the trees, therefore, presented every degree of infestation. The undiluted kerosene and crude petroleum were applied to the worst infested trees. The spraying with the insecticides occurred just before the buds began to open, and with the exception of the trees treated with the undiluted oils very few or no harmful effects were observed. Eight days after spraying, the trees as a rule were budding out. Those treated with kerosene gave litile indication of the presence of the oil on the bark, while the dark colour of those treated with crude petroleum was very apparent, a condi- tion which still continues at the time of writing, June 20th. The whale-oil soaps showed to a considerable extent. Photographs were exhibited showing the harmlessness of 96 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 mechanical 20 per cent. emulsions of either kerosene or crude petroleum, also of similar 25 per cent. emulsions. Other photographs showed positive injury from the use of un- diluted kerosene, and most marked injury from undiluted crude petroleum ; one plum tree was killed outright by the latter treatment. Experiments undertaken in other localities also served to show that crude petroleum may seriously injure trees under certain conditions. The trees may eventually outgrow the harm, and it is possible that the injury may be no greater than the scale would have caused, if allowed to go unchecked. The mechanical dilutions of crude petroleum, at least up to 25 per cent., appear to be harmless if applied before the buds are open, and it is to be hoped that they will prove effective in controlling the scale. A general discussion followed the reading of Mr. Felt’s paper. Mr. Scott said that in Georgia undiluted crude petroleum killed peach and plum trees outright, but 50 per cent. and less streugth did very little damage. The best results were obtained with 25 per cent. in mechanical mixture with water sprayed with a Gould kero water sprayer. The application was made just before the fruit buds opened in the spring ; all the insects reached by the spray were killed, according to notes made up to June 12. Until that date the sprayed trees remained oily and the odor of the crade petroleum could yet be detected. It is a reasonable conclusion, then, that the scale can not live so long under such a coating of oil. He had concluded that the 25 per cent. crude petroleum in mechanical mixture was better than refined kerosene of the same strength. Mr. Woodsworth said that when the bulletin from the New Jersey station came out it was heralded all over California, and he had to write more lettersin regard to the kero- gene and crude petroleum treatment than about any other insecticide. Crude petroleum in California is a very indefinite term, since there is a crude petroleum from Ventura which is as thick and black as molasss, and from that it varies to crude petroleum which is almost as thin as gasoline. Even in a single well the product varies according to depth and age, and distillations show that it varies greatly in composition. He had been assured that the Eastern product varied also, and was of opinion that before we can recommend any percentage of crude petroleum we will have to establish a criterion of excellence. The different kinds of crnde petroleum he had experimented with in California produced very different results—strikingly different. There is also a very decided difference in results according to time of spraying with the same oil. Thus spraying before rain and after rain may produce entirely different results. He had sprayed with some forms of crude petroleum without injury which would have thoroughly destroyed the foliage at an- other time of day. The amount of water in the leaf may determine to a certain extent the damage by the oil. It seemed to him, therefore, that another thing that must be done before we can really properly understand the action of the oil will be to study the effect of the oil upon the vegetable tissue. Perhaps this had already been done, but it was still in large part a mystery to him. Mr. Webster said he had used oil from two wells located in different parts of Ohio this year, and although the analysis ran almost exactly the same in each case the effect has been different. In the one case he had not seen the orchard for several weeks, but when he last saw it the peach trees seemed to have been in many instances killed by the use of crude petroleum. He could not say whether the oil had been applied just before or just after a rain. In the other case the trees sprayed were seedling apples on the ex- periment farm, the experiment being made to determine if possible ihe effect upon the trees and not against insects. Some of the trees leaved out at the proper time about as freely as usual, while others had no leaves at all. At the present time, however, there was no apparent difference whatever in them, all having finally leaved out precisely the same. It was evidently nothing but a temporary injury. His experiments had pro- duced such various results that he was badly mixed up and did not favour recommending the use of kerosene of any sort. He was of the opinion that the variation would be just as great in the crude article as in the refined. Mr. Hopkins said that in West Virginia they have a great variety of petroleum, from that as thick and black as molasses to the thin light-coloured product. The oil ob- tained from the Standard Oil Company is a mixture of all kinds except the heavy oil. The heavy oil is used for lubricating machinery. He had obtained some results which are quite at variance with the testimony of others and show what conflicting results can be obtained in different States. In one case he recommended crude petroleum as an experi- ee se. we eee ye , x iu \ a ‘ a. J oi 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 ment in a large orchard which was almost dead from the scale and which the owner re- _ fused to cut down. It had been sprayed once with pure kerosene, which did some damage and killed many scales, but the owner had allowed it to go without treatment ard the _ scales had again covered the trees, He sprayed it with crude petroleum obtained in Bal- timore. When he last saw the orchard, in April, the trees were black and greasy, but underneath the bark they were as healthy as ever, the leaves were coming out in full, and the owner claimed that the crude petroleum had benefited them. He was not recom- mending the oil, but simply giving this as an example. His spraying was done in Feb- ruary and wherever the oil touched the bark it remained dark and greasy for months afterwards. A thorough examination failed to reveal any of the living scales, and he believed that the young scales could not settle and live on the oily surface. He felt very much encouraged. It is one of those problems which require co-operative work. Asa result of further investigation, he thinks it may become one of the best insecticides ever discovered. He could not think of any better work than trying to find the reasons for the great difference in results in experimental work with insecticides, Mr. Webster said he was unable to see what could be gained even if crude petroleum should be perfected. It was true that we wil! have to get something cheaper and more effec- tive than whale-oil soap, which if used on peach trees except during the winter will destroy the fruit, but in view of the difficulty he had had in getting crude petroleum and the high price asked for it, how much better an insecticide than whale-oil soap would we have even if it was perfected? He thought that entomologists who cared for their repu- tation would experiment much and say little for publication, for the present at least. He further stated that while experimentation was always in order, it would be best to stick to the whale-oil soap until more obscurities in regard to the use cf petroleum kad been eliminated. Mr. Johnston said he agreed with Mr. Webster. We have got to get something better than kerosene for both peach and plum. Im one in- stance he had sprayed an orchard of two hundred 9-year old _ peach trees in February with 25 per cent. kerosene and not a tree was living on the 28th of April last. It seemed to him that atmospheric conditions were at the bottom of the difficulty, and he thought it would be necessary to go back to the old whale-oil soap remedy, which destroyed the scale more eftectively and was less liable to injure tha trees. Jt would not be wise to substitute crude petroleum for whale-oil soap. After three years experience with the soap, kerosene and gas, he was of the opinion that there are other conditions which must be studied more seriously in the future than in the past, and he heartily agreed in the opinion that co-operation is desirable. He believed it would produce better results in the future. We must not confine our labours to the territorial boundaries of a State, but go outside for information, suggestions and experiences of others. Dr. Fletcher remarked that he was glad to hear what had been said about whale-oil soap and crude petroleum. He had never yet been able to see what object there was in trying to use petroleum. The results were far too conflicting and always unsatisfactory, and the question of cost in the ruin of apparatus was never considered. There was very slight injury to the hose in the use of potash whale-oil soaps, which could now be obtained of pretty uniform manufacture and had been giving good results. These are always to be had, and are easy to get in most places, while he had found great difficulty in getting crude petroleum. He thought there was room for experiment with much weaker mixtures of the potash soaps during the summer. His experience was in favour of these soaps in preference to cither crude petroleum or kerosene mixed with water. Even with the kerosene emulsion there is sometimes unexpected injury to the trees, which was always put down to difference in the oil or in the water. He was satisfied for the present that the whale-oil soap was the safest remedy, and it was the best for those who are official entomologists, who have to recommend formulz to people who will make a mistake if they possibly can. Mr. Sanderson related his experience with crude petroleum, which was favourable to its use. He had sprayed a pear orchard on the Delaware river with it in the latter part of January, on a cloudy day, followed by a little hail and rain soon afterwards. Two months later he sprayed another lot of 100 trees with a 25 per cent mixture; it wasa very windy day and almost all the trees previously sprayed got a dose of the 25 per cent. 7 EN. 98 THE REPORT OF THE {| No. 19 Se anand - — -_ ~ ——_-—-— mixture on one side, Examination shows no injury on either lot. Here and there could be seen a tree not doing well, but that was owing to the spray of a year before with pure kerosene. The buds were not injured. The growers in his region never use whale-oil soap, because it destroys the buds. They have used it during midwinter and it destroyed buds, and have now given it up. Mr. Woodworth said that he.did not wish his former remarks to be construed to mean that there is no future for crude petroleum as an insecticide, but he desired to emphasize the fact that there is a great deal to learn, In some of the large orchards in Oalifornia crude petroleum has been used with success, but not against the San Jose scale, He is of the opinion that there is a great future for crude petroleum, and that the time will come when it will be cheaper in the East. In California it is the cheapest insecticide that can be bought. Three papers were read by Mr. Clarence M. Weed on “The oviposition of an egg parasite of Vanessa antiopa”; “The oviposition of Oaccecia cerasivorana,” and ‘The relation of Pimpla conquisitor to Olisiocampa Americana.” The last-named insect (Pimpla) is the most important parasite which attacks the pupa of the apple-tree tent- caterpillar, ; HypDR0-CYANIO-ACID GAS. The reading of a paper by Prof. Fernald on “ The Marguerite Fly,” which he has retained for publication elsewhere, led to a discussion regarding the use of hydro-cyanic acid gas. PE oivior to a question from Mr. Johnson, as to whether hydro-cyanic acid gas had been ured, Prof. Fernald stated that there was objection to the use of this substance among florists, who have an exaggerated idea of the danger involved and will not often use it. He had no doubt hydro-cyanic-acid gas would be more effective, but thought the florists would prefer to use carbon bisulphide, as this substance had proved satisfactory. Dr. Fletcher thought that remedial work against the flies during the winter would be better than work against the larvee after they have eaten the leaves. Prof. Fernald replied that the problem had been thus far looked at by him entirely from the florists’ standpoint, and the insect treated in the stage at which the florists would first see it and want to treat it. He was certain, however, that the fly could be handled by fumigating the greenhouses. Mr. Johnson stated that one could not be too careful in the use of hydrocyanic-acid gas, and he wanted to caution all those who used it. In one instance, after preparing the chemicals necessary for generating the gas, he thought he would take his chances in _ dropping the cyanide in the jar and get out, but he felt the effects of the gas almost — immediately. By the time he reached the door a haze came over his eyes, everything looked black, and a feeling similar to blind staggers overcame him. Experience has proved that it is not a trifling matter, and he would caution all who had occasion to use | the gas. At the same time he felt that hydrocyanic-acid gas was the coming material for the destruction of certain insect pests in mills where stored grain and other products be- come infested. He had recently performed one of the largest experiments ever under- taken in the use of hydrovyanic acid gas, in a five-story brick mill in Oanada. Over 150 pounds of potassium cyanide was discharged in the mill, and the results were very gratify- ing. It practically eliminated the flour moth from the mill. Dr. Fletcher said he did not think enough care could be taken in giving instructions when recommending hydrocyanic-acid gas for general use, especially in this stage of introducing it, as a fatal case or two would put an end to its use entirely. Several strik- ing instances had lately been mentioned which show the intensely poisonous nature of this gas. Much more care, instead of less, than has been exercised in the past is neces- sary. With regard to the use of bisulphide of carbon, he certainly was not satisfied with its use in mills and had not got the results promised for it. He was very sorry Mr. Marlatt was not present at the meeting, as his laisser-faire policy had given him a lot of trouble with the people he had to deal with, and he was of the opinion that some others of the Association might have liked to discuss that matter somewhat. Mr. Webster stated that his fumigating houses in Ohio are covered carefully and made perfectly air tight by the use of layers of building papor, but if the ordinary nurseryman makes his own fumigating house he would not make it any more air-tight ; 1900 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 than a hencoop. H:3 had tried almo3t every way of introdacing the cyanida, but the man who did the work invariably complained of severe headaché, until he devised a method of combining the mixtures under the floors, Mr, Lounsbury suggested that a simple way was to have a small lead tube leading from the outside of the house, the vessel containing the cyanide being placed under the - tube, the door closed and locked, and the water and acid freshly mixed being poured in through the little fannel or tube and tho aperture closed, Mr. A, L. Quaintance of the Georgia Experimental Station, read the next paper on Diabrotica 12-punctata which is aserious pest to corn in the Southern States. The injury to the plant is confined almost entirely to the work of the larve on the under- ground portions of the plant, as the roots and stem below the surface of the soil, The attack is mainly in the spring while the plants are quite young. The writer gave an account of the life history of the beetle and the experiments that had been made with a view toits control. He found that if eight to ten grains of corn be planted in each hill, the plants would not all be destroyed, and the injury from this Southern corn-root worm would be practically avoided, or so distributed that the damage would be trifling. Mr. ©. P. Lounsbury gave a long and very interesting account of his observations on the habits and associations of a number of species of Ticks that cause great annoyance and much injury to live stock in South Africa, Mr. W. M. Scott presented a paper on the Ooccide of Georgia in which he enumer- ated 41 species of scale insects that he had found in the State, and gave their localities and food-plants. On Saturday morning, June 23rd, the Association met in joint session with the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, the President of which (Prof. Beal) read his annual address. Dr. L. O. Howard gave an account of the progress of Economic ‘Entomology in the United States, which is published in the year-book of the U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture for 1899; and Mr. C. P. Gillette read a paper entitled ‘ Apiary Notes.” NOTES UPON THE DESTRUCTIVE GREEN PEA LOUSE FOR 1900, (Nectarophora Destructor, JOHNS). By W. G Jounson, Cottece Park, Mo. Perhaps no insect in recent years has attracted more attention than the destructive green pea louse. It became conspicuous, first, on account of its ravenous attacks upon the pea fields, a crop heretofore practically immune from the ravages of insects; and, secondly, from the fact that it was a species not recorded in science. What condition in nature was responsible for such a general distribution of a new species of insect the writer will not attempt to discuss in this short paper. It appeared last year, and was recorded for the first time, from Maine along the Atlantic coast southward to North Oarolina, and westward to Wooster, Ohio. It was also observed in Nova Scotia and Ottawa, Oanada, I had it sent to me from Massachusetts and Vermont in July and August, and complaints of its serious nature have come to me from Chillicothe, Ohio, Long Island, N.Y., portions of New Jersey, and Wisconsin (August). I first observed the pest May 18, 1899, and have had it under constant observation from that date to the present writing. I described the newcomer in the February issue of the Oanadian Entomologist as Mectarophora de- structor. A very long name, I admit, but if there is anything in a name being a burden to its possessor, we hope that this one will accomplish such a purpose, From the first I have held that this insect is probably a clover pest. It has been observed upon both red and crimson clover, and this season hundreds of acres of red clover have been destroyed by it. In one instance, reported to me June 13, Mr. O, Silas Thomas, of Lander, Frederick County, Md., stated that the pest had almost entirely ruined 65 acres of red clover for him. Many other cases of a similar nature were reported or observed by us. The attack has been very common upon crimson clover also, but I have not heard of a field being killed by it. That clover, and perhaps the red clover, is 109)... THE REPORT OF THE [No 19 | its original food plant seems quite conclusive from our experiments and observations. I am of the opinion that red clover is its original food, and that it is, therefore, primarily a clover pest. Without doubt it is a native American insect, and has spread its attacks to crimson clover and field peas, as these two plants have encroached upon the feeding ground of the louse. It spends the winter, at least in the South, as an adult in clover fields. It may winter in another form farther north. It is barely possible that this insect has other food plants and lives over winter upon them, but clover is, no doubt, the main plant upon which it lives. Mr. F. H. Chittenden, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division cf Entomology, in Washington, observed this insect, or one very closely allied to it, feeding upon a number of species of vetches in Washington this year. From a long series of experiments in the laboratory we have shown that there are two kinds of females known at present, the winged and wingless forms. No male has as yet been discovered, and perhaps in the South none exists, and the insect remains over winter in the adult stage, as stated above, upon some plant, and in most instances this is clover. The female produces living young which reach maturity in from ten to fifteen days, and possibly less time in hot weather. As an example, a young one born March 4 reached maturity (winged form) March 16, or 12 days from time of birth, and was pro- ducing living young on March 19. From that date to April 17 it became the mother of 111 young and then died, Her first young (wingless form), born March 19, reached maturity and was producing on March 31, or eleven days from time of birth; from that — date to April 13 she gave birth to 120 young and died. We have made many other observations of a similar character, but this will suffice to show the rapid reproductive powers of this insect, and we might state that in many instances where this insect was first observed on May 1], three weeks later the fields were abandoned on account of its attacks. Oalculated from the average number of insects produced per day (which is 6), in six weeks one would become the progenitor of 423, 912. It was estimated last year that the total loss from the attacks of the creature along» the Atlantic Ooast States was $3,000,000, and that the crop was only one-half the usual output. From information obtained from the largest growers, the most experienced seeds men, and most extensive dealers in this line of business, ‘‘ The Trade,” a canned goods journal published in Baltimore, has gathered the information that the crop of peas of the Atlantic Coast this year will not exceed, on the outside, one-third of what it was last year. This is about as serious as it can be, when it is taken into account that itis mostly due to this one pest, and that it is certain to increase its destructive powers from year to year, unless some factor in nature intervenes to check and retard its further development. With this condition of affairs it is not strange that farmers have become thoroughly dis- couraged and make the statement that they will be more cautious about planting peas for market purposes, or for the packer, in the future. With this year’s experience, however, we have shown conclusively in our experiments and practical works in the field that this insect can be kept in control to a very great ex- tent if taken in hand in time. In the firat place, the peas must be planted in rows 24 or 30 inches apart, and not broadcast or in drills, as has been the case over a wide area throughout many of the Southern States. As an illustration of this we may cite an instance on the place of Mr. C. H. Pearson, a large packer of Baltimore. His 600 acre pea plantation was practically saved by persistent and energetic efforts on his part this season. All the methods from a practical standpoint were tried on this place, and it was found that the brush ani cultivator method was the most effective. Forty men were therefore engaged to work in the field, and the 600 acres were brushed and culti- vated every third day for a period of two weeks, and in this manner tho entire field was saved, netting the owner from 25,000 to 30,000 cases of peas of 2 dozen each. It is a fact which is not questioned by those who are familiar with this plantation that had not this persistent and energetic fight bean followed, the greater portion of the psoas would have been destroyed by “the insect. Last year the peas over the same area were broad- cast so there was no opportunity of fighting the pest, and as a consequence 480 acres were entirely ruined by it. This year, by changing the method, and by a new system of fighting the pest, the peas have been saved. Many other illustrations of a similar nature could be given where we have been following this method persistently in this State. The brush and cultivator method is a simple one; a good pine switch is used to CRETE We a ae PO ere Pe a-Si ee es mae ee a am : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 brush the vines backward and forward ahead of the Iron Age cultivator, drawn by one horse, and inthis manner the insects are covered and a very large proportion of them destroyed. The cultivation should not be repeated until the third day, as it requires usually something over forty-eight hours for the destruction of the adult insects when covered with earth. On this plantation we also sprayed a large acreage to show the practical side of this work. Suffice it is to say that we have found that no spray can be used which can destroy a percentage of insects large enough to warrant the expense of the operation. In this instance we sprayed 100 acres in two days, and thoroughly tested the method from every standpoint, using various materials. We abandoned the spraying apparatus, and began the brush and cultivator method, which was followed up persist- ently, with the results already noted. We have also used the ‘‘ brush and pan,” in which a bushel of lice were caught to each row of 125 rods long. Many natural enemies, such as parasitic and predaceous insects, have been found feeding upon this pest in the fields, and in this manner, no doubt, the number has been somewhat reduced The most important factor, however, we have observed in the destruction of this pest has been the fungous disease, Hmpusa aphidis, which was common during the early part of the season upon this insect, in both clover and pea fields. It is a contagious disease and destroys the pest in very large numbers, under certain conditions. In one instance we found 58 dead lice upon the undersurface of a single lobe of a clover leaf, and it was not an uncommon thing in June to find 15 or 20 dead lice upon the under surface of a pea leaf. With the rains which prevailed thrcughout this section of country during June, which fostered the developement of the disease, it spread rapidly throughout the infested fields, and as a consequence it was very difficult to find the pea-louse upon late peas. A careful examination of peas where the insects were abundant in June showed that they were practically freefrom them. We feel, therefore, that the climax, as far as the development of the insect this season, has been reached, and that these silent factors im nature are now actually reducing the pest to such a point that it may possibly be several years before it will be such a destructive pest in this section as it has been for the past tvvo seasons. At any rate, the conditions are such that the farmer and canner have new hope, and we trust the future will bring fewer lice and more peas. In discussing the paper, Prof. Hopkins enquired whether the insect were possibly an introduced species, and if there were any records of its previous occurrence in large num- bers. Mr. Johnson replied that, in his opinion, it was not an introduced pest, but an indt- genous insect, which had multiplied enormously from the change of conditions. The only record he had regarding it was one made ten or twelve years ago by Mr. Beckwith at the Delaware station, and another of its occurrence along the Potomac River in 1887. In neither case, however, was it certain that it was the same insect, as no specimens had been preserved. The pea-growers state that the insect has been known to them for many years. | Prof Hopkins said that this case is such a complete parallel to the invasion of the pine-bark beetle, the trouble from which is now over, that it occurred to him that in this case, within the next few years, this insect will probably disappear or become exceedingly rare. He had taken the trouble, in connection with the investigation of the pine insect, to look np the history of invasions by indigenous insects, and found that they multiply rapidly for ceveral years, become enormous!y destructive, and a few years later disappear. They are destroyed by parasites or by climatic conditions and soon become rare species. This happened in the case of the pine insect, which was scarcely heard of before, and was one of the rarest insects in collections until it suddenly occurred in 1891 in such enormous numbers as to destroy millions of dollars worth of timber, but now it is practically extinct. Not a sing!e living specimen has been found since the fall of 1892. Prof. Johnson’s paper shows the great importance of the work he has undertaken, and his experience wili be of inestimable value in dealing with future outbreaks of the pea louse. He thought the farmers of Maryland would make a great mistake by changing their locations for growing peas until perhaps a year had elapsed, because if the rule follows in regard to sudden invasions by indigenous insects they will soon disappear or become rare. Mr. Johnson said he was greatly obliged to Mr. Hopkins for his opinion, but there is so much money at stake that the growers could not let the matter rest awaiting nature’s 102 THE REPORT OF THE [ No. 19 relief. He believed fungous diseases, especially Hmpusa aphidis, are one of the factors which will bring about the temporary disappearance of the pest. Mr. Galloway said the point in regard to the appearance and disappsarance of forms holds good in fungous attacks also, the most striking example being the potato blight. The same holds good in the passing of the Russian thistle. These things come and go and come again, and the principle holds good with fungous diseases as well as with insects. Papers were read by Mr. B. T. Galloway on ‘4' Progress in the Treatment of Plant Diseases in the United States,” and by Prof. Webster on ‘‘ Meteorological Influences on the Hessian Fly.” These were retained for publication elsewhere, The mesting then adjourned to the Oentral Park to inspect Mr. Southwick’s spraying outfit. On reassembling in the afternoon an elaborate and valuable paper was presented by Messrs. E. D, Sanderson and OC. L. Penny, of the Delaware Experiment Station, on ** Hydrocyanic Acid Gas as an Insecticide on Low Growing Plants.” The results of their experiments proved that this method of treatment is practicable, but, owing to its cost, only for plints of some considerable value and for relatively small areas. Under many circumstances it could be used to much better advantage than any other means of com- bating a pest, and often might be found effectual where no other method of extermina- tion were possible. Mr. Sanderson then presented a paper, '' Notes from Delaware,” in which he re- ported upon the most noticeable attacks of the year in that State, and dwelt particularly upon the destructive green-pea louse, which had already been under discussion. After giving an account of the various parasites which preyed upon the insect, he said : ‘“‘ The enemies of the lice appear too late to prevent the bulk of the injury, and as the same was true last year, it seems impossible to place any dependence upon them. It seems evident, however, that the lice are attacked by a parasite while still in crimson clover (parasitized lice were also common on red clover), but are not parasitized until they have been on peas for some time. Is it not possible the sudden appearance of the lice last year may have been due to the severe winter, which killed off the parasites and other enemies which usually hold the lice in check on the clover and so reduce their num- bers that but few of them spread to peas ?”’ ‘The very sudden appearance of this new species last year was a unique entomo- logical surprise. Where it came from was a question. It would seem to me that the original food plant of the pest was clover and probably crimson clover. It is true that crimson clover is not grown in the North where the louse was found destructive last year, but it is entirely possible that’it may have spread from sections in which crimson clover is grown to red clover in these localities, but have been held in check by its para- sites, and remained unnoticed. Furthermore, the insect enemies of red clover have at verious times received study without this species having been previously noted. On the other hand, there seems to be good evidence that the louse has been on crimson clover for several years. One of our best farmers, Mr. Frank Bancroft, of Camden, Del., tells me that he has seen what he judges to be the same louse on crimson clover for at least six or seven years. In 1890 crimson clover grown upon an experimental plot at the Delaware Station became so badly infested with a plant louse that it was feared it would be killed. Professor Beckwith’s notes state (May 11, 1890) that these were exterminated by a fungous disease, and the clover was not seriously injured. Upon looking over the station collection I found specimens of NV. destructor which unfortunately were without any label, but were among material which was unquestionably collected prior to 1896. Upon corresponding with Professor Beckwith he intormed me that he distinctly remem- bered preserving specimens of the aphis in question. As his accession catalogue shows no such specimens to have been numbered, though by no means conclusive, the evidence is at least strongly circumstantial that Wectarophora destructor occurred in injurious numbers on crimson clover as early as 1890.” ‘* As regards remedies, [ have practically nothing new to offer. It evidently is im- portant to plant crimson clover as far from peas as possible, and to turn it under as early as practicable.” 1900) — ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 oe FUSCIPENNIS AN IMPORTANT PARASITE UPON THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN EASTERN UNITED STATES. By W. G. Jonnson, Cottece Park, Mp. For the past eight years the writer has been paying particular atttention to the parasites attackirg scale insects. Daring this period many species have been bred, but not many specimens from any particular scale. The instance cited below is, perhaps, the most important from the economic standpoint yet discovered in these observations. Since we assumed charge of the State work in Maryland we have collected the San Jose scale on various food plants, and inclosed infested twigs, about 4 inches in length, in glass cylinder tubes open at both ends. The ends were closed with cotton, ‘and if any parasites existed upon the scales they were easily detected and mounted for study. Only upon rare occasions have we taken more than a half dozen specimens from a single tube. This experience has been repeated year after year until the fall of 1899. Of the four species of true parasites known to feed upon the San Jose scale, three of them have been bred in Maryiand. So far as I know Anaphes gracilis How., bred by Dr. L. O. Howard from scales from Oharles Oounty, Md., has not been reared from this scale from any other State. Aspidiophagus citrinus Craw. has been reared only in Cal- ‘ifornia from this p:st. Aphe?inus mytilaspidis Le B. and Aphelinus fuscipennis How. have been reared from scales taken at the following places in this State: Riverside, Annapolis Junction, Araby, aud Mitchellville. Last fall, however, [ discovered a new locality for A. fuscipennis near Easton, Talbot Oounty, in an infected orchard along the Miles River. The orchard contained a miscellaneous variety of fruits, and all the trees were quite seriously infested with the San Jose scale. Instructions had been given the owner to cut them down as soon as possible and burn them. A quantity of small branches incrusted with scale were brought to the laboratory and inclosed in breeding tubes. Much to my surprise these tubes were swarming with parasites a few days later From one tube 1,114 specimens of Aphelinus fuscipennis were taken; while a second tube gave 432, a third 1,478, and a fourth more than 1,000, but owing to an accident the count in the case lasi mentioned was not exact. The writer was greatly elated over the discovery, and immediately sent out the following statement to the State press: I am advising my correspondents not to burn twigs and branches cut from trees infected with the San Jose scale. If the tree is so seriously infested it can not be saved, it should be dug up by the roots, trimmed, and the brush and wood piled in the orchard, where they should be left until about the lst of June or longer. If the trees are to be sprayed with either a 25 per cent solution of kerosene and water, whale-oil soap (2 pounds in a gallon of water), or crude petroleum, the pruning should be done first and the cut branches gathered up and piled where the spray cannot reach them. This is done to preserve the little friends nature has supplied to help keep the scale in check. If the twigs and branches are burned or sprayed the parasites would be des- troyed, as they feed upon the scale insects and are now wintering under the shell-like cover protecting them. These parasites are very small, being scarcely visible to the naked eye, yet they play an important part in the economy of nature. They are wasp-like in general appearance and quite active. It would be very difficult to estimate the actual number of parasites present upon a 5 or 6 year old peach or plum tree, but it is safe to say that they would run into the millions if the parasitism was at same rate as upon the twigs in the tubes. If I had burned these twigs I should have destroyed all the parasites. On the other hand, if I had left them on the ground in the orchard the little friends would have escaped and concentrated their attacks upon other trees where the scale had been missed by the sprays. It is clear, then, that by using a little jadgment in these matters we can assist nature in restoring the balance she desires. Do not sit down and fold your arms thinking nature is going to restore this equilibrium at once ; you must do your part faithfully and well. Prune your orchard as soon as possible and save every twig that contains a scale ; then spray with a 25 per cent. solution of kerosene and water, using any first-class spray pump, or with whale-oil soap (2 pounds to a gallon of water), before the buds open. 4 io \ i f Usa 104 THE REPORT OF THE [No. 19 There is no possibility of the scale spreading until some time after the 1st of June. The young begin to appear in the vicinity of Wushington, D.O., June 10 to 15 [in 1900 young were seen by the writer crawling June 3 near Washington], and the insect contin- ues to breed until very cold weather. We have seen young, just born, on trees as late as December 19. When a twig is cut off between, say, December 20 and May 15, there is no possible danger of the scale spreading from it. It is not possible to trantfer one of these insects from one twig to another after it is ‘‘set” and formed a scale over its back, and all of them die as soon as the sap is dried out of a cut twigor branch. Badly in- fested trees of no commercial value should be cat down as soon as possible, before the buds open, and the brush piled. Do not leave the stump standing, as it may prove a veritable breeding place during the summer. If you are so unfortunate as to have this ecale, remember that eternal vigilance must be the order of the day, and you will find before you are through with it that it is no trifling matter. The orchard in question was not destroyed by burning, as first suggested, but the’ trees were pruned and the cuttings saved. In May, 1900, the writer had a large quan- tity of the branches from this orchard carefully packed and sent to Mr. W. W. Oobey, Grayson, Charles County; to Capt. R. S. Emory, Ohestertown, Kent County, and to Hon, Oharles G. Biggs, Sharpsburg, Washington County. Instructions were sent to place the infested branches in grape baskets and hang them about the orchard where the scale was most abundant In this manner we will establish Aphelinus fuscipennis in. the various counties and under different conditions. We have every reason to believe that the experiment will prove successfa). In this case the study of parasitism has given us a valuable suggestion for the treat- ment of scale infested orchards, namely, never burn a twig or tree cut late in the fall, winter, or early spring. A positive remedy one day may be wrong the next day, just as we are able to unravel nature’s secrets and interpret them for own good. Since the above was read the writer has tested a lot of twigs from the Charles County orchard and has bred numerous specimens of A. f/wscipennis, thus proving that a parasite is thoroughly established there. Mr. A. H. Kirkland read a paper on “ the Brown-tail Moth in Massachusotts,” in which he gave an account of the natural spread of this injurious insect throughout the State. The infested area in 1896 was only 29 square miles ; in 1899 this had increased to 928 square miles, The next paper was by Mr. C. P. Gillette, who gave a series of interesting notes on some of the most important insects of Colorado. Mr. Johnson followed with ‘“‘ Notes on insects of economic importance in Maryland during 1900,” and Prof. Webster with an account of the “‘ Insects of the year in Ohio.” Foremost among these he placed the Hes- sian fly, regarding which he said: “In point of destruction the Hessian fly outranks every other insect, when considered in connection with the wheat crop of 1900. It is doubtful if there will be over 20 per cent of an average crop in Ohio; the remaining 80 per cent may be largely charged up to the ravages of this pest. As an average crop in Ohio amounts to, approximately, 40,000,000 bushels, the loss may be computed at 32,000- 000 bushels, which at the ruling market price would mean a loss of $22,400,000, at least three-fourths of which, or $16,800,000 can be justly charged up to the ravages of the Hessian fly. More extended studies of this.outbreak and some of the meteorological phenomena connected therewith are given in another paper. The unprecedented abund- ance of the pest this year may be attributed largely to the almost total lack of parasites, the retardation of the fall brood over the northern half of the State, and the extremely favorable weather during the autumn of 1899, which enabled all but the very latest de- posited eggs to hatch and the larve develop to the ‘‘ flaxseeds” and thereby defy the adverse influences of winter. In many localities the later sown wheat escaped fall attack and up to May 1, 1900, was uninjured, but the flies developing in the earlier sown fields seemed to have migrated en masse and settled down on those sown later, and the result is that in many cases the destruction is as comolete in the one as in the other.” Mr. Woodworth gave a short account of the Entomological situation in the State of California, referring especially to Scale insects, the Colling moth, peach and grape insects. ‘Tho last paper read was by Dr. Flatchar of Ostawa, who gave an account of the most noticeable insect attacks of the year in Oanads, mentioning those affeciing fruit trees, roots and vegetables, cereals, fodder-plants, and trees and shrubs. re LPR Ao oe heaps vam mt ars i ne ~ ae ee ES ae A =." Bicrtte: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. - 105 _ 92 Before the meeting closed, an interesting discussion took place on the matter of - common names for insects, in which a number of the members took part. A committee was appointed to deal with the common names of such injurious insects as may be dis- ‘covered in the future and to remove ungainly and inappropriate names. . The following officers were appointed for the ensuing year: President—C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins, Ool.; First Vice-President—A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, Weat Va; Second Vice- President—E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y.; Secretary-Treasurer—A, L, Quaintance, Experiment, Ga. ples next meeting will be held at Denver, Col. on the 22nd and 23rd of August, 01. REGULATIONS RE SAN JOSE SOALE Extract from The Canada Gazette of Saturday, January 12, 1901. ORDER IN COUNCIL. His Excellency, in virtue of the provisions of section 5, chapter 23, 61 Victoria, intituled “An Act to protect Oanada from the Insect Pest known as the San Jose Scale,” and of 63-64 Victoria, chap. 31, ‘‘An Act to amend the San Jose Scale Act,” and by and with the advice of the Queen’s Privy Uouncil for Canada, is pleased to order that exemption from the operations of the above mentioned Act shall be and is hereby authorized of any trees, shrubs, plants, vines, grafts, cuttings or buds, commonly called Nursery Stock from any country or state to which “ The Sin Jose Scale Act” applies ; and that all importations thereof shall be and are hereby permitted to be entered at the Customs Ports only of St John, N.B., St. John’s, Que, Niagara Falls and Windsor, Ont., and Winnipeg, Manitoba, between the follo wing dates in each year: 15th March to 15th May in the spring, and 7th October to 7th D cember, in the autumn; and at Vancouver, British Columbia, during the winter months only from 15tb October to 15th _ March, at which ports they will be thoroughly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas by _ a competent Government official in accordance with the most approved methods. ==. All shipments made in accordance with the above will be entirely at the risk of the shippers or consignees, the Government assuming no risk whatever. mo4® Packages must be addressed so as to enter Oanada at one of the above named | ports of entry, and the route by which they will be shipped must be clearly stated upon each package. ~ As it is well known that well matared and thoroughly do-mant nursery stock may be. ‘safely treated, bat that there is danger of serious injury to the trees if famigated in the autumn before the buds are thoroughly dormant, or in the spring after the ‘buds have begun to unfold, all stock which when recci vd is inmature or too far advanced for safe treatment will be refused entry and held at the risk of the shipper. r= His Excellency, in virtue of the provisions of section 7 of the Act first above men- tioned, is pleased to direct that the authority herein granted be published in the Canada JOHN J. McGEE, Orrawa. Clerk of the Privy Council. OBITUARY | fg Mr. Josepu EvevteicH Trerrry died at Quebec, of spinal meningitis on the 27th day of April last—his second wife had died but a few months before. Mr. Treftry belonged to a Cornish family. He came to Canada about thirty years ago, and at first lived in Montreai. After a while he moved to Quebec, and for ten years was reporter and proof-reader on the staff of the Morning Chronicle. He left newspaper employment to accept the Government position of English translator in which he continued till his death. He had been a member of the Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society of _ Ontario from its formation ; and his ready pen and ability as a journalist had often been exercised in its favour. Before his bereavement his wit and good humour had added greatly to the interest of the meetings of the branch. He was buried in Meant Sere Cemetery. TP. Met aps B Ay tty 106 THE REPORT OF THE . [ No. 19- THE NORTH-WEST (OANADA) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOOIETY. The second Annual Meeting of the Ncrth-West (Canada) Entomological Society was held at Lacombe, Alberta, on 16th January, 1901. [t was a meeting essentia'ly in the interests of farmers. At the request of the President, the chair vas taken by Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Calgary, who was supported by the vice-President, Rev. M. White, and several well-known farmers of the district. A number of letters in support of the objects of the Society were read, including letters from Mr. C. W. Peterson, Deputy Commissioner of Agriculture, N.W.T.; Prof. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Ontario; Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, and the Right Reverend the Bishop of Calgary and Saskatchewan. The President of the Society, Percy B. Gregson, on being called upon (after the Opening remarks by the Chairman) explained that the object of the Society was to instruct and interest the farmers of the North-West regarding the insects that affact them,—to bring home to them individually the principles which underlie the treatment of insect and weed pests, so that they can deal with them in time, without waiting, as so many do, till their crops are destroyed before applying for advice. Mr. Gregson stated that farmers were beginning to appreciate the value of the study of insects, and this was evidenced by the fact that a number of Agricultural Societies had during 1900 become active supporting members of the North-West Entomological Society. Mr. Gregson im- pressed on farmers the importance of careful observance of the habits of the insects that came under their notice, such as their time of appearance, their method of feeding, the nature of their food, etc. Some insects, such as beetles and caterpillars, feed by nib- bling their food, and poison should therefore be placed on their food, so that the insects when consuming the leaf will also consume the poison with it. Other insects such as lice, pierce through the outside of the leaf with their trunk-like beaks, and poison, therefore will not reach them, As however, insects breathe through little openings in their sides they can ba suffocated by anything which clogs up their breathing valves, such as coal oil emuision, or the fumes of tobacco. The list of injurious insects in the North-West. is already a long one, and as insects always follow cultivation, we must, as the country gets cultivated, expect arrivals of fresh insects. There are very many ways by which insects are always liable to be imported into a new country. They may come in clothes, lumber, do- mestic animals, packing substances (such as hay, straw or grass). It was probably in packing substances that all the grass stem maggots, common to Europe and Amer- ica, have reached us, including the Hessian fly, the wheat stem mjdge, and wheat stem saw-fly. In applying remedies there is a reason for each different remedy recommended, and in the list of insects presently given the reason for each remedy can readily be seen. THE Principat INJurRiIous INsEcts or THE NorTH WEST FoR 1900. The Red Turnip-beetle (Zntomoscelis adonidis). In many places from south of Calgary to north of Edmonton, and in Saskatchewan and several districts in Assiniboia this beetle has been more or less abundant—in some instances devastating entir» fields, Around Beulah, in Manitoba, it has also been somewhat abundant, but chiefly confined to mustards. Remedy : Spray the plants with Paris Green solution (1 lb. to 160 gallons of water) and stir in also 1 lb. of quick-lime, or if in small quantity, 4 0z. of Paris Green, 4 oz. of quicklime, and a pail full of water. In mixing Paris Green Dr. Fletcher recom- mends that it should first be made into a paste with a small quantity of warm water, and the paste afterwards mixed with the larger amount of water required. If it does not adhere readily to the leaf, a little soap added to the water will overcome the difficulty. The Turnip flea Beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) has been very general throughout the North-west Territories, but the damage done was not great, owing to a counter-attraction in the shape of mustards. Remedy: Dust the young turnips with dry Paris Green and land plaster, or dry Paris Green and sifted ashes when the dew is on the young turnips. This little beetle hatches in May—about the third week—and by deferring sowing the turnips until June the beetle will have hatched and disappeared to native cruciferous plants before the young turnips are up. ? 1900] _-- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 The Diamond Back Moth (Plutella cruciferarum) in June and early July was extremely abundant throughout the Territories and in many parts of Manitoba, practic- ally the whole of the cultivated area of Alterta, Assiniboia and Saskstchewan was visited by this pest, and many fields of cabbages, cauliflowers and turnips were completely destroyed. The larve of this moth also attacked lettuces. radishes, rape, etc. A field of turnips badly infested with this pest presents a weird and ghastly appearance. The riddled leaves are bleached and white like skeletons. Parasites have destroyed immense numbers of the larve. Remedy, as to turnips, young cabbages, etc., except lettuces : Paris Green solution as recommended for the Ked Turnip-beetle. The chief difficulty is in getting at the underside of the leaf, as the larve principally attack from underneath, In the case of lettuces, hellebore should be used. Scatter on the eaves—as much under- neath as possible—when the dew is on, a mixture of 1 lb. of hellebore to 2 lba. of sifted ashes. The Colorado Beetle (or Potato-bug) has again made its appearance in Central Al- berta, though not in large numbers. On 28th June both larve and mature insects were seen in several potato fields, but no great damage done, As this is the second year of appearance of this insect in Alberta it is possible these are an advance guard, and it is “well to look out for them. Remedy, the same as for the Red Tarnip-beetle. Do not kill the lady birds. This bright scarlet little beetle and its larve greedily devour the young larvee of the Colorado beetle. The Three-lined potato-beetle has been more troublesome than the Oolorado beetle. In some localities in the south of Oantral Alberta it has seriously damaged potato crops, but its presence elsewhere has not been reported. This beetle was the chief insect pest of potatoes in Ontario until the arrival of the Colorado beetle, which it seams to have heralded. Remedy, the same as for the Red Turnip-beetle, The Rocky Mountain Locust has been very bad in parts of Manitoba, north of Douglas, and around Aweme. This pest is dealt with in the May, June and July num- bers of the leading agricultural journals, issued from Winnipeg, s) fully and clearly that its characteristics and remedies need not be repeated at length. In the Nor’-West Farmer, for instance, of 21st May, 1900, is a very good account of them. The insect lays its eggs in the soil among the stubble in the early fall (August and September) and they hatch in the following spring, If, therefore, the soil be deeply fall plowad the eggs will be buried so deep that the young when they hatch cannot gat to. the surface. Cutworms,—(in Alberta and Assiniboia principally the garden on2a such as Agrotis clandestina, Plusia brassice, and Carneades ochrogaster) have caused the usual amount of loss and replanting in several districts among cabbage and cauliflower growers. It is difficult to understand why there need be any loss from this pest when the remedy is so easy. Remedy: Take say 50 lbs. of bran and very slightly moisten it with water, and sweeten with a little sugar. Then mix well with it enough Paris Green to jast color the bran (e.-g. abouta lb. of Paris green). The cutworms will eat this bran in preference to the cabbages. The common cutworm is no‘ a climber, so wrapping a piece of smooth paper about 3 inches in breadth around the stem of the young cabbage when planting out is a good preventive remedy. The paper should be } an inch below the surface of the soil and 24 inches above. Keep the garden clear of weeds and rubbish, old cabbages or cabbage stalks in the fall, so that the cutworm moth will have no attracticn for laying its eggs. A mor: serious trouble, however, has been caused by another kind of cutworm in Manitoba. This is the glassy cutworm (Hadena devastatria), and it, in the spring, committed very serious injury to wheat crops north of Stonewall. This pest was present in some fislds in thousands, and marched in a phalanx devouring as they travelled. The remedy for the glassy cutworm is not easy. The grab burrows into the earth in the day- _ time, and comes to the surface to feed at night. It eats the whole plant, beginning just below the surface. Thoroughly spraying the grain along the front of their attack for a space of ten feet with a solution of Paris Green has been found successful. If however the crop has been ruined, turn chickens or turkeys into the fisld for a day or two, and then sowing oats for green feed might be tried. Wireworms. These are the larve of the “ click beetles.” This is a pest very difficult to get at. There are several species of wireworm. They pass the winter in cells in the soil, so that for some species a plowing in August, and for others a plowing late in 108 THE REPORT OF THE the fall, will disturb these cells and kill the inmates by exposure. Seeding down only encourages the wireworm, but barley and rye seem distasteful to this pest, and fair. crops of these can be grown even if the field be sapig infested with it; and possibly the field itself be uliimately cleared of the pest. Among pests of foliage has been the pallid aspen beetle. The loathsome larve of this beetle were very destructive to the early leaves of aspen poplars throughout Alberta and the Territories, and considerably marred their beauty. Remedy: Poison their food by spraying with Paris Green solution. The. striped cottonwood beetle was also very abundant on willows. The fetid larvee emit, when disturbed, a milk-like fluid from tubercles along their back, and trail a sticky fluid wherever they crawl upon the leaf, This is a very troublesome pest in the East, in districts where osiers are cultivated. The larvee as well as the beetle cause the osier canes to branch by injuring the tips. Should osiers be cultivated in the Northwest this pest will be on Land. Remedy : Paris green or green arsenite solution sprayed on the food. Lice on poplars and plants have beea common in many parts of Alberta. Remedy : Suffocation by coal oil emulsion, or fumes of tobacco. The Western Blister Beetle was reported like ‘swarms of bees” on beans at Lethbridge in Southern Alberta about 25th June. Other blister beetles were abundant on vetches in Central and Northern Alberta. Fleas. Towards the end of summer this pest became an intolerable nuisance throughout the Northwest. Hay mattresses swarmed with them. A slight odor of carbolic acid will prevent them from coming into a room so scented.; but if introduced wi'h hay or otherwise, then burning pyrethrum powder is a gocd remedy for driving them out. Warbles in cattle appear to be on the increase. Cattle farmers are very well acquainted with this fly, but it is a trouble that is too apt to be treated as of not a very serious nature, and as not preventable. This, however, is a great mistake. In the first place the bot maggot, or warble, so damages the hides that grubby hides sell for one-third less than sound ones, But the beef itself is rendered so inferior that buyers of the high- est class of meat, who supply hotels, &c., wiil not on any account buy carcasses showing traces of warble attack. Such beef has therefore to be sold at a lessened price below that obtainab'e for good beef, the reduction sometimes amounting to $5 per carcass. In view of the large and increasing exports of beef (cold stored) to England, it becomes im- portant to see that the reputation of the Northwest is sustained by keeping stock free from this pest. In dairies, too, the loss sustained through the attacks of warbles is just as serious. There is the loss in quantity of flow of milk 9s well as deterioration in qual- ity, resulting from the annoyance of the animals by the flies when depositing their eggs, and later by the grubs. The shrinkage in the milk is estimated at 10 per cent. and the deterioration in quality at the same rate, making a total of 20 per cent. By thé time the warbles are discovered in the spring the mischief is done. Certain localities are more particularly infested than others, and a dry season seems more encouraging to the warble fly than a wet season, and where there is danger of the warble the animals should be pro- tected during the summer months by spraying them occasionally with strong smelling oils, such as fish oil, train oil, kerosene emulsion, &c. To make kerosene or coal oil emulsion add to | gal. of kerosene hot soap suds made of 4 gal. of water (rain water preferred) and } lb. soap. Then churn all thoroughly to- gether till it will adhere to the surface of glass without oiliness. When required for use, dilute the emulsion by adding from 9 to 15 times its measure of warm water. After the close of the discussion consequent on the President’s address, the officers of the Society for the year 1901 were elected. The officers for 1900 were re-elected in the capacities respectively held by them with the exception of A. D. Gregson, who retired from the curatorship, the same being accepted by Percy B. Gregson, the collections hav- ing been safely removed to his house. Mr. F, H. Wolley-Dod most generously precented to the Society a large number of Lepidoptera, the bulk of which were new to the collection. Mr. 0. O. Poling, of Quincy, also presented to the Society severa] exceedingly rare specimens including Neophasia Terlootii and Erebia Magdalena. Some of these spec- imens are represented in but one or two other collections in the world. After a vote of thanks to the Chairman, the rroceedings terminated, ~ % ee re? | a Ly 2 : WAnehe sheds Hah, me [No 19 ‘ y ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, On behalf of the Oouncil of the North West (Canada) Entomologizal Society, the _ President begs respectfully to submit ths following report : Several fresh works have been added to the library of the Society during 1900, among them being a complete set of ‘‘ Insect Life,” (partly the gifs of Dr. L. O. Howard and partly by purchase). The impossibility in this distant country of access to an outside Library of any kind has been and is an obstacle which the Sosiety hopes gradually to surmount by accumulating serviceable works of its own. It is encouraging to note that the farmers are taking a marked and growing interest in economic entomology,—the President having during the past year given by request addresses or papers on twelve occasions and at various places in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Various agricultural societies have beco ne active supporting members of the North-West Entomological Society. A field class of young folk has been started in Licombs, and operations (all being well) will bs commeuced in the ensuing spring. : A most welcome assistance has b3en: received from the Territorial Government in the form of an annual grant of $25 towards farthering the objects of the society. Acting on the advice of the original supporters of the. Society, it was decided to defer attempting the issue of a magazine for a year, and in the meantime the president has, without cost to the society, circulated a large number of agricultural papers among farmers whenever such papers published matters of interest in economic entomology. Percy B. GReason, Ist January, 1901. President | AupiTors’ REPORT. Receipts and expenditure of the North-west (Oanada) Entomological Society : Receipts. Expenditure, Members’ Mees... 2 oc cses vse eee $26 00 Librat yc te sshouis etter $26 00. Territorial Government Grant... 25 00 Staviqnery.ee ait cdl sate Siena se Deficit (met by President)...... 38 50 Meetings (Farmera’ etc.)...... » 23 00: Printing account.............. 6 50: Corky. pins; ate./2 cc's ee 5 00: Store books, glass, etc. and other } apparatus: ox. J4 citen «sels a 8 00- Expense account (postage, etc)... 7 00 Subscriptions to periodicals. .... 7 00: $89 50° $89 50 $2551 hereby certify that I have examined the books and vouchers of the Treasurer of the North-West (Oanada) Entomological Society and find them correct, and the above is a true statement of the accounts of the Society. Waghorn, Ist. January, 1901. ie J. L. Trpprna, Auditor, INDEX. _ Aconitum napellus (Monk’s-hood), 31. Codling moth, protection of apples, 37. _ Alschna septentrionvalis, 54. questions requiring solution, 90. Agrion civile, 54. Colias eurytheme, 56. saucium, 54. ; Colorado potato beetle, 107. Agrotis clandestina, 107. Corn worm, 75. subgothica, 42 Corymbites tarsalis 65. Anacampsis lupinella, 57. Cox, D. G.. article by, 39. Anaphes gracilis, 103. Crainbus exsiccatus, 42. Anasa tristis, 75. Crioceris 12-punctatus, 40, 74. Anax junius, 54. asparagi, 70, 74. Annual Address of the President, 29. Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin), 30. Annual Meeting, 9. Cut-werms, 41, 42, 68, 74, 107. Anosia archippus, 44, 86. in grain, 64. Anthomyia radicum, 73. remedies for, 69, 74, 107. Anthrenus muszorum, 86. Danais archippus, 86. scrophularie, 42, 85. Dearness, J., article by, 87. varius, 43, 86. Dermestes lardarius, 84, 85. Aphelinus fuscipennis, 103. talpinus, 84. ‘ mytilaspidis, 103. vulpinus, 85. Aphis brassice, 70. Dermestidee, notes on species of, 85. _ Apples injured by Codling Worm, 37. Diabrotica longicornis, 81. _ _ Arctia phalerata, 56. 12-punctata, 99. ; Arum, fertilization of blossoms, 33. Diamond-back moth, 69, 70, 107. _ Arum maculatum, 33. Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove), 31. . Asparagus beetles, 40, 70, 74. Diplax berenice, 55. ’ Aspen poplar, insect injuring, 108. elisa, 55. _ Aspidiotus citrinus, 103. rubicundula, 55. Attacus ceonothi, 56. Donations of specimens, 57. Attagenus piceus, 43, 85. Dragon. flies of Quebec, 52. Bean fly, 73. Empusa aphidis, 101. Beneficial insects, importation of, 92, 93. Entomophthora phytonomi, 68. Bethune, C. J. S., article by, 89. Entomoscelis adonidis, 106. Bisulphide of carbon, fumigating with, 65. Euphoria inda, 74. 4 Black scale, parasite of, 93. Euptoieta claudia, 57. Bombyx mori, 59. Evans, J. D., article by, 39. 4 Brown-tail moth in Massachusetts, 104. Farm insects, 62, 74. Bruchus pisorum, 65. Felt, E. P., article by, 95. Buffalo beetle, 42. Fertilization of blossoms by insects, 29. Bumble flower beetle, 74. Fisher, G. E., onthe San Jose Scale. 26. ! Burdock, structure of flower-head, 32. Fleas, 108. : Butterflies, swarming of, 45. Fletcher, J., articles by, 13, 62. Byturus tomentosus, 85. Fodder crops, insects attacking, 67. y unicolor, 85. Forest insects, plea for study of, 34. Cabbage butterfly, injuries by, 39, 69, 75. Forest trees, numbers of insects attacking, 36. . Cabbage root maggot, 41, 69. Foxglove, structure of flower, #1. | Caccecia parallela,. 57. Fruit trees, insects attacking, 70, 72. _ Caltha palustris, (Marsh marigold), 30. Fungus diseases of insects, 101. Campanula medium, 32. Fyles, T. W., articles by, 29, 52, 105. Campanula, structure of blossom, 32. Garden insects, 73. Carneades ochrogaster, 107. Gibson, A., article by, 79. Carpet beetles, 42, 85. Gillette, C. P., address by, 89. Catocala desperata, 40. Gomphus vastus, 54. nebulosa, 40. Goodburne, J. L., article by, 28. Robinsonii, 40. Gregson, P. B., articles by, 84, 106. Cecidomyia destructor, 62, 74. Hadena arctica, 41, 42, 64. Cereals, insects attacking, 62, 74. Hadena devastatrix, 74, 107. Cermatia forceps, 44. Heliothis armiger, 75. Ceroplastes cirripediformis, 93. Hessian fly, 62, 74. rusci, 93. Hessian fly in Ohio, 104. Click beetles, 64, 107. Horticulture, address on, 9. Clover destroyed by aphis, 99, 102. Howard, L. O., article by, 93. Clover insects, 39, 67. AHybernia tiliaria, 71, Clover root-borer, 67. Hydrocyanic acid gas, use of, 98. [111] 112 . INDEX. Hylastinus obscurus, 67. Hylesinus trifolii, 67. Insects of 1900, 39, 40, 41, 42, 62, 106. James, C. C., address by, 9. Johnston, J., article by, 40. Johnson, W. G., articles by, 99, 103. June beetles, 64. Kalmia angustifolia, 32. Lace-winged fly, 51. Lake Superior Copper Mines, 23. Lappa major (Burdock), 32. Libellula pulchella, 55. quadrimaculata, 55. trimaculata, 65. Linden borer, 81. Lochhead, W., articles by, 34, 57, 72, 75, 87. Locust, the Rocky Mouutain, 107. Lophoderus quadrifasciana, 71. Losses from insects, 100, 104. Lumber, Destruction of, by insects, 37. Mamestra devastatrix, 42. Marigold, origin of name, 30. Mastodon, remains of supposed, 22. Memythrus tricinctus, 56. Migrations of butterflies, 45. Moffat, J. A., articles by, 42, 44, 51. Monk’s hood, structure of flower, 31. Mountain ash trees attacked by apple-tree borer, 40. Nash, OC. W., article by, 86. Nasturtium, structure of blossom, 32. Nectarophora destructor, 66, 99, 102. _ Nepticula pomivorella, 72. Noctua C-nigrum, 40, 42, 56, 68, 74. Nonagria sub flava, 40. North-West (Canada) Entomological Soc. ,106. Oberea bimaculata, 82. ' : var. tripunctata, 82. (Enothera biennis (Evening primros+), 32. Officers, election of 4, 17, 19, 20, 105, 108. Orchard insects, 72. Order in Council re San José Seale, 106. Papilio Brucei, 56. Pamphila hobomok, 56. pocohontas, 56. zabulon, 56. Parasites in eggs of Chrysopa, 51. transmission of, 94. Pea aphis, fungus disease of, 101. prolificness of, 100. the destructive, 66, 75, 99, 102. Pea moth, 66. Pea weevil, 39, 65, 75. Pear trees, insects attacking, 39, 72. Pentilia misella, 28. Peridroma saucia, 56, 68, 74. Perimegatoma cylindricum, 85. Petroleum, use of crude, as an insecticide, 27, 59, 95 Phyllotreta vittata, 106. Phytonomus punctatus, 39, 67. Pieris rape, var. novanglize, 56. Plusia brassicze, 107. Plutella cruciferarum, 69, 107. Pollination of blossoms, modes of, 30. Potato beetles, 107. Primrose, structure of flowers, 31. Primula yu'garis (English primrose), 31. } Pe fe a. wer » Pseudolimacodes littera, 56. Pyrameis cardui, 46. carye, 57. Raspberry lorer, 83. Red spider, 41. Rennie, R. W., article by, 41. Report of Auditors, 16. Council, 14. Delegate to Royal Society, 24. Geological Section, 21. Librarian and Curator, 15. Microscopical Section, 20. Montreal Branch, 16. Ornithological Section, 21. ° Quebec Branch, 17. ‘Toronto Branch, 19. ; Treasurer, 16. i Root aphis, 41. A crops, insects attacking, 68. k Sanderson, E. D., article by, 102. 3 San José Scale discussion, 26. = Lominion regulations, 105. y parasite of, 87, 103. q present status of, Ontario, 87. spraying experiments, 95. . spread of, Ontario, 28, 73,87. Saperda candida, 82. q vestita, 81. Saunders, W. E., article by, 10. Scolytus rugulosus, 72. Scutellista cyanea, 93. 7 Semasia nigricana, 66. Shade-trees, planting, care and pruning of, 10. Silk-worm industry in Ontario, 57. Silk-worms, life history of, 5Y. Spraying experiments on fruit-trees, 95. fruit-trees, how to do it, 27. Squash-bug. 75. Sweet peas, insec‘s attacking, 41. Systena blanda, 40. Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion), 31. Tent caterpillars, 38, 39, 71. Teras minuta, 71. Terias lisa, 56. Thecla damon, 56. Treffrey, J. E., death of, 105. Trogoderma ornatum, 85, Tropzeolum majus (Nasturtium), 32. Turnip aphis, 70. beetle, the red, 106. crop, larveeinjuring, 40. flea beetle, 106. Tussock moth, 38, 39. Tyroglyphus malus, 88. Vaccinium Canadense (Blueberry), 32. Vanessa Californiea, 56. Vegetables, insects attacking, 68. Warbles in cattle, 108. Webster, F. M., articles by, 37, 59, 81, 85. Whale-oil Soap, use of, 26, 95. White grubs, 64. Willow citkins, 30. Willow, insect injuring, 108. Wire worms, 64, 107. Witch-hazel borer, 83. Ypsolophus pometellus, 71. Zea mays (Indian corn), 29. ‘ ONTARIO Pe 2 i 1901. oa | (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO.) es PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO. TORONTO: aii AND PUBLISHED BY L, K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. 1902. THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ONTARIO L901. PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORON10.) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO. TORONTO: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. 1902. WARWICK BRO’S & RUTTER, PRrvTers. TORONTO. - / ‘ Arr i 4 3 * ( - ‘ ’ ’ Y ° - j i} ‘ ’ . _s i, ‘ ‘ i i Ls , ® .] a . as fae J M ‘ . * i ut * ; AR ' i ae . ‘ gf Nae pat \ | | SF siti yaaa fa « ane Set | Oe Rites oe % OO —————— CONTENTS. UHMGRP ROY LE AINSWEESSTON «<6 cc ee cn c!c's o's oe ons al pealnateeeleen Suita) Sv nies nee he Oe 1 (GGA, DIES I a a an eS) ayiny aa iaotafs Wate arth aes Urgnca et a 2 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. .......00 0-00 cece ceeeees 3 NRG SI CAOC I ISCURBIONN «7 oi5, oo: x, 2 Laken ee eran on 34 es es IBOLAMIGAT SCCHIONIE 1-55. 5 5 cb: «+0 sed that the scale was confined to a few spots only, and we wished to exterminate it. This system was continued till considerable opposition was aroused and some excitement was created, An endeavor was made to find out the range of the insect and what the cost of its extermination would be; if the information received was correct, $300,000 would have been required for compensation. If half a million * dollars would wipe it out now the Government would gladly pay it. At present we are trying to hold it in check and to prevent its spread. Educate, educate, must be their watchword. From now on we must strive to teach people about this scale—how to deal with it and what the danger from it is. It would be a great thing to teach people how to spray by sending competent men about whom they could see doing it ; ao matter how plain written directions might be, they were of little use unless people were shown how todo it. This was the experience in improving the butter-making of the country. The great danger lay in our nurseries, from which scale-infested stock might be sent out and the insect planted all over the country. We had an instance of this in the 100 trees two 12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 years ago to which Mr. Fisher has referred. How is this danger to be overcome? Inspection alone is not enough, as some scales in a nursery may be overlooked even by the keenest inspector. The only plan then is to require compulsory fumigation of all nursery stock before it is sent out, and this must be done by a man sent by the Government, who shall see that the fumigating house is perfect and the work perfect. This is all that we now have to prevent with certainty the dissemination of the scale, but we shall have to go further and allow no stock to be sent out of a nursery that is in an infested district. It is desirable that further experiments should be made with the gas treatment. The ordinary man will not believe that infested trees in the middle of a waggon load and tightly tied together can be reached by the gas. This should be tested. The fumigating house must be constantly inspected to see that there is no leakage, and this work must be done by an officer of the Government. On the whole Mr. Dryden felt that we were in a better position now than this time last year, and he felt very hopeful for the future. He had great confidence in the efforts that were being made for the preservation of our fruit trees, and believed that if the danger were once fully and generally realized, our fruit-growers would spare no efforts to exterminate the scourge. Pror. WEBSTER stated that he had tried infested trees soaked in water and others daubed with mud, and in no case had a scale got through the fumigating house alive. Hon. J. Drypey : There are thousands of trees in a nursery. If there should be only two or three scales on a small tree, how can inspectors tell their presence? It is therefore absolutely necessary to resort to fumigation. Dr. FLercHEr quite agreed with this, but considered the inspection of nurseries most import- ant for the discovery of infested places and he believed it to be a very wise provision. Mr. Fisuer said that an experienced inspector could discover the scales in a marvellous way, «nd would often detect them where the owner of the trees failed to see any. With regard to the 100 trees destroyed, already referred to, he considered that the destruction of each one was worth a thousand dollars to the country. EVENING MEETING. A meeting, to which the members of the London Horticultural Society and the public generally were invited, was held in a lecture room at the Normal School. Notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, the first snowstorm of the season prevailing at the time, the hall was completely filled by a very appreciative audience. At 8 o’clock the meeting was called to order by the President, Rev. Dr. Fyles, South Quebec, who spoke of the honor done to the Society by the presence of the Hon. John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, and by his kindly consenting to preside that evening. The Ho:. J. Drypen then took the chair and delivered the opening address. He said that he esteemed it a great honor to preside over a meeting of the Entomological Society, which was one of the best as well as the oldest of the associations aided by the Government of Ontario. It had always been composed of gentlemen of wealth, of education, and above all of public spirit, who were willing to devote their time and ability to the objects of the Society. While it was one of the oldest, it was also one of the most useful associations connected with his Department in the opinion of a practical man like himself. We need its accurate work and we have been greatly aided and helped by it during all the nearly forty years of its existence ; no doubt we shall continue to be helped by it during the years to come. He was present at this annual meeting to show his interest in the Society, and the interest which was taken in it by the Government and the Legislature of Ontario. He should like to inspire everyone with enthusiasm in the work of the Society which was doing so much for the country by its studies 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 of insect life both in its destructive and beneficial aspects. He congratulated the members on their extensive collections of insects and their library, which was the best of its kind in this country, and would be found most useful by young men of scientific tastes. The Rev. Dr. FyxEs, of South Quebec, read his presidential address and illustrated it with a number of beautifully executed colored diagrams, the work of his own hand. His charming manner and choice diction added to the interest of the subject, and held the unflagging attention which was bestowed by the audience. THE IMPORTANCE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL STUDIES TO THE COMMUNITY AT LARGE. By THE Rev. Tuomas W. Fyuss, D.C.L., F.L.S. The poet Crabbe gives us a glimpse of an entomologist of his day. He says,— “‘There is my friend the Weaver : strong desires Reign in his breast ; ’tis beauty he admires: See! to the shady grove he takes his way, And feels in hope the raptures of the day— Eager he looks: and soon, to glad his eyes, From the sweet bower, by nature form’d arise Bright troops of virgin moths and fresh-born butterflies ; * * * * * * * ** Above the sovereign oak, a sovereign skims, The purple Emp’ror, strong in wing and limbs: There fair Camilla takes her flight serene, Adonis blue, and Paphia silver-queen ; With every filmy fly from mead or bower, And hungry Sphinx who threads the honey’d fl»wer.” Crabbe wrote in no unkindly spirit, for he was himself a naturalist ; but, by the genera] _ public of his time the entomologist was regarded as one who rode a useless hobby, as one who wasted his time in trivialities. Yet, doubtless, it was better that the weaver should spend his leisure hours in the woods and fields, improving his health by exercise and fresh air, and having a definite purpose in view, than that he should idle them away in the frouzy haunts of men of his class. We may well believe that he would return to his usual avocations with greater courage, because of the pleasure and refreshment that his outing, amid—what Hood calls,— ‘“*The boundless prodigality of nature, The balm, the bliss, the beauty and the bloom,” had given him. For some years before Crabbe’s death, the friendly Stephens, to benefit just such entomo- logists as Crabbe had portrayed, opened his doors on every Wednesday evening, and received both acquaintances and strangers alike—placing his books and his fine collections at their service, identifying specimens for them, and giving them scientific information. Stephens died in 1852: but the Wednesday evening ‘‘ at homes” were continued by Stain- ton, editor of ‘‘ The Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer,” at his residence at Lewisham. The services rendered to the cause of English entomology by Stephens, Stainton, Newman,* Douglas,+ and others of their time, ought never to be forgotten. They raised entomology in public estimation ; they changed many a mere collector into a useful man of science ; and they prepared the public mind to welcome the publications of the entomological authors who came after them. I think Stainton’s ‘‘ Manual of Butterflies and Moths” (in two volumes) was the most com plete work of the kind—the best adapted to its purpose—that had then appeared. It was *Editor of the ‘‘ Zoologist ”’ and author of the ‘‘ Insect Hunters,” etc. +Author of ‘‘The World of Insects,” etc. 14 ; THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 cheap, readable and concise, sufticiently illustrated, and systematically arranged. It contained descriptions of larve, pupze, and perfect insects, with the dates of their appearance and the localities, known to the author, in which they could be found. It also gave the names of the food-plants of the larvie. In 1859 Dr. Breckenbridge Clemens wrote to Stainton from Easton, Pennsylvania, and said : ‘* With us (in America) everything has yet to be done.” He also told of efforts that the authorities of the Smithsonian Institution were about to put forth ; and he predicted a bright future for American entomology. His prediction has been amply fulfilled. In all probability Stainton’s work was well known to the founders of our own society which is now in the 38th year of its existence, and which has done so much good. Some of the ori- ginal members of the society are still among us. Long may they live ; and may their influence be felt in ever-widening circles ! I do not doubt that there are many to-day, especially among the young, who are, as yet, mere collectors. They stand, so to speak, within the vestibule of the Palace of Science, and they should receive a hearty welcome, and be encouraged to go forward, for there are noble apartments, well-furnished, open before them, and the farther they go the better they will be entertained. The collector will soon wish to learn the names of his captures, and then the proper posi- tion of each with regard to the uthers, and so Sysrematic Enromotoey will engage his atten- . tion. I would, therefore, urge parents and teachers to encourage a taste for Natural History in the young people under their care ; and I would adopt the words of Warwick James Price and say, Here’s to the school-boy— ** Who one day in seven Slips off to the country to find it a heaven, And reads in the sunshine, the fields and the brooks, A wisdom the truest, not printed in books.”’* The tyro in entomology in this city has a very great advantage in being able to examine the Society’s collections, in which a vast number of our Canadian insects are correctly arranged in their orders, tribes, families and genera, and are beautifully kept by our curator, Mr. Alston Moffat. But I need not say that the Entomological Society of Ontario has far higher objects in view than those that appertain to RecREatTIvVeE Entromo.ocy and Systematic EnromoLocy. Let any one examine its thirty-one annual reports, and he will find that what is known as PracrTicaL or Economic EntomouoeGy has received from it a vast amount of attention. It has investigated the habits and traced the life-histories of creatures that affect our growing crops, our stores and home-supplies, our live-stock, and our domestic and personal comfort ; and it has spread most valuable information as to the best methods of dealing both with our insect friends and insect foes. There is much that comes under the head of Practical or Economic Entomology to inter- est us all. The subject of the Agency of Insects in the Fertilization of Blossoms has been brought be- fore us by such writers as Percy Groom and Grant Allen; and many interesting enquiries in this direction present themselves. For example : How is it that the Quebec farmers have to send elsewhere for their Red Clover Seed? They can grow fine crops of Red Clover hay—why do they not raise the seed? The answer may be given as follows :— The insect that affects the fertilization of the Red Clover is the Humble Bee. On the ap- proach of Winter all the Humble Bees perish, except one or two impregnated females from every nest. These creep into snug refuges and hibernate. The winters in Quebec are severe, and linger long ; and the few Humble Bees that survive them do not commence operations till * The Munsey,” July number, 1896, 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 the very end of May. They have then to form their nests, cullect bee-bread, and lay their eggs; and some time elapses before the working-bees begin to appear. Vegetation on the other hand proceeds with astonishing rapidity—with leaps and bounds ; and the clover fields are in bloom before there are Humble Bees in sufficient numbers to accomplish the important work designed for them ; and so the clover blossoms are, in the main, unfertilized, and afford but little seed. The season is too short to allow the ripening of seed in the rowen or after-math. The*Humble Bees are among our best insect friends ; and yet how many a farmer on dis- covering a humble-bees’ nest becomes possessed with an insane desire to destroy it. The rough coats of bees are admirably suited to sweep the pollen from the anthers of flowers, and to convey it from blossom to blossom. The pollen of plants is in itself well worthy of examination. It presents a remarkable variety both in form and color, as a few descriptions will show :-— The pollen-grains of the Orange Lily are ellipsoid, and of a deep Indian red. Those of the Sun-flower are globular, and of a golden yellow. Of Geranium the grains are round, warty and of the color of raw sienna. Of Malva, the grains are round, set with spines, and of a pearly white. The Sweet-pea has pollen-grains oblong in outline, and of the colour of amber. The Petunia has grains egg-shaped and of pale lilac. The pollen-grains of Mignonette are of a long oval, and are flesh-coloured. A wide and interesting field for investigation is presented to the Entomologist and Botanist ‘in the subject of the fertilization of blossoms by insect agency. Scientists have of late made considerable advances into a field which, though not altogether ‘unrecognized, had been but little explored—that of Mepican, or Hyetentc ENToMoLoey. _ Physicians have long studied that part of it which comes under the head of Dermatology, and have also written much upon internal parasites ; but the subject of the spread of disease by the ‘agency of insects has not until lately, entered largely into their studies. Forty years ago a French-Canadian gentleman told me of a person wh» had died of **Charbon,” resulting from the bite of an insect. He explained to me that the insect had, ie all probability, made an attack upon a diseased animal before assailing the man. In conversation with others, and in the course of years, I have heard of other cases of this Charbon or Anthrax, produced by insect agency. That this terrible disease may be readily conveyed to human beings may be learned from the case of Mrs. Mary O’Neill, of Titusville, Pa. She, having washed the soiled linen of her husband who had handled infected hides in a tannery, was taken with anthrax, and died in few days in great agony.* The panic that ensued on the spread of the information that several persons had died frou the assault of an insect popularly called the ‘‘ Kissing Bug,” viz.: --Melanolestes picipes, Herrich-Scheffer, had at least this good effect—it drew the attention of Entomologists more closely to the subject’of the spread of disease through insect agency. Important investigations have been made as to the spread of malaria through the bites of mosquitoes ; and the timely publications of Dr. Howard, of Washington, D.C., have throww much light upon this subject, and given valuable information upon the various kinds of mosquitoes found in North America and their habits. His work (published by McClure, Phillips & Co., New York) should find a place in every Naturalist’s library. The ever-present House-fly, Musca domestica, has, under like investigations, risen in publie recognition from a merely troublesome household pest, into the ‘‘ bad eminence” of a possibly dangerous foe. It is found that it is capable of conveying the baccilli of disease from the sick chamber to the kitchen and the dining-room. For valuable information on this point I would refer *Quebec Morning Chronicle, Sept. 16th, 1901. 16 THE REPORT OF THE No. ¥9 you to a paper by Dr. Howard in Bulletin No. 30, New Series. U. S. Dep. of Agr.; one by Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe in ‘‘ The Munsey ” for August of this year, and one by Dr. Fletcher, No. 3, vol. XX XIII of ‘‘ The Canadian Entomologist.” We are beset by these insidious foes ; and those who tell us of the dangers from them are public benefactors. ‘To be fore-warned is to be fore-armed.” Flies come from without ; and pains should be taken to keep them without—as may be done by the use of gauze blinds and doors. Those that enter should do so to their destruction. Now that the fly-papers known as ‘‘ Tangle-foot”’ are so cheap, and so effective, it ought not to be very difficult to keep the house free from flies. Another subject that should raise the science of Eutomology in the estimation of the public is that which may be called Commerciat Entomotocy. And by this I do not mean the traffic in insects between dealers and collectors ; though there are firms both in America and Europe doing a considerable business in this line. I have the price-list of an English firm before me ; and it is curious to note the amounts asked, per pair, for some of our Canadian insects :— For Papilio Turnus, 3s. 6d. Colias Ewrytheme, 1s. Arqynnis Atlantis, 5s. Melitex Phaeton, 1s. Bemaris Thysbe, 3s. Deilephila lineata, 2s. Sphinx luscitiosa, 8s. S. drupiferarwm, 6s. Ctenucha Virginica, 3s. Prionoxystus robinie, 10s. The covers of our Entomological magazines by their advertisements and notices, show that this kind of traffic is widely carried on. No, I do not refer to this traffic when I speak of Commercial Entomology ; I refer— 1st, To the unintentional transportation of insects from foreign lands by shipping, and their trans-continental conveyance by train, etc. 2nd, To the importation of insects, and insect productions, as merchandise. (1) One night, in August last, my business took me along one of the wharves of the Louise Basin at Quebec. On one side of my path was a long store-house ; on the other was an ocean steam-ship discharging her cargo. The whole scene was brilliantly lighted with arc lights attached to the building. 1 paused under one of the lights to notice the water-flies that had been attracted by it. Besides these, there were a few moths and a number of cockroaches (Blatta orientalis, Fischer). The last had, I doubt not, come from the ship. And I- was reminded by them that their species was brought to England by ships trading to the Levant ; and from England they have been sent to many lands. They have of late years become exceedingly numerous in Quebec. House-flies have been carried in ships even as far as New Zealand ; and where flies are found, there we may expect to see spiders. So we do not wonder that Henry Christopher McCook writes :—‘‘Some of our’ American spider species have been imported from Europe, and I have seen them on vessels stowed away in divers crannies, and under sundry parts of the ship.”* antes a Of imported insects that have made a stir in Canada, Fig. 3. Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rape). the Cabbage Butterfly (Fig. 3), the Larch Saw-fly (Fig. 4), the Mediterranean Flour Moth (Fig. 5) and the San José scale are examples too well known, * Old Farm Fairies. Appendix, Note C, p. 18. . s ese as one ele nae A E. Norris. SR BRR net BHO SECKOLALY sci c/o, 00> 0.4,0 «4 s.0b1s x ace elena © ove «8 G. A. Moore [sonar H. Lyman. OWI ge de leet CRC be Gee eR RRO Hc carcks BERS A. F. Winn. Dwight Brainerd. Moved by Mr. A. E. Norris, seconded by Mr. C. Stevenscn, that a regular meeting be held in June this year. Moved by Mr. G. A. Moore, seconded by Mr. J. B. A. L. Leymarie, that a field day be held at Beloeil on the 24th inst. Carried. Mr. A. F.Winn moved, seconded by Mr. M.W. Davis, that a committee on outings for the summer be formed to consist of Messrs. G. Chagnon, C. Stevenson,*and A. F. Winn. Carried. Mr. L. Gibb exhibited a number of Lepiduptera collected in the Yukon in the season of 1900. After the examination of specimens and discussion, the meeting adjourned. G. A. Moorz, Secretary. REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH. At an adjourned meeting held at ‘‘ Darnoc,” the residence of James Geggie, Esq., on the 22nd June, 1901, the President gave an address, the Report of the Council was made, and the officers for the current year were chosen, as follows : PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. We have now entered upon the fifth year of our Association as a branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Since the formation of the Rranch we have had many happy gatherings in which conversa- tions have been held and papers read upon the subject of animal and vegetable life and upon the beauties and wonders displayed in the natural objects around us. We have, moreover, en- joyed much social intercourse and many delightful visits to places of interest in the neighbor hood of Quebec. Not a few choice specimens of natural objects havejbeen taken by our col- lectors. It is hoped that the season we have now entered upon will be as fruitful in pleasant associ- ations as those that have gone before, and that our Branch will continue to flourish. 32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Among the subjects that during the past year have engaged the attention of practical ento- mologists have been :— 1. The increased destructiveness of, and the preventives against, that most injurious creature, the San José scale. Professor Lochhead, of the Ontario Agricultural College, has issued a valuable paper upon this pest. 2. Much thought and ability have been brought to bear by Dr. Howard, of Washington, upon the mosquitoes and the danger that exists of the conveyance of disease by them from fever patients to healthy persons. The subject-is one of very grave importance. 3. The subject of the Green Pea Aphis was brought under the notice of the members of the Entomological Association at its last annual meeting by Dr. Fletcher. The Gieen Pea Aphis is a pest that is doing much damage to the pea crops. It has been found destructive along the Atlantic coast, in some of the Western States and in parts of Canada. Several references to it are to be found in the Society’s last annual report and will be found interesting. 4. The question as to the practicability of the cultivatio1 of silk in this country has been considered. Professor Lochhead has looked carefully into the subject and has come to the con clusion that, although the climate of Ontario is suitable for silk-culture, and the O-age-Orange, a fitting fuod-plant for the silk-worm, can be treely grown, there is one great preventive to the introduction of the industry, viz., the lack of cheap labour. This is such that it is thought our people could not compete with the foreign growers. I think the subject shou'd not be allowed to drop but should be further looked into, for, during the fiscal year, ended June 30th, 1899, silk and silken goods to the value of $3,752,539, were imported into Canada, and upon them duty amounting to $1,091,218.49 was paid. It may be interesting to learn that our (Juebec people indulged in silk handkerchiefs dur- ing the year to the value of $24,489 and in silk hosiery to the value of $1,174. In this respect they exceeded the Ontario people who only expended $939 ; but they fell short of the people of British Columbia who laid out $1,875 in silken foot-wear. In sewing and embroidery silk, Quebec expended $8,700, more than one-half the expenditure of the whole Dominion, which speaks well for the industry of its ladies in certain directions. An important work well done has been issued by the society, viz :—a ‘‘ General Index to the Thirty Annual Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1870-1899, prepared by Rey. C. J. 8. Bethune, D. C. L., Editor of the Canadian Entomologist”. The cost of this useful compilation to members is 25 cents per copy unbound and 50 cents bound in cloth. Our branch has suffered from the less by death and removal of some of its members. It is hoped that new additions will keep up our numbers. . ReEportT OF CoUNCIL. The branch now includes 42 members (33 adults and 9 juniors). The Treasurer’s Report is submitted and will no doubt be found satisfactory. The continued rainy weather of last summer prevented the members from having many field-days but two very enjoyable ones were held on the 16th June and 14th July. Our thangs are due to the authorities of Morrin College for having continued to allow us the use uf their rooms fo: our meetings. CRAWFORD LINDSAY, Secretary-Treasurer. The following were elected officers :—President— Rev. Dr. Fyles, Vice-President—Miss E. MacDonald, Council—Hon. R. Turrer, Mrs. R. Turner, Mr. J. H. Simmons, Miss Bickell, Miss Winfield, Mr. James Geggie. Lr. Cot. Czawrorp Linpsay, Secretary-Treasurer. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. The fifth annual meeting of the Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in the Education Department Building, on Friday evening, May the 10th, 1901. Present ; Messrs. Cox, Webb, Williams, Smith, Rossiter and Stewart. The President, Mr. D. G. Cox, in the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The al Secretary read the following Report of the Council. The Council of the Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario take pleasure in presenting the £fth Annual Report of the proceedings of the Branch for the year ending 30th March, 1901. They are pleased to report that since the last annual meeting six new members have been admitted. Asan offset to this four members have withdrawn. PEE ee ee During the year eight regular meetings have been held in the Education Department. At é three of these papers have been read, viz :— 3 On the Inflation of larvae”? .\. 2.0 4. .!. ose. comag ere sete a ils Arthur Gibson. Se UReLO.Ol OUTSs OM MBCCUS) ws cysts o'< do, « Wid.ova\e bucteeaeeneNae ve eo) oe youslieue G. M. Stewart. 4 "*Aguatic-Imsects ? 0s... : ESO: COTE 8 0.0.08 TRIG © E .M. Walker. It is hoped that more papers will be presented by the members during the coming year. ‘Much discussion has been held on entomological matters, and a number of specimens haye been exhibited. A large part of the time of the meeting has been devoted to the collection of insects, which the Branch is preparing for the Ontario Education Department, and some headway has been made. The Orthoptera, the Coleoptera, and the Diurnals among the Lepidoptera have been Sane aes ae z classified. Many donations of specimens have been received for the collection, notably some Haitian Lepidoptera from Mr. Cox, and it is hoped that the members will collect for it as , largely as possible during the coming season. a Many valuable papers have been received from various sources, notably the Cent. Exp. 1 Farm, Ottawa, the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, the New York Agricultural Experi- ment Station, the United States Division of Entomology, the Cornell University Insectary, and ____ the Chicago Entomological Society. es The Society also subscribes for the ‘‘ Journal of the New York Entomological Society,” and for the ‘‘ Entomological News.” hi: The Treasurer’s report shows a small balance carried forward on the right side. Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council, BD: Gs Cox, '; President. | x Mr. Cox then addressed the meeting, speaking of the work of the Society, and the means | by which this work might be improved in the future. The election of ofticers for the ensuing year resulted as follows -— IESGOR] GOT URre et exs Meee ess: oo rete HRD aahlegh Mecnde cop Ne ate oun Mire Di Ge Cox Wice-Bresideiitva..(0 00. + atin als 6 RR Sees SE Mime he aerial at Mr. HE. M. Walker. MARCUS Ry MPeASUITGE shy Ol) 5 ca Wdat aod se meteere an etpe aie. Mr. J. B. Williams. Mibrarianrands Curators she sas aulecslreiakeeh Glee Raea eet ak Mr. Geo. Rossitor, Ke Aiecabars En ak te gd a Ra iad MERI DE Shalit AE fee J. H. Webb. EOE Fa STRATA Sie ude o Soa wane adhe (eons dal wl Me abaenee henote patch sini Mr. Arthur Gibson. Mr. Cox asked for the opinion of members as to the admission of foreign specimens into the collection of insects. All the members were of the opinion that foreign specimens should be included, as they were included in the other branches of the museum. t was decided to hold a Field Day in High Park on the 24th of May. The meeting then adjourned. G. M. Srewart, Secretary. 3 EN 34 ete THE REPORT OR THE Ss Ay, No. 19 oa REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR. For tHe YEAR Enpine 3lsv or Aveust, 1901. Thirteen bound volumes were received from Governments, Societies and Scientific Institu- tions during the year. ; ‘Two were obtained by purchase, one of which is the Century Atlas of the World. | One was presented to the Society by the Rev. Dr. Bethune, making sixteen bound veri altogether. / Fifteen volumes were bound and placed on the shelves, making a total of thirty-one volumes. added to the Library during the year. The full number of volumes now on the register is 1,722. Thirty-three volumes were issued to local members during the year. There have been few additions made to the native collection during the past season, and nothing of special importance has been reported as having been taken in this locality. An important addition was made to the exotics by the receipt of a collection of Japanese | » beetles ; many of them being large and attractive specimens. A small collection of West’African insects was presented to the Society by Mr. T. H. Hill, who has‘recently returned from that region, where he was engaged in missionary work for about seven years. Respectfully submitted, J. Atston Morrar. AUDITORS’ REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31st, 1901. RECEIPTS. | EXPENDITURE | Balance on hand, September Ist, 1900.. $492 71 Paidforipinss cork,vetc, =. °...s4e.s eee $60 09 Salessof pins, cork,,etc. .:. 2. °..... 262s 72 12 Expense account (postage, eles) 2.45 asus 139 14 PANG ORTISING Seer ee oH cleis cst, vestos es OL) So: ae bringinpraccomnts.; oi. .os ste eee wan falstace. Sales of Entomologist.................. 151 97 Annual meeting and report ............ 163 28 Government grant. 1... 65 cs selon dies 1,000 00 EApraryaaGcountie ss o6....'5 The cyaniding process, while it will not save more gold than will chlorination, possesses the advantage of saving from 70 to 80 per cent. of the silver values in an ore as well and hence is in ~ more general use. J..G. SMITH, Tue Mastropon or Mount BryncGes. During the summer there was found on the estate of Mr. Duncan Forbes of Mount Brydges the jaw of a Mastodon. The find occurred several feet below the surface in a peat bog. The jaw weighs 54 lbs., and is 30 inches long by 24 inches wide, by 18 inches high. It differs from the jaws of living animals in its great massiveness—a section through it almost forming a circle. The exterior is black in color and of a hard dense structure, being apparently filled with infiltrated iron. The jaw contains four teeth—two on either side—none in front. The row on either side is about three inches wide by ten inches long. The front teeth contain three rows of nipples and the rear four rows. : A loose tooth was found to weigh one pound anda half. The teeth exhibit a remarkable degree of preservation, as the enamel remains as it was when the animal died. The tops of the * nipples are notched by wear, show the hard black dentine-beneath. From their appearance the animal would seem to te herbivorous. The front of the lower jaw shows a peculiar structure as though it had contained tusks or _ teeth during the animal’s lifetime. (The finders attempted to reach other parts but have been so far unsuccessful. ) ‘ J. G. Smrrx. REPORT FROM THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. THROUGH THE Rev. C. J. S. Beruune,e D.C.L., DrLEGATE. When a society has attained to mature age, like an individual it cannot be expected that its thirty-seventh year should be marked by any great crisis or any striking event. It isnatural, therefore, that the representative of the Entomological Society of Ontario should be able to present to the Royal Society 6f Canada only a report of quiet work and steady progress since - our meeting a year ago. The thirty-seventh annual meeting was held in November last at London, the headquarters of the Society. The opening proceedings were rendered notable by the joint meeting which was held with the recently organized London Horticultural Society. It was held in the splendid new building of the Normal School and was attended by a large and appreciative audience, representing both the Societies and the general public as well. It was presided over by Prof. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, who delivered an address on the value of Horticulture in its various aspects, its intellectual advantages and its attraction for persons of literary tastes. He was followed by Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, who read a paper on “The planting, care and pruning of the trees in the parks and streets of the city,” which is a matter of much importance in a place whose beauty and attractiveness largely depend upon the — noble avenues of trees in the streets, and the parks secured to the public by a wise and rare forethought. Dr. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist and Botanist, then gave an address, illus- trated with beautiful lantern pictures, and showing how trees should be grown and treated and the admirable results that have been obtained at the Experimental Farms at Ottawa and in the North-west. He also took up the subject of insects and described a large number of the — most destructive species and the remedies that may be most successfully employed against them. 4 ‘g ‘= r) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 The afternoon of the following day was chiefly taken up with a discussion on the San José ‘seale in Ontario. Mr. G. E. Fisher, Provincial Inspector, who was present by direction of the - Minister of Agriculture, gave a full account of the prevalence of this most pernicious insect in several localities, and of the experiments which had been undertaken in order to procure, if, possible, a practical remedy. Whale oil soap and crude petroleum were the principal applica- tions employed, and while the former was not entirely effective, the latter was regarded by ' many as too dangerous a remedy for general use. Dr. Fletcher, Prof. Webster and others tcok part in the discussion. The attack is believed by all to be a most serious one, and to require } ‘prompt and effective measures for its repression. . The 31st annual report of the Society to the Legislature of Ontario was presented at the opening of the last Session and published in February. It consists of 112 pages, illustrated with _ forty-six engravings in the text and a photogravue portrait of Mr. J. Alston Moffat, for many _ from the various officers and sections, and from the flourishing Branches at Montreal, Quebec and Toronto. There is appended a'so an account of the second annual meeting of the North- west (Canada) Entomological Society, which has its headquarters in Alberta. During the winter and spring fortnightly meetings for the study of Entomology were held i on Friday evenings, and alternately .with them the Microscopical Section held its sessions ; 4 ‘much serious work was done in both departments and great interest was shown by the members. ‘The Geological Section met weekly on Tuesdays under the guidance of Dr. Woolyerton. and “most devoted and we l-informed bird lovers in the Province of Ontario. The Botanical Section » has been in abeyance for a time, but is now being revived with every prospect of success. From this brief account it will be seen how wide a range of country the Society's operations ~ cover and how many departments of natural science are included in its work. In the report to the Legislature there are published the papers read at the annual meeting, ~ among which may be mentioned the Presidential address of the Rev. Dr. Fyles, who took for his |, subject the oftices served by insects in the promotion of the fertilization and improvement of Py plants. He gave an interesting and instructive account of a large number of plants and their attendant insects, aud illustrated his remarks with a series of beautiful diagrams of the structure bof numerous flowers, the work of his own hand. ? _ Professor Lochhead, of the Ontario Agricultural College, read papers on ‘‘ The systematic S and econc mic study of forest insects in ‘)ntario,” setting forth the necessity of endeavouring Lo 7 which has been a the ravages of insects in addition to the work of prot ection against fire already under- = by the Provincial Government ; ‘* The silk worm industry in Ontario, e begun ona small sca'e in the County of Essex. but which the Professor contends cannot be ; oe made a lucrative occupation in this country; ‘‘'’he present status of the San José scale in ~ Ontario ;” “ Nature-study lessons on the squash bug,”’ intended for the use of school teachers; | and an account of the ‘‘ Insects of the season of 1900,” which had proved especially injurious in the south-western peninsula of Ontario. \3 Mr. J. Alston Moffat contributed papers on ‘‘ Anosia Archippus yet again,” in which he _ discussed the various theories set forth regarding the migrations of this remarkable buttertly ; * | ** Parasites in the eggs of Chrysopa ;” and ‘‘ Notes on the season of 1900,” enumerating some interesting occurrences, among which may be mentioned the capture in London of specimens of | the curious Myriapod, Cermatia forceps, a southern creature which has been gradually working _ its way to the north. 2 Professor F. M. Webster, of Ohio, one of our honorary members who takes an ac ive bis . | eee in the Society and attends its annual meetings, read papers of pe practical value on a4 “ , Results of experiments in protecting apples from the Codling moth,” referring especially to f. : “one EER aU 4 bs 7) 42 THE REPORT OF THE | “Nos 19 r) 7 ~ a . “ i - the injury wrought by the second brood ; ‘‘ Results of some applications of crude Petroleum to~ orchard trees,”’ setting forth the danger of its use and the necessity for a much larger series of 4 experiments before it can be recommended as an insecticide to the ordinary fruit grower ; ‘‘Two — Longicorn Beetles affecting growing nursery stock,” viz: Superda vestita and Oberea bimaculata, — which, though very familiar insects, have not been suspected of making attacks of this kind ;_ : and ‘‘ Observations on several species of Dermestidie,” a family of beetles well-known for their wd habits of feeding on museum specimens and many household articles, but not hitherto recognized * | as phytophagous also. Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist and Botanist, gave a very full account of the — Injurious insects in Ontario during 1900,” and described the attacks on cereals, fodder crops, roots and vegetables, and fruits, many of which were of a very serious character. Mr. Arthur Gibson, assistant Entomologist at the Central Experimental Farm, described the methods which — he had found most successful for ‘‘ The breeding of Lepidoptera and inflation of larwe,” illustrat- ing the latter subject with some very beautiful specimens that he had prepared. Reports on *‘ Insects of the Year” were furnished by four of the Directors, Messrs. J. D. Evans, Trenton ; D. G. Cox, Toronto ; James Johnston, Bartonville ; and R. W. Rennie, Lon- don. ‘The performance of this duty by these officers of the Society is of much importance as it brings together information regarding the chief insect attacks of the year in the various sections ) of the Province. The Rey. Dr. Fyles contributed a descriptive paper on ‘‘ The Dragon-flies of the Province ~ _ of Quebec,” and short papers were read by Mr. J. Dearness on ‘‘ A parasite of the San Jo:é. seale ;” Mr. C. W. Nash, ‘* Notes on Danais archippus at Toronto ;” and Mr. P. B. Gregson on “* Curious habits of the larvee of Dermestes talpinus.” The last named gentleman also furnished an account of the proceedings at the annual meeting of the North-West (Canada) Entomological | Society. The volume also contains a synopsis of the most important papers read at the meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, which are of great interest and much practical value. The funds of the Sociely are shown by the Treasurer’s statement to be in a satisfactory — condition. The Librarian reports valuable additions of books and specimens, the number of the former on the shelves being almost 1700. The membership of the branches at Montreal, {Juebec, and Toronto has steadily increased, and that of the whole Society grows from year to — year. All interested in its welfare have much reason to be pleased with its continued success, and the valuable scientific and practical work which is being perfoi med by its members. The Annual Report, whose contents have just been described, records the practical observa-— tions and work of the Society ; for the scientific and systematic department reference must be made to the monthly magazine, ‘‘ The Canadian Entomologist,” the thirty-third annual volume of which is now being published. The volume for 1900 consists of 387 pages, and is illustrated — with seven full-page plates and thirty-three figures from original drawings. The contributors number sixty four, and represent Canada, the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Great Britain Germany, Switzerland and South Africa. As there are upwards of a hundred articles, besides — short notices and book reviews, it would occupy too much space to mention the subject of each. — They may, however, be grouped as follows : Papers on Classification: North American Yponomeutidze and Tineide, by Dr. H. G.— Dyar ; the Wasps of the Super-family Vespoidea, a1.d changes in generic names of Hymenoptera, © by W. H. Ashmead ; the Genus Orchelimum, by Jerome McNeill ; the Genus Catocala, by — Prof. G. H. French ; Notes on Idiocerus (Jassidze), by C. F. Baker ; the North American species ; of Choreutis and its allies, by Prof. C. H. Fernald ; New Mexico Bees of the Genus Ceelioxys, A by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell ; Colorado Bees, by E. S. G. Titus ; some species of Acronycta in ~ the Bri is) Museum, by Prof. J. B. Smith ; the Types of Noctuid Genera and a series of papers 1901 | - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3 43 on the Classification of Butterflies, by Prof. A. R. Grote ; some Genera of Mites, by N. Banks, and the Bibliography of Coccidee, by G. B. King. New genera, species and varieties have been described in the Lepidoptera by the late Rey. G. D. Hulst, Dr. Wm. Barnes, Rev. Dr. Fyles, G. M. Dodge, Miss Murtfeldt, W. Beutertmulles» Prof. J. B. Smith, Prof. C. H. Fernald and G. A. Ehrman ; in the Hymenoptera, by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, C. Robertson, W. H. Ashmead, Dr. L. O. Howard and A. D. MacGillivray ; in the Diptera by D. W. Coquillett, C. W. Johnson, A- L. Melander, J. S. Hine and Prof. G. H. French ; in the Orthoptera by Dr. 8. H. Scudder ; in the Hemiptera (Homoptera) by J. L. Handcock, C. F. Baker, EK. D. Ball, Prof. H. Osborn, Adolph Hempel, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, _ Prof. J. D. Tinsley, E. M. Ehrhorn, G. B. King and KE. EK. Bogue ; in the Hemiptera (Heter- optera) by A. N. Caudell, and in the Arachnida by N. Banks. Twenty-seven new genera are described and 213 new species and varieti:s. Interesting and valuable life-histo1ies of various insects are given by Dr. J. Fletcher, A. Gibson, Dr. H. G. Dyar, H. Bird, J. O. Martin, E. D. Sanderson and Dr. L. O. Howard. Papers on collecting and other observations of insects are given by W. Knaus, E. #. Heath, J. ‘A. Moffat, Rev. Dr. Fyles, H. H. Lyman, J. G. Needham and A. J. Snyder. In economic Entomology there are imp: rtant papers by C. P. Lounsbury on Insect Bites ' ; and their effects ; T. ’ergande on a Plant-louse injurious to Violets ; Prof, F. M. Webster on the Purs'ane Saw-fly, Harpalus caliginosus as a Strawberry Pest and the Diptera found in wheat fields ; Prof. W. G. Johnson on the Destructive Pea Aphis, and Prof G. H French ona Fly causing Epilepsy. In addition to the foregoing publications, 1 General Index to the thirty Annual Reports of the Ontar.o Department of Agriculture. It is very full and complete and will prove of much value to all who have oceasion to refer to these volumes. INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE SEASON OF 1901. By Pror. W. Locaweap, Ontario AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE, GUELPH, a A¥rFECTING Farm Crops. & In the south-west portion of the Province the wheat crop suffered severely from the attacks $ of the Hessian fly. In several counties the yield per acre was very much reduced, notwith- standing the plowing under of a large area both in the fall and spring. So uryent was the demand for more information regarding the life-history and habits of 4 the pest, that a bulletin was published by the Department of Agriculture in August, and distri- 7 4 buted freely throughout the infested areas. This bulletin emphasized the great need for co- 4 operation among the farmers themselves, if they ever hoped to cope withthe fly. Late sowing, __ good preparation of the land to be sown to wheat, and trap-strips, will be found effective if al] the fields are treated alike ; but if some fields are sown early and become infested with the fly in the fall, there is no way of preventing the flies which emerge from these fields in May from e __—s migrating to uninfested fields and damaging them before harvest. ORCHARD INSECTS. As in previous years, the codling worm (Fig. 17). was the most destructive orchard insect, __ especially in the sections where the insect is double-brooded. A word of warning may be given here, lest owners of orchards become lax in the matter of spraying with Paris green immediately after blossoming, while attempting to entrap the second brood by bandages. We can never afford to give up spraying with Bordeaux and Paris green, for by doing so the codling worm | - and fungus diseases are kept in check. The frequent rains about the blossoming period inter- fered with the spraying operations, and when the applications were not renewed, the effect of _ the Paris green was very slight indeed. —- - the Society (1870 to 1899) has been prepared by the editor, Rev. Dr. Bethune, and published by — / Belen | 44 THE REPORT OF THE Lgl No. 19 In connection with the bandages, I find that sacking is the best material for bandages. It is the cheapest as well as the most easily applied and removel. Success with bandages requires carefulattention to them every two weeks. They should be removed from the trees and exam- ined for cocoons, then replaced. It is next to impos- sible to examine the burlaps thoroughly without removing them from the tree. The Haseltine trap lanterns were kept burning nearly every night from June 7th to September 7th, to ascertain the kinds of insects that are attracted to such lights. The results are somewhat startling on account of the capture of a large percentage of decid- edly beneficial insects. For example, 30 per cent. of all the forms taken were Ichneumon flies; nearly 2 per cent. were Lady beetles and Ground beetles ; 24 per cent. were Dung beetles ; 3 per cent. were Mosquitoes and Crane-flies; 1 per cent. Fireflies. Sixty per cent. of the whole number taken were com- posed of injurious forms, such as May beetles, Squash Fig. 17. Codling moth. Quarter of an bugs, Cabbage worms, Cucumber beetles and moths: Fig. 24 Snowy Tree- young at a rapid ratc on the Cherry up Gpicket. male. till July, whenthey disappear. Although not definitely proved, it is probable that the lice migrate to the roots of the Cherry, and to other plants. In autumn, a brood of winged males and females make their appearance. After mating, the females deposit eggs for the winter about the buds of the Cherry. Treatment, to be effective, must begin early, before the Aphids roll the leaves around themselves ; otherwise they are difticult to kill. Kerosene emulsion, tobacco solution and whale-oil soap ‘solution are all good. 7 if} (10 Ibs. of tobacco waste are thoroughly soaked in water ; and the ‘Fig. 26. Snowy Tree-Cricket, solution is made up to 40 or 50 a twig showing punctures, 4 gallons. Dr. Fletcher recom- ame split howi yee iin BU tcaL coup antes 2 mends the addition of 1 lb. of , _ granulated top of egg. (Riley) whale-oil soap to the barrel of Fie. 25 wi » i Snowy Tree-Cricket, Fe- bacco solution). : ; male, & - a aa ~s 48 ' ‘THE REPORT OF THE | No. 19. ——— Se — —— — ~ SS Some BusH-Fruit Insects. By bush-fruits I mean red raspberries, black raspberries, currants, and gooseberries. Perhaps more inquiries were made regarding injuries done to bush-fruits than to any other horticultural crop. Fortunately under careful management and treatment most of the insects can be kept under control. ' The Snowy-Tree Cricket (Ecanthus niveus), Figs. 24 and 25. Although the work of this | insect is readily recognized, yet too many of our gardeners are unacquainted with it. The female in autumn deposits her elongated cylindrical eggs in punctures in rows (Fig. 26), which: are nearly vertical on the erect canes. The result is a Jong, ragged wound, which interferes materially with the growth of the cane. The remedy is to cut out and burn the wounded por- tions before the eggs hatch in the spring. 7 The Raspberry Cane Maggot.—In June frequent complaints were made rion a wilting of the tips of raspberry canes. The pith of the canes was burrowed from the tip downwards _ for a short distance, then the inner bark was girdled, producing a wilting of the tip. The por- tion of the stem burrowed is of.smaller diameter than normal, and is of a dark blue color. The affected canes usually die, for the maggot continues t» tunnel its way downward to the base. The cause of the mischief is a two-winged fly belonging to the genus Phorbia. From obser- vations made in 1891-by Dr. Fletcher, and in 1896 by Prof. Slingerland, it would appear that the girdling commences early in May, and the maggot reaches the base in June. In the case of half way to the base. The eggs are deposited in early spring at the base of the tip leaves. The insect winters | . over in the pupa stage at the base of the plant. The remedy in this case also is to remove the wilting tips as soon as notized, and burn the ES The Pale Brown Byturus.—During June the flowers and floxerbuds of raspberries suffered | severely from the gnawing attacks of small, hairy, yellowish-brown beetles. The injured buds scarcely ever develop fruit for the reason that the stamens and pistils are destroyed. Later in the season when the eggs have hatched, the grubs damage the nearly full-grown) berries. When full-grown, the grub becomes a pupa in the earth, where it remains all winte The remedy for the Byturus is to spray with paris green and lime solution. The Raspberry Cane Borer.—On July Ist, Mr. W. N. Hutt, B. S. A., of Southend, sent me? specimens of red-raspberry canes which were punctured by this cane-borer. The tips of the? young shoots were wilted, and drooping. The rows of punctures around the cane, and the hole | between the rows in which the egg is laid were quite evident, as well as characteristic. The grub on hatching from the egg bores downward in the pith, and reaches the root by autumn There it transforms into a pupa and rests all winter. Tue Rose-CHAFER. (Macrodactylus subspinosus). ing orchards. The alarm was occasioned by the presence of immense numbers of the Chafers and by the knowledge that arsenical poisons were of little use in such an emergency. As many_ as eight or ten chafers were found feeding on a single peach, and but few peaches were lef un. touch ed. be ievesad on several successive mornings until the danger is over. 1901 ny | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49: The sudden appearance of the Chafers in immense numbers is accounted for by the habits- of the larvee, which feed on the roots of grasses in sandy locations. In the same locations the pupze are formed, but when the adults emerge, usually all about the same time, they betake themselves to the most convenient orchard or vine-yard. _A line of investiga'ion lies open in this connection. If the feeding grounds of the larvze were discovered and ploughed in spring, _ while the insects are in the pupal condition, many of them would be destroyed. oy Pa FF _ date the same gentleman favored me with specimens The life history is as follows: The female Chafer deposits her eggs in the ground in late June or early July. These hatch in a few weeks, and the grubs feed on the roots of grasses till October, when full-grown they descend still further beyond the reach of frost. In May, they. become pupee, and in June the adults emerge. THE Oak-PrRUNER (EHlaphidion villosnm). The work of this beetle (Fig. 27) is so inter- esting that it deserves some mention here. Under date of July 30th, the Hon. Justice Osler, of Osgoode Hall, wrote me an accurate and interest- Fiz. 27, The Oak-pruner. ing account of the work of this Borer in breaking off branches of Oak, as observed on some islands in the Georgian Bay, near Parry Sound. Ata later of the work of the insect from which I was able ‘to get the larve (Fig. 28). Mr. Osler writes : Un a tree affected by it will be seen the ends of branches we o hanging down, and leaves brown and dead. Ex- Fig. 28, The Fig. 29, The amination shows that they have been deeply sawn Oak Degen arye Oak-pruner pupa. through, remaining attached by a bit of the bark. Opening the end of the drooping branch in _ July or August, a very lively Borer is found in the shape of a fat, whitish grub, who has closed up the passage at his rear by his saw-dust. He does not appear to work backward, towards the trunk of the tree. Near where his life work appears to have begun, which is at the junction of some leaf or smaller branch, are often seen one or two small, hard, semi-cylindrical cases, about the size and shape of the common ‘ Lady-bird,’ empty, but probably the harbor in which the egg was laid which produced him.” i The habits of this beetle are described in greater detail by Dr. Saunders in ‘‘ Insects Injurious to Fruit,” pp. 31, 32 ; and by Dr. Packard in the ‘‘ Fifth Report of the Entomological _ Commission,” pp. &3-59. It is not only injurious to the oak but also to the beech, chestnut, birch, hickory, peach and apple. Dr. Saunders calls it ‘‘The Apple Tree Pruner.”’ Attention may be directed here to the wonderful instinct which the insect undoubtedly possesses. The female deposits an egg in an angle of a leaf stalk, near the tip of the twig. The grub, on hatching, feeds on the soft, pulpy pith, until it reaches the branch, when it gnaws the harder, woody tissues, and begins tunneling the branch to its base. Then the sawing process soceurs. ‘‘ This,” Dr. Fitch says, “is a most nice and critical operation, requiring much skill and calculation, for the limb must not break and fall while he is in the act of gnawing it apart, or he will be crushed by being at the point where it bends and tears asunder, or will fall from the cavity where it breaks open and separates. To avoid such casualties, therefore, he must, after severing it, have time to withdraw himself back into his hole in the limb, and plug the opening behind him before the limb breaks and falls.”” With the eye of a trained woodman, he “* cuts the limb asunder so far that he supposes it will break with the next wind which arises and withdraws himself into his burrow, and that he may not be stunned and drop therefrom, should the limb strike the earth with violence when iti falls, he closes the opening behind him by inserting: 4 EN. | . 5 vy THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 © therein a wad formed of elastic fibres of wood.” Usually his sawing is so accurate that he > has not long to wait before he falls with the limb. After the branch has fallen the grub con- — tinues to eat and grow. It changes to a pupa (Fig. 29) sometimes in the fall, but usually in the — spring. The adults appear in June, the female to lay her eggs as already described. Marcu Furies (Bibio). Under date of May 29th, a correspondent at Weston sent me three specimens of Bibio. He says :—‘‘ Yesterday our beds were infested by an immense quantity of flies,—eating Pansy — buds, and also the flowers.” At other dates also, reports have been received regarding the sup- — posed damage to plants by these flies; but although I have invariably at the time asked for — specimens actually seen injured by the flies, | have never received any. It is hardly likely that — these flies injure the buds and blossoms, although the maggots are known to attack the roots of — grasses. The usual food of the larvae, however, is decaying vegetable matter. In the discussion which followed upon the reading of this paper Prof. Webster referred to . the Hazeltine Moth-trap, which he denounced as a perfectly useleas aftair and recomended that — the Canadian government should impose a duty of $5.00 on everyone imported into this country in order to preven: its introduction, 40,000 had been sold in the United States this year and the — owners expected to sell 50,000 next year. He had yet to learn that it had caught any codling moths, or at any rate more than a very few, though it professed to exterminate them in the orchard where it was placed. The Potato Stalk-borer he had found destructive to tomatoes and egg-plant as well as po- tatoes, near Lake Erie. The 12-spotted asparagus beetle had not yet been found in Ohio, but was evidently spreading rapidly. For the Rose Chafer he could not advise poison, as no poison had been found to kill it, it would eat those in ordinary use and apparently thrive on them. It can however, be destroyed on fruit-trees by using a can with some coal-oil in it attached to the end © of a pole and knocking off the beetles into it with a light rod; this can best be done early in the morning when they are not so active as in the heat of the day. It breeds in sandy soil which is not very dry, and forms its pupa there ; the least disturbance of the soil by cultivation will kill it out. Mr. Moffat presented an acccount of the death of a woman at St. Thomas which was sup- posed to have been caused by the bite of an insect. He had obtained the specimen from the — doctor in attendance and exhibited it to the meeting. It proved to be the well-known ground — beetle, Galerita Janu:, Fabr., which is usually found under stones in moist places and is classed among beneficial insects. As this beetle was found in the patient’s bed four days after she was taken iJl, it seems incredible that it should have had any connection with the blood-poisoning, which began in the patient’s face so many days before, and terminated fatally. NOTES ON THE SEASON OF 1901. By J. Atston Morrat, Lonpon. After an unusually severe January, February and March a favorable opening of spring was — anticipated, but in that we were d‘sappointed in this locality. April was cold until near the — close, when we had a few warm days, which had a marked effect on insect life, and brought | forth Hymenoptera and Diptera in profusion, whilst the hibernated butterflies enjoyed the — bright sunshine immensely, and the small blues came out in numbers. May was decidedly dis- appointing. For although it brought forward vegetation rapidly, it was quite too cool to pro- ye € ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 ‘mote the development of the larger forms of Lepidoptera, so that the lilac blooms passed without the appearance of sphinges and other moths that usually attend their attractive feast. June 1901 was reported to be the coldest June experienced in a great many years. But on the 24th it took a turn, and a hot term followed, which lasted for five weeks without a treak, with such extreme heat as will have impressed itself on the memory of those who passed through it for the rest of their lives. Such peculiar weather conditions had the eftect of disarranging the usual appearing of common forms of insects. Some came out sooner than usual, others were late in showing themselves, and others failed to put in an appearance at all, whilst a few kinds were extremely abundant. Never before have I seen Aphides so prevalent, they were out in all their kinds and colors, ‘on root and branch, and in such masses. But to make amends the lady bird larvee were notice- ably numerous, and no doubt this was the cause of their greatly reduced numbers at the end of the season. The potato beetle was late in appearing, but was in more than usual abundance later on. The imported cabbage butterfly remained scarce until the late summer broods Fig. 30 —The Yellow Swallow-tailed Butterfly (Papilio turnus. ) appeared. Papilio turnus (Fig. 30), the yellow swallow-tailed butterfly, appeared early and stayed late. It was seen about the middle of May, and was not wholly absent in the middle of August. A long continued period on the wing, which I have often seen but cannot account for, and which seems to require some explanation. Neither the Thistle butterfly, the Hunter or the Red Admiral were much in evidence during the season here. The Argynnids in their various species were moderately plentiful. About the middle of August I received an intima- tion from Mr. J. D. Evans, of Trenton, that he had taken a specimen of Papilio Cresphontes there in fair condition, the furthest east it has yet been reported in Canada. About the same time Dr. Bethune observed one in London ; and on the 25th I picked a damaged specimen off a flower with my fingers, the first of the kind I have seen abroad in several years. It was also reported to me as having been taken in other places in this neighborhood. So that southern butterfly has not yet succeeded in establishing itself as a permanent resident in this locality ; it is even now but a periodical visitor. Anosia Archippus (Fig. 31) was late in arriving, and remained scarce through the season. The first one I saw was on the 12th of June, in a very worn and faded condition. Then I saw another on the 16th, 80 bright and fresh that it might have passed for a newly emerged speci- men. I received from Mr. Henry Bird, Rye, N.Y., a letter dated 15th May, 1901, in which he 52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 remarked that he had seen an Archippus butterfly before that. As scarcely any of the observ- ations published upon the movements of Archippus have come from New York State, I take the — liberty of giving publicity to the remarks on the subject which he so kindly favored me with, never suspecting that they would go into print. But as they are so interesting in themselves besides assisting in illuminating a page of Archippus history, I take pleasure in producing them — for. the benefit and enjoyment of others. ‘* My observations, Entomologically, are very meagre so far. Oue Archippus butterfly was noted. This one was sailing along rapidly, a couple of feet from the ground, with an eye open for the first appearance of the milk weed no doubt, and was skimming northward eight or nine Fig. 31.—The Archippus Butterfly. miles an hour. It was a worn specimen, and though its progress through the air was much faster, its angling flight searching for milkweed would bring initial progress at abut this figure. As I was following in my buggy and had the example in sight some ten minutes I could judge pretty well of its progress. ‘¢ But in crossing water-much better time is made, of course, and I have made some observa- tions here. I have explained how my home is situated on the shore of Long Island Sound, a long, narrow body of salt water, eight miles wide at this part, and 120 mileslong. Long Island, a great sandbank of glacial days, lies the other side of this Sound, and divides it from the Atlantic ocean. Although the warm Gulf Stream swerves off from our coast much further south, still there is some effect on the Long Island fauna, and it affords many features belong- ing to a more southern latitude. So naturally we may look for southern migrants from that quarter, and this is amply borne out in actual observations. In my younger days, when the ‘“ struggle for existence,” etc., was not so pressing, I used to find time for a day’s fishing now and then, and in a row-boat would anchor a half mile out from the shore on some submerged reef, in about thirty feet of water, and catch the rock-bass in which the Sound abounds, Passing a day in this manner, one has time between bites —both of the bass and of luncheon— to notice what is going on overhead. And one is sure to be struck with the number of butter- flies constantly coming from the Island to the main shore. We might expect the supply to be largest on the main land, and that emigration would be going the other way, yet it is invariably as first stated. By far the largest number seen will be Archippus, next Papilios and Colias. Philodice. Archippus fly at the highest elevation, but begin to drop on nearing shore, so on passing the fishing grounds are sometimes within reach. I have watched them so many times, and their numbers and flight are surprisingly regular. The species seems on the wing continually during the last half of the season, and their flight over the Sound waters seems most methodi- _ 1901 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 eal But in this case—they are going north, mind—they fly singly. To a,watching fisherman, + as an example gets abreast of his boat, he may look out across the water and see another coming in about the same track, and if he strains his eyes a bit, still another, just a speck, can generally be made out, well up in the blue. And so it goes on through the warmer hours of the day. _ Archippus or Turnus do not mind the flight at all, but poor little Philodice or P. rape are glad > + ; : : TOSS this body of water is large, and one rarely sees an example in the water. myriads during one whole day, and gave our landscape quite a snow-squally effect. But these _ them fell in the water. So much for emigration.” south together. So the fact of their going north at that time does not conflict with their going indeed to settle on the first bit of herbage or flower they can reach. So the number which ‘“« The most striking emigration in point of numbers that I recall as coming from Long Island was that little white and black speckled geometer—Caterva Catenaria, which came over in _ feeble flyers were dependent on a stiff breeze for making the trip at all, and then about half of : In reference to the point which Mr. Bird has called my attention to: that those separate E, specimens of Archippus were all flying north when crossing Long Island Sound, I would remark, ‘that in doing so at that time they are as certainly obeying: their natural inclination to travel, and that for a purpose, as when they go south in crowds later in the season. For, if those single individuals could have been traced to their destination it would have been found that they were making for a general gathering place, where they were forming one of those immense swarms which have attracted so much attention, preparatory to their leaving ina flock to go south later on, as they have to gather from all directions, at what appears like a preconcerted place of meeting. Constrained by an internal monition, or drawn by some invisible magnetic influence, they gather from every point pf the compass to one particular place, as unerringly as the needle turns to the pole, and there await the gathering of the crowd, to start out at the proper time on their long southward journey. As they do not, so it seems that they cannot at latitude, assuredly perish. that time go singly ; and the belated stragglers that are left behind the migrating flocks in this Numbers of Archippus butterflies were to be seen flitting about the streets of London, during the first week of September, and occasionally stopping to feed at moist places. The last one observed on the wing was on the 27th of the month. About the first of September Mr. Balkwill brought in some beetles that had been found feeding upon green corn inside the husks, with a sample of the injured corn. The beetle Fig 32. damage in a cornfield where they are numerous; which, fortunately for Canada, proved to be Euphoria inda, Linn. (Fig 32), a well-known injurious flower beetle, also bearing an unsavory reputation for spoiling soft ripe fruits, such as pears, plums and peaches. It was the first time my attention had been drawn to its attacking corn in this country, although it is known as an old offender in that direction in the south-western States. From the appearance of the corn that was presented, it is evident that this beetle is quite capable of doing a vast amount of they have not, so far, been found to be. Their ability and method of reaching the corn inside ~ the husks has been a subject of considerable discussion in the localities where their injury has been greatest, some claiming that it is only after the husk has been torn open by bird or beast that the beetles can reach the grain. But from the wonderful strength with which they are ~ endowed, which every one who has handled them must have noticed, one could readily believe that they would have no difficulty whatever in pushing their way inside the husk by the silk end. And, seeing that they bury themselves in the ground to pass the winter, they might _ other things within their reach where»n to satisfy their cravings. - ae ‘ _ easily dig through the husks in order to obtain the succulent morsels within, in the absence of 54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 THE PAINTED LADY BUTTERELY, (Pyrameis Cardwi, L). By James Frercuper, Orrawa. The irregularity in the appearance of the Painted Lady Butterfly has frequently been noticed by entomologists. For several years the species will be scarce or almost unseen in a locality, then suddenly large numbers will appear, winging their bold and fearless flight in every - direction, and will produce what, among collectors, has been called a ‘* Painted Lady year.’ This insect is one of he very few which are identical with their European representatives, and this one has a very wide distribution, being found, with very slight variations, almost all over the Northern hemisphere. The sudden appearance of a swarm early in the season is due to the migratory habit of this strong-winged fly. There are two broods in the season, as with most of the Vanessians. When I was a boy in England, an annual excursion eagerly looked forward to was a visit made to some caves at Upnor, on the River Medway, a few miles from Rochester. Late — in November or December, armed with an unnecessarily large supply of tallow candles and matches, a select party of youthful aurelians used to hie to these caves for the unusual pleasure of catching butterflies in wmter. Having reached the caves, we had to enter by crawling over a mound which almost filled the mouth of the cave, when a comparatively large chamber was found with three or four passages running off in different directions. Here the candles were lighted. In small pockets along the passages,. hibernating specimens could always — be found of the Peacock Butterfly, Vanessa Io, and the small Tortoise-shell (Vanessa urtice) of - about the same size, and with very similar habits to our Canadian (V. Milbertii), to which in- deed, unless the two are put side by side and compared, it bears a somewhat close superficial resemblance. Occasionally in these forays, we were lucky enough to find a few Painted Ladies. All the butterflies were hanging from the upper surface of the passages or crevices, with their wings closely shut, and with the antennz drawn back between the wings. The Peacocks and small Tortoise-shells were easily seen, owing to their dark colour, but the beautiful mottled under-sides of the Painted Ladies made them rather hard to distinguish in the flickering candle light. This butterfly cave was supposed to be a very secret hunting ground, and all who visited it were in honour bound only to take such specimens as were perfect, and only just so many as they actually required,’ The Vanessians hibernate in the same way in this country, not only in caves but in hollow trees and in buildings. Grapta j-album and Vanessa Antiopa I have frequently hibernated arti- ficially in a rather dark unused attic, or in a wooden box behind a fence out of doors. This habit of hibernating in the perfect state is accountable for most of the occasional notices in newspapers of the appearance of butterflies in warm days during the winter. y Last spring the Painted Lsdy was,not uncommon at Ottawa in early June, but was not noticed with Vanessa Antiopa, Grapta j-ulbum and Grapta Progne, sipping maple and birch sap in May. The butterflies came suddenly in June ; all through the month, until the new brood appeared about the middle of July, they were a conspicuous feature of the woodland, along roads, in gardens, and in clover fields. The flight of the Painted Lady is quick and irregular : it seldom stays long in the same place, flying hap-haziard from flower to flower in a most unbusi- ness-like manner, always ready for a gambol with another of its kind, dashing close past or circling round and round a new-comer. It flies, too, laser in the evening than any butterfly I — have observed, and at that time of the day seems to delight to settle on buildings. Two or ~hree specimens will sometimes choose the same tower of observation, over and around which they will chase each other apparently with great delight, stopping occasionally in their wild flight, — and goaring upwards opposite to each other like two boys, sparring for several seconds at a time. Not only will these intrepid insects dash at other butterflies, but they seem particularly e 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 \ fond of worrying the large locusts—Dissosteira Carolina and the clicking Circotettia verruci- e /atus—when these are flying by or are hovering in the air over their mates. These clumsy * flyers, surprised and indignant at the unexpected onslaught, make a few spasmodic efforts to __ evade their nimble persecutors, but soon settle down with rustling wings to the ground. The Painted Lady seems particularly to enjoy flying round and round the tops of mountains. Collecting on the bare black summits of mountains, where there is little cover, is always a matter of some difficulty, but this is much increased by these frolicsome, restless, fickle, _ **Jadies.” After carefully stalking, perhaps creeping on all fours, over hot rough rocks, towards - much desired Argynnis, or Chionobas, which, although very much on the alert, has at last settled for a few moments, how often are the collector’s hopes dashed to the ground by seeing one of these restless sentinels rush in and stir up his quarry, driving it off over the edge of the mountain, not to return again for a long time. This, however, is far from being the case with the unwelcome tormentor, which is back again within a few moments, sunning its wings within a few feet of him, but just beyond the reach of vengeance, and ready for the next effort. Vanissa Californica, a cousin of the Painted Lady, was not uncommen during the past summer in the : _ Rocky Mountains and was also. found to have the same, in the eyes of the collector, most objectionable habit. 3. In Dr. Scudder’s splendid work, the ‘‘ Butterflies of the Kastern United States and Can- e; ada,” a most interesting account is given of the Painted Lady and its habits. Quoting from Meyer-Dur, he says, ‘‘Its wildly timorous behaviour is quite striking; it is uncommonly ae « audacious ; swift and savage it dashes irregularly about, scarcely observing the pursuer ; heedless 2 of the net it returns directly to the place it has left, and sits with horizontally opened wings on i the dry earth or spots of sand. It is a nimble, lively, youthful, untamed, petulant insect _ which shows in its behaviour no resemblance to its proud but circumspect neighbour Atalanta.” + Dr. Scudder says himself of this butterfly : ‘‘ It frequently alights on stone walls heated by _ the sun, and is greatly attracted by flowers, particularly by thistles and the other plants upon ~ which the caterpillar feeds ; here it may readily be taken ; not so in other spots, for although ¢. very fearless, and even impudent, it is exceedingly wary, bponae off headlong at the slightest alarm.” In 1884 a remarkable occurrence of the Painted Lady Butterfly was noted, and the fact was : c recorded by Dr. Saunders in his presidential address to the Society (Can. Ent., xvi., p. 211) Py that it was so numerous in Manitoba as to have been the cause of some alarm to farmers, Ss e who feared that the caterpillars might attack some of the growing crops. A similar invasion — occurred last summer (1901) in Nor.h America and caused at first much anxiety to farmers in _ the West. The species was noted at Ottawa, and the insect was extremely abundant at Nepigon | bs and from that point westward to the Pacific. Newly emerged specimens were taken at Nepigon E on the 1st July. Manitoba seems to have been the centre of greatest abundance in Canada. be _ Mr. A. J. Dennis, of Beulah, Manitoba, writes on the 10th June: ‘* Pyrameis Cardwi is +s a _ tule an uncommon species here. I have never taken more than one or two specimens in a season, but this year they are in countless numbers. They simply cover the prairies and have - been flying in all directions fo: tle last six weeks.” A few letters were received from farmers anxiously enquiring whether the caterpillars which were abundant on summer-fallows, were __ likely to attack crops after they had finished the weeds. They were informed that this was not in the least like'y. Mr. Donald Macfarlo~> of Oak Lake, Manitoba, writing on the 25th June, says: ‘* These caterpillars first appeared in this district during a spell of dry weather about two __weeks ago. They were first seen on thistles and other weeds which they rapidly devoured, and are now spreading over many other plants ; even the roadways are strewn with myriads of these _ insects, all seeming to be in sympathy with the Government’s immigration policy and moving westward.” In travelling through Manitoba early in July I saw large numbers of the caterpillars feeding upon the Canada Thistle, but particularly upon the Borraginaceous weed, Blue Bur { / ‘6 . THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 . (Echinospermum Lappuli). This was a new food plant for the species, and it is rather remarkable that it should have been so conspicuously the favourite food plant in the West. The Blue Bur is not indigenous on the prairies but has spread rapidly as an agricultural weed in Manitoba and _ the North-West 'I'erritories during the past year or two. Upon some fields which had been left — for summer-fallowing large patches of this weed could be found stripped bare of every leaf by the caterpillars of the Painted Lady. Other plants noticed in different places, which were eaten — ‘by this caterpillar, were the Western Mugwort (Artemisia Ludoviciana) and the Pearly Ever- _ lasting (Anaphalis Margar itacea). In a few instances, caterpillars were seen upon the small Round-leaved Mallow, and were reported on holyhock and burdock. At Kaslo, B.C., I was — surprised to find the larvie feeding on the prickly Borraginaceous plant, Amsinckia intermedia. It is probable that our Canadian swarm may have come from the south and west. Mr. J. W. Cockle, of Kaslo, on Kootenay Lake, B. C., an energetic and very observant entomologist, wrote me last spring that on May 2nd a swarm of this butterfly had passed Kaslo. He says : ‘“ They were here on that date in thousands, but most of them only stayed a day or two ; from ~ which I suppose they have migrated to some other point.” At the same time Mr. Cockle sent me the following interesting extract from the Spokane Review of May 26th : MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES. Spokane Review, May 26. CouNnTLEss THOUSANDS OF THEM FLYING OVER SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. ‘‘ For weeks a remarkable migration has been taking place in southern California, and is still — in progress. The migrant is a brown butterfly, known as Pyrameis cardui. ‘At first the butterflies were noticed in twos and threes, then in dozens, then in countless thousands, all flying in one direction, to the northeast and parallel to the Sierra Madre range, Some idea of the numbers can be conceived when it is said that in looking across a lawn 90x40 — feet four or five butterflies were continually crossing the line of vision, and this was true, so far — ag could be learned, of every lot in the vicinity. ‘‘ The insects move with a regular rate of speed, always in the same direction ; now in pairs, again singly or in groups of 10 to 12. Such specimens examined show that they had trave led a long distance, and it is thought by some that the migration began in Mexico, hundreds of miles — away. ‘‘ In attempting to guess at the cause, it may be assumed that it has been a favorable year for _ this butterfly in some region to the south, and that’the countless caterpillars have changed into, butterflies in such swarms that to obtain food they have begun ia migration, the direction of which has been governed to some extent by the mountain range.” It may be the case that after this year P. Cardwi will be less abundant ane usual for some years, in accordance with the rule which seems to govern the occurrence of insects in general, namely, that an excessive abundance of a species generally foretells an unusual scarcity the next or the following year. Any remarkable observation concerning insects should always set the careful observer thinking, so that, if possible, the cause for the unusual occurrence may be dis- covered, At the end of Dr. Scudder’s article he gives the following under the head of Desiderata : ““Cardui is one of the best subjects of study for those who wish to investigate the causes of irregular apparition ; and only those who spend much time in the field can hope to solve the problem. A close observation of the comparative abundance of the butterfly for several con- secutive years in the same locality, accompanied by the attempt to rear hundreds of the cater- pillars, selecting only those which are very nearly full grown, and recording the proportion of healthy and infested ones, will probably show whether the attack of parasites is a vera causa. ‘ Z. 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 The above is submitted to our members to remind them that there is still good work to be done even with this showy and not uncommon species. Should the insect appear again next year in any abundance, efforts should be made to carry out Dr. Scudder’s suggestion with a view to solving the points raised. Exact dates of the first appearance of the butterflies and notes as to the times of greatest abundance should be carefully kept, and, if these facts are recorded by several observers at different points, they would certamly furnish much valuable information towards solving this problem. THE NORTH AMERICAN FALI. WEBWORMS. By Henry H. Lyman, M.A., Montreat. The name Fall Webworm, as is well known, was given by Harris to the caterpillar of the moth which he described under the name Arctia Textor, but for which he subsequently erected the genus Hyphaxtria, putting also in it the Many-Spotted Ermine Moth of the South, originally _ described under the name Bombyx Cunea by Drury. As I have already given in the ‘‘ Canadian _ Entomologist ”’ * a somewhat extended historical sketch of these moths, it is not necessary to repeat it here. The earliest published opinion that Cwnea Drury and Textor Harris were not specifically ~ distinct, which I have been able to find, was that contained in the short paper by Mr. Graef in Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., III. 14, 1880, he having taken all intergrades between immaculate and heavily spotted, and having seen the two forms in copulation, a3 had also Mr. Otto Meske of Albany. In the August number of the same journal, Mr. G. H. French recorded having bred both forms from a nest of caterpillars which had apparently just hatched from a single cluster ___of eggs deposited by a single moth. In the same year, Riley in the General Index to his 4 Missouri Reports also placed Textor as a synonym of Cunea, but in Grote’s Check List of 1882, Textor and Punctata stand, apparently, as good species, though without numbers, Pusctatissima A. & 8. being the only name given as a synonym of Cunea Drury. In 1887 Riley issued Bulletin No. 10, U.S. Division of Entomology, on *‘ Shade Trees and their Insect Defoliators,” in which, writing of the Fall Webworm, he said, ‘‘ The moths vary greatly, both in size and coloration. They have, in consequence of such variation, received many names, such as cunea Drury, textor Harr. punctata Fitch, punctatissima Smith. But there is no doubt, as proven from frequent breeding of specimens, that all these names apply to _ the very same insect, or at most to slight varieties, and that Drury’s name cine, having priority, must be used for the species.”’ Since that date, it seems to have been generally accepted that we had only one species ' varying greatly, and even Congrua Walker was supposed on Mr. Butler’s authority to be merely a variety of Cunea. Having no evidence to urge against this conclusion, and having no acquaintance with the Many-Spotted Ermine Moth in life, and only a pair in my collection, I, as so many others continually do, accepted perfunctorily the dictum of these authorities, though living in the Textor region where Cunea does not occur, I could never really bring myself to _ believe that the two forms belonged to one species, and thus the controversy which started in the May 1899 number of the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist” over the question as to what species was the true Cunea of Drury quickened my interest in the Fall Webworm moths, and I determined to solve the problem if possible. I therefore appealed to Dr. Harrison G. Dyar to secure for me eggs of Cunea, and this he kindly did, instructing his assistant to get them for me. On 3rd August I received from Washington a batch of eggs mailed on 31st July, accompanied < 5 by the moth which laid them, and which was still alive and still ovipositing. * Vol. XX XIT- 122. 58 THE REPORT OF THE | oe Ce -@ The eggs were deposited on the underside of a leaf, and were described as follows : Diam. 3 mm., finely pitted, of a pale delicate green, the batch covered with white down from — the abdomen of the 2 but those laid after the moth reached me had very little of the down — about them. Riley described the eggs as being of a bright golden-yellow colour, having, on account of the pitted surface, the appearance under a magnifying lens of a beautiful golden thimble, but this is erronéous, as I have had and examined many clusters of these eggs, and all were of a pale, delicate green. Occasionally a few yellow eggs will be found in an egg cluster, but these appear to be bad ones, as I have never known them to hatch. The parent of this first brood, which I called No. 1, was a little rubbed, but so far as I could see was immaculate. It is shown on the plate as fig.1. (See frontispiece plate). The larvee hatched on 11th-13th August, giving an egg period of about 12 days in the latitude of Montreal. . These larvee were carried by me to Rockland and Portland, Me., and back to Montreal, through the White Mountains, and were thus never out of the Textor region. They were fed on American Elm. For comparison, I also secured a part of a batch of Teator larvee from a nest on a birch tree in Mount Royal Park, but having been entrusted to a friend while I was at the seaside they were, on account of their commonness, somewhat neglected, and only about half a dozen survived. When the larvee of both forms were mature, I immediately saw that they differed strikingly from each other. The larvee of Cunea vary considerably among themselves, but only within the limits of what may be called the Cunea form, never to my knowledge, and I have bred not far short of a thousand of them in various broods, varying in the direction of Textor. [he distinction between these larvae may be broadly stated as follows : Cunea has the lateral broad band, light in color, not much sprinkled, and the warts on it yellowish, the upper row occasionally tinged with orange, and the hairs chiefly blackish gray. Textor has the lateral band heavily sprinkled with black dots, giving it a bluish appearance, the warts upon it orange-red, and the hairs chiefly foxy red-brown. These larve thus differ much more than the larve of many allied species whose distinctness _ is never called in question. Probably owing to the latitude in which they were raised this first brood matured slowly, and as the season advanced it was difficult to secure any green elm. leaves, and to keep them fresh for any length of time. Some of this brood seemed to be affected by some intestinal trouble, the pellets of frass remaining held to the anus by a reddish filament. One was observed to have no less than four such pellets in a chain attached to the anus. When elm was no longer to be had I changed the food to apple. and was able to secure this in a green state even after the first frosts. Those larvze which spun up among the leaves were placed in a box with a zine panin the ~ bottom, covered with a layer of crushed quartzite kept moist, the box being covered by a pane of glass, but those which spun up attached to the floor and sides of the breeding cage were not disturbed. The specimens kept in the damp box began emerging on 18th March, 1900, and continued to do soup till the 12th April, when I left on an Easter trip to New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. Up to that date none had emerged in the breeding cage, and I feared that they must have become dried up, but on my return home on the 21st, I found that a number had emerged, and they continued emerging up to the 16th May, being thus just one month — later than those kept in a moist atmosphere. . \’ out seventy five specimens in all were reared, though some were crippled or otherwise damage... nd not worth preserving, and of these only four females were absolutely immaculate, that is, al. 1t 5 per cent. of the whole brood, or about 10 per cent. of the females. Many of the latter sex were quite heavily marked, more so than the average male of ordinary broods, — - 1901 es ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 59 : ‘ \ Band the statement of Smith & Abbot, ‘‘the female being entirely white,’ is thus seen to be incorrect, though in the majority of cases it is true, and in the other broods raised by me, _ spotted females were of extreme rarity, not occurring at all in summer broods and very rarely - in spring broods. Figures 2-11 are of this brood, showing the variation from heavily spotted _ to immaculate. Had I been contented with the results attained in rearing this most remarkable brood 1 would have maintained that such a thing as an immaculate male Cunea did not exist, and should _ thus have been quite as far astray in my conclusions'as the many authorities who have written 7 of these forms. =< But in order to see what difference, if any, existed between the spring and summer moths, | - Lappealed again to Dr. Dyar to supply me with a batch of eggs along with the parent moth. _ This he was unable tc do, as he did not secure any of the female moths, but he sent me two _ broods of young larvie whose -depredations upon sycamore trees had just begun to attract his attention. These broods I namea A and B, and as it was too much trouble, especially for the friend _ with whom I left them when I sailed for England in June, tu go up the mountain to my syca- ' more tree for fodder, the food was changed, and brood A was reared on elm and brood B on apple. : to 19th August, and in brood B from 27th July to 13th August. The moths from these broods " were hardly at ali spotted, a few only of the males being lightly marked, while many males _ and all the females were absolutely immaculate, and so indistinguishable in the imago state from H. Textor, but the larvee had been of the Cunea form, though not quite so dark as the fall - brood of larve reared in 1899. These moths are shown Nos. 13-16 summer brood A, Nos. a 24-27 summer brood B. 5 _ From a mating between A and B I secured another batch of eggs, which in due time ; _ hatched and produced brood AB. - As Dr. Dyar had algo been rearing a number of broods of Cunea at Washington I suggested ba dividing broods, each sending the other a half of one of the broods, in order that we might see what difference, if any, would result from difference of latitude. ae I sent a share of brood AB to Washington and received in exchange a portion of one of _ the Washington broods resulting from a mating of moths of the summer brood. No distin- - guishing number was sent with this brood, and I merely marked it ‘‘$ Dyar’s brood.” Unfor- : ‘hy tunately Dr. Dyar’s assistant omitted to make a note as to which brood he divided with me, i and I am therefore unable to compare my results with those obtained at Washington. i The moths of this brood from Dr. Dyar emerged from 28th April to 10th May, 1901, and } Y were almost immaculate, only a very few of the males having a few dots, Nos. 29-33 showing the _ range of variation. Be The result of this brood proves that a spring brood may be quite as_ lightly marked as the most lightly marked summer brood, and it is probable that the influence of the parents is a potent factor in determining the result, but that, other things being equal, a spring brood will be more heavily marked than a summer one, was demonstrated in the most remark- ‘able manner in brood A. I have already mentioned that very few of this brood emerged in July and August, 1900, _ the great bulk of the brood going over the winter, thus showing the tendency of the double _ brooded Cunea of the South to become a single brooded moth in the latitude of Montreal. i The contrast in this brood between the summer emerging moths and those which passed the a winter in the pupal state was most marked, as many of the males were heavily spotted, though Neeley! 60 THE REPORT OF THE ~ Ag eee eeiate some of the males and nearly all the females were immaculate, only one or two of the females being lightly spotted, Nos. 17-22 showing the range of variation in the spring part of brood A. As already mentioned, nearly all of brood B had emerged in July and August, 1900, but — three or four emerged in the spring of 190], and No. 28 is a male of that brood which went over — winter, showing the same tendency to heavy marking in the spring brood, and this fact has a_ very strong bearing upon the question of the specific distinctness of these two forms, for if both belonged to one species, J'eatov taving only a spring brood in this region, should be a spotted form instead of being an immaculate one. In the summer of 1900, I also secured part of a brood of H. Textor larve on Montreal Mountain, and sent a portion to Dr. Dyar, but he did not succeed in getting any through. I was successful with those I retained, but, curiously enough, a few emerged in the autumn, but — those which emerged in the spring came out a little later than the ‘Cuneas of brood A. The latter emerged between the 5th and 15th May, with one belated one on the 20th, and another on 26th, while the Textors did not begin to appear till the 19th May, and came out be- tween that date and 2nd June. Dr. Dyar succeeded with the portion of brood AB which I sent — him, but, unfortunately, I did not with the ones I retained. They, were I fear, confined too — long in aglass jar, and so became unhealthy before being transferred to a cage, and died off shortly after I left on my second trip to England, so here again we were unable to compare results. t A very important point which | brought out in my experiments was the refusal of Cunea and Textor to mate. At least three times was the experiment tried, when conditions were favourable, both moths being freshly emerged, but always with the same result, although they — were left together for days. That no mating took place, I am positive, as close watch was kept at frequent intervals, and ina mating of Cunea which was timed, copulation continued from _ about 11 p. m. till about 8 p. m. the following evening. The Cuneas, however, mated all too readily among themselves. To sum up the results of my cenernens extending from the summer of 1899 to the spring of 1901, I find : Ist. That Hyphantria Cunea varics in both sexes f:om heavily spotted to absolutely imma- — culate. 2nd. That Hyphantria Textor is invariably immaculate. 3rd. That the two forms differ markedly and constantly in the larval state, while Claes especially varies within its own range. 4th. That the two forms will not mate. 5th. That, other things being equal, the spring brood of Cunea is more heavily marked than the summer brood. 6th. That in the north Cumea tends to become a single brooded, heavily marked form. I therefore contend that my results prove beyond reasonable doubt that we have two valid © species, though in the imago stage it is impossible to distinguish between an immaculate Cunea anda 7'extor, and that the name given by Harris should therefore be restored to full specific rank. Now, as to the synonymy, in Neumoegen & Dyar’s ‘‘ Preliminary Revision,’* the name — Var. Budea Hiibner was used for Textor, but this reference was evidently founded on a misap- prehension as Hiibner’s figure shows a moth with a single dot on each fore wing, exactly as in fig. 14 of my plate, and the description mentions this spot, as I am now informed by Dr. Dyar. 4 ‘Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc. I, 178. a 1901 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 ad The species should therefore stand as follows : ; Hypuantria. Harris. Cunga, Drury. (Bombyx). Punctatissima, Abbot & Smith. (Phalwiw). -Budea, Hiibner. (Cycnia). 4 Mutans, Walker. (Spilosoma). * Punctata, Fitch. (Hyphantria). 4 Ab. var, Pallida, Packard. (Arctia). d Textor, Harris. (Arctia). i Candida, Walker. (Spilosoma). 7 I have referred Candida Walker doubtfully as a synonym of Textor, as it is impossible to _ be sure that the type was not merely an immaculate Ownea, unless it could be shown to have come from a locality where Textor occurs and Cunea does not. Figure 12 on the plate is shown as agreeing with almost absolute exactness with Drury’s _ figure of Cunea, and Figure 23 as the nearest specimen to the very aberrant type of Arctia Pall- _ ida Pack. which I have been able to obtain. Sir George Hampson, in Vol. ILI of his work on _ the moths of the world, refers to-Hyphantria the species described by Grote as Alewicles Aspersa, but as he admits the species is unknown to him, I consider the reference at least doubtful. In the following summary I have endeavored to classify the individuals of the different ss broods, but any such classification is artificial, and merely approximate, as they merge by the _ slightest possible gradations from one extreme to the other. 1.4 + ‘ SUMMARY. ¢ Brood. No. 1. A. B. Dyai’s. Emerged. Spring. |Summer.| Spring. | Summer. | Spring. | Spring. a a ees Se | a | = | | ee Heavily Spotted | De aa yt sheen rest | Bie ul 2 cee late od a cote RRMA Raste syste iti cuchoin Sian, oun tiers 3 Bit ouode Siete pay sas Well Spotted | ° SCO: COADIS SSE MOR In eran oe Sener 14 rte Saye reaere 14 Bre rechevslo se 1 erdstanetets - ae gan ee Ree LpiParels. cose heme cae Je Lightly Spotted Seeioa oo i 21 Bats Wecateiace We atoved eens Gteeoree aiaone 22 DoS Ng SSI e eee en ee 9 ER bare aerate 1 SIE AON Gane ae Cen eee ISS & Traces of Spots | + oo clits EO BBR REE oe Eee 0 5 9 9 Ae ton de: | 10 Meares tes ee ka bialas, ove) « | (Gee Oey FP ieiarein, side syste stele sre eserattle ota noe Immaculate | ee ce 0 | 6 12 SU ink ae | 14 «en. ee eee 4 6 45 | 17 2 22 Before concluding, I desire to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. Dyar, not only in supplying me with the necessary eggs and larvee of Cine, but also in carrying on similar experiments at Washington, breeding over 600 moths, the results of which I am permitted to give in the _ annexed Appendix, and which tend to confirm my conclusions. I may also say that I learned through Dr. Dyar that Mr. Theodore Pergande had, from his _ own observations, become convinced that there were two species, the one varying from spotted to white, and the other always white, but differing in the larval state, just as my experiments _have shown that they do. ; To be the means of proving the correctness of a name given by Dr. Harris, for whom I have such a prefound respect, is a source of gratification. : pe 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 q | EXPLANATION OF PraTE.—(See frontispiece). No. 1. @ parent of brood No. 1. No. 2-6. ¢ ¢ brood No. 1 emerged March-May, 1900. No. 7-11. 2 2 brood No. 1. emerged March-April, 1900. No. 12. ¢ from N. J. as close as possible to Drury’s figure. : No. 13-15. 3 g brood A. emerged July-August, 1900. No. 16. 9 a a J sf Mon 17 20. .d ds * “ May, 1901, No. 21-22.99 * “ ee Aaes No. 23. ¢ similar to Packard’s Arctia Pallida. No, 24-26. 8 3 brood B emerged end July, 1900. No. 27. 9 “+ ‘3 5th August 1900. No: 28. ¢ 5 e May 1901. No. 29-31. g g Dyar’s brood emerged May, 1901. No. 32-33. 9 9 ‘ ‘* emerged May, 1901. ns APPENDIX. Resnlts obtained at Washington, by Dr. H. G. Dyar in carrying on parallel experiments 1900-1901. SumMMER Morus. Brood D 1* Eggs on sycamore, Washington, D. C. cae 1, 1900, No moths. D 2* On pear, Hollydale, Pa., May 24th, 1900. Bred at Washington, D. C., 23 moths — (13 ¢ 310° ) white, 4 ¢ with traces of spots. D 3* On Sycamore, Washington, D. C., June 1, 1900. 36 moths in July-August (19K 179 ) white, 3 ¢ slightly, 1 ¢ distinctly spotted. D 4* On Sycamore, Washington, D.C., in stage II, May 29,1900. Moths in August, 90 moths (48 $ 479 ) white, 3 ¢ with traces of spots. D 5* On Sycamore, Washington, D.C., June}, 1900. Moths in August, 4 moths (1 $ 39 ) white. D 6* On Sycamore, Washington, D, C,, June 1, 1900. Moths in August, 145 moths (77 ¢ 68 9 ) white, 3g with traces of spots. D 7* Eggs from 9 on Sycamore, Washington, D. C., hatched June 11, other broods in ; stages III and IV atthe time. Mothsin August, 204 moths (103 ¢ 1019 ) white, 6 ¢ with faint grayish spots. D 8* On Mulberry, Montreal, Ga., (J, H. Heard), June 8, 1900. Moths in August, 7 9 white. Sprinc Morus. D 9* Mating of moths of D 4 end of July, 1900, Moth 19 white April 24th 1901. D 10* Mating of moths of D 7 August, 1900. Moths March 24—May 2, 1901, 28 moths (11 217 9) Gall lightly spotted, 9 all white. D 11 Brood of H, Textor from H. H. L., Montreal, no moths. D 12* Anothing mating of D 4 end of July, 1900, Moths March 28-May 4, 1901, 20 moths (5 g 159 ) most of them spotted, none heavily, but 1 ¢ 59 white. D 13* A mating of Mr. Lyman’s broods A and B sent from Washington 30th May, 1900, and the larve of brood AB returned to Washington. Moths March 24—-May J, 1901, 46 moths (42 g 49) Spotted, some heavily, 3g and 39 white. . *Larvee of Cunea type. wa Sig | . / | 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 THE TREND OF INSECT DIFFUSION IN NORTH AMERICA. By F. M. Wessrer, Wooster, 0. American entomologists have for many years been engaged in observing, defining and recording the distribution of species of insects and their progress, if of a migratory nature. In earlier days, when entomologists were few in number’and widely scattered, there was little opportunity for serial observations or combined studies. But now, with entomologists in every State, the distribution of species can be more thoroughly studied and their movements, if such occur, carefully traced across State after State with surprising promptness and accuracy. While it is not the object of this paper to gather up all the facts bearing on this subject that are scattered throuzh our literature, it does seem proper, at this time, to sketch, tentatively at least the possible if not probable paths along which sone insects, once unknown, but now common, have made their way to their present areas of habitation. Map 1.—The Trend of Insect Diffusion in North America.—Webster. Acquisitions to our insect fauna have come to us, almost exclusively from two sources, viz., either by introduction amongst articles of commerce or through natural influences, in the latter eases coming either from the north or the south, generally the latter. The Appalachian mountain system on the east and the Cordilleran mountain system on the west, while they do not prevent the introduction of foreign insects along our sea coasts, they de present more or less impassable barriers to the direct progress of such insects inland. In the ese of the Cordilleras these appear to separate the northwar1 flowing stream of tropical and _ sub tropical species in its onward. course, sending one portion along the Pacific coast and the other along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the latter sometimes spreading broadly inland, while the former holds more closely to the coast. The influence of the high plateau in Mexice on the eastern branch of this insect stream, wi'l, some day, offer material for a most interesting study, even if it does not solve the problem of the evolution of several of our common insects. The Appalachian system does not approach the gulf coast at its southern terminus, but leaves a broad avenue that enables species moving eastward to pass on along the gulf to the Atlantic _ ¢oast and thence northward. It does, however, to the northward form an almost impassable 7. 64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 obstruction to the directly westward migration of insects from east to west, broken only in the State of New York and the country adjacent to the north and south shores of Lake Erie. Here — we have a huge gateway through which nearly or quite all species imported from Europe, land- ing on our eastern seacoast, north of the mouth of the Potomac river at least, make their way into the comparatively level country beyond It is barely possible that the valiey of the Big Kanawka river in West Virginia and Cumberland Gap may offer passage ways for an occasional species, but of this we have no proof as yet. In the Cordilleran system there do not appear to be any such openings or gaps for the outflowing and spread of migrating species, except, per- haps, in extreme southern California and Arizona, a country so arid that few species can take — advantage thereof, if it really exists, hence, a separation in South or Central America usnally — remains permanent, while in the case of the Appalachians, a species may work its way south along the Atlantic coast to the Gulf, and in a comparatively short time mingle with the northern branch that has made its way west to the great lakes and thence southward. Besides these, there are paths of migration from the north southward, but these are con- tined to the two mountain systems now under discussion. I will now take up each of these paths or trails of migration and give a few illustrations to make my points more intelligible. (See Map 1.) The imported cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapa, as is well known, was first observed in the vicinity of Quebec in 1860. From here it gradually spread south into New England and west through New ¥ork, so that it actually invaded Canada from the United States in 1872, and a — year later, in the spring of 1873, it appeared at Cleveland, Ohio, in limited numbers. ! Many years ago one of the Dung beetles, Aphodius fossor L., which occurs in Europe, was. introduced into the same section of country as the preceding, and like it spread southward into New England, and is now only being found occasionally in northeastern Ohio, though it was included in the list of Lake Superior species in 1878 by Hubbard and Schwarz, but not in the- 1880 list of Reinecke and Zesch of species found within 15 miles of Buffalo, New York. In 3 this case it evidently spread faster through Canada, but came to Ohio by the way of western New York. . The Asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi, introduced from Europe many years ago, first appeared in Ohio in the northeastern portion of the state, precisely as it made its way into- Canada by way of western New York. Crioceris 12-punctatus has not yet been found in the State of Ohio but is to be expected within a year or two. The clover leaf weevil, Phytonomus punctatus, and the clover root borer, Hylastes obscwrus, both imported from Europe and both first coming to notice in western central New York, were first reported in Ohio in the northeastern counties. It is true that a single specimen of the former was taken from the crop of a crow shot in Michigan in 1892." Yet had it invaded the State of Ohio from that direction the fact would have been shown by its presence in- the clover fields of the farmer. I found it abundantly at Chautauqua Lake, New York, in. August, 1888, and it must have entered Ohio a year, or at most two, afterwards. It is true that Mr. Duryjfound it near Cincinnati in 1892 and Mr. Hine in Lucas County the following year, but it did not become noticeably abundant until long after the farmers in northeastern Ohio- were complaining of its attacking clover. The IIylastes also was found about Cincinnati soon after its appearance in northeastern Ohio, but like the Phytonomus it was probably carried into. — some of the tributaries of the Ohio river, possibly in northeastern Ohio, during the high waters. of spring and down stream, being left by the receding water with driftwood and other debris,. far back among the cultivated lands along the river itself. 1Scudder The introduction and spread of Pieris. rape in North America, 1860-1885. Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. IV., No. III. 2The Common Crow of the U.S., Burrows and Schwarz : Bull. 6, U. S. Dep. Agr. Div. Ornithology and Mammology. « 1901 — ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 Even the Horn Fly, Hematobia serrata, was first reported in the State at a point some _ thirty miles east of Cleveland, though it appeared elsewhere soon after, and now we have - another illustration in the Willow and Poplar Curculio, Cryptorhynchus lapathi, found at Ashtabula in the extreme northeastern county within a few weeks. This last appeared about Buffalo, New York, in 1896. The foregoing illustrations will, I think, show clearly that there isa gateway opening into _ Canada between the east end of Lake Erie and the western end of Lake Ontario as wide as the Niagara River is long, through which insects introduced from Europe make their way, frequently , ==. even when such have been firs} introduced into Quebec, seemingly preferring to make their way _ westward to the south of Lake Ontario instead of to the north of it. The gateway on the United States side is along the south shore of Lake Erie, and between it and the northern terminus of the Alleghany mountains. JAS Map 2.—The dotted area shows territory over which Erynnis Man:toba, the Canadian Skipper Butterfly, occurs and illustrates the southern trend of northern species. (Adapted from Scudder.) r The eastward trend of insect migration is followed, either by species whose native habitat is along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, or else by such as have come up from the far _ South and swayed broadly to the eastward across northern Missouri, Iowa and possibly southern Minnesota. The spread of the Colorado Potato beetle, Doryphora 10-lineata, is a good illus- tration, while the Box Alder bug, Leptocoris trivittatus, which is slowly but surely making its way eastward, having, as Dr. Forbes informs me, reached eastern Illinois, is another example. Of those that have come up from the far south and fallen into this trend of migration, probably Diabrotica longicornis will offer the best illustration, and this willlead me to the discussion of the northward spread of tropical and sub-tropical species. This species was first observed _ along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and up to within the last thirty-five years was 4 comparatively rare insect, found in summer on the blossoms of golden-rod and thistles, and _ probably occurred, locally, far to the eastward, possibly reaching the Atlantic coast within _ the last twenty-five years. The writer can well remember when it was of uncommon occurrence __ in northern Illinois, where now it literally swarms, under certain conditions of Indian corn 5 EN. 66 THE REPORT OF THE Ne 19 oe see - culture, to which crop it has come to be a veritable pest. Somewhere in the great corn fields of Illinois and perhaps Iowa, this insect acquired the habit of breeding in the roots of corn, | and what seems to be a corn feeding race has sprung up and has slowly made its way eastward, having now reached the eastern half of Ohio. As illustrating this feature of its diffusion, while I have been closely watching its progress in western Ohio, I was unable for ten years to find a single individual about Wooster, situated about 65 miles from the eastern line of the State, and about 35 miles from Lake Erie. In the summer of 1900, however, I found a single individual in my garden on the common sunflower, and, judging from past experience in other States as well j as in western Ohio, we shall soon have the insect in abundance.» Elsewhere* I have discussed’ Map 3.—The dotted area shows the territory over which Zerema accius, the Clouded Skipper Butterfly, occurs. This is the area covered by the northern trend of southern species. (Adapted from Scudder.) the diffusion of the genus at considerable length, and it is unnecessary to repeat here what was there stated, except to again call attention to the fact that our D. vittata has a very close relative” in D. trivittata on the Pacific coast and that our D. 12-punctata has an equally near relative in the D. soror, also of the Pacific coast, while each has an intermediate species that seems to con- nect the two in each case. This phenomenon I attribute to the fact that the original stem species” may have become separated far to the south, and one branch followed the western slope and the other the eastern, Prof. Cockerell’s D. vittata var., incerta coming between the former and D. trivittata, would seem to give us an illustration of an intermediate species in the process of evolution, while in D. tricincta, which occupies a similar relation to D. 12-punctata andD. soror, the evolution has advanced further and we have what we terma good species. From some more recent studies of Myochrous denticollis and allied species of that genus, it would seem that some- thing similar might have taken place with reference to that species as wellt. ° ‘The southern terminus of the Appalachian system has a similar effect in dividing the streams of insect migration, after such have passed to the eastward along the gulf coast, one branch keeping along the Atlantic coast and the other to the west of the mountains, but without any such influencés on the species as seemingly occurs in Central America and Mexico. Thus, there *Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. III, pp. 158-166 ; Vol. IV, p. 67. +Loe. Cit., Vol. IX, p. 127. os & bee | 1901 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 ~ is no perceivable difference between the Dynastes tityus that breeds in the southern portions of : Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, and those found some distance up the Hudson River in New York. The same is also true of the Bag Worm, Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, which along the sea - coast extends northward to Massachusetts, and in the west it has been sent me from within _ twenty-five miles of Lake Erie, though it is but fair to say that this was in case of a single sack, 4 the species not occuring abundantly north of Columbus, in this State, and, until quite recently, it was not to be found even that far north, yet there is no apparent difference between Ohio and Massachusetts specimens, so far as I have been able to learn. The chinch bug, Blissus lewcopterus, may, perhaps seem to offer an exception in its abbreviated wings along the shores of _ the Atlantic, but as we have the same phenomenonin the same species on the Pacific coast, it would seem that it is due to maritime influences. If one will take almost any study of the distribution _ of our species of insects and examine it closely, he will be surprised at the number that extend their habitat south into Centra’ and South America, and will get the impression that many of our species really extend from the tropical countries northward, instead of from north to south, as it is usually given by our systematists. A good illustration is afforded by a recent ‘* Review of the Tettigonidz of north America, north of Mexico,” by Mr. Elmer D. Ball, who, after the common usage, gives the species as occuring from its northernmost known home south when in _ the cases of 19 out of 26 species considered, this statement should have been reversed. These illustrations only convey a limited idea of the wealth of material awaiting the student of the origin of our insect fauna. There remains only one more tide of insect migration to consider and that from the north to the southward. Mr. Schwarz* has given two exceedingly good illustrations of this, one, _ Aphodius rufipes, which occurs all over Europe and Siberia, but in North America only in the - Alleghany mountains ; the other a Carabid, Nomius pygmeus, which is found in Oregon and Wash- ington, Lake Superior, Ottawa, Canada, Nova Scotia, and on the high mountains of North Caro- lina. Our commonest lady beetle, Megilla maculata, is found as far south as Chili, though at sea level, a large and developed variety occuring in the Amazon district of South America.+ Our Pyrameis hunteri has also been taken in Peru, at an altitude of 9,809 feet above the sea. The White Mountain Butterfly, Geis semidea, as is well known, occurs in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, Labrador, and on the high mountains of Colorado. There are other equally interesting illustrations of this southward trend of arctic and boreal species, but I have not time | to enumerate them. I will close this paper, however, by a significant statement made by Dr. Henry Skinner in the Canadian Entomoloaist of October, 1893, as follows: ‘‘In the species that fly from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and also exist in Europe, it will be found that the Pacific coast examples far more closely resemble Huropean ones than those individuals found on the Atlantic slope.” THE IMPORTED WILLOW AND POPLAR CURCULIO. Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn. By F. M. WEssTER. My reason for treating this insect at considerable length at this time is, that it has passed _ the Alleghany Mountains and entered the middle west, having been found the present autumn near Ashtabula, in the extreme northeastern Ohio, by one of my assistants, Mr. A. F. Burgess, acting under my direction. Previous experience with imported insects that have made their way to the west, led me to believe that we should sconer or later find it in Ohio, and that it * Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington, Vol, I,. p. 186. + Travels Among the great Andes of the Equator, Appendix, p. 57. THE REPORT OF THE would first appear in that part of the State, therefore Mr. Burgess was instructed to search for it this fall as opportunity offered, and a single female was found in the act of ovipositing on Oct. 5th, in willow, growing along a small stream just east of the City of Ashtabula. DESCRIPTION OF THE Mature INSECT. The insect is one of the snout beetles or curculios, related to the plum curculio, but muel larger, being from 6.5 to 7.5 mm., about one-third to three-eighths of an inch, in length ; body dull black with little spots or tufts of jet-black scales or hairs on the thorax and wing covers ; scattered over the forward half of the wing covers are minute white scales which almost cover the posterior third, and form a somewhat V-shaped marking between this and the thorax. ‘The. body is coarsely pitted, and the femora, or first joints of the legs are spined. Plate, Fig. 1. The Imported Willow and Pop'ar Curculio. +-( Webster. ) Figure 1, Cryptorhynchus lapathi, adult, enlarged. Original. Figure 2, larva ; figures 3 and 4, pupa. After Jack. Figure 5, egg enlarged, as placed by female in bark of willow. Original. Figure 6, illustrating larvae burrowing in the solid wood. After Jack. ) DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA oR YOUNG. When fully developed these are fleshy, footless, whitish borers, having somewhat the appearance of grubs, with small brown heads and darker brown jaws. Plate, Fig. 2. , DiIsTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. The insect is common in Europe, ranging over Siberia and Japan, but whether it extends further south into Central Asia is not known. In the United States it is known to oecur from New Jersey to Massachusetts, and westward through New York and in north-eastern Ohio, having without doubt pushed its way along the south shores of Lake Erie, from Buffalo, N.Y, — where it was first observed in the summer of 1896. 1901 ENTOMOLOGIC iL SOCIETY. 69 HIstoRY OF THE SPECIES IN OrHER LANDs. , ‘The species was described by Linnzeus in his ‘‘ Systema Natur,” in 1763, its habitat being given as Europe, and found on Salix and Rumex, willow and dock. Later, it received atten- jHion from Fabricius in his ‘‘Systema eleuteratarum, 1801; Syst. Entomologia, 1775 ; Spec. “Insectorum, 1781 ; Entom. Systematica, 1792,” and later by Zetterstedt, Mathieu and Kalten- “bach. It is included in Turton’s Linnzus, 1806, Vol. II., p. 231. Ratzeburg, in his ‘* Die 'Forst-Insecten,” 1839, p. 155, briefly characterizes the insect, and states that it takes its name from the large-leaved dock, Lapathum, of ‘the ancients, on which it sometimes sits. In Silesia ‘it is called the alder destroyer (Erlenwurger). In July, 1824, in the vicinity of Liegnitz, a whole alder plantation was destroyed by it, and even a large number of trees ready for cutting did not escape. Willows were also destroyed by it. Nordlinger, in ‘‘ Nachtrage zu Ratze- “burg’s Forstinsekten,” 1856, p. 15, says that, according to Herr Suffrian, it occurred on low "willows four or five feet high at the bases of the branches, and also on these last, and in June and July it was found in great numbers at Hohenheim on Canadian poplars, and also on white willows, where it would remain for hours with its snout buried in the spongy linticels. | Herr Hahn, wood commissioner of the district of Laupheim, observed in the forest of j Ochsenhauser, on a strip of land on which both deciduous and coniferous trees were growing, \ ‘that the birches five to eight feet high were broken off about three feet below the top, and "were hanging down. One inch below the break was a worm-hole filled with worm-dust and “wood shavings, in each of which was found a yellowish white larva with a brown head, which, _ after from eight to fourteen days, developed into one of these curculios. Herr Hahn considered fh that in this case the insect had destroyed the growth of two years. 3 In 1867, Brehm and Rossmassler, in ‘‘Die Thiere des Waldes,” Bd. II, p. 171, under the term ‘‘ Der Erlenrusselkafer,” state that they have only noticed the insect in the mountain _ region, where it constantly works on the white alder, Alnus incana L., hardly a bush along the brooks and forest borders being free from the pest, the branches and trunks attacked readily | breaking off. | In 1868, Ratzeburg again takes up the species in his ‘‘ Die Waldverderbniss,’ dealing with fat much more thoroughly than he had been able to do in his previous writings, and calling attention to the observations of Zebe and Herr V. Kamptz, relative to the injuries done by the “insect, the latter having observed the habits of the beetle in Mecklenberg-Strelitz for many years. K He states that an annual generation is the rule, and hibernation, therefore, occurs in all stages, _ most seldom in the larval state. The point that the. beetle prefers isolated trees and does not like a wet locality well, is repeated, but he is still reluctant in classing the black alder as a common food plant, though not doubting that it is one of the food plants. In 1869, in “ Die Waldverderber,” pp. 171, 172, he states that the eggs are laid in May, the normal season, usually on alders—the black rather than the white— much more rarely on poplars, birches and _ willows, and the beetle prefers the young shoots or branches two to three years old. He is seemingly much perplexed over the fact that, while the beetles pair and the females oviposit normally in May, they were also abundant in August. ) In 1881, Dr. Bernard Altum. in ‘‘ Forstzoologie,’”’ III. Bd. abth., p. 220, opens his dis- cussion of the species by the interesting ‘statement that there are 221 species of the genus - Cryptorhynchus, distributed over the entire earth, while Taschenberg, in ‘‘ Brehm’s Tierleben “Insekten,” 9 Bd., p. 163, 1892, states that OC. lapathi is the only European representative of a _ South American genus. I may add here that we have now 16 species inhabiting North _ America, north of Mexico, the majority of them inhabiting the southern or south-western States. _ Dr. Altum wrestles with the life history, and does not clear up the obscurity, but states that _ while the sexes pair and oviposit in May, they may be observed pairing in September. there being a noticeable falling off in point of numbers during July. He leaves the subject by allow- i. 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 ing a two year generation ; that is, covering a portion of two calendar years, but completing their life cycle within twelve months. The life history is given as follows, as observed in Silesia. Here, again, the white alder was seemingly preferred. The larva first works flatways under the bark, and then goes straight, ascending into the wood. Fig, 6, Plate. The larva makes the first chamber under the bark the first summer, and af er hibernation begins to excavate its gallery into the sound wood, ascending as a steep passage—sometimes as a broken one—still directly into the sap- wood, and before pupating the larva reverses its position and lies with its head downward in the burrow. Besides the white alder Alnus incana, black alder A. glutinosa, and of the wil-~ lows, Salix purpura, 8. viminalis and 8. triandra are given as food plants, coupled with the statement that the willows along the railroads were badly injured, and in many places entirely q destroyed by the ravages of this insect. Judeich and Nitsche, in ‘‘Lehrbuch der Mitteleuropaischen Forstinsektenkunde,” II. Abtheilung, 1889, deal at length with the insect, but do not clear up the obscurity in its hfe history, viz., do the beetles emerging in the fall come from’ eggs laid in the spring of the same year, or from those laid the preceding year? .The eggs are, for the most part, deposited — singly in the bark of young alders, both black and white, and willows, including, besides those previously mentioned, Salix cuprea, and the larvee eating out a hollow. space under the bark, © later force their way upward and deep into the wood. In case of small growths they work only ' in the centre. Before pupation the larva turns head downwards and prefers to hibernate in — the larval chamber, climbing down the chamber when ready to emerge, and eating out a round hole in the bark for exit, near the place where the larval injury began. In proof that the — beetles do not hibernate outside, the observations of Taschenberg are cited, who observes that — where its dwelling-places about Halle were flooded during the winter, it was never to be found among the floating reeds and underbrush. Eckstein, in ‘‘ Zeitschrift fur Forst-und Jagdwdsen,” XXIIL, Bd. 1891, p. 378, states that single willows in the forest botanical garden were attacked by this insect and badly injured. He also calls attention to the fact that, in badly infested stems, tre larvee frequently take a — descending course instead of an ascending one, and also that the beetle does not gnaw a separa‘e exit after leaving the pupal chamber, but follows the larval gallery, and makes its exit through ~ openings made by external agencies. a Taschenberg, ‘‘ Brehm’s Tierleben, Insekten,” 9 Bd., p. 163, 1892, states that on the banks — of the Saal, near Halle, the larvze live in the old gnarled root-stocks of the basket willows, causing these to die gradually, earlier than they would otherwise have done, and that in alder nurseries the larvee do serious damage, and that they destroy plantations of young birch. : Tubeuf, in ‘‘ Forstlich-Naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift,” I. Jahrgang, p. 387, adds the Alpine alder, Alnus viridis, to the list of food plants of the species, and finds fully developed beetles in _ the burrows in September, where the weather is cold and it frequently snows during that — month. 4 History OF THE SPECIES IN AMERICA. The first published record of the occurrence of the insect in America is by William Juelich, n *‘Entomologica Americana,” Vol. IIIL., p. 123, 1887. Mr. Juelich, early in June of that year, took a section of willow that had been*blown down near West Bergen, New Jersey, and — from it on July 3rd there emerged two adults, and later he succeeded in getting ten more from pieces of the same willow. He states also that he had, five years before (1882), collected a single specimen on willow near Williamsbridge, about twelve miles from where he secured his pieces of J willow from which he reared the later specimens, and also that Mr. Ottomar Dietz had taken a ~ specimen on Staten Island. From the pieces of willow Mr. Juelich also reared three specimens of an Ichneumon, Ephialtes irritator Fab., and, as no trace of other insects inhabitating the Me 1901 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 Sn a aa ae - - pieces of willow could be found, it was presumed that the Ichneumon was a parasite on the beetle. In the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” Vol. XXIII., p. 221, 1891, Prof. John B. Smith : stated that nearly all of the clumps of willows near Arlington and Newark, New Jersey, and also some fancy garden trees had been killed by the insect. The next published notice is by myself in “Journal of the New York Entomological Society,” Vol. V., p. 30, March, 1897. In company with Mr. Ottomar Reinecke, of Buffalo, I had, on August 24th of the preceding year, taken the insect in considerable numbers near that city, where it had only just been discovered by Mr. Reinecke. Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of Morgantown, W. Va., also accompanied us, and larve (Plate, fig. 2), pupe (figs. 3 and 4) and adults (fig. 1) were all secured. My beetles were collected in a cyanide bottle, strongly charged and freshly made. The beetles remained in this bottle some six or seven hours, when they were removed and placed in small tin boxes. The following morning, the 25th, they gave no signs of life, but after I had returned home, on the 29th, not only were all of them found alive when I opened the box, but several of them were pairing. They were then placed on willow, but, though they did a large amount of puncturing, and would remain for hours with their snouts embedded in the bark, as has been _ observed in Europe, I was not able to secure a single egg, though some of the beetles survived until early in November (loc. cit., p. 204). The next contribution to American literature relative to the pest, is by Mr. J. G. Jack, of the Arnold Arboretum, in ‘‘ Garden and Forest,” Vol. X , p. 394, October, 1897. Mr. Jack __ States that the insect had been known about Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, for many years, and for several years had been destructive to almost all species of willows growing in the Arboretum. It had been found burrowing in nearly all of the native willows except a few mountain or very slender stemed species, too small to afford sufficient tissue in which to excavate their chambers or feed freely. (Plate fig. 6.) Of the foreign species of willows, the white willow, cracked willow and laurel leaved willow, were all affected, but less seriously than the Babylonian weeping willow. All of the species of poplar in the Arboretum, particularly while young, had been attacked, and toa less extent the dwarf birch, Betula pumila, and the Red _ River birch, B. nigra. So abundant was the pest, and so extensive its ravages, that it was hardly possible to, find a good healthy plant among the scrubby willows about Boston. The beetles were found on the bark, and sometimes on the foliage, in July and August. Other information is given, taken from European authors. _ In “Psyche,” Vol. VIII., p. 371, June, 1899, Mr. A. H. Kirkland calls attention to the fact that, about some of the shore towns in eastern Massachusetts, this insect has become a serious enemy to the Balm of Gilead trees, which, on account of the somewhat marshy land, constituted by far the most common shade tree, and so great was the injury that at that time it was almost impossible to find a sound tree of this species, all having been weakened by the attacks of this borer, and later broken down by the ice storms and high gales. Serious damage in nurseries is also recorded. Mr. Kirkland began in June, 1897, a study of the life history of the species in this country, and as he has very kindly placed his notes in my hands for use in the preparation of this paper, I take pleasure not only in appending them herewith, but in thanking him most heartily for allowing me to use them. I am also further indebted. to Mr. Kirkland for translations of the European authors from which I have so freely drawn. The notes just mentioned are as follows :— June 30, 1897. Larvae abundant at Winthrop, Massachusetts, boring in Balm of Gilead trees; larvae nearly full grown, and some forming cells to pupate. Before pupating they enlarge their burrows to the outlet, then retreat to the upper end and transform ina neat chamber. 57 larvae taken from a stick 14 inches in diameter, and 2 feet long. July 3, 1897. Larvae common at Saugus, Massachusetts, in our native trembling poplar. ‘ 72 THE REPORT OF THE _ NNer TD July 4, 1897. Many small beetles (Ips fasciatus and its allies) abundant in filth which oozes from the burrows. July 14, 1897. From the middle of June to the middle of July sap flows freely from exits of burrows. Pupa always headed towards exit. Large infested branches wilt and die. \ July 22, 1897. In infested branches taken June 30th, beetles are matured to-day. I split open branches every day from June 30th on, and found nearly all the larvae pupated July 3rd and 4th. Highteen days will pretty closely cover the length of pupal stage. July 28, 1897. Plenty of beetles in the infested sticks and only one pupa found. But few of the beetles have emerged from the burrows as yet. July 31, 1897. Beetles emerging freely. August 17, 1897. Beetles common. Feeding on petioles and poplar leaves. May 22, 1898. Captured one imago at Medford. Probably an over-wintered specimen. May 29, 1898. Found plenty of larvae in native willows at Medford. This shows that the insect breeds in our woodlands June 6, 1898. Larvae are feeding rapidly and throwing out worm-dust from their burrows. June 15, 1898. Larvae boring in Populus monilifera, at Bedford, Massachusetts. June 27, 1898. Larvae nearly full grown. July 5, 1898. Beetles mating at Medford. July 10, 1898. Larvae beginning to pupate, the date being later than last year. The small larvae hibernate in the cambium, enter the wood in the spring, and make a rapid growth to maturity. The base of young trees is a favorite point of attack ; older trees are more difficult to affect. July 16, 1898. Found larvae boring in silver poplar (Boliuna poplar). July 30, 1898. Beetles abundant at Springfield, Massachusetts, along the Connecticut River ; feeding on the cotton wood. September 15, 1898. Imagoes mating at Malden. B September 21, 1898. Beetles abundant and feeding on petioles and young twigs, at Winthrop, ’ Massachusetts. April 5, 1899. Found minute larvae under leaf scars in poplars at Abington, Massachu- setts. Larvae jth of an inch long, curved, pale greenish, and only slightly active. May 10, 1899. Young larvae abundant in bark beneath leaf scars on poplars at Winthrop. Burrows about one inch long now mainly in the bark, and full of black castings. May 18, 1899. Larvae now entering the wood, having finished feeding in the bark. June 4, 1899. Larvae 7 to 10 mm. long and feeding rapidly. October 2, 1899. Found eggs of this insect for the first time, in poplars, at Wyman’s Nurseries at Abington. They were wedged in under the bark in cavities at the base of young branches. The beetle gouges out a hole for each egg, and leaves from one to four ina spot. In some of the infested sticks the eggs have hatched and the tiny larvae have com- menced feeding. This finding of the eggs closes the gap in the life . history of the insect. ‘a Unless there are adults in spring, which, as in Europe, deposit eggs in May, and — Mr. Kirkland overlooked these, which is hardly possible, he has given the full life history, — 4 for the first time. It is possible that the single annual brood is not, as seems to be the case in — . Europe, intercepted by winter. Certain it was that the insect was pairing at Buffalo, N.Y., Q ‘ $A~ Aw 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2 ES August 24th, 1896, and ovipositing at AGhiebula, O., on October 5th, 1901, though in this latter ease it might have been by a belated female. Mr. Burgess examined many poplars in the city _of Ashtabula without finding the insect, and but a single female was to be found on the willows _ ina deep ravine near the city. This female was observed in the act of oviposition, the place _ selected by her being one of the corky growths, common on the willow bark. The day was ; cool, and the beetle worked on the south side of the tree, pushing her snout into the corky bark __as far as it would extend, and worked it about so that quite a cavity was excavated. She was thus engaged when found, and continued to work for forty minutes. At the end of this time she _ reversed her position, and, placing her ovipositor in the cavity, forced it in the entire length, ‘ her position at the time being parallel to the ground. After remaining motionless for three - minutes she began to move the abdomen and ovipositor upward and downward, and, though something could be observed passing into the cavity, whether the egg or some mucilaginous _ matter could not be determined, but in any case, when she had finished her work the cavity was _ completely closed. Turning about again she seemed to examine her work with snout and _ antenna, and, apparently satisfied therewith, she sought out another similar corky growth and began her work when she was captured, remaining alive, however, until October 10th. The _ section of willow showing the egg as it was placed by the insect is shown by fig. 5, plate. It will be noticed that it was jammed into place, and probably packed securely with the sur- if rounding tissue, reduced to pulp by the jaws of the beetle. a The egg is oval, pale yellowish white ; length, 1.5 mm.; width, 0.8 mm. b It would appear from the foregoing that this insect has come among us to attack our _ willows, poplars and probably some other shade and ornamental trees that are found in our __ parks, cemeteries and other public grounds, as well as along our streets ; also, that it is a "nursery pest as well. The Carolina poplar, on account of its symmetrical form and rapid _ growth, has been very largely planted during the last ten years, and it remains to be seen what effect this foreign insect will have upon these, especially as Mr. Kirkland informs me that, at | present, the species is a serious pest in nurseries where poplars and willows are propagated, and on low lands where these are the principal shade trees. | PREVENTION. If, as now seems to be the case, the insects live over in the bark as very young larvae, it _ will be difficult to detect their presence until the next summer, so that burning infested trees in __ winter will be impracticable, as the presence of the borer will only show after the injury has been done and the culprit escaped. Something may be accomplished by burning in late spring _ such trees as are seen to be infested, thus destroying the pest before it develops and escapes. The outlook, however, is not encouraging in the matter of protecting trees frum attack. ‘ THE COMMON CHEESE MITE, TYROGLYPHUS SIRO, LIVING IN SPOROTRICHUM GLOBULIFERUM. By F. M. Wesster. Since the year 1896 I have been distributing from one hundred to several thousand small boxes of this fungus each year to farmers in Ohio, to be used against the chinch bug, Blissus deucopterus. y In the preparation of this fungus for distribution, we have followed the more recent method of cultivating it in quantity on a base of sterilized beef broth and corn meal, but recently an | unexpected difficulty has arisen in the shape of the ravages of the common cheese mite, which makes its way into the boxes of the prepared material, after it has been dried and put away for _ use, and reduces the contents of the boxes to powder, so that it is simply a crawling mass. ie 74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Curiously enough, despite the attack of these mites, one of my assistants, Mr. Newell, took a 7 quantity of this mass of powdered meal and mites and with this was enabled to get a fine culture in a bottle of the sterilized meal and broth dough. The mite attacks not only cheese but sugar, flour, cured hams, wool, seeds and many other articles of food and commerce. Evidently it is in this case the dough that attracts them, but as against them this species of entomogenous fungi is clearly harmless. THE HIBERNATION OF INSECTS. By Prof. W. LocHHeap, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. A very puzzling question, yet a very important one, is frequently asked : ‘‘ Why do some insects pass the winter as adults; some as pupae ; some as larvae; and others in the egg _ stage ?” To answer this question the entire history of the development of insects would require to be known, for there seems to be but little doubt that the particular hibernation form is the visible expression of the influence of many factors, such as change of environment, nature and abundance of food, and change of habit. The question of hibernation is clearly closely associated with that of metamorphosis, and any intelligent discussion of hibernation must necessarily deal with the causes of metamorphosis. When this connection is realized, it is plain that in dealing with hibernation forms of insects we are dealing with one of the most difficult problems in biology. No attempt will be made here to solve the difficulty, but, perhaps, _ the presentation of a few facts regarding hibernation forms may be useful and interesting. The members of the order Orthoptera, almost without exception, hibernate in the egg stage; the Hemiptera mainly in the egg, or adult condition ; the Newroptera as larvae ; the Lepidoptera in the egg, larval, pupal, or adult condition ; the Coleoptera as pupae or adults ; the Hymenoptera as larvae or pupae ; the Diptera as larvae, pupae, or adults. ¥ According to the foregoing, it would appear that the insects that pass through an incomplete metamorphosis have but one, or at most two, forms of hibernation, while the insects which pass through a complete metamorphosis have several forms of hibernation. When we remember that the modifications in the stages of metamorphosis are modifications in the form and functions of organs in adaptation to a changed environment, it becomes evident that the insect may winter over in any one of the four stages. That stage will be chosen which will suffer least by the change of environment. For example, in those forms whose latyal — existence is spent in semi-liquid decomposing matter, it would be practically disastrous for them to remain as larvae, when intense cold sets in and changes the condition of the medium. They are more likely to survive as pupae, or adults, in a dry medium. - With reference to metamorphosis, insects are divided into the Hemimetabola, or those with an incomplete metamorphosis, and the Holometabola, or those with a complete metamorphosis. — In the former there is a gradual change from the larva to the perfect insect, while in the latter the insects pass through a resting pupal stage. With regard to the stages of development, some of them show better adaptation to hibernation than others, although it is impossible at present to explain why some butterflies winter over in the adult state and others in the chrysalis ; or why some flies winter over in the larval state, some in the pupal, and others in the adult. Brief notes of the stages will be given here beginning with the Egg, dwelling chiefly on characters which enable the insect to hibernate. The Eggs. Eggs of insects are protected by two coats or membranes, an inner vitelline membrane, and an outer chorion, composed of two layers. When eggs are laid in situations — exposed to the weather and cold, the shell, or chorion, is very solid, and sometimes strengthened | 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. (i) _ by ribs and ridges. Within the coats of the egg are the yolk-mass and the germinal vesicle, which lies within the yolk-mass. The amount of yolk-mass is usually large, and it is claimed by Brauer that the eggs of insects which undergo incomplete metamorphosis contain relatively more yolk than those of insects with complete metamorphosis. As the germinal vesicle lies within the yolk, it is securely protected against changes of temperature and moisture, as the yolk is mainly composed of fat globules. The eggs of some insects possess remarkable vitality, such as those of the ‘* Walking Stick,” and Bittacus, which survive two or more years. Naturally, then, we might expect to find some insects in all the Orders hibernating in the egg state. The following common forms winter as eggs :— Plant-lice (Aphididae). Tree-Hoopers (Membracidae). Leaf-Hoppers (Jassidae). Most Scale Insects (Coccidae). Leaf-bugs (Capsidae). Grass-hoppers (Acrididac). Locusts (Locustidae). Crickets (Gryllidae). Walking-Sticks (Phasmidae). Gipsy Moths (Ocneriu dispar). Fall Canker Worm (Palaeacrita pometaria). Tussock Moth (Orgyiu leucostigma). Fig. 33. HEgg-cluster of Tent-Caterpillars (Clisivcampa Americana, and C. disstria) Tent Caterpillar. (fig. 33). rs The Larvae. Insect larvae differ from the immature forms of other invertebrates in the possession of the systems of organs and the same number of segments in the head, thoax, and abdomen. When ready to pupate the larvae are always larger than the adults. Fig. 35. Wire-Worms. . Fig. 36. Lachnosterna. 1. Pupa; 2. © White Grub”; 2 and4, Beetle, From the fact that the larval stage is the growing time of the insect it is not to be expected that hibernating larvze will often occur. Moreover, the relatively large amount of fluids within the body of the larvze, and the thin dermis just after moulting, make them extremely sensitive and liable to injury from freezing and other temperature changes. | 76 THE REPORT OF THE os 3 No. 19 © Some insects, however, do hibernate as larvze, but these are all protected in the ground, and in the mud at the bottom of ponds, or in specially constructed cocoons, or other covering. The following insects hibernate as larvee : Codling Worm (Carpocapsa pomonella). Bud-Moth Caterpillar (Tmetocera ocellana). Most Cut-Worms (Noctwide), Fig 34. Peach-Tree Borer (Sannina exitiosa). Blister-Beetles (Hpicauta Pennsylvanica EB. vittata, FE. cinerea). Joint-Worms (Isosoma tritici). Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructor). as ‘‘ Flax-seed.” Ichneumon-F ly (Ichneumonide). Ant-Lions (Hemerobiide). Wire- Worms (Elateride), Fig. 35. White Grubs (Lachnosterna fusca)., Fig. 36 San José Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). Crambus Moth (Crambidae). The Pupe. True pup only occur among insects which undergo complete metamorphosis. As the pupal period is the resting, inactive stage, when no food is taken, and when the pupa iy i (\ \\ \ Ca ae \e wer ee y \ Fig. 28. Telea polyphemus cocoon. Fig. 41. Chrysalis of Milkweed But- terfly (Archippus). Fig. 39. Telea “polyphemus chrye- alis from interior of cocoon. Fig. 37. Attacus promethea cocoon, u. Fig. 42. Chrysalis of Papilio Cresphontes, showing mode of suspension. itself is protected by a thick, chitinous, impervious coat, by a thickly-clad silk cocoon, or by an — earthen cell in the ground, the majority of insects usually pass the winter in this stage. In this stage, the circulation and respiration is much lessened, while the supply of fat stored up by the larvee is sufficient for the needs of the pupa. oe % ~ = 1901 ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. "7 EN aa nes hee ic! OS eS Pe It is interesting to study the pupal forms of insects, with reference to their adaptations to their surroundings. When pup are incased within cocoons (Figs. 37, 38, 39) or earthen cells (Fig. 36) they are smooth and rounded, but when chrysalids are formed, such as is the case with butterflies, and when there is considerable exposure to wind and weather, they are rough and angular (Fig. 40 6). The chrysalids of the Nymphalide, to which the Milk-Weed Butterfly belongs (Fig. 41), are all suspended by means of a button of silk to the under surface of some object, and they swing freely. It is plain that the ‘‘ horny tubercles and roughened, calloused ridges” of such chrysalids protect the swaying bodies. The chrysalids of the Papilionidee (Fig. 42), Fig. 40. a, Larva; }, chryealis of Limenitis disippus butterfly, showing angulations and mode of suspension. Fig. 43. Chrysalis of Papilio philenor. a, Back view, showing angulations; 6, side view, showing mode of suspension. — ) Bee ba a Ree eo to which our Swallow-tails and Cabbage-butterfly belong, are held in place both by a button of siik and by a girdle of the same material, which passes around the middle of the chrysalis. Among the common insects which hibernate as pupe are : The Sphinges (Sphingide). Cabbage-butterflies (Pieris rape). Cecropia (Samia cecropica). Polyphemus (TLelea polyphemus ). Corn-Worm (Heliothis armiger). Army-Worm (Leucania wnipwuicta) Datana Ministra. Spring Canker-Worm (Paleacrita vernata). Pea and Bean Weevils (Bruchus pisi, B. obtectus) Squash-Borers (Melittia ceto). Potato Beetle (Doryphora decemlineata). Saw-flies (Tenthredinide). Phorbia. Ober ea bimaculata. Pear Midge (Diplosis pyrivrora). Clover-seed Midge (Cecidomyia leqguminicola). The Adults. Many insects in their adult condition are strongly chitinized and otherwise protected against wind, cold and rain. Such forms are well able to hibernate, more especially in the dormant condition. Among common forms are : Grape-vine Flea-beetle (Haltica chalybea) ~ Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) Potato-stalk Borer (Trichobaris 3—notata) / 78 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 19 Asparagus Beetles (Crioceris asparagi and O. 12—punctata), Figs. 16, 19. Potato Beetles Cucumber Beetles (Diabrotica vittata, D. 12—punctata), Figs. 44, 45, Buffalo Carpet Beetles (Anthrenus scrophulariae) Bark Beetles (Scolytidae) Squash-bugs (Anasa tristis) Lace-Bugs (Tingitidae) Chinch-bugs (Lygeide) Stink-bugs (Pentatomidae) Pear-tree Psylla (Psylla pyricola) Leaf-Hoppers (Jassidae) Green-fruit Worm (Xylina) Mourning Cloak Butterfly (Vanessa antiopa) Army Worm (Leuc mia unipuncta) ‘ The more the question of hibernation forms is studied, the more difficult it seems to account Fig. 44. Diabrotica Fig. 45, Diabrotica Vittata. 12—Punctata, for the great number of variations ; at the same time it becomes apparent that the particular form assumed during winter can only be determined by a study of the phylogeny of the insect. All Zoologists are not agreed as to the probable habitat of the primitive insects, but the bulk of — the evidence points to them as land-dwellers and not water-dwellers. That the primitive adult — insects were wingless and like the larvae is also conceded. They were ametabolic, that is, under- going no metamorphosis. Our Thysanurans are supposed by some Zoologists to reveal many of the characters of the primitive insects. They live in damp places, under stones and rubbish, — and are protected by these objects during winter, and there is no need for any special hibernation form. We can readily imagine, however, that as the numbers of the primitive insects increased, a ‘‘ struggle for existence’’ would arise, and natural selection would choose out those forms that by accident, or otherwise, adapted themselves to changed conditions, either on land, in the air, . or inthe water. Tracheal gills of aquatic larvae may be regarded as an adaptation to an aquatic — condition, and wings as an adaptation to an aerial existence. | When in:ects possessed wings, - environmental changes would be great and there would arise the necessity for a ‘* Division of © Labor” on account of the difficulty in securing food during the winter season. The larval stage was devoted to the acquiring of food, and to growth, and the adult to reproduction. Then came the pupal stage, as an act of necessity, to bridge over the gap between larva and adult, when ; preparations could be made for the complete formation of the adult. According to this, the pupa would be the normal hibernation form for most insects in our latitude. ANOSIA ARCHIPPUS DOES NOT HIBERNATE. By J. Atston Morrat, Lonpon, Onv. The method of explaining the unobserved portions of the life history of Anosia Archippus by analogy, or bringing them into conformity with what was known in the life history of other — butterflies, has retarded rather than assisted in removing the difficulties connected with it. There are several peculiarities in the life history of that butterfly which have been often enough — observed to place them amongst the established laws of its nature, that are so different from — anything known in the life of other butterflies, that it becomes necessary to seek an explanation of the unobserved portions of its history, in accordance with what is known in its own life rather than in the life history of other butterflies. For instance, it does not pass the winter in the mature state in this locality. Nor can itd survive it in any of the stages of its existence in its northern breeding grounds ; hence afte us ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ; 79 each succeeding winter these regions where it is produced in the greatest abundance have to be _ replenished in the spring by individuals coming from the south. (Using these geographical _ terms in an undefined manner). Its noticeable habit of congregating in immense swarms in the north at the end of summer, combined with their utter disregard for each other sexually, whilst closely associated with each other individually for so long a time, is without a parallel in any other known species and therefore has a special significance of its own. Then the fact that _ these swarms move off together on the approach of winter, as if by mutual understanding, in a southerly direction, combined with the fact that similar swarms have been observed on more than one occasion wintering in the south, where such multitudes could not have been bred on - account of the scarcity of their food plant there, clearly indicates that they had come from the north where they are bred in such profusion. When I wrote my paper for the 31st annual _ Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1900, although quite convinced that Anosia _ Archippus was not a hibernating butterfly, yet I could not produce the evidence necessary to sustain and justify my belief, so I sent a copy of that report to Dr. Thaxter with a note calling | his attention to it, that he might: have an opportunity of correcting any erroneous conclusions I had arrived at, if he thought necessary. In return I received a most genial acknowledgement from the doctor, from which I have the pleasure of copying the following statement which is connected with the subject in hand : _ * About those Archippus butterflies I have a memorandum on the sketch which I made at Appalachicola [which was published in the Canadian Entomologist, vol. xii. (1880) page 38], Fig. 46 to the effect that it was drawn from nature January 3rd, 1873. If I remember rightly the butterflies did not begin to scatter till February and then many were seen in coitu.” That appears to be conclusive and makes it certain that those flocks of Archippus butterflies seen by Dr. Thaxter in Florida (Fig. 46), were not there in search of a place to hibernate, but with || the intention of passing the time in an active state until their season for breeding had arrived. The chain of evidence now seems to be complete, al- though every link in that chain has not yet been forged ; that those immense swarms that come together in the north where they were produced in such profusion, take their departure in flocks from y the north for the very purpose of going south to fOr {Q winter there. Not always in a direct line but \/ , always tending in that direction, their movements are influenced by the nature of the route and the Fig. 46, character of the weather. Not rushing impetuously ouward to their destination as some butterflies are reported as doing, ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record,” yol. xiii., page 98, but as becoming their regal character, deliberate and dignified in all their movements ; enjoying their journey and the novelties of the way ; having none of the distrac- tions of family affairs to disturb their equanimity, being quite conscious that the serious busi- ness of their life is well off in the future and that in good time they will reach a suitable locality where they may spend the winter in comfort and safety. Having thus obtained a satisfactory explanation of their autumnal gatherings in the north, as part of their constitutional habit of wintering in the south, one may regard that portion of Archippus life history as conclusively settled, and turn our attention to its spring movements, and enquire, when and from whence do the northerly migrations originate? In the absence of observed data we will have to be guided in the formation of our opinions on the subject, by the well known habits of the butterfly, and the climatic conditions of the localities it frequents. < 80. THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Those swarms of Archippus that were seen wintering in Florida, probably reached that locality from somewhere in the north, about the end of November. They broke up in February — and dispersed. Then, as is naturally to be expected, the sexual desires which had for so long» lain dormant were aroused, and they prepared to carry out the purpose of their existence, namely, the multiplication of their kind. With that end in view they must first find Asclemas the — food-plant of their progeny ; reported to be always scarce in Florida, and ,in February probably no fresh plants of it to be seen there. Where then are they to obtain it? Certainly not by — going northward at that time of the year, but by going still further south. Prof. Riley as early as 1878 made observations upon southerly spring movements, but being confused with the hibernating theory he failed to realize their full significance. From an ~ article in the ‘‘ Scientific American” for April 6, 1878, a part of which he produced in the ‘American Entomologist,” Volume III., Page 102, I copy the following that bears — on the subject. After giving his view of their manner of spreading northward in the summer, and their flocking to the south in autumn, he says: ‘We can thus understand how there are two, three or more broods in southerly regions, but only one toward British America. The exceptional flights noticed in the spring, and which, so far as recorded, take place quite early and in the same southerly direction, find a similar — explanation. They may be looked upon as continuations of the autumn flights. Hibernating in the temperate belt, the butterflies are awakened and aroused upon the advent of spring, to find the milk-weeds not yet started, and they instinctively pass to more .southern regions, where — spring is more advanced. ” Eliminating from that statement the hibernating idea, it is otherwise quite in accordance : with what we know of the habits of the batterfly. Whilst the region of which Dr. Riley was speaking being Texas, Indian Territory and Kansas, where the autumn flocks would be gathered from a different part of the c ntinent than those came from which were seen in Florida, their © movements would be influenced by the character of that region, yet their natural disposition would remain the same, which is to move on and extend the species where ever it can find suit- able conditions. Now the whole literature of the species testifies to its being a wanderer. — Yet we know by its conduct in the north that it does not wander aimlesly. It seems to have a purpose and ‘‘a method in its madness” in that respect which looks wonderfully intelligent. . That habit being constitutional to the species, it will be found in some measure to in- — fluence every individual of it and control its movements to the utmost limits of its southern habitat on this continent, therefore, we are not warranted in restricting its northerly migratory movements in the spring tu those individuals found in the more northern portions of its southern — home. For those northern bred specimens that wintered there, when they have been aroused | t» activity by the approach of their breeding season, will move southward for we know not how far, depositing eggs as they go before they are exhausted, whilst at the same {4 time, those born — in extreme limits of 1ts southern breeding grounds, impelled by that intense desire t) travel and spread its kind will be moving northward. Thus migrations in opposite directions will be going on together ; and it may yet be discovered, that the majestic sweep of that annual movement is far more extensive, regular and continuous than has ever been suspected. On such considerations as these, in the absence of actual observations, we have to de- pend in forming our conclusions as to when, and from whence, the first arrivals in the north have their origin. Those that reach West Virginia about the end of March, would appear necessarily to come from somewhere much further south than Florida ; whilst those that reaca Ontario about the end of May, might be born there or thereabout. But so much depends upon the character of the seasons, and the directness or otherwise of the flight of the butterflies, t that all positive conclusions must be withheld. The climate of Florida is not always favorable — as a winter residence for the butterfly. Cold waves from the north descend upon it at times, % - 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 so as to destroy the orange groves, and a few years ago a frost in the South nearly exterminated _ the blue birds, and for years after scarcely one was to be seen in Ontario, and only now are they becoming common, and it may be years yet before they are as plentiful as formerly. Now, Archippus is not likely to survive a frost that killed blue birds ; yet no one in the _ north observed an unusual absence of Archippus in the following season, as was the case with ‘the blue birds ; and yet the probability is, that a wide belt along the South Atlantic States was swept clear of this particular butterfly during that winter. So we see that such a widely extended migratory movement is necessary to maintain the regular northern supply for propa- — gating purposes in that region. In regard to the number of broods in a season produced by the species in its tropical home, - we are as yet without information. But, from what we know of its nature and habits, it seems as if it would require several to enable it to complete its annual functions. That it has no well defined broods in the north is certain, and the long continued straggling nature of its oviposi- tion supplies us with the reason for it. (Scudder’s ‘‘ Butterflies of Eastern U. S. and Canada,” _ Vol. I. page 742). And as it will follow the same course in the South, it will make it very difficult to determine the number of its broods there. That Mr. Hdwards has seen them pair- ing in W. Va. is indicated by his remarks when dealing with the subject ( ‘‘ Psyche,” Vol. II., _ page 169), which may be regarded as illustrating its habits in that locality, but that there would be as many broods in nature as he obtained in confinement does not seem probable ; or that the ‘butterflies bred there in nature would remain there to breed again is not at all likely, as it is “not in aocordance with its nature and habits to do so. I saw Archippus pairing on one occasion ‘at Hamilton, in numbers, about the middle of June (Can. Ent., Vol. XX., p. 137), But singu- : larly enough, it was the only instance of the kind that I ever witnessed ; and that single in- stance cannot be regarded as exhibiting the regular habit of the species in that locality, but rather as an unusual and exceptional occurrence, for which there would be some special reason if we only could trace it. I do not now consider that those pairing individuals that I saw would be the first arrivals of the season for that year, but rather that they belonged to a brood pro- duced in some less distant locality, but yet had travelled far before they were ready to mate, and would proceed yet further north in conformity with the established habits of the species. The desire to travel, which is sc strongly developed in Anosia Archippus, and which is so strikingly disclosed in its regular. migrations on this continent, which constrains it as it were to turn its head northward in'the spring, and southward in the autumn, and holds it as rigidly to these points of the compass until it reaches the furthest limits of favorable breeding condi- tions, is a faculty of direction which we do not yet comprehend. The migrations of birds w] _ not assist us to unravel the mystery, as the old birds are supposed to guide the young ones on their first trip. The finding of their homes at long distances by cats, dogs and carrier pigeons does not apply, as in these instances it is with them a return journey ; none of our butterflies were ever over that road before. Sight avails them not. Scent, as we know it, cannot assist them ; and yet there may be an influence in the air affecting them that suggests both the time to start and the direction in which to go. We know that in some of the lower animals a parti- cular sense can be found that is far more highly developed than the same one isinman. And we ‘also know as a fact, although we cannot explain its operation, that there is in some of the low- est forms of life, where there is no nervous organization to receive an impression, a phenome- non termed ‘‘ Heliotropism,” signifying a turning towards the sun, which is as constant and certain in its operation as any other law of nature. Now, may there not be in these but- _terflies a sense perception of direction, of which we know nothing, but of whose presence they are perfectly conscious, and to whose promptings from without, they respond as readily as to their food, and which guides them as unerringly as in the choice of a food plant for their pro- -geny? An influence in the atmosphere or from the sun, a kind of Heliotropism ; or one that 6 EN. s 82 . THE REPORT OF THE o 19 seems to combine all others, and one which is getting to ke more and more acknowledged as pervading and influencing everything, whilst uniting objects the most distant, and, as it were, obliterating space, but which has not yet, in this direction, found a place in the domain of science, namely,—electricity and magnetism? An influence which so acts upon their sensibili-_ ties as to prompt them to move in unison, at the proper time and in the right direction, — eonfidently, but unconcernedly as to cause or consequences ? COLLECTING AT LIGHT IN 1901. By J. D. Evans, Trenton. Karly in June last the writer commenced collecting at an incandescent electric light which © was continued every night with very few exceptions until about the middle of September ; the light was outside and in front of the front porch ; immediately below the light was fixed a funnel made of heavy white paper, and below and contiguous thereto was placed a deep glass jar containing cyanide of potassium. This would be placed in position at dusk and left out (excepys when rain threatened) all night. X On a favourable night myriads of insect life would be taken, caddis flies predominating, but ! always accompanied by a goodly percentage of moths, beetles flies, and bugs, with a few Hymenoptera. Upon the most unpromising nights 25 or 30 moths would be taken, which would increase to 100 or 150, or more, on a favourable night. The subdued light shed by the white paper seemed to hive a peculiar attraction for the insects, for very few entered the house || although windows were open and rooms well lighted. Of the moths some species were taken in large numbers, particularly micros. Among the varieties may be mentioned Plusia conterta, and P. striatella ; also Xanthia togata and a numbe j | of species not yet determined. 7 Among the Coleoptera many families were represented, and many species rarely met with © were taken in large numbers, a list of which will be prepared at an early date. Among the families most numerously represented may be mentioned Carabidze, about 40 or 50 species, Hydrophilidze, Nitidulidee, Elateridze, Scarabseide, Cerambycidze, Chrysomelide, and Antica The Hemiptera were represented chiefly by fully 20 species of leaf-hoppers. | Very few insects were taken during the season other than by light. : I can record the capture of a fine specimen of Papilio cresphontes in the garden on the | 20th August ; it was hovering over a patch of Phlox Drummondii. q — —+- THE MILKWEED AT DUSK. By Avpert F. Winn, Montreat. The attractiveness to insects of the flowers of the milkweed (Asclepias cornuti) has given’ | rise to a new popular name of ‘‘ Butterfly Weed” being applied to it. This name certainly | appears appropriate enough to any one passing a patch of the plant in full bloom on a hot J uly | day, with the blooms and the air around just alive with gay butterflies. But the entomologist wants something better than Danais archippus, the various species of Argynnis, Linen disippus, and Pamphilas, when he has a day to spend in the fields, and if he spends much time around the milkweed he will probably come home with a great quantity of specimens of a dozen 5 species of the commonest of our butterflies, which he will carefully put away in papers to remaim | there till doomsday. i I have often wished to have the opportunity of watching the milkweed blossoms regularly | in the evenings, but till this summer have not had the chance. In July of this year I spent my | a 1901 ‘ -ENTOMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY. 83 fortnight’s vacation at Fortune’s Rocks, near Biddeford, Maine, and the day after my arrival I came across a fine patch of milkweed in the centre of a hayfield, the plants flourishing there owing to the ground in this spot being higher than the rest and rocky, so the mowing machines ' failed to do their deadly work. The usual array of butterflies were eager to quench their thirst, and an occasional bee moth, Hemaris thysbe, darted about from flower to flower. Being close to the house where I was staying I felt that now was the chance to see whether the plants were not something else than ‘‘ butterfly weeds,” and on the evening of July 8th I sallied forth at about busily engaged among the mosquitoes, which were exceedingly voracious. Nothing was on the _ blossoms but a few belated ichneumons and bees when I first arrived, but about 7.20 the Heliophila pallens and adonea appeared in perfect swarms, crawling all over the blooms. At _7.30-it began to be more like twilight and something dashed through the field and hovered near » _ me over the plants. My first shot missed it, but it soon returned to another flower head and was captured—a Sphinx gordius (fig. 48). A moment later I had another of the same kind. Then a smaller dark fellow appeared, evidently a hawk moth, but new to me—Dolba hylaeus (fig. 47.) With this and the first gordivs in one bottle, and the second gordius alive in the other, I was beginning to wonder what I should do if another Sphinx came along. It soon ~ came in the shape of S. kalmiae (fig. 49), so I put the three previous captures in one bottle and he kalmiae in the other, when another kalmiae hovered right in front of me, but before I struck _at it I noticed a few steps further on another Dolba hylaeus, and thinking this too great a prize _ to miss on account of a kalmiue, ss made a stroke through the plant and to my surprise found I ; had not only the Dolba but two S. gordius as well. Didn’t the scales fly from their wings? By 4 this time the patch was simply alive with Sphingidae, and having filled both bottles I returned to _ the house, but found most of the specimens had suffered through being put into too small a space while alive. I should have known better, but one who has been accustomed to catching perhaps: Fa a dozen Sphingidae in a season is not likely to abstain from catching as many as possible when 3 occasion arises, therefore any one knowing of an isolated patch of milkweed in full bloom during: "the flying season of the Sphingidae should go prepared. The following evening seemed even more favorable, and I took my whole stock of bottles, 7 ? four in number, a tin box charged with cyanide, and a box with cotton wool in it,—and Mrs. Winn _ accompanied me with another net. As on the previous night it was about 7 30 before any 4 Sphingidae showed up, about half a dozen Dolba hylaews arriving simultaneously, then Sphinx gordius, these two being always first—-perhaps because there were more of them. A S. Kalmiae then flew over the patch without settling down, and with a sudden raising of the wings of one 9 side darted across the field again, only to return in a few seconds. The eye could easily follow $ this species in the partial light owing to the light brown color, and they were noticeably shy till it becam2 almost dark, perhaps instinct taught them that their colors were not a protection | ? while hovering over flowers and dark leaves, though what enemies they have other than human Fi _ beings I do not know. We used the bottles one after the other, and when No. 4 was occupied ) 7 the Sphinx in No. 1 was transferred to the cyanide box in case there might be any life left in him ; then No. 2 into the box, and so on. Even then we could not kill them half quickly + BP eough—and every minute some new kinds seemed to be appearing. Philampelus achemon, Sphinx drupiferarum, Deileplhila lineata, Darapsa cherilus and myron were plentiful, and a single Sphnix luscitiosa. There were so many specimens on the same head of flowers that it was difficult to pick out a particular one from among the humming throng. We soon found that __ making a stroke upwards was the only way to catch one at a time, a stroke through the blooms | or downward over it meant at least a aozen—and pandemonium. We soon got acquainted with the habits and appearance of the different species—the little | Dota hulae being easily noticed by its small size and dark color and keeping mostly to the i 7.15, armed with a net and two cyanide bottles. The first insect I saw was a big dragon fly | } / - ww, “ - 84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 — edges of the patch—gordius looking nearly black and twice the size of hylaews—drupiferar in turn seemed blacker still, the pale costa making it conspicuous—S. kalmiae was quite unmistakeable in its flight from flower to flower on account of its color—Darapsa myron and | choerilus were easily picked out by their small size and different flight, and they even settled | on the blossoms—the large bodied Philampelus achemon and pandorus were also as easily | recognized in the semi-darkness as in a glass covered cabinet drawer. a Our second evening resulted in our bringing home over forty specimens, belonging to ten | species of hawk moths. | I shall not take up more time with details of further evenings spent at the same spot, but | every visit was time well spent. Many interesting specimens among the smaller moths were | captured. Plusias, Hadenas Heliophilas and Mamestra being in myriads some nights. On the | * last evening of my stay, July 20th,I caught only seven Sphingidae, but do not think their season i ' ai i a iy * Fig 47.—Dolba hyles. Fig. 48.—Sphinx gordius 1 3 in Fig. 49.—Sphinx kalmiz. was over for I took these within a few minutes of my arrival, and a cold thick fog came up over the fields just before 1 left them and it is uot unlikely that the insects felt it before I did. For anyone fond of nature, it would not ba easy to select a spot more interesting to spend an hour in, than that occupied by my milkweed patch—on its slight elevation, in the midst of | haytields, the sunset gradually fading away over the Maine Woods and the day-flying fauna — disappearing to their resting places, to be replaced by a nocturnal fauna as invisible by day as the former is at night. The scent from the milkweed plant grows stronger as darkness sets in, — the moths begin to flutter about, the whip-poor-will is heard on every side and the roar of the | sea on the shore seems more soothing than by day. | We cannot all have the accompaniment of the ocean, but any entomologist who has not examined the milkweed blooms at dusk has a pleasure still to look forward to. poe ome ee ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 / A COLLECTING TRIP IN SOUTH-WESTERN ONTARIO. By E. M. Waker, Toronto. During August, 1901, the writer had the good foitune to accompany Prof. John Macoun, Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada, on a collecting trip in the South-Western penin™ ula of Ontario. Prof. Macoun’s investigations occupied the whole summer, from the latter part of May until the beginning of September, and collections of plants were made at a great many localitiesr covering practically the whole dis rict. _ The chief object which I had in view in making the trip was the collection of Orthoptera, as the region traversed was quite unexplored from this point of view. The time which I had at my disposal, however, was limited to the month of August, so that I was unable to visit localities mough to represent the entire district. While most of my attention was given to the Orthoptera, I also collected a considerable: number of Odonata and kept on the lookout for anything of special interest in the eatomological botanical line. Our first stop was made at Leamington, a place not specially interesting in itself, but one from which several very profitable trips can be made. The chief of these is the trip to Point Pelee, the extreme end of which is some twelve miles distant from the town. It is a long sandy point, very narrow in its lower part, where it is largely covered with red cedar and juniper, but is somewhat wider in its upper part with sand dunes of some size on the west side, beyond _ which on the east are broad prairie-like flats of excellent wheat lands, formerly marshy. There are still marshes which will repay the collector in probably any branch of Insecta. The upper _ part of the point is beautifully wooded with magnificent walnuts, nettle-trees (Celtis occidentalis), basswood, cottonwood, etc., and a variety of oaks, with junipers in the more open places and near the beach ; and many southern plants and insects are found there. I spent a day oa the Point, and saw a Papilio Ajax, several of P. Cresphontes, any number of P. Troilus and captured a beautiful specimen of Limenitis Ursula. Along the roads leading from Leamington to the Point Papilio troilus and asterias, especial- _ ly the former were present in astonishing numbers. The presence of the former is what one would expect from the large number of Sassafras trees in the locality. The bordered skipper (Ancyloxypha nwmitor) was present in great numbers along every _Yoadside ditch and many specimens of another southern skipper (Pholisora Catullus) were also: seen. The tobacco-worm, Phlegethontius Carolina is common in this district on the leaves of the _ tobacco which is grown in large quantities and of good quality in this part of the province. Thé Orthoptera were very interesting, the family Locustidae or green grasshoppers and _ katydids being abundantly represented in the large open marshes at the north end of the Point, Tn fact I found them to be very well represented everywhere throughout Southern Ontario, the g roup being on the whole a decidedly austral one. This fact will be appreciated when the mber of species inhabiting Southern Ontario is compared with those of the Nipissing and uskoka districts. I took about 2L species in southern Ontario, whereas in Muskoka there are ut eight and in Nipissing probably not more than five, only one of which is truly characteristic mdderi and nigropleurum, Orchelimum indianense, O. longipenne, Conocephalus nebrascensis, ete. _ One marsh, especially at Point Pelee, yielded a remarkable variety of forms within a com- atively small area. This was at the mouth of a small creek which emptied into the lake at \e upper end of the Point. On either side of the creek was a growth of wild rice, so tall and rous that at a short distance it had much the appearance of a field of Indian corn, and beyond a 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 : | zageg cab nian i this, where the ground was not quite so wet, was au extensive growth of rushes and sedge. It was in the sedge that the green grasshoppers were most abundant, but they were very difficult to capture since, when alarmed, most species of Locustidae, especially the smaller kinds, have the annoying habit of darting downwards into the sedge and then leaping rapidly from one stem to another until one has not the least idea where to look for them. Fortunately, hava ai ee ee alae al ng most species are found in large numbers when their particular haunts are discovered. in this marsh, and practically in one spot, I took no less than a dozen kinds of Locustidagl alone, all but two of which are unrecorded from Canada. Of these, one of the most striking in appearance though the smallest in size, is Xiphidiwm Scudderi, a long-legged little hopper, brownish instead of the usual green color, with short wings, long antennae and an extraordin-— eae arily long straight oripositor, often twice as long as the body. X. attenwatwm, of which i found a few specimens, seems to be merely a long-winged form of the same species. Another interesting addition to our fauna made at Point Pelee is Scudderia Texensis, a very large CEE gE bright green form related to the well-known S. cwrvicauda but larger. It is one of the katydid tribe and has a wing expanse of fully three and three-quarters inches. The most abundantly represented genus, however, was OUrchelimwm, six species being | found. Now this is remarkable when it is remembered that from Toronto northward to ta Superior only one species occurs and that a very common and widespread one, viz., 0. agile. | This, by the way, is the common meadow grasshopper, whose familiar song, the ‘‘ jip, jip, jip, zee-e-e,”’ is known to everyone. The other families of Orthoptera did not yield so many new forms, but one of them taken | in the same marsh as the one just described was wholly unexpected and has a very southern | distribution. This is Tryxalis brevicornis, a slender green and brown Acridian, with a ron conical head and short flattened antennae. Its distribution as hithertc known is from Indiana | and Long Id. to Honduras and Brazil, its occurrence in Indiana having been considered as un- | usually far north. I got but two specimens, both males, in good condition. | Another trip which we took from Leamington was to Arner, a village a few miles west of | emeeeville, ues were large open Eeaeees here also, but aap pes gig ee very similar _ species common at Arner being entirely absent from the Point and vice versa. For exami not a single specimen of Paroxya floridana was seen at Point Pelee though very common at | Arner, and Orchelimum Bruneri was very common at Point Pelee, but none were seen at Arner, This was in fact the only locality visited during the present trip where the first named ee was found. It isa pretty brightly colored grasshopper with blue hind tibiae and is characteristie of the Eastern States ae southern New England and Indiana to Florida, not having been taken | in Canada before. a Another very interesting form taken at Arner which must not be overlooked is Atantiolll pachymerus, belonging to the Decticinae, a group of Locustidae, characteristic of the western half | “3 on America, Atlanticus iene the oaly ices Beane. It S a large, clumsy, brown, | retained the tegmina as organs of stridulation. The thorax is very ince and_shield-like, andl this feature has given the insect the name of theshield-back grasshopper. It is found in ravines, = ee ate and wooded hill-sides, but I came across it only at Arner. ¥ From Leamington we went to Sarnia but on the way we stopped for five hours at Chatham | and went for a tramp along the Thames embankment. Here the flora was quite unique in chang acter and of great luxuriance and vigor, the nettles and Jerusalem artichokes towering far above =| our heads. The Professor pointed out several prairie species there, not found elsewhere in th Province, and it is his belief that this section was once prairie. It certainly would appear so to | (1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 judge by the presence of these typically prairie plants and the general perfectly level appearance of the country. At Sarnia there is a great deal to interest the entomologist and Prof. Macoun found a great ‘number of plants not recorded from Canada, among which was a grass new to science. The most striking thing in the insect line was the abundance of Papilio Cresphontes. Any number could have been taken but |] had no space in either my bottles or boxes for anything but Orthoptera and dragon-flies. Another interesting butterfly found here and both at Chatham cand Leamington was Pieris pr otodice. At the two latter piaces it is the common white butter- fly, rapae being only occasionally seen. At Sarnia both are common but protodice is much the - more predominant, while further north only rapae is seen. | P This re-appearance of P. protodice after its apparent replacement by P. rapae strikes one as ‘being quite remarkable, and it seems to confirm Mr. Moffat’s opinion, expressed in the Twenty- fifth Annual Report of the Entomological Society, p. 61. He refers to the rapidity with which this change was brought about and regards as very improbable the theory that the disappearance of P. protodice has resulted as a consequence of the struggle for existence and the survival of ‘the fittest. Mr. Moffat’s idea is, briefly, that the two forms are races of one species, which on being brought together have interbred ; the result being the persistence of the characteristics of | the stronger race, rapae, and the suppression of those of the weaker, protodice. But although _protodice is weaker, its characters are such as have resulted from its particular environment, such as the climatic conditions and other external influences under which it lives ; and hence these characters must inevitably reappear in time as these same forces are still at work. Mr. ~ Moffat also noted the recent capture of a few specimens of protodice in the vicinity of London and expressed the opinion that it would be common again in time. That it is becoming so seems to be evident from what I have observed in Southern Ontario, whatever the explanation may be. a Of Orthoptera and Odonata a number of interesting things were taken. Most of these were e «captured in a large open stretch of meadow-land, which extends along the St. Clair River be- 4 E ‘tween the town and the southernmost point of Lake Huron, where the St. Clair River leaves it. % This stretch of country is under water during the spring and early summer but was quite dry when I saw it in August, and portions of it were gorgeous with the purple spikes of Liatris 3% spicata, the dense button-snakeroot, making one of the most brilliant floral displays I have ever seen. Several interesting things were found here, notably Orphulella pelidna and Conocephalus nebrascensis neither of which had been taken before in Canada, nor were they met with again 7 ‘during our trip. I also took specimens of the two beautiful dragonflies, Celithemis eponina and C. elisa, the former flying about for the most part near the river where the ground was still wet, the latter being commoner further inland. Separating this stretch of meadow-land from the wide beach of the lake is a high ridge of ‘sand dunes wooded mainly with oak, while west of the town of Sarnia is the cemetery, which is also sandy, being much like High Park in character. Both of these localities, especially the latter, will richly repay the efforts of the entomologist. = Before leaving Sarnia finally the Professor and I crossed the river to Port Huron and thence _ took the electric railway down the river to Algonac, where we hired an Indian boy to ferry us _ across to Walpole Id. This is a Canadian island of considerable size and has been set apart as Bon Indian Reserve. It is an excellent collecting-ground being for the most part occupied by ¥ woods or marshes. Here I saw a great many Papilio Cresphontes, Limenitis disippus, Pieris pro- f todice and other butterflies sipping the moisture from the ground near the water’s edge. The nF marshes yielded numbers of Orchelimuwm longipenne, a green grasshopper only one specimen of Peshich was seen elsewhere, namely at Point Pelee. Iwas.indeed much struck throughout the trip by the fact that these open marshes, though often apparently of the same character and not far distant from one another, may support faunas which are by no means identical, some species 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 , found not at all or very sparingly in one marsh being common in another and vice versa. I was unable to discover the reason of this but I imagine that on closer examination the conditions — would prove to be more different than was apparent at first sight, or that many of the insects found therein are very local. | From Sarnia we went by steamboat to Goderich, which town we did not find very interest-_ ing from a natural history standpoint, the country being entirely of a clayey character ; so we contented ourselves with a single day’s trip which was very unprofitable entomologically, the only thing of special interest which was taken being a specimen of Cychrus Lecontei, a rather rare carabid beetle. Our next stopping place was Southamptom, a locality which amply repaid both of us and one where a great variety of country is to be found close at hand. The shore, which at Goderich is a steep clay bank about 200 feet high, is again low and sandy, a magnificent beach which strongly recalled the sea shore extending for some miles on either side of the town. The forest growth here is quite boreal in character ; white spruce, white cedar and juniper — (Juniperus communis and J. sabina var procumbens) being the prevailing trees on the sand dunes which form a ridge behind the beach. Back of this ridge a short distance south of the town is an extensive swamp, in which the orthopterous fauna was also of northern type. The most interesting capture made here however was an Oedipodine, a new species of Trimerotropis, which was found flying about on the beach, having essentially the same habits as 7’. maritima, which is abundant on the beaches of the great lakes further south, extending a little above Sarnia and is also found on the North Atlantic seaboard. , As soon as lt observed — this extensive beach at Southampton I thought of the probability that either 7. maritima _ would be found there, and if so at a much more northern locality than hitherto reported, or — that some other species would take its place. After considerabie search the Jatter proved to be the case and the species which replaced maritima, though closely allied, differs from that Species not only in structure and markings but also markedly in the character of the stridulation. I did not find much else of particular interest at Southampton, but this was doubtless be- -cause [ paid small attention to anything but Orthoptera and Odonata ; but on general princi- ples I should highly recommend the locality to entomologists who are studying the Ontario species of any group of insects, because I believe there are very few, if any, places of exactly the same character in the Province. I doubt if a wide and extensive beach is to be found any- | where north of Southampton, as the eastern shore of Lake Huron north of a point about ten miles above Southampton is, as far as I know, continuously rocky. After spending a few days collecting at Southampton we hired a good sized fishing boat and spent a most delightful week on the lake between Southampton and a small town called Tober- mory, a few miles from Cape Hurd on the Georgian Bay side. Our party included the Profes- sor’s assistant and two fishermen, besides ourselves, and the object we had in view was the examination of the east shore of the lake as far as the Cape and also a few of the islands. We cooked our meals and slept on board, though at night we of course always put into some harbour, of which many fine examples are to be seen. At Tobermory, for instance, there is a beautiful harbour, about half a mile long, the shore of which at the town is perfectly vertical to a depth of about thirty feet below the surface ‘and some three or four above, so that no wharf of any kind is necessary and large vessels can come up close to the shore. . A decidedly northern flora and fauna is to be met with in this peninsula, but Prof. Macoun says that half a mile or so inland these conditions give place to the ordinary hardwood forests, such as would be met with in any part of Ontario at that latitude. This northern climate is mainly due to its proximity to the cold lake, but another factor also contributes in some parts of the shore rendering the climatic conditions boreal in character. This occurs at certain points where the limestone is very low and flat and only just a little above the level of the lake. The 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 snow and ice in these places remain in the woods sometimes as late as June and in early summer y the place is still very wet. Later on, however, it dries up and the rock is exposed or is very _ near the surface almost everywhere. The soil on this peninsula is very scanty and on the low places near the shore the plants andl insects are very few in number of species. The Professor said that the flora resembled that cf Anticosti, but I did not notice much that was remarkable about the insects. A peculiar little Catocala was perhaps the most interesting thing taken. It is closely allied to C. antinympha,, if, indeed, it be not a variety of that species, from which it differs in the much lighter and more: _ distinctly marked fore wings. Among the Orthoptera Podisma variegata, two long-winged males of Melanoplus fasciatus, a form of very rare occurrence, M. islandicus and Scudderia pistillata are perhaps noteworthy:. The first named is a very interesting Acridian of the group Melanopli and belongs to an alpine’ and northern genus, being the only American species which is not alpine. Like many alpine insects it is perfectly apterous and is closely allied to P. glavialis of the White Mountains and Northern Ontario. I have also taken it at Lake Simcoe. It inhabits cool swamps, especially _ peat bogs. Seudderia pistillata, which was found not uncommonly on the peninsula and at - Southampton, is our one characteristically northern Locustid. It was exceedingly abundant om one of the small islands. Before leaving the subject of this locality there is one fact concerning it which is worthy of i ‘remark, and this, though a botanical one, would probably influence the insects too. Many _ flowers common to this region and southern Ontario (notably Point Pelee and Sarnia) were 1m bloom or going to seed at a time when the same plants in the south were in bud or only just _ beginning to bloom. Now, this state of affairs at first seems very extraordinary when we re- _ member that the snow remains so late here and the climate is decidedly colder than in the south. _ The explanation lies in the fact that the plants are growing over limestone, which absorbs more: heat than any other rock, and much more than the ordinary soil. After our return to Southampton we spent a few more days there and then drove to Owem Sound, where the limestone forms a bold escarpment overlooking the city and ofters new condi- _ tions to the collector of both plants and insects. Deep crevices extend far into the rock and ' _ from above one can look down these, often forty feet. Some rare ferns are found here, but I _ got but little that was of interest to the entomologist, though I fancy a coleopterist could have taken plenty of interesting thir.gs. ; i Another locality at Owen Sound which the collector should not overlook is the Pattersom _ House Park, the property of Mr. Matthews, the proprietor of the Patterson House, whieA is — one of the chief hotels at Owen Sound. The park is several miles long and follows a ravine, along the bottom of which a small creek runs. The woods are in a primitive condition and some _ of the trees, notably the cedars, are of enormous size. The chief thing of interest that I found there were specimens of Calopteryx maculata, a beautiful dragon-fly which, though very common : in June, usually disappears late in July, my specimens having been taken on the last day of iS August, an unusually late date. The luxuriance and beauty of this ravine would, I am sure, L x make it an admirable collecting ground. Owen Sound was the last spot visited by the writer before returning to Toronto, so that the _ trip was practically taken up in following the enor es of Lake Erie and Huron from Point Pelee to Owen Sound. ~ wa epee In conclusion I should like to emphasize one point in connection with the collection of _ Specimens on a trip such as the one which has been the subject of this sketch. Most collectors, as far as I have observed, look for those species only which are wanting in their collections or which are rare or otherwise interesting. This isa great mistake, Every species in the group Pas the collector is studying should be noted down in a book kept for that purpose, and if ———— res apes \ \ 90 | THE REPORT OF THE : No. 19 the collector is not absolutely certain of the identity of the species, specimens should be taken. It is better, if possible, to take specimens of every species from each locality visited, though, of — course, this is unnecessary in the case of some very common and easily recognized species. It — is only in this way that an accurate idea can be obtained of the distribution of the species in a given locality, and the value of an accurate knowledge of zoological distribution can scarcely be overestimated. CRICKETS. By Rev. THomas W. Fytes, Levis, QUEBEC. There are certain things which greatly excite the wonder of the Old Country visitor to Canada :—the piping of the tree-frogs in the Spring ; the flash of the fire flies in the Summer ; and the sibillations of Orthopterous insectsin the Fall. Other sights and sounds may be new to him, but these intrude themselves so persistently upon his attention—there is so much of them in every case—that they never fail to make a deep impression upon his mind, When he walks out in a calm night of August or September, his ears are greeted with such a tweaking of banjos from the black-crickets, that he almost expects these nigger performers to start up a plantation song for his amusement. He thinks to himself, (we may suppose) that the solo of | the ‘‘ Cricket on the hearth ” of English writers is a very poor performance, compared with this chorus of the Canadian crickets in the field. The name cricket is one of those imitative, onomatopzeic words, such as ‘‘ wake-up,” ‘‘ pee- y wit,” ‘‘ aye-aye,” etc. In my first year in the country-parts of Canada—long, long ago now—I was riding home at midnight from a visit to sick friend. My road was a lonely one, leading through the valleys of the Brome Mountains. I amused myself by putting together the following lines, suggested by the surroundings :— On either side the road are rugged hills, And leafy branches mingle overhead ; O’er all, heaven’s vast unclouded vault is spread, Which the round moon with silver radiance fills, The Gryllus chirrups ; the Gicanthus shrills— Ten-thousand quavering notes around are blent— The shaken air itself seems sibilant— From every bush the constant burden trills. It is to us as an outlandish tongue— We hear it, and pass on, acquiring nought ; We know not with what meanings it is fraught, ‘ What triumphs, hopes and fears in it are sung. To Him, who plann’d the Universe, alone Ascends the import of each several tone. But things that make so much noise in the world, as the crickets make, are deserving of — more than passing attention ; and we may well spenda short time in looking into their structure, | their habits and their history. The crickets belong to the Orthoptera—Saltatoria or leaping soraresties winged insects. The first in order of the Quebec species is, — = > of tps = per ap 4901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. - 91 (HcaNTHUS NIVEUS, DeGrEER. (THE TREE CRICKET.) ‘ \ This is an elegant creature well deserving of notice ; it is a little fairy robed in white—a dweller in the blossoms. The male (icanthus (Fig. 24, page 48) has transparent wing-covers rounded at the extrem- ity and strongly veined. It is the combined friction and vibration of these veined wings that produces the notes with which it serenades its mistress. The female (Fig. 25) has narrower wing-covers less strongly marked. Like a modest dam- sel she holds her peace. These insects have ample and delicate hind wings, and long filiform antennz. - Their hind- most feet have four ‘joints each—one more than we find in those of other crickets. The female has a short, stout ovipositor with which it pierces the twigs of fruit trees, rasp- berry-canes, etc., and deposits her eggs in the wounds (Fig. 26). The young larve appear at midsummer, and feed upon aphides and small fruit. GRYLLOTALPA BOREALIS, BURMEISTER. (THE Moe Cricket.) The prince of our Canadian crickets is the Mole Cricket. It isa rare insect with us; but it és common in some parts of the United States. In places where it abounds it has been found mischievous. It burrows in the gardens, and eats the roots of newly planted vegetables. 1,400 full grown mole crickets were once found on a surface of two-fifths of an acre that had been planted with cabbages.* Its disproportionately large front legs, its abbreviated wing covers, its pleated wings extending to points beyond these, and the long tags with which the body terminates give the mole cricket a strangely grotesque appearance. The members first meutioned seemingly terminate in gauntleted hands with the fingers extended. But these seeming terminations are neither hands nor feet—they are the tibize or shanks of the front legs of the insect. The small feet are attached to the outside of them. With these shanks the cricket delves, and tunnels, and scoops out the chamber des- tined to be the receptacle of its eggs When not in use these tibize are drawn back and protected by the femora. The length of the mole-cricket is about an inch and a quarter. Its colour is light bay or fawn.t Much of our information upon the habits of the mole-cricket is de- Fig. 50. MoleCricket. rived from the Rev. Gilbert White who wrote more than a hundred and twenty years ago. In his delightful ‘‘Natural History of Selborne”’, he tells us that a gardener mowing beside acanal, struck his scythe too deep, and pared away a sod, exposing a mole cricket’s nest and the approaches to it. ‘¢ The nest was the size of a moderate snuff-box, Within the secret nursery were deposited near a hundred eggs of a dirty yellow colour and enveloped in a tough skin.” In Rennie’s ‘‘ Insect Architecture ”’, enlarged by Rev. J. G. Wood (Bell and Dalby, Lon- ‘don, 1869.), p. 266, a cut of the mole-cricket’s nest and eggs is given. From this illustration we should infer that the ‘‘ tough skin” is not a sack enclosing the batch of eggs, but the skin ot the eggs individually, for the eggs are represented as lying in an open pile on the floor of the chamber. *Dr. Fletcher in 22nd Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. of Ont., p. 89. +Harris’s Insects injurious to Vegetation, p. 149. 92 | THE REPORT OF THE | No. 19 . The English mole-cricket is Gryllotalpa vulgaris Latr. It is a larger insect than G. borealis. Dr. Lintner in his ‘Sixth Report on the Insects of the State of New York,” says of G.. borealis ;—‘* Our-mole cricket lives in the ground, usually in moist earth—often on the sides of _ ponds or small streams, where it burrows into the moist ground at a depth of from six to eight. inches, by means of its front pair of legs which are admirably constructed for digging. Its eggs are laid in these galleries, in a tough sack, to the number of from two to three hundred, within the chamber scooped out for the purpose.” Dr. Lintner does not say that he writes this from his own observation ; and we are left somewhat in doubt as to whether the habits of our mole- cricket differ from those of the European, or whether Dr. Lintner’s words, ‘‘in a tough sack” are a mistaken rendering of White’s ‘* enveloped in a tough skin”, or again, whether Rennie or Wood drew merely from imagination. It would be well if some Southern entomologist would clear up this matter. : G. borealis is said to hibernate in the iarval condition. The perfect insect appears in May — or June. The female then lays her eggs which hatch in one month. She guards her young brood until they come to the second moult,for they have many enemies,among which may be reckoned various kinds of ground beetles. In some parts of England the mole-cricket is called the ‘‘ Eve-churr ”, because of its peculiar note ; and Professor Scudder, in an article contributed to the 23rd Report of the Ent. Soe. of Ont., p. 63, compares the call of G. borealis to ‘‘a guttural sort of sound like grii or green, repeated in a trill indefinitely.” Tue FIELD CRICKETS. But the crickets with which we are most familiar are the common field-crickets. Of these we have, in the Province of Quebec, at least three easily distinguishable kinds, viz :— Gryllus neglectus, Scudder. Gryllus niger, Harris. Nemobius vittatus, Harris. } The first-named is about two-thirds of an inch long, black, with a brown line along the deflexed border of each wing-cover. G. niger is a smaller kind. It measures only about half an inch in length. Itis jet black. The males are comicai little fellows. Nemobius wittatus is the smallest of the three. It measures only about four-tenths of an inch in length. It is of a dusky brown colour and has three black lines over the head, and a black line along each wing-cover. Insects of these three kinds are found in great numbers around Quebec. Their notes are | produced by stridulation. The wing-covers are slightly raised and the projecting veins of one are briskly grated upon those of the other. The males only produce the sound. The females lay their eggs in the ground by means of their long ovipositors. ‘ Harris thus speaks of the injuries done by crickets:—‘‘Where crickets abound they do great injury to vegetation eating thé most tender parts of plants, and even devouring roots and fruits. whenever they can get them. Melons, squashes, and even potatoes are often eaten by them, and the quantity of grass that they destroy must be great, from the immense numbers of these insects which are sometimes seen in our meadows and fields.” (Ins. inj. to Veg., p. 151). The crickets, especially G. neglects, are often troubled with that strange parasite the Hair- snake. The Vice-President of the Quebec branch of our Society observed five of these creatures wriggle away from a cricket that a gentleman had struck down with his walking-stick—they did not stay upon the order of their going. The puzzle is, how did they find their way in? This isa greater puzzle than that which perplexed King George III.. The monarch—so the story runs— one day entered a farm house, where he was at the time unknown. The owner and his family A : \ 1901 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 93 - -were just sitting down to dinner, and hospitably invited the respectable old gentleman, who had walked in, to partake of the meal. The King graciously accepted the invitation. Among the dishes served was one of boiled apple-dumplings. In due course the King took one of these — upon his plate. He examined it with interest. He could see no marks of stitches, nor other sign of a junction in the crust ; and, mentally giving up the riddle, he exclaimed ‘‘ However | did the apple get inside the dumpling ?” The hair-snake is certainly found inside the cricket curled round, like the spring of a bird- trap, under the skin of the insect. There it thrives, imbibing the juices of its host ; but how it got there is as yet a mystery. I have mentioned the ground beetles that feed upon the eggs and young of the crickets. Our 7 largest Quebec species is the Copper-spot Ground-beetle, Calosoma calidwm Fab. (Fig. 51). The : beautiful metallic spots on the elytra of this handsome insect make it easy of recognition. We have other fine beetles of predaceous habits. Amongst them is Carabus meander Fisch., a brown beetle of elegant shape, and with elytra finely sculptured with raised lines and rows of oblong spots. This insect is not uncommon at Quebec, but is rare in other parts of the province. Cychrus vidwis Dej., is another handsome beetle, purple in colour, with striated elytra, and a large cordate abdomen. This last named species is said to regard slugs and Jand-snails as high-class Hoe: But, — ‘* Revenons a nos moutons.’ Wig. 51. The Copper spot ‘ Ground-beetle. GRYLLUS Domesticus, Linn (the Domestic Cricket). During the autumn months of this year a cricket enlivened my house with its nightly serenade. Its place of abode was amid the inequalities between the mantel _ and the brick-work of the kitchen fire-place ; and its favourite position was to stand head down- wards, with so much of its body protruded from beneath the mantel as would allow of the free play of its wing-covers. With these appendages constantly vibrating, and with its long antennze moving backwards and forwards, as if to catch the slightest pulsations in the air that might tell __ of danger, it would remain for hours. It did not seem to be afraid of light. I could approach ¢ warily, lamp in hand, within a yard of it, and watch its motions ; but on the slightest aggressive -movement it would dart backward to its retreat. 1t was about eight lines in length of body, of 2 an ocbreous colour with brown and white markings. The veins of the wing covers were brown. s ; The antenne, palpi, tarsi and abdominal appendages were of a dull yellow. The last named _ were fringed. a The call of the insect was kept up till the middle of October, when it gradually became 2 fainter and at length ceased. i CEUTOPHILUS MACULATUS, DE GEER (the Wingless Cricket). Ps A few seasons ago I had the opportunity of watching a wingless cricket as it sent forth its _ shrill *‘chirrup.” Its hindmost pair of legs were moved up and down rapidly and their spin ~ shanks brought to bear upon the edges of the abdominal plates. The combined friction and vibration produced the notes. The movement reminded me of that of the ‘‘ up-and-down saw ”’ in an old tashioned saw-mill. ' The insect is the Ceutophilus maculatus of De Geer, and comes in the Locustaridz ; but, as _ Harris calls it ‘‘ the spotted, wingless cricket,” and its call is a cricket’s call, it seems fitting to & speak of it here. es. The creature can be easily recognized by: its rounded back, its brown colour mottled or 5 potted with yellow, and its lack of alar appendages. : | 94 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — No. 19 It is from 6 to 8 lines in length of body, and it tina remarkably long antennz and hind | limbs. There are othe creatures that help to swell the concert that in the autumn evenings so deeply impresses us with the sense of the abundance of insect life ; but those we have spoken — of—with their violins, banjos, and tambours—are the strength of the musical company. ERRATUM. The Rev. Dr. Fyles drew attention to a printer’s error on page 54 of the Thirty-first Annual q Report, line 17 from the bottom, where the word “‘ stainy ” is printed in place of satiny. NATURE STUDY LESSONS ON MOSQUITOES. By Pror. W. LocHHeap, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. It is unnecessary to state that mosquitoes are interesting for more reasons than the purely scientific. Perhaps no other insect is so well known throughout the wide world, for savage as well as civilized man suffers from its bites. It tortures the Eskimo as much as it does the Afri- can or Venezuelan, and makes life almost unbearable at certain stages in the high Arctic regions. The object of these lessons, however, is more to learn about its habits and life-history than to give information regarding the effects of its bite; although this latter phase is be- ing studied very closely by scientific men at the present time, for it has been proved that certain species of mosquitoes are able to inoculate man with the organisms of malaria. ay The best time to study the life-history of the mosquito is in the summer when the “ wrig- glers”” are abundant in stagnant bodies of water. If a large glass jar be nearly filled with water from pools in marshy places, from ditches where leaves have accumulated, or from exposed rain barrels, a supply of mosquitoes in different stages of development can usually be obtained, aud kept conveniently under observation. It would be well to cover the jar with a net of muslin to a prevent the escape of the winged mosquitoes as they emerge. The Eggs. Sometimes curious boat-shaped masses of eggs (Fig 52a) may be seen floating on — some stagnant water. These should be secured, and put in the glass jar. An egg-imass consists | of 200 or 300 spindle-shaped eggs, glued together. It readily rises to the surface if pushed be- low, and is none the worse of the ducking. It is probable that very few persons have ever seen the female in the act of laying her eggs, but it is supposed that the operation is performed in — the early morning hours just before sunrise. The eggs hatch in about twenty-four hours after 4 they are laid. The young ‘‘ wrigglers,” or larvae, make their escape from the underside of the © eggs, by the opening of a lid. The Wrigglers or Larvae. A careful watch over the inhabitants of the glass-jar will show — how the wrigglers act. If some of them can be found at rest at the surface, it will be seen that they float with the heal downwards, and the end of the body at the surface. (Fig. 52c). At the mouth two tufts of bristles are in ceaseless vibration, and produce a continuous cur- rent of water, in which minute creatures are brought within reach as food. The upper end apparently divides into two branches ; one branch rises to the surface, the 4 other branch, the true hind segment, and the larger branch, serves as a rudder. When a wrig- 4 gler is disturbed it wriggles away, using the rudder to direct its course. It will be noticed, moreover, that the wrigglers make greater efforts in rising to the surface, than in sinking - through the water. This shows that their bodies are heavier than water, and they must have some means of keeping themselves at the surface. The branch (Fig. 52c) which rises to the surface is in reality the breathing tube of the ~ | wriggler. The upper end consists of a five-rayed rosette, which is spread out on the surface of | I eed ' Fie. §2.—Culex pungens : Egg mass, a, with englarged eggs at left, ), and voung larve below, c—enlarged.” (From Howard, U. S. Department of Agriculture.) bs Fig, 53.—Cwlex pungens : Full grown larva at left, a, pupa at right, )—enlarged append- vy 7 ages of tail of pupa, ¢. (From Howard, U.S. Department of Agriculture.) o. [95 J \- soe 96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 water. The tension of the surface film buoys up the rosette, and hence the wriggler itself. — Through this breathing tube the insect, gets its supply of air. [Find out how long a wriggler ean remain under water without coming to the surface for air. | f In nine or ten days, the wriggler assumes another shape—known as the pupa. [Determine ‘how often the wriggler moults in this time. ] 1 The Pupe. They are considerably different in appearance from the true wrigglers. Their thead-end is much enlarged (Fig. 53) and the insect is somewhat club-shaped. There is a differ- ence also in their appearance when at rest. The head-end is at the surface, and the supply of air is taken in by two breathing tubes attached to the upper surface of the thorax portion of the > | enlarged end. Unlike most pupze, the pupze of the mosquitoes are active creatures, wriggling — about in the water. a Fia, 54.—Culea pungens : Female above, male below,—enlarged. Scales on margin of wing ; scales aloug veins of wing. (From Howard, U.S, Department of Agriculture.) When a pupa-wriggler is disturbed, it becomes apparent that it makes greater exertions sinking than it does in rising. Its body, then, is lighter than water, and rests naturally at the surface without the aid of a special float. During this stage, the mosquito develops the wings, legs, and the peculiar stinging mouth- warts, which are of such value to it in the adult stage. The rudiments of the wings and legs may be seen through the pupa-case, if a strong magnifying glass be used. In two or three days, _ the adult winged mosquito escapes from the pupa-case. (Fig. 54.) | The Adult Mosquitoes. When the time arrives for the emergence of the winged mosquito. — ) the pupa-skin splits along the back, and the insect gradually raises itself on its long spindly ‘ egs using the old pupa-skin as a raft. Itis nearly bent double as it pulls its wings out, but soon — 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. _ 97 these become filled, and it is ready to escape. If the wings should get wet during this delicate = operation on the unsteady raft, it is more than likely that the poor mosquito perishes. A quiet 4 body of water, therefore, is necessary for the safe emergence of mosquitoes in large numbers. Male and Female Mosquitoes. The male mosquitoes are readily distinguished from the female by the long-feathered antennze. The males neither sing nor bite, and if they feed at all it is on the juices and nectar of plants. It is quite probable that the normal food of these insects is the juices of plants, but it is also quite certain that the females delight in the warm blood of animals, including man. The Wings. Mosquitoes have but one pair of wings. The margins of the wings are _ fringed with hairs, and the veins with minute scales. The buzz-sound of the mosquito is made by the rapid vibration of the wings, about 3000 in a minute, and by the air passing over little _ drums at the openings of the air tubes of the sides of the body. The hind wings are represented _ by a pair of stalked knots, called ‘‘ balancers.” ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. _ 107 Perthalycra murrayi, Horn. Nanaimo, May 22. (Taylor.) Derodontus trisignatus, Mann. In fungi, Wellington, B.C., November. (Taylor.) Nosodendron californicum, Horn. About 20 in a crevice of bark of Picea grand’s, May 13th, Wellington. (Taylor.) Acmeodera pulchella, Hbst., and A. culta, Web. Specimens of these pretty little Bupres- _ tians were taken on the flowers of Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa, at Komoka, Ont., July 13, _ (Bethune.) Neither of these species had previously been recorded from Canada. Uhrysobothris pusilla, Lap. and Gory. Ottawa, rare. (Fletcher, Harrington.) St. John, NB. (McIntosh.) One specimen in each case. Endeodes collaris, Lec. A few specimens of this rare species were taken by Rey. G. W. Taylor at Victoria. Listrus motschulskii, Lec. Common on blossoms of Amelanchier at the end of April, Wellington, (Taylor.) Polycaon stoutii, Lec. One specimen in twig of apple tree, Nanaimo, (Taylor.) Molorchus longicollis, Lee. One on crab blossom, Gabriola Island, May 25. (Taylor). Ulocheetes leoninus, Lec. Two specimens on July 2 and 14, Nanaimo, and Gabriola Island. (Taylor.) Vernon, B.C. (Fletcher.) Acanthocinus obliquus, Lec. Quite common on a fence near poplars, August and Septem- ber, 1899; not seen since. (Taylor.) Pachyta armata, Lec. Four specimens of this handsome beetle were taken flying round flowers, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, on Mount Che-am, B.C., August 15. (Fletcher.) Anthophylax mulachiticus, Hald. Six specimens flying low in a beech wood, Aylmer, Que., 1900, and eight specimens in the same place, June, 1901. (Fletcher. ) Anthophylax attenuatus, Hald. Three specimens, St. John, N.B., July. (McIntosh.) Ottawa, very rare; one specimen, June. (Young.) Another specimen was taken at Ottawa many years ago by Mr. Harrington. Anthophylax mirificus, Bland. Both sexes. Vernon, B. C. (KE. P. Venables.) Leptura Matthewsii, Lee. Pine Creek near Calgary (Wolley-Dod). Vernon, B.C. (E. P. Venables. ) Priognathus moniicornis, Rand. A widely distributed but usually rare Gidemerid. One specimen under log, St. John. (McIntosh.) Several flying in May, Wellington, B.C. (Taylor.) Rhinosimus pallipes, B. and L. One only, April, 24. (Taylor.) Asclera nigra, Lec. Gabriola Island ; four specimens. May 13-15. (Taylor.) Orchesia ornata, Horn. One on apple blossoms, May 4; Gabriola Island. (‘Taylor.) HYMENOPTERA. Some good work has been done in this order during the season. The most active workers have been the following: Mr. W. H. Harrington, of Ottawa, who continuously adds to his own extensive collections and has also done good work in the way of identify- _ ing specimens and helping others. The writer gratefuily acknowledges many favours in the de- _ termination of parasites bred from larvze collected in the field and from scale insects. Mr. 1 Chagnon, of Montreal, continues his studies of this order, and Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Wellington, a Vancouver Island, has also added considerably to the knowledge of British Columbian Hymen- __-optera. E's The attention of our own members may be profitably directed to the recent systematic _ work of Mr. W. H. Ashmead, of Washington, undoubtedly the highest authority on American forms. His monographic writings have added immensely to the knowledge of these insects, 4 and his recent scheme of classification marks a great advance upon that of Cresson, published in 1887. It has been adopted by Howard in his admirable ‘‘ Insect Bcok.’’ Such portions of the “, 108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 classification as have appeared must be carefully studied by all workers in this vast and difficult, but most interesting order. Ashmead divides the Hymenoptera into ten superfamilies, viz., Apoidea, Sphecoidea, Vespoidea, Formicoidea, Proctotrypoidea, Cynipoidea, Chalcidoidea, Ichneu- monoidea, Siricoidea, and Tenthredinoidea. These are subdivided into ninety-four families. The parts of the classification already published are the following ;—(1) The Ichneumonoidea, by the United States National Museum (Proc. XXIII., No. 1206), in which over eleven hundred genera are tabulated. (2) The Apoidea, in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc’y., 1899. (3) The Sphecoidea in the Canadian Entomologist for 1899 and (4) The Vespoidea (in part), in the same publica- tion in 1900, The continuation of this most important and satisfactory work will be welcomed by all interested. It is much to be regretted that a larger number of our Canadian entomolo- gists do not devote more attention to the Hymenoptera. Most attractive fields of study, with ample room for original observations, are offered in each superfamily, especially in connection with the social groups of bees, wasps, and ants, as well as in the great complex of parasitic species which play such an important role in the control of injurious insects in all orders. We trust that next year’s record may be able to show that some useful work has been pertennieg in this fertile field. Among interesting captures mention may be made of the following :— Beus niger, Ashm. Reared at Ottawa from a batch of spider’s eggs; 4 males and 20 females. (Harrington.) Hecabalus lycti, Cresson ; and Hecabalus utilis, Cresson. Reared in large numbers at Ottawa from axe handles infested by the Powder-post Beetle (Lyctus wnipunctatus). The parasites most abundant in June and October. (Fletcher.) Abia kennicotii, Nort. One specimen at Trenton. (Evans.) This is by no means a com- mon insect, although odd specimens are occasionally taken. The pretty white larva, spotted — with yellow and black, may sometimes be found on Honeysuckle. | ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD: ORTHOPTERA. ConTriputeD BY Mr. EK. M. Waixker. (ToRonto.) The marked progress that has been made in the study of North American Orthoptera dur- ing the past few years has shown no sign of abatement during the present year, although very little has been done to further our knowledge of the Canadian fauna, nor does the writer know of anyone in the country who is specially interested in this order. It is to be hoped that this state of affairs will soon pass away, since, owing to the tireless energies of Mr. Scudder, it is — now a very simple matter to obtain the literature necessary to a student of the order. With Scudder’s ‘‘ Guide to the Classification of N. A. Orthoptera,” the ‘‘ Catalogue of N. A. Ortho- ptera,” and the ‘‘ Index to N. A. Orthoptera,” the student should experience little difficulty in arranging his collection. The Index is by far the most important work on N, A. Orthoptera that has appeared during the present year, and too much can hardly be said in its praise. It is absolutely indispensable to the student, and contains remarkably few errors. One feature of — | this work, particularly, which is one of immense value, is the full list of localities given under each reference. By this means the student can learn accurately the distribution of any species. Of other writings on Orthoptera published during the year, some of the more important are the revisions of several of the smaller genera by Scudder ; a few papers by Morse, such as ‘‘New N. A. Orthoptera” (Can. Ent., XXXIII., 129); ‘‘The Xiphidiini of the Pacific — Coast,” (Can. Ent., XXXIII. 201); ‘‘ Revision of the Orthopteran Genus Trimerotro- — pis,” by J. McNeill (published by U. S. Nat. Mus.), are important papers, in which 24 new — species are described ; and ‘‘ Notes and remarks on Mexican Orthoptera, with descriptions of — new species,” and other papers, by J. A. G. Rehn. The ‘Insect Book,” by Howard, must — fay? ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 “ not be omitted, as it will be of great benefit to the beginner, and the plates will serve to give a good idea of the general appearance of most of the genera he is likely to meet with. In regard to Canadian Orthoptera, it may be mentioned that, since the last instalment of _ the writer’s ‘‘ Notes on some Ontario Acridiide ” was printed, he has added four more species _ to the number, and is now engaged in preparing a complete list of the Acridiidse of Ontario. These four species are the following :— Tryxalis brevicornis, L. Pt. Pelee, Aug. 8, 1901. Orphilella pelidna, Burm. Sarnia, Aug. 12 and 14, 1901. Trimerotropis huroniana, n. sp. Southampton, Aug. 20, 21, 29, 1901. Paroxya floridana, Thos. Arner, Aug. 9, 1901. Nothing of any importance has been written on the other families of Orthoptera in Canada, but the writer has for some years been making a collection of the Ontario forms, and will soon _ have a preliminary list of the Locustid ready for publication. Of the last-named family only _ eight species have been recorded from Ontario, and the lists from the other parts of Canada are no better. The writer, however, has taken twenty-two species in the province, seven of _ these having been taken for the first time this season. They are the following :— Scudderia texensis, Pict.-Sauss. Pt. Pelee, Aug. 8; Arner, Aug. 9; Sarnia, Aug. 12, 14; Walpole Island, Aug. 13. Conocephalus Nebrascensis, Bruner. Sarnia, Aug. 12. Orchelimum nigripes, Scudd, Pt. Pelee. Aug. 7° ne indianense, Blatchl. Sarnia, Aug. 14; Arner, Aug. 8. es longipenne, Scudd. Pt. Pelee, Aug. 8; Walpole Island, Aug. 13. Xiphidinm attenuatum, Scudd. Pt. Pelee, Aug. 8 ; Walpole Island, Aug. 13. Atlanticus pachymerus, Scudd. Arner, Aug. 9. Of the Gryllidze and Blattide, the writer’s collection contains a number of species as yet unrecorded from Canada. Of these, a few Gryllidz were taken this year for the first time, Nemobius palustris, Blatchl., from Sarnia, Southampton, Owen Sound (Aug.), and Lake Simcoe (Sept.) : and N. maculatus, Blatchl. (Tobermory, Aug. 25), being noteworthy. The others have not yet been satisfactorily determined. Collections of Orthoptera were made at the following localities during the past season :— Toronto, Lake Simcoe, Leamington, Point Pelee, Arner, Chatham, Sarnia, Walpole Island, (St. Clair River) ; Goderich, Southampton, Tobermory, and other points in the Bruce penin- sula and Owen Sound. In addition to the above, collections of Orthoptera have been made at Aweme, Man., by _ Mr. Norman Criddle ; also in Central Manitoba and in the Okanagan and Nicola valleys, in ef British Columbia, by Dr. Fletcher. 110 THE REPORT OF THE ° No. 19 A DAY AT THE MER BLEUE (EASTMAN’S SPRINGS, ONT.). ra By ARTHUR GIBSON, OTTAWA. An excursion to the Mer Bleue at any time from April to November is always of keen inter- est to Ottawa entomologists. The nature of the locality, and the varied forms of life to be met — with there, all tend to entice those who delight in observing and collecting specimens of natural q history. The name Mer Bleue is applied to a vast peat bog, which at one point comes close to — Eastman’s Springs, Ont., and being in a comparatively undisturbed state, as far as the interfer- ence of man is concerned, naturally at once suggests itself as a favourite resort for naturalists. Local investigators have always considered this large swamp, and its immediate vicinity, a most lucrative point at which to collect. The members of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club have on several occasions journeyed in a body to Eastman’s Springs to spend the day collecting, ete., and on all such excursions many interesting plants, insects, etc., have been found. On the 30th May, 1901, Dr. Fletcher, Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, Ont., Mr. C. H. _ Young, of Hurdman’s Bridge, and the writer, spent a delightful and successful dav at the Mer j Bleue. After a 12 mile drive from Mr. Young’s residence on the Rideau River, about 10 a.m. we reached the house of our good friend Mr. Manus, who on all such occasions receives us hospitably “and kindly allows us to ‘‘ put up” our horse, etc., for tne day. Mr. Manus’s house is close to the edge of the swamp, and on the above mentioned date, as soon as we had donned rubber boots, or an old pair of ordinary boots, and ladened ourselves with collecting apparatus, lunch, etc., we immediately headed for the bog. The morning was rather overcast and there was just enough wind to keep down the mosquitoes, which naturally swarm on the bog. This advantage, however, somewhat prevented other and more desirable insects from flying. Close to the swamp Pyrausta octomaculata, with its quick, flighty movements, was readily noticeable and very abundant. After passing through a rather obstructive thick growth of alder, which fringes the margin of the sphagnum carpeted bog, and wading in water sometimes up to our knees for about ten minutes, we reached the swamp proper and at once began collecting. Just at the entrance isa small cleared space of quaking bog covered with cran_ berries, and with a bubbling gas spring in the middle. Here we stopped a few minutes to drink. he water, and to light the bubbles of gas as they rose to the surface. The first specimen found was a nice fresh example of Hemaris thysbe, which had just emerged, the wings being still quite ‘soft. Thecla augustus, which is always a frequenter of the Mer Bleue, was the first diurnal 9 ‘taken, but it was a little late for perfect specimens. We were hoping to find the larva of this — ‘species, but we were too late. This Thecla is fairly abundant every season in this locality, and as nothing is known of the earlier stages of this interesting species, we were anxious, if possible to learn something about it. Several females were followed and watched carefully to see if we q could detect them in the act of laying eggs. Dr. Fletcher has reared the closely allied 7. iroides from caterpillars found feeding on green apples in Vancouver Island, and was of the | opinion that the food of the larvee of 7. augustus would prove to be the green berries of the Blueberry, or the capsules of some Ericaceous plant, of which there were many kinds growing — in profusion on the bog. The females rested for tantalizingly long periods on flower clusters of Kalmia glauca and Ledum latifolium, both of which were in flower, as well as on the now flower” fless bushes of Cassandra calyculata which occurred everywhere, but not a single egg could be a found. Over the whole of this immense swamp the aromatic white-flowered Labrador Tea (Ledwm t Latifoliwm), the Leather Leaf (Oassandra calyculata), the Sheep-laurel (Kalmia glauca), and the h | delicate Andromeda (Andromeda polifolia) were in great profusion. Flying among these, as 7 well as among other plants, were hundreds of specimens of the following geometers, usually to — be found in swamps at this season : Nemaria grataria, Fidonia truncataria, Eumaturga faxonia, ‘ 1901 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. +) ga _ Semiothisa granitata, and Epirranthis obfirmataria. It was a little late for these species, but - nice examples of all were taken. _ Themost interesting discovery of the day occurred after we had been in the swamp for about an hour, when our attention was drawn to the destruction which had been wrought to the young ‘tamarac and spruce trees (Laix Americana and Picea nigra). Many of these young trees, particularly towards the top, were denuded of their foliage. After a careful investigation of the “branches and remaining leaves, without any insects being found, it occurred to us to examine the moss at the base of the trees. This was not in vain, for as soon'as we began to remove the wet moss from the base of the trees, we discovered evidence of the presence of larve, by finding some frass, and upon further examination soon located the culprits. These caterpillars were from three to six inches below the surface of the wet moss, and of course were simply hiding i during the day, until nightfall, when they would again ascend the trees and begin feeding. | ‘Later, however, Dr. Fletcher found a few specimens of the larvee feeding on the foliage. ‘The trees which were most attacked were small ones, from two to four feet high. About 25 speci- _ mens of the larve, in all, were collected, but unfortunately only those cared for by Mr. Young - produced imagoes. The larvz collected by Dr. Fletcher and the writer, although feeding well - in confinement, and pupating in a healthy condition, failed to give the moths. Some of Mr. ~ Young’s specimens were forwarded by Dr. Fletcher to Prof. J. B. Smith, tor identification, and _ the species proves to be a new one to science. In 1899 Mr. Young took one specimen of the ‘moth at the Mer Bleue on the 30th August, and another specimen was taken by him in the same locality last year, early in September. Prof. Smith has named this species Semiophora Youngii, in honour of the discoverer. The caterpillar is from about an inch f and a quarter to nearly an inch and a half in length, and, for a caterpillar, is a beautiful creature. A description will be given in the Annual Report of the Hntomologist and Botanist, _ tothe Dominion Experimental Farms for 1901. The moth is also a beautiful species, varying ¥ considerably both in colour and distinctness of markings ; it expands about an inch and a quarter, As the morning was dull and cloudy, I was in hopes that the sun would come out, at least “to a while, during the afternoon, as I was anxious to see Chionobas jutta flying, the Mer Bleue being one of the few localities in Canada where this interesting butterfly has been found. My hopes were not disappointed, for soon afterwards the clouds broke and the warm sun appeared in all its glory. It had hardly done so when just ahead of me J noticed a large brown butterfly flying rather quickly. Of course, I immediately gave chase, and in about a minute had netted _ my first specimen of Chionobas jutta, which proved to be a perfect female. Several other speci- mens were afterwards caught in tolerably guod condition. This butterfly, although not very | difficult to catch, has the habit of resting on dead branches and trunks of trees, where it is pro- tected considerably by the resemblance of the under side of the wings to the bark, and where it a ‘is very difficult to catch. 1 In the twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Society, Dr. Fletcher published an article on the ‘- ‘Pitcher- plant Moth (Eayra rolandiana). As neither Mr. Young nor I had ever seen the L larva of this pretty little moth, we were anxious to see it at work, and were much interested when Dr. Fletcher, who knew its habits, called us to examine some infested pitcher plants ~ (Sarracenia purpurea). Wehad not looked very long before specimens of the caterpillar were found, their presence being easily detected, as stated in the above article, by the brown | _ dead patch on the leaf,where the caterpillar had fed fora time the year before and which showed | plainly on the outside, also by the mouth of the pitcher having been drawn together somewhat, _ and the remaining space closed up with a web of finesilk. The caterpillar is an attractive one, as _the following description, taken from Dr. Fletcher’s article, will show : ‘‘Length when extended, F three quarters of an inch; spindle-shaped ; distinctly segmented ; general outline closely - esembling the larva of Xunthoptera semicrocea, figured by Prof. Riley on page 208 of the Cana- ~ dian Entomologist, Vol. VI, but lacking the fleshy processes of the abdominal segments ; head 112 THE REPORT OF THE , No. 19 q and first segments small ; segments 2-7 gradually enlarging to 3 mm., and then tapering to the — posterior extremity ; each segment velvety claret colour, the velvety pile only in the central — part of the segments ; the intra-segmental sutures smooth,pale, in some specimens almost white; head white, marked symmetrically on each side with three black marks, the uppermost almost round, the middle one crescent-shaped, and the lowest above the ocelli, comma-shaped ; spira- — cles brown, ringed with black ; on each segment about six small black tubercles bearing slender tawny bristles ; thoracic feet and prolegs darkened externally.” The pitcher plant is very abundant at the Mer Bleue, and we soon found a number of the larvee. These were in different : stages of development, from about three-eighths of an inch to full grown larvee. One pupa was — also found in one of the plants. The moth ‘‘ is a small, thick-set insect, about three-eighths of an inch in length, of a dark, metallic, purplish hue, which on the forewings is relieved by a — yellowish discal patch. The base of the wings is deep red. The dark colour on the wings of © the female is much blacker than in the other sex. The hind wings in both sexes are black. When at rest, the wings are sloped like those of a Plusia.” Lithacodia bellicula, a pretty little noctuid, was fairly common, and some nice fresh specimens i were secured. ‘T'wo other interesting noctuids were captured, viz. that beautiful, and extremely a difficult to catch, little species, Anarta cordigera, which had been taken here before, and which . we were specially on the look-out for, and Mamestia rugosa ; one specimen of the former was collected by Mr. Young, and one of the latter by the writer, this being the first record =| of the occurrence of M. rugosa in the Ottawa district. Argynnis triclaris always an interesting butterfly is also a frequenter of the Mer Bleue, but | on account of its rarity few specimens are found. We were in hopes of meeting with this insect, __ and, although we watched for it throughout the day, no specimen was captured. A few Argynnids — were noticed flying, and specimens of bellona and myrina were caught. Whether any of those — | observed were triclaris, we could, of course, not be sure. The species flies about a fortnight later, Dr. Fletcher having taken specimens at the Mer Bleue onthe 11th June one year and on the 16th June another year. | Doubtless, if the weather had been more favourable, other interesting lepidopterous insects — would have been observed. Specimens of coleoptera, hymenoptera and diptera were collected and some rather rare species secured. These insects would, of course, have been more plentiful, ; had the day been brighter. h While Dr. Fletcher, Mr. Young and the writer were occupied the greater part of the ~ day in hunting for insects, or in collecting plants, Mr. Saunders who is an ardent ornithologist, armed with his field glass, was busily engaged the whole time ‘‘ looking up ” birds and studying — their ways. Some nice nests, with eggs, of the Palm Warbler, the Nashville Warbler, the | Swamp Sparrow, and the White-throated Sparrow, were secured, and many useful notes were | made upon the habits of the birds mentioned. We reluctantly turned our steps homewards as evening came on, well loaded down with — specimens of plants and insects, and with some clutches of rare eggs, determined if possible to return again next year, a little earlier in the season, so as to tackle the problem of the food plant of Thecla augustus, and later to learn something of the life-history of Chrysophanus ; epixanthe, which swarms on the Mer Bleue about the Ist July. * 1901. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 oe EROTAL ENTOMOLOGY, OR INSECTS AND INSECT-PRODUCTS MET WITH IN COMMERCE, By CHarLes STEVENSON, MONTREAL. Everyone is familiar with the valuable place that the silkworm holds in commerce. But it _ would surprise many persons if told how many of those creatures familiarly known as “‘bugs ” “command a price in the market, and very incredulous some would be, if informed that the only _ too common ‘‘ bed-bug,” Acanthia lectularia, Linn., or ‘‘ B-flat,” as it was called by a musica] _wag, is usedas adrug. A certain school of practitioners prescribe this pest in the form of a tincture, as well as another ‘‘bug-bear”’ of the cleanly housewife—the cockroach, the _ species Periplaneta Americana, Linn., being specified for the purpose. Not long ago, Periplaneta - orientalis, Linn., the ‘‘ oriental roach” or ‘‘ black beetle,” a native of Asia, which is now found in most parts of the civilized world, was recommended for the same use as the “ blister beetle ”’ r ‘‘ Spanish fly,” Cantharis vesicatoria, Linn,, which is an official drug in both the allopathic _ and homceopathic pharmacopeeias. The Spanish blister beetle is indigenous to southern and central Europe, living on the ash, lilac and elder trees. It is of a brassy green colour, and is col- ~ lected in Spain, Italy, Hungary and Southern Russia, but that which comes from the latter _ country is most esteemed and is larger and of a copper colour. Several American species are found to possess efficient vesicating properties ; among them may be mentioned the “ potato- fly,” Epicauta wttata, Fab., which has the thorax black and the wing cases with yellow stripes ; E. cinerea, Fab., a black species , H. marginata, Oliv., another black species, with ash-colored Ms margins on the elytra ; 4. atrata, Fab., uniformly black, and smaller than those previously | mentioned. There is a species very abundant in Kansas and Colorado, C. Nuttali, Say, which ’ clos@ty resembles the true Spanish blister-beetle, and has also attracted attention in pharma- ceutical commerce. ; Two vesicating insects, Mylabris cichorii, Fab., and M. phalerata, Pallas, indigenous to ~ East and South Asia, and also to some districts of Africa, are now imported as ‘‘ Chinese blister- | ing flies, and are found to be quite as efficient as the official insect. Lytta gigas, Fab., of the L ‘East Indies, is also sometimes met with in commerce. | The ‘‘oil-beetle,” Meloe majalis, is prescribed in homceopathy as a tincture, to make which the eee insect is drowned in alcohol. _ If allopathic medicine were to give way to the doctrine of ‘‘similia similibus curantur,’, farmers might be able to form a ‘‘combine” for the supply of the ‘‘Colorado potato-beetle,’: Doryphora decemlineata, Say, that insect being the base of a certain tincture, made. by taking thé living insects, one part, crushing them, adding five parts of alcohol, macerating for. eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking twice a day, and then pouring off the liquid, straining and filtering. In the same way medicines,are made of several spiders, and a trituration is pre- _ pared of the freshly-spun webs of the genus Aranea. cd Although entomologists have often raised spiders for purposes of scientific observation and _ investigation, spider-raising as a money-making industry is somewhat novel. One has only to _ go four miles from Philadelphia on the Lancaster pike, to the farm of Pierre Grantaire, and see _ _ what can be found nowhere else in the United States, and abroad, only in a little French village in the department of the Loire. Pierre Grantaire furnishes spiders at so much per hundred for - distribution in the wine vaults of merchants and the noveaua riches. i In some forms of practice several ‘‘ live” insects that possess poisons are used in making _ tinctures ; they are irritated or aggravated so as to make them ‘‘ throw off” by shaking or _ Stirring them up in a jar or bottle. One of these creatures that is ‘‘ first made mad” before the introduction to alcohol is the ‘‘ hornet” Vespa crabo, Linn. ; another is the well-known ‘‘ honey ee,” Apis mellifica, Linn. Besides the tincture of the whole insect, the pharmacist prescribes 8 EN. + 114 THE REPORT OF THE i No. 19 4 the virus, to be obtained in the following way: ‘‘ Draw out the sting, together with the poison — bag, from a bee freshly killed. Take hold of the bag, insert the point of the sting into a small — glass tube and squeeze the poison into it, or take a small bee with a pair of pincers and allow it | to seize a small Jump of sugar, which will absorb the poison.” This hymenopterous fly is an important factor of the produce market, being the manufacturer of a wax much used for many ; purposes, and that sweet article of household use, as also in dispensing drugs—honey. ; : Other victims of the pharmacist are the bright-red minute Acarus Trombidiwm musce domestic, which the pharmacopoeia states is ‘‘found under the wings of the common flyin | Philadelphia.” The aphis or plant louse of Chenopodium glaucum, and the red ant, Formica rufa, Linn. Nor does the gardener’s friend, the ‘‘ Lady-bird beetle,” escape, for the ‘‘ live insects” are ‘‘ pounded to pulp” and triturated with sugar of milk. Tt is recorded that the Greek barber surgeons of Asia Minor valued ants for holding together the edges of a cut. They held a large Camponotus in a forceps and when it opened its mandible, wide, it was permitted to seize the edges of the cut, which were held together for. the purposes its head being cut off as soonas a firm grip was made. A similar practice was observed in Brazil several years ago by M. Morqueys of Rouen, and is cited by Sir John Lubbocx but is not men- tioned by either Bates or Wallace. . The bushmen of the South African district Kalahai seta high value on the leaf-beetle — Diamphidia, as they use its juice and its larva for poisoning their arrow-heads. For the Arts and Technical Sciences, there are several insects that are of great value. We have to thank a small Mexican scale-insect Coccus cacti, Linn. for the brilliant colour called cochineal which has superseded even the splendid and regal ‘‘ Tyrian purple” of ancient days. Tt is used in the manufacture of dyes, paints and in pharmacy and also for coloring confectionery. It is of no value in medicine although it has been used as an ‘‘ anodyne, tonic, astringent ”’ Another important hemipterous insect is the West Indian Coccus lacca, Kerr. the female of which punctures the young branches of several tropical trees, thereby producing a resinous pro- duct called, lac, stick-lac, or shellac, used in the manufacture of varnishes, sealing-wax anda dye called Lac-lake. Indian cochineal is prepared from stick-lac and imported from India for — coloring woollen and silk-goods. Its colour is similar to, but less brilliant than cochineal. Coceus | ilicis, Fab. supplied the famous dye KOKKOS of the Greeks, Coccus of the Romans, Kermes | of the Arabs, Cocchi of the Italians and Al-kermes of the Persians. Though a larger species — than C. cacti its colour is inferior and less in quantity. Chinese-wax is the produce of a similar insect Hricerus pela. In Syria a peculiar secretion called Manna is produced by the punctures of the female Coceus ~ manniparus, Fab. on the young shoots of the Tamari# mannifera, Ehrenberg. It is a kind of q reddish syrup containing glucose, dextrin, and cane-sugar, and is eaten by the Arabs and the ~ _monks of Movnt Sinai like honey with their bread. There is another product which goes by the same name in the drug trade, but it is not the same,: it consists principally of a sugar called mannite. There are several other saccharine products of insects which have been classed with — Manna, but they are not entirely soluble in water. The term manna is more interesting histori- cally than the article now known by that name. It was originally applied to the food so mira- — culously supplied to the Israelites during their wanderings in the wilderness. What that sub- Tet stance was we do not know. The natives around Mount Sinai believe that the substance collected by them is what the children of Israel fed on. That rapacious insect, the migratory locust (Hdipoda migratoria, Linn. is valued as an_ article of food in Arabia and Egypt. They appear in the markets preserved in brine or sun-_ dried and are even exported as an article of commerce. Some authorities claim that itis the — insect which St. Matthew (III. 4) refers to when he says ‘‘ John’s meat was locusts and wild a honey ” and in Leviticus (XI. 22) we find that locusts constituted a common food among the — Jews. 7 1903 ~ -- ENTOMOLOGICAT, SOCIETY. 115 3 + In Tokio, Japan, twelve varieties of katy-dids or bell-insects, are sold, nine of which are bred in captivity. The purchasers keep them in cages for the sake of their musical sounds, as we do song birds. The essential constituents of ordinary writing ink are galls mixed with iron sulphate and “gum. These galls are produced by a small hymenopterous insect Cynips galle-tinctoriw, Oliver, in the Quercus infectoria, Oliver, of the Levant. That instrument said to be mightier than he sword is dependent on a very small creature for its power. There are many other galls but they are not much in demand. It is well known that what is perhaps the richest and most elegant apparel which adorns ‘the human race is the product of a caterpillar,—the silk-worm,—Bombyx mori, Linn. Much attention has been given of late to other silk producing larvee, many of whose products are being ound of service, especially :—Philosamia cynthia, Drury, the Ailanthus moth. Antherwa mylitta, rury, the Tussah moth. A. yamamai, Guer. of Japan and several similar moths. _ During recent years the exporting and importing of insects by Economic Entomologists has sbeen resorted to, for the purpose of preying on other insects that may be destroying food-plants. a In closing this short review of the role of insects in the commercial world, attention might ‘be called to the fact, that there are many persons who make more than a livelihood by collecting and selling Entomological specimens to collectors and curiosity hunters, the experiences and “Aneedlotes of whom are often very entertaining. : % be THE FOOD OF THE GRASS SNAKE. by b 2 By J. B. Wituams, F.Z.S., Toronto. ‘ There was an article in the Annual Report for 1896 on Insectivorous Mammals,* and the Felationship which they sustain, on account of their food habits, to Economic Entomology. _. I find that the food habits of one of our Reptiles,—the little Grass Snake (Liopeltis vernalis, —are of considerable economic interest. 2 I have often tried to keep these snakes alive, but never, until recently, have been able to find any food that they appeared to relish ; but while looking under a plank one summer for earthworms and slugs with which to feed some Dekay’s Brown Snakes that were in the same. glass case with the green ones, I found several of the Noctuid caterpillars that go by the name of *‘cutworms,” and put them in the reptile case with the earth-worms. They had not been in for a minute before the Grass Snakes seized and eagerly devoured them, though they had re- jected all other food that had been previously put into the cage. They continued to take them Teadily until the supply of ‘‘cutworms”’ was exhausted, and then, as I could find nothing else ‘that they would eat, I let them go. People generally try to kill grass snakes if they find them about their lawns, but it is evi- ‘dent that they should be protected and their enemies killed. No bird could have reached these eaterpillars in the position where I found them under the plank, but it was just the kind of place ‘into which a snake could creep ana obtain its food. They probably eat other smooth cater- pillars, and where numerous would be a check on the dreaded ‘‘army worm,” for from the eager “way they devoured the cutworms, Noctuid larve evidently constitute one of their favorite foods. The Grass Snake is a beautiful little creature and perfectly harmless. Its food habits show that it is very beneficial, and it should be protected in every way and not destroyed or wantonly . Ont.; 1896, 16-21. 116 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 | THE NORTH-WEST (CANADA) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. AnnvuAL MEETING. The third annual meeting of the North-West (Canada) Entomological Society was held at Lacombe, Alberta, on November 9th, 1901. The chair was taken by the Vice-President, the Rev. M. White. Many letters were received in support of the meeting, among them being a letter from Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, of kindly advice to the young people of the newly-formed Lacombe Field Club, and a letter from Mr. C. W. Peterson, Deputy-Com- missioner of Agriculture, N.W.T. Mr. Peterson expressed particular satisfaction at the num- ber of agricultural societies throughout the North-West Territories which had decided to encour: _ age the Entomological Society by affiliating with it. This, he said, is a step in the right direction, and that if agricultural societies would more generally support such institutions they would more nearly fulfil the objects contemplated in the law under which they were organized, An earlier letter from Mr. Peterson was also read advocating the enlistment of the sympathy of the school teachers and trustees throughout the Territories in support of the movement. Among those present at the meeting were two of the teachers of the Lacombe school and a | number of the pupils of the school. The Chairman, after some opening remarks, called upon the President, Percy B. Gregson, | for his address, which we give as follows : PRESIDENT’s ADDRESS. ‘« Ladies and Gentlemen,—We have now completed the third year of our existence as a | society, and it has become the custom to review the progress we have made during the preceding year, and to consider what good we have done. By thus taking stock, as it were, of our con- duct, we gain some light on the course we should pursue in the forthcoming year. In this vast new country a society of any sort to become popular has to enlist the sympathy and interest of the settler, and to do that it must show that its labors are identical with the farmer’s welfare. When this is clearly. understood the Society becomes a popular institution ; and this is one of © the reasons why we have annual meetings. The chief work of the Society is to study and en- courage throughout the land an interest in insects and plants and their hahits, and a knowledge” of the remedies used against such as are injurious. The time has passed when such a study was looked upon as an evidence of lunacy, and I believe we shall see, within the next few years, the introduction into every school in the country of a system of nature study. The young people must be encouraged to take an active interest in the subject. The study of insects is emphatic ; ally one which develops the powers of observation. Some idea of the practical value of this subject to the farmer may be formed from the fact | America amounted to many millions of dollars, and a glance presently at the list of injurious | insects for 1901 will show that the Territories are sharers in this great loss. Farmers as a rule different many of them seem when their crops are threatened by insects or weeds. They will allow, for instance, the wholesale destruction of turnips and cabbages by insects, when a few i cents worth of hellebore and kainit, or Paris Green would have saved much of the crop. And farmers are just as culpable in the matter of weeds. ee The question cherefore arises, —‘* How does the Society propose to assist the Farmer ?”’ and_ { in answering this let us first see what we have already done. P| In the Society there are two branches of study,—Entomology and Botany. Under Entomo- a logy is included insects (noxious, beneficial, harmless, etc.,) and under Botany is included _ the study of their food, and the study of weeds and other wild plants. Firstly, then, addresses | 1901 | _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117 on insects or weeds have been given whenever ;equested at Farmers’ meetings. About » seven of these, besides some written addresses, have been given during the year at different _ places. Secondly, the Society has distributed to every aftiliated agricultural society (except to those but recently aftiliated) a collection of ripe weed seeds, in little labelled bottles, of nearly every species of noxious weed within the Territories. This will enable any farmer, by applying to the Secretary of his Agricultural Society, to see what sort of weeds he has in his seed grain. Thirdly, the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. Fletcher, has offered two prizes (standard works on Entomology) to the young folk of Lacombe district for (1) the largest collection of insects and (2) the best collection of noxious and beneficial insects, and the Society has supplemented | these prizes by a cash prize of a dollar for the best collection of wild plants (including noxious _ weeds). There have been several young competitors. Prize No. 1 was won by Master Benj. _ H. Howell of Lacombe ; prize No. 2 by Master D. E. Tipping of Waghorn, and that for wild plants and weeds, by Miss Lucy McL. Howell of Lacombe (all members of the Lacombe Field Club). Fourthly, a Field Club has been formed of some of the young folk of Lacombe under the _ Society’s auspices, and by the example these young people set, many of the prejudices against insects will, it is hoped, be dispelled. For instance, with what horror the dragon fly is often _ regarded. We hear them called ‘‘ Devil’s darning needles,” and that they will sew up little f boys’ eyes and ears; and we hear of caterpillars and beetles that they will bite us; and many other similar prejudices exist. These prejudices really are harmful, because they lead our _ young folk into error, and on account of these prejudices many insects are cruelly destroyed which should be preserved, and on account, too, of them our young folk conceive a distaste for 3 | studying their habits. Fifthly, the Society has distributed to non-subscribers some hundreds of copies of those _ two excellent agricultural papers, The Nor’west Farmer and The Farmers’ Advocate. These _ papers, or one of them, should be taken by every farmer in the country. In addition to this, q the Secretary of the Society has written (as replies) many scores of letters of advice on special _ noxious insects to farmers individually, with the remedies. Within the last year several agricultural societies have affiliated with, i. e., have become supporting and subscribing members of the Entomological Society. The names of these afiili- _ ated Societies are the Westaskiwin, Lacombe, Red Deer, Innisfail, Olds, Calgary (Inter-Western _ Pacific), Regina, Moosejaw and Central Saskatchewan. These in return for their financial sup- 2 port and influence have the right to claim addresses from the Entomological Society at their In- _ Stitute or other meetings. The funds of the Society ($1 membership or affiliation) are sup- _ plemented by an annual grant from the Territorial government, and are devoted solely _ to extending the Society’s work. This, then, is some outline of what the Society has already _ done. et q he Let us now turn to the next part of our programme :—‘t How shall we proceed in the future?” I think that the course I have just outlined should be further pursued. Every fea- r x ture of it, and particularly that of encouraging the younger people, can I believe be extended 3 with benefit to the country. Written or verbal addresses will be given willingly, whenever ‘ desired by aftiliated agricultural societies. Further prizes will be offered for competition, ¥ sis Vs ma J : 4 and these competitions will next year be thrown open to the young folk throughout the _ Territories. With regard to ae schools, I may say that the’teachers (3) in the Lacombe School are actively interested in the work of the Society, and the trustees of that school give every en- couragement, and we hope to extend this interest to teachers in certain other schools next year; + 118 THE REPORT OF THE f No. 19 a a ee Se ee ee eee... 7 ! and personally I should like every one (teachers and their pupils, farmers and their young folk | 33 are especially welcome) to come at any time to my residence, and inspect, under my supervision, the collections of the Society. There, besides many beautiful insects, they will see represented very many of the noxious and beneficial insects from all parts of the States and Canada, and learn the remedies. More agricultural societies will also be invited next year to support the Entomological Society. This, as Mr. Peterson observes in his letter, is also a step in the right direction, and | in accord with the spirit of the law under which the agricultural societies are formed, and with the sentiment of the Department. The distribution of collections of weed seeds will be extended, and a collection of named pressed noxious weeds themselves will gradually be prepared for each affiliated agricultural society. I am endeavoring to form collections of named noxious and bene- ficial insects for distribution in the same way. I want every insect—no matter how many-—sent to me for that purpose every year. The Society will provide the cases and pay all necessary | postages. It would be my wish to start a museum of weeds and insects in every school and | agricultural society in the Territories if they would only show an active interest in the matter. | T have prepared the first of such collections of weeds ; this, if the Lacombe Agricultural So- | ciety will accept it, will go there and be kept near the collection of seeds, for public reference. A case of insects will also shortly be ready for it, and it will not’ be my fault if there is not also next year the founding of similar collections at the Lacombe school. Turning our attention now to | the insects of 1901, I wish first to thank Mr. T. N. Willings, the Territorial Weed Inspector, ’ and the many other gentlemen who have sent me very valuable accounts of insects noticed by them. NoricEasLe Insects or 1901 ry ALBERTA. Undoubtedly the most conspicuous feature of the year throughout the whole of Central and Northern Alberta from Olds to Edmonton, and east into parts of Saskatchewan, has been the myriads of dragon flies. In the early part of the year we were threatened with an unusual plague of mosquitoes. The flooded sloughs teemed with their larvee, but very soon after the — appearance of the perfect mosquito the dragon flies came on the scene, and during July and August immense numbers filled the country, and in many parts they literally exterminated the mosquito on the wing. Nothing but good has ever been recorded of the dragon fly,—Fig. 57) in fact their mouths are not adapted for eating vegetation, and their larve and pupe live wholly in water, and in both stages are active, their food being larvee of mosquitos and other soft-bodied aquatic insects Of a different nature, another remarkable occurrence of the season throughout the entire North-West from far south of Calgary, and reported by Mr. T. N. Willing, Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, Mr, © Clare, of Edmonton, and residents in Prince Albert, 4 Grenfell, Beulah (Man.), and elsewhere, has been the very large numbers of caterpillars cf the Painted Lady — butterfly (Pryameis cardui). The favorite food of | these caterpillars is Thistle (including — let us be — thankful—the Canadian Thistle), Blue Burand Pasture — Sage. Mr. A. J. Dennis, of Beulah, says that, during — four consecutive days in the first week of May, there was a continuous flight of these butterflies in a south- easterly direction, with wind blowing from the south. Warbles this spring were decidedly more abundant than last year. The deaths of a good — many cattle in the early part of the year were, I believe, accelerated, if not directly caused by | this pest. On one carcase I counted 175 distinct warbles. - | a Fig 57.—A Dragon-fly, - 1901 s ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119 : The Horse bot-fly has also been very troublesome.—(Fig. 58.) I might suggest here a ; simple remedy for this, which was published some time ago by the United States Department uf - Agriculture, and appeared in one of our agricultural papers. _—_ Bruise some Tansy and make an infusion of the juice,—in other words, tansy- tea. Give the horse some of this tea in the morning, and a dose of salts in the evening, and it is said a complete cure will be effected. The process seems like this, the tea operating to kill the bots clinging to the membrane of the horse’s stomach, and the salts expelling the . dead bots. Fig. 58.— Horse Bot- fly. Female. . The Diamond-back moth (Pliutella cruciferarwm) has been again ~ very abundant in all parts of the Territories, seriously damaging many _ turnip and cabbage crops. The field of riddled and bleached plants was a common spectacle- ; From the presence last year of parasites in considerable numbers, there were hopes that this pest would not be troublesome this year, but every turnip and cabbage field neglected becomes a simple breeding ground for this insect. : Some cabbage crops about 12 miles east of Lacombe also suffered from the Red turnip-beetle - (Entomoscelis adonidis). Its appearance is also reported from a few widely separated points in the Territories, but in certain places where it was abundant last year it seems temporarily, at : least, to have disappeared. y The Colorado potato-beetle (Doryphora decemlinveata) is gaining headway. They are re- _ ported from Calgary, MacLeod, Pincher Creek, Walsh, Moosejaw and other points. The winters are not fatal to this pest, which passes that season composedly in the pupa state. Another pest of the potato field more troublesome this year than usual is a wireworm,— a (so far as I have observed) the larva of a ‘** Daddy Long-legs” or Crane fly (Tipula). It e was a common thing (on taking an average sample) to find 15 per cent. of the potatoes affected % by this grub. Reports of its prevalence come from all parts of the Territories. ; _ Damage by root maggots of various kinds has also been conspicuous this year. It is re- _ ported from many points, and more particularly from Edmonton and St. Louis (Sask.). Cauli- i$ flowers, cabbages and turnips were all about equally the sufferers. Mr. Willing reports the larvie of a ‘‘Cabbage”’ butterfly (Pieris protodice ) as having been rather abundant in gardens _ around Regina, and here and there the little active flea-beetle (Haltica striolata) has been de- ie structive to young turnips. i Of foliage trees, Mr. Willing mentions Tent-caterpillars of both species (Clisiocampa Ameri- cana and C. disstria) as having been abundant in Assiniboia, and, for the first time recorded, Be esidorsbi numbers of the latter species appeared in the Red Deer and Lacombe districts (on aspen poplar). I found a large percentage of these were parasitisea by Tachina fties, and I hardly _ think trouble will be given by this pest for awhile. Aspen poplar also suffered in early spi ing throughout the entire North-West from the Pallid aspen beetle (Gonioctena pallida); and the ) disagreeable larvee of the Striped Cottonwood beetle (Lina scripta), the pest of osier growers, _ again attacked willows on river banks, and in Regina box elders suffered from the Box-E!der bug. . Of fruit trees, the black currant in gardens around Regina is reported to have suffered from | the *‘ Currant worm.” a Cutworms, which must not be confounded with wireworms, from which they are in every __Way distinct, have not this year given so much trouble. The heavy rains were unfavorable for _ their development as a pest. ts With regard to grain, there have been several complaints of injury to oats when in first ‘Dade, the blade wilting away and dying. In two cases which I went to see, the damage was the Work of a wireworm of the same genus (Tipula) as that affecting potatoes, though a different ie tr be 120 THE REPORT OF THE a No. 19 species. Mr.’ Willing mentions some talk by farmers of wheat being slightly damaged by an insect, but a report of a more serious nature comes from St. Louis (Sask.), where rye suffered from a stem-midge maggot, which fed within the stem about 1 to 2 feet above ground, and dead- ened the straw before the heads filled. Several farms, it was stated, bore evidence of the pres- ence of this pest in the rye fields, the heads and straw turning white and dead six weeks before harvest. A few more words and I will close the list. I made some mention last year of the liability of the arrival of new pests, to which we, in a new country, were always subject. It woula seem there are this year two absolutely fresh pests to be reported, both of them beetles. One (Trirhabda attenuata) { have found in considerable numbers on raspberry canes (eating the canes bare of leaves), and the other (Dichelonycha testacea) on French beans and other garden’ stuff. With regard to remedies, as I have taken up so much space already, I will, if the papers’ will lend me a column, publish in detail, before the winter closes, those which are recommended for each pest. ; After the close of the discussion consequent on the address Mr. Howson P. Foulger, of Urquhart, near Lacombe, and Dr. A. E. Jamieson, of Lacombe, were elected members of the Society, and the officers of the Society for 1902 were elected. The officers for 1901 were re-elected, with the exception of Mr. W. Wenman (one of the Council), who has left the country, Mr. Foulger accepting office in his place. J Miss Lucy McL. Howell was then called up and received her prize from the chairman, and the books for prizes Nos. 1 and 2 (Dr. Fletcher’s) were selected. ; 4 Acknowledgments of several gifts of insects to the Society’s collections were then recorded, and the Report of the Council and the Auditor’s Report read and the interesting sais terminated. ' { REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. On behalf of the Council of the North-West (Canada) Entomological Society the President begs respectfully to submit the following report :-- ; There has been a somewhat drastic remodelling of the Members’ Roll. For some iwo years” the Roll has been encumbered with the names of gentlemen who, in the inception of the Society, became admitted as members, but who notwithstanding their membership have done nothing to help it forward. In our articles of constitution there is a clause providing for the : automatic removal of such apathetic gentlemen from the Roll in the event of no interest in the Society being evinced by them for a period of eighteen months from enrolment. They cease to’ be members. These gentlemen occasion needless expense to the Society, and the result of the operation of the above mentioned provision has been that thirty names have been expunged from the Roll. The members helping the Society by cash or kind number thirty-seven. Space will not allow publication of their names, but the President, as the person perhaps most deeply interested in the success of the Society, takes this opportunity to thank each of them, as it were, in person. It would be invidious to single out any individual, as necessarily s»me have more facilities than others ; but all, as the President gratefully believes, support the Society from the purest and most disinterested motives. An institution of this kind is not a commercial” concern paying dividends, though as an element of civilization such an institution does, it is conceived, benefit the community as a whole. This, however, the President can safely say, that had it not been for the guidance of his steps by Dr. James Fletcher, Dr. L. O. Howard, Mr. C. W. Peterson, Prof. C. C. James, Mr. H. H. Lyman, and the Rev. Dr. Bethune, and encouragement of other gentlemen, his pathway would have been strewn with boulders. Additional substantial gifts of Lepidoptera by Messrs. N. B. Sanson, E. F. Heath, and William Wenman, and of Coleoptera by the Rev. Dr. Bethune and Messrs. A. W. Hanham and 1901 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 / _ Alex. Kwiat (and among the Coleoptera being a series of Parnidee from Mr. W. D. Richardson), and most generous exchanges by Dr. Strecker, Messrs. W. N. Tallant, Frederick Knab, the _ Hon. P. C. Truman, and other gentlemen, and‘a gift by Dr. Fletcher of a series of mosquitoes, . have materially augmented the Society’s Collections. These gifts are extremely acceptable. iM The interest of farmers in the objects of the Society is steadily increasing,—this is evidenced by the affiliation during the past year of additional agricultural societies with our own. Dr. James Fletcher in the early summer generously offered two prizes for competition by the young folk of Lacombe for the best general collection of insects, and the best of noxious and _ beneficial insects, the Society adding a third prize for pressed wild plants (including weeds). The Lacombe Field Club furnished the prize winners among several competitors. Rains during “3 the summer interfered somewhat with regular outings of the Club. Percy B. Greeson, President. November 7th, 1901. Aupitor’s Report. Receipts and expenditure of the North-West (Canada) Entomological Society for 1901 :— RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE, CHOC $ c. . Members’ fees. SHbe MAG eae 25 00 Meetings’ (fammers;, ete?) i cee hen :o4, tole ele eimaleye caer ats 26 MOVES 55-0 srcdnhess win a ees ao eee 104 PACATEMOGINUS ODLUIGQUUS). css ce ee ate Bice wchnlelt sess’ 107 a MlbyCHTOUS feo cece kia ee 104 AGH abOMenIZGce . 2% Js ails isis cle h gakelcabak ole bale 23, 104 vf quadridentata .............+. ... 104 PACTS OUONANCUILA Giciaisis , vieayeinie(oe 2 \sie/e Rico's icenie 107 Catenva Gatenarian 5.5) See o.0nsel.5 oceans Oe ae pulehellareeiaees. cee oe eee OF Catocala antinympha, variety Of -. es ses Sete 89 ADAIR MEA VION A ost: cd aloiccse ou isin tae earsiees 106 éldaigae anwar eee 105 PRGA UTABTPORIC GY Vee eters fa wrllopars ois = 07,070 Oi, Maiats: ohh k= 26 Cecidomyia destructor ...............ee00008 27 Alypia MacCullochii 32. oe s.i,-ciklies closes 23, 104 Celithemis (INICE: SRC EAP Renee AE ahi 53. VON Ampelophaga MY VOR statistics esis fete sieeyreesenes 25 eponina),; (0. Kein. oc. «he eee ee 87 VOFRICOLON es deltaic ote eee oaleacd 104 Ceutophilusimaculatuss...- o0-e teen. eee 93 Amsinekia intermedia ..-.. 2 4.20....-e0008 56 Cherrynaphiger.2.. 3. .aletietectsewecheaG ee cee 47 Anaphalis Margaritacea ...5..2-<.6 cadences 56 Cheese mite living in Sporotrichum ......... 73 PBEM UATCOXGIGEDS Fests pticcic:s te teatiee se" Me 112 Chinch bug fungus disease .................. 73 Ancyloxypha PAIN GON a We a oer Mie cucenioi Sate 85 Ohionobasijuabtar. 04. yatecistuesest canadien 102.5 1a Anisopteryx pometaria .........-..25 .....- 24 Chlenius interruptus .............. -.... ... 106 Anopheles quadrimaculatus ... ......-.. 97 3 puxpuricollisys-2en sae eee eee 106 PATIONIB ALCO UD DUB seln eb ce: sctevelcceise's, “21 0i5:% ily its: Chrysobothris;pusilla /-./20 22.40. 2, .d eee 107 Anthophylax ALLENUALUSI tees tae ce tals ss 107 Chrysophanus epixanthe........ MU ae | 112 minlachitucr ccctute cre seh actuwier 107 xan thoidess cists yon eee 102 : ALUN CUSM ete, naen eee ars Deas 107 Cicindelaslimbatal-.02., .2-sanee aes 106 ele scrophulariz. in en Sh Ep Wyi(gae74 ss pusilla vis. SY sae one eee 106 PAvOIIa Malay: S.5, aOR ee aia 88 IBapion (March iiies) oie), sib Sed ctecselescis ote 50 US SAMAT PID ACB! ee kev es aimee ree ae te LO INC Ss UCCULALTIK see kis cin mie) ecieiens) | eisie'e 25, 100 ‘2 tuberculatuis™ .vis. a. scree anette ens 106 Blackberry, insect affecting ................ 26 Se EEVIGILU Sig acy hitnhg hae aT ee GE IBITaeas LOUCO PSI: 08 <<. cede se oer wissd-asares lee eerste a 73 Datana intaperrima.,. ..sc0 St ascent aber 23 ielister Wadatlen™: ass sks | AM e UE 45, 113 DAbIg; Bortlandia see se fete ene oeeeete 102 Blue Buran’ Manitoba... fac. cts oe steers 55 Deiléphila,Chamainerii.... .... 2.3. ais se ‘0 20 WRONG RICUNGA) {2565 iss Usk cis us sisi atseiAia -yueiete allay Derodontustrisignatus —«............. aeiaets 107 Bon PAlderibup ys sh Nabe Rees we aie 65 Diabrotica 12-punctata ....... .. (Hiss 5 ie 66 Bucenlatrix Canadensisella.............. 25, 100 Ge JODPICOrNISMascwen ee eee 65 cs WOMILolWellagne pada see see Bewiahi 4 het | a BOPOe ae ai es OE Se se eee 66 Buftalo carpat beetles’ «.. ease Officers, election of ......... 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 ‘Sannina exitiosa..:...¢¢s5) 45 eee tee eee Oncocnemis atrifasciata...... 0.65.6... eee 104 Sarracenia purpurea «2... 1.2. ce cee meaeeee WORGNATOMINSOCES eg. ids ce Selsreoeane £ olen ale svoldte ote 43 Scopelosoma, devia. «i... .4% +2220 cere eee Orchelimum BOS seis calls sisietele e has ae cote 86 Scudderia pistillata c3 ote Jee seeker 89 IBPUnErin S255 ose 2 Set eee oes 86 Mexensis:. 2: cp acstcasten a see 86, 109 ‘2 MNGIANONEE 05 624% 2 tle ea hoe es 109 Semiophora Youngii........... .... 26, 104, 111 64 Tyroplyphus Siro -. 2.2). .c estoy ev ielerecu ee tee 73° Pieris. protodice..............eeee 23, 87, 103, 119 Ulochetes leoninus ....-.... ....+00-. - SI RGM ME RIOR ti oats ss aia asaetes eyes «eee .16, 64, 87 100 Vianessaantiopa fo dnc sess! aiceuienene : Pitcher-plant moth... )25 5 o0dsscceceenes 26 111 ie antiopa, var. Lintneri............ 23, 105° TE) STA IT Yaeger te ela M RG ont ts 46 . Californica........-. cee 5% 06, LOR Platynus clemens ........... wae Ae Tae aie Sela oe 106 = Mss ad's! Sie tak Oe eee eee 54 | ELSA YIN U,i5; teres EL gatle ohh ete areata 106 9 Milbertii......, cote Seer Boehm Plusia LV AUEB be ics: oars! Slavs larelaten Mec ater wit cele one 105 3 ULES... uss ae hieeace eee Ee eS HaCSlLAM sci2o ore aH ee Lie ec ene 105 Vespa maculata............ bite aya as 20 re thyatiroides ....... .... Lie Ja slera 105 Walker, E. M., articles by ............. 85, 108 Plutellacruciferarum: |- 2.5.55 20b2. eek is oes 119 Wasp, structure of 9.3. icesteen eee once eae 20 MLOGIBIGA, VATICRALR:, 5 05% sialih os ona fa oreniet ren: 89 Webster, F. M., articles by........... 63, 67, POlyVGAOD SLOUbIT aaasis selec tte weet a aires 107 . on the San José scale..........-.- MODIALMOGPOUIIO ss, 35st allresole Ao cosas eae bana sats 65, 67 Wohale-oil soap, use Of). 0 fics+. duce uses 4, Potato beetles................ ae 46, 65, 113, 117 Williams, J. B., article by...............--. ll Pee ORATIOS Ys & deers lata itra's atele ote wicictoncte seta 117 Willow Curculio...... ......... sages 65, fo) Ssbalkk-Dorenrt:.:,.oo0'ssas Py Pad arin 44, 50 Wainn;.A,:"., article: bys ii lede acta 4 Priogna‘hus monilicornis ................... 107 Xiphidium attenaatun ....:+. 02+ Seraeh 86, 109° Erodenianinestellan (it ekens ores ejeiy ae rote ou 104 ri Scudderts « jajuvstdod Peete hele 86 Pyrameis atalanta:.....-.c0.ccssecebsssbaee 100 Meylina, Thaxterl >... 2: x.'- sotsietals JEG Se ee * (olohrro byt PaAROe are . 54, 100, 118 Young, C. H., article by .......... iota eens “ DUNGEradi ns. seme geile oe esecre cuave sist GK . f UNS ALf ie Pha \ HIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT ; « a di EA ncaa OF THE ae ONTARIO -, | ORNS ‘ta Bs | (PUBLISHED BY THE. ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,, TORONTO.) Bi ait Pe Ee PRINTED BY ORDER OF Oa | | Ss THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO. ; TORONTO: -Printep py L. K. Cameron, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. yolk dul i, e Bee yee © 1008. °° | | | \3358 OF THE ONTARIO 1902. (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO.) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO. TORONTO: PRINTED BY L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. 1903. WARWICK BRO’S & RUTTER, Printers, TORONTO. ; j a ot rn (a es 2 os, | / CONTENTS. eT arty 3 PaGE Saree Ot LAN SMISSTON ci 5.00 se). eae. Gnd crea ace g eae Matec le Weta eae eae ee 1 BO ee LORRI 2-1 OOS «fit 252d ose (akc ae,» o's hs ahol GREATS ie Peli abel cee 2 AnnuAL MEETING oF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SoOcrETY OF ONTARIO...........-... 0 ce00ee 3 Poa VEOVIL CORTOFENCO 1.6.0) = aa53'W dunes oad's Ser clan a Ricpe ole she elete Mec woot c, Wig ere eke ines Rp 3 EEEECHOVVOCVil-s) We. LiOCHHBAD (5.00255... «acc «cesta aOR b ee ciate sored acun Soca mncaran eaaee 13 Report on Injurious Insects in 1902—Division No. 4: G. E. FIsHer .............. 15 ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PreEstDENT—Insect Life: T. W. Fyuzs ............ Mie Ce sole 23 Some common Butterflies and some noted Butterfly Hunters: W. LocuHrap ...... 31 Reports on Insects of the year-—Division No. 1: C. H. Younc..............0.000- 37 : a “ —Division No. 2: J. D. Evans...... en Se 38 of He —Division No. 3: HE. M. WaLKER ......./.0)..0.52. 39 ae es —Division No. 5: J. A. BALKWILL ..... fie 2 heres eee RpeapOr tothe, COUNCILS: 3 2 4y.4.2°s enti naletehala nove Kiet) nc'a.8 acta PA NSE aN) Sid NAS 2 cs oe 44 me Pa wveonibreal ranch ct. ccrin isi. oc g.5.1 se Reenter ey chasse oh cele aaaleaiare, Some arte 3, - pe Quebec: ranch. 22). cee scrc|ch). 4 <> oe RS eee oaks SRE of ast ec 47 “ly eh eh OL OME A STAIICHY pa, <5 GMa ate a oes) i © ees Sheela eae oO a ee 48 a Sa ecbreasurerand Auditorsy.').,.\: sss cetenel meee rayes © < a) ahs ient oct Memes 49 + pe Wibrarianand Curatonss..,-0\04.% soe emt: Gln id aes net eee eee 49 im SE pS OLAMICE] SOCEIOMM cys chic cs soa: 6 EN IR Ese Lun ON NG. Onteee ae . 50 + se VELeroscopical SeChlOM: -)cc0<.0 «2c - helo = eee take els ede «5 Ae ee ee 50 y Soe Ornithological’ SOCEION cia.0i. =, 427s sien ee te pet tee iat wis = eka oh ee RL 51 s Phe CRCOLOPTICRIU SEC bOM <.'255 Oc.h tie 4 ds gimp RR eco ye, lei Pini el apie ee 52 % 'a) Delegate tothe Royal 'Socieby. \ insure sbeevieis sins. Syne nist Sons eee ie 54 Notes on the Season of 1902 : CHartes STEVENSON ...........200.0 cen necdeweune 57 ss “ ee J. ALSTON WVLOmR AES rat. yea aly Si SY aera 58 A few notes on Danais Archippus: H. H. Lyman..... .. is ekaalata yd & SV Selsey tte fUmepiscets of the Scasom.: “W. LOCHHEAD....cy2 tears em de to oid sis ase te ahs i coachambe Severs 64 The Paper-making Wasps of the Province of Quebec: T. W. Fyuxs ........... .. 69 Some interesting habits of Lepidopterous Larvee: A. GIBSON............ cee eee eee 74 Notes on Semmophora, Vounril :° A. GIBSON yates gen se se «oie. + vie ia 0 othe cetera ean 79 Insects injurious to Ontario Crops in 1902: James FLETCHER....,...... .. ee see vee 80- Entomological Record, 1902: James FLETCHER...........5.--4¢.002 0020-00. eee cy ‘$ oe Hymenoptera: W. H. HarrineTon ......5........- 99 ae ri Dipteracse Woe be ELARRING TON <\./.n00e Seohrlea are 101 Auer ta Orchara IMsects CW « LOCHEGAD A sly lcje ae -!s ~ cpiphi e's «isl emmiekerte spamets fowls (la) atone 101 Notes. on) Insects injurious_to Pines : “W..H: HARRINGTON .. 0.0 c25g¢2 hee shee 114 Ay talk. about Entomology J. ASTON CMTORRAT’. 2. .'..2,./\.s:s:as0se le were Malena wees a ae 11? Tue Norru-West (Canava) EnromotoaicaL Socrery—Annual Report................ 123 in ES OHM ERE OMAIDIN ERREEESS OR csr S oc 2 scm yern os BiH LetA |v sar Mln.o. ond elt 9 'hrdciopaes Aaa Mota, aoetage Cor mye pet oa’ ey stoves 126 EKpmunpD Baynes REED ...... EMG Mae poste c's he Bea art ye Sy aN Ae hes Pcs Pe «cnt Nor 127 a Eee eM TM N29 8s, cat ale ieici Piece 6,800 + ale + abe Flas (ah ep eealapia ageietst «Sly Ad © ares Wares 129 Wititiam EK. SAUNDERS, Secretary of the Entomological Society of Ontario from 1887. Pa Epmunp Baynes REEbD, An original member of the Entomological Society of Ontario. (3 ] THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO 1902. To the Honorable John Dryden, Minister oy Agriculture : Sir,—I have the honor to present herewith the pass Third Annual Report of the- Entomological Society of Ontario. The Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting was held in London, on Wednesday and Thursday, October 29th and 30th, 1902. A full account of the proceedings, with the papers read and _ reports submitted, is given in the following pages. An interesting and important feature of the meeting was a conference on the Pea-Weevil, its injuries to the crop in Ontario and the best means of reducing its ravages. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly organ of the society, has been regularly issued during the past year, and has now completed its thirty-fourth volume. It continues to maintain its reputation as a scientific magazine of high character. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient Servant, Cuartes J. S. BETHUNE, _ Lonpon, Onrartio. . Editor.. I EN. (ater OME TC ERS) FOR Crigiew:- go 03% President ...... Professor William Lochhead, B.A., M.S., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Vice-President ..J. D. Evans, C.E., Trenton. Secretary ....... W. E. Saunders, London. Treasurer ...... J. H. Bowman, London. Directors ....... Division No. 1—C. H. Young, Hurdman’s Bridge. Division No. 2—C. E. Grant, Orillia. Division No. 3—E. M. Walker, M.A., Toronto. Division No. 4—G. E. Fisher, Freeman. Division No. 5—J. A. Balkwill, London. Directors Fa-officio—(Ex-Presidents of the Society)—Professor Wm. Saunders, LL.D., ¥.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., London ; James Fletcher, LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa ; W. H. Harrington, F.R.S.C., Ottawa ; John Dearness, Normal School, London ; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.R.G.S., F.E.S., Mon- ‘treal ; Rev. T. W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., South Quebec. Librarian and Curator—J. Alston Moffat, London. Auditors—W. H. Hamilton and 8. B. McCready, London. Editor ot the Canadian Entomologist—Rev. Dr. Bethune, London. Editing Committee—Dr. J. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, Trenton; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa ; Professor Lochhead, Guelph. Delegate to the Royal Society—Rev. Dr. Bethune, London. Delegates to the Western Fair—J. A. Balkwill and W. EK. Saunders, London. Committee on Field Days—The Chairmen of the Sections and Dr. Woolverton, Messrs. Balkwill, Bowman, Law, Moffat, Rennie and Saunders, London. Library and Rooms Committee--Messrs Balkwill, Bethune, Bowman, Dearness, Moffat and Saunders, London. [2] THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. ANNUAL MEETING. The thirty-ninth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Oatario was held in Lon- don on Wednesday and Thursday, the 29th and 30th, of October, 1902. The chair was taken by the Rev. Dr. Fyles, of South Quebec, President. Among the members present were Mr. Henry H. Lyman, Montreal ; Dr. James Fletcher and Mr. Arthur Gibson, Central Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa ; Mr. Charles H. Young, Hurdman’s Bridge, Ont.; Mr. John D. Evans, ‘Trenton ; Mr. George E. Fisher, Inspector of Scale Insects, Freeman ; Prof. W. Lochhead, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph ; Rev. Dr. Bethune, Dr. Woolverton, Dr. Stevenson, Messrs. J. A. Balkwill, J. H. Bowman, E. A. Browne, J. Dearness, C. J. Fox, C. W. Horton, John Law, J. Alston Moffat, W. E. Saunders, Walter Smith, and other residents of London. ‘The Society was also favoured with the presence of Prof. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario; Mr. W. L. Smith of the Toronto Weekly Sun ; Messrs. Thompson and Black of the Farmers’ Advocate ; Mr. Pearce, and other visitors. Letters expressing regret at their inability to attend were received from Mr. W. Hague Harrington, Ottawa and Mr. E. M. Walker, Director, Toronto ; also from Prof, F. M. Webster, Urbana, Illinois. F During the morning of Wednesday, Oct. 29th, a meeting of the Council was held for the _ transaction of the business of the Society and the preparation of their annual report. It was -decided to hold the next annual meeting of the Society in Ottawa in September, 1903. Sheet Cork and Entomological pins were ordered to be sold to members at cost and to others at ‘twenty per cent. advance on cost, and arrangements were made for obtaining a supply of black enamelled steel pins. A resolution was adopted permitting the Ornithological Section to alter ats name to ‘‘ The MclIlwraith Ornithological Club (Ornithological Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario).” In the afternoon the Society met at 2.30 o’clock, the President, Rev. Dr. Fyles, in the chair, and proceeded to discuss the prevalence of the Pea Weevil in Ontario and the best means Of controliing its ravages. THE PEA WEEVIL CONFERENCE. . At the request of the President, Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa, introduced the subject of the Pea Weevil. The following is a condensed summary of his remarks : Dr. FrercHer: Mr. President and Gentlemen. Everyone must have noticed for many years the great reduction which has been gradually taking place in the area of land devoted to ‘the cultivation of Peas. This I find has been almost entirely due to the fact that farmers find that pea growing is not aremunerative occupation, owing to the diminution both in output and ‘the value of the grain due to the attacks of the Pea Weevil. In my own Reports, which reach a considerable number of farmers in the Dominion, I have constantly drawn attention to this injury and the simple means of controlling the insect which causes it, but the loss at the pre- ‘sent time is so serious ani the pea crop is one of such enormous importance that I feel some- thing more definite than has been done in the past should be done to bring this subject prominently before the country, so as if possible to stir up the pea-growers and seed-dealers throughout the Dominion and in the adjacent United States where peas are grown to join in ne great, universal, and co-operative effort. The pea crop is of special value to farmers be- [3] 4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 cause nothing quite takes the place of peas as feed for pigs. This has a direct bearing, not only- upon the pork and bacon trade of the country both for home use and export, but also upon the- closely associated industry of dairying. Moreover, it seems to me that the problem now before. vhe country is an exceptionally simple one, and Prof. Lochhead and I have been considering. what can be done to change the existing state of affairs, Naturally, in such an important matter- we have the keenest sympathy of both the Honourable Sydney Fisher and the Honcurable-- John Dryden, who are most anxious to find out what can be done to protect this important, crop. It is for this reason that the Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario have~ thought it wise to arrange for to-day’s conference, so that some steps may be at once taken to- arouse interest and also that more energetic measures may be adopted than have been in the- past. The greatest enemy of the pea crop is the Pea Weevil, Bruchus pisorum, (Fig. 1), more generally known in trade as the Pea Bug. This insect has been established in Canada asa pest of the pea for a great many years but during the last ten years it has become such a serious: enemy that in many of our Ontario districts, where peas could be grown some years ago- of the very highest quality—of such a high quality indeed that Canadian peas were con- sidered the best that could be produced in. all the markets of the world,—farmers have now given up the cultivation of peas alto- gether, and in many other districts they are- now talking of doing the same. Personally, Fig. 1.—The Pea Weevil. I do not believe that it is necessary to give. up the cultivation of peas nor that it would bea wise thing to do so. The crop as I have- stated above is one of exceptional value, and I cannot see how this step would be of very much benefit in controlling the insect. It has been suggested—and I may mention that this seems. to be the favourite remedy proposed by most people who have written to me,—to stop growing peas for one or two years, and to pass some law by which everyone. is prevented from sowing. I do not believe that, if any such legislation were passed, it could possibly be enforced ; for, to- be effective, the cultivation of peas would have to be stopped absolutely in every pea field and private garden, both in Canada and the United States. Iam quite certain that many would not regard this law and would insist on growing a few green peas for table use, and althuugh every wise gardener who knows how to make the best use of his ground pulls up his vines as. soon as his crop of green peas is picked and uses his land for something else, the people who would sow peas in opposition to the law, belong to the class of gardeners who leave their pea vines standing in the garden all through the summer, and upon these a sufficient number of’ small pods containing weevils would be left to ripen, to destroy the effects of the whole experi- ment. Many people would openly defy this law and claim that it was absurd, nor would this. be much to be wondered at when we see how little informed most of the dealers and pea. growers are with regard to the Pea Weevil and the extremely simple means by which this pest. can be reduced. Although it is true that many of the large seed merchants have fumigating- houses for the treatment of infested peas, many of them, I know as an actual fact,do not use them: regularly and one of our large Canadian seed houses even wrote to me that as long as every- body was not forced to fumigate their peas they did not intend to do so, that it was an extra. expense and caused trouble with tae insurance companies. I believe that instead of legislation the proper course to adopt at the present time, is to provide accurate information with regard to the life history of the insect, the best remedies and the best way to apply them ; then, to- distribute this so freely all over the country that everyone interested may at any rate be= 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5 o ~reminded at the proper time what steps should be taken, and, not only this, but every other _ eeitizen ot Canada, whether he knows that he is interested or not, should be made to wonder what all the agitation was about. If all seed merchants would, for their own sakes, give the recognized remedy of fumigating peas with bisulphide of carbon a trial, and sell no peas for seed which they were not certain had been fumigated, and if all growers of peas would refuse and send back to their seed merchants -every sample of peas containing living weevils, I feel sure that evident results would be seen in a single year. The problem is extremely simple, but it requires perfect co-operation. There are, of course, difficulties to be met, but I cannot yet find any of these which cannot be overcome. The amount at stake every year which runs into millions of dollars at any rate, makes it worth while for every member of this Society and for everyone connected officially with any agricul- “tural institution, to make a great effort. The state of public opinion at the present moment seems to point out that this is an opportune time to make this effort. In many distiicts farmers have already practically given up growing peas. There are also indications that, owing probably to the damp cool season of 1902, a larger proportion than usual of the Weevils sare passing this winter inside the seed peas and, consequently, could be easily destroyed by fumigating. The magnitude of the loss is now generally recognized, and farmers throughout *the country are in a state of nervous anxiety and ready to listen to and act upon any suggestions which commend themselves to their common sense. The life-histury of the Pea Weevil is briefly as follows : The eggs are laid on the young form- ‘ing pods by the beetles which have wintered over either in the seed peas or about buildings. As soon as the eggs hatch,thegrubs eat their way through the forming podandattack the pea which “is nearest to them. They penetrate this, and soon by the increase in the size of the pea every trace of the hole is obliterated. The grub remains inside the pea until full grown, changing to a pupa in July and attaining the fully developed condition of a beetle before the middle of August. According to the season, a larger or smaller number of the beetles leave the peas in the -autumn and pass the winter under heaps of rubbish, or secreted about buildings. I think the norma] way for this insect to pass the winter is inside the seed peas. The important points to ‘remember in this discussion and which induced me to say that ‘the problem before us isa simple one, are the following: The Pea Weevil is not a native insect, and therefore has not an “extensive range of food plants, in which it could live outside the cultivated pea. That plant, which is an exotic, is the only known food plant of the Pea Weevil and occurs nowhere in this country wild or even in a spontaneous manner. All plants which spring up in the field from accidentally dropped seeds are destroyed by our winters, therefure every seed sown for a crop of peas has at some time been in the hands of the grower or seed merchant, where it could have ‘been treated by the well known remedy of fumigating with bisulphide of carbon, which for this insect is a perfectly practical remedy, and by a practical remedy I mean a remedy which is effectual, is simple so that it can be applied without any danger of error, and is cheap enough to make its application a paying operation. 1t is claimed by some that the chief difficulty in the way of trusting to fumigation as a main remedy for controlling the Pea Weevil is that a suffi- -cient number of peas are shelled out in the field at harvest time to leave insects enough to emerge and infest the following crop, even if all the seeds were treated. To obviate this difficulty, I have recommended a plan which some have adopted to reap their crop as early as possible, as much on the green side as can be done with safety. It isa well known fact that seeds -of all kinds reaped on the green side rather than when they are over-ripe, have a higher germinating power. It is certain that they would shell out in the field less, and, if such seed ‘were fumigated at once, the weevils would be destroyed inside them before they had made a very serious diminution in the bulk ofthe seed. If there should be difficulties in the way of ifarmers themselves treating their seed at once, which however they are quite easily able to do, 6 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 they should without delay sell to the grain buyers, who knowing the advantage of fumigating: early would soon make arrangements, even if they had not these already, to treat the seed so as to get the best sample possible. With regard to those peas which shell out in the field, E cannot see any very great difficulty with these. It is the common practice in the pea growing: districts for farmers to turn in hogs after the crop is harvested. These pick up every seed: cleanly, and with the assistance of poultry [ imagine that few infested peas would be left on. the field to carry over the infestation. If thought preferable, these peas could be turned down. below the point where the weevils would be able to reach the surface after emerging, by ploughing down the land deeply either in autumn, and of course preferably then, or in spring.. I have here some samples of peas which have been treated at various dates from the end of July until the middle of September. These have been kindly supplied by Mr. W. P. Niles, of Wellington, Ont., a well known seed merchant who deals largely in peas. By examining: those fumigated on the 31st July, it is evident that the weevil is at that time very small and that the proportion of the pea which has been destroyed, is much smaller than it is when the- peas.have been treated only one week later, the grub being at that time not even half grown and: only a small amount of the seed being destroyed. from that date on the destruction to the seed is rapid and by the middle of the month of August most of the peas contain full grown. larvee or pupze. I have here samples of peas grown this year and treated on the 28th August, which contain the fully developed beetles, and it is probable that by the middle of the month in an ordinary year perfect beetles may be found. My recommendation therefore is that farmers should reap early, thresh at once, treat their seed, or sell to others who will, before the middle- of August, and never sow a single seed which has not first been fumigated. Talk the matter up~ whenever an opportunity arises and guard against pooh-poohing the whole matter and saying =. ‘Oh we know all about the Pea Weevil, that’s the sameas the Pea Bug ;” we have always had that, and thereby arguing by inference that they always will have it. Now I don’t believe that there is any necessity for such a valuable Canadian crop as peas, either to be given up or to be infested by the Pea Weevil. I find from the August 1902 Ontario- Crop Bulletin that the acreage this year under peas has been reduced from the area sown last year by 70,000 acres, and the yield by 1,274,000 bushels. This is undoubtedly a very serious. loss, because certain districts of Ontario are particularly well suited for the production, of this cereal. There is evidence to show that many of these districts specially suited to the cultivation of the pea crop, and where péas of the highest quality used to be grown, cannot now produce paying crops of peas owing to the depredations- of the Pea Weevil. There are, however, many districts, as for instance the upper Ottawa country and other northern districts, where paying crops of peas are being or could be grown, and the passing of legislation forbidding the cultivation of peas over the whole province would therefore be a hardship. There is another point which may be re- ferred to. It is frequently claimed by dealers that peas which have been injured by the pea. weevil are just as good for seed as perfect seeds. This is manifestly nonsense, but, to be in a. position to prove this, I have in several seasons experimented by sowing infested seed and taking careful notes on how many plants grew and what was the vigour of these plants. During: the past season I planted several rows of early peas which had been bored by Pea Weevils. The average number of these seeds which grew and produced seed bearing plants was 7. and of these some were weakly. This is rather a lower average than has been obtained in previous- years, but it was what the season of 1902 showed. It has been found by many experiments- made by botanists at Washington and at Agricultural Colleges that large seeds of plants, as a. rule, produce more vigorous plants than small seeds. Much more would this be the case where nature had laid up ina seed acertain amount of food to feed the embryo plantlet in that. seed, and subsequently a large proportion even to one-fourth of its bulk was accidentally takem 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ir away, as in the case of peas injured by the weevil. In the many cases where the germ is destroyed: by the weevil, of course no growth takes place at all. This question of controlling the Pea Weevil in Canada is one which concerns everybody. -It is not with the large seed merchants and big houses with which most danger lies but with. _ the individual farmer and private individual who grow a few seed peas for their own use and do nothing to destroy the weevils in them before sowing. As I have stated, there ‘are easy” remedies which are available for all, such as holding over the seed till the second year, or treat— it with coal oil, using one gallon to 20 bushels ; but the best remedy consists in fumigating with bisulphide of carbon, and a farmer who has only five bushels of seed can fumigate this at the expense of a few cents by putting the five bushels in an ordinary coal oil barrel and then. placing (either in an open dish on the top or by pouring the liquid straight upon the seed) one: ounce of bisulphide for every hundred pounds of seed. A bushel of peas weighs about 60 lbs, therefore the five bushels would require three ounces. The barrel must be closed up tightly and: left in an open shed away from other buildings for 48 hours. The bisulphide is aliquid with a very objectionable odour which vaporizes quickly at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere. The vapour is heavy and quickly runs down through the peas, and, as it is exceedingly deadly to all forms of animal life, every insect in the peas will be killed. The unpleasant odour of the chemical is very soon dissipated when the peas are exposed to the air, and the value of this. treatment is that not only are the infesting insects destroyed with certainty but this without injury to the seeds either as to their wholesomeness for food or as to their germinating quality for seed. If it is thought that there is any danger in using such an inflammable material as bisulphide of carbon or there is any hesitancy, as is sometimes the case in using a remedy with which farmers are not familiar, there is always at any rate available the old and well tried remedy of holding over the seed for two years, by bagging the peas immediately after threshing: If this is done with early harvested and threshed peas, not a single weevil can escape, for it has been proved that these cannot eat their way out from a bag of cotton, or even of paper, and all weevils which issue in the bags must die. A very rare instance is on record of a weevil living over in the seed until the second year, but this is such a rare exception that it need not be considered and does not amount to a proportion of one in many hundreds of millions ; indeed. is so rare that I do not know of a single instance where it has been authoritatively confirmed. One of the largest seedsmen in Canada tells me that he has to send to Germany to get his peas grown. And we have competition to-day in the London market. Indian peas shipped from Calcutta are being sold at a few cents cheaper than we can get them to the London market, and they are as good as our best peas ; therefore, our trade is in danger, and it is im- portant that we should wake up at once and save this crop, which I believe can be saved if we will only go about it in the proper way. Every letter I have received and every seedsman I have consulted, have agreed that public attention should be drawn to this matter. I have correspondents in all parts of the country, and all say it is a most important matter and requires immediate attention. There is no Society that can draw attention to it better than the Entomological Society. The seedsmen I have consulted, are of the opinion that, if the suggestions given above were adopted, a. large reduction could be made in a very short time in the increase of this insect. The acreage of peas is now reduced very low. It will not be increased very much next year, so that we have an opportunity to start now to draw public attention to this matter. Professor Lochhead and I have been corresponding about the subject for a year, and there is no doubt about it that the Federal and Provincial Governments will do all they can to draw public attention to the matter and to help in every possible way to get rid of this pest. The Grass Pea, which has been suggested as a substitute for the field pea, has not proved as great a success as was hoped. It is not a pea, though it is considered a pea for many purposes, 8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 “but it belongs to the Genus Lathyrus. The peaisa Pisum. Lathyrus is another plant alto- -gether, and that is the reason probably why the Grass Pea is free from the attacks of the Pea Weevil. It is a very late maturing pea, and I am sorry to say that those who planted it 7 “this year, owing to the late season, were disappointed in its growth, because it is a plant which -comes from India ; for that reason this damp moist season did not mature it, and it was not a paying crop. Vines which bore ripe peas in September, had as much of the vine covered with green leaves and flowers, as there was with the ripe peas. In the St. Catharines and Niagara Districts it has been grown to some extent. Most of the seedsmen are not in favor — of the Grass Pea. I would not say, ‘‘ Do not grow it,” because, where the Pea Weevil prevents the growth of the proper peas, the Grass Pea forms a substitute which is comparatively valuable. “There are difficulties in harvesting it, and the seeds are thought to be very hard, therefore, some farmers do not like it, but that can be overcome by crushing them with machinery. I shall not take any mere time now, but I shall be very much obliged if any one else would give us their ideas, either on what I have said or upon matters which I have left uumentioned. I have letters here from some of the leading seedsmen in Canada, saying they would have liked to be at this meeting, if they could have made arrangments. I am pleased “that Professor James is here with us, and that Mr. Smith is here from Toronto, for the Weekly Sun, and Mr. Black from the Farmers’ Advocate. Prof. LocnHEeap : Mr. President. The PeaWeevil is one of the greatest enemies of the farmer of Ontario to day. Before coming here I secured from Professor James the differ- ~ence in the amount of seed grown in the year 1891 and 1902. The crop in Ontario in 1891 was eighteen and one half million bushels ; in 1902 eleven and one half million bushels. That shows a decrease of seven million bushels in ten years ; that itself is sufficient to direct serious -attention to the subject. Dr. Frercuer : What is the average value of a bushel of peas, Mr. Pearce ? Mr. Pearce: It is now about 60c. for field peas. Dr. FLetcHER: I average it from 70c. to $1.00 taking the common peas and the high © class. Mr. Pearce: That would be about right for the high class. Dr. FLercHer : It is a loss, at any rate, of between $5,000,000 and $7,000,000. Prof. LocHHeap: The pest is known in the northern counties and all along the shore of Lake Ontario. This summer I visited North Grey, and I found that the farmers in that district were seriously disturbed over an enemy that was new to them—so new that they did — not know what it was. This was the Pea Weevil. I was travelling through the County on — Farmers’ Institute work and I gave two lectures a day on the Pea Weevil. This summer I had the pleasure of going up through Manitoulin Island and as far as St. Joseph’s Island ; no Pea Weevil exists there, and we saw beautiful crops. I have no doubt that Manitoulin Island is well adapted for pea growing, and I told the people up there that they had a great opportun- ity of making their island as famous for seed peas as the Jersey people had made. theirs for Jersey cattle. If they would keep the Pea Weevil out, they might make it a reserve for grow- ing pea seed. On St. Joseph’s Island I found a good illustration of the fact that the Pea [ , Weevil does not exist there. I spent one morning going through pea fields. One farmer told — me he had imported some seeds and when they came the bag was literally alive with the Pea Weevil ; however, he sowed the peas but took the precaution to sow about five times the normal amount per acre, and he had a good field of peas, I could not find a single weevil in the whole morning’s examination of the growing crop. It showed conclusively that this year, at any rate, the pea weevil does not thrive in St. Joseph’s Island. With regard to the point which Dr. Fletcher emphasized very strongly, that the pea- ~weevil does not reach its full size when the pea is harvested. I was unable to make an exam- j L ‘ 1902 : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9 ‘ination to any great extent, but I asked several farmers who were interested in the Pea Weevil ‘to make an examination. Probably some of you know Mr. Lick of Oshawa, an up-to-date farmer. I asked him what in his opinion was the best time to treat peas and he said that in order to answer this question it is necessary to ascertain at what stage the crop was harvested ; the found that not more than one-half the damage was done until after the crop was harvested, and in many cases not more than a third of the damage was done before the pea reached ‘maturity ; this was true of both the early and late varieties. He found a large percentage of ‘the early crop was ‘‘ buggy,” and these were his conclusions : ‘‘ Don’t sow ‘ buggy ’ peas.without ‘treating the weevil. Harvest the crops as soon as ripe and thresh at once ; for seed peas fumigate at once ; if for feed, grind the peas up and so kill the weevil.” .With regard to the number of weevils that germinate, Dr. Fletcher has given you his ‘results, and you will also find them in his Reports. Mr. Zavitz, of the Ontario Agricultural College, also made experiments some years ago, and found in the case of the large variety of ) pea such as the Marrowfat, that three-fifths of the peas that had been entered by the weevil did not germinate. In the case of the small variety of peas such as the Golden Vine, he found only 13 per cent germinated. I do not see any other way of treating the Pea Weevil except the method Dr. Fletcher has described ; I should like, however, to suggest another way by which we may reach the people. ‘There is nothing like an object lesson. While we may do our best through the agricultural papers and reports of all kinds experience has shown that a great many people will not act ; they simply say they will not be bothered, and will grow enough peas for themselves, and not care whether they sell any or not. These are the kind of people we want to influence, as well as the larger growers. We do not know just exactly how far the Pea Weevil will fly ; I do not think they will fly much farther than from one farm to another. Mr. Pearce tells me that -down in Elgin, in two sections that were separated by a woods, the Pea Weevils were in one ‘section for many years but did not appear in the other section until they got in through the sowing of weevily seed ; I am of the opinion that the chief way in which the insect is dissem . inated is by sowing weevily peas. I would suggest that help be obtained from the Govern- ment for a series of experiments. First secure a good man to act as foreman or manager of the whole experiment and let him appoint a corps of assistants. These men he could train himself, and they should be able to fumigate properly, and then I should choose a section of country of two or three townships, and have these sections scattered in different parts of the Province so as to formas many object lessons as possible, a concession or two concessions might be allotted to each man. Every farmer should be interested in the matter and got to provide a pen, or coal-oil barrel, or box, in which to fumigate, the government might provide ‘the material. I would have these men go systematically down the concession at harvest time cand see that the peas are threshed immediately, and then fumigate them for the farmers. It might probably be necessary to fumigate twice. The men would not need to stay very long in one place. Ifthe farmer had already prepared the pens, he could fumigate in an hour, and: then go on to the next farm, and return and ventilate them after forty-eight hours. I think ‘one man could in that way arrange for the fumigation of three or four concessions, and a couple of men could do a township. A great many people do not believe in the entire efficiency of this remedy, and if we can get to their farms, and kill all the weevils, we shall soon convince them of its efficiency. This is a simple suggestion and I should like the members to discuss the matter. Mr. FisHer : We live in Burlington and we formerly grew peas but of late years we have abandoned them altogether. I have always held that the appearance and the disappearance of the Pea Weevil coincided with the change of temperature. If we hada very low temperature aluring the winter the Pea Weevils were destroyed. 10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Dr. FirercHer : What is your idea about the Grass Pea taking the place of the peas ? Mr. FisHeR : We grow the Grass Pea somewhat extensively. It is not infested with: the bug, and we can grow it without the weevil ; I do not know any reason why it should not be grown. I would very much rather have the ordinary pea because the Grass Pea is a very difficult thing to cut. The vine is hard and wiry and dulls the tools that you use in cutting it, very quickly. Dr. FiercHer : How does it ripen ? Mr. Fisuer : I do not think there is very much trouble about their ripening. We sow them about the time we sow the other peas. My experience in growing peas-has been that the early-sown peas are altogether the best. I sowed a large field once in a snow storm and had a very superior crop. What is your opinion as to a cold winter killing the Pea Weevil ? Dr. Fiercuer : It is supposed that it does to a large extent affect them and that is the reason that the area of destruction has been so limited in Canada. Ido not think it will kill them sufficiently to consider it a remedy. Prof. Locuueap : I tried an experiment some years ago. I exposed some of the weevily peas to a temperature of 20 below zero, and in every case the weevil was killed. Dr. Fiercuer : It was not so with us, at 15 degrees below zero we exposed them in a glass bottle, and thought they were all dead, but in half an hour afterwards they became lively again. Mr. Fisuer : At what time do they mature ? Dr. FietcuHer : If the peas are left in the field too long, there are enough shelled out to carry the weevil over. The weevil matures about the middle of August. Peas fumigated by Mr. Niles of Wellington on the 5th of August had the weevil about half grown. In very: early seasons the Pea Weevil has been found during the first half of August. That is a very rare thing. On the 5th of August this year the weevil was only half grown ; on the 15th of August it was more than half grown, and by the end of August the weevil was in a perfect state. Peas left in the field are certaintly a great source of danger ; they should receive special attention either by feeding them off or ploughing them down deeply. Dr. Fyzxs : Do you suppose that the weevil leaves the pea on approach of winter ? Dr. FtetcHER: They may doso. A considerable number of them leave the peas in the autumn, and they hibernate around the barn or in the rubbish heaps, and a great many of them are killed during the winter. Mr. Fisuer: It is the practice of some fruit growers to work their orchards up to the middle of July, and then sow peas, and they usually get acrop. Where I live the peas will ripen if sown in the middle of July; the peas will also gather nitrogen and increase the fertility of the soil to a considerable extent. We also keep hogs there and if we turn a hundred hogs on twenty acres of peas in the middle of July, we find that the hogs do very well in cleaning up the pea crop and the apples that fall. They serve the double purpose of freeing the orchard from pests that infest the fruit, and of making pork, Dr. FLercHER : That is an excellent practice. There is no doubt that these peas would: be practically free from weevil attack when sown so late, but the crop would be reduced by mildew. I should like to ask Mr. Pearce if it is not a general practice here to sow as early as: possible ; because if sown late they will be affected with mildew. Mr. Pearce: Yes, that is the experience with farmers. in this section ; late sown peas are subject to mildew, but they are freer from the weevil. A good many of the farmers here sow them on the 24th of May, but the earlier they are sown the better,—the better the sample you get, and the better the yield. Prof. Jamxs, being asked to say a few words on the subject, said: I certainly cannot add anything to what Prof. Lochhead and Dr. Fletcher have told us as to the nature of the trouble, aa) she 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 but I can emphasize what they have said regarding its extent. I think the evil of the Pea. Weevil is co-extensive with the crop. I do not mean that it is co-extensive with the possibili- ties of the crop, yet there are very few sections where the pea is grown where you do not find the weevil. There are sections where the pea can be grown where you probably will not find the weevil for some time. We have been told about Manitoulin and St. Joseph Islands. _ Their contributions of peas to our general crops are very small, and I think at least ninety per cent. of the peas that are grown to-day are grown in weevil-affected sections. When you get. to the remote sections, where peas play an unimportant part, you do not find any weevil, and I may say the finest peas I have seen in this Province came from the Temiskaming section. They were beautiful, perfectly grown peas, and there is no doubt we have, away in the east and up the Ottawa valley, sections where peas can be grown extensively for a time. The trouble is that where the great bulk of our peas are grown we have the weevil to an enormous extent, and if we give up growing peas because the weevil is here, it would mean that we have been beaten. We have never yet been brought to that position, and if we give up the fight of the weevil, we might as well retire practically from Agriculture in this Province. The weevil can be kept in check, and the whole question now is, how are we going to convince the farmers that they ought to help us in checking this evil. This is the problem that is before us, not only in connection with the Pea Weevil, but in connection with very many other things ; to try and prove to the farmers, and a great many others in the Province, that they ought to do certain things in their own interest. On the face of it, it appears to be a very easy matter to say to the farmer, here is a way you can get good seed peas, and then to expect them all to drop into line and do it at once. But that is the greatest difficulty we have to contend with. There is very little use passing a law, that they must do so and so, because you cannot enforce a law unless you have public opinion at the back of it. Something must be done, and some- thing is going to be done, and I hope we shall get here to-day some practical suggestions that will help us to solve this problem. It is certain that both the departments at Ottawa and Toronto will spend what money is necessary to fight this evil, if we can only see some possi- bility of success ahead. The pea crop is a unique crop in the Province of Ontario. It is one that we cannot dis- pense with. It cannot be measured by the number of bushels we produce, because along with itis another great industry, that is the pork and bacon business, which to a great extent depends upon the pea crop ; for to the pea crop and to the dairy industry of this Province we owe to a large extent our success in the pork and bacon industry. Dr. FLErcHER said that there are large districts still in Ontario where there is no danger from the weevil. Peas have been sown from Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, and occasionally these peas have, to a very small degree, been infested, but not to any extent. I think that in the case of the San José scale it will spread from its centre. The San José scale _ started in California, was then introduced in the Eastern States, gradually spreading from its centre, and if it had not been for the active measures adopted by the Ontario Government it would have spread throughout the Province more than it has, and the people of the Dominion _ ought to recognize what has been done by the Province to save them. They grow magnificent peas in Quebec, and they stopped because the crop fell off. They had been in the habit of specially treating their land to put back what they had taken from it. They stopped this and then their pea crop fell off. Some people connected with the trade find it necessary now to send to Europe to have their seed grown, and we shall lose our trade unless we wake up. The Cuarrman : I think the way to reach the people would be for the Government to issue bulletins. Prof. James ; They have-had the information a dozen times through bulletins ; they get it year after year. 12 THE REPORT OF THE No 19 Dr Frercuer: Mr. Carruthers has written me as follows :—‘‘ One of our largest buyers writes us that they are getting shipments from Calcutta aud the quality is very fine, being free from bugs, and better than any we are shipping him from Canada. They also say they are buying them at one shilling per quarter, which is equal to 3c. per bushel, less than we are ask- ing for our No. 2 grade of the present crop.” Dr. FLETcHER then moved the following resolution, seconded by Prof. Lochhead :— Resolved, That the Entomological Society of Ontario r-quest that the Superintendent of Farmers’ Institutes have the matter of the Pea Weevil brought prominently before all meetings of Farmers’ Institutes during the winter ; that from the discussion held this afternoon, the cessation in the cultivation of peas for two years is not the best remedy for preventing injury by the Pea Weevil, but rather the making known as widely as possible the nature of the pest, the extent of its injuries and the best remedies, and that if object lessons could be given throughout the country showing the way to fumigate peas and the advantage of doing so, it would materially help to reduce the injury by the weevil. —Carried unanimously. Dr. Beruune : I should like to ask if it would be practicable to have some Legislative enactment to compel seedsmen to fumigate their peas. I do not think there would be the slightest use to pass an Act of the Legislature with regard to the general public, but we might get at a large proportion of the seed peas by rendering it compulsory on the part of the seedsmen to fumigate them. I know that not many years ago, in the neighborhood of Port Hope and Cobourg, and all through Prince Edward County, where all kinds of fancy peas were grown by the acre, that every seedsman had his ‘‘ bug house” and fumigated all the seed, but it seems that some have discontinued that laudable practice. I was intending, before this resolution was read, to suggest that the Ontario Department of Agriculture might issue a mandate to those who attend Farmers’ Institutes to make this a point of their proceedings during the coming winter, and if that were done, then if not only the Agricultural press, but the press generally, would take up this subject, and bring home to the whole country the seriousness of it, and the ease with which it really might be dealt, and if in addition to that some experiment were made upon the line Professor Lochhead has mentioned of object lessons, I believe it would have good results. ; I remember when not many years ago it was impossible to get good butter in this country in the winter time. When we got butter made from our own cows in the summer time it was all right, but you could not buy butter fit to eat in the winter. That has all be n remedied by this object lesson system, the travelling dairies showing the farmers’ wives how to make good butter. It has been a great success, and now we can always get good © butter, and if that experiment succeeded, so well, I think it would be quite worth while to adopt a similar system to teach the farmers how to deal with this terribly destructive pest. The other day I happened to notice in the market reports from the port of Montreal that the shipment of peas from Montreal up to the first of October last year amounted to 458,000 bushels. This year up to the same date it amounted to 269,000 bushels showing a decrease in one single year. in that port, up to the first of October, of 189,000 bushels. ‘This shows what the weevil has done in reducing our exports from one port alone. I wish to ask Dr. Fletcher if there is any connection between the mildewing of peas and the Pea-Weevil. I mean in this way ; is it the case that if the pea plant is not healthy and strong and vigorous, it is far more subject to mildew than it would be if the nourish- ment of the plant had not been taken by the Pea-Weevil ? Would it be more subject to mildew than one grown from perfect seed ? Dr. FietcHer: I do not know from actual observation that that is the case but I can 1 . quite understand that the weakened plant would be more likely to be affected. Weevily — seeds grow a weak plant which matures later and that would make it more liable to mildew. 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 Some of the seed merchants fumigate 2,000 bushels at a time by having a properly con- structed building and by putting 20 pounds of bi-sulphide of carbon at the top and allowing it to vaporise, which is easily done. The peas can be left in the sack. A farmer with an ordinary coal vil barrel can put 5 bushels of peas in it and fumigate them by using three ounces of bi-sulphide of carbon, which would probably cost 15 cents. At the present time there are very few seed peas imported into Canada ; because our peas are freer from the weevil than they are to the south of us, but directly we put any sort of pressure on our seedsmen, then the peas will be brought in from the other side. First of all we want to make it known as widely as we can that it is a serious injury, and then that there is a simple practical remedy, if they will apply it. Prof. LocHHeap : If you compel the seedsmen to fumigate their seeds it will not cover the point, because there is a large amount of seed exchanged among the farmersthemselves. The Minister of Agriculture is thoroughly in earnest in this matter. I received a letter from him early in the season, and he wished me to go about it in some way and do something, and of course he will provide the funds. The Minister of Agriculture is a thorough believer in fumi- gation himself, and he fumigates all his own peas, yet they have weevily peas in his district because the other farmers do not fumigate. Mr. Smiru: I think Prof. Lochhead has got the correct idea with regard to this particular matter. Some years ago there was established in Guelph what is known as the winter fair. They established a ‘‘ block test,” that is, they show the animal on the hoof first, and then the animal is slaughtered, and they make another test ; that is one of the best object lessons we have in the country, and as a result of that object lesson the Wm. Davies Company of Toronto say, that in one year the quality of the bacon of this country improved 50 per cent. That was wholly the result of that object lesson, and the work done by Farmers’ Institutes. If you can get the Institute men to take up the weevil, I am satisfied, you will influence pub- lic opinion in this country, and you can then enforce any measure with regard to the weevil. I have gone over the province pretty generally and I find that the evil is steadily extending north. At one time it did not go further than Lake Simcoe; but last summer and the summer before, I found it up on the shores of the Georgian Bay and it was becoming quite as prevalent as in the frontier counties. THE PEA WEEVIL. By W. LocHHeEab, OntTAaRIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. Although the Pea Weevil (see Fig. 1, p. 4) has been known as an enemy of the cultivated pea for over 150 years in America, it is not a native. It probably came from the East, whence came so many of our cultivated plants, and their insect enemies as well. Peter Kalm, the eminent Naturalist of the last century, states that in 1748 pea-growing had been abandoned in parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, on account of the pea weevil. It is apparent that the pea-growing industry in Ontario is doomed unless radical measures are adopted (by the farmers themselves) for the contro] of the weevil. The pest has made its appearance in nearly every county in the western half of the Province, and in the Lake Ontario counties as far east as Frontenac. The more eastern counties and those further north are not much troubled with the ‘‘ bug.” Durham, Northumberland and Prince Edward used to be the favorite section for growing peas for French and American seedsmen, but the depredations in Norr.—The above paper by Prof. Lochhead was not read in connecciion with this discussion, but is placed here as a matter of convenience. 14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 ‘these counties have been so great that the growing of peas has been largely reduced during the past two or three years. Amherst Island, which was formerly a great pea-growing district, has scarcely a farmer this year who is growing peas. Throughout Wentworth, Wellington, Waterloo and Oxford the growing of the common cultivated pea has been abandoned, and the grass pea has been substituted to some extent. This latter variety does not suffer from the weevil, but it was attacked this past summer in the counties of Halton and Wentworth by a green louse, the exact nature of which I have not yet determined. This summer I had the pleasure of visiting the Manitoulins and St. Joseph Island. ‘There the pea-bug or weevil is unknown. Further west, around Fort William and Port Arthur, it is also unknown, and it is the duty of the farmers of these districts to initiate strict measures to prevent the importation of the weevil. To give an idea of the diminution in the growing of peas during the last 10 years, it may ibe stated that in 1891 the yield of peas in Ontario was about 18} million bushels. In 1902 the — yield was nearly 114 million—a decrease of over 7 million bushels in 11 years. The decrease would have been still greater if it had not been for the introduction of the grass pea variety. The question of treatment is a very important one, and is not a difficult one to put into practice. Unlike many other pests, the pea weevil confines its attention to the cultivated and garden pea almost entirely. It attacks no wild varieties, hence there is no danger from re. infestation through those sources. The usual method of treatment is that of fumigation with carbon bisulphide. For several years the pea-growers of Prince Edward and other Lake Ontario counties practiced this method, but there was no wide-spread co-operation in this line of treatment among the farmers. ‘The result was that the weevil thrived in spite of the efforts of many of the largest pea-growers. The weevil is capable of flight, and it is possible that it may fly comparatively long dis- tances. The first essential in a plan of campaign against the pea weevil is co-operation in the treatment of mfested seed, and, without this, the campaign would be useless. The method of treatment which has been recommended is to fumigate the seed peas in air- tight barrels or bins immediately after threshing. It is usual to use a pound or a pound anda half of carbon bisulphide for every 100 bushels of peas. For smaller amounts, the quantity is proportionately slightly increased. The peas are subjected to this treatment for 48 hours. The question naturally arises: What is the best time for the treatment of the peas ? To answer this question, a study of the development of the grub is necessary to ascertain at what stage fhe grub ceases eating the pea. Mr. Elmer Lick, of Oshawa, who is a careful, accurate — observer, found that in every infested pod he examined that not more than one-half the dam- age to the pea was done until after the crop was ready to harvest. In many cases he found not more than one-third the damage which the weevil would do before reaching maturity. ‘This was true of both late and early varieties, which were growing side by side. He found, however, that a larger percentage of the early crop were ‘‘ buggy.” Mr. Lick naturally comes +o the conclusion that it is highly advisable to treat the peas immediately after harvest, and not to wait until the grub has become full grown. Mr. Lick’s conclusions regarding the treatment of peas are as follows :— 1. Do not sow buggy peas without treating the weevil. 2. Harvest the crop as soon as ripe, -and thresh at once. 3. For seed peas, treat at once ; but if for feed close up the concave of the machine tight ; use full speed, and thus crack the peas and kill every weevil ; or, if it is not desired to cut up the straw, run the peas, after threshing, through a crusher. (Mr. Lick would not care to risk grinding fine, for fear of heating). ‘‘You must quit growing peas, unless there is co-operation in some way.” . 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 Mr. Lick thinks a great deal of coal-oil as a treatment. He uses about one gallon to 10 or 15 bushels of peas. The oil is applied in such a way that the peas are thoroughly covered. In 1897, Prof. Zavitz, of the Experimental Department of the Ontario Agricultural Col- lege, made some interesting experiments to find the value of peas for seed which had been in- jured by the weevil. He found that in the case of a large variety of pea, like the Marrowfat, _ about three-fifths of the peas which had been injured by the weevil did not germinate. In the case of a small variety of pea, such as the Golden Vine, he found that only thirteen per cent of the peas which contained the weevil grew. Thus he says,—‘‘ If a person were sowing weevilly seed of the golden vine variety, it would be necessary to sow 15 acres of peas in order to get as many plants as would be produced from sowing 2 acres of sound seed.” There is one interesting fact which I observed while in St. Joseph Island, which was that, although weevilly peas are sown, the weevils never make their appearance on the new crop. Whether this peculiarity will hold out many years, it is impossible to say, but such is the case at present. The life-history of the pea-weevilis as fullows: The weevils deposit their eggs singly on the outside of the newly formed pods, and when the peas are in blossom. The grub, as soon -as it is hatched, bores through the wall of the pod and enters the pea. Within it, it eats and grows. When full grown, it is about one-fourth of an inch long, and about one-eighth of an inch in thickness. It has three pairs of minute legs, but otherwise it is decidedly maggot-like. Its body is wrinkled, and is beset with a few long hairs. In its pupal state, it rests fora few weeks ina round burrow, which is closed externally by the unbroken membrane of the pea, ‘The winter is passed in the adult state, either within or without the pea, but usually within. I venture to outline a plan of an experimental campaign against the weevil, and I would ‘like the members present to discuss it as to its feasibility and probable value. The plan i “based on the idea that if the entire pea-crop of a section is threshed and treated with carbon bisulphide immediately after it is harvested, the weevils in that section will be practically ex terminated. I suggest, therefore, that a corps of men be appointed to treat the peas that are grown on every farm in a group of two or three townships. The pea-growers should be asked to assist in the work by providing the necessary barrels or tight bins for proper fumigation. To each member of the corps, there could be allotted all the farms on one or two concessions. ‘Every farm would then be visited, and the peas fumigated properly. It might be necessary in some instances to fumigate the peas twice if there was any doubt as to the thoroughness of the ‘first treatment. ‘ The same plan could be followed out the second season. If the weevils are still abundant ‘the third season, the treatment would be considered a failure, providing no weevilly peas had been introduced during the period of experimentation. REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS IN 1902. Division No. 4.—Nisacara District.—By Gero. EH. FisHer. Not being schooled in the science of entomology you will readily understand that T naturally shrink from accepting office in this society and reporting from the standpoint of an entomologist. My indebtedness to entomologists for assistance in prosecuting the San José scale investigation, a desire to reciprocate, and being assured by Prof. Webster and particularly by Dr. Fletcher that they themselves are only students and that Iam abundantly qualified to act an this capacity, are my apology for attempting to do so. 16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 1> The opinion seems to prevail that in continually moving about the country in my official capacity I enjoy exceptional opportunities for observation and should know a great deal. While- it may not seem altogether unfair to expect considerable of me in this way, the particular work’ in which I am engaged has so continually demanded my full time that the opportunity for thorough and careful investigation outside of matters pertaining to the San José'scale is not nearly so satisfactory as when at home I went leisurely about my own orchards and, with. necessary appliances always at hand, worked out such questions. My practice has been not to accept any statement I could not verify in the field and in ny judgment he who demonstrates beyond question one subject in a whole-season has accom- plished much more than another who has given but superficial attention to.a greater number. Notwithstanding the almost entire absence of such weather as makes ideal conditions for: insects, in many instances they were present in usual quantity. The cabbage worm, striped cucumber beetle and squash bug, asparagus and potato beetles are spoken of by gardeners as- having been troublesome. The potato beetle made a record, for when the vines. succumbed te- blight, in their efforts for self preservation the beetles attacked almost everything else, tomatoes and particularly egg plants were protectea with the greatest difficulty. There were instances of tomato plants being eaten off in large quantity, by potato bugs which attacked them below the surface of the ground, before the potatoes were up in the spring. The asparagus beetle is- spread over the whole of the Niagara District, and where left to itself seriously injures the crop. There are several methods of controlling it, and those which, are perhaps the most successful and most generally adopted are very simple. . The insect prefers the more spindling shoots which are allowed to stand and are destroyed as soon as they become considerably” infested. Little chicks catch and eat the beetles, and if moved about in portable coops a single- brood will protect an area of quite large extent, when cutting is discontinued the plantations are sprayed with paris green or arsenic. A gentleman at Queenston suggests a solution of saltpetre, one pound in ten gallons of water, for the suppression of cucumber.and squash beetles. Others are using whale oil soap one pound in four gallons and find that it is safe for very tender plants and besides relieving the vines of insect pests so invigorates their growth that its use is. economical for this purpose alone. . CaNKER-WoRM. Canker-worm (Fig. 2) was not so generally plentiful this season as last, but was still numerous in certain sections, where orchards were stripped as usual. Little rain fell during the- ° larval period, which afforded a much better opportunity for- spraying this year than last, when the almost continuous- rain washed off the poison as fast as it was puton. In 1901, so unsatisfactory were the results from trying to kill Canker-- worm by spraying, that in the fall a few growers resorted to. the sticky bandage process. Even with the weather condt- tions favorable, spraying a large number of trees is a heavy undertaking, but those of 1901 showed that Canker-worm cannot always be controlled by spraying, though the pumps. Fiz. 2. Fall Canker-worm. a and }, f : * epes ters sideways and from above: be kept going and the best of material used. Jn my own ¢e markings on segment of cater- pillar; e, mass of eggs ; f, caterpillar. orchards, we had not been successful in the spring, and in: the fall made an experiment of suflivient’extent to fully test this method. Beginning Noy. 1st, 2,000 apple and 6,000 plum and cherry, all bearing andi mostly full-grown trees, were treated. Pear and peach were not attacked, though a few years- ago a neighbor had serious trouble from Canker-worm. in his pear orchard. At the above date, the weather being rather cold, pure castor oil and a good quality. of resin were used in the pro~ .. 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 portion of equal parts by weight ; in warmer weather five parts of resin to three of oil would be required. A space of six inches or more at a convenient height was scraped on rough-barked apples and the surface made as smooth as possible. The mixture while warm was applied to the bark with a brush, a strip around the tree two inches wide, which spread to four. The heavy bark of the apples soon absorbed this first application, which was promptly renewed. In the course of the season it was found necessary to treat the apples three times.and the plums twice. A few moths were moving when the treating was commenced, and some of these no doubt had already reached the branches. As the season advanced and thousands upon thousands of the sluggish egg-laden moths became entangled in the wax, the situation was extremely interesting. On one small plum one hundred and fifty moths were counted, and on some of the larger apples the number of moths captured, both male and female, was too many to count. (Fig. 3.) During the spring a very close watch was kept, and as there was no movement, I have concluded that the infestation was wholly of the fall variety. As the males were made prisoners if their wings but touched the wax, there was little and probably no copulation, and Dr. Fletcher has if explained that the eggs are likely to be fertilized Rie. peel Tete eae aisle fel only in passing the ovary. However this may be, so far as we could observe no eggs hatched, but remained in the body of the parent still held fast by the wax. Some who used this method collected and burned the dead females, but in our case there seemed no necessity. My interest in this matter intensified as the season for spraying came and went with this innumerable host of closely-held captives on the trunks of the trees and no larve in the top to spray. The men say there were not as many worms in the entire orcherd this year as were on some individual trees last year. This way of treating Canker-worm is not new, but is certainly not generally understood. Mr. O. T. Springer, of Burlington, who has practised this method successfully for years, assisted me with valuable suggestions. Pear PsyLua. Early in September my attention was called to an attack of Pear Psylla in an orchard belonging to Mr. Joseph Tweddle, of Fruitland. A block ot 125 eight or ten-year-old pear trees was involved. The varieties affected are those in common cultivation, the Bartletts suffering most. Nearly the whole of the block was swarming with wasps, attracted-by honey- dew that was dripping from the foliage. The wood was covered ‘with a black fungus which had developed in honey-dew exuded by nymphs attacking the wood. At the time of my first visit the foliage was largely deserted and the nymphs were con- centrated on the wood, particularly the young growth, and the energy of the trees was appar- ently so reduced as to seriously affect next season’s crop, no matter what treatment is given. Some years ago Mr. Freeman, of Freeman, lost an orchard of nearly four hundred large dwarf Duchess from Psylla. He tried to destroy the insects with kerosene emulsion, but used it of too little strength, which had no effect whatever. At home we always have some Psylla, but it is never there in sufficient quantity to necessitate treatment. ? In the worst affected portions of Mr. Tweddle’s orchard the foliage was so reduced as to make treatment easy, and I advised an application of crude petroleum emulsion, 1 in 10, which would kill nearly all of the nymphs and stop the drain on the trees. We subsequently treated a couple of the trees with the emulsion ourselves, and the effeet was even better than -Lanticipated. This, followed by a thorough treatment with lime and sulphur in winter, will subdue the pest. As the eggs are deposited very early in spring, the winter treatment should not be delayed too long. 2 EN. 18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 WHITE ROSE-SCALE. This insect has taken to our Raspberry plantations and seems to be widely spread. In fields situated east of Grimsby, it was found in good form both at the beginning and end of April. On the 10th of May it was rapidly increasing in size and by the 20th nearing matur- ity, but down to this date no eggs had been observed. On May 3¥st eggs were plentiful and on June 7th were found to be hatching ; on the 23rd June eggs were still plentiful, hatching - and larvee fixing on the old canes ; at this date the scales were present in all stages of develop- ment. These fields were not seen again till September 22nd when eggs were more plentiful than at any previous examination, lice running and fixing on both old and new wood and there. were growing scales in all stages particularly on the od canes. The same conditions prevailed on the 25th of Oetober except that the new canes were then heavily infested. It appears from these investigations that while this scale resembles scurfy barklouse in appearance it differs from it in bzing multibrvoded and in passing the winter alive. I intend making a careful search for eggs at the end of the season to determine whether or not there: : are eggs in good condition at that time, as the opinion is held that some of the eggs winter over. : On September 22nd there were very few scales on the young wood in comparison with the — old and not many of these were of advanced growth. . If the old canes be removed and des- | troyed immediately after fruiting much of the spreading will be prevented as it is no doubt later in the season, when larve are more plentiful, that most spreading occurs. This precaution : followed by a thorough treatment before growth starts in the spring with a suitable wash such as soap, crude ojl or lime and sulphur will in my judgment meet the difficulty. | San Jose Scare (Figs. 4 and 5). Owing to the cold late spring the larve of the San José scale did not appear till a week or ten days after the usual time, but notwithstanding this and the unfavorable weather which ’ Fig. 4.—Pear infested with San Jose scale. Fig. 5.—Portion of a branch infested with the San Jose scale. followed, reproduction was rapid and the pest was discovered in many orchards where it had’ not previously been found. In many instances trees that were but slightly infested in the spring are encrusted now and likely to be ruined before the end of the season. 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 Formerly the practice was to mark for special winter treatment any trees that were badly attacked in summer, but this was not satisfactory as.such trees frequently became much weakened and sometimes dicd before the winter’s frosts closed the scale’s season. Recognizing the necessity for prompt summer treatment in such cases much pains was taken to procure an effectual remedy suitable for summer use which would destroy the scale without injuriously affecting the trees. In a long series of experiments emulsions made from kerosene and crude petroleum proved the most satisfactory and are really very useful. The varying results so commonly reported from the use of kerosene are largely due to differences in preparing the emulsions and of the condition of the weather when the applications were made. They shou'd be applied only on warm, dry, bright, airy days, and it would appear that the hotter and dryer the weather is the better will be the result in killing the scale and the safer to the trees. Spraying done on trees in leaf is necessarily imperfect for the foliage prevents the spray reaching every part of the wood, particularly the twigs. For spray- ing infested trees in leaf we prefer a rather coarse nozzle which sends its spray through the foliage to the wood much better than a fine nozzle. The oils resist re-attack so well that even if there be considerable breeding after the treatment is given it will not matter, for the majority of the young scales which fix will die and the tree will not be badly affected again during the season. Either kerosene or crude petroleum may be satisfactorily applied with a combination pump and diluted with water to almost any per-centage, but to use them with an ordinary pump it is necessary to make an emulsion. Kerosene emulsion 1 in 6 is a suitable strength for hardy foliage and 1 in T fur peach and other tender foliage. That is one gallon of kerosene. in a total quantity of seven gallons of emulsion. Crude oil emulsion 1 in 10 is a suitable strength for hardy foliage. This gives one quarter of a pound of soap to the gallon of emulsion and ten per cent. of oi! which is all most foliage will resist. Kerosene is preferable for peach trees. I would spray only badly affected trees in summer and follow this with a thorough spraying of the entire orchard with lime and sulphur in the winter or spring. Our experiments clearly demonstrate that lime and sulphur is altogether the most effective remedy we now have. It is also the cheapest and the safest. It is easily applied and we hope by utilizing steam from ordinary threshing engines for cooking to make it more easily procured than any other spray. A larger proportion of lime and sulphur than is necessary in California is recommended for our climate. One pound of lime and one-half pound of sulphur to the gallon of wash giving the best satisfaction in our experiments. We found no advantage from the addition of salt, in fact the best results were obtained where no salt was used, and as it seriously corroded the pump we do not recommend it. Tt will be interesting to this meeting to know how this remedy appears to work out, and as frequent examinations were carefully made, 1 may speak with considerable confidence. There were so many living, healthy, developing females remaining that in the early examina- tions we pronounced the treatment a failure. When the breeding season came we were greatly surprised at finding no larve on treated trees and the little yellow lice simply swarming cn trees that were not treated. The microscope showed the mature females on untreated trees to be packed with young, while the large, fresh, oily females on treated trees were empty, barren and entirely without any appearance of young about them. The proportion of males in the over-wintered brood is largely in excess of the females and this is nature’s provision for complete fertilization in the spring which no doubf is indispensable. The males being on the surface and exposed perished from the treatment, and many of the females protected under layers of encrusted scales escaped, but as there was no copulation there was no breeding. A mst gratifying feature of our work is that it shows clearly that the scale may be easily controlled and the vigor of an orchard maintained independent of surroundings. An orchard exposed to reinfestation is of course at a disadvantage, but even this will not prevent holding the scale well in check if regular annual treatments are given. 20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 And now that these results are secured, fruic growers and particularly those in infested sections, will appreciate the Minister’s persistent effort in their behalf, and we trust such thorough use of the remedies will be made as will speedily bring the pest well under control. Dr. FiercuHer : Said that he was glad to be able to confirm the results obtained by Mr. Fisher in the case of the San José scale. He had just been through the scene of these experiments with Mr. Fisher and Mr. Gib- son, and saw these very trees that were treated with lime and sulphur, and they were just as healthy as trees need to be. The scale was very abundant at the beginning of the season, but now there are only a very small number of living scales there, which shows that this remedy is very etfective. The treatment does not cost more than it is worth, and the application of it is useful in more ways than one, because it destroys many other injurious insects, and we have in it a remedy which comes next to the Bordeaux mixture. Lime, sulphur and salt is one of the very best fungicides we know of and when we find that it is one of the best and che pest applications for destroying the San Jose scale, and at the same time will remove many other diseases that.affect the tree, we should appreciate the efforts of the men who have given us this remedy. ; Until the San José scale was introduced into Ontario, our greatest loss was from the brown rot of the plum, and the black spot of the apple. Mr. Evans has a specimen that he is going to show to the meeting, which will illustrate how reports come back from European markets of the fruit we ship. The farmers ship them in comparatively good condition, they only see a small amount of spot upon the apple. This sample will show you what condition these apples are in when they reach the European markets. What does this mean, it means that the fruit growers have not taken the proper care to properly treat their trees ; these apples were shipped in comparatively proper condition ; but the shipment was delayed for three’ weeks and this is the condition in which the apples were found. [ Apples were exhibited which were sospotted and pitted with rot as to be absolutely unmarketable, and yet they were shipped three weeks before in an apparently sound condition. | Prof. Locuueap : I can assure you there is no person more pleased than I am, at the favourable results of Mr. Fisher’s experiments. Any person who has had anything to do with the San José scale knows the destruction it creates. The question is often put to the Entomologist, what are you here for if you can’t get rid of the scale ? Mr. Fisher was with me at the Pittsburg meeting of Economic Eatomologists and I can assure the members here, that we are ahead of the United States as far as the treatment of San José scale is concerned. Although they reported the results of the lime and sulphur treatment, there was a good deal of divergence of opinion at that meeting. Mr. FisHer : There seems to be some difficulty in cooking this mixture properly. The lime and sulphur preparation requires a great deal of cooking. Two hours are absolutely necessary and three hours are better than two. Iam not a chemist and I cannot explain the trouble from a scientific stand point. Our practice has been to put a quantity of water in a kettle and bring it to a boil, we then put the lime into the boiling water, and as soon as we got it slaked, we threw in the sulphur. The slaking of the lime seems to have a good effect in reducing the sulphur. This is cooked for two hours. When the sulphur is first introduced into the lime, the mixture is of a light silvery color and it remains about the same color during the first hour and a half, then it begins to shade away to a dark deep amber, and some that we cooked longer became a greenish color and had quite a green cast. If the mix- ture is properly made you cannot wash it off the trees, nor can you wash it off your hands, if you get anyon. 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 i . When it becomes cold the lime and sulphur appear to crystallize and we have water and _erystals, but we cannot stir it up neither can we restore it to life by cooking, and it will not stick when we put it on the trees. The preparation must therefore be applied while hot. The CHatrman: After it is in condition to apply to the trees, how long before it crystallizes ? Mr. FisHER: As soon as it gets cold; it would probably take half a day to cool. There is no trouble in getting it on after it is prepared, if you are not interrupted. Mr. W. E. Saunpers: As regards the chemical nature of this compound, it might be of interest to state that when the lime and sulphur are combined together, they make sulphide of calcium, and sulphide of calcium freshly made is soluble. It has been in use in the drug business for a long time as a remedy for skin diseases, and I have found that in the strength which we make it, which results in a bright brick-red solution, it does not crystallize. [ ‘should think that the crystals occur from making the solution too dense. We have a solution in stock now, that has been made for perhaps three months or six months and it is still of a deep orange-red color; it contains sulphide of calcium and probably some sulphur. This solution we have bottled up and it is in good condition to-day. When it is exposed to the air it forms upon the surface a flake of a mixture of sulphur and sulphide of calcium. Decom- position, no doubt, will go on to a more rapid extent as it is exposed longer to the air. [| should think that by putting this material in barrels, filling them right to the top, «nd putting the plug in the bung, it could be kept for weeks. If you have more sulphur than the solution can take up, it might possibly take it up while hot and throw it down when cold. If it had an excess of either one it might leave the residue in the bottom. Mr. Fisner : We have very little sediment ; the mixture appears to be perfect We did have a lighter wash, but it left the sulphur exposed, so that it would be blown away by the wind or washed off by the rain, whereas by using a pound of lime and half a pound of sulphur to the gallon of wash, it left the sulphur covered. The sulphur seems to be deposited between the lime and the bark of the tree. Prof. LocnuEaD: I had a talk with a chemist at the Pittsburg meeting and he stated that when you boil’sulphur and lime tozether, you get various kinds of sulphide of calcium There are sulphides of a high and a low degree, and these differ very remarkably. Prof. James : This is one of those things where the practice is of far greater value than the theory. We all know that the various forms sulphur assumes depend entirely upon the temperature to which it is heated. The use of the lime and sulphur mixture for the treatment of the San José scale in the eastern part of California has presented a very interesting feature tome. Perhaps most of you know that in the early days this favorite stand-by, or method, used in California was used here, but we were told by the American Entomologists that it was not at all applicable ,to the eastern part of the continent. It is quite evident now that our American friends came to a conclusion too rapidly, because when Mr. Fisher’s department used that treatment he wrote to a large number of the Entomologists on the other side, and in their replies they admitted that their previous conclusions were hardly correct. Mr. Fisher has practically shown them the way in this matter, and I think we can safely say that his experiments are in advance of anything that has been previously done in the Eastern States, or the Eastern half of the Continent. The only way in which they can be said to have gune beyond us is in the very important work done at the Department of Washington, in sending to China and Japan for the natural parasites of the insect. It seems that after trying many experiments, we have got out into the light and are now where we have some safe and sure footing with regard to this insect. Dr. FLercHer : With regard{to what Prof. Lochhead has said, that this work was shown © be of great importance at the Pittsburg convention, the suggestion has been made that our 9 “hy a 22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 work was as good as any in the United States. We can say that it is better than anything that has been done hitherto, and more than that, it is far more extensive than anything that . has ever been done in the United States. During the last four years Mr. Fisher has been working continuously throughout the summer. The best work done in the United States has been done by an Entomologist who has a class to teach and other work to do, whereas, Mr. Fisher has given his whole attention to the work and we have these good results. If a thing is worth doing and it will pay to do it, our farmers will do it. Seventeen years ago there was not a spraying machine in Canada, and now there are more than a million, because the people have been shown that it pays to use them. And so it will be with the treatment for the San José scale. Dr. Fletcher then moved, seconded by Dr. Bethune, ‘that the Entomological Society of Ontario have watched carefully the efforts of the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture and his Officers to discover a practical remedy for the San .José scale ever since its first appearance in Canada, and the Society now feel that they can justly, and they do hereby, tender their con- gratulations to the Minister for the excellent results which have been obtained through the discovery of a practical remedy for this most destructive insect.” — Carried unanimously. The CuarrMANn: It is very great gratification I am sure to us all that a member of our - Society, and one of its Directors should have accomplished the very good work that he has done ; we also feel that an immense deal of credit is due to the Minister of Agriculture for the thorough way in which he has caused these investigations and experiments to be conducted in the face of a great deal of opposition. We feel grateful to him for what he has done, and also to his officers for their excellent work. EVENING MEETING. A public neeting of the Society, to which the members of the London Horticultural Society were specially invited, was held on Wednesday evening, October 29th, in a lecture room of the Normal School, by kind permission of Principal Merchant. At 8 o’clock the meeting was called to order by the President, the Rev. Dr. Fyles, who said : Ladies and gentlemen we are happy to meet you again to talk of the beautiful objects in which the Society is interested, and to tell you of some facts concerning them. I beg to re- quest Prof. James to take the chair this evening. Pref. James: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, I accept very readily and very will- ingly the invitation of the Entomological Society to occupy the chair on this occasion ; partly because of the high appreciation I hold of their work, and partly also because we of the Depart- ment of Agriculture who are more intimately related to that work, get from them so much assistance in connection with our own work. We have been holding a session this afternoon, and have been discussing two questions in particular. They are of very great moment to the people of this Prevince. We have been discussing very small things indeed. Things so small that in order to be detected, in some cases at least, they must be put under a powerful micro- scope. These small things mean a great deal in connection with the development of this country ; they are the Scale insect that affects our fruit trees and the Weevil that destroys our pea crop. If the Society had done nothing else in connection with their meeting, but to pre- pare for publication the information that will be collected, then they will not have met in vain. It is not many years since Entomology was looked down upon. It is only within the last few years that it has received that attention which it deserves, and I am afraid that even yet Entomology in most of its departments is not receiving the recognition it fully deserves. We a 1902 ENTUMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 -are finding more and more enemies to our crops, and as they come before us we turn to the specialists, those who have made a special study of Entomology, and apply to them for help and assistance, and as these men put into practice the results of their investigations, the people as a whole are coming to the conclusion that after all these men are not merely men of theories but are men of practice, and I think we shall find in connection with this Entomological Society that theory and practice are working hand in hand as effectively as in connection with any other society organized for the general welfare of this Province. Entomology is a subject which is not only of very great consequence to me, as these two crops I have mentioned will give evidence, but it is a subject of very great interest. It came -out in discussion this afternoon that the pea crop of this Province during this past year was worth from four to seven million dollars less than 1t was about ten years ago. This falling oft in production is to be attributed to the destructive work of a minute insect. If our entomolo- gists can give us a simple remedy whereby the ravages of this insect can be overcome, you can “understand how very practical their work must be. We have not a very long programme to lay before you this evening, but I think that you will find that what we have to give you will be full of interest. I have now very much pleasure in introducing to you the Rev. Dr. Fyles of Quebec. Dr. Fyles then read his presidential address and illustrated it with a series of beautitul diagrams, the work of his own hand. INSECT LIFE. By Rey. Tuomas W. Fyugs, D.C L., F.L.S.—PREsIpENT. The old Roman poet, Lucretius, made known, in lofty strains, his ideas upon Natural Things. His poetry was better than his philosophy. He held the opinion that the soul of man was diffused in atoms throughout the body. He argued that if, on the death of the body, any of these soul atoms remained in it, the soul could not properly be accounted immortal, because it suffered diminution. But, he continued, if the soul left the body with all its parts entire, how do you account for the boneless, bloodJess creatures that are found in, and upon, the carcass? He seemed to think that the soul particles could embody themselves anew in different ways. If Lucretius had been an Entomologist, and had known the life histories of the Silphidze and Muscidz he would not have entertained opinions so absurd. The great question of Life baffled him, as it has baffled many a philosopher since. « The boys, at the school I attended as a child, pointed out to me a celebrated surgeon, a lecturer on Anatomy, who, they said, was endeavoring to find out the nature, and the seat, of life. We regarded him with awe; but he never made the discovery—he died, and his place knew him no more. Distinct from the highest meaning of the word Life, the Theological meaning, which we understand in our Saviour’s declaration, ‘‘ They would not come unto Me that they | might have life,” the word is used in various senses. It is used to denote :— I. Vitality—the power by which we live and move and have our being. II. The period between birth and death. Ill. Energy, vigour ; as in, He is full of life. IV. The condition and habits of life ; as high life, low life. V. A multitude of beings; as the city teemed with life. Vi. A life history. There are other meanings, but these will suffice for our present purpose, ' 24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 89 With the term Insect Life we are very familiar. The late Prof. Riley conducted under it, as a title, a publication which is highly valued, as a very treasury of Entomological in- formation. Let us, in our consideration cf Insect Life, transfer to it the meanings above enumerated. I. And first as to the vital power. Of this it may be said that, as in the case of man, so in that of the inferior creatures, no physiologist has ever been able to make plain to us. its nature and its seat. We speak of certain organs as vital organs; and we are able to trace the respiratory, digestive, nervous, muscular and reproductive systems ; but the grand power that brings all into play remains a mystery. It came from God; and, when He taketh away the breath of His creatures, they die and return again to their dust. What is the first and ordinary indication by which we judge that an insect is alive ? It is gts ability to move. We notice on a Basswood an appearance as of a triangle of small twits, some brown, some green. We examine it closely and perceive that we have an object before us with a head, and a trunk, and jointed limbs. Is it alive? The creature stretches out a limb, and we know that it is alive. It is Diapheromera femorata, Say. Fig. 6. Again we see on a twig a small creature that in build resembles a Guinea-fowl with head and neck extended. It is brown and hard, and might, you think, be taken for a thorn. Suddenly it springs out of sight. You might say —— eine SKS SS LT7777T lan C7 OS = \ \ pe tee! aed ead ao ae a <@ AL yb en coal AA Pc Fig. 6. Walking-stick insect (original). Fig. 7. Leaf-hopper, much magnified (original). of it, as old John Willett said of May-pole Hugh, ‘‘ You look, and there he is: you look ; . . v again, and there he isn’t!” ; Or again you see a piece of bark, as you suppose, projecting slightly from the boll of a tree. It is brown and ridged, and has marks as if, at some time, a small twig on either 3 ; } extremity. It is owing to \ 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 25 side had been broken off. You give it a poke, and it SWEIVES ; and some small feet are protruded ; and you perceive that it is a living moth (Calocampa curvimacula, Morris). And once more, you notice a seeming patch of lichen on a birch-tree. You approach to examine it ; when suddenly, from beneath the deceptive ‘fore-wings, a pair of gorgeous scarlet secondaries are display- ed; and the creature flies off to a place of security. It is Catocala parta Guen. Fig. 8. How rapid the nervous ac- tion—-how great the muscular force, that can carry the frog- hopper out of reach, that can Fig. 8. Catocala parta (Red Underwing Moth). display, and set in motion, so effectively, the ample wings of fhe moth ! There is a beetle (Limulodes paradoxus, Matth.) so small that it looks like the dot that we place over the letter 7; yet it is gifted with nervous and muscular forces according te its need ; and we can— ——‘‘ trace in nature’s most minute design The signature and stamp of power divine, Contrivance intricate, express’d with ease, Where unassisted sight no beauty sees, The shapely limb and lubricated joint, Within the small dimensions of a point, Muscle and nerve miraculously spun, His mighty work, who speaks and it is done, The invisible in things scarce seen reveal’d, To whom an atom is an ample field.” * In the progression of caterpillars a remarkable phenomenon may be witnessed. If a semi- translucent caterpillar be placed, when in motion, against the light—as upon a window pane— there will be observed a backward muscular action, within the body, which takes the appear- ance of a succession of wavelets passing from segment to segment, from the head to the farther the nerve power passing from ganglion to ganglion and acting, in order, upon the muscles that set the the real advance — the backward flow causes the Fig. 9. Iulus multistriatus. legs in motion and cause forward movement. When an Iulus is in motion, you see each pair of its numerous legs move forward in succession with the utmost regularity. (Fig 9.) Respiration, and the reception, digestion and assimilation of food are as necessary to the life of the insect as they are to the life of man: and the insect is provided with organs admir- ably suited to carry on these functions, and with others according to its need. » II. We may call the period of the insect’s existence its Life. Insect life in this sense is made up of four successive stages—the egg, the larval, the pupal and the imago stages. Some kinds of insects pass through all these rapidly, as for example, the House Fly. With it, the egg stage lasts only twenty-four hours. * Cowper. Retirement. 26 THE REP ORT OF THE , No.l9 The following table, which I have made up from the last five completed volumes of the Canadian Entomologist, will give an idea of the usual length of the egg stage of insects :— Colias interior, 6 or 7 days, Lyman, Vol. XXIX., No. 11. ; Epirranthus obfirmaria, 13 days, Fyles, Vol. XXIX., No. 11. ‘ Brephos infans, 8, 9, or 10 days, Brainerd, Vol. XXIX , No. 11. ; Trigonophora periculosa, 10 days, Fyles, Vol. XXXI., No. 2. Euprepia caja, 9,days, Gibson, Vol. XXXII., No. 11. Arctia phalerata, 7 or 8 days, Gibson, Vol. XXXII., No. 12. Xylina Bethunei, about 14 days, Lyman, Vol XXXIIL., No. 1. Phlyctenia ferrugalis, 14 days, Fletcher & Gibson, Vol. XX XIII., No. 5. Arctia virguncula, 7 or 8 days, Gibson, Vol. XX XIII., No. 12. The most remarkable egg period that has come under my notice is that of Pamphila Mani- toba. Th: ege stage of this insect lasts for eight months. In the year 1894, on the 8th day of August, I witnessed the laying of a batch of the eggs. On the 20th day of April, in the follow- ing year, | saw the tiny larve bite their way to freedom from the shells in which they had — lived so long. The other stages of the insect’s life were completed within four months—in less half th iod of tl y stage. aaa gee ia laieiad toe The larval period also varies in differ- ent species. It is the insect’s feeding time. In the case of a Bombyx, it is the time when sufficient nutriment must eb — assimilated, to sustain the insect through all its after existence. Some larve are into chrysalis. Others spend the Winter | quickly ‘‘full fed,” and go directly after . in a state of torpidity, and complete their | . growth in the Spring. Such, for instance, are the larveeof Melitea Harrisii Scudder. Fig. 10. Caterpillar and Chrysalis of a Cossus. These are ¢ roga rious in the Fall, and may 4 be seen‘apparently tangled) up in dirty- looking webs upon the heads of the White Aster. When disturbed they strike an attitude, and seem to be all legs. In the Spring they scatter, and feed up on the young shoots of the plant. The butterflies from them ap- pear in June. Their life is completed within a twelvemonth. But with the Cosside the larval stage is greatly prolonged. Packard has given illustrations of Cossus Cen- terensis, Lintner, in which the appear- ance of the larva is shewn after a growth of four months, of a year and four months, of two years and four months, and of three years, when the . re Fig. 11. Cicada septendecim. a, larva ; b, pupa case ; ¢, perfect ) caterpillar was ready to pupate. (# 1g. F form ; d, eggs deposited in a twig. 10.) But the most extraordinary prolongation of insect life is that of Cicada septendecim, Linneus (Fig. 11). This creature, as its name implies, is seventeen years in attaining perfec- — . A . rm au tion. In Jength of life it stands alone amongst insects. 4 P 1902. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 III. The energy of many species of insects is surprising—they are full of life. In some cases, as in that of the mosquito, they are— as the little girl said of a troublesome puppy—‘‘ too much alive.” On the 22nd of June of this year, I was staying at the beautiful country house of the Honourable Richard Turner, on the Island of Orleans. I looked from my bedroom window early in the morning—it was a bright, sunny morning—and lo, the air was full of light gauzy forms sporting around the trees on the lawn and over the tops of them. There were myriads of the creatures ; and all day long they kept up their mazy dance, seldom alighting to rest. They belonged to the species Ephemera simulans, Walker The wings of this species are spotted with brown, and are strengthened with an exquisite net-work of ‘‘nerves.” The long waving -tails of the insects add grace to their movements. (Fig. 12). If I hay, I will here mention an episode, that was narrated to me by the much esteemed Kditor of our magazine, Dr. Bethune. Some years ago, an alarm of fire was raised in the town in which he then resided. The fire-engines were called out and there was a great commotion. From the roof of a large warehouse, near the water, volumes of Fig. 12. (Original.) , Fig, 13. (Original.) seeming smoke and heated air were rising and eddying. On reaching the building the firemen found that they had been misled, or, as the boys would say ‘‘ sold.” The appearance that had alarmed the town was caused by innumerable specimens of Polystichotes punctatus, Fab, rising from, and sporting over, the roof. (Fig. 13.) Often during the time I lived in the Eastern Townships, when driving home in the calm summer evenings, I noticed above the top of some giant monarch of the forest, a mysterious moving column just discernible against the pale after glow of the sunset. The appearances were due to assemblies of insects, taking their pleasure in the heights. Who has not noticed the dash with which the bee comes suddenly out of the blue and alights upon the foot-board of the hive, asvif, like the clown in the pantomine he would say, “* Here we are again !”’ That energetic little fellow the Flea, Pulex irritans, Linneus, can leap thirty times its own height. Who has not admired the persistence with which the bot-fly, Gastrophilus equi, Linneus, keeps up with the trotting horse and hovers around its legs, till opportunities occur of attaching its eggs to them. It is the cold breath of approaching winter that robs the insect world of its energy, that takes the life out of it. Apropos of this, ‘‘ The Duchess” in her story entitled ‘‘ Her Last Throw ” has a little piece of quiet fun. One of her characters, Fay, is speaking :— ‘* Her voice annoys me. It is so slow—so drawlly. tis irritating. It is lifeless. She talks as though she were a fly in October.”’ ‘* Captain Severn laughs rather constrainedly. 28 THE REPORT OF THE , No. 19 ‘*Oh! And is it in October flies talk? says he. How interesting ! After all, the one subject never quite mastered is natural history. It is always full of surprises.” . If flies do not talk, they have some mysterious mode of communicating with their kind. One evening, when I resided in England, returning to my home I noticed a number of large handsome moths fluttering around an out-building. I looked about and saw others, coming . from all quarters, and as far as the eye could see. I recognized them as males of the species Lasiocampa quercus. Presently it occurred to me that a female of the species might have come from a cocoon in my insect breeding cage. I opened the door of the out-building, and— in flocked the moths. So intent were they upon paying their respects to the lady moth, who was really within, that they flew into my hands as I undid the gauze covering of the cage. What called them? A voice unheard by man—a subtle effluvium—or emanations yet more - strange ? We know not ; but they came from far and near, full of life and enewpy. The - female chose her mate; and the rest fluttered disconsolately away, or fell inertly to the ground. IV. The term life is applied to the habits and mode of liying. We say, what a strange life to lead ! The Broad-leaved Aster (Aster macrophyllus L.) grows in patches of considerable size in the woods around Levis. In the month of June of this year I noticed that many of the large ground leaves of the plant were folded over, from both sides, and crinkled. On opening one of them I found that a larva had turned the leaf into a cool and pleasant tent for itself, and was feeding upon the parenchyma of the leaf. This larva was about nine lines in length, and was of a pale green, with dorsal, sub-dorsal and side lines of darker green. The head and second segment were jet black and glossy. The fore-part of the third segment was dull brown—on the after part of it were four conspicuous white patches. At intervals, along the sub-dorsal lines, and elsewhere on the body, were round jet black dots. The spiracles were black. The under side of the larva was pale green. The claspers and anal segment were marked with black. On June 25th the larva span a capsule-like, white cocoon, open at one end, for the exit of the moth. Its plan was to place itself on the under side of a fresh leaf, upon the midrib ; then to affix its threads at a certain distance on either side of the rib, and to draw so much of the leaf as lay between, into a fold or crease. Within this it formed its cocoon. The moths appeared on July 10th. The insect measured when displayed ten and ‘a half lines across. Its body was four lines in length, and its antennz three lines. The palpi were dark brown, turned back usually. The basal part of them was spindle-shaped ; the terminal point was smaller, long and pointed. The fore-wings were brown, clouded with darker brown towards the hind margin. They had a sub-terminal line of paler brown spots bordered with black. Beyond the centre of the wings was a pale brown horse-shoe like mark, not very distinct. The secondaries were grey with a lighter well-marked sub-terminal line, and a grey fringe. The body was tufted at the extremity. The tarsi were ringed with white. Professor Fernald tells me that the moth belongs to the genus Z'richotophe, Clem. He does not know the species. I think it probable, therefore, that it is unnamed ; and I venture to-give it the provisional name of T'richotophe Levissella. Its life is a curious one. I have raised from this species the parasite Hemiteles imweronatus, Prov. The mode of life of a Tortoise Beetle that has lately made its appearance in the neighbor- hood of Quebec is a remarkable one. The larva feeds on the burdock and the thistle. It moulds its exuvize and dejecta into a screen which it supports over its body by means of i's forked tail—thus disguising itself from its enemies, and sheltering itself from the hot sun. When it goes into pupa it cements itself to the leaf. The pupa is brown and drab, and, round a . oa 1902, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIKTY. 29 the abdomen, is set with white branched spines. The perfect insect is a pretty pea-green, shield-shaped beetle. I have described it in the Canadian Entomologist for this month. The Syrphus flies (Fig. 14) lead a remarkable life. Their larvee come from eggs laid upon plants on which aphides abound. They are blunt at one end and tapering at the other, and they have powers of extension and retraction (Fig. 15). They drive their sharp mouth organs into the aphides and suck them dry—as a boy might suck an orange—rejecting the skins. They spend the pupal period of their existence in curious hunched-up cases. The flies are handsome. They sustain their life upon the nectar of flowers, and they may be seen upon the heads of yarrow as late as the beginning of October. There are several species of them. One day in September I was examining the blossoms of the Turtle-head (Chelone glabra), and admiring the beautiful gothic arches formed by the curved stamens and the flocculent anthers. I noticed that the pistil.of the blossom extended over these and was bent down in front of them so that it would come in contact with intruding insects and be charged with pollen that they conveyed. I looked round to see what insect would venture to open that Turtle-mouth and tread that arched way. A movement in one of the blossoms arrested my attention and I saw that there was an insect within. So busily engaged in the recesses of the flower was this spoiler that I was able to pluck the blossom and put it and its occupant into a box that I had ready. Fig. 14.—Syrphus fly. Fig. 15.—Syrphus fly larva Fig 16.—lace-winged fly. Fig, 17.—Lace-winged fly, sucking out the vital eggs and larva. fluids of an aphis. ‘i On re aching home I found that the fly was Syrphus Americana, Wied. The Syrphus fly is a beneficial insect—it leads a useful life. V. We say that the plant is teeming with life, meaning that numerous livinz things infest it. At Montmorency, on the 30th of July, I noticed something peculiar in the plants of (Enothera biennis, L. that abound there. Instead of growing in a graceful s nike, the flower- buds were crowded in a flattened mass. I plucke! a number of the heads and examined them at leisure. They were alive with aphides, and preying upon these were larvee of the Lace- wing fly (Melzomu Slossone, Banks) (Figs. 16 and 17) and larvee of four kinds of Syrphus flies, viz., S. arcuatus, Fallen, S. Americanus, Wied., Platychirus quadratus, Say, and Spherophoria cylindrica, Say. I also found in them caterpillars of the noctuid Alaria florida, Guenée, and of a beautiful little Tortrix that is new to me. From the aphides | obtiined some minute Proctotrupids. Another plant that abounds with insect life is the Golden Rod (‘olidago Canadensis, L ). At the summit of the flower-head works the larva of Pedisca Scudderana, Clem. In the stem are found the hollow galls of Gellechia gallo-solidaginis, Riley, and the pithy galls of Trypeta solidaginis, Fitch. In the leaves are the disks caused by the fly called by Osten Sacken, Cecidomyia carbonifera. These three last named species are liable to the attacks of parasites. Among the blossoms of the plant lurks the Hemipteron Phymota erosa, Linn. awaiting its prey ; and numbers of butterflies, moths, bees and flies resort to the plant—it abounds with life. One of the most remarkable assemblies of insect life that I have witnessed was on the walls of an electvic power-house at Cote St. Paul, Montreal. The building was close to the 30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 —— - ——_ _ —_ 4 Lachine canal and near the aqueduct. Low down in front of the building was an are light. Attracted by this was an innumerable company of Neuroptera. Both the variety of species and the number of each kind were surprising. It was a calm, soft evening, a very gala time for the Neuroptera. In the assembly were the beautifully striped Macronema zebratum, Hagen, the elegant Setodes exqwisetor, Walker, with its golden spotted border, and the diaphanous Chloroperla bilineata, Say. VI. By the word life we sometimes understand a life history. Scattered through the pages of the Canadian Entumologist will be found many life-histeries of various kinds of insects. They may not, by the general reader, be deemed as valuable as ** Plutarch’s Lives,” or ‘* Walton’s Lives”; but to entomologists they are deeply interesting ; and we gladly welcome every addition to their number. Among the most wonderful of the insect life histories I have read, are those of Hormaphis hamamelidis, Fitch, and Hamamelistes spinosus, Shimer. They appear in ‘ Technical Series, No. 9, U.S. Department of Agriculture,” and are written by Mr, Pergande. The creatures. whoselivesare recorded are two speciesot plant-lice inhabiting both the witch-hazel and the birch. Mr. Pergande tells us that,-—‘‘The study of the life history of these, after numerous. failures and disappointments, covering a space of twenty-two years of patient labowr” was at. length brought to a successful conclusion. I will speak only of the first named insect. It lays its eggs in October upon the branches and twigs of the witch-hazel. They produce stem-mothers, which in colour are of a dull black, and are set with white, iridescent waxy rods. Around each of these stem-mothers a gall is formed within which it lives. It changes its skin three times before attaining its growth, It then brings forth its progeny (numbering 100 or 120) within the gall. These are the migrants. They grow rapidly, changing their skins four times. At the last change they become winged. They leave the gall at the end of May. and seek, and settle upon, the black birch. They are of a dark purplish colour and have colourless or slightly dusky wings. Kach migrant deposits about fifty larvee upon the tinder side of the birch leaves. The larvie change their skins three times, and then present an extraordinary appearance. They ave almost round and flat, and have a fringe of cylindrical waxy rods. Their body colour is dusky brown, or black ; and, in the fringe, the lowest third of each rod is white, and the other two-thirds glassy and iridescent. The insects at this stage are closely cemented to the leaf. After two generations more, and about the end of August, comes the sixth generation or retwrn migrants which andergo four changes—becoming pupw at the fourth. These pups produce the winged insects that return to the witch-hazel. The migration continues throughout Sep- tember, From these return migrants comes a brood of wingless males and females, the latter of which deposit their eggs upon the witch-hazel twigs in October, as was at first stated. We have dwelt upon insect life in the different meanings in which the term is used, I trust that your interest in the subject will not end with this night’s proceedings. All around us, and all the time, there are natural objects and workings of nature deserving of our close attention, ‘* For everything there is a purpose, and in everything there is a meaning, if only we have the eyes to see it, and the hearts to understand it.” The Entomological Society of Ontario was intended to be, and is, a guide to nature studies. If any gentleman present be not a member of the Society, Linvite him to join it. In entomological pursuits he will learn lessons of God's power and goodness that will strengthen his higher life ; he will acquire infor- mation that will be of interest and service to him all his life long. His presence at our meet- ings will give new life to our proceedings. He will find new interests and pleasures that will banish ennui from the life he leads ; and in the end, if he has proved a useful member of the Society, the editor of the day will, I doubt not, write his life-history for the pages of the Ouwadian Hntomologist” // ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. St Pror. James: Ladies and gentlemen, we always look for a paper of much interest from ‘Dr. Fyles, and he has kept up the good reputation he has already achieved in this Society by his paper this evening. I have always taken a great interest in the Society and never fail to read anything the Doctor has written. I remember some years ago reading some reminiscences of the life of Philip H.. Gosse, a celebrated entomologist who lived in that part of Canada from which the Doctor comes. I consider his paper on the insects of the Bible one of the most: instructive papers I have ever read; and others upon the insects of Shakespeare and of our modern poets most interesting and attractive. The Doctor is always able to add a literary finish to his work on entomology. He tells us to-night in one place that natural history is full _of surprises, and this reminds me of a litule incident I read ina New York paper, Cooper, the novelist, in one of his stories desvribed a young man driving along the road who came to a house, pulled up his horse, jumped down from the rig and tied his horse toa locust. The sup- position is, of course, that a locust tree was meant, when, however, the French translator came to this passage he evidently was stuck by the word ‘‘ locust.” He turned to his diction- ary and found only one meaning, and that was the locust or grasshopper (Sawteredle), and he makes Cooper’s young man tie his horse to a grasshopper! This rather staggered the trans- lator, and he thought it necessary to add a foot-note, which ran as follows: ‘‘ In America the grasshopper grows to a very large size, so they stuff them and add a few weights to hold them down and place them in front of their houses to use them as tie-posts” ! The natural history of America certainly is full of surprises. SOME COMMON BUTTERFLItS, AND SOME NOTED BUTTERFLY HUNTERS. By Wa. Locuneap, Ontario AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGR, GQUELPE, The younger students of insects, and those of us who ace actively engaged in the warfare against injurious insects, can hardly realize the conditions under which the older entomologists worked ; and I make bold to say that we will never know how much we owe to them. We are indeed fortunate in our day and generation. We have ready access to large collections correctly Mamed and arranged through no effort of ours, We have scores of splendidly illustrated volumes, each of which can be bought for a trifle and placed on the shelves of owe own library. We have numbers of specialists who can help us out of the many small diftioulties which often arise. All of these privileges were denied to the workers of a generation ago, and we marvel at the amountof good work done under obstacles which would new be termed well nigh asurmountable, It is my purpose this evening to tell you something about some of our great collectors, including some of those stout-hearted men who worked unremittingly without hope of money reward, and more than that, without the sympathetic encouragement ofthe people whom they were trying to help. They were looked upon as harmless ‘*bug-hunters”, and they were allowed to live, because the community believed that it took all kinds of people to make a world. But times have changed, Entomologists ave now looked upon as persons who are doing a necessary anda valuable work for the country, Governments spend money on their support, College chairs are endowed that students may receive instruction in Kutomology, people ave beginning to clamor for a better knowledge of insect-life, and the parents of school children are demanding he introduction of Nature Study into our schools, 1 wish to state at the outset that Entomology knows no national boundaries, for the mtomologists of all countries form one grand brotherhood of workers, Naturally, then, I shall jot confine my remarks to our Canadian band, IT shall introduce to you many co-workers from he United States, co-workers whom we always delight to honor, for to them we owe much. 32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 With the aid of the electric lantern, I hope to make quite real both the persons and the insects about which I shall speak. I regret that, through oversight on my part, lantern slides of some of our prominent collectors were not prepared. The first face shown on the screen is one quite familiar to a London audience. The name of Dr. Bethune is well known in scientific circles throughout Canada, the United States, and Europe. He has been Editor of the ‘ Canadian Entomologist ” for upwards of 22 years, and the credit of its present high standing is due almost entirely to his brilliant work. Dr. Bethune was a contributor of valuable papers on insect-life nearly 40 years ago. He is one of the tew surviving charter members of the Entomological Society which was organized in 1863. From 1865 to 1873, Dr. Bethune was Editor of the Entomological department of the Hon. Geo. Brown’s ‘‘Canada Farmer’, and for nearly 40 years he has contributed articles to the agricultural papers on subjects of economic importance. The second face is also familiar to Londoners. Dr. Saunders and Dr. Bethune were a fine team of workers. He, too, is a charter member of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and until he became Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms was one of the leading authorities on Entomological subjects. His work ‘‘ Insects Injurious to Fruits,” published in 1883, is still the best thumbed book on the shelves of the working Economic Entomologist. The third face is-also familiar to Londoners. Mr. J. M. Denton was one of the most earnest collectors of our Society. Readers of the Annual Reports of the Entomological Society recognize how much he helped to make those Reports so valuable. : The fourth face is that of our worthy President,—Rev. Dr. Fyles of Quebec. He and _ | Mr. Lyman of Montreal whose picture follows have done much in stirring up the enthusiasm of lovers of insects in our sister province, and both have done work of real scientific merit. Our sixth face is that of Mr. Harrington of Ottawa, and is probably not so well known as the preceding, since his duties at Ottawa have prevented his attendance at our annual meetings for four or five years, Mr. Harrington is one of the leading authorities in America on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. He is one of our younger men, so that much may yet be expected of him. i The seventh face is one well known from the Atlantic to the Pacific. I do not care to say much about Dr. Fletcher in his presence, suffice it to say that his heart and head are as large as his body, and that 1s saying a great deal. Long may he live to fill the position which he — now adorns ! The last Canadian to whom I shall refer is the Abbé Provancher of Laval University, Quebec. In 1869, this indefatigable worker, without the aid of reference libraries or access to — reference collections, began the ‘‘ Naturaliste Canadien” and continued this magazine up to — 1891, completing 20 volumes. In the meantime, in 1874, he began his ‘‘Faune Entomologique du Canada,” a series of volumes devoted to descriptions of Canadian Insects. The first volume, completed in 1877, is devoted to Coleoptera. In 1878-79-80, he issued supplements to this — volume. In 1883, he completed a second volume which was devoted to the Orthoptera, — Neuroptera and Hymenoptera ; and a little later he published additions to his Hymenoptera. In 1890, he completed his third volume devoted to the Hemiptera. He died in 1892. I regret that I am unable to presenta likeness of this able French Canadian Naturalist. Now, I turn to our co-workers in the United States. The first is T. Wm. Harris, who lived from 1795 to 1856. This man was the first paid American Entomologist, and his publi- cations date from 1823. ‘These were followed by a long succession of interesting and original — articles dealing chiefly with the injurious Insects of New England. He published a Report entitled ‘‘ Insects Injurious to Vegetation” in 1841, this being known now as ‘A Treatise ' : Upon Insects Injurious to Vegetation.” As Dr. Howard remarks: ‘* This book is to-day aS valuable as when first written, more than 50 years ago.” In the early part of his life, Harris j 1902 | ENTUMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. * 33 worked practically alone; but, in 1854, Dr. Asa Fitch was appointed Entomologist for th State of New York. Dr. Fitch was born in 1809 and died in 1879. He published 14 reports, in all of which are observations and work of a valuable character. The next picture is that of Townend Glover, who might be called the first en‘ omologist of the Federal Government at Washington. His first report dates from 1854. For the 10 years between 1856 to 1866, Fitch and Glover were the only Economic Entomologists of great note in America. The next face is that of Benj. D. Walsh, an Englishman by birth, who was a contempor- ary of Fitch and Glover, but began later than the previous two to write articles along econo- mic lines. In 1868, Walsh was appointed State Entomologist for the State of Illinois. He is said to have been a very interesting speaker, and one who could hold an audience of farmers for hours at a time when he dealt with entomological subjects. The next face is that of C. V. Riley, who also came from England,—one of the most famous economic entomologists the world has ever produced. In 1868, Riley was appointed entomologist for the State of Missouri. He published 9 annual reports covering the whole field of economic entomology. In 1878, on Glover’s death, Riley was appointed entomologist _ of the United States Department of Agriculture. With the exception of two years, when 4 Prof. Comstock was entomologist, Dr. Riley had charge of the Government work up to June ‘ 1894, when he was succeeded by the present entomologist, Dr. L. O. Howard. q f Dr. Howard is a leader among entomologists ; and, as chief of his department, has been a great success. He has the faculty of gathering around him a strong corps of assistants, and these he encourages to do much original investigation by giving them full credit for all the work they do. Dr, Howard is a prolific writer—his latest important publication being ‘ The Insect Book,” an illustrated manual of popular entomology. / Our next picture is Dr. J. B. Smith of New Jersey in his office and laboratory. He is _ another of our best known entomologists. In 1895, he published a college text-book called _ “ Economic Entomology,” a valuable guide to the insects which are of economic value. Dr. Smith isa specialist in the Noctuid family of moths. The next is Dr. W. J. Holland of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg. His specialty is the Lepidoptera, and his most recent work is the ‘‘ Butterfly Book ” which should be in every school library. It is a marvel of cheapness and profusely illustrated with coloured plates. Next comes W. H. Edwards, the great Lepidopterist. His grand work on the butterflies of North America is a monumental one, filling three large quarto volumes with exquisite coloured illustrations. ; The next picture is that of Prof. Comstock of Cornell University. Although an inyesti- gator of great originality, his strongest claim on the brotherhood of entomologists is the inspiring influence which he has exerted on the many students who flock to his class-room and laboratory. I may say truly that about two-thirds of all the entomologists in America to-day have been in his laboratory and have come under his influence. His published works are known to every student. They have done much to systematize the study of insects, and to make it possible tor the young collector to make headway. Next comes one of our famous women who have popularized the study of insects. Mrs. Com- stock is a meet companion and helpmate for the Professor. Besides being a student of insects she is an illustrator of insect life and has prepared a large proportion of the illustrations in her husband’s books. For the past two years, she has been devoting her attention to the extension of Nature Study in New York State. The next woman isthe late Miss Ormerod of England. She has done more than any other person in Great Britain to build up economic entomology. Her reports published a her own expense, are almost invaluable, and her Manuals are classics. The last picture is that of Prof. Webster, whom most of our members know well. For Frere: aS . o 34 ' THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 >= many years, he attended cur annual gathering, and assisted us in our discussions ; he more- ever helped us when we were fighting the San José scale. Having received an appointment in Illinois, he is now unable to be with us, much to our mutual regret. Now we come to the consideration of some of our common butterflies and moths. (Colored illustrations of the following were presented by means of the lantern) ; Papilio turnus ; Vanes- sa antiopa ; Pieris rapae ; Anosia archippus ; Eudamus tityrus ; Samia cecropia ; Hyper- chiria io ; Phlegethontius celeus ; Everyx myron ; Deilephila lineata ; Tropza luna ; ide- masia concinna ; Orgyia leucostigma ; Bombyx mori ; Cutworms ; Clothes’ Moths ; Hyphan- tria cunea ; Acronycta ; Prionoxystus robiniae ; Halisidota ; and Sannina exitiosa. i In most cases, all the four stages egg, caterpillar, pupa, and imago were shown. Such forms as Pieris, Orgyia, Bombyx, Cutworms, Clothes’ Moths Hyphantria and Sannina, which are of economic importance, were dwelt upon more at length. At the conclusion of Prof. Lochhead’s lecture, Dr. Fletcher rose and said : I am sure everyone present has been muck pleased with the entertainment we have had this evening ; Dr. Fyles’s delightful address, full as it was of so many ideas of interest, must have pleased everybody. Prof. Lochhead’s illustrations with his remarks will, I have no doubt, teach us a great deal about insects, and I have much pleasure in moving a vote of thanks to Dr. Fyles and to Prof. Lochhead. The motion was duly seconded and carried unaminously. Dr. BerHunE : Before we separate I should very much like to propose a vote of thanks to the chairman for the very able manner in which he has presided here to-night, and for coming from Toronto to be with us, also for his interesting remarks at the beginning and at other times during the proceedings ; and [ should like to add to this vote of thanks the name of Mr. Principal Merchant, who has kindly allowed us the use of this lecture room, and of Mr, — Dearness for the able way in which he has taken charge of the lantern. i The motion was seconded and unaminously adopted. ; " | | | Mr. Dearness made a suitable reply on behalf of himself and Mr. Merchant, and the meet- ing adjourned. SECOND DAY’S SESSION. THURSDAY, Octoser 30th, 1902. ; The Entomological Society resumed its meetings at 11 o’clock, a. m., the President, Rev. Dr. Fyles, occupying the chair. The Directors’ Reports on the insects of the year were first — called for ; at the clos2 of the reading of each there followed a general discussion on the insects — referred to and much valuable information was given. Specimens were al-o exhibited in illus- ; tration of the subjects treated of, many of which were presented to the Society’s collections. The reports of the Council and officers for the past year were read and adopted ; the meeting — then proceeded to the election of Officers, which resulted as shown on page 2. The reports | of the Branches and Sections were read and approved. In the afternoon the Society met at 2.30 o’cluck and the chair was taken by Prof. Lochhead, | the newly elected President. After the reading of Reports was completed, papers were read | by Dr. Fletcher, Prof. Lochhead, Messrs. Moffat, Lyman, Stevenson, Norris, Gibson and | others, and were in many cases fully discussed. The majority of the papers are published in the following pages, but a few, being ot a technical character, are to appear in the ‘‘ Canadian a Entomologist.”’ the monthly organ of the Society ; among the latter should be mentioned'papers by Dr. Fletcher and his assistant Mr. Arthur Gibson on ‘‘ The Life-history of the Variable | Cutworm, Mamestra Atlantica”; by Mr. Gibson on the Canadian species of the genus Apantest | (Arctia) with special reference to the larvie ;” and ‘‘ the Life-history of Crocigrapha Normani. ee 1902 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 A large number of rare and interesting specimens were exhibited by Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Fyles, Mr. A. Gibson, Mr. C. H. Young, Mr H. H. Lyman, Prof. Lochhead, Mr. J. D Evans, Mr. G. Chagnon and Mr. A. E. Norris. The following exhibits were made by Dr Fletcher and Mr. Arthur Gibson : A beautiful series of Smerinthus ophthalmicus reared from eggs received from Mr. J. W. Cockle, of Kaslo, B. C. Most of the specimens were of a beautiful fawn colour, although the female which laid the eggs was of a slaty grey tint. A series of Nemeo) hila petrosa from eggs collected at Bantf by Dr. Fletcher, and to com- pare with these a series of the form known as Nemeophila Selwynii, Hy. Edwards, from Nepigon. Dr. Fletcher stated that although the Rocky Mountain form was extremely variable, one specimen being actually almost undistinguishable from N. Selwynii, the species taken at Nepigon was extremely constant in markings. Of hundreds taken during the last ten years he had never been able to catch, or rear, one which approached the western form in the amount of markings. The only difference noticeable between extreme examples of these two forms, which seems con- stant, is the presence, at the base of the costa of the western form, of an orange mark of varying length. Life histories of the following species, showing larvee in all stages, pupze and moths : Crocigrapha Normani, Mamestra grandis, Mamestra atlantica. Two new strawberry pests from Vancouver Island, Petrophora truncata and Scopelosoma tristigmata were also shown in their diff. rent stages. Hemileuca maia, var. lucina, from Mr. Criddle, Aweme, Man. Coenonympha inornata taken at Ottawa this year for the first time by Mr. A. E Richard. Erebia disa from Banff, Alta. A series of Erebia epipsodea showing great variation in the undersides. Lycena pseudargiolus, var. nigrescens, a new variety from Mr. Cockle, of Kaslo, B. C. Lycena pseudargiolus, var, argentata, a new variety from Manitoba (KH. F. Heath). Plusia formosa, from Mr. W. McIntosh, St. John, N. B. Semiophora elimata, from Mr. W. McIntosh, St. John, N. B. Phyciodes Hanhami, a new species from Manitoba somewhat resembling P. nycteis on the underside. The brown-tail Moth, (Huproctis chrysorrhoea) a perfect male, the first specimen recorded from Canada, which was taken by Mr. W. McIntosh, at St. John, N. B. Chrysophanus dorcas, male and female, a species taken on the Georgian Bay, at Nepigon and at Rounthwaite, Man. which Dr. Fletcher believes to be the true C. dorcas, of Kirby. A fine specimen of Ewprepia caja, var. Utahensis, bred from larva received from Mr. E. P. Venables, Vernon, B. C. Mr. Gibson in illustration of his paper on Canadian species of the genus Apantesis (Arctia) exhibited a fine series of phalerata and nais, with larvee in different stages, as well also of specimens of vittata, Anna, Williamsii, with the var. determinata, ornata, with the var. achaia, phyllira, rectilinea, Celis, figurata, michabo, Nevadensis and complicata. Besides these he showed three specimens of a species which Dr. Dyar thinks may possibly be Quenselii, var. turbans, described from Mongolia, and which is new to North America. These were collected at Cal- Bary, N. W. T. by Mr. T.. N. ee and ina general way somewhat resemble small speci- mens of virguncula. Rev. Dr. Bethune exhibited the type specimen from which Dr. Saunders described A. Celia which is now believed to be a good species. V otes of thanks arere passed to the following : Mr. C. H. Young, Ottawa, for a donation of specimens for the Cabinets, including inflated arve of 6 species of noctuid larvze. 36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Mr. A. E. Norris, Montreal, for sending for exhibition a collection of lantern slides taken by Mr. A. H. Holden and beautifully coloured by Mr. Norris, and also for sending for exhibi- tion a collection of insects to illustrate his paper on the Insects of the year at Montreal. Mr. G. Chaguon, Montreal, for a pair of the new species of Dipteron, Teph: onota Canadensis lately described. Dr. Fletcher, for a pair of Chionobas Macouwnii fur the Society’s Cabinet. Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal, for a specimen of Argynnis Chariclea. Cater illar, Chrysalis and Moth. Fig. 19. Protoparce celeus : 1902, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIE''Y. 37 REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. Division No. 1.—Orrawa Districr. C. H. Youne, Hurpman’s BRIDGE. The season of 1902 in the Ottawa district has been a very poor one for the collector. The writer, outside of some success he had at Meech’s Lake, Que., duringa six week’s stay, took very few acceptable things. The very cold and wet season, especially in May and June, doubtless was the cause of such a poor year. In August, which month I spent at Meech’s Lake, however, I was fortunate enough to capture a good number of interesting species, some mention of which I will make afterwards. The most noticeable injurious insect of the season around Ottawa was doubtless the Birch Skeletonizer (Bucculatriaz Canadensisella) which was so abundant last year, and which, the present season, seemed to do just as much damage to birches of all kinds. It was this year accompanied, however, by numbers of a large, grayish green aphid, and the damage was specially noticeable towards the end of August. Garden crops were attacked to some extent in this district. The Onion Maggot was very troublesome in some places and caused considerable loss. Asparagus plants in my garden were rather seriously attacked by the larve of Peridroma occulta, one of the large noctuid moths. This caterpillar when mature is a large cutworm, and is very voracious, feeding at night, and hiding in the earth at the foot of the plant during the day. Towards the end of September a neighbour of mine brought me some specimens of the Tomato worm (Protoparce celeus), Fig. 19, saying that they were doing damage to the foliage of his tomato plants. I immediately went over to his place and in two rows, one about a hundred feet long, the other about fifty, I collected 59 specimens of this caterpillar. On the 1st July I noticed three insects resting on the stem, of a leaf of vegetable marrow, and on ee collecting them was surprised to see that they were genuine specimens of the Squash Bug, Fig. 20. Dr. Fletcher in his report for 1901, says, ‘‘ This bug is very rare indeed at Ottawa: Twenty years ago, two specimens were take here by Mr. W. H. Harrington and none were seen since, although looked for carefully, until the past season, when a few specimens were taken.” Dr Fletcher re- commends : \. (1.) ‘*‘Hand-picking, early in the season, of the old bugs when they Fig. 20. Squash-bug, first resort to the plants, and also of the easily seen egg clusters. This requires an inspection of the vines every day or two. The young bugs may be easily destroyed wich a spray of kerosene emulsion, or of whale-oil soap. (2.) Trapping,—This consists of placirg at intervals through the plantation, shingles or pieces of board, beneath which the bugs sascnes abteiiee ae » gather for ‘shelter. By examining these every morning, many may be captured. In a season when the bugs have been abundant, all vines should be burnt as soon as the crop has been gathered. In this way, many of rete Tea PMO? sere the insects in all stages of development will ae ae be destroyed.” The Caterpillars of the White Cabbage butterfly were not so numerous as last year but caused, however, some harm in turnip and rape fields, as did also the Zebra cater- pillar (Mamestra picta) Fig. 21, which was 38 THE REPORT OF THE Ne. 19 fairly abundant. arly in the year hundreds of cut-worms of Noctua fennica were present in clover fields but I have not heard of their having done serious damage. During the season considerable attention has been given to studying life histories, par- ticularly of lepidoptera. Many specimens have been reared and some additions made to our knowledge of common species.—Some of the results of this work are submitted herewith show- ing the larvee, pupz, and perfect insects and in some cases parasites also of :— Hydrecia cataphracta ...... 0.2... In burdock. (Lappa major.) Gluphisia trilineata ...........00- On Aspen. (Populus tremuloides.) idea, GUE ONS... 6c- seeks 255 On Oak. ” Lycomorpha pholus.............+. On lichen on rocks. EUG TYGER ONATO, «so 2h 256 Sings exe oie ot On grape vines. Metzeria lappella .... 6... eens Seeds of Burdock. Buplextia, lucipard. ... 0... sia ones es Ferns of all kinds. Peridroma occulta ...-.6.60% .....Injuring asparagus. Mamestra legitima......00..0000008 On asparagus and clover. PORUOCEMETIOS. ico. oc ss dente On parsnip, celery and carrot. Sphind) CTEMUUS 2:55. oe 6 sBawn se od On Mentha and Monarda. Notodonta stragula..........:....- On hazel nut. Leucania abbilinea. .... 0.6 .2..25: On grass and clover. Pappanicis Wigitetan sc. ed ost Seed On Pearly Everlasting. Calocampa curvimacula ... ....... On Apple SAWELER: BERG OK sri queitaiadis Aiwa yee Kee ee On Plantain, dandelion, ete. Synchlora rubrifrontaria.......... On Quercus macrocurpa. Feniseca tarquinius.............. On Schizonewre tessellata. 2 Ichthyura albosigma......... ..... On Aspen. (P. tremuloides.) The following species have also been reared. Basilarchia disippus............ from egg...... On Willow. = GPAPUR PTOGNE: s oriuieco ss we see's OS yy (eye eee On Wild Gooseberry. Nylind: Bethaned vic cece Une cies « SD pole AS On Apple. Xylina disposita .............. Ps al tebe ege eee On Apple. UMMM TOLGU: 8% os of Perea nee aT aE Giri On Maple. Vipsnlophis po meters... ccc facteurs oh eae ee On Apple. EP OPeR CNG NTO ices ease pli Ae ee Oe ee On Aspen and basswood. MGS A TRUCOS. so o.5 a as ned eal Pak ae Rate eee On Turnip DN GLEUD PEURECD 2th. sales Ve eee oa eon Rohe On Clover. Notiis Callanians O:) .o) ch ava taketh ee On Clover, grasses, ete. I noticed in examining the collections of the Society last year that some of the specimens are faded or imperfect. I have therefore much pleasure in presenting the following which I trust may be found acceptable : Larvee of Mamestra picta, Calocampa curvimacula, Noctua fennica, Xylina Bethunei, Xylina disposita, Orgyia leucostigma, Datana ministra ; Moths of Eudryas unio, Lycomorpha pholus ( 2), Epirranthis obfirmaria (2), Mamestra lorea (2), Abrostola urentis, Alaria florida, Hadena verbascoides, Xylina pexata (2), Cirroedia pampina ; larvie of Papilio asterias. DivistonyNo. 2.—Bay or Quinte. By J. D. Evans, Trenton, No cases of serious injury from noxious insects came under the writer’s notice, although late in the season Colias philodice (Fig. 22) and Pieris rape (Fig. 23) were quite nwmerous, flitting about the clover fields containing the ripened second crop. 1902 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 Much damage has been caused, however, to some orchard and farm crops from the unusual character of the season throughout this section; it having been generally speaking extremely wet and ; remarkably cool. The principal crops thus severely — injured are the apple, clover, potato, corn and tomato. The first mentioned (apple) is very abundant, but the fruit is being destroyed by a fungus growth, which may not appear to be of much consequence when the apples are being packed but develops enormously in a short time and renders the fruit unfit for sale. A sample is and black. herewith submitted of a test case, where a_ fruit packer put up a barrel of choice apples which had insignificant looking spots when packed ; they were packed in the usual careful manner, placed on board of a steamboat and left under ~ i” the usual conditions of transhipment on board for / a three weeks, at the expiration of that time they were opened up and found to be covered with the large scabs which appear on the samples exhibited. [The sample apples shown were so damaged as to be perfectly worthless. ] The potato crop is almost an entire failure owing andr Sahar 2a blight which struck the vines when in b!oom and Pig. 23. Pieris rape. Colours: white and black. developed into rot in the tubers. A large proportion of the red clover hay was partially, and in cases wholly, spoiled in the ‘curing owing to the continuous rains prevalent at that time. From a like cause coupled with the low temperature, corn and tomatoes, which are grown in large quantities for canning pur- poses were, generally speaking, a failure. \ Division No. 3.—Toronto By E. M. WALKER. During the present year but few observations were made by the writer on the ravages of injurious insects, owing to a necessary absence from the city during a large part of the season, Fig. 24. Tussock Moth: e male moth; a female moth on cocoon; b young larva ; ¢ chrysalis. and being fully occupied with other matters during the remainder. A few of the most promi-. nent pests were noted, however, though doubtless many species of equal importance escaped observation. Tent caterpillars (Clisiocampa Americana) were not specially bad this year. A few were seen on the wild black cherry early in the season but fruit trees on the whole have been com- _ paratively free from them. Another enemy of the apple, the Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) committed consid- erable injury this season, and in one orchard, for example, on Davenport Road, evidences of its ___ presence could be detected in about seventy-five per cent. of the apples. — 40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 The Tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) Figs. 24 and 25, is still by far the most formidable enemy of our shade trees, although it appears = to be gradually diminishing in numbers and was distinctly less abundant than it has been during the past three or four years. Very few trees were ebserved that were completely stripped or nearly so, though in the lower part of the city there were a good many badly disfigured trees. Veryg little has yet been done to control its ravages. On the above property there was a large plantation of red currant bushes, which, at the time they were seen by the writer (August 15) were almost completely stripped by the Jarvee Fig. 26. Currant Saw-fly : a male; b female. Fig. 27. Currant Saw-fly caterpilars. of the imported currant Saw-fly (Nematus ventricosus) Figs. 26, 27 and 28. They occurred in ultitudes and in various stages of development, and although the currant bushes were nearly bare of foliage, au adjacent patch of gooseberries was almost entirely free from the pest. Notwithstanding the condition of the foliage the fruit was abundant and of large size. About the middle of May a large number of Pin cherry trees (Prunus Pennsylvanica) in High Park were found to be badly attacked by the Cherry Aphis (Wyzus cerasi) the leaves at the ends of the branches being very much crumpled and disfigured. Subsequently they were found plen- tifully on the wild black cherry and also on the cultivated cherry. The Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rapaec) has been exceedingly abundant this summer and has caused a great deal of damage to cabbages and allied vegetables in this locality. On August 15, while inspecting a large market garden north of the city, the writer observed great numbers of the larve in all stages on a large bed of cabbages. They were to be found prac- tically on every head, and many plants were quite but little affected, though a few caterpillars ‘Were Ayn idicien eaten by the oniriece: eggs and round on some of the heads. In another bed of | eabbages only a few hundred yards distant from the one just referred to, the caterpillars % were much fewer in numbers though plentiful enough. ; unmarketable. An adjacent bed of cauliflowers was | 1 Aet See ow 1902 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 The only other serious pest noticed attacking garden vegetables was the Potato Beetle (Dory- phora 10-lineata, Say), which occurred in distressingly large numbers on potatoes, though tomatoes as far as the writer observed were pretty free from them. An insect injurious to shrubs and shade-trees which seems to be on the increase lately is Ormenis pruinosa, a large stoutly-built leafhopper resembling a small bluish grey moth. I first noticed them in large numbers in 1901 on some shrubs which were planted in the spring of the same year. This year they were everywhere and showed themselves to be possessed of by no means a restricted appetite. While most abundant on the Virginia creeper and grape- vine they were common on many other shrubs and trees, etc., such asthe elm, maple, bass- wood, gooseberry, almond, Tartarian honeysuckle and rhubarb. The larvze are whitish creatures not much like the adults in appearance, and have the habit of arranging themselves in irregular rows along the smaller branches and twigs, the whole aggregation being partly enveloped in a white flocculent material. The full-grown insects were first observed towards the end of July and remained until the beginning of October. Late in September they could be seen resting on the trunks of almost every shade tree except horse chestnuts, upon which they were very scarce and were probably accidental. Among the insects which were abundant last year but have not been troublesome this _ season the Birch Bucculatrix (Bucculatrie Canadensisella) is noteworthy. The trees have been Fig. 30. 12-Spotted Asparagus quite healthy the whole of this year, though in May I noticed that some of them were rather badly infested with a large species of aphid. Butterflies on the whole have been scarce according to the statements of local collectors, and two of our most destructive grasshoppers Melanoplus atlanis and Camnula pellucida were not nearly so numerous as usual, probably owing to the wet season, since both species thrive best in hot dry weather. Division No. 5—Lonpon District. By J. A. BaLKwItt. Iam very happy to report that we have not had any insect visitations of a serious nature in this district during the past season. Last winter my attention was called to some larve which were doing considerable injury to hay Penis StS On eee ona 1902 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 and Mr. J. B. Williams, on ‘‘ The Food of the Grass Snake.” The volume closed with a report from the North-West (Canada) Entomological Society and obituary notices of the late _ Miss Ormerod and Mr. Otto Lugger. - 4 The Canadian Entomologist has been regularly issued at th: beginning of each month. P| The 33rd volume was completed in December last ; it consisted of 348 pages, illustrated with five full-page plates and eleven figures from original drawings. The contributors number 5 sixty-two and represent Canada, the United States, England, Germany, Luxembourg and India. Of the 34th volume ten numbers have thus far been published ; those for November and December will be duly issued at the beginning of their respec'ive months. During the greater part of the year meetings for the study of Entomology have been held on Tuesday evenings, followed during the summer months when the weather was favour- _able by collecting excursions on Saturday afternoons. The Geological Section has met regu- larly ou Thursday evenings ; the Ornithological once a month on Fridays ; the Microscopical on alternate Saturdays during the winter and the Botanical during the summer and autumn. The reports of these Sections, giving a record of their proceedings, will be read at this meeting and be published in the next Annual Report of the Society. 5 The good work of the Suciety has been much extended by the delivery of popular lectures by several of the members. Dr. James Fletcher has given a large number on insects, noxious weeds and nature study in various p!aces in Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime Provinces, Mani- toba, the North-West Territories and British Columbia, in fact from one end of the Dominion to the other. Dr. Bethune has lectured, chiefly to school children and horticultural societies, in London and a number of towns not far distant, on noxious, interesting and beneficial insects. Mr. W. E. Saunders has addressed teachers and other assemblies in Montreal, Ottawa, London and elsewhere, on ‘‘The Birds of Canada.”” The Rev. Dr. Fyles has given popular lectures on Entomology in Quebec and Levis, P. Que. ; and Prof. Lochhead has delivered lectures on entomological subjects in Guelph, Port Elgin, Owen Sound, Beeton, Woodstock and Hamilt.n. All of which is respectfully submitted. THomas W. Fy es, President. KEPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 241st regular and 29th annual meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in the library of the Natural History Society, University street, on Tuesday evening, May 13th, 1902. Owing to the absence of the President, due to illness, Mr. Charles Stevenson, Vice- President, occupied the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read, and minutes of last annual meeting taken as, ‘read and confirmed. The Vice-President on behalf of the Council read the follwing report : REPORT OF THE COUNCII.. The Council takes pleasure in presenting the following report of the Society’s work during the seasons 1901 to 1902: Nine regular meeting have been held, the average attendance being sevi n. 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Several ticld days were held, the principal ones being as follows :— Pomt atx Trembles 22 >. for fee oe oa oe eR es Ist J une. Dh. MALE) UROLION . 5.0. suis panty os etre ngal@es bee he ache 4 QUEEN ORI ONE sire kts vsc.d FS dk RO ee ae nee Tae. U22 TAS BU MIA Gace a os o's ARGO Dace we As 8G Oa PROG, Ist July. Theffollowing papers were read : The Dissemination of Disease by Dipterous Insects ...Charles Stevenson. Curious Effects of the Attack of an Asilus Fly on Colvas FROME 05's aise Sader Cette s a pial shea eee A. F. Winn. Is Telea polyphem«is double trooded somewhere? ..... Charles Stevenson. On"the Family of Flies called the Syrphide........., G. Chagnon. Hors -ot Lolane Velen, 5 Sy .\.eitaie 0 Dake cesiebalemiepanes ¢ A. F. Winn. On collecting and preserving micro-lepidoptera ....... H. H. Lyman. The Milkweed at duke. 5.21 a4 aty- idler ts 4.3 oe eer: AL et. Winn: A new Gortyna and notes on the Genus ............. H. H. Lyman. Coloration of Insects e.g hi ciae leo cee a fepe cut eoeucdeid eee ede eles Graeme M. Stewart, Toronto. BhejAsilides or Robber Mies. 2. « sj. ay) setae es G. Chagnon. b: The’ North American Fall Web-worms............... H. H. Lyman. An ‘Assam Dangis and ite mimics... 320... cn. «ss eee Charles Stevenson. An’ Hermaphrodite Tuyerona: 2... cesses cae ne A. F. Winn. An Introduction to the order Hemiptera............. G. A. Moore. Notes on Eurosta solidaginis Fitch ............+... .G. Chagnon. Notes onEycana Scudder. ove. 5 sce e.. ovis eee oe ae H. H. Lyman. epidopterous: Erisatiog..<..33 ici Silo 4. 34% seme Charles Stevenson. Remarks chiefly on Hydroecias................... ie A Akt... Waa: m Our staff of members remains practically the same as last year. Mr. A. E. Norris has kindly offered us room in his place of business to locate there our — cabinet and collection. We must all offer to this gentlemen our sincere thanks for the kind — assistance he has given us in this way. Through the generous contribution of several of our members, our collection now amounts | to probably 560 or 600 species which practically fill up the dozen drawers we bought at the beginning of the year. An innovation introduced this year was the filing of all papers read at our r meetings so to | be accessible for future reference. The report of the Treasurer will now be submitted to you, and also that of our Curato and Librarian who will give you many details as to the exact condition of our collection of insects. : Submitted on behalf of the Council. (Signed) G. CHAGNoN, President. The Treasurer then submitted his report, showing a balance on hand of $47.52. The Librarian and Curator then presented his reports showing that valuable contributions : | towards the collections of the Brarch had been received ; from Mr. Winn 98 specimens of | Lepidoptera and 134 specimens belonging to other orders, from Miss Emily L. Morton " | very valuable donation of eight hybrids of her own rearing, from Mr. Chagnon 94 specimens : of Diptera representing 51 species, from Mr. Norris 48 specimens of Lepidoptera, from Mr, | Stevenson 20 specimens of butterflies, from Mr. Denny 13 specimens of butterflies. Mr Beaulieu has promised a large number of specimens of Coleoptera and Mr, Lyman a number | uf Western Lepidoptera. a & 1902 ENTOMOULOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 The library is still of very modest proportions but the following additions have been made : Howard’s ‘‘ Insect Book,” by purchase ; ‘* The Crambidze of North America,” by C. H. Fernald, A.M., Ph.D., presented by the author ; ‘‘ Annotated Catalogue of the Butterflies of New Hampshire,” by Wm. F. Fiske, presented by C. M. Weed through H. H. Lyman. It was then moved by Mr. A. Griffin, seconded by Mr. A. F. Winn, that the reports be received and adopted. Carried. The Secretary then read the Annual Address of the President, after which the election of officers for the ensuing year took place with the following result : President, Charles Steven- son ; Vice-President, A. E. Norris; Librarian and Curator; A. E. Norris ; Secretary and Treasurer, G. A. Moore ; Council, Henry H. Lyman, G. Chagnon, D. Brainerd. On mction of Mr. Lyman, seconded by Mr. Griffin, the night for meetings was changed from the second to the first Tuesday in tae month, as in the early years of the Branch. On motion of Mr. Lyman, seconded by Mr. Winn, $5.00 was voted for the purchase of early volumes of The Canadian Entomologist for the Branch Library. Messrs. Stevenson, Chagnon and Winn were elected a Field Day Committee. Mr. Lyman then presented 55 specimens of Lepidoptera, chiefly western, for the Branch Cabinet. : Mr. Lyman read a paper entitled ‘‘ What is a Genus ?” Mr. Norris then exhibited, with the help of Mr. Griffin and the lantern of the Natural History Society, a collection of excellent coloured slides of Lepidoptera. On the adjournment of the meeting the members were entertained with refreshments by Mr. Griffin. G. A. Moore, Secretary. REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH. PRESIDENTS REPORT. The Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario has entered upon the sixth year of its existence. We still have a goodly number of members though several of our young people have _ entered business houses and can no longer give attention to entomology. Some of our mem- bers have moved to distant parts of the country and some have been taken away by death. We here record with sorrow the demise of Miss Bella Thompson. After a long illness, borne with much patience and resignation, she departed this life on the 22nd of June last. The friends of this lady have our deep sympathy. The weather during the past season has been remarkably variable—too cold and wet for insect life to flourish. We had, however, a very enjoyable field day on the 9th July at the Island of Orleans. But few insect captures were made, but some pleasant hours were spent in the grounds of Mr. and Mrs. Morgan and those of the Hon. R. and Mrs. Turner. On this occasion we found the oak trees infested with the Snout-beetle Balaninus nasicus, Say. * A specimen of the rare wasp, Vespa rufa, Linneus, was taken on the island, and a nest of Vespa Germanica, Fabr, was discovered there. Vespa arenaria, Fabr, was abundant in the woods round Fort No. 2, Levis, in August ; and Pamphila Manitoba, Scudder, was seen in the same month and in the same locality. A tortoise beetle new to the province has appeared at Levis this year. It feeds upon the burdock and the Canadian thistle Specimens of this insect have been sent to the British Museum for identification. 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Report or Councit. The Branch now includes 32 members (24 adults and 8 juniors.) The treasurer’s report is submitted, and will no doubt be found satisfactory. , The continued rainy weather of last summer prevented the members from having many _ field-days but a very enjoyable one was held on the Island of Orleans on the 9th July. Our thanks are due to the authorities of Morrin College for having continued to allow us the use of their rooms for our meetings. CrawForp Linpsay, Sec-Treas. The following were elected ofticers :—President, Rev. Dr. Fyles ; Vice-president, Miss E. MacDonald ; Council, Hon. R. Turner, Rev. F. G. Scott, Mrs. R. Turner, Miss Bickell, Miss Freeman ; Secretary-Treasurer, Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay. REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH Of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year 1901-2, ending April 30, 1902.f Read at the Annual Meeting, held in the Education Department Building, May 16th, 1902. Mr. E. M. Walker, vice- president, in the chair. GENTLEMEN : During the past year ten meetings have been held, and the following papers have been read before the Society :— ‘* A Collecting Trip in South-western Ontario” ..... ...... EK. M. Walker. “An Hvening at the: Milkweed)” 3....0. 64.00 vega ve ues op siduanAlls TRY WY as “butterfly Collecting im 1901 ....0.. eis eee eee RSora hs wes rs J. B. Williams. ‘* Some Interesting Lepidopterous Larval Habits” Severe Sta: ane Arthur Gibson. ane Canadian Stick lngeet’ ssc c. |4 sce a eee ee J. B. Williams. BORNE RICK GLB: Pho naua Wt aobizis eoraketcse tw ages Se OSE os EK. M. Walker. Two meetings were occupied with the *‘ Exhibition of Specimens,” and at the special meeting in November addresses were given by Mr. Arthur Gibson and Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa, and by Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, these gentlemen having kindly arranged to be present on their way back from the London meetings. A number of the Natural History Society members came to this meeting, as well as those of our own Branch, and a very pleasant even- ing was spent in listening to and conversing with our three visitors. We arranged for a Field Day to High Park on the 24th of May, 1901, but, unfortunately, the weather made any expedition cf this kind impossible ; however, we subsequently went to High Park for the afternoon of June 22nd, and had an interesting and successful afternoon. A number of additional drawers in the Education Department museum have been corked and glazed for the collection of insects that the Society is making for the;Department, and we have now plenty of space to re-arrange the collection in a satisfactory manner, and provide room for all the orders / The Orthoptera, Odonata and diurnal Lepidoptera have already been re-arranged. We have subscribed for the ‘‘ Journal of the New York Entomological Society,’’ the ‘* Entomological News” and the ‘* Bulletins of the New York State Museum.”. The Branch presented a series of the very beautiful plates of scale insects, from Bulletin No. 46, to the Education Department museum, and Mr. Boyle, the Superintendent of the | museum, has had them framed and hung up in one of the rooms. : Valuable papers on entomological subjects have also been received from the Central Ex- perimental Farm at Ottawa, the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington, and | from several other sources. ; , 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 The attendance at our meetings is but small, and we have only added one new name to our membership during the year. Most societies of this kind, however, have their ‘‘ups and downs,” and we must hope that by next year we shall be able to report that the attendance and membership are going up. KE. M. Waker, Vice-President. J. B. Wits, Sec-Treasurer. Toronto, May 16th, 1902. The following officers were elected for the present year :—President, EK. M. Walker ; Vice-President, G. M. Stewart ; Secretary-Treasurer, J. B. Williams ; Librarian and Curator, J. H. Webb ; Members of Council, Arthur Gibson, John Maughan, jr. REPORT OF THE TREASURER. Financial Statement of the Treasurer of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year ending August 31st, 1902. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE. Balance from previous year............ $ 483 05 Brinting Sains gece setotnis ce saison cl eco $ 731 34 ITAIMOE SPICER eae. = ieleieas ' a. Webs in forks of branches in spring. a Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa Americana). Fig. 77. 4 b. Webs covering the leaves in summer and early autumn. Fall Web- Worm (Hyphantria cunea). c. Leaves partly eaten and drawn together by a web. Palmer Worm (Ypsolophus pomotellus). 2. Caterpillars not protected by a web : . a. Clustered on limbs. q Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Datana ministra). | b. Red-Humped Apple-Tree Caterpillar (Oedemasia concinna). Fig. 78. Fig. 75. Leaf crumpler : (a) and (b) winter cases ; Fig. 76, Pistol-case Bearer : (a) pistol-cases ; (>) Caterpillar: (c) head of caterpillar ; (@) moth. ' (c) pupa; (@) moth, 3. Green soft-bodied insects, with sucking mouths. . Plant Lice (Aphis spp). Fig. 79. ’ b. Solitary Caterpillars : 1. Protected caterpillars— a. Mining within the leaf, pupa inside of folded leaf, if Apple-leaf Miner (Tischeria malifoliella). b. Mining within the leaf, mature larva and pupa within small oval seed-like bodies. Kesplendent Shield Bearer (Aspidisca splendoriferella). Fig. 80. c. Feeding withia pistol-shaped cases which stand out from the leaf. Pistol-Case Bearer (Coleophora malivorella). d. Feeding within cigar-shaped cases, which stand out from the leaf. Cigar-Case Bearer (Coleophora Fletcherella). e. Feeding within folded leaves. Leaf-Roller (Teras malivorana) and (Caccecia rosaceana). f. Feeding within tubes of silk, open at both ends, on epidermis and inner tissues leaving the veinlets. * Bud-Moth (Tmetocera ocellana). 4 e ‘ isi ; 4 *R ie hg i 106 ' THE REPORT OF THE / No. 19 g. Feeding on tissues of leaves beneath a silk web. | Apple-leaf Skeletowizer (Pempelia Hammondi). Fig. 81. \\\\ AA i ARASS Fig. 77. Caterpillar (a) and (6) on their web ; (c) egg-cluster Fig. 79. Aphis, wingless female, immensely (d) cocoon. magnified. X Fig. 81. Pempelia Hammondi: (a) caterpillar ; (b) a segment (c) head, and following segments highly magnified ; (d) moth, Fig. 80. Aspidisca splendoriferella : (a) leaf showing ‘mines ; ()) caterpillar ; (c) and (d) pupal cases ; (e) larva about to ,change ; (7) chrysalis ; (g) moth ; (h) parasite—all except leaf and_twig highly : magnified. nandaviscn ieee Fig. 82. Cut-worm and Moth. ' f ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 2. Unprotected Caterpillars : : a. Measuring worms, in spring feeding in the day-time. q Canker Worms (Anisopteryx pometaria and A. vernata). Fig. 83. x Fig. 88. Spring Canker-worm (A. vernata) : (a) and (b) eggs; (ec) caterpillar ; (¢) cocoon; (e) Ye male moth (g) wingless female moth. b. Sleek.16-legged caterpillars, feeding at night. Cutworms. Fig. 82. c. Large, green caterpillar, covered with spiny tubercles. Cecropia Moth (Samia cecrupia). Fig. 84. er -y< Fig. 84. Cecropia caterpillar. d. Large apple-green caterpillar, with white oblique stripes on sides. : Polyphemus Moth (Telea polyphemus). — . Hairy caterpillar with long black tufts over head and tail. Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma). ; f. Large green caterpillar with a reddish- is) brown horn at tail, and seven oblique ya s. stripes on each side. Apple Sphinx (Sphinx gor- dius). Fig. 85. ik Fig. 85. Sphinx gordius. Fig. 87. May beetles: 7 pupa; 2 grub; 3 & 4 beetles. g. Small caterpillar, with brown head and yellowish-green body, feeding on leaves. Apple-Tree Bucculatrix (Bucculatrix pomifoliella). ‘ : a Ny ve t WAP UN oe & ey "5 bi eae ; ; a. . A MA ex 108 THE REPORT OF THE . ; No. 19 3. Beetles : a. Large brown beetle feeding at night on leaves. May-beetle (Lachnosterna fusca). Fig. 87. b. Small brown beetles, feeding at night. Leaf-beetles. EK. Altacking the Fruit : a. Boring tunnels through the fruwit— 1. Tunnels mostly about the core,—brown excrement often visible at opening at blos- som end of apple : Codling Moth. (Carpocapsa pomonella). 2. Tunnels irregular and numerous, — Apple Maggot. (Trypeta pomonella). b. Puncturing the Fruit : 1. Puncturing the fruit and distorting it, a 4-humped beetle,— Apple Curculio. (Anthonomus quadrigibbus). 2. Purplish spots about the circular scales,—_ ¥ San José scale. (Aspidiotus perniciosus). c. Eating holes in the Fruit : 1. Large light-yellow or apple-green caterpillars with a narrow cream- colored stripe along middle of the back, — 4 Green-fruit Worms. (Xylina sp.,). 2. Beetle, yellowish, hairy, $ inch long,— Fig. 88. Bumble-flower-beetle. (Euphoria inda), Fig. 88. ae WINTER CONDITIONS OF SOME OF THE APPLE INSECTS. A. Attached to trunk, branches, and twigs : 1. White cocoons 4 to } inch long, under loose bark, or burlap, during fall and winter, — Codling Moth. (Carpocapsa pomonella). i 2. Bracelets of varnished eggs around twigs in fall and winter, — Tent Caterpillar. (Clisiocampa Americana). Fig. 77 (c). j 3. Clusters of cylindrical eggs on branches and twigs in winter,— i 7 Fall Cankerworm. (Anisopteryx pometaria). . Clusters of round, ribbed eggs, — Outworms. aS 5. Small, oval, shining, black eggs, usually clustered in axils of buds, in crevices, or under bark of upper branches and twigs, in winter,— Apple Aphis. (Aphis mali). 6. Minute pistol-shaped cases on bark in winter,— _ Pistol-Case- Bearer. (Coleophora malivorella). — . Minute cigar-shaped cases on bark in winter, — Cigar-Case-Bearer. (Coleophora Fletcherella). 8. Clusters of glistening oval cases on twigs in winter,— Resplendent -Case- Bearer. (Aspidisca splen =] . doriferella). 9. Minute silken cocoons at axils of buds, and in crevices of bark,— Bud Moth. (Tmetocera ocellana). 10. Black, crumpled leaves folded together and fast- ened to the branches during winter—half-grown caterpillars in tortuous tubes within, — a “J Fig. 89. Leat-crumpler : Winter da fie ta . 0 cases covered with withered leaves. Leaf Crumpler. (Phycis indiginella), Fig. 89. es ay 2 Bxnte 1902 © ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 109 A. Attacking the Roots : 11. Large silken cocoons, 3 inches long firmly attached to twigs during winter, — Cecropia Moth. (Samia cecropia), Fig. 90. SA Fig. 90. Cocoon of the Cecropia moth. 12. Elongated white, ribbed cocoons, } inch long, on twigs during winter, — Apple Leaf Bucculatrix. (B. pomifoliella). 13. Mussel-shaped scales with whitish eggs underneath in winter,— Oyster Shell Bark-Louse. (Mytilaspis pomorum). 14. Whitish scales with purple eggs underneath in winter, — Scurfy Bark-Louse. (Chionaspis furfurus). 15. Minute black circular scales with a depressed ring about a central nipple, — San José scale. (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 16. A mass of eggs on a cocoon fastened to a dead leaf or a twig in winter, — Tussock Moth. (Orgyia leucostigma). 17. Eggs in oval slits, — Buffalo Tree-Hopper. (Ceresa bubalus). A Key to Pium InNssEcts. 1. Burrowing about the crown of the roots, occasionally in young trees, — Peach-tree Borer, (Sannina exitiosa). B. Attacking the Trunk, Branches, and Twigs : 1. Making tunnels in the wood ; saw-dust-like excrement at the mouth of unnels,— Flat-headed Borer. (Chrysobothris femorata). 2. Making tunnels in the bark : Fruit Bark Beetle. (Scolytus rugulosus). 3. Bases of buds perforated, the bark becomes discolored, and the leaves and fruit wither, — Pear-blight Beetle. (Xyleborus pyri). ° 4, Fixed to Bark: @ Flat, or saddle-shaped, or hemispherical dark brown scales. Large scales after mid-summer are brittle and contain only a whitish dust or empty egg-shells. Wintering forms are small and flattish,— Plum wecanium. (Lecanium cerasifex). ' b Ashy gray appearance of bark of badly infested trees ; small gray, or black circular scales,— San José scale. (Aspidiotus watts eae c¢ Mussel-shaped scales, with whitish eggs underneath in winter,— Oyster-Shell Bark Louse. (Mytilaspis pomorum). d, Bark scurfy with white scales, purplish eggs underneath in winter. Scurfy Bark-Louse (Chionaspis furfurus). / ‘ 110 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 5. Producing longitudinal slits and eventually oval-shaped scars. Buffalo Tree- Hopper (Ceresa bubalus). C. Attacking the Leaves : 1. Feeding in Colonies : a. Protected by webs in the forks of branches. American Tent Caterpillar, (Clisiocampa Americana). Fig. 91. Limenitis disippus, @. caterpillar ; b. chrysalis ; Fig. 92, L. disippus butterfly ; colours orange-red and c. d. larval case. black. ir b. Protected by webs covering the leaves. Fall Web-worm (Hyphantria cunea). c. Not protected by webs, greenish lice with sucking mouths. Plum Leaf Aphis (Aphis prunifolii). 2. Solitary : a. Measuring worms feeding in the day time and in spring. Canker worms (Anisopteryx pometaria). : hg Ve \ sR Fig. 95. Plum Gouger’ (magnified). ; >; Fig. 93. Plum Curculio attacking young Fig. 94. Plum Curculio: a. larva; Fic. 96 4 fruit; 3 crescent mark; 4 beetle punctur- b. pupa; ec. beetle; d. natural size on ats ing fruit. young fruit. Rosechafer. my b. Fat, greasy caterpillars, feeding at night in spring. “a Cutworms. c.. Hairy Caterpillar, with long black plumes over head and tail. Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma). d. Large buzzing beetle. June Bug (Lachnosterna fusca). 1902, - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 11 e. Large apple-green caterpillar, with a tail horn, and with seven broad, oblique white stripes along each side. Plum Tree Sphinx (Sphinx drupiferarum). Other larvae are occasionally found feeding on the leaves of plum : The Viceroy (Limenitis disippus), figs. 91 and 92, Polyphemus and Cecropia. - YD. Attacking the Fruit : 1. Puncturing and making a crescent-shaped slit in the skin of the young fruit, hicks soon drops. = Bumble Flower Beetle (Euphoria inda). 4. Hating holes in.the half ripe fruit. Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) figs. 93 and 94. 4 2. Making a round hole in the young fruit, q Plum Gouger (Coccotorus scutellaris) Fig. 95. 3. Eating holes in the ripe fruit. . a ‘ Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus), Fig 96. Key to Pear INSECTS. _ A. Attacking the Root : 1. Laige yellowish-white borer, with a brown head, boring holes in the roots. | Broad necked Prionus (Prionus laficollis), Fig. 97. Fig. 97. Prionus laticollis grub. B. Attacking the Trunk, Branches, and Twigs : i , 1. The following insects which attack apple (which see) also attack pear. Round Headed Apple-Tree Borer Saperda candida). : Flat Headed Apple-Tree Borer (Chrysobothris femorata Oyster Shell Bark-Louse (Mytilaspis pomorum). Scurfy Bark-Louse (Chionaspis furfurus). San José Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 2. Large soft whitish larvae boring deeply into the wood. 7 * Pigeon Tremex (Tremex columba). 3. In the Spring (May) much honey dew at axils of leaves on smaller twigs, and small yellow jumping insects in the sap, foliage yellowish. Pear-Tree Psylla (Psylla pyricola). 4, Perforations at the base of some buds ; twigs blighted and leaves withered ahout mid- summer. — | Pear-Blight Beetle (Xyleborus pyri). .C. Attacking the Buds : 1. The following insects which attack the buds of the apple (which see) also attack those ‘ of pear. * Oblique Banded Leaf-Roller (Cacoecia rosaceana), Y Eye Spotted Bud-Moth (Tmetocera ocellana). * i Canker Worms (Anisopteryx pometaria). | ' a fp + " WW 112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 D. Attaking the Leaves : pS 1. A slug-like, slimy larva feeding in July and September on the tissues of the upper — side of the leaves. Pear Tree Slug (Kriocampa cerasi). 2. ‘* Reddish blister spots 1-8 inch or more in diameter appearing on leaves in spring, — and changing to black corky’spots in July, each with a minute opening in it.” Pear Leaf Blister (Phytoptus pyri). 2. The following insects which feed on the leaves of apple (which see) also feed on the — leaves of pear. Red-Humped Apple-Tree Caterpillar (Oedemasia concinna). Fall Web- Worm (Hyphantria cunea). Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa). Yellow necked Caterpillar (Datana ministra). Canker Worms (Anisopteryx). Bud Moth (Tmetocera ocellana). Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma). Cecropia Moth (Samia cecropia). June Beetle (Lachnosterna fusca). Goldsmith Beetle (Cotalpa lanigera). \4 _E. Attacking the Fruit : The following insects, which attack the apple and_ plum (which see) also attack the pear. Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella). f Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). 1 Bumble-Flower Beetle (Kuphoria inda). Key To CuHerry Insects. A. Attacking the Root : 1. Thick whitish grub, with brown head and legs, feeding in decaying roots. Beetle — Jarge with powertul mandibles. “§ Stag-Beetle (Lucanus dama), Figs. 98 and 99. \ Fig. 98. Stag-beetle, Fig. 99. Stag-beetle, cocoon and larva. Fig. 100. Apple Twig-borer. 2. Large white fleshy grub, with reddish head, feeding in old roots. Rough Osmoderma (Osmoderma scabra). B. Attacking the Trunk, Branches and Twigs : BS . 1. A snout-beetle, gnawing the twigs and fruit. Imbricated Snout-Beetle (Epicaerus imbricatus). 1902 — ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 2. A small beetle boring into the branches just above a bud, and burrowing downwards. Apple-Twig-Borer (Amphicerus bicaudatus), Figs. 100, 101. : 3. A flattened grub tunneling in the bark and sap-wood ; beetle bronzy metallic. , Divarieated Buprestis (Dicerca divaricata). 4, Large sucking insect with transparent wings inflicting wounds on the smaller limbs, and depositing eggs therein, in August and Sep- ~ tember. Dog-day Cicada (Cicada tibicen ). : 5. Small circular scales, black in winter, with a Fig. 101. Twigs showing work of Borer. circular depression about a central nipple. { San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). : _ Attacking the Leaves : 1. A small beetle feeding on the leaves of red cherry. Cherry-Leaf Beetle (Galerucella clavicollis). 2. A slug, shiny, dark-green, 4-inch long, feeding on soft tissues leaving the veins. Pear or Cherry Slug (Eriocampa cerasi.) 3. Shining black plant-lice, infesting the terminal twigs chiefly, which become distorted ¥ and discolored. Cherry Aphis (Myzus cerasi). 4, Large bluish-green caterpillar, 2 inches long, with blue warts on each segment, and coral-red ones on ord and 4th segments. Promethea Moth (Callosamia promethea), Fig. 102. 5. Large pale-green spiny caterpillar, striped on each each side with white and lilac. Io Moth (Hyperchiria Io). 6. Caterpillars in colonies protected by webs in forks of branches, in spring. American Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa «, Americana), and Forest Tent Caterpil- lar (not in webs). 7. Caterpillars in colonies not protected by webs cov- ering the leaves in summer and early autumn, ; Fall Web-Worm (Hyphantria cunea). And other insects, most of which also attack the ps Wi Hi ib, Nell Ae ah WA? leaves of apple. s. ite . - € BN D. Attacking the Fruit : Fig. 102. 1. Making a crescent cut on the cherry ; grub, white ee Promethes caterpillar. and footless, with a brownish horny head, feeding within. Plwm Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar), * 2. Yellowish white maggots feeding on the pulpy juices near the pit, inducing a rotting. (Cornell Bull. 172), Cherry Frit Fly (Rhagoletis cingulata). 8 EN. 114 THE REPORT OF THE — Key To Peacu Insecrs. A. Attacking the Roct and Lower Trunk : ; 1. Tunneling in the bark and sap-wood of the root, causing an exudation of gum, which is — seen at base of tree mingled with the castings. Peach Tree Borer (Sannina exitiosa). B. Attacking the Trunk and Branches : 1. In early spring, a minute caterpillar bores into the shoots of new leaves, killing the © growing terminals. i | Peach Twig-Borer (Anarsia lineatella). 2. Black hemispherical scales attached to the bark. Peach Tree Lecanium (Lecanium persicze). 3. A beetle eating the buds, and gnawing into the base of the — twigs, causing them to break and fall. 4 New York Weevil (Ithycerus noveboracensis), Fig. 103. - 4. Round scales, gray or black, twigs presenting a scurfy ap- i pearance. San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 5. Oval scars and longitudinal slits on back. Buffalo Tree-Hopper (Ceresa bubalus). C. Attacking the Leaves : 1. Plant lice, living in colonies under the leaves, causing them to — thicken and curl. Peach-Tree Aphis (Myzus persicae). 2. Minute round scales, usually along the veins. Fig. 103, New York Weevil. x , a0 tite : @.iHolein twiranade by female. San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). ». Larva ; c. Beetle. 3. Caterpillars protected. a. In a tortuous tube. Leaf Crumpler (Phycis indiginella). b. In folded leaves. Oblique banded Leaf-Roller (Cacoecia rosaceana). D. Attacking the Fruit : 1. Long legged, yellowish beetles eating holes in half-grown peaches. Rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus). 2. Large yellow hairy beetles, eating holes in ripe peaches. Bumble-flower Beetle (Euphoria inda). 3. Small snout-beetles making a puncture and crescent in the young fruit. Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). ’ NOTE ON INSECTS INJURIOUS TO PINES. By W. Hacurt Harrineton, F.R.S.C., Orrawa. *} One of the features of Canada is the great forest belt which covers so large a portion of it, ; : and which yields annually so important a revenue to its inhabitants. This magnificent forest — stretches far inland from either ocean and northward forms an uninterrupted zone across the 4 continent. Among the conifers which constitute so large a portion of this great forest area the various pines are prominent, and in the past they have been the chief source of wealth to our lumbermen who have already cut them over large areas. For many years I have seen each 1902 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 summer the rafts of white pine floating down the Ottawa, while the output of sawn lumber along the river has mounted annually into the hundreds of millions of feet.* On all our éast- ern rivers the same thing has been seen to a greater or less degree. The constant stream of logs coming down all the tributaries has testified to the richness of the limits upon which they are cut. Not to quantity alone do the pines owe their value, the wood of their splendid trunks is surpassed by that of few other trees in general utility. More than one-third of all our _forest exports are the produce of the pines, from the sale of which we derive annually several millions of dollars, in addition to all that is used for home consumption. So lofty and noble are these splendid lords of the forest that it might be thought that_ they are secure from all foes except the devastating axe and cruel fire. Yet few of our trees are attacked by so many enemies ; small and individually insignificant, but occurring in such abundance sometimes as even to destroy and overthrow the forest giants. To enumerate all these would be beyond the scope and bounds of a paper for this report, One hundred species of insects injurious to pine were mentioned in Bulletin 7 of the U.S. Entomological Commission published in 1881, while in the Fifth Report of the Commission (1890) the nu:nber was in- creased to one hundred and seventy, requiring for their discussion, even briefly, one hundred and thirty-six pages. Mr. A. D. Hopkins has also enumerated many species in his valuable ** Report on Investigations to Determine the Cause of Unhealthy Conditions of the Spruce and Pine from 1880-1893 ;” Bulletin 56 West Virginia Agric. Exp. Sta., April, 1899. My intention in this note is only to call attention to some of the principal species which I have observed myself as infesting these trees, omitting the lepidoptera, of which various species feed upon the foliage, and also a great many members of other orders which do more or less injury. To the trunk and branches the most serious injuries are done by beetles, which belong chiefly to the families Buprestidee and Cerambycids. The beetles of the first family are somewhat flattened and elongated, with short antennze, and generally are very hard and with a metallic lustre or bright colours. Some of the most gorgeous of all coleoptera are _ found among the tropical representatives of this family. The @ @ larvze of these beetles are somewhat tadpole-shaped and flattened, Fig. 104.—Flat-headed Borer : ‘ ‘ (Buprestidze). a and ce, grub; b, and are very destructive to the trees they infest. Fig. 104. pupa ; d, beetle. The three largest species upon pine belong to the genus Chalcophora, viz., C. fortis Lec., C. Virginiensis Drury and ©. liberta, Germ. All these occur in abundance in spring and autumn either upon the trunk and branches, or in the leaf clusters, where they appear to feed upon the buds. C. fortis is the largest species, measuring over an inch in length, and is distinguished by its brighter colour and the more sharply elevated lines upon the wing-covers ; virginiensis is slightly smaller and smoother, and is duller in colour, while liberta is generally still smaller and is more ruddy in appearance, although some individuals may be quite dark. Other species of buprestidze are Dicerca tenebrosa, Kirby, D. divaricata Say (Fig. 105) Chrysobothris dentipes Germ.., C. Blanchardi Horn, C. Barrisii Hentz, C. trinervia Kirby, C. scabripennis L. & Fig. 105.— te G., Buprestis striata Fab., B. maculiventris Say, B. consularis, Gory, and Melano- beetle. phila longipes, Say. On our Pacific coast the genus Chalecophora does not appear to be represented, but members of the other genera are common. The second group of injurious timber beetles is that of the Cerambycide or long-horned beetles ; the antennae, especially in the males, being often much longer than the body. The *The quantity sawn during 1902 in the Ottawa district has been published as 620,000,000 feet. | . 116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 larvze of these beetles are generally not quite so much flattened as are those of the Buprestids, but their habits are much the same. The eggs are placed in the bark in crevices or punctures reaching the outer layers of the wood it beetle with very long antennze (Fig. 106). powerful pair of* mandibles with which it eats its way rapidly through the wood. Standing near a pile of infested sawlogs Fig. 106,—Monohammus confusor, one can distinctly hear the crunch, crunch, of the destroying grubs. This species occurs from the Atlantic to the Pacific and varies little in appearance. Another common species is M. scutellatus, Say, (Fig. 107)—a black beetle, with slight white markings which are often nearly rubbed off. It has also a wide distribution, but the western specimens vary slightly in appearance and were described as a separate species (M. oregonensis Lec) Other species of the genus are M. tittilator Fab., M. maculosus, Hald. and M. marmorator, Kirby, all found in Canada in greater or less abund- ance in different localities. These five species often cause consid- Fig. 107.—Monohammus scutellatus. erable loss to our lumbermen, by their depredations upon sawlogs. Logs left in the woods fora year, through breaking up of roads, or lack of water, etc., are often so badly damaged as to greatly lessen their value. This damage can be prevented by removing the bark from the logs in spring, but this means a considerable expense, even when practicable. Other long-horned beetles infesting the pines are Tragosoma Hurvrisii, Lec., Asemum mestum Hald. (Fig. 108), Criocephalus agrestis, Kirby, Rhagiwm lineatwm, Oliv., ete. . Another group of destructive beetles is the Scolytide. These are quite small insects ; the largest scarcely over one-quarter of an inch long, and some very minute. They are, however, exceedingly destructive, as they occur in great numbers, and attack both injured and healthy trees, some species boring even into the bark of young trees. The mother beetle tunnels a groove an inch or more long under the bark, and inserts eggs at intervals. The larvee, when hatched, eat outward in all directions, producing in some instances quite regular and effective Fig. 10s, | Patterns radiating from the parent burrow. Each colony loosens a portion of bark Asem : 5 : 2 serena of several square inches, and when, as is often the case, the colonies are in close proximity to one another, the bark is loosened over large areas of the tree’s surface and the sap layers of the wood are destroyed, thus causing the death of the tree. Among — common species may be mentioned, Pityophthorus sparsus, Lec., Tomicus pini, Say, Dendroc- tonus terebrans, Lec., and Hylurgops glabratus, Zett. There are also several destructive beetles belonging to the Rhyncophora (snout-beetles or _ weevils), which occur abundantly. The most important of these belong to the genera Hylobius and Pissodes, and are very common about millyards as well as upon the pine trees. H. pales, made by the female, and the larva when © hatched bores at first in the bark, then — feeds upon them, and gradually as it increases in size it works deeper into the | solid wood. The largest and one of the © commonest of our pine-boring beetles is © Monohammus confusor, Kirby, a grey — Its larva, when full grown, is about an © inch and a half long, and is armed with a — Fy, | — 1902 —E, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117 Hbst. and H. confusus, Kirby, infest the trunks and limbs, boring under the bark and through _theouter wood layers. P. strobi, Peck, infests the young shoots, in which the eggs are placed at intervals, and in the pith of which the grubs burrow, causing the shoots to die and wither. The terminal shoot is frequently affected, thus checking the upward growth of the tree, and causing it to become forked, or to have a crook in the trunk. PP. affinis, Rand., is another common species. ‘Besides all the beetles that infest the trunk, branches and twigs, there are many insects preying upon the foliage. They include the caterpillars of various moths, and the young of several bugs, known as spittle-insects, also beetles, plant-lice, etc. Several sawflies belonging to Lophyrus and Lyda live upon the pine leaves, and sometimes occur in such numbers as to seriously defoliate them. A kind of gall, or swelling of the twigs is formed upon the red pine by the larva of a little snout beetle, Podapion gallicola, Riley, and fle cones of both red and white pines are infested by the larve of a scolytid, Pityophthorus coniperda, Schwartz, which cause them to become aborted and prevent the development of the seeds. ; Mention has been made of only a small number of the insects infesting our valuable pines, and in the briefest way, but even these few notes will indicate the great number of enemies they possess, and the vast amount of injury which is effected in the aggregate, by these individually insignificant little foes. A TALK ABOUT ENTOMOLOGY. By J. Atston Morrat, Lonpon, Onr. It has been said by a wag, ‘‘ That Entomology is the science that gives to insects long names, short lives and a pin through the middle.” That bit of humour with its absence of correct information, its jocular misrepresentation, and its implied disparagement of the subject, reflects, fairly well, the condescending attitude assumed towards it, by the great majority of every community, who seem to regard it as the frivolous pastime ofa few harmless lunatics, that might be better employed, but who are yet more to be pitied than blamed. Such being the common view of entomology entertained by the multitude, it is not surprising that so few should be found willing to turn their ‘attention to it, either as a science, or for its economic bearing on the prosperity of the community, or as a recreation. Indeed, it requires a firm conviction of its value and importance in the world by those engaged in it, or the great pleasure derived from a study of it which it brings to themselves, to make them willing to en- dure the faintly disguised wonder and disdain they are exposed to. Many a youth with a fine appreciation of the beauty of ingects has been driven from following out his inclinations by the jibes and jeers of his less favored companions. The ever-ready excuse for avoiding entomology as a subject of earnest consideration, is the long namesin a language they do not understand. That will be no obstacle in the way of anyone really desirous of understanding the subject. Names are a necessity. The design of names is to distinguish between things that differ. The value of scientific names is that they are all in unchanging language that makes them uniform the world over, regardless of what the vernacular may be. Such a condition is necessary for the systematic arrangement and classifi- ation of the objects named, without which science could not exist. The name of any object “in any language must be learned before it can be known and remembered. But once the object and its name are associated together in the mind, all difficulty with the matter vanishes, and it matters comparatively little what the name may be, so long as the object is familiarly known by it. Its meaning, if it has one, will come in due time. What some seem to want to ‘get is a name that will give them the size, form, colour and general appearance of the insect, so vse 118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 that they will know it when they see it, without having learned it—an impossibility in any language, especially where there is such a multitude of slightly differing forms as there is in entomology. Great diversity has been, and is being displayed by describers in giving names to insects. Some have had the faculty of choosing names for their species that are short, pretty and appropriate. Others have so multiplied syllables in their names, as to make it difticult even | for an expert to pronounce them ; yet even with these a little familiarity makes it easy. — Visiting ata friend’s one evening, a lady and her daughter were present. The Walking-stick insect, Diapheromera femorata, was brought up in conversation. For their amusement, I went over the encyclopedic description of the creature. ‘* Filiform and linear, entirely apterous, — without elytra and destitute of stridulation.” ‘‘ Dutch,” said the daughter. ‘‘ Not at all; ; excellent English,” said I. The mother, who had been attentively listening, and who under- i stood German, remarked: ‘‘I knew it wasn’t Dutch, but I didn’t think it was English.” So _ the trouble is really in unfamiliarity with the terms used, rather than in the language in ; which they are given. Some of the older heads in entomology are at present suffering great — inconvenience from the changing of scientific names, in obedience to the demands of the law — of priority, which is causing so much confusion, as to make them think that permanence in | nomenclature, which gives opportunity for becoming familiar, is of far more importance than — the names themselves. In this connection I copy the following paragraph from ‘‘ The Intro- — duction to the Report on Ophiurvidea,” by Theodore Lyman. In the voyage of H. M.S. — Challenger. (Vol. V, Page 5). ‘*In the description of this monograph, I have tried to use simple words as often as possible, and not to add to the jargon in which zoology is now smothering. In addition toa gigantic classification, to form which the dead languages have been torn up and recomposed, — there is an ever-growing crop of anatomical and embryological terms. No callow privat docent but thinks he does good service in adding a score of obscure words to detine his ephemeral theory. Doubtless he is not aware that his work has two faces. First, as regards himself, — these new words of his have become familiar and convenient in a subject he has long studied. Secondly, as it regards his readers, not only have they never heard the new words, but have ~ perhaps known the parts referred to by other names. They must, therefore, go through three painful processes :-— (a) Commit to memory, with dreary labour, like sawdust-— swallowing, the novel words. (b) Learn to what parts they apply. (c) Carefully forget — the old terms.” ‘‘The result of this system has been, not a language, but a jargon, such as Moliére would i scarcely have ventured to put in the mouths of the medical faculty in his Malade Imaginaire.” There are more than two hundred thousand different kinds of insects known, described — and named even now, and the work is not yet nearly complete, so there are many new names — yet to be got for new species. Then there are the varieties to cognominate ; and in some in- stances these are numerous. In one case it takes sixty-two distinct names to label the species. And when we consider that duplicating of names is to be avoided, we get some insight to the difticulty of providing suitable names for such an host. The effect produced by those long and . mysteriously high-soundiug appellations upon people with vigorous imaginations is often quite surprising. They are inclined to picture to themselves a creature proportionately formidable to the name as it appears to them. Many amusing instances of this might be given. On one occasion when exhibiting my collection at a fair, a young man with his female — friend came along ; but their tastes appeared to run in opposite directions. He called her at- ia tention to the butterflies, she said she could see butterflies any day. Then look at this grass- ~ hopper he persisted himself scrutimizing it closely. Seeing that he was an interested a 4 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119 and wishing to detain him, I said, call that a grasshopper? ‘Yes. What do you call it?’ Oonocephalus ensiger. There now, said the girl, you go home and see if there is anything like that about your place. Oh no, he replied. If there was, I would sell out and leave ! Being on a visit one evening to a place where some attention had been given to collecting, a Polyphemus cocoon was placed on the table to interest the company. A young man eyed it suspiciously, reached out towards it timidly, and as his fingers were coming in contact with it, I called, hah! which caused him to draw back suddenly. This raised a laugh at his expense, and he then prepared for an exhibition of boldness ; when I remarked, ‘‘ The man does not know the risk he is running.”” Turning to me in all seriousness he enquired : ‘ What is it anyway ?’ Confident in the ignorance of the company in regard to names, I said, ‘ Why it is a Boletotherus cornutus.’ ‘Oh, bejove, I won’t have anything to do with it then.” And he didn’t. The accusation that entomologists shorten the lives of a few insects in the pursuit of their science is quite true. But this profession of sympathy for insects is usually made on behalf of some beautiful and seemingly harmless butterfly, overlooking the fact that the handsome creature may produce an offensive looking and destructive grub. I have yet to hear the first expression of regret for the death of 1 potato beetle, but I have heard a lady taking credit to herself for stepping on every one she saw on the pavement. And yet the lives of each are equally valuable to the owners thereof. Upon one occasion I secured a prize in a place of pub- lic resort, and was taken severely to task by an elderly lady, for my cruelty in depriving of life such a beautiful and harmless creature. I defended myself by asking a question : Suppose you saw a caterpillar crawling on your dress, what would you do with it? ‘*‘Oh, the nasty thing. I would knock it off and put my foot on it.” In so doing you would be taking the life of just such a beautiful creature as [ did, only in a different form. That did not change her opinion of me. Thus, feelings are allowed to control reason and judgment. A poet has asked : What’s a butterfly?” And answered : ‘‘ At its best, ’tis but a caterpillar drest.” It is no unusual thing to hear individuals when looking at a case of butterflies, go into . raptures over their beauty, and extol the marvellous works of the Creator ; but when confron- ted by one of beetles, they will express their horror and disgust at what they regard as most objectionable creatures ; and yet they were originated by the same inventor, and are products of the same workshop, and the one exhibits as much wisdom and beneficence in their construc- tion, and as perfect an adaptation to their requirements in nature as the other. And our duty is to endeavour to discover and disclose wherein that lies, so that we may be able in some measure to give an answer to that oft repeated question: ‘‘ What were insects made for anyway ? ” When Topsy was asked ‘‘ Who made her,” she said she wasn’t made, she grew ; and in any correct use of language Topsy was right. Its a long while since any living thing was made in this world, and yet there was a time when no living creatures existed on this globe. There- fore, they must have been originated at some time, and in some way. And the accumulated evidence strongly vindicates the belief that they were originated by design, for a purpose. And ever since, those who have survived the fluctuations of time, have kept on propagating their kind in accordance with the laws of their being with which they were originally endowed. Moulded and modified in many ways by external conditions and altered circumstances, the bet- ? ter to fit them for performing their part in assisting to maintain the balance of nature. Man being, preéminently the disturber of harmony in this world. As to the ‘‘ Pins” which are so much in evidence ina collection of insects, they are a “necessity for the handling of specimens without injury when under examination, as well as to carry labels and fix them firmly in place for future observation and study. Many observant persons when looking at a collection of insects, will express great surprise at the number of Kinds therein displayed that they have never seen before, and wonder that it should be so. But it is just what might be expected, as a great many insects cannot be distinguished from ae 120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 e) one another when flying about. It is not until they are captured, killed, pinned and spread, that the difference between them can be discovered. Yet many people see nothing in the pins but an evidence of cruelty on the part of collectors. No intelligent collector of the present day would think of pinning an insect before killing it, when there are so many approved ~ methods of giving them pleasantly and instantly everlasting sleep ; and thereby secure his specimens in perfect condition by preventing fluttering. Much misinformation prevails even — amongst educated persons about the suffering of insects, which is not quite creditable to them. Suffering is the result of being possessed of a nervous organization. The more highly this organization is developed, the more sensitive to suffering is the creature possessing it. All creatures are not thus equally endowed, therefore all creatures are not equally liable to suffer- ing. The human race is supposed to stand highest in this respect, and yet there are wide differences between individuals of it. A highly cultivated and refined woman is far more liable to suffering, mental and physical, than one who has been exposed to rough conditions all her life. Insects have a very low organized nervous system, and therefore are not, and cannot be, — liable to acute suffering. Apart from the science of life in that respect, it has been abundantly | demonstrated. Asan illustration: A moth asleep in day time on the side of a tree, has had a pin passed through its body, and firmly fixed to the tree without disturbing its repose. It re- mained in that condition without showing signs of its discomfort until evening came, when it wanted to fly about, then it fluttered vigorously ; which might have been mistaken by an ob- © server as an evidence of suffering, when it was only the result of its eager desire to indulge its — nocturnal habit. I have cut half the abdomen off a mosquito that was feeding, and it did not — injure its appetite in the slightest. But it is our nature to associate suffering with injury, — therefore it should not be wantonly indulged in. Children especially should be taught to deal — mercifully with every living creature, even a mosquito, and dispatch it as expeditiously as_ possible, to save others from suffering. But I have heard boys condemned as wicked and cruel when chasing and capturing butterflies, and peremptorily ordered to stop it, which was intended as a fine exhibition ot tender consideration for the feelings of the insects, whilst it showed none whatever for those of the boys. Surely a boy is of more value than many insects. Sentimentalism, however lofty, is not edifying. Man’s prerogative in this world is to dominate nature, and make the powers of nature sub- servient to his advancement, and all modern progress and improvement in horticulture, agri- — culture and stock raising, is founded on the principles of man’s ability to improve upon nature | for his own benefit. But to accomplish that, man’s work must be in harmony with the laws of — nature, else disaster may follow. Nature when left to the operation of its own beneficient laws, succeeds in establishing and maintaining an exquisitely adjusted balance between the j numerous conflicting elements in its own vast domain. But man in his eager desire for large — profits and quick returns, thinks he can accomplish his ends by more direct methods ; ignorant of those finely adapted harmonies, he goes to work in his own way to bring them about, but — 1 often discovers to his sorrow, that he has started some of nature’s machinery in motion that is — working in an opposite direction to his intentions, and is threatening his ruin rather than his © j advancement ; so he has to call a halt, to reconsider his methods, and with patient labor, ob- f ¢, what he has overlooked and servation and research try to discover where he has gone wrong, how todo better. When Henry Ward Beecher undertook to be a farmer, he met with so_ many unforseen and unexpected hinderances to success, that it seemed to him as if all nature 5 i had joined in a league against him, and he was ready under the influence of such feelings togive that reply which raised such a storm against him at the time. When asked how to get rid of © Canada-thistles, he said, ‘‘ Cultivate them for the market. ‘Then the bugs will attack them ; and the mildew will blast them. Then the grubs will eat their roots, and the cater- pillars will devour their leaves. Their stocks will rot, and their blossoms fail to a Ma aM — 1902. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 produce seed. The frost will cut them by night, and the sun will scorch thém by day, and you will soon have no thistles.” And this conflict between man and nature, is from his viola- tion of the laws of nature, always going on; and will, until he more thoroughly understands nature’s laws and how to obey them. And the more artificial man’s methods become, the higher is the intelligence required to make them successful. The community may be divided into the rural and the urban, or such as live and work in the country, and those that make their living in towns and cities. It is the products of the rural workers’ labour that are most exposed to insect depredations ; and, asa rule, it is they who give the least attention to such matters. The cause for this condition of things is net far to seek. The rural workers’ labour and leisure are very unequally divided. Summer is short, and the work is pressing. The crops must be got in ; and the crops must be got off. And during the process there is little time and less inclination to give attention to the opera- tions of their insidious insect foes, that may be robbing them of half the profit of their labours. in the winter time they have the leisure to gain information, but it is not the season to put it in practice to any extent; so with the next summer’s advent the usual rush begins, and their time as well as their inclination for that kind of work disappears, and their _ attention to the depredations of insects is put off to the future. An idle man out for a stroll, and a delightful health-refreshing converse with nature, reached a projecting point of the Niagara escarpment, situated about four miles east of Hamilton, from which, on a clear day, Toronto can be seen. The landscape below, once lake bottom, but now dotted with human habitations that are surrounded by regularly laid out and well cultivated fields, orchards and vineyards, their dimensions reduced by distance, until they look like flower- beds in a well kept garden, with Lake Ontario shining bright and calm beyond. A prospect of charming loveliness. A woman came out of a harvest field near by, dressed suited to her work, but quite different from what she wore when he had met her in the city. She thought it necessary to apologize for her appearance, and kept it up to his dis- comfort. So to change the subject he remarked, ‘‘ What a magnificent view you have from your place.” The reply was, ‘“‘ Troth thenand its much we care about the view, working like the slaves we are all the day.”” He could but bow to the justness of her rebuff, and ponder on its widespread and far-reaching applicability. No time—no inclination for such indulgence. Severe and continuous toil is not conducive to mental cultivation. Amongst those that live and work in urban locations, where labour and leisure are more equally divided, there always have been some who were fascinated by the beauty of insects and their intensely interesting habits of life. Many of these in the pursuit of their favourite study have seen, realized and become impressed with the thought of what tremendous loss the rural workers are sustaining from the depredations of insects, and have persisted in calling attention to it, and urging that measures should be taken to prevent it. Their thought- ful consideration has not been without result. Governments, which have the interest of their country at heart, having had their attention called to the matter, and seeing that those most directly interested were, from want of time, knowledge or inclination, doing nothing, and that the whole community was suffering loss thereby, have taken hold of the matter, and are look- ing out for persons qualified in some measure by previous observation on the subject, and are appointing them to give their whole time and attention to that work. Such action is in perfect accord with the established principle of the division of labour for the attainment of the highest results with the least expenditure of time, money and labour. And_the rural workers realiz- _ ing the advantage of such an arrangement, will be willing to sustain the procedure, when they find it is profitable to have that done for them, which they may not tave time or capacity to do for themselves ; and the whole community will be benefited thereby. So now the time has come when attention to the work and ways of insects is getting acknowledged to be of real 122 THE REPORT OF THE _ No. 19: importance in the management of rural affairs, which cannot well be done without, and work in that line will become an established profession. Men being educated for it, and their ser- vices having been found to be profitable will soon become necessary, when they will be called for as regularly and paid for as willingly as those of any other profession. Thus entomology has vindicated its claim to recognition as a science useful and important to the community. The educational authorities are now alive to the great advantage that would result to the whole community if it were in some measure informed upon natural history subjects, aud to that end ,have placed them in the lesson course of schools. But it is doubtful if a more effectual method could be taken of turning children against natural history ‘than by making it one of the tasks they have to learn, and which the most of them will look back upon with dislike, and be glad to have done with. Whereas, if they were encouraged to make natural history collections, themselves choosing the department, it would be in harmony with their natural inclination to collect something, and would at the same time form a safe outlet for their surplus energy, which would produce such an agreeable impression on their minds as to go with them in after-life and induce them to take it up again whenever opportunity pre- sented itself. A consummation much to be desired and which may be realized when parents and teachers themselves have acquired a real love of the subjects. Mankind is instinctively utilitarian, and this is reputed to be the most utilitarian age that has been. The disposition of the race is being intensified in the individual, by the tendency of the times in which he lives. So everything is tested by the standard of : How is he, or they, to be benefited thereby ? and to what extent? But the great majority of mankind have no choice in life, they are controlled by necessity, the necessity of making a living. And this so occupies their attention that they have little time for anything else. But constant appli- cation of mind or body to one particular vocation becomes monotonous and depressing. So for the health of body and mind, relaxation is necessary. Many suppose that such is only to be obtained by an entire absence of occupation ; this is a mistake, the most refreshing relaxation is often found in a mere change of occupation. The most tiresome day of many a man’s life is a holiday ; simply because he has nothing to do. Activity is conducive to happiness. Many who have been successful in business, and have got over the necessity of working for a living, yet remain in business, because they have no other way of pleasantly and profitably occupying their time. Now here comes in the immense advantage which those possessed of some know- ledge of natural history subjects have over those with none. A means of healthful recreation is always within their reach. All they have to do is to open their eyes and they find objects of interest liberally strewed around them. So that, whether it be the weary toiler with only his tiresome holiday to spend, or the successful man who has got beyond the necessity for labour, and has much time to spare, they will find in it a never-failing means of profitably oc- cupying whatever time they wish to give to it. When the eyes are opened to the beauties of nature, the pleasure of a walk or a drive is immeasurably enhanced by the ability to intelligent- ly recognize the diverse objects that are constantly presenting themselves to view. The en- joyment of rest and repose in the shade on a hot summer’s day, is quadrupled by observing the different forms of the trees, with their characteristic manner of growth ; and the kind of birds and insects that frequent them. And to be able to distinguish them by name as recognized ac- quaintances, is a yet greater addition to the pleasures of life. One great advantage of taking re-- creation in the observation and consideration of natural history subjects is, that it requires no elaborate preparation to begin with. Every one is able to appreciate in some measure the beauties of nature and the faculty will increase and strengthen with exercise, so that all that is required of anyone is to begin to observe. Observation excites curiosity, curiosity leads to enquiry, enquiry tends to increase knowledge, and the more one knows, the more one desires to know. And natural history subjects are so diverse in their manifestations, as to provide something suited to ; ‘ - +1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123 every taste. Then they are not the monopoly of the rich or the learned, but are open to, all wh have an eye to see, and a mind to perceive. They are educational in their influences, leading to habits of thought, observation and self-control. They are elevating in their tendency, lead- ing away from that which is base and ignoble, to that which is pure, beautiful and refining. Physically they are healthful ; most departments requiring those out-of-door activities that brace and strengthen. And they are perfectly inexhaustible, and such a source of enjoyment, as only those engaged in them have the slightest conception of. Thus satisfying man’s utili- tarian disposition to the utmost. In nothing of all that, does entomology fall short in interest and importance to any othe department of natural history. There are four times as many different kinds of insects in the world as of all other kinds of animal life put together, and their powers of increase may be reckoned at fifty times as great. Then insects have four separate stages of existence to in- vestigate before you can be certain that you have an exact knowledge of their life history. Whilst the simple question, ‘‘ What constitutes a speeies,’ amongst them, remains as yet wholly unsettled. If it is the beauty of nature that attracts your attention, you will find in insects the equal of flowers, with the added charm of animation ; combining in colour and form the highest art with the poetry of motion. It is the strange and wonderful that excites your interest ; no where in nature can be seen such marvels as in the transformations of insects such departures from the ordinary course of life in other creatures ; such contrasts in con- ditions ; from the lowly and grovelling, nourished on garbage ; to the elegant and refined, re- velling in the sunbeam and sustained by nectar. In their individual instincts along the lines of natural capacity, excelling in correctness the most cultivated reason of man. In the perfect adaptation of parts to their uses, they are far in advance of the inventive powers of a human genius, and in many instances they exceed in grotesqueness, the imaginative creatures of the wildest romancer. And whilst they are considered to be the ephemeral things of a day, their pedigree can be traced to the remotest antiquity ; and no where else can be found such beauti- ful illustrations of natural theology. Thus providing abundant scope for the exercise of every faculty of the human mind. ? THE NORTH-WEST (CANADA) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ANNUAL MEETING. © On Wednesday afternoon, Nov. 5, 1902, at the High school, Calgary, was held the fourth and last annual meeting of the North West Entomological Society. The meeting was one of very great interest, for it involved the extinction of the Entomological Society and the found- ing in its stead of the Territorial Natural History Society. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, The chair was occupied, until the burial of the Entomological society, by the Right Revd., the Bishop of Saskatchewan and Calgary. The large room was crowded and among those pres- ent were Chas. W. Peterson, deputy commissioner of Agriculture, Regina; T. N. Willing, Regina ; Dean Paget ; Percy B. Gregson; N. D. Sanson, curator of Banff museum ; F. H. _Wolley-Dod ; A. G. Wolley-Dod ; C. Marker; Principal J. B. Boyce ; Messrs. King, Tomlin- son and about forty other residents of Calgary and district. Letters in support of the meeting were received from the Mayor of Calgary and other gentlemen. After an interesting opening speech by the chairman, Mr. Percy B. Gregson, as president of the Entomological Society, was called upon to address the meeting. a 124° THE REPORT OF THE ‘ot Ne ae e PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. Mr. Greg:on said that the Society was now in its fifth year of existence and explained some of the difficulties that had to be overcome in the course of its establishment. Very early in the society’s existence, botany was made a complementary subject with entomology, and by constantly hammering away, holding meetings and by pointing out on every possible occasion the manner in which agriculture was affected by insects and plants, farmers were interested ia the welfare of the society. One difficulty to contend with has been, not so much the prejudice of the young people against insects, but the prejudice of the parents, which however was passing away. The presi- dent then proceeded to describe the formation and operation of one of his field clubs. At first two or three boys would join for the fun of the thing—perhaps one of them might be in earn- est—and a girl or two. In the afternoon they would go out, and from the varied assortment of things taken (bags, beetles, spiders, caterpillars, butterflies, etc.) a caterpillar obviously para- sitised would be selected, and the circumstance and importance.of it explained. Then perhaps on another occasion the attacks of a small fly on the common prairie aster would be noted, and the young people asked to find one free of attack. They would by that process learn how very few plants there were which had no insects of any kind attacking them. The membership of the Lacombe Field Club now numbers 22, all tilled with a sense of responsibility as naturalists. Three out of four who have gained p-izes this year are members of this field club, and these prizes were gained against a competition open to all the Territories. There is now also being organized at the Red Deer school a field club for that district on the lines of the Lacombe Club, so that next year (if all is well) there will be two such clubs in. full operation. Speaking as to the use of the study of entomology, or botany, or any other subject of nat- ural history, Mr. Gregson said that even looking at it as a hobby there is this value in a hobby, that of a definite purpose in view. But there are other uses. Botany is the study of the life history of all plants. It teaches us their modes of growth, habits, natures, localities, etc., so that we learn just how they affect the farmer for good or bad, and in the prize competitions for this year it was made a special condition that the collections should specify these particular features. Then take entomology. This means the study of the life history of all insects. It is not enough to simply know the names of the insects, though that is a good step forward, but their habits and life history from the time they hatch from the egg until they undergo their final change must be learnt as far as possible, and as we learn so our interest grows and our collections should show this life-history. ; Another use of the study of natural history is the remarkable development it induces of the faculty ot observation—in the young especially. It is extremely interesting to watch this de- velopment. About two years ago one of the young folk to whom Mr. Gregson is teaching en- tomology came to him and said: ‘‘ Mr. Gregson, I shall never get a collection, there are so few insects.” He was told to persevere, and this summer he said: ‘‘ Mr. Gregson, there seem to be insects everywhere.” This is a young boy —a boy 12 years old—who has gained the first prize in entomology this year. His collection was handed around the room and excited much interest. .Another is the — love of nature which these studies cultivate—one of the most valuable possessions one can have, and it is well that this should be cultivated while we are young. As an almost natural corollary with the work of the entomological society, plans have been formulated for the establishment of natural history museums at the schools of Red Deer and Lacombe, which the pupils are intended to collect for and augment every year. These museums 1902 — ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125 are designed to include every subject of natural history (plants, insects, fossils, minerals and other geological specimens, birds, shells, etc.) a few cases for each school have already been ordered to be constructed as a start. Such, then, is the history of the North West Entomological Society up to the present day. Letters were then read from J. A. Calder, deputy commissioner of education, Regina ; Professor C. C, James, deputy minister of agriculture, Ontario ; H. H. Lyman, late president of the Ontario Entomological Society, etc., expressing the most favorable opinions with regard to"the course adopted. PRIZE WINNERS. Mr. Gregson then announced the names of the winners of the prizes in Territorial compe- tition for insects and plants. The winner of the prize of $2.50 (given by Dr. James Fletcher, Ottawa), for best collection of injurious and beneficial insects is Master D. Tipping, Blackfalds. The prize given by the society for best numerical collection of insects was won by Master Benjamin Howell, Lacombe. For best collection of plants, the prize of $2.50 (given by Dr. Fletcher) was won by Miss Lucy Howell, Lacombe ; and second prize (given by the Society) was won by Miss Mary McDonald, of Urquhart. The balance sheet was then read, showing a deficit of $40. (A special donation of five _ dollars has since been received from Mr. H. H. Lyman of Montreal). DISSOLUTION OF THE SOCIETY. Mr. Gregson then stated that he had now arrived at one of the saddest episodes in the his- tory of the Entomological Society, namely, its suicide. He proposed that the Entomological Society should be discontinued, and explained that this did not mean oblivion, for that from its ashes would arise, he trusted, a society with greater scope for work, on the lines of a natural history society for the Territories and on this basis he understood that the existing members would transfer their allegiance to the proposed new society. Before proceeding with the new business, Principal Boyce expressed his desire to assist in the formation of a museum at Calgary and Mr. Tomlinson offered to help the young collectors and others in every way he was able towards that end, and Mr. Gregson promised his advice and cooperation. Moved by T. N. Willing and seconded by C. W. Peterson, that a vote of thanks be ex- tended to the officers of the Entomological Society for the energetic and untiring way in which the affairs of the Society have*been conducted. This was carried. Moved by Mr. Gregson, and seconded by Mr. A. G. Wolley-Dod that a vote of thanks be extended to the chairman, His Lordship the Bishop of Saskatchewan and Calgary.—Carried. TERRITORIAL NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY FORMED. Moved by Mr. Gregson and seconded by Mr. A. G. Wolley-Dod that a new society be formed under the title ‘‘ The Territorial Natural History Society ’’ with fee of one dollar for Membership.—Carried. The following are the objects which this society has been organized to carry out, viz :— (a) To instruct farmers how to recognise beneficial and injurious insects, weeds and birds, and how to combat those that are injurious. (b) To promote an interest in and the study uf the economic and scientific phases of the various branches of Natural History. (c) To establish one or more Natural History Museums at central points, and Collections in connection with Schools throughout the Territories. Mr. Chas. W. Peterson was then elected to take the chair, with Mr. T. N. Willing as Secretary pro tem. for the proceedings. 7 126 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 19 Moved by Mr. N. B. Sanson, and seconded by Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod that the Divisions of Entomology, Botany and Ornithology be at once established.—Carried. A draft of the constitution of the Terri.orial Natural History Society was then considered | section by section and finally the same was adopted. The following officers were then elected : rated Cnt A a Seg Ra, CER RR Se Elie cis Percy B. Gregson. Ebi. VEGGIES, wie ya) j,3 totereia eco ss rabid ta aire Mitatala’s Weta letele C. W. Peterson. Spcand VICO-E FER es. cs scivrt nase & eee Ase erg ERR G. Wolley-Dod. Directors, Entomology, F. H. Wolley-Dod, Calgary, and Rev. J. Hinchcliffe, Red Deer ; Botany, Mr. Nivens, Prince Albert, and Mr. Hutchinson, Regina ; Ornithology, Dr. Henry George, Innisfail, and F. Dipple, Calgary, and T. N. Willing, Regina, Secretary-Treasurer. It was decided that the report of the president of the late North West Entomological Society should be included in the first annual report of the Territorial Natural History Society, and also inasmuch as the excellent work done by the Entomological Society led to the formation of the Natural History Society, that the liabilities of the former be assumed by the latter. It was resolved that three official Museums should be established, one at Blackfalds for the district north of Calgary, with Mr. Percy B. Gregson as Curator ; one at the Territorial capital (Regina), with Mr. T. N. Willing as Curator ; and the third at Calgary, with Principal J. B. Boyce as Curator. A resolution was adopted unanimously urging the Territorial government to provide at the earliest possible moment the necessary accommodation fora public natural history museum, such as is maintained in all the provinces. After a vote of thanks te the Chairman, a motion to adjourn was adopted. It was decided to hold the next annual meeting at Calgary, during the Convention week of the Agricultural Societies in May. WILLIAM E. SAUNDERS. In this issue of our Report, we have pleasure in presenting to our readers a portrait of the Secretary of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the last fifteen years, Mr. Wo. E. SaunpErs, who is well known as a prominent member of the fraternity of Canadian Naturalists. Mr. Saunders’s home is in London, where he was born and where most of his life has been spent. His father, Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, has always been devoted to the study of the natural sciences, “and hence the son’s attention was in early years directed to similar pursuits, interest in them being maintained by the making of collections in the different departments. Geology, Botany, Entomology and Orin- thology all in turn provided object lessons for study, training the mind to habits of close observation, and filling the leisure of later years with delightful employment. After a few years of miscellaneous collecting, Mr. Saunders turned his attention more exclusively to Orinthology, and as soon as the use of a gun was permitted, he commenced a scientifically arranged collection of our native birds, showing male and female in summer and winter plumage, with any variations from the type, also the nest and eggs of each species. Year by year the collection is added to, until now it numbers over one thousand specimens. Mr. Saunders’s birds are his intimate friends, and whether in his own house or on the public plat- form, his ‘‘ Bird Talks,” illustrated with specimens, show to his audience that he speaks of what he has learned by personal experience in the fields and woods. His enthusiasm for this study is such that he counts it no hardship to walk miles into the country in time to hear some favorite songster greet the dawn. He has also been known to spend a night in the woods in the depths of winter, just to see what he missed by spending his nights in bed ! : = 1902 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127 About two years ago, Mr. Saunders accompanied his father on an official visit te Sable Island, a place he had long wished to go to in order to see the only known breeding place of the ‘‘ Ipswich” sparrow. The impressions of this trip were given to the public in an article in one of our local papers, which has since been adapted for some of our scientific magazines. Mr. Saunders was able also to enrich his collection by several specimens of the rare sparrow, as well as some other beautiful birds, which have their habitat on that interesting island. Although Mr. Saunders is kept fully employed in looking after his business interests, he finds a change of work sufficient to afford him the rest he needs, hence he has employed his leisure time in many pursuits, and while Ornithology may be called his principal ‘* hobby,”’ he has gone rather extensively into gardening and horticulture generally ; extensively, considering the size of his lot on Central Ave., but the amount of fruit and flowers there produced is a surprise and a pleasure to all his summer visitors. His well known love for these pursuits, and his knowledge of horticulture generally has occasioned his recent election to the chair- 'manship of the committee who have in charge the care of the street trees in London. Mr. Saunders received his education principally in London, though two or three years were spent in boy’s colleges elsewhere. As it was considered best for him to enter the drug business so long conducted by his father, he was sent for two years to the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, where he graduated with the highest honours. Soon after his return to London, he was taken into partnership with his father, but on the latter being appointed Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, Mr. Saunders retired from the retail business, and entered the wholesale exclusively. On the establishment of the Western University he was appointed to the chair of Chemistry, which he held until the claims of his own business forced him to relinguish the position. EDMUND BAYNES REED. The older members of the Entomological Society of Ontario will, no doubt, welcome with much pleasure the portrait of Mr. EpmMunp Baynes REED, which is prefixed to this volume. He was one of the small band who originated the Society on the 16th of April, 1863, and is one of the few survivors who may expect to commemorate its fortieth anniversary a few months hence. Mr. Reed came to Canada from England when a young man and took up his abode in London, where he for some time practised his profession as a lawyer. Later on he became Secretary-Treasurer of the Synod of the Diocese of Huron and continued to occupy this position till he left London for British Columbia in 1890. He was always devoted to Natural History and especially to the collection and study of insects. His leisure time was largely given up to these pursuits and to the work of the Entomological Society, in which he took the warmest interest. He and Dr. Saunders were instrumental in forming the London Branch of the Society and keeping up the enthusiasm of its members. When the head-quarters of the Society were removed to London and there was in consequence no further need of a Branch, Mr. Reed took an active part in everything that was done and gave most material help in the formation and increase of the library and collections. He was Secretary-T'reasurer of the Society in 1871-2-3 and from 1880 to 1886 ; Vice-President in 1874, 1877 and from 1887 to 1889 ; member of the Council from 1874 to 1876 and in 1878 and 79; and during many of these years Librarian and Curator in addition. The following extract from the report of the Council for the year ending August 31st, 1890, bears testimony to his usefulness and services : ** In consequence of the removal of Mr. E. Baynes Reed from London to British Columbia, to take charge of the Dominion Meteorological Station at Victoria, it will be necessary to make ' ] 128 _ THE REPORT OF THE i. No. 19 some new arrangements for the care of the library and collections, and the performance of the oiticial work of the Society. . . . . . . The Council desire to place on record their feelings of deep regret at the removal of Mr. Reed from this Province and the loss which the Society thereby sustains. Mr. Reed is one of the original members of the Society and for more than a quarter of a century has been one of the most active and zealous of its officials, filling at different times the positions of Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, Librarian, Curator and Auditor. To him it is especially due that the library has grown to its present dimensions and value, and that so much progress has been made by the Society in many directions. The Council beg to thank Mr. Reed for his services in the past and wish him all possible success and prosperity in his new and important sphere of labour.” Mr. Reed was a constant.contributor to the pages of the Canadian Entomologist from the very first. volume, in which appeared five articles from his pen. His papers, largely collecting notes, records of rare captures, etc., were always interesting and valuable; he also furnished descriptive articles on larvee, an accentuated list of Canadian Lepidoptera, a report to the Department of Agriculture (jointly with Dr. Saunders) on the Colorado Potato-beetle which had then invaded Western Ontario from the neighbouring State of Michigan, and popular papers on common insects. In the preparation of the early annual reports of the Society he took a large share and contributed elaborate and valuable papers, as follows: Insects affecting the plum, Report I. (1870), pages 53-63, and Report II. (1871) pp. 22-26; Insects injurious to the potato, ibid, pp. 65-81; Insects attacking the cucumber, melon, pumpkin and squash, zbid, pp. 89-92 ; Insects affecting maple-trees, Report IIT. (1872) pp. 35-43; Insects affecting the peach, ibid, pp. 44-47 ; Insects affecting the potato, ibid, 48-50 ; Some common insects which affect the horse, ox and sheep, Report IV. (1873) pp. 34-41; Entomological contributions, Report V. (1874), pp. 11-16 ; Sphingidee—Hawk-moths, Report XII. (1881), pp. 48-70; Diptera—Two- winged flies, Report XU. (1882), pp. 45-53; and short articles in several issues. From the above list it will be seen that Mr. Reed gave much attention to economic Entomology and did some very excellent work in that department. It was quite fitting, therefore, that he should have been one of the company who, in August 1889, formed the Association of Kconomic Entomologists and signed its original Constitution. Another valuable and important work that Mr. Reed performed for the Society was the compilation of a General Index to the first thirteen Annual Reports, 1870-1882, which proved of the greatest use for many years to the members of the Society and others who had occasion to refer to these publications. For some time before he left London, Mr. Reed took a great interest in Meteorological Observations and in connections with the Observatory at Toronto established a local station _and.installed the necessary instruments. His anemometer and vanes were placed on the top of the Cathedral tower and connected by wires with his residence on the corner of Park and Queen’s Avenues. The work that he thus performed was so accurate and satisfactory that he was selected to take charge of the Pacific Coast Division of the Dominion Meteorological Service, and since 1890 he has continued to fill the office of Superintendent of the Observatory at Victoria, B.C. Though his time is fully taken up with his official duties, he continues to be interested in Entomology and is a member of the British Columbia Natural, History Society. His many friends will, no doubt, heartily join with us in the wish that he may enjoy the bless- ings of health and well-being for many a year to come and retain the vigour and vivacity which have always been his characteristics. C. J. S. B. a \ My \ : j \ INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. BRMPOUDS ALTA jc oc, Sa eee ee ee es 97 Buprestis beetles ............... 115 (figs. ) " BUVEGGADR Oca See a Ns 3's Anh e Cabbage butterfly ........ 38, 39 (fig), 40 " PONOUCORTUIS: «50a alee ire ees 97 Caccecia rosaceana. vee ss LOS Giger) " SWBpHOsAes elo new e veh o's 97 Calamenta trimaculatus......... .... 100 Acronycta Canadensis................ 94 Calathusvadvena 3 .5 34 s2 a... a. eal 96 " ivostbata ees) 5.0 d. ee we sles 94 Callida punetata 223... 2. fom: 22. fe 57, 96 " MESPOMGA 3K ee ies 94 Callosamia promethea .... 113 (fig.) " POPUL eG yale os 94 Calocampa curvimacula .... ......... 25 Seerarie Penicula ’... 0) 506... cee ees 94 Calochromus dimidiata ........ ...... 97 eulausioculatus ....f .. 6. se neh: 57 (fig.), 104 Calopusaspersues*.)-1-icle Poe asian eae 98 Albuna pyramidalis and varieties...... 93 Canker worms .._ .16 (figs.), 104, 107 (figs.) Ampelophaga versicolor............ 58, 93 Canthon‘simplex's2355985. 0. ot eee 97 Amphicerus bicaudatus .......... 113 (figs) Capis curva ta. cjeries “ae aonb a re 94 " claudens ssa s eres beres 94 " DIGTION 5) 5 hi: in Wel ee eo 94 " plutonia (ab ave la, 6, ofohphile le Apftatenerieta velte 94 eHarpalus laticeps....... yids ores 96 " plouritious”\. 5...s...... 97 @emelia borealis... ..visi.2-...05.). 98 PMP VGN 55). tess a alte esd ste ic, aeisie 98 meydena favicormis......./.>......... 101 Myodites scaber........... Bee ois. 98 " Zeschii ..... Lok tte) are 98 sy Ce Sy a A ary a 40, 113 Nemeophila petrosa ................ 35 4 Selwyiild syietey.cn se eS ts 35 MEBOCIYEUS CAPT2CA. oe... ee eee 97 Memes bidentata ...... 0.0 6cs cece ees 76 MEUM AbTICINCta 2... fee a 94 BRAPICTIROD 6 60.< 5 sie ewes ave ws wlele es « 94 PRPCMIDUTOL Reece oblige utes gs 94 MEG STUDTUM 2... ge ee tee ss 97 Saontomerus bicolor................, 100 MEPyMOFUS ATVENSIS .. 0.50... 5 20, ee 100 Oedemasia concinna.............. 105 (fig) @estrophasia calva’.................. 101 meacocnemis Barnesii ..............- 94 " 1 0 I A ony 8 a ee 94 Orchard insects, key to .............. 101 Mmrenmis priuinosa................208. 41 Orthoptera, collectors of .......... 91, 92 Osmoderma scabra ........... 104 (fig), 112 Oyster-shell Bark-louse. . . .84 (fig), 102 (fig) Pachyprotasis nigrofasciata........... 100 Pamphila Manitoba.................. 26 " metacomet ....... Pathe) 75 " DAWNOC! jaye, unio evecceerste sleisteet 93 mantographa limata................... 77 Papilio cresphontes ............ 59 (fig), 93 A ee ae 93 mepurnus, larva ..6 2%. .5..0.. 76 (fig) Pea Weevil Conference .........,.... : Gnfe-history. 12.54.0404: 5, 15, 82 PAGE Pea Weevil Remedies for......... 7, 14, 81 rc Resolution respecting. ..... 12 Peach insects, Key to>........--...... 114 Peach-tree borer’. sii... 56-0 eee 67 (fig) Pear insects, Key to) 0... 3..4.. 2.0. 111 Peat-tree Wray Way sri is ot aie castors aos 008 17 Pear-tree sige elon scsciee 85 (fig), 112, 113 Pempelia Hammondi ............ 106 (fig) Perdita 8-maculata <2 2... 62s... 2 ee 100 Peridroma occulta............-. P57 BEVELGIA haste Panis ea ety oye nieee 74 Perigrapha transparens .............. 95 Peritelopsis globiventris.............- 98 Petrophora truncata ......- Bia eit aster als 35 Philampelus pandorus..,. ..........- 93 Phlyctaenia ferrugalis..............., 7 Phobetron pithecium .............. 57, 95 Phyciodes Hanhami. 5. 2 025.. .\i-rs se 3 Phycis indiginella........ 104 (fig), 108, 114 Phytonomus punctatus... ........... 44, 98 Pieris napi, var. bryonis ° 5.02 om yee 93 im Protodices ces. ss.j-%..sepsehe ne 60 (fig) WQS” Goel ta creche encge 38, 39 (i), a Pines, insects injurious to.... ....... Pistol-case bearer........ 104, 105 (fig), 108 Pityophthorus coniperda ..........-.. 117 Platynus anchomenoides ............ 96 u ON CAVALUS! yer -vekeraie chereneretel aickete 96 " WIGPICODS el ~ eax ata ole) outers 96 " 4-punctabus)...\.)\6)2 0 vale 96 Plum Curculio...... 110 (fig), 111, 113, 114 PluniGallemiten cece sc terete cies 84 Plum iGoucereyscncriica sere 110 (fig), ia Plumyinsects) Mey tosses.) ome Plum Rot, treatment for ...... te Plusia ereold es iy 7.2% -edunls isso ret ronc aaate 76 HU ery RLLGUS =) seen attend eeres cee ete tinh See 95 ity (ps CLEASOTIT AP fe eyen pte. 7. coe aac 95 ii? au OR COBB Dai ctc gente che tons ston bus stein 95 {fp POTIMIORA Mes ayaa eietria ‘ois tafe tonks oats 35, 95 RNA 64121 0) 612 My Aled SRE Meta EMME ch " erates S Piraalersaneigkass eee carota 95 Hig) OR ULOMMON LSS, sons ate niepaeinatayaeee 95 uy MROCHAN OU AN Geiss ce uctsee loses cheers 95 lop BUDD IASG yam nas ais: lap ars one coe ona eee 95 ith SR VALIATIA cists chase cooispetey seis isscrerarereate 95 Podapion: gallicola; h\..cmsias' ae eee 117 Polistes: pallipes) (si .yccrstemueti eee 73 (fig) Poly bia dlavitarsis. 2 5is.).\teyoy oilers ete 100 Polystichotes punctatus............ 27 (fig) Porosagrotis mimallonis.............. 94 Potato beetle. 7. sects an ce ee 41 Potato Stalk-borer’ \.15. 02). 425-9 66 (figs.) Prionocyphon discoideus ............ Prionus) laticolliss rane eee 111 (fig) Procris Americana......... Ne eee as 75 (fig) Promethea caterpillar .......... 113 (fig) Protoparce’ .celeus'. 27/5 aaees os 13 36 (fig), 37 ul GING UL Stay epoca eee 93 Pselaphus Erichsonii ...........-..-+ 96 Pseudolimacodes littera ....,......-- 96 Psiloeephala, grandis je.16 5 eine + 0)+)aieinhe. 101 Psylla, pyricoli . Jenpacsite eles)» <'\sh0' 17, EL Pteronus magus .........eseeeeseees 100 Pyrgota. .Chagnoni-.'. isis ae +o ssp LOE a _« R ‘ St a Pies Beer OI as fe ’ x. cd , , e r ) au ) eae Ria 132 INDEX. No. 23 — PAGE PAGE. | Minbaitn Gernix.. ich. 5h Wiewatelli ey oA 96 Telea polyphemus ................ 76, 107 Tent caterpillars.......... 39, 105, 106 (fi Raspberry Geometer .............. 77 Gay. |") Bentheedo oximid.cy ce ee 18 Rhinomacer pilosus.,... SRE POR: 98 % NipTisOMS... soi <5 ce ee a . Root Crops, insects affecting.........- 82 ~Tephronota Canadensis ............ 36, 101 | Rose Scale...............-.. yr 85 Terias lisa ...... ba Meme Ete 3 wees Oo Samia cecropia.... ...... 107 (fig), 109 (fig) Thalessa Nortoni..............-..-5 =) LOS San José scale............ 18 (figs), 84, 103 Thecla seine Seas i ee a i " remedies for ........... 19 hard kN A ee na a " resolution concerning.... 22 ae oh ee latipes ...........05 ++ i Eonenis paeide LEROY, 103 (fg) mee pe A gray: << Siesta 36 (fiz), 37 arrothripa columbiana.............. : + on lagen: 57 Sea ea me Schizoceros plumiger ....... Nesey 100 Tortoise beetle, green .............. 28, 97 Sciophila subccerulea................. 101 Toxotus obtusus ...-.. 0... s pv. sess 7 Scopelosoma devia ............-..... 95 Trichiocampa gregarius .............. 100 — . tristigmata 35 Trichotaphe Levissella............... 28 Bibiyiitle 2... .lccec esos sce suee olde | Pussoek moth...-.- 30 (figs), 40a ae Scolytus rugulosus .......... 104 (figs), 109 Tylonotus bimaculatus.........:..... 74 _ Scotogramma SRL Psstevih hh Sees 94 Vegetable crops, insects inane iy he 66 " BOOUNIS Suds cts creveecis Rita 94 Vespa, Quebec species of ....67, 71, 72, 73 Semig Bees ree 103 (fg) 1) | Walker, E. M., article by ..........-. 39 Bret os eo "G94 | Walking-stick insect ......... 24 (fig), 118 ee almncormas 0. 93 Bie eopersnale vieiptahe Neier taps 69 (Bigs) ; Shade-trees, insects injuring.......... 68 | tcl r dtd we lite Ain iyi, 85 (fi TLS TURES sg ae ee a 101 | Whi Ro ral gS ee eae ( i) Smerinthus ophthalmicus ............ 35 eater amma eink ssa tains pak (Ges) q IME TIGORICR, Oh. eM. Sine elds sejeee doe ba RI eS ea | Sol a ce 74 Spheridium scarabweoides ane eTE hd Pe ue 96 Woolly Aphis s rairaivepaawadsvle.te Uaes es geties 102 (fig), 104 j Sphinx caterpillar ......... ...... 77 (tig) Mestobium’ elegans’)... 2.6) A pees 97 eee gordius ............4.. + 107 (fig) Xiphidium saltans ....... STE I 98 Spvomona pusilla oe eee 100 Xylina Bailoyi 2)" Si 2a eee Oh SEMI Foe SK ws ate lie stalgustela pen - 37 (fig) fagina® ee 95. BIS ROLIO ites csi es eek sess ..112 (figs) ial predalia’. < test aly eee Rie 95 Stevenson, C., article by ..........-. 57 io Lodormosa:, 2. oc ke 95 | Synchlora mabivetae =. 0.6... eu. 77 (fig) ils gausapate. .« Tachyporus jocosus..............+++: 96 Xvlor ee RAR EEN S50 ons. a q Teeniocampa culea .............-.--. 95° a rane Rebates LCL a 2 " Oviduca ......-.+.+2+0-s 95 Young, 0.) 0)., article by oc... ae 37 " subterminata............ 95 7 Daxonus Miprisoma......) 0). ih 86, 100 Zebra caterpillar “% .....cc5 ) pen tee 37 (fig) i ONTARIO. 1903. SHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO). ISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO. | 5 + yeh? pan TORONTO: fos, 1 ____- Printep sy L. K. CAMERON, CUSMTOW AM Muse) « Bs Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. ey te & i as ae f 1904. ; Parente 2a Unt eieke| PARR SUL E NUse i) Wl j fy Ho) | ) fs My : Ae apes) - iy 3 Ly + se Ra al ae C1 TAK Ce “ 9 THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT. OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ONTARIO. LOG (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO). PRINTED BY ORDER OF hE EBGISEATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO. TH ORRROENMIMO®: PrinteD By L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. 1904. WARWICK BRO’S & RUTTER, PRINTERS, TORONTO. Rev. GeorGr Wiiti1AmM Taytor, F.B.S.C., F.E.S., F.Z.!5. iit | » (‘cf 01 GF Sedud 99g) “(O6T “FI “SV “oyg) “YseAA OPOqIeD ULEgoyy ey YQTA 4S 7¥ seo1q-win{d OOF INoge Jo pavyorO AoTEW44OY OUT, pe7Re1} SsouLIeyyRed | ivV1g [v] (S061 ‘FI ‘Suy “oJ0Yq) ‘pezeerjzUN 4JoT pu peqoapseu Mou ‘se0I1 QOO‘OT Suirezuoo ‘apwog eso: ueg ayy Aq paXoaysap ATTeorjowad souteyzeD “4g aeou paeyoso yored W “Zz GLVIg [ vi ] (S061 ‘L6 “Suy) “41st Jo aw ye punoy aq prnoo Sa[vos Moy Ala A ‘Sutuds ATave ul 4yes pue anydyns ‘auty yA. pa Avads ‘oypiassury ‘opSraq ‘q ayo 04 Surtsuojeq, p qeyouo afdde uy “~ aawig [ vii } (E061 ‘La ‘Buy ‘oJOYg) ‘saUO SuLtoqysteu ay} OJ sovUOUT B MOU ST plvYyoIO SIT, “WY OF JL Op OF rakeads drysuMmoy 94 94} 4891} 07 pasnjer IAUMO IY T, “aTBOG PSO" UBG YFIM poysn.tou9 Appeq a9 aT [LAssury MOT[V 07 LO ‘JJasuIY prvyo10 ieau pavypso odde ase] Wg ALV Id [ viii ] FORE SS ORE ENG Re lo SF cee & ; » Reiter te i rT, . \ ey att Sy ae Ric eres a ; s ae : 7 \ rae . - j Beant REANEMICSION. Oo ss ores cals bade dele age pts th Ns Officers for 1903-4 ...... SPR Ney iRcadayare oe: We? SEO EN CCRC tL eeWace TN a) 2 states Wap atl ; P . \Annvat MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO .... ...... . Report of the OUNEIN Sc dfn ois: mesh ks} a iokete tebe MRE Meee CARRS RRR Le SO ib ee aed cS marron tremiriarayte heer. 5o5 i oo ech emene au ane Ns ots LSU FS oak . ti SEREACRIC DCM MARE Tie Cx Nils, s. 2',. aat eae Ue Nac Re ON Army fre Orban yao MPR Teg ‘ ‘* Toronto Branch i Sree eI ERAT ah Pr ANY Cn Si Anat GI en Oe De : st Pee! RCRA MOLL AIC A TONLOTS (Aq' Insects injurious to Ontario Crops in 1903: J. FLETCHER ........00... 0.000053 The Food-habits of Hymenopterous Larve: T. W. Fytms ..).............-...- A‘Key to the Insects affecting the Small Fruits: W. Locuneap ................ Sollecting wi Vieht in Manitoba’: A. J. DENNIS . 2.02. ct ee. oe oe ee ed walle oe aie-rotmeurors: on New Outario.:T; D) SARVIS ¢ 020.02. 050.0 tle el ee Entomological Record; 1903: James FLETCHER ... 02.2050. .6 cece eee eee beetee . Notes on injurious Insects of the Abitibi Region; T. D. Jarvist............... ’ Hunting for Fossil Insects: S.H. Scupppr .............. Recollections of the Past: J. Atston Morrat .. €)0) 60s 6 ayia 6 che «pe ts 8m } eiley ei 'e) (pei ele ae pia te» /ai{al =, le pia ee Lie ae ea 85 100 101 103 108 109 113 THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO | 1903. Po the Honorable John, Dryden, Minister OF Ae q : Srr,—I have the honor to present herewith the Thirty-Fourth Annual Report of the . - Entomological Society of Ontario. - The Fortieth Annual Meeting was held in Ottawa, on Tieaday and Friday, September _ 3rd and 4th, 1903. A full account of the proceedings, with the papers read and reports sub- mitted from the various Officers, Sections and Branches of the Society, will be found in the following pages. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly organ of the Society has been regularly issued during the year, and has now completed its thirty-fifth volume, which in scientific value and interest fully maintains the high reputation which it has so long held. a] I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, E : CHar.Les J. S. BerHune, Lonpon, ONTARIO. Kditor. [3] \ OFFICERS FOR THE. YEAR 1903-1904, President... \s\. Professor William Lochhead, B. A., M.S., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Vice-President...J. D. Evans, C. E., Trenton. Secretary........ W. E. Saunders, London. Treasurer .....:. J. A. Balkwill, London. DM TeCEOT BS S66 Division No. 1—C. H. Young, Hurdman’s Bridge. Division No. 2—C. E. Grant, Orillia. Division No. 3—J. B. Williams, Toronto. Division No. 4—G. E. Fisher, Freeman. Division No. 5—R. W. Rennie, London. Directors Ex Officio—(Ex-Presidents of the Society)— Professor William Saunders, L. L. D., F. L. S., F. R. 8. C., Director of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa; Rev. Ch eos Bethune, M. A., D. C. L., F. R. S. C., London ; James Fletcher, L. L. D., F. L. 8., F. R. 8. C., Entomologist and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa; W. H. Harrington, F, B.S. C., Ottawa ; John Dearness, B. A., Vice-Principal, Normal School, London ; Henry H. Lyman, M. A., F. R. G. §., F.E. S., Montreal; Rev. T. W. Fyles, D. C. Tis “Bdge South Quebec. Librarian and Curator—J. Alston Moffat, London. Auditors—W. H. Hamilton and S. B. McCready, London. Editor of the Canadian Entomologist— Rev. Dr. Bethune, London. Editing Committee—Dr. J. Fletcher, Ottawa ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans" Trenton; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; Prof. Lochhead, Guelph. and Saunders, London. Delegate to the Royal Society—Rev. Dr. Bethune, London. Delegates to the Western Fair—J. A. Balkwill and W. E. Saunders, London. Finance Committee—Dr. Bethune, J. Dearness and the Treasurer. Committee on Field Days—The Chairmen of the Sections and Dr. Woolverton, Messrs. Balkwill, Bowman, Law, Moffat, Rennie and Saunders, London. Library and Rooms Committee—Messrs. Balkwill, Bethune, Bowman, Dearness, Moffat, — ¢ [4] ne y om fine ENT OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ON TARO: ANNUAL MEETING. The fortieth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, was held at Ottawa on Thursday and Friday, September 3 and 4, 1903. The chair was taken by Professor Wm. Lochhead of ‘the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, President. Among the members present were Messrs. H. H. Lyman, A. F. Winn, Charles Stevenson, G. A. Moore and A E. Norris, Montreal; Mr. John D. Evans, Trenton; Messrs. J. B. Williams and C. H. Lyers, Toronto ; Rey. Dr. Bethune and Mr. W. E. Saunders, London ; Dr. Jamer Fletcher, Messrs. Arthur Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Baldwin and others, Ottawa, Mr. C. H. Young, Hurd- man’s Bridge. The Society was al:o favoured with the presence of Dr. L. O. Howard, United States Entomologist, of Washington, D. C., who took part in the discussions. Letters expressing regret at their inability to attend were received from the Rev. Dr. Fyles, South Quebec ; Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Mr. E. M. Walker, Toronto ; Mr, G. E. Fisher, Freeman ; Mr. Dwight Brainerd and Mr, G. Chagnon, Montreal; Mr. J. A. Balkwill © and other members residing in London ; and from Prof. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, explaining the absence of the Hon. J. Dryden and hinself owing to engagements in connection with the Dominion Exhibition at Toronto. During the morning of Thursday, September 3, a meeting of the Courcil was held in the Board of Trade Room, Elgin Street, Ottawa, which was kindly placed at the disposal of the © Society during both days’ sessions. It was decided that sheet cork and Entomological pins should be sold to ordinary members (that is those residing in Canada) at cost price ; to dealers in Canada from whom students procure supplies at 5 per cent. and to others at twenty per cent. advance on cost. The Treasurer’s report was discussed and in consideration of his statement shewing that the ba'ance at the close of each financial year had been steadily declining during the last six years and that therefore the Society was evidently spending more than its income, certain economies were resolved upon which, it is expected, will place the funds in a more satisfactory condition. After the preparation of the annual report the Council adjourned. In the-afternoon the Society met at 2.30 o’clock, the President, Prof. Lochhead, in the chair. The Reports of the Uouncil, the Treasurer, and the Librarian and Curator were read and adopted ; also the reports from the Branches and Sections of the Society and those of the Directors on the insects of the year. At the close of the reading of the last mentioned there followed a general discussion on the insects referred to and much useful and interesting information was given. A number of papers were also read and specimens exhibited in illustration. Tue Report oF THE CoUNCIL, The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1902-3. [t has much pleasure in drawing attention to the fact that it is now forty years since the Society was organized, the first meeting having been held in April, 1863. Three of the original members, Dr. William Saunders, Rev. Dr: Bethune and Mr. E. Baynes Reed have continued to take an active inteiest in the welfare of the Society from that time to the present, Dr. J. H. Sangster of Port Perry, is another surviving member of the original stall band of Entomologists who met in Toronto two score years ago. 5] f N “i he Wet 4 - - >; Se Meee A ee SE et iy : \ ‘ : ii) hs yes Piola Wy ie re , vB, 6 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 The thirty-ninth annual meeting of the Society was held in London in October, 1902, and was well attended by members from a distance as well as by those resident in the neighborhood. It was also favoured with the presence of Prof. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario. During the first afternoon a conference was held to. discuss the prevalence of the Pea .Weevil in Ontario and to consider the best means of controlling its ravages, which have of late years become very serious. Valuable information was given on the various aspects of the subject by Dr. Fletcher, Prof. Lochhead and others, and a resolution was adopted calling the attention of the Superintendent of Farmer’s Institutes to the matter and suggesting that it should be brought prominently before all their meetings, and that object lessons in fumigating peas should be given throughout the country. A public meeting was held in the evening at the Normal School when the presidential address was read by the President, Rev. Dr. Fyles, and Prof. Lochhead gave a lantern lecture on some common Butterflies and Butterfly Hunters. The remaining sessions were occupied with a series of valuable papers, reports of officers, etc., and the examination of interesting specimens. The thirty-third Annual Report on economic and géneral Entomology was presented to ° the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario in January last and was printed and distributed in March. It contained 132 pages illustrated with 108 engravings in the text and photogravure portraits of Messrs. E. Baynes Reed for many years an efficient officer of the Society and W. EK. Saunders the present energetic Secretary. Besides the account of the conference on the Pea Weevil and the proceedings at the annual meeting the Report contained papers on the injurlous insects of the year by Messrs. Fisher, Young, Evans, Walker, Balkwill, Stevenson, Moffat, Prof.. Lochhead and Dr. Fletcher ; ‘‘ Notes on Danais archippus” by Mr. Lyman ; ‘“The Paper-making Wasps of the Province of Quebec” by Dr. Fyles; ‘‘Some interesting habits of Lepidopterous Larvee” and ‘‘ Notes on Semiophora Youngii” by Mr. Gibson ; ‘‘ The Entomological Record for 1902” by Dr. Fletcher, and Mr. Harrington ; ‘‘ A Key to Orchard Insects,” profusely illustrated, by Prof. Lochhead ; ‘‘ Notes on insects injurious tu Pines” by Mr. Harrington ; and ‘A talk about Entomology ” by Mr. Moffat. The volume closed with a report from the North-west (Canada) Entomological Society and biographical sketches of Messrs. E. Baynes Reed and W. E. Saunders. The Canadian Entomologist has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. The 34th volume was completed in December last ; it consisted of 339 pages, illustrated with three full-page plates and twelve figures from original drawings. The contributors numbered forty-seven and represented Canada, the United States, Germany aud Russia. Of the 35th ’ yolume eight numbers have thus far been published, and the number for September will be issued immediately. During the greater part of the year meetings fur the study of Entomology have been held on Saturday evenings, alvernately with those of the Botanical and Microscopical Sections. Owiug to the unfavorable weather, very few collecting excursions have been made. The Ornithological Section has also held regular monthly meetings, but the Council much regrets that the Geological Section has suspended its operations for some months past. It is hoped, however, that its sessions will be resumed during the coming winter. The reports of the Branches, at Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, will be presented at this meeting, as well as those from the Sections and Officers, and will be published in due course. The good work of the Society has been much extended by the delivery of lectures on . subjects connected with the relations of insects with the various important industries of the Country. The President, Prof. Lochhead in addition to his official work as Professor of Biology at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, has delivered many lectures at Farmer’s Institutes and other meetings of farmers, horticulturists and fruit-growers. Dr. Fletcher has ust completed two extensive series of farmers’ meetings in the North West Territories and ~ _ — - + ae es ee a ee eee ee ee ee ee ’ . eo 4 . = / : ’ ce . : : ‘ 1903 | _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7 British Columbia at all of which injurious insects were treated of to some extent. Prof. Lochhead and Dr. Fletcher among others have also taken an active part in developing the new Nature Study movement in the Educational Institutions of the Country. Mr. W. EH. Saunders has continued to give interesting addresses on ‘’ The Birds of Canada” to meetings of teachers and others in various towns of Weatern Ontario, and Dr. Bethune has givena practical address to the market gardeners of London on some insects affecting their crops. Judging from the frequent requests for our Annual Reports from teachers of our High and Public Schools, we believe that the work of this Society is appreciated by those who are trying q to open up the wonderful field of insect life, and to understand the best ways of dealing with injurious pests. We note with satisfaction the purchase by the Ontario Government of Dr. Brodie’s large and valuable collection of insects. This collection can now be made available for study and reference, and should be a means of increasing the interest in Entomology. All of which is respectfully submitted. W. LocuHEap, ' President. REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH The 249th regular and 30th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in the library of the Natural History Society, University Street, - on Monday, May 11th 1903. The following members were present : Messrs. Charles Stevenson (President), H. H. Lyman, A. E. Norris, M. W. Davis, A. Griffin, A. F. Winn, G. R. Southee, D. Brainerd and G. A. Moore. The Chair was taken by the President and the minutes of the last meeting were read, and minutes of last annual meeting taken as read, and confirmed. The President then read the following report on behalf of the Council : REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Thirtieth Annual Report of the Council of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario:— _ In presenting their annual report for the season 1902-3, the Council have much pleasure in congratulating the Branch on its having attained its thirtieth year of continuous existence. During the season eight regular meetings have been held with an average attendance of eight, at one of which we had the pleasure of the attendance of Rey. Dr. T. W. Fyles, and the following papers were read :-— 1. Annual Address of the President......... eile esas G. Chagnon. 2. What isa Genus? ....... bli Wo ‘ox be er pMepeneye avaeo als H.H. Lyman. Smcubes-oniwie Season LODZ eo. sss. 3S ciielialw Biaralace oot Charles Stevenson. wesvotes onrbhe season O02... yo... sss Hevea Jales Gs 4s H. H. Lyman. 5. Random notes on Lepidoptera, 1902................ A. F, Winn. Seer NV IIL ORR MN liyaiaget OMe etka ews als « yee Baie BM eieie 3's Charles Stevenson. 7. Notes on Canadian Species of the Genus Apantesis (Arctia) with special reference to the Larvae....... A. Gibson, Ottawa. 8. Wasps of the Province of Quebec.................4. Rev. Dr. T. W. Fyles. 9. The Stink bugs and their allies (Pentatomidie)...... G. A. Moore. ReeelO., A Rew Days atiQuebees is iis... ce att des pak es A. F. Winn. ie Peo aae EGE SICTISN, epee 95) ine «Mol je ei siane mia heaven ea Charles Stevenson. 12. A New Device for inflating Caterpillars........... D. Brainerd. e \ fea . | é . a dio be Lay een Od? & °F ite eS ee Pe 9 tae A , ee } — INR pf Sag Ge eS Ang ie a RS Be ae bvigs Tt a eT ene 4 " . “i igi 8 tet PIN. pete vs ree x ; \ aa Sr ‘ : pS - . ‘ Le — | ce Pes, ’ ae . re hie SM ene. eh a ‘THE REPORT OF THE : | Ne. 19 13. A Card System for Notes on Insects ............. A. F. Winn. 14. Notes on Coleoptera........ F sigreera nhayd’e a ’toh aes) ster Charles Stevenson 15. A New Capsid, Lygus Chagnoni.................. Charles Stevenson. 16. Additions to the Syrphidae of the Province of Quebec.G. Chagnon. 17..:-Further Notes on Haploa....0)).0. 0.00.48. ....H. H. Lyman. 18. Lantern Exhibition of Lepidopterous slides........A. E. Norris assisted by A. Griffin. ‘Three field days were} held, twice to Piedmont in June and once to St. Hilaire in July. There was also ood collecting done by the members indiyidually at Trembling Mountain, migaud, Quebec, in Chambly, Laval and Rouville Counties as well as Montreal Island. We have received two new members, Masters G. R. Southee and A. Denny. For some time it was found difficult to fix an evening on which to hold the meetings. Your Council believe that the second Monday of the month has proved the most convenient to the members. The Branch is greatly indebted to Mr. A. E. Norris for his care and guardianship of the Cabinet. : The finances of the Branch are in a satisfactory condition as will be shown in the Secretary- — Treasurer's ;Report. But it},will be seen by the Curator and Librarian’s report there is not as much interest taken in the cabinet and Library as might be. Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council. (Signed) CHARLES STEVENSON, President. The Treasurer then submitted his report, showing a balance of $68.85. on hand The Librarian and Curator then presented his reports, which showed that additions had been made to the Library by A. Griffin, H.}H. Lyman, Charles Stevenson and the South London Entomological Society, and the first 10 volumes of the Canadian Entomologist had been added to the Library, several complete volumes and some incomplete ones being presented by Mr. Griffin and th: other volumes and missing parts purchased and the whole bound in 5 volumes. The following gentlemen had presented drawers to the cabinet, A. F. Winn 1, G. Chagnon 1, A. E. Norris 1, G. A. Moore 1, Charles Stevenson 1, H. H. Lyman 2, D. Brainerd 3 and Mz. W. Davis 1. Mr. H. Ul. Lyman moved that the reports be received and adopted, seconded by A. F. Winn. Carried. The President then read his Annual Address. The following officers were elected for the coming year:—President, Charles Stevenson; Vice-President, D. Brainerd ; Librarian and Curator, A. E.Norris ; Secretary-Treasurer, Geo. A. Moore ; Council, H. H. Lyman, G. Chagnon and A. F. Winn. » Mr. A. E. Norris then gave an illustrated talk on ‘‘ Method of coloring photographic lantern slides of butterflies.” Mr. H. H. Lyman read a paper on ‘‘The Lepidoptera of Kirby’s Insects of the Fauna Boreali-Americana.”’ Mr. H. H. Lyman exhibited a piece of wood, the property of the Natural History Society, showing marks probably made by a beetle. It was then decided to hold an outing on Victoria Day, May 25th to St. Hilaire. The meeting then adjourned. ; Gro. A. Moore, Sec-Treas. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ve} REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH OF,.THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. S The annual meeting of the Quebec Branch* was held on the llth November, 1993, the President Rev. Dr. Fyles, occupying the chair. * The President read his report as follows ; PRESIDENT’S REPORT. The season of 1903 has not been a favorable one for Entomological pursuits. It began early at Levis: on April the 11th, at 3 o’clock in the afternoon, the thermometer stood at 82° in the shade, and Pieris rape, L. was to be seen at Dandelion heads. On Easter Day I saw a specimen of Vanessa Atalanta, L. on the wing. In Mayand the early part of June, the weather _ was intensely *cold and dry ; and forest fires raged in many places around us. A lumbering establishment belonging to one of our members was burned at this time. On the 3rd of June, I went to Bergerville, hoping to secure some female specimens of Chionobas jutta, Hubner, for my friend Mr. Newzomb of Boston, and to see what the prospects __ were for an agreeable outing for the members of our Branch. I found that the * Gomin” was not a swamp, but an arid waste of withered sphagnum, over which one walked as upona Brussels carpet.. There were no flowers, except a very few straggling blossoms of Kalmia and Ledum. To add to the strangeness of the scene, the air was thick with smoke through which the sun appeared like a copper disk. At length it was completely obscured ; and the gloom was like that of nightfall on a foggy day. Not a solitary Jutta was to be seen. IT walked down to the warf at Sillery, and found that the boat could not run on account of the smoke ; sol turned and trudged a!ong under the cliff till Icame to Wolfe’s Cove, where I climbed the ascent. I then crossed the Plains to the Street-car limits. My experi- ences on this occasion did not encourage me to ask the members of our Branch to hold a field- day. S ’ The dry time was followed by a cold, wet, miserable spell during which out-door Entomo- logical work was impossible. Then a gloom was thrown over all our members by the death of that most excellent lady the wife of our kind Secretary-Treasurer Col. Lindsay. We grieve in sympathy with him and his family in their great loss. ® The illness uf Mr. George Addie obliged him and his family to leave Levis ; and, in conse- quence, we have lost from our members Miss Kate Addie, who was her father’s faithful nurse. Mr. Addie died at Marbleton on the 3rd instant. Concerning insects that have come under my observation during the season, the following particulars may be interesting :— ® CASSIDA VIRIDIS, LINNEUS. This species first appeared, this year, on the 29th of May, and continued in evidence till October the 21st. References to it will be found in the October number of the Canadian Entomologist for 1902, and in the January number of the same Magazine for the present year. The description I gave in the number for October, 1902 was correct. To it I would add,— the wings are somewhat smoky and have dark brown veins. The black abdomen has a yellow border on the upper side. : Concerning this species Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist to the U. 8. Department of Agri- culture , has kindly given me valuable information. He says :— ‘¢ Any leaf-feeder which has.as wide a range of food plants as indicated by the burdock and thistle cannot be relied upon to be at all dainty in its diet, and may véry readily become oye P ME i. PATS TOR fy Meee Me EN RY 7 10 ' . ‘THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 - areas of sugar beets and is one of the most important enemies of the beet crop. These fears 5 f seme ; > Ate \ -on Lycopus ; Dr.Schmidt, on Melissa officinalis, Nepeta and Salvia, but Cirsium arvense appears -may be eutirely groundless ; nevertheless, the known food habits of near allies of this beetle _ attack the grubs of the Curculio I cannot say, for I was unable to follow the.life-history of an important enemy of cultivated crops, such as the beet for example, and the importation of such a beetle may be the cause of lasting regret in future years. Another Old World species, Cassida nebulosa, which normally feeds on various weeds, has been known to devastate large go far to substantiate my fears. The food plants of Cassida viridis, Linn, have been noted by different writers. According to Panzer, it feeds on Labiates ; sevaral authors record it on Mentha ; Linnzeus, to be the favourite food of larva and adult.” x CimBEX AMBRICANA, LEACH. eo In the lane leading from the Cove tu the Plains of Abraham, on the occasion | have mentivned, I found, lying on its back, a remarkable specimen of Cimbex Americana, Leach. L have in my collection the typical form, the larva of which feeds here upon the Alder, Alnus incana, Wild, also the Cimbex ulmi of Peck (both the spotted and unspotted forms) which, by the by, feeds at Levis on the Paper Birch, Betula papyracea, Ait., and a variety in which, instead of spots, there are broad bands of yellow on either side, which almost meet at the top. But in all these varieties the wings are clear, or somewhat smoky, with a brownish border at the hind margin, whereas, the specimen I allude to has all the wings of a rich dark purple, like ose of Trogus Brullei, Cresson, and T. fulvipes, Cres. Can this be the Cimbex violacea of St. Fargean ? ALEYRODES VAPORARIORUM, WESTWOOD. Last Winter two of our members, Miss Bickell and Miss Freeman, found their house plants badly infested by a new pest—a diminutive white fly, very delicate and beautiful, but CE eT a ee Fe ae very mischievous. It appeared nm great numbers especially on plants of Eupatorium and Fuchsia. I made enquiries of several naturalists concerning this; and Mr. W. E. Britton, — State Entomologist of Connecticut, very kindly sent me a copy of Bulletin 140, written by him, and issued from the New Haven Experiment Station. In this well written and beautifully illustrated bulletin much information concerning this species is given. Mr. Britton informs me that Quebec is the most northern locality from which the appearance of the insect has been recorded. Torymus THomsont1, NEw SPeEcIEs. In the first week of July my attention was drawn by my friend, Mr. Joshua Thompson of Levis, to a strange sight, The plum-trees in his grounds were infested with myriads of a new species of Torymus, as many as 30 of the insects appearing on one plum. I never wit- nessed anything, in my Entomological pursuits, more remarkable. The brilliant little creatures could be seen in the act of depositing their eggs ; their ovipositors thrust deep into the fruit. Some of the plums attacked shewed signs of a previous attack by the Curculio, but most of them did not. Whether the larvee of the species feed on the flesh and juices of the plum, or the species. The following is a description of the fly :— Body a brilliant metallic green. Thorax punctate; prothorax rounded; meta-thorax large and elevated ; scutellum arched. Trocanters and femora of the same colour as the body ; the rest of the legs cerate ; tibize spurred ; tarsi five-jointed—the two last joints somewhat darkened. The antennz brown, clavate ; scape, rather long ; club three jointed. Eyes, oval, large and full, of a warm purple, with a pale rim, and set with short hairs ; ocelli purple. Wings with short ciliz, iridescent ; vein of fore-wing widened where it bends to the costa_ 1903. ENTOMOLOGICAL- SOCIETY. — a 11 _ and for the rest of its length, bristly ; the stigmal vein knobbed. Plates above and below the insertion of the wings purple. Ovipositor dark brown, stout, as long as the body. Tota] length of the insect three millimetres. 4 I may say that all the fruit attacked by this insect fell to the ground. I have named the species after Mr. Thompson who drew my attention to it. SERICORIS AGILANA, CLEMENS. In June I found a leaf-crumpling larva feeding upon the Meadow Sweet, Spirea salicifolia, L. It was tive lines in length, of a dark brown. The head was black; second segment, oe" oe ee chestnut edged next the head with cream colour. The segments were surrounded with brown tubercles. The true legs were glossy black; the pro legs brown. On the body were a few bristles. The insect spun a close-fitting white cocoon which was wrapt in dry leaves. _The- moth, a beautiful little Tortrix, made its appearance on the 29th of the month. It was S. agilana, Clemens. GRYLLUS DOMESTICUS, OLIVER. In the 82nd Annual Report, page 93, I gave a short account of the male of this species. | On the 7th of September, about 10 o’clock at night, a female of the species flew to the lamp on my table, and I was able to secure it. The dimensions of the insect were as follows: Length of body, six-tenths of an inch ; length of antennz, eight-tenths ; of ovipositor, four-tenths ; of ore se ee | wing-covers, four-tenths. Total length of hind-legs, one inch. The head was yellow with three dark brown bars across it. The eyes were orate dark brown in colour, somewhat protuberant. The first joint of the setaceous antennz was large and yellow ; the other joints were brown. The wing-covers were the colour of fresh hay, with _ humerous cross veins somewhat lighter in colour. The under wings extended far beyond the body, and were closely pleated. The abdomen was brown with yellow markings The oviposi- tor was brown. The femora were covered with a short pile; the tibize, spined on both sides, and with longer spines at the tarsal joint. General appearance of the under side of the insect ochreous. The males of the species commenced chirruping, in my house, on the 19th of the month. W ASPS. In the Spring of this year a female Vespa diabolica, Saussure, formed its nest in the hollow” wood work of one of the side posts of the stéps leading to the front entrance of the residence of J. Simmons, Esq. one of our members. As the summer advanced this post presented a busy scene, with the constant in-coming and out-going of the workers. In August the male _ wasps appeared. , I have taken this season what I believe to be a specimen of Vespa vulgaris, Linneus. I can find no difference between it and specimens of the species sent to me from Paris, by M. du ~ Buysson. The nesting habits of some of our wasps are these ; V. vulgaris, V. Germanica and V. rufa form their nests in hollows in the ground. V. arenaria, on stones ete , near the ground. V. media, under the eaves etc., of buildings. V. maculata, suspended from branches of trees and shrubs. Late Insect APPEARANCES. On September the 16th, I took a fine fresh specimen of Pyrameis cardw, Linn. on Levis Heights. On the 21st of the same month, I saw fresh specimens of Danais Archippus, Fabr. and — Vanessa Antiopa, Linu. on the wing at St. Bruno. “ - wd en Rane Le STD «Ma al ik wd : CES ate eee 12. | _ ‘THE REPORT OF THE S- Nowko On Sept. 30th, I fonnd, on the sidewalk of D’ Auteuil Street, a female specimen of Hetobia Germanica, Stephens, carrying its egg-capsule, evidently seeking a fitting place in which to- deposit it. . On November 4th at St. Romuald, I saw a neuropteron and a moth on the wing. I have this season added two names to our Quebec list of Dragon flies, viz., Sympetrum (Diplux) obtrusum, Hagen, and Sympetrum (Diplax) semicinctum Say. Even in a poor season then, things of interest to the naturalist come under our observation, In conclusion I will express the hope that well-attended meetings of our Branch may be held regularly through the winter, and that we may spend many pleasant hours in the consid- eration of the wonders of the insect world. ’ Lt. Col. Lindsay said : ‘* Another remarkable fact noticed during the peculiar summer we had was that the insect pests that are so annoying to surveyors, lumbermen and fisherman in June and July were searce this year. The midges which make life in our woods unbearable in July were hardly noticed : the large early mosquitoes came out earlier than usual and after their disappearance - there were few of the smaller and more venomous ones. There were also few black flies but, on the other hand, these lasted until October, a thing never noticed before, according to lumber- men who had been in the woods for years.” The Rev. W. W. Mac Quaig stated that the year had been a poor one not gnly for Entomo- logical but also for Botanical research. He had noticed that the Fungi especially had been scarce. In the season for Gasteromycetes not a puff-ball was to be seen. The Secretary Treasurer also submitted his report which was adopted. The following officers were elected :—President, Rev. Dr. Fyles ; Vice-president, Miss E. MacDonald ; Council, Hon. R. Turner, Rev. W. W. MacQuaig, Mrs. R. Turer, Miss Bickell, Miss Freeman ; Secretary-Treasurer, Lt. Col. Crawford Lindsay. The list of members now shows 23 adults and 3 juniors. REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. At the Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch‘ of the Entomological Society of Ontario, held in the Education Department Building on May Ist, 1903—the president Mr. E. M. Walker ia the chair, the following Report for the year 1902-3 was reid by the Secretary. During the past year, eight meetings have been held, and the following papers have been read before the Society :— ** Algonquin Park from an Entomologist’s standpoint”......... K. M. Walker. ene Wiilioweed: Bubterily' h, .is556 oe cea ches cetammedmars we ot inh renee H. H. Lyman. : Rep VA ssam" Danals sane, tts) MIMICs 2. 4 ves mates ats) + ele averted Chas. Stevenson. SS TOrOnLO, DULLET HIS Ih OU AB as etches. clair fein ainietegoue atts) 6! sakes J. B. Willams. ‘‘ How to popularize Natural History, especially Entomology” ..Paul Hahn. : “The genus Podisma in Eastern North America” ...........+- E. M. Walker. Ouae meeting was occupied with an ‘* Exhibition of Specimens” Our December meeting, when Mr. Lyman read his paper on the Milkweed Butterfly, was a very successful one, a number of the Natural History Society members attended, and in addi- tion to his paper Mr. Lyman gave us an extremely interesting account of the occurrence of the Ghost Moth (Hepialus thule) in and around Montreal, and of the efforts made tojsecure speci- mens. 3, ' | A few members went to High Park on the 24th of May ; and it was intended that we — should join the Natural History Society in‘an excursion to Black Creek on July the 26th, but. the weather, unfortunately, prevented any such excursion from taking place. 1903 ., ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 ~Mr. James McDunnough, a former member of the Society, now living in Europe, has presented us with a large cabinet of Lepidoptera, and a small cabinet of Coleoptera,—all collected some years ago while he resided in this country. Thirteen drawers of the large cabinet contain North American Lepidoptera, and six of them are filled with a very good series of European butterflies and moths. Mr. Walker has presented us with his collection of Beetles and is arranging them in the Museum drawers, with those that,are already in the collection. Mr. Maughan and Mr. 7. Williams have also presented some specimens to the Museum. As in previous years, we subscribed for the‘‘ Entomological News’—the Bulletins of the New York State Museum, and the ‘‘ Journal of the New York Entomological Society,” and as our funds were rather low our President has kindly supplied the means for continuing our _ subscriptions to this last named Journal, for the present year. ‘ Papers on Entomological subjects have also been received from the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington, from Cornell oa Univ ersity, and other sources. Four new members have been‘added to our roll during the year, and we have not had any resignations ; our recent meetings, also, have shown a gratifying increase in the average attendance ; and we feel sure that the Branch will go forward, and prosper. (Signed) KE. M. Waker, President. J. B. Wittrams, Secretary. Toron70, May Ist, 1903. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year ;—President, Dr. E. M. Walker : Vice President, Paul Hahn ; Secretary-Treasurer, John Maughan jr. , Librarian and Curator, J §B. Williains ; Members of Council, J. H. Webb, G. M. Stewart, and W. J. Fraser. REPORT OF THE TREASURER. Financial statement of the Treasurer of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year ending August 31st 1903. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE. ‘Cash Balince September 1st, 1902..... $414 18 Printing, etc. .. $700 30 PETAL CRI ELOM Sheen ehitiy, cay ne fete cra ee 377 *94 Expense, Annual Meeting and “Reports. 323) 60 Vroceeds teom sale of Pins and Cork... 36 12 SIA BIOS pe hats TAeraete eee ear aS Panto CORO PP RNUERULSISE SP PPL. ciciele Aevciere Noid essay h cio ob 37 75 Rent . HPS Eee cay Maran Pae Gin tw dads oe yt T ify C070) Sales Entomologist and Reports...... 83 15 Library _ bras AO rn aN ct Soe . 9 05 Peovermment Grant). icecec'soie tet wcclees 1,000 00 K xfenses—Sundry_ Le ae a ete 50 17 ‘TTTVSSETSI Tes 2 SIR eo Aaa NN 7 30 AMBUTEN CRC Man uma gis Slee ee eee 30 00 alan Cel lyse 4 Ate ie la ten eee ea Shi 29 ond MY Gtallns secon sie echelon acd otek one 44 otal tye a Ne ee ne, ey ONE . $1,956 44 W. H. Hamiton. ! itors : Treasurer : Jas. H. Bowman. Auditors SRO MoURnapy. A OWMAN REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR. For the year ending August 31st 1903. The number of bound volumes received during the year was seventeen. Three of them were contributed by Dr. Bethune ; one of which was Prof. Otto Lugger’s 5th Annual Report of the U niversity of Minnesota, whieh was wanting in the Society’s Library. Twenty-five were otherwise added to the Library two of them, contributed by Dr. Fletcher, _ being the last two volumes of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, to _ maintain the series. Making a total of forty-two volumes added during the year. . The full number now on the Register is 1804. Number of books loaned during the year, Ten. Several valuable additions have been’ entered upon the accession list of native insects ‘excursions were mads. ‘ Oy PL Be PTE ha. AEN FR Stee fee antec Ciao Fai hap ate ! j . its ihe PHAR ar ites 14 | THE REPORT OF THE — Be tee -) 19 fi “2 during the year. The most important of waich is a perfect specimen of that rare and interest. _ ing Stalk-boring noctuid AHydrecia appassionata, Harv, contributed by Mr. H. Bird, Rye N.Y. The first specimen of this attractive meth was taken at London Ont. and named and ~ described by Leon F. Harvey in the ‘‘Canadian Entamologist” Vol.viii, Page 155, 1876, and is now to be seen in the British Museum collection. Some highly interesting specimens of Carpenter Bees and their work, were contributed by Mr. C. T. Ramsden, Cuba. Respectfully submitted, J. Atston Morrat, Librarian & Curator. REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION. a The Botanical Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario met for organizition on the 2nd of May, 1903, when the following officers were elected for the ensuing year :—Chair- | man, Mr. J. A. Balkwill ; Vice-Chairman, Mr. 8. B. McCready ; Secretary, Master H. C. Rennie. Eight regular fortnightly meetings were held during the season at which there wasa satisfactory attendance both of members and visitors. - Owing to unfavourable weather no field- J ; At all the meetings a number of interesting plants were exhibited and examined, Mr. Balkwill and Mr. Bowman being the chief contributors. Though no papers were read, great interest was maintained at all the meetings and much practical intormation regarding the plants in the neighborhood of London was given. H. C. REennNIE, J. A. BALKWILL, Secretary. Chairman. ~ REPORT OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ,ONTARIO The Microscopical Section of the Entomological gee of Ontario takes pleasure in presenting its thirteenth annual report. The re-organization meeting was ‘held on the Eighteenth of October, 1902, when the following officers were elected :—- Mir OS We EROTbOMe ahie isin Poi ena tsi cats chee arches: ciphe iottaetereteicon yo le late ieee aie eae oe Chairman. MUN eS Fs WV: EC IEDILG so ple gp o pate Gh uti cele Oo ore 6 Lee ee al a See ees Vice-Chairman. MUM SINAN ES ORIG 21 fiticle uslace, vee Sere er ekeya ce ailipuiye sta dlabal a deiane ur ts’ ds 6 ate RS NBAE CRG Secretary. Mr. C. E. Parsons was subsequently elected Secretary in the unavoidable absence of Mr. Beale. During the past winter (the Microscopical Section resolves into the Botanical Section | during the summer months) fourteen regular meetings were held, with an average of ten mem” ~ bers, as well as visitors. One of the meetings was given up to the exibition of interesting microscopical objects at a Conversazione of the ‘‘ Daughters of the Empire.” A similar éxhibi- — tion was made at the annual Conversazione of the Western University at Huron College. From time to time throughout the season papers were read or addresses given on th® — | following subjects : Tre Habits-of the ‘Ant ion and) its ddarvee,, ccgeetc aise eae ecient Prof. Dearness. OT CLTRO ee Fiitails, ish ed ra Swear alias aapxh o vaerrlctatiane Unpe tae eae temneneiee eee te Cay tausera Rev. C. T. Scott. ee ee ‘dt tet et ot te Satie ees Cree ee oe en ee eee ee eee | . ; | == 4 \ ; i , 190% a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 163 PTO Cg Pere a Dass rT ENR he alee cat aa Se RA oO Prof. Bowman. Movements of Protoplasm-in Chara... 02.3. caeloc ca ew oa cu eeue cues Prof. Bowman. RIEU NIBEN OT MOLVOX os vnc SNe, os Vos wks art ton eter le vd iee rine ae hatte Prof. Bowman. Bacteria, their culture and methods of mounting.................... Dr. Stevenson. Crystallizstion of Monobromide of Camphor (shown with a Projection Lantern and Polariscope). . Maia jo Tots wh 2 Ca eee Profs. Bowman and De rness. At nearly all the meetings many specimens of interest and beauty were exhibited and disc ssed, in addition to those which formed the subjects of papers. - All of which is respectfully submitted. C. E. Parsons, C. W. Horron, Secretary. Chairman. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. ( THE ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION oF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SocreTy or ONTARIO. ) Iu consequence of the early termination of the current year and of other unavoidable circumstances, the Club has held only five meetings since our last Report ; the avera.e attend- ance has been over seven. The members of the Club offer their thanks to the Society for the permission to change its title to *‘ The McIlwraith Ornithological Club.” crop was an almost complete failure and the loss was estimated to reach three thou- sand dollars. | Papers were then read by Dr. Bethuae on ‘*‘ A Menace to the Shade trees of London, On- tario” ; by Mr. H. H. Lyman on “ Two remarkable aberrations (Lepidoptera),” who exhibited the specimens referred to ; and by Mr. Stevenson, in the absence of the author, on ‘‘ Additions to the list of Syrphidee of Montreal” by Mr. G. Chagnon. The meeting then adjourned. EVENING SESSION. A public’meeting of the Society, to which the members of the medical profession in Ottawa were specially invited, was held in the hall of the Normal School, on Thursday evening, Sept. 8rd, by kind permission of the Principal. At 8 o'clock the chair was taken by Dr. James : Fletcher, who after a few introductory remarks, called upon Professor Lochhead to deliver his address as President of the Society. 22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 PROGRESS. OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IN ONTARIO. (Annual Address of the President.) By Wm. Locuneap, B.A., M.S., Proressor or Brotogy, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE, GUELPH. Mr. CHatRMAN, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,—This is not the first time that our Society has held its meetings in your City. This is the fifth occasion, but the fourth was in 1889—14 years ago. We are celebrating our 40th year. If age counts for anything in a Society’s history, we should possess a certain amount of wisdom ; we are old enough to be wise, yet how many of the people whom we try to help would consider us filled with the spirit of wisdom if they hap- pened to see us, young and old, chasing bugs and butterflies over meadows, and across cultivated fields? In all real scientific investigation there is much apparent senseless (to the superficial, casual observer) but necessary work. The real work is long and often laborious, and done frequently while others sleep. On occasions of this kind when scientists from Ontario and her sister provinces meet to discuss entomological problems it is the privilege of the President to review the work which has been done not only in Ontario, but also in the larger scientific world outside. It is always well to know what our neighbors are doing in the different fields of scientific research, lest we fall into a rut, become self-satisfied, and make but little progress. I shall not presume to review the progress of Entomology throughout the world, for that would require volumes, but I shall confine my remarks to the much smaller task, viz, the progress of Economic or Applied Entomology in Ontario. ; There are gentiemen in this Society who are more capable than I of bringing before you the progress of Economic Entomology in Ontario. I refer to gentlemen like Dr. Bethune, Dr. Saunders and Dr. Fletcher, who have served this Society faithfully ; who have ever kept them- selves in the foreground where the hardest hits are received and given ; who have experi- mented and toiled that the husbandman might have greater returns ; and whose achievements are the records of the progress which I am about to record. ; When we consider the status of applied Entomolcgy to-day, and contrast it with that of a generation ago, we cannot help being impressed with the magnificent strides that have taken place. To-day Economic Entomology has a place among the other applied sciences, and the farmer, gardener, and fruit-grower appeal to the economic entomologist with confidence in the results. To-day Entomology is being taught in many of our schools, not perhaps as a syste- matic science, but as a most valuable Nature-Study ; and the life-histories of many of the most common insects are being worked out every year by hundreds of eager, enthusiastic nature-students. To-day chairs of Entomology are established in our larger universities, and corps of trained entomologists are maintained by the most advanced governments of the time. This change has not taken place all at once, as if by magic, but by slow, almost impercep- tible, degrees. Entomology possesses no magic wand to command the attention of the workers of the soil and the cultivators of the crops of the soil, who are by nature not given to a hasty adoption of new-fangled ideas. By patient. pains-taking work the student of insects has — gained the ear of the government and the people. Credit will never be given to the thousands of modest workers who worked for the love of investigating, and ,who}did ‘not look for the applause of the public. In the pages of annual reports, in magazines, in agricultural papers, and in the unpublished note-books in some obscure oftice, will be found the results of the work of the noble band of workers. »\Our "own Canadian band?didymuch to hasten the time when the people would recognise the work of entomologists by listening”gladly'to their words of advice in times of stress. Not only did our Canadian workers add to our knowledge by the publication of original observations, but they also kept close watch over the work of the ento- 1903 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 mologists across the line in the United States, and were able to take advantage of any good remedial treatment as soon as the announcement was made in the United States. Our older observers kept in clos2 touch with the best observers in the United States, by personal corre- P spondence about the insects of their respective districts. When one attempts to give the history of Hconomic Entomology of Ontario he is disposed to ) divide the time into Kpochs. The first Epoch we may term the Primary Epoch, inasmuch as. us the f first settlers were but little troubled with insect pests; the country was but sparsely settled ; and no notice was taken of the toll levied by the insect marauders, if there were any. _ This Epoch extended from the first settlement of the Province up to 1850. 7 en 3 anton ieee ee ee SEE OSS ee a The second Epoch may be called the Secondary Epoch. The sons of the early settlers had | now control of the best farms of the Province ; another lot of settlers was pouring in from the | Old Land to occupy the newly-surveyed townships, and the farmers of the older districts for : j c ; : r the first time felt the attacks of injurious insects. It was the Epoch when the Wheat Midge, the Hessian Fly, and the Pea-Weevil caused almost wide-spread destruction of the farm crops. It was the e Epoch 1 when t the Legislature of the day was compelled to take cognizance of Entomo- logy, and tc to offer » prizes es tor the best written “Essays containing the best remedial treatment against these insects. Too little was known as to the life-histories of insects in genera', and of these pests in particular, to expect much from these pioneers in applied entomology ; but the importance of this governmental encouragement was that attention was strongly drawn to the ——_ fact that there were remedies against insect pests as there were against the ailments of man and beast. Entomological workers were encouraged to continue their work, for they saw official recognition of their best labors. As a result of this we have no doubt the founding of the Entomological Society of Ontario in 1863 by a small band of devoted and enbhusiastic young men who had faith in the future. We have but two or three members of this first lot left, but we admire them for the amount of work which they have done, for the way they have gradually won the recognition cof the Legislature and the people. This Epoch extends from 1850 to 1875. The third Epoch may be called the Tertiary Epoch of the Entomological history of the Province. The chief characteristic of this Epoch is the introduction of remedial measures founded upon a fairly complete knowledge of the insect pests of the farm, orchard and garden. The early seventies saw the gradual introduction of Paris Green as a poison fer mandibulate or biting insects, but it required many years of patient experimentation to determine the best Ria scrtions to use, and the best methods of applying the substances to the insect and the plant. * Later, London Purple was tried as a substitute, but it has not held its own with Paris Green, from the fact that its composition was liable to conside able variation in the amount of soluble arsenic. This Epoch saw also the introduction of kerosene emulsion against sucking insects, and : Bordeaux mixture to control fungous diseases. Coincident with the adoption of these new insecticides was the dereleemodt of machinery ad and apparatus for the application of the insecticides. The history of spraying machinery forins "ave very interesting chapter in Economic Entomology, tut I shall not deal with it here. Suflice ; it to say that the success of the investigations of to-day may be largely attributed to the excel- t lent appliances which are at our disposal. This was the Kpoch of experimentation along scientific lines, for the studies of the previous ‘ Epoch had made us ready for such work. This Epoch extends from 1875 to 1900, and we have now entered upon another, which £ may be termed the Quaternary. It is hard to surmise what the future has in store for us in the way of improvements in applied entomology, but I feel that if scientific entomology works > hand in hand with chemistry and physiology, many surprises are in store for us. I feel that q something will be done towards a simplification of the common formule now in general use. Ty - 24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Keonomic Entomology, then, as far as Ontario is concerned, dates from the carly seventies, although considerable had been written earlier by Professor Hind and Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, the latter as editor of the entomological column of The Canada Farmer from 1865 to 1873. I am sure that Dr. Bethune himself will acknowledge that the information at that time regarding remedial treatment was not very extensive. It is true that our fathers and mothers at times practised aocording to the very latest methods, and that they had some knowledge of the value of the soaps and lye as insecticides. The series of Annual Reports issued by the Entomological Society beginning with 1870 were most-admirable, and probably did more to familiarize the people with the names and habits of the common insects of the orchard and garden than any other cause. When one travels about the country, as I have sometimes occasion to do, on insect quest, one is often surprised at the amount of knowledge displayed by the older men. These men had read the early Reports, and had inwardly digested them. When Dr. C. V. Riley was preparing his famous Missouri Reports, our entomologists furnished him much information and material, for their names are frequently mentioned by him. Among the workers at this time were : Dr. Wm. Saunders, of London ; Dr. Bethune, of Port Hope; R. V. Rogers, of Kingston ; HE. Baynes Reed, of London ; and B. Gott, of Arkona. A little later, Dr. Fletcher and Mr. Harrington, of Ottawa, J. A. Moffat, J. D. Evans and Dr. Fyles joined the Society, and soon took a prominent part in its proceedings. When the Experimental Farm was established at Ottawa, Dr. Fletcher was made Dominion Entomologist. _ His annual reports have always contained the very latest information as to the best remedial treatment for the noxious insects of the farm, garden and orchard. Through his labors, our knowledge of insect life has been greatiy widened. His pen is facile and his tongue is both fluent and eloquent. For the last 15 years, Dr. Fletcher has been the chief entomological figure in Canada, and his reports are eagerly scanned by our brother workers across the line. Long may he be spared to occupy the important position he now holds ! Indirectly for many years, Professor Panton was performing a very important work at the Ontario Agricu!tural College by training a younger generation of observers in the ways of insect life. His was a busy life among his students, and it is a great regret that he could not find more time to attend the annual meetings of this Society of which he was a member. During the eighties and early nineties, the values of the chief insecticides were determined. With the adoption of better methods of farming and the rotation of crops, it was possible, in many cases, to control the attacks of injurious insects. The knowledge of insect life became more general through the efforts of men like Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Saunders, Dr. Bethune, the annual reports of both Dominion and Province and the many speakers attending the Farmers’ Institutes, of which Prof. Panton was chief entomological speaker. Among thé chief insect pests of the Province in late years were: the Hessian Fly, the Army Worm, the Wheat Midge, the Pea-Weevil, the Horn Fly, Cutworms, Wireworms, the — Cabbage and Onion Maggots, the Codling Moth, the Clover-Seed Midge, the Tent Caterpillars, | the Potato Beetle, Apple Aphis, the San Jose Scale and the Tussock Moth. For all of these remedies have been determined, so that the intelligent, wide-awake farmer and fruit grower need have no difficulty in controlling them. It wouldbe difficult to estimate the money thus saved to the Province every year by the adoption of the remedies advocated by the entomologists, members of this Society. ® While the main efforts of our members have been given to the perfection of remedial | measures, which, I am proud to say, have been adopted by the best farmers and fruit-growers, I surmise that considerable attention will have to be given to the work of educating the rank and file, if the country is to get the full advantage of our work. I feel that we must enter upon an educational campaign. I do not imply that we must not remain investigators as in the 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 past, but we must take every opportunity to write and speak about our work. When we realize that fully ten per cent. of the produce of the farms are destroyed by insects, we have some idea of the importance of our mission. We need not only more investigators, but also more propagandists and expounders. A great opportunity is open to us in furthering the new educational idea of Nature- Study. It is now fairly well recognized that insect life forms one of the best subjects for Nature-Study. Let us help along the good work, for by so doing we are hastening the time when all will know the facts which we have patiently determined. I am a firm believer in the doctrine that, whenever possible, those forms should be studied, which are of importance economically. It is pleasing to learn that the Annual Reports of our Society are appreciated as fully on the other side of the line as they are at home. Listen to what the President of the Association of Economic Entomologists said in his Presidential Address read in Washington not one year ago. Dr. Felt said: ‘‘The reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario, beginning in 1870 and extending to date, are a remarkable series of publications, replete with interesting and valuable observations by many writers upon the economic insects of that section. These reports, and those from 1884 to date, of Dr. James Fletcher, entomologist and botanist of the Dominion Experimental Farms, include most of our records concerning the insects of the northern part of America, and are composed largely of original observations and exceedingly practical recommendations and deductions from observed facts.” (Procredings of the Fifteenth Annual meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, page 13). The three epoch-making works on Economic Entomology in America have been Harris’s ** Insects Injurious to Vegetation ;” Riley’s ‘‘ Missouri Reports” ; and Saunders’ ‘‘ Insects Injurious to Fruits.” Of these, Saunders’ work is by far the best-thumbed book at the present time. Although first published in 1883 the observations recorded in that book are still remarkably accurate, and but slight revision would be necessary to bring the descriptions well up-to-date. In any review of the work done in Entomology mention should be made of the most notable publications of the year. Two very valuable books have appeared, which should be found of great service to the systematic, and indirectly also to the economic entomologist. Early in the year Dr. Harrison G. Dyar, of the United States National Museum, distributed his ‘‘ List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Ins cts.” It appears as Bulletin No. 52 of the U. S. National Museum. On account of the activity of _many workers in Lepidoptera in recent years it had become almost impossible for the ordinary worker, away from the great museums and collections, to keep himself informed of the large number of new species which were being described in the various entomological publi ations. This Bulietin of Dr. Dyar’s will be welcomed by hundreds of lepidopterists in the United States and Canada. The other publication is ‘‘ A Catalogue of the Coccidae of the World,” compiled by Mrs. M. E. Fernald, the talented wife of Professor C. H. Fernald, of Amherst, Massachusetts. In these latter days when a knowledge of Scale insects is of such great importance to the econoinic entomologist this Catalogue comes as a ‘‘a long-felt want,” and will be one of the most valuable books of reference on the shelves of the working entomologist. It will now be possible for the Coccidologist to complete his library with the necessary literature bearing on the scales with which he has to work. ‘I am sure that I voice the feelings of all our members when I say that we are all very grateful for the generosity of the Department of Agriculture at WaAshington, for its valuable publications, and we admire the activity of that Department along all lines of science related - 26 THE REPORT OF THE = Wes to agriculture. We are indebted especially to the Division of Entomology, of which Dr. L. O. Howard is Chief, for generous and timely supplies of their most valuable Bulletins. Would . that our Dominion could see its way clear to enlarge our working force ! It is the duty of the members of this Society not only to determine and announce:the best remedies for the troubles produced by injurious insects, but also to denounce in strong terms the introduction of ‘fake ” remedies, which occasionally come to our notice. Perhaps the most flagrant piece of imposition of the hem was a ‘* Process to protect Fruit Trees, etc., against Injury from Insect and F ungus Pests.” This Process (according to the circular) con- sists in administering into the growing tree certain ingredients, in a particular manner, which the inventor has proved to be effective for*the purpose above mentioned. It protects the trees and fruit against damage by borers, codling moths, caterpillars, San Jose Scale, black-knot, leaf-curl, yellows, scab, and other insect, parasite aid fungus enemies to trees ! This is a wonderful remedy (according to the discoverer), but I regret to state that in those orchards where I have seen it tried the results have been far from satisfactory. The codling worm was there; the borers were there; the San Jose Scale was there ; everything in fact except favorable results. A great many fruit-growers appeared willing to give the ‘‘ Pro- cess” a trial at a cost of 25 cents for every tree ‘‘ plugged.” The ingredients put into the hole in the tree were it is believed, charcoal and sulphur, both insoluble in water, and in the sap of the tree. Our knowledge of the movement of fluids within a tree is not sufficiently accurate to be able to state definitely what becomes of the various solutions which enter by the root, but we do know that charcoal and sulphur placed in:a hole in the trunk of a tree will not affect the insect and fungus pests. One sometimes forgets that the circulatory system cf plants is of the diffuse character, unlike that of the higher animals which have a definite en- closed system of tubes. We sometimes talk of the upward current and the downward current as if they flowed in well-defined channels, but the idea is not strictly correct. We should liken the currents of sap rather to a great river in times of flood, when its waters are flowing irregu- larly over the banks, and at the same time flowing strongly in the main channel. Again, it is more than probable that any poison introduced into the plant would kill the cells into which it entered, and therefore kill the plant. It is very doubtfui also if the cells of an active living plant would absorb substances in solution which would prove hurtful. Pro- toplasm has the power of regulating the entrance of substances which pass through it into the vacuoles of the cell. So long, however, as any part of the plant is a mystery, so long will so- called discoverers inflict their nostrums upon the unsuspecting public. To think also that this. process emanated from the Mecca of entomology, London ! . THE TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER BY MOSQUITUES. By Dr. L. O. Howarp, Unirep Srares ENTomMoLocist. The following is an abstract of Dr. Howard’s able and most interesting address which was. listened to by those present with the utmost attention. The speaker began by mentioning some of the severe outbreaks of Yellow Fever which are especially memorable. Throughout the West Indies they have been frequent virtually since the discovery of America. In the United States there were outbreaks as far north as Boston in 1692 ; a century later there was a terrible epidemic in Philadelphia; in 1853, 1878, and 1889: the disease raged in several of the Southern States and carried off thousands of victims. In conseq tence of this liability to outbreaks of the fever, these States were greatly hindered in thei, development and much injury was thus indirectly done to their interests and progress. Any remedy therefore which cauld be effectively prescribed for this plague was of immense importance: to that whole region of country as well as to all the islands of the West Indies and some. parts of the Spanish Main. 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 : It was a source of great gratification and thankfulness that the remedy had at last been _ found, and that there need be no further fear of an epidemic of Yellow Fever in the future. It had been proved beyond doubt that this fell disease was only transmitted by a mosquito, and that by warding off the attacks of the insect it could be kept under complete control. There is now no further need of costly and vexatious quarantine arrangements ; cargoes of perishable fruits from suspected ports will no longer be detained while the fruit is rotting, and commerce in those southern seas will be freed from the restrictions formerly imposed upon it. Dr. Howard then related the various onward steps which had been taken in order that the important discovery might be verified and all doubts as to its truth be removed. Fora long . time it was supposed that the fever was either carried by the air or conveyed in clothing or other articles which had come in contact with one suffering from the disease. When at length science had discovered that micro-organisms were the cause of many infectious diseases, the search for the yellow fever baccillus was soon undertaken and many investigators laid claim to its discovery. Dr. Sanarelli, in 1897, published an account of a germ that he named Bacillus icteroides and which he believed to be the true cause of the fever. As this was subsequently reported to have been discovered by two surgeons of the U.S. Marine Hospital Service in thirteen out of fourteen cases of yellow fever in Havana, it was then by some accepted as the obnoxious bacillus. The next stage in the investigation was the mode of transmission of the noxious organism froin the sick to the well which caused the wide and rapid spread of the disease. Dr. Carlos Finlay, of Havana, was the first to put forth the theory that a mosquito was the agent, and in _ 1881, he stated his belief that this insect was the species known as Culex (now Stegomyia) fusciata. - He failed, however, to prove the absolute correctness of his theory as the experiments he made were not entirely under his control and there was in consequence great room fordoubt. It was not until so recent a date as the year 1900 that a full and convincing demonstration was made of the truth of this theory. An official board of United States Army surgeons under the leadership of Dr. Walter Reed, of the United States Army, was appointed to investigate the infectious diseases prevailing in Cuba, and they arrived at Quemado on June 25th, 1900. One of their first proceedgigs was to make experiments with Dr. Finlay’s mosquito. Eleven persons allowed themselves to be bitten by contaminated mosquitoes. In two cases only did yellow fever result ; one of these was Dr. Lazar, a member of the board, who diel in consequence and thus laid down his life as a noble martyr to the cause of scientific work for the benefit of suffering humanity. In the November following the board resumed its work and built two experiment houses a “mile from the town of Quemado. In one of these, voluuteers allowed themselves to be bitten by infected mosquitoes,and in the other volunteers,quite as brave,submitted to live and sleep in badly ventilated rooms with soiled bedding and clothing brought directly from yellow fever patients in the hospitals. Both cottages were screened to prevent the ingress of any mosquitoes from outside. The result of the experiments was that out of thirteen of those bitten by infected mcsquitoes, ten contracted the disease, while the volunteers who spent many nights in contact with infected clothing entirely escaped. The utmost care was taken to preclude any possibility of mistake, and the results have been accepted by medical investigators who visited the station as absolutély conclusive. Dr. Howard paid a high tribute to these men who so bravely risked the loss of their lives by a loathsome disease without any prospect of pecuniary reward, in order that by doing so they might help to save thousands of their fellow-creatures in the future from disease and death. Courage such as this, exhibited by American soldiers and hospital attendants, should rank as high in the annals of heroism as the bravest deeds done on the battle-field or in stress of storm or fight at sea. : 4 28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 After having established the fact of the transmission of the disease through the agency of mosquitoes, further investigations were carried on by the members of the commission in order to discover if possible, the micro organism which caused it. Repeated experiments revealed that the disease could be conveyed not only by the bite of the mosquito but also by the injection of the blood serum of a yellow-fever patient into the system of one who was not previously immune to the infection. And this blood serum it was found could actually be filtered through porcelain and yet still retain its power to convey the disease. On being submitted to various degrees of heat, it was discovered that the serum lost its toxicity at a comparatively low temperature, one too low to have effect upon any known toxin. It seems, therefore, to be conclusively e+tablished that the cause of yellow-fever is a micro-organism in the blood which it is beyond the power of the microscope to detect. These experiments sa!isfactory as they were, did not entirely convince the physicians «f the south, and accordingly other and independent investigations were made. In 1901 the Havana Board of Health caused a series of experiments to be carried on at Las Animas Hospital under Dr. Guiteras, a well known yellow-fever expert, and Dr. J. W. Ross the director of the hospital. Iaa number of cases the disease was conveyed by the bites of infected mosquitoes and several of the patients unhappily lost their lives, while those who submitted to contact with infected clothing and at the s:me time were protected from mosquito bites, came out ot the ordeal in good health and perfectly free from the disease. These experiments were conducted with the utmost care in order to preclude any doubt as to the certainity of their results. They entirely corroborated the conclusions drawn by Dr. Reed from his investigations of the previous year. Later on further experiments of a most careful kind were conducted at Sao Paulo, Brazil, by Dr. Lutz, director of the Bacteriological Institution of that province. In this case mosqui- toes were brought from uninfected places at a distance, allowed to bite a yellow fever patient, and then conveyed to another uninfected region some hundreds of miles away ; there they were allowed to bite non-immunes who had been for some time quarantined and who volun- tarily submitted to be experime ited upon. Out of six cases three contracted the disease, and _all happily recovered. The effect on public opinion of this experiment W@s very great, and all Opposition to the adoption of practical measures for the extermination of mosquitoes was soon abandoned. If further proof of the reality and importance of this discovery were needed, it may be found in the fact that now the City of Havana is free, and has been so for many months, from the p'ague of yellow fever—for the first time probably in its history. That this immunity is not due to other causes is evident from the fact that although the city was th roughly cleansed * and effective sanitary measures were put in operation during the American administration and under the Cuban Board of Health, yellow fever still prevailed while the general health in other respects was vastly improved. When, however, the extermination of mosquitoes was under- taken, their breeding places destroyed, and all yellow fever patients protected from the bites of these insects, the dissemination of the disease was at once checked and no fresh cases occurred. This was indeed a great scientific triumph—one that has brought immense blessings in its train, and which has opened the way to future achievements for the benefit of mankind in various regions of medical investigation. Dr Howard gave a description of the mosquito, Stegomyia fusciata, and stated that it was in the habit of biting in the day time as well as at night ; that it was essentially a house insect, breeding in water tanks and barrels, in the roof troughs, and anywhere where standing water was to be found ; it was not usually met with in the woods, but was very abundant in cities aad towns. Its thorax, abdomen and legs are banded with white, and hence it is named fasciata, the striped mosquito, (Fig. 2); the larva resembles that of other mosquitoes, and being 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 a true air-breather is easily destroyed by a film of kerosene oil on the surface of the water that it inhabits ; the eggs (Fig. 3) are laid singly in standing water. This species is tropical or 6 Fig. 2. The Yellow-fever Mosquito. (Culex [Stegomyia fasciata] eniatus or fasciatus.)* Fig. 3. Eges of Yellow-fever Mosquito in natural position on Grass-stems. * subtropical in its range, being only found between the latitudes of 38° north and south and at low altitudes ; throughout this region it is necessary that any person affected with the fever should be absolutely protected from the mosquitoes, as by this means the spread of the disease will be prevented. No other form of quarantine is necessary ; no one is liable to contract the disease unless he is bitten by a mosquito which has previously bitren a yellow fever } atient. * hese illustrations are given by kind permission of The Century Co., New York. g Me i y 30 THE REPORT OF THE Nol9 a This discovery Dr. Howard regards as one of the greatest in these opening years of the 20th century, and he thinks that we are on the eve of a great revolution in medical science which will result in the prolongation of the lives of future generations whew the true causes of fatal diseases have become known. A series of questions on various points were then asked, to which Dr. Howard very kindly and fully replied. A hearty vote of thanks was moved and seconded and very cordially adopted by the audience. SECOND DAY’S SESSION, Fripay, SEPTEMBER 4th, 1903. The Entomological Society resumed its meetings at 9.30 0’clock, a.m., the President, Prof. Lochhead, occupying the chair. His own paper on ‘‘ Insects of the Year,” was the first upon the list; he was followed by Dr. Fletcher, who spoke on the ‘‘Insects of the Season in Ontario,” and by Dr. Howard who gave an address on ‘‘ Recent Work in American Entomology.” These papers were listened to with great interest and were followed by animated discussions in which most of those present took part. Dr. Fletcher and Mr. Gibson exhibited many specimens in illustration of the insects which had been specially injurious in Ontario. ou In the afternoon the Society met at 2.30 o’clock and at once proceeded to the election of otiicers for the ensuing year, which resulted as shewn on page 4. Papers were then read by Mr. Gibson, Mr, Lyman, Mr. Stevenson, Dr. Fletcher, Mr. Winn and Dr. Bethune, and were in many cases fully discussed. The majority of these papers are published in the follow- ing pages, but afew, being of a technical character, will appear in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomo- logist,” the monthly organ of the Society ; among the latter may be mentioned papers by Mr. Lyman on ‘‘ Two remarkable aberrations (Lepidoptera),” by Dr. Fletcher on ‘‘ Life-histories of Apocheima Rachelae and Leucobrephos Middendorfii,” and by Mr: Gibson on ‘‘ The larvae of Canadian Tiger Moths of the genus Apantesis.” Votes of thanks were heartily passed to the Ottawa Board of Trade for the use of their room during the meetings ; to the Principal of the Normal School for the use of the Assembly Hall on Thursday evening ; to the newspaper press of the City of Ottawa for their notices and reports of the proceedings. Mr. Williams, on behalf of the Toronto Branch, invited the Society to hold its annual meeting in 1905 inToronto, and assured the members that they would receive a hearty wel- — come. He urged also that it would help and encourage the Branch very much and be of great — benefit to it and to the Society atlarge. After some discussion of the matter, Mr. Williams was thanked very much for the invitation and it was decided to defer action until next year. A cordial vote of thanks was given to Dr. Howard ‘‘for his kindness in aitending the meeting, and for his valuable addresses which contributed so much to the success and interest of the meeting.” On Saturday morning a visit was made to the Division of Entomology at the Central Ex- perimental Farm, where some time was spent in examining the collections under the guidance of Dr. Fletcher and his assistants, Messrs. Guignard and Gibson. At 12 o’clock the visitors were driven about the Farm and shewn the chief objects of interest and at one o'clock were entertained by Miss Dorothy Fletcher to an al fresco lunch in the Botanical Garden. The afternoon was spent, with nets and collecting apparatus, in an excursion to Dow’s Swamp and the Rideau River; — the weather was not very favourable for securing specimens but the outing was nevertheless much enjoyed, andthe kindness and hospitality of Dr. Fletcher and his daughter were highly appreciated by all who had the good fortune to be there. 1903 : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 The following exhibits were shown by those attending the meeting : By Dr. James Fletcher: Apocheima Rachelae in all stages from the egg to the perfect nsect, with inflated larvae; Lewcobrephos Middendorfii, in all stages ; Chionobas Alberta with- out any ocelli above or below ; Gynaephora Rossii, bred by Mr. Percy B. Gregson, from larvae found at Blackfalds Alta., also mature larvae collected this year at the same place. The type specimen of Catocala wnijuga, var. Fletcheri, Beutenmueller. By Mr. Arthur Gibson: A complete collection of the Arctian moths of the genus Apant- esis so far recorded from Canada, and referred to in his recent paper. Also a collection of about fifty inflated larvae of lepidoptera. By Dr. Bethune :' The remarkable beetle found by Mrs. Slosson in New York (Can. Ent. XXXV, page 183, July 1903) which has not yet been identified. By Dr. C. H. Young : A fine collection of inflated larvae taken during the season, or reared from the egg—all local (Ottawa) species. About fifty noctuidae taken at Ottawa many of them not previously recorded from that district.’ Also a fine female specimen of Erebus odora taken at sugar. 3 By Mr. Lyman: The remarkable aberrant forms of two moths, referred to in his pyper. By Mr. J. D. Evans: A box of moths taken at Trenton including among other rarities Apatelodes angelica. By Mr. A. E. Norris, Montreal: Box of moths including Cossus centerensis, Hydracia rutila, stramentosa, marginidens, purpurifascia, cerussata, and Cressonia juglandis. Specimens were also exhibited by Mr. Stevenson and Mr. A. ¥'. Winn, of Montreal, and Mr. J. B. Williams, of Toronto. In addition to these there was exhibited a specim2n of a Blue Lizard, the only species taken in Canada. INSECTS OF THE SEASON. By W. Locuneand, Proressor or Brotocy, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. From my own observations and from reports obtained from most sections of the Province, it is evident that the injuries done by insects this year have been below normal. The causes which lead to the decrease or increase in the number of injurious insects for any particular season are not well determined. We still require to make many observations ard to make more thorough search into insect life-at all stages of the year before much head-way can be made in determining the causes. We must note, however, that the seasons of 1902 and 1903 were both cold and wet, and when we bear in mind that this combination of conditions is very harmful to larval life it is probable that some of the causes for the dearth of insect life during these seasons have been determined. As in my previous reports I shall deal with the injurious insects according their host plant. . CEREAL Crops. Hessian Fly. Cereal crops have not been disturbed much by insect life. The Hessian Fly scourge which did so much damage in 1900 was not evident, and in most localities was almost entirely absent. This happy condition of things is due to the action of the farmers themselves in accepting the advice of the entomologists who had studied this question quite thoroughly. The farmers had got into the habit of planting their fall wheat too carly. In some of the central counties in the south-western part wheat was sown as early as the 20th of August. Experience scon convinced them that the entomologists were right, and that they were working in league with the Hessian Fly by planting their wheat at that date. Late planting is now the rule in most sections, and from all reports the crops are just as heavy as if they had been sown two or three weeks earlier. Wheat Midge. In early spring there was a fear lest the Wheat Stem maggot would become destructive this season, for many fields showed evidence of being badly infested. ‘Through some cause or other the pest did not make headway, and it is probable that very little damage was done. 32 THE REPORT OF THE ‘No 19 Pra Crops. Pea-Weevil. Judging from the returns of the Bureau of Industries the farmers of the Province took the timely warning and are giving up to some extet at least the growing of peas, and substituting other crops, in some cases Grass Peas, in others Emmer, and so on. This was the advice given in the bulletin issued by the Department of- Agriculture, Toronto, early in the year. It was felt that although fumigation with carbon bisulphide was a good remedy, but few of the farmers would take the trouble to fumigate their pea’ immedia’ ely after harvest. In some sections the growing of peas has been discontinued entirely, and it will not be long before their growing can be resumed. In the newer sections where pea gr..wing is still a profitable industry the fumigation treatment is highly recommended, but in the older sections where the crop has been a failuce for the past few years it is as strongly recommended that the growing of peas be given up entire’y for two years at least. This summer I had an opportunity to make a few observations regarding the deposition of the eggs of the pea weevil. They are, as you probably know, spindle-shaped and of a golden color, and are deposited on the outside of the pod. It is the general impression that the eggs are deposited in the pods while the pods are very small, in fact when the |lossoms are still to be found I found this season fresh eggs deposited on pods two and three inches long. and the peas within afterwards became thoroughly weevily. It is my strong impression that the beetle continues to lay eggs for a longer period than is suspected, and that is the reason why the late crops suffer almost as much as the early crops. Roor Crops. Beet Leaf Miner. Up to date of writing the root crops have been singularly free from injurious insects. The introduction of large areas of sugar beets has brought into prominence the pest which may give considerable trouble in future years. This is the Beet Leaf Miner (Pegomya vicira). About the 20th June the sugar beets in many sections were badly infested with this leaf-miner and the indication at that time pointed to considerable loss of the beet crop. Strangely, however, the damage did nct prove to be very serious, and but little com- plaint was heard in later months. The adult of these leaf-miners is a two winged fly. This pest is not a new one for we have been made acquainted with its habits through the writings of the entomologists of the United States. According to their observations the eggs are placed on the under side of the leaf, usually singly, and the maggot enters the leaf immediately on hatching. There may be many broods during the season. When the maggot .becomes full grown it leaves the leaf and changes to pupa either on the leaf or in the surface of the ground. It is probable that it hibernates as pupze from which the flies emerge in April or May. It has been observed that it is preyed upon by a bug which often keeps it in check. In spite of all that has been done no successful attempt has been made to d:stroy the pest. The following methods have suggested themselves and have been tried with but partial success ; first, deep plowing, and rolling the infested fields in the fall to bury the pupa deep so that the flies cannot emerge ; and weeds of the species of Lamb's Quarters should be destroyed in as much as the insect also feeds on this plant. Where these weeds are abundant the pest is also likely to spread to the beets. Orcuarp INSECTS. Codling Moth. Recent observations lead me to think that the Codling worin was quite The effects of the first brood were not very evident, but those of destructive this summer. As in previous years there is no better method the second are becoming quite in evidence. of dealing with this pest than to spray thoroughly with Bordeaux Mixture and Paris Green and to bandage the trees with burlap before the s‘cond week in June and to examine the bandages every two weeks during July and August for cocoons of Codling Moth. 1903 , ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 ; — 7 Plum Curculio. The plum curculio although abundant this year has not been felt much on account of the tremendous supply of plums through the country. It simply thinned out the crop and did very little damage. There has always been considerable discussion as to the best method of dealing with the plums in ordinary seasons. Some orchard men prefer jarring ‘the trees, while others place considerable faith in an application of Paris Green. There seems to be some reason for the belief that there is a time in the history of the curculio when it is more readily killed than at other times. One observer reported to me that he always had good results in spraying curculio with Paris Green before the incision had healed. He believed that if he could apply Paris Green in the incision before it healed over, that the young grub would get a poisonous meal when hatched. A Cherry Fruit Fly. W. E. Gammage, Oshawa, reports the loss of all his fruit from some English Morello cherries. The cherries began some time ago to rot, and when I examined specimens of the injured fruit I found a maggot within each. These maggots I believe to be - the cherry fruit-fly which was quite destructive a year or so ago in New York State. I received some of the infested cherries from Mr. Gammage on Aug. 21stand found them infested with the maggot. Prof. Slingerland in Butierin 172, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station says, ‘‘We have found young maggots as late as August 16th.” The maggots which I found in these Morello cherries were light yellowish white in color, and near the head were two slight projections. These peculiarities corresponded with the description given of this pest by Prof. Slingerland. According to him the maggots hatch from eggs laid by a pretty little fly as small as the common house fly. Their wings are crossed by four blackish bands, and have also in addition a blackish tip. The maggot contines itself to a single cherry and lives within it during its whole life which may last three or more weeks. Many of the maggots would be full grown when the fruit would be ripe. They change to pupz on the ground or at the bottom of baskets and rubbish. There seems to be but one brood per season and most of this is passed as pupa. In England where the pest is better known remedial treatment has not been en- tirely successful. Spraying seems (o he out of the question for before it can pass beneath the skin the maggot is withiv the fruit, and the pupa is within the ground, Undoubtedly much can be done to check this pest if the infested fruit were picked up and burned before the maggots turned into pupw, but this is hardly practicable, unless the whole crop were picked and burned before the maggots became matufe. Cultivation has been tried in Australia in the hope that the pupze might suffer by the process of cultivation, but their results were not satisfactory. Muchcan be done to keep this in subjection by allowing hens free access to the cherry orchard, especially if the ground were stirred up occasionally so that the pupa might be more readily exposed to the poultry. Pear Tree Psylla. This insect has been very injurious this past season, more especially in the Grimsby district. A correspondent writes this regarding it: ‘‘ When I came home on July 4th, many trees were fairly covered with it. The insects were mostly wingless forms with a few winged forms. (Figs. 4 and 5.) They are found in the axis of the leaves, along the petiole and along the blade, but chiefly found on the leaves a short distance from the vein or just in the axis of the secondary veins or mid- vein. In the first place, the tissue of the leaves dries up in spots where they are situated, but in the latter case they cause a drying of the tissue along the edge of leaf. When the Psylla is situated in the outer Fig. 4. Pear-tree Psylla ; adult winged female, 4X18 of the leaf, the petiole seems yellowish in color greatly enlarged. (After U.S. Dept. of Agriculture) and the attachment to the stem seems weak. About ee 34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 July 15 to 25, the Psylla were most abundant— = the nnmber of winged forms increasing until the 25th. A heavy rain on the 23rd cleared the trees of the sap and seemingly quite a number of the Psylla. After another heavy rain on the night of July 27th, I noticed that there were very few of the wingless forms but a great number of the winged ones. Up to this time very few leaves had fallen off, although the growth of the trees was completely stopped, in fact, our trees have apparently made no growth at all this year excepting a few that were free from the Psylla. _Where there was growth, it 7 “ = iti Fig. 5. Pear-tree Psylla: a egg; b larva; greatly was from two to co feet. At the time of writing, “= magnified (from U.S. Dept. of Agriculture). August 27th, the wingless forms have again become numerous and the winged ones few.” (W. R. Dewar.) THE CLovEeR Crop. The clover seed industry of Ontario is of no small importance. A buyer for one of the large seed houses told me recently that the averace total value of the clover seed produced in Ontario tor one year was-two million dollars. The loss done by insects was fully one-half of a — million, or, on the average, one-fourth of the crop. In the large sections where the growing of clover seed has up to the present been quite lucrative, it is almost a complete failure this year. In the south-west counties especially, the work of the Clover Seed Midge has been very destructive. Many good reliable farmers who have been in the habit of feeding off their clover until about the 10th of June have found their second crop of clover badly infested, and they have come to the conclusion that very frequently the eggs are not deposited before the 10th of Juae. They have frequently observed also that when the first crop of clover was left — uncut until about the 20:h of June that they secured a good crop of seed from the second crop. It is advisable, therefore, to postpone cutting the first crop of clover until after the 20th of June. The history of the Clover Seed Midge has been frequently described. It is a minute two-winged fly or gnat which lays its eggs in the flower heads of the clover in May or in early June and again in July. There are two broods in a season. The larve of the first brood reach full growth about the end of June, when they descend to the ground and change into pup, the adults emerging a couple of weeks later. Eggs are again laid in July and from — these emerge the second brood of larve which injure the fall crop of clover seed. It is quite probable that the Clover Seed Midge is not the author of all the mischief. I found frequently in clover heads in June a species of Thrips which eats the newly formed seed. Insect Pests oF SHADE TREES. Tussuck Moth. The pests of shade trees have been more abundant than usual. In Toronto and the surrounding towns the Tussock Moth has been very destructive. Woodstock and the western towns have suffered severely from the Cottony Maple Scale. While the Spruce Gall-Louse is gradually making its way into nearly all the spruce hedges in the Province- The life history of the Tussock Moth is well known, and the remedies which have been suggested are quite effective. It lies altogether with the city authorities to stamp out the pest. The most effective methods are the following: First, collect and destroy the masses of eggs which are to be found during the winter on dead leaves, rubbish, and on fences. A very effective way of gathering these would be to offer the children a bonus for every egg cluster collected. Second, to bandage the trees with some sticky substance so that the female, which 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 30 is wingless, may be prevented from climbing up and depositing her egg masses on the tree. Mr. C. W. Nash, of Toronto, has very pertinently said tnat in the orchard and shade trees every egg mass can be taken off without much difticulty, but ‘‘ I am sorry to say that the woods for miles around Toronto are now badly infested, and from these strongholds there will be some difficulty in destroying them.” He very properly blames the civic authorities for their negligence in fighting the pest at wrong times and with improper weapons. Cottony Maple Scale. For some years this pest has not been destructive, but this season it seems to have gathered force, and is proving quite serious in some sections. Alarming reports come from Woodstock and London, and Waterloo is becoming anxious as to the effect this pest will have upon the maples. This pest is quite conspicuous in early June on infested trees with its cottony secretion. This waxy substance is secreted Ly the female at the time the eggs are being deposited, and forms a protective covering for the eggs. At one end will be noticed the oval, brown scale, the remnant of the mother insect, for this insect belongs to the family of scale insects (Coccidae), to which also belongs the terrible San José scale, about which much has been said, done, and written during the last few years. The eggs laid by a single scale are very numerous, and begin to hatch about the end of June or beginning of July. At this time swarms of minute lice may be seen crawling on the infested twigs. They soon fix themselves to the bark by inserting their beaks, and begin to suck the sap of the trees. Ina short time the young begin to form scales of their own by secreting a waxy substance through certain pores on their body. In September they become adult. The males die before winter, but the females migrate from the leaves to the twigs, where they remain all winter. In spring the females grow rapidly, and the eggs are laid as described in the cottony sack in June. With regard to remedies, it may be said that whenever a few of the cottony sacs appear the best plan is to cut off and burn the infested twigs, for by doing so thousands of eggs will be destroyed. However, when, by reason of numbers, this operation becomes impracticable, resort must be had to spraying solutions. Kerosene emulsion and whale oil soap solutions are perhaps the most effective. The standard kerosene emulsion should be diluted with ten parts of water if used alone. Some authorities recommend the use of the mixture—the standard emulsion is diluted with one pound of fish-oil dissolved in ten gallons of water. The best time to apply the mixture is about the first or second week in July, when the young lice emerge from the eggs. They are tlen easily killed. Winter or fall treatment is also valuable. The same substance may be used, but the solutions should be stronger than those used in summer. In some cities where the cottony scale made its appearance good results were secured by applying a strong stream of water against the cottony sacs when they contained the eggs, and before these hatched. By reason of the abundance of parasites this pest is seldom trouble- some more than two seasons. GARDEN INSECTS. : A Gooseberry Fruit-Worm. For several years the fruit of the thinnest skinned American varieties of gooseberries have been destroyed bya worm which is thecaterpillarof amoth. (Fig. 6). Early in July I received some specimens of gooseberries which were well formed but which had dropped fromthe bushes. The fruit at this particular time gave no indication that they were infested beyond that they had dropped prematurely and had ripened also prematurely. In a few days, how- ever, the fruit became softened at the heart and the presence of the Fig. 6, Gooseberry Fruit-Moth. caterpillar became evident. It had eaten away some of the pulpy (Dakruma Convolutella) and ~ . ; pupa tissu near the heart and the fruit had collapsed and decay had set in. 36 / THE REPORT OF THE No 19 T have been unable to breed an adult from the caterpillar. Iam of the opinion that it winters over as a pupa. The caterpillar is between one-third and one-half of an inch in length, is white with a slight tinge of green, tapers slightly between both ends, its head and cervical shields are dark brown, each segment of the body has eight little elevations and from the centre of each rises a hair. Mr. Spillett, of Nantyr, has lost nearly his entire crop. Itis probable that the only way of dealing with this pest is to spray the young fruit thoroughly with Paris green just after blossoming. Mr. Spillet describes the work as follows: ‘‘ For the past — two years I have had strong suspicions that this falling, which has now become serious, was. caused by the presence of a maggot in the berry, as every berry after lying on the ground for 4 few days had a dark spot appear on the surface of the skin which gradually enlarges until the whole pulp becomes red but not ripe. Again the thick skinned varieties are never affected.” Asparagus beetles. The Asparagus beetle is still marching westward through the penin- sula of Ontario. Last year there were but few of them in evidence at Guelph, but this year the 12-spotted species were quite abundant. None of the steel-blue forms (Crioceris asparagi) were seen. At St. Catharines where the asparagus beetles are very numerous, considerable trouble is experienced in preventing damage to the crop. One grower says that he has trained his hens to feed in the asparagus rows, and he is no longer troubled with the pests. Another reports using McBain’s carbolic wash (1 to 45) with excellent results. Other garden Insects. The Squash-bug and Cucumber beetles were not serious pests ths season, and not much damage was done so far as I could learn. It is difficult to account fo: the diminution. In Essex many complaints were received as to the ravages of the Tobacco Sphinx caterpillar. Few of the growers appeared to see any connection between the caterpil'ar, the jug-handled pupa, and the large sphinx moth which is often mistaken for a bat. In ordinary years hand- picking the caterpillars is suflicient to keep them in check. In tobacco sections greater atten- tion should be given to the destruction of the pupae, for they are readily.seen when the ground is plowed. Cabbage-root maggots were abundant early in the season, but when prompt attention was given to the young crop no serious harm was done. The maggots were readily detected, the infested plants removed, and new plants substituted. Most cabbage-growers prefer to replant rather than use the Goff tar-paper collar. NOTES ON THE SEASON 1903. (WESTERN QUEBEC.) By Cuarites StrEvENSoN, MontTREAL. The collecting season was similar to that of 1902. It was very promising during the first months but the low temperature during the latter part of June and St. Swithin’s rains through- out the last half of July and the first half of August made insect-hunting out of the question. The latter half of August was good and the results of the net showed that the emergence of many forms of insects had been kept back. The attractive captures during the season in Coleoptera, were ;— Hadrobregmus foveatus, Kirby, Montreal, 22nd March. Eustrophus bifasciatus, Say. Cote des Neiges, LOth April. Dorcaschema nigrum, Say. Montreal, 14th May. ~ Brachylobus lithophilus, Chd, Laval Co., 7th June. Loricera caerwlescens, Linn. Laval Co., 7th June. Callidium aere.m, Newm. Montreal, 23rd June. — —-: 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 Arhopalus fulminans, Fab. Montreal (on oak logs) 23rd June. Obriwm rubrum, Newm. Cote St. Paul (by Mrs. Stevenson while sweeping among ghee grass) 28th June. Leptura nigrella, Say. Cote St. Paul, 28th June. Cychrus viduus, Dej. was again taken at St. Hilaire, 25th May, by Mr. G. Chagnon. In Lepidoptera :— a Sthenopsis thule, Strecker, 10 specimens were taken by Mrs. Stevenson, between the 6th and the 15th of July at Montreal South, Chambly Co. They were abundant on the first mentioned date, the evening of which was warm and very close. One specimen was caught flying along a street in the village. On the following evenings which were damp with strong cold winds they were scarce and only appeared when the trees or bushes were disturbed’ by beating. Pieris napi, Wsper, aberrant form virginensis, Edwards, was very plentiful at Cote St. Paul between the 3rd and 10th May. Melitcea phaeton, Drury, was abundant around St. Hilaire, 24th and 25th May. Sugaring for moths was not a great success. At Montreal West, several specimens of Gortyna nictitans Bork. were taken at this bait by Messrs. Chagnon, Norris and myself and one specimen of stramentosa Guenéa by myself on 24th August. Collecting at light was fairly good and during August was very encouraging, and many spécimens new to the collections of the members of the Montreal Branch were taken. One interesting capture in Coleoptera made by myself while climbing an electric light pole on the 28th of August, was a long horn beetle Xylotrechus sagittatus, Germ, and it is probably a new record for this locality (Montreal) as the only specimen I know of in Montreal Collections, is one in Mr G. Chagnon’s, from the States, which isadark brown specimen and my capture is a lack variety. The numbers of the Plum Cureulio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst., attracted to light were surprising. . Many insects injurious to vegetation usually so common have been scarce, but the Tussock Moth caterpillar continues to increase and the trees are thickly covered with their cocoons. The potato beetle Doryphora decemlineata Say, was not so generally distributed as in former years although large colonies were to be found in widely separated districts. The common sulphur, Colias philodice, Golt. has been scarce and Danais archippus, Linn’ was a rare butterfly. In last year’s ‘‘ Notes” mention was made of a syrphid fly new to Montreal Collectors which I caught at Piedmont. It has been identified by Mr. G. Chagnon as Criorhina armillata, O.S. 9 a species described by Osten Sacken in 1878 from one Q specimen takeneat Quebec and as Mr. Chagnon cannot find any other record of its capture in Canada or the States it ma be a rare insect of Northern distribution. NOTES ON THE SEASON OF 1903. By A. H. Kitman, Ripceway, Ont. My time having been fully occupied I have not given much attention to insects, but I have observed that many common species have been unusually scarce. Doubtless, the frequent rains destroyed many insects. Possibly, the vigorous growth of foliage due to the rains conceals the ravages of leaf-eating insects ; at all events, much less than the average amount of injury appears to have been done in this locality. 38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 The plum crop is exceeding abundant, evincing the scarcity of the plum curculio. The eabbage butterfly is, thus far, conspicuously rare. Sugaring for Catocalas in August failed not only to produce those of the ‘‘ hidden beauty ” but also in attracting other noctuids usually so. abundant around the bait as Apatela, Agrotis, Hadena, etc. It may, however, be of interest to mention three observations which I have made of insects not heretofore appearing in injurious numbers in this immediate vicinity. A grape grower complained that an insect. was eating holes in the leaves of his vines. He said it was a beetle of good size. LIasked him to bring me specimens, thinking it would prove to be the grape-vine flea beetle. (Graptodera chalybea.) You can imagine my astonishment when he brought a box full of Pelidnota punctata, assuring me that I could have more if I wished, and said they were flying among the vines ‘thick as bees.” This beetle is to be found here any year, but it has never before, Fig. 7. Pelidnota punctata: a the grub, b pupa, ¢ : beetle (clay-yellow with black spots). to iy knowledge, appeared in greater numbers than one or two to the vine. (Fig. 7.) The Rose-beetle has been unusually abundant and destructive this season. I have always thought that a light sandy soil was necessary for the propagation of this insect, and for that reason we might not be much troubled with it, but this year it thrives, even in the rocky soil of Ridgeway. ‘ My third observation relates to Crioceris asparagi, Linn. In my collection, the specimens are labelled from Utah and New Mexico supplied by exchange, but I think we need not import any more, dead or alive. The asparagus beds in our gardens produced enough for all the collections in the Empire this year. Doubtless, its presence has been observed in many places in Ontario ere this, but 1903 marks its advent to this particular part. . It threatens to be a real pest to the market gardener, and if the Society has not already published the best means of suppressing its ravages, it will be well to do so now. RECENT WORK IN AMERICAN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLGY. . By Dr. L. O. Howarp, Unirep Srares ENntTomMo.ocist. Dr. Howard prefaced his remarks by giving a brief account of the Division of Entomology in the Department of Agriculture at Washington. He stated that he had now a staff of no less than thirty-seven assistants, many of whom were engaged in field investigations at various distant points, and a grant from the Government of $70,000 a year. He contrasted his position with that of the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. Fletcher, who was expected to cover the enormous territory of Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacitic, with only two assistants, who were employed in the office at Ottawa, and a very limited pecuniary support. He thought that the attention of the authorities should be drawn to this unsatisfactory condition and that Dr. Fletcher’s hands should be strengthened and his work rendered more useful and available by a large increase in his staff and a commensurate expenditure for its support. The Division at Washington was now devoting much attention to Agriculture, Sericulture and Forest insects in addition to the usual work upon insects injurious or beneficial to horticulture, fruit-growing and farming. = | ; 1903 — 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 _— ‘On the present occasion he would bring before the meeting an account of one only of their _ operations, as it was of especial interest and importance, namely, the Cotton Boll Weevil and the methods adopted for its control. Tue Cotton Bot Weevin. (Anthonomus grandis, Boh). This destructive insect made its first appearance in Texas in 1894 and has ever since been under the continuous observation of the Division of Entomology. Its life-history and habits have in this way been carefully and fully studied and many experiments have been carried out _ in order to discover some practical means of keeping it under control. Since ils first appear- ance nine years ago, the insect has been spreading north and east at the rate of seventy-five miles per annum, but is still confined to the State of Texas. The territory occupied by it at the present time includes about 28 per cent. of the whole cotton area in the United States, and this affected region produced in the year 1900 no less than 34 per cent. of the total crop of the United States or one-fourth of the entire production of the world during that year. The vast importance of this investigation can thus be realized. The actual amount of damage caused by the weevil cannot be easily estimated, as the reduction of the crop in any particular year as compared with the average production may be largely caused by unfavourable weather and the attacks of other injurious insects. Making all allowance for this, it is a reasonable estimate that the State of Texas lost during 1902 at Jeast ten millions of dollars through the injury caused by this insect. It is thus evident that the Boll Weevil is one of the most formidable menaces to a great agricultural and commercial industry that has ever arisen in _ America or elsewhere. In addition to the loss occasioned at the present time, there must be taken into considera- tion the fact that the insect is spreading with great rapidity and will, before many years are _ over, infest the entire cotton-growing region of the southern States. Im Mexico, where it has been a recognized pest for a much longer period of time, the only limit to its spread that has been observed is that of altitude - at 3500 feet above sea-level it ceases to exist, out unfortu- nately in the United States no cotton is grown at any such height above the sea. There is no probability that the insect will ever be exterminated ; like many other injurious insects, when once established in a region where its food-plant is abundant, there it will continue to exist. It remains, therefore, to find out some means by which it can be kept under control and some plan by which cotton may be profitably grown. Thisimportant problem, it is believed, has “now been virtually solved by the Division of Entomology. Dr. Howard then gave an account of the measures that had been adopted. Last year (1902) the Division received a special appropriation which enabled it to conduct field work on a large scale and to practically test the system that promised the best results. A contract was made with certain planters who agreed to plant, cultivate and care for the cotton crop on their lands in exact accordance with the directions of the agent of the Division ; in return an en- gagement was made that the owner should be fully compensated for any loss that he might sustain from failure to produce an average crop. ‘Two large tracts of cotton, one of 200 acres, the «ther of 150, were secured in this way and the Division was enabled to apply any expert- ments that appeared desirable without incurring the labour and expense of renting the land and working the crop. The experience of previous years had demonstrated that a profitable crop of cotton could be secured, notwithstanding the presence of the boll weevil, by carrying out the following metbod : Using seed from plants grown as far north as possible in order to ensure early maturity. Planting as early as the season will admit, for the same purpose. Cultivating the fields thoroughly in order to stimulate the growth of the plant and its early maturity. > _ 40 THE REPORT OF THER ; ‘No. 19 Planting the rows as far apart as experience with the land shows to be feasible, and thin- ning out the plants in the rows thoroughly. The boll weevil thrives best where there is shade ; when the rows are well apart there is a minimum of shade. Finally, destroying by plowing up, windrowing and burning, all the cotton stalks in the field as soon as possible after the crop has been gathered—this should be not later than the first of October. The object of this is to kill all the weevils that are still about the plants and to leave them no protection. By producing an early growth and maturity, the cotton may be harvested before the weevils had done very much damage. In ordinary methods of cultivation, the gathering goes on through all the autumn months and is only finished, perhaps, in December. The object should be to have the work of gathering completed by the first of October ; then to burn up the plants and thus reduce very largely the attack of the weevil during the following year. The experiments of the Division on this large scale attracted great attention throughout that region of Texas, and their success furnished an object lesson of great value to the planters, which the majority of them will now follow in their own practice. Dr. Howard’s clear and ‘interesting address was listened to with great attention, and it came home to the minds of many of those present that similar practical methods might with advantage be adopted in the warfare against several other destructive insects. The thanks of the meeting were very heartily accorded to him. Several of the members spoke of the very great disparity between the means furnished by the United States Government and our own in the warfare against noxious insects. It was agreed that every effort should be made to draw the attention of the Canadian Government to the advisability and the necessity of providing Dr. Fletcher with a sufficient staff of assistants and adequate means for carrying out investigations all over the Dominion and pro- viding the community with the fullest possible information regarding insect attacks and the best methods of dealing with them. A MENACE TO THE SHADE TREES OF LONDON, ONT. By Rev. C. J. S. BetHune, Lonpon. The city of London, Ontario, owes its beauty and attractiveness to its broad streets lined with double rows et trees and its well-kept lawns and boulevards. If any wide spread injury were done to the trees it would be a very serious calamity indeed. It is well therefore to be on the lookout and not allow an enemy to become established if measures can be taken to prevent it. Unfortunately the great majority of the trees are maples ; here and there may be seen a linden, a horse-chestnut, a honey-locust, a catalpa, and in the parks and gardens a few other trees, but those that line the streets are virtually maples. Any insect, therefore, that attacks these trees is likely to be found all over the city, and consequently the difficulty of dealing with it would be very great ; wholesale measures would require to be resorted to and the expense involved would no doubt alarm the ratepayers. Under these circumstances it is well to sound a note of warning and draw attention to a menace which threatens the health, if not the life of the trees. During the past summer anyone walking in the tree shaded streets could hardly fail to have noticed round stains upon the pavement, resembling large drops of rain, and in some places great patches of similar stains, blackened or dark brown in colour. These were caused - 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 ~ 7 by a ‘minute scale insect which was at work in countless millions upon the underside of the leaves (Fig. 8, ¢), sucking out the juices of the tree and excreting a sweet sticky fluid called Fig. 8. Cottony Maple Scale: a Newly-hatched young: & Female from above; ¢ Side view; d Male; e Same, natural size, on leaf and stem; / Same, enlarged—all greatly magnified except e. (From U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) b] “*honey-dew,” which drips upon the leaves below, making their surface shine in the light, and then down to the pavement or ground beneath. On this honey-dew grows often a minute fungus, which gives it a dark colour and frequently forms black patches on the withering leaves. At the same time there could be seen hanging from the twigs, and here and there upon the limbs, fluffy cottony tufts, pure white in colour ; these are the female scale insects which cover their masses of eggs with this waxy substance. (Fig. 9.) A single individual produces one or two thousand eggs ; when hatched the minute larve swarm over the nearest twigs and leaves Fig. 9. Cottony Maple Scale : Female and egg-masses. for a few days and then fix themselves permanentiy on the under side of the leaves, attaching themselves closely to the ribs; a few may occasionally be found on the upper surface and on the twigs After a short time a waxy scale is formed, oval and convex ; in shape, completely covering the tiny insect. The insect is called the Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis, Rathv.), but is found upon a large number of other trees, and in London ssemed to be more abundant upon the basswood (linden) than upon the maple, judging from the extent of the stains beneath ; the former trees and the drooping appearance of their leaves. Mrs. Fernald, in her recent Catalogue of Coccidze, mentions no iess than twenty-four food plants upon which it has been found ; it is evidently then a general feeder and by no means particular in selecting an object of attack. Sometimes it is called the ‘‘Grape-vine Bark-louse” from its prevalence © upon that plant. Towards the close of summer these creatures have become mature, and about the end of August or early in September, the winged males, tiny little flies, appear ; the females do not acquire wings but remain beneath their waxen scales. After mating, the males die and the females, before the leaves fall, migrate to the twigs and there remain during the winter. At 42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 - A the opening of spring they grow rapialy and soon become distended with the quantity of egg produced. In May or early in June the formation of the egg sac begins ; this is composed of threads of wax extruded from the body in great numbers till they form the large cottony tuft already referred to. In this mass of filaments the eggs are deposited and there they remain till the end of June, or well into July, and then produce the myriads of orange’coloured lice, thus completing the annual life history. With so wide-spread an attack it seems almost hopeless to prescribe a remedy. Spraying with kerosene emulsion made with coal-oil and soap suds, will destroy the young lice, even using a diluted mixture, but not the eggs; it will therefore require to be repeated several times at intervals of about a week, as the eggs do not all hatch out at once. This should be done as soon as the young lice are seen to appear, usually about the end of June. Much may be done also by cutting off and burning or crushing the twigs infested by the cottony masses, as early in the season as they are first noticed ; the appearance of the white tufts indicates that the female is producing her mass of eggs. A tree that is known to have been badly infested Should be pruned in the winter and the cuttings burnt, as the scales hibernate on the twigs, and a large number may thus be destroyed. Though the attack this year in London is general throughout the city and is certainly serious, some comfort may be derived from the fact that this injurious insect is usually kept in check by its natural enemies, especially by the lady-bird beetles and minute ichneumon ilies, and probably by fungous diseases and sudden atmospheric changes. After a few years of abundance, during which it inflicts much damage, it often ceases for a considerable time to Le noticeable. Outbreaks somewhat similar to the present, though perhaps not quite so serious, have been recorded at intervals. In 1898, for instance, Mr. R. W. Rennie mentioned in the Report for that year that this insect appeared in such numbers that ‘‘on one of the finest streets in the city (London) the trees looked as if they had been sprayed with whitewash.” In the discussion that followed upon the reading of the paper, Dr. Howard said that he thought the abundance of the scale this year was caused by the excessive moisture of the last two seasons. The chief parasitic enemies of the insect are minute ichneumon flies, which are unable to fly about and lay their eggs in wet weather ; consequently the scales were not kept in check as they would be in fine dry weather. He had noticed that aphides thrive best in wet seasons, and evidently for the same reason. The usual experience was that there were rarely serious outbreaks of this scale for two consecutive years, as their natural enemies kept them in check. ; THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN ONTARIO. By W. LocHHEAD, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. It is now nearly ten years since the San José scale made its appearance in the United States east of the Rockics, and it is about seven years since 1t first appeared in Ontario. It has made progress in that time in spite of all the efforts which have been put forth to keep it under control. In the St. Catharines district there are but few orchards which have escaped invasion, and many have succumbed to the terrible attack. In the West the scale is very prevalent in South Essex and Kent. Although the scale is so wide spread in these districts, yet we must remember that if it had not been for the energetic action of the Government in appointing inspectors, and in passing the Fumigation Act for the treatment of nursery stock, in my judgment the scale would have spread to most parts of the Province. Never before has the San José scale problem seemed so easy of solution as it is to-day. After long experimentation we now know that we have methods which are both effective and easy to apply. The whole solution of the difficulty lies now with the fruit-grower himsélf. 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 There are five more or less effective remedies—first the lime, sulphur and salt mixture ; second, crude petroleum ; third, crude petroleum and whale oil soap emulsion ; fourth, whale oil solution ; fifth, the McBain Carbolic Wash. With regard to the lime, sulphur, and salt mixture, its effectiveness was demonstrated beyond doubt by Mr. G. E. Fisher, and it is being extensively used, in the West particularly, as an effective remedy. ‘The chief points of excellence of this mixture are ; first, its cheapness ; second, its effectiveness ;—third, its cleansing effect upon the tree from both insect and fungus pests. The fact that it is somewhat difficult to prepare and hard on the men and apparatus, has made this mixture unpopular with some of our fruit- growers. Where the fruit-grower has the proper appliances for making the mixture it does not seem so difficult as it appears. The crude petroleum is well adapted in the West for apple treatment, and in the Chatham district I fail to hear of the death of a single tree. In that district the oil is easy to procure and the fruit-growers are well pleased with the results. The objections which have been urged against crude petroleum are: (1) the great variation in strength of the oil, (2) disagreeableness of application, and (3) the great liability of its injuring plums and peaches. The emulsion of crude petroleum and whale oil soap, although a very effective remedy, has never taken well with the fruit-growers, on account of the difficulty which was found in making the emulsion and of the disagreeableness of the application. Whale oil soap solution although quite effective when properly applied proved toolexpen- sive for the average orchard, and has been given up. Fig. 9 a W. W. Hilborn’s appliance for making the lime-sulphur-salt*mixture. ' The McBain Carbolic,Wash is a new insecticide which has been tried for the first7time in Canada this summer and has given good satisfaction wherever it has been tried. Further 44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 experiments are necessary however, to determine if the winter applications of the carbolie wash will prove as successful as the summer applications. The lime, sulphur and salt treatment, which the Essex fruit growers are using quite freely, - is extremely cheap. Mr. J. D. Wigle, of Kingsville, tells me that it cost him but ten dollars for outside help to spray forty apple trees and eight hundred peach trees with this mixture. Mr. W. W. Hilborn, of Leamington, is also quite enthusiastic over the mixture. He had some hesitation last spring in using it, but when he came to prepare it he found it much simpler than he had expected. He used a boiler, which he procured for ten dollars, to supply the steam for boiling the mixture. He used the 15, 15, 10 formula. The lime he slaked slowly in a coal-oil barrel with four gallons of water ; then the sifted sulphur was added with stirring to the hot mixture, and the whole boiled for an hour ; then the salt was added and the mixture boiled for half an hour longer. Mr. Hilborn kept a second barrel of hot water always convenient. This mixture was very effective, and I failed to find a single scale at the time of my visit, August 27th. It was applied also against the Scurfy Bark Louse and the Oyster Shell Bark Louse, and the results were extremely satisfactory, The township of Gosfield in which Kingsville is situated passed a by-law last spring compelling treatment of infested orchards, and a township sprayer, Mr. H. Bruner, was appointed to do the work whenever the owner himself cared not to spray. The results weré quite satisfactory to most of the fruit-yrowers, and they see now the solution of this problem of the San José Scale. In the St. Catharines district, however, the lime, sulphur and salt treatment has not become popular, but no one seems to doubt its effect- iveness against the scale. Mr. G. A. McBain has had a very interesting experiment under way, testing the effectiveness of his ‘‘ Carbolic Wash.”’ (Plate 1.) He undertook to clean up the ‘Henry Kottmeier orchard which contains about four hundred trees, mostly plum of five years’ growth. Mr. McBain has given the orchard three applications. The first was made with his winter wash on the 28th and 29th of April, the second with the summer wash on 14th and 15th of July, the third with his summer wash on the 14th and 15th of August. The winter application, although fairly satisfactory, did not kill all the scale, but as large a percentage as one could naturally expect from the encrusted condition of the trees. Besides Mr. McBain tells me that he could now guarantee a much larger percentage of scale killed because he was afraid to use a stronger formula than the one he had been using in California. JI examined the orchard on the 14th of August, before the third application and found but few scale on the trees. The trees looked healthy and had made a decided growth. Some of the leaves of the trees had been singed by the summer mixture, but I think no appreciable damage would be done. The McBain Carbolic Wash has been in use for some years in California as a scale remedy. It is a black, oily liquid, and smells strongly of crude carbolic acid. The other ingredients are pine tar and fish oil. The strong point in favor of this wash is the readiness and ease with which the spraying liquid can be prepared. When a barrel of liquid is to be made up, 2 or 3 gallons of the black Carbolic Wash are placed in the barrel and cold water added. The wash dissolves very readily, and the barrel of hquid has a milky appe:rance. Another feature of the preparation is that its application by the spray pump is not an unpleasant operation. The operator does not need a special suit of old clothes, as he does if he were spraying crude petroleum, whale oil soap, or the lime, sulphur and salt mixture. In my judgment the points of the McBain Carbolic Wash which I have indicated are very important ones in future operations against the San José scale, for experience proves that the ordinary fruit grower is ii fluenced mightily by the character of the spraying operation. I believe that the main reason why the crude petroleum, and the other preparations which are effective against the scale, did not take with the people was this very factor—the disagreeable . 1903" ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 nature of the spraying. As we all know, a perfect insecticide must possess the following qualities : 1. It must be effective against the insect ; 2. It must not harm the plant ; 3. It must be readily and easily applied ; 4. It must be cheap. From my observations this McBain Carbolic Wash possesses at least three of these quali- ties, and it may have the fourth also, for I do not know what the retail price of it will be. This is an important point, but if the manufacture of the substance is to be made a business matter, then I have not much fear on this point. In addition, there is ground for the belief that this wash is valuable not only for controll- ing the aphis of apple, plum and cherry, but also as a fungicide for peach leaf curl, apple scab, and the brown rot of plum, when used at the rate of 1 to 30. Now as to the future of the San José Scale. I do not advocate that the Provincial Gov- ernment should continue to lay out large sums of money every year in fighting the Scale. They might with just as good reason be asked to spend money in fighting the Potato Beetle, the Codling Moth, or the Hessian fly. The Government, I maintain, has done its duty with regard to the Scale ; and now that reliable, efficient remedies are known, the matter of con- trolling the pest must remain with the fruit-growers. Iam sure that the Government is will- ing to assist the fruit growers with advice and even with help when necessary. This help should came in the form of reduction of ¢ st of chemicals, as has been given in previous years, and in establishing a system cf Township Sprayers under Governmental super- vision, perhaps. ‘To my mind the greatest need at the present time is not a new remedy, for we have efficient ones already, but an organized system of sprayers by whom every orchard can be sprayed at a reasonable cost, at the proper time, and in the proper manner. Many of our smaller fruit-growers have neither the outfit for doing good work, nor the time and help to spray at the proper season. They would be perfectly willing, however, to pay for the spraying of the orchards by a reliable party. In Gostield Tp., Essex County, a township sprayer was appointed last spring, and so far as I cou'd learn from inquiries in the vicinity, the fruit- growers are thoroughly satistied swith the results. A prominent grower told me that he no longer feared the Scale so long as he could get his orchard sprayed with the lime, sulphur and salt mixture, and by reliable sprayers at a reasonable cost. (See Plate 4.) A St. Catharines fruit-grower thinks the McBain Carbolic Wash solves the difficulty in regard to keeping the Scale in check. He thinks that there will now be no difficulty in finding good sprayers to do the work since the wash is not disagreeable to use. He said that his own men looked upon the spraying operations with crude oil, or the whale-oil soap, as a veritable ordeal. There is another matter in regard to the Scale which should be attended to as soon as possible. In the scale infested sections there are orchards which are never sprayed. As a result they are neglected, and they fourm veritable breeding grounds for the Scale and other pests. I know of several orchards which are thus neglected (Plates 2 and 3). It is not fair to the other fruit-growers that they should be exposed to such conditions, .The townships should see to it, and pass a by-law compelling the spraying of the neglected orchards, or to have them cut down and burned. The Government might very reasonably look after the inspection necessary for the proper carrying out of the by-law. We all know how such a by-law would soon become a dead-letter through difficulty in getting the local authori- ties to carry out its provisions. An outsider can carry on the work, but a local man cannot. Furthermore, fruit-growers must recognize the necessity for at least one spraying every year. In badly infested orchards two sprayings should be made. Finally, good spraying outfits—a 5-ply hose—not an ordinary garden hose, should be used. 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 NOTE ON THE GREAT LEOPARD MOTH. EKepantheria seribonia, Stoll. By Rev. C. J. 8. Betaunet, Lonpon, Ont. Be) ea On the 6th of May, 1903, in a wood some six miles south of London, I had the good fortune. to find a large hairy larva, rolled up in a ball and occupying a round cell that it had made of dried leaves beneath a log. As Mr. Arthur Gibson, of the Experimental Farm at Ottawa, was then engaged in the study of the Arctiadze in connection with his valuable paper on the genus Apantesis,recently published in the Canadian Entomologist, I sent the specimen to him. A few days after it reached him—on May 11th—it assumed the pupa state and on the 4th of June the imago appeared. To our mutual delight, it proved to be the Great Leopard Moth (Eecpantheria scribonia, Stoll). Though this moth is rarely taken in Canada, the larva is occasionally found in the autumn when it is full grown and in the spring, as in the present instance ; it hibernates under logs, the — loose bark of decaying trees or other suitable hiding place. Whether or not it takes any food in the spring before changing intoa chrysalis is a matter of doubt. The specimen referred to evidently did not, as I found it in its winter quarters and it had no food after its capture. The food-plants, so far known, are the Willow, wild Sun-flower (Helianthus decapetalus), Poke-berry (Phytolacca), ard Plantain. Mr. Gibson has kindly furnished me with the following careful description of my specimen | when it reached him: ‘‘Length 45 mm. General appearance—a stout, black larva, with stiff, shiny, jet-black bristles. Head 4 mm., wide, subquadrate, flattened in front, only slightly bilobed at vertex, black, shiny excepting posterior upper part of cheek near segment 2, which is pale brownish ; median suture and epistoma dull whitish ; mandibles slightly reddish ; hairs on face — mostly black, reddish at tips. Body stout, dull black, with patches and streaks of velvety black on dorsum ; distinctly yellowish in the incisures ; lower lateral and ventral surface paler, Tubercles large, all black, excepting vi., vii. and viii., which are a dark amber colour, each bearing a bunch of stiff, black, barbed bristles; from v., vi., vii. and viii. many of the | 1903 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 bristles are tinged with dark red. Tuber€les i., ii. and iii. are nearly the same size, iv. elongate. Spiracles dull orange, anterior and close to, but above tubercle iv., on abdominal segments. All the feet shiny brown tipped with black.” (Fig 11). This larva, it will be observed, differs somewhat from Abbot and Smith’s figure (Lep. Insects of Georgia, p. 187, plate 69) and other descriptions, in that the specimen was al black except the narrow yellowish shading in the incisures. There were no red bands between the segments. | The moth, shewn in the accompanying figures, (Fig. 10, after Riley) a, the female, b, the male, is a very remarkable and beautiful creature. The wings, head and thorax are white, and covered, except the hind wings, with rings or spots of black ; tae hind wings of the female have an outer border of blue-black Fig 11. Larva of Leopard Moth. b spine magnified. spots, and of the male a long black stripe, terminating in a spot near the inner margin ; these markings, however, are variable, in some specimens the spots are all rings and in others filled with black or brown. The upper portion of the body is steel bluein colour,with—in the female—a lateral stripe of orange and a row of dark spots. The wings of the male expand about two inches and a quarter, while those of the female are fully three inchesfroim tip to tip. A CARD SYSTEM FOR NOTES ON INSECTS. By Apert F. Winn, WESTMOUNT, QUE. Tne myriads of curious and interesting facts, which the student of entomology is certain to observe, make it necessary to have something more than the memory to rely upon. For field notes a pocket memorandum book is indispensible, but for reference these notes must be tran- scribed into some form in which one can classify the subjects to some extent. I have tried various sorts of books, large and small, the mos5 satisfactory having been a ledger with a page or half page reserved for each species about which any notes were made. The index in the book served to find the page of any desired subject. But there were many ways in which this was unsatisfactory ; the book was necessarily large, in many cases pages were left for species on which only a few lines were used, while in others not nearly enough space was left and notes had to be marked ‘‘ continued page 260” etc. Arrangement of species as to scientific order was impossible, and notes on species described as such, which afterwards proved tobe synonyms were hundreds of pages apart. I do not know who invented the card index system but you are doubtless familar with ona or more of the countless varieties of these time-saving devices, which can be adapted to almost every form of business, and which are ‘‘ always complete but never finished.” The standard size of card used is about 3 inches by 5 and these already cut and ruled with faint lines are to be had from city firms handling office supplies, as can also the cards for dividing and indexing the different genera, and alphabetical index. It is well to use cards that are thin, because they will not take up so much space, and a great many cards will be required to keep adequate notes on the subjects that we try to work up. I found it necessary to have three distinct parts tomake the index complete—a diary, in which to keep track of notes in order as to date of observation ; an alphabetical index ; and a series of cards one or more for each species about which any records are made. For the diary portion I begin with a colored card marked 1903—followed by divisions for the various months, parts of the cards being slightly over the 3 inches high so as to show the name above the cards 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 on which the notes are recorded—January Februa®y March could be put together,as reference® would likely be few. A card for each day on which anything is noted is inserted in its place according to date. This makes a very compact record of the year’s captures, and additional notes on species observed by fellow collectors, which one hears about a week or more later, can be dropped into their proper place in a manner quite impossible in any book. To cross index this the alphabetical index is required. Let us say a trip to Quebec is taken August 21st to 24th, 1902. Separate cards mentioning each day’s notes are put in place in the diary behind the August card and in the alphabetical index a card is inserted, behind letter ‘‘Q”, headed Quebec. : ‘Spent a few days at Quebec Aug. 21-24 1902.” On the Quebec card would also be noted references to published papers on insects found at Quebec, ete. If a species of interest is taken, say Pamphila Manitoba, a card headed with the name of that species is marked ‘‘1 specimen Island of Orleans, Quebec, 21-viii-02, on everlasting flowers, A. F. W.” All further original notes, or references to published matter are put on this eard till filled, when a second card may be used. To find the cards quickly, they are arranged alphabetically behind a genus card whose name shows at the top, and the genera are arranged in families in the same order according to some List. Perhaps it would be more consistent to arrange the genera alphabetically also, but it seems easier to look for Grapta next to Vanessa than to work alphabetically. When anew List appears, and the names get changed around, a few cards will have to be inserted here and there indicating that the genus Hepialus has been transferred to the Micros or elsewhere, or that some genus has been divided into a dozen or so. The alphabetical index could be used as a sort of directory. For life-history work the cards seems specially useful, as an unlimited number of cards may be used numbered consecutively, keeping track of egg, various stages of larva, chrysalis and imago. Ifa stage or more is missed one season, the information can possibly be obtained another year and another card inserted in its proper place. ADDITIONS TO THE SYRPHIDAE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. By Gustave CHaGnon, MonrrReEAL. Since the publication in 1901 of my ‘‘ Studies on Canadian Syrphidae” in which were described about 90 species of these flies, more material was collected and carefully examined. Amongst this material, some of which was collected by Mr. Stevenson, of Montreal, and Abbé Roy, of Levis, were found several important additions to my list. The following is a brief account of these additions. Criorhina armillata, O.S. One Q specimen was captured at Piedmont, on 7th June, 1902, by Mr. Charles Stevenson. This species is quite different from those already given in my ‘* Studies” by its black abdomen and by the anterior cross vein which is nearly rectangular and placed slightly before the middle of the discal cell. ‘his species was described by Osten Sacken in 1878, from one Q specimen taken at Quebec. Its geographical distribution seems to be northern as I cannot learn of its capture in the United States. Merodon equestris, Fabr. Taken at Outremont, on 7th July, 1901. This specimen is doubly interesting as being perhaps the only capture in the new world of a species belonging to an European genus of which no representatives have been recorded in North American lists. It is closely allied to Hris‘alis by its front being evenly arched and the third longitudinal vein being strongly bent into the first posterior cell. Pipiza nigripilosa, Will. This species is easily separated from the others by having a ong black pilosity on its body. It was captured by myself at Sherbrooke, on 30th May, 1902, while collecting with Abbé Begin of that place. ua -1903° ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 48 .» Platychirus peltatus, Meigen, ¢. Like the preceding, this species was taken at Sherbrooke, “ 30 May, 1902. It appeared to be quite common and about 10 specimens were taken in a ort time. The front tibize of the ¢ are suddenly dilated at the tip; the front metatarsj much dilated, the remaining joints but slightly so. The other two species occurring in our fauna, are quadratus and.hyperboreus. A Sherbrooke specimen said to be chetopodus was sent to me for study, but I could not verify it on account of the bad condition in which the specimen was. Leucozonalucorum, L. One g specimen received from Abbé Roy, of Levis. This species was recorded from Canada by Osten Sacken a goo] many years ago. It is a handsome syrphid, the basal half of the abdomen being yellow and the remaining half black. Syrphus amalopsis, O. S. Captured 2 specimens at Sherbrooke, 30 May, 1902. This species looks very much like our wmbellatarum, but the bands are club shaped at their inner ends. Pirophaena ocymi, Fabr. I had the good fortune to take one 9 of this species at Maisonneuve in August last. In structure, they are closely allied tu Melanostoma and Platychirus, but distinguished by the flattened abdomen which is a long oval in shape and more narrowed towards its base, so that its greatest width is attained at the end of the third seg- ment; the wings are also shorter and broader, scarcely projecting beyond the end of the abdomen. This species is also Europea. Mr. Winn kindly gave me a ¢ specimen captured near Montreal a few years ago. Sphegina lebata, Loew. I have just received one specimen of this species from Abbé _ Roy, Levis. Differs chiefly from rufiventris by its black body with yellow spots on the abdomen. AN INTERESTING ENEMY OF THE IRIS. By ArtTHUR GIBSON, Division oF EnromoLocy, CenrraL EXPERIMENTAL Farm, Ovtawa. In Dr. James Fletcher’s Entomological Record for 1902 published in last year’s report, the following note appears : ‘‘ Macronoctua onusta, Grt., two specimens reared from larvze feeding in and on stems of Ivris versicolor, L., emerged 3rd Sept., Montreal (Winn).” In July last the writer noticed that some borer was at work in the Iris beds at the Central _ Experimental Farm, and upon investigating further, specimens of a noctuid larva from which were reared moths of Macronoctua onusta, Grt., were found in different stages of development. These caterpillars were first collected on the 28th July, and at that time their presence in _ the beds could easily be detected by the discoloured, partly dead leaves of the plants. The _ Irises which were chiefly attacked were Iris spwria, L. and Iris biglwmis, Vahl., although specimens of the larva were found working in several other species. These larve first attack- ed the stems some inches above the ground and gradually worked downwards, the mature cater- _ pillars being found right in the rvots’ below the surface of the ground. The occurrence of this larva at Ottawa, particularly in destructive numbers, is very inter- esting. Tite moths are rare in collections and there is only one record of the insect haying been _ taken here previous to this year, viz. an imago on the 29th Sept. 1902, by Dr. Fletcher. Like other borers, these larve are smooth and not pirticularly beautiful. When mature they measure about an inch and a half in length, and in general appearance are flesh-coloured __ caterpillars with a morepronounced pinkish tinge above the spiracles. 'The head is a rich chestnut red, shiny, rounded, but rather wider than high, bilobed, flattened in front ; margins of cly- peus and mouth parts darker than the rest of the head ; ocelli black ; lateral edge of cheek touching segment 2 black. Body cylindrical, plump when full grown, but before maturity . ather flattened dorsally as if starved. Thoracic shield shiny, slightly wider than head, tes- 4 is 50 THE REPORT OF THE > No. 19 taceous, darker at margins, traversed in the centre of dorsum by a pale line. Tubercles in- conspicuous, black, No IV. lying behind the spiracle. Spiracles conspicuous, elongate, black Anal flap and thoracic feet testaceous ; prolegs concolorous with venter, claspers black. On the 30th July one larva entered the earth in the breeding jar for pupation, and within the next week or so other specimens also buried. |The pupa is 21-24 mm. in length and 6-7 mm. wide at widest part, chestnut brown, shiny ; anterior margin of abdominal segments minutely pitted, posterior margin conspicuously pitted. Cremaster dark, almost black, bear- ing two stiff capitate spines at extremity and three others on either side above—in all 8 spines. The first moth emerged on the 9th Sept., and other specimens appeared soon afterwards. : 7 BASSWOOD, OR LINVEN, INSECTS. By ArrHur Gipson, Division or Entomotocy, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL Farm, Ottawa. The insects which feed upon the basswood, or linden, tree have not of late years, as far as the writer knows, been given special attention by any Canadian students of forest and shade- tree insects. Since the appearance of the chapter on ‘‘Insects Injurious to the Basswood, or Lin- den, Tree,’’ which appeared in the Fifth Report of the U. 8. Entomological Commission— Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees— by Dr. A. S. Packard, nothing of length has been published that we are aware of. During the past three years we have, however, endeav- ored to note particularly the insects which feed upon the basswood tree, and in the preparation of this article frequent use has been made of the published notes of other observers. In some of the back reports of our Society excellent articles have appeared on the insects which have been found feeding on certain of our native trees, and it is hoped that other members will con- tinue the study of insects which attack the same kinds of tree, so that our knowledge of forest insects in general may be thereby increased. In Canada the only native species of basswood is Tilit Americana, L. with its variety pubescens, Loud. The typical form is abundant throughout Ontario and Quebec and extends — from New Brunswick as far west as Manitobi. In his Catalogue of Canadian Plants, Macoun states that the variety pubescens occurs about Quebec, along the shores of Lake St. Clair, and near Sandwich, Ont. The European Linden, Tilia Europea, L, has been cultivated and ex- tensively planted in many of our towns and cities, and may be frequently found growing ~ in parks and on lawns as an ornamental tree. It is apparently quite hardy and thrives well in our climate: Another species, Tilia heterophylla, Vent. is common in woods in the eastern United States, from New York to Florida. The lumber of basswood is light, soft, but rather tough, and, as one of the woods known as ‘* whitewood ’” is largely used in the manufacture of drawers and similar cabinet work, cheap — furniture, woodenware, etc. Many of our boatbuilders purchase quantities of this timber for making small boats and canoes, and owing to the fact that the wood can be bent readily it is also used for dashboards of carriages. For many years the wood has been used, particularly in the Province of Quebec, for making snow shovels, and even to-day wide use of the wood is— made for this purpose. In Europe the inner bark, known as bast, which gave origin to the common name, is largely used in making coarse cordage and matting, but this industry has never attained any importance in America. The value ot the linden as a shade tree is well known, and the following paragraph taken from Farmers’ Bulletin No. 99, U. S. Department of Agriculture—Three Insect Enemies of — Shade Trees, by Dr. L. O. Howard—is of special interest here. ‘In selecting shade trees, particularly for small cities and towns in agricultural regions, and evento a considerable extent in Jarge cities, the relative honey- producing qualities of the ae eS, Ye a 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~ 51 J proposed shade trees isa matter of some little importance ; not so much perhaps, in the mat- ter of actual food for the ordinary honeybee as in that of the increase of bees on account of their great value as cross fertilizers of orchard trees and forage crops. From this point of view there are five very important honey producers among the principal shade trees. These are, in erder of importance : American linden, tulip tree, black locust, horse-chestnut, and sugar maple.” When insects occur in destructive numbers in our forests it is an exceedingly difficult matter to bring to bear any remedial treatment, in fact in most instances it is impossible to cope with these enemies. In cases, however, where basswood trees are grown, or allowed to stand, for ornamental ‘purposes, it is usua'ly possible, when such are attacked by insects, to apply a remedy. As it has often been stated in these pages, insects from a practical point of view may, roughly speaking, be divided into two classes, viz. those kinds which bite their food, such as caterpillars, and those which derive their sustenance by sucking up their food in a liquid form, by means of their beaks, as plant lice. For the first class some poison, such as Paris green, must be applied to the foliage, which will be eaten with the same, but for the second class some liquid, like kerosene emulsion, or whale-oil soap, which will kill by contact, must be used. There are, however, many insects which bore into the wood of the tree, and which cannot be reached by any of the above remedies. Usually, however, it is only trees which have been injured in some way, as by lightning, or wind, or are in an unhealthy condition, that are resorted to by the mature females of these b ring insects for egg laying. For these, remedies of a preventive nature are usually adopted, one of the best of which is to wash the trees, particularly the trunks with some deterrent or malodorous mixture which has the effect of preventing the females from laying their eggs. Insects, therefore, which teed upon the basswood may be divided as follows, viz :— Those which attack the foliage, : Those which occur on the hark, Those which bore into the wood. The following list of species covers all we have noted at Ottawa, as well as many which have been recorded by other writers in the various, somewhat limited, publicutions at our disposal. ATTACKING THE FOLIAGE. ORDER HoMOPTERA. 1. The Linden Tree-louse, Lachius longistigma, Monell. ‘This is a species of plant louse which feeds on the leaves, by means of its beak, through which it sucks up the juices. It is found in Canada in late summer but does not occur anywhere in injurious numbers. 2. The Obtuse Clastoptera, Clastoptera obtusu, Say. This is one of the tree hoppers, and is recorded by Lintner in his report for 1891, as having been found on linden. The insect occurs at Ottawa, but has never appeared in Ontario, Dr. Fletcher tells me, in injurious numbers. Van Duzee recorded it as common on blueberry in the Muskoka Lakes District. OrpER HEMIPTERA. 3. The Basswood Aphis, Pterocallis tiliw, L. has been very abundant at Ottawa the past season. Early in July the plant lice were numerous in all stages, and specimens were kindly identified by Mr. Theo. Pergande, through the courtesy of Dr. Howard. This plant louse is a beautiful aphis, and like other aphids can be held in check by spraying with whale oil soap, or kerosene emulsion. The trees attacked were covered with honey dew and blackened by the fungus Fumago salicina which grows thereon. 52 . - THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 4, Tingis tiliae, Walsh. This beautiful little lace-like plant bug (Fig. 12) may frequently be found in small colonies beneath the leaves. It cannot be said to do much injury to the trees. OrDER COLEOPTERA. 5. The Linden Leaf-beetle, Chrysomela scalaris, Lec. This attrac- tive beetle occurs commonly on the linden in Ontario, and attacks the foliage both in the mature and larval stages. The perfect beetles are it —L- beautiful insects, me res papery Hs Sag spotted with green. Fig. 12. oA Tinots hee The larvae are thick bodied, white, with a lateral row of black dots. - magnified). ¢ 6. Chrysomela pnirsa, Stal. Mr. Harrington tells me that he has twice taken this handsome species upon the leaves of basswood near Hull, Que., in July—three specimens in all. Dr. Fletcher also has specimens taken at Billings Bridge, Ont. 7. Odontota rubra, Web. This is a common insect on basswood, but it has never been the 1g cause of noticeable injury in Canada. 8. Udontota rosea, Web., is also a Gommon species on the linden, but like the preceding does not do any particular injury. The larvie, which are of a yellowish white colour, when hatched eat their way into the interior of the leaf, feeding on the soft tissues within, the skin being left entire. 9. Brachys erosa, Melsh. This pretty little buprestid has been reared several times by Dr. Fletcher, from blister mines in the leaves of basswood, the beetles emerging in May. 10. The Strawberry Weevil, Anthonomus signatus, Say. This common enemy of the Strawberry is recorded by Dr. Hamilton, (Can. Ent. XXIV., p. 41) as eating the leaves and blossoms of Tilia. This weevil does considerable harm to strawberry plants in Canada. Just before the flowers expand they are severed from their stems by the female weevil, which pierces the buds and lays one white egg in each, which afterwards hatches into a white grub, passing all its stages inside the fallen bud, eating out the centre and forming a round cocoon or pupa case of the frass, within which it turns to the beetle. (Fletcher, Rep. Dom. Exp. Farms 1890). At Ottawa we have noticed that some insect has been at work within the seeds of the basswood, but we have not as yet found any actual\specimens. It is possible that the species may prove to be A. signatus, but this, of course, is merely conjecture. OrpER LEPIDOPTERA. 11. Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, Hbn., is one of the most important of our foliage-eating forest insects. When abundant it causes widespread destruction, attacking the basswood as well as many other trees. 12. Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americana, Harr., is also injurious to forest as well as orchard trees, although it is more widely known as destructive to the latter. During seasons when this and the preceding species are abundant, larvae of both kinds may be found feeding together and living in the same nests. In the Annual Report for 1898, Mr. Harring- ton reported that C. americana, Harr, and C. disstria Hbn ‘‘ stripped bare many acres of - aspen poplar, basswood and maple groves” in the Ottawa district. The life-histories of both these tent-caterpillars, as well as the remedies, are well known, and have been mentioned many tims in the reports of our Society. 13. The Fall Cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria, Harr. These larvae have been very destructive to the foliage of basswood, at Ottawa, every spring for some years, During the past season they were particularly abundant defoliating, and making unsightly, trees of many kinds, the linden and elm coming in for more than their share of injury. These caterpillars have long been known to the practical entomologist, and many experiments have been conducted to eradicate them. The remedies now recommended against canker vorms are, ee 1903. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 spray the trees with Paris green, or some other arsenical poison, and to band them witha mechanical protector, some kinds of which have been used with success. Bands of sticky substances may also be placed around the trees to be protected, to prevent the female moths which are wingless, from climbing up the trees to deposit their eggs. 14. The Spring Cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata, Peck., hatches from the egg at, the same time as the preceding species. Both these cankerworms are similar in appearance, and have the same habits. The Fall Cankerworm moth emerges in the fall, and the Spring Cankerworm moth, in the spring. The caterpillars are slender loopers about an inch and a quarter in length, and vary in colour from greenish-yellow to dusky, or even dark brown, marked with black. 15. The Lime-tree Winter moth, Hrannis (Hybernia) tiliaria Harris. This is another common insect, the larvae of which are often abundant in Ontario and Quebec, some seasons doing’ considerable injury. The caterpillar is one which has the power of travelling very quickly from one point to another, and consequently when the species is numerous the injury is widespread. These larvae when full grown are about an inch and a quarter in length, and jn general appearance are bright yellow loopers with a dull red head, and many longitudinal black lines on the body, the under side of which is paler. (Fig. 13.) They reach matur- ity towards the end of June and then descend and enter the ground for pupation, the moths appearing in October and November. The fema'e moth is wingless, and the habits of the species in gen- eral are similar to those of the Cankerworm, so the same remedial treatments may be adopted. 16. The Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar, Dat- ana ministra, Drury. Colon- ies of these larvae are occa- siogally met with on bass- wood trees. At Ottawa on the 25 August we have found Fig. 13. Lime ree Winter Moth ; Male and female moths, and caterpillars. the young laivae just after they have hatched, the moths appearing the following year. These caterpillars are best known from the damage they do to the foliage of the apple. They are interesting in view of their feeding habits and the curious position they assume when at rest. When mature they are about an inch and a half in length. The body is black covered sparsely with long white hairs, and is marked longitudinally with four greenish-yellow stripes on each side. The head is shining black, and the body just behind the head bears a conspicuous yellow shield from which the caterpillar derives its common name. 17. The Basswood Leaf-roller, Pantographa limata, G. & R. A common sight some years where basswood trees are numerous, is single leaves cut across from near the middle, and he end portion rolled up like a tube. The insect which causes this is a pyralid larva, which 54 THE REPORT OF THE — No. 19 fastens the portion of the leaf as it rolls it with threads of silk. Jt is bright green, about an inch in length, with a black head and shield of the same colour on the back close to the head. The body is spindle-shaped and bears brownish warts.’ Like other pyralid larvae, it is very active in its movements when disturbed. The moths fty at Ottawa late in June, and again in August. 18. Xylina Bethunei, G. & R. The caterpillars of this noctuid moth were quite plenti- ful near Ottawa, on the 5th June, 1903, attacking the foliage of basswood. They were at that time nearly full grown, abeut an inch and a half long, of a pale greenish colour, with a yellow- ish dorsal stripe, and had white tubercles. Specimens collected pupated shortly after that date, the moths emerging from the 17th to 26th September. 19, Fnnomos alniaria, Linn. Dr. Packard states that this common larva was found on the linden by Dr. Harris in August and September. Other writers also refer to the larvee, as feeding on basswood. £0. Catocala cerogama, Gn. On the 3lst May, 1901, Dr. Fletcher and the writer found eleven full erown larvee of this Catocula on a large basswood tree near the Experimental Farm. These caterpillars were over two inches in length, and four of them were greenish, while the remainder were grayish. They all spun their cocoons in about a week’s time, and gave us the perfect moths about the middle of July. 21. Awtomeris (Hyperchiria) io, Fab. Nearly full grown Jarvee of this well known species were beaten from basswood by the writer on the 15th August last at Meech lake, near Ottawa. Mr. Winn tells me that these caterpillars were very abundant on St. Helen’s Island, near Montreal, during August, 1901. This insect is well known in the mature form, and is common ‘‘at light” in many parts of eastern Canada. The larvze, however, are seldom abundant enough to be considered very injuriots. They have the habit, particularly when in their earlier stages, of feeding in serried ranks, and on this account attra‘t atren- tion when noticed. The mature caterpillar (Fig. 14) is a beautiful creature, pa'e green, with tubercles bearing stiff spines of the same colour. Along each side of the body on the abdominal segments is a bright reddish band broadly edged with white be- low. The spines from the tubercles are very sharp and possess strong urticating properties, so are capable of giving a painful sting if the caterpillar is handled at all carelessly. 22. The Brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhea, L. This is a European insect which was accidently introduced into the State of Massachusetts some years. Fig. 14. Io caterpillar (full grown). previous to 1897—the season its depredations were first brought to public notice. It is thought that the insect was brought to that locality, on imported roses, from Holland or France. Since 1897 the Brown-tail moth has done an enormous amount of injury, its favourite food plant being the pear, but among the many other trees and shrubs which it has attacked, considerable damage has been done to the foliage of basswood trees, both Tilia Americana, and T| Europea. There is only one record of the insect having been taken in Canada, viz. a single specimen of the moth at St. John, N. B. last year by Mr. W. Mclntosh. A valuable account of the introduction into Massachusetts and also of 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 the spread of the insect, with life history, rémedies, etc., has lately been published by Dr. C. H. Fernald, and Mr. A. H. Kirkland. 23. The Fall Web-worm, Hyphantria textor, Harr. This insect is also a very general feeder, and when the laivee are numerous, the basswood suffers almost equally as much as do many other trees attacked by this well known pest. This insect, as its common name implies, makes unsightly webs, at the tips of the branches, but as it occurs rather late in the season its injury is not so serious as it would be if the caterpillars appeared earlier. When mature the larva is rather over an inch in length and varies much in colour, some specimens being pale yellowish, or greenish, others much darker almost a bluish black. An easy way of dealing with this pest is to cut off the webs as soon as they are noticed and destroy the contained caterpillars by crushing them under foot. 24. The White-marked Tussock Moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma S & A. is one of the best known enemies of shade trees. In Canada probably the tree which has suffered most from the larva of this species is the horse-chestnut, but when the insect is abundant it attacks basswood, as well as other trees. In Toronto for many years the species has been very destruc- tive to shade trees. It can, however, be controlled easily by spraying with arsenical poisons, and by the collection of the conspicuous egg masses during the winter. The caterpillar is about an inch and a quarter in length when full grown, with a chestnut red head, just behind ~ which is a conspicuous coral red mark, and two small elevations of the same colour posteriorly. On the back there are four white brush-like tufts, two long biack plumes near the head and one = at the anal end. The bcdy also bears slender Fig. 15. Tussock Caterpillar. Fairs, and a wide black band down the centre of the back, and a still wider band not so black on each side ; between these tands the colour is golden yellow, and the skin just below the spiracles } FX = Ree is also yellow. 25. The Red 'lussock Moth, also called the Old Tussock Moth, Notolophus antique, L. Larvae of this species in all stages of development have been found feeding on the foliage of basswood, but while common the caterpillars never occur in sufficient numbers to do noticeable injury. The larva of this Tussock Moths differs from that of the preceding species in being much less gaily coloured and lacks the bright red head. " It also has an additional pair of black pencils arising from the sides of the second abdominal segment. aS eer ee ee ee eee eS ee Se ee eee ee eee ee eee 26. The Polyphemus Emperor Moth, or American Silkworm Moth, Telea polyphemus, Cram. The larva of this common Emperor Moth has been occasionally found on the basswood at 4 Ottawa. During the past season the writer found a single egg of this species on a linden leaf, ; and reared the larva to full growth. = : 27. The Checkered Tussuck Moth, Halisidota tessellaris, S. & A. At Ottawa the bass- __ wood seems to be one of the favourite food plants of the caterpillars of this arctiid moth. 2 When beating the foliage for larvae, this species has been one of the commonest we _ have collected, but the caterpillars have never been found in any great numbers, so the -F ~ Payot ih _ damage has not been very serious. The full grown larvais over aninch inlength with a black head, the body covered with hairs of a delicate buff-yellow colour, and bears four dorsal blackish pencils, or conspicuous tufts, in front, two pairs of shorter lateral white tu‘ts, and a pair of whitish tufts near the end of the body. jailed 56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 a ee ee 28. The Spotted Tussock Moth, Halisidota maculata, Harr. also has been frequently found on basswood at Ottawa. The caterpillar is larger, and quite different from the preceding species, the body being black, covered with tufts of bright yellow and black hairs, the black tufts being on the four anterior and three posterior segments, and the yellow tufts on the remaining segments. The latter are centred down the middle of the back with a row of black tufts. 29. The Hickory Tussock Moth, Halisidota carye, Harr. Caterpillars of this species have been found feeding on linden in July, August and early September. Thisslarva has a black head and the body is clothed with dense tufts of white hairs, with a ridge of black hairs down the centre of the back, and two pairs of long black pencils on the first and seventh abdominal segments. - This aud the above two species of Halisidota larvae become mature in the fall of the year and spin oblong-oval cocoons, composed of the hairs from the body interwoven with some silk. The moths appear the following June. 30. Schizura ipomee, Dbl. Specimens of the larva. of this interesting notodontian were rather common at Meech Lake, Que. the past season. On the 15th August Mr. C. H. Young and the writer collected a number of examples by beating the foliage of basswood; by the 22nd Sept. the specimens were full grown. 31. The Gypsy Muth, Porthetria dispav, L. In the State of Massachusetts this insect has been the cause of widespread destruction, and the most extensive experiments ever attempted in the science of applied entomology, amounting in cost to millions of dollars, have been care- fully conducted by such eminent entomologists as Fernald, Forbush, and Kirkland The cater- pillar of this European insect has a wide range of food plants, among which is the basswoo’. Forturately the insect does not occur in Canada, it being confined to Massachusetts, and por- tions of adjoining States. In an interesting paper by Mr. Kirkland entitled ‘‘ The Shade-tree Insect Problem,” 1901, the following paragraph on the life history of the Gypsy Moth appears : “The parent moth lays its eggs to the number of five hundred to one thousand, in a yellow, hairy covered mass, on tree trunks, fences, buildings, walls, ete. The eggs hatch early the fol- lowing May, and the caterpillars swarm abroad in search of food. They devour both buds and leaves, and sometimes even attack the tender bark of the twigs. As soon as the foliage develops they give it their undivided attention, feeding chiefly by day. When about one-third grown their feeding habits change, and the insects seek shelter by day and feed almost entirely by night. The full grown caterpillar is sparingly covered with stout haiis, and has a double row of tubercles along the back. On the five anterior segments these tubercles are blue ; on the six posterior, dark red. The caterpillars pupate in masses in any convenient sheltered locality, particularly at the bases of large branches, and in about a fortnight the moths emerge.” 32. The Snow-white Linden Moth, Ennomes subsig- Bae icrius, Hbn. (Fig. 16). The caterpillar of this geometrid j moth has been recorded by different writers as destructive gto the linden. Packard, in his Insects Injurious to Forest Bind Shade Trees, treats , it under the name of the Elm Span worm. Full grown, or nearly so, larvee have been frequently collected at Ottawa from basswood. When ma- rure they are over an inch in length, of a brown ‘colour, with a large head which is red, as is also the posterior seg- ment of the body. The caterpillar reaches maturity 1 Pig 16 Snow-white Linden Moth. June, and the moths appear during July and early August 4 Laeger antares ate pie ere age jens Ps a] ; “ " % ‘s i . en 9 wage a bib tieein tte 32k a 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 33. The Bag-worm, Thyridop- teryx ephemereformis, Haw. (Fig. 17.) Although we have no actual record of its capture, or presence, this insect doubtless occurs in Can- ada. In some of the States ad- joining the Dominion it has been very destructive to a great many kinds of fruit and shade trees, among which is recorded the lin- -den. The habits of this insect are remarkable. The caterpillar, as its name suggests, makes a bag com- posed of twigs or bits of leaves, acs or ee = within which it lives. The female Fig. 17. The Bag-worm: q, caterpillar removed from the bag; }, male moth is wingless and soon after chrysalis ; ce, wingless and legless female moth ; d, male moth; e, bag cut y open showing female chrysalis and eggs ; /, caterpillar in the bag ; g, cones emerging commences to fill the bag ™ade by young larve. which she made when a larva with eggs. These bags containing the eggs hang on the trees all winter, the young caterpillars hatching the following spring. 34. The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller, Archips rosaceana, Harr. The larvie of this common and widely distributed tortricine moth are very general feeders, and we have found them on a great variety of trees and shrubs at Ottawa, the basswood being amung the number. During the past season they were particularly abundant on the apple, but did not do any serious ; damage. ‘ 35. Paraphia subatomaria, Wood. On the 14th April last a single larva of this insect with some apple leaves was received at the Division of Entomology from Mr. R. J. Messenger, of Bridgetown, N.S. This caterpillar would not, however, eat apple in confinement, and after almost everything else had been tried we succeeded in getting it to eat basswood, on which food we reared it to the perfect insect, the moth emerging on the 8th June. 36. Paonias excceecatus, S. & A. On several occasions we have collected in August, at Ottawa, the larva of this hawk moth by beating the foliage. -_ 37. Apatela Americana, Harr. The cater- pillars of this noctuid have also been beaten trom basswood (Aug. 25) by the writer. The larvee feed on the foliage of a number of other trees (Fig. 18). l _ 38. Ania limbata, Haworth. A single ZZ larva of this geometrid moth was found by Mr. Harrington feeding on the linden at Ottawa, and given to the writer, who bred it to the perfect insect. 39. Coleophora tilicefoliella, Clem. In Packard’s Forest Insects it is stated that the larva of this species feeds on the leaves of Fig. 18. Apatela caterpillar. linden from the beginning to the latter part of May. The larva is said to be dark, duil brown, the dorsal plates and head black. We have never collected the insect in Ontario. 40, Lithocolletis lucetiella, Clem. The laryee of this beautiful little moth have been found quite commonly on the basswcod in some d stricts. 58 THE REPORT OF THE > Nomad 41. Lithocolletis tiliacellu, Chambers. This is another miner in the leaves. We have found the species rather plentiful at Oitawa some seasons. Regarding this and the preceding species, Mr. August Busck, of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, tells me, in corres- pondence, that these two small white and golden moths are much alike, to the uninitiated, in their adult stage, but can be easily recognized by anyone by their different mines. Lvcetiella makes an inconspicuous small, white, tentiform mine between two ribs, on the underside of the leaf, while tiliacella makes a larger, showy, nearly circular white, brown-dotted blotchmine on the upper side of the leaf. 42. Parorgyia Clintonii, G. & R. Specimens of the larva of this moth have been found feeding on basswood by Mr. C. H. Young, at Meech Lake, Que. The larvee were full grown -in July, and moths from collected material emerged the end of August. 43. Heterocampa manteo, Dbl. Full grown larvee of this notodontian have also been found on the linden at Meech Lake, Que. by Mr. Youug. Caterpillars collected the end of August produced moths the*later half of the following June. Some of the larve gathered were parasitized by the large ichneumonid, Ophion bilineatus. 44. Symniirista albifrons, S. & A. The caterpillars of tnis moth have been recorded by Dr. Fletcher as having appeared in great numbers at Ottawa in 1884, being particularly injurious to oaks and maples. Larvze about half grown were found feeding on basswcod on the 15th August, near Ottawa, by the writer. 45. Tortricidia testacea, Pack. A larva of this species was found feeding on the foliage by Mr. Young, and another specimen by the writer, the moths emerging in June. 46. Euclea querceti, H.-S. Mr. Young tells me that larvee of this pretty little moth were very common on basswood at Meech Lake, Que., the past season. Full grown cater- pillars were collected in September. The moth appears ia July, specimens having been col- lected on the 12th, 14th and 27th. 47. The Pyramidal Grape-vine Caterpillar, Pyrophila pyramidoides, Gn. A few examples of nearly full grown larvze of this common insect, have been occasionally beaten from bass- wood, about the middle of June, at Ottawa. The caterpillar is frequently destructive to grape, but while partial to that plant, it also feeds on maple, plum, poplar, gooseberry, etc. 48. Metrccampa pregrandaria, Gn. This species occurs throughout Canada, and in some districts is fairly abundant. We have found the larve on basswood at Ottawa, the moths emerging early in September. The imagos fly at Ottawa the latter half of June and again late it August. 49. Cenopis Pettitana, Rob. On the 3lst May, 1899, the writer collected the larva of this small tortricine moth on the foliage of basswood. The caterpillar changed to pupa on the 7th June, and the moth emerged on the 16th June. Other lepidopterous insects which have been recorded as feeding on basswood, and all of which occur in Canada, are as follows :— 50. Papilio twrnus, L. 58. Basilona imperialis, Dru. 5L. Polygonia mterrogationis, Fab. 59. Panthea furcilla, Pack. 52. Polygonia comma, Harr. 60. Aputela hastulifera, S. & A. 53. Basilarchia arthemis, L. 61. Apatela morula, Grt. 54. Euvanessa antiopa, L. 62. Apatela luteicomu, G. & R. 55. Ceratomia amyntor, Ceyer. 63. Datana Angusii, G. & R.— 56. Phobetron pithecium, 8. & A. 64. Datana Drexelii, Wy. Edw. 57. Samia cecropia, L. 65. Lithacodes fasciola, H.-S. During our study of the insects which feed upon the foliage, we have collected at least a dozen more species of lepidopterous larvze which we have been unsuccessful in rearing to the imagos. The majority of these were small species. 1903 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 Order HyMENOPTERA. 66. The Linden slug, Selandria tilie, Nort, a common species on basswood, occurs throughout Ontario. 67. The Willow Sawfly, Cimbex Americana, Leach. This is a common species throughout Ontario, the larva always attracting attention when noticed. It feeds chiefly on willow and elm, but Harrington records it as feeding on linden at Ottawa. (Rep. Ent. Soc. XV. 65). Order DIPTERA. ? 68. Cecidomyia verrucicola, O.S. This common gall gnat is recorded by Smith as cccur- ring frequently at New Brunswick and elsewhere in the State of New Jersey, on the leaves of linden. Order ACARINA. Some of the Phytoptidxe, the family to which the well known Pear-leaf Blister-mite belongs, commonly called gall-mites produce galls of various sizes and shapes upon the leaves of the plants they infest. 69. The Linden gall-mite, Phytoptus abnormis, Garman. This species is recorded by H. Garman in Forbes’s 1st Annual Report as producing galls on the leaves of American linden, at Bloomington, Ill. 70. The Clover mite, Bryobia pratensis, Garman. Eggs of the clover mite have been found at Ottawa on basswood, by Dr. Fletcher, but no injury has been recorded. OCCURRING ON THE BARK. -. The insects which occur on the bark are all homopterous species, and obtain their food by means of their beaks, through which they suck up the juices. 71. The Maple-tree Scale-insect, Pulvinaria innumerabilis, Rathvon. In Ontario this species has probably been the most abundant of those which occur on the bark. The maple is the tree upon which it is most frequently found, but it has an extensive range of food-plants, among which is the basswood. In the City of London, the past season this insect was very conspicuous, owing to the white cottony mass which surrounds the eggs. Dr. Bethune refers to this infestation in London in another part of this Report. 72. The Oyster-shell Bark-louse, Lepidosaphes whmi L.=Mytilaspis pomorwi, Bouche. This scale insect is patticularly destructive to the apple tree, and is one of the commonest of the well known insect pests of the orchard. The species, however, has been found on linden as well as on a great many other trees and shrubs. An ordinary lime wash (1 th fresh lime in 1 gallon of water) sprayed on to the trees in early winter, and again soon after the first application is thoroughly dry, has been found very effective at the Central Experimental Farm. This material flakes off the trees during the winter and takes with it large numbers of the scales. This]treatment should be followed in the spring, when the young plant lice are hatch- . ing, with a spray of kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap, or tobacco and soap solution. 73. The San Jose Scale, Aspidiotus perniviosus, Comst. This the most deadly of all fruit insects also has a wide range of food plants, including the basswood. In Canada the insect is fortunately confined to certain areas in Ontario, but in those areas it has been the cause of terrible destruction to peach, apple, plum, and pear trees, and has been found in numbers on other trees and bushes adjacent to infested orchards. 74 The Putnam Seale, Aspidiotus ancylus, Putn. This scale is also recorded as cccurring on linden. In Canada the species has several food plants, and, while not abundant enough to be considered injurious, is not uncommon in Ontario. 60 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 19 75. The European Fruit Scale, Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, Curtis. This species also has a wide range of food plants, and among other trees has been found on the basswood. It occurs in several places in westecn Ontario. 76. Pulvinaria tiliae, King & Ckll. This species occurs in western Ontario, but is not a very common insect. 77. Eulecanium tulipifere, Cook. This insect is the same as Lecanium tiliae. It has been found occasionally on basswood at Ottawa, but not in any numbers. BORING INTO THE WOOD. The insects which bore into the wood of the linden belong chiefly to the Order Coleoptera, or beetles. They do not as a rule attack healthy trees; it is when these are weakened in some way that they are attacked by the grubs of boring beetles. The following borers are known to occur in the wood of the basswood. ORDER COLEOPTERA. 78. The Linden Borer, Saperda vestuta, Say. This is the most destructive borer of the basswood. It isa common species and has a wide distribution. The grubs are white, rather slender, and when mature slightly over an inch in length. The beetles emerge at Ottawa late in May and during the early part of June. Onthe 4th June 1902, we found mature larvee, and also pup in a tree in the arboretum of the Central Experimental Farm, which had been killed by the attacks of this borer. Beetles which had just emerged were also collected. 79. The Flat-headed Apple-borer, Chrysobothris femorata, Fab. (Fig. 19.) Although the larva of this insect has been called the Flat-headed Apple-borer, it does not by any means con- fine its attacks to that tree. ,Larvee have been found in linden as well asin many other orchard and forest trees. The species is common and widespread. The larve are pale yellow, flat- headed grubs. The eggs are laid by the female beetle in the cracks and crevices of the bark, and the young larva upon hatching eats its way through the bark and feeds on the sap-wood within. As it becomes mature it usually enters the solid wood, and when about to change to a pupa, bores its way back again to the outside but not quite through the bark. The female beetles in Canada resort to the trees for egg laying during the month of June, and at that time the trunks and larger branches of the trees to be protected should be painted with an alkaline wash. Dr. Fletcher recommends: suft soap reduced to the consistency of thick paint by the addition of a strong solution of washing soda in water. If applied with a brush on the morning of a waim day, this will dry in a few hours and form a tenacious Agee Ppt eae jporer: % coating not easily dissolved by rain. If one pint of crude carbolic borer ; d, beetle. acid be added to the gallon of wash it will make it more effective. 80. The Sugar-maple Borer, Plagionotus speciosus, Say. (Fig. 20 ) i The only reference we know of to this borer as a linden insect appears in Cowntry Gentleman for August 8, 1895. In this issue Dr. Lintner spoke of injury to sugar maples and a linden tree as probably having been ¢ caused by the larva of this beetle. In his 1885 Report, Dr. Fletcher | . 7 mentioned that he had received several specimens of this handsome ‘a i wasp-like bectle, with the statement that it had done considerable dam- bt age to shade trees. It is not an uncommon species in Ontario, but we do a i : ine ini : not know of any instances of the larve having injured basswood js, 99. gugar-maple in Canada. borer. 7 “iy a 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 81. Alaus oculatus, L. (Fig. 21.) This elater is found not uncom- monly in many parts of the Dominion. It is a striking species. The larve feed in decaying wood. 82. Melanotus communis, Gyll. This common elater is recorded by Townsend as occurring ‘‘ under the bark.” 83. Hlater nigricollis, Hbst. Mr. R. J. Crew, of Toronto, tells me that he has found specimens of this beetle in a dead basswood stump, Nov. 11, 1901. 84. Parandra brunnea, Fabr. Townsend records having found specimens of this insect under the loose bark of basswood. The larvee breed in a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. 85. Prionus brevicornis, Fabr. This handsome cerambicid is said to Fig, #1. Alaus oculatus. 6 @ borer in the basswood. 86. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, Fabr. This beetle is mentioned in Dr. E. P. Felt’s report as State Entomologist of New York for 1899, as having been observed ovipositing on a dying ttee, Tilia americana. 87. Cyrtophorus verrucosus, Oliv. is recorded by some writers as living on linden as well as on the wood of some other trees. The species is common in Ontario. 88. Hoplosia nubila, Lec. In Packard’s Forest Insects it is stated that ‘‘ according to Le Conté this longicorn lives in the basswood.” A specimen of this species was reared at Ottawa from boughs of basswood brought into the office during the winter of 1900. The full grown beetle, which is not unlike a diminutive specimen of Anthophylax attenuatus, Hald., emerged the following spring. 89. Saperda tridentata, Oliv., and 90. Saperda lateralis, Fab., are both stated by Lugger to ‘‘occur upon a variety of forest trees such as linden, poplar and others.” Both these species are found in Canada. 91. Xyletinus lugubris. Lee. A single specimen of this small beetle was reared at Ottawa from a dead basswood branch brought into the office during the winter. 92. Hupsalis minuta, Dru. This is a species which bores under the bark of several differ- ent trees. Townsend records having found it in basswood, and the insect has also been collected ac Ottawa. 93. Stenoscelis brevis, Boh. This insect has been included among those which have been found in the decaying wood. We have reared the species from dead boughs brought into the office in winter. Mr. Harrington has bred it from oak, hickory, maple and poplar. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 94. The Leopard Moth, Zeuzera pyrina, L. This is an introduced insect which occurs destructively in some of the eastern cities and their immediate vicinity, in the United States, particularly New York and Jersey City. I do not know of any specimens having been found in Canada. This borer is a very general feeder, having been known to attack basswood, maple. elm, hickor ‘and other trees, 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 —_—_—_—au INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONTARIO CROPS IN 1903. By Dr. James FiercHer, DoMINION ENTOMOLOGIST. The season of 1903, like the preceding one, was of an unusual character throughout the Province. Up to the middle of June, an exceptional drought prevailed in most districts ; this was followed by copious rains and a luxuriant growth of all vegetation till the end of the season. These conditions had a marked influence on the prevalence of insects injurious to crops. During the spring months Cutworms were troublesome in a few localities, but there was no complaint of widespread injury. Wireworms and White Grubs were mentioned in several places. There was much enquiry for instructions on the best way to treat seed peas to destroy the Pea Weevil. This was a natural outcome of the vigorous campaign instituted by the mem- bers of our Society subsequent to the conference held at the last annual meeting. Seed merchants and farmers, I am convinced, did more in 1903 to control this pest than has been done previously for many years, and reports at the end of the season indicate a more satisfactory state of affairs as to the abundance of tte Pea Weevil. In the Ontario crop report for October, Prof. James gives the crop of peas for 1903 as 8,924,650 bushels, as against 7,664,679 for 1902, an increase of one million and a quarter bushels. Asa result of the spring drought, all hay and fedder plants were slow in developing, and there was much injury on old meadows from ‘« Silver-top,” which was especially noticeable in fields of Timothy. This injury seems to be due to two causes,—the attacks of a minute insect, a member of the Thripidee, Limothrips poaphagus, of Comstock, and various small leaf-hoppers and true bugs which puncture the stem and suck the sap from the lower part of the top joint, thus causing the head to wither and turn white before maturity. In addition to these and in a lesser degree, the stems of some of the larger grasses are occasiunally attacked by the Wheat-stem Maggot (Meromyz1 Americana, Fitch). . Some of the striking features of the year were the marked decrease in the injuries of the Hessian Fly, and in most places of the Tent Caterpillar and of the Squash Bug. The Codling Moth in the eastern part of the province gave very little trouble ; and, west of Toronto, where there are two broods, the first brood was not nearly so injurious as usual ; although later in the — season the caterpillars appeared in some numbers, the apple and pear crops were freer than usual of this pest. This being the case, it is most important that fruit growers should now more than ever practise the joint remedy of spraying in the early spring and banding the tree, in the autumn, not forgetting that examining these bands and destroying the ‘contained larvze is of even more importance than putting the bands on the trees. The enormous crop of plums this year made the attacks of the Plum Curculio for the most part insignificant. In some places, however, the injury was extreme, and this was particularly the case where spraying had not been well attended to. The Fall Web worm (Hyphantria textor, Harris) was noticeably on the increase, and the same may be said of the White-marked Tussock Moth | Hemerocampa (Orgyia leucostigma, S. & A.]. It is most important that fruit growers and municipal ‘bodies should attend to both of these insects without further delay. The Birch Skeletonizer (Bucculatrix (Canadensisella, Cham.) appeared again in some numbers in Central Ontario, but was not nearly such a serious pest as it has been for the past two years, nor were its injuries this year aug- mented to any serious extent by the work of a large aphis (Callipterus mucidus, Fitch) and a leaf- hopper, (Empoasca smaragula, Fall.) which last year were very abundant. Attacked trees, this — year, held many of their leaves till the end of the autumn. Experiments in spraying trees with a — whale-oil soap wash containing Paris green were successful, and this is probably the best remedy to apply on ornamental trees, should the insect aga’n increase abnormally. The Horn Fly which some years ago did such serious injury among dairy herds has this year been decided] y ‘ Sope rh 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 more troublesome than has been the case for several years, and it is worth recording that I found it in several places in British Columbia, even on Vancouver Island. It has therefore now spread right across the continent. The remedy which has given the best results in my experience, is smearing the animals lightly on such parts as are most attacked, with a dressing of one pound of pine tar in five pounds of lard. Up to the present year the application we have used has only been of half this strength, viz.: 1 lb. of tar in 10 lbs. of lard, but decidedly better results have been secured by using the stronger mixture. CEREAL CRops. Cereal crops throughout the Province were little injured by insects during 1903. The only insect which drew particular attention from farmers was the Grain Aphis (Nectarophora yranaria, Kirby), and, notwithstanding that this plant-louse was reported from a great many localities during the month of August, little real harm was done tothe crop. The usual parasites, Aphidius and various Syrphus flies, quickly appeared and destroyed the infesting plant-lice. The Pea Weevil, as already stated, was not so abundant as usual in most places ; but, owing to the large number of farmers who have given up the cultivation of this important cereal, it is rather difficult to decide as to the actual amount of harm done. The acreage this year put in to peas was much less than for many years, but the average yield per acre was higher. Prof. Lochhead tells me that in certain districts the weevils were very numerous and that, in localities in the southwest of Ontario where many peas are still grown, one of his correspondents in the County of Kent reported that about one half of the peas contained weevils in the larval anc pupal state at the end of August, and that the insect was still abundant and destructive in the Counties of Dufferin and Halton. The Hessian Fly was decidedly less destructive in all parts of the Province, and there were only one or two instances reported where it had done noticeable harm. This is, of course, to acertain extent due tothe increase of its natural parasites ; but, undoubtedly, farmers throughout the districts where fall wheat is grown, are now systematically sowing later than formerly, that is, they are waiting until after the middle of September instead of trying to get in their seed in by the first of the month. Au injury to oats which caused some loss and was the subject of considerable enquiry was the blighting of the lower flowers in the panicles of late oats. The florets turned white and no grain was produced. This was due, it believed, to the attacks of a Thrips (Fig. 22) and agrees very closely with the injury done by two species of Thrips which attack small ; grains in Europe. Prof. Lindeman, who has studied these small insects and has published an important article on those living on cereals in Russia, thinks that ‘‘ only two species are of agri- cultural importance. Thrips secalina ( possibly Limothrips cerealiwm, Halid.) occurs on the ears of rye in June and then, later, in the second brood, on summer wheat and barley. The injury of this species, however, is less than that of Phlwothrips ~ Fig. 22. A Thrips and its wings, greatly magnified. frwmentaria, Bd. This caused great damage by puncturing the ovaries of rye, wheat, barley and timothy.” The insects hibernate in the adult form, and this suggests the possibility of controlling them by deep fall-ploughing and the burning over of stubbles. This injury occurred not only in Ontario but eastward into the Province of Quebec and was reported as far west as Manitoba. FoppER Crops. | Owing to the exceptional drought of early spring all grass crops were very much delayed in development, and there was until the middle of June every appearance of a serious shortage 64 i THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 At that time, the whole country and all vegetation was a3 dry and burnt up, even the foliage of forest trees, as ina dry September in ordinary years. On the 1lth June in the Ottawa district, how- ever, regular rains began, and at the end of the season hay crops were almost up to the average, and pastures in excellent condition. Peas grown for fodder, either alone or in mixed crops, were somewhat injured in the western part of the Province by the Pea Aphis (Fig. 23). This was most noticed on the Grass Pea and Field Peas which were held back from maturing by the cool damp summer. The Clover-seed Midge (Cecidomyia leguminicola, Lintn.) was the most destructive enemy of fodder crops this year and occurred pretty well throughout the Province. Where clover was grown for seed, except in Simcoe county and northern localities, very little was reaped, and, even where the clover was grown for hay, the heads were distorted and poorly developed. Those growers who followed the recommendations which have been made, reaped far better crops than those who were less provident. The remedies consist of feeding off with stock, or cutting and drawing from the field the first crop of clover, before the 20th of June, which is the time when the larvee of the first brood mature and leave the clover heads to enter the ground and complete their changes. The perfect inseets which lay the eggs for the second brood, appear just as the second crop of clover is coming into flower, when they lay their eggs amongst the forming blossoms ; the small red maggots then penetrate the pod and destroy the seed. Just before the time for the seed to ripen, these leave the clover and enter the ground, where they pass the winter to emerge again the following June as tiny gnats, which lay their eggs in the-clover heads before the flowers open. By the feeding off or cutting of the first crop of clover, the whole of the first brood of larve in a field is destroyed before they leave the heads, and the second crop from which the seed is reaped, is comparatively free of attack. At the present time, co-operation among growers in adopting this well tried method is a manifest necessity, if there is any hope of growing clover seed for the market in those dis- Fig.23.—Pea Aphis, greatly magnified. tricts best suited to its production. White Grubs, the larvz of various species of May Beetles ( Fig. 24.), did some damage in fields of fodder corn and in hay meadows, and two reports were received vf serious jnjury to lawns, where the grubs occurred in such numbers that the sod could be rolled up like a carpet, the whole of the rvots having been eaten away. In the case of meadows and field crops, little can bedone at the time the insects are noticed ; but, on Jawns, if the injury has not gone too far, copious waterings with kerosene emulsion are effective. As a rule, in a short time the grass will recover ; but it is always advisable to.help it with some more seed and a light top-dressing of nitrate of soda, used in the proportion of 1 pound to the square rod, that is about 160 pounds to the acre. If the lawn issmall, the most convenient way to apply the nitrate of soda is to dissolve it in water, ~ Fig. 24.—White Grubs: 1, pupa; 2, larva; 3and 4, beetles. 1 pound in 5 gallons, and apply it ‘with a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 watering-pot, but the same propertion of the salt to the space must he preserved, viz. 1 pound to the square rod. Roor Crops. Roots in most places were an excellent crop throughout the province, but there were various injuries from insects. The Cabbage or Radish Maggot (Anthomyia radicum, Bouché) did much injury to turnips as well as to cabbages and cauliflowers in gardens. It was, how- ever, irregular in its occurrence, doing much harm in one place, while in another very close to it, it hardly appeared at all. The Onion Maggot (Phorbia ceparum, Meigen) appeared in the same irregular manner buf was the cause of more loss, some fields of onions being entirely des~ troyed. We have still to find a satisfactory remedy for these troublesome root maggots. In, the case of the Cabbage Maggot when attacking cabbages or cauliflowers, the best remedy is, undoubtedly the application of the disks of tarred paper recommended by Prof. Slingerland. We have now used them at the Central Experimental Farm for several years and always with great satisfaction. Where these have not been put on early, a remedy which may be used is to pour a small quantity of a strong decoction of pyrethrum insect powder (4 ozs. to the gallon of water) around the root of each plant after drawing away the earth right down to the root- lets ; the earth must then be put back again. Half a teacupful will be sufficient for each plant. For onions and radishes, dusting white hellebore along the rows, as soon as the young: plants appear, has given good results when the insects are not abnormally abundant. Kerosene emulsion has also been used by some people with satisfaction. For garden radishes, undoubt- edly the best application is Prof. Cook’s Carbolic Wash, made by adding one quart of soft soap (or one pound of hard soap) to a gallon of water ; heat to the boiling point, and then add_ half. a pint of crude earbolic acid. When required for use, take one part of this mixture to fifty of. water and sprinkle directly upon the growing plants once a week from the time they appear. above the ground. The chief trouble in the case of root maggots is that gardeners trust too much to chance that the plants will not be attacked ; but, as a matter of fact, in every part of Ontario it must be expected that cabbages, radishes and onions will be attacked, and, unless preventive measures are adopted, there will be considerable loss every year. Some experiments undertaken by Mr. W.'T. Macoun, the Horticulturist of the Central Experimental Farm, during the past summer with the object of producing early tobacco and vegetables of high quality, have an important entomological bearing, which is well worthy of mention here. An enclosure was made with a light frame work of wood six feet in height and covered entirely on the top and along the sides with cheese cloth. In this tent tobacco and various kinds of vegetables were sown or planted, and a similar duplicate plot was also planted just outside, with the same conditions of soil and soil moisture. The rows of this plot were practically in continuation of the rows within the enclosure. The experiment was very satis_ factory as far as forcing all the plants grown to earlier maturity ; but the important observation was made by Mr. Macoun that this cheap protection prevented entirely the attacks of many __ kinds of injurious insects. Radishes, onions, cabbages and cauliflowers were absolutely free from root maggots. Nothing was attacked by the troublesome Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis, L.), or the Four-lined Leaf-bug (Pecilocapsus lineatus, Fab.), and cucurbits of all kinds were entirely free from injury by the Striped Cucumber Beetle. In fact, this experi- ment has furnished us with a sure means of growing many vegetables of which, from the difti- culty of getting them in perfect condition, gardeners had in some places given up the cultiva- ion. This is particularly the case with cauliflowers, éabbages, radishes and onions, and other ie gee lants of only moderate height, which could be entirely protected by a frame-work only three | feet high and three feet wide for single rows. With such a covering it would be impossible to “cultivate between the rows ; but the cost of building an enclosure in which a man could work with ease and where ney ehal hundreds of plants could be grown, is so little, that paying results "3 66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 > can certainly be obtained with many kinds of plants. Careful handling in taking down and storing away the cheese cloth and framework would ensure the lasting of these for at least two or three years. Such enclosures are manifestly unsuitable for the cultivation of plants like egg-plants and cucurbits, which need the intervention of insects for the fertilization of the flowers. The Carrot Rust-fly (Psila rose, Fab.) is merely an intermittent enemy of the carrot in Ontario. It occasionally appears and does a considerable amount of injury, particularly to red carrots. In the Maritime Provinces, where it seems to find conditions better suited to its — development and where these are certainly more like those in its European home, the Carrot — Rust-fly is a regularly occurring enemy of the carrot. During the past summer I was surprised to find at Ottawa the same insect attacking the roots of Celeriac, or Turnip-rooted Celery. Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York, also records a similar injury to celery in his — report for 1902. The galleries in the roots of the eelery are marked with the same bright rusty red colour which is noticeable on carrots. Strange to say, this year carrots grown in a bed ; almost adjoining the Celeriac showed no trace of injury ; but it should be stated that these carrots were sown very late in the season, not until July, which may have had some bearing on the case ; for it has been noticed by several growers that, when carrots are sown late, the injury is much less, even in districts where the Rust-fly is abundant. This insect passes the — winter in the puparium, which is formed in the earth around the roots, or in the sand in which they are stored for winter. The adult flies emerge the following spring and lay their eggs at the roots of young carrots, frequently, as was observed by Miss Ormerod, creeping down be- — neath the surface wherever any crevices occur. The first appearance of attack is on the outside of the young roots, and more often towards the tip than higher up. At the same time some of t the leaves of the carrot turn purple, which is also an indication of injury, and such plants should be pulled out as soon as noticed. When carrots are harvested at the end of the season, the injuries by the maggots are frequently inconspicuous, although the root may be honey- combed in every direction as will be seen when it is cut for cooking. When carrots are grown ~ for table use, they are rendered worthless on account of the discolored tunnels which traverse the root in every direction. The remedies for this insect are sowing in new ground, sowing late, and the protection of growing plants with deterrent applications, such as kerosene emul- ~ sion, one part to ten of water, or a carbolic wash, such as the Cook wash mentioned above — under Radish Maggot, to be sprayed along the rows immediately after hoeing or thinning out ; or the dusting of sand, land plaster, or ashes, which have been saturated with kerosene at the — rate of half a pint to three gallons, may be practised instead. The liquid washes, however, are rather better, because they wash soil around the roots again, and fill up all crevices which may” have been made when thinning out, and into which the females might creep to lay their eggs. When carrots or celery have been stored in earth or sand, this should be carefully buried in a deep hole, so that the flies on hatching may be prevented from getting out. Owing to the wet autumn, injuries from Slugs and Millepedes have been more frequent | than usual. These are not insects, but advice concerning them is usually asked from entomo- | logists. For Slugs light top-dressings of salt or fresh lime at short intervals are very useful. | For Millepedes applications of nitrate of soda have proved effective—at the same time this salt is an exceedingly valuable and quick-acting fertilizer for all vegetation. The Asparagus Beetles (Crioceris asparagi, L., and C. 12-punctata, L.) have continued to_ do some damage in the Niagara district and have also evidently increased their area of infesta- tion. In last year’s report Mr. Moffat recorded the 12-spotted Asparagus Beetle as having | occurred abun dantly at London, Ont. During the past summer the common Asparagus Beetl e (Fig.25) was found much further east than it has been found before. Mr. J. Macnamara | sent in specimens from Bracondale, close to Toronto ; so, there is a probability, as asparagus is L903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 so generally grown, that this insect will soon spread much further through the province. The remedies for the two kinds of Asparagus Beetles are the same and consist of (1) Dusting the plants at short intervals with fresh air-slaked lime at the time the slimy slug- like larvee are found ‘upon them. This is best done early in the morning when the plants are covered with dew. (2) Poisoning with Paris green. This useful in- secticide, diluted with flour or lime and applied dry in Fig. 25,—Asparagus Beetle, larva and egys. the same way as these powders are used for the Col- orado Potato Beetle, answers well. Thematerial not only kills the larvee by coming in contact with their bodies, but destroys both the larvee and the perfect beetles when they eat the poisoned foliage. (3) Beating the beetles and larvie from the asparagus plants into beating nets or open pans containing water with a little coal oil on the surface, is an effective remedy. : No. 19 A KEY TO THE INSECTS AFFECTING THE SMALL FRUITS. 4 By Pror. W. LocHHEAD, OF THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. BRAMBLE INSECTS. A. Attacking the Roots and Base of Canes. 1. Large grub over 2 inches long, boring large tunnels in the woody portions of main root. The canes suddenly die. Giant Root-Borer (Prionus aticollis), Fig. 34. Ky H Hodge ; = Pia i SSS = Fig. 34. Prionus laticollis grub. 2. Canes at base of main root girdled by a yellowish white caterpillar, in late summer and autumn. Bramble-crown Borer (Bembecia marginata). B. Attacking the Canes : 1. Longitudinal row of punctures on canes. Snowy Tree-Cricket (HHcanthus niveus), Fig. 35. 2. Tips of raspberry canes wilting in early summer, due to a girdlingjof ™ the canes inside the bark. Raspberry-Cane Maggot (Phorpia sp.). 3. Tips of shoots of raspberry wilting ; two rows of punctures one inch “a apart at base of wilted portion, with a small hole between. Canes are burrowed to the base before autumn. Fig. 35, Tree- ~ Raspberry Cane-Borer (Oberea bimaculata). GHekee 4. Swellings on canes of raspberry and blackberry. Red-neched Cane- Borer (Agrilus ruficollis), Fig. 36. C. Injuring the Buds : 1. A small snout-beetle, puncturing the flower-stem close to the buds, and also the buds. Strawberry Weevil (Anthonomus signatus). 2. A small yellowish beetle eating the flower-buds, sibs which fail to open, or wither. Fig. 36. Red-necked Cane-borer: 0}, grub ; é ~ a, horns at anal extremity ; c, beetle Pale Brown Byturus (Byturus unicolor). Fes gia cee 3. A small brownish caterpillar eating the opening buds. Bud Moth (Tmetocera ocellana), Fig. 37. f BD. Attucking the Leaves : Rite? 1. Insects sucking the sap of young growing parts, and arresting their development. _—_ TTR Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus pratensis). Fig. 37. Bud-moth and larva. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75 ~ 2. Suckers and leaves cur! up with enclosed lice. Bramble Flea-Louse (Trioza tripunctata). 3. Small larva eating the leaves, in spring. Raspberry Saw-Fly (Monophadnus rubi), Figs. : 38 and 39. Attacking the Fruit : 1, A looper feeding on fruit of raspberry and black- berry. Raspberry Geometer (Synchlora glaucoria), Fig. 40. a h Fig. 38. Raspberry Saw-fly: Larva on leaf segments magnified to show arrangement of spines. i i alte i et ee eee eee eee Fig. 39. Raspberry Saw-fly. Fig. 140. Raspberry Geometer : @, larva, natural size, on fruit ; b, segment, magnified, shewing hairs, etc.; ec, moth natural size; d, pair of wings enlarged—color pale green. z GROSELLE INSECTS. ; A. Attacking the Canes : 1, Tips of canes girdled and wilted ;"pith tunneled. cae — eo = Currant Stem-Girdler (Janus integer). 2. Centre of canes tunneled by a white caterpillar. Fig. 41. Clear- were 2 2 ; winged moth of Imported Currant-Borer (Sesia tipuliformis), Fig. 4!. Currant-borer. Pease eee Se ee Ce Fig. 43. Currant Saw-fly : leaf showing eggs and holes eaten by the young larve. Fig. 42. Currant Worms. 3. Small, flat, circular scales, black or gray, with a depressed ring about a central nipple in black forms. ~ \ . \ . 76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus pernicivsus). , 4. Oval, hemispherical scales. Currant Lecaniwm Lecanium ribis). B. Attacking the Leuves : ' 1. Larvee, 20-legged, dull white when young, then greenish with black spots, finally greenish-yellow, eating holes in the leaves in early spring. Imported Currant Worm (Nematus ribesii), Figs. 42 and 43. 2. Leaves curled, blistered, and with a reddish appearance on upper surface, caused by yel- lowish plant lice. Currant Plant-Louse (Myzus ribis). 3. Leaves turning brown and dying. Four-Lined Leaf-Bug (Peecilccapsus rs lineatus). 4. Measuring worm feeding on leaves of goose- berry and black currant. Currant Span- Worm (Diastictis ribearia), Figs, 44 and 45. 5. White spots on leaves, produced by a pale green sucking insect occurring on ‘the under surface. Currant- Leaf Hopper (Empoa albopicta). C. Attacking the Fruit : 1. Greyish caterpillar boring into young fruit, and eating out its contents. Fis > ». 44. Currant Span-worms ; 3, the chrysalis. Gooseberry ry ruit Worm (Zophodia ; d grossulariz). 2. Purplish spots surrounding small circular scales. San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 3. Yellow oval maggots, eat ng the Gooseberry. Gooseberry Midge (Cecidomyia grossularize ). 4. Small white grub eating the currant and gooseberry, caus- ing the fruit to turn red and fall. . / Ourrant Fly (Epochra Canadensis). Fig. 45. Currant Span-worm Moth (pale yellow with dusky spots). GRAPE INSECTS. A. Attacking the roots: 1, Producing little irregular spherical galls on rcotlets and larger roots, causing death, “Grape Vine Phyllowera (Phyll- oxera vastatrix), Fig 46. 2. Large borer, cutting a tube through the root near the surface. Broad-necked Prionus (Prionus laticollis. ) 3. Grub eating the bark of both the large and small roots. Grape-vine Fidia (Fidia viticida. ) I he teen 2 eS at gcs fete te!) & faust a ae ‘ : *y Iete}#t9 Pil Fig. 46. Grape-vine Phylloxera.—a galls on rootlets ; b young B. Attacking the Branches : . louse ; ¢, f, g, more matured lice ; ¢c, antenna ; d, leg. ip Young shoots suddenly break off or «44903 ENTOMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY. 77 | as % droop in spring ; a small hole just above the base of the shoot leads into a burrow. Apple Twig-Borer (Amphi- cerus bicaudatus), Figs. 47 and 48. : 2. Canes show roughened longi- Fig. 47. Apple Twig- r t's borer, the beetle. tudinal rows of perforations in the bark. Snowy Tree-Cricket (Gicanthus niveus). 3. Canes exhibiting white cottony masses attached to a reddish brown scale. — Cottony Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis. ) 4. Canes exhibiting white frothy masses which resemble spittle. : Spittle Insect (Aphrophora, sp.) oO. Attacking the Leaves : > > 1. Leaves riddled with irregular holes about midsummer, by a little beetle. Grape-Vine Fidia (Fidia viticida), Fig. 49. ; ony 2.3, Boring into buds ii Nae pki eee yo ’ ; ’ 7 ye Cg ~ Spring, also eating .. an ; Wnt / 24 ( ° Fig. +9. Grape-vine small holes in expand- Fidia. ing leaves, small shining blue beetle. Grape-Vine Flea-Beetle (Haltica chalybea,) Fig. 50. 3. Long legged, brownish beetles eating the blossom, leaves and fruit. Rose-Chafer (Macrodactylus sub- spinosus). 4. Greenish caterpillar, feeding within a folded leaf and skeletonizing it, about midsummer. Grape Leaf-Folder (Desmia ma- culatus), Fig. 51. Leaves blotched and scorched, finally or curling up and falling, by little jamping Fig. 50. Grape-vine Flea beetle and larve, ’ insects. Grape Thrips or Leaf Hopper (Typhlocy- _ ba vitifex.) 6. Large greenish cat- erpillar, with a pale yellow strip down each side, and a horn near tail. Fig. 51. Grape Leaf-Folder ; 1 caterpillar in fold of leaf ; 2 Head much enlarged chrysalis ; 4 and 5 the moths, Rue THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Grape-Vine Sphinx (Darapsa myron), Fig. 52. : ‘a ; : 4aftrsilllty fe Fig. 52. Grape-vine Sphinx caterpillar. plea ILI Bw Fig, 53. Trumpet Grape-Gall. 7. Several other sphingid larvze feed on the leaves of the Grape. 8. Black beetle eating the tissues on the upper surfaces of the leaves, and discoloring them. Red Headed Systena (Systena frontalis). 9. Producing reddish, elongated, conical galls on the leaves. Trumpet Grape-Gall (Vitis viticola), Fig. 53. 10. Large reddish yellow beetle with six black spots on wing-cover eating holes in leaves. Spotted Pelidnota (Pelidnota punctata), see Fig. 7. D Attacking the Fruit: 1. Ripening fruit discolored, and burrowed by a whitish caterpillar. Grape-berry Moth (Kudemis botrana), Fig. 54. 2. Eating holes in ripe fruit, beetle large, yellowish, hairy. Bumble - flower Beetle (Euphoria Fig. 54. The Grape-berry moth ; @ much magnified ; b full-grown inda), Fig. 5D. larva ; ¢ spot where larva entered ; d injured berry. _ Fig. 55. ‘s z a Bumible-flower 3 Eating holes in young fruit, a long legged beetle. eetle, Rose-Chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus). STRAWBERRY INSECTS. A. Attacking the Roots : 1. A pinkish caterpillar boring irregular channels through the crown and larger roots, , causing them to wither and die. Strawberry Root-Borer (Anarsia lineatella). 2. A white grub boring downwards from the crown. Strawberry Crown- Borer (Tyloderma fragariae), Fig. 56. 3. A large white grub eating the roots. May Beetle (Lachnosterna fusca). +4 1903 ©) eo ENTUMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. m9 ; j | lf | 4 az b Fig. 57. Strawberry Leaf-roller ; @ natural size ; Fig. 56. Strawberry Crown-Borer ; a the grub, b anterior and d posterior parts of body, b side view and ¢ back of the beetle. much magnified ; ¢ moth, magnified. B. Attacking the Leaves : ; 1. Brownish caterpillars-in June and August rolling the leaves into cases, and fastening them with silk. 4s Strawberry Leaf- Roller (Phoxopteris fragariae), Fig. 57. \ 2. Young plants gnawed off at the surface. Cutworms. 3. Small, pale spotted, active beetles riddle the leaves with holes im June. Spotted Paria (Paria-6-notata). * Fig. 58. 4. A small, active, jumping striped beetle eating holes in the Plea-beetle and larva. leaves Striped Flea-Bectle (Phyllotreta vittata), Fig. 58. 5, 20-legged grubs eating holes in the leaves. \ Strawberry Saw-Fly (Km- phytus maculatus), Fig. \ 59. C. Attucking the Fruit : 1. A caterpillar feeding on the berry. Stalk-borer (Gortyna nitela). 2. A minute black bug, producing a ‘* buggy ” odor when eaten with berry. Flea-like Negro-bug (Cori- melzena pulicaria). y, { ; — 80. THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 COLLECTING AT LIGHT IN MANITOBA.. By A. J. Dennis, BeuLtan, Maw. #8, The opening of the season of 1902 was not very good withregard to collecting, although I took a few specimens of moths from sallow bloom, such as Orthosia lutosa, Agrotis ypsilon, Teniocampa rufula, and a few others that I do not yet know the names of ; nor have the early spring butterflies been at all common for the past two seasons. In some years I have seen Erebia discoidalis‘and epipsodea, Chionobas alberta and varuna, Lycena rustica, lygdamas and sepiolus, very thick upon the prairie, but for some reason during the last two seasons they have almost failed me. . There was, however, one night last summer which I wish most particularly to mention as it may interest some of my fellow collectors. It was the greatest evening for collecting I ever had anda time that will never be forgotten. During the spring and early summer, IJ had been living on what is called ‘‘the Hooper plains,” on light land, and such land is not good for collecting, not having enough vegetation. To explain what I mean by light land is that open prairie can be seen for miles around, the grass very thin and never green for more than six weeks or two months, with a few plants, but not enough to support a large amount of insect life. It is, however, just the place for Chionobas alberta, C. varuna and Lycena rustica. But to revert to the 11th of June, for that is the date I wish to mention. I left the plains in the afternoon to go to the heavy land, or what is called ** the bluffs.” Before starting, I packed up my collecting outfit, consisting of a large sheet, a good strong stable lantern, killing bottles and my net. Through forgetfulness I left my chloroform behind —a mistake which I afterwards regretted, as it caused me to lose a large number of specimens which I should otherwise have taken. The day had been somewhat close, heavy black clouds passed overhead, and it looked very much like an impending storm. Towards evening, rain, began to fall and lightning could be seen in the distance. I had a few things to do when I reached my destination, and before they were finished numbers of insects could be seen on the wing, especially fire-flies, which were very thick, and mosquitoes, which were thicker,—to use an old saying, ‘‘as thick as hairs on a cat”! After a time, I noticed the moths on the move,,. and that was a warning, which made me look round for a quiet corner where I could hang my sheet. Within a few feet from the stable, I found two aspens about the same distance apart as the width of my sheet. That is the place for me, I thought, and I at once proceeded to clear with my axe the lower limbs and any other scrub which might impede my movements. After getting the sheet in position, I had to arrange a pole to hang my lantern on ; this being finished, I was ready for action. It was then about half-past eight o’clock. To make myself comfortable, 1 brought out a chair and put on a macintosh as it was drizzling with rain ; then sitting down, I was ready to capture anything that came near. , ; Very soon a little white Geometer began to arrive, then others, and soon after nine o’clock the Noctuids made their appearance. I caught a few, such as Hadena modica, H. arctica, Mamestra rosea, imbrifera, trifolii, meditata and purpurissata, Xylina signosa, several species of Chorizagrotis which all seemed to be different, Peridroma astricta, ete. I also took specimens of Spilosoma virginica, Ichthywra vau, strigosa and albosigma, Nadata gibbosa, Lophopteryx elegans —one a beauty, Pheosia rimosa, Cerwra cinereoides, and many others. whose names I hope tu give at some future time. Between half-past nine and ten, the Hawk-moths began to show up. First a single one, then a pair, and very soon a dozen were bobbing about. Some flew straight to the sheet and. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 81 h. remhined there until I took them off, while others kept tlying around the lantern pole. This __was rather a drawback as it dazzled my eyes, trying to jump from one side to the other. Soon matters became very lively—Hawk-moths in all directions, and it kept me busy taking them _ from the sheet. I counted at one time about a score of Smerinthus geminatus on the sheet besides numbers that were buzzing about in the grass and darting around the lantern ; later on in the evening there must have been fifty in sight at once. I was now kept busy all the time till at last it was not safe to put any more in my bottles, so I went into the house and waited - for a while until I thought my captures were all dead. Then I emptied them into a small box and went out after some more. To my surprise they were as thick as ever—some on the sheet, others flying into the grass, then up again, around the pole, across to the shed, back 4 once more, striking the lantern, then down into the grass. It did not take me long to refill my bottles and I then stopped, well satistied with my evening’s work. If anyone had begun to collect when I left off, he might easily have caught a hundred Sphinges, besides Noctuids and Geometers without number. Now was the time that the chloroform was missed, for if I had not forgotten it, | should have put in another hour, as it was such great fun and only twelve o'clock. When I returned to the house, the first thing I did was to look at my captures and I was surprised to find some of them moving, so I put them all into the bottles until the morning. _ One great mistake was made in not capturing all the Smerinthus geminatus, for by not deing so | lost a good many fine S. cerysii. Not knowing how to distinguish them, I thought them all geminatus, therefore I did not bother about them as Sphinaz albescens was to me more - desirable. Cerysii must have escaped me very often, as I was not aware that it was taken in Manitoba, and it came to me as a surprise when Mr. Frank of the American Entomological Co. informed me that I had sent him cerysii under the name of geminatus. It is very strange that only five species of Hawk-moths turned up that evening, viz., S. albescens, Paonias myops and excecatus, S. qeminatus and cerysii, considering that I have found twenty-five distinct species of the larva. These I have fed and reared as far as the pupa state, but then there came a full stop, for I can never get them any further. There is something in my treatment that does not suit them and which J do not yet. understand, for I have good success with all other kinds that I rear. 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 FLY-TORMENTORS OF NEW ONTARIO. By Tennyson D. Jarvis, B. S. A., DEMONSTRATOR IN BIOLOGY AT THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, On the 15th of June of the current year, in company with Mr. G. F Kay and H. J. Davis, I left Sudbury onan exploration trip through Northern Ontario. We proceeded by way of C. P. R. to Metagama and thence almost due north by canoe and portage to Night Hawk Lake, a distance of some 200 miles. After spending about six weeks in the region between Nighthawk Lake and the Lower Abitibi we returned by Blanche River and Lake Temiscamingue to the Upper Ottawa, and thus back to civilization, (See map, Fig. 60.) tz b2 Rive,, De Lake arts a Se oe fort f me Ak aa aS | Bes ane 5 Sey eee at L. Pemagami i 1 i | le “p@Sudbur ~ ! Se fr) SX ee JS pe \ H —, shall endeavour in this paper to convey some idea of the habits of these fly-tormentors, and our experience with them. j 4 | | q y : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 MosQuIToks. The level wooded country of the Abitibi region abounds in swamps, marshes and muskegs, which form ideal breeding places for mosquitoes, and mosquitoes are there in millions. ‘They proved to be the most troublesome pests which we encountered during our trip. The proverbial busy bee which labors all day long is not to be compared with them. They are busy— exceedingly busy—24 hours a day. They began to be very annoying soon after we took to our canoes at Metagamaand from that time until we reached Mattawa on ourreturn there was no respite. It would be practically impossible to convey an adequate idea of the suffering which we were obliged to undergo from their attacks, and no application of oil or salve to our hands and faces seemed to have any effect in keeping them off. Each night after pitching our tent and banking it around with earth to keep the mosquitoes from entering at the bottom we started a smudge todrive out those within. Then after entering and carefully closing the tent, we burned insect powder which seemed to stupety them and drive them to the walls, where we scorched numbers of them with candles. We then betook ourselves to our blankets and to sleep, only to awake within an hour to find them as numerous as ever, and as hungry. After a few nights’ experience we learned that a smudge only caused them to settle on the ground among the grass and moss, where they remained un'il the smoke escaped, and then began their ravages again. On making this discovery we tried (riving them out by using coats or other clothing as batons, and we found this more effect ual. On one occasion my powers of endurance were severely tested when I undertook to make bread while the other members of the party were out of camp. When TI got both hands into the dough the mosquitoes took advantage of the opportunity and pounced upon my defenceless head. At another time we were obliged to spend a night among thefislands on Nighthawk Lake. We pitched our tent and made preparations for the night, but after vain attempts to sleep we were forced to paddle to another island in search of a place where the mosquitoes were not so numerous. After travelling from island to island for some hours we finally landed on a very small island of bare rock, where the wind had a free sweep Here we spent the remainder of the night in comparative peace. We repeatedly observed that the mosquitoes were not so troublesome when there was a breeze blowing. Although they were very annoying at all times they were probably most active on cloudy days and at a temperature ranging from 45° to 70° F. They were more numerous on land than on water, but we were always accompanied by a swarm even when far from shore. They ay pear early in June and continue until September frosts. I was surprised that we did not occasionally meet with Indians in the woods. On inquiry I learned that they never hunt during the summer months when flies and mosquitoes are out, but congregrate at the forts where they can protect themselves to some extent from the insects by building smudges, thus keeping the atmosphere constantly ladened with smoke. Even the dogs have learned to creep close to the smudges for protection. If the Indians, who have inhabited these regions for ages, tind it impossible to go abroad during fly season, imagine what we poor unacclimatized pale-faces must have suffered. Sometimes the mosquito bites were postively agonizing. One day when some distance from camp we wished to cook some fish for dinner. We had but a single match and while I was trying to light the fire with this a mosquito bite caused me such ins‘ant pain that dropped the match, and we were obliged te content curselves with a cold meal. It was part of my duty to make careful notes of my observations of animals, insects, plants, and soils as we travelled. I found this a most difficult task as the mosquitoes were such a constant annoyance. Let it be remembered that while the hands and face were the special points of attack, the mosquitoes did not limit themselves to these exposed parts, but would content. 84 . THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 ‘even insert their probosces through our thick duck trousers and suck the blood to their hearts” Brack FL tes. Next in importance to the mosquitoes may be mentioned the Black Flies, (Simulium). These are small black insects about one eighth of an inchin length with stout bodies and _ bulging thoraxes. The mouth parts are very curious, and Prof. J. B. Smith has ascertained that the females, which alone suck blood possess, besides the usual sucking organs, genuine biting mandibles. Unlike the mosquitoes they breed in rapidly flowing water. Although the bite of these flies is not poisonous it is very severe, drawing blood freely. I freauently noticed the faces of my companions streaked with blood, the result of fly bites. We experienced the greatest discomfort from these flies on bright warm days, and between 9.00 a.m. and 9: 00 p.m. They did not bother us much during the hours of darkness but seemed to congregate on the walls of the tent in search of light. They were not attracted by lamp light. While the bites of the black flies were very painful, we also suffered from their getting into our nostrils, our ears, and under our eyelids. We also experienced much inconvenience by their congre- gating in large numbers in soup, gravy, and other articles of diet. This vexed our jovial half- breed cook so much that he once remarked that he would not mind cooking for us if he could only board somewhere else himself. At one time the back of my neck was so much lacerated by fly bites that it became stiff and swollen, and I was unable to turn my head for several days. Heavy applications of cirbolic salve to the face and hands seemed to prevent the attacks of these flies to some extent I observed that they were troublesom> not only to man but also to the dogs, deer, and other _ animals, and that they were more active in June and July than later in the season. SanD FLizs. Sand Flies, (Ceratopoqgon). These flies are very small yellowish insects, with transparent “whitish colored wings having somewhat darker spots. I found great difficulty in capturing specimens as it was impossible to handle them ‘without crushing them. By placing a green leaf on the back of my hand and by allowing them to crawl on it, I succeeded in securing a number, by folding the leaf and inserting it into a cyanide bottle. The bites of these insignificant looking insects are very poisonous, causing much sweiling and a painful burning sensation. Though the sand-flies look insignificant they never allow one to be ignorant of their presence day or night. They adhere very closely to the skin ; they crawl up under shirt sleeves and trouser legs, and keep the whole surface of the body in a constant state of irritation. Unlike the Black-Flies they are attracted h lamp light or fire light, and are therefore very troublesome around the camp fire. We ound them always most numerous in the vicinity of rapids or water-falls. They are active hroughout the summer, but most troublesome during the latter part of July and August. Deer Flies (Chrysops). Are large flies about half an inch in length. We found them very numerous in July and experienced much discomfort from their attacks. The bite is not poisonous but causes a sharp severe pain. They are not troublesome excepting on clear, hot _ days. These flies attack deer and moose as well as man. Bull dog Tabanus (Tabanus aftinis). Thi was the largest of the fly-tormentors of the north. The Bull-dog Tabanus, like the Deer fly, was only troublesome on clear, hot days in June and July. I shall never forget the first bite I received from this fly ; the pain was so sudden and intense that ] thought my end had come. One hot, clear day I counted as many as twenty-seven of these large pests attacking one of my companions. In conclusion let me say that, although the various species of flies above described are exceedingly troublesome at the present time, it is altogether probable that as the country becomes cleared and drained and the soil cultivated, they will largely disappear and life will then be as tolerable in this region as in the older part of the province. C tele RAE whee , \ 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1903. By Dr. James FLETCHER, Ottawa. The collecting season of 1903 was in most parts ot Canada cool and disappointing ; but, as is usually the case, persevering collectors made many interesting captures. Judging from correspondence, the publication of the Entomological Record has had a most stimulating effect upon the study of entomology in Canada. Collectors can now Jearn the names and addresses of all the leading local collectors and students of the different orders of insects. The publication of records of captures of rare species, or those which have occurred either | eyond i their known range or at unusual seasons of the year, has also given much valuable information concerning the geographical distribution and life histories of many species, From exact infor- mation of this nature, some important collecting expeditions have been made by specialists, which have aided much toward the accurate working up of our Canadian insect fauna. Our collectors have also benefited much from being brought into correspondence with leading authorities outside our borders. A great many notes of captures have been sent in—some of these, it is true, rather late in the year to be made the best use of, because in certain cases, records required confirmation before publication. A few correspondents considerately sent in their lists month by month, which has been a great assistance to the compiler, who here expresses his gratitude, making special mention of Messrs. Taylor, Harvey, Heath, Hanham, Criddle and Meclntosh. It is much easier to make full use of these lists than of those which come in at the end of the season and are then, as a rule, hurriedly made up with few data. The exact locality and date are essential, and when, besides, notes are added as to the food plant or habitat, the record is very much increased in value. A constant effort has been made to credit each collector with the capture of any species recorded—not only for his own sake, but so that anyone interested in a particular species may know to whom he can write for further information. As anticipated in the last issue, there has beena great increase in the amount of special work done in Canada in 1908. It is again my pleasing duty to gratefully acknowledge the invaluable help which has been given Canadian collectors in all parts of the Dominion by the leading American and Canadian specialists of the various orders of insects. No words can overstate the obligation we are under to such men as Dr. J.B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J.; Dr. L.O. Howard, the U.S. Entomo © logist, Dr. Harrison G. Dyar, Mr. D. W. Coquillet and Dr. W. H. Ashmead, of Washington ; also to Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia; Mr. E P. Vanduzee, of Buffalo; Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, lowa, and Mr. W. H. Harrington of Ottawa, Ont. These gentlemen have, in the most patient and generous manner, examined and named thousands of specimens for struggling collectors, who, without their help, might,—as so very many before them have done, —have given up the study of insects altogether, because, having no one to tell them anything about their captures, they first became discouraged and then lost all interest in the subject. I again take the liberty of reminding my colleagues of the great importance, when sending insects to specialists for identitication, of always submitting a good series of specimens for examination, when possible, and, further, that every effort should be made to provide such a friend with any specimens which he may indicate as desirable. In exchanging, a cardinal principle is that generosity is a policy of equal value with honesty. There is a continued and satisfactory increase in the attention which is being given to the study of insects in our public schools, and naturally this has been fostered by the different members of the Entomological Society in their own localities. There is also a constant demand 6 THE REPORT OF THE. | No. 19 for addresses before schools upon the habits of insects. In this connection, work of special value has been done by Mr. Perey B. Gregson in the public schools of north-western Alberta. At the Ontario Agricultural College, under Prof. Wm. Lechhead, all the students of the second year receive instruction in economic entomology for half a year. The chief insect pests of the farm, orchard and garden are discussed, and practical exercises are given, so that students miy become well acquainted with the forms discussed in the class. All the third year students receive instruction in entomology throughout the year, and in the springtime some of the students are directed specially to work out the life histories of several species of insects. In the fourth year entomology is studied only by those specializing in biology or horticulture. When they graduate, these students are practically acquainted with many of the insects of economic importance, as well as, of course, many others. Several members of the North-west Territorial Natural History Society have done excellent work of a scientific nature in collecting and studying the insects of their respe*+*"* districts. Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod’s investigations among the Noctuidee are of special value, and his exten- sive collection is a source of reference, of which, through his kindness, several students avail themselves. Mr. T. N. Willing, the ‘Territorial Weed Inspector, in his travels through the North west. has made, during the past year, large collections, with careful notes, in all orders of insects. It has been impossible to work up all of these as yet, but many species of great interest have been secured. Mr J W. Cockle, at Kaslo, B.C.; Messrs. A. W. Hanham and E. M. Anderson, at Victoria, B C.; the Messrs, J. and T. Wilson, R. V. Harvey and A. H. Bush, at Vancouver, B C , and Messrs G. W. Taylor and T. Bryant, at Wellington, B.C., have continued to collect energet cally during the past season,and have added many rare species to the — Provincial list. Mr. KE. P. Venables has devoted most of his time to economic entomology. In Manitoba good work has been done by the Messrs. Criddle, of Aweme; Mr. EK. F. Heath, of Cartwright ; Mr. L. BE. Marmont, of Rounthwaite, and Mr. A. J Dennis, of Beulah. The Ontario collectors have been more active than usual. Except at Montreal, not much work has been done in the Provinces of Quebec and Nova Scotia, but Dr. Schmitt, on Anticosti Island, and Mr. W. McIntosh, of St. John, N.B., have continued to prosecute their studies vigorously. Probably the event of most importance in 1903, as affecting our knowledye of the insect fauna of a most interesting and little explored part of Canada, was the visit of three months paid by Dr. Harrison G. Dyar, with two assistants, Messrs. A. N. Caudell and R. P. Currie, to ‘Kaslo, on Kootenay Lake, B.C., during the collecting season. I had the pleasure of visiting my friend, Mr. J. W. Cockle, the enthusiastic entomologist of Kaslo, when these gentlemen were staying with him, and seeing their methods and some results of their work. Not only from the early hours of daylight, but throughout the day and late into the night, the work of collecting and studying life-histories went on incessantly. Besides insects in various orders, over 20,000 lepidoptera were collected, and nearly 200 kinds of larvze were observed. On his way home, Dr. Dyar visited several of our most active collectors of insects in British Columbia, and gave them much help in the identification of unknown species in their collections. Dr. Dyar intends to prepare an extensive report on his summer’s work, which must necessarily be of the keenest interest to a'l of our entomologists. Kaslo, itself, is a locality presenting exceptional attractions to the naturalist ; situated on the lake shore, it provides easy means of access to many mountains which have never been explored. Regular steamboats _ give opportunities of visiting other localities on the extensive Kootenay Lake, and a railway takes one in a few hours right into the heart of the mountain forests. An expedition to the summit of Mount Kokanee (11.00U feet) produced many rare plants and insects. The ruling genius of the place is Mr. Cockle, a genial friend and a most enthusiastic and indefatig- able collector, who has discovered many species new to science. a oe. a a ak xe i stalls | eT ~ oh 1903 \ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 LITERATURE. Bibliographical notes on works dealing with insects appear regularly in all the standard entomological journals and scientific magazines, such as The Canadian Entomologist, The Ottawa Naturalist, Le Naturaliste Canadien, Entomo'ogical News, The American Naturalist, Psyche, Science, Journal of the New York Entomological Society, ete. These are all indisp2nsab‘e to the working naturalist. In addition to these, some notable books have appeared during the past year, which will be great helps and time-savers to collectors and students. Dyar, H.G. List of North American Lepidoptera. United States National Museum, Bull. No. 52.—Undoubtedly the most important book of the year is Dr. Dyar’s Catalogue. This large work of 740 pages, prepared with great care and beautifully printed on good paper, has been distributed, free of charge, with the greatest liberality by the Smithsonian Institution to all applicants It is, therefore, in the hands of all of our active workers, and will doubtless be for a long time the guide for classifying and arranging collections. There will, of course, be many points upon which some will differ from Dr. Dyar, both as to arrangement and as to specific reference of some well known names. Some of our more conservative workers will prefer to retain the names of Prof. J. B. Smith’s list, particularly as a new edition has recently appeared ; but for the most part, for various reasons I believe Dr. Dyar’s list will be accepted by North American entomologists. In the section dealing with diurnal lepi- } doptera the careful and painstaking work of Dr. Scudder on genera has received more recognition than has previously been accorded it, although in the main Dr. Henry Skinner’s catalogue has been followed as to species. The Sphingidee are arranged as by Dr. J. B. Smith’s monograph, and naturally, in the Noctuide, Dr. Smith, our highest authority, has been foliowed. The manuscript of the Geometridz and the Phycitine and of the Pyralidz was prepared by the late Dr. G. D. Hulst, the remaining subfamilies of the Tineoidea, together with the Pterophoridze and Tortricide, by Dr. C. H. Fernald. Mr. August Busck, the eminent Tineidologist, helped much in the Tineid groups proper and the Gelechiide. It will thus be seen that Dr. Dyar added to his own vast knowledge of the Lepidoptera of North America the latest views of all the leading specialists in the various groups, and, as was well said by Dr. Bethune, the editor of the Canadian Entomologist,* ‘‘the preparation of this list has evidently involved a very large expenditure of time and labour ; we must all acknow- ledge that the author has placed us under a deep debt of obligation to him. The work, notwithstanding any criticism that may be passed upon it, is an extremely valuable one, and will be found by its possessors to be most useful and, indeed, indispensable. Though we may not agree with it on all points, we must admit its excellence and importance, and we beg to congratulate the author on his achievement, and thank him for what he has accomplished.”’ Prof. Grote’s articles in the Canadian Entomologist for 1903, should be read carefully con- cerning some of the species mentioned in Dr. Dyar’s list. It will be noticed by our readers that an asterisk (*) has been placed before the serial numbers to indicate species not represented in the U. 8S. National Museum, and it is sincerely hoped that Canadian collectors will not be slow to show their appreciation and gratitude to the authors and the Smithsonian Institution by sending many specimens of northern insects to fill gaps in the magnificent collection at Washington. which is at the disposal of students from the whole world, and where the utmost care is taken for the preservation of the specimens from injury of all kinds. BEUTENMUELLER, Wm. Descriptive Catalogue of the Noctuide found within 50 miles of New York City. Part ii., Dec. 1902. —-This is a most useful pamphlet of 46 pages, prepared in the author’s usual careful manner, and gives good figures and short descriptions of many of *Can, Ent., 1903, p. 142, : } _ with full bibliographical references. The notes on food plants and geographical distribution of -man living, who has done more for the struggling students of entomology in Canada than _ everybody’s friend, Dr. J. B. Smith. His patience, kindness and prompt attention in identifying species and to ali applications for information are unexcelied. The recent _ Whose arrangement are we going to adopt ? and this, each one must settle for himself. In the profusely illustrated with 48 magnificent coloured plates giving 1,500 figures of North 38 iH THE REPORT OF THE a ‘No. 99." 4 the moths and their larvee which the beginner has difficulty in identifying. Four plates give beautifully executed figures of 85 species, from drawings of EH. L. Hyatt. BEUTENMUELLER, Wm The Hawk-moths of the vicinity of New York City, pp. 31.—This is another most useful pamphlet, which will be of inestimable value to beginners on account of the particularly good illustrations which accompany the descriptions of each of the 48 species mentioned. Frernatp, Mrs. M. E. A Catalogue of the Coccidze of the world. Mass. Agr. Coll., Special Bulletin, No. 88, pp. 360.—This will be found a most useful book of reference for all students of the Coccidze. It is the result of nearly 25 years of painstaking labour by a well known and eminent entomologist. One thousand five hundred and fourteen species are listed the species are most helpful. Buarcutey, W. 8. |The Orthoptera of Indiana, 8 vo., pp. 348.—This is practically a concise and popular manual of the Orthoptera of Indiana. It will be found of the greatest help to all, whether they live in Indiana or Canada, who may wish to take up the study of this very important, but much neglected order. Smitu, J.B. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, June, 1903.—There is no appearance of a new edition of his Check List immediately following Dr. Dyar’s Catalogue will therefore place many students ina difficult and uncertain position. The question will be: first place, everyone should get the check list, then find out the differences and try and decide whether the changes were advisable. In this way, at any rate, much valuable knowledge will be acquired. Dr. Smith is a close student and a frank correspondent, always willing to discuss fairly any problem submitted to him. Hotianp, W. J. The Moth Book. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, $4.00.—Just as we are going to press, the much looked for Moth Book has come to hand. It is a handsome volume, uniform with the Butterfly Book and the Insect Book, excellently printed and American moths. These alone are worth far more than the whole price of the book. The letter press, as must necessarily be the case when such an enormous field is covered, will be found — disappointing to a certain degree, not so much for what is given as for the lack of the further information which is necessarily omitted. As the author himself states in the preface, *‘ The brevity in description is, however, abundantly compensated for by the illustrations.” There are over 300 text cuts, besides the coloured plates. Some of these are excellent, but others seem hardly up to the quality of the rest of the book. Unfortunately, this book again has a somewhat different nomenclature from either of the publications by Dr. Dyar and Dr. Smith referred to above. The reasons for some of the changes are given, which will help the student 7 to correctly understand the true nature of many genera; but beginners, finding such wide j differences of opinion between leading authorities, will, it is to be feared, be for some time at — any rate considerably confused. This difficulty, however, must necessarily stimulate much q original thought and investigation, which will eventuate in a better knowledge of North a American systematic entomology. On the whole, the Moth Book will be found one of the — most See accessible publications which has ever appeared upon American entomology. — Fer, BE. P. Aquatic Insects in New York State. (N. Y.State Museum, Bull, 18, Entomo- 4 logy). fc is a sumptuous volume of 300 pages lavishly illustrated with 52 beautifully — executed plates and a few text-cuts. It 1s a study at the Entomological Field Station, Ithaca, — -- s.908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 a N. Y., under the direction of Dr. Felt, by the well known specialists, Dr. J. G. Needham, A. i _ D. McGillivray, O. A. Johannsen and Dr. K. C. Davis. [t adds enormously to our knowledge of aquatic insects and is a publication replete with information, a large part of which isaltogether — new. SPECIALISTS. The record this year is again chiefly made up of notes on lepidoptera and coleoptera, Hxten- sive lists of diptera have been sent in by Mr. Harvey, of Vancouver, and Mr. McIntosh, of St. John and many other collectors in different parts of Canada have material now under examination. With regard to hemiptera, Mr. Stevenson, of Montreal, Mr. Metcalfe, of Ottawa, Mr. Hanham, of Victoria, and Mr. Taylor, of Wellington, have made large’ ‘collections, which are now being worked up by Mr. Van Duzee and other specialists. I hope to give a considerable amount of space next year to these two orders. The orthoptera have been studied to a considerable extent by Mr. T. N. Willing, and Mr. N. Criddle in the West, by Mr. KE. M. Walker in Ontario and by the Rev. Dr. Fyles in Quebec. _ Of those making a special study of certain groups or orders, the following may be mentioned, so that anyone wishing to help them in their studies by sending material for examination or wishing to correspond may know of them. A sufficient address is given for each in the list of active workers herewith. Life-histories—Messrs. Lyman, Brainerd, Fyles, Young, Gibson, Fletcher, Cockle. Diurnals—Messrs. Lyman, Wolley-Dod, Fyles, Willing, Marmont, Hanham, Heath and Fletcher. i Nocturnals—The genus Hydrecia, Messrs. Lyman, Winn, Norris and Brainerd, Montreal.’ The genus Apantesis, A. Gibson, Ottawa. The genus Paragrotis (Carneades and Huxoa) and its allies, F. H. Wolley-Dod, Millarville. The Geometridee of North America, Rev. G. W. Taylor, Wellington ; Mr. Taylor has corresponded with all interested in this family and has now amassed an enormous collection, probably one of the largest on the continent. He has worked these up from the descriptions and is now ready to assist anyone who will send him material. ActrvE WoRKERS. The following list gives the names of the most active workers in Canada which have been heard from during the past year. There are doubtless many others, but I have not heard from them during 1903. The initials in parentheses after their names indicate the orders they are studying, or if they have general collections. Anderson, HK. M., Victoria, B. C. (L.) | Findley, Rev. G. H., Ainsworth, B. C. (L.) Bethune, Rev. C. J..S., London, Ont. (Gen., Fletcher, Dr. J., Ottawa. (Gen., L., C.) Lec.) Fyles, Rev. Thos. W., Levis, Que. (Gen., L., Bégin, Rev. P. A., Sherbrooke, Q. (Gen.) Hym.) Bice, J. London, Ont. (L.) Garrett, C., Didsbury, Alta. (L.) Baird, Thomas, High River, Alta. (Gen.) | Gibbon, H., Beulah, Man. (L.) Browne, Edgar J., London, Ont. (L., C.) | Gibson, Arthur, Ottawa. (L., Gen.) Brainerd, Dwight, Montreal. (L.) | Grant, C. H.. Orillia, Ont. (L.) Bryant, Theodore, Wellington, B.C. (L.) | Gregson, P. B., Blackfalds, Alta, (Gen.) Burman, Rev. W. A., Winnipeg. (Gen.) tuignard, J. A., Ottawa. (Gen , Hym.) Bush, A., Vancouver, B. C. (L.) | Hanham, A W., Victoria, B. C. (L.,D.,C.) Chagnon, Gus., Montreal. (D.,C.) Harrington, W. H., Ottawa. (C., Hym., ‘Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B. C. (L.) Hem.,D.) ‘Criddle, N., Aweme, Man. (L., Or., C.) Harvey, R. V., Vancouver. (L., Odon.) Crew, BR. J., Toronto. (C.) Heath, H. F., Cartwright, Man. (L.) Dennis, A. J., Beulah, Man. (1L.) Huard, Rev. Victor, Quebec. (Gen.) Desrochers, Rev. J. E., Rigaud, Q.(L., C | Hudson, A. F., Calgary, Alta. (L.) Dod, F. H. Wolley-, Millarville, Alta (L.) | Jones, W. A. Dashwood, New Westminster, Draper, R., Vancouver. (L.) B. C. (L.) ‘Evans J.D.,Trenton,Ont. (Gen.,L.,C. Hym§ | Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatla, B. C. (C.) x Fanshawe, Lyonell, Tamarisk, Man. (L.) Lochhead, Prof. W., Guelph, Ont. (Gen., Or.) : Sats Sg Tai al eRe Rene : ; SRA ; . } i t 90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Lyman, H. H , Montreal. (L ) Schmitt, Dr. J., Anticosti. (Gen.) McIntosh, W., "St. Johns WN. s(E.) D.C; Stevenson, Charles, Montreal. (L., C., Hem.) MacLaughlin, T. J., Ottawa. (Odon. ) Tanton, J., London, Ont. (L.) Marmont, L. E., Rounthwaite, Man. (L.) Taylor, Rev. G. W., Wellington, B. C. (L., Metcalfe, W., Ortawa (L., C., Hem.) Hem., C.) Moffat, J. A., London. (L.) Tipping, Dalton, Blackfalds, Alta. (Hym. Moore, W. W., Montreal. (Hem.) Gen.) Morden, J. A., London, Ont. (L.) Venables, E. P., Vernon, B. C. (L., C., Parsons, C., London. (L., C.) Hym.) Perrin, Jos., Halifax, N. S. (L.) Walker, E. M., Toronto. (Or. Odon. Norris, A. E., Montreal. (L., Hem.) Winn, A. F , Montreal. (L.) Ouellet, Rev. C. J., Montreal. (C., Hym.) Wilson, E., Vancouver. (L.) _ Richard, A. E., Ottawa. (L.) Wilson, Jno., Vancouver. (L.) » Roy, Rev. Elias, Levis, Q. (C.) Wilson, T., Vancouver. (L.) Sandercock, W, C., Lauder, Man. (L.) Wilson, W. J., Ottawa. (Gen.) Saunders, H. S., Toronto. (L.) Williams, J. B., Toronto. (L.) Simpson, Willibert, Oitawa. (C.) Willing, T. N., Regina, (L., Or., C.) Suffield, J. D , Morden, Man. (L.) 4 Young, C H., Hurdman’s Bridge, Ont. (L.) Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. (Gen., L. NOTES OF CAPTURES. LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S.N.M., Bull. No. 52.)* RHOPALOCERA. (Dyar’s number.) 11. Papilio glaucus, L., a. turnus, L. A typical specimen, Kaslo, B. C., (Cockle). 14. Papilio thoas, L., (cresphontes). Lakeview, 15 miles from Halifax, NS. Aug. 1901, (Miss H. King, teste J. Perrin). 16. Papilio machaon, L., a. aliaska, Scud. Hudson Bay slope. Forget Portage, Naga- gami River, 63 miles northward of Montizambert Station, C.P.Ry., and 24 miles north of height of land, measured along the canoe routes, Lat. 49° 12’ 47”, (W. J. Wilson). 18. Papilio zolicaon, Bdv. Beulah, Man., (Dennis). 38. Pontia napi, L., g. virginiensis, Edw. Abundant, Cote St. Paul, Que., May 3 and 10, (Stevenson). 85. Eurema euterpe, Men. (lisa, Bdv.). De Grassi Pt., Lake Simcoe. One, Aug. 4, (Walker). 95. Speyeria idalia, Dru. Grand Bend, Lake Huron, July, (H. S. Saunders). 216. Eugonia californica, Bdv. Cartwright, Man., Sept. 5, the only one seen this year, (Heath). Enormously abundant in many parts of the Kootenay country, as at Nelson, B.C., Trail, B.C., and Robson, B.C., (Fletcher). Common here, but mil- . lions are reported from Rossland by Danby. The only food plant here is Geano- thus, Kaslo, (Cockle). 222. Vanessa carye, Hub. Swarming at Vancouver, (Harvey). 271. Erebia Vidleri, Elwes. Very abundant on Mt. Cheam, B.C., Aug. 3-8, (Harvey Bush, J. Wilson). 284. Coenonympha typhon, Rott., a. laidon, Bork. (inornata, Edw). This was recorded in error to have been taken last year at St. Hilaire, Que., by Mr. Stevenson. The specimen was taken at Piedmont, Que. 286. Enodia portlandia, Fab. Niagara Glen, Ont., July 1 and 25, (Williams). * This arrangement was decided upon after discussion at the Annual Meeting of the Society held at Obsawa in September, 1903. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 : 368. Thecla spinetorum, Bdv. Kaslo, June 1, (Dr. H. G. Dyar). : 374. Incisalia irus, Gdt. Cole Harbaqur, N.S., June 3, and Halifax, May 17, (Perrin). 383. Erora leta, Edw. Meech Lake, Que., two specimens, May 18, (Young). . 437. Rusticus anna, Edw. Wellington, B.C., July 20, (Taylor). HETEROCERA. ' 659. Lepisesia Clarkue, Bdv. Goldstream, B.C., May 24, June 7. Rare, (Hanham). 803. Crambidia casta, Sanborn. Millarville. Alta., (Dod.); Kaslo, (Cockle) ; Roun- 806. 846. 855. 869. 876. 878. thwaite, July 25 to Aug. 25, (Marmont) ; Brandon, Aug. 27th, (Hanham). Grand Forks, B C., Aug. 10, (Fletcher). Ottawa, Aug., (Saunders and Fletcher). Lexis bicolor, Grote. Rounthwaite, August, (Marmont); Nepigon, (Fletcher) ; Kaslo, (Cockle). Ecpantheria defloruta, Fab. London, Ont., (Bethune). Estigmene prima, Sloss. Mer Blene, near Ottawa, May 25, (Gibson). This is the form referred to by Mr. Lyman, Can. Ent. xxxiii, p. 93, as the heavily spotted Gormin swamp form and is very different trom Mrs. Slosson’s type of prima. Neoarctia yarrowi, Stretch, a. remissa, Hy. Edw. One on Mount Cheam, near sum- mit, (J. Wilson). Ap-ntesis michabo, Grt. One specimen, May 20, Rounthwaite, (Marmont). Apantesis parthenice, Kirby. ae <= ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIRKTY. 93 . Orthodes vecors, Gn. Ottawa, reared from larva, (Gibson). . Graphiphora Columbia, Sm. Millarville, (Dod). . Aporophila Yosemite, Grt. Millarville, (Dod). . Pleroma apposita, Sm. Wellington, (Bryant). . Xylomiges perlubens, Grt. Wellington, (Bryant). . Xylomiges peritalis, Sm. Vancouver, May, (Harvey). Nephelodes tertialis, Sm. Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., March, 19938. Winnipeg, Aug, 16.24, (Hanham). . Heliophila megadia, Sm. Wellington, (Bryant); Cartwright, ‘‘ very similar to insueta,” (Heath). Heliophila minorata, Sm. Cartwright. This is the Manitoban form of pallens, (Heath). . Aeliophila Calgariana, Sm. Wellington, (Bryant); July 25, Victoria, (Hanham). % . Xylina dilutocula, Su. Wellington, (Bryant). This is a very rare specis, . Xylina Oregonensis, Harvey. §Victoria, April 14, (Anderson). . Cucullia postera, Gn. June, Cartwright, (Heath). . Cucu'lia florer, Gn. ‘+ At wild currant bloom, June 1, Rounthwaite,” (Marmont) ; Cartwright, June 28, (Heath). Rancora albicinerea, Sm. Can. Ent. 1903, p, 137. Boucher, Sask., N.W.T., (EK. Cou- beaux). 6 sp. April 24,Rounthwaite,(Marmont). Head of Pine Creek near Millar- ville, (Ded). . Nonagria lett, Morr. Montreal, Aug. 20, (Stevenson). 3. Grortyna slramentosa, Gn. At light, Aug. 20, Montreal, (Norris, Winn). . Gortyna medialis, Sm. Very abundant, Aug. Gna Sept., St. John, (McIntosh) ; Millarville, (Dod). . Papaipema inquesita, G. & R. Montreal, Sept., (Brainerd). . Papaipema speciosissima, G. & R’ At light, Montreal, (Chagnon, Stevenson). Papaipema Harrisii, Grt. At light, Ottawa, Oct., (Gibson). . Pupaipema cerussata. G. & R. Montreal. I bred a fine aberration of this species with all the usual spots obscure, (Brainerd). A similar specimen was also bred at Ottawa by Mr. Young. Bred from stems of Thalictrum, (Norris). ‘ . Papaipema impecuniosa, Grt. Montreal, Sept., (Winn). Ottawa, (Fletcher). . Xanthia pulchella, Sm. Wellington, (Taylor). . Pseudoglea blanda, Grt. Rare at sugar, Sept. 4 to 15, Victoria, (Hanham). . Orithosia decipiens, Grt. Wellington, (Bryant). . Scopelosoma devia, Grt. Sept, Rounthwaite, (Marmont); Ottawa, Oct. 17,. (Fletcher). . Heliothis phlogophagus, G. &. R. (dipsaceus, Sm.) Bred, Montreal, (Brainerd). . Melaporphyria immortua, Grt. At wild currant bloom, Rounthwaite, (Marmont). . Melaporphyria prorupta, Grt. 1 specimen of this beautiful moth was taken at — Osoyoos, B.C., by Mr. C. de B. Green some years ago, and has been recently named by Dr. Dyar. ; Melicleptria Kasloa, Sm. Kaslo, rare, (Cockle). . Hosphoropteryx tiyatiroides, Gn. Montreal. (Norris) ; Ottawa, 2 sp., (Young). . Autographa vaccinii, Hy. Edw. Very common, St. John, (McIntosh). Autographs corrusca, Strecker. Hatzic, B.C., Aug., (Draper); Wellington, (Bryant). . Syngrapha ignea, Grt. ‘‘Commoner than usual,” Millarville, (Dod). . Cirrhobolina deducta, Morr. July 22, Kaslo, (Cockle). 94 3236. 3336. 3338. 3384. 3396. 3405. 3428. 3434. 3460. 3693. 3610. 3628. 3747. . Syneda Alleni, Grt. St. John, June 19, (McIntosh) ; Aweme. June 20, (Griddle). . Syneda ochracea, Behr. July 10, Kaslo, (Cockle). 5. Catocala elda, Behrens. ‘‘ Not uncommon this year at sugar, but very hard a . Cutocala relicta, Wlk., b. phrynia, Hy. Edw. Ottawa, Sept. 26, (Fletcher). This . Catocala Frenchii, Poling. Victoria, a week or ten days earlier than elda, (Hanham), . Catocala wnijuga, Walk., var. Fletcheri, Btmr. A new variety, which was collected _ Catocala abbreviatella, Grt. ‘* Very scarce at sugar,” July 25, Cartwright, (Heath), . Remigia repanda, Fab. 2sp. taken at sugar. Never collected at Ottawa before, . Erebus odora, L.. Meech Lake, Que., Aug. 2, (Young). 7. Thysania Zenobia, Cran. 1 sp. at light, middle of August, Renforth, 5 miles from . Apitelodes angelica, Grt. 1 sp. July 6, at light, Trenton, (Evans). a 7. Notodonta simplaria, Graef. ‘‘ Very rare here, 1 sp. at light, June 29.” Cart- . Ianassa Coloradensis, Hy. Edw. July 10, Cartwright, (Heath). | . Euthyatira pudens, Gn. 3 sp. on dates somewhat apart, April 21, May 11 and 28, . Euthyatira semicircularis, Grt. 2 sp., June 18 and 25, Victoria, (Hanham). 5. Gynephora Rossii, Curtis. This rare arctic species has been reared from larva “a, Me Le ) dete CF bs i ee tee. ids ah So hs Bid rhe i . es * You * te Nx ‘2 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19. @ catch.” Sept., Victoria, (Hanham). is a beautiful suffused specimen with the upper wings entirely covered with black scales. If taken on Vancouver Island it would be passed over for elda. by Mr. T. N. Willing, of Regina, when living at Olds, Alta., about 60 miles: north of Calgary. It is like the typical form in markings, but the bands on secondaries, instead of being red, are of a dark yellowish sovty drab. (Fletcher). St. John, (McIntosh). (The most interesting capture of the year.) wright, (Heath). Victoria, (Hanham)§ Kaslo, June 6, (Cockle). collected on willows in 1902 at Blackfalds, Alta., by Mr. P. B. Gregson. During the past summer the larvee were extremely common on willows and poplars at that place, and several specimens were sent to me by Mr. Gregson and Mr. Dal. ton Tipping. A Nyctobia nigroangulata, Strk. Common in spring, Wellington, (Taylor, Bryant). Eucheca albifera, Wik. Wellington, (Bryant). j Coryphista Meadii, Pack. Wellington (Bryant). Mesolewca ethela, Hulst. Wellington, (Taylor, Bryant). Hydriomena sparsimacula, Hulst. Wellington, (Bryant). | Hydriomena costiqutta, Hulst. Common, Wellington. ‘* This species has been — going under the name of Petrophora abrasaria, H.-S., which it somewhat re sembles.”’ (Taylor.) Cenocalpe Morrisata, Hulst. New Westminster, (Jones). Conocalpe topazata, Strk. Mount Cheam, (Harvey). Petrophora convallaria, Gn. Wellington. ‘‘I have been able to separate this from P. defenaria, with which it has been confused. It is much rarer.” (Taylor.) — Epelis truncataria, Wik. Aweme, (Criddle). Mr. Taylor writes: ‘This is quit distinct from Faxonii, Minot, which has been placed in synonymy with it by printer’s error in Dyar’s Catalogue.” Dasyfidonia avuncularia, Gn. Several specimens sent from Osoyoos, B.C., by ¥ C. de B. Green. This, I think, is the first Canadian record. Deilinia feminaria, Gn. Cameron Lake, V.I., (Taylor). Sympherta tripunctaria, Pack. Wellington, (Bryant). 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 3760. Enemera jutunaria, Gn. ‘‘Common at Cameron Lake, but, so far, not taken else- where on Vancouver Island,” (Taylor). 3767. Caripetau equaliaria, Grt. Victoria, (Taylor) ; Kaslo, (Cockle). 3769 3883. 3965. 404]. 4055. 4132. 4145. £173. +406. 4551. 5912. 6605. . Phengommatea Edwardsata, Hulst. Wellington, 1 sp., (Bryant). Rather scarce, Kaslo, (Cockle). . Enypia venata, Grt. ‘‘Common at Cameron Lake, but not taken elsewhere on Vancouver Island,” (Taylor). . Nepytia phantasmaria, Strk. ‘*‘ Common at Central Park, near Victoria, Sept and Oct. This is the western representative of Nepytia semiclusaria, Wlk.” (Tayl.r.) . Cleora indicataria, Wik. Wellington, (Bryant). . Apocheima Rachele, Hulst. Rounthwaite, several males, Apl. 15 to 25. (Marmont). Eges of this remarkable species were received from Mr. Criddle last spring, and full notes of the life-history taken up to the pupa. Erannis defoliaria, Clerck. a. Vancouverensis, Hulst. Nov. 19, Victoria, (Ander- son). ‘* This moth appears to be no longer a common insect here. Sinyle speci- mens were taken Nov. 23 and 25, none seen last year,” (Hanham). EBuchlena pectinaria, D! & 8. Not uncommon. Wellington, (Taylor). Leucobrephos Middendorfi, Men. Beulah, Man., April 16, (Dennis). Reselia minusewla, Zell. At rest on fir tree, May 18, Victoria, (Anderson). Dr. Dyar says that this is an extremely rare insect. ; Thyris lugubris, Bdy. Rounthwaite, (Marmont). Sandhills near Aweme, flying in bright sunshine, July 20, (Criddle, Fletcher). Cossus wndosus, Lint. Kaslo, July 27, (Cockle). Podosesia syringe, Harr. Hurdman’s Bridge, near Ottawa, May 28, (Young). Phlyctenia Washingtonalis, Grt. Plentiful, Goldstream and Oak Bay, June 7 to 17, (Hanham) ; Victoria, May 20, (Anderson). > Prionapteryx nebulifera, Stephens. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Ethmia longimaculella, Cham. Rigaud, (Desrochers). Sthenopis thile, Strk. Several taken at Montreal South, flying from 8.45 to 9.30, p-m., July 5 to 16, (Mrs. C. Stevenson). COLEOPTERA. Cicindelide. The Canadian species are now being specially studied by Mr. KE. D. Harris, of 280 Broadway, New York, who will be glad to receive specimens from all localities. . Cychrus angulatus, Harr. Wellington (Taylor); Goldstream, B.C., May 17, one under stone just killed by large black spider, (Hanham). . Calosoma Wilecoxi, Lec. 1 sp. under stone, Montreal Mountain, July 26, 1902, (A. Denny). . Blethisa multipunctata. L. May 27, Aweme, (Criddle). . Loricera cerulescens, L. Laval Co., Que., June 7, (Stevenson). . Notiophilus Hardyi, Putz. Very abundant, I could have caught hundreds, found under every pile of dead scrub, Tamarisk, Man., (Fanshawe). . Nebria Gebleri, Dej. Vernon, (Venables). . Nomius pygmeus, Dej. Goldstream, April 13, under bark of fallen Douglas spruce, (Hanham). . Bembidium nitidum, Kby. May 7, Aweme, (Criddle). . Bembidium mutatum, G. & H. April 4, May 6, Aweme, (Criddle). Bembidium fuscicrwm, Mots, Aweme, riddle). a 1 f 96 THE REPORT OF THE | | No. 19 | 646. Amara exarata, Dej. St. John, common, (MeIntosh). 722. Dicelus sculptilis, Say. April 23, Aweme, (Criddle). 883. Lebia pumila, Dej. May 14, Aweme, (Criddle). 889. Lebia ornata, Say. 2sp., July 13, Sc. John, (McIntosh). 911. Blechrus nigrinus, Mann. April 7 and 14, Aweme, (Criddle). 990. Zacotus Matthewsii, Lec. Victoria, B.C. In three seasons I have only seen half-a- dozen of these fine beetles, four turned up in my garden and one was taken at sugar in Sept. Cychrus angusticollis, and Carabus Oregonensis are frequent visitors to my sugar in Sept., (Hanham). I was much surprised to find a specimen of this magnificent Broscid in some miscellaneous material sent to me by Mr. Cockle from Kaslo, B.C., (Fletcher). 2 1027. Chlenius harpalinus. Esch. Swan Lake, Victoria, (Hanham). 1028. Chlenius interruptus, Harr. Swan Lake, Victoria, in April, (Hanham). 1384 Ilybins guadrimaculatus, Lec. Mouth of Skeena River, B.C., (Keen). 1662. Spheridium scarabeoides, L. St. John, rare, (McIntosh). 3186. Aphorista vittata, Fab. 1 sp. under a stone, April, Aylmer, Que., (Gibson). Pedilophorus Leconter, Wickham. Can. Ent., 1903, p. 180. Vernon, (Venables). 3883. Pedilophorus oblongus, Lec. Vernon, (Venables). 9942. Hister wmbrosus, Casey. Vernon, (Venables). 8857. Cytilus sericeus, Forst. * St. John, (McIntosh). 3898. Syncalypta echinata, Lec. Trenton (Evans). 4108. Cardiophorus converulus, Lec. Common, St. John, (McIntosh). 4282. Agriotes fucosus, Lec. Inverness, B.C., July 20, (Keen). 4287. Agriotes limosus, Lec. Common, St. John, (McIntosh). 4382, Pityobius anguinus, Lee. Bred from pupa found in old hemlock spruce log, Chel- sea, Que., June, (Gibson); St. John, rare, (McIntosh). 4384. Athous Brightwelli, Kby. 1 sp., St. John, (McIntosh). 4651. Chrysobothris scabripennis, L. and G. July 4, St. John, (McIntosh). 5L78. Clerus sohegeus, Fab. Vernon, May 28, (Venables). 5275. Hadrobregmus foveatus, Kby. Montreal, March 22, (Stevenson). 5327. Cenocara Californica, Lee. Mt. Arrowsmith, B.C , bred from Lycoperdon, Sept.,. (Fletcher) 5456. Onthophagus nuchicornis, L. Common, St. John, (McIntosh). 6330. 6332. 6423. 6437. 6450. 6497. 6533. . Odonte-is cornigerus, Melsh. Ottawa, ses Richard) ; not common, St. John,, (McIntosh). . Cotalpa lanigera, L. June, Aweme, Manitoba, (Criddle). 2. Obrium rubrum, Newm. Céte St. Paul, Que., June 28, (Mrs. C. Stevenson). Batyle suturalis, Say. 4 sp., July 27, Aweme, (Criddle). 9, Xylotrechus colonus, Fab. Oct 10 (!), a very late date, Montreal, (E. Denny). . Xylotrechus sagittatus, Germ. Octawa, (Fletcher) ; St. John, (McIntosh). 6279. Bellamira scalaris, Say. St. John, rare, (McIntosh). Leptura nigrella, Say. Montreal, (Stevenson). Leptura canadensis, Fab., var. erythroptera, Kby. Kaslo, (Cockle) ; Vernon, (Venables) ; St. John, very rare, (McIntosh). Leptostylus macula, Say. Aweme, June, (Criddle). Lepturges querci, Fitch. Montreal, July 1, (Stevenson). Hoplosia wubila, Lec. Bred from Basswood, June, Ottawa, (Fletcher). Oberea guadricallosa, Lec. Sicamous, B.C. , Aug., (Fletcher); Vernon, ( Venables.) ; 2 Donacia magnifier, Lec. Rare, St. John, (McIntosh). a 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 6344. Vonacia femoralis, Kby. lUnverness, B.C., July, (Keen). 6972. Haltica punctipenms Lec. Juue 27 to Aug. 10, common, Aweme, (Criddle). 7082: Odontota nervosa, Panz. . Not common, St. John, (McIntosh). Cassida viridis, L. Dr. Fyles writes from Quebec. ‘‘ This beetle has again made its appearance in strength. I noticed it first this year on May 29.” In my reference to this species in the Entomological Record for 1902, I stated that comment had been made upon Dr. Fyles’s article in the Canadian Entomologist by Rev. Elias Roy. This, I regret tv find, was a careless mistake on my part, as it was the editor of ‘‘Le Naturaliste Canadien” who wrote the comment referred to in a foot- note to Mr. Roy’s paper. (J. Fletcher.) j 7304. Celws globosus, Lec. Cordova Bay, B.C., May 31, quite numerous in one spot buried in the sand near to, or partly under, logs on the beach ,(Hanham). 7356. Hleodes pimelioides, Mann. Common under logs, Vernon, (Venables). 7584. Algialites debilis, Mann. Fine series of this very rare beetle, with the larve and pupze, have been sent from Metlakatla, by Rev. J. H. Keen. : 7680. Eustrophus bifasciatus, Say. Cote des Neiges, Que., Apr. 10, (Stevenson). 7729. Ditylus gracilis, Lec. Metlakatla, June, (Keen). 7993. Schizotus cervicalis, Newm. Cdte St. Paul, Que., May 10, (Stevenson). 8346. Sitones hispidulus, Germ. Trenton, ‘‘ very common this autumn, not previously taken,” (Kvans)- 8540. Grypidius equiseti, Fab. Not common, St. John, (McIntosh). 8613. Magdalis Lecontei, Horn. On pine tree, Vernon, May 25, (Venables). HYMENOPTERA, The record of Hymenoptera for 1903 was to have been prepared by Mr. W. H. Harrington, but exceptionally heavy official work has made this impossible, and that record must be held over. ORTHOPTERA. Not much has been done in the way of sending in records of Orthoptera collected during the year, but the following interesting notes from Mr. E. M. Walker, our only Canadian au! hority on this order, will be read with interest. ‘*InJast year’s Record I sent you the name Nemobius palustris. This insect was thus determined by Dr. Scudder, but the species is a new one, nearest allied to palustris. It has just been described by Prof. Blatchley in his report on the Orthoptera of Indiana as AN. confusus. I took the true palustris for the first time this season in Algonquin Park, where it was found amoung the sphagnum moss of a floating cranberry bog. You can therefore enter both of these names as Canadian. I also took a pair of long-winged specimens of Xiphidiwm saltans, formerly known only in the short-winged form, in which these organs are very abortive.” One of the most interesting captures made during the past year was that of the large Cockroach Rhyparobia (Panchlora) maderw, Fab., which was taken by Mr. Bowman, of Messrs. Bowman & Angeime, in one of their warehouses, at St. John, N.B., and was sent forward by Mr. McIntosh. Mr. A. N. Caudell, of Washington, who kindly named the species states that this large cockroach is becoming quite cosmopolitan but has never previously been recorded from the United States or Canada. It is a large species measuring one inch and three-quarters in length, expanding two and one-half inches across the wings, with a body nearly three-quarters of an inch in width at the widest part ; the wings are testaceous, crossed by numerous fine straight lines between the narrow nervures, 98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 DipTERA Culex incidens, Thoms. Massett, Q. C. I., and Metlakatla, B. C., (Keene) ; Vancouver, common, Feb’y., (Harvey). Culex Fletcheri, Coq. Regina, Calgary, ete., July, our largest common mosquito, very tawny in colour, (Willing). Aedes Smithii, Coq. Reared from the pitchers of Sarracenia, Mer Bleue, near Ottawa (Fletcher, Gibson). Symphoromyia cinerea, Johnson. North of Pincher Creek, N. W.T., July 30, (Willing). Hitherto reported only from New Hampshire, (D. W. Coquillett). Stratiomys barbata, Loew. Victoria, B.C., July, (R. ©. Osburn). Sti atiomys lativentris, Loew. Rare, St. John, (McIntosh). Chrysops hilaris,O. 8. Male and female. This was the first discovery of the male, St. John, (McIntosh). Chrysops mitis, O.S. Vernon, Aug. 14, (Venables). Chri ysops frigidus, O.S. Aweme, June 29, (Criddle); Vernon, (Vendblenr Chrysops pertinax, Will. Vernon, (Venables). No specimen in the U. 8. Nat. Museum ; it was described from Washington State, (D.W.C.) Chryso; s delicatus, O.S. Rare, St. John, (McIntosh). Chrysops fulvaster, O. S. Rare, North of Regina, July 1, (Fletcher, Willing). Chrysops wstuans, v.d. Wulp. Weybura, N.W.T., June, (Willing). Chrysops proclivus,O.S. St. John, (McIntosh). Known hitherto from Pacific Coast.only. ~ (D.W.C.) Silvius gigantulus, Loew. Vernon, (Venables); Vancouver Island, July, August, (Taylor, Harvey). Silvius actwon, O.S. Several specimens, July, Aug., St. John, (McIntosh). Tabanus epistatus, O.S. Vernon, Aug., (Venables). Tabanius cinclus, Fab. Aweme, July, (Criddle). Tabanus illotus, O.S. Aweme, June 29, (Criddle). Tabanus rhombicus, O.S. North of Pincher Creek, July 30, (Willing); Aweme, July 6, (Criddle); Vernon, (Venables). Tabanus insuetus, OS. Aweme, July 9, (Criddle) ; McLeod, July, (Willing); Vernon, June 27, (Venables). Tabanus punctifer, O.S. Vernon, (Venables). Tabanus septentrionalis, Loew. Aweme, July 11, (Criddle) ; Vernon, Aug. 5, (Venables) ; St. John, male not previously known, (McIntosh). ~ Tabanus egrotus, O.S. Wellington, (Taylor). Tabanus pruinosus, Hine. 1 sp. July, St. John, (McIntosh). Scleropogon (Stenopogon) inquinatus, Loew. July 3, Vernon, (Venables). Cyrtopogon leucozonus, Loew. Male, May 14, Vernon, (Venables). Only females in U. S. Nat. Mus. (D.W.C.) ~ Pogonosoma dorsata, Say, Goldstream, V. 1., July, (Harvey), rastrophilus equi, Fab. Vernon, (Venables). Gastrophilus nasalis, L. Maple Creek, N.W.T., Aug. 2, (Willing). Kelimus Harvisi, O.S. Rare, St. John, (McIntosh). Systechus candidulus, Loew. Mount Cheam, B.C., Aug., (Harvey). thyncophelus Sackeni, Will. Vernon, June 22, (Miss Venables). Distribution, Illinois to Brit. Col. (D. W.C.) Pterodontia misella, O.S. Wellington, (Taylor). a . 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 Lasiophthicus pyrastri, L. June, August, Vancouver, (Harvey); Pincher Creek, July 29, (Willing). Chrysotoxum pubescens, Loew. Rare, St. John, (McIntosh). Melanostoma Kelloggii, Snow. 1 sp., St. John, (McIntosh). Griorhina nigra, Will. A few in May, St. John, (McIntosh). Criorhina Kincaidi, Coq. Vancouver, May, (Harvey); Vernon, (Venables). We have, only the type specimen, a male, in U. S. Nat. Mus. (D.W.C.) Merodon equestris, Fab. St. John, 1902, (McIntosh). First recorded as found in North America by Mr. Chagnon last year. Volucella facialis, Will. St. John, (McIntosh). Hitherto only known from the Pacific Coast. (D.W.C.) Bristalis inornatus, Loew. Rather common, June, July, St. John, (McIntosh). Eristalis flavipes, Walk. North of Olds, Alta., Sept. 12, (Willing). Xylota barbata, Loew. North Reutrew, B. C., July, (Osburn). Myopa cluusa, Loew. Rare, May, June, July, St. John, (McIntosh). Myopa plebeia, Will. Hatzic, B. C., April, (Draper). fiymnochwta alcedo, Loew. Vancouver, May, (Harvey). Winthemia quadripustulata, Fab. St. John, (MclIatosh); bred from larva of Murumba modesta, Ottawa, (Fletcher). (Bstrophasia clausa, Br. & Berg. Rare, St. John, (McIntosh). Alophora fenestrata, Coq. A few in August, St. John, (McIntosh). Pyrellia cyanicolor, Zett. Vancouver, April, (Harvey). A rare species. Outerebra grisea, Coq., n. sp. Fort Simpson, B. C., (Keen). Hematobia serrata, Desy. St. John, (McIntosh) ; Regina, (Willing) ; Vancouver Island, abundant, 1903, (Fletcher). Pyrgota valida, Harris. One pair, St. Catharines, Ont., June 15, (Fletcher). 100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 NOTES ON INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE ABITIBI REGION. By TENNYSON D. Jarvis, B.S. A., Demonstrator in Brotoay, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Larch Saw-Fly (Nematus Erichsonii):—Nearly all of the trees in this northern country have been destroyed by the larvee of this Saw-Fly. During the early part of July the adult flies were seen floating down the Porcupine River, anda few days later the shore of Night- hawk Lake was covered with them. Pupa-cises were found in masses beneath the surface of vegetation of all the trees examined in the district. The flies deposited their eggs about the first week in July and the eggs hatched about the 12th of July. Spruce Gall Louse (Chermes abietis):—The Gall Louse was very common on the Black and. White Spruces. The Spruces along the water seemed to suffer more than the inland trees, and the White Spruce more than the Black. Birch Case-Bearer (Coleophora sp.):—This insect was found feeding on the Paper Birch and Alder. In some districts it was very common and destructive to the Birch. American Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa americana) :—This pest was found about one hundred miles north of Metagama feeding on the leaves of the Pin Cherry. Pale Brown Byturus (Byturus unicolor):—This pest was found throughout ihe district feeding on the leaves and buds of the Wild Raspberry. Pine Borer (Monohammus confusor):—A few specimens of this Borer were found, and the work of the insect was noticed in a few places. American Saw- Fly (Cimbex Americana) :—The larvee of this insect were found in‘consider- able numbers on the Willow trees around Nighthawk Lake. Lace Bugs (Corythuca arcuata) :—Common on the Birch and Alder through the region. Spittle Bugs (Aphrophora sp) :—Common on the Red Osier, Dog Wood, Spruces, and many herbs. | Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rapae):—The larve of this insect were found in the Indian gardens around Nighthawk Lake feeding on turnips and cabbage. The adults’ were found throughout the Region. Clouded Sulphur (Kurymus philodice) : —Adults were quite common around™ Nighthawk Lake. Cut Worms (Hadena sp.) ;—Very injurious in gardens at Fort Mettagami, and common in the Abitibi region, Alder Blight (Schizoneura tessellata) :—Alders were covered with this ee ’ Scurfy Bark Louse (Chionaspis sp );—Found on the Alder at Fort Frederick House Lake. Ash Colored Blister Beetle (Kpicauta cinerea) :—Were found feeding*on the Wild Vetch near Porcupine Lake. Black Blister Beetle (Epicauta Pennsylvanica) :—Found feeding on Golden Rod. Butter-cup Oil-Beetle (Meloe angusticollis):—Were found in grass. Maple Borer (Dicerea divaricata):—The adult of this Borer was"found in the middle of — July around Nighthawk Lake. The Banded Purple (Basilarchia arthemis) :—This butterfly was found in open places along river banks. Yellow Swallow Tail (Papilio turnus) :—These butterfties were found in the same’places as the Banded Purple, and usually accompanied them. Fall Canker Worm (Alsophila pometaria) :—Were found on the Birch, Aspen, and many ‘ther shrubs throughout the district. Polyphemus Moth (Telea polyphemus) :—These were: observed floating on the water, and flying around the river banks. 4 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 Locusts :—Were common in dry places, but most of them were in the nymph stage. Tettix sp.:—Were common in wet places and along river banks. Pine-Cone Willow-Gall (Cecidomyia strobiloides):—Galls were found on the Heart- leaved Willow. Birch Aphis (Aphis sp.):—Aphids in this country were very uncommon, but Birch Aphids were found in small numbers on nearly all Birches. Potato Beetles (Doryphora decem-lineata) :—A few Potato Beetles were found in the Indian gardens at Fort Mattagami. Aspen Leaf-Roller :—This insect has caused considerable damage to Aspens in this Region, Balm of Gilead Leaf-Gall:—This was common on many trees around Frederick House Lake. HUNTING FOR FOSSIL INSECTS. By Samuet H. ScuppeEr. Fully thirty years ago, the last week of July found my companion and myself in a railway town in Wyoming, camping on the floor of the storage-room of a Western post office and ‘*store”’ combined, frequented alike by Indians, half-breeds and whites. We had just room to lay ourselves down at night on buffalo robes in the narrow passage between barrels of molasses on one side and cheeses and firkins of pretty strong butter on the other, while skins and furs dangled from the rafters overhead. Sometimes cats entered by the one open window and actually fought on our prostrate bodies, awaking us from profound sleep by squalling in our very ears. Green River served us for our toilet. We were on the search of fossil insects. A few had been obtained ina railway cutting near by and this indicated that more might be found, as proved to be the case. We prospected at various points in the face of the high red buttes which tower above Green River, and where the thin strata may be traced uninterruptedly for many miles ; but at no spot did we discover nearly as many specimens in a given time as at the ‘‘ Fish Cut,” a place across the river two or three miles from the town, where, in making a cutting for the railway many fossil fishes had been exhumed. To this point, day after day, we went with our satchels, hammers, lunches and canteens, and sat down upon the bank, the walls about us making the July sun still more scorching. ‘There was absolutely no shade, and our only protection was a flat sponge in the crown of our straw hats, parsimoniously wetted now and then from our canteens. The rock here was very hard, and the process of cleaving the shale to disclose the fossils rather trying to the hands, which were well blistered and lacerated after our ten days’ work. We obtained a few hundred specimens. Most of them, it is true, were rather imperfect, but fossil insects were a great rarity, and now and then we were cheered by a particularly fine specimen, and renewed our efforts at the precise level at which this occurred. We came to the conclusion that they were mostly found in a small pocket of rock which we exhausted. Twelve years later, I visited the place again with a different companion. The place was changed, for though there was the same alignment of drinking saloons within quick reach of the station, there was a neat hotel at the station itself, and creature comforts were not lacking. This time we attacked the buttes and especially Pilot Butte on the north side of the railway and were more successful than before, finding many specimens at several horizons, and had the advantage of working a part of the day in the shadow of the butte. Florissant, in central Colorado, is now the most famous locality tor fossil insects in America, and this I have visited at three different times. On the last occasion, having two or three boys with me, we procured 4 tent, hired a cook, and camped near the little hillock which has 102 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 19 furnished the larger part of the specimens, besides having at one end the huge silicified trunk of a Sequoia tree, which some parties had attempted to saw in pieces to carry off ; apparently it proved too severe a task, as the work had been abandoned half finished. Our camp was within pistol shot of this hillock, in a little grove of evergreens overlooking the ancient Florissant lake-basin where the fossils were entombed, and so we could give all day to the work. Moreover, as on previous visits [ had made a careful study of the spot and noted the levels yielding best results, little had to be done in the way of prospecting. The pick brought out great slabs which, to uncover the fossils, we proceeded carefully to split with knives and geological hammers, seated side by side in the dirt. In this way we obtained many hundred specimens ina day, while some men Set at work in some deeper quarries a mile away brought us at the end of our stay what they had exhumed. Each day’s pile was carefuly stored in a safe place, and a day at the last given up to packing. Our cook proved so good in his special line and such a helpful worker with the pick, that we engaged him for the new move the boys were most eager for. Some years before, one of Dr. Hayden’s survey parties had discovered in some rocks of about the same age as those at Florissant certain fossil leaves which were identical in species with those found with the insects ~ at Florissant. This was on the summit of the Roan mountains or Book Cliffs, distant some two hundred miles, but still in Colorado. From that point, moreover, it was but thirty miles in a direct line across the mountains to a place where fossil insects themselves had been found in the valley of the White River, though nobody had been able to rediscover the precise locality, and the original explorer was dead. That it was beyond the settled country only excited the enthusiasm of my companions, and so our pecking party around the Florissant hillock spent much time in planning the expedition we finally undertook. This was in 1889, We made our way to Grand Junction by rail and there procured a simple * outfit” in the shape of a two-hurse team, an extra horse and saddles. Our cook was our teamster, and loaded with provisions we pushed out from Grand Junction late in the afternoon of July 12th and camped by the roadside twelve miles on, passing Frulta on the way. By noon of the next day our road left Grand River and headed for the mountains and we reached the last ranch in Salt Creek by nightfall. The clcse of another day, in which we passed a band of Jtes, found us camped in the woods on the summit of the Roan mountains by Cliff Springs, a meagre enough trickling affair, but the only water for miles about. Here we spent a week, discovered with little doubt the spot where the fossil leaves had been found, but with them no insects. At several other points however, and especially at one place about five miles from camp, we found an exceedingly rich deposit of insects, very easily worked. This locality was a charming one. At the height of nearly nine thousand feet and at the very brink of a precipitous descent of more than two thousand feet, one looked beyond the deeply cut ravines to the distant plains, through which the Grand River forces its way. We had to work on the slope of the precipice, cutting footholds for our security from slipping. We had also to walk back to camp, using our beasts as pack animals and following the Indian trail along the brink of the precipitous cliff ; at times this passed through a dense chapparal, where it was difficult to get through without unlading, or injury to our treasures ; at others it ran a little below the brink of the precipice along the talus by a scarcely marked path, where the rubbish loosened by our tread rolled and fell, many hundred feet below. Once, in the most critical spot, a violent storm of hail struck us and whirling about with no regard whatever to our shelving footing, the animals all turned tail to the wind like weathercocks, facing down hill, and nearly set us rolling down the steep embankment ; nor would they budge till all was . over. We were shortly visited at our camp by some of the Utes, incluling the Indian Police, suspicious of hammers and picks in such close vicinity of the Indian reservation, still more : 4 . at 2 y opie 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ; 103 a —— = suspicious when they learned our intention to enter it. But they were probably appeased on sight of the fossils, for they did not visit us on the Reservation, though we told them just where we were bound. ; ° After a week’s stay, living largely on venison and nightly visited by skunks and other prowlers, including one bear, we cached our fossils, and made our next move of forty miles to the White River by way of Douglas Creek. We had for company a team of road-makers, who had been camped near us. There was one ranch and a well of water at a point about midway, where we camped the first night. For myself, armed with hammer and insect net, I walked alone the rest of the journey, meeting not a soul, and shall never forget that broiling, breathless valley. I found just one bit of shade the entire distance by hugging a huge rock, and here I stripped to the skin to bathe in the air, the only elenient at hand, and then pushed on, inspired by the thought of a coming plunge in the White River. At Rangeley, where we struck the river, were, within a radius of a couple of miles, four or five ranches, a school house and a postottice, visited twice a week by a post rider from the nearest station, sixty miles away. Here we rested a couple of days, restocked our larder, and then pushed down the river to the Utah boundary and Reservation. The road, if road it could be called, where no teams passed, was of the roughest, and we all had literally to put our shoulders to the wheel to get past difficult places, or to prevent an upset. At the end of two days’ journey we found by the river bank a winter camp of herdsmen, now deserted, and took possession, though we slept in the open. Here, in the course of a fortnight or more, we explored the region for ten miles around, varied by an occasional irruption of cow boys in search of vagrant cattle, and willing to playa trick or two on ‘‘ tenderfeet.’”’ We were more than a dozen miles beyond the last ranch and had the world to-ourselves. We bathed in the coffee-colored White River morning and evening, but the day was given up to exploration and quarrying in the hot August sun. The superb frowning cliffs enticed us in every direction, and we found fossil insects at a dozen different points, and at many horizons of the varicolored strata. We pushed our way into most of the burning side canons but, as it was hot enough elsewhere, merely looked into *‘ Hell Hole.” Our most successful quarrying was on the very top of one of the highest bluffs, fully a thousand feet in height, up which we had not only to climb by a precipitous talus heap, but drag a-horse after us, laden with our lunch and a keg of water. The water was turbid enough, and our only lunch cold oatmeal and sugar, the cooked oatmeal of a muddy color from the impurity of the water. All specimens hai to be wrapped and carefully packed In satchels for the descent. But we succeeded in our search, found large slabs quite covered with insect remains, and brought away many hundreds of fossils, and tinally a large experience of roughing it in the West. Our horses barely dragged our laden wagons back to Grand Junction, one of the party, taken down by illness during our halt on Roan Mountain, having to lie at full length all the way over the rough roads in the springless wagon. Asa result of this six weeks’ tiip we discovered that fossil insects can be found at two additional places in Colorado, as abundantly as at Florissant. No doubt there are many other places awaiting discovery. RECOLLECTIONS OF THE PAST. By J. Atston Morrat, Lonpon, Ont. It has been remarked that it is a certain indication of persons getting old when they become reminiscent. The recent death of Mr. James Angus, of West Farms, near New York, who was for thirty-two years a member of the Entomological Society of Ontario, turned my thoughts backwards upon many things, and as there is no question now as to my being old, it 104 k THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 will be quite in harmony with my condition to indulge a little in what is regarded at that time of life as an excusable natural propensity. s My acquaintance with Mr. Angus was brought about through a somewhat peculiar chain of incidences that will require relating. Living in Hamilton at the time, and having turned iny attention to the collecting of insects as a recreation in ill-health, having all my life been afflicted with a feeble digestion, I found it necessary to avoid business in order to secure some prospect of recovery. And as idleness was misery to me, | found collecting insects such a congenial occupation that it soon claimed my whole attention. Having discovered that cider was to me an aid to digestion, I one day came upon a person who was disposing of cider in small quantities, and made arrange- ments with him to supply me regularly. After we became acquainted he informed me that his name was George Anderson—that he lived for some time in the neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island, and had been gardener for a man (¥ means there, who at the outbreak of the. Civil War had to close up his establishment in order to curtail expenses. So Mr. Anderson had moved to Canada, purchased land on the opposite side of the Bay from Hamilton, part of an estate called ‘‘ Oaklands,” and was then engaged in market gardening on his own account. He also informed me that he was well acquainted with a family in Providence of my name, and was wondering if we might not be related. J told him that I was too young when brought to this country to know much about my relatives there ; but I had heard that some of my father’s folks had moved to this side of the Atlantic, but where they were located I did not know. Nevertheless, if there was any connection between us, there would be no difficulty whatever in tracing it; as my father had a brother in Glasgow who was well known, Dr. William Moffat, who had served as a surgeon under Wellington during the peninsular war, and had attained some fame. Mr. Anderson laughingly remarked that he had often heard them speak of ‘‘ their - uncle the Doctor,” as Mrs. Anderson came from Glasgow and knew the Doctor, consequently he was a frequent subject of conversation between them. Dr. Moffat had become a Baptist, and attended the same church as Mrs. Anderson and her people went to and was in the habit of regularly addressing their church meetings. ‘Thus a friendship was established between Mr. Anderson and me. He invited me to visit his place and make the acquaintance cf Mrs. Ander- son, which I gladly accepted, it being just a pleasant walk round the head of the Bay from Hamilton, during which I could do a little collecting by the way. Then, when Mr. Anderson learned that I was engaged in collecting insects, he informed me that he had a brother-in-law in New York, who was a collector and had an extensive collection, James Angus by name, a brother to Mrs. Anderson, and thus I first learned of Mr. Angus. It was not long before Mr. Angus heard of me through Mrs. Anderson, he having a great admiration of Dr. Moffat in religious matters. And here I may introduce an incident of quite recent occurrence. Whilst looking over the list of members of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow for the year 1901, my eye rested on ‘‘ J. Carfrae Alston.” Thinking it was likely that T had many relatives of that name in Glasgow, I became curious to know if he might not be one of them, and as his address was given I thought I would make bold to enquire. So I wrote to him, stating how I had come by his name and address, and that my curiosity had been excited to know if we were connected, and he being ‘a. member of a similar society an interchange of thought might not be objectionable, and if there was any connection’it could be easily deter- mined, as my mother was a sister of the late John Alston, of Rosemount, more generally known as Bailie Alston, who took a deep and active interest in the Royal Glasgow Asylum for the Blind, and had the Bible printed in raised letters for their use so that all could read. A marble bust of him stands in the main entrance of the institution as its most eminent benefac- tor, with other means of identification, ee ee ee ee oN 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 105 In due time I received an acknowledgement from C. S. Alston, stating : ‘‘ Your note of 21st January last, addressed to Mr. J. Carfrae Alston, has been handed to me for perusal and reply, as Mr. Carfrae Alston is quite unaware of the Moffat connection. Mr. J. Carfrae Alston is a son of the late Thomas Alston, the second son of the late Bailie John Alston, of Rosemount, who died some fifty or sixty years ago. He is a very busy man, who takes a deep and lively interest in the philanthropic work of our great city, and is held in much estimation by his fellow citizens. ‘““T have a faint recollection of your people, who were in business on the High Street of Glasgow. Also of your uncle, Dr. William Moffat, whose surgery was on the same street, and who I was told had held the post of Surgeon-Major in the Army under the Duke of Wellington, was taken prisoner by the French, but afterwards made his escape from a prison in Paris by getting into and passing through a common sewer into the River Seine and reaching the hands of his friends after many difficulties.” Mr. C. S. Alston further adds: ‘‘I may state that I am the son of a half-brother of Bailie Alston, and lately retired from the Governorship of Glasgow Prison, after a service of forty-four years between the County of Lanark and the Government.” This Bailie Alston must have been a man of taste, with a strong inclination towards natural history subjects, as well as being of a philanthropic turn of mind. Every time I visited Rose- mount with my mother or my eldest sister, I seem to have received a fresh impression of some- thing that I saw there that has endured to the present. An extensive garden, planned to show to the best advantage the gardener’s art ; much shrubbery and many winding paths, in turning which you obtained a. different view of the brightly colored Howers in the many beds of various forms. A greenhouse against the side of the kitchen ; and behind the receding shelves upon which the flower-pots stood was an aviary, in which was a diversity of native singing- birds, bright and lively—a source of unfailing wonder and delight to me. A high stone wall enclosed the premises, as was the fashion of the times, with ornamental gates in front. In the wall at the back of the garden was a door, which was used as a short cut in that direction. Over the pathway leading to this door a whale’s jaw had been set into the ground, and formed an arch under which one had to pass when going out of that door ; and I remember the awe with which I surveyed that arch, and wondered at the hugeness of the animal that had owned it. But that which has retained its interest for me through all these years was an experience which the Bailie was engaged in carrying out with a living toad. He had no doubt read, as probably all of us have done many times since, of toads having been found alive in solid rocks, living trees or great depths of soil; where, if we are to believe the tales, they must have remained in a dormant condition for long periods of time, some of them counted by centuries, without light or food. And he seemed to have undertaken the task of proving to some extent, the powers of endurance possessed by a toad for a long period of successful hybernation ; so as to test to that extent the reliability or otherwise of these newspaper stories, exhibiting a decidedly practical turn of mind, combined with true scientific exactness. What appeared to be a full grown toad had been procured, placed in a flower pot half filled with soil. The pot covered with a piece of slate, then all buried a good depth in the ground, to be taken up and examined once a year, and repeated for ten years if the toad survived. I was fortunately, but quite accidentally, present at the third annual opening and exposure of that toad to view—a boy of eight or nine years ‘at the time. A company of interested persons had been invited to be present on the occasion. A wide circle was formed round the locality, which was in a well kept lawn. The gardener, who knew the spot, unearthed the pot, lifted it out, took off the slate and exposed the toad. It was in but not under the soil, appeared to be sound asleep and shewed no indication of wasting from want of food. After a little while of exposure it gave signs of life, straightened its front legs, opened its eyes, and / 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 — seemed to be getting ready to make a jump, when the slate was put on and pot and toad buried for another year. I have always had a desire to know what was the result of that experiment, as a mystery of great interest surrounds the hybernation of animals, that can be satisfactorily cleared up only by such a method of investigation. And I had great hopes of obtaining some further information about it from Mr. C. S. Alston, and referred to it in one of my letters to him ; but all he said in reference was, ‘‘ I have often heard my father speak of the tvad in the hole.” And now that he is gone, possibly all knowledge of the transaction is forgotten. » Some animals seem to be capable of entering into a comatose condition at pleasure ; others, only when constrained by external conditions. Hybernation may be either partial or complete. In the case of the mammalia hybernation is only partial, as respiration and circul- ation are not wholly suspended ; the creature coming out of that state in a greatly reduced and exhausted condition, proving that a prolonged period of time in that state beyond what is usual to it, would certainly end fatally with it. In the reptilia the case is different. When they go into hybernation it is complete, respiration and circulation being totally suspended, and there- fore there is no wasting of their substance, giving good reason for the belief, that under suitable conditions, they might remain in that state indefinitely and come out alive, with sufficient vigor to enable them to fulfil the functions of their life as if nothing unusual had occurred to them, thus lending support to the wonderful stories that have been put in circulation about them ; and that there may be after all some truth in them. In entomology, the internal.and external influences at work in producing hybernation, partial or complete, are about as various as the life histories of the species indulging in it. And very little careful investigation has been made to discover the powers of endurance that may be possessed by any of them to resist a prolonged period of suspended an‘mation without injury. Accidental observations have been made which prove that some species are capable of enduring a period of hybernation far beyond what is usual with them, and come out of it with their powers unimpaired by it. Herein we have an important matter for scieatific investigation. In view of the fluctuation of temperature on the earth’s surface since life appeared upon it, the advantages to any species possessed by such powers, must indeed have been very great. It would enable it to go into a state which would in a measure make it oblivious to the adverse conditions surrounding it, which otherwise would have exterminated its species, thus placing it in a position when circumstances were again favorable for propagating its kind, to continue its career and thus affect in a marked degree its distribution on the face of the globe. When I got into communication with Mr. Angus at first, he was engaged in making a’ collection of Cutocala, of which he ultimately secured, by purchase or exchange, one of the largest and most complete collections of his time. His ambition being to have every known species and variety represented in it. Hamilton was particularly rich in this attractive genus, and the jate Mr. William Murray turned his attention almost exclusively to it for a time, and supplied Mr. Angus with many specimens that he was then in want of. Mr. Angus, having become an expert in the nomenclature of the genus, rendered us much service in naming our specimens. There were to be found in the neighborhood of Hamilton about twenty species that might be fairly pronounced abundant, and some of these had their varieties in goodly numbers associated with them. ‘Then there were eight species that were considered as rare. Our favorite and most productive hunting ground for Catocala was what has been more “recently known as the Asylum Woods. Only at that time the Asylum had not come into existence, so it was designated after its nearest resident neighbor. It was an extensive bit of virgin forest, composed of large oaks, hickory, beech and maple, with very little under-brush, an ideal day- 3 ca at. 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 light hunting ground. Having discovered that perfect specimens of Catocala were not to be secured by the use of a net, they being so strong of wing and loose in scale, one flutter in the net would leave the thorax naked and ruin the specimen ; so we would examine the tree and discover, if possible, the moth asleep on its bark, place a poison bottle over it, slip a card between the bottle and the tree, and a few flutters on the smooth glass did it but little injury. But most of them preferred resting upon oak trees, whose bark they resembled so closely that it was impossible to detect all of them. So a switch was rubbed on the tree to start those overlooked, and they were followed un to the next tree they would alight upon. Then a process of ‘‘ Stalking ” had to be indulged in, as each time they were disturbed they became more wary. This method of collecting in day-light affords an opportunity for studying their habits not obtainable at sugar or light. Their general mode of flight is a rapid, jerking, zig-zag movement, with various degrees of intensity in the different species, which makes it difficult to follow them with the eye. Some kinds, when disturbed, would alight upon the nearest tree plainly in sight, whilst others would disappear in the distance, and others again would vanish behind the nearest tree. Some would alight higher up every time they were disturbed, soon putting them out of reach, whilst Obscwra would alight at the voot of a tree or even on the ground. Catocala mostly rest with their heads up, but there are species which rest with it down. I have seen them alight head up, then prepare themselves for another rest by turning head downward. Amica would often move a few inches to one side on the same tree, and I have thus followed them until they had encircled the tree. Catocala are extremely sensitive to changes in the weather. Ona tine warm day, they may be in profusion; on the next, in the same locality, with an east wind, there will not be a specimen observable. What became of them or where they hid themselves, I could never leara. One very warm afternoon, I saw Paleogama flying about the woods and apparently pursuing one another in a sportive mood like butterflies. They might have been taken with a net by the dozen. The species tha’; were most plentiful and that could be depended upon to appear more or less numerously every season were: Fetecta, Obscura, Relicta with its variety Bianca, Amatrin, Con- -— cumbens, Unijuga, Briseis with its variety Semirelicta, Meskei, Parta, Ultronia, Ilia and its variety Uxor, Innubens and its variety Scintillans, Cerogama, Neogama, Subnuata, Piatrix, ‘6 _Paleogama and its variety Phalanga, Habilis, Polygama and Amica, with Parthenos Nubilis. eee - eee Be ‘ 1 3 : e rarer species, that is, such as we neyer got all that we want of them, indeed some of them taken only in single specimens of their kind were: Hpione, Desperata, Insolabilis, Levettei, Cara, Coccinata, Serena, Olintonii. All of these, with the exception of Meskei which was extremely local in its habits, I have taken in the vicinity of Hamilton. [also took a single - specimen of Elonympha at Ridgeway, the only one as yet reported to my knowledge that has been taken in Canada. Mr. James Johnston has recently added Robinsonii and Nebiosa to the Hamilton list. Mr. Angus never associated himself with any of the New York Entomological Societies, and the reason which he gave to me for it was that they usually held their meetings on Sundays which he did not approve of, he having received in his youth a strict, Scottish educa- tion on this subject, which gave him a strong regard for the sacredness of the day. So bis extensive information upon entomological subjects seldom got beyond his own private circle, which might have been different if he had been more congenially situated. Mr. Grote speaks of him in the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year 1888, page 62. As one of those that were attracted to him for information upon Entomology, at a time when Mr. Grote was the leading authority on North American Noctuidae, and he must have been impressed with the appearance of the man, as he remarks upon him as a tall Scotchman with curious, white and black in bunches. parti-colored hair, very intelligent, kindly but reserved. By the time I met hin, his hair had become all white, his reserve was not 108 THE REPORT OF THE : No. 19 conspicuous, but his kindly intelligence was very noticeable. He visited Mr. and Mrs. Anderson at their Oakland residence while I was living in Hamilton ; so I had the pleasure of meeting him upon several occasions and found him to be a very pleasant and profitable guide upon a collecting excursion. He was in the habit of observing every branch of Entomology and had a general knowledge of its various departments. He called my attention to two species of Ladybirds which were rare with him and which I had not observed before, Coccinella transversoguttata, Fab., and monticola, Muls. They were at the time in great numbers upon Mr. Anderson’s strawberry beds, but I have never seen them in any numbers since. It seems to be a habit with ladybirds for one species to appear in profusion during one season, to the almost complete exclusion of all the others. Then another species will be equally plentiful another season, but never the same species in unusual numbers for two years in succession, which seems to be rather odd and requires some explanation. I have seen this occur with species that are by no means rare, such as trifasciata, bipunctata, pullata and 15-punctata. On one occasion, when I was visiting in the country for a few days, where they were drawing in peas, I saw the barn floor covered half-an-inch deep with a living mass of H. parenthesis, and hardly another species was to be found amongst them. I have observed another curious habit of some species, in their larvze gathering together in clusters on the trunks of trees to pupate. I have come upon many such clusters in different years, and they were mostly on Basswood trees. During the time of that visit by Mr. Angus, Thistle butterflies were unusually plentiful about Hamilton, and he took great pleasure in looking at them as they swarmed over the clover fields, and ‘expressed the opinion that he had never before seen that butterfly so large in size and rosy in color. It was about the time that he made over his Entomological Collection to the New York Museum, and as a natura, result, began’ to feel less interest in Entomology, so to occupy his time he commenced collecting Indian relics, which he thought would be more suitable for him at his time of life. REV. GEORGE WILLIAM TAYLOR, F.R.S.C, F.E.S., F.Z.S. The readers of our Report and of The Canadian Entomologist will be pleased, we feel sure, to see the good portrait given herewith of the Rev. G. W. Taylor, who during the last twenty years has done such excellent work in almost all lines of natural history in British Columbia. Born in 1854, in Derby, England, where he received his education, Mr. Taylor, after leaving school, studied mining engineering, but in 1882 came out to Canada and went direct to British Columbia, where he had relatives. Although engaged for a short time in farming, he began almost immediately to study for the ministry and in 1884 was ordained by the Bishop of Columbia. Since that time, with the exception of two years, from September, 1888, to August, 1840, which he spent in Ottawa as Rector of the joint parishes of St. Barnabas and Holy Trinity, he has been in charge of parishes in British Columbia, and at the present time is Rector of the Anglican Church at Wellington, B.C. From boyhood Mr. Taylor has been keenly interested in natural science and has from his enthusiasm and industry accomplished much, not only in doing original work of importance in several lines of zoology and paleontology, but in con- stantly encouraging and assisting others with whom he came in contact to take up and enjoy with him his favorite studies. Mr. Taylor has for many years been a Fellow of the Entomo- logical and Zoological Societies of London, England, and in 188+ was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in recognition of his eminent services to science, particularly in con- nection with his investigations in Canadian Conchology and Entomology. In 1887, Mr. Taylor was appointed Honorary Provincial Entomologist of the British Columbia Department of Agriculture and sent out a circular letter to farmers drawing their attention to the losses due to — 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 109 insects and asking their co-operation. Owing to his removal to Eastern Canada in 1888, this work was relinquished before any report was issued. Several important papers have appeared from his pen in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, The Canadian Entomologist, The Ottawa Naturalist and The Nautilus. Many new species have been discovered by this energetic worker, and several have been named after him. Among insects, species which have been mentioned in The Canadian Entomologist are Meliteea Taylori, W. H. Edwards ; Anthelia Tuylorata, Hulst ; Ichneumon Taylori, Harrington ; Trichiosoma Taylori, Provancher ; and Adranes Taylori, Wickham. All orders of insects, however, have been studied, and several other species in different orders from those named, have been or are being named after ‘the subject of oursketch. Some of Mr. Taylor’s best work has been done on the Mollusca, and naturally several new species have been described after him. Names which occur to us are Pristoloma Taylori, Pilsbury ; Modiolaria Taylori, Dall ; and Phyllaphysia Taylori, Dall. In addition, a new species of sponge, Leucandra Taylori, Lambe, may be mentioned. Enormous and valuable collections of British Columbian specimens of various kinds have been made and generously sent off to collectors in all parts of the world. Mr. Taylor possesses himself the largest private collection of Limpets (Patellidz and allied families) in the world, also the most complete collection of Unioidz in Canada, and one of the largest general collections of Jand and water shells (7,000 species) in Canada A constant collector of insects, Mr. Taylor has also amassed valuable collections of insects in several orders, notwithstanding the fact that he has made a practice continually of giving away to specialists any specimens from his own collection, which were required for study. His cabinets contain a wealth of representative specimens of inestimable value to the many beginners - who have been stirred up by his enthusiasm to investigate the insect fauna of our Pacific Coast Province. At the present time he is devoting all his energies to the working up of the North American Geometride, paying particular attention to northern species which are likely to occur in Canada. Since the death of the Rev. Geo. D. Hulst, this important family of moths had been somewhat neglected by American students. Mr. Taylor’s methods of work are systematic and thorough. First reviewing all the literature of the subject under consideration, he then strives to acquire types for study from’the original localities, compares these with the descriptions and then with extensive series of specimens from as wide an area as possible. Mr. Taylor is an indefatigable collector and a generous correspondent, who considers no trouble too much to make observations or secure specimens when specially desired. In his parish work he is painstaking, gentle and self-denying—always ready to help. A clear and forcible preacher and an earnest liver who shows in his works that religion is not an accessory of every day life but an integral part of it. J. 08: PROFESSOR AUGUSTUS RADCLIFFE GROTE. It is with profound regret that we record the death of our greatly esteemed friend, Professor Augustus Radcliffe Grote, A.M., which took place at Hildesheim, Germany, on Saturday, September 12th, where he had been living for the last nine years, after a residence at Bremen of a somewhat longer period. Not long before his departure from the United States for Germany he sent to Dr. William Saunders, at that time editor of the ‘‘ Ounadiun Entomologist,” some particulars of his early life, which will, no doubt, be of much interest now. He was born at Aigburth, a suburb of Liverpool, England, on the 7th of February, 1841. On his mother’s side his grandfather was the late Augustus Radcliffe, a partner in the house of Sir Joseph Bailey, a Welsh iron-master ; his mother was a cousin of Mrs. G. M. Boswell, wife of the well-known Judge Boswell, of Cobourg, Ontario, and of the Radcliffes, who formerly lived in this Province, and in the Isle of Wight, England ; he was a first cousin also of Ethel Duncan, the wife of the late Professor George Romanes, F.R.S. 110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 On his father’s side the family traced their descent to Hugo Grotius, the Dutch writer and author of De Veritate Religionis Christiane, a theological text-book familiar to students a generation ago. His father, who was born at Dantzic, in Prussia, where his half-brother was Director of the Royal Academy, and a painter and etcher of eminence, was an only child by the second marriage of his mother ; she was the daughter of a Lutheran clergyman, who at the time was the highest ecclesiastical dignitary in Dantzig. The family name was originally written ‘‘Grohté,” and was changed to ‘‘ Grote” by Act of Parliament, when the Professor’s father became an English citizen. At the early age of seven our friend came to New York, following his parents, who had made the voyage the year before, and had now decided ~ upon taking up their abode in the United States. His youth was passed on Staten Island, where his father had bought a large farm, and becoming interested in real estate conceived the idea of the Staten Island Railway, of which company he was the secretary and treasurer during the period of its construction. The commercial panic of 1857, and the resulting depression of business threw th2 enterpris? into Mr. Vanderbilt’s hands, and Mr. Grote’s real estate invest- ments turned out disastrously. Meanwhile young Grote had been preparing for Harvard University, but was obliged by the straitened circumstances of the family to abandon his prospective career; later on he was enabled to go to Europe and completed his education on the Continent; after his return he received the degree of A.M. from Lafayette College, Pennsylvania. j From his earliest years Prof.*Grote was a student of nature, and his delight as a boy was to roam through the woods and over the upland meadows of Staten Island. In his ‘*Hawk Moths of North America” he describes the joys of these rambles ; ‘‘ the early dawn,” he writes, ‘‘is a profitable time for the collector of lepidoptera, who may then surprise the moths on their first resting places after the fatigues of the night. On Staten Island my early rising was rewarded by many captures at the hour when the cat bird sings and betrays to none but chosen ears her relationship to the many-tuned mocking bird of the south.” Again, ‘‘col- lecting at night has the drawback that one never knows when to stop and go home to bed, seduced by the mysterious silence and shadowy vistas in the woods. Even when themoths will no longer come to bait, one lingers, waiting for some revelation. The moon has transformed the prospect, and in its weird light an uneasy spirit seizes one to adventure farther yet. . . . Thus certain hours and places, lanes along which the green tiger beetle flew up ever and anon before my boyish feet, marshalling the way that I should go, come back to me again out of the years of my early studies, intoxicating my memory. Poe says that joy is not gathered twice in a life, as the roses of Peestum twice ina year. But I gathered then so much that it lasts until now, when world-griefs hold me fast.” At the age of twenty-one Prof. Grote published his first papers on new species of Noctuidee in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences and of the American Entomological Society of Philadelphia, and soon after he corrected the proofs of his friend. Dr. A. S. Packard’s paper on United States Bombycidie, while the author was absent at the seat of war in the South. From 1862 his contributions to Entomological literature succeeded each other rapidly, and by the time he left America for Germany he had described a very large number of genera and species, and was justly regarded as our chief authority on the nocturnal Lepidoptera of North America. In 1880 Prof. Grote married a grand-daughter of Judge Johnson, of Charleston, 8.C. ; she died in Alabama on the birth of his second child after three years of happy married life. It was fully ten years later when, in Germany, he was married a second time to Fraulein Minna Ruyter, who, with several children, now survives him. During his residence in Alabama, Prof. Grote studied the cotton worm, and brought the subject before the public in a lecture ; he then went io Washington and tried to interest the 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ° 1a Government in the matter, but without success. Subsequently ‘‘ The Entomological Commis- sion,” consisting of Messrs. Riley, Packard and Thomas, was appointed by Act of Congress, and Prof. Grote was keenly disappointed at his failure to obtain a place upon it ; this failure he, rightly or wrongly, attributed to the adverse influence of Dr. Riley, and for many years he took every opportunity of criticizing in vehement language the work of this distinguished Entomologist. He was, however, employed by the Commission in 1878 to visit Florida, Georgia and Southern Alabama for the purpose of investigating the insects injurious to the cotton plant, and especially to make observations upon the supposed migrations of the moth. His brief report is incorporated in the large volume published by the Commission in 1835. Early in 1873, in consequence of the loss of his wife, he left Alabama, and removed to Buffalo, N.Y., where he became curator of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, and began the publication of its Bulletins, to which he contributed the larger proportion of the articles. In 1878 his reputation as an Entomo!ogist had become so assured that he was elected Vice-President of section B of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and delivered his address at St. Louis on the subject of ‘‘ Scientific Education.” In 1879 he began the publication of a monthly magazine, ‘‘ The North American Entomologist,” but the venture did not prove successful, and was abandoned after the issue of a single volume. During his residence in Buffalo he delivered a number of lectures on various subjects, many of which were published in the Scientific American and the Popular Science Monthly; he also wrote many essays and a philosophical book, ‘‘ The New Intidelity,” subsequently translated into German, which (to quote his own words) ‘‘ met with warm praise and severe criticism, but enjoyed only a small sale.” In 1832 he had published in London, England, a volume of poems collected from various periodicals to which he had contributed them ; the principal poem dealt with the ghost theory in evolution, and was favorably reviewed by Mr. Herbert Spencer. The versatility of his talents was further shown by his devotion to music ; while in Buffalo he was organist of one of the principal Episcopal Churches, and subsequently composed many pieces of music, one of which only was published, and even attempted the composition of two operas, which, however, he found too great a task and never completed. Owing to the death of his father he left Buffalo and returned to his o!d home on Staten Island: There he remained for a few years only and then left for Europe, where he spent the remainder of his days. His large collections of North American Lepidoptera were sold to the British Museum, where his failure to obtain a position on the staff caused him keen disap- pointment. For ten or eleven years he lived at Bremen in Germany and then removed to Hildesheim, where he spent the last nine years of his life in the congenial position of honorary assistant in the Roemer Museum. During all these years abroad he was by no means idle, but continued to contribute to several periodicals in North America including the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” and to publish numerous essays both in English and German of a high scientific value, and many of them dealing with abtruse philosophical questions. We may now turn to his connection with our own Society. As long ago.as 1868, he vas elected an Honorary Member in company with such distinguished Entomologists as Drs. Leconte, Horn and Packard, Messrs. Scudder, Riley, Edwards, Cresson and Glover. Our association of him with these eminent men is a sufficient proof of the estimation in which we held his scientific attainments at that time. His contributions to the Canadian Entomologist began with its second volume in 1869 and continued with little intermission down to the present time ; in fact the editor has still in his hands several papers sent in by Mr. Grote during the last few months. These articles must number several hundreds, and they were supplemented by some longer, very interesting papers published in these Annual Reports. An excellent likeness of him appeared in the issue of the Canadian Entomologist for January, 1895, and in the 25th Annual Report for 1894. 112 . THE REPOPT OF THE No. 19 Prot. Grote paid two visits to London in 1876 when he went over the Society’s entire collection of Lepidoptera in order that the specimens might be accurately named before transmission to the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, which was held that year. He also, when living in Buffalo, assisted many of our members in the determination of their moths and spared no pains in this laborious work, considering himself well repaid by the occasional discovery of a new species. The name of Prof. Grote will long be held in honor by those who knew him personally or through correspondence ; it will also go down to posterity attached to the specific and generic names of many hundred moths of which he was the original describer. In common with all other human beings he had his weak points and thereby incurred the animosity of some against whom he would vent his wrath in no measured terms ; but to most he was kindly and genial, always ready to help where he could, and to his intimate friends warmly affectionate even after long years of separation. We may fitly close this sketch with the following «jyotation from one of his own essays: ‘* Even in comparatively so small a social field as Entomology affords, the man of science may oppose the purely selfish action, the insincere statement, and try to correct the limited experience which prompts so many faults. From the contemplation of much that is paltry and much that is stupid in the writings and. doings of Entomologists, he can at least always turn for relief to Nature herself, standing high above all the schools which strive but to translate her. He may drink in all the loveliness of the world and refresh his soul by wanderings in field and forest, by expansive lake and winding stream. And, when the summer is past and the roses, by thousand ways and voices Nature will still amuse him, until tired of the quest, he falls into the last sleep in the arms of the universal mother.” C. J. S. Beraune. \) PAGE. ABASTOUIS OYMAtUS .. i. se Vhicpe oes ees: 92 Abitibi region, insects of ............. 100 Adelphagrotis stellaris...... ......... 92 UTES) C7 io ee ee See 97 Pe AUITEGRLO DUIS. SY! 5. epejmcdsyelore sepef0y-)+ 97 PMA EORGALA: 2). . <. )'s.090 ydtelers © velar dss 21 PUPRIGLCRLLUCOSUS . «.. sx)», shun ele # A sinless 96 a PERIOSUS. $s 247 5. teakegs: teisfehe inte « 96 Agrotis geniculata.... 26.5... cyeeecs- 92 PRUSVOCULAGUS, 052°. itis ayete «yeahs (fig.) 61 Aleyrodes vaporariorum........ ....- 10 Alophora fenestrata..... ............ 99 Alsopkila pometaria .. 2.0.0) ej. 5. 52 PRIA ARON ALATA: |. (=. 5, ) <2. Mslchegepe eyo! ee sys! 96 Angus, James, the late ............:. 104 PIAPIDADAGA LS 5. << cka Pete etssers cles) ance 57 BMGHOMYIA FAGICUM. «2/5 4 sie <5 rece = 2 65 Anthodnomus grandis ................ 39 st BISNAGUS Eke sacs 52, 74 POEs PEOTUNGUS. .4..)214-)5 056.5 oe - ne 92 mpanteles longicomis ! 061i. 3... 4.4.5 73 Amantesis,michabo ... .. vc... sine sie 91 ch Nevadensis, a, Superba . 91 cS oithona, a, rectilinea........ 91 % PAL DIODICE © —.astvesey win, zie! « 91 Apatela Americana.............. (fig.) 57 PR MOMBACUIATA Lew Nereis « ! 91 BEALCHMIA ec laces 3). 3 or ee etATICCOUATIA me Gee bear... 91 Bee AMILODA: 3. /mnte ete se 2 91 9 Ve) ER oh ea 91 eRMeOV ADA, 25... 2a MN cipho gets okays 2) « 91 eS POLALS 5/0! css Sane Siotsey cis = 91 Apatelodes angelica .............. ol, 94 Aphelinus mytilaspidis .............. 69 EMPIMISHDEASSICES 202. akleiied aiee-s «chlo 67 TCE Ee a se ea » 69 SRE DEUDITONT 57.3: 2.4.5 . i... . ca hele te uns ae 52 Bracon furtivus-2).)... see ew (figs.) 72 Bramble insects........... nee figs. yin TA Brown tatlimothy 5 wou)... Soeehianser mash: Bryobia, pratensis. .24 (6.2 Ps wae 59 Cabbage sAphist }. to ee cece & kare Gi, Cabbage! Magaoty.. is, oo yea had 66 Callidium zeréumy 242 shiac.ReL Solan ce 36 Calosoma) Wileoxi) +... 34 ¢)s.6 4a WAR WieD Cankeriwonms inc eeohi eon teieee 52, 53 Cardiophorus convexulus............. 96 Caripeta sequilaria....... 5.02.0 2.0868 95 Carneades messoria............... West fe) CarrothRust-thy. ) iis sh oc eee 66 Cassida nebulosay i924...) oeesiae ee 10 Se OO SVT OLR ch ec cess ae ee ee 9, 97 Cat:cala abbreviatella................ 94 a COLOLAMAy pivschelonrs sits des ... 54 ‘ Olde Ss. Hie x5 15 ee Neo 94 Wren its: lyse ot cect a ae 94 a relicta, b. phrynia )......... 94 gs species taken at Hamilton.... 107 ss unijuga, var. Fletcheri...... 31, 94 Cecidomyia leguminicola ............ 64 a VELTUcicola 2. sic 2Aue faa. 59 Cenopis Pettitamacs: «ji. cis 0's seyoee 58 Cereal crops, insects affecting ..... 31, 63 Chagnon, Giarticle: by*.7:.5 Jasco aee 48 Cherry strultitly, stereo oe eee 33 Chionobas Alberta: 3... \2 i025 An aetee 31 Chilzenius:harpalimusi si: % 2s: see 96 = interruptus .....-.....,.... 96 Chorizaprotis Soror's 2%. 2.22)... 92 Chrysobothris femorata .............. 60 + Scabripennis....— 4. 40h 96 Chrysomela pnitsa 4. 5s 0h ee eee 52 se BCAIALIS -).'2\). 6S eon aioe 52 Chrysops POSOUATIS | 50) afe iors cee py sansleee ee 98 delicatus® ...\... Loiiaeneeeee 98 sf Prior dis ),..3' Ade eee RV aes 98 a fulvaster'\..: « #is'(seeee eee 98 eh hilaris: . .).08: dec ock seeee 98 ss TOUGIS Sais ct ee tee 98 Si pertiniam) / As). keke eee ace 98 rs PLOCIIVUS s/s erste ra aes ioe 98 Chrysotoxum pubescens.............. 99 Cigar Caseé-bearer® \.....\5 . seers ee 20 CimbexsAmericanain eee ee 10, 59 Cirrhobolina deductay. eases ae . 938 Olastoptera obtusa .....65.0 sob... eu, 51 Cleora indicataria:WitcatAie. 2 fivah sas 8 95 - Clerua: sphepeus: ntyjctne it ye. she 96 Clover, insects affecting.............. 34,64 Clover-seed midge..................34,64 Coccidz of the World, Mrs. Fernald’s @ataloruerotabhorins ss. bce YM 88 Godling™ wormiye Ate s ei. a os 20, 21, 32, 62 Coslus\globostsriasiteceat » «cilia! aas dae 97 Coenocalpe Morrisata................ 94 ie COWAZALA S'. S<(c) hls chelvis cyte 94 Coenocara Californica .......... 0.6.5.4. 96 Coenonympha typhon, a, laidon...... 90 [ 113 ] _ 114 THE REPORT OF THE 'No. 19 ———— i I fe PAGE, | PAGE. Coleophora Fietcherella.............. 20%: 4) pore siesta ss’. sts syts-0t ts en eee 91 ee tTLBLOligla, <3 o:zhiamines eas 7 | Retigmene prima .. 5. oe ae ie ae 9} Collectors of insects in Canada........ 89 Ethnia longimaculella .............. 95 Coryphista Meadii ... ....05...0.. .. 94 | Huchlena pectinaria................. 95 Cosmia paleacea ....... 6). bcc eee ee 1). \|--Buchoses albifera.: ¢.: 0% me ke see te 94 Cossus Centerensis..... ...........: Si: )'>) inclea quereeti ....5.55.: 5 Ai, Yons. +2 one Gechnusangulatnss.. oo) uk eke. Obie ‘nw hictitans: . ON. bce: . tem etee 37 p angusticollis 5 .oie. SAEs 96 a straimentosa «i. vi. 0 Sswis wneaieeet 93 i Oresonensigie is Venu che 96 GVA APMIS OF ss oat oe ee valtet hae ee MAGMA tie wee ute eee 74 Grant, C.\H., article by. 20... Aves ae 19 Cyrtophorus verrucusus .............. 61 Grape inecote a... eee (figs.) 76 Cyrtopogon leucozonus............... 98 Graphiphora Columbia .............. MEMS SOPICGUSt 7,22 ch Pe ta ee 96 iGroselleyinsects’:.. ... 2. Sees (figs.) 75 Dakruma convolutella............ (fig.) 35 Grote, Prof. A. R., Memoir of........ 109 Danan archippus. 2... 24 ee eek 87 Giyllus~domesticus ...\...f... 25, dase’ sea TL Dasyfidonia avuncularia............. Og... o Gpymiding equiseti. ..\) acres eee 97 PRIOR ARTIST CA Ss (asics Ride a el ehaee 5 53 Gymnocheeta alced .......5.0.002 5 cute 99 MDG PNICR I Wis cb Ge ote ee ere TO Gynzéphora Rossii... 02). S/ios «cee 31, 94 SMA TOMIDATIA’ s, .aeiies tees fe ek 94 Gypsy Moth...... oiled URC eS ee 56 Dennis, A. J.; article by. is. 5h.0..6... 80 Hadena diversicolor................ 91 Miabrovicar vittata.. 0.856 2. (fig.) 67 es Evelina . ../)5 a aes ener 91 eercrelus. sculptilis: ..\. kyle. a 96 c FEYONING. . . S chfee 0 eereere eene 91 Dimorphopteryx pinguis ...... ...... 70 Ps plutonia...57%,5- sheen 91 Wonacia femoralis: . 5.6.06 fee ee oes 97 PE FEIGCINA .-2 ok fac peer ee 91 Be HRUROTUINGD £3 Reo Ns Pb bead cheidgee’ =) 96 EY SbiIpatap . . jas cate is MA 7 91 Dorcaschema nigrum. ..... ....... aS | ae s CONSAYE) 6. eo inel Clee ee 91 Dytilus gracilis...... ees ah gene 97 Hadrobregmus foveatus............ 36, 96 PRATER SSELATIIST G50. oi 5,24) oid Soe By 98 | |: Heematobia ‘serrata .). 7. 22h un oe 99 Economic Entomology, Progress of. 22,38 | Halisidota cary ................. ). 56 Eepantheria deflorata............. 46, 91 a mactilata 25d sa. eee 56 = scribonia cubs it (figs.) 46 | ue tessellaris.. 2). 20 iaee ee 55 Mester MigTiCONIS oo 65.0 12 REG es ee he a 61 Haltica punctipennis ................ 97 Eleodes pimelioides.................. 97 | Hawk-moths of New York : Beutenmu- Enemera juturnaria ................. 95 eller... . yb. . toe eee 88 Fanopios alniaria. 0b is Ses 54 ‘| MHeliophila Calgariana................ 93 - subsignarius ...... HAG SG - MOEGAGIO . 2.0 Misty ate ieee 93 PRMGRTA OVELANGIA 605 /o/s:k05 au ie HB ee oe 90 ss minokata'. 3.0.2 sy Bree . ier (fig.) 53 PAOPRAUUR 2 cia a '9.4 nD we ee eh 99 Hydraecia, species taken at Montreal.. 31 1903 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 PAGE. PAGE. Hydriomena costigutta....... ....... 94 |- Nematus ribesli.......... 18, 19,(fig-) 76 SF sparsimacula. . Mle Me ae 94 Nemobius confusus ..:...........6.-- 97 Ibyphantria textor...2..5. 4.2.5... 55,62 ¥ palustvia:i.! 03. cits Pee ae 97 Ianassa Coloradensis ..... ........ 94. Neoarctia yarrowi, a. remissa......... 91 Wehneumion) flies: .. 5.220 “ani o. = (figs. ) 71 Neoclytus erythrocephalus........... 61 Tlybius quadrimaculatus...... ....... 96 Nephelodes tertialis......... ........ 93 OSI SRITEV4 0 Ae a ee ae 91 Nepytia phantasmaria................ 95 Insects of the year... 18, 19, 31, 36, 37, 62 Noctua Cal ganyis si: ele) date eerie 92 Tpimorpha pleonectusa................ 19 CYMER ict sis, (sn vial RPS ree 92 MIS MDOLOD ters: «0s cvahsossaverd eee selon seve 49 Ser MLERIR ARNE siti. SL ang MR et 92 aaewieet.t),.carticles: by (25.2. 82, 100 CO eT rab ieraier. tis. rol et ee ee 92 Jaspidea (Bryophila) teratophora...... 91 Se) SeSUbSbieaten dim 5) ison etee eee 7 92 mamnan A. EL,)-article byysee .. 6: 5.6 37 POM (i rfc! | en Soe Ree ee a CIN yy 92 Lachnus longistigma ................ 51 Noctuidze of New York: Beutenmueller 87 Peay ewird beetles...) sc ege. sce. ci on 108 Nomiius pygmicus. 42. So 95 RACES WARY dis 2 - <. <'2, 2 stetneTeets «say's wer os 100 Nonapriatleta chic. cahreransia ds eee 93 Pasiophthicus' pyrasti 00 -.2.5....6 0.5, 99 Notiophilus Hardyi............. coxeh Gaol Late insect appearances .............. 1] Notodontaysimplaria .)... .~ sro nee oe ee 94 Me DIA mONMate es. 3! caiman eisisystare) ste 96 Notolophus antiqua:.)...:.. iy e2Ges te 5b 7 Sy cu i711 E ee Cos, ea ee 96 Nyctobia nigroangulata .............. 94 Lepidoptera, Dr. Dyar’s List of....... Sp ane y Oberea maculata......... Pore: oo CLG Smith’s Check-list.. ..... 88 ft) quadricallosays :% sean ae eo Mepidasaphes ulmi... ieee. niece ee 59 Obrium rubrum, :....5..): 2 eee eee ee Mepisesia Clarkize .. 2.0.60. 2 ee. oe eo 91 Odontseus cornigerus........:.020.6. 96 eptostytus.macula’... 7. s.66836..5-- 96 Odontota nervosa... .02.50.4. be eee 97 Mepcunas Canadensis. . 228602) ....<.- 5 96 tht OBORSA Sc). ela e hig s/o 4 ee ae Nee 52 Bh GOLA |... .ntpa weitere oi ates 37, 96 ie 10) c. Pater ar RAMEE 8 Ac 52 MEME ER GUCTCL 2... Lceiiee weiss 96 (Estrophasia clausa .......... 99 Leucobrephos Middendorfii......... 31, 95 Onion Maggot yey oe series (fig. ) 15, 19, 65 HecuCOZONAIUCOTUM . vate mele ee. sw 49 Ontario, map of Northern...... .-y ‘82 RG XISBDICOLOME 5 . cee ro tele Meaete 9] Onthophagus muchicernis.......... sa Ae Lime, sulphur and salt treatment for Orchard-ingects a. tie 2h sninns Sa as ee 32 Samdosescale .. 2.4 /-..%. (fig.) 43, 69 Orthodes vecers' 4.5. seen antsy eR Linden, insects.attacking ............ 50 Orthoptera of Indiana : Blatchley . He Sa 88 Lithocolletis lucetiella.............. ae 7) Orthosia#-@ecipiens. sc). 20 <1) 93 ek Paliacel las imme ss Gis -as 58 Oyster-shell Bark-louse_...... ..... 59, 69 Lochhead, W., articles by... .22, 34, 42, 74 iRachnobiapltiishiivsaeeneee eee ee 92 Loricera czerulescens.. ............ 36, 95 Paleacrita vernata ..,..............., 53 Macronoctua onusta.............. 580, 49 Pantographia limatan. /. 0.66050 2 dee 53 Miacdatielecottel .... 208 «feiss acs. 97 Paonias) exesecatus). it) cls ek ares a7 Malacosoma Americana .............. 52 Papaipema COLUSSAtA as S/N cso ieee 93 es GISSEVIA:: ss saree 3 «sce 52 RAV BIG te na se pee ch, Wages Mamestra circumvadis............ Se 4 * IMPOCUMIOBSS £ u/s), psc eee 93 ue aodellit: . dame’. 22h 0! Bie iene , 92 “a IN GUMAe8ita/ ys disses 93 GR USSACAN: s(n chee etmek 92 (¢ SPECLOSISSIMA = eee eee 93 ce PAIN Oe. a ) yaldnepaeiers ve aoe Moelicleptria ‘Kasloa. .. 22.60 ci koa. 93 Fi sepregata..\. ..,cheb sles eile ieee 92 Melita phacton...o. sor. 2.0 seoe. o8 37 se tibubatis 7 2, eamearrr Laaee 92 Merodon equestris....... .......... 48, 99 Parandra bratinea.. isos e ot ee Foe 61 Merolonche spinea................... 91 Paraphia subatomaria Wyse seo) 2 trons 57 Mesoleuca-Mthela «: 35.258 a a2... tcclcat 94 Parorsyia,Clintontiiign. te. s.ccsm 25 ame 58 Metrocampa priegrandaria...... ..... 58 Pea) Aiphis)..W43,9. cee eee real dg tia ks (fig.) 64 rotiat. i. A. article bym...c.26.. 2... 103 Rea W cevil 3, cones. 19, 32, 62, 63 Mosquitoes and Yellow Fever..... ei \126 Pear-tree Psyllat ota: 2 3s (figs. ) 33, a Mosquitoes in Northern Ontario ..._.. 83 Pedilophorus Lecontei ... ........... Moth Book, the: Dr. Holland ........ 38 * ODIGNOUEYy. af5 hs ss Seek ae ae PRA AICIRMUESA .°C. . -, leer sS ate PINE ors 5 99 Pegomya vieinaig sy e.s, o. oie bse 3% MEE RO UDICDCUA) «2. a's dcdy sin a Pied e 4 oe 99 Pelidnota punctata................ (fig.) 38 Mytilaspis pomorum ................. 59 Petrophora convallaria ............... 94 ee TEEN aie 1 NE ad ye 69 mY defensarias. 0. 6.2292 23.2% 94 mbAS Cre bIEr! ,..\, 60.) Sasha eds okt 95 Phengommatza Edwardsata .......... 95 Ppnger “takes f FP RO ce nana wh” eee PIG ME Wen ey, tas Sa 116 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — ee aeEK WAR LS LL a a a EL IC aa ae ln. PAGE HE. Phlycteenia Washingtonalis.........-. 95 Stevenson, C., article by.............. Phorbia ceparum .............5.0-: 65 Sthenopis thule. 2... se wenn Phytoptus abnormis ....-......+.+5+--- 59 Stratiomys barbata........... 0.2000: Pieris napi-virginiensis ............. 37, 90 se lativentris: (.20 2 Xen eee Pipiza nigripilosa................++:- 48 Strawberry insects ............... Piropheena ocymi ............-.-+-+- 49 Symmirista albifrons ....... ..4.....- Pityobius anguinus ..... Pe at ae ae 96 Sympetrum (Diplax) obtrusum........ Plagionotus speciosus............-- eo * , semicinctum...... Plant-growing under cheese-cloth.. .... 65 Sympherta tripunctaria............... Platychirus peltatus.............-..-- 49 Symphoromyia cinerea ............... Pleroms apposita: 2. ... 2.0.55, ..55- 93 Syncalypta echinata................6. Plum, insects attacking....... 10, 18, 33, 69 SynedaJAlleni . 0. 2s eee eee Pium-loaf Sawfly .......-...5.-.- Pa. SEVOGRIEACOA . 3s vine tas oa chee ae Piggiasitaken at Orillia... 4.) 0cs see. 91 NSYNGTAA ANCA: =: s'ayee when Crate Podosesia syringe ..........--- +++: 95 Syrphides of Quebeci.. 05... Se aane oe Pogonosoma dorsata........-.+--++++5 98 Syrphus amalvpsis 3:8 ee ts oie care PO COMMTAGOSS .).... 22. eee ees yah: Systeechus candidulus ......... BRET A TIS): ) ee 5c Oe EE 92 ‘Labanus zogrotus 02000 oe oe oe ‘* Theodori, a. epichysis .......... 91 SF ice EEINES,. . ..' sales une eens ee Pontia napi-virginiensis ............. 37, 90 fees A INCCOS *.. . «tfc 'Grede's'a seen eee Porthetria dispar...........:-2...+65 56 “0 ppistatus. . ./. ok). was Prionapteryx nebulifera............-. 95 UOMO RHOGOS..'....". .tyer 24 ae ane _ Pseudogleea blanda............-...55- 93 Sey PLBULOLUS ... 2 i= pice) ee ee ee es MEAP TORSORS ee iss fet hictee oe de nee 66 #27" pruinosue . : ose. ee eee 98 Paylla pyricola .......:...-.- (figs. ) 33, 68 “ti pugotifer®. 5 Heres ocr een hes 98.9 Fteroecallis tiliz'.... 2.0.4.4 ao Re 51 Py, ebombicks: | .6o wet pee 98. Pterodontia misella..............+.-- 98 «“<) -septentrionalis,/..)./5. 2a. ~98 Pulvinaria innumerabilis....... (figs.) 41, 59 Taxonus DIQTIBOMA ..'.\. 0): cay nc es et oe 70 6 Re ee hue nce ee tae 60 Taylor, Rev. G.W., biographicalsketchof 108 Pyrellia cyanicolor............. ..... 99 Telea polyphemus © .2). 60 .eec-eme an 5b Pyrophila pyramidoides ........... -- 58 Tent @aterpillars. ...275 5c. temcenb eae 52 Bert WAL ei ec cee talc en pee es 99 Theelg desta s |)... 2a See ee eee 19 Rancora albicinerea..............++.. 93 fh Pe apinetorim, ; ; 4 Fig eee ene 91 Raspberry, insects attacking....... (figs.) 74 Thrips attacking oats ................ 63 Roemicia repanda::.::. 2.0...) . 0.6. ee Thyridopteryx ephemerzformis ...... 57 Rhynchagrotis costata................ 92 Thyrislagubris:: . . .). c.:)'.0 sis tans apes 94 Rhyparobia (Panchlora) Mader ...... 97 Pingisucilise. 2, . . Septem (fig.) 52 Roeselia-minuscula’...............-+5 95 Tobacco Sphinx Caterpillar........... 36 Root-crops, insects affecting .......... 65 Tortricidia testacea ...0.00.00.0 cues RUE bis. tft kis as cheese etn gee 38 ‘Torymus Thomsoni .").s.ci) 41 8. s eee RRTEMIB AMINA. 0. sche a cies te emcee oy 5 91 Tremex:columba .... ee. couse ee ETE Wie gg MIS So rend Se 84 Trychosis tunicula-rubra .. ...... (figs.) 72 San José scale in Untatio.. ..... 42, 59, 69 Tussock Moths ......... 34, 37, 55, 56, 62 Saporda vestita... 0.2. eee os 60 Vatiessa.carye. .’... a5 duoc tpee arene Schizotus cervicalis \ >. .../......052.0. 97 Volucella facialis ..... PER rae e, . DEBIZHER IPOMOR . css nol bees eve ess 56 Wasps and their nesting habits........ Scopelosoma AOVIAi he ree aro eens 93 Wheat: Midge ty... 6. 2088 Cee i Scudder, S. H., article by............ 101 Whibotgrabs i... 200s eae (fig.) 64 enn e eA Ess. b Cohiba teks cee ss a 59 Winny Av F., Atticle by) ca. ees 47 Seleropogon inquinatus .............. 98 Winthemia quadripustulata ...... Semiophora elimata......... ........ 92 Xanthia-pulchella ..:.0 34) ccs satan “ OPACHTONS S00. sto ne pee 92 Xiphidium saltans 0... nie Meriooris agilana:... 62.65.28... sae at Xyletinus lugubris: 0.00. 1. oa oe ae Setagrotis infimatis ............... .. poe Xylina Bethune. 2. 7 tees ¥ OPTS iho on PE ns sae wlohe 92 eer dilatooula . oc eves e eee Bhade tree insects. «0... 06. eee 34, 40 ss. Oregoniensis *y\.* 550 Sarl see “ Silver-top”’ in hay, causes of..... of eb: Xylomiges dolosa. 4... ope oe SRE HOON ©)... gS Slt a a ne ene 98 a peritalia ) <7). eee Serriemosrantolue } 2.1 'se.cnee ape tes 98 We perlubens’.)! X20). apace Mitanos hispidulus:...- i.e. asda ee 97 es rabries . oN iis), on ene eee Slugs, remedy for.,................-- 66 Xylota barbata’?... oy..-/.2,00 «05 ae Reyorin d0ulia 2h. Ye eN le ye ec 90 Xylotrechus sagittatus ............ 37, Spheridium scarab:eoides............. 96 Young, C.H., article by. 27.45. 005m Beheema OVA hop ee eae bes 49 Zacotus Matthewsii ..............-.6- : Stegomyia (Culex) fasciata...... 27, figs, 28 Zeuzera’ PYVIMAy! 2 2s eee aves oa ee Stenoscelis brevis...........-+++seee- Sy! : \ , aL iy, : : Kicsy, i i € ie : Ki Shades Me car LISHED BY THE ON ARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTU RE, TORONTO.) 4 , i ' (PUB) “ Tae ry | PRINTED BY ORDEROF ISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO , Bees PORONEG OG 6 yt cere RNG a) AMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Rs ee a AMOS / fe ‘Ee CU iy ple A , AN Sony ve es ap Ee Pee bee eS Le rh, De a AL ner ie + Dye ema 2 Py Ry : ee reer THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society | ONTARIO 1904 (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO.) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO : Printed by L.K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1905 WARWICK BRO’S & RUTTER, Limited, Printers TORONTO please your H Honour : mt Oe Respectfully submitted, NELSON MONTEITH Minister of Agriculture. 3 aft ii aN te i A 10 Vs ai ave Af : \ PAGE EDU as ON EVAIN S MOBS Nison setae ooie(6 oes ese’ =o oe clce acc esctie cide od EEE Hen: me Tele amit sic 5 ttlaciale’s wa ale salma drapes 1 Micon Tor, 1 OU ary ee oe asad. wSadiuli a’ cude ec eRe Soeage te aoetaneaeeiercs cacae Shelaaan in neers 2 ANNvAL MEETING oF THE ENNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO ...........cceteeseeeeee ee eees 3 Report on Insects of the Year—Division No. 1: C. H. Youne .....................0+ 3 aa af +, Division’ Now 222 ai Gran 5.. ccs gtasn nce 4 e “s ef Division No. 3: J. B. WILLIAMS ................04. 5 ah ef . Division, Now 42°C. EySIsBeR) o.oo ese aiecn gee s & “ “ Division“ Nos ome hee We ohuENNDE lae.seieakeeeee tee 9 TCHOLONE ACOH E mel Kem (CLOTH (Cs Al A Nan ona an Ome RRL REe otc BE Ray gay SARE nee 12 ct ue NUlcoraipreteeey [fia 3 oe Wu Kc) @ ae Ree ea rer REN URAL el a SY AR Re are AAY 13 a Olvehbees Brain chibi el) vie See RAR Spa eek A ean Sera See 16 43 RORONGON ESTA Ch. Ts o.5 fcc ah ce ake agen take aR tee a gee oat eae ee 19 x i BoLamicaliy SECON, + 3). ick dessaee nese nthe eee Aa anette Rae EE 21 i < Macroscopical, Section’ .))0./05.6..sck acleckeeeoaeome teed eeslek eo eee 21 < “i Ribratian end) Curator cect hsbes cgteclcep ie lor at tots oS ee 21 oe ih Presper and AWditors. : i.) 20st ..lonj.etes gettin ce ponent eee 22 és is Deleratey tothe. Royal Societys. :ic6e.0. see ccee cee eae eee 23 Insects and Weeds in the North-West Territories: T. N. Wining .................- 25 Injurious Insects of the Season of 1904: W. LOcCHHBAD ...........cc0..cc.essceecsereees 27 Recent Experiments against the San Jose Scale: W. LocHuHeap ..................... 33 ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT—Recent Progress in Entomology: W. JG LOXGTEWETLOP W OME © cliche BRL gak ee ee ee ie Re aT SSNS seam penal es DA ATA NA GTR SH a ok 35 Insect Distribution in the Great Basin: H. F. WicKHAM .«...-....5.0.0..cc2c.s.bueneee 42 CCN MEL WAE GS!) OES STON Pr mets chee Asi roel ase 2.0 5.0 o lala ante Wane ete Tater oe ora oma ttre stein eA 46 Insects injurious to Ontario’s Crops in 1904: James FLETCHER ..................... 49 Hntomological Record; 1904: Jamus WLETCHER ©. 02.02.55. Ais cneen vets eetsee ess sqe cen eek 56 Further Notes on Basswood or Linden Trees: ARTUHR GIBSON .............0..0.005 78 WNote’on the Columbine Borer: Artiur GIBSON ..4....clec.-c bec ececceosoecteaeeseeacee 81 Insects collected at Uicht during 1904: Jl D. WVans soi. .eee ccc ences clots sete seensne 82 Spinning Methods of Telea polyphemus: J. W. Cocke ...........00...c.ccc0ceseeeee 86 insect Names andmiinsectlists :.( Jic, Bs (WIE VAMSi. eee pele nce 5 otis cuisaltses oe alee 87 Notes on the Season of 1904 in Quevec: C. STEVENSON ..................... na sa Oo) insects aitechingwmumenO ake: iD Wi.) Wy LESiy cc ownesset sactnere soto temelate cl t cs cod mannan tne 91 On the Food-habits of certain Hymenoptera: T. W. Fytss ..................... mieten 94 Ainkiementary sendy of: Lnsects’: § W. LocHEman) 2) 000) 285.0. Aa secedebne oueeoneaees 96 iinesrear-tree Psylla, and how. to: ueal- with; 163 G. Wei otSmmr .)2..2,.:6)-2..4es2 oe 108 Opingarn:) Uhe: lateslOun tATS TON MOPRAT pgs) cones. No oe ck eh eee 109 Lv. | aie rity * Fyn ; LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. Bere Ee PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. Ailovioinb.. Wis WD. ))..suaee Ras debs London. PASTUGLTAUI SME Gr se SANS, sa «eee ee ote cela a meus, Drs ID.’ EL. ctesccewasns. ss a etter eAne st «17,0. Maetaa doen. yas oe raicwitle es) A. . .. Gieacpuiers 22: ih Bapty, Miss Gertrude ..... ah of Bethune. Rev. Ch J:.S., Oia. WR. SHGea cass: a BinckoeeDavidson ..scesevssan..« Toronto. Blackmore; Miss HE. 20.4..25...: se Ester mM: Foci... 2... ein daietwesiess F CES) Ps... . Eee tesoes es we London DOOLGLG Ig 16418 ARR ag or Boon, Miss Bella Cy. -.1.....0::. ue Bowman, Prot) «Meese es ee Brodie, Dr. SOE. Soe Toronto. mearsecworth, ©. ...Goat.cc ress London. uttery, Miss G. ....2 4.25.0 .5205. he eranahiee G0 A... Jee nas Lindsay. Dearness, Prof. John .........London. Wrmlopss Miss, Mi. Vis Seuss. ... Woodstock Durand, Napier N.¢:2-...i55...4 Welinton. aniseed ey. HL) Se ee. Trenton. Hishers George: 1: eee eens) J. Burlington. Miccches we Dr. J SabhaD™. [DCIS \ CAD eee oe core nea see Ottawa. Miaeetonarles W) ). ... tated... London. RiRaseG Wil 2... apm... Toronto. eamimmace: . Wim °,... sdeteseeeee «cel: London risen wArtMUT ......2emee . 5 Ottawa. (Gapeinits, (CENT a ee . Orillia PERCE chi)... camedeuameine London. Paces. Ward.) ....%gcaeasssee: <<: Walkerville efealamiearee aly: 2.3.) 2) Saeaeaeeta nee Toronto. [ELSLC) yl Bd & Copper Cliff 18 fall eral a1 Bs a eam EE Toronto. Peery ee 2... . . eee ace A famal Gomes Ww... ....eenaressnies: London. Harrington, W. H., F.R.S.C..Ottawa. SUC a Sh eo oa London. efOTGOne yO. AW sic. +s oaeemeee nao Toronto. Hotson, Miss Maude ............ London. MGHIMSTOM ss ei skl . ./seeee eot S Bartonville regis ok Bes 2... . eames 8 London. Grae RW eo -le eens unt eee eae Toronto. Maye lObi ............08ame. Jes. « London, Lawson, BB pd ste sc:d > cs Lochhead, Prof... WA tees Guelph. Maughan. DI. See Toronto. MivoueueVlIss: <0... eee esc e London. Damon Mirs.' 3.3... ..:weuenres... . a McCready, Prof. S. B. ........ Guelph. McOwcen! Alex... seats veecsk London. Merchant. Principal 2 W... Monden sion) A... Steet cs. oo tuElode Park. MOS SV AW LISS irc's2). oc..0.ceeteemaceae Toronto. Bee OW wo. cc as REA ee ge MIMO se OLMN: 9.3. «|. season eeeewk London. Beeatemnse Gy Bi. .......beaeeeseace +s ce Pirdiise MISS «occ ss. alee bet ce Seeahey. Wis. is... .:.edeeatdeaess - Port Rowan. Meeiiacy bk. (©)... 6. . Io Resehee Ys. London. Bivennie, R. W. .........0 Beeb roS cs Beimchar ds ACB.) 2.5) dae esaceue Ottawa. meeshy, Reve W...oi5.o is. ses. London. Saunders, Henry S. ............... Toronto. Saunders, WeosMyi cle... sien London. Silcox,)/ Stamey itera. 00001 hee St. Thomas Santchis Wialtwerace scvirs. cs cok London. Stewart, Be abn Se. 3:2... 5. Uttawa. Stewart, Iwieae. Ws London. Stevenson, Dr. W. J. ............ ee Stitaree Ha Wane len ol & « Panton. Jonna sees 2 Ge Thompson: WE Wedel oe Thompson, W. Robin ............ Walker, E. M., M.B. ............ Toronto. Webb, John Ra as 1 one at Westland, Maleolina 0) ox.) 8 London. Simpson, "Miss SAME RDS 2 ce DLibale Massie eae ae aC Whites James uaee ee on Snelgrove. Williams? 702) (Ba teseakon. a ane Toronto. Wood t7:Ac “AON setae mee | ae Coldstream W oolverton, Dr i RECESS London, Yerex, O. Bh, a ee: Re Little Britain. Noung GSCbi ned come ecu ae Hurdman’s Bridge. PROVINCE or QuEBEc. Barwick: Ogee eae. Montreal. Begin, Rev. Abbe P. A. .....Sherbrooke. Bickell, Miss ........ Sah ork ..Quebeo. Bowen, Miss a Brainerd, Dryapat slo. Montreal. Br ainerd, Oy ee en as a Brodie, Mrs Alexie...) 5 Quebec. Burgess: Dr tie Jer, 2. Verdun. Chagnon, Gustave ............ Montreal. Demy Hiss Riese: eae, hte ¥ Dunlop, Gey Gee ts steno: ue PALlott. Winseeee Wee es ee Sherbrooke. Freeman, Miss I. H. ....... Quebec. x'yles, H. POCO HRCHAERE Ane Ser Levis. Wyles,; Mass. Wisse. 0....40 2: ae Fyles, INET Q Geeta me Maton ee) 0 Fe Kyles, Rev. Dr.,, F.U.S. ..:. “ Gegspie, James) ai5.0h:..do, Beauport. Geggie, Miss Lois ............ ae Gibby) bachilamunee, hea cee Montreal. Griffin Ace ee. eo ee aa a Hamel, Miss’ Julia: oes. eoe Levis. Hedge, Miss Louisa ......... Montreal. Huard, Rev. Victor ......... Quebec. Johnstone, Walstan ......... Montreal. Lindsay, Col. Crawford ...... Quebec. Lyman, H H., F.L.S. ......Montreal. MacDonald, Miss Elloe ...... Quebec. MacLeod, Miss E. ............ ae McCuaic, Rév. Wie ees: Levis. Moore: GytAu. Sete eae Montreal Morgan, Mrs. James ......... Quebec. Newnan Cola erent Lachine Locks. INommISW (AV; TEI Spen sn state en Montreal. Ouellet, CHISTES ea mee Poston. Miss wAcs re wo) Levis. Rikon uss teen neta t Montreal Fvetchr abimtligessetaw eae te eo eee Robinsons Leap oupreeeiet esc sce: Outremont. Roy, Rev. Prof. Elias ...... Levis. [ vil. ] ‘ : PRR? jie vill. ’ THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Scott, Rev. F. G., F.R.S.C., Quebec. Seton, Mrs. W. W.......:..00:: Levis. POTS de Ee Cys asg ones Levis. Simmons, Mrs. J. H. ...... iY Sto cite af sro wei Coan 5 Hie he SREY et seonah Outremont. Stevenson, Charles ............ Montreal. WOUEONOG, HA. Lis 4, siie +s kee St. Hyacinthe. Turner, Hon. Richard ...... Quebec. Turner, Mrs. Richard ...... o Wade, Miss Annabel ......... + Wade, Miss Gladys H. ...... & amitvelad = WMT. ois iedes spices zi Wika, 02ND ae ae Montreal. RVI er Re TC 0, 25.1... ae) jouieers Como. Wood, Rev. Edmund ......... Montreal. ALBERTA. PPE ENLOS Soca eas seek sents Que High River. Dod, F. H.W Oley as Se Millarville. Gould, Bree y Ass. teokesshnrctses Red Deer. Gregson, Werte bast. cde estate seats Blackfalds. SEIDEN us Eko onload dusiee s oh'de Banff. ASSINIBOIA. nett OES. ccc scp asee teatecy Regina. British CoLuMBIA. Anderson, Ernest M. .... Victoria. MPRMOM ET dg" No = nin Farley dielt Yate ye Victoria. PEL AU SEL 2 yo) uiiee cao tvs due Vancouver. Cockle, ARSE Uti ea) eee rae Kaslo. Danby, OVE eee ee ee ant Rossland. MET AMEY ele eek vgs o00). 3 hes Vancouver. Findlay, Rev. George H., Fort Steele. Hanham, A.W: %.:.s...6. Victoria. Melange Vind Evewi Vici seelaceine es Vancouver. Jones, W. A. Dashwood New Westminster meant Rev. o.. Heo. ca Metlakatla. Livingston, Clermont ..... Duncan’s Station. Marrion, By o..066.08.-./ Vancouver. Reed, E. Baynes ......... Victoria. Sherman, URS) uae eee Vancouver. canoer,’ by. . WEy .cn2t...-. Dunean’s Station. Taylor, Rey. G.. W..:.-. Wellington. itis io eh << e eae mene « Vancouver. Memanlessik Piet sages Vernon. Wise el) ccs beyuncesapeeee Vancouver. MANITOBA. Boger: A. W..O0%.. sates. Brandon. Criddle, Norman ........... Aweme. Denese. ake 2 ieee. sh Stee Beulah. Heath, EK. Firmstone ... Cartwright. Hubelmson’,» Hy ...:..g027. Kinosota. Marmont; lL. Be. :.5...aa2 Rounthwaite. New Brunswick. Metutioshiy Wins ):3...\Maeeinas ts St. John. Nova Scorta. Mackay, Dr. A. H., F.R.S.C.,Halifax. Wee Ls)... 5-2-tnepeen tegen ‘ Antigonishe. Honorary Mrmpers. Ashmead, Dr. W. H. ... Washington, 1G; Cresson, Eizra T. ... 026.25. Philadelphia, Pa. Edwards, William H. .. Coalburgh, West: : Va. j Howards Dr: Li. 2O. 28. Washington, D.C. Osten Sacken, Baron R., Heidelberg, Germany. STEEL lc dtp" Shel» LD Pe Cambridge, Mass. Smith, Prof. John B. ...New Brunswick, Tale CHAR: ssc Baltimore, Md. Webster, Prof. F. Lirzr Member. Saunders, Dr. Wm., F.L.S., F.R.S.C. (Director of the Experimental Farms of Hew Dominion) ieee. see Ottawa. Washington, DiGs Wickham, Prof. a. ‘f. Towa City, Iowa. Se Oe ey ee ee Soe, . WILLIAM LOCHHEAD, B.A., M.SC. PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, 1902-4. THE LATE JOHN ALSTON MOFFAT. LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, 1890-1904, cee * 14 we'} wet 7 i _ _ stk - Me ° THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society of Ontario 1904. To the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture : Sir,—I have the honour to present herewith the Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, which contains the proceed- ings of the Forty-first Annual Meeting, held at London on the 26th and 27th of October, 1904.. The report includes the papers read and the reports submitted by the various Officers, Sections and Branches of the Society. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly organ of the society, has been regularly issued during the past year and has now completed its thirty-sixth volume, which has fully maintained the high scientific standard of its long series of predecessors. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Cuarues J. S. Betruune, Editor. London, Ontario. OFFICERS FOR 1904-1905. President—J. D. ‘Evans, F.L.S., C.E., Trenton. Vice-President—Dr. James Fletcher, Ottawa. Secretary—W. E. Saunders, London. Treas.rer—J. A. Balkwill, London. Directors: Division No. 1—C. H. Young, Hurdman’s Braue: Division No. 2—C. E. Grant, Orillia. Division No. 3—J. B. Williams, Toronto. Division No. 4—G. E. Fisher, Burlington. Division No. 5—S. B. McCready, Guelph. rere ee eee a ae Directors Ex-officio—(Ex-Presidents of the Society)—Professor.Wm. — Saunders, LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms, — — Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., London; James Fletcher, LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist of the Ex- perimental Farms, Ottawa; W. H. Harrington, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; John Dearness, Normal School, London; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.R.G.S., F.E.S., Montreal; Rev. T. W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., South Quebec; Prof. Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Librarian and Curator—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, London. Auditors—W. H. Hamilton and F. A. Stuart, London. Editor of the “Canadian Entomologist’’—Rev. Dr. Bethune, London. Editing Committee—Dr. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. Lochhead, Guelph; G. E. Fisher, Burlington; J.-B. Williams, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Soctety—J. D. Evans, Trenton. Delegates to the Western Fair—J .A. Balkwill and W. E. Saunders, London. Finance Committee—J. Dearness, J. A. Balkwill and Dr. Bethune. Library and Rooms Committee—Messrs. Balkwill, Bethune, Bowman, | Dearness and Saunders, London. [2] ——e — et a ae a ee a } THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. ANNUAL MEETING. The Forty-first Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, wastheld in London, on Wednesday and Thursday, October 26 and 27, 1904. The chair was taken by Professor Wm. Lochhead, of the Ontario Agricul- tural College, Guelph, President. Among the members present were Dr. James Fletcher and Mr. Arthur Gibson, Central Experimental Farm, Ot- tawa; Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. C. H. Young, Hurdman’s Bridge; Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton; Mr. J. B. Williams, Toronto; Mr. G. E. Fisher, Burlington; Rev. Dr. Bethune, Dr. Woolverton, Profs. Dearness and Bow- man, Principal Merchant, Messrs. Balkwill, Bock, Law, McCready, Saund- ers, Thompson, Westland and others, London; Miss Dunlop, Woodstock. The Society was also favored with the presence of Prof. H. F. Wickham, of the University of Iowa, Honorary Member of the Society; Mr. T. N. Will- ing, Government Inspector of Weeds and Insects in the Northwest Terri- ie Regina; and Prof. Creelman, President of the Ontario Agricultural ollege. During the morning of Wednesday, Oct. 26th, a meeting of the Council was held. The Treasurer’s report was discussed and gratification was ex- pressed at the improvement in the Society’s financial position as a result of the economies put in practice last year. Various matters of business were brought forward and discussed, and after the preparation of its annual re- port the Council adjourned. In the afternoon the Society met at 2.380 o’clock. Prof. Lochhead, the President, on taking the chair, congratulated the Society on the large and comfortable room in the London Public Library building, in which they were assembled, and into which their library and collections had recently been removed. The improved quarters and greater accessibility would, he felt sure, increase very much the popularity of the Society and add to its usefulness. He then paid a tribute to the memory of the late Mr. John Alston Moffat, the curator and librarian for many years, who died at the end of February last. ‘‘We all,’’ he said, ‘‘missed his kindly face and gen- tle courtesy. He did much good work for the Society and in entomology, but at the ripe age of nearly eighty years, we could not have expected a longer maintenance of the industry and activity that characterized his earlier days.’’ The Society was fortunate in having Dr. Bethune to fill the vacant place. The reports of the Directors on the insects of the season in their re- spective Divisions were then called for by the Chairman. REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. Drviston No. 1—Orrawa District. By C. H. Youne, Hurpman’s Brince. I am glad to be able to report that there haye been no serious outbreaks of any injurious insects during the season of 1904, in the Ottawa district. The whole season has been a remarkable one for the absence of insects of all kinds. In the eight years, during which I have resided near Ottawa and collected insects, I have never in any season seen so few. This no doubt was due in a large measure to the unfavorable weather which prevailed, the nights par- [3] , 9 lear OR ES ee pean.” can 4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 ticularly being cold and disappointing. The only time during which any success at all was to be obtained from collecting was from about the middle of May till about the middle of June. Of injurious insects, the most serious outbreak was that of two kinds of cutworms, viz., the Red-back Cut Worm (Paragrotis ochrogaster) and the Dark-sided Cutworm (Paragrotis messoria). The former of these was the most abundant, and did considerable damage. Those who tried the poison bran-mash had remarkable success. This is a splendid remedy, being’ made by simply moistening some bran with sweetened water and adding Paris green in the proportion of half a pound of Paris green to 50 lbs. of bran. The mixture may then be scattered among the plants to be protected, and strange to say the cutworms will feed upon it in preference to the growing plants. The Colorado Potato Beetle was very plentiful, but was easily kept under control where the plants had been sprayed with Paris green and water. Root Maggots were destructive throughout the district. The Onion Maggot did the most harm and some of my neighbors lost all their plants before the pest was detected. It is to be regretted that there is no good practical rem- edy for these troublesome insects. For the Onion Maggot mixtures con- taining some form of carbolic acid have given good results in the hands of some. These have to be applied just as soon as the young plants appear above the ground, and further treatments made at intervals of a week or ten days. The Turnip Aphis was rather prevalent in some fields, but I do not think it did much damage, as it was accompanied by numerous parasites. The Eye-spotted Bud-Moth was abundant in one orchard, being observed particularly on a crab apple tree. The nests of the Fall Web-worm have been rather noticeable, particular- ly on shade trees. There is no reason why these unsightly nests should be » allowed to remain on the trees. If the twigs bearing the nests are cut from the trees and burned, all the caterpillars which are inside these tents will be destroyed. In my last report IT omitted to mention a slight infestation of a small bristly caterpillar, which I found at Meeck’s Lake, Que., attacking cab- bages. Dr. Fletcher has just told me of a similar, but more important out- break of the same species (Hvergestis straminalis) in the Maritime Provinces. An account of this latter and notes on this new pest of cabbages and turnips will be found in the Report of the Entomologist and Botanist to the Do- minion Experimental Farms for 1904. This insect, which has been given the name of the Purple-banded Cabbage Worm, did not do very serious dam- age to the cabbage plants at Meeck’s Lake in 1903, only two or three speci- mens being noticed on each plant. During the year IT have continued to collect the lepidoptera of the Ot- tawa districts. but outside of a collection of over 700 specimens of micro- lepidoptera which I made, I did not take very many interesting butterflies or moths. Over fifty specimens of my collection of micros have been very kindly named for me by Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N.J., who I am pleased to state found some very interesting species, and one or two which may be undescribed. Drviston No. 2—Mripianp District. By C. EF. Grant, Orit. Very few insect pests have come under my observation or have been re- ported to me this year very scarce. Whether the cold weather last winter or the cool summer are responsible for the scarcity IT do not know, but when you have to hunt for a in fact like the previous two years most insects were — oe WR cae Ue a RN le i 30 ial ia a - ny ry}! : j , 1904 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, b ss ies — specimen of A, plewippus, C, philodice ov P, rape and other common butter- flies there must be indeed some great drawback to their propagation, T made some very good catches, however, of insects not before taken here but un- fortunately I have not had time to work out their identification, The fol- lowing noxious insects were reported to me or observed, Phorbia ceparum, the Onion Mageot—this insect was again reported as , RB very destructive, IT recommend carbolic acid to be applied according to Dr. Fletcher’s formula. a > —— Anthrenus scrophularia—the Buffalo beetle—T had numerous complaints from the ladies of Orillia of the havoc caused by these beetles, They seemed to be extremely common this year but I could not suggest a remedy, Pulvinaria innumerabilis—the Cottony Maple Scake—this insect was very plentiful on the maple trees of Orillia and must have caused some dame age to the trees but will likely not appear next year as it is about six years since I noticed it as plentiful before. Doryphora decemlineata (Potato beetle) and Carpocapsa pomonella— the Codling moth—were about as plentiful as usual though the apples were not nearly as good a crop as last year. Haltica chalybea (the Grape-vine Vlea-beetle), This insect was very numerous and attracted the attention of most vine growers in the vieinity, Cut Worms and the grubs of June beetles (Lachnosterna fusca) were very plentiful, Malocoscoma Americana and disstria—(Vent caterpillars)—were quite scarce and have been now for three years, * } Nematus ribesvi. VW is a remarkable fact that this currant worm ap- _ pears to have left us. During the last two years currant bushes left without protection from hellebore or Paris green have not had a leaf eaten, whereas in former years they would not have had a leaf remaining, Criaceris asparagt and 12-punctata. 1 have kept a sharp lookout for these beetles amongst the neighboring ,asparagus beds, but the destroyers have evidently not reached this northern country as yet, Division No, 3—Toronrvo Disrricr, By J, B. Wririams. As an inhabitant of a large city, J have not many opportunities of hear- ing about the pests that are troubling the farmers and fruit-growers; and cannot, therefore, say very much about them, 4 In Toronto itself the Tussock Moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma) has done a great deal of damage this year to the shade trees of the city. Mr, ‘ Chambers, the Park Commissioner, tells me that they were about fifty per cent, more numerous than Jast year, and they most affect parts of the city where chestnut trees are abundant, He has tried, this year, a plan of en- circling the trees with a ring of sheet-brass, frayed out on the lower edge, This has been fairly successful in preventing caterpillars from ascending the trees. As soon as the leaves have fallen he intends to have the egg-masses col- lected from the trees in the streets and public parks and burned, as the City Council made a grant this year for that purpose; but in order that the pest may be got under control it is most necessary for private owners to co-oper- ate in this work, and clear the egg-masses off their own trees; otherwise it is almost waste of time to clear adjoining shade trees, for they are soon occupied again by caterpillars from private grounds and gardens, C. - . Aer e wee aN se een wt tt On hed es i = et ed Wy > th Re ea ee ht | * 6 THE. REPORT OF THE ; No. 19 i There has been a remarkable abundance of Walking-stick insects (Dia-. pheromera femorata) Fig. 1, in Niagara Glen this year; they have also been more plentiful than usual around Toronto. Some of us were at the Glen on the 18th of August, and took a few specimens, nearly all of which were _males, but did not notice, then, anything remarkable in their number. Dr. Brodie was,over again on September 18, with some friends, and reported them as very numerous; many specimens having fallen on them from the trees, as they walked through the woods; so I went over on September 23 to get a few more specimens. I could have got hundreds, if I had wanted them. They are not generally very plentiful around Toronto; one may sometimes get about a dozen, in an afternoon by specially looking for them; but often one may not see that number in a whole season. Fig. 1. Walking-stick insect. I have read accounts of their being very numerous in parts of Pennsyl- | vania; but I never expected to see such hosts of them in Canada as I did on © the afternoon of September 23. Ina part of the north end of the Glen, where — they were most numerous, many of the bushes were quite stript of their foli- age, only the thick veins of the leaves being left, and some large trees also — were quite bare. ; On one tree, whose top still retained a little foliage, there was a line of them almost covering one side of the trunk and reaching from the ground © as far as the eye could see. Some were constantly running across the paths © so that it was difficult to avoid treading upon them; and a continual drop- ping could be heard as they fell from the trees and bushes. I took some 3 large ones, that were at least half an inch longer than the average Toronto y 1904 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~T + specimens. These were on the outskirts of the crowded parts, as the supply of food was more plentiful than in the congested district, where it seemed to be almost exhausted, and the specimens were small. (Specimens from Nia- gara and Toronto were exhibited, showing the different sizes.) I was near Jackson’s Point on Lake Simcoe the beginning of September, and found the Potato-beetles rather numerous. They suddenly increased about the 5th of September, and were very plentiful along the roads for a pay or two. I heard that some potato crops had suffered a good deal from them. : Butterflies have not been generally plentiful this year. The Monarch (Anosta plexippus) is the only one that I have seen a really good number of at one time. On August the 24th, they were very thick at the north end of High Park. You could hardly stand anywhere in an area of several acres without seeing seven or eight of them almost within striking distance. The first of this species seen during the present year was on May 10th, and the last on October 18th, both on Yonge street, in the centre of the city. Where had the first come from, and where was the last going to? I heard from a friend, living just north of Toronto, that ants had been very troublesome in his garden this summer, and he thought they injured his potato plants; but I did not have an opportunity to secure any specimens, and so do not know what kind of ants these were. In the discussion that followed the reading of this report, Dr. Fletcher, Mr. Balkwill, Dr. Bethune and Mr. Fisher, all stated that they had never seen any injury done to foliage by ants. The damage was probably done by some species of aphis, and the ants were attracted by them to the plants. Division No. 4—Hamitton District. By Grorce E. Fisuer, Bur Lineron. In submitting my report of insect conditions during the past year, per- mit me to explain that the business in which I am engaged is so exacting of my time there was little opportunity for investigation, which is to be re- gretted, as the advantage to growers of directing the attention of this im- portant meeting to conditions that really exist cannot be overestimated. The Entomological Society’s year just closing was not in my district suitable for insect advancement. The sudden plunge from almost tropical to Arctic weather which occurred. in October last, unexpected even by the in- sects, was a terrible shock and put most of them out of business. This fol- lowed by a winter of unprecedented frigidity and a cold wet summer that came late, cut them off in large proportion and seriously hampered develop- ment. Unfortunately this abnormal weather which so seriously inconveni- enced insects was equally trying to fruit crops, trees and plants. Apples and plums were not plentiful in some,.sections and where this occurred there seemed to be a curculio or codling worm for every specimen that formed. A great many plum trees had died. Peach trees have fared better. There will be a rattling among the dry plum trees when spring comes; and as the supply of plums has been greatly in excess of the demand of late many dead and dying orchards will not be replaced. The roots of fruit trees are more tender than the tops and I would emphasize the importance of a cover crop for root protection in Winter. Orchards may be cultivated with much advantage down to July 15th; but after that date it is equally advantageous to give the weeds full possession or in the absence of weeds to sow something. Some of the insects that have occasioned trouble from time to time in this section were hardly to be found, particularly Canker Worm, Pear Psylla, Cherry Maggot, Stink Bug and Pea Weevil, while others unusually bad were v ais &. “ee "te ae * 55° 8 THE REPORT OF THE | SR tc the Potato Bettle, Asparagus Beetle, Plum Lecanium, Curculio, Codling Moth and San Jose Scale. . There are some fine examples of successfully combatting Plum Lecanium and Oyster Shell Bark-louse with lime and sulphur. In several instances no live insects have been observed since the treatment was given in the spring. For some reason the Pea-Beetle did not appear and farmers count on growing peas more extensively next year. For a long time it has been my contention, that a severe winter will destroy the Pea-Beetle and our present experience seems to bear out this idea, The San Jose Scale was on deck as usual when summer came; not how- ever without suffering a heavier loss than from any previous winter in Can- ada. Owing to the cold spring the larve did not apear till July, about two weeks after the usual time, and the multiplication during the season was not nearly so great as in ordinary years, but was sufficient to greatly increase the degree of infestation beyond what it was a year ago. The area of in- fested sections is increasing, as the scale (besides increasing the density) reaches out continually and extends the limit. Several new infested points were discovered. One new outbreak not very far from home I have had un- der observation during the summer. Where the scale was plentiful and ihe vigour of the trees reduced, the effect of the winter was very marked. Many such orchards have already died and others cannot long survive. The peach orchards are so reduced by scale and frost that there will be no glutted mar- kets until other orchards are produced. Realizing this, the more intelligent growers treated their orchards last spring. A greatly increased quantity of spraying material was used which was again supplied by the Government at half cost as follows :—8,631 gallons of crude petroleum, 772 112 lb. sacks of sulphur and 40 bbls. of McBain’s crude carbolic acid mixture which cost $17.50 per barrel. This latter was used regardless of the price (which is prohibitive) with results somewhat bet- ter than last year, but not very satisfactory. The crude petroleum was used mostly in the township of Niagara and my information is that its use will not be continued as most of the growers now recognize the superiority of lime and sulphur which has come to the front very much during this season. In my judgment there is no spray remedy for scale equal to it and its effect as a fungicide is such that fungus did not appear in considerable quantity where it was used on trees, bushes or vines; and on orchards which had been treated regularly there was apparently no fungus at all. In the spring of 1902 an orchard comprising 160 apple, pear, plum, peach and cherry trees some- what infested with scale was sprayed with 20 bbls. of a heavy mixture of lime and sulphur thoroughly cooked. The trees were whitened in every part and attracted much attention. Although there has been no subsequent treat- ment there is aparently no live scale remaining and this is not the only in- stance of perfect work in killing the scale with a single operation. Letters from New Jersey complain of the inefficiency of lime and sul- phur and speak of returning to crude petroleum. These letters also explain their methods of preparation and what better results need they expect? In many cases they depended upon the slaking lime to reduce the sulphur, using both in small proportion and making a weak mixture. When they cooked it, the boiling was continued only from thirty minutes to an hour which is insufficient. For best results (and these alone are satisfactory) the wash should contain } Ib. of sulphur to the gallon and enough of lime to thoroughly reduce it, sav 4 1b. to 1 Ib. of lime to the gallon and the cooking be continued two full hours. At the end of the first hour it will be changing color. In a little longer time the color will be a good amber and tinged with RA ¥ ;* q “< “1904 3 _. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9, red, A little later this amber will have become much darker and have a green shade. When this condition is reached the pumps do not clog; the work of applying it is not so objectionable and if the trees be well covered a good result is guaranteed. As far as we have gone I have discussed this question entirely from the standpoint of a fruit-grower which in your ‘judgment may seem out of place at this meeting. This is the only means I now have of reaching the people and my desire to encourage and assist them must be my apology. Division No. 5—Lonpon District. By R. W. Rennie. No case of serious injury by insects has been reported to me this season. Of course, we have had all our old enemies with us, but not in larger num- bers than usual, excepting probably the Tent caterpillars (Cliseocampa Am- ericana) which appeared in large numbers early in the season, but which seemed iv confine themselves mostly to the wild cherry, orchards being comparatively free from them. One pest, which is ordinarily called ‘‘Red Spider’ * and is quite com- mon in gardens of sandy soil, which also is not very particular as to its food plants, has selected a new one this year, at least it is the first time I have observed them on this plant, namely, the tomato. About the first of August I noticed one of my tomato plants looking un- healthy, and upon investigation found it had been attacked by these mites: some days afterwards, while walking in the country, I noticed some tomato plants which appeared to be suffering from the same cause, and upon examin- ation such proved to be the case. Several other places were also noticed dur- ing the season. In my own garden the plants attacked did not set any fruit above the second cluster of buds, the leaves curled in tightly, very much like the leaves of the shrub-snowball, when attacked by Aphis, making it almost impossible to apply any remedy. If the pest should take generally to the tomato, it will mean serious loss to private and market gardeners, as it will be very difficult to apply any remedy in the fields owing to the leaves curling so tightly and the mites be- _ ing on the inside. DISCUSSION OF THE DIRECTORS’ REPORTS. In the discussion which followed upon the reading of the Directors’ re- ports, the first subject taken up was that of the remedies employed for the San Jose Scale. Dr. FLETCHER stated that he had used the lime and sulphur wash after slaking only, without boiling, on Snowballs (Viburnum) for Aphis with good results, but had not tried it “for the San Jose Scale. Mr. Fisuer said that one great cause of failure with this wash was that the boiling was not continued long enough; the mixture was not fit to use till the green shade appeared. This he had learnt as the result of repeated ex- periments. In California the boiling process was continued for three hours, but he had obtained the same results in two hours. The most effective mix- ture was made with the proportions of half a pound of sulphur to one pound sl see, Se’ ee! 10 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 19 of lime; he intended, however, to use a mixture of equal weights of each. He did not consider it necessary that the wash should remain for any length of time on the trees as he found that the insects were killed by :t immediately. Pror. Locuueap thought that the continuance of the wash on the trees was important as a protection against fungous diseases, even if not neces- sary for the destruction of the scale. He was of opinion that making the mixture by slaking instead of boiling might do for the Aphis, but was not effective for the scale. Dr. FLercHEerR was anxious that the question should be thoroughly test- ed, as, if slaking will do, a hundred people will make the wash by this easier process to one who will take the trouble to boil it for two hours. - Mr. Fisuer then referred to the Pear-tree Psylla. In February his man used lime slaked and applied without any sulphur; he put it on thick, as much as he could get to stick. The result was that the trees were per- fectly cleared of the insect and of fungus, though the orchard had been con- ‘ demned. Mr. Macoun and he had experimented on a small orchard near Niagara which they treated with plain white-wash. Some trees they covered once, some twice and some three times. In the spring more scale was touna un- der the white-wash than on the untreated trees! It seemed that the insect was actually protected against the severity of the winter by the white-wash. This year at Burlington the Psylla was absent, though they had always had it for many years previously. No less than 400 dwarf Duchess pear trees were killed by it only a few years ago. At that time, unfortunately, he did not know that it could be controlled by kerosene emulsion, or the lime and sulphur wash. The latter should be applied between the middle of March and the middle of April. If applied in December the lime and sul- phur wash injures the tree because the wood is not sufficiently matured and late in the spring it injures the buds. Mr. Batkwitt stated, in reference to the Pea-weevil, that it was very bad this year in some places about London, while some farms were quite free from it. Mr. Evans said that it had entirely disappeared about Trenton; he thought that the exceptionally cold winter had killed the beetle. Dr. FLETCHER urged that now is the time to fight this insect while its numbers were reduced and it was comparatively weak; everyone should fumigate his peas and make a complete destruction of the weevil. Mr. Fisuer, in reply to an enquiry, said that the New York Plum Scale had increased from neglect in many places; the severe winter had not affect- ed it. The Oyster-shell Bark-louse was entirely killed by the lime and sul- phur wash. Lime used alone has only a mechanical effect by causing the insect to fall off with it, but does not itself kill the louse. He wanted to know whether there was any practicable remedy for Wire- worms. Acres of melons had been destroyed by them in his district. Dr. FLetcHER advised double plowing—in early August and in Septem- ber; Mr. Fisher replied that this would not be practicable in the case of tomatoes, but both Dr. Fletcher and Prof. Lochhead said that Wire-worms did not attack tomatoes, but were often very destructive in wheat fields and to other crops. In the case of melons Dr. Fletcher advised trapping the parent-beetles by means of poisoned potatoes; these should be raw, sliced and dipped in Paris green and water, and then scattered about the infested places. | This would be of use as a protection for the future, but there was no known remedy that was practicable for the Wire-worms themselves nor for white grubs, the larve of June beetles, which are also root-feeders. ens ee 4 ae ce “ag é . a) ae 3 1904 — ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 Mr. Fisuer said that it had been recommended to plough rye under “where melons were to be planted on the supposition that the Wire-worm meu find enough food in the rye and would leave the roots of the melons alone. Dr. FLercuer replied that the theory was incorrect, us rye was dis- tasteful to these worms and kept them away. If wheat or oats were plough- ed under instead they would be attracted. A cause of the trouble in the case of melons was that the large quantity of manure employed served as a great attraction to the Wire-worms. ‘The reason for the ploughing that he recom- mended was that the insect became mature in the second autumn after the eggs were laid; ploughing in August destroys them in the pupa state, and the repetition in September disturbs the beetles in the ground and by bring- ing them to the surface ensures the death of a large proportion. Mr. Evans said that he had known acres of tomatoes to be destroyed by Wire-worms. Mr. Fisuer stated that he had observed the same thing. He had also found that if tomatoes were sown early and well-grown in hot-beds before planting out, they were then large, over-grown and tender; if the weather should be unfavorable, the lower leaves became blighted. Much the same thing happened with potatoes which had grown rapidly. This year in his neighborhood the Colorado beetle had in many cases left the potato plants and attacked the tomatoes, causing much destruction; it had also been very bad on egg-plant. Dr. FLETCHER said that the Colorado beetle was worst of all on egg- plant, very bad on potatoes and least injurious to tomatoes. ay es ey i a \, Fig. 2. Squash Bug. Mr. Fisuer next referred to the Squash-bug (Fig. 2), commonly called the ‘‘Stink-bug’’ and sometimes “‘the Bishop-bug’”’ (Anasa tristis). Though it had been abundant and very injurious for a long time, this year he had seen none. Last year it took three days to get 20 tons of pumpkins for his canning factory; this year 30 tons were procured in two hours—thanks large- ly to the absence of this bug. As a general rule it was difficult to grow pumpkins, owing to the destruction of the foliage by the Squash-bug. The striped Cucumber beetle was, however, as abundant and injurious as ever; he had been informed that it might be got rid of by watering with a solu- tion of one pound of saltpetre in ten gallons of water. Dr. FLETCHER stated that in all his experience he had never known in- sects of all sorts so scarce as they were this year, and this was the case from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Other members from different parts of the country corroborated the statement. 12 . THE REPORT OF THE No. “19° a REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its Annual Report for the year 1903-1904. The fortieth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in Ottawa, on the 3rd, 4th and 5th of September, 1903. The day meetings were held in the commodious and comfortable rooms of the Ottawa Board of Trade which were kindly put at the disposal of the Society and for the evening meetings the large Assembly Hall of the Normal School was secured. ; The meetings throughout were fairly well attended both by members of the Society and by citizens of Ottawa. Several members of the Montreal and. Toronto Branches were present and added greatly to the interest of the meetings. The reports of the various Directors of Divisions showed that good work had been done in different parts of the Province in observing injurious in- sects and distributing information concerning remedial treatment. Most of these reports were illustrated by specimens. The full report of the pro- ceedings and the discussions at the sessions has already been published and distributed to the members of the. Society. This was the Thirty-fourth An- nual Report on practical and general entomology and was presented to the Honorable the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario in December last and was printed and distributed in March. It contains 116 pages and is illustrated with 59 wood cuts and 5 plates; one of the Rev. G. W. Taylor, an active member of the Society for many _years who has done excellent work in fostering the study of practical and systematic entomology in British Columbia and was at one time the honorary Provincial Entomologist. Four plates show the results of remedial treat- ment for the San Jose Scale carried on under Prof. Lochhead, the President. Besides the account of the annual meeting, the reports of Divisions and Branches, the sections and officers at London, and the President’s Annual Ad- dress on “‘The Progress of Economic Entomology in Ontario,’’ the volume contains papers on the injurious insects of the year by Prof. Lochhead, Dr. Fletcher, Messrs. C. Stevenson, A. H. Kilman and T, D. Jarvis; ‘‘The pre- sent condition of the San Jose Scale in Ontario,’’ and ‘‘A key to the insects affecting the small fruits,’’ by Prof. Lochhead; ‘“‘The Entomological Record for 1903,’ a most useful and important contribution by Dr. Fletcher; “‘A menace to the Shade-Trees of London,’’ and ‘‘The Great Leopard Moth,’’ by Dr. Bethune; “A card system for notes on Insects,’’ by A. F. Winn; “The Syrphide of the Province of Quebec,’’ by G. Chagnon; ‘‘An interesting enemy of the Iris,’? and ‘‘Basswood, or Linden, Insects,’ by A. Gibson; “The food-habits of Hymenopterous Insects,’’ by Dr. Fyles; ‘‘Collecting at Light in Manitoba,’ by A. J. Dennis; ‘‘Fly-tormentors in New Ontario, by T. D. Jarvis; “Hunting for Fossil Insects,’’ by Dr. S. H. Scudder; “‘Re- collections of the past,’’ by the late J. A. Moffat. There were also full re- ports of Dr. L. O. Howard’s addresses on ‘‘The Transmission of Yellow Fever by Mosquitoes,’ and the work being carried on by the Washington Division of Entomology against the Cotton Boll Weevil. The volume closes with a biographical sketch of the Rev. G. W. Taylor and an obituary notice of the late Prof. A. R. Grote, one of the honorary members of the Society. The Society regrets very much that the distribution of this Annual Re- port was so greatly curtailed owing to the destruction in the great Toronto fire of April 19th, of no less than 5,000 conies, together with all the plates and engravings used in its illustration. These copies were to have been bound 4 1 J ‘ w § : P i” 1904. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 13 up with the report of the Ontario Fruit-Growers’ Association and given to its members and to those of the Provincial Horticultural Societies. The Canadian Entomologist has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. The 35th volume was completed last December, and con- tains 352 pages illustrated with six full-page plates and fifteen original figures in the text. The contributors number sixty-one, a larger number than usual, and represent Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Ger- many, Luxemburg and Cuba. During the greater part of the year meetings for the study of Entomo- logy have been held on Saturday evenings, alternately with those of the Botanical and Microscopical Sections. Several very interesting and enjoy- able excursions were made to places in the neighborhood of London by the entomologists and botanists and their friends. The Council regrets very much that owing to the removal of several of its most active members the Ornithological Section has not held any meetings during the past year, and the Geological Section has not been revived, though Dr. Woolverton con- tinues to give lectures on Geology to the students of the Western University. It is a matter of much gratification that the Council have been able to lease the large and convenient room in the Public Library on Queen’s Avenue, in which the annual meeting is now being held. The room in the Y. M. C. A. building occupied by the Society for the last eight years, was very in- conveniently situated and had become too small for the steadily increasing lib- rary and collections. The removal was carefully and safely effected under the direction of Messrs. Bethune and Balkwill, and to them the thanks of the members are due for the labour they bestowed upon it and the excellent order in which the property of the Society is now to be found. The Council desire to place on record their profound regret at the loss they have sustained through the death of Mr. John Alston Moffat, which took place on the 26th of February last after a prolonged illness. For fourteen years Mr. Moffat discharged the duties of Librarian and Curator of the So- ciety with the greatest devotion and care. He was always ready to do everything in his power to further the objects of the society and to assist the members in their investigations and studies. His kindness and unfailing courtesy endeared him to all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. He contributed many valuable papers to our magazine “‘The Canadian Entomo- logist,’’ and to our annual reports to the Legislature of Ontario; his scientific attainments thus became widely known and his work in some sections of the Lepidoptera was much appreciated. / All which is respectfully submitted. Wma. LocyuHEAD, President. REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. Minutes of the 258th regular and 31st Annual Meeting held on the 9th of * May, 1904, at the Natural History Rooms, University Street, Montreal. Minutes of the last recular meeting were read and confirmed, and the minutes of the previous annual meeting taken as read, and confirmed. The following members were present : — Messrs. Charles Stevenson, A. F. Winn, A. E. Norris, L. Gibb, A. Griffin, G. R. Southee, Geo. A. Moore, and Master K. R. Stevenson and Alfred Holden, visitors. The President reported that Mr. Gibb’s case had been filled and sent to St. John’s School. i a ee + ol Te) AD a ee Pe, Oe Cee ‘ 3 \ oak, apt ae oe 14 THE REPORT OF THE No 19 >: The Librarian reported that the new unit to bookcase had been ordered but had not yet been received. The President, Mr. Charles Stevenson, read the following report on be- half of the Council : — The Thirty-first Annual Report of the Council of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Your Council have pleasure in presenting the following report for the Session 1903-1904. Nine regular meetings were held with an average attendance of eight, at _one of which we had the pleasure of the attendance of Dr. James Fletcher. The following papers were read, the greatest number since the founda-_ tion of the Branch. { 1. Annual Address of the President........................ Charles Stevenson. 2. Method of coloring photographic lantern slides of Pitneriiies: .)(MlustEated) 4, .\aken eee. Ss A. E. Norris. 3. The Lepidoptera of Kirby’s insects of the Fauna Dereali-Awmerweanal 22. 4).0502 See as Gora H. H. Lyman. 4, Report on the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Baciety of Ontario, LO0R ieee meee asec. as Charles Stevenson. 5. Notes on the Season, 1903. Western Quebec ......... Charles Stevenson. 6. Notes on the Season, 1908 ......... ee Ree eas s+: Geo. A. Moore. 7. Ten minutes collecting late in October............... Charles Stevenson. a alate. captureor a Cérambycid'.... eaeuascree sss. s. Charles Stevenson. 9. To preserve the natural colors of Dragonflies ......... Charles Stevenson. 10. My first attempt to rear Caterpillars ............ .... Edward Denny. 11. Notes on Cerambycide with special reference to the PTLOMIG GS... ia seing 4p oem eae Rte o es G. Chagnon. 12. Notes on Ennomos magnarius, Guenee ............... A. F. Wion. 18. On occurrence of larve of Feniseca Tarquinius in IGG WETNGT yi 5-0 53 Soca rcemed le Ba 2 AE aMERR eens obs A./F. Winn. 14. Miscellaneous Entomological Notes ...... ...... ...... H. H. Lyman. pe we ollocting WN otes tor 1905: 5. .2. 05. Gees pee anen cela «ro H. H. Lyman. 16. Notes on Hepialus mustelinus, Pack .................. A. F. Winn. 17. Collecting at light during the Season of 1908 ..... A. E. Norris. Ree POTIVAIGNGAS cost gt ta’ aisyey Cains se odin am be ehtae auamiataa aes o's 5 « Geo. A. Moore. Po Monitoal Gort yas i... 4... ss on. eben ceeneeenaaea sete =< H. H. Lyman. 20. An Address on various insects .............scscceteeneses Dr. Jas. Fletcher. BANINA eink AT ROLC OD ck 69 oo aid sig cate cies ale) uma Aion ower os Geo. A. Moore. ee FINO OMGG INDO. 6c delased olatscie tre xy, sbtemneiee MM MRM pN a) Exava += Geo. A. Moore. 23. Remarks on Dr. Fletcher’s New Species and Varie- ties cf Canadian Butverflies ..... 2.0 ....4.06- oe A. F. Winn. 24. Attempts to rear Cerambycid@ ......... ..ssseeee ceseee G. Chagnon. 25. Capsids or Leaf Bugs ...:2......c0ceses sececewenes cones Geo. A. Moore. mee Phecla acta Lid wie sis csuts te bs Wee eeaeeban eam tuuaes sheet o- A. F. winn. 27. Cyanide Bottle for Micro-Lepidoptera ............+.+++ Charles Stevenson. Two field days were held, one at St. Hilaire, 24th May, and the other at Rigaud, July Ist. Two cases of insects have been presented to schools with the hope of arousing an interest in insect study among the pupils, one to the McGill Nor- mal School, and the other to the St. John the Evangelist School. 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 “Five of the members attended the annual meeting of the Entomological ‘Society of Ontario which was held in Ottawa and four papers from our Branch were read. k Our membership remains the same numerically. Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council, ‘(Signed.) Cuaries STEVENSON, President. 9th May, 1904. The Treasurer’s account showed a balance on hand of $58.10. The Librarian submitted the following report :— Our bookcase is full. One unit as authorized by the Society has been ordered, but has not yet arrived. The library contains many useful books, including “The Canadian Entomologist,’? Vol. I to X, bound and unbound. The following were added this year :— 1 Bulletin No. 59, 1902, H. H. Lyman. 1 Bulletin No. 64, 1902, H. H. Lyman. Paper on Pluside, Dr. Ottolengui. | | 7 Annual Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1895-1904. 1 Paper Book ‘‘Insects affecting forest trees, 1903.’’ A quantity of paper for copies of members’ papers from A. F. Winn. - 1 Bulletin No. 68, N. Y. State Museum by purchase. Proceedings of the South London Ent. & Nat. His. Soc., 1902, L. Gibb. Check list of Coleoptera, G. R. Crotch, M.A., 1874. Label list of insects, Dom. of Can., 1883, A. F. Winn. Bibliography of Canadian Entomology, 1902, Dr. Bethune. The following were donated by Charles Stevenson :— Monthly Bulletins, Pennsylvania, No. 4-9-10-11-12, Vol. 1, 1904. 6 copies of papers read during 1903. The President’s (Charles Stevenson) Annual Address. Report of Annual Meeting at Ottawa, 1903. Report of case of insects donated by our Society and arranged by Charles Stevenson. 29 parts of “‘Canadian Entomologist,’ containing incomplete volumes 17-18-19-22, by A. F. Winn. 45 Pamphlets and ‘‘Psyche’’ (11 vols.) from J. G. Jack. (Signed.) A. E. Norris, Librarian. The Curator read the following report :— The cabinet is complete as far as the drawers are concerned and I am now ready for generous donations from the members. It should be our pride to have a good local collection of all orders if possible. The following members have contributed since the last Annual Meeting :— Mr. Lachlan Gibb, 10 Butterflies and 34 Moths. — H. H. Lyman, 5 Mélitza and 3 Phyciodes Butterflies. “These 8 butter- fijes are not likely to be taken here.”’ : A. F. Winn, 3 Ichneumons. G. Chagnon, 80 Diptera. D. Brainerd, 44 Moths. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) A. E. Norris, Curator. ony é ¥ Nea thts \ ae aes pas oN 16 _- "| THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 The President, Mr. Charles Stevenson, read his Annual Address. Mr. Gibb moved and Mr. Griffin seconded that these reports be accepted. Carried. The following officers were elected for 1904-1905 : Predenbe oo ie: OC AE A.B. Norris. - Vice-President ... 0 ..c00. 0 ccccee A. F. Winn. Librarian and Curator ......... D. Brainerd. Secretary-Treasurer ... ... ..: ‘Geo. A. Moore. H. H. Lyman. WORRCU. i aS ORNS eee Charles Stevenson. L. Gibb. Mr. A. F. Winn gave a talk on the Lycenide. A. E. Norris ‘“‘Hydrecia’’ illustrated by lantern views and other slides of butterflies and moths. Geo. A. Moore on the Leaf-Hoppers, Family Jasside. Mr. Stevenson exhibited a specimen of Aphodius erraticus caught, June Ist, 1904, by K. R. Stevenson under stones at Maplewood, near Outremont. This is the first record of its capture in Canada. It was reported by Horn in. the United States, and is an introduced species from Europe. After the examination of specimens the meeting adjourned. Gro. A. Moore, Sec.-Treas. REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH. The annual meeting of the Quebec Branch was held on the 19th Nov- ember, 1904, at the house of the President, extensive repairs being carried on in Morrin College. There were present: Rev. Dr. Fyles in the chair, Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay, secretary-treasurer, Rev. W. W. McQuaig, J. H. Simmons, Esq., Mr. Halton Fyles, Mrs. R. Turner, Mrs. Fyles, Mrs. McQuaig, Mrs. Sim- mons, Mrs. Seton, Mrs. Boulton, Miss Hamel, Miss Freeman, Miss Mac- Leod, Miss Hedge, Miss Bickell, Miss Johnson and Miss Winifred Fyles. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The secretary stated that eight meetings had been held during the year, besides two field-days. Lectures had been delivered on the following sub- jects:—By the President: Pitcher Plant Insects—Insect Pests of the Oak —The Willows of Canada and the Insects that feed on them—Garden Pests and how to deal with them; by the Rev. W. W. McQuaig: Edible and Poisonous Fungi (two lectures); by Miss MacLeod: On Light and Colour. The President then gave his annual address as follows: I am glad to welcome so many of our members and friends to my house. Morrin College is undergoing extensive repairs, and will be in the hands of the workmen for some time to come. A few days ago I had our cabinet removed to a safe place in the laboratory of the college. JI hope, when the repairs are completed, the college authorities will allow us,’ as in the past, to hold our meetings in that institution. 1904 * ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 A few interesting things—entomologically speaking—have come under my notice in the past season : — Vespa DIABOLica. In the 34th report of the parent Society, page 11, will be found a notice of a colony of this species which had their nest under the cap of a newel-post of a flight of steps to the verandah of the residence of J. H. Simmons, Esq. Attention was first drawn to this colony by a servant maid, who, while sweeping the steps, knocked her broom upon the post and — brought upon herself an attack from the wasps. With a swollen and in- flamed face, she rushed to her mistress, exclaiming : “Ah, Madame, les petites bétes jaunes sont venues me piquez;’’? (Ah, Ma’am, the little yellow flies have stung me). Through the kindness of Mr. Simmons, I am now able to lay the nest of the wasps before you. It contains, you perceive, one tier of cells only, and this was closely attached to the under side of the cap. The number of cells is seven hundred. Between the cap and the top of the post ‘itself was a small space as there was between the side casing and the post. The insects worked in the confined space under the cap and carried on their oper- ations in darkness. They found entrance and exit through a small hole in a joint of the casing. The means taken by the wasps to prevent intrusion by predacious insects is remarkable. They suspended a series of paper curtains, some fifteen in number, which closed up the space between the post and the inner sides of the casing, so that an intruding insect, groping in the dark, would find itself entangled in a veritable’ labyrinth. If it happened to strike the well guarded way of the wasps, it would doubtless meet with a warm reception. Fig. 3. Larva of Wasp: dorsal view, Fig. 4. Parasite of Cimbex Americana, showing greatly enlarged. under side, much enlarged. It may be wondered how the larva of a wasp (Fig. 3), hanging in an open-mouthed cell, with its head downward, can retain its position. Last summer I had the opportunity of studying the live larva. I founda nest in which the first of the larve had attained their full growth. I found the creatures somewhat top-shaped, very broad at the shoulders so as to fill the opening of the cell and press upon the sides, and then gradually taper- ing to the extremity. The body ended in a pair of claspers which reached into the narrowed end of the cell. When a larva was turned out of its dwelling, I noticed that it extruded from its under side a series of excres- cences as if to find a hold by means of these. I think we may say that the larva is held in place by its claspers, its pseudopodia, and by the pressure of its thoracic segments upon the sides of the cell. A Battie Royat. On May 29th, I witnessed, in the hangard at my place, a fierce contest between a female of Vespa arenaria and a spider. I separated the com- batants, for I wanted the wasp for my collection. A few hours afterwards I noticed that the spider was dead. 2 EN. a» r — * \ tae Oa a Rat 18 THE REPORT OF THE A Parasite or Cimber Americana. Last fall, Miss Hamel brought me from Kamouraska, some larvae of Cimber Americana. On the 7th September, there broke from the under side of one of these, near the hinder parts of it, a remarkable parasitic larva (Fig. 4). It was an inch long and was dirty white in colour with a row of continuous yellow folds, extending the length of the body on either side. Jt had an irregular dorsal line of brown and an irregular side line just above the yellow folds. On the under side there was ‘an undulated line on either side. The after part of the body was darker than the rest. The head was small and the four or five segments following tapered towards the head. The anal segment was truncated and yellow. I have no doubt that this was a larva of Opheletes glaucopterus. A few days after this appear- ed I found a dead Cimbex larva some inches deep in the soil at the roots of a plant of Aquilegia that I was digging up. I inferred from this that ‘parasitized Cimbex larvae buried themselves; and I placed the parasite I had on some earth in a flowerpot and covered it with damp moss. I am sorry to say that this treatment was unsuitable—the larva died. STRANGE Foop ror Wrre-WorMS. On the occasion of our field-day at Montmorency, the Rey. Mr. Me- Quaig and myself wandered off in search of fungi. On examining a speci- men of the Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria, we found a wire-worm eating into the stipe of the fungus. The Czar Alexis of Russia died from eating this species of fungus; the wire-worm seemed to be eating it with impunity. The poison of the Fly Agaric taken into the system paralyzes the nerves that control the action of the heart. A little further on we found a specimen of the most deadly of all the fungi, Amanita phalloides, known as the “Death-Cup’’ and the “Destroy- ing Angel’’, for the poison of which there is no known antidote. It acts upon the blood, dissolving the corpuscles. Strange to say, we found a wire- worm apparently of the same species as the other, biting a way into this. Funcorp GrowTH on A WASP. It is well known that insects are liable to destroying fungoid growths. Among some of the specimens captured by Miss Freeman, was one of Crabro singularis. Over the thorax and parts of the abdomen of this was such a growth as we are speaking of. CAPTURES. On June 17th, a fine specimen of Macromia I[llinotensis, Walsh, was taken on the Louise Embankment. On June 27th, I found Hylotoma dulciaria at the Natural Steps, Montmorency. So late as September 12th T took a fine specimen of Aeschna constricta at a pond on Spruce Cliff. The species seemed to be plentiful. On September 27th, Mr. McQuaig found a female Meloé angusticollis in the same locality. A very interesting paper by Mr. Albert F. Winn of the Montreal Branch was then read. It described in a charming way the haunts and habits of the water-lily moth, Vymphula maculalis, Clemens, found at Lake Char‘ebois, and the methods adopted for the cavture of the insect. Some beau ‘ful specimens of the moth, sent by Mr. Winn, were exhibited. 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 The Rev. Mr. McQuaig gave a graphic description of two fungi giving out very different odours. To the first, on the occasion of the field-day at Montmorency, he was drawn by the delightful perfume it emitted, which resembled that of Sweet Grass, but stronger. Let by the scent, he found the fungus in the recesses of a growth of young spruce and near the bolls of the trees. It was a species of Hydnum. It was remarked that perfumers might turn a knowledge of this to practical account, judging by the power- ful scent retained by the dried specimens of the fungus exhibited. Mr. McQuaig, continuing, stated that while taking a walk with the President in the woods near the Levis cemetery, they encountered the same fine perfume and, after a little search, found large patches of the fungus in the shade of the most entangled growths of spruce. The other fungus he wished to refer to was a mal-odourous one, Phallus smpudicus, known as the Stinkhorn. He gave a minute description of this, both in its egg-like stage and after its full development, when it emitted its overpoweringly offensive odour. Mrs. Turner said that she had found several specimens of this fungus in her garden at “The Cedars’’, Island of Orleans. Numbers of Blue- bottle flies were buzzing about them and settling upon them. Mr. McQuaig explained that doubtless the offensive odour was intended to aid in the dissemination of the species. It attracted carrion insects and these carried away the spores which adhered to their feet. The officers chosen for the year were: President, Rev. Dr. Fyles; Vice-President, Miss E. Macdonald; See retary-Treasurer, Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay; Council, Rev. W. W. M Quaig, Hon. R. Turner, Mrs. Turner, Miss Bickell, Miss Freeman. Hearty votes of thanks were passed to the authorities of Morrin College for the countenance they have given the Association, to the President and the Secretary-Treasurer for their services, and to Mr. A. F. Winn for his valuable paper. Report oF CounNcIuL. The Branch now includes twenty-six members (twenty-three adults and three juniors). The Treasurer’s report is submitted and will no doubt be found satis- factory. During the past year eight meetings were held at which interesting: lectures were delivered and two enjoyable field-days were held. Our thanks are due to the authorities of Morrin College for having continued to allow us the use of their rooms for our meetings, and also to the President, Rev. Mr. McQuaig and Miss MacLeod, for their interesting lectures. CrawForp Linpsay, Secretary-Treasurer. © REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. The eighth annual meeting and ninety-fifth regular meeting of the Toronto Branch, Entomological. Society of Ontario, was held in the Pro- vincial Museum, Toronto, on the 19th of May, 1904. 20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 SECRETARY’S Report, I beg to herewith submit the annual report for the season of 1904 :— Our membership this year has been most gratifying in point of numbers, an increase of eight members over last year, and all in good standing, the total number now being fifteen. During the last year we have kept up our subscriptions to publications as heretofore, and have been enabled to add doors to the fine large cabinet presented to the Society by Lr. McDonough, which now stands in the Ornithological room of the museum. The permanent collection has been added to considerably, and through the efforts of our Curator a case of representative Butterflies found near Toronto, has been beautifully mounted and labelled and hung for public inspection. Our specimens of Hymenoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera have also been sorted out, and each placed in their respective drawers. The papers read and lectures delivered have been of a high educational order, shedding new light and knowledge, added to by the exhibition of specimens to illustrate the same. Dr., Fletcher, of Ottawa, and Mr. Lyman, of Montreal, we are very s?eatly indebted to, for two of the most interesting and instructive lectures ci the season. Dr. Fletcher’s lectures on “The Opening of Spring, and Spring Work’’ will not soon be forgotten by those fortunate enough to hear it. This meet- ing was splendidly attended, about fifty being present; the Canadian In- stitute and public schools being well represented. Our financial statement this year has not been surpassed, no doubt owing to the increase in membership. Your Secretary-Treasurer in closing, wishes to thank the members of the Toronto Branch for the help and courtesy extended to him, making his duties a pleasure to perform for the Society. All of which i; respectfully submitted. J. Mavueuan, JR., Secretary-Treasurer. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, “jr. Wm. Brodie; Vice-President, Paul Hahn; Secretary-Treasurer, John Maughan. Jr,; Librarian and Curator, J. B. Williams; Council, W. J. Fraser, Henry S. Saunders, J. H. Webb. LEcTURES AND Papers—Season 1903-4. Ist. J. B. Williams: “Butterflies in 1903 and Classification of same."’ 2nd. Exhibition of Specimens. hs. 3rd. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa: “Some Work done in the Division of Entomology at Ottawa during 1903’’ (Published in Toronto World). 4th. Mr. Lyman, Montreal: “Moths of the Genus Gortyna and Hy- droecia.”’ 5th. E. M. Walker, M.B.: “Two collecting trips in Algonquin Park.’” 6th. Dr. Fletcher, Ottawa: “Opening of Spring and xpring Work.” 7th. Annual Meeting; Dr. E. M. Walker and Mr. Paul Hahn: ‘‘Collect- ing in Algonquin Park’’. Illustrated by electric lantern. = ee ee 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION FOR 1904. The Botanical Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario met for organization on the 7th of May, 1904, when the following officers were elected for the coming year: Mr. S. B. McCready, Chairman; Prof. Bow- man, Vice-Chairman; Master H. C. Rennie, Secretary. Nine fortnightly meetings were held during the season, at nearly all of which there was a satisfactory attendance, the average number present being about seven. Two very successful field-days were held, the first at Dorchester and the second at Komoka. An interesting paper was read by Mr. Dearness on June 18th, on “Plant Societies’, and many interesting talks on Botanical subjects were given during the year. A great variety of plants were brought to the meetings for examination and identificati¢n. The last evening of the season was devoted to fungi, of which an account was given by Profs. Bowman and Dearness. S. B. McCreapy, Chairman. REPORT OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SECTION. The Microscopical Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario has much pleasure in presenting its fourteenth annual report. The meeting for reorganzation after the summer recess was held on the 3rd of October, 1903, and the following officers were elected: Prof. J. H. Bowman, Chairman; Mr. R. W. Rennie, Vice-Chairman; Mr. C. EK. Parsons, Secretary. Prof. J. Dearness and the officers were appointed the Executive Com- mittee for the year, Thirteen meetings were held during the winter season, with an average attendance of nine members, besides a number of visitors. Papers were read or addresses given on the following subjects: Aphids, Ants and Honey-dew: Rev. Dr. Bethune; Ferns, their Spores and Modes of Growth: Mr. S. B. McCready; The Inhabitants of an old Basswood Limb: Prof. Dearness; Barnacles Found on some Pine Logs: Prof. Bowman; Platino-Cyanide Crystals of Barium: Prof. Bowman; Col- lembola: Mr. F. A. Stuart; Sea-weeds from Santa Monica Bay, California: Mr. M. Westland; Algew: Prof. Dearness. These papers were illustrated by specimens and slides for the micro- scope. At nearly all the meetings a number of objects of interest and* beauty were also exhibited and discussed. J. H. Bowman, Chairman. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR. The following is the report for the year ending August 3lst, 1904: The number of bound volumes added to the library during the year was twenty-eight, making the number on the register 1,852. Among the new acquisitions there have been received volumes VIII and IX of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, being the two parts devoted to insects; Dr. Holland’s Moth-Book, presented by the late librarian, Mr. J. Alston Mof- fat, to the Society as “an acknowledgment of its generosity in his declin- ing years’; Sir George Hampson’s Catalogue of the Noctuide in the British Museum, being volume IV of his ‘‘Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalene’’; and Rothschild and Jordan’s “Revision of the Sphingide’’. a ae : 22 THE REPORT OF-THE No. 19 A large number of scientific magazines, bulletins of experimental sta- tions, and other publications, have also been received. Many of these will be bound into volumes and the rest catalogued and arranged in such a way as to be readily accessible. The number of volumes issued to members during the year was thirty- three. The collections of Canadian insects have been increased during the year by the generous gift of 103 specimens (52 species) of Coleoptera and two specimens each of six species of Lepidoptera taken by Mr. Norman Criddle at Aweme, Manitoba. The local members have contributed specimens in various orders taken in the immediate neighborhood of London. The Curator would very much like to receive specimens of almost all our Canadian insects to fill blanks in the cabinets and to replace old and imperfect examples. Any member who has specimens to spare would con- fer a favour by sending first a list of those which he is willing to present to the Society in order to avoid duplication. In many of the orders our collections are very meagre. The removal of the Society’s library and cabinets to the room in the Public Library building was satisfactorily accomplished last month, and no damage was done to either books or specimens. The increased space now available will enable the Society to find room for large additions to both the collections and the library. Respectfully submitted. Cuar.es J. S. BErHune, Librarian and Curator. REPORT OF THE TREASURER. Receipts and expenditures of the Entomological Society of ae for the year ending August 31st, 1904: ReEcEIPTS. EXPENDITURE. Balance on Sept. Ist, 1903 ...... $293 34 Lyell Ne ee Me eGR kc keh $165 09 BUGLE Y ITCOS (se caScvecehe Wise. lacliens 362 68 PRIMS CGH VOLC. <.. 40 Tuesabectadcens a7 38 Sales of pins, cork, ete. ... ...... 90 59 Printing Bibi aai ds. + «hav ameeena Ramee 701 23 PeUCVOPtISOMeNtS’, 2.6.5 ss) lac) esakes 35 50 Expense. serount ... “Spsceucwe senses 46,4 Sales of Entomologist ... ... ...... 119 50 Annual meeting and report ...... 176 05 COmMerMMenbroTamt, .)..-\0 <9 Lene es 4 1,000 00 MEAT euIN Vaca ieee he wclelochicch eee aah eetome 22 C6 "ely SS. GC2Y rps ee St a 4 45 Salatieswerccstacc s.csche aces eae 262 50 Balancevon’ hand | ..a.cueeecsene ites 445 74 $1,906 946 $1,906 06 We, the auditors of the Entomological Society of Ontario, hereby cer- tify that we have audited the books id vouchers of the Treasurer and find them all well kept and correct, the above being a true statement of accounts up to August 31st, 1904. S. B. McCreapy, W.H. Hamitton, Auditors. J. A. BALKwIL1L, Treasurer. London, Ont., Oct. 25, 1904. 4 ‘ 1904 'ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. eats: REPORT TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. The following is the report to the Royal Society of Canada from the Entomological Society of Ontario, through the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, D.C.L., Delegate. The Entomological Society of Ontario has now continued in active op- eration for two score years, and held its fortieth annual meeting in Ottawa on the 3rd and 4th of September last. Of the little band of enthusiasts who met in Toronto in April, 1863, for the purpose of organizing the Society, but three now survive, Dr. Wm. Saunders Rev. Dr. Bethune and Mr. HK. Baynes Reed. It is gratifying to note that they have continued to take an active interest in the welfare of the Society from that time to the present. “The ,Canadian Entomologist,’’ the monthly magazine of the Society, is now in its thirty-sixth year of publication. The volume for 1903 con-. tains 352 pages and is illustrated with six full-page plates and fifteen figures in the text, all from original drawings. The contributors number sixty- one and represent Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Lux- emburg and Cuba. The principal articles may be grouped as follows: Des- criptions of new genera, species and varieties in Lepidoptera by Prof. J. B. Smith, Dr. H. G. Dyar and Mr. G. M. Dodge; in Hymenoptera by Dr. W. H. Ashmead, Profs. T. D. A. Cockerell and H. T. Fernald, Messrs. J. C. Bradley, A. W. Morrill, J. C. Crawford, R. A. Cooley, C. Robertson, Rev. T. W. Fyles and Dr. S. Graenicher; in Diptera by Messrs. D. W. Coquillett, F. V. Theobald, and J. S. Hine; in Coleoptera by Prof. H. F. Wickham and Mr. C. Schaeffer; in Hemiptera-Homoptera by Prof. Cocker- ell, Messrs. A. W. Morrill, R. A. Cooley, A. L. Quaintance, G. B. King, | E. B. Ball and W. T. Clarke; in Hemiptera-Heteroptera by Mr. C. Steven- son; and in Orpthoptera by Messrs. E. M. Walker and E. S. G. Titus. Thirty-nine new genera are described, 106 new species and eight new vari- eties and sub-species. Life-histories more or less complete, are given of the following insects: Crocigrapha Normani and several Canadian species of Apantesis by Mr. Arthur Gibson; the strawberry Aleyrodes (A. Packardi) by Mr. A. W. Morrill; Hydracia appassionata found boring in Sarracenia by Mr. H. Bird; the Apple Bud-borer (Steganoptycha pyricolana) by Prof. E. D. Sand- erson; Mamestra laudabilis by Dr. H. G. Dyar; and several species of Mos- © quitoes by Mr. F. V. Theobald. Papers on Classification. Nomenclature and systematic Entomology; the Wasps of the super-family Vespoidea by Dr. Ashmead; Arctic Hymen- optera by Mr. W. H. Harington; Nomadine and Epeoline by Mr. C. Robertson; Prof. Aldrich and Mr. Coquillett on Culex; Mr. J. C. Bradley on the genus Platylabus; Mr. E. M. Walker on the genus Podisma in East- ern North America; Dr. Dyar and Mr. A. Bacot on Aglia tau; Mrs. Fer- nald on Coccide; Dr. Fletcher and Prof. Grote on Lepidoptera; Prof. ‘Cockerell and Mr. Titus on Hymenoptera. Collecting notes, and papers on the geographical distribution of spegies, are given by Prof. A. D. Hopkins on Forest Insect Explorations; Mr. Coquillett on the Phorid genus nigmatias in Denmark and Arizona; Mr. G. B. King on Records of Coccide; Dr. Fyles on Quebec Diptera; Mr. J. D. Evans on the Coleoptera of North-Western Canada; Mr. W. T. Clarke on Californian Anhidide; Butterfly notes from Toronto by Mr. J. B. Wil- ‘ ‘ 24, THE REPORT OF THE © No. 19° liams; Collecting in February by Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno; the capture: of Mgialites debilus in British Columbia by the Rev. J. H. Keen. Among the miscellaneous papers may be mentioned a House-boat col- lecting trip in China by Mr. C. L. Marlatt; a Coleopterous Conundrum by Mrs. A. T. Slosson; a Migration of Butterflies in Venezeula by Mr. A. H. Clark; the habits of Ranatra fusca by Mr. Bueno; the Spinning methods of Polyphemus by Mr. J. W. Cockle; papers on Coleoptera by Prof. Wick- ham, on Bees by Prof. Cockerell and Entomological notes by Mr. H. H. | ae There are also several reviews of new books by the editor and others. The thirty-fourth annual report of the Society was published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture in March last. Its distribution has unfortunately been very much limited owing to the destruction of 5,000 copies by the disastrous fire in Toronto on the 19th of April. The volume consists of 116 pages illustrated with a portrait of the Rev. G. W. Taylor, four half tone plates of orchards affected by the San José Scale and sixty figures in the text; all of the blocks of these illustrations have also been Jost in the fire. The volume contains satisfactory reports from the Officers of the Society, the Sections in Botany, Microscopy and Ornithology, the Branches at Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, and from the Directors, Messrs. Young, Grant and Balkwill, on Insects of the year. Further notes on the season of 1903 are given by Messrs. Stevenson and Kilman, and extended reports by Dr. Fletcher and Prof. Lochhead. The latter, in his annual address as President, gave an interesting account of the “Progress of Economic Entomology in Ontario’’, and furnished further papers on “The Present Condition of the San José Scale in Ontario’’, and “A Key to the Insects Affecting Small Fruits’’. Dr. Fletcher contributed his very valuable “Entomological Record for 1903’?; Mr. Arthur Gibson, papers on ‘The Insects Affecting Basswood’’, and “An Interesting Enemy of the Iris’’; Dr. Bethune on ‘A Menace to the Shade-trees of London, Ontario’’, the Great Leopard Moth, and a memoir of the late Professor Grote; Dr. Fyles on “The Food-habits of Hymenopterous Larve’’;Mr. Jarvis on “Fly- tormentors of New Ontario’’, and a list of injurious insects taken in the Abitibi Region; Mr. A. J. Dennis*on a remarkable experience in collec- ing moths at light in Manitoba. Dr. 8S. H. Scudder gives an interesting account of his ‘Hunting for Fossil Insects’? in Wyoming and Colorado; and the late Mr. Moffat furnished a paper on his “Recollections of the past’. Dr. L. O. Howard, United States Entomologist, was a welcome visitor at the annual meeting and gave two most interesting addresses, of which abstracts are given in the report, on “The Transmission of Yellow Fever by Mosquitoes’, and the warfare that is being waged against the Cotton Boll Weevil in Texas. It is with profound regret that we place on record the death of Mr. John Alston Moffat, which took place in London on the 26th of February. For fourteen years he had been the efficient Librarian and Curator of the Society and had endeared himself to all who frequented the rooms by his uniform kindness and courtesy. rr 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 INSECTS AND WEEDS IN THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. By T. N. Witiinc, Reerina, ASSINIBOIA. It gives me a great deal of pleasure to be able to meet the members of the Ontario Entomological Society as a representative from the North- West Territories, a portion of Canada in which there is so much work yet to be done in the study of its insect life. Many of.you have already ably assisted in this work and I hope to be able to call on you for yet more help in the identification of material collected. Moving about the country a great deal as I do in the capacity of chief Inspector of Weeds for the De- partment of Agriculture at Regina, my opportunities for collecting are much greater than for classification and study. As our Department has no official whose time is specially devoted to entomology, it falls to my lot to investigate insect depredations, and in this connection I may mention that preparations are being made for a reference collection of the insects: lnjurious to crops. Fortunately the losses from insects in the Territories have not been heavy, but it would be too much to expect a continued im- munity and there is no doubt a close watch must be kept to check promptly, if possible, any threatened danger from such a source. The annual visits: of our popular and valued advisor, Dr. Fletcher of the Experimental Farm, have aided greatly in the dissemina:tion of information relative to insects and weeds affecting crops, and I think no one has done more for the ad- vancement of the study of natural history in the West than he. Another help in this line is the work being done by our Territorial Natural History Society, which developed from the North-West HEntomo- logical Society, started by Mr. Percy B. Gregson, an untiring worker, who continues to be president. The Society is recognized by the Government and its annual report is printed as an appendix to that of the Department of Agriculture. The aim of the Society is to encourage the study of natural history in its various branches, giving prominence to the economic side, and also to gather material for collections which will be available for refer- ence. Local branches are encouraged and records of the migration of birds are being made at points where observers can be found. Several of the members are keenly interested in the study of entomology and are doing good work, notably Messrs. F. H. Wolley Dod and Arthur Hudson, near Calgary, who make a specialty of the \Noctuide and have added many new species. yi 2 It has been found that specialists, have been exceedingly kind in identi- fying material sent them and my tha |, ’are due to Dr. Fletcher and Messrs. Taylor, Kearfott and Dod for their services in this respect. Recently Rev. G. W. Taylor named some forty odd species of geometer moths which I had collected, and Mr. Kearfott has now in hand a lot of our western micros for study. Of Coleoptera I have a large number not yet classified. During the season few insects attracted attention by their numbers. In May a multitude of hairy caterpillars were reported on the prairie north of Medicine Hat and proved to be those of a species of Apantesis. The ap- pearance of such as were found on 30th May indicated that they were affected by parasites. Small pupa cases were soon found amongst the caterpillars, which were collected and from these ichneumon flies emerged about 25th June. No moths were obtained from the larve, but a small specimen of Apantesis Williamsii was taken with the net on 28th June where the larve had been so abundant. In the same locality, but on the river flat, a grove of the box-elder, Acer negundo, was found to be stripped of its foliage by the larve of the 26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Lime-tree looper Hibernia tiliaria. On May 30th the larve were first seen and then were a half-inch in length. They fed voraciously and pupated about 18th June, one male moth emerging in confinement on 7th October. The moths of Tent caterpillars, probably Clisiocampa fragilis, which seems a very variable species, were noticed in abundance at two points north of Edmonton amongst the aspen, on 2lst July, when they were just emerg- ing from their cocoons. In several instances, two or three males were seen clustered on the cocoon from which females were apparently expected to emerge. Some larve of this species were taken at an earlier date south of Calgary from several of which Tachina flies emerged. About Regina, on llth August, the weed Chenopodium album was noticed to have been des- troyed by the larve of a small moth, not yet identified, many of the chry- salids of which, about a quarter-inch in length, were found in the withered remains of the leaves. Larve of the Beet moth, Lowostege sticticalis, were also prevalent on the same species of weed and in the same locality. These two last mentioned insects may, in this case, be looked on as beneficial in helping to destroy a weed responsible for considerable loss to the grain growers. At harvest time complaints were received of the Grain Aphis being so abundant on wheat north of Wapella that binders were stopped by the canvas slipping and the Aphids were removed by the shovelful. . While no appropriation is made by the Territorial Government for the control of insect pests, owing to the necessity not being forced upon them, a large amount of money is expended in the crusade against weeds officially ‘ proclaimed noxious. While, by legislative enactment, power is in the hands _ of the inspectors, fifty of whom are employed for a short period during the summer, to have a crop des.royed; it is seldom found necessary, the farmers being mostly willing to do their best to eradicate weeds when their atten- tion is drawn to the appearance and the noxious character of such weeds as may be found in their crops or about their places. The estimated area cropped during the past season was over 1,800,000 acres and if even a frac- tion of a bushel per acre were the loss in yield sustained through weeds it will be seen that it would represent a sum of money well worth saving. Edu- cational work is pushed close after settlement by means of institute meet- ings, bulletins and displays of mounted or green specimens of weeds. The difficulties that inspectors have to contend with are great, one being the fact that the population of some districts is of a very mixed character, as indicated by the fact that twelve t languages are spoken in one dis- The early plowing of summer fallow and subsequent surface cultivation, followed by harrowing of the growing grain, is the method gener! 5: recommended for the subjection of annual weeds. Working of the soil im this way results in increased crops of grain, which well repay the labor. Spraying has been recently advo- cated by some, but is not looked on with favor by the most practical men and will probably never be adopted to any extent in the prairie country. In many districts there is a perceptible improvement in the appear- ance of the fields since the inspection system was begun. In the weed ordinance there is a clause which prohibits the sale for seed of grain containing seeds of noxious weeds, end this is quite an aid ‘n preventing the spread ‘of weeds, but qutaeipadoly very dirty grain may be sold for feeding purposes without restriction. Dr. Fletcher, in commenting on this paper, spoke in high terms of ap- preciation of Mr. Willing’s work in the Northwest, having known him for many years, and having had many opportunities of observing his work and methods. Mr. Willing, ho ststed, has charge of all the weed inspection 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 and insect investigation in Assiniboia; he is an enthusiastic and capable man in his department, and an excellent collector. He has helped special- ists in Entomology very much by procuring varieties, having, for instance, been the discoverer of Apantesis Quensallii, var. turbans. Mr. Willing was educated in Ontario, and then went to the Northwest where he spent ten years on a farm and in ranching. He thus acquired a thorough knowledge of the country and became well prepared for his duties as inspector of weeds and insects throughout the Territory. Hap- pily in that part of the Dominion the farmers are ready to accept and profit by the methods taught them by their instructors. In Ontario, on the con- trary, the farmers have little respect for Entomologists and do not appreci- ate the value of their suggestions. The Northwest settlers came to the meetings from all directions to hear what he and Mr. Willing had to tell them and were anxious to learn all they could regarding such matters ‘as the proper methods of fallowing, times for sowing, means of fighting weeds and insects, etc. He met with many young men in the Northwest who had come from the older Provinces with the intention of spending a year or two in the new country. It usually ended in their remaining there, and in almost every case they were doing well. Among these men he found a keen appreciation of this scientific work, and an eagerness to learn all they could about it. The farmers generally derived much benefit from the very good work that Mr. Willing was carrying on. He was also advanc- ing the knowledge of plants and birds and insects in the schools, building up the Natural History Society, and in one way and another developing scientific methods and causing the farmers to adopt them. Dr. Fletcher concluded by saying that he was anxious to let the Society know how valu- able a work Mr. Willing was carrying on in the Northwest, and how much it was appreciated there, and he also wished to express the gratification that. all the members present felt that Mr. Willing should have undertaken so long a journey in order to participate in our annual meeting. INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE SEASON 1904. By Pror. W. LocHHeap, OnTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. It is clear that the damage done by insects in 1904 has been below normal. The Pea Weevil, the Hessian Fly, and the Codling Moth, which wrought much damage in previous years, have not been very much in evi- dence this season. The causes which operated in the controlling of insect pests are difficult to understand. So far as 1903 and 1904 are concerned, however, we feel pretty certain that the climatic factors have had very much to do with the control of the number of injurious insects. The summers were cold and wet, which condition acts strongly on larval life.. Sudden changes of temperature and moisture are very hurtful to larval existence, and it would seem that these causes were the main ones in controlling the injurious insects this season. INSECTS OF THE ORCHARD. Our Fruit Station experimenters do not report much injury from fruit insects this season. As a rule they term it an “off year’’. From Trenton, Mr. Dempsey reports that the Green Apple Aphis, the Pear-tree Psylla, the Plum Curculio, and the Codling Moth could readily be found, but no seri- * r 7 ’ ed | LT EUSA? bd dt a AN ep ¥ } 28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 | ous damage was done; at Walkerton, Mr. Sherrington reported few insect pests; Mr. L. Woolverton, at Grimbsy, says that the season is remark- ably free from insect pests; Mr. A. W. Peart, of Burlington, mentions only the Curculio; Mr. Caston, of Craighurst, reports very few insects; Mr. Jones, of Maitland, mentions the Codling Moth as doing some injury, and 7 states that very few insects were in evidence this season; Mr. M. Pettit, of . Winona, reports the Curculio as being very bad; and Mr. Hilborn, of Leamington, had trouble with the Cherry Aphis and Peach Borers. ‘4 / 7! Fig. 5. Apple-leaf Sewer (magnified). The Apple-Leaf Sewer (Phozopteris nubeculana, Clem.) (Fig. 5), one of the Leaf-Rollers, was quite abundant, and did cosiderable damage i . some orchards near Winona. In the’ orchards of Jos. Tweddle, Fruitland, which I visited, the lower leaves were practically free from this insect, but they were very prevalent in the topmost leaves. The owner informed me that before the trees were carefully and systematically sprayed nearly every leaf was infested, and he attributed the presence of the Sewer in the topmost leaves to the fact that it was almost impossible to treat properly the upper twigs of the very large trees. The caterpillars (Fig. 5a) are about two-thirds of an inch in length when the leaves fall in autumn. In color they range from green to green- ish yellow. There are two rows of light-colored spots beside the middle line of the back, and one or two along each side, each spot provided with a hair. Its head and shield of next segment are yellow. The leaves are folded by using the silk threads which the caterpillar spins as draw-threads. The edges of the leaf are soon drawn together, which, when glued, form a hollow case. (Fig. 5b.) Within this case the caterpillar feeds upon the green tissue. Leaves frequently give indications of being tied or folded over at different times, according to growth of larva. Mr. Tweddle, always a careful orchardist and a strong believer in cleanli- ness about an orchard, believes that he can control this insect by thorough spraying in the summer with arsenite of lime. The life history appearsto be as follows: The winter is passed in the folded leaf as a larva; in early spring the larva transforms to a chrysalis, and in May the adult moths appear. Soon after, or in early June, the eggs are laid on the leaves, and caterpillars appear in a few days. Small folds are first observed, which do not involve the whole leaf, but finally the entire leaf is folded over. There is, thus, but one brood per year. In the Fruitland district, the first brood of the Codling Moth was not so destructive as the second, although it damaged the Yellow Harvest, Astrachan, Duchess, and St. Lawrence varieties. The second brood of larve was abundant in August, and damaged the Baldwins and Greenings. {nm other districts the Codling Moth was not very destructive. 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 The Plum and Apple Curculios were abundant throughout the Pro- vince. In the Winona district, where spraying was altogether neglected, the plum crop was very seriously damaged. The Apple Curculio was most destructive in orchards that had*been in sod for a period of years. In one orchard it was noticed that the pear trees In a row next to an open drain, which had not been cleaned out for some time, being full of leaves, etc., were badly attacked by the Curculio, while ‘the trees in the centre of the orchard, where the ground had been cultivated, were entirely free from the pest. The Peach Borer was reported as being abundant in several portions of ‘the peach areas. The Grape Thrips were unusually abundant in the vineyards of the Winona district. As a rule nothing was done to control them, and little ‘harm seems to have been done by them. INSECTS OF THE GARDEN. The Raspberry Saw-Fly (Monophadnus rubi). This insect does not often call for attention, but this year reports came in early in June from a ‘large grower near Fonthill that “numberless green larve were devouring the leaves of raspberries’’.. An application of Paris Green put a stop to their ravages. Wireworms did considerable damage near Burlington by destroying ‘acres of melons and tomatoes. The plants would make a good start, but in a few days they would turn yellow and wilt. When such sickly-look- ing plants were pulled wireworms were found on the root stock. Cabbage Root-Maggots continue their depredation year after year with- ‘out apparent hindrance. Many growers of cabbages confine their patches to clay soil, for they found that nearly every plant succumbed on sandy soil. It seems strange that growers will not take the trouble to apply the ‘tar-disk when the plants are set out, or to use one of the many solutions which are at least partially effective. They prefer to replant rather than go to the trouble and expense of using preventive measures. The Onion Root Maggot was also very destructive this past season. ‘This pest is even more difficult to treat than the Cabbage Root Maggot, ‘but good results can be secured by the use of a solution of insect powder, or by Cook’s Carbolic Wash. . The Carrot Rust-Fly.(Psila rose) was severe at Barrie this season, and many specimens were sent to me which showed the characteristic rusty ‘colored channels on the roots. This insect winters over in the ground in a puparium, and the winged flies emerge in spring to lay their eggs on the young carrots. Late sowing seems to be the most practicable treatment, for, although washes may be used to advantage, few growers will take the trouble to treat their carrots. Currant Worms (Nematus ribesit) were very abundant on gooseberries and currants. Many cases are reported where the bushes were completely stripped of their leaves before the owner was aware of the presence of the worms. Potato Beetles (Doryphora decemlineata) were reported as being more abundant than usual. Asparagus Beetles are plentiful in the southwest section of the Pro- vince. The 12-spotted species (Crioceris 12-punctata) is by far the more abundant species, although in the Niagara region the other form is more numerous. 7) ale ae - ‘THE REPORT OF THE Sey Oe Red Currant Aphis (Myzus ribis) is one of the most common insect pests of gardens. ‘The cause of the reddish-purple swelling of the leaf is not known by most people, but if they would only observe carefully and con- tinuously the currant leaves, and watch the development of the swelling as well as the multiplication of plant lice, they would have no hesitation in concluding that the swelling is due to the punctures of the Aphids. Lettuce Aphis was quite destructive in some greenhouses in the latter part of May. Radish Maggots were very numerous in most sections. On heavy clay soil in the Berlin section they ruined the entire crop, but in lighter goil only about two-thirds of the crop. The Strawberry Weevil. A correspondent from Oakville reported in early June that the Strawberry Weevils were abundant in that locality and had done considerable injury. The report said: “I notice that the beetles commit their depredations largely in the second year patches, the first year patches being comparatively free from their attacks. The damage done in this neighborhood is serious in some cases—in one case at least one- third of the blossoms have been nipped off. The ‘Williams’ variety which is largely grown here is suffering most’’. Specimens were sent me for identification, with a request as to best method of treatment. | The Strawberry Weevil is a very small snout beetle not more than one- tenth of an inch in length, with the snout about half as long as the body. There is but one brood a year, and the life-history seems to be about as follows: The adults winter over in protected places, and at the time of the first blossoming of the strawberries, usually about the lst of June, they begin to appear in large numbers. The females puncture the buds of un- opened blossoms and deposit an egg within; then to prevent the develop- ment of the bud, puncture or cut the stalk of the flower. Larve appear in a few days, and these feed on the pollen. In about a month they reach full size, and in a cavity in the bud transform to pups. There the pupe remain for about a week before becoming adults. The work of the weevil is confined to pollen-bearing or staminate vari- eties, and the damage in due to the destruction of the pollen used in ferti- lizing the pistillate varieties. The following methods of controlling this insect have been advocated : 1. By covering the beds with muslin or other light cloth a week before the first blossoms appear, and keeping them covered until the first berries are. ripe. 2. By cultivating pistillate varieties which bear no pollen. 3. By planting an early staminated variety as a trap crop. 4. By clean culture. It is probable that a good repellant would be an effective method of treat- ment, but more experiments are necessary to verify this point. Spraying with Paris Green is not effective as the beetles feed within the unopened bud. InsEcCTS OF GARDEN ORNAMENTALS. The Hollyhock Borer. In July many hollyhock stalks near the College broke down near the base. Upon examination every broken stalk had its pith tunnelled for about half way up by a large lepidopterous borer re- sembling a cutworm. On the side of the stalks holes could be seen through which the larva entered. At this time the borer was about an inch and a half in length, was smooth and cream colored; light brown and cream colored, stripes ran lengthwise of the body, with darker spots along spir- acular area on each side. an iN oe 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 The Aquilegia Borer. At the same time the Garden Aquilegias were being destroyed by a large borer which worked in the crown of the plant. The borer was about an inch and a half long, was reddish or pinkish color, with a white line down the middle of the back. I was unable to rear these borers to maturity. Dr. Bethune, to whom I mentioned the occurrence, is of the opinion that these borers are the larve of Papaipema, probably Pe purpurtifascia. The Dahlia Stalk-Borer. On the 30th of June a correspondent from Strathroy wrote me as follows: ‘‘We raise a number of Dahlias and this year we are greatly troubled with a worm which bores a hole in the stalk and works upward and also downward inside the stalk. It is about three-quart- ers of an inch in circumference, brown in color with fine white stripes form- ing rings on the back and sides. Some may be completely ringed.’’ On July 23rd, I received specimens of infested Dahlia stalks, with an added note that “the borer, early in the season, appears to work upward, but later downward, even to the bulb. As soon as we find a plant that has been bored, we make a slit in the stalk with a sharp knife, and follow either way till the borer is captured. The incision is then carefully drawn together and bound with soft rags. So far we have lost no plants entirely, although many have been attacked, and some plants several times”’ The Primula Spring- Tail. Many florists find great difficulty in grow- ing Chinese Primroses from seed. The seeds apparently germinate and are perfectly healthy, but in a short time the heads of the seedlings, that ‘s the seed leaves, disappear. Frequently seedlings develop sufficiently far to produce the seed leaves, and when once they have reached this stage they have no difficulty in growing into Primrose plants. In the College green- house some of the germinating boxes in which were planted Primrose seed, developed quite normally, while in boxes close by the young seedlings did not develop very far before they disappeared. It occurred to the florist, Mr. W. Hunt, that the cause of the trouble was some insect pest. On ex- amination I found that the surface of the soil of the germinating boxes contained immense numbers of minute Spring-Tails. It is usually stated in text books that the Spring-Tails do no damage to the plants. Dr. J. B. Smith, in his “Economic Entomology’’, writes as follows regarding Spring- Tails: ‘“Spring-Tails are found in moist localities, wherever decaying matter occurs. In manure beds they often occur in millions, and on warm days may come to the surface in astonishing numbers. They are often found in damp cellars on any vegetable matter stored there, and are some- times accused of promoting decay. As a matter of fact, these insects are never injurious. Healthy vegetable tissue is not attacked by them, and their mouth parts are adapted for food of moist or soft tissue only, hence a decaying or bleeding spot attracts them. They are sure to occur on manure and on manured land’’. Suspecting Spring-Tails of gnawing off the leaves of the Chinese Prim- roses, we planted some more germinating boxes in the hope that we might be able to settle the matter, and the boxes were kept in the Biological labor- atory, where it was under constant observation. Although I was not able to detect the Spring-Tails at work on the seed leaves, yet if they are found on soft vegetable tissues I see no reason why they might not develop a taste for the young seed leaves. Experiments will be conducted later to find out the best way of treating infested soil. It is very probable that some mineral or commercial fertilizer will act as a repellant, and keep the soil free from these tiny pests. 32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Some Hovsrenortp PEsTs. ( It would appear as if the Buffalo Carpet Beetle (Fig. 6) was gradually extending its sphere of operations in Ontario. Reports reach me from widely separated points of its presence in injurious numbers, and requests are freely asked for the best remedies. This insect is not an easy one to control, and only long continued persistent efforts will eradicate it. First of all the carpets should be taken up, thoroughly beaten, and it would be advisable to spray these with benzine while they are out of doors. The bare floors should be swept and dusted and washed with hot water. Care- ful attention should be given to the cracks in the floor, and it would be well to pour some benzine into the cracks, then, after it has evaporated, to fill up these cracks with putty or plaster of Paris. The cracks are the best breeding places for the insect, and these should be done away with if pos- sible. Rugs should be used rather than carpet, for experience shows that the edge of the carpet is most liable to injury from the attacks of this insect. In rooms where the Carpet Beetle has effected an entrance, it would be well to leave the edges of the carpet free, so that they may be examined freely at intervals. If the house-keeper carries out the measures which I have indicated, she will have little trouble from the operations of the Carpet Beetle. Fig. 6. Buffalo Beetle; a larva (destructive stage); b pupa within larva skin ; ¢ pupa; d beetle—all much magnified. _ Powder Post Beetle. This minute beetle belongs to the genus Lyctus. It is more or less common throughout the Province, and many inquiries have been made during the past season as to the name of the insect which is converting some of the oldest and most valuable furniture into powder. The cause of the injury is a minute beetle called the Powder Post Beetle. It not only is injurious to old house furniture, but it is an insect to be dreaded by wood workers generally. This minute beetle passes the winter in the wood, and the eggs are deposited in the spring. The grubs, on hatching from the egg, begin to operate in all directions through the wood. There they remain until full grown and transform to the pupa stage, and in a short time afterwards they emerge as adult beetles. It is probable that there is but one brood annually. These insects prefer very dry wood material. The best methods of treatment for this particular insect are: First, to subject infested timber to a thorough steaming in a tight room, or to a very high temperature in a kiln, or to make applications of coal oil or benzine to the infested parts. I have advocated the use of hydro-cyanic acid gas. Mites in Flour. Occasionally packages of flour have been sent in which showed the presence of Mites. Naturally the house-keeper is averse to using flour containing Mites, and inquiries are made as to the best method a v «, B 1904" ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 of dealing with infested flour. These Mites are the common 7 yroglyphus longior. I have recommended the thorough cleaning of the flour bin as one of the first essentials. If the owner does not care to throw out his flour or use it for other purposes, he may fumigate it with carbon bisulphide or hydro-cyanic acid gas. After thorough ventilation there is no danger whatever from poisoning due to the use of either of these chemicals. Some Bot F.uies oF our SMALLER MamMaAts. Two interesting cases of infestation by bot-fly larvae came undér my no- tice this summer. The first was that of a kitten which had a large growth on the neck. Upon opening the growth a large bot maggot was taken, which measured more than an inch in length and more than half an inch in diam- eter. ‘The second case occurred on a rabbit which had a tumor-like growth on the neck. There seems little doubt that the larva taken from the rabbit is Cutere- bra cuniculi, Clark, (Rabbit Bot-Fly), and as the form taken from the kitten’s neck is very similar, it is probable that it is the same or a very closely allied species. The Rabbit Bot-Fly (adult) is quite large, and resembles to some extent a bumble-bee. Its head is black, the upper surface of its thorax is yellowish and hairy, and its abdomen blue-black, with the exception of the first seg- ment which is covered with yellow hair. The larva, as will be seen by an examination of the specimen is a large, black spiny maggot. It has two small hooks at the anterior end by means of which it can cling to linings. It is sometimes stated that bots which live in tumors have no oral hooks but only fleshy tubercles. The rows of spines no doubt serve in locomotion. ° All the larve of bot-flies descend to the ground, where they burrow to some extent. There they transform to pupe within a puparium, and remain as such until spring, when the adult flies emerge. The adult» are very con- spicuous insects, and are fond of sunshine. Osborne states that the egg and early larval stages of this bot-fly are un- known. Much investigation has been done with regard to the bot-flies, which are parasitic on our large domestic animals, such as sheep, cow, and horse, but very few studies of importance have been carried on with the bots which parasitize our common wild animals. Every observation is of value, hence for this reason I have presented these notes. RECENT EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE. By Pror. W. Locuyeap, Onrario AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. In .ue last report of the Entomological Society I called attention to the excellent results which were being obtained by the use of the lime-sulphur wash. The great objection against the general adoption of this wash was the dfficulty of preparation and of application. It was noted, however, by many of the fruit-growers who prepared this wash in large quantities that it was not so difficult to prepare as was anticipated. . ' Occasional experiments had been conducted last-year. to determine if. it were possible to prepare the lime-sulphur wash without the prolonged boil- 3 EN. he A dl ¥E oF 4 Le ode Oa / «he “ 34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 — — ana) ing that was necessary. LEarly in the spring Dr. E. P. Felt, State Ento- nologist at Albany, New York, asked me to try the following mixture: Biri}. oooh ak Acc ee ee ee ce. 25 pounds Sulphur . (lowers): ; 2.32 /skvsep ee permitey fee Bas 20 pounds NRL BOGE. orc ce ates k umes he oe eT Ua ces 124 pounds Vator | oo 2552 aan ee ee ane eee os 1 barrel The method of preparation was as follows: Put five or six pails of hot water into a wooden barrel, add the lime quickly following the sulphur and sal soda, and stir until the slaking is practically completed. It may be nec- essary to add a little cold water at intervals to keep the mixture from boiling over. After the violent action has ceased, cover the barrel to retain the heat, ay to stand from 15 to 30 minutes. Dilute to the full quantity and apply. After advice from the Department at Toronto, Prof. Harcourt and my- self were urged to test not only the above formula but also another lime-sul- phur wash in which caustic soda is used, the formula being: MRUIMNO Yc cele Saleh ocd ogre eee: ab AME EE Gin ss 30 pounds Sil phurGHowers)”:.. .f-ssnoneeee meee cn... 5 > 15 pounds CAMSEIC BOD ie cogs sn cas Solace REET Evian > 0 5 pounds AVM GET hy, oe tins ae Meera ace tha cis vs 3 6% 1 barrel - * - — Oe a ee ee The method of preparation was as follows: Slake two-thirds of the lime vith water enough to prevent either burning or drowning, and during the process sift over and stir in one-half the sulphur, then add the remainder of the lime and more water, and as the boiling continues stir in the balance of the sulphur, adding water as needed, stirring to help the combination. While the mixture is still steaming add one-third of the caustic soda, which w'll cause violent boiling, and before this is over add another third. If then the mixture has not reached a brick red color add the remainder, and after standing for a time dilute to the required amount. The formula was first tried by the Experiment Station at Geneva, and is, consequently, known as the Geneva Formula. Prof. Harcourt and myself, acting in co-operation with a special com- mittee appointed by the Niagara Fruit Growers’ Association, made arrange- ments to test the two lime-sulphur mixtures. The first experiment was tried in the orchard of W. H. Bunting. The application was made on the 23rd of April. The trees were not over thrifty and were well covered with scale. Next, one barrel of the lime-sulphur sal soda wash, was applied on trees in ‘he orchard of Geo. Robertson, two trees of which were badly infested. One barrel of same mixture was applied on several badly infested trees in W. C. McCalla’s orchard, and one barrel of the same mixture in Mr. Griffith’s or- chard, one tree of which was badly infested. A barrel of each kind of wash was applied on badly infested trees in the orchards of Messrs. Secord, Titter- ington, and McArdle. 7 In the preparation of both of these mixtures there was little trouble in obtaining the characteristic amber color of the well boiled lime-sulphur com- bination, but it was found that quick slaking lime should be used and that too mauch water should not be present, and that with hot water better boiling is secured with probably better results. . These orchards were visited in July and August by the committee and ourselves, and in every case little or no difference could be seen in the num- bers of living scale on the trees sprayed with these mixtures and those sprayed with the usual boiled-lime-sulphur wash. Dr. Felt, in a recent letter, re- ports that excellent results have been obtained from this season’s work with 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 the lime-sulphur sal-soda wash. The ease with which these mixtures can be prepared will greatly recommend them to the small fruit grower who has not sufficient trees to warrant the installing of a steam boiler plant. In the discussion that followed the reading of this paper it was stated that.the ‘“McBain Mixture’’ was too expensive, as it cost $2.50 per barrel, while the lime-sulphur only cost sixty cents. Comparisons had been made Ly treating alternate rows of trees with the two compounds. When exam- ined in the middle of July, no difference could be observed and _ there were badly infested trees in each row; the same condition was found in August and again in September. As a result it seems that the one mixture is just as ef- fective as the other, and consequently the expensive one is out of the market. Ai the last inspection some live larve of scale were still found on trees which had been bad!y infested at the outset. The lime-sulphur mixture was made with 15 pounds of the former and 17 pounds of the latter, and boiled about an hour by which time it had reached the red amber color stage. EveninG SESSION. - A public meeting of the Society, to which the people of London were in- vited, was held in the Normal School on Wednesday evening, October 26th, by kind permission of Principal Merchant. Though the weather was in- _ clement, a rainy afternoon being followed bv the first snow of the season, the attendance was very good and the lecture-room was well filled. At eight u’clock the chair was taken by Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botan- ist of the Dominion Experimental Farms; after a few introductory remarks ae called upon Professor Lochhead to deliver his address, as President of the ociety. RECENT PROGRESS IN ENTOMOLOGY. (Annual addré&s of the President.) By Wm. Locuueap, B.A., M.S., Proressor or Biotoay, Ontarto AGRICUL- TURAL CoLLEGE, GUELPH. Another eventful year in the history of the Entomological Society of On- tario has just passed, and we are met again to exchange greetings, and to gather information through the exchange of opinions and the reporting of observations. The Annual Meeting of our active members, all interested in a common cause, cannot help but be a tonic in its effect. We return to our separate fields of work stimulated to renewed activity, and refreshed: by the mutual exchange of opinions. ; While encouraged by the meeting of so many of our members, we are also saddened by the thought that one of our oldest and most active members has passed away since our last meeting. Mr. J. Alston Moffat, our elder brother, 8 no longer here to welcome us to our own home. For fourteen years Mr. Moffat was Curator and Librarian of our Society, and for more than thirty vears was an active worker in the field of Entomology. He died on Friday, 36 THE REPORT OF THE ‘ol NO February 26th, after an illness of six months. His services for us will be long remembered, and his kind attention will not soon be forgotten by those who had occasion to use the collections and books of the Society. I am sure we were all pleased when Dr. Bethune consented to assume the duties of Librarian and Curator, in addition to his other duties as Editor of the Canadian Entomologist. : It is the privilege of the President to review the progress of Entomology, and to note the chief entomological contributions of the past year. In my last year’s address I reviewed the progress of Economic Entomology in Onta- ric during the last fifty years. It is unnecessary to state at the outset that i+ is impossible to deal with Ontario or Canada apart from our great neighbor to the south of us. In Entomology, as in other branches of science, the two countries are one, and there are no boundaries between them. The very fact that some of the prominent United States entomologists are present at our Annual Meetings, and some of our members at theirs is strong evidence that we are working together to the same end. On account, however, of their vast- ly greatly appropriations and facilities for entomological investigations, they have taken the lead, and we have come to look to them for both inspiration and suggestion.in the prosecution of our work. Great problems have come up for solution in the last few years both in Canada and United States. The first problem to which I shall refer was the control of the San Jose Scale. Hundreds of investigators have been study- ing this insect with the object of finding simple, effective methods of de- stroying it. During the progress of the investigations many new insecticides have been tried, and new spraying machinery has been contrived, with the result that our knowledge of insecticides has greatly increased. Among the many insecticides prepared, one in particular may be mentioned on account >{ its cheapness and effectiveness. This is the lime-sulphur solution, which is now almost universally used in controlling the scale. Incidentally, also, it was found that it possessed fungicidal properties of great value, and it is now possible to control the Peach leaf-curl at the same time that the scale is treated. Experiments are now in progress to find an easier method of preparing the lime-sulphur solution, which many fruit-growers’ found difficult to make. It would appear that many important additions to our knowledge of in- secticides and fungicides may be looked for in the near future, for the ento- -mologist is now working in co-operation with the chemist and physiologist. The second problem to which much attention is now being given, is the aetermining of the value of parasites in the controlling of injurious insects. As you all know, there are entomologists who believe that there is no need of spraying to control insects. They bring forward the evident fact that a balance is maintained in wild nature, through the operation of parasites and predaceous animals when there is a limited food supply, and that man has in- terfered with the order of things by his clearing of the land and his planting of large areas, and by his ruthless destruction of birds and other animals vhich prey upon injurious forms. These entomologists believe that in time, the balance would again be established; that the beneficial forms would keep the injurious forms under control. The main objection to this argument is that the establishing of this balance is slow, too slow for the farmer and gardener who would lose heavily during the return swing of the balance. Moreover, when foreign pests are the disturbers of the balance, many years may be required to bring them under control, for it is well-known that predaceous forms tend to leave foreign pests severely alone; they have, as it were, an aversion to imported food. It becomes necessary then,’ in such, ; j 1904 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 cases, to import the insects which prey upon the pest in its foreign home. There have been two or three signal successes in this direction. The first and best known was the importation of the Australian lady-bird Vedalia cardi- nalis for the purpose of preying upon the Fluted or Cottony Cushion Scale of the orange groves of Southern California. After a careful study it was found that this scale had come from Australia and there it is not particularly destructive. There it is preyed upon by several predaceous insects, and it was thought advisable to import these and to place them among the infested orange groves. One of these lady-birds soon increased rapidly in numbers, because it preyed upon the Cottony Cushion Scale, and saved the orange groves. The second successful case not so well-known is that of the South African parasite of the Black Scale, Lecanium olew, which infests the olive and orange trees of California. This parasite known as Scutelldsta cyanea, a spe- cies of fly, was imported from South Africa, first to Louisiana, afterwards to California, where it has done wonderful work against the Black Scale. The larva of Scutellista feeds entirely on the eggs of the scale, and a study of its habits shows that it is admirably adapted for the control of the Scale. Its resting period occurs when the Black Scale is resting in the larval stage; consequently the absence of the food supply of eggs at this time does not in- terfere with its development. The fly has now become widely spread, and tae olive and citron orchards have been fairly well cleared of the scale which tnreatened their destruction. Arrangements are now made for the breeding oi the Scutellista at Los Angeles, and for the distribution of colonies to in- fested ranches. . The third case of importation is that of the Chinese Lady-bird Chilocorus semilis, for the control of the San Jose Scale. It will be remembered that Mr. C. L. Marlatt, Assistant Entomologist at Washington, was despatched to Japan and China about three years ago to learn more about the habits and distribution of the San Jose Scale in those countries. After a careful survey of many parts of Japan, Mr. Marlatt was satisfied that Japan was not the original home of the scale. He proceeded to China, and in the Pekin markets he found scale readily on fruit raised in the region south of the Great Wall. Further examination revealed several forms which preyed up- on the scale and kept it in check. One of these predaceous forms was a lady bird, and this one appeared to be doing most to control it. He sent a large number back to Washington, but unfortunately only a few survived. By eareful breeding, however, these multiplied, and in time small supplies were sent to different States for liberation in orchards infested with the San Jose Seale. Up to the present time the Lady-birds have not done well, with the «xception of those sent to some Georgia orchards. The fourth and last experiment of this nature to which I shall refer is the recent introduction of a Guatemalan ant, called the Kelep, to prey upon the Cotton-Boll-Weevil of the cotton plantations of the South. This species of ant was discovered in Guatemala, where it ‘‘attacks and kills the adult boll- weevil thus permitting the regular harvesting of a crop of cotton, even under conditions favorable to the weevil. It is carnivorous and predaceous; it in- jures no form of vegetation and takes nothing from the cotton plant except the nectar secreted for it on the leaves and floral envelopes.’ It stings and paralyzes the weevil and frequently tears the weevil to pieces. Colonies of *his ant have been established in Texas, but recent reports are not encourag- ing. It will be seen, therefore, that we can already point to some cases of suc- cessful application of predaceous and parasitic insects to the control of inju- 38 : THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 rious forms, but it must be confessed that the number of such cases is remark- ably small. Too frequently in popular talks and newspaper articles the ex- ceptional cases are referred to at such length and in such terms, that the impression given is that all injurious forms can be controlled in such a man- ner. So far is it contrary to the facts of the case that man must depend largely upon other means of saving his crops. I do not wish to leave the impression that parasitic and predaceous insects do not perform a very im- portant function in holding injurious forms in check. I know that facts point otherwise, but we must not fold our arms and lull ourselves by the sweet celusion that all will be well with our crops, for the parasites will look after the insects which would do injury. Reference must be made to the great interest that has arisen with regard to Mosquitoes and the Cotton Boll-weevil across the border. With regard to the latter insect, we Canadians, can do nothing directly, as cotton is not grown within our borders, but we should not be uninterested spectators in a struggle against an insect which threatens the cotton industry of the United States. We have cotton mills in Canada, and are dependent to a large extent for our raw supplies on the Southern States. A reduction of the cotton crop there would mean a rapid rise in the price of cotton goods in this country. We also know that Great Britain would suffer very heavily by a shortage of the cotton crop in the United States. The Department of Entomology at Washington has been called upon for help in the fight with the Cotton-Boll-Weevil, and Dr. Howard is now con- ducting the campaign. A large appropriation has been placed at his dis- posal, and the outlook is quite encouraging. Tt has been shown that with new cultural methods the weevil can be con- trolled. That the apparent evil may turn out a blessing is very probable. It. may lead to a better system of cotton growing, which is desirable in many parts of the South. re The Mosquito question is one that is largely discussed in the Eastern and Southern Atlantic States, for these troublesome pests have always been most annoying and deadly in the neighborhood of the Great Cities of the coast. The Entomologists have shown by patient investigation that malaria and yel- lew fever are due to the bites of certain mosquitoes, viz., Anopheles puncti- pennts and Stegomyia fasciata. In the case of malaria the insect becomes infected by sucking the blood from an infected human being. The malarial organism, having thus entered the stomach of the mosquito, passes through certain changes of its existence in the body of the insect, and at the end of about eight days reaches the poison gland. After this time, if the mosquito bites another human being, the malarial organism is introduced into the cir- culation of the latter, and malarial fever follows. The organism causing malarial fever (the Plasmodiwm malaria) is the true parasite, and so far as we know finds the conditions necessary for its existence only in the human blood and this species of mosquito. On to the relation between Yellow Fever and Stegomyia fasciata, I need not now enter into a discussion, for Dr. Howard dealt very fully with this subject in his address at our last Annual Meeting at Ottawa. Although the Yellow Fever Mosquito is not with us, the Malarial Mos- quito, and several other species are far too common in early summer in some localities, where they make life a burden by their continuous tormenting stings. (Fig. 7). Individually and as a Society we might do much to im- prove the conditions of living in mosquito-infested districts. We might emulate our friends across the line and form a Mosquito Extermination So- cicty. This Society should enlist in its membership all persons interested _ 1904 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 _ 40.this important matter, should place and carry out means of extermination, should secure information regarding the distribution of mosquitoes in this country, and disseminate information throughout the infested areas. It has teen proved that mosquitoes can be exterminated from an infested locality by a thorough drainage of the meadows and swamps, and by careful atten- ticn to standing water in pools, ditches, ponds, tanks, cisterns, wells, cess- pools, so as to have them drained or covered. On account of the great importance of the subject, I would suggest that our Society take measures to begin an active anti-mosquito campaign. Much could be done during the coming year to call the attention of the public to the fact that mosquitoes can be exterminated, and I am sure that our pub- lic men throughout the country would come to our aid as soon as practicable propositions were laid before them. As Dr. Howard says: ‘‘When we con- sider the enormous sums of money spent for luxuries, how much more should be spent for bare comfort and peace!”’ YY Fic. 7. Malarial Mosquito (Anopheles), male on left, female on right hand of figure. The last illustration of Entomological work of great importance is the successful introduction of the Caprifig insect (Blastophaga grossorwm) from Southern Europe for the fertilization of the Smyrna figs in California. For . some years attempts had been made to produce Smyrna figs in Ualifornia, but ) without success. The failure was due to the fact that the flowers of these figs were all female, and there was no natural mode of pollination. _It is well i known that the fine flavor of the figs imported from Smyrna is due to the fact ‘ that the fig flowers there are fertilized by pollen from the Wild Caprifig. . When branches of the Wild Caprifig bearing figs are tied to branches of the 40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Smyrna fig tree an insect emerges from galls within the former and pollinates the female flowers of the latter. After much labor the Blastophaga has now been successfully introduced into the fig orchards of California, where both Caprifig and Smyrna fig trees thrive as well as they do in Asia-Minor, and successful means have been adopted for the caprification of the Smyrna figs. The value of this experi- mens to the United States will be above one million dollars a year. As I have already stated, much work is being carried on to determine the value of insecticides other than Paris Green. Reference has already been made to the lime-sulphur solution which is now used extensively against the San Jose Scale. So effective is this insecticide that the fruit-grower may be said to have the scale at his mercy, and it will only flourish where the fruit- gvower is indifferent and will not spray. . Experiments were carried on this year in the St. Catharines district by Prof. Harcourt of the Agricultural College and myself, in co-operation with a committee of the Niagara Fruit Growers’ Association to determine the value of the lime-sulphur-soda mixture against the San Jose Scale. This mixture does not require boiling, hence is more readily prepared than the lime-sul- phur mixture, now in common use in scale-infested orchards. It was prepared as follows: 20 pounds sulphur were stirred into hot water at the bottom of a barrel ; 25 pounds of quick lime and 12 pounds of sal soda were put in and hot water added as needed. After thorough stirring the whole was covered and left for at least half an hour. When required for use dilute to 40 gallons. The results were quite satisfactory, and gave about as good results as were secured from the use of the lime-sulphur mixture. Another lime-sulphur-soda mixture was also tried, caustic soda being used instead of sal soda. The formula is: MOTUS ome wien Ss thale aes sean hee ORR a 30 pounds SUM TUE one OP aE Co ue BOP SS 15 pounds Gawsine soda. cok ae os oe sete ec ces 5 pounds WRAEOT fi .. tt, dott oan, cee) Sok a RRM 3. 5 40 gallons In some localities arsenite of lime has been used extensively instead of Paris Green alone and with Bordeaux Mixture, when a combination insecti- cide and fungicide is required. Arsenite of lime has been proven to be a very effective insecticide. It jg Erepared by boiling 1 pound of white arsenic and two pounds of lime in two gallons of water for 40 minutes, and when required for use 1 quart to a barrel! of water. As white arsenic is cheaper than Paris Green this preparation is to be preferred to the latter. The Kedzie Mixture or Arsenite of soda, known for some years, is even a better mixture than the arsenite of lime. It is prepared by boiling 1 pound - of white arsenic, 4 pounds of sal soda in two gallons of water for 15 minutes, until a clear solution is obtained. When required for use take 14 quarts: cf this solution, 4 pounds of freshly slaked lime and add to a barrel of water. It can also be used with Bordeaux Mixture. Another arsenic compound has also come rapidly into general use, viz., arsenate of lead. This insecticide was tried and found effective in Massachu- setts a few years ago in the fight against the Gypsy Moth. The formula is: ‘AndonateOf SOWA eisai ae oe ROR eee Oe icc 4 ounces Acotate of Lead. Yee b./ vdieo eA istctolon ¢ 11 ounces WV axitien idecis ite eae hoe La TG BNO ae ieee ta te beste 150 gallons. The arsenate of soda is dissolved in 2 quarts, and the acetate of lead im 4 quarts of warm water, then added to the 150 gallons of water. g ion pe a << ¥ F 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 As a rule most of our insecticides are applied in the liquid form, but with- in the last two years dust-sprayers have been used in some orchards. The value of dust-sprays is not definitely known; some experimenters openly op- pose their application on the ground that they are not nearly so effective as the liquid sprays, while other experimenters strongly advocate their use. It is possible that dust-sprays can be used to advantage in wet weather when the foliage is wet and the ground is too soft to allow the heavy liquid spray out- tits to be employed. . I must not conclude this address without referring to the educational side of the work of this Society. In the first place, it is the duty of the Society tu take the lead in educating the public as to the best means of combatting the insects which prey upon the products of the country. This must be done intelligently; by this I mean that in any treatment the why as well as the how should be kept in mind. Recent insect scourges have done much to educate the producers of the country; but it must be acknowledged that even in the presence of these enormous annual losses the farmers, as a body, stand apathetic. They will take action on minor matters which involve only a few hundreds of dollars, but will do nothing when thousands of dollars worth of products are involved. As a community, the farmers of Ontario require to waken up to the tremendous losses they are annually sustaining. They are making many efforts to cheapen production and to cheapen transportation, but what efforts have they made to prevent these tremendous annual losses of millions of dollars? Education is required. Surely, it is not too much to expect the farmer who has to deal with enemies which produce such a loss to acquaint himself with the habits of the pests which work him so much injury. Many of our most prominent fruit-growers have become experimenters, _and an experimenter, you know, is usually a live, wide-awake man, with great influence in his community. The members of this Society should esteem it a privilege to help along the good work of enlightening the people regarding the wonderful world of insect life. The Department of Agriculture is gen- erous to us, and, what is better, is sympathetic. It understands the difficul- ties of our work, and knows how small the army of workers is. It expects, boawever, every member to do his duty, for it must give an account to the pub- lic of the sum placed at our disposal. Prof. Slingerland, in a recent article in the Cornell Countryman, ad- vances a powerful argument for a better diffusion of insect knowledge. He shows that “it costs the New York farmers more than twice as much to feed tleir insect foes as it does to pay their share of the cost of maintaining the schools for educating their children.’’ If this is true for New York State, it is equally true for Ontario. Arguments like this one are needed to make the farmer take an interest in a matter which is vital to his welfare. In the second place, this Society should take a leading part in the new educational movement, called Nature-study, and help to usher in the time when every child will have an acquaintance with his surroundings and take pleasure in the world of Nature which a beneficent Creator has provided; when the method of instruction in our schools will be more rational; and when the schools will send forth students equipped for their life work, pre- pared for complete living. Power as well as culture should be the result of our education, for ‘‘edu- _ cation for culture alone tends to isolate the individual, while education for sympathy with one’s environment tends to make the individual an integral pert of the activities and progress of its time.”’ The study of insect-life we entomologists believe to be a valuable Nature Study. It is interesting; it is a practical study, that is, one which can be 42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 carried on without much expense; and it is a study which, perhaps better than most others, gives the student a conception of the wonderful inter-relationship of organisms. Let us hasten the time ,therefore, when the teachers in our schools will be able to use the abundance of insect life about them in the edu- cation of their pupils. After the conclusion of the President’s Address, Professor H. F. Wick- iam, of the State University of Iowa, Iowa City, one of the Honorary Mem- bers of the Entomological Society of Ontario, gave a very interesting address, iliustrated with a large number of lantern slides, made from photographs which he had taken at the various localities referred to. The following 1s an abstract of his address: INSECT DISTRIBUTION IN THE GREAT BASIN CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF ITS GEOLOGICAL HISTORY. By H. F. Wicknam, Towa Crry, Iowa. In the discussion of the problem of the present distribution of ani- mals on the earth’s surface, the influence of the better marked features in the geological history have been widely recognized. It is well known, for in- stance, that an island lying far out to sea and separated from other land areas fer vast periods of time will be inhabited by an assemblage of animals quite distinct from those of other regions—and in general, it may be said that the length of time during which this island has been thus separated, and the com- pleteness of its isolation are the principal determining factors in the develop- — ment of a peculiar fauna. Temperature, climate, chemical nature of soil and water, together with numberless other physical conditions, all conspire to work on organisms with the result of constant, though often slow change— until in the course of numberless generations the members of the isolated coJony present an assemblage of characters quite different from those pos- sessed by their relatives elsewhere. The occurrence of beetles on the high peaks of the Rocky Mountains, and on the summits of Mounts Washington and Katahdin, whose nearest allies are characteristic of the cold plains of the far north, has been explained in the light of our knowledge of the great southward movement of the ice in remote times. The ancestors of these stranded insects fled to the south in front of the advance of the tremendous glaciers. When these finally melted, their borders, retreating northward, — were followed by the beetles which flourished in the cool climate of the edge — of the ice-sheet; but some of the indivdiuals sought to escape the ever in- creasing heat by ascending the mountains. Where these were high enough to furnish proper climatic conditions for the colony thus formed, communi- ties have been carried through to the present day, and the collector may find on the summit of the highest Rockies the identical species that he catches on the frozen shores of Labrador; though the intervening valleys of the United States and southern Canada will not furnish him a single specimen. Another well known characteristic of insect life, is the tendency of suc- — cessful species—those which are in such perfect harmony with their sur- roundings that the increase in number is very rapid—to spread, and to in- vade new territory. Where this spread is natural, that is to say, not depend- — ent on human agency, it usually takes place along definite lines. These lines — aie determined by various conditions, depending on the nature of the insect, — as well as on the country which it is invading. Some are very sensitive to” Ma —— = a f 4s Ny \ ‘ ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. wn es "= te 6 BOT We ee BY MANY 7 9a% SMALLER ANCIENT LAKES Par Deeww ene porroce “a . ’, e 2 led O19 Ted ede 24 -* aS MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION . te OF AY) S ae a f r ars ClEINDEL A. YS >» Z Le. Pseudosens/is. : : nz. C. echo. 3. C.tenurcincta. * Sig trseeesee Approximale Jim? of ~-0° the Great Basin. Fig. 8. Map of the Great Basin. 44 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 — climatic changes, and are limited in their distribution by the isothermal lines or by the extent of rainfall. Thus, a desert may prove impassable for one species, while another may be equally unable to surmount the barrier pre- sented by a low swampy tract, a high mountain range or a great plateau. The valley of a large river, with its gradual slope and protected nooks, forms. a natural highway for the passage of migrating or spreading species. Within the Great Basin of North America, certain problems of insect dis- tribution are presented in almost perfect purity. In these desolate areas aie spots rarely trodden by the foot of man, still supporting the life that has. been theirs since the time when the valleys were filled with lakes that have left their tide-marks and old beach lines hundreds of feet up the sides of ine Wasatch and the Sierra Nevada; inland seas of fresh water, gradually dwind- ling away as the result of widespread climatic changes, and now represented only by the few meagre salt and bitter lakes that mark the bottom of the an- cient bed. Even these remnants are in danger of disappearance through the loss of their tributaries, diverted for irrigation, so that if we are to study the insects peculiar to their borders the work should not be delayed. The Great Basin lies between the Wasatch and the Sierra Nevada. It includes the western part of Utah, nearly all of Nevada, a great part of east- ern and southern California, extending a short distance down the Peninsula. It also takes in a portion of southern Oregon, and small sections of Idaho and Wyoming. Though termed the Basin, it is chiefly high plateau, fringed by still higher mountains, whose outer slopes drain into the Colorado and the Co- lumbia, excepting along the western edge where the surplus rainfall is gathered up by the Sacremento and other rivers that discharge more directly into the Pacific Ocean. The moisture which falls within the limits of the Great Basin, however, can escape only in one way, namely by evaporation. None of the streams rising there ever break through the rim nor reach the ccean. The rivers either waste away on the vast deserts or empty their floods ‘nto shallow lakes that act as evaporating pans, precipitating the solid mat- ters and returning the rest to the air again. As a consequence of this con- tinual concentrating of the fluids, the waters of the lakes are nearly all strong- ly alkaline or saline, often so bitter as to be useless for drink. The shores are incrusted with salt and soda, sometimes the deposits are several inches in thickness. These beaches, in spite of their forbidding appearance, support a life peculiar to themselves—they are inhabited by an assemblage of insects fitted for just such conditions, and existing nowhere else. The lakes are separated by immense tracts of desert—black volcanic rock, old hard-baked mud flats or wide valleys of send, according to the forces that have been at work in the making of the land. Much of the valley country. is in the neighborhood of five thousand feet above the sea, but it falls off to the southwest where it occasionally sinks several hundred feet below the level of the ocean. In the northern part, the climate is moderate, in the southwest. it is extremely hot, but certain features are common to the district as a. whole—the air is very dry and the rainfall scanty, so there is a constant, though not regular, dwindling of the water bodies. The plant life is essentially that of the desert except on the higher mountain ranges where the trees occasionally reach a profusion of growth which we may call forest. It is, however, with the insects that we are mostly concerned, and of the insects we are best acquainted with the Coleoptera. Several types are quite characteristic of the Basin, hardly occurring outside of it, or at most barely passing the borders. In this category, may be mentioned Cicindela echo, a fine tiger beetle; Cicindela tenuicincta: Tanarthrus salicola and its allies, small species frequenting the borders of alkaline lakes and ponds; three hairy ee eee ee : e50 ee eS S PR A STS ee A ee o . : , 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. a a he Eleodes, circus bugs as they are called in the West; and a considerable num- ber of the genus Bembidium, ground beetles that pick up a living on the shores of streams and pools, not dwelling at any considerable distance from moisture. Many others might be named, but I have endeavored to call at- tention only to a few of the more striking instances. In studying the shore-inhabiting species just mentioned, the question has arisen, whence do they owe their origin ? Are they immigrants from the sur- rounding lands, and if so, do they come from the north or south, the east or west? Do they have near allies on the shores of lakes lying outside of the Great Basin, or are they isolated types that may be supposed to have arisen «on the ground they now occupy? My own belief, founded on several years’ work with material collected on my trips to nearly every part of the Great Basin and the surrounding districts, is that they are true endemics—that they have undoubtedly arisen, as species, in their present locations or the im- mediate vicinity thereof. Occasionally a small colony may be established in the outlying districts adjacent to the Basin, but such cases are rare. A study of the distribution of some of the principal types, will, in my mind, east a good deal of light on the question as to whether or not these beetles are recent acquisitions to the Basin fauna. It is unnecessary to enter into details here, as I have gone over the matter with more minuteness in a paper now in press. Taking as an example, one of the tiger beetles, Cicindela echo Casey, we find it distributed as follows,—on the mud beaches of Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Sevier Lake and Little Salt Lake, in Utah; at Humbolt Lake, in Ne- vada; and at Honey Lake in eastern California. All these points le within the Great Basin, and the beetle is entirely unknown from any other localities, though it has a close relative, Cicindela pseudosenilis, at Owens’ Lake, also within the Basin. All these lakes are now separated by miles of burning desert, forming a barrier that completely prohibits intercourse between the different colonies. The breeding of the species on these deserts is equally im-_ possible, since a certain amount of moisture, the year round, is necessary for its growth. How are we to explain such a distribution? Why do we tind colonies, «- idently arising from the same stock, though the members of one differ more cr less from those of another, scattered in these widely separated localities, when it is perfectly evident that conditions are such that passage from one lake to another is out of the question? My reply is, we must look to the an- cient history of the region—to its geological record—for our answer. Even the earliest explorers of the Great Basin noticed that the terraces on the mountains near Great Salt Lake indicated the former existence of a much larger body of water on the same site. The geologists of the United States Geological Survey have completed a study of the evidence, and have mapped the boundaries of the great lakes that are now known to have occu- pied the valleys during the Pleistocene periods. Their maps show the exist- ence of two principal water bodies, one to the eastward, which has received the name Lake Bonneville, and one to the westward, known as Lake Lahon- tan. Between them was a plateau, dotted with smaller lakes. With the passage of the ages, there came about a great diminution of the rainfall, and a consequent shrinkage of the great lakes of the Basin. Then came a period of humidity and a second rise of the waters, followed by a time of drought even more complete. The lakes, as a result, lost greatly in volume, bays became detached from the main bodies, forming separate inde- pendent lakes, each in its own restricted basin. Some of these, in their turn, dried up altogether, others persisted, though often, perhaps, only as small » ‘ te ge A an 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 pools, fed by perennial springs—a condition exemplified to-day on the Sevier and Humboldt flats. These are practically extinct as lakes, since they con- tain water only in the winter or after heavy floods, and the shore beetles have been forced to gather about the few small springs that moisten the ground along the borders. My proposed explanation, correlating the briefly outlined geological his- tury with the facts offered as to the distribution of the insects, may be sum- marized as follows :— 1. The shore beetles under consideration are confined to the Great Basin or its immediate borders, and have, in general, no allies in other districts bee. from which they could have been recently developed. This in itself is strong presumptive evidence that they are endemic, not immigrants. 2. Within the Basin, recent conditions are such that the present dis- tribution cannot possibly be a matter of modern origin. The small lakes now remaining in the Basin are separated by great tracts of arid desert, impassable lo beetles depending on a moist soil for their development and food supply. The nature of these insects is such that they cannot be carried long distances, as eggs or larve, on the feet of birds or other animals. 3. Ancient conditions, as shown by the geological history through the Pleistocene, were favorable to the diffusion of shore-loving insects through the Basin, because of the much greater extension of the lakes in those times. 4. The insect most thoroughly studied, Cicindela echo, is entirely con- fined, in its present range, to the neighborhood of lakes, which from their size and the presence of nearby springs, may be presumed to have lasted in some tcrm from a remote period—even through times of severe drought. Other littoral forms follow the same general law, though some of them are less sen- sitive to local conditions. From these facts, I think we can come to but one conclusion—the beetles under consideration are types that have inhabited the Basin during the Pleis- tocene times when the shores of the great lakes stretched over hundreds of miles of what are now desert sands. As the lakes shrunk during times of drought, the insects followed the retreating beaches. Those which attached themselves to bodies of sufficient size or permanence were able to sustain their specific existence, while such as were dwelling on the edges of pools of a tran- sient nature were exterminated altogether. Thus we have the phenomenon of discontinuous distribution, presented not by one species alone but by an entire assemblage. The Chairman, Dr. Fletcher, expressed in happy terms the thanks of the audience to Prof. Wickham, for his interesting address and his kindness in travelling so far to attend the annual meeting of the Society. SECOND DAY’S SESSION. The Entomological Society resumed its meetings at 10.30 o’clock, a.m., the President, Prof. Lochhead, occupying the chair. The first order of busi- ness was the election of officers for the year 1904-5, which resulted as shewn on page two. Dr. Fletcher moved, seconded by Mr. G. E. Fisher, “that popular articles should be published in the Canadian Entomologist next year, at least two pages per month, or more at the discretion of the Editor.’”’ After some remarks by the mover and seconder and also by the Editor in support of the resolution, it was unanimously adopted. % 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. _ AT (a Dr. Fletcher moved, seconded by Mr. J.D. Evans, ‘‘that a special vote of thanks be given to the Library and Rooms Committee for the work they have undertaken and so successfully carried out in moving the Society’s library, collections and other property into their new room.’’—Carried unanimously. On motion of Dr. Bethune, seconded by Dr. Fletcher, Dk Witi1am H. AsumeaD, of the United States National Museum at Washington, author of many works on Hymenoptera, and a regular contributor to the Canadian En- tomologist, was elected an Honorary Member of the Society. During the last forty years the Society has only elected 21 Honorary Members, of whom eleven are still living. The next order of business was the reading of papers, which occupied the rest of the morning and the session in the afternoon; among those read were two, which have since been published in the Canadian Entomologist as they were of a somewhat technical character, viz.: “The systematic position ot the Aigialitide’’ by Prof. Wickham and ‘‘Further notes on types in the British Museum,’’ by Mr. Lyman. Both these papers were illustrated with specimens of the insects referred to. The following exhibits were shown by those attending the meeting: By Dr. James Fletcher: A box containing specimens of about twenty species of Canadian Xylinas, illustrating his remarks upon the genus; also Dimor- pliopteryx pinguis and the Negundo Twig-borer Proteopterye Willingana, two new and interesting species; Syngrapha ignea, Autographa flagellum, a co-type of Autographa rubidus, and Panchlora viridis taken at Winnipeg the first record in Canada. By Mr. T. N. Willing: Several boxes of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, etc., collected in the Northwest Territories. By Mr. Arthur Gibson: A collection of about twenty inflated larve, and a box of lepidoptera bred at Ottawa, among which were specimens of Apan- tesis superba, Papaipema purpurifascia, etc. Also some American Beauty Roses from a conservatory in Toronto which were badly affected by a Thrips. It attacked the buds on the outside and thus spoiled the bloom. Fumiga- tion with tobacco was found to control it satisfactorily. By Mr. H. H. Lyman: A number of species of Gortyna (Hydrecia), both moths and inflated larve, among which was a new species not yet de- scribed. Also some Lepidoptera collected in Italy and other European coun- tries. By Mr. C. H. Young: A collection of Micro-Lepidoptera, containing about three hundred specimens of these exquisite moths, all most beautifully and perfectly mounted. has By Mr. J. D. Evans: A number of specimens collected at light in illustra- tion of his paper. : ; By Mr. J. B. Williams: Specimens of Lepidoptera taken in the neigh- | beurhood of Toronto. By Prof. Wickham: Dissected specimens of #gvalites and allied gen- era, showing the structure of the under-side of the prothorax, in illustration of his paper. pe By Mr. C. E. Grant: A box containing over seventy specimens of moths collected at Orillia. By Mr. J. W. Cockle: A number of specimens of cocoons of Telea poly- phemus shewing a great variety of spinning methods, in illustration of his aper. Ae In connection with the exhibits, Dr. Fletcher read an extract from a let- ter recently received from Dr. Ottolengui of New York, which referred to cer- tein species of Canadian Plusias. It was as follows: Ul 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 & Auto grapha rubidus, Ottol. ““T have retained the male of ruwbidus and send you one of my three fe- males. It is in quite as good condition, and, as it was before me when I de- scribed the species, I find it hag a co-type label on it. This I leave, and irust that the specimen may find its way into one of your society or national museums. The species is an interesting one to me as I think it accounts for the re- ported captures of zota to be found in Canadian literature. I have the true iota from Europe, from which it differs greatly, but it is not so dissimilar from the zota of some of the old published lithographic plates, and as the vlder writers used the European names for the American fauna rather more freely than we do now, I think rwbidus is what they all called Zota. I have seen in all, only seven specimens of this, three of which I have. All came from eastern Canada except one determined for Mr. Wolley-Dod. This gives you the range, and it should be found anywhere in Canada. You have two specimens of flagellum. This was long called monodon, until Prof. Smith discovered both types in the British Museum, and correctly ennounced in his Bulletin of the Noctuide, that both types referred to one species, thus giving flagellum antecedence. Nevertheless subsequently he renamed the species insolita, which of course falls. |My specimens have been compared with all true types. A word about fratella, a name which I notice in turning the pages of the Catalogue before me. I omitted this from my list, as a synoym of ow. Just before his death Mr. Grote sent a note to the Canadian Entomologist denying this synonomy. The same denial is to be found on the same authority in Smith’s Catalogue; Morrison having declared fratella to be ow. By closely reading the paragraph referring to ow in the same work we find that though it is stated that the ow of the Grote collection agrees with Guenée’s type in the British Museum, nevertheless we are told that Californica is a form of ou rather than of gamma. As a matter of fact, Californica is quite easily separated from ou, but is not so distinct from European gamma. Sir George Hampson kindly made comparison of my material for me and selected a brilliantly marked large specimen as agreeing with the type of ou, and a very small dull colored specimen from Texas, he says ‘‘agrees with types of ow and fratella._ Both identical.’’ I should add that I sent all my material to Sir George Hampson without labels other than numbers, my la- bels being kept at home on pins similarly numbered. He was therefore not influenced by my views. As this comparison was made long after Mr. Grote had parted with his type, and as he gives no distinguishing characteristic in his description, by all rules fratella must pass into the synonomy. Oxygramma is usually considered a southern species, but I already have it from London, Ontario, through Dr. Bethune.”’ At the close of the meeting votes of thanks were unanimously adopted to Principal Merchant for his kindness in allowing the Society to use the Lecture-room at the Normal School, and the lantern for their public meeting cn Wednesday night; to Mr. 8. B. McCready, for so satisfactorily manipulat- ing the lantern and slides; and to Prof. Wickham and Mr. Willing, for com- ing such long distances to read papers and take part in the proceedings of the annual meeting. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONTARIO CROPS IN 1904. By Dr. James Fiercuer, Dominion ENTOMOLOGIST. The season of 1904 was very similar to that of 1903 being irregular and on the whole unmarked by serious attack by insects upon our staple crops. The systematic entomologist has seldom seen such a poor collecting year, and with few exceptions outbreaks by injurious crop enemies were few. There were, as usual, local occurrences of cutworms, plum curculio, asparagus bee- tles, root maggots, ete., but most of the regular pests of the farm and garden were absent. No new insect enemies of importance were recorded during the past year. Loss from the ravages of the San Jose Scale was considerable in the small corner of the Province infested by that insect; but careful spray- ing was invariably followed by good results. CEREAL Crops. Cereal crops throughout the province suffered little from insect enemies. There was very little injury by Hessian Fly, although Prof. Lochhead received ecmplaints from Wentworth and Halton Counties. . On the whole the wheat crop suffered much less than it has done in recent years from Hessian Fly and other Insects. Perhaps the worst injury to wheat was from rust. Oats were a fine crop, both yield and quality being above the average. The Pea Weevil has been scarcer this year than for a great many years. Owing to the excessive ravages of this insect, many farmers during the past two or three years had almost given up growing this important crop, but the yield of 1904 and the general quality of the grain reaped will do much to re- store confidence in peas as a paying crop, and a much larger acreage of this pulse may be looked for next year. It is surely of the greatest importance fcr all members of our Society to use every endeavor to persuade farmers te take the utmost care to sow no seed peas next spring, unless they are certain that they have been fumigated to destroy any chance weevils they might con- tain. As with every other frequently occurring injurious insect, the best work can be done by applying remedies even more assiduously than usual in those years when the enemy is present in the smallest numbers, and the pres- ent time seems opportune for us to continue vigorously our campaign against the Pea Weevil which was begun two years ago, and which has certainly had much to do with the present satisfactory diminution in injury by the Pea Wee- vil. It will be remembered that the remedies for the Pea Weevil are: 1. Sowing early so as to hurry on maturity as much as possible. 2. Reaping directly the crop is in a fit condition and threshing and fumigating with bi- sulphide of carbon at once, the seed to be then bagged up and kept in bags until required for use. As a general precaution no seed peas should ever be used while the Pea Weevil is abundant which are not known to have been treated, and buyers should always demand from their seedsmen such seed. There are several other methods of treating weevilly peas, besides fumigat- ing, one of the most convenient being to sprinkle a little coal oil or turpentine over the seed and turning it well for two or three days before sowing. An- other effective method is to hold over the seed in tight bags until the second year. The weevils always emerge the first spring after maturing and as they cannot perforate the sacks, they will die many months before the bags need be opened to use the grain. [49] 4 EN. 50 THE REPORT OF THE Oe tee age a Fopper Puants. _ Grass and hay crops in eastern Ontario were of exceptionally good qual-: ity. Corn in most places was late, and in many places was caught by the frost. Clover seed was on the whole a poor crop. The severe winter of 1903 injured the roots considerably in the best seed-growing districts and the sec- ond growth from which the seed is reaped ripened slowly on account of dull, cool weather. ‘The Clover Seed Midge was exceedingly active in nearly every part of the province. The well known remedy of feeding off seed-clover fields up to the 20th June so as to destroy the larve of the first brood before they mature, does not seem to be practised nearly as much as it ought to be by seed growers. This has been proved by constant experimeat to be a very useful remedy and again indicates a means by which the members of the En- tomological Society of Ontario may by giving timely advice in their various divisions, do much good for the province. Roots AND VEGETABLES. The attacks on these crops were all by well-known insects, and were severe in some instances. Undoubtedly the first place must be given, from the extent of injury, to the Root Maggots of cabbages, cauliflowers, radishes, turnips and onions, and 1904 was perhaps, signalized by wider-spread and more excessive injury by these troublesome insects than has ever been recorded. From the Atlantic coast right through to the Pacific, serious injury was wrought and from many places which had never previously been visited, reports of injury were received. All the usually recommended remedies were experimented with, but it must still be acknowledged that in some places and in years of very severe infestation no infallible remedy has yet been discovered. A rem- edy which sometimes, and in some places, answers satisfactorily and saves a crop, will in another year, or in a different locality, be useless. These dif- ferences cannot yet be explained and it 1s imperative that entomologists should give attention to this matter, so as to discover as soon as possible a practical remedy for these insects which every year do so much harm. It may not be amiss to repeat again the remedies which have given the best re- sults. In early cauliflower or cabbage beds, surrounding the.stems of the plants when first set out with discs of tarred paper, gave with us at Ottawa, excellent results, but at Nappan in Nova Scotia, they were found by Mr. W. S. Blair, the Horticulturist of the Experimental Farm for the Maritime Prov- inces, to be almost worthless. Where the bands have not been put on early, pouring around each plant a small quantity, not more than half a small tea- cupful, of a strong decoction of pyrethrum insect powder (4 ounces to the gal- lon of water), will frequently save the crop and among many experiments tried by Mr. Blair at Nappan, was the remedy which gave the best results. To apply the liquid the earth should be removed from the stems of the plants to the depth of an inch and a half, the liquid poured in and the earth replaced. In onion beds dusting white hellebore along the rows once a week as soon as the young plants appeared gave good results in years of a light infestation, but, when, as in 1904, onion maggots could be found throughout the season, this was comparatively useless and became impracticable on account of cost. Cook’s carbolic wash, the manufacture of which was mentioned in our last re- port at page 65, proved a useful remedy and enabled radishes to come to per- fect development without injury by the maggot. In our last report a method was mentioned of growing radishes, cauliflowers and some other vegetables un- 4a ENT. Pa \ Best 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 I po der light coverings made by stretching cheese-cloth over a cheap frame of wood. These experiments were continued during 1904, and gave very satis- factory returns. Small frames six feet by three feet and two feet six inches high, were very convenient for radishes and early cauliflowers. | Asparagus Beetles (Crioceris asparagi, L., and C. 12-punctata, L.) con- tinue to do some damage in the Niagara and St. Catharines districts. The rem- edies most in vogue are dusting the plants at short intervals with freshly slaked lime at the time the slimy larve occur upon the plants. Poisoning with Paris green in either dry or wet mixtures is also useful. The Cabbage or Turnip Aphis (Aphis brassicw, L.) was the cause of ap- preciable loss in crops of Swedish turnips in central and eastern Ontario. Prompt spraying or hoeing out of the young plants when the colonies first appeared in August were attended with satisfactory results. It was no- ticed that high knolls in fields or areas near trees, where the turnips were somewhat starved, for lack of moisture, were invariably the first places of at- tack in turnip fields, therefore when looking for these insects it would be well for farmers to remember this and examine such places carefully when hoeing their turnips. When a colony is first noticed it should be destroyed by spraying with kerosene emulsion or a solution of whale-oil soap one pound in G gallons of warm water. Cutworms. Several species of cutworms occurred in different parts of the province, and did a great deal of harm in field and garden crops. The most ahundant of these was the Red-backed Cutworm (Paragrotis ochrogaster, Gn.), which was accompanied by the Dark-sided Cutworm (Paragrotis mes- Fie. 9. Dark-sided Cutworm and moth. soria, Harr.), Fig. 9. These caterpillars were enormously abundant on light land near Ottawa and attacked almost all kinds of crops. As in past years a prompt application of the poisoned bran mash stopped injury at once. Gardeners who had not previously tried this remedy were literally amazed at its prompt effectiveness. The habits of the Red-backed Cutworm are as fol- lows. The eggs are laid in the autumn, and pass the winter as such, the young larve not hatching until the following spring. Whether this is al- ways the case, I have as yet been unable to learn; but eggs laid late in August vassed through hot weather in September and October and did not hatch until the following May, but at that time much larger larve were found. out of doors in the ground. The Climbing Cutworm (Paragrotis scandens, Riley), which here is ex- tremely local attains almost half its growth before winter sets in, increases rapidly in spring and is frequently troublesome in gardens on sandy soil. In making the bran mash mentioned above it is best to dampen some of the bran slightly with water containing a little sugar. After mixing thorough- ly, add the Paris green little by little stirring the mixture all the time. Half a pound of Paris green is sufficient to poison fifty pounds of bran. The mixture when ready for use, should be dry enough to crumble freely through the fingers and may then be distributed through an infested drop either by 52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 | placing a small quantity between the plants or along the edge of an infested erop by scattering it broadcast or running a drill of it close to a crop by means of a seed drill, or similar implement. There are other remedies which may be used for cutworms with good effect. A collar of paper or a ring of ‘tin put around the stem at the time of planting will prevent the destruction of many plants, and a wise precaution is to destroy by burning the haulms and stems of all plants from which the crops have been reaped. ‘his should be done as soon as the crop is picked so as to leave the land available for other erops and to remove many insects and fungi which might harm a future crop. The moths of many cutworms lay their eggs in autumn, and for this reason land should be kept scrupulously clean of all weeds and useless vegetation in autumn, as these would be an attraction to the female moths when seeking suitable places for laying their eggs, at the same time many weed seeds would be prevented from maturing. The Beet-leaf Miner (Pegomyia bicolor, Wied.) appeared in several places, more particularly in Western Ontario. This caused some alarm lest it should injure the sugar-beet crop, which is now receiving much attention. These fears fortunately appeared to be unfounded, and in late summer all ap- pearance of the attack had disappeared. The injury consists of large blotch mines which are formed in the tissues of the leaves by the maggots of a small Hy. Occasionally these are so abundant that the greater part of the leaf is involved and the roots do not form properly. I know of no practical remedy, but fortunately the injury is seldom so severe as to affect the crop, the chief growth of which takes place in summer and and autumn. Fra. 10. Cabbage caterpillar, a ; chrysalis, b. The Green Cabbage Caterpillar (Pieris rapa, L.). Although present to seme extent, this destructive enemy of the cabbage was noticéably less abund- ant than usual lust season and was easily controlled. The best remedy is to dust the plants as soon as the eaten leaves show the presence of the caterpil- lars, with a mixture consisting of one pound of insect powder in four pounds of cheap flour. This powder falling on the caterpillars or diluted and washed down to them by dew or rain, kills every one of them it comes in contact with, ina few hours. The practice of using Paris green in any form on cabbages, is much to be condemned. Insect powder, known also as Dalmatian, Per- sian and Pyrethrum Insect powder, is a vegetable poison made by pulveriz- ing the flowers and buds of certain species of plants allied to the Chrysanthe- mum, and, although so very fatal in its effects upon most insects, is almost harmless to the higher animals. 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 The Carrot Rust Fly (Psila rose, Fab.). The maggots of this insect bore into the carrots giving them a rusty appearance on the outside and pro- _ aucing brown discoloured channels which run in all directions through the roots. The attack was not so severe last season as has sometimes been the case of late years. The worst injuries were in the Maritime provinces, but there were also one or two occurrences reported in Ontario, as at Ottawa, Perth, and even as far west as Barrie, which as far as I know is the furthest point west, where the insect has occurred. Fruits. Fruit crops were little injured by the well known and usual pests. The apple crop was large and where properly sprayed was of excellent quality. Plums were the chief failure and the injuries of the Plum Curculio upon the light crop were serious. This insect also turned its attention in many places to the apple crop, and gnarled and spotted fruit from this cause was sent in from many places. Regular spraying with poisoned Bordeaux mixture, re- duced the injury to a considerable extent and orchards which were cultivated and kept free from undergrowth during the autumn seemed to be less at- tacked than where sod or even cover crops were on the land. The San José Seale (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.) still exists as a very wajurious pest of the orchard in that small part of the Province where it exists, and where it has done much harm for the last six or seven years. There is now no doubt that the lime and sulphur wash as worked out by Mr. George E. Fisher, and other experimenters is a practical remedy for the San José Scale, and where persistent spraying is practised, clean paying crops can he grown, and the trees preserved in a healthy state for future crops. The necessity of persistent work, however, must be expected with this insect. The matter is now in the hands of the fruitgrowers themselves and it is well un- derstood by all who will read and observe for themselves that even in infested districts, paying crops of apples, peaches, plums and pears, can be grown if the recommended measures are carried out. There are several methods of preparing the lime and sulphur wash, the more important of which have all been described from time to time in our annual reports. The chief difference in their preparation consists in the time it is deemed necessary to boil the washes. Mr. Geo. KE. Fisher, who certainly has had as much experience in this matter as any living man, claims that there should be in every gallon of wash, half a pound of sulphur and cne pound of lime, which must be boiled together for not less than two hours. The usual practice however among fiuit growers, who used this wash to a large extent in 1904, in the Grimsby, St. Catharines and Niagara districts, I found was to boil the wash for about one hour only. Excellent results were obtained, which, however, might possibly have been improved by longer boiling. |The new methods of com- Lining the sulphur with the lime by means of the heat of the latter while slaking and the addition of either caustic soda or sal soda, up to the present seem to be giving very satisfactory results not only in our own experiments but in careful investigations which have been carried on by Prof. Felt in New York. Further study will be given to the matter and if an effective wash can be made in this way without the long boiling, it certainly will be a means of inducing many to do so, who at the present time do not use this useful remedy. The range of usefulness of this wash as an insecticide and fungicide is wider than that of many other materials. Experiments in destroying the eggs of Apple Aphis and of the aphid which is so destructive to the appear- Ee pe ee 54. THE REPORT.OF THE eo Neg am ance of the High-bush Cranberry (or Guelder Rose, also called Snowball tree), distorting and curling up the leaves, were extremely satisfactory at Ot- tawa. The latter insect is so prevalent that it is a rare thing to see a tree which instead of being an ornament is not a disgusting mass of distorted leaves, swarming with plant lice. Bushes sprayed with the lime and sulphur wash, just before the buds burst, were perfectly clean, with only a few dis- tcrted leaves on the tips of some of the top twigs which evidently had been missed when the bushes were sprayed. The fungicidal value of this wash was also plainly manifest on apple trees, which were sprayed for the destruc- _ tion of the eggs of the apple aphis. The common Oyster Shell Scale, which all through Canada every year does so much harm is easily controlled by means of the lime and_ sulphur “ic This wash is for winter use only, as it is destructive to all kinds of cliage. The New York Plum Scale (Lecanium cerasifex, Fitch). This soft scale was seen in several places in the Niagara district but does not seem to have done very much harm. Its habits are different from those of the two scales mentioned above. The San Jose Scale passes the winter as a half-grown scale attached to the bark, with its delicate threadlike beak sunk into the tissues of the wood, whence it can never withdraw them. The New York Plum scale, on the other hand, migrates in the autumn to the twigs where the young and very small scale insects cluster together and pass the winter. In the spring they again move and take up suitable places for growth upon the young and forming wood. Here they grow rapidly during May, and in the fol- lowing month the females produce eggs beneath the scales from which about mid-summer the young bark-lice emerge and distribute themselves over the trees. The Oyster-shell and Scurfy scales on the other hand pass the winter as eggs beneath the protecting scales of the dead females. These different habits should be borne in mind when a remedy is being adopted. The San Jose Scale breeds continuously during the summer and up to frost, producing an incredible number of young. It is this enormous ratio of production, and the long period during which young are continuously brought forth, which renders this insect such a serious pest. The three other scales men- tioned have only one brood of young in the year. The New York Plum Scale is best treated by spraying. the trees, upon which it occurs, early in spring before the buds burst, with a strong kerosene emulsion dilution, a whale-oil soap solution, or with the lime and sulphur wash. If trees are found to be infested after the leaves have opened, the kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution may be used advantageously. When the scales are large and swollen, and this is the time they are gener- ally noticed, they are capable of doing very little harm. It is better there- fore to wait until the young insects leave the scales and are noticed crawling atout on the trees. Spraying at that time will destroy large numbers with- out any fear of injuring the trees. A noticeable feature of the past season has been the small amount of in- jury attributable to many of the well known destructive enemies of the or- chard and garden. The Codling Moth, which is every year the cause of se- rious loss in the apple crop, did remarkably small injury and hardly occurred at all in those sections of the province east of Toronto where there appears to be only one brood. West of that point the first brood was little noticed, but the second brood in some places was the cause of some loss. The remedies for the Codling moth are a combination of spraying in spring and banding the © trees with burlap in late summer. With regard to this latter method it must — be pointed out that unless the burlap bands are taken off regularly and either 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 scalded or crushed between rollers, more harm than good may be done by these bands being placed on the trees. Another point also which will require attention is to see that the bark of the trees beneath the bands 1s scraped with a wire brush, or other hard instrument, to destroy the cocoons of such cater- pillars as have partially bored into the bark to pupate. These are extremely difficult to see unless carefully looked for. The Squash Bug (Anasa tristis, DeG.). Another troublesome enemy of the fruit grower and gardener which this year was less destructive than has for many years been the case, was the large so-called ‘‘stinkbug’’ or ‘‘Bishop bug’’ of western Ontario. Tent Caterpillars which some years ago stripped many orchards and tracts of forest land were only noticed in a few districts in south-western On- tario, and they were so thoroughly destroyed by parasites two years ago that not a moth or caterpillar of either of the common species was seen at Ot- tawa during the past year. There is no doubt that they will soon reappear again; but, with ordinary case, no well kept orchard will ever suffer seriously fiom these insects. Regular annual spraying will prevent injury by Tent Caterpillars, Cankerworms, Eye-spotted Bud moth, leaf rollers, and all the ordinary foliage-eating pests of the orchard. If spraying is supplemented with the washing of the trunks in the beginning of June and July, with alka- line washes, most of the different kinds of borers which attack apple trees, will be kept at bay. For the Peach Borer, special steps will have to be taken and for the small Shot-borers and Bark Beetles, carbolic washes must be ap- plied early in spring. If besides these precautions proper attention is given to the fertilization of the soil and the pruning of the trees so as to allow a free action of sun and wind, there will be little harm from injurious insects and fungous diseases. There is nothing so manifest to the practical entomologist as the fact that vigorous, well-cared for trees, are far less attractive to their insect enemies than those trees which are stunted or in some other way in- jured. Houses Puants. The insects which do injury in window gardens and upon house plants’ generally, are few in number and may be treated in a wholesale manner. For the satisfactory cultivation of house plants one of the prime principles is to grow only such number of plants in a window as can be_ properly at- tended to, and as can obtain a suitable amount of light, air and space for their symetrical development. The number of insects which attack house plants is small and the same treatment answers for most of them. There is a great deal of trouble saved by choosing such plants as are seldom infested by in- sects. To this class belong the different kinds of Geraniums, on the whole, perhaps, the most valuable and satisfactory plants for house culture. They are easily propagated, very resistant of neglect and most profuse bloomers. Fuchsias, begonias and bulbs of various kinds are seldom attacked by insect pests. On the other hand, palms, cacti, foliage plants and ferns are liable to be much infested by different kinds of scale insects, Thripide and the so- called Red Spiders; roses, by scale insects and plant lice. The first principle of window gardening is to give the plants suitable soil, pots large enough but not too large, and good drainage with regular watering. The insects as stated above may be easily controlled on general principles. The first of these is to wash the foliage regularly to free it from dust and scale insects; spraying plants of almost all kinds is very beneficial to them. Palms and thick-leaved plants like the oleander, may be washed with a piece of soft flan- . 56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 nel or a sponge, drawing the leaves one by one through a fold of the flannel, lor this purpose any soap will answer, but tar soap is the best. ~ There is also a special tobacco soap which is made for this purpose. When a plant is re- ceived and is found to be thoroughly infested by scale insects it is well to make a small quantity of kerosene emulsion and this may be done easily in an or- dinary quart bottle, placing the ingredients in it and shaking it violently by hand. After treating a plant, either with strong soap suds or kerosene emul- sion, it is well to let it stand for a short time, from half an hour to an hour, and then wash off the soap. When spraying or washing large plants they may be stood in a bath or other large receptacle. | When roses or other plants are infested by plant lice, many of these may be dislodged by simply puffing pyre- tbrum insect powder on to the colonies. This will cause many of them to drop, but will not kill them and unless they are swept up and destroyed they will crawl back again on to the plants. For thoroughly cleaning the plants both of the insects and of the honeydew produced by them, a washing with soap suds or kerosene emulsion will be necessary. When a prickly cactus is found to be infested with woolly aphis or other scale insects, perhaps, the easiest treatment is to touch the separate insects with a small paint brush dipped in alcohol. ‘‘Red Spiders,’’ which are among the most troublesome pests of the window gardener, are reduced in numbers by keeping the plants as cool and damp as possible, but more than this is necessary, and the sov- ereign remedy for these and all kinds of mites, is to dust them frequently with flowers of sulphur. This material in no way injures the plants but ren- ders them very distasteful to the spinning mites which as a class are known by the name of Red Spiders. ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1904. By James Fietcuer, Dominion EnroMoLoGistT, OTrTawa. The season of 1903 was cool and disappointing, but that of 1904 was even more so. Collectors from every part of the Dominion make com- plaints of the small number of days which could be called good collecting days. In my own experience of thirty years in Canada I have never known a season when insects were so scarce, and this character extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific. I have been pleased to note the stimulating effect of the publication of the Entomological Record among all classes of collec- tors; but as compiler I must still urge collectors to read this Record care- fully and make the fullest use of the many opportunities for advancing their studies thereby afforded. In preparing the lists herewith submitted, I have received much assistance from collectors who have sent in much more regularly than heretofore, records of their captures. Special lists have also helped very much by giving critical notes when identifying specimens. Valuable reports of a more extended nature, given herewith, have been re- ceived from Mr. W. D. Kearfott on Micro-lepidoptera, from the Rev. G. W. Taylor, on Geometride, and from Mr. E. D. Harris, on Cincindelide These reports are of special value, and the writers have most generously offered their services to any of our collectors who will correspond with them. Other specialists, who, as in the past, have done good service for Can- adian entomology, have this year again put us under deep obligations for ex- pert assistance. Dr. Howard, the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, at Washington, as well as Messrs. Dyar, Coquillet and Ashmead, of Washing- ea * (1904 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 ton; Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J.; Mr. W. Beutenmueller, of New York; Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia; Mr. E. P. Vanduzee, of Buf- falo; Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa; Prof. J. 8S. Hine, of Col- umbus, Ohio, and Mr. W. H. Harrington, of Ottawa, Ont.; have examined and named numerous collections during the past year, and, although the thanks of the individual collectors have been expressed to them, I take plea- sure in publicly acknowledging here their help to the general cause of Canadian entomology. Collections of insects have been made in various parts of Canada this year by visitors, perhaps the most important of these being by Mrs. Nicholl, of Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, South Wales, who spent the summer in the Rocky Mountains and made extensive collections. Possibly the most inter- esting result of Mrs. Nicholl’s work was the discovery of Hrebia Vidlerz in considerable numbers in the Okanagan valley. The original locality where the types were collected by Mr. Vidler, thirty years ago is somewhat in doubt. Nothing had been seen or heard of the species after it was first taken, until in 1898, when I rediscovered it on Mount Chéam near the mouth of the Fraser River in British Columbia. Mrs. Nicholl also took during the summer several specimens of that Rocky Mountain Greyhound, Brenthis astarte, and many other rarities seldom seen in Canadian collections. Mr. C. W. Leng, of New York, tells me that Mr. W. 8. Genung spent three months this year, collecting beetles in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton and Newfoundland, and sent him 11,000 specimens containing some great rar- ities. A few small collections were brought back by the officers of the Geolo- gical Survey of Canada, but a great deal more good work might be done by these gentlemen, with their exceptional opportunities, in adding to the large collection of insects already in the museum of that Department. Specimens from any little visited locality are of great scientific value if the date of collection and exact locality are noted—even a single specimen may be of the greatest interest. A few specimens well preserved are of far more value than a large number in poor condition or without data. Mr. Jos. Keele secured some specimens of, special interest in the valley of the Mayo River, Yukon Territory. Mr. E. R. Faribault collected in Nova Scotia, and Mr. Andrew Halkett, who was the naturalist on the ‘‘Neptune’’ in her explorations under Mr. A. P. Low, in Hudson Bay in 1903-04, brought back some very interesting specimens. LITERATURE. Among the works which have dealt with Canadian insects and which have appeared during the past year, mention may be made of the following: Dyar, Harrison G. Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British Columbia, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Museum, vol. XXVII., pp. 779-938. — One of the most important publications of 1904 for Canadian entomologists is Dr. Dyar’s annotated list of the lepidoptera taken by him and Messrs. Currie and Caudell during a three months’ visit to Kaslo on Kootenai Lake in the summer of 1903. This list also includes mention of the species found in the rich local collection of Mr. J. W. Cockle. The great value of this list will be found in the critical and comparative notes on the species mentioned, with their near allies. 653 species are mentioned, with more or less com- plete larval notes of 167. There have been many collectors in the Rocky ees DY OL Ug MPO, Saar . 58 THE REPORT OF THE mak hae 19 Mountains of Alberta and British Columbia, and this report will be invalu- able in working up their captures, enriched as it is by Dr. Dyar’s experience and great knowledge of the forms occurring in the adjacent western States of the Union. Naturally many species were added to the list of Canadian Insects, and many indefinite western forms after careful study were given varietal or specific rank and described. By the publication of Dr. Dyar’s list several doubtful cases of identification are cleared up and future stu- dents of western mountain lepidoptera will have a firm basis for their studies. Smith, J. B. Common Mosquitoes of New Jersey, Bull. 171, N. J. Agric. Ex. Stn.—A pamphlet of 40 pages well illustrated and the matter chiefly original, conveniently arranged in Dr. Smith’s usual thorough and practical manner. It will be found very useful to those taking up the study for the first time, and also by the advanced student on account of the new matter relating to life histories. Felt, E. P. Mosquitoes or Culicidae of New York State, N.Y. State Museum Bull. 79, pp. 165, 57 plates, 113 wood cuts.—This is a sumptuous bulletin beautifully printed and profusely illustrated. The literature deal- ing with mosquitoes is now very extensive, and this paper will be found one of the most valuable of those dealing with this now popular study. The subject is very fully dealt with, and many species are treated at length. A valuable bibliography mentions all the important publications from 1847 down to the present time, 130 in number. As an appendix of six pages is a generic revision of the Culicide. The whole is completely and care- fully indexed, a most satisfactory character of all the publications by Dr. Felt and his predecessor, Dr. Lintner. _ Swezey, Otto H. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Described Species of the Family Fulgoride of North America, north of Mexico. Ohio Dept. Agric.; Div. Nursery and Orchard Inspection, Bull. No. 3.—This catalogue of 48 pages contains much valuable information concerning these little known homopterous insects. Not only is an attempt made to include all of the described species from North America, north of Mexico, but with each genus and species are given a full synonymy and bibliography, as well as notes regarding localities, food plants, and life histories, as far as known. The want of such a source of reference was much felt. The Harriman Alaska Expedition, vols. VIII. and IX., Insects.— These volumes published in co-operation with the Washington Academy of © Sciences are an important contribution to American entomology. The material was collected by Prof. Kincaid, of the University of the State of — Washington. More than 8,000 insects were collected representing 1,001 species, 344 of which were new to science. ‘The identifications have been made by experts through Dr. Howard at Washington. Unfortunately, — the price at which these volumes are published will preclude their wide dis- tribution amongst the students of the different orders. The style of print- ing, binding and illustration are of the very highest class. Busck, August. Tineid Moths from British Columbia, with descrip-— tions of new species. Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. XXVII., pp. 745-778.—This paper is based mainly on a large collection made in British Columbia, chiefly at Kaslo, on Kootenai Lake, in 1903, by Dr. H. G. Dyar assisted by Messrs. BN, Caudell and R. P. Currie. There are also notes on collections re-— ceived by the National Museum from the States of Washington, Oregon and Idaho. Notes of more or less length are given of 55 British Columbian — species, and among these 17 are described as new. 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 59 Currie, Rolla P. An Insect Collecting Trip to British Columbia, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash-, vol. VI., p. 24.—This paper, although it does not attempt to cover all the insects noticed or studied during the visit of Messrs. Dyar, Caudell and Currie to Kaslo, B.C., gives much valuable information regarding the region, the plants and insects which were noted in the differ- ent Ioccalities in the Kootenai District visited by the above named gentle- men. It will be of special interest to anyone contemplating a visit to that interesting part of British Columbia. Dyar, Harrison G. Notes on the Mosquitoes of British Columbia, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. VI., p. 37.—Twenty different species of mos- quitoes are noted in this article, represented by 1,288 specimens collected in 1903. Biologic notes are given of many of the species. Beutenmueller, Wm. American Museum Journal, vol. IV., No. 4. _(Reprint.) The Insect-Galls of the Vicinity of New York City.—This is a most useful pamphlet of 38 pages, and will be found of great value in the identification of many of the insect-galls about which so little is known- 87 different species of gall insects are listed and an illustration of the gall in each instance given. SPECIALISTS. The records received this year are again chiefly made up from the work of lepidopterists and coleopterists. Collections have been made in other orders; but the number of certain identifications is smaller than was hoped” might be the case, and the recording of these, except in a few instances, does not seem to be advisable just now. On the whole decidedly more interest was shown in the study of various orders during 1904 than for many years past. Mr. R. V. Harvey, of Vancouver, has done much in encouraging the British Columbian collectors and holding them together. He has also pub- lished a list of the Butterflies of his province, which will form a basis for future work. The Rev. G. W- Taylor, has pushed forward his studies of the geometride and is now in correspondence with nearly all the collectors in the Dominion. It is to be hoped that before long Mr. Taylor will see his way to publish the results of his labours. Mr. J. W. Cockle at Kaslo, and Messrs. F. H. Wolley-Dod and A. F. Hudson at Millarville, Alta., have made great advance in their studies of the noctuide. Mr. T. N. Willing at Regina, and the Criddle brothers at Aweme, Man., have added largely to their general collections of insects. Mr. E. F. Heath, at Cart- wright, in Southern Manitoba, has collected vigorously and added much to _ the local fauna of his province. In Montreal Messrs. H. H. Lyman, A. F. Winn and C. Stevenson have been actively at work on the life histories of lepidoptera. At Ottawa Mr. C. H. Young has made extensive collections in some of the families of the lepidoptera and has sent them to specialists, all of whom comment upon the great excellence of his mountings. In the Division of Entomology at the Central Experimental Farm the entomolo- gists have devoted much time to working out life histories, and besides have endeavored to help and encourage students in all orders. AcTIvVE WORKERS. The following list gives the names of the most active workers in Can- ada which have been heard from during the past year. There are doubt- 60 THE. REPORT; OF THE less many others, but I have not heard from them during 1904. No aoe The initials in parentheses after their names indicate the orders they are studying, or if they have general collections. Anderson, E. M., Victoria, B. VU. (L.) Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., London, Ont. (Gen., L., C.) Bégin, Rev. P. A., Sherbrooke, Q. (Gen., Baird, Thomas, High River, Alta. (Gen.) Brainerd, Dwight, Montreal. (L.) Bryant, Theodore, Wellington, B. C. (L.) Purman, Rev. W.. A., Winnipeg. (Gen.) Bush, A. Vancouver, b. C. (L.) Compbell, D. A., Ottawa. (Gen.) Chagnon, Gus., Montreal. (C.) Cockle, J. W., ’ Kaslo, B. C. (L.) Criddle, Evelyn, Aweme, Man. (L., Gen.) Criddle, N., Aweme, Man. (6 ee Or., CG.) Criddle, Stewart, Aweme, Man. Ue. Gen. ) Crew, R. d's Toronto. (C.) Dennis, A. J., Beulah, Man. (L.) Denny, Edw., Montreal, (L.) Desrochers, Rev. J. E., Rigaud, Q. (L. C.) Bod, F. H. Wolley, Millarville, Alta. (L.) Draper, R., Vancouver. (L.) Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. (Gen., L., C. 1aym.) RS Rev. G. H., Ainsworth, B. C. ( Fletcher, Dr. J., Ottawa. (Gen., L., U.j Fyles, Rev. Thos, W., Levis, Que. (Gen. L., Hym.) Garrett, C., Calgary, Alta. (L.) Gibbon, H., Beulah, Man. (L.) Gibson, Arthur, Ottawa. (L., Gen.) Grant, C. E., Orillia, Ont. (L.) Gregson, P. B. Blackfalds, Alta. (Gen.) Guignard, J. a Ottawa. (Gen. , Hym.) Hanham, A. W. ” Victoria, Bre. (hs DE, C. Harrington. W. H., Ottawa. (c., Hym., Hem., D.) Harvey, R. V., Vancouver. (L., Odon.: Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. (L.) Huard, Rev. Vietor. Quebec, (Gen.) Fudson, A. F., Ualgary, Alta. (u.) Jones, W. A. Dashwoou, New Westm'n ster, B. C. (L.) Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatla, B. C. (C.) eae Prof, W., Guelph, Ont. (Gen., ) liyman, H. H., Montreal. ee, MeIntosh, W., St. John, N.-B: Gay Ds I.) McIntyre, A. D., Boisdale, Nfld. (C.) MacLaughlin, T, S Ottawa. (Odon.) Marmont, L. K., Rounthwaite, Man. (L.) Metcalfe, W., Ottawa. (L., C., Hem.) Moore, G. ih Montreal. (Hem.) Morden, John E., London, Ont. (L.) Verrin, Jos,, Halifax, N. 8S. (L.) Norris, A. E., Montreal, (L.) Quellet, Rev. C. J., Montreal. (C., Hym ! Richard, A. E., Ottawa. (L.) Roy, Rev. Elias, Levis, Q. (C.) Sandercock, W. C., Lauder, Man. (L.) Saunders, H. S., Toronto. (L.) Simpson, Willibert, Ottawa. (C.) Suffield, J. D., Morden, Man. (L.) _ Sanson, N, B., Banff, Alta. (Gen., L.) Schmitt, Dr. J., Anticosti. (Gen.) Southee, G. R., Outremont. (L.) Stevenson, Charles, Montreal. (L., C., Hem.) Tanton, J., London, Ont. (L.) Taylor, Rev. G. W., Wellington, B. C. (L., Hem., C.) Tipping, Dalton, Blackfalds, Alta. (Hym.. Gen.) Thompson, W. Robin, London, Ont. (L., C.) Venables, E. P., Vernon, B. C. (L., C., Hym.) WwW ey, Dr. E. M., Toronto. (Or., Odon.)} Winn, a ae Montreal. (L.) Ww ilson, E., Vancouver, (L.) Wilson, IJno., Vancouver. (L.) Ww ilson, T., Vancouver. (L.) Wilson, Ww. J., Ottawa. (Gen.) W illiams, J. B. Toronto. (L.) Willing, TT, N., Regina. (Ges OrsCs) Wood, A. A., Coldstream, Ont. (L.) Young, C. HH. Hurdman’s Bridge, Ont. (L.) 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 NOTES OF CAPTURES. LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, Uys. N. M: Bull: No:i52.) RHOPALOCERA. (Dyar’s number.) 8. Papilio daunus, Bdv. Regina, N.W.T., (Mrs. J. R. C. Honeyman). 16. Papilio machaon, L., a. aliaska, Scud. Quite common along the shores of Mayo Lake, and valley of Mayo River, Yukon Territory, during July and August. (J. Keele). 28. Neophasia menapia, Felder. 1904 was a ‘‘menapia year’’—millions these butterflies could be seen around the Douglas firs and on the sea between Vancouver Island and the mainland in August last. Pontia brassice, L. Two larve of this well-known European species, the ‘‘Large White,’”’ taken on Nasturtium vines in Westmount, Que., Sept. 4. Both parasitised. (Winn). The larval skin was exhibited at the annual meeting, Ent. Soc. Ont., 1904, and was undoubtedly rightly named by Mr. Winn. 62. Eurymus meadii, Edw., a. elis, Strk. Just coming out near Laggan, July 20, (Mrs. Nicholl). 64. Hurymus boothii, Curtis. Mayo Valley, Yukon, (J. Keele). A fe- male. Elwes’s fig. 5. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, part III. 1903, cor- ° responds exactly with this specimen. 73. Hurymus pelidne, Bdl. a. Skinneri, Barnes. Just coming out, near Laggan, B.C., July 19, (Dod). 75. Hurymus nastes, Bdv. Not rare above timber line on several moun- tains near Laggan and Field, B.C., July 20 and onwards, (Mrs. Nicholl and Mr. Dod). 85. Eureme euterpe, Men., (lisa, Bdv.). Halifax, Aug. 24, (Perrin). 143. Brenthis Alberta, Edw. On several mountains near Laggan, near the summits. Less of a peak-lover than astarte, much more local and less common, but not nearly so difficult to capture. Both sexes were taken in about equal numbers. Mrs. Nicholl who subse- quently collected on many mountains between Laggan and Field reported alberta to be ‘‘common everywhere.’’ July 19 and on- wards, (Dod.) 144. Brenthis astarte, D. & H. Fairly common on several bare peaks near Laggan, July 19 and 20. The males play around the ex- . treme summits at 8,000 ft- or over. They are very hard to net, as their flight is exceptionally swift. The females were met with, but very rarely, much lower down, almost or quite at timber line (about 7,000 ft.). Mrs. Nicholl met with it almost everywhere she went in the Rockies. (Dod.) 207. Polygonia satyrus, Edw., High Falls, Que. July 12, (Saunders). 284. Canonympha typhon, Rott., a. laidon, Bork. (¢nornata, Edw.). One damaged specimen taken at Lac Charlebois; Que., (Laurentian Mts.), July 21. Several seen from train window in same dis- trict June 4, (Winn). 286. Enodia portlandia, Fab. Scotch Lake, N.B., July 9, (W. H. Moore). This is a new record for New Brunswick. _ r tol FNP vate aes aN, RAS RNNN DS ey ev ge rar vee hewn 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19) 295. Uneis norna, Thun., 1. Beanti, Elwes. Very common on sev-— eral bare peaks near Laggan, over 8,000 ft. July 19 and 20. Mrs. Nicholl found it common everywhere (on peaks) round Laggan, Field and Banff. (Dod.) 308. Anosia pleaippus, L. One specimen in fresh condition, Vernon, B. C., Aug. 18. . er . Balad > Ww * "<4 A ee PE! Pre ee \ ar 64 THE REPORT OF THE : No. 19 1,698. Paragrotis mollis, Wlk. Millarville, Sept. 3, at light by Mr. Hud- son. Only two specimens previously taken. (Dod-) q 1,716. Paragrotis basalis, Grt. Cartwright, one at sugar, Aug. 2. The first time I have seen it here. (Heath.) Regina, (Willing). 1,720. Paragrotis Idahoensis, Grt. Wellington, (Bryant). 1,727. Paragrotis abar, Strk. Cartwright, one at sugar, Sept. 3. I took one last year which was named by Dr. Smith, and this agrees with it. (Heath.) 1,767. Agrotiphila maculata, Sm. Mts. Fairview and St. Piran, Laggan, B. C., above timber (7,500—8,500 ft.), July 19 and 20—~rare, (Mrs. Nicholl and Mr. Dod). 1,806. Mamestra rubefacta, Morr. Millarville. June 17 at sugar, very rare, (Hudson). 1,840. Mamestra sutrina, Grt. Millarville, May 30, at light. Always a great rarity. (Hudson.) 1,877. Mamestra circumvadis, Sm. Millarville, June 30 and July 2, at light, always a great rarity, (Dod.) Mamestra acutermina, Sm. Cartwright. At sugar with I. Good- ellii, Grt., June 20, (Heath). Mamestra Dodii, Sm. Can. Ent., June, 1904. Millarville, June 25. As usual, not rare at sugar, (Dod). 1,895. Xylomiges rubrica, Harvey. Kaslo, a splendid specimen of this very variable species, (Cockle). Vancouver, several in April, (Bush). 1,907. Scotogramma densa, Sm. Kaslo, one specimen, (Cockle). 1,953. Heliothis unipuncta, Haworth. Oak Bay, Van. Island, one at sugar, Sept. 10. The only specimen I have seen in British Columbia. (Hanham.) 1,983. Heliophila calgariana, Sm. Millarville, Aug. 2, at sugar. Prob-. ably a variety of anteroclara, Sm. (Dod.) 2,006. Himella .contrahens, Wlk. ac Charlebois, Laurentian Mts. several at sugar, July, (Winn). 4 2,026. Graphiphora peredia, Grt. Cartwright, July 14, at sugar. This moth is of very uncertain occurrence. (Heath.) 2,067. Cleoceris populi, Strk. Miullarville, Alta. Bred July 28—Aug. 4, from larve common locally on black poplar. Began pupating about June 25. (Dod.) 2,071. Cleoceris curvifascia, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 26. Rare, (Heath). 2,072. Aporophila yosemite, Grt. Mr. Heath has shown me that the in- sect which I have recorded from Rounthwaite and Aweme as Hadena relecina is really A. yosemite. It has been taken from Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains. ‘ 2,076. Pleroma apposita, Sm. Victoria, on fences and at light, during March. In 1903 this species was out at the end of February. A pair taken at light early in April are very black and may prove to be another species. (Hanham.) 2,084. Nylina torrida, Sm. Wellington, April 4, (Bryant). 2,107. Xylina tepida, Grt- Cartwright. At sugar, seems to be more abundant than usual this year. Sept. 16. (Heath.) Xylina ancilla, Sm. Nepigon, bred from larva on Cornus stoloni- — fera, (Fletcher). Cartwright, (Heath). 2.382. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 BELG: 2,168. 2,178. 2,180. 2,192. 2,204. 2,230. 2,239. 2,200. 2,209. 2,288. 2,302. 2,494. 2,496. 2,498. 2,508. 2,019. 2,028. 2,540. 2,548. 2,601. 2,604. Xylina Fletcheri, Sm. Ottawa. Among material recently sent to Dr. Smith was a specimen of a new species which was taken at Ottawa, Oct. 7, 1903, and given this name. Mr. Gibson also took a specimen on Oct. 3. of this year. Litholomia Dunbari, Harvey. Wellington, B.C., (Taylor). Gortyna medialis, Sm. Millarville, Alta., Sept. 6 at light, (Dod)- Papaipema purpurifascia, G. & R. Larve common at Ottawa working in the roots of Aquilegia, moths emerging from Aug. 18 to Sept. 18. | (Gibson.) Papaipema nelita, Strk- Aweme, Aug. 30, (Criddle). Papaipema marginidens, Gn. Trenton, (Evans). Orthosia inops, Grt. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 8. This is the second time that this little moth has been taken by me. (Heath.) Orthosia helva, Grt. Coldstream, Ont. Aug. 23, (Wood). Parastichtis discivaria, Wlk. Regina, Aug. 7, (Willing). Epiglea decliva, Grt. Cartwright. At sugar Sept. and Oct. At first by the faint light of collecting lamp, confused with Glea inulata; must have seen a dozen or more. Not noticed in pre- vious years. (Heath.) Calymnia orina, Grt. Grand Bend, Lake Huron, July 20, (Saun- ders). Nycteropheta luna, Morr. Aweme, June 25, (Criddle). A most beautiful silvery -white species, now first recorded from Canada. Heliothis scutosus. . Vernon, very common, Aug. 11, (Harvey). Kaslo, one specimen, (Cockle). Schinia trifasciata, Hbn. Grand Bend, Lake Huron, Aug. 20, Saunders). : Pseudotamila Avemensis, Dyar- Aweme, Aug. 1, taken in some numbers in the sand hills, near a tamarac swamp on the flowers of Helianthus petiolaris, in the daytime. (Criddle). Two fresh- ly-emerged specimens were taken crawling quickly over the hot sand in the same locality, July 18. (Fletcher and Criddle.) ‘Autographa rubidus, Ottol. Ottawa, (Young). Only one speci- men. Autographa brassice, Riley. Toronto, Sept. 2, (Saunders). Autographa orygramma, Geyer. . London, (Bethune). ‘Toronto, Saunders). Orillia, (Grant). A ‘southern species. Autographa vaceinii, Hy. Edw. This was recorded in 1903 as ‘very common at St. John, N.B.’’? (McIntosh); but Dr. Ottol- engui writes recently: ‘‘I obtained material from Mr. McIntosh, so labelled, but they were octoscripta. I am moderately certain that vaccinii has never been found except on Mount Washington, or the neighboring peaks.’’ Autographa falcigera, Kirby, a. simpler, Gn. Very abundant on red clover at Vernon in August. Not I think previously recorded from Brit. Columbia. (Harvey.) Mr. Venables also found it common at Vernon. Autographa Sackeniti, Grt. Mayo Lake, Yukon, Aug: 7, (Keele). Ogdoconta cinereola, Gn: London, July 22, (Bethune). Pectes oculatriz, Grt. Aweme, June 20, (Criddle)- A_ striking species. See figure in Holland’s Moth Book, Plate 29, f. 4. Eustrotia albidula, Gn. London, June 25, (Bethune). Eustrotia concinnimacula, Gn. Trenton, June 7, 2 sp. (Evans). 5 EN. ~~ % - ee ee ee. PCA ee ; “ Sie ae 66 THE REPORT OF THE ESS Noam 2,826. Catocala relicta, Wik. Millarville, Sept. 3—5, at light and sugar. Never before seen on Pine Creek. (Dod.) 2,827. Catocala cara, Gu. Coldstream, Ont. Aug. 27, (Wood). 2,829. Catecala marmorata, Edw. Hyde Park, Ont., Aug. 21, (Morden). 2,839. Catocala aspasia, Strk. Cartwright, only one, (Heath). 2,855. Catocala faustina, Strk., b. verecunda, Hulst. Cartwright, (Heath). 2,856. Catocala irene, Behr. New Westminster, (W. A. Dashwood-Jones). 2,856. Catocala iyene, Behr., b. volumnia, Hy. Edw. Victoria, Sep. 15, (Hanham). ' £,866. Catocala innubens, Guen. and C. scintillans, Grote. Hyde Park, Ont., Aug. 23, (Morden). 2,905. Catocala gracilis, Edw. Ottawa, (Young). 2,923. Remigia repanda, Fab. Abundant, Toronto, Sept. 29.—Oct. 10, (Saunders). 2,991. Homoptera calycanthata, 8S. & A. Kaslo. Fairly plentiful, sev- eral beautiful varieties, one with bright blue banding. (Cockle.) 3,002. Homoptera duplicata, Bethune. Wellington, (Taylor). New to BoC. list. 3,022. Zanclognatha obscuripennis, Grt. Vernon, July, (Venables). 3,024. Zanclognatha ochreipennis, Grt. London, July 14, (Bethune). 3,159. Cerura scitiscripta, Wlk., a. multiscripta, Riley. Aweme, June 15, (Criddle). ; 3,211. Tolype laricis, Fitch. Trenton, one specimen Sept. 17, (Evans). GEOMETRIDZ. Canadian collectors have devoted considerable attention to these in- teresting moths during the past season, and many have taken advantage of the kind offer made by Rev. G. W. Taylor to identify their material. Mr. Taylor has furnished me with the following interim report, and fuller papers will appear later. . “‘At the request of Dr. Fletcher I gladly furnish some notes on the principal species of Geometride referred to me during the year by Cana- dian collectors. Beginning at the east.—I have beeen able through the kindness of Mr. A. F. Winn, of Montreal, to see specimens of most of the species occurring at Montreal and Quebec. ‘Three are additions to the list.— ) Rachela bruceata, Hulst. Plagodis serinaria, Herr-Sch. Cleora, umbrosaria, Hiibner. Two species were on the list ‘Geometride taken at Quebec and Montreal, by G. E. J. Bowles, Can. Ent., XV., p. 164., under other names, VIZ. : Rheumaptera sociata, as Rheumaptera unangulata, and Vherina fiscellaria, as Therina fervidaria. With regard to the first of these,—In all the old lists and collections the insect stands as R. wnangulata. Whether the true Hydriomena unangulata, as it is now called, really occurs in America or not I cannot say of my own knowledge. I have a good series of Huropean spe- cimens, but have not so far seen any taken in North America. The spe- cimens from Montreal, Winnipeg and British Columbia, of which I have seen very many, are quite clearly all Rhewmaptera sociata. With regard to the Therinas, formerly Therina fervidaria, Hubner, and © T. fiscellaria, Guenee, were considered to be one species, which went under 5a ENT. ae ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. On the older name of fervidaria. (See Packard’s Monograph, p. 493.) This uname, therefore, was the one placed on the older lists. The two forms are now considered distinct; but it is the form fiscellaria that is so abundant in Canada and of which our western somniaria, Hulst, is the representative. T. fiscellaria and.T. sdmniaria feed as larvee on deciduous trees, while 7. fervidaria feeds on Conifers. From Ottawa I have received a number of splendid specimens from Dr. James Fletcher and Mr. C. H. Young; indeed, the insects sent by the last named are more beautifully set up than any I have ever seen in any collec- tion. Mr. Young has sent me the true Wyctobia vernata, Packard, under which name one usually receives anguilineata, Grote, (fusifasciata, Walker). He has also sent me specimens of the moth which stands on our lists as Eustroma prunata, L. Mr. Young’s specimens, however, are not really conspecific with this European insect. Neither do they agree with our western form, which Dr. Hulst separated under the name Neoleaia aylina. For the present I have placed the Ottawa moth in my cabinet as Hustroma triangulata, Packard, (5th Rept. Peab. Acad. Science, p. 54.), as it is undoubtedly the form re- ferred to by Dr. Packard under that name. I will point out the differen- ces between the three forms: prunata, triangulata and xylina in a paper on our American Eustromas, which I hope shortly to publish. Mr. Young has also sent me a beautiful specimen of Anaplodes remo- tarra, Walker, taken at Meech Lake, Que. Among the moths sent by Dr. Fletcher were specimens of Hupithecia interrupto-fasciata, from larve found by Mr. W. Metcalfe on Juniperus communis in May. This was consid- ered by Packard himself (Monograph, p. 52.) to be a synonym of Eupithecia miserulata, Grote, and in the Monograph Packard actually reprints his own description of interrupto-fasciata almost word for word as the description of miserulata. The American Kupitheci@ are in a state of great confusion (See note at end of this paper). Nearly all the specimens sent out by eastern collectors bear the label Z. miserulata, and two or three different larve have been described under this name. (Compare the descriptions in Packard’s ‘Insects injurious to Forest and Shade Trees, 1890.’ pp. 190, 910 and 919.) But if Grote’s original description is to count for anything, his species is quite different from Packard’s and easily to be distinguished. Miserulata has a linear discal spot on the fore wing and is without any black band on the 2nd segment of the abdomen. It flies in April and May. Interrupto-fasciata has a large round discal dot and a distinct black band on the 2nd segment of the abdomen. It flies in August. Several collectors have been good enough to furnish me with specimens from Manitoba, and, as a result, I can add 14 species to Mr. Hanham’s list published in the Canadian Entomologist, vol. XX XIITI., p. 213 et seq. Rheumaptera luctuata, Dennis & Schiff. Aweme, (Criddle). Cinglis ancellatea, Hulst. Aweme, (Criddle). Synchlora liquoraria, Guenee. Aweme, (Criddle). Macaria infimata, Guenee. Cartwright, (Heath). Homochlodes fritillaria, Guenee. Winnipeg, (From Dr. W. Barnes.) Cleora pampinaria, Guenee. Winnipeg, Cartwright, Aweme. Therina fiscellaria, Guenee. Cartwright, (Heath). Beulah, (Dennis). Ennomos magnarius, Guenee. Cartwright, (Heath). Gonodontis duaria, Guenee. Beulah, (Dennis). Aweme, (Criddle). * Euchlena astylusaria, Walker. Aweme, (Criddle). | | | HO ae SS et ee 68 THE REPORT OF THE SSNo, 19° Euchlena marginata, Minot. Cartwright, (Heath). Aweme, (Criddle). Eutrapela kentarda, Grote. Winnipeg, (Hanham). Caberodes majoraria, Guenee. Cartwright, (Heath). Sabulodes (?) furciferatn, Packard. Cartwright, (Heath). Mr. T. N. Willing sent me a nice lot of moths from Regina and some points in Alberta. Among them were the following :— aah : Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata, Packard. ‘North of Olds, Alberta,’ 25, 1v., 97 Annemoria ‘Distriaria, Packard. Lethbridge, 11, vii., 04. New to Canadian list. Pherne jubararia, Hulst. Olds, 19, ix., 98. - Euchlena marginata, Minot: ‘North of Olds, Alberta,’ 8, vi., 98. and a long series of what I take to be Cymatophora bitactata, Walker. These last were taken at Regina in August of the present year. Mr. F. H. Woolley Dod, of Calgary, has sent me a complete series of his captures in this family. It contains many difficult forms and several un- described species, but I must defer comment on them,for the present as I feel they are entitled to be dealt with in a separate paper. The Calgary district furnishes many additions to the Canadian list. Its fauna includes a large number of Manitoba species with a sprinkling of Pacific coast forms, e.g. Mespleuca gratulata. There are also of course a large number of species peculiar to the Rocky Mountain region. JI may here very grate- fully acknowledge Mr. Wolley-Dod’s liberality and the great help he has given me. In British Columbia the year has been made memorable by the publica- tion of Dr. Dyar’s elaborate paper on the Kaslo Lepidoptera. In this paper Dr. Dyar has described the following species and varieties as new to science and therefore of course new to Canada: Talledega montanata, Packard, var. magnoliatoidata, Dyar. Tephroclystia niphadophilata, Dyar. ce cootenatata, Dyar. casloata, Dyar. columbiata, Dyar. bifasciata, Dyar. subfoveata, Dyar. Mesoleuca simulata, Hubner, var. Otisi, Dyar. ° Aplodes rubrifrontaria, Packard, var. Darwiniata, Dyar. Macaria minorata, Packard, var. incolorata, Dyar. Selidosema humarium, Guenee, var. emasculatum, Dyar. Melanolophia canadaria, Guenee, var. subgenericata, Dyar. I shall not be surprised if the two last named prove to be not new var- ieties, but new species. Dr. Dyar has also identified the following European species of geome- tride amongst his Kaslo captures : Tephzoclystia laquearia, Herr-Sch. V satyrata, Hubner. lariciata, Freyer. Eucymatoge linariata, Fabricius. Mr. Cockle, of Kaslo, to whom is due the credit for the discovery of this _ rich field has most generously placed in my collection specimens of nearly all ,— the species of Geometride taken in his neighborhood. 5 PG ce 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 Mr. E. P. Venables, ef Vernon, B.C., sent me a few moths, and among them to my surprise was a specimen of Sabulodes lorata, Grote, taken at Ver- non, iand two specimens of Hudule mendica, Walker, also taken at Vernon last June. I should not have expected to find either,of these well known eastern species west of the Rocky Mountains. Mr. R. V. Harvey collected in the Vernon district for a few days in August last and has sent me from amongst his captures : ; Cymatophora sulphurea, Packard, taken 15th August, 1904. The first re- corded from B. C., and Eois Californiaria, Packard. I think the real thing and _ distinct from Leptomeris siderarta, Guenee, with which Dr. Hulst united it. Mr. Harvey has also generously given me a specimen, taken in May, 1903, of Nyctobia viridata, Packard. I cannot see any difference between this specimen and others received from New Brighton, Pennsylvania. This species was made the type, by Dr. Hulst, of a new genus Cysteopteryz; but though viridata is named as the type, the characters of the genus are evi- dently drawn from a different insect. (See Pearsall, Can. Ent. xxxvi., p. 208.) Hulst afterwards redescribed this species as Agza eborata; but this of course falls before Packard’s older one. It appears to me that neither Cysteopteryx nor Agia can be recognized as valid genera and that the species viridata must for the present at least remain in the genus Vyctobia. On Vancouver Island, at Victoria, Goldstream, Duncans and Welling- ton, large collections have been made. A new species of Hupithecia has been found in the collection of Mr. E. M. Anderson and named #. harlequinaria by Dr. Dyar, and a néw species Gabriola Dyari has been described by myself in Can. Ent., xxxvi., p. 255. Hydriomena reflata, Grote, has been taken by Mr. Anderson rather com- monly at Victoria, and I owe a fine series in my collection to his generosity. Plagodis approximaria, Dyar. A fine pair of this, the most beautiful species in the genus, was bred by me from larve found in Septem- ber, 1903, and another specimen was taken on the wing by Mr. Bryant, at Wellington, in May. Phengommatewa Edwardsata, Hulst. A fine specimen of this rare moth was given to me by Mr. Joseph Richards, of Wellington. Alcis latipennis, Hulst. This species occurred for the first time at Wel- lington, 27 August, 1904. Mr. Bryant took it last year at Cam- eron Lake in the last week of July. Many other species of British Columbian Geometride merit a place on this list; but, as I am now engaged in preparing for publication in the Canadian Entomologist, a paper on the Geometride of this province, with descriptions of a number of new species, I think it best to reserve for it the bulk of my notes on the family. In conclusion, I should like to say that, when the above mentioned paper is out of hand, I propose to attempt a revision of the North American species of the very difficult genus Hupithecia. I have about 60 species in my own cabinet at the present time, and I anticipate that at least 100 species will eventually be found to occur in North America. Very few of these moths are at all well known; and, indeed, the bulk of the species ° so far described could not be recognised by description alone or without comparison with the type specimens. I shall be very grateful if collectors an Canada and elsewhere will endeavour to collect series of these interesting ¥ i 8G" ET D cay 70 | THE REPORT OF THE : No. 19 — iw « » - aye moths and allow me to see them. The metropolis-of the genus in North America is evidently in the West, the eastern species being comparatively few, and, as I have shown above, are far from being well understood. I will return specimens sent to me, determined to the best of my ability | and will gladly give co-types of our new western species, as far as they will go, to those who are good enough to help me. It should be borne in mind that these small moths make much better specimens if spread while fresh. They suffer more or less damage in the process of relaxing, and a rubbed specimen in a genus in which species run so close together is comparatively useless.”"—G. W. Taylor. The following notes on geometers have also been received : 3,501. Cinglis fuscata, Hulst. Goldstream, B.C.; flies freely by day on open hillsides, high up, May 24 to end of June. (Hanham.) 3,651. Sciagraphia heliothidata, Gn. Trenton, Aug. 6, one specimen, (Evans). . Gabriola Dyari, Taylor. Oak Bay, Victoria. I have taken this species here since 1901, Aug. 1 to 21, at light in close pine woods in one locality. (Hanham.) . 3,782. Nepytia phantasmaria, Strk. Mr. Harvey writes that the locality given in last year’s Ent. Record ‘‘Victoria’’ should have been Vancouver, as up to the present time he has no record of its having been taken on Vancouver Island. 3,840. Selidosema eacelsarium, Strk. Goldstream, B.C., at rest May 24, (Hanham). 3,841. Selidosema albesdens, Hulst. Oak Bay, Victoria, Aug. 23, one specimen, (Hanham). 3,876. Apocheima Rachele, Hulst. Millarville, one male at rest, May 9, (Hudson). 3,883. Erannis defoliaria, Clem., a. vancowverensis, Hulst. Kaslo. One male, Oct. 14, 1903; 3 males and 2 females, 1904, all taken under electric light. Not previously recorded from the mainland. (Cockle. ) 3,976. Synazis pallulata, Hulst. Oak Bay, Victoria, Sept. 10 to 18, sev- eral flying by day. Micro-LEPIDOPTERA. There has been a most satisfactory and encouraging revival in the study of Canadian micro-lepidoptera. This has been in the largest measure due to the kindness and untiring work of Mr. W. D. Kearfott, who has examined and named for Canadian collectors during the past year, an enormous num- ber of specimens. Mr. August Busck, who in the past has done so much for Canadians, during 1904, was specially engaged at the St. Louis Exhibi- tion, but will always be willing to receive specimens of tineids for’examina- tion and for deposition in the U. S. National Museum. I again take the opportunity of pointing out the wisdom of Canadian collectors sending speci- mens of rare species to this international depository, where every conceiv- able care is taken to preserve the specimens and make them accessible for the use of students from the whole world. It is to be hoped that in time— we may have in Canada a National Museum, where proper provision will be made for the preservation of representative entomological collections; but until that is done, undoubtedly it is the duty of Canadian collectors first to build up the collection of the Entomological Society of Ontario and then de- eit 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 posit as complete a series and as perfect specimens as are to be obtained in Washington, where not only is every courtesy extended to Canadian stu- dents by the officers in charge of the different departments, but better pro- visions are made for safe-guarding the specimens, than anywhere else. Mr. Kearfott has taken a special interest in Canadian species and has kindly supplied me with the following condensed report of his work during the past year. Mr. Kearfott also makes the following generous offer :— **T have still a supply of separates of my ‘Suggestions for Setting, Collect- ing and Breeding Micro-Lepidoptera,’ which were published in Entomolo- gical News. I shall take pleasure in mailing a copy of these to anyone who will take the trouble to write and ask for it.’’ Mr. Kearfott writes as follows :— “The acceptance of Dr. Fletcher’s kind invitation to contribute a few notes on this subject, gives me the opportunity to congratulate the Cana- dian entomologists upon the rapid development of a wide spread interest in the study of and desire to know more about these the most beautiful of all of our Lepidoptera; and at the same time to thank all of them and express my obligation for the many opportunities given me for studying large and small collections from many localities, between Montreal and Vancouver. It is, of course, natural that interest in these small moths should awaken last; first, because it was necessary to acquire proficiency by handling and expanding the larger ones, and second, the very great difficulty, heretofore of getting specimens named. I know by experience that collectors have little use for species that have to be stored in their ‘unknown’ boxes, and to Maintain the interest and incite greater enthusiasm the supply of names must be equal to the demand. Students in America have been very greatly handicapped, in the work of identification, by reason of the fact that descriptions are scattered through many publications, the majority European, and that the types likewise are not readily available for com- parison. For instance, in the Tortricids, of which there are about five hun- dred species in Dyar’s Catalogue less than ten per cent. of the types are in public museums, the balance being in inaccessible private collections in this country or in European collections. Hence, the doubt that must oftentimes remain, even after repeated readings of a description, which would be in- stantly dispelled by the sight of the type. It is my ambition to push these clouds of doubt and uncertainty away, and in their place let in the flood of sunlight of popular knowledge, and, to do so, purpose trying to build up at least two collections: one at the National Museum Washington, and one at the Entomological Society of Ontario’s rooms at London, by depositing co-types or carefully compared named specimens where anyone can freely go and ask no favor. This work must necessarily be slow, but, with the continued as- sistance of my good friends in Canada, it will be expedited to the full extent of my ability. There is an explanation running through these remarks that will be recognized as an apology by some, whose specimens have been retained apparently entirely too long, but, it must be remembered, that even those of us who have worked the hardest over descriptions and _ structural characters, are little more than beginners, yet groping along in the dark, thinking they are sure of an identification one day and doubtful the next, but always hoping and waiting for the something to turn up that will evolve certainty out of doubt. For all of these reasons, a list of notable captures, is not an easy thing to prepare, practically all Micro-Lepidoptera captures are notable, inas- much as Canadian records are almost entirely barren of their names. But uy " vv Pe ~~ ate . a F as a se 72 THE REPORT OF THE (Po Nee a goodly start will be made during 1905 in the pages of the Canadian Ento- mologist towards a Canadian list, that I hope to see largely added to from year to year. ‘ From Mr. T. N. Willing, Regina, the following are of especial inter- est: Olethreutes vetulana, Wslm. Recorded from California and Texas. Eucosma argentialbana, Wlsm. Recorded from Texas. Eucosma culminana, Wlsm. Recorded from California. Eucosma illotana, Wlsm. Recorded from Oregon. Thiodia parvana, Wlsm. Recorded from Oregon. Semioscopsis znornata, Wlsm. Locality ‘unknown’ in Dyar’s Catalogue; this is first record of locality. From Mr, Norman Criddle, Aweme, Man., a large and beautifully ex- panded collection, two of which must be noted here. Pseudogalleria inimicella, Zell.- Hitherto only taken in the Atlantic States. The larve are borers in the stems of Smilacew. (Busck.) Eucosma Scudderiana Clem. Common in Eastern States, not before recorded from so far west. I have also received from Manitoba, very interesting lots from Mr. E. Firmstone Heath and Mr. A. J. Dennis, a complete paper on all of this Manitoba material will shortly appear in the Canadian Entomologist. From Rev. G. W. Taylor and Mr. Theodore Bryant very complete col- lections of Vancouver Island specimens. A paper on these will follow that on the Manitoba material. From Mr. C. H. Young, Hurdman’s Bridge, near Ottawa, Ontario, the most beautifully prepared examples I have ever seen of about seventy species, some of them new. His list will appear elsewhere. From Ontario I have also a small collection from Mr. H. S. Saunders, of Toronto, and another from Mr. Albert F. Winn, of Montreal, whose records of captures will be elsewhere recorded. It may not be amiss to state that at the present time the localities that have been the least worked and from which the most valuable material can be expected, are Hastern Canada, the Maritime Provinces, and of course all of the territory north of Eastern Canada. Both Mr. Young’s and Mr. Winn’s collections contain many surprises, and throughout the extreme eastern re- gion will be found species, hitherto only known from Labrador and Northern Maine and doubtless connecting links with the European fauna. It is hardly necessary to add that my services are always at the disposal of any- one wanting names of species of the families in which I am working.’’—W. — D. Kearfott. Among the specimens of Micros reared at Ottawa was one of more than usual interest Semethis Fabriciana, L., several specimens of which were bred by Mr. Arthur Gibson from larve collected 24th May, 1901, in the tips of stinging nettles (Urtica gracilis). Specimens were again reared by Mr. Young last summer. Mr. Kearfott says of this moth that it is a European species never previously recorded from America. The Ottawa specimens are slightly larger than the typical form. Another small moth, of considerable interest from the injury done by the larve to the young twigs of the Ash-leaved maple in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories, has recently been named Proteopteryr Willingana, by Mr. Kearfott. (Can. Ent., xxxvi., p. 306.) 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73 COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s List of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico.) As announced in the Entomological Record of 1903, Mr. E. D. Harris, of 280 Broadway, New York, has been paying special attention to Canadian Cicindelide, and has very kindly supplied me with the following notes on the rarer species which have come into his hands. Some further records shown be- tween brackets—have been kindly sent to me by Mr. C. W. Leng, of 83 Reade Street, New York, another well known student of these beetles. 18. Cuicindela longilabris, Say. Cape Breton, taken by A. D. McIntyre. Black, or very dark brown (corresponding with the form as taken freely in the Province of Quebec, at Mt. Desert on the Maine coast, and sparingly in August, 1904, in the Adirondack mountains in N.Y.); humeral and post-humeral dots, slender middle band often broken, and small sub-apical dot. July and August. 18c. longilabris, Say, var. montana, Lec. A single specimen sent me by Mr. Venables, taken at Vernon, B.C., April. [Aweme, Man., Criddle, (C.W.L.)] Regina (Willing). longilabris, Say, var. Kaslo, B.C.; and vicinity, taken by Mr. Cockle. Brilliant green (occasionally blue) and deep bronze brown, highly metallic, with all intermediate shadings of color; humeral lunule either entire or broken; middle band broader than in type and frequently extended at margin, anteapical idot. May, August and September. 25b. purpurea, Oliv., var. graminea, Schaupp. Vernon, B.C. Sent to me by Mr. Venables. A single specimen in the series approaches the typical insect of Olivier in its colorings; but the others closely correspond to Schaupp’s description. 25f. purpurea, Oliv., var. limbalis, Klug. Cape Breton, taken by Mr. McIntyre, represented by but two specimens, in one of which the middle band is less sinuate and shorter, and in the other much more deflexed and extended than in the P. Q. race. There is no doubt as to the identification, but the specimens would seem to in- dicate a wide divergence in a series from this region. August. [Aweme, Criddle (C.W.L.)] 82 vulgaris, Say. Cape Breton, taken by Mr. McIntyre; a single speci- men of the horiconensis form of Mr. Leng, (Revision of Cicin- delide, Trans. Am. ‘Ent. Soc., XXVIII.), but with markings more attenuated than usual. August. Kaslo, B.C., and vicinity, a very large series taken by Mr. Cockle. The variety has distinctive characters; more slender and arched than type; humeral lunule broken and the anterior portion often absent; middle band scarcely touches the margin; apical lunule generally complete, often strongly accentuated, occasion- ally broken; color variable, from coppery bronze to a dull green bronze. April to October, very plentiful at the close of season. The same variety was taken in April at Vernon by Mr. Venables. Calgary, N.W.T., taken bv Mr. Willings the variety generally recognized as obliquata, Dej., distinguished by the broad mark- ings, entire humeral lunule, middle band extended at the margin, and apical lunule entire and strongly accentuated. In the series 1° Ar A Loe eal = to : 74 : THE REPORT OF THE | No. 1g - —— —— from Calgary there is no variation in color; the greenish reflec- tions and metallic lustre so pronounced in the Kaslo form are ab- sent. [Aweme, Criddle. (C.W.L.)] 33c. duodecim guttata, Dej. Cape Breton, taken by Mr. McIntyre. In the series of one hundred specimens no divergence from the type in maculation is noticeable, but the variation in color mentioned by Mr. Leng in the Revision is quite apparent, many individuals be- ing dull grayish green, and a single one is blue. Abundant in August. 33d. oregona, Lec. Kaslo, B.C., and vicinity. In a very large series from Mr. Cockle, the adherence to the type form is universal in the maculation, but the variation in color that is noticed in the Cape Breton specimens of 33c. duodecimguttata, occurs here, the ten- dency being towards a blue gray tone in many specimens. It seems to be plentiful through the summer.—E. D. Harris. 19d. Cicindela rugifrons, Dej. Longueuil, Que., Aug. 3, (Stevenson.) 153. Hlaphrus cicatricosus, Lec. Aweme, June 2, (Criddle.) 378. Bembidium Oberthurit, Hayw. Aweme, April 26, an uncommon species, (Criddle). This is ‘“‘B. viridicolle, Laf.’’? of Mr. Hay- ward’s revision of the genus, but the true viridicolle is known only from Texas. 550. Pterostichus punctatissimus, Rand. Rimouski, Que., June, (Mr. Beaulieu.) ’ 711. Diplochila impressicollis, De}. Aweme, May, June, (Criddle). 752. Pristonychus complanatus, Dej. Victoria. A pair under bark, Feb’y., (Hanham). This is a European species occasionally taken in North America. A very interesting capture. ; 753. Pristonychus terricola, Hbst. St. John, (McIntosh). Prof. Wick- ham writes of this: ‘‘The first American specimen I have seen, al- though it was already known to occur in this country as well as in Europe.’ 795. Platynus carbo, Lec. Trenton, Sept. 29, (Evans). 1,244. Laccophilus proximus, Say. Aweme, June 16. (Criddle). 1,646. Hydrobius scabrosus, Horn. Vancouver, April 11, (Harvey). Met- lakatla and Inverness, B.C., (Keen). 9,508. 'Lomechusa montana, Casey, var. hirsuta, Wasm. Aweme, in nest of wood ants (Camponotus), July 30, (Criddle). The varietal identification is provisional (H.F.W.). 2,140. Staphylinus rutilicauda, Horn. Goldstream, B.C., May 24, a pair under stones, June 1, 1901, (Hanham). Vancouver, (Harvey). A rare and beautiful species. : 2,234. Philonthus aurulentus, Horn. Aweme, May 12-28, (Criddle). In- teresting for locality. 2.434. Stenus croceatus, Casey. Trenton, June 19, (Evans). 2,820. Tanyrhinus singularis, Mann. Vancouver, Feb. 28, (Harvey). This remarkable and very rare staphylinid is figured in Can. Ent., vol. XXIX, p. 287. 3,105. Hyperaspis undulata, Say. Trenton, 1 sp. May 4, (Evans). 3,380. Crnoscelis ferruginea, Sahl. Trenton, one at light, July 16, (Evans). 8,739. Meligethes mutatus, Harr. Aweme. Very plentiful on flowers of Erysimum arkansanum, July, (Criddle). 3,916. Lara avara, Lec. Vancouver, July 15, (Harvey). Prof. Wickham says: ‘‘One of the rarest of North American beetles previously known only from California. The first Canadian record.”’ j 1904 3,984. 4.081. 4,095. B54 - 5,524. 5,568. 5,983. 6,005. 6,013. 6,101. 6,161. 6,201. 6,219. 6,226. 6,228. 6,239. 6,250. 6,335. 6,345. 6,361. 6,440. 6,454. 6,479. 6,487. 6,538. 6,771. 6,814. 6,827. 7,654. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75 Aireopus monachus, Lec. Vancouver, May 2, (Harvey). Adelocera dbtecta, Say. London, May 24, (Bethune). Alaus melanops, Lec. Shawnigan Lake, B.C., July 1, (Hanham), Aphodius erraticus, L. A Kuropean species which has been found around Baltimore and has now been taken under stones on waste ground at Montreal, May 1, (K. R. Stevenson). Aphodius congregatus, Mann. Vancouver, several, March 19; (Harvey). Ayhodius prodromus, Brahm. Trenton, May and October, (Evans). This is now one of the commonest dung beetles in Central Ontario. ae quadrilineatus, Mann. Elk Lake, Victoria, August, (Han- am). Phymatodes decussatus, Lec. Victoria, 2 sp., June 26, July 1, (Hanham). Callidium vile, Lec. Goldstream and Victoria, June, (Hanham.) Callimoxys sanguinicollis, Oliv. St. Hilaire, Que., one pair in blos- soms of cherry, May 24, (Chagnon). Stenophenos notatus, Oliv. Montreal, one specimen, on log, June 12, (Chagnon). Neoclytus erythrocephalus, Fab. London, July 8, (Bethune). Atimia dorsalis, Lec. Vancouver, May 13, (Harvey). Necydalis levicollis, Lec. Vancouver, (Harvey). Ulochetes leoninus, Lec. Vancouver, May 18, (Bush.) Ve VPA tco, t Mt es P f fae co ih al le rs wt ; ‘ ie f % 76 THE REPORT OF THE “No. 19 — Va 7,713. Priognathus monilicornis, Rand. Vancouver, June 5, (Harvey). Widely distributed in the north but very rare. (H. F. W.) 7,724. Calopus angustus, Lec. Victoria, April 19. (Hanham). Metla- katlah, (Keen). “‘Rare in collections, ranges from California to Northern British Columbia.’’ (H. F. W.) This is figured by Prof. Wickham, Can. Ent. XXX, p. 150. 7,782. Mordella octopunctata, Fab. London, July 16, (Bethune). 8,487. Livus rubellus, Rand. Aweme, June 5, (Criddle). 8,513. Stephanocleonus plumbeus, Lec. Aweme, June, July, (Criddle). — ‘Described from Lake Superior and New Mexico, quite rare.’’ (H.F.W.) 8,581. Livellus fliformis, Lec. Aweme, June 7, (Criddle). 8,628. Acalyptus carpini, Hbst. Aweme, May 15, (Criddle). Interesting for the locality. 8,629. Coccotorus scutellaris, Lec. Aweme, Aug. 28. I found this insect common in the stones of the Sand Cherry (Prunus pumila), (Criddle.) 8.714. Conotrachelus nenuphar, Hbst. Aweme, June 30, July 8, (Criddle). The wild plum (Prunus nigra) is common in Manitoba; but I have no record of injury to the fruit by the Plum Curculio. The beetle also attacks the haws of Crategus. 8,835. Coeliodes acephalus, Say. Trenton. This is the first time I have ever taken this, June 19. (Evans.) 8,872. ‘Baris transversa, Say. Trenton, May 5, (Evans). HYMENOPTERA. There are few records of work among the Canadian hymenoptera during the past season. Mr. Harvey, of Vancouver, Mr. Hanham, of Victoria, B.C., and Mr. Willing, of Regina, N.W.T., have collected in all families of this order; and Mr. EK. P. Venables, at Vernon, B.C., has made a specialty of the Bombi. The distribution of the species is being worked out, and reference to rarities is held over for the present. Several of our lepi- dopterists are paying attention to hymenopterous parasites, which is a sub- ject much requiring special study. ORTHOPTERA. Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, has named several collections cof Cana- dian material and is publishing results of his examinations in the Canadian Entomologist. Mr. Venables, of Vernon, B.C., Mr. Willing, of Regina, N.W.T., and Mr. Criddle, of Aweme, Man., are accumulating material. Mr. A. N. Caudell, has published some notes on British Columbian and Northwest species. Blattide. During the past summer there have been three interesting records of the occurrence in Canada of the beautiful southern cock-roach, Panchlora viridis, — Burm. ‘Two specimens are reported from Montreal by Mr. Charles Steven- son, one having been taken on the sidewalk in the street and the other fly- ing around a lamp ina neighbor’s house. The evidence was that these speci- mens had been introduced in bunches of bananas. Mr. Stevenson also col- lected under similar circumstances some other species of cock-roaches which had also been introduced with bananas. Another specimen was found by Miss a oe Ma ti . vi i 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. a Dorothy Coates, at Winnipeg, inside a box of candies purchased at the Win- -nipeg exhibition. Mr. Cockle found a specimen of Panchlora viridis at Kas- lo, B.C., which he believed had been introduced with bananas. Under lepi- doptera, reference is made to Ceramidia Butleri, a moth from the South which came into Canada in the same way and was found by Mr. Cockle at Kaslo. NEUROPTERA. Mr. G. W. Taylor and some of the British Columbian members have be- gun, with the help of Mr. Nathan Banks, to work up the Neuroptera, Tri- choptera and Plectoptera of their Province and several new species have been discovered. DIPTERA. Bittacomorpha clavipes, Fab. London, June 18, (Bethune). Xylophagus fasciatus, Walk. Vancouver, May 24, (Harvey). Sargus viridis, Say. High River, Alta., (T. Baird). Nemotelus nigrinus, Fall. Ottawa, June 26, (Metcalfe). Chrysops proclivis, O. S. Vancouver, June 4, (Harvey). Chrysops mitis, O. S. Weyburn, Assa., June 21, on horses, (Willing). Chrysops noctifer, O.S. Vancouver, June 4, (Harvey). Triptotrichia lauta, Lw. Victoria, B.C., (Hanham). Rhyphus punctatus, Fab. High River, (Baird). Leptts dimidiata, Lw. Vancouver, June 11, (Harvey). Leptis maculifera, Bigot. Mount Arrowsmith, B.C., July 28, (Fletcher). Asilus notatus, Wied. Regina, July 4, (Fletcher). Cyrtopogon prepes, Will. High River, (Baird). Laphria vultur, O. S. Vancouver, May 15, (Harvey). Anthrax alternata, Say. Victoria, (Hanham). , Anthrax fulviana, Say. Victoria, Sept. 13, (Hanham). Vancouver, Aug- (Harvey.) Anthrax lucifer, Fab. Vernon, August, common, (Harvey). Anthrax Sackenii, Coq. Fort Walsh, Aug. 23, (Willing). Spogostylum analis, Say. Mission, B.C., common, Aug. 8 and 9, (Harvey). | Bombylius major, L. Ottawa, May 1, (Metcalfe); Goldstream, B.C. May “ 17, (Hanham). Bombylius lancifer, O.S. Okanagan Lake, B.C., May, (Venables). Dipalta serpentina, O.S. Wellington, July 27, 29, (Harvey). Systachus oreas, O. 8. Victoria, (Hanham). Pterodontia flavipes, Gray, Boucherville Island, Que., July 25, (Stevenson). Chrysotpzum pubescens, Lw. Spruce Grove, Alta., July 21, (Willing). Melanostoma Kelloggi, Snow. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, Aug. 23, (Fletcher). Sericomyia chalcopyga, Lw. Vancouver, common, April-June (Harvey). Eristalis Meigenii, Wied. Vernon, Aug. 15, (Harvey). Helophilus latifrons, Lw. Tigh River, (Baird). Helophilus similis, Macq. Vernon, Aug. 15; Vancouver, Sept. 15, (Harvey). Helophilus conostomus, Will. Vernon, Aug. 12, (Harvey). Criorhina niarines, Will. Vancouver, not common, April, (Harvey). Criorhina tridolor, Coq. Mt. Arrowsmith, B.C. July 28, (Fletcher). Pocota grandis, Will. Victoria, (Hanham). This is a rare species. Specti- mens will be acceptable at the National Museum, Washington. i Ae ae ee me tT aidan 78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 — Brachypalpus pulcher, Will. Victoria, (Hanham). Vancouver, May 7, (Harvey). é Xylota barbata, Lw. Vancouver, June 11, (R. Sherman). Physocephala Burgessi, Will. Vancouver, June 4, (Harvey). Belvosia trifasciata, Fab. High River, July 4, (Baird). Ocyptera Caroline, Desv. Victoria, (Hanham). Exorista cheloniw, Rond. Victoria, (Hanham). Tachina mella, Walk. Reared at Ottawa from larve of Clistocampa, re- ceived from Lacombe, Alta. Phoricheta sequax, Will. Indian Head, July 1, (Fletcher). Gonia capitata, DeG. Vancouver, uncommon, May 14, (Harvey). Vernon, (Venables). Dr. J. B. Smith gives this as a parasite of Peridroma saucia. Epalpus signifer, Walk. Olds, Alta., April 28, (Willing). Ottawa, May 1, (Metcalfe). This handsome tachina was unusually common at Ottawa in 1904, (Fletcher). Lucilia sericata, Meig. Vancouver, (Harvey). Bombyliomyia abrupta, Wied. Vancouver, not common, May 14, (Harvey). Tephronota Canadensis, Johnson. Ottawa, June 26, (Metcalfe, Harrington). Trypeta occidentalis, Snow. McLeod, Alta., July 5, (Willing). Tephritis albiceps, Lw. Ottawa, June 26, (Metcalfe). Sapromyza connezra, Say. Mt. Arrowsmith, July 28, (Fletcher). FURTHER NOTES ON BASSWOOD, OR LINDEN, INSECTS. By ArtHur Grsson, Division or Entomotocy, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL Farm, OTtTawa. In the last Annual Report of this Society, 1903 (pages 50-61), the writer contributed a paper treating of 94 different species of insects which have been found attacking’ Tilia Americana, L. The season of 1904 was a remarkably poor one for insects of all orders in the Ottawa district, and consequently few additional observations were made, but such as were noted are presented herewith, along with one or two other records which were omitted from the above article. ATTACKING THE FOLIAGE. Order Orthoptera. 95. The Walking Stick Insect, Diapheromera femorata, Say. At th annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, held last October, Mr. J. B. Williams, of Toronto, spoke of the great abundance of the Walk- ing Stick insect, at Niagara Glen, Ontario, in September, 1904, and said that the species did considerable damage, feeding on the foliage of a number of trees, particularly hickory, butternut and oak. He also told me that he was pretty sure they had been eating basswood. He has since confirmed this, stating that both Dr. Brodie and Dr. Walker, of Toronto, have also found the Walking Stick insect feeding on the basswood. Order Coleoptera. 96. Dichelonycha elongata, Fabr. This common beetle occasionally does considerable damage to the foliage of a number of forest trees. The — perfect insects have been observed at Ottawa feeding commonly on the leaves ~ 1904 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 192 of linden in June. Other trees upon which the beetles feed are birch, bitter hickory, elm, beech, oak, etc. The beetle is about one-third of an inch long, cylindrical, the body of a dark colour with the wing covers testaceous and more or less tinged with green. Beneath, the body is densely clothed with short white hairs, and is sparsely hairy above. The legs are long and slender, the hind ones being blackish. . Order Lepidoptera. 97. Gluphisia septentrionalis, Walker. This is a common species at Ottawa, the larve usually occurring on the aspen, Populus tremuloides. A single caterpillar of this notodontian, three-quarters of an inch in length, was found feeding on basswood at Ottawa on the 10th August. When ma- ture the larva measures one and a quarter inches in length, and in general appearance is smooth, cylindrical, pale green, with a distinct yellow subdorsal band, and a series of bright red dorsal blotches on all the body segments ex- cepting the abdominal Ist, 2nd and 10th. The head is darker than the body and has on each side a conspicuous black stripe. 98. Heterocampa bilineata, Pack. The larve of this species were fair- ly common at Meech Lake, Que., in 1901. Most of the specimens collected had been feeding about five feet from the ground, on the foliage of new shoots. Mature larve found by Mr. C. H. Young about the end of August produced moths the middle of the following June. Other food plants of the larve of this species are elm and beech. Notes on the larval stages may be found in Packard’s ‘‘Bombycine Moths of America North of Mexico.”’ 39 of 1903 list. Coleophora tiliafoliella, Clem. One case of the larva of this tineid moth was found attached to a basswood leaf on the 21st June, 1904, the moth emerging on the 30th June. The imago was identified by Mr. W. D. Kearfott, who has sent a description of the moth for publication in the Canadian Entomologist* This is the first record that we know of, of the species having been found in Ontario. 99. Ellida caniplaga, Walk. In Holland’s Moth Book linden is men- tioned as the food of the caterpillar of this notodontian. The moths have been taken infrequently at Ottawa, the dates of their capture being 13, 16, 17 May, 5, 8 June, and 6 July. We have never collected the larva. ‘Order Diptera. 68 of 1903 list. The Basswood Wart Gall, Cecidomyia verrucicola, O. 8. This gall was very common on basswood leaves the past summer at Ottawa. It occurs irregularly in ‘numbers on the same leaf, in numer- ous cases more than a hundred galls being found on the same leaf. Order Acarina. 69 of 1903 list. The Linden Gall-mite, Phytoptus abnormis, Gar- man. On the 27 July some leaves of basswood were received ‘from Mr. Z. oe Lash, Four Way Lodge, Lake Rosseau, Ont., which showed the work of this mite. = — * This description appeared in the November number, 1904. 80 THE REPORT OF THE (OOo a OCCURRING ON THE BARK. Order Homoptera. 100. Eulecanium quercitronis, Fitch. This large scale insect was: found rather plentiful on the twigs of two large trees at Ottawa. on ‘the 28th May, 1904, and specimens were sent to Mr. Geo. B. King for identifi- cation. Basswood is not mentioned among the food plants of this species in Mrs. Fernald’s catalogue of the Coccidae of the World, so this may be a new record of the food plant. On the 19 October further examples. were collected from the same trees. These varied in size from 4.5 mm.. to 6.5 mm. in length. BorinG INTO THE Woop. Order Coleoptera, 92 of 1903 list. The Northern Brenthid, Hupsalis minuta, Drury. (Fig. 11). Among some insects sent to the Division for identification, by Mr. W Wintemberg, of Toronto, was a specimen of this beetle, with the note “Two specimens found in a piece of basswood near Washington, Ont.’’ This insect is widely distributed over the United States and Canada. It is chiefly an oak borer. Fic. 11. The Northern Brenthid (Hupsalis Minuta), Drury. 101. Clytanthus ruricola, Oliv. Mr. W. H. Harrington tells me that he has taken specimens of this cerambycid on basswood stumps and: from felled trees. Two dates which he gave me are the 9th and 10th July. 102. Synchroa punctata, Newman. The Melandryide, the family to which this insect belongs, are feeders in dry wood, dry fungi and dry vegetable matter generally. This particular species is about 5-10ths of an inch in length, of a brown colour, coarsely punctured and pubescent. Mr. Harrington found three pupae under the bark of basswood at Ottawa, from which he bred the beetles. 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 NOTE ON THE COLUMBINE BORER (Papaipema purpurifascia, G. & R.). By Artuur Grisson, OTTAwa. An interesting occurrence of the larvae of Papaipema purpurifascia, G. & R. was observed by the writer in the latter part of July, and begin- ning of August last. This borer cannot be considered a common species in Canada, but it seems to have the habit of occurring occasionally in sufficient numbers to do serious harm to cultivated plants of the genus Aquilegia. In 1893, Dr. Fletcher tells me, the larve of this species did considerable damage at Ottawa to columbine plants in gardens, but since that date it has not been seen until the present year, when it was noticed in several beds at the Central Experimental Farm. Specimens of the _larve were also received from Mr. D. Francis, of Perth, Ont., on the 27th July, with the statement that they had destroyed nearly all of the Aquile- gias in one of his gardens. He also stated that he had a similar visita- tion when living at Hamilton, Ont., some ten years ago. The most serious infestation this year at Ottawa occurred in a large bed of hybrids of the beautiful Russian variety, Aquilegia oxysepala. In this bed of 135 plants fully 70 per cent. were injured, many being killed outright. Larve were found boring in the roots on the 28th July, all in their mature stage. Many had left the plants, doubtless to pupate, as three. pupae were found in the earth near the plants, and one pupa at the very base of the leaves, on the surface of the ground. On the 4th August more full grown larve were collected from the roots, also one pupa, and three other larve which had begun to pupate. These three latter and the pupa were found near the plants about an inch below the surface. At this date many of the infested plants showed noticeable sign of injury. The larvez bore inside the stems of the plants and gradually work their way down into the roots, which are large and tuberous. Here they con- sume the inner part and reach maturity. In many instances the whole of the inside of the secondary roots had been eaten, nothing being left but the outside covering. The following description was taken of the larve; Length, 37 mm.; one specimen measured 40 mm. at rest, and 46 mm. when extended, width at centre, 5.5 mm.; head well rounded, rather quadrate, slightly depressed at vertex, almost tawny, paler towards mouth parts which” are dark; ocelli black in a black field; from ocelli to outer edge of the thor- acic shield there is a dark band, more conspicuous in some specimens than in others. Thoracic shield, noticeably wider than head, almost the same colour but paler and margined distinctly on each side with black. Dorsum of body salmon colour, below spiracles paler with none of the salmon colour; some specimens much brighter dorsally than others. Dorsal stripe dis- tinct, but pale, same colour as venter. Tubercles black each in a black spot, the size of which varies in different specimens; setae inconspicuous. Laterally there are also a number of black spots, some almost in a line with the spiracles, others above and below. Spiracles black, elongate. Anal shield in most specimens wholly black, but in some reddish centrally. Thoracic feet fulvous darkened at tips; prolegs pale. From the above description it will be seen that the larve had a dis- tinct dorsal stripe, but no subdorsal marking as is mentioned in the des- eription of the mature larva by M. V. Slingerland (Can. Ent. XXIX, 161). In H. Bird’s description of the full grown larva no stripes of any kind are mentioned. 6 EN. b \ Oo yt ee, a 1 eal . No. ; 19 “a ra 82 THR REPORT OF THE Two of the larve which were found pupating on the 4th August had changed to pupa by the dth August, and the moths emerged on the 30th August. Other moths emerged on the 18th and 25th August, and 2nd, Sth, 6th, 8th and 13th September. The pupa is 20 to 25 mm. in length, and 5.5 to 7.5 mm. in width, at widest part; shiny, reddish brown, darker in the incisures; anterior third of each abdominal segment distinctly pitted, posterior third minutely pitted. Cremaster blackish, bearing two stiff spines, which are distinctly hooked at ends. INSECTS COLLECTED AT LIGHT DURING THE SEASON OF 1904+ | By J. D. Evans, TRENTON. The writer having collected, at light, at odd times in 1901-2 and 1903, usually commencing late in the season and then continued only intermit- — tently, this season a start was made on the 6th of May and continued uninter- ruptedly, except when the weather conditions were against it, such as rain or extremely cold weather, and for ten days in August while the writer was called away from town. On the whole the season was very wet and cool, frequent rains during the whole summer, which invariably ended in extremely cool weather. Rain fell on six days in the month of May, nine days in June, eleven in July, seven in August, ten in September, and six in October up to the 21st. many of the rainstorms being accompanied with thunder and lightning. In former years very many specimens of leaf hoppers and parasitic — Hymenoptera were taken, but this season very few of the former, and I may say none of the latter. It was noted that exceptionally few insects were observed coming into the house in the evenings, in fact, only upon One occasion were they observed at all. Consequently the captures were small, numerically, as compared with what they might have been if the season had been warm and dry, as is usually the case. The trap was usually put out at dusk, and taken in the following morn- ing between five and seven o’clock. Oftentimes there would be nothing in the trap by 10.30 or 11.00 p.m., but in the morning almost invariably *no matter how much appearances would indicate a blank, a number of things would be found. All insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenop- tera and Diptera, except the numerous midges and phrygania flies, would be assorted out each evening following the evening of capture, and one specimen at least of each species pinned, and the number of duplicates of that species indicated on a card, together with the date of capture affixed on the pin and put away for future reference. In the case of rare moths all specimens would be spread, as also one or two perfect specimens of the commoner species. 126 species have thus far been named and classified. Many of the microlepidoptera yet remain to be determined, as well as about 16 species of the noctuide, etc. The following is a list of the captures, with the number of specimens of each species, and the range of the dates of capture. The numbers are after Dyar’s List. 787 Scepsis fulvicollis, Hubner ..... ... ... 2 sp., 28 August and 12 September. 798 Ctenucha virginica, Charp. ...... ... ... 2 sp., 20 June and 26 July. 808 Hypoprepia fucosa, Hubner ...... ...... 1 sp., 6 August. 851 Estigmene acrea, Drury ...... ... .... . 4 sp., 12 June—l4 July. 1904 855 Hyphantria cunea, Drury 859 360 862 &74 878 £68 1032 10496 Arsilonche Henrici, Grete 1084 1C87 1166 1208 1219 1227 1232 1235 1241 1278 1288 1295 1297 1422 1423 1462 1478 1481 1490 1493 1538 1540 1540d Feltia herilis, Gr. 1545 1é49 1552 1724 1807 1822 1823 1829 1642 1950 1957 1963 1975 1°79 1980 1997 2015 2040 _ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 ay Isia isabella, S. & A. Phragmatobia fulginosa, 1, Diacrisia virginica, Fab. Apantesis virgo, Linn. ... ..... .. Apantesis parthenice, Kirby. Saat Nas Raphia frater, Grote Apatela distans, Grote Wess mele elie | suneeie So ee ir ee i ee ee eee e ee settee eee oe Se eeee wee fee ow ees Cr Catabena lineolata, Walk. Crambodes talidiformis, Gn. Hadena mactata, Gn. Hadena basilinea, Fab. Hadena suffusca, Morr. Hadena dubitans, Walk. Hadena devastatrix, Brace ...... .... : HMadena, arctica, Boisd secs... 022.6) .002'. Hadena verbascoides, Gn. Hyppa xylinoides, Gn. Kuplexia lucipara, Linn. Pyrophila pyramidoides, Gn. Heliotropha reniformis, Grt. Eueretagrotis sigmoides, Gn Eueretagrotis perattenta, Gr Peridroma occulta, Linn Noctua bicarnea, Gn. ... ..... Noctua c-nigrum, Linn. ...... Noctua plecta, Linn. Neetbus haruspica,y Gr, :. fered) os... 6.5. Feltia subgothica, Haw...... .....: ..-... Feltia jaculifera, Gn. Oi i ad Stee ee eect e cee eeeeee wee tee i ee eee eeeeee cee weer cesses fee wees Ghejecerece ee) ev sence e we eeee seat eeescces ceeeeee © Feltia venerabilis, Walk. Feltia volubilis, Harvey . Porosagrotis vetusta, Walk. Paragrotis obeliscoides, Gn. Mamestra picta, Harris Mamestra legitima, Grt. Mamestra lilacina, Harr. Mamestra renigera, Stephens Mamestra lorea, Gn. Nephelodes minians, Gn. ......... Heliephila luteopallens, Smith...... Heliophila albilinea, Hubn... ............ Mehophila insueta, Gmiee-wie... <2... Heliophila commoides Heliophila phragm.udicola, Gn. ... Orthodes cynica, Gn. Graphiphora oviducta, Gn. ......... .... ; Graphiphora alia, Gn. See eeeeeeees cee eereee Se eeeeee Fee eee beet ee 2060 Tricholita signata, Walkin) 2149 2162 2137 2192 Papaipema marginidens, Gn. 2199 2203 Dy. “07 Sphida obliqua, Walk. Gortyna nictitans, Bork. Papaipema cataphracta, Gr. . were ee see eee tee eer eeececes Xanthia flavago, Fab Brotolomia iris, Gn. .... Scoliopteryx libatrix, Linn. eee twee es cee ee ceeeee §292a Orthrosia ferruginoides, Rina ee Poiesc Sh ; 2430 2474 2475 2476 2479a Enchalcia Putnami, 2483 2488 2536 2540 Ogdoconta cinereola, “n. 2568 Halpemetiere a) ets <6 eee eee ee ee ed Euthisanotia grata, Plusia zrea, Hubner Plusia eroides, Gr Plusia balluca, Geyer ... .. Gr Autographa bimaculata, Steph. ... . Autographa precatonis, Gn. ... ... Abrostola urentis, Gn. ed Rivula propinqualis, Gn. ... ... .. 5 ol 313" 6 sp., 15 June—19 July. sp., 23 June—29 August. sp., 19 July and 6 August. sp., 8 June—19 August. sp., 16 July—31 July. sp., 4 September. sp., 14 July—2 August. sp., 5 August. sp., 7 May—9 August. p., 12 July—5 August, sp., 25 July. sp., 6 September. sp., 18 June. sp., 1 July. sp., 25 July—18 September. sp., 27 June—29 August. sp., 7 July—3 August. sp., 20 June. sp,, 4 September. sp., 7 June—l5d July. sp., 9 September—12 September. sp., 5 September. sp., 12 July. sp., 8 July. sp., 15 August. sp., 30 July—9 August. sp., 6 October. sp., 7 June—l4 September. sp., 19 July—1 August. sp., 6 August—19 September. sp., 18 July—11 September. sp., 3 August—4 September. sp., 12 September—20 September. sp., 23 June. sp., 24 August. sp., 2 July—4 August. sp., 11 June. sp., 19 July. , 13 June. sp., 20 June—2 August. sp., 18 June—9 July. sp., 24 August—18 September. sp., 6 June—5 October. sp., 9 July—3 August. sp., 11 June—23 June. sp., 7 July—8 September. sp., 31 July—17 September. sp., 12 June. sp., 1 June—21 June. sp., 7 May. sp., 2 August—6 August. sp., 14 June. sp., 9 August—29 August. sp., 18 September—5 October. p., 17 September—19 September. sp., 2 October and 5 October. sp., 6 June. p., 1 July. sp., 18 September and 19 October. p., 11 July—3 August. sp., 19 June and 4 September. sp., 18 July and 2 August. sp., 21 July and 30 July. sp., 29 August. sp., 2e July. sp., 21 June—l4 September. sp., 17 June—30 July, Bia ty sp., 12 June—12 September. rigs sp., 6 July—5 October. 84 THE REPORT OF THE AAG Coy | 2604 Eustrotia concinnimacula, Gn. ...... 2 sp., 7 June. 2607 Eustrotia muscoscula, Gn. ...... ... 5 sp., 21 June—ll July. 2613 Eustrotia carneola, Gn ees ee 36 sp., 1 June—l2 September. 2€82 Tarache cretata, G. and R. ...... ... ... 7 sp., 6 June—17 September. 2091 Tarache candefacta, Ena? ict. « .- 9 sp., 18 June—21 July. 2734 Homopyralis contracta, Walk, ...... ... 9 sp., 7 July and 12 July. 2754 Drasteria erechtea, Cramer ...... ... .. 85 sp., 6 June—7 August. 2911 Euparthenos nubilis, PPD ). pit es isp 1 July. 8098 Datana ministra, Drury Sats eee tea 1 sp., 15 June. 3142 Heterocampa bilineata, Patek 032 1 sp., 6 June. 3149 Schizura concinna, S. and A. ...... .. 1 sp., 2 August. 3166 Gluphisia septentrionalis, Walls c8 & 5 sp., 15 June—26 August. le wolypelaricis, Witch: \ 2o.vaocks.5-acce 1 sp., 17 September. 3214 Malacosoma americana,’ Fab. & sp., 11 July—20 July. 3238 Opheroptera boreata, Hub. 1 sp., 4 November. 3248 Endule mendica, Walk. 3 sp., 8 July—1l1 July. 3327 Eucymatoge intestinata, Ginn A Aa 9 sp., 7 June—9 August. 3340 Hydria undulata, Linnean: 1 sp., 11 July. 3348 Eustroma diversilineata, Ebaby iseei se 1 sp., 12 July. 3349 Eustroma testata, Linn. ...... ... ..... 2 sp., 5 September and 11 September. 3370 Peroncptilota fluviata, Ee Se 2 sp., 14 July and 20 July. 3371 Mesoleuca ruficiliata, Gn. ...... : 1 sp., 25 July. 3374 Mesoleuca lacustrata, Gn. ...... ... ..... 8 sp., 28 May—19 July. 2276 Mesoleuca intermediata, Gast at ege see 12 sp., 7 May—9 August. 3402 Hydriomena latirupta, Walk. w+. / sees 2 sp,,.29 September: 3409 Hydriomena unangulata, Haw. .....02- 1 sp., 15 June. 3419a Ceenocalpe cumatilis, G. and R. ...... 2 sp., 12 June and 19 June. 3438 Gypsochroa designata. Pina acvae eee 14 sp., 2. May—11 September. 2487 Synelys ennucleata, Gn. 8587 Aplodes mimosaria, Gn. 8608 Orthofidonia vestaliata, Gn. 3619 Gueneria basiaria, vw alk, 8023 Deilinia variolaria, Gn. eee eeeee eeeseo ester eeee ee ee eens Cr a oe ar CC ir i i ey sp., 18 July and 21 July. sp., 6 June—l August. sp., 16 July. , 18 June—8 July. sp., 14 June—20 July. 3651 Sciagraphia heliothidata, (Eo ri as Boban sp., 6 August. 3662a Sciagraphia atrofasciata, Pack. sp., 9 July. 2667 Philobia enotata, Gn. ..... sp., 19 June. © 3690 Cymatophora ribearia, Pitcho sp., 22 July and 31 July. Dove Wuycia) ursaria, Walk... !!.... ccc eS sp., 14 May. 35867 ycta Jcogmataria, \Gni |S. ai Mies. sp., 14 July. 3€84 Erannis tiliaria, Harr. ... ............ ... sp., 29 October. 3913 Metrocampa pregrandaria, Gn ...... ... sp., 5 September. 3923 Ennomos magnarius, Gn. ... ... ......6 p., 19 September—14 October. 3925 3239 3041 3681 ry Xanthotype crocataria, Fab, Ania limbata, Haworth Gonodontis hypochraria, He sS: Metanema inatomaria, Gn. 38682 Metanema determinata, Wralkk’...) “aoe 2 sp., 19 July—27 July 4001 Azelina ancetaria, Hub. :. 3 sp., 7 August—28 August. 4007 Caberodes confusaria. Hub ...... ......... easprey Ll. July: ADL Tetracis crocallata» (Gn) 056... ce. ce 2 sp., 7 June. : 4026 Sabulodes transversata, Drury ... ...... 2 sp., 28 August. 4191 Bembecia marginata, Harr. ...... ...... 1 sp., 26 June. ace? Desmig. funeralis, Hubs. ....2. ).... s wr he SRL ea aa eA hy \ ; Py * ‘i nd pe Py hl - 14 i. y a Shel ty “3 * . Roieny fae 90 THE REPORT OF THE é No. 19 a It is very well to apply such a law to recent names, or where several titles have been equally in use for some time, but to make it binding in every Instance, seems absurd, and is a method that we should never think of adopting in the ordinary affairs of life. Mr. Lyman suggested in his presi- dential address, a few years ago, the formation of an Entomologists’ Union, that should bring out an authoritative Insect List; there are, I suppose, many difficulties in the way of such an undertaking. It would, however, be a great convenience if we had a list of Canadian Lepidoptera—a work which this Society might very well undertake—so that beginners would not have to wade through page after page of irrelevant matter when seeking information about our own species. It might be formed on the general plan of Dyar’s List, and, according to his nomenclature, if that was thought desirable, but the old names of ~ genera should be placed in brackets beside the new ones where changes have been made, and the geographical range of each species, and time of appearing, given as far ag possible. The Montreal branch had, at one time, something of this kind in view, and prepared some material for it, I believe. And if some method of in- dicating subspecies, as here proposed, could be adopted in such a publication, it would recommend itself to many, I think, as a partial deliverance from the grievous burden of scientific nomenclature. NOTES ON THE SEASON OF 1904, (WESTERN QUEBEC). By Cuarytes STEVENSON, MontrREAL, QUE. The agriculturists of this district have been little troubled by insect pests. The potato beetle,Leptinstarsa (Doryphora) decemlineata Say, has not been troublesome. The Tent caterpillars Malacosoma Americana, Hub, and the Tentles M. disstria, Hub., have been scarce. Some colonies of the former were seen at St. Hilaire, which had practically destroyed some young and isolated apple-trees, but there were no signs of attack on the old trees, thanks to the excellent care taken of the orchards and the applica- tion of insecticides. The common Tussock-moth caterpillars Hemero- campa leucostigma, S. and A., continue to increase on the shade trees of Montreal and throughout the district. The caterpillars of H. definita, Pack. were more prominent this year. The Rhopalocera usually found in this district were more abundant than last year, except Anosia plezippus, Linn, which still remains con- spicuous by its scarcity. Enodia portlandia, Fab., has been taken several times on Montreal Island in the month of August. The flight of Heterocera was more interesting in the numerous species found in comparison to the quantity of specimens on the wing, thus making collecting at light more enjoyable. The most attractive catch was, pro- bably, that of a specimen of Hrebus odora, Linn, on the 13th September on Cadieux Street, Montreal. That beautiful’moth Huclea delphini, Bois, was taken on the 18th July, and the attractive geometer Huchlaena serrata Drury, on the llth May. Tolype velleda, Stoll, was very abundant at light from the 14th to 16th September, and there was a veritable plague of Hn- nomos magnarius, Gn., in all varieties of markings on the 26th September, with practically nothing else flying. The collectors of Coleoptera have worked hard this season, and obtained good results. A patch of Elder bushes Sambucus Canadensis, Linn, at Cote St. Paul were swarming with our beautiful longhorn beetle, Desmocerus 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 palliatus, Forst, during the second week of July. Six specimens of Obriwm rubrum, Newm., were taken on the Boucherville Islands on the 25th July. Cicindela scutellaris var. rugifrons, Dej., was taken near Longueuil on the drd August. This is an interesting capture, as it has not been previously reported north of Massachusetts. Other interesting captures were: Thermonectes basilaris, Harr, Montreal, 16 July. Buprestis femorata, Fab, Montreal, 9 July. Leptura nitens, Forst, Longueuil, 24 July. Hoplosia nubila Lec., at light, Montreal, 18 July. Graphisurus fasciatus, DeG., Montreal, 8 June. Donacia pubescens, Lec., St. Hilaire, 1 July. Chrysomela pnirsa, Stol, St. Hilaire, 24 July. Nacerdes melanura Linn. This is an introducel species, and was ex- tremely common about the wharfs and warehouses of Montreal during June and July. A few specimens were also found on the sidewalks uptown and in Longueuil. Aphodius erraticus Linn. Another European beetle, two specimens were found for the first time in Canada at Maplewood, near Montreal, by Master K. R. Stevenson, on the Ist May. (Can. Ent. xxxvi. 164). In the Diptera, the most interesting capture was two specimens of Pterodontia flavipes Gray, a large fly with a very small head, on the Bouch- erville Islands 25 July. In the Orthoptera, two specimens of Panchlora viridis Burm, of the a or “Roaches”? were captured, evidently introduced in some cargo of fruit. | INSECTS AFFECTING THE OAK.* By THE Rev. Tuomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.L.S. The oak is one of the lords of the forest. It is a stately, handsome and long-lived tree. Its wide-spreading branches make a grateful shade; its rich foliage is pleasant to the eye; its timber is valuable for a variety of purposes. In former days it was more largely used than it is now. The “wooden walls of old England,’ the mighty “three-deckers,’’ were built of it. The forest of Dean in Gloucestershire supplied the trees. It was used also for the frames and wainscotting of houses; and oak furniture was highly prized. The oak is not a common tree in the neighborhood of Quebec; and in the eastern townships it is seldom met with; but in Ontario it is more fre- quently seen. Unfortunately, this handsome tree is much troubled with insect pests— perhaps more so than all our other hardwood trees put together. Many an interesting and instructive volume might be written on the oak tree, and its inhabitants. In a paper, such as I have to read to you, I ae only tell of some of the most remarkable of the frequenters of the oak, *Read before the Quebec branch of the Ent. Soc. of Ont. bs sd SR ee ee Os DSN Rhea eee) Ck ANAS TTR e cr nye me aa tat 1 : PE ri PS Ot aes) Ue a , pee a Senco! HERee i ar x , 92° THE REPORT OF THE oe Nee First, then, there is the broad-necked Sawyer, (Prionus laticollis, Dru). Fig. 138. I have not met with this in Quebec, but I have seen a specimen that was taken near Sherbrooke. ‘This fine beetle is two inches long, and broad in proportion. Its larva feeds on the roots of the tree. Boring in the trunk is the carpenter worm—the larva of the fine moth Prionozystus robinie, Peck. This caterpillar is nearly three inches long. It has a livid, reddish body, and a glossy black head. It makes a tunnel as large as the bore of a half-inch auger. When nearing perfection it works its way to the surface of the wood, and prepares a way of exit for the future moth. It then retires about three inches, and spins a cocoon, in which it undergoes the pupal change. In due time the pupa breaks ~ from its cocoon, works its way to the opening made by the caterpillar, and allows the moth to escape. The moth appears in June and July. This species tunnels in the locust tree (Robinia pseudacacia, L.,) as well as in the oak, and from this it derives its specific name, robiniae. Hire) 13. Mr. Albert F. Winn, of Westmount, P. Que., has found upon oak trees on Mount Royal specimens of the fine moth, Prionorystus Macmurtret Guer- in-Méneville. The larva of this species is known as “The Lesser Oak Car- penter Worm.”’ A great variety of beetle-grubs are miners in the oak, and are very injurious to it, Buprestide, Curculionde, Cerumbycide, Scolytide, etc. The specimen I exhibit is Urographis fasciatus, De Geer, one of the Cerambycide. The species to which it belongs is found throughout the United States and Canada. Notice the long ovipositor of the female in- sect. With this she pierces the outer layers of the bark of the oak, that she may deposit her eggs in the softer layers within. The larve tunnel in the bark close to the white wood, and pack their passageways so full of fine frass that it is hard to trace them. The beetles appear early in June. The larve and pupae should be looked for early — in the spring. It may have been to this beetle that the damage we noticed to the oaks — - the grounds of Mr. Wade at New Liverpool, two or three years ago, was ue. Another injurious beetle is Zthycerus.noveboracensis, Forster. This is — the largest of our weevils or curculios. (Fig. 14c.). The female gnaws — a small opening in a branch of the oak, (Fig. 14a), and then deposits an egg in it. The larva (Fig. 14b.) burrows in the twigs. , ; | 7 . 7 ¢ an ‘ ‘ 7 y 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 93 ee ee, ee ee ee eee ea ee — = Among the interesting things that affect the oak are the Cynipidw. You will remember that on one of our field days we visited the country-house of our friends, Mr. and Mrs. Morgan, on the Island of Orleans; and that our attention was drawn to the woolly galls upon the oak trees around it, and to the curious beetles, Balaninus rectus, Say, that we shook in such numbers from the branches. Galls of the kind mentioned are formed by the four-winged fly, Celli- rhytis seminator, Harris. They are polythalamous, each being made up of. distinct cells with flocculent matter attached. The flies that come from them differ in the sexes. The males are shining black, with tawny yellow legs and antenne; the females have the head and thorax cinnamon red. A remarkable gall that I have found on oaks, near Montreal, is that of Amphibolips inanis, O. S. It is produced on the red oak, and comes to maturity in June. When opened at this time it is found to consist of a mere shell with a central chamber, held in place by radiating filaments. The fly makes its way from this central chamber, bites a round hole in the outer rind, and so escapes. A variety of larve, both of moths and butterflies, feed upon the leaves of the oak. The most injurious of these is the Forest Tent-caterpillar, the larva of Clistocampa disstria, Hbn., (Fig. 15.,) which spins a cob-web like Fic. 15. Forest Tent-caterpillar. nest against the sides of the tree, and swarms along the branches, stripping them of their foliage. This caterpillar must not be confounded with that of the Clistocampa Americana, Fabr., of the orchard. It differs from it in several respects. One of these is easily remembered. The larva of C. disstria has a row of white spots along the back, that of C. Americana has a white stripe. The largest larve that sometimes feed on the oak are those of the hand- some Saturnian, Attacus’ Cecropia, Lin, and the no less handsome Telea Polyphemus, Cram., beautiful larve feeding on the oak, and well worthy of observation are those of: Anisota pellucida, Hubner. Halisidota tessellaris, A. and S. Halisidota maculata, Harr. Edema albifrons, A. and S. Several kinds of oak-feeding larve are stingers: Hemileuca maia, Drury. Lagoa crispata, Pack. Phobetron pithecium, A. and S. Sibine stimulea, Clem. Of these the only one I have found at Quebec is Phobetron pithecium, the 8-flapped slug-worm. Of butterfly larve that are found on the oak, these may ve mentioned: Limenitis disippus, Godt. Thecla calanus, Hbn. Nisoniades brizo Bois., Lec., and occasionally Papilio turnus, Linn. These are al] found in the neighborhood of Quebec. } f, T | Soe oT ahi, SS ae Nae ames ont CN! mye } , : r Cy. Be ae vudeey 94 | THE REPORT. OF THE ©." Nog With brief accounts of two diminutive moths that frequent the oak I must bring this paper to a close. A few seasons ago I found on the oaks growing on the Rhodes estate at Bergerville great numbers of the caterpillars of the beautiful little Tortrix, Cacecia fervidana, Clem. ‘The caterpillar of this species is brownish buff, and has a dark brown head. When disturbed it lets itself down by a thread, dangling at the end of it spider-wise. It gathers several leaves together and binds them with silken threads. Within the nest so formed ‘it makes itself a silken case—feeding from it upon the pulpy portions of the leaves. And in this case it undergoes the change to the chrysalis. The moth is a pretty little object with reddish brown fore-wings, much clouded with fuscous and marked with several brown patches. The hind Wings are very dark. The fringes are pale. The other moth—the last I shall mention—is a miner, Lithocolletes hamadryadella, Clem. Its larva forms whitish blotches in the leaves, for it feeds between the upper and lower skins of the leaf. Sometimes four or five of these blotches will be found in one leaf. The tiny caterpillar is brownish yellow, flat, footless, but very active. When full fed it goes into chrysalis within its mine. The moth is a brilliant little object with white fore-wings, having bronze bands with black borders on the inner side. The hind wings are silvery. It is one of the numberless minute things in nature that glorify God by bearing witness before men of His almighty power. ON THE FOOD HABITS OF CERTAIN OF THE HYMENOPTERA. (Paper No. II.). By Rev. THomas W. Fytss, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, QueBEc. GALL-INHABITING HYMENOPETRA. Galls are abnormal growths upon various parts of plants, resulting from the operations of insects of different kinds, every kind of insect agent producing its own peculiar gall. But here it must be observed that the in- sects found in galls are not, in all cases, the producers of them; they may be intruders, either hurtful or harmless, upon the domains of others. The insects belonging to the Hymenoptera that are found in galls may thus be grouped: A—Gall] producers. a—Solitary. b—Social. B—Gall invaders. a—Feeding upon the substance of the gall. b—Preying upon the producers of the gall, or their guests. A, a—Of galls produced by Hymenopterous ‘insects, the kind found upon the leaves of the White Willow (Saliz alba, L.) is so abundant and conspicuous that even the least observant dweller in the country, having a knowledge of the tree and the use of his eyes, will readily call the galls to mind. They are produced by a small Saw-fly. The White Willow is not indigenous to.this country; it was introduced from Europe, and the saw-fly was, probably, introduced with it. In 1885 I submitted specimens of our Canadian insect and its galls to Mr. Edward Ri mY SOP a} Pee Ny 2 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 A. Fitch, of Maldon, England, and he wrote, “The saw-fly I have but little doubt is identical with our British Nematus gallicola, Westw. (vallisnerii, Hart.) as far as I can judge from the female and gall sent.”’ The female insect makes a slight wound in the leaf, and then deposits an egg in the wound. It may repeat the process a number of times on the same leaf. Around the egg the gall begins to form, and it soon becomes a stronghold and storehouse for the larva that is hatched from the egg. What a strange existence is led by this larva! It is unacquainted with its kind; its knows nothing of its future; it abides in its “assigned and native dwelling place.’’ Its sole occupation is eating away the walls of its cell, as they thicken around it, and making room for its own growth. It obeys a blind instinct; and so it spends the summer. In the autumn it is carried in the leaf to the ground, or, if the leaves be unusually per- sistent, it bites its way out of the gall and drops to the ground. In either ease, having vacated its cell, it creeps into the soil, and there spins itself a close, brown cocoon of the size of a grain of wheat, and in this it abides, changing to a pupa about the close of the winter. In spring the perfect flies appear. At one period of its existence this insect is liable to the attacks of a very formidable foe, the house sparrow. From my study window I can see three large willows standing in my yard, and several times, at the close of summer, I have observed flocks of sparrows busily engaged in cracking the Nematus galls with their bills, and picking out the larve. I do not think this Nematus does any harm to the tree, and the kidney- shaped, rosy-tinted galls are, rather than not, an embellishment to the leaves. A, 6, The Bedeguar of the Rose, or, as the children in England call it, Poor Robin’s Pincushion, affords an example of a gall community. It is formed by a cynips, Rhodites rose, L. It consists of a number of cells closely united and tufted with numerous branched filaments, which serve the inhabitants of the galls as a protection from the winter’s cold, and also, it may be, against the attacks of feathered enemies. I do not find this gall around Quebec; but, some years ago, I found a number of them upon wild rose bushes growing in a pasture at the foot of Yamaska Mountain, on a farm that belonged to the late Rev. Canon Robin- ei and I was able to raise the gall-fly from them in considerable num- ers. Another interesting example of these polythalamous galls is that of Callirhytis seminator, Harris. This pretty insect lays its eggs in the wounds it makes around the twigs of the white oak. The galls develop into a flocculent mass, imbedded in which the larval cells may be found. The perfect insects appear in the end of July. Galls of this kind are, in some seasons, abundant on the Island of Orleans. B, a, I have often found upon the Canadian Blueberry (Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm), a very pretty gall of the size of a cherry, and of a rosy hue. The maker of this, Solenozopheria vaccinii was described by Mr. Ashmead in 1887 (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XIV., p. 149). I have never raised it; but I have obtained from the galls a species of guest-fly, Megaris- mus nubilipennis, Ashmead, in considerable numbers. A cross cut of a_ gall will shew the cells of this parasite in orderly arrangement. The wm RPS 7 3 4 } Kae vi re >" b sans Oa By ie AS ok: 7 "pCi ) Se are Part) LTS he x BOY Dah % THE REPORT OF THE Lets Neate larve found in the cells are white and plump, and waxen in appearance, and have sharp mandibles. They are liable to attacks from predaceous secondary parasites. (Fig. 16). B,: 6. > There is a two-winged fly (Trypeta solidaginis, Fitch), which forms a large, round, pithy gall in the stems of the Golden Rod (Solidago Canadensis, L.). The larva has its cell in the centre of the gall, but bites Fig. 16. a. Gall on Blueberry. Natural size. 6. Section of Gall, showing cells of Guest-fly. Natural size. c. Larva of Guest-fly. Greatly enlarged. a passage to the outer rind. Through. this passage, probably, an insidious foe finds its way, viz., Hurytoma gigantea, Walsh. I gave a minute des- cription of this species, both of the male and of the female, in the Canadian Entomologist, vol, XXvi., p. 122. The country naturalist, who takes the trouble to study the plant galls and their inhabitants, finds many things to awaken his interest and to ex- cite his admiration. AN ELEMENTARY STUDY OF INSECTS. By Pror. W. LocHHeaD, GUELPH. The late Prof. C. V. Riley, of Washington, estimated the number of kinds of insects on the earth at ten millions. Of this immense number only 200,000 are known, yet these make up two-thirds of all the kinds of animals a known. The question will naturally arise: In what way do insects differ — if from other animals? Although they differ much among themselves, all in- a ‘(Sa 1904 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 sects are seen to have much in common when their structure is studied. They all have, when full grown, three pairs of jointed legs; their bodies are com- posed of rings, or segments, more or less closely joined together into three re- g ¢. aot Fic. 17. Diagram of the underside of a Beetle ( Harpalus Caliginosus) ;1A. Mandible ; B. Maxil- lary palpus; C. outer ype of Maxilla; D. inner tube of Maxilla; E. labial palpus ; F, paraglosse ; G. Ligula . yy. mentum ; I. antenna; K. prosternun ; L. episternum of pro- thorax; M. cox; N’;,,chanter ; O. femur; P. tibia; Q. tarsus; R. claws (ungues) ; S. mesosternum; T. — TOternum; ‘U. episternum of mesothorax; V. espisternum of metathorax ; W. vent, segments . X. epimeron of mesothorax ; Y. epipleuron. 7 EN. ‘ ANT) tn Nabe. 4 98 THE REPORT OF THE “Nog on gions, head, thorax, and abdomen; they breathe air; they have one pair of feelers, or autennae; and usually one or two pairs of wings. By these char- acters, insects are readily distinguished from true worms, or from spiders, centipedes, and cray-fish, their near relatives. The Head. The head bears the feelers or antennae, the eyes, and the mouth-parts, and 1s concerned with the sensation of touch and the getting of food. ‘ The feelers function as organs of touch and perhaps of taste, and are very varied in shape. The eyes are compound and are composed of a large num- ber of simple eyes. The mouth-purts are very unlike in different insects. In those insects which feed by chewing or biting their food, there are an upper lip, the labrum; a pair of jaws, the mandibles, which work sideways; a pair of smaller jaws, with feelers, the maaillw; and a lower lip, the labium (Fig. 17). In those which take up fluid food, the mouth-parts are modified for sucking (Fig. 18), licking or piercing (Fig. 19). To combat injurious ‘ . LA ee LZ LA Fic. 19. Head of a sucking insect (Squash bug) ; a antenne ; / the eye; ¢ the 4-jointed beak ; dand e the four lances ; f the labrum, (original). insects successfully, the farmer or gardener should be able to tell biting forms from sucking forms, for it 1s possible to poison the food of the former, but not that of the latter. The Thorax. The thorax is composed of three united segments. The fisst bears a pair of legs, while the second and third bear not only a pair of legs, but also often a pair of wings. It is clear that this region of the body is concerned with movement. (Fig. 20). The legs of insects are jointed, and are composed of the following parts: The coza, or hip; the trochanter; the femur, or thigh; the tibia, or shank; and the tarsus, a three to five jointed foot ending in claws. (Fig. 17). The Abdomen. The abdomen,is composed of many segments without limbs in adults; but in the young state, some insects, such as, butterflies, moths, saw-flies, there are unjointed feet, or pro-legs, on the abdomen. (Fig. 21). The organs of reproduction and digestion are situated within the abdomen. The alimentary canal occupies the middle portion of the body, and is composed of gullet, crop, gizzard, stomach, and intestine. The crop may be called the storing stomach, and the gizzard the grinding stomach. Digestion takes place in the true stomach, into which the coecal tubes empty their se- cretions. With most sucking insects, however, the gizzard is wanting. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 The nervous system lies below the alimentary canal, and close to the lower body wall. It is composed of a series of ganglia connected by two long, slender cords. The ganglia in the head is the largest, and supplies nerves to the eyes, feelers, and mouth. In general, each segment of the body has a ganglion which sends off nerves in all directions, to supply the segment. ) Fig. 18. Mouth parts of a House-fly. Fic. 20. Under surface of Head and Thorax of a Squash bug ; a the odour glands ; b the sucking beak ; ¢ the antenne. (Original). The respiratory system is clearly shown in Fig. 22. The _ breathing- pores, or spzracles, are valve-like openings lying along each side, and open al- most directly into a tube which runs lengthwise of the body. From these Fic. 21. Caterpillar showing pro-legs as well as feet. two main tubes branches run in all directions through the body to the main organs. In many insects there are bulb-like expansions which act as air- reservoirs. By means of the system of tubes, or trachee, air is carried to all portions of the body, and the blood is rapidly purified by exchanging carbon- . al vin OY RP, Zire aM Seat ath a tN NG ae Sy ee © ae Phe ee ey ; ok p c oes Pe on yh) fA Sl 7 (ic Ea 100 THE REPORT OFTHE = ~=~—— No. 19 dioxide for oxygen. In the case of sucking insects, the most effective way vt killing them is to suffocate them by clogging the spiracles with such sub- stances as tobacco, soap solution, kerosene emulsion, insect powder, lime, or dust. The blood, which is nearly colorless, flows free within the cavity of the cavity of the body, and bathes the various organs. The requisite amount of oxygen is obtained by exchange from the tracheew which contain air. _ Repropuction anp Meramorruosis. Most insects lay eggs, but a few bring forth living young. As a rule, insects have great powers of reproduc- tion, but seldom are the newly hatched insects exactly like the adults. In Coutar frackea Dorsal trachea Vealral trachea } Cephalic Crachea fenlr: s 12 ’ Fic, 22. Respiratory system of Grasshopper (after Hyatt). fact, most insects pass through a more or less marked change during their lives. This is known as Metamorphosis, which is said to be complete (Fig. 23), when the insect passes through a stage of almost total rest, takes no food, and moves. but little; and incomplete (Fig 24), when the insect does not pass through a stage of rest, but feeds and changes its form gradually with every moult, becoming more and more like the adult. As insects grow they cast off their old skin at intervals. The new skin is soft and elastic, but as it gets older, it becomes hard and inelastic. This is stripped off and replaced Fic. 23. Complete metamorphosis ; a caterpillar ; b chrysalis in a cocoon ; ¢ moth. by a new one. By this moulting, growth is not interfered with. Among these insects which undergo complete metamorphosis are: Butterflies, moths, beetles, bees and wasps and flies. The different stages are known as egg, larva, pupa, and adult. ‘The larval stage of insects is the most important one from an economic standpoint, for it is the feeding stage, and it is then that vegetation is injured. The larve of butterflies and moths are known as caterpillars (Fig. 21), and have usually 8 pairs of legs, sometimes only 5 pairs; those of saw-flies have usually 10 pairs of legs. 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 Grubs are the larve of beetles (Fig. 25), and have common] pairs of legs. are footless. only three Maggots are the larve of flies (Fig. 26), bees and wasps, and A oe 2 - a) Od, ihe fi RA és Fia. 24. Incomplete metamorphosis of a Cockroach ; a, 8, ce, d, young larvee;e, f, h, winged adults ; g eggmass, magnified. The grasshoppers, crickets, and bugs (Fig 27), undergo incomplete meta- morphosis, so that the young resembles the adult, and becomes more like the adult with each succeeding moult. Fie. 25. Grub of beetle. at GATTI i Fic. 26. Maggot of a Fic. 27. Development of a Squash-bug from a young Wheat midge. individual to an adult. ) ee en -. nw ~~ Oe Se ¥ le Pa. A a ce us oR ie wi aa tt re 102, THE REPORT OF THE ars a Although the pupa stage is inactive, nevertheless it breathes slightly, and uses up some of the food which is stored in the body as fat-bodies during the larval stage. Some pupe are naked (Fig. 28), and others are surrounded by a cocoon (Fig. 29), or web, which is spun by the larva. All pupe, how- ever, are invested in a more or less tight-fitting case. With some, the case covers the body loosely, but in others, the outlines of every external structure are clearly shown. . Lire History: The life-history of an insect means simply the life story, that is, ‘‘all the changes it goes through, and all that it does from the time it hatches from the egg, or is born, until it dies of old age.’’ It becomes an important matter to learn the whole life story when we wish to combat in- jurious insects, for very frequently there is a stage (not always the same stage for all insects), when they are most easily attacked and destroyed. Fig. 28. Pupa of an Archippus but- terfly. Fig. 29. Pupa in a cocoon. Fic. 30. Two-winged fly (Diptera). _, ULASSIFICATION OF 1nsEcTS. Insects are, for convenience of study, di- vided into Orders, named according to the nature and number of the wings. Only seven orders will be discussed here, as nearly every insect of economic importance belongs to one of the seven: PeLem VY 1 OLUNG WON LINGER oy. 08! p02. Aa Diptera. (Fig. 30). 2. With four wings: A. Upper and lower wings similar in texture. A.) Beowramnars (BCA y Vig) ikcede Lepidoptera. (Fig. 31, 32). b. All wings naked or a little hairy: (1) Wings many veined ......... ... Veuroptera. (Fig. 33). (2) Wings'few veined ...... 00. ...... Hymenoptera. (Fig. 34) B. Upper and lower wings unlike in texture. (a) Mouth-parts formed for sucking...Hemzptera, Heteroptera, (Figs. 19 and 20). 7 1904 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — 1038 (b) Mouth-parts formed for biting : : Gl). Uppemavings hornys:......jn00. casero Coleoptera. (Fig. 35). (2) Upper wings parchment-like ...Orthoptera. Fig. 36). Fig. 31. Butterfly (Lepidoptera) When both the mouth-parts and the wings are used for classification dhe following may be used : Nas Fig. 32. Moth (Lepidoptera) Fig. 33. Dragon-fly (Neuroptera) 1. Insects with both a biting and sucking mouth and wings with but few *VELDS. . .).cxtd: he eae asic Chas," Jeinaie vt, (etch am Hymenoptera. Fig. 34. Wasp (Hymenoptera) Fig. 35. Beetle (Coleoptera) ‘2. Insects with a biting mouth: eee GE VANIER SPOT AY! <5! dee eke oecrae Yea hens Coleoptera. 104 | THE REPORT OF THE © No. 19 B. Upper wings parchment-like .................. Orthoptera. C. Upper wings with many veins...... ......... Neuroptera. 3. Insects with a sucking mouth: 9 AT) ow tins (setilay:35 eames See ect 8 oo Lepidoptera. Bio Only twoswings: (ic... Reape ee tesa oe ce cccaue eee Diptera. C. Upper wings half leathery and half membranous The Hymenoptera contain many beneficial forms, and some injurious forms. The metamorphosis is complete. They are often divided into the stinging species, such as bees, wasps, digger-wasps, ants, etc.; and the pierc- ing species, such as Ichneumon flies (Fig. 39), Chalcid-flies, Gall-flies, Saw- fies (Fig. 40), and Horn-tails. Fig. 36. Grasshopper (Orthoptera) The Coleoptera or the Beetles are divided into the True Beetles, and the Snout Beetles. The True Beetles are again divided according to their tarsi and antenne into :— 1. Carnivorous beetles with thread-like antenne, and nearly all are beneficial. Such are the Tiger-beetles (Fig. 41), and the Ground-beetles. Fig. 37. a. Bug Hemiptera eteroptera ) - Fig. 39. Ichneumon Fly" (Hymenoptera) Fig. 38. Bug with wings expanded (Hemiptera) 2. Club-horn beetles with club-shaped antennze. Most of these are beneficial. Among these are Rove-beetles, Burying-beetles, and Lady-bird beetles (Fig. 42). 3. Saw-horn beetles with saw-toothed antenne. These are mostly in- jurious, and include the Wire-worms and Buprestid Wood-borers. (Fig. 43. 4. Leaf-horn beetles knobbed antenne made up of many leaf-like: ports. (Fig. 44). Most of these are injurious, and include the Rose-beetles,. June bugs, and Stag-beetles. 5. Plant-Eater beetles with bead-like antenne. (Fig. 45). All of these are injurious, and include the potato-beetle (Fig. 46), Flea-beetle, and! Pea-weevil. Among the Snout beetles (Fig. 47), are Plum-curculio, Grain-weevils;. and Bark-beetles. Most are injurious. The Lepidoptera are divided into the Moths, Butterflies, and Skippers, (Fig. 48). Their larve are caterpillars, and some are among our most in- 1904 ENTOMOI OGICAL SOCIETY. 105 jurious forms. Such are the Tent Caterpillar, Army-worm, Cutworm, Peach- tree Borer, Cabbage-worm, Codling worm, Canker Worm, and Mediterranean Fleur Moth. The Diptera are two-winged, and include such insects as the Hessian Fly, Wheat Midge (Fig. 49), Mosquitoes, Craneflies, Robber-flies, Bot-flies, House- Fig. 43. Saw-horn beetle (Bup- restis). Fic. 41. Tiger- Beetle. Fic. 42. Fig. 40. Saw-flies: a. male; b. female Lady-bird Fig. 44. Leaf- (Hymenoptera) beetle. horn beetle. flies, Tachina flies, Syrphus flies (Fig. 50) and cheese flies. The Tachina and fyrphus flies are very beneficial. The Hemiptera or Bugs are divided into the True-bugs (Fig. 51), the Leaf-hoppers and Plant lice (Fig. 52) and Lice. Nearly all are injurious, and frequently do much injury. They suck the juices from plants. f el ; Fig. 47. Snout- beetle. Plant-eater beetle. Fie. 46. Colorado Potato-beetle. The Orthoptera are often divided into the Jumpers, the Walkers, the Graspers, and the Runners. The first includes the Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets; and the last the Cockroaches. The Neuroptera comprise the Ant-lions, Lace-wings (Fig. 53), Dragon flies (Fig. 54). see Weert Prat - THE REPORT OF THE > ) “ 106 Syrphus fly. 1G, 50. F Skipper butterfly. 43. Fig. - \ Fic. 49. Wheat-midge. ! uM s Plant-lice ( Aphis. ) 52. Ge bugs. True Poleeaoie Dm —_— om co} =| s > Fg on. est ar qo a2 aS as Se CaS = ov ap) en) & g ie oa Cyanide bottle 58. FIG: -fly. Dragon 4. Kia. 4 eh by. OP Sea tate nef 1904 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 Co.tiecTion oF Insects. The best way to become familiar with the dif- ferent insects is to make a general collection. This is but a means to an end, fc: a real knowledge of insect life can only be acquired by observation in the NANT AA Fig. 56. How to pin and label a beetle. ANINNIIN Dap i Spreac un Fic. 57. Spreading-board. Fig. 59. Storage box for specimens. fields. The insects should be watched during all their stages of growth, their food plants, and their habits noted. ae ‘iy ) i Pa a . , fe! AN 7 “ert nore Pay as we a4 . he ¥ ¥ 108 THE REPORT OF THE | “No. 19 4 The outfit for collecting is neither expensive, nor hard to prepare. It consists of (1) An znsect net for catching the insects, made by sowing a bag cf cheese-cloth to a stout ring, one foot in diameter, which is fastened to a broom handle; (2) A cyanide bottle (Fig. 55), for killing the insects, pre- pared by pouring some soft plaster-paris over a few lumps of potassium cyan- ide in a wide-mouthed bottle. When the plaster has set and the bottle — corked, the whole is ready for use; (3) pins (Fig. 56) to mount the specimens; (4) Spreading-board for butterflies and moths (Figs. 57 and $58); (5) a cigar- box, lines with cork, or corrugated paper of the druggist’s to hold the speci- mens. (Fig. 59). When one considers the large number of injurious insects which attack the various crops, it is not surprising that the yearly losses amount to many millions of dollars. Of recent years, the Hessian Fly, the Pea-Weevil, the Clover-Seed Midge, the Wheat Midge, The San José Scale, the Codling Moth, and the Tent Caterpillar have been very active; and, in some sections of On- tario, many crops were complete failures by reason of their ravages. Careful estimates of the probable losses have been made at different times by competent scientific men, and the conclusion was that the annual loss was about one-tenth the total agricultural product of the United States and Canada. THE PEAR-TREE PSYLLA AND HOW TO DEAL WITH IT. By Georce E. \FisHer, BuRLINGTON. Several instances of disastrous and even fatal effects to valuable pear or- chards from being attacked by the Psylla have come under (my observation, as well as entirely satisfactory results from treating the trees. The life-history and habits of injurious insects must be accurately deter- mined before we can know just how to deal with them. A knowledge of the babits of such insects will often enable the farmer to so manage his land and crops that the insects are placed under unfavorable and even destructive con~- ditions. Fig 60. The Psylla winters in the full-grown or perfect state, a minute brick-red fly, about one-eighth of an inch in length. From the broad head the body tapers to a point at the caudal extremity. There are two pairs of large transparent wings, which when closed cover the body. The thighs are abnormally developed, which enables it to jump a long way; hence the name ‘‘Pear-tree Flea-louse.’’ In form this insect is the counterpart of the Dog- DAS ho th Ree a py ace oN a ed ate 2 i Ao) 1904. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Bie a day Harvest fly (Cicada) in miniature (Fig.60). During the winter it se- cures shelter in the crevices of the bark on the trunks and large limbs of the trees, in nearby rubbish, or wherever it can find protection; hence the advan- tage of clean culture, in which case it will be confined to the trees. The small lemon-coloured eggs are laid about the middle of April, and hatch about the middle of May, according to weather conditions (Figure 61). There are probably four broods in a season. When the nymphs appear, if there be no fo- hage, they make their way into the opening buds. They secrete large quan- tities of honey dew, which frequently drips from the leaves, and gets over the whole of the tree and fruit, in which a black fungus develops. There is difficulty in treating the Psylla during the summer. Except immediately following a heavy rain, the nymphs are usually so completely en- veloped with honey dew that spray will not reach them, and the mature in- eects are so active that when spray strikes a tree they instantly fly away, and do not return until spraying is discontinued. An ounce of crude petroleum in the proportion of 1 in 16 (1 gal. of pe- troleum in 16 gals. of emulsion), has in my experience proved the most satis- factory in case a treatment must be given in summer, but I would depend upon a very thorough application of lime and sulphur (lime 30 lbs., sulphur 20 Ibs., in 40 gals. of wash, cooked two hours), made in March, to wipe out the pest. At this season there are no eggs. The overwintered adults are very sluggish, not at all like those of the summer broods, and these alone are present. If the wash be driven well into all of the cracks of the bark the cx struction of the insects will be complete. Lime alone will destroy Psylla perhaps as completely as with sulphur added, and will go a long way in cleaning off the black fungus, but lime alone will not destroy scale insects, and these are invariably present. Whether it be lime, or lime and sulphur that is used, the wash must be liberally applied, for it will not diffuse, but remains where it strikes the tree, and if the Psylla is to be killed it must be hit. OBITUARY. THe Late Jonn Axtston Morrat. Through the kindness of Mr. G. L. Johnston, President of the Hamilton Scientific Association, we are enabled to present our readers with an excellent portrait of our late friend and colleague, Mr. J. Alston Moffat, who died at the Victoria Hospital in London, on the 26th of February, 1904. For four- teen years he had been the Librarian and Curator of the Entomological Soci- ety of Ontario, and endeared himself to all with whom he came in contact by bis kindness and courtesy. It was always a pleasure to him to identify speci- mens, and to exhibit the beautiful objects in the Society’s cabinets to anyone interested in natural history. He was a frequent contributor to the Canadian Entomologist, and to these Annual Reports. In the last volume (the 34th Annual Report, 1903, page 103) will be found an interesting account of his “Recollections of the Past,’’ which contains reminiscences of his life and re- lates how he came to study entomology. y ‘Mr. Moffat was born on the family estate of Milton, about three miles frem the city of Glasgow, Scotland, in the year 1825. Through business misfortune his father lost his wealth and removed to Glasgow, where he en- 4 a8 ae is Worn Mite heen stk Mo ai Sib Me By 110 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 19 gaged in mercantile pursuits. Not liking city life, he came to Canada by himself, proposing to find a home for his family in this new country. Soon after he left Scotland, his wife—Mr. Moffat’s mother—died; he at once sent for his family, who landed at New York on July 1, 1836, and settled in the Township of Nassagaweya; there the father married again.’ ‘Uhis homestead 1s still in the possession of the only son of that marriage. After a time John’s eldest brother took up land and s>ttled in the township of Binbrook, ind there John Alston made his home for some years. . “After a time he came to Hamilton and engaged in business as a mer- chant tailor, but being in indifferent health he was in the habit of taking long v alks in the open country as a relaxation from business. It was during these walks that he formed those habits of observation of the insect life which he saw around him, that shaped all his future career. He found so much en- jeyment in the capturing of insects and observing their life history, and be- came so absorbed in the science of Entomology, that in spite of much good natured ridicule from his friends, he gave up his city business altogether and ‘going from bad to worse’ as he expressed it, devoted his whole time to the study of insect life. “He soon became well-known to all the entomologists of Canada, as well as to many in the United States, and was a most industrious collector of speci- mcns. His habits of observation were exact, and as a result he found a new species of moth which was named Scopelosoma Moffatiana in his honour by Mr. Grote, an Entomological expert. It is figured in Dr. Hollands’s Moth Book,’’ plate xxv1. fig. 55, and is called by him ‘Moffat’s Sallow.’ “‘He was a nephew of the well-known Dr. Moffat, who was surgeon to Wellington, during the conflict with Napoleon, and also of Bailie Alston, a well-known philanthropist of Glasgow. Mr. Moffat was a man of quiet apd retiring disposition, and at his death in his eightieth year, was as straight ot body, and clear of mind as in his youth. He passed away honoured and respected by all who knew him as a friend, and this society and the one with which he was most intimately connected are all the poorer from his loss.’’ Mr. Moffat’s first contribution to these Reports was made in 1880, when he furnished a short account of an assembly of Archippus butterflies that he had observed. This was followed by ‘‘Collecting Notes’’ in each of the next three volumes. In 1884 and 1886 two papers appeared from his pen on the habits of Ant-lions. From this time on, he became a regular contributor; the following are the more important of his papers; ‘‘Species, Varieties and Check- lists’’ (1887) and ‘‘Some thoughts on the Determination of Species’’ (1889), “Origin and perpetuation of Arctie forms’’ (1890); ‘“‘The power of Insects to resist cold’’ (1892); ‘‘A microscopical examination of an unexpanded wing of Callosamia promethea’’ (1891); this became a special subject of interest to him and led to papers ‘‘Remarks on the structure of the undeveloped wings of the Saturniide.’’ ‘‘Growth of the Wings of a Luna Moth” and ‘‘The Wing- siructure of a Butterfly’? (1894-1899); ‘‘Mosquitoes’”’ (1893); ‘‘A reappear- ance of Pieris protodice’’ (1894); ‘‘Variation with special reference to Insects’’ (1895); “‘Value of Systematic Entomological Observations’’ and ‘‘Protective resemblance’’ (1897); ‘‘Random Recollections’? and ‘‘A bit of History’’ | (1898): Observations on the Migration and Hibernation of the Archippus Butterfly (1900-1901): ‘‘A talk about Entomology’’ (1892), and his ‘‘Remin- iscences’’ in 1903 already referred to. He also contributed ‘‘Notes on the Season’’ every year from 1895 to 1902. Though he never had any educa- tional advantages, he was an interesting writer, and often displayed much thought and accurate powers of observation. we Se [111 PAGE PAGE. Painsa) Listisi~'........ 82.5 Baoan den. ier (oo Crt wore, sc.doaaccenlen socke coe eee 4, 51 Anosia plexippus ..... NaeEe eae ciees'a 7 Dahlia: stalk-boreniees. cee. -sheedeee eee 31 Mnnoutus serraticus’.. (2.0.22. en ie... t. 3 16 Diapheromera femorata ............... 5, 1& MG NOE SEWED - 1.06 0.5): cdot te eae pede 28 Dichelonycha elongata ..................... 78 PPT ISeetay OPO, <...0s..-< cate enney robes ce 31 Diptera, captures in 1904 ............... 77 Arsenical compounds ...........0....006.. 40 Billndaxcamttiplaovay fe ssncssnee set eae eae fas Ashmead, Dr. W. H., elected an hon- Kulecanium quercitronis .................. 80° orary member .....5......... sess 47 Brupsalistn rater sasesseseteas: ae ieee eee 80 Asparagus beetles ................:e ee 51 Evans, J. D., article by ...............0-. 82 Autographa Californica .................. 48 Evergestis straminalis .............. Ge ean 4 a flagellum | -i..--1.05.,.0400+- 48 Fisher, G. E., article by ............ 7, 108 S EGO op yekeseemmetetele snc 48 Fletcher, J., articles by ............ 49, 56 os TOGA e. Bacet Gh Tepes mass 48 Fulgoride, Catalogue of: Swezey ...... 58: i OM eres eeeeee ee ceee ees oe 43 Fyles, T. W., articles by ...... 16, 91, 94 ii TUDIAUS .........+e1 see teeeeeee 48 Galls ‘and them makers’ |... - (25.0 94 Basswood, or Linden, insects ......... 78 Garden ansectsiy aiosk iio. 0c. cae oe 29 Peete Sct Mmi Nery ccicc us cen Whee de awdens 52 Geometridx, notes on ............0..0e.0e. 66° Bethune, C. J. S., articles by ...... 23, 10) Gibson}; A. sartieles: by’... --:-¢-0.0228 78, 81 Blueberry, gall on ................o 96 Gluphisia, septentrionalis ............... VAS ERIOEENOLTCER Ic ts ssuacs oo lecae oan a. kaehees 57 Grant, (OSB articlechbiyin. sc. eee 4 Poriiies Of Kavos... 0... ieee. 33 Guelder Rose Aphis.) 0ce ae 54 Buffalo Carpet-beetle ..................... 32 Harris, E. D., notes on Cicindelide... 73 Cabbage insects ......... 4, 29, 50, 51, 52 Hemerocampa leucostigma. ............... ay enceeris TErvidaNa, \z....5..5.50ses.s sss eee 94 Heterocampa bilineata ..................... 79 Caprifig insect .......... eee 39)" Hibernia. tiliartal) 1ii0....2.10-. ee 26° arrot Bust-fy 1.....0......-.000... 29, 53 Hollyhock borer.ss..6:22.i:0 eee 30 Cecidomyia verrucicola .................. 79 Household) pests. 3. -/..2!.5: 23.0 eee 32 Cereal crops, insects injuring ......... 49 House-plant insects! ij..-..)5.)s. sateen 55: Chenopodium album, insects attack- Hymenoptera, Food-habits of ............ 94 MEN Sahota aGa csi nactieisene ratges sae s 26 Insect Names and Lists .... 0 2 2.4 87 NGiemmaelamecho. «sci ss6. tk teehee ees 43 Insects, elementary study of ............ 96 es Pseugesentlis’ ole ese 43 Insects, outfit tor collecting .......... 107 5 BemwIcinctay 0. ...tedeee | <:6es3 43 Ithycerus noveboracenBis .................. 92 Cicindelide, notes on Canadian ...... 73 hheartott, W. D. on Micro-Lepidop- Cimbex Americana parasite ............ 18 POL! 9S. Gok coke. hon, ee sees ee 71 Clrstocampa stragalis’s2..5...).. becca coebe 26 hecanium*cerasitex: | .5.):.. eee 54 Clover-seed Midge SPOOLS CREE oOpe tae 50 Lepidoptera, captures in: T9904: ee ee 61 GlychanthosTruricola «2.0.52... 2.6.60. 8) Lepidoptera of Kootenai District, Cockle J, WV. article by i.0:..2:64.025.0: 86 B.GiioDyar ider. ds e lay Cockroach, a southern, in Canada... 76 Light, Insects collected at ............... 82° MeN NT OME VEG UI 513). «0cees< vines sete saicmeee rene: 54 Lime and sulphur treatment ............ Coleophora tilizefoliella ..............:... TRS NULL OR Gb cent ae gL ing ee 8, 9. 10, 34. 40. 53 Coleoptera, captures in 1904 ............ 73 Lithocolletes hamadryedella ............. 94 Collectors of insects in Canada ......... 60 Lochhead, W., articles by, 27, 33, 35, 96 Woliimbiie: borers. seek 522 ease shee ecees 81 Malaria Mosquitoes .................. 38, 39 GScthoneboll=weevalll we. .scse comer settoateray « 37 Micro-Lepidoptera, notes on ............ 70 Currant, insects affecting ............ 29, 30 Mites in flour ..... pci sie ta anise a SPA DELO AMmGMMLGIIE fuse, demeoceue een: 33 Moffat, JeAy memoir’ oben oe 109 ] es Senge Rap TS ey ‘ eRe ts eae 112 INDEX x ow ios o> PAGE, MEO EIIDOGR £22.05: s. coe ea” weap irene’ dav alps 38 Rennie, R. W., article by ............... 9 - Books On 0702: ...2.000508- 58, 59 Root maggots ........... no CRORES 50 Oak. insects affecting ................... 91 San Jose..scale> eee 8, 33, 53 Peep mazeot eae as abe eo 4) Dyeeat ae Spring-tail insects .......:..0c0:s0.senedese ss 31 Ohrolard! SENISOOLS “s.fescccote na stes seo deeslactsen 27 Rania Steccts ic ee 54, 55 Ottolengui;Dr.,- letter from ....;....:.. = Sinash-big ...... hese aeees uO a Panchlora viridis rete cieteeteereeettsens 76 Sivanson; C., steals eae 9n Pepeipeas Bateyeaso Shales 2. Strawberry weevil .....:.....-....0.:secsees- 30 i aah a ala oR Ey Phen mynchroa punctate.) .ss..:ti.nacphe eens 80 % ochrogaster ............... 4, Puvior, G.. W.. adkekonueeaneue ae. 66 Saha SOABELOMB 32 cae : Telea polyphemus, Spinning methods 86 Parasitic insects, value of ............... 36 Tosh? Sater pillave Glam ee 5, 9, 26, 55 i je Ore coe oe “pineid ‘Moths from 8-009 ieee 58 pie me Ae MR Bast ee Tussock» Moth.’ .:6..!s0cs hee 5 tsa ea Ee tee = Vespa diaholica }.. aso. s.) aeeke ee Pegomyia bicolor ASR AR ITT Sa Walkine-atick /ineaseee oan 6, 78 5 OSSD Sa neat EER Ht a Wasps. o.s.'.<, dices eresp geen ne anal ee ee 17 Phytoptus QHNOLMIS (csc 25 Sl anda Oe oy 79 Wiekharn’ TH. i apeidle mya ene 49 PIGMINDEADION chee si ccacnasasescecsestteaeaces Began 52 Williams. J. B. arin wre 5. 87 1ST die Se pa a a RRR pe. (Suitiaw. pale sci 94 Primula Spring-tail Maia heananerae at 31 aWilling 'T, Nis dishicle thy ce eee 95 Prionoxystus roDini « /.....05...0...eeeee0es 92 Sere td | iy Re 10, 18, 29 Pinrondslaticollishc. 0: docevescossessatebeu see 92 cies 2 x , C. 1.3 Jarticle tins i... a neeees 3 a ROBI est rt acres ts sibs an'an viene ee 29, 53 her y BMAP ASTM ING sh o's cand ons steaunkac ostaes 9, 56 7 ¢ at i | _ , | ‘i he kos Ala as” ~ ; a ~S Rae ar! te *. 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